,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,a ,,monthly ,,magazine ,,of ,,general ,,literature ,,and ,,science4 ,,vol4 ,,xiii4 ,,april ,,to ,,september1 #ahga4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,house1 #i ,warren ,street4 #ahga4 ,,john ,,ross ,,co41 ,,printers ,,and ,,stereotypers1 #bg ,,rose ,,st41 ,,new ,,york4 ,,contents4 ,albertus ,magnus ,vindicated1 #gab ,america's ,obligation to ,france1 #hcf ,ancients1 the ,writing ,materials of the1 #abf ,animas1 ,las1 #cec ,animals1 ,love for1 #ede ,bishop ,timon1 #hf ,bordeaux1 #aeh ,brbeuf1 ,memoir of ,father ,john1 #eab1 #fbc ,carlyle and ,pre ,bouhours1 #hbj ,catholic ,associations1 ,spirit of1 #feb ,catholicity and ,pantheism1 #eed ,cayla1 ,a ,pilgrimage to1 #eie ,cecilia1 ,saint1 #dgg ,church1 ,the1 ,accredits herself1 #ade ,church1 ,what our ,municipal ,laws owe to the1 #cdb ,civilization1 ,origin of1 #djb ,dion and the ,sibyls1 #ef ,doa ,fortuna and ,don ,dinero1 #acj ,dllinger1 ,the ,apostasy of1 #dae ,education and ,unification1 #a ,education1 ,on ,higher1 #aae ,egbert ,stanway1 #cgg ,egyptian ,civilization according to the most ,recent ,discoveries1 #hjd ,england1 ,the ,serial ,literature of1 #fai ,europe's ,future1 #gf ,flowers1 #cje ,froude and ,calvinism1 #eda ,france1 ,america's ,obligation to1 #hcf ,future1 ,the ,present and the1 #deb ,galitzin1 ,the ,mother of ,prince1 #cfg ,geneva1 ,the ,catholic ,church in1 #hdg ,genzano and ,frascati1 #gcg ,good ,gerard of ,cologne1 ,the1 #gig ,gottfried von ,strassburg's ,hymn to the ,virgin1 #bdj ,independent1 ,a ,word to ,the1 #bdg ,infallibility1 #egg ,ireland1 ,ancient ,laws of1 #fce ,ireland1 ,the ,lord ,chancellors of1 #bbh ,irish ,martyr1 ,an1 #dcc ,italian ,guarantees and the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 #eff ,laws1 ,municipal1 and the ,church1 #cdb ,letter from ,rome1 #acd ,letter from the ,president of a ,college1 #bha ,liquefaction of the ,blood of ,st4 ,januarius1 #ggb ,locket1 ,the ,story of an ,algerine1 #fdc ,lourdes1 ,our ,lady of1 #ih1 #bee1 #cif1 #ebg1 #ffb1 #hbe ,lucas ,garcia1 #ghe ,mary ,benedicta1 #bjg ,mary ,clifford's ,promise ,kept1 #ddg ,mexican ,art and its ,michael ,angelo1 #ccd ,on ,higher ,education1 #aae ,our ,lady of ,guadalupe1 #ahi ,our ,lady of ,lourdes1 #ih1 #bee1 #cif1 #ebg1 #ffb1 #hbe ,our ,northern ,neighbors1 #ajh ,page of the ,past and a ,shadow of the ,future1 ,a1 #gfd ,pantheism1 ,catholicity and1 #eed ,pau1 #ejd ,pre ,jacques and ,mademoiselle ,adrienne1 #fgg ,present and the ,future1 ,the1 #deb ,protestantism1 ,statistics of1 in the ,u4 ,s41 #aie ,reformation1 ,the1 ,not ,conservative1 #gba ,rome1 ,how it ,looked ,three ,centuries ,ago1 #ceh ,rome1 ,letter from1 #acd ,saintship1 ,false ,views of1 #dbd ,santa ,restituta1 ,legend of1 #bgf ,sardinia and the ,holy ,father1 #bhi ,sauntering1 #ce ,sayings of the ,fathers of the ,desert1 #bgd ,scepticism of the ,age1 ,the1 #cia ,secular1 ,the1 ,not ,supreme1 #fhe ,shamrock ,gone ,west1 ,the1 #bfd ,sor ,juan ,inez de la ,cruz1 #dg ,spanish ,america1 ,dramatic ,moralists in1 #gjb ,statistics of ,protestantism in the ,u4 ,s41 #aie ,st4 ,januarius1 ,liquefaction of the ,blood of1 #ggb ,the ,church ,accredits ,herself1 #ade ,unification1 ,education and1 #a ,what ,our ,municipal ,laws ,owe to the ,church1 #cdb ,writing ,materials of the ,ancients1 #abf ,yorke1 ,the ,house of1 #ae1 #afi1 #cag1 #dfa1 #fjd1 #gdf ,,poetry4 ,amen of the ,stones1 ,the1 #afh ,a ,pie ,,ix41 #fhd ,disillusioned1 #dhi ,gualberto's ,victory1 #if ,king ,cormac's ,choice1 #dac ,on a ,great ,plagiarist1 #bjf ,rose1 ,the1 #ega ,saint ,john ,dwarf1 #ceg ,sancta ,dei ,genitrix1 #gga ,sonnet1 #fjc ,st4 ,francis and ,st4 ,dominic1 #gde ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi1 #acc ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen1 #eaa ,the ,cross1 #ad ,the ,true ,harp1 #eid ,to the ,crucified1 #ceb ,vespers1 #bge ,warning1 ,the1 #abe ,,new ,,publications4 ,allies' ,st4 ,peter1 #hfj ,anderson's ,historical ,reader1 #hee ,appleton's ,annual ,cyclopdia1 #egc ,barker's ,text-,book of ,chemistry1 #adb ,bret ,harte's ,poems1 #add ,caddell's ,never ,forgotten2 or1 ,the ,home of the ,lost ,child1 #hec ,catechism ,illustrated1 ,the1 #hed ,clement's ,hand-,book of ,legendary and ,mythological ,art1 #adc ,coleridge's ,theology of the ,parables1 #dcb ,conyngham's ,sarsfield1 #adc ,curtius's ,history of ,greece1 #ege ,cusack's ,history of ,kerry1 #hee ,divine ,liturgy of ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom1 #egc ,elia2 or1 ,spain ,fifty ,years ,ago1 #ada ,fairbanks's ,history of ,florida1 #heg ,familiar ,discourses to the ,young1 #bhh ,fifty ,catholic ,tracts1 #dcj ,folia ,ecclesiastica1 #add ,gaskin's ,irish ,varieties1 #adb ,glosswood1 ,the ,countess of1 #bhh ,hamilton's ,golden ,words1 #hfj ,heaven1 ,the ,happiness of1 #bhf ,hefele on the ,christian ,councils1 #gah ,hemenway's ,vermont1 #heg ,higginson's ,sympathy of ,religions1 #bhf ,holy ,exercise of the ,presence of ,god1 #hed ,holmes on ,mechanism in ,thought and ,morals1 #aci ,historical ,gazetteer1 #heg ,illustrated ,catholic ,sunday-,school ,library1 #egc ,jesus and ,jerusalem1 #adj ,kellogg's ,arthur ,brown1 #adc ,keon's ,dion and the ,sibyls1 #dbi ,la ,grange's ,thecla1 #dcb ,lallemant's ,spiritual ,doctrine1 #bhg ,lebon's ,holy ,communion1 #egc ,life and ,writings of ,de ,montfort1 #ada ,life of ,st4 ,gertrude1 #hei ,martyrs ,omitted by ,foxe1 #ege ,meditations on the ,litany of the ,most ,holy ,virgin1 #dca ,miles's ,truce of ,god1 #egd ,moran's ,life of ,archbishop ,plunkett1 #egd1 #heh1 ,mrs4 ,stowe's ,pink and ,white ,tyranny1 #hei ,mulrenan's ,sketch of the ,church on ,long ,island1 #hed ,natural ,history of ,new ,york1 #dcb ,oakeley's ,priest on the ,mission1 #gai ,perrone's ,divinity of ,christ1 #bhf ,rome and ,geneva1 #bhc ,russell's ,my ,study ,windows1 #dbg ,seelye on ,roman ,imperialism1 #ada ,sestini's ,manual of ,geometrical ,analysis1 #hef ,seton's ,romance of the ,charter ,oak1 #bhh ,starr's ,patron ,saints1 #hec ,stowe's ,little ,pussy ,willow1 #add ,sullivan's ,prayers and ,ceremonies of the ,mass1 #add ,synchronology of ,sacred and ,profane ,history1 #add ,vaughan's ,life of ,st4 ,thomas ,aquin41 #dbg ,weiss's ,american ,religion1 #gbj ,west's ,state of the ,dead1 #egd ,whipple's ,literature and ,art1 #dcj ,wonders of ,european ,art1 #egf ,wonders of the ,heavens1 #dcb ,young's ,catholic ,hymns and ,canticles1 #gai 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xiii41 ,no4 #gc4--;,,april1 #ahga4a ,,unification ,,and ,,education4#b ,the ,hon4 ,henry ,wilson1 recently re-elected senator in ,congress from ,massachusetts1 may not be distinguished as an original thinker or as a statesman of commanding ability1 but no man is a surer index to his party or a more trustworthy exponent of its sentiments and tendencies1 its aims and purposes4 ,this gives to his article in ,the ,atlantic ,monthly1 indicating the policy to be pursued by the ,republican party1 a weight it might not otherwise possess4 ,mr4 ,wilson is a strong political partisan1 but he is above all a fervent ,evangelical1 and his aim1 we presume1 is to bring his political party to coincide with his ,evangelical party1 and make each strengthen the other4 ,we of course1 as a ,catholic organ1 have nothing to say of questions in issue between different political parties so long as they do not involve the rights and interests of our religion1 or leave untouched the fundamental principles and genius of the ,american system of government1 although we may have more or less to say as ,american citizens2 but when either party is so ill-advised as to aim a blow either at the freedom of our religion or at our federative system of government1 we hold ourselves free1 and in duty bound1 to warn our fellow-citizens and our fellow-,catholics of the impending danger1 and to do what we can to avert or arrest the blow4 ,we cannot1 without incurring grave censure1 betray by our silence the cause of our religion or of our country1 for fear that by speaking we may cross the purposes of one or another party1 and seem to favor the views and policy of another4 ,mr4 ,wilson's ,new ,departure is unquestionably revolutionary1 and therefore not lawful for any party in this country to adopt4 ,it is expressed in two words1 ,,national ,,unification and ,,national ,,education--that is1 the consolidation of all the powers of government in the general government1 and the social and religious unification of the ,american people by means of a system of universal and uniform compulsory education1 adopted and enforced by the authority of the united or consolidated states1 not by the states severally each within its own jurisdiction and for its own people4 ,the first is decidedly revolutionary and destructive of the ,american system of federative government1 or the division of powers between a general government and particular state governments2 the second1 in the sense proposed1 violates the rights of parents and annihilates the religious liberty secured by the constitution and laws both of the several states and of the ,united ,states4 ,the general government1 in our ,american political system1 is not the national government1 or any more national than the several state governments4 ,the national government with us is divided between a general government having charge of our relations with other powers and internal matters of a general nature and common to all the states1 and particular state governments having charge of matters local and particular in their nature1 and clothed with all the powers of supreme national governments not expressly delegated to the general government4 ,in the draft of the federal constitution reported by the committee to the convention of #aghg1 the word national was used1 but the convention finally struck it out1 and inserted wherever it occurred the word general1 as more appropriately designating the character and powers of the government they were creating4 ,it takes under our actual system both the state governments and the general government to make one complete national government1 invested with all the powers of government4 ,by making the general government a supreme national government1 we make it the source of all authority1 subordinate the state governments to it1 make them hold from it1 and deprive them of all independent or undivided rights4 ,this would completely subvert our system of government1 according to which the states hold their powers immediately from the political people1 and independently of any suzerain or overlord1 and the general government from the states or the people organized as states united in convention4 ,a more complete change of the government or destruction of the federative principle1 which constitutes the chief excellence and glory of our system1 it would be difficult to propose1 or even to conceive1 than is set forth in ,mr4 ,wilson's programme4 ,mr4 ,wilson1 however1 is hardly justified in calling the revolution he proposes a ,new ,departure4 ,it has been the aim of a powerful party1 under one name or another1 ever since #ahbd1 if not from the origin of the government itself4 ,this party has been steadily pursuing it1 and with increasing numbers and influence1 ever since the anti-slavery agitation seriously commenced4 ,at one time1 and probably at all times1 it has been moved chiefly by certain business interests which it could not advance according to its mind by state legislation1 and for which it desired federal legislation and the whole power of a national government1 but which it could not get because the constitution and the antagonistic interests created by slave labor were opposed to it4 ,it then turned philanthropist and called in philanthropy to its aid--philanthropy which makes light of constitutions and mocks at state lines1 and claims the right to go wherever it conceives the voice of humanity calls it4 ,under the pretext of philanthropy1 the party turned abolitionist1 and sought to bring under the action of the general government the question of slavery manifestly reserved to the states severally1 and which it belonged to each to settle for itself in its own way4 ,a civil war followed4 ,the slaves were emancipated1 and slavery abolished1 professedly under the war-power of the ,union1 as a military necessity1 which nobody regrets4 ,but the party did not stop here4 ,forgetful that the extraordinary war-power ceases with the war1 and military necessity can no longer be pleaded1 it has1 under one pretext or another1 such as protecting and providing for the freed-men and reconstructing the states that seceded1 continued to exercise it ever since the war was over1 and by constitutional amendments of doubtful validity1 since ratified in part under military pressure by states not yet reconstructed or held to be duly organized states in the ,union1 it has sought to legitimate it1 and to incorporate it into the constitution as one of the ordinary peace-powers of the government4 ,the party has sometimes coincided1 and sometimes has not strictly coincided1 with one or another of the great political parties that have divided the country1 but it has always struggled for the consolidation of all the powers of government in the general government4 ,whether prompted by business interests or by philanthropy1 its wishes and purposes have required it to get rid of all co-ordinate and independent bodies that might interfere with1 arrest1 or limit the power of ,congress1 or impose any limitation on the action of the general government not imposed by the arbitrary will of the majority of the people1 irrespective of their state organization4 ,what the distinguished senator urges we submit1 therefore1 is simply the policy of consolidation or centralization which his party has steadily pursued from the first1 and which it has already in good part consummated4 ,it has abolished slavery1 and unified the labor system of the ,union2 it has contracted a public debt1 whether needlessly or not1 large enough to secure to the consolidation of the powers of a national government in the general government the support of capitalists1 bankers1 railroad corporators1 monopolists1 speculators1 projectors1 and the business world generally4 ,under pretence of philanthropy1 and of carrying out the abolition of slavery1 and abolishing all civil and political distinctions of race or color1 it has usurped for the general government the power to determine the question of suffrage and eligibility1 under the constitution and by the genius of our government reserved to the states severally1 and sends the military and swarms of federal inspectors into the states to control1 or at least to look after1 the elections1 in supreme contempt of state authority4 ,it has usurped for the general government the power of granting charters of incorporation for private business purposes elsewhere than in the ,district of ,columbia1 and induced it to establish national bureaus of agriculture and education1 as if it was the only and unlimited government of the country1 which it indeed is fast becoming4 ,the work of consolidation or unification is nearly completed1 and there remains little to do except to effect the social and religious unification of the various religions1 sects1 and races that make up the vast and diversified population of the country2 and it is clear from ,mr4 ,wilson's programme that his party contemplate moulding the population of ,european and of ,african origin1 ,indians and ,asiatics1 ,protestants and ,catholics1 ,jews and pagans1 into one homogeneous people1 after what may be called the ,new ,england ,evangelical type4 ,neither his politics nor his philanthropy can tolerate any diversity of ranks1 conditions1 race1 belief1 or worship4 ,a complete unification must be effected1 and under the patronage and authority of the general government4 ,mr4 ,wilson appears not to have recognized any distinction between unity and union4 ,union implies plurality or diversity2 unity excludes both4 ,yet he cites1 without the least apparent misgiving1 the fathers of the republic--,washington1 ,adams1 ,jefferson1 ,hamilton1 ,jay1 and ,madison--who were strenuous for the union of the several states1 as authorities in favor of their unity or consolidation in one supreme national government4 ,there were points in which these great men differed among themselves--some of them wished to give more1 some of them less1 power to the general government--some of them would give more1 some of them less1 power to the executive1 etc41 but they all agreed in their efforts to establish the union of the states1 and not one of them but would have opposed their unity or consolidation into a single supreme government4 ,mr4 ,wilson is equally out in trying1 as he does1 to make it appear that the strong popular sentiment of the ,american people1 in favor of union1 is a sentiment in favor of unity or unification4 ,but starting with the conception of unity or consolidation1 and resolving republicanism into the absolute supremacy of the will of the people1 irrespective of state organization1 ,mr4 ,wilson can find no stopping-place for his party short of the removal of all constitutional or organic limitations on the irresponsible will of the majority for the time1 which he contends should in all things be supreme and unopposed4 ,his republicanism1 as he explains it1 is therefore incompatible with a well-ordered state1 and is either no government at all1 but universal anarchy1 or the unmitigated despotism of majorities--a despotism more oppressive and crushing to all true freedom and manly independence1 than any autocracy that the world has ever seen4 ,the fathers of the republic never understood republicanism in this sense4 ,they studied to restrict the sphere of power1 and to guard against the supremacy of mere will1 whether of the monarch1 the nobility1 or the people4 ,but having reached the conclusion that true republicanism demands unification1 and the removal of all restrictions on the popular will1 ,mr4 ,wilson relies on the attachment of the ,american people to the republican idea to carry out and realize his programme1 however repugnant it may be to what they really desire and suppose they are supporting4 ,he knows the people well enough to know that they do not usually discriminate with much niceness1 and that they are easily caught and led away by a few high-sounding phrases and popular catchwords1 uttered with due gravity and assurance--perhaps he does not discriminate very nicely1 and is himself deceived by the very phrases and catchwords which deceive them4 ,it is not impossible4 ,at any rate1 he persuades himself unification or consolidation can be carried forward and effected by appeals to the republican instincts and tendencies of the ,american people1 and secured by aid of the colored vote and woman suffrage1 soon to be adopted as an essential element in the revolutionary movement4 ,the colored people1 it is expected1 will vote as their preachers direct1 and their preachers will direct as they are directed by the ,evangelicals4 ,the women who will vote1 if woman suffrage is adopted1 are evangelicals1 philanthropists1 or humanitarians1 and are sure to follow their instincts and vote for the unification or centralization of power--the more unlimited1 the better4 ,but the chief reliance for the permanence in power of the party of consolidation is universal and uniform compulsory education by the general government1 which will1 if adopted1 complete and preserve the work of unification4 ,education is the ,american hobby--regarded1 as uneducated or poorly educated people usually regard it1 as a sort of panacea for all the ills that flesh is heir to4 ,we ourselves1 as ,catholics1 are as decidedly as any other class of ,american citizens in favor of universal education1 as thorough and extensive as possible--if its quality suits us4 ,we do not1 indeed1 prize so highly as some of our countrymen appear to do the simple ability to read1 write1 and cipher2 nor do we believe it possible to educate a whole people so that every one1 on attaining his majority1 will understand the bearing of all political questions or comprehend the complexities of statesmanship1 the effects at large of all measures of general or special legislation1 the bearing on productive industry and national wealth of this or that financial policy1 the respective merits of free trade and protection1 or what in a given time or given country will the best secure individual freedom and the public good4 ,this is more than we ourselves can understand1 and we believe we are better educated than the average ,american4 ,we do not believe that the great bulk of the people of any nation can ever be so educated as to understand the essential political1 financial1 and economical questions of government for themselves1 and they will always have to follow blindly their leaders1 natural or artificial4 ,consequently1 the education of the leaders is of far greater importance than the education of those who are to be led4 ,all men have equal natural rights1 which every civil government should recognize and protect1 but equality in other respects1 whether sought by levelling downward or by levelling upward1 is neither practicable nor desirable4 ,some men are born to be leaders1 and the rest are born to be led4 ,go where we will in society1 in the halls of legislation1 the army1 the navy1 the university1 the college1 the district school1 the family1 we find the few lead1 the many follow4 ,it is the order of nature1 and we cannot alter it if we would4 ,nothing can be worse than to try to educate all to be leaders4 ,the most pitiable sight is a congressional body in which there is no leader1 an army without a general1 but all lead1 all command--that is1 nobody leads or commands4 ,the best ordered and administered state is that in which the few are well educated and lead1 and the many are trained to obedience1 are willing to be directed1 content to follow1 and do not aspire to be leaders4 ,in the early days of our republic1 when the few were better educated than now and the many not so well1 in the ordinary sense of the term1 there was more dignity in the legislative1 judicial1 and executive branches of the government1 more wisdom and justice in legislation1 and more honesty1 fidelity1 and capacity in the administration4 ,in extending education and endeavoring to train all to be leaders1 we have only extended presumption1 pretension1 conceit1 indocility1 and brought incapacity to the surface4 ,these1 we grant1 are unpopular truths1 but they1 nevertheless1 are truths1 which it is worse than idle to deny4 ,everybody sees it1 feels it1 but few have the courage to avow it in face of an intolerant and tyrannical public opinion4 ,for ourselves1 we believe the peasantry in old ,catholic countries1 two centuries ago1 were better educated1 although for the most part unable to read or write1 than are the great body of the ,american people to-day4 ,they had faith1 they had morality1 they had a sense of religion1 they were instructed in the great principles and essential truths of the ,gospel1 were trained to be wise unto salvation1 and they had the virtues without which wise1 stable1 and efficient government is impracticable4 ,we hear it said1 or rather read in the journals1 that the superiority the ,prussian troops have shown to the ,french is due to their superior education4 ,we do not believe a word of it4 ,we have seen no evidence that the ,french common soldiers are not as well educated and as intelligent as the ,prussian4 ,the superiority is due to the fact that the ,prussian officers were better educated in their profession1 were less overweening in their confidence of victory1 and maintained better and severer discipline in their armies1 than the ,french officers4 ,the ,northern armies in our recent civil war had no advantage in the superior education of the rank and file over the ,southern armies1 where both were equally well officered and commanded4 ,the morale of an army is no doubt the great thing1 but it does not depend on the ability of the common soldier to read1 write1 and cipher2 it depends somewhat on his previous habits and pursuits--chiefly on the officers4 ,under the first ,napoleon1 the ,prussians were not superior to the ,french1 though as well educated4 ,good officers1 with an able general at their head1 can make an efficient army out of almost any materials4 ,it is not1 therefore1 for political or military reasons that we demand universal education1 whether by the general government or under the state governments4 ,we demand it1 as far as practicable1 for other and far higher reasons4 ,we want it for a spiritual or religious end4 ,we want our children to be educated as thoroughly as they can be1 but in relation to the great purpose of their existence1 so as to be fitted to gain the end for which ,god creates them4 ,for the great mass of the people1 the education needed is not secular education1 which simply sharpens the intellect and generates pride and presumption1 but moral and religious education1 which trains up children in the way they should go1 which teaches them to be honest and loyal1 modest and unpretending1 docile and respectful to their superiors1 open and ingenuous1 obedient and submissive to rightful authority1 parental or conjugal1 civil or ecclesiastical2 to know and keep the commandments of ,god and the precepts of the church2 and to place the salvation of the soul before all else in life4 ,this sort of education can be given only by the church or under her direction and control2 and as there is for us ,catholics only one church1 there is and can be no proper education for us not given by or under the direction and control of the ,catholic ,church4 ,but it is precisely education by the ,catholic ,church that ,mr4 ,wilson and his party do not want1 do not believe in1 and wish to prevent us from having even for our own children4 ,it is therefore they demand a system of universal and uniform compulsory education by the authority and under the direction of the general government1 which shall effect and maintain the national unification proposed1 by compelling all the children of the land to be trained in national schools1 under ,evangelical control and management4 ,the end and aim of the ,new ,departure1 aside from certain business interests1 is to suppress ,catholic education1 gradually extinguish ,catholicity in the country1 and to form one homogeneous ,american people after the ,new ,england ,evangelical type4 ,of this there can be no reasonable doubt4 ,the ,evangelicals and their humanitarian allies1 as all their organs show1 are seriously alarmed at the growth of ,catholicity in the ,united ,states4 ,they supposed1 at first1 that the church could never take root in our ,protestant soil1 that she could not breathe the atmosphere of freedom and enlightenment1 or thrive in a land of newspapers and free schools4 ,they have been disappointed1 and now see that they reckoned without their host1 and that1 if they really mean to prevent the ,american people from gradually becoming ,catholic1 they must change fundamentally the ,american form of government1 suppress the freedom of religion hitherto enjoyed by ,catholics1 and take the training of all children and youth into their own hands4 ,if they leave education to the wishes and judgment of parents1 ,catholic parents will bring up their children ,catholics2 if they leave it to the states separately1 ,catholics in several of them are already a powerful minority1 daily increasing in strength and numbers1 and will soon be strong enough to force the state legislatures to give them their proportion of the public schools supported at the public expense4 ,all this is clear enough4 ,what1 then1 is to be done8 ,mr4 ,wilson1 who is not remarkable for his reticence1 tells us1 if not with perfect frankness1 yet frankly enough for all practical purposes4 ,it is to follow out the tendency which has been so strengthened of late1 and absorb the states in the ,union1 take away the independence of the state governments1 and assume the control of education for the general government1 already rendered practically the supreme national government2--then1 by appealing to the popular sentiment in favor of education1 and saying nothing of its quality1 get ,congress1 which the ,evangelicals1 through the party in power1 already control1 to establish a system of compulsory education in national schools--and the work is done2 for these schools will necessarily fall into ,evangelical hands4 ,such is what the distinguished ,evangelical senator from ,massachusetts calls a ,new ,departure1 but which is really only carrying out a policy long since entered upon1 and already more than half accomplished4 ,while we are writing1 ,mr4 ,hoar1 a representative in ,congress from ,massachusetts1 has introduced into the ,house of ,representatives a bill establishing a system of national education under the authority of the general government4 ,its fate is not yet known1 but no doubt will be1 before we go to press4 ,the probabilities are that it will pass both ,houses1 and if it does1 it will receive the signature of the ,president as a matter of course4 ,the ,evangelicals--under which name we include ,congregationalists1 ,presbyterians1 ,dutch ,reformed1 ,baptists1 and ,methodists1 etc4--all the denominations united in the ,evangelical ,alliance--constitute1 with their political and philanthropic allies1 the majority in ,congress1 and the measure is advocated apparently by the whole ,evangelical press and by the larger and more influential republican journals of the country1 as any number of excerpts from them now before us will satisfy any one who has the curiosity to read them4 ,we did think of selecting and publishing the more striking and authoritative among them1 but we have concluded to hold them in reserve1 to be produced in case any one should be rash enough to question our general statement4 ,there is a strong popular feeling in many parts of the country in favor of the measure1 which is a pet measure also of the ,evangelical ministers generally1 who are sure to exert their powerful influence in its support1 and we see no reason to doubt that the bill will pass4 ,but while we see ample cause for all citizens who are loyal to the system of government which ,providence enabled our fathers to establish1 and who wish to preserve it and the liberties it secures1 to be vigilant and active1 we see none for alarm4 ,the bill1 if it passes1 will be manifestly unconstitutional1 even counting the ,fourteenth and ,fifteenth ,amendments as valid parts of the constitution2 and there may be more difficulty in carrying it into effect than its framers anticipate4 ,it is part and parcel of a ,new ,england policy1 and ,new ,england is not omnipotent throughout the ,union1 nor very ardently loved2 not all the members of the several evangelical denominations will1 when they understand it1 favor the revolution in the government ,mr4 ,wilson would effect4 ,there are in those denominations many men who belong not to the dominant party1 and who will follow their political rather than their denominational affinities2 also1 there are in them a large number1 we should hope1 of honest men1 who are not accustomed to act on the maxim1 the end justifies the means1 loyal men and patriotic1 who consider it no less disloyalty to seek to revolutionize our government against the states than against the ,union1 and who will give their votes and all their influence to preserve the fundamental principles and genius of our federative system of government1 as left us by our fathers1 and resist1 if need be1 to the death the disloyal policy of unification and education proposed by ,mr4 ,wilson4 ,the ,southern states are reconstructed and back now in their place in the ,union1 and will not be much longer represented by ,northern adventurers1 or men of little ability and less character1 but very soon by genuine ,southern men1 who1 while strictly loyal to the ,union1 will speak the genuine sentiments of the ,southern people4 ,the attempt to ,new-,englandize the ,southern people has not succeeded1 and will not succeed4 ,when to the ,southern people1 who will never acquiesce in the policy of unification1 we add the large number of people in the ,northern states who from their political convictions and affinities1 as well as from their conservative tendencies1 will oppose consolidation1 we may feel pretty sure that the policy ,mr4 ,wilson presents as that of the ,republican party will not be adopted1 or if adopted will not be permitted to stand4 ,as not wholly inexperienced in political matters1 and looking at the present state of parties and temper of the nation1 we should say that ,mr4 ,wilson1 as a party man1 has committed a blunder1 and that1 if he has fancied that his ,new ,departure is fitted to strengthen his party as a political party1 and to give it a new lease of power1 he has miscalculated4 ,nothing in our judgment would be more fatal to the continuance of his party in power than for it boldly and unequivocally to accept ,mr4 ,wilson's programme4 ,there is such a thing as reaction in human affairs1 and reactions are sometimes very powerful4 ,the educational question ought not to present any serious difficulty1 and would not if our ,evangelicals and humanitarians did not wish to make education a means of preventing the growth of the church and unmaking the children of ,catholics1 as ,catholics2 or if they seriously and in good faith would accept the religious equality before the state which the constitution and laws1 both of the ,union and the several states1 as yet recognize and protect4 ,no matter what we claim for the ,catholic ,church in the theological order--we claim for her in the civil order in this country only equality with the sects1 and for ,catholics only equal rights with citizens who are not ,catholics4 ,we demand the freedom of conscience and the liberty of our church1 which is our conscience1 enjoyed by ,evangelicals4 ,this much the country in its constitution and laws has promised us1 and this much it cannot deny us without breaking its faith pledged before the world4 ,as ,american citizens1 we object to the assumption of the control of education1 or of any action in regard to it1 by the general government2 for it has no constitutional right to meddle with it1 and so far as civil government has any authority in relation to it1 it is1 under our system of government1 the authority of the states severally1 not of the states united4 ,we deny1 of course1 as ,catholics1 the right of the civil government to educate1 for education is a function of the spiritual society1 as much so as preaching and the administration of the sacraments2 but we do not deny to the state the right to establish and maintain public schools4 ,the state1 if it chooses1 may even endow religion1 or pay the ministers of religion a salary for their support2 but its endowments of religion1 when made1 are made to ,god1 are sacred1 and under the sole control and management of the spiritual authority1 and the state has no further function in regard to them but to protect the spirituality in the free and full possession and enjoyment of them4 ,if it chooses to pay the ministers of religion a salary1 as has been done in ,france and ,spain1 though accepted by the ,catholic clergy only as a small indemnification for the goods of the church seized by revolutionary governments and appropriated to secular uses1 it acquires thereby no rights over them or liberty to supervise their discharge of their spiritual functions4 ,we do not deny the same or an equal right in regard to schools and school-teachers4 ,it may found and endow schools and pay the teachers1 but it cannot dictate or interfere with the education or discipline of the school4 ,that would imply a union of church and state1 or1 rather1 the subjection of the spiritual order to the secular1 which the ,catholic ,church and the ,american system of government both alike repudiate4 ,it is said1 however1 that the state needs education for its own protection1 and to promote the public good or the good of the community1 both of which are legitimate ends of its institution4 ,what the state needs in relation to its legitimate ends1 or the ends for which it is instituted1 it has the right to ordain and control4 ,this is the argument by which all public education by the state is defended4 ,but it involves an assumption which is not admissible4 ,the state1 having no religious or spiritual function1 can give only secular education1 and secular education is not enough for the state's own protection or its promotion of the public good4 ,purely secular education1 or education divorced from religion1 endangers the safety of the state and the peace and security of the community1 instead of protecting and insuring them4 ,it is not in the power of the state to give the education it needs for its own sake1 or for the sake of secular society4 ,the fact is1 though statesmen1 and especially politicians1 are slow to learn it1 and still slower to acknowledge it1 the state1 or secular society1 does not and cannot suffice for itself1 and is unable to discharge its own proper functions without the co-operation and aid of the spiritual society4 ,purely secular education creates no civic virtues1 and instead of fitting unfits the people for the prompt and faithful discharge of their civic duties1 as we may see in ,young ,america1 and indeed in the present active and ruling generation of the ,american people4 ,young ,america is impatient of restraint1 regards father and mother as old-fogies1 narrow-minded1 behind the age1 and disdains filial submission or obedience to them1 has no respect for dignities1 acknowledges no superior1 mocks at law if he can escape the police1 is conceited1 proud1 self-sufficient1 indocile1 heedless of the rights and interests of others--will be his own master1 and follow his own instincts1 passions1 or headstrong will4 ,are these the characteristics of a people fitted to maintain a wise1 well-ordered1 stable1 and beneficent republican government8 ,or can such a people be developed from such youngerlings8 ,yet with purely secular education1 however far you carry it1 experience proves that you can get nothing better4 ,the church herself1 even if she had full control of the education of all the children in the land1 with ample funds at her command1 could not secure anything better1 if1 as the state1 she educated for a secular end alone4 ,the virtues needed for the protection of the state and the advancement of the public or common good1 are and can be secured only by educating or training the children and youth of a nation not for this life as an end1 but for the life to come4 ,hence our ,lord says1 ,seek first the kingdom of ,god and his justice1 and all these things shall be added unto you4 ,the church does not educate for the secular order as an end1 but for ,god and heaven2 and it is precisely in educating for ,god and heaven that she secures those very virtues on which the welfare and security of the secular order depend1 and without which civil society tends inevitably to dissolution1 and is sustained1 if sustained at all1 only by armed force1 as we have seen in more than one ,european nation which has taken education into its own hand1 and subordinated it to secular ends4 ,the education needed by secular society can be obtained only from the spiritual society1 which educates not for this world1 but for the world to come4 ,the virtues needed to secure this life are obtained only by seeking and promoting the virtues which fit us for eternal life4 ,this follows necessarily from the fact that man is created with a spiritual nature and for an immortal destiny4 ,if he existed for this life only1 if he were1 as some sciolists pretend1 merely a monkey or a gorilla developed1 or were like the beasts that perish1 this indeed would not and could not follow1 and the reconciliation of the nature and destiny of man with uniform human experience would be impossible4 ,we should be obliged1 in order to secure the peace and good order of society1 as some unbelieving statesmen do not blush to avow1 to educate in view of a falsehood1 and take care to keep up the delusion that man has a religious nature and destiny1 or look to what is false and delusive for the virtues which can alone save us from anarchy and utter barbarism4 ,yet what would serve the delusion or the falsehood1 if man differs not by nature from the dog or the pig8 ,but if man has really a spiritual nature and an immortal destiny1 then it must necessarily follow that his real good can in no respect be obtained but in being educated and trained to live for a spiritual life1 for an immortal destiny4 ,should not man be educated according to his spiritual nature and destiny1 not as a pig or a monkey8 ,if so1 in his education should not the secular be subordinated to the spiritual1 and the temporal to the eternal8 ,we know well1 experience proves it1 that even the secular virtues are not secured when sought as the end of education and of life1 but only in educating and living for that which is not secular1 and in securing the virtues which have the promise of the life of the world to come4 ,all education1 as all life1 should be religious1 and all education divorced from religion is an evil1 not a good1 and is sure in the long run to be ruinous to the secular order2 but as a part of religious education1 and included in it1 secular education has its place1 and even its necessity4 ,man is not all soul1 nor all body1 but the union of soul and body2 and therefore his education should include in their union1 not separation--for the separation of soul and body is the death of the body--both spiritual education and secular4 ,it is not that we oppose secular education when given in the religious education1 and therefore referred to the ultimate end of man1 but when it is given alone and for its own sake4 ,we deny the competency of the state to educate even for its own order1 its right to establish purely secular schools1 from which all religion is excluded1 as ,mr4 ,webster ably contended in his argument in the ,girard will case2 but we do not deny1 we assert rather1 its right to establish public schools under the internal control and management of the spiritual society1 and to exact that a certain amount of secular instruction be given along with the religious education that society gives4 ,this last right it has in consideration of the secular funds for the support of the schools it furnishes1 and as a condition on which it furnishes them4 ,let the state say distinctly how much secular education in the public schools it exacts1 or judges to be necessary for its own ends1 and so far as the ,catholic ,church has anything to do with the matter it can have it4 ,the church will not refuse to give it in the schools under her control4 ,she will not hesitate to teach along with her religion any amount of reading1 writing1 arithmetic1 history1 geography1 music1 and drawing1 or the sciences and the fine arts1 the state exacts and provides for2 nor will she refuse to allow it to send1 if it chooses1 its own inspectors into her schools to ascertain if she actually gives the secular education required4 ,let it say1 then1 what amount of secular education it wants for all the children of the land1 and is willing to pay for1 and1 so far as ,catholics are concerned1 it can have it1 and of as good quality1 to say the least1 as it can get in purely secular schools1 and along with it the religious education1 the most essential to it as well as to the souls of all4 ,but the difficulty here1 it is assumed1 is that the spiritual society with us is divided into various denominations1 each with its distinctive views of religion4 ,that1 no doubt1 is a damage1 but can be easily overcome by bearing in mind that the several divisions have equal rights1 and by making the public schools denominational1 as they are in ,prussia1 ,austria1 ,france1 and to a certain extent in ,england1 where denominational diversities obtain as well as with us4 ,where the community is divided between different religious denominations1 all standing on a footing of perfect equality before civil society1 this is the only equitable system of public schools that is practicable4 ,if the state does not adopt it1 it must--#a1 let the whole business of education alone1 and make no public provision for it2 #b1 establish purely secular1 that is1 godless schools1 from which all religion is excluded1 to which no religious people can be expected to consent1 and which would ruin both public and private virtue1 and defeat the very purpose of all education2 or1 #c1 it must practically1 if not theoretically1 recognize some one of the several denominations as the state religion1 and remit the education of childhood and youth to its management and control1 as is virtually the case with our present public schools1 but which would be manifestly unjust to all the others--to non-evangelicals1 if evangelicalism is made the state religion1 or to the ,evangelicals1 if a non-evangelical denomination be established as the religion of the state4 ,the only way to be just to all is1 as everybody can see1 to recognize in practice as well as in profession the equal rights of all denominations in the civil order--make the public schools denominational1 and give to each denomination that asks it for the sake of conscience its fair and honest proportion1 to be as to their internal economy1 education1 and discipline under its sole control and management4 ,mr4 ,wilson proposes for our admiration and imitation the ,prussian system of public schools1 and though we do not know that it is superior to the ,austrian or even the ,french system1 yet we think highly of it4 ,but1 what the ,evangelical senator does not tell us1 the ,prussian system is strictly the denominational system1 and each denomination is free and expected to educate in its own schools its own children1 under the direction of its pastors and teachers1 in its own religion4 ,the ,prussian system recognizes the fact that different communions do exist among the ,prussian people1 and does not aim to suppress them or at unification by state authority4 ,it meets the fact as it is1 without seeking to alter it4 ,give us the ,prussian system of denominational schools1 and we shall be satisfied1 even if education is made compulsory4 ,we1 of course1 protest against any law compelling us to send our children to schools in which our religion cannot be freely taught1 in which no religion is taught1 or in which is taught in any shape or degree a religion which we hold to be false or perilous to souls4 ,such a law would violate the rights of parents and the freedom of conscience2 but with denominational schools compulsory education would violate no one's conscience and no parental right4 ,parents ought1 if able1 to have their children educated1 and if they will not send their children to schools provided for them by the public1 and in which their religion is respected1 and made the basis of the education given1 we can see no valid reason why the law should not compel them4 ,the state has the right1 perhaps the duty1 in aid of the spiritual society and for its own safety and the public good1 to compel parents to educate their children when public schools of their own religion1 under the charge of their own pastors1 are provided for them at the public expense4 ,let the public schools be denominational1 give us our proportion of them1 so that no violence will be done to parental rights or to the ,catholic conscience1 and we shall be quite willing to have education made compulsory1 and even if such schools are made national1 though we should object as ,american citizens to them1 we should as ,catholics accept them4 ,we hold state authority is the only constitutional authority under our system to establish schools and provide for them at the public expense2 but we could manage to get along with national denominational schools as well as others could4 ,we could educate in our share of the public schools our own children in our own way1 and that is all we ask4 ,we do not ask to educate the children of others1 unless with the consent or at the request of parents and guardians4 ,the ,prussian system of denominational schools could be introduced and established in all the states without the least difficulty1 if it were not for ,evangelicals1 their ,unitarian offshoots1 and their humanitarian allies4 ,these are religious and philanthropic busybodies1 who fancy they are the ,atlas who upholds the world1 and that they are deputed to take charge of everybody's affairs1 and put them to rights4 ,but they forget that their neighbors have rights as well as themselves1 and perhaps intentions as honest and enlightened1 and as much real wisdom and practical sagacity4 ,the only obstacle to the introduction and establishment of a just and equitable system of public schools comes from the intolerant zeal of these ,evangelicals1 who seek to make the public schools an instrument for securing the national1 social1 and religious unification they are resolved on effecting1 and for carrying out their purpose of suppressing the church and extirpating ,catholicity from ,american soil4 ,they want to use them in training our children up in the way of ,evangelicalism1 and moulding the whole ,american population into one homogeneous people1 modelled1 as we have said1 after the ,new ,england ,evangelical type4 ,here is the difficulty1 and the whole difficulty4 ,the denominational system would defeat their darling hope1 their pet project1 and require them to live and let live4 ,they talk much about freedom of conscience and religious liberty and equal rights2 but the only equal rights they understand are all on their side1 and they cherish such a tender regard for religious liberty1 have so profound a respect for it1 that they insist1 like our ,puritan forefathers1 on keeping it all to themselves1 and not to suffer it to be profaned or abused by being extended to others4 ,prussia1 though a ,protestant country1 does not dream of making the public schools a machine either for proselytism or unification4 ,she is contented to recognize ,catholics as an integral part of her population1 and to leave them to profess and practise their own religion according to the law of their church4 ,our ,evangelicals would do well to imitate her example4 ,we ,catholics are here1 and here we intend to remain4 ,we have as much right to be here as ,evangelicals have4 ,we are too many to be massacred or exiled1 and too important and influential a portion of the ,american people to be of no account in the settlement of public affairs4 ,we have votes1 and they will count on whichever side we cast them2 and we cannot reasonably be expected to cast them on the side of any party that is seeking to use its power as a political party to suppress our church and our religion1 or even to destroy our federative system of government1 and to leave all minorities at the mercy of the irresponsible majority for the time1 with no other limit to its power than it sees proper to impose on itself2 for we love liberty1 and our church teaches us to be loyal to the constitution of our country4 ,the wisest course1 since there are different religious denominations in the country1 is to accept the situation1 to recognize the fact1 acquiesce in it1 and make the best of it4 ,any attempt to unmake1 by the direct or indirect authority of the state1 ,catholics of their faith or any denomination of its belief1 is sure to fail4 ,each denomination is free to use ,scripture and reason1 logic and tradition1 all moral and intellectual weapons1 against its rivals1 and with that it should be contented4 ,whatever may be the rightful claims of the church in the theological order1 she is contented with the civil protection of her equal rights in the political order4 ,she asks--with the wealth1 the fashion1 the public opinion1 the press1 nine-tenths of the population of the country1 and the seductions of the world against her--only an open field and fair play4 ,if she does not complain1 her enemies ought to be satisfied with the advantages they have4 ,we have entered our protest against a party programme which threatens alike the genius of the ,american government and the freedom of religion1 for so much was obviously our duty1 both as ,catholics and citizens4 ,we are aware of the odds against us1 but we have confidence in our countrymen that1 though they may be momentarily deceived or misled1 they will1 when the real character of the programme we have exposed is once laid open to them1 reject it with scorn and indignation1 and hasten to do us justice4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,entered1 according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahga1 by ,,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #b ,new ,departure of the ,republican ,party4 ,by ,henry ,wilson4 ,the ,atlantic ,monthly1 ,boston1 ,january1 #ahga4 ,,the ,,cross4 ,in weary hours to lonely heights ,when thou hast travelled sore1 ,a sorrowing man hath borne his cross ,and gone thy way before4 ,thine eyes cannot escape the sign ,on every hand that is ,of him who bore the general woe1 ,nor knew a common bliss4 ,but men1 remembering his face1 ,dreamed of him while they slept1 ,and the mother by the cradle side ,thought of his eye1 and wept4 ,now haunts the world his ghost whose fate ,made all men's fates his own2 ,so for the wrongs of modest hearts ,a myriad hearts atone4 ,oh6 deeply shall thy spirit toil ,to reach the height he trod1 ,and humbly strive thy soul to know ,its servant was its ,god4 ,only earth's martyr is her lord2 ,such is the gain of loss3 ,and1 looking in all hearts1 ,i see ,the signal of the cross4 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,genealogies4 ,under a thickly-branched tree in the northern part of one of the southern counties of ,maine is a certain gray rock1 matted over with dim green lichens that are spotted with dead gold4 ,from under this rock springs a sparkling little stream4 ,it is no storied fountain1 rich with legends of splendor1 poetry1 and crime1 but a dear1 bright little ,yankee brook1 with the world all before it4 ,that world it immediately proceeds to investigate4 ,it creeps through thready grasses and russet pine-needles2 it turns aside1 with great respect1 for a stone no larger than a rabbit2 and when a glistening pitchy cone drops into it1 the infant river labors under the burden4 ,when the thirsty fawn comes there to drink1 nearly the whole rivulet flows down its throat1 and the cone is stranded high and dry2 what there is left flows southward4 ,a sunbeam pierces the scented gloom1 creeps down a tree-trunk1 steals over a knoll of green-and-brown tree-moss1 which then looks like a tiny forest on fire1 over yellow violets1 which dissolve in its light1 over a bank of rich dark mould veined with the golden powder of decayed pine-trees1 moist and soft1 and full of glistening white roots1 where the flowers push down their pearly feet4 ,over the bank1 into the water1 goes the sunbeam1 and the two frolic together1 and the stream dives under the gnarled roots1 so that its playmate would believe it lost but for that gurgle of laughter down in the cool1 fresh dark4 ,then it leaps up1 and spreads itself out in a mirror1 and the elder-tree1 leaning over to look at the reflection of its fan-like leaves and clusters of white flowers1 gets very erroneous ideas concerning its own personal appearance2 for the palpitating rings that chase each other over the surface of the water make the brown stems crinkle1 the leaves come to pieces and unite again1 and the many flowers in each round cluster melt all together1 then twinkle out individually1 only to melt again into that bloomy full moon4 ,over this shimmer of flowers and water big bees fly1 buzzing terribly1 dragon-flies dart1 or hang1 purple-mailed1 glittering creatures1 with gauzy wings1 and comical insects dance there1 throwing spots of sunshine instead of shadow down to the leafy bed4 ,then the brook flows awhile in a green tranquil shadow1 till1 reaching the interlaced roots of two immense trees that hold a bank between them1 it makes a sudden1 foamy plunge the height of a stag's front4 ,she is a bride then1 you may say--she is ,undine1 looking through that white veil1 and thinking new thoughts4 ,now the bear comes down to drink and look at his ugly face in the deepening wave1 foxes switch their long tails about the banks1 deer come1 as light-footed as shadows1 drink1 and fling up their short tails1 with a flit of white1 and trot away with a little sniff1 and their heads thrown back1 hearing the howl or the long stride of the wolf in pursuit4 ,rabbits come there1 and squirrels leap and nibble in the branches above4 ,besides1 there are shoals of pretty1 slim fishes4 ,so through the mellow gloom and sunny sparkle of the old forest1 the clear brook wanders1 growing wiser1 and talking to itself about many things4 ,presently the wild creatures withdraw1 sunburnt children wade across from bank to bank1 grassy clearings abound1 there are farm-houses1 and cows with tinkling bells2 and then comes a bridge1 and boats dance upon the water1 and the stream is a river6 ,alas for the ,indian name it brought up out of the earth with it1 and lisped and gurgled and laughed to itself all the way down--the name spiked with k's and choky-looking gh's1 rough to the eye1 but sweet in the mouth1 like a hazel-nut in the burr4 ,the white settlers have changed all that4 ,now1 indeed1 the young river puts on state1 and lets people see that it is not to be waded through2 and when they build a dam across1 it flows grandly over1 in a smooth1 wine-colored curve4 ,times are changed1 indeed1 since the little gray birds with speckled breasts looked with admiration at its first cascade1 since the bear1 setting down his great paw1 clumsily splashed the whole stream up over his shaggy leg4 ,there are farms to keep up appearances before1 mill-wheels to turn1 and ships to bear up4 ,pine-cones1 indeed6 ,besides1 a new and strange experience has come to it1 and its bosom pulses daily with the swelling of the tides4 ,and here one village street1 with white houses1 follows its course a mile or so1 and another street with white houses comes down to its bank from the west1 crosses over1 and goes up eastward4 ,this town1 with its two principal streets forming a cross near the mouth of the river1 a white cross at the end of a silver chain--shall we call it ,seaton8 ,it is a good enough name4 ,and the river shall be ,seaton ,river1 and the bay into which it flows shall be ,seaton ,bay4 ,but the ocean that makes the bay1 and drinks the river1 shall be ,atlantic still4 ,we have spoken6 ,we follow the road that follows the stream on its eastern bank1 cross ,west ,street1 get into a poor1 dwindling neighborhood1 leave the houses nearly all behind1 go over two small1 ill-conditioned hills1 and find at our right a ship-yard with wharves1 at our left a dingy little cottage1 shaped like a travelling-trunk1 and not much larger than some4 ,it stands with its side toward the dusty road1 a large1 low chimney rises from the roof1 there is a door with a window at each side of it4 ,one can see at a glance from the outside how this house is divided4 ,it has but two rooms below1 with a tiny square entry between1 and a low attic above4 ,each room has three windows1 one on each of the three outer walls4 ,the kitchen looked toward the village through its north window4 ,opposite that was a large fireplace with an ill-tempered1 crackling fire of spruce-wood1 throwing out sparks and splinters4 ,it was ,april weather1 and not very warm yet4 ,in the chimney-corner sat ,mr4 ,rowan1 sulkily smoking his pipe1 his eyes fixed on the chimney-back4 ,he was a large1 slouching man1 with an intelligent face brutalized by intemperance4 ,drunkard was written all over him1 in the scorched black hair1 not yet turning gray1 in the dry lips1 bloated features1 and inflamed eyes4 ,he sat in his shirt-sleeves1 waiting impatiently while his wife put a patch in his one coat4 ,mrs4 ,rowan1 a poor1 faded1 little frightened woman1 whom her female acquaintances called slack1 sat near the south window1 wrinkling her brows anxiously over the said patch1 which was smaller than the hole it was destined to fill4 ,the afternoon sunshine spread a golden carpet close to her feet4 ,in the light of it one could see the splinters in the much-scoured floor1 and a few fraggles in the hem of ,mrs4 ,rowan's calico gown4 ,at the eastern window sat ,edith ,yorke1 eleven years of age1 with a large book on her knees4 ,over this book1 some illustrated work on natural history1 she had been bending for an hour1 her loose mop of tawny hair falling each side of the page4 ,so cloistered1 her profile was invisible2 but1 standing in front of her1 one could see an oval face with regular features full of calm earnestness4 ,bright1 arched lips1 and a spirited curve in the nostrils1 saved this face from the cold look which regular features often give4 ,the large1 drooping eyelids promised large eyes1 the forehead was wide and not high1 the brows long1 slightly arched1 and pale-brown in color1 and the whole face1 neck1 hands1 and wrists were tanned to a light quadroon tint4 ,but where the coarse sleeve had slipped up was visible an arm of dazzling whiteness4 ,outside the window1 and but two rods distant1 hung a crumbling clay bank1 higher than the house1 with a group of frightened alder-bushes looking over the top1 and holding on with all their roots4 ,some day1 in spite of their grip--the sooner1 perhaps1 because of its stress--the last frail hold was to be loosed1 and the bushes were to come sliding down the bank1 faster and faster1 to pitch headlong into the mire at the bottom1 with a weak crackling of all their poor doomed branches4 ,presently the child looked up1 with lights coming and going in her agate-colored eyes4 ,how wonderful frogs are6 she exclaimed involuntarily4 ,there was no reply4 ,she glanced at her two companions1 scarcely conscious of them1 her mind full of something else4 ,but everything is wonderful1 when you come to think of it1 she pursued dreamily4 ,mr4 ,rowan took the pipe from his mouth1 turned his forbidding face1 and glowered at the girl4 ,you're a wonderful fool6 he growled2 then resumed his pipe1 feeling better1 apparently1 for that expression of opinion4 ,his wife glanced up1 furtive and frightened1 but said nothing4 ,edith looked at the man unmoved1 saw him an instant1 then1 still looking1 saw him not4 ,after a while she became aware1 roused herself1 and bent again over the book4 ,then there was silence1 broken only by the snapping of the fire1 the snip of ,mrs4 ,rowan's scissors1 and the lame1 one-sided ticking of an old-fashioned clock on the mantelpiece4 ,after a while1 as the child read1 a new thought struck up4 ,that's just like6 ,don't you think--addressing the company--,major ,cleaveland said yesterday that ,i had lightning-bugs in my eyes6 ,without removing his pipe1 ,mr4 ,rowan darted an angry look at his wife1 whose face became still more frightened4 ,dear me6 she said feebly1 that child is an idjut6 ,this time the long1 fading gaze dwelt on the woman before it went back to the book again4 ,but the child was too closely ensphered in her own life to be much1 if at all1 hurt4 ,besides1 she was none of theirs1 nor of their kind4 ,her soul was no dying spark struggling through ashes1 but a fire1 alive1 and alive like to be1 as children say when they wave the fire-brand1 winding live ribbons in the air2 and no drop of their blood flowed in her veins4 ,the clock limped over ten minutes more1 and the patch was got into its place1 after a fashion1 botched somewhat1 with the knots on the outside4 ,mr4 ,rowan took the coat1 grumbled at it1 put it on1 and went out1 glancing back at the child as he opened the door4 ,she was looking after him with an expression which he interpreted to mean aversion and contempt4 ,perhaps he mistook4 ,may be she was wondering at him1 what sort of strange being he was4 ,edith ,yorke was very curious regarding the world she had got into4 ,it seemed to her a queer place1 and that she had at present not much concern in it4 ,her husband out of the way1 ,mrs4 ,rowan took her knitting-work1 and stood a moment at the north window1 gazing up toward the town1 with a far-away look of blunted expectancy1 as if she had got in the habit of looking for help which never came4 ,then she drew a long sigh1 that also a habit1 and1 resuming her chair1 began to knit and to rock herself1 letting her mind1 what there was left of it1 swing to and fro1 unmeaningly and miserably1 to the sound of the clock as it ticked4 ,o dear6 ,o dear6--that was what the ticking always said to this poor soul4 ,as she sat1 the afternoon sun1 sinking lower1 crept about her feet1 climbed to her lap1 got hold of her knitting1 and ran in little bright flashes along the needles1 and snapped off in sparks at the ends1 so that she seemed to be knitting sunshine4 ,this woman was what remained at forty of a pretty1 flaxen-haired girl of eighteen1 who had captivated handsome ,dick ,rowan1 for he had been handsome4 ,a faded rag of a woman she was1 without hope or spirit1 all the color and life washed out of her in a bitter rain of tears4 ,the pink cheeks had faded1 and only the ghost remained of that dimple that had once seemed to give meaning to her smiles4 ,the curly hair was dry and thin1 and had an air of chronic untidiness4 ,the blue-gray eyes were dim and heavy1 the teeth were nearly all gone4 ,the pretty1 chirping ways that had been captivating when youth covered their silliness--oh6 where had they gone8 ,she was a weak1 broken-hearted1 shiftless little woman1 and her husband hated her4 ,he felt wronged and cheated by her4 ,he was more disappointed than ,ixion1 for in this cloud there had never even been a goddess4 ,if she had sometimes turned upon him1 when he acted like a brute1 and scorned him for it1 he would have liked her better2 but she shrank1 and cowered1 and trembled1 made him feel himself ten times the brute she dared not call him1 yet gave him nothing to resent4 ,gentle1 is she8 he cried out once in a rage4 ,she is not6 ,she is weak and slavish4 ,a person cannot be gentle who cannot be something else4 ,so the poor woman suffered1 and got neither pity nor credit from the one who caused her suffering4 ,it was hard2 and yet1 she was nobler in her misery than she would have been in happiness4 ,for sorrow gave her now and then a touch of dignity2 and when1 stung with a sudden perception of her own nothingness1 she flung her desperate hands upward1 and called upon ,god to deliver her1 a certain tragical power and beauty seemed to wrap her round4 ,mrs4 ,rowan happy would have been a trivial woman1 meaning no great harm1 because meaning no great anything2 but the fiery furnace of pain had scorched her up1 and what remained was pure4 ,when the two were alone1 ,edith dropped her book1 and looked across the room at her companion4 ,mrs4 ,rowan1 busy with her own sad thoughts1 took no notice of her1 and presently the child glanced past her1 and out the window4 ,the view was not bad4 ,first came the dusty road1 then the ship-yard1 then the river sparkling1 but rather the worse for sawdust and lath-edgings that came down from the lumber-mills above the village4 ,but here all that was sordid came to an end4 ,the meanness and misery on the hitherward bank were like witches1 who cannot cross running water4 ,from the opposite bank rose a long1 grassy hill1 unmarred by road or fence4 ,in summer-time you could see from far away the pinkness of the wild-roses that had seen fit to bind with a blooming cestus the dented waist of this hill4 ,behind them was a green spray of locust and laburnum trees1 then dense round tops of maples1 and elms in graceful groups1 half-hiding the roofs and gables of ,major ,cleaveland's house--the great house of the village1 as its owner was the great man4 ,behind that was a narrow rim of pines and spruces1 making the profile of an enchanted city against the horizon1 and above that a vast hollow of unobstructed sky4 ,in that space the sunsets used to build their jasper walls1 and calm airs stretch long lines of vapor across1 till the whole west was a stringed instrument whereon a full symphony of colors played good-night to the sun4 ,there the west wind blew up bubbles of wry cloud1 and the new moon put forth her gleaming sickle to gather in the sheaf of days1 a never-failing harvest1 through storm and sunshine1 hoar-frost and dew4 ,there the pearly piles of cumuli used to slumber on summer afternoons1 lightnings growing in their bosoms to flash forth at evening2 and there1 when a long storm ended with the day1 rose the solid arch of cerulean blue4 ,when it had reached a certain height1 ,edith ,yorke would run into the south room1 and look out to see the rainbow suspend its miraculous arch over the retreating storm4 ,this little girl1 to whom everything was so wonderful when she came to think of it1 was a dear lover of beauty4 ,o dear6 ,o dear6 ticked the clock2 and the barred sunshine turned slowly on the floor1 as if the ugly little house were the hub of a huge1 leisurely wheel of gold4 ,edith dropped her book1 and went to ,mrs4 ,rowan's side1 taking a stool with her1 and sitting down in the midst of the sunshine4 ,i'm afraid ,i shall forget my story1 ,mrs4 ,jane1 unless ,i say it over again1 she said4 ,and1 you know1 mamma told me never to forget4 ,mrs4 ,rowan roused herself1 glad of anything which could take her mind from her own troubles4 ,well1 tell it all over to me now1 she said4 ,i haven't heard it this long time4 ,will you be sure to correct me if ,i am wrong8 the child asked anxiously4 ,yes1 ,i will4 ,but don't begin till ,i have taken up the heel of this stocking4 ,the stitches were counted and evened1 half of them taken off on to a thread1 and the other half1 with the seam-stitch in the middle1 knit backward once4 ,then ,edith began to repeat the story confided to her by her dead mother4 ,my grandpapa and grandmamma were ,polish exiles4 ,they had to leave ,poland when ,aunt ,marie was only a year old1 and before mamma was born4 ,they couldn't take their property with them1 but only jewels1 and plate1 and pictures4 ,they went to ,brussels1 and there my mamma was born1 and the queen was her godmother1 and sent the christening-robe4 ,mamma kept the robe till she grew up2 but when she was in ,america1 and was poor1 and wanted to go to a party1 she cut it up to make the waist and sleeves of a dress4 ,poverty is no disgrace1 mamma said1 but it is a great inconvenience4 ,by-and-by1 they left ,brussels1 and went to ,england4 ,grandpapa wanted some way to get money to live on1 for they had sold nearly all their pictures and things4 ,they stayed in ,england not very long4 ,countess ,poniatowski called on grandmamma1 and she had on a black velvet bonnet with red roses in it2 so ,i suppose it was winter4 ,then one day grandpapa took mamma out to walk in a park2 so ,i suppose that was summer4 ,there were some gentlemen in the park that they talked to1 and one of them1 a gentleman with a hook nose1 who was sitting down on a bench1 took mamma on his knees1 and started to kiss her4 ,but mamma slapped his face4 ,she said he had no right to kiss people who didn't want him to1 not even if he were a king4 ,his name was the ,duke of ,wellington4 ,then they all came to ,america1 and people here were very polite to them1 because they were ,polish exiles1 and of noble birth4 ,but they couldn't eat nor drink nor wear politeness1 mamma said1 and so they grew poorer and poorer every day1 and didn't know what they would do4 ,once they travelled with ,henry ,clay two weeks1 and had quite a nice time1 and they went to ,ashland and stayed all night4 ,when they went away the next day1 ,mr4 ,clay gave mamma and ,aunt ,marie the little mugs they had had to drink out of4 ,but they didn't care much about 'em1 and they broke 'em pretty soon4 ,mamma said she didn't know then that ,mr4 ,clay was a great man4 ,she thought that just a mister couldn't be great4 ,she had always seen lords and counts1 and grandpapa was a colonel in the army--,colonel ,lubomirski his name was4 ,but she said that in this country a man might be great1 even if he wasn't anything but a mister1 and that my papa was as great as a prince4 ,well1 then they came to ,boston1 and ,aunt ,marie died1 and they buried her1 and mamma was almost nine years old4 ,people used to pet and notice her1 and everybody talked about her hair4 ,it was thick and black1 and it curled down to her waist4 ,one day ,doctor ,somebody1 ,i can never recollect his name1 took her out walking on the ,common1 and they went into ,mr4 ,john ,quincy ,adams's house4 ,and ,mr4 ,adams took one of mamma's curls1 and held it out1 and said it was long enough and large enough to hang the ,czar with4 ,and she said that they might have it all if they'd hang him with it4 ,and then poor grandpapa had to go to ,washington1 and teach dancing and fencing1 because that was all he could do4 ,and pretty soon grandmamma broke her heart and died4 ,and then after a little while grandpapa died4 ,and1 after that1 mamma had to go out sewing to support herself1 and she went to ,boston1 and sewed in ,mr4 ,yorke's family4 ,and ,mr4 ,yorke's youngest brother fell in love with her1 and she fell in love with him1 and they married each other in spite of everybody4 ,so the family were awfully angry4 ,my papa had been engaged ever since he was a little boy to ,miss ,alice ,mills1 and they had put off getting married because she was rich1 and he hadn't anything1 and was looking round to see how he should get a fortune4 ,and the ,millses all turned against him1 and the ,yorkes all turned against him1 and he and mamma went off1 and wandered about1 and came down to ,maine2 and papa died4 ,then mamma had to sew again to support herself1 and we were awfully poor4 ,i remember that we lived in the same house with you2 but it was a better house than this1 and was up in the village4 ,then mamma's heart broke1 and she died too4 ,but ,i don't mean to break my heart1 ,mrs4 ,jane4 ,it's a poor thing to do4 ,yes6 sighed the listener2 it's a poor thing to do4 ,well1 resumed the child1 then you kept me4 ,it was four years ago when my mamma died1 but ,i remember it all4 ,she made me promise not to forget who my mother was1 and promise1 with both my hands held up1 that ,i would be a ,catholic1 if ,i had to die for it4 ,so ,i held up both my hands1 and promised1 and she looked at me1 and then shut her eyes4 ,it that all right8 ,yes1 dear6 ,mrs4 ,rowan had dropped her knitting as the story went on1 and was gazing dreamily out the window1 recalling to mind her brief acquaintance with the fair young exile4 ,dick and ,i grew to be great friends1 ,edith continued rather timidly4 ,he used to take care of me1 and fight for me4 ,poor ,dick6 ,he was mad nearly all the time1 because his father drank rum1 and because people twitted him1 and looked down upon him4 ,mrs4 ,rowan took up her work again1 and knit tears in with the yarn4 ,and ,dick gave his father an awful talking-to1 one day1 ,edith went on1 still more timidly4 ,that was two years ago4 ,he stood up and poured out words4 ,his eyes were so flashing that they dazzled1 and his cheeks were red1 and he clinched his hands4 ,he looked most splendid4 ,when ,i go back to ,poland1 he shall be a general in the army4 ,he will look just as he did then1 if the ,czar should come near us4 ,well1 after that day he went off to sea1 and he has not been back since4 ,tears were running down the mother's cheeks as she thought of her son1 the only child left her of three4 ,edith leaned and clasped both her hands around ,mrs4 ,rowan's arm1 and laid her cheek to them4 ,but he is coming back rich1 he said he would2 and what ,dick said he'd do he always did4 ,he is going to take us away from here1 and get a pretty house1 and come and live with us4 ,a hysterical1 half-laughing sob broke through the listener's quiet weeping4 ,he always did keep his word1 ,edith6 she cried4 ,dick was a gallant lad4 ,and ,i trust that the ,lord will bring him back to me4 ,oh6 he'll come back1 said ,edith confidently1 and with a slight air of haughtiness4 ,he'll come back himself4 ,all the ,christianity the child had seen had been such as to make the name of the ,lord excite in her heart a feeling of antagonism4 ,it is hard to believe that ,god means love when man means hate2 and this child and her protectors had seen but little of the sunny side of humanity4 ,christians held aloof from the drunkard and his family1 or approached them only to exhort or denounce4 ,that they had any kinship with that miserable man1 that in his circumstances they might have been what he was1 never seemed to occur to them as possible4 ,dick fought with the boys who mocked his father1 therefore he was a bad boy4 ,mrs4 ,rowan flamed up1 and defended her husband1 when the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,martin denounced him1 therefore she was almost as bad as he4 ,so shallow are most judgments1 arraigning effects without weighing causes4 ,nor did ,edith fare better at their hands4 ,she was to them a sort of vagabond4 ,who believed the story of her mother's romantic misfortunes8 ,she was some foreign adventuress1 most likely4 ,mr4 ,charles ,yorke1 whom they respected1 had married a native of ,seaton1 and had two or three times honored that town with a short visit4 ,they knew that he had cast off his own brother for marrying this child's mother4 ,therefore she had no claim on their respect4 ,moreover1 some of the ladies for whom young ,mrs4 ,yorke had done sewing had not the pleasantest of recollections connected with her4 ,a poor person has no right to be proud and high-spirited1 and the widowed exile was a very fiery woman4 ,she would not sit at table with their servants1 she would not be delighted when they patronized her1 and she would not be grateful for the scanty wages they gave her4 ,she had even dared to break out upon ,mrs4 ,cleaveland when that lady had sweetly requested her to enter her house by the side door1 when she came to sew4 ,in ,poland a person like you would scarcely have been allowed to tie my mother's shoes6 she cried4 ,the lady answered suavely1 ,but we are not in ,poland1 madam2 but she never forgave the insolence--still less because her husband laughed at it1 and rather liked ,mrs4 ,yorke's spirit4 ,these were the ladies whom ,edith had heard talk of religion2 so she lifted her head1 dropped her eyelids1 and said defiantly1 ,dick will come home himself6 ,not unless the ,lord lets him come1 said the mother4 ,oh6 no good will come to us except by him4 ',unless the ,lord build the house1 they labor in vain that build it3 unless the ,lord keep the city1 he watcheth in vain that keepeth it4' ,i don't think you have much to thank him for1 remarked the child quietly4 ,i will thank him6 the woman cried out in a passion4 ,i will trust him6 ,he is all the hope ,i have6 ,well1 well1 you may6 ,edith said soothingly4 ,don't let's talk about it any more4 ,give me the scissors1 and ,i'll cut the fraggles off the hem of your gown4 ,suppose ,dick should come home all of a sudden1 and find us looking so6 ,i hope he will let us know1 don't you8 so that we can put our best clothes on4 ,the best clothes in question were a black bombazine gown and shawl1 and an old-fashioned crape bonnet and veil1 all sewed up and hidden away under ,edith's bed in the little dark attic1 lest ,mr4 ,rowan1 in one of his drunken frenzies1 should destroy them4 ,these articles were the mourning which ,mrs4 ,rowan had worn seven years before1 when her last daughter died4 ,with them was another bag1 belonging to ,edith1 equally precious to its owner1 but from other reasons4 ,there was a scarlet merino cape1 lined with silk of the same color1 both a little faded1 and a faded crape scarf that had once been gorgeous with red and gold4 ,in the innermost fold of this scarf1 wrapped in tissue-paper1 and tucked inside an old kid glove of remarkable smallness1 were two locks of hair--one a short1 thick wave of yellow-brown1 the other a long1 serpentine tress of ebony blackness4 ,while they talked1 the door of the room opened1 and ,mr4 ,rowan looked in4 ,aren't we going to have any supper to-night8 he demanded4 ,edith fixed a look on him that made him shrink out1 and bang the door behind him4 ,his wife started up1 glanced at the clock1 and went about her work4 ,let me help you1 ,mrs4 ,jane1 the child said4 ,no1 dear4 ,there isn't much to do1 and ,i'd rather do it4 ,mrs4 ,rowan's voice had a sepulchral sound1 her head being deep in the fireplace1 where she was putting one hook into another on the crane1 to let the tea-kettle down4 ,she emerged with a smooch of soot on her hair and forehead1 and began flying round bringing a table into the middle of the floor1 putting up the leaves1 spreading the cloth1 taking down the dishes1 all with trembling haste4 ,if you want to knit a few times across the heel of that stocking1 you may4 ,but be careful not to knit too tightly1 as you almost always do4 ,you can begin to narrow when it's two of your forefingers long4 ,edith took the knitting1 and went to her favorite chair in the back window4 ,the room had grown smoky in consequence of ,mrs4 ,rowan's piling of soft wood on to the fire1 and hurrying about past the fireplace1 so she pushed up the window1 and fastened it with a wooden button fixed there for the purpose4 ,then she began to knit and think1 and1 forgetting ,mrs4 ,rowan's directions1 pulled the yarn so tightly over her fingers that she worked a hard1 stiff strip across the heel1 into which the looser knitting puckered4 ,the child was too much absorbed to be aware of her mistake1 and it did not matter2 for that stocking was never to be finished4 ,while she dreamed there1 a deeper shadow than that of the clay bank fell over her4 ,she looked up with a start1 and saw ,mr4 ,rowan standing outside the window4 ,he had placed himself so as to avoid being seen by any one in the room1 and was just turning his eyes away from her when she caught sight of him4 ,lean out here6 he said4 ,i want to speak to you4 ,she leaned out and waited4 ,what makes you stare at me the way you sometimes do8 he asked angrily1 but in a low voice1 that his wife might not hear4 ,why don't you say right out what you think8 ,i don't know what ,i do think1 replied ,edith1 dropping her eyes4 ,you think that ,i am a wretch6 he exclaimed4 ,you think ,i am a drunkard6 ,you think ,i abuse my wife6 ,she neither answered nor looked up4 ,he paused a moment1 then went on fiercely4 ,if there is anything ,i hate1 it is to have people look at me that way1 and say nothing4 ,if you scold a man1 it looks as if you thought there was something in him that could tell black from white2 and if you are impudent1 you put yourself a little in the wrong1 and that helps him4 ,he isn't so much ashamed of himself4 ,but when you just look1 and say nothing1 you shut him out4 ,it is as much as to tell him that words would be thrown away on him4 ,but1 ,edith objected1 much at a loss1 if ,i answered you back1 or said what ,i thought1 there would be a quarrel right off4 ,did ,i fight when ,dick gave me such a hauling-over before he went away8 the man questioned in a rough tone that did not hide how his voice broke1 and his blood-shot eyes filled up with tears4 ,didn't ,i hang my head1 and take it like a dog8 ,he said ,i had acted like a brute1 but he didn't say ,i was one1 and he didn't say but ,i could be a man yet1 if ,i should try4 ,wasn't ,i sober for three months after he went away8 ,yes2 and ,i would have kept sober right on if ,i had had some one to thorn and threaten me4 ,but she gave up1 and did nothing but whimper1 and it maddened me4 ,when ,i ordered her to mix my rum for me1 she did it4 ,i should have liked her better if she had thrown it1 tumbler and all1 into my face4 ,you'd better not find fault with her1 said ,edith4 ,she's a great deal better than you are4 ,the child had a gentle1 sincere way of saying audacious things sometimes that made one wonder if she knew how audacious they were4 ,the man stared at her a moment2 then1 looking away1 answered without any appearance of anger1 ,i suppose she is2 but ,i don't think much of that kind of goodness when there's a hard job to be done4 ,you can't lift rocks with straws4 ,i'm sorry for her2 but1 for all that1 she aggravates me1 poor thing6 ,he leaned back against the house1 with his hands in his pockets1 and stared at the clay bank before him4 ,edith looked at him1 but said nothing4 ,presently he turned so suddenly that she started4 ,girl1 he said1 never do you ridicule a man who has been drinking1 no matter what he does6 ,you may hate him1 or be afraid of him1 but never laugh at him6 ,you might as well look down into hell and laugh6 ,do you know what it is to be in the power of rum8 ,it is to have serpents twining round you1 and binding you hand and foot4 ,i've gone through the streets up there with devils on my back1 pushing me down2 wild beasts tearing my vitals2 reptiles crawling round me2 the earth rising up and quaking under my feet1 and a horror in my soul that no words can describe1 and the men and women and children have laughed at me4 ,perhaps they were such shallow fools that they didn't know2 but ,i tell you1 and you know now4 ,don't you ever dare to laugh at a drunkard6 ,i never will6 ,edith cried out1 in an agony of terror and pity4 ,o you poor man6 ,i didn't know it was so awful4 ,o you poor man6 ,mr4 ,rowan had stopped1 gasping for breath1 and1 with his patched sleeve1 wiped off the perspiration that was streaming down his face4 ,edith tore off her little calico apron with such haste as to break the strings4 ,here1 take this6 she said1 reaching it out to him4 ,he took it with a shaking hand1 and wiped his face again2 wiped his eyes again and again1 breathing heavily4 ,couldn't you be saved8 she asked1 in a whisper4 ,isn't there any way for you to get out of it8 ,no6 he said1 and gave her back her apron4 ,no2 and ,i wish that ,i were dead6 ,don't say that6 the child entreated4 ,it is wicked2 and perhaps you will die if you say it4 ,the drunkard raised his trembling hands1 and looked upward4 ,i wish to ,god that ,i were dead6 he repeated4 ,edith shrank back into the room4 ,she was too much terrified to listen to any more4 ,but after a moment he called her name1 and she leaned out again4 ,his face was calmer1 and his voice more quiet4 ,don't tell her what ,i have been talking about1 he said1 nodding toward the room4 ,i would sooner tear my tongue out by the roots than say anything to her4 ,i won't tell1 ,edith promised4 ,supper's ready1 ,mrs4 ,rowan announced1 coming towards the window4 ,she had heard her husband's voice in conversation with ,edith1 and wondered greatly what was going on4 ,mr4 ,rowan turned away1 with a look of irritation1 at sound of her timid voice1 walked round the house1 and came sulkily in to his supper4 ,their meals had always been comfortless and silent2 but now ,edith tried to talk1 at first with ,mrs4 ,rowan2 but when she saw that the woman's tremulous replies1 as if she did not dare to speak in her husband's presence1 were bringing an uglier frown to this face1 and that he was changing from sullen to savage1 she addressed her remarks and questions to him4 ,mr4 ,rowan was a surveyor1 and a good one1 when he was sober1 and he was a man of some general information and reading4 ,when he could be got to talk1 one was surprised to find in him the ruins of a gentleman4 ,now his answers were surly enough1 but they were intelligent1 and the child1 no longer looking at him from the outside1 questioned him fearlessly1 and kept up a sort of conversation till they rose from table4 ,it was ,mr4 ,rowan's custom to go out immediately after supper1 and not come home till late in the evening1 when he would stagger in1 sometimes stupid1 sometimes furious with liquor4 ,but to-night he lingered about when he had left the table1 lighted his pipe1 kicked the fire1 wound up the clock1 and cursed it for stopping1 and finally1 as if ashamed of the proposal even while making it1 said to ,edith1 ,come1 get the checker-board1 and see if you can beat me4 ,she was quick-witted enough1 or sensitive enough1 not to show any surprise1 but quietly brought out the board1 and arranged the chairs and stand4 ,it was a square of board1 rough at the edges1 planed on one side1 and marked off in checks with red chalk4 ,the men were bits of tanned leather1 one side white1 the other side black4 ,she placed them1 smiled1 and said1 ,now1 ,i'm ready6 ,mrs4 ,rowan's cheeks began to redden up with excitement as she went about clearing the table1 and washing the dishes1 but she said nothing4 ,she had even tact enough to go away into the bedroom1 when her work was done1 and leave the two to play out their game unwatched4 ,there she sat in the falling dusk1 her hands clasped on her knees1 listening to every sound1 expecting every moment to hear her husband go out4 ,the three curtains in the room were rolled up to the very tops of the windows1 and1 in their places1 three pictures seemed to hang on the smoky walls1 and illumine the place4 ,one was a high clay bank1 its raw front ruddy with evening light1 its top crowned with a bush burning like that of ,horeb4 ,the second was a hill covered with spruce-trees1 nothing else1 from the little cone1 not a foot high1 to the towering spire that pierced the sky4 ,some faint rose-reflections yet warmed their sombre shadows1 and each sharp top was silvered with the coming moonlight4 ,the third window showed a deserted ship-yard1 with the skeleton of a bark standing on the stocks4 ,the shining river beyond seemed to flow through its ribs1 and all about it the ground was covered with bright yellow chips and shavings4 ,above it1 in the tender green of the southwestern sky1 a cloud-bark freighted with crimson light sailed off southward1 losing its treasure as it went4 ,these strong1 rich lights1 meeting and crossing in the room1 showed clearly the woman's nervous face full of suspense1 the very attitude1 too1 showing suspense1 as she only half-sat on the side of the bed1 ready to start up at a sound4 ,after a while she got up softly1 and went to the fireplace to listen4 ,all was still in the other room1 but she heard distinctly the crackling of the fire4 ,what had come over him8 ,what did it mean8 ,presently there was a slight movement1 and ,edith's voice spoke out brightly3 ,oh6 ,i've got another king4 ,now ,i have a chance6 ,the listener trembled with doubt and fear4 ,her husband was actually sitting at home1 and playing checkers with ,edith1 instead of going out to get drunk6 ,he could not mean to go1 or he would have gone at once4 ,she longed to go and assure herself1 to sit down in the room with him1 but could scarcely find courage to do so4 ,she held her breath as she went toward the door1 and her hand faltered on the latch4 ,but at last she summoned resolution1 and went out4 ,the lamp was lighted1 the checker-board placed on the table beside it1 and the two were talking over the slackening game4 ,edith had a good head for a child of her age1 but her opponent was an excellent player1 and she could not interest him long4 ,she was trying every lure to keep him1 though1 and made a new tack as ,mrs4 ,rowan came in1 relating an experience of her own1 instead of questioning him concerning his4 ,i want to tell you something ,i saw last night in my chamber1 she said4 ,edith's chamber was the little dark attic1 which was reached by a steep stairway at one side of the fireplace4 ,i was in bed1 wide awake1 and it was pitch dark4 ,you know you put the cover over the skylight when it rained1 the other day1 and it has not been taken off4 ,well1 instead of shutting my eyes1 ,i kept them wide open1 and looked straight into the dark4 ,i've heard that you can see spirits so1 and so ,i thought ,i might see my mamma4 ,pretty soon there was a great hole in the dark1 like a whirlpool1 and after a minute there was a little light down at the bottom of it4 ,i kept on looking1 just as if ,i were looking down into a deep well1 and then there came colors in clouds1 sailing about1 just like clouds in the sky4 ,some were red1 others pink1 others blue1 and all colors4 ,sometimes there would be a pattern of colors1 just like figures in a carpet1 only they were blocks1 not flowers4 ,i didn't dream it4 ,i saw it as plainly as ,i see the fire this minute4 ,what do you suppose it was1 ,mr4 ,rowan8 ,he had listened with interest1 and did not appear to find anything surprising in the recital4 ,i don't know much about optics1 he answered2 but ,i suppose there is a scientific reason for this1 whether it is known or not4 ,i've seen those colors--that is1 ,i did when ,i was a child2 and ,de ,quincey1 in his ,opium ,confessions1 tells the same story4 ,i don't believe that grown people are likely to see them1 for the reason that they shut their eyes1 and their minds are more occupied4 ,you have to stare a good while into the dark1 and wait what comes1 and not think much of anything4 ,yes1 said ,edith4 ,but what do you guess it is8 ,mr4 ,rowan leaned back in his chair1 with his hands clasped behind his head1 and considered the matter a moment1 some finer intelligence than often showed there kindling behind his bloated face4 ,i should guess it might be this1 he said4 ,though the place appears at first to be dark1 there are really some particles of light there4 ,and since there are too few of them to keep up a connection in their perfect state1 they divide into their colors1 and make the clouds you saw4 ,i don't know why particles of light should not separate1 when they have a great deal to do1 and not much to do it with4 ,air does4 ,but what made them move8 ,edith asked4 ,they were never still4 ,perhaps they were alive4 ,she stared1 with scintillating eyes4 ,mr4 ,rowan gave a short1 silent laugh4 ,he knew that the child was only questioning in order to keep him4 ,no reason why not1 he said4 ,according to ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 and some other folks1 ,i believe1 heat isn't caloric1 but repulsive motion4 ,it isn't matter1 but it moves1 goes where nothing else can1 passes through stone and iron1 and can't be stopped1 and can't be seen4 ,now1 a something that is not matter1 and yet is powerful enough to overcome matter1 must be spirit4 ,heat is the soul of light2 and if heat is spirit1 light is alive4 ,voil tout6 ,he had forgotten himself a moment in the pleasure of puzzling his questioner2 but catching his wife looking at him with an expression of astonishment1 he came back to the present4 ,the smile died out of his face1 and the frown came back4 ,don't you want to play solitaire8 ,edith struck in desperately4 ,he made a slight motion of dissent1 but it was not decided2 so she brought out the pack of soiled cards1 and laid them before him4 ,there was a moment of hesitation1 during which the heart of the wife throbbed tumultuously1 and the nerves of the child tingled with an excitement that seemed to snap in sparks from her eyes4 ,then he took the cards1 shuffled them1 and began to play4 ,mrs4 ,rowan opened a book1 and1 holding it upside down1 so as to hide her face1 cried quietly behind the page4 ,her husband saw that she was crying1 cast a savage glance at her1 and seemed about to fling the cards down2 but ,edith made some remark on the game1 leaned toward him1 and laid her head lightly on his arm4 ,it was the first time in all their acquaintance that she had voluntarily touched him4 ,at the same time she reached her foot1 and pushed ,mrs4 ,rowan's under the table4 ,mrs4 ,rowan dropped her book1 turned her face away quickly1 and said1 with an effort of self-control rare for her3 ,why1 it's nine o'clock6 ,i'll go to bed1 ,i think2 ,i'm tired4 ,nobody answering1 or objecting1 she went away1 and left her husband still over his cards4 ,isn't it about your bedtime8 he said presently to ,edith4 ,she got up slowly1 unwilling to go1 yet not daring to stay4 ,oh6 if she were but wise enough to know the best thing that could be said--something which would strengthen his resolution1 and keep him in4 ,it was not yet too late for him to go out2 for1 when every safe and pitiful door is closed1 and slumber seals all merciful eyes1 the beacon of the grog-shop shines on through the night1 and tells that the way to perdition still is open1 and the eyes of the rum-seller yet on the watch4 ,how glad ,i shall be when ,dick comes home6 she said4 ,then ,i hope we can all go away from here1 and wipe out1 and begin over4 ,she could not have said better1 but1 if she had known1 she could have done better4 ,what he needed was not an appeal to his sentiments1 but physical help4 ,words make but little impression on a man while the torments of a burning1 infernal thirst are gnawing at his vitals4 ,the drunkard's body1 already singed by the near flames of the bottomless pit1 needed attending to at once2 his soul was crushed and helpless under the ruins of it4 ,if an older1 wiser head and hand had been there1 started up the failing fire1 and made some strong1 bitter draught for him to drink1 it might have done good4 ,but the child did not know1 and the sole help she could give was an appeal to his heart4 ,it is as true of the finest and loftiest natures1 as of the perverted1 that they cannot always conquer the evil one by spiritual means alone4 ,only spirits can do that4 ,and often the tempter must laugh to see the physical needs1 which were made to play about our feet like children1 unnoticed when the soul speaks1 starved till they become demons whose clamorous voices drown the spirit's fainting cries4 ,but this man's demon was indulgence1 and not denial4 ,he was not hovering on the brink of ruin1 he was at the bottom1 and striving to rise1 and he could not endure that any eye should look upon his struggles4 ,d-- you6 will you go to bed8 he cried out fiercely4 ,edith started back1 and1 without another word1 climbed the narrow stair to her attic4 ,before closing the trap-door1 she looked down once1 and saw ,mr4 ,rowan tearing and twisting the cards he had been playing with4 ,he stayed there the whole night1 fighting desperately with such weapons as he had--a will broken at the hilt1 the memory of his son1 and the thought of that dear little girl's tender but ineffectual pity4 ,as for ,god1 he no longer named him1 save in imprecation4 ,the faith of his orphaned childhood had gone long ago4 ,the glare of the world had scorched it up before it had fairly taken root4 ,that there might be help and comfort in the church of his fathers never entered his mind4 ,drink6 drink6 that was his sole thought4 ,if ,i only had some opium6 he muttered1 or a cup of strong black coffee6 ,i wonder if ,i could get either of 'em anywhere8 ,the day was faintly dawning when he staggered to the window1 tore down the paper curtain1 and looked out for some sign of life4 ,at the wharf opposite lay a vessel that had come up the evening before1 and he knew by the smoke that the cook was getting breakfast there4 ,i'll go over and see if ,i can get some coffee or opium1 he muttered1 and pulled his hat on as he went out the door4 ,i'll ask for nothing but coffee or opium1 he protested to himself1 as he shut the door softly after him4 ,alas6 alas6 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,wiping ,,out1 ,,and ,,beginning ,,anew4 ,the next morning was a gloomy one for the two who had nursed that trembling hope overnight1 but they did not say much about it4 ,mrs4 ,rowan's face showed the lassitude of long endurance4 ,edith's disappointment was poignant4 ,she was no longer a looker-on merely1 but an actor4 ,the man had confided in her1 had tacitly asked her sympathy1 and his failure gave her a pang4 ,she cast about in her thoughts what she should do1 having a mind to put her own young shoulder to the wheel4 ,should she go in search of him1 and give him one of those scoldings which he had acknowledged his need of8 ,should she lead him home1 and protect him from abuse8 ,hadn't ,i better go up to the post-office8 she asked1 after breakfast4 ,i haven't been there this good while1 and there might be a letter from ,dick4 ,mrs4 ,rowan hesitated3 ,well1 yes4 ,she disliked being left alone1 and she had no expectation of a letter4 ,but it seemed like slighting her son to make any other reply to such a request4 ,besides1 the village boys might be hooting her husband through the streets1 and1 if they were1 she would like to know it4 ,so ,edith prepared herself1 and went out4 ,the ship-yard was full of business at this hour1 and two men were at work close to the road1 shaving a piece of timber4 ,edith looked at them1 and hesitated4 ,i've a good mind to1 she thought4 ,she had never gone into the ship-yard when the men were there1 and had never asked any one a question concerning ,mr4 ,rowan4 ,but now all was changed1 and she felt responsible4 ,have you seen ,mr4 ,rowan anywhere1 this morning8 she asked1 going up to the man nearest her4 ,he drew the shave slowly to him1 slipped off a long curl of amber-colored wood from the blade1 then looked up to see who spoke4 ,mr4 ,rowan6 he repeated1 as if he had never heard the name before4 ,oh6 ,dick1 you mean4 ,no1 ,i haven't seen him1 this morning4 ,he may be lying round behind the timbers somewhere4 ,the child's eyes sparkled4 ,child though she was1 she knew that the drunkard was more worthy of the title of gentleman than this man was1 for he was rude and harsh only when he suffered4 ,little girl1 the other called out as she turned away1 your father is over there on board of the ,annie ,laurie4 ,i saw him lying there half an hour ago1 and ,i guess he hasn't stirred since4 ,he isn't my father6 she flashed out4 ,the two burst into a rude laugh1 which effectually checked the thanks she would have given for their information4 ,she turned hastily away1 and went up the road to the village4 ,mrs4 ,rowan finished her work1 and sat down in the west window to watch4 ,she was too anxious and discouraged to knit1 even1 and so did not discover the tight little strip of work around the stocking-heel4 ,it was employment enough to look out for ,edith2 not that she expected a letter1 but because she wanted company4 ,she was conscious of some strength in the child1 on which she leaned at times4 ,as for ,dick1 she had little hope of good news from him1 if any4 ,she had no part in ,edith's rose-colored expectations4 ,dick in peril from storm1 foe1 or sin2 ,dick dying untended in foreign lands2 ,dick sinking down in cold1 salt seas--these were the mother's fancies4 ,after half an hour1 a small figure appeared over the hills between the house and the village4 ,mrs4 ,rowan watched it absently1 and with a slight sense of relief4 ,but soon she noticed that the child was running4 ,it was not like ,edith to run4 ,she was noticeably quiet1 and even dignified in her manners4 ,could she have seen or heard anything of ,mr4 ,rowan at the village8 ,the heart of the wife began to flutter feebly4 ,was he lying in the street8 or engaged in a drunken quarrel8 ,she leaned back in her chair1 feeling sick1 and tried to gather strength for whatever might come to her4 ,edith was near the house1 now running a few steps1 then walking1 to gather breath1 and she held her arm above her head1 and swung it1 and in her hand was a letter6 ,away went all thought of her husband4 ,in two minutes ,mrs4 ,rowan had the letter in her hand1 had torn it open1 and she and ,edith were both bending over it1 and reading it together4 ,it had been lying in the post-office a week4 ,it came from ,new ,york1 and in a week from the date of it ,dick would be at home6 ,he was on board the ship ,halcyon1 ,captain ,cary1 and they were to come down to ,seaton1 and load with lumber as soon as their ,east ,indian freight should be disposed of4 ,he had met ,captain ,cary in ,calcutta1 ,dick wrote1 and1 having done him a service there1 had been taken on board his ship1 and now was second mate4 ,next voyage he would sail as first mate4 ,the captain was his friend1 would do anything for him1 and owned half the ship1 ,major ,cleaveland owning the other half2 so ,dick's fortune was made4 ,but1 he added1 they must get out of that town4 ,he had a month to spare1 and should take them all away4 ,let them be ready to start on short notice4 ,having read this joyful letter through once1 they began at the first word and read it all through again1 dwelling here and there with exclamations of delight1 stopped every minute by a large tear that splashed down from ,mrs4 ,rowan's eyes1 or a yellow avalanche of ,edith's troublesome hair tumbling down as she bent eagerly over the letter4 ,how many times they read that letter would be hard to say2 still harder to say how many times they might have read it1 had there been no interruption4 ,a crowd of men were approaching their door--close upon them1 and darkening the light before they looked up4 ,had ,dick come1 and were the neighbors welcoming him8 was the first thought4 ,in her haste1 ,edith had left the outer door ajar1 and now heavy feet came tramping in without any leave being asked2 the inner door was pushed open1 and--not ,dick1 but ,dick's father was brought in and laid on the floor4 ,this was not the first time he had been brought home1 but never before had he come with such a retinue and in such silence1 and never before had these men taken off their hats to ,mrs4 ,rowan4 ,we've sent for the doctor1 ma'am1 one of them said2 but ,i guess it's no use4 ,i wouldn't have ordered him off1 if ,i hadn't thought he was steady enough to go1 said another1 who looked very pale4 ,the captain was expected on board every minute1 and it would be as much as my life is worth if he found a man drunk there4 ,he slipped on a plank1 and fell1 some one explained4 ,their talk was1 to the bewildered woman1 like sounds heard in a dream4 ,so were ,edith's passionate words as she ordered the men away4 ,the one who had refused the dead man any better title than ,dick was just coming in at the door1 staring right and left1 not too pitiful even then to be curious regarding the place he was in4 ,go out6 she said1 pushing the door in his face4 ,some way1 still in a dream1 they were got rid of1 all but two4 ,then the doctor came1 and looked1 and nodded his decision--,all over6 ,a dream6 a dream6 ,the bedroom was set in order1 the silent sleeper laid out there1 every stranger sent out of the house and locked out1 and then ,mrs4 ,rowan woke up4 ,it was a terrible awakening4 ,madame ,swetchine comments upon the fact that the thought of death is more terrible in an arid existence than in the extremes of joy and sorrow4 ,it is true not only of those who die1 but of the survivors4 ,we go out more willingly on a difficult journey when we have been warmed and fed2 we send our loved ones out with less pain when they have been thus fortified4 ,it is the same1 in a greater degree1 when the journey is that one from which the traveller never returns4 ,it adds a terrible pang to bereavement when we think that our lost one has never been happy2 how much more terrible if he has never been honored6 ,of her husband's future ,mrs4 ,rowan refused to think or to hear1 though she must have trembled in the shadow of it4 ,it might be that which made her so wild4 ,she would allow no one to come near or speak to her save ,edith4 ,those who came with offers of help and sympathy she ordered away4 ,go6 she cried4 ,i want nothing of you6 ,i and mine have been a byword to you for years4 ,your help comes too late6 ,she locked them out and pulled the curtains close1 and1 though people continued to come to the door through the whole day1 no one gained admittance or saw a sign of life about the house4 ,inside sat the widow and the child1 scarcely aware of the passage of time4 ,they only knew that it was still day by the rays of sunlight that came in through holes in the paper curtains1 and pointed across the rooms like long fingers4 ,when there was a knock at the door1 they started1 lifted their faces1 and listened nervously till the knocking ceased1 as if afraid that some one might force an entrance4 ,one would have fancied1 from their expression1 that savages or wild beasts were seeking to enter4 ,they never once looked out1 nor knew who came4 ,still less were they aware of ,major ,cleaveland standing in his cupola1 spy-glass in hand1 looking down the bay to see if that cloud of canvas coming up over the horizon was the good ship ,halcyon coming home after her first voyage4 ,down-stairs he came again1 three stairs at a jump1 as joyful as a boy1 in spite of his forty years1 gave directions for the best dinner that the town would afford1 ordered his carriage1 and drove off down the river-road4 ,the ,halcyon was the largest vessel that had ever been built at ,seaton1 and as its launching had been an event in the town1 so its first arrival was an incident to take note of4 ,when ,major ,cleaveland drove down to the wharf where ,mr4 ,rowan had that morning lost his life1 more than a hundred persons were assembled there waiting for the ship1 and others were coming4 ,he stepped over to the ,rowans' door1 and knocked twice1 once with his knuckles1 and again with his whip-handle1 but received no answer4 ,i would force the door1 but that ,dick is coming1 he said4 ,it is a shame to let the poor soul shut herself up alone4 ,soon1 while the crowd watched1 around the near curve of the river1 where a wooded point pushed out1 appeared the tip1 then the whole of a bowsprit garlanded with green wreaths1 then the leaning lady in her gilded robes1 with a bird just escaping from her hand1 then the ship rode gracefully into sight on the incoming tide4 ,a ringing shout welcomed her1 and a shout from all hands on board answered back4 ,foremost of the little group on the deck stood a man of gigantic stature4 ,his hair was coarse and black1 he wore an enormous black beard1 and his face1 though scarcely middle-aged1 was rough and scarred by the weather4 ,everybody knew ,captain ,cary1 a sailor worthy of the old days of the ,vikings1 broad-shouldered1 as strong as a lion1 with a laugh that made the glasses ring when he sat at table4 ,he was a plain1 simple man1 but grand in his simplicity4 ,by his side stood a youth of twenty1 who looked slight in comparison1 though he was really manly and well grown4 ,he had sea-blue eyes1 quick1 long-lashed1 and as bright as diamonds2 his face was finely moulded1 ruddy1 and spirited2 his hair1 that glistened in the sunlight1 was chestnut-brown4 ,a gallant lad he was1 the very ideal sailor-boy4 ,but his expression was defiant1 rather than placid1 and he did not join in the hurrahs4 ,the welcoming applause was not for him1 he well knew4 ,they were no friends of his who crowded the wharf4 ,he had some bitter recollections of slight or injury connected with nearly every one of them4 ,but he was no longer in their power1 and that gave him freedom and ease in meeting them4 ,the time had gone by when he could look upon these country folks as final judges in any matter whatever1 or as of any great consequence to him4 ,he had seen the world1 had won friends1 had proved that he could do something1 that he was somebody4 ,he was not ashamed of himself by any means1 was young ,dick ,rowan4 ,still1 it was no pleasure to him to see them1 for it brought back the memory of sufferings which had not yet lost their sting4 ,all this shouting and rejoicing was as the idle wind to the mourners across the way4 ,their fears of intrusion set at rest1 since no one had attempted to force an entrance to the house1 they no longer took notice even of the knocking at the door4 ,both had fallen into a sort of stupor1 induced by the exhaustion of long weeping1 the silence and semi-darkness of their rooms1 and the removal of what had been the daily tormenting fear of their lives4 ,there was no longer any need to tremble when a step approached1 lest some one should come in frenzied with drink1 and terrify them with his ravings and violence4 ,mrs4 ,rowan sat by her husband's side1 leaning back in her chair1 with closed eyes and clasped hands1 only half-alive4 ,edith lay on the kitchen-floor1 where she had thrown herself in a passion of weeping1 her arms above her head1 her face hidden1 and her long hair veiling her4 ,the weeping was over1 and she lay silent and motionless4 ,neither that shouting over on the wharf1 nor ,major ,cleaveland's loud knocking with his whip-handle1 had made the slightest impression on her4 ,but at sunset came one who would not be denied4 ,he tried the lock1 and1 finding it fastened1 knocked gently4 ,there was no answer4 ,he knocked loudly1 and still there was no reply4 ,then he set his knee against the rickety panel1 took the knob in a strong grasp1 and wrenched the door open4 ,stepping quickly into the little entry1 he looked to right and left1 saw the girl lying1 face down1 on the floor1 and the woman sitting beside her dead1 both as still as the dead4 ,something like a dream came into the half-swoon1 half-sleep in which ,edith ,yorke lay4 ,she heard a slight cry1 then a stifled sob1 and words hurriedly spoken in a low voice4 ,then there was a step that paused near her4 ,she put her hair back with one hand1 and turned her face listlessly4 ,the curtain had been raised to let in the light1 and there stood a young man looking down at her4 ,his face was pale with the sudden shock of grief and distress1 but a faint indication of a smile shone through as she looked up at him4 ,her first glance was a blank one1 her second flashed with delight4 ,she sprang up as if electrified4 ,o ,dick6 ,o ,dick6 ,how glad ,i am6 ,the world moved rightly at last6 ,order was coming out of chaos2 for ,dick had come home6 ,he shook hands with her rather awkwardly1 somewhat embarrassed by the warmth of her welcome4 ,we're to go right off1 he said4 ,captain ,cary will help us4 ,yes1 ,dick6 she replied1 and asked no questions4 ,he knew what was right4 ,with him had come all help1 and strength1 and hope4 ,the next morning1 long before dawn1 they started4 ,a boat was ready at the wharf1 and ,captain ,cary and ,dick carried out the dead in a rude coffin that had been privately made on board the ,halcyon4 ,they shall not stare at our poor funeral1 captain1 ,dick had said2 and ,i will not ask them for a coffin or a grave4 ,all right6 his friend had answered heartily4 ,i'm your man4 ,whatever you want to do1 ,i'll help you about4 ,so the watch on the ,halcyon was conveniently deaf and blind1 the boat was ready in the dark of morning1 the coffin carried out to it1 and ,mrs4 ,rowan and ,edith helped in after4 ,when they were in their places1 and the captain seated1 oars in hand1 ,dick went back to the house1 and stayed there a little while4 ,no questions were asked of him when he came away1 bringing nothing with him1 and he offered no explanation1 only took the oars1 and silently guided their boat out into the channel4 ,the banks on either side were a solid blackness1 and the sky was opaque and low1 so that their forms were scarcely visible to each other as they sat there1 ,mrs4 ,rowan in the bows near her son1 ,edith beside ,captain ,cary1 who loomed above her like a mountain of help4 ,presently1 as they floated around the point that stood between the village and the bay1 a faint blush of light warmed the darkness through1 and grew till the low-hung clouds sucked it up like a sponge and showed a crimson drapery over their heads4 ,it was too early for morning light1 too fierce1 and1 moreover1 it came from the wrong direction4 ,the east was before them2 this sanguinary aurora followed in their wake4 ,it shone angrily through the strip of woods1 and sent a long1 swift beam quivering over the water4 ,this fiery messenger shot like an arrow into the boat1 and reddened ,mrs4 ,rowan's hands1 clasped on the edge of the coffin4 ,by the light of it1 ,dick saw all their faces turned toward him4 ,the house was mine6 he said defiantly4 ,the captain nodded approval1 and ,edith leaned forward to whisper1 ,yes1 ,dick6 ,but ,mrs4 ,rowan said not a word1 only sat looking steadily backward1 the light in her face4 ,i'm glad of it6 sighed ,edith to herself4 ,she had been thinking since they left the house how people would come and wander through it1 and peer at everything1 and know just how wretchedly they had lived4 ,now they could not1 for it would all be burnt up4 ,she sat and fancied the fire catching here and there in their poor little rooms1 how the clock would tick till the last minute1 even when its face was scorched and its glass shivered1 and then fall with a sudden crash2 how the flames would catch at the bed on which the dead man had lain1 the mean paper curtains1 the chair she had sat in1 ,mrs4 ,rowan's little rocking-chair1 at the table where they had sat through so many dreary meals4 ,the checker-board would go1 and the cards with which ,mr4 ,rowan had played the night before1 and the knitting-work with the puckered heel1 and her apron that the drunkard had wiped his ghastly face with4 ,the shelves in the little closet would heat1 and blacken1 and redden1 and flame1 and down would come their miserable store of dishes1 rattling into the yawning cellar4 ,fire would gnaw at the ceiling1 bite its way into the attic1 burn up her books1 creep to the bed where she had lain and seen rainbow colors in the dark1 spread a sheet of flame over the whole1 rise1 and burst through the roof4 ,she saw it all4 ,she even fancied that each long-used article of their scanty plenishing1 worn away by human touch1 constantly in the sight of human eyes1 would perish with some human feeling1 and send out a sharp cry after them4 ,the crackling of flames was to her the cries of burning wood4 ,but she was glad of it1 for they were going to wipe out and begin anew4 ,there seemed to her something very grand and exceedingly proper in it all4 ,when their boat glided from the river into the bay1 others besides themselves became aware of the conflagration1 and the village bells rang out a tardy alarm4 ,dick laughed bitterly at the sound1 but said nothing4 ,they were sorry for you1 ,dick1 the captain said4 ,i heard a good many speak of it4 ,they would have been glad to do your family any kindness4 ,i don't blame you for coming off2 but you mustn't think there was no kind feeling for you among the folks there4 ,kindness may come too late1 captain1 the young man answered4 ,i would have thanked them for it years ago1 when ,i had nowhere to turn to1 and hadn't a friend in the world2 now ,i don't thank them1 and ,i don't want their kindness4 ,even if ,i would take it at last1 neither they nor you have any right to expect that ,i will run to take the hand that has struck me so many blows the first time it is held out4 ,i don't trust 'em4 ,i want proofs of good-will when ,i've had proofs of ill-will4 ,dick is right1 captain1 his mother interposed in a weary tone4 ,you can't judge of such things if you haven't felt them4 ,it's easier to hurt a sore heart than a sound one4 ,within an hour they reached one of those desolate little sandy islands with which the bay was studded2 and now the faint spring dawn was breaking1 and the heavy masses of cloud lifting and contracting1 pale reaches of sky visible between4 ,by the cold glimmer they scooped out a grave1 and placed the coffin in it4 ,the water washed the shore1 and a chilly1 sighing wind came up from the east4 ,as the first shovelful of earth fell on the coffin1 ,mrs4 ,rowan caught back the captain's arm4 ,don't cover him out of sight without some word spoken over him6 she implored4 ,he was once young1 and ambitious1 and kind1 like you4 ,he would have been a man if he hadn't had bad luck1 and then got into bad company4 ,he was more wretched than we were4 ,o sir6 don't cover him out of sight as if he were a dog4 ,the sailor looked both pained and embarrassed4 ,i'm not much used to praying1 ma'am1 he said4 ,i'm a ,methodist1 but ,i'm not a church-member4 ,if there was a ,bible here1 ,i would read a chapter2 but--there isn't4 ,dick walked off a little way1 turned his back1 and stood looking at the water4 ,mrs4 ,rowan1 kneeling on the sand-heap beside the grave1 wept loudly4 ,his father was a ,catholic1 she cried4 ,i don't think much of ,catholics2 but1 if poor ,dick had stood by his religion1 he could have had a priest to say some word over him4 ,i wouldn't have minded having a priest here4 ,he'd be better than nobody4 ,captain ,cary was a strict ,methodist1 and he felt that it would never answer to have the absence of a ,catholic priest regretted4 ,something must be done4 ,i could sing a hymn1 ma'am1 he said hesitatingly2 and1 as no one objected1 he straightened himself1 dropped his spade1 and sang1 to the tune of the ,dead ,march in ,saul1 ,unveil thy bosom1 faithful tomb1 ,take this new treasure to thy trust1 ,and give these sacred relics room ,to slumber in the silent dust1 singing the hymn through4 ,in a confined place the sailor's voice would have been too powerful1 and1 perhaps1 would have sounded rough2 but in open air1 with no wall nearer than the distant hills1 no ceiling but the sky1 and with the complex low harmony of the ocean bearing it up and running through all its pauses1 it was magnificent4 ,he sang slowly and solemnly1 his arms folded1 his face devoutly raised1 and the clouds seemed to part before his voice4 ,when the hymn was ended1 he remained a moment without motion or change of face1 then stooped for his shovel1 and began to fill in the grave4 ,while listening to him1 ,edith ,yorke had stood in a solemn trance1 looking far off seaward2 but at sound of the dropping gravel1 her quiet broke up1 like ice in spring4 ,she threw her arm1 and her loose hair with it1 up over her head1 and sobbed behind that veil4 ,but her tears were not for ,mr4 ,rowan4 ,her soul had taken a wider range1 and1 without herself being aware of it1 she was mourning for all the dead that ever had died or ever should die4 ,the first sunbeam that glanced across the water showed a feather of smoke from a steamer that came up through the ,narrows into the bay1 and the row-boat1 a lessening speck1 making for the wharf4 ,twice a week1 passengers and freight were taken and left at this wharf1 three miles below the town4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,sauntering4 ,saunterer 7from ,sainte ,terre71 a pilgrim to holy lands or places4--,,thoreau4 ,they who never go to the ,holy ,land in their walks are indeed mere idlers and vagabonds2 but they who do go there are saunterers in the good sense1 such as ,i mean1 says ,thoreau4 ,i found the ,holy ,land in ,paris1 the city of fashion and gaiety1 and where le suprme bonheur is said to be amusement4 ,every church is a station of the divine ,passion1 and to every votary therein could ,i say3 ,i behold in thee ,an image of him who died on the tree4 ,thou also hast had thy crown of thorns4 ,before these churches1 consecrated to some sweet mystery of the ,gospel or bearing the hallowed names of those who had put on the sacred stole of ,christ's sufferings1 ,i always stopped4 ,i was like ,duke ,richard1 in the ,roman du ,rau3 ,whene'er an open church he found1 ,he entered in with fervent means ,to offer up his orisons2 ,and if the doors were closed each one1 ,he knelt upon the threshold stone4 ,and one might well kneel upon the threshold stone of these ancient churches1 feeding mind and soul with sacred legends of the past embodying holy truths which are depicted on the outer walls1 as at the north door of ,notre ,dame de ,paris1 the arch of which contains in many compartments representations of a diabolic pact and of a deliverance effected by our potent ,lady1 which is related in a metrical romance composed by ,ruteboef1 in the time of ,st4 ,louis4 ,saladin1 a magician1 wears a cap of pyramidal form4 ,and what a mine of legendary and biblical lore all over these venerable walls6 ,sermons in stones come down to us from the stonen saints in their niches and the bas-reliefs which speak louder than human tongues4 ,the first stone of this edifice was laid by ,charlemagne1 and the last by ,philip ,augustus4 ,how much this fact alone tells6 ,and there is the ,porte ,rouge1 an exquisite specimen of the ,gothic style of the fifteenth century1 the expiatory monument of ,jean-sans-,peur after the assassination of the ,duke of ,orleans4 ,in the arch are the ,duke and ,duchess of ,burgundy1 in the attitude of supplication1 one on each side of our ,saviour and the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,it is an eternal ,libera me de sanguinibus1 ,deus4 ,and then the ,portail du ,milieu1 with the last judgment in the ogive1 the angels sounding the last trump1 the dead issuing forth from their graves1 the separation of the righteous from the wicked1 the great ,judge with the emblems of the crucifixion1 the ,virgin and the loved apostle ,john1 and1 finally1 a glimpse of the joys of heaven and the horrors of hell4 ,yes1 one could linger here for days before this ,biblia pauperum1 were there no more powerful attractions within4 ,and this is not the only church the very exterior of which is full of instruction4 ,in the porch of ,st4 ,germain de l',auxerrois is the statue of a maiden holding in one hand a breviary and in the other a lighted taper4 ,by her is a demon with a pair of bellows1 vainly trying to blow out the light--symbol of faith and prayer4 ,this is the statue of one who deserves to be ranked in history with ,joan of ,arc on account of her heroism1 for twice she saved ,paris by her courage and her prayers4 ,would that she might once more have intervened to save the capital of fair ,france from the invader6 ,st4 ,genevieve is placed thus at the entrance of the church of ,st4 ,germain to remind us of his connection with her history4 ,when ,st4 ,germain1 ,bishop of ,auxerre1 and ,st4 ,lupus1 the learned ,bishop of ,troyes and the intimate friend of ,sidonius ,apollinaris1 were on their way to ,britain to combat the heresy of ,pelagianism1 they passed through the village now called ,nanterre1 about two leagues from ,paris4 ,all the inhabitants of the place poured forth to meet them and obtain their benediction4 ,st4 ,germain noticed in the crowd a little girl with a face as radiant as an angel's4 ,his prophetic instinct told him she was destined to be a chosen vessel of ,god's grace1 and1 when she expressed a wish to be the spouse of ,christ1 he led her with him to the church1 holding his apostolic hands upon her head during the chanting of the vesper service4 ,he afterward suspended a bronze medal1 on which was a cross1 from her neck1 in remembrance of her consecration to ,god1 bidding her henceforth give up all ornaments of silver and gold4 ,let them who live for this world have these1 said he4 ,do thou1 who art become the spouse of ,christ1 desire only spiritual adorning4 ,dr4 ,newman says it was a custom1 even among the early ,christians1 to wear on the neck some token of the mysteries of their religion4 ,long after1 in memory of this event1 the ,canons of ,st4 ,genevieve1 at ,paris1 distributed upon her festival a pain bnit on which was an impression of this coin4 ,eighteen years after1 ,st4 ,germain again passed through ,nanterre1 once more on his way to ,britain4 ,he had not forgotten ,genevieve4 ,at the age of fifteen1 she had received the virgin's veil from the hands of the ,bishop of ,paris4 ,her parents dying1 she went to ,paris to reside with her godmother4 ,here she suffered that persecution so often the lot of those who live godly lives4 ,those who outstrip their fellows even on the path of piety are objects of envy1 and they who leave the beaten track of everyday religion are derided4 ,st4 ,genevieve was visited at ,paris by the holy ,bishop of ,auxerre1 who saluted her with respect as a temple in which the divine ,presence was manifest4 ,her life was one of prayer and penance4 ,she used to water her couch with her tears1 and when the adversary of our souls extinguished the taper that lighted her vigils she rekindled it with her prayers4 ,when ,attila1 king of the ,huns1 threatened ,paris1 she besought the inhabitants not to leave their homes1 declaring that ,heaven would intervene to save them4 ,the barbarians1 in effect1 were dispersed by a storm1 and betook themselves toward ,orleans4 ,in the church of ,st4 ,germain there is a chapel dedicated to ,st4 ,genevieve1 with a painting representing her haranguing the inhabitants of ,paris4 ,when ,childeric besieged ,paris1 and sickness and famine were carrying off the inhabitants1 ,st4 ,genevieve laid aside her religious dress1 took command of the boats that went up the ,seine for succor1 and brought back a supply of provisions4 ,and when the city had to surrender1 the conquerer treated her with marked respect1 and ,clovis loved to grant her petitions4 ,the remains of paganism were rooted out of ,paris through her influence over him and ,clotilda1 and the first church built on the spot that now bears her name1 but then dedicated under the invocation of ,sts4 ,peter and ,paul4 ,in that church was the shepherdess of ,nanterre buried beside ,clovis and ,clotilda4 ,st4 ,eloi wrought a magnificent shrine for her remains1 but it was destroyed at the ,revolution1 and the contents publicly burned4 ,a portion of her relics is now enshrined at the ,pantheon4 ,i found lights burning there1 and flowers and wreaths1 and votive offerings1 and the sweet-smelling incense of prayer rising from a group of people praying around4 ,but the magnificence of the ,pantheon is miserably depressing1 as ,faber says4 ,how much more ,i delighted in the interesting church of ,st4 ,etienne du ,mont1 where is the curious old tomb of ,st4 ,genevieve6 ,there too were lights and ex-votos1 and an old woman sat near the tomb to dispense tapers to those who wished to leave a little gleam of love and prayer behind them4 ,once what lights and jewels blazed around such shrines1 and what crowds of devout pilgrims6 ,now1 a few dim tapers1 a few prayerful hearts1 light up the place4 ,now it is much if here and there ,one dreamer1 by thy genial glare1 ,trace the dim ,past1 and slowly climb ,the steep of ,faith's triumphant prime4 ,now the world seems to begrudge the temple of the ,most ,high the silver and the gold that belong to him4 ,and jewels are not to be thought of4 ,such wealth must be kept in circulation1 that is1 on ,prince ,esterhazy's coat1 ,i suppose1 and by ladies of fashion4 ,the world nowadays is like ,julian the ,apostate1 who was displeased at the magnificence of the chalices used in the ,christian churches4 ,for me1 ,i love these offerings from time to eternity1 as ,madame de ,stal says4 ,let all that is most precious be poured out at the feet of the ,saviour1 and let no one murmur if such offerings are crystallized4 ,i took pleasure in looking at some splendid vessels of the sanctuary at ,notre ,dame1 and thought3 ,never was gold or silver graced thus ,before4 ,to bring this body and this blood to us ,is more ,than to crown kings1 ,or be made rings ,for star-like diamonds to glitter in4 ,when the great ,king offers to come to me ,as food1 ,shall ,i suppose his carriages can be ,too good8 ,no6 stars to gold ,turned never could ,be rich enough to be employed so4 ,if ,i might wish1 then1 ,i would have this bread1 ,this wine1 ,vesselled in what the sun might blush to shed ,his shine ,when he should see-- ,but till that be1 ,i'll rest contented with it as it is4 ,in my saunterings ,i frequently lingered before the tower of ,st4 ,jacques de la ,boucherie1 the highest in ,paris1 and the most perfect specimen of ,gothic architecture4 ,the remainder of the church was demolished at the ,revolution4 ,the tower was saved by the artifice of an architect1 who besought the crowd to imitate the enlightened ,english revolutionists1 who destroyed their churches1 but preserved the towers to be converted into shot-houses6 ,in this church crowds used to assemble to hear ,bourdaloue thunder1 as ,madame de ,svign expresses it4 ,i fancy ,i can hear that uncompromising preacher ringing out like a trump in the presence of the ,great ,monarch1 ,thou art the man6 ,this exclamation should have appealed to the heart of the people1 and saved the church he loved from profanation4 ,this church was built by the alms of pious people4 ,nicholas ,flamel built the portal in #achh1 which he covered with devout images and devices1 which were regarded1 even by the antiquaries of the last century1 as symbols of alchemy4 ,this ,flamel was a benefactor to many churches and hospitals of ,paris1 which he took pleasure in adorning with carvings in which he made all things tributary1 as it were1 to the worship of ,god4 ,at first a simple scrivener1 he became painter1 architect1 chemist1 philosopher1 and poet4 ,he certainly had the fancy of a poet1 and wrote in durable materials4 ,he left by his will nineteen chalices of silver gilt to as many churches4 ,these churches and religious houses are all connected with the history of the city4 ,paris owed its extension on the north side of the ,seine to the school in the ,abbey of ,st4 ,germain de l',auxerrois1 which was famous at an early age4 ,there were four great abbeys around ,paris in the time of the third dynasty--,st4 ,lawrence1 ,st4 ,genevieve1 ,st4 ,germain de l',auxerrois1 and ,st4 ,germain des ,prs4 ,these were surrounded by their dependencies1 forming villages which gradually extended till they united to enclose the city1 then chiefly confined to the island4 ,the poor loved to live near these abbeys4 ,st4 ,germain des ,prs1 besides providing for the poor in general1 used privately to support several destitute families who were ashamed of their poverty4 ,the old abbots of this monastery were both lords spiritual and temporal in the suburbs on that side of the city4 ,this abbey was a monument of repentance4 ,digby says when it was rebuilt in the year #ajjj the great tower and the portals were left as before4 ,the statues of eight kings stood at the entrance1 four on the right hand and four on the left4 ,one of them held a scroll on which was written the tragical name of ,clodomir4 ,and another1 with no beatific circle around his head1 held an open tablet on which were the first and last letters of the name ,clotaire4 ,these were the statues of the murderer and his victim4 ,the square tower of the monastery1 built in the time of ,charlemagne1 contributed greatly to the defence of the house against the ,normans4 ,a stout old monk1 ,abbon1 conducted the defence1 and proved himself on this occasion a valiant defender of the walls of ,zion4 ,perhaps it was his skilful hand that wrote an ,homeric poem on the siege of ,paris by the ,normans in the year #hhe4 ,if not by him1 it was by a monk of a similar name4 ,the ,pr aux ,clercs1 now the ,faubourg ,st4 ,germain1 took its name from being a place of recreation for the students of this abbey4 ,one of the scholars1 ,sylvester de ,sacy1 so learned in the ,semitic languages1 ascribed the bent of his mind to the aid and encouragement given him by one of the monks who took his constitutional in the abbey gardens at the same time as the boy1 then only twelve years old4 ,the library belonging to this abbey was celebrated in the middle ages1 and there were monks of literary eminence in the house4 ,dacherius was the librarian when he composed his ,spicilegium4 ,usuard compiled a martyrology4 ,they had a printing press set up immediately after the invention of printing1 which gives one a favorable idea of their mental activity4 ,most of these old monastic libraries were accessible to all2 that of the ,abbey of ,st4 ,victor was open to the public three days in the week2 and there were public libraries attached to some of the parish churches4 ,in the time of ,charles ,v41 rightly named the ,wise1 he ordered the ,royal ,library of ,paris to be illuminated with thirty portable lamps1 and that a silver one should be suspended in the centre for the benefit of those students who prolonged their researches into the night4 ,the numerous collections of books in ,paris made that city very attractive to certain minds even in the middle ages4 ,richard de ,bury1 ,bishop of ,durham1 in ,england1 who established the first public library in that country1 used to resort to ,paris for fresh supplies4 ,o blessed ,god of gods in ,sion6 he exclaims1 what a flood of pleasure rejoices our heart whenever we are at liberty to visit ,paris1 that paradise of the world1 where the days always seem too short and too few through the immensity of our love6 ,there are libraries more redolent of delight than all the shops of aromatics2 there are the flowering meadows of all volumes that can be found anywhere4 ,there1 indeed1 untying our purse-strings1 and opening our treasures1 we disperse money with a joyful heart 7evidently the truth1 for he paid the ,abbot of ,st4 ,albans fifty pounds weight of silver for thirty or forty volumes71 and ransom with dirt books that are beyond all price4 ,but lo6 how good and pleasant a thing it is to gather together in one place the arms of clerical warfare1 that there may be a supply of them for us to use in the wars against heretics1 should they ever rise up against us6 ,what would this book-loving prelate have done had he foreseen that the church would one day be accused of being a foe to progress and to the diffusion of knowledge6 ,this bishop1 who lived in the thirteenth century1 was the ,chancellor and ,high ,treasurer of ,england1 and celebrated for his love and encouragement of literature4 ,he had libraries in all his palaces1 and the apartment he commonly occupied was so crammed with books that he was almost inaccessible4 ,he was said to breathe books1 so fond was he of being among them4 ,none but a genuine lover of books would give such amusing directions for their preservation4 ,not only do we serve ,god1 says he1 by preparing new books1 but also by preserving and treating with great care those we have already4 ,truly1 after the vestments and vessels dedicated to our ,lord's body1 sacred books deserve to be treated with most reverence by clerks4 ,in opening and shutting books1 they should avoid all abruptness1 not too hastily loosing the clasps1 nor failing to shut them when they have finished reading1 for it is far more important to preserve a book than a shoe4 ,he then goes on to speak of soiling books2 of marking passages with the finger-nails1 like those of a giant2 of swelling the junctures of the binding with straws or flowers2 and of eating over them1 leaving the fragments in the book1 as if the reader had no bag for alms4 ,waxing warm over the idea1 he wishes such persons might have to sit over leather with a shoemaker6 ,and then there are impudent youths1 who presume to fill up the broad margins with their unchastened pens1 noting down whatever frivolous thing occurs to their imagination6 ,and there are some thieves1 too1 who cut out leaves or letters1 which kind of sacrilege ought to be prohibited under the penalty of anathema4 ,the bishop had evidently had some sad experience with his cherished tomes4 ,his testimony respecting the appreciation of books by the monks of his time is valuable4 ,remember the age1 reader--that period of deepest darkness just before the dawn6 ,the monks who are so venerable1 says he in his ,philobiblion1 are accustomed to be solicitous in regard to books1 and to be delighted in their company1 as with all riches1 and thence it is that we find in most monasteries such splendid treasures of erudition1 giving a delectable light to the path of laics4 ,oh6 that devout labor of their hands in writing books2 how preferable to all georgic care6 ,all things else fail with time4 ,saturn ceases not to devour his offspring1 for oblivion covereth the glory of the world4 ,but ,god hath provided a remedy for us in books1 without which all that was ever great would have been without memory4 ,without shame we may lay bare to books the poverty of human ignorance4 ,they are the masters who instruct us without rods1 without anger1 and without money4 7,the bishop had evidently forgotten those fifty pounds of silver1 and many more besides67 ,o books6 alone liberal and making liberal1 who give to all1 and seek to emancipate all who serve you4 ,you are the tree of life and the river of ,paradise1 with which the human intelligence is irrigated and made fruitful4 ,but ,i did not always linger at the doors of churches1 studying the walls and pondering on their history4 ,the true ,catholic knows that these magnificent churches are only vast shrines enclosing the great ,object of his adoration and love4 ,m4 ,olier1 when travelling1 never saw the spire of a church in the distance without calling upon all with him to repeat the ,tantum ,ergo4 ,he used to say3 ,when ,i see a place where my ,master reposes1 ,i have a feeling of unutterable joy4 ,this feeling comes over every one at the first glimpse of that undying lamp before the tabernacle1 that small flame which rises and falls like a dying pulse1 flickering up and down1 emblematic of our lives1 which even now thus wastes and wanes4 ,the very first act on stepping into a church completely changes the current of one's thoughts4 ,the holy water1 the sign of the cross1 dispel the remembrance of material things and recall devout thoughts of the ,passion4 ,whene'er across this sinful flesh of mine ,i draw the holy sign1 ,all good thoughts stir within me1 and collect ,their slumbering strength divine4 ,the bnitiers at ,st4 ,sulpice are two immense shells1 given to ,francis the ,first by the ,republic of ,venice2 but for all that1 the eau bnite seemed just as holy1 and ,i made the sign of the cross just as devoutly4 ,for devotion1 ,i prefer the largest churches1 because the seclusion is more perfect1 as at ,notre ,dame4 ,behind some pillar or in the depths of some dim chapel1 one can find perfect solitude where he can be alone with ,god4 ,alone with ,god6 that in itself is prayer4 ,the world-weary soul finds it good simply to sit or kneel with clasped hands in the divine ,presence4 ,my spirit ,i love to compose1 ,in humble trust my eyelids close ,with reverential resignation1 ,no wish conceived1 no thought expressed1 ,only a sense of supplication4 ,joubert says the best prayers are those that have nothing distinct1 and which thus partake of simple adoration2 and ,hawthorne asks3 ,could ,i bring my heart in unison with those praying in yonder church with a fervor of supplication but no distinct request1 would not that be the safest kind of prayer8 ,surely every devout soul feels that prayer is not necessarily petition1 and what is technically known as the prayer of contemplation is the very inspiration of such churches4 ,in this temple of silence1 man seems to be brought back to his primeval relations with his ,creator4 ,what mute eloquence in these walls6 ,what an appeal to the imagination in the calmness6 ,earthly voices die away on the threshold1 and peace1 dovelike1 broods over the very entrance4 ,a daily visit to such a temple gives life a certain elevation4 ,the very poor who come here to pray must acquire a certain dignity of character4 ,how many generations have worshipped beneath these arches6 ,the saints have passed over the very pavement ,i tread4 ,i recall ,st4 ,louis1 who1 out of respect to our ,lord1 had laid off his shoes and divested himself of his royal robes1 bearing solemnly into this church the holy ,crown of ,thorns4 ,and great sinners1 too1 are in this long procession of the past4 ,there is ,count ,raymond of ,toulouse1 barefoot1 and clad only in the white tunic of a penitent1 coming to receive absolution from the papal legate before the grand altar4 ,when one recalls the popes1 cardinals1 and other dignitaries of the church1 the kings and queens and knights of the olden time who have been here1 one almost shrinks from entering such a throng of the mighty ones of the earth4 ,it seems as if he were elbowing the ,great ,monarch or the gallant ,henry of ,navarre4 ,on the galleries around the nave were formerly suspended the flags and standards taken in war1 and it was in allusion to this custom that the ,prince of ,conti1 after the victories of ,fleurus1 ,steinkerque1 and ,la ,marsaille1 made an opening in the crowd around the door of the church for the ,marechal de ,luxembourg1 whom he held by the hand1 by crying3 ,place1 place1 messieurs1 au tapissier de ,notre ,dame6--,room1 room1 gentlemen1 for the upholsterer of ,notre ,dame6 ,it is charming to see the birds flying about in the arches of this church1 as if nature had taken its venerable walls to her bosom4 ,it made me think of the old hermits of the middle ages1 living with the sea-birds in their ocean caves4 ,like ,st4 ,francis1 the canons of ,notre ,dame say the divine office with their little sisters1 the birds2 and the bird is the symbol of the soul rising heavenward on the wings of prayer4 ,we1 like the birds1 build our nests here for a few days4 ,blessed are we if they are built within the influences of the sanctuary which temper the storms and severities of life4 ,it is only in the clefts of the rocks that wall in the mystic garden of the church that there is safety for the dovelike soul4 ,in the transept is the altar of ,our ,lady1 starry with lamps4 ,above her statue is one of her titles1 appealing to every heart--,consolatrix afflictorum6 ,to this church ,m4 ,olier came1 in all his troubles1 to the altar of ,mary4 ,there is also a fine statue of her over the grand altar1 formerly at the ,carmes4 ,no church is complete without an altar of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,wherever there is a cross1 ,mary must be at its foot1 as at ,calvary1 directing our eyes1 our thoughts1 our hearts1 to him who hangs thereon4 ,o that silent1 ceaseless mourning6 ,o those dim eyes6 never turning ,from that wondrous1 suffering ,son6 ,virgin holiest1 virgin purest1 ,of that anguish thou endurest ,make me bear with thee my part4 ,in traversing ,paris1 one passes many private residences of interest which have a certain consecration--the consecration of wit and genius4 ,i cannot say ,i ever went so far as ,horace ,walpole1 who never passed the ,htel de ,carnavalet1 the residence of ,madame de ,svign1 without saying his ,ave before it1 much as ,i admire her esprit1 and though she was the granddaughter of ,st4 ,jane de ,chantal1 the foundress of the ,nuns of the ,visitation4 ,walpole thought the house had a foreign-looking air1 and said it looked like an ex-voto raised in her honor by some of her foreign votaries4 ,it was once an elegant residence1 with its sculptured gateway and ,ionic pilasters1 and its court adorned with statues4 ,in the day of the spirituelle letter-writer1 it was the resort of the learned and the refined2 now1 ,o tempora6 it is a boarding-school1 and the salon of ,madame de ,svign 7the temple of ,notre ,dame de ,livry1 to quote ,walpole again1 if it be not profanity7 is converted into a dormitory4 ,truly1 as ,bishop de ,bury says1 all things pass away with time1 but the wit and genius she embodied in her charming letters are eternal4 ,in one of the upper stories of a house in the ,rue ,st4 ,honor lived ,joubert1 the ,coleridge of ,france4 ,his keeping-room was flooded with the light he loved1 and from it1 as he said1 he saw a great deal of sky and very little earth4 ,there he passed his days among the books he had collected4 ,he rigorously excluded from his library all the books he disapproved of2 unwilling1 as he said1 to admit an unworthy friend to his constant companionship4 ,to this room he attracted a brilliant circle of conspicuous authors and statesmen by his conversational talents1 and there he wrote his immortal ,penses4 ,he said he left ,paris unwillingly1 because then he had to part from his friends2 and he left the country unwillingly1 because he had to part from himself4 ,writing from that sunny room1 he says3 ,in many things1 ,i am like the butterfly2 like him1 ,i love the light2 like him1 ,i there consume my life2 like him1 ,i need1 in order to spread my wings1 that there be fair weather around me in society1 and that my mind feel itself surrounded and as if penetrated by the mild temperature of indulgence4 ,but he wrote graver and more profound things there4 ,one of his friends said of him that he seemed to be a soul that by accident had met with a body1 and was trying to make the best of it4 ,and he1 ever indulgent to the faults of others1 said of his friends1 ,when they are blind of one eye1 ,i look at them in profile4 ,the ,abbaye aux ,bois is interesting from its association with ,madame ,rcamier and her circle4 ,her rooms were in the third story and paved with tiles1 and they overlooked the pleasant garden of the monastery1 and1 when lit up with wit and genius1 they needed no other attraction4 ,among her visitors there were ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 ,maria ,edgeworth1 ,humboldt1 ,lamartine1 ,delphine ,gay1 ,chateaubriand1 etc4 ,they must have been like the gods1 speaking from peak to peak all around ,olympus4 ,lamartine read his ,mditations there before they were given to the public4 ,chateaubriand thus speaks of the room3 ,the windows overlooked the garden of the abbey1 under the verdant shade of which the nuns paced up and down1 and the pupils played4 ,the top of an acacia was on a level with the eye1 sharp spires pierced the sky1 and in the distance rose the hills of ,svres4 ,the rays of the setting sun threw a golden light over the landscape and came in through the open windows4 ,some birds were settling themselves for the night on the top of the window-blinds4 ,here ,i found silence and solitude1 far above the tumult and turmoil of a great city4 ,to the church of the abbey1 a plain1 unpretending structure1 ,eugnie de ,gurin went every day to ,mass during her first visit to ,paris4 ,there1 too1 were the bans of her brother ,maurice published1 and there he was married4 ,the house of ,madame ,swetchine1 in the ,rue ,st4 ,dominique1 must be regarded with veneration4 ,there was no austerity about the salon of this remarkable woman4 ,it was adorned with pictures1 bronzes1 and flowers1 and in the evening it was illuminated with a profusion of lamps and candles1 giving it a festive air4 ,and then the great lights of the church1 always diffusing their radiance and aroma in that favored room1 ,lacordaire1 ,de ,ravignan1 ,dupanloup1 ,de la ,bouillerie1 etc4 ,to have found one's self among them must have seemed like being among the prophets on ,mount ,carmel4 ,they all loved to officiate and preach in her beautiful private chapel1 which was adorned with a multitude of precious stones from the ,russian mines1 gleaming around the ineffable presence of the ,divinity4 ,mary1 too1 was there4 ,on the base of her silver statue was her monogram in diamonds1 which ,madame ,swetchine had worn as maid of honor to the ,empress ,mary of ,russia4 ,these circles1 and many others ,i could recall1 are now broken up for ever4 ,we have all heard and read so much of those who composed them that they seem like personal friends4 ,we linger around the places to which they imparted a certain sacredness1 and follow them in thought to the world of mystery and eternal reunion1 thanking ,god that the great gulf from the finite to the infinite has been bridged over by the ,incarnation4 ,one morning1 ,i went to the church of the ,carmelites4 ,a tablet on the wall points out the spot where the heart of ,monseigneur ,affre was deposited--the heart of him who gave his life for his flock4 ,around it were suspended some wreaths4 ,on one1 of immortelles1 was painted1 in black letters1 ,a mon ,pre1 the offering of one of his spiritual children4 ,wishing to have some objects of devotion blessed1 ,i went into the sacristy 7,i remembered ,eugnie de ,gurin speaks of going into that sacristy71 where ,i found one of the monks prostrate in prayer1 making his thanksgiving after ,mass4 ,enveloped in his habit1 his bald head covered by a cowl1 he looked like a ghost from the dark ages4 ,not venturing to approach the ghostly father1 ,i made known my errand to a good-natured-looking lay brother1 who conveyed it to that part of the cowl where the right ear of the monk might reasonably be supposed to be1 which brought back the holy man to earth1 causing me some compunction of conscience4 ,the brother spread out my articles1 brought the ritual and the stole1 and the father1 throwing back his cowl1 murmured over them the prayers of holy church1 and then disappeared into the monastery4 ,presently ,i heard the voices of the monks saying the office1 which they do1 like nuns1 in choir and behind a curtained grate1 so they are not seen from the church4 ,this monastery may be compared to the ,roman amphitheatre where the early ,christians were thrown to the wild beasts4 ,here indeed was fought the good fight1 and the victors rose to heaven with palms in their hands4 ,i know of nothing more sublime and thrilling in the annals of the church than the massacre of about two hundred priests that took place here on the second of ,september1 #agib4 ,i cannot refrain from giving a condensed account of it by one of the writers of the day3 ,for some weeks there had been assembled and heaped together two hundred priests1 who had refused to take the schismatic oath1 or had nobly recanted it4 ,during the first day of their incarceration1 these loyal priests had been inhumanly imprisoned in the church4 ,the guards in their midst watched to prevent their having the consolation of even speaking to each other4 ,their only nourishment was bread and water4 ,the stone floor was their bed4 ,it was only later that a few were permitted to have straw beds4 ,these priests1 whom martyrdom was to render immortal1 had at their head three prelates whose virtues recall the primitive days of the church4 ,their chief was the ,archbishop of ,arles1 ,monseigneur du ,lau4 ,he had been deputed to the states-general2 his piety equalled his knowledge2 and his humility even surpassed his merit4 ,the day after the memorable #ajth of ,august he had been sent to the ,carmelite monastery 7then converted into a prison7 with sixty-two other priests4 ,notwithstanding his age 7he was over eighty7 and his infirmities1 he refused all indulgences that were not also extended to his brother-captives4 ,for several days a wooden arm-chair was his bed as well as his pontifical throne4 ,thence his persuasive words instilled into those around him the sentiments of ineffable charity that filled his own heart1 and when his exhausted voice could no longer make itself heard1 his very appearance expressed a sublime resignation4 ,two other bishops1 brothers1 bearing the name of ,de la ,rochefoucauld1 one the ,bishop of ,beauvais1 and the other of ,saintes1 also encouraged their companions in misfortune by their words and by their example4 ,the ,bishop of ,saintes had not been arrested1 but1 wishing to join his brother1 he made himself a prisoner4 ,there were members of every rank in the ecclesiastical hierarchy3 ,m4 ,hbert1 the confessor of the king who wrote to him at the beginning of ,august1 ',i expect nothing more from man1 bring me therefore the consolations of heaven2' the general of the ,benedictines1 the ,abb de ,lubusac1 several of the curs of ,paris1 ,mr4 ,gros1 called the modern ,vincent of ,paul1 and priests brought from various places1 holy victims whom the ,god of ,calvary had chosen to associate with his sufferings1 and judged worthy of the most glorious of all deaths--that of martyrdom4 ,for more than two days1 the wretches who hovered around their enclosure had filled the air with cries of blood1 and predicting that the sacrifice was about to take place4 ,one said to the ,archbishop of ,arles3 ',my lord1 on the morrow your grace is to be killed4' ,these derisive insults recalled to the holy captives the judgment-hall of their divine ,master1 and like him they bore them in silence1 forgiving and praying for their enemies4 ,on the second of ,september they could no longer doubt that their last hour had arrived4 ,the hurried movements of the troops1 the cries in the neighboring streets1 and the alarm-guns they heard made them somewhat aware of the sinister events that were passing without4 ,at the dawn of day they had gathered together in the church4 ,they made their confessions to each other1 they blessed one another1 and partook of the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,they were singing the ,benediction together at about five in the evening when the ominous cries came nearer4 ,then two holy hymns succeeded the prayers for the dying4 ,all at once the jailers entered1 and began calling the roll1 which already had been done three times that day4 ,the prisoners were then ordered into the garden1 which they found occupied by guards armed with pikes and wearing the bonnet rouge4 ,the murderers filled the courts1 the halls1 and the church1 making the venerable arches re-echo to the noise of their weapons and their blasphemies4 ,the priests1 one hundred and eighty-five in number1 were divided into two groups4 ,about thirty1 among whom were the bishops1 rushed toward a little oratory at the extremity of the garden1 where they threw themselves upon their knees1 recommending themselves to ,god4 ,they embraced each other for the last time1 and began saying the vespers for the dead1 when suddenly the gates were flung open1 and the assassins rushed in from various directions4 ,the sight of these holy priests upon their knees arrested their fury for an instant4 ,the first who fell under their blows was ,father ,gerault1 who was reciting his breviary regardless of their cries4 ,that breviary1 pierced with a ball and stained with blood1 was discovered on the spot at the restoration of the ,carmelites1 and it is preserved as a precious relic4 ,then the ,archbishop of ,arles was demanded4 ,while they were seeking him through the alleys1 he was exhorting his companions to offer to ,god the sacrifice of their lives4 ,hearing his name called1 he knelt down1 and asked the most aged of the priests to give him absolution2 then1 rising1 he advanced to meet the assassins4 ,with his arms crossed upon his breast and his eyes raised toward heaven1 he uttered in a calm voice the same words his divine ,master addressed to his enemies3 ,i am he whom you seek4 ,the first stroke of the sword was upon his forehead1 but the venerable man remained standing2 a second made the blood flow in torrents1 but still he did not fall2 the fifth laid him on the ground1 when a pike was driven through his heart4 ,then he was trampled under the feet of the assassins1 who exclaimed1 ',vive la nation6' ,the general massacre then ensued4 ,while the unfortunate priests1 with the instinct of self-preservation1 were flying at random through the garden1 some screening themselves behind the hedges and others climbing the trees1 the murderers fired at them1 and1 when one of them fell1 they would rush upon his body1 prolong his agony1 and exult over his sufferings4 ,about forty perished in this manner4 ,some of the younger priests succeeded in scaling the walls and hiding themselves2 but1 remembering they were flying from martyrdom and that their escape might excite greater fury against their companions1 they retraced their steps and received their reward6 ,the ,bishop of ,beauvais and his brother were in the garden oratory with thirty priests4 ,a grating separated them from the murderers1 who fired upon them1 killing the greater number4 ,the ,bishop of ,beauvais was not touched1 but his brother had a leg broken by a ball4 ,for an instant this horrid butchery was suspended4 ,one of the leaders ordered all the priests into the church1 whither they were driven--even the wounded and dying--at the sword's point4 ,there they gathered around the altar1 offering anew to their ,saviour the sacrifice of their lives1 whilst their executioners1 calling them out two by two1 finished their butchery more promptly and completely4 ,to each one life was offered on condition of taking the revolutionary oath4 ,they all refused1 and not one escaped4 ,whilst these assassins added blasphemous shouts to their murderous strokes1 whilst they demolished the crosses and the tabernacles1 the holy phalanx of priests1 which death was every moment lessening1 kept praying for their murderers and their country4 ,the two bishops were among the last executed4 ,when it came to the turn of the ,bishop of ,beauvais1 he left the altar upon which he had been leaning1 and calmly advanced to meet his death4 ,his brother1 whose wound prevented his walking1 asked for assistance1 and was carried out to his execution4 ,it was eight in the evening when the last execution took place4 ,over four hundred priests were massacred in different parts of ,paris at this period1 besides many isolated murders4 ,the constancy of these martyrs has made many do more than exclaim with ,horace ,walpole3 ,almost thou persuadest me to be a ,catholic6 ,he says1 in a letter dated ,october #ad1 #agib3 ,for the ,french priests1 ,i own ,i honor them4 ,they preferred beggary to perjury1 and have died or fled to preserve the integrity of their consciences4 ,it certainly was not the ,french clergy but the philosophers that have trained up their countrymen to be the most bloody men upon earth4 ,in #ahed1 this monastery1 where flowed the blood of martyrs and which had echoed with their dying groans1 resounded with the strains of ,o ,salutaris ,hostia6 on the festival of ,corpus ,christi1 and priests bore the divine ,host through the alleys of the garden where1 sixty years before1 had rushed those who were swift to shed blood4 ,an altar had been erected under the yew-tree where the ,archbishop of ,arles fell4 ,children scattered flowers over the place once covered with blood4 ,well might the pale-lipped clergy tearfully chant in such a spot3 ,,the ,,white-,,robed ,,army ,,of ,,martyrs ,,praise ,,thee6 ,every age has its martyrs4 ,they are the glory of the church1 and their blood is its seed4 ,the church must ever suffer with its divine spouse4 ,sometimes its head--the ,vicar of ,christ-is crowned with thorns2 sometimes its heart bleeds from a thrust in the very house of its friends2 and1 again1 its feet and hands are nailed in the extremities of the earth4 ,and every follower of ,christ crucified has his martyrdom--a martyrdom of the soul1 if not of the body4 ,the sacred stigmata are imprinted on every soul1 that embraces the cross1 and no one can look upon him who hangs thereon1 with the eyes of faith1 without catching something of his resemblance4 ,suffering is now1 as when he was on earth1 the glorious penalty of those who approach the nearest to his ,divine ,person4 ,three saints of old their lips upon the ,incarnate ,saviour laid1 ,and each with death or agony for the high rapture paid4 ,his mother's holy kisses of the coming sword gave sign1 ,and ,simeon's hymn full closely did with his last breath entwine2 ,and ,magdalen's first tearful touch prepared her but to greet ,with homage of a broken heart his pierced and lifeless feet4 ,the crown of thorns1 the heavy cross1 the nails and bleeding brows1 ,the pale and dying lips1 are the portion of the spouse4 ,,sor ,,juana ,,ines ,,de ,,la ,,cruz4 ,so little is known of ,spanish ,american literature that any fresh report from its pages seems to have the nature of a revelation4 ,our acquaintance with ,heredia1 ,placido1 ,milanes1 ,mendive1 ,carpio1 ,pesado1 ,galvan1 ,calderon1 is slight or naught2 yet these poets are most interesting on account of the countries1 peoples1 and causes for which they speak eloquently1 even if we deny that they add greatly to the genuine substance of our literary possession4 ,less question1 however1 can be entertained of the importance of some older names whose fame made for itself a refuge in the ,spanish churches and cloisters of the ,new ,world long before revolutionists took to shooting the ,muses on the wing4 ,in the seventeenth century lived and wrought ,cabrera1 ,siguenza1 and ,sor or ,sister ,juana ,ines4 ,they belonged to a country which claimed for awhile as its scholars1 though not as its natives1 ,doctor ,valbuena1 author of the very well-known epical fantasy called ,the ,bernardo1 and ,mateo ,alaman1 who wrote the famous story of ,guzman de ,alfarache4 ,juan ,ruiz de ,alarcon1 one of the most remarkable dramatic poets of a great dramatic age1 was a native of that same country1 ,mexico4 ,siguenza1 as mathematician1 historian1 antiquary1 and poet1 has been well esteemed by ,humboldt and the scholars of his own race4 ,it is much to say that the land which produced an artist as great as ,cabrera also gave birth to a scholar and poet as renowned in her day and as appreciable in ours as ,sor ,juana ,ines de la ,cruz4 ,among all these celebrities1 who would have been eminent in any time among any people1 this ,mexican nun of the seventeenth century holds a place of her own4 ,looking back upon the past with all our modern light1 we cannot but regard her as one of the most admirable characters of the ,new ,world4 ,sor ,juana ,ines de la ,cruz was born at ,san ,miguel de ,nepantla1 twelve leagues from the city of ,mexico1 in the year #afea1 and died at the age of forty-four4 ,when but three years old1 she was able to read1 write1 and cipher1 and at eight she wrote a prologue for the feast of the ,holy ,sacrament4 ,once she cut her hair1 and would not allow it to grow till she had acquired the learning she proposed to herself1 seeing no reason why a head should be covered with hair that was denuded of knowledge1 its best ornament4 ,after twenty lessons1 it was said1 she knew ,latin1 and so great was her desire to learn that she importuned her parents to send her to the ,university of ,mexico in boy's clothes4 ,when seventeen years of age1 and a cherished inmate of the ,viceroy ,mancera's family1 she amazed a large company of the professors and scholars of the capital by tests of her various erudition and abilities4 ,notwithstanding her beauty and fortune1 her rank and accomplishments1 and the life of a gallant and brilliant court1 she determined at that early age to retire to a cloister1 and in a few years became known as ,sor ,juana of ,san ,geronimo1 a convent of the city of ,mexico4 ,after this appeared her poems1 ,the ,crisis and ,the ,dream1 in the latter of which she writes much of mythology1 physics1 medicine1 and history1 according to the scholastic manner of her time4 ,with these and her subsequent poetic writings1 such as her sonnets1 loas1 romances1 and autos1 she had rare fame1 and won from some of her admirers the enthusiastic titles of ,the ,phnix of ,mexico1 ,tenth ,muse1 and ,poetess of ,america4 ,the writer has an old volume before him bearing literally this title-page3 ,fama1 y ,obras ,posthumas del ,fenix de ,mexico1 y ,dezima ,musa1 ,poetisa de la ,america1 ,sor ,juana ,ines de la ,cruz1 ,religiosa ,professa en el ,convento de ,san ,geronimo1 de la ,imperial ,ciudad de ,mexico4 ,recogidas y dadas a luz por el ,doctor ,don ,juan ,ignacio de ,castorena y ,ursua1 ,capellan de ,honor de su ,magestad1 y ,prebendado de la ,santa ,iglesia ,metropolitana de ,mexico4 ,en ,barcelona3 ,por ,rafael ,figuero4 ,ao de ,,mdcci4 ,con todas las licencias necessarias4 ,thus it appears we owe to the ,prebendary ,castorena the edition of the posthumous works of ,sor ,juana given to the light in #agja1 six years after her death4 ,but1 whether as the sister or the mother of a convent1 ,juana ,ines de la ,cruz was more than a mistress of vain learning or unprofitable science4 ,her daily assiduous exercise was charity1 which at last so controlled her life and thoughts that she gave all her musical and mathematical instruments1 all the rich presents which her talents had attracted from illustrious people1 and all her books1 excepting those she left to her sisters1 to be sold for the benefit of the poor4 ,though she had evidently prized science as the handmaid of religion1 the time came when her verses upon the vanity of learning reflected a mind more and more withdrawn from the affairs of this world to the contemplation of the next4 ,when an epidemic visited the ,convent of ,san ,geronimo1 and but two out of every ten invalids were saved1 the good1 brave soul of ,madre ,juana shone transcendently4 ,spite of warnings and petitions1 and though all the city prayed for her life1 ,madre ,juana perished at her vigil of charity--the good angel as well as muse of ,mexico4 ,of the enthusiasm created by her genius1 we have abundant and curious proofs4 ,don ,alonzo ,muxica1 perpetual ,recorder of the ,city of ,salamanca1 wrote a sonnet upon her having learned to read at the age of three1 when what for all is but the break of morn in her was as the middle of the day4 ,excelentissimo ,sir ,felix ,fernandez de ,cordova ,cordona y ,aragon1 ,duke of ,seffa1 of ,vna and ,soma1 ,count of ,cabra1 ,palomas1 and ,olivitas1 and ,grand ,admiral and ,captain-,general of ,naples1 speaks of her in a lofty poetic encomium as for the third time applauded by two admiring worlds of readers1 and praises her persuasive voice as that of a sweet siren of thought4 ,don ,garcia ,ribadeneyra1 with the grandiose wit of his day1 says in a decima that this extraordinary woman surpassed the sun1 for her glorious genius rose where the sun set1 that is to say1 in the ,west2 and ,don ,pedro ,alfonso ,moreno argues piously that ,st4 ,john the ,baptist's three crowns of ,virgin1 ,martyr1 and ,doctor were in measure those of ,madre ,juana1 who was from early years chaste1 poor in spirit1 and obedient1 according to the vow of religious women4 ,don ,luis ,verdejo declares that she transferred the lyceums of the ,muses to ,mexico1 and that the light of her genius is poured upon two worlds4 ,padre ,cabrera1 chaplain of the ,most ,excellent ,duke of ,arcos1 asserts that the ,eternal ,knowledge enlightened ,juana in all learning4 ,only her fame can define her1 writes one of her own sex2 and when the ,poetess of the ,cloister wrote with her own blood a protestation of faith1 it was said of this ,swan of erudite plume that she wrote like the martyr to whose ink of blood the earth was as paper4 ,her gift of books to be sold in order to relieve the poor inspired ,seora ,catalina de ,fernandez de ,cordova1 nun in the ,convent of the ,holy ,ghost in ,alcara1 to say thus thoughtfully3 ,without her books did ,juana grow more wise1 ,as for their loss she studied deep content4 ,know1 then1 that in this human school of ours1 ,he only is wise who knows to love his ,god4 ,at thought of her death1 ,don ,luis ,muoz ,venegas1 of ,granada1 wonders that the sun shines1 that ships sail1 that earth is fair1 that all things do not grieve her loss1 whose happy soul in its beatitudes enjoys the riches of which death has robbed the world--sweetness1 purity1 felicity4 ,fray ,juan de ,rueda1 professor of theology in the college of ,san ,pablo2 ,licentiate ,villalobos of ,san ,ildefonso1 and ,seor ,guerra1 fellow of the same college2 ,advocate ,pimienta1 of the ,royal ,audience1 and ,bachelor ,olivas1 a presbyter2 ,syndic ,torres1 ,catedratico or ,professor ,aviles1 ,cavalier ,ulloa1 have all something to say in ,spanish or ,latin on the death of our poetess4 ,doctor ,aviles imagines the death of ,sor ,juana to be like that of the rose1 which1 having acquired in a brief age all its perfection1 needed not to live longer4 ,don ,diego ,martinez suggests beautifully that the profit which other excellent minds will derive from the posthumous writings of the poetess will be like the clearness which the stars gain by the death of the sun4 ,mingled with these honest tributes of admiration is much extravagance of comparison2 but they prove at least that ,sor ,juana was regarded by the learned of her day as a woman of astonishing powers4 ,amid all her studies and labors1 we read that ,sister ,juana was constant in her religious devotions1 and faithful to the least rules of her order4 ,but her conscientious spirit1 moved by a letter of ,bishop ,fernandez of ,puebla1 determined her at length to renounce the exercise of her talents for the strictest and purest ascetism4 ,hence1 one of her ,mexican critics is led to say that we have only the echoes of her songs1 only the shades of her images1 inasmuch as her sex and state1 and the reigning scholasticism1 were not convenient for the true expression of her thoughts4 ,the noble1 ascetic literature of ,spain1 respecting which it is with reason boasted that the world contains nothing of the kind more valuable1 discredits in good part this supposition4 ,moreover1 the recognition of ,sor ,juana's work and genius was1 as we have seen1 not inconsiderable4 ,the world is still in its infancy as regards religious ideality1 and1 spite of the highest evidences1 often refuses to believe that thoughts fed from the divine source can fulfil the true poem of life1 be it written or acted4 ,what the thoughts of ,sor ,juana were like in her ordinary religious life we understand partly from a number of daily exercises and meditations which have come down to us4 ,here are specimens of these compositions3 ,,exercise4 ,on this day1 at seeing the light come forth1 bless its ,author who made it so beautiful a creation1 and praise him with a submissive heart2 not only because he created it for our good1 but because he made it a vassal to his mother and our mediatrix4 ,go to ,mass with all possible devotion1 and those who can1 let them fast and give thanks to ,god4 ,thou shalt sing the canticle ,benedicite omnia opera ,domini ,domino and the verse ,benedicite lux4 ,understand that not only the just ought to praise ,god1 who are themselves as light1 but the sinners who are as darkness4 ,consider yourselves such1 every one of you1 and mourn for having added to the original transgression1 darkness upon darkness1 sins upon sins4 ,resolve to correct thyself2 and that ,mary's purest light may reach you1 recite a ,salve1 and nine times the ,magnificat1 face to the ground1 and fly from all sin this day1 even the shadow thereof4 ,abstain from all impatience1 murmurings1 repinings1 and suffer with meekness those evils which are a repugnance to our nature4 ,if it be a day of discipline of the community1 that is enough1 but if not1 it shall be especially made so4 ,those who do not know how to read ,latin shall recite nine ,salves mouth to the ground1 and shall fast if they are able1 and if not1 they shall make an act of contrition1 so that the ,lord may give them light for his timely service1 even as he gave them material light by which to live4 ,,meditation4 ,if we look at the properties of the firmament1 what more assimilates to the miraculous constancy of ,mary1 whom neither those steeped in original sin could make fall1 nor the combats of temptation make stumble6 ,but still1 amid the torrents and tempests of human miseries1 between the troubles of her life1 and the painful passion and death of her most holy ,son and our most beloved ,saviour2 amid the waves of incredulity in the doubts of his disciples2 among the hidden rocks of the perfidy of ,judas1 and the uncertainty of so many timid souls--ever was her constancy preserved4 ,not only was she firm1 but beautiful as the firmament1 which 7according to the mathematicians7 hath this other excellence1 that it is bordered by innumerable stars1 but has only seven planets which are fixed and never move4 ,thus1 holiest ,mary was not only most pure in her conception1 transparent and translucent1 but afterwards the ,lord adorned her with innumerable virtues which she acquired1 even as the stars which border that most beautiful firmament2 and she not only had them all1 but had them fixed1 all immovable1 all in order and admirable concert3 but if in the other children of ,adam we see some virtues1 they are errant--to-day we have them1 to-morrow they are gone--to-day is light1 to-morrow darkness4 ,we will rejoice in her prerogative1 and say unto her3 ,,offering4 ,honored ,lady1 and crown of our human being1 divine firmament where the stars of virtue are fixed1 give their benign influence to us1 thy devoted ones1 that by thy favor we may cure ourselves and acquire them2 and that light which thou dost partake of the ,sun of ,righteousness1 communicate it to our souls1 and fix in them thy virtues1 the love of thy precious ,son1 and thy sweetest and tenderest devotion1 and of thy happy husband1 our patron and advocate1 ,st4 ,joseph4 ,these compositions doubtless give us a better idea of the interior thought of ,mexican monasticism than some yellow-covered speculations4 ,in that life grew the finest genius1 the greatest woman1 perhaps the most remarkable character in all respects that ,mexico ever produced4 ,considering the time and place in which she wrote1 the ,new ,world has scarcely produced her superior among women of genius4 ,up to the nineteenth century ,america had1 doubtless1 no1 literary product comparable to the poems of ,sor ,juana ,ines4 ,what ,cabrera1 was to the art1 ,sor ,juana seems to have been to the literature of her country2 and both these workers of genius gave their powers to the service of religion4 ,it is here worthy of remark that not only were the greatest painter and poet of ,mexico studious servants of the church1 but that its most celebrated scientist was the ,jesuit ,siguenza y ,gongora1 author of a funeral eulogy of ,sor ,juana ,ines1 whom he knew and appreciated1 for he1 too1 was a poet4 ,without social helps1 without emulation1 such as is ordinarily understood1 such proofs of her high intelligence as we possess have come to light4 ,perplexed as it was with the mannered erudition of the schools1 her poetry nevertheless reveals noble sensibility and thought in superior forms4 ,thus she sings in her verses entitled ,sentiments of ,absence3 ,hear me with eyes1 ,now that so distant are thine ears2 ,of absence my laments2 ,in echoes from my pen the groans2 ,and as can reach thee not my voice so rude1 ,hear thou me deaf1 since dumbly ,i complain4 ,this is like a voice of the ,elizabethan age2 but what woman even of that day has left us so rare a record of poetry and piety combined as the nun of ,san ,geronimo1 she who lived in #afgj in far-off1 outlandish ,mexico8 ,what chapter of literature would seem too good to entertain this ,tenth ,muse1 to whom we owe such sonnets as these3 ,,to ,a ,,painter ,,of ,,our ,,lady1 ,,of ,,most ,,excellent ,,pencil4 ,if pencil1 although grand in human wise1 ,could make a picture thus most beautiful1 ,where even clearest vision not refines ,thy light1 ,o admirable--yet in vain3 ,how did the author of thy sovereign soul ,proportion space to his creation fair6 ,what grace he painted1 and what loveliness6 ,the scope more ample1 greater was the hand4 ,was found within the sphere of purest light ,the pencil1 schooled within the morning-star1 ,when thou wert dawned1 ,aurora most divine8 ,yea1 thus indeed it was2 but verily ,the sky has not paid back thy cost to him ,who spent in thee more light than it has now4 ,,the ,,lovers4 ,feliciano loves me1 and ,i hate him2 ,lizardo hates me1 and ,i do adore him2 ,for him who does not want me1 do ,i cry1 ,and him who yearns for me1 ,i not desire4 ,to him who me disdains1 my soul ,i offer1 ,and him who is my victim1 ,i disdain4 ,him ,i despise who would enrich my honor1 ,and him who doth contemn me1 ,i'd enrich4 ,if with offence the first ,i have displeased1 ,the other doth displease by me offended-- ,and thus ,i come to suffer every way2 ,for both are but as torments to my feelings-- ,this one with asking that which ,i have not1 ,and that in not having what ,i'd ask4 ,,the ,,rose4 ,celia beheld a rose that in the walk ,flourished in pride of springtime loveliness1 ,and whose bright hues of carmine or of red ,bathed joyfully its delicate countenance-- ,and said3 ,enjoy without the fear of fate ,the fleeting course of thy luxuriant age1 ,since will not death be able on the morrow4 ,to take from thee what thou to-day enjoyest2 ,and though he come within a little while1 ,still grieve thou not to die so young and fair3 ,hear what experience may counsel thee-- ,that fortunate 'tis to die being beautiful1 ,and not to see the woe of being old4 ,,the ,,deception4 ,this that thou seest1 a deception painted1 ,which of art's excellence makes display1 ,with curious counterfeit of coloring1 ,is an insidious cheating of the sense4 ,this1 wherewithin has flattery pretended ,to excuse the grim deformity of age1 ,and vanquishing the rigor hard of time ,to triumph o'er oblivion and decay2 ,is but the shallow artifice of care1 ,is as a fragile flower within the wind2 ,it is a useless guard 'gainst destiny2 ,it is a foolish and an erring toil2 ',tis labor imbecile1 and1 rightly scanned1 ,is death1 is dust1 is shadow1 and is naught4 ,these rude translations give but a poor idea of the poet's expression1 but they allow the height and quality of her intellect to be understood4 ,in one of her most thoughtful poems1 the ,romance on the ,vanity of ,science1 she argues against self-seeking knowledge1 and the perils to which genius exposes itself by too much seeking its own devices4 ,this poem is so representative and remarkable that we must give it entire quotation3 ,,romance4 ,finjamos que soy feliz1 ,triste pensamiento un rato2 ,quiz podreis persuadirme1 ,aunque yo s lo contrario4 ,feign we that ,i am happy1 ,sad thought1 a little while1 ,for1 though 'twere but dissembling1 ,would thou couldst me beguile6 ,que1 pues solo en la aprension ,dicen que estriban los daos2 ,si os imaginais dichoso4 ,no sereis tan desdichado4 ,yet since but in our terrors ,they say our miseries grow1 ,if joy we can imagine1 ,the less will seem our woe4 ,sirvame el entendimiento ,alguna vez de descanso2 ,y no siempre est el ingenio ,con el provecho encontrado4 ,must our intelligences ,some time of quiet find2 ,not always may our genius ,with profit rule the mind4 ,todo el mundo es opiniones1 ,de paraceres tan varios1 ,que lo que el uno1 que es negro1 ,el otro prueba que es blanco4 ,the world's full of opinions1 ,and these so different quite4 ,that what to one black seemeth ,another proves is white4 ,a unos sirve de atractivo ,lo que otro concibe enfado2 ,y lo que este por alivio ,aquel tiene por trabajo4 ,to some appears attractive ,what many deem a bore2 ,and that which thee delighted ,thy fellow labors o'er4 ,el que est triste1 censura ,al alegre de liviano2 ,y el que est alegre1 se burla1 ,de ver al triste penando4 ,he who is sad condemneth ,the gay one's gleeful tones2 ,he who is merry jesteth ,whene'er the sad one groans4 ,los dos filosofos griegos ,bien esta verdad probaron1 ,pues1 lo que en el uno risa1 ,causaba1 en el otro llanto4 ,by two old ,greek wiseacres ,this truth well proved appears2 ,since what in one caused laughter1 ,the other moved to tears4 ,clebre su oposicion ,ha sido1 por siglos tantos1 ,sin que cal acert1 est ,hasta agora averiguado4 ,renowned has been this contest ,for ages1 without fruit1 ,and what one age asserted ,till now is in dispute4 ,antes en sus dos banderas ,el mundo todo alistado1 ,conforme el humor le dicta1 ,sigue cada cal su bando4 ,into two lists divided ,the world's opinions stand4 ,and as his humor leads him ,follows each one his band4 ,uno dice1 que de risa ,solo es digno el mundo vario2 ,y otro1 que sus infortunios ,son solo para llorarlos4 ,one says the world is worthy ,only of merriment2 ,another1 its distresses ,call for our loud lament4 ,para todo se halla prueba ,y razon en que fundarlo2 ,y no hay razon para nada1 ,de haber razon para tanto4 ,for all opinions various ,some proof or reason's brought1 ,and for so much there's reason ,that reason is for naught4 ,todos son iguales jueces ,y siendo iguales1 y varios4 ,no hay quien pueda decidir ,cal es lo mas acertado4 ,all1 all are equal judges1 ,and all of different view1 ,and none can make decision ,of what is best or true4 ,pues sino hay quien lo sentencie1 ,por qu pensais vos1 errado1 ,que os cometi ,dios vos ,la decision de los casos8 ,then since can none determine1 ,think'st thou1 whose reason strays1 ,to thee hath ,god committed ,the judgment of the case8 ,o por que1 contra vos mismo1 ,severamente inhumano1 ,entre lo amargo1 y lo dulce ,quereis elegir lo amargo8 ,o why1 to thyself cruel1 ,dost thou thy peace reject8 ,between the sweet and bitter1 ,the bitter dost elect8 ,si es mio mi entendimiento1 ,por qu siempre he de encontrarlo ,tan torpe para el alivio1 ,tan agudo para el dao8 ,if 'tis mine my understanding1 ,why always must it be ,so dull and slow to pleasure1 ,so keen for injury8 ,el discurso es un acero ,que sirve por ambos cabos2 ,de dar muerte por la punta1 ,por el pomo de resguardo4 ,a sharp blade is our learning ,which serves us at both ends3 ,death by the point it giveth1 ,by the handle1 it defends4 ,si vos sabiendo el peligro ,quereis por la punta usarlo1 ,que culpa tiene el acero ,del mal uso de la mano8 ,and if1 aware of peril1 ,its point thou wilt demand1 ,how canst thou blame the weapon ,for the folly of thy hand8 ,no es saber1 saber hacer ,discursos sutiles1 vanos1 ,que el saber consiste solo ,en elegir lo mas sano4 ,not is true wisdom knowing ,most subtle speech and vain2 ,best knowledge is in choosing ,that which is safe and sane4 ,especular las desdichas1 ,y examinar los presagios1 ,solo sirve de que el mal ,crezca con anticiparlo4 ,to speculate disaster1 ,to seek for presages1 ,serves to increase affliction1 ,anticipates distress4 ,en los trabajos futuros ,la atencion sutilizando4 ,mas formidable que el riesgo ,suele fingir el amago4 ,in the troubles of the future ,the anxious mind is lost1 ,and more than any danger ,doth danger's menace cost4 ,que feliz es la ignorancia ,del que indoctamente sabio1 ,halla de lo que podece ,en lo que ignora sagrado6 ,of him the unschooled wise man ,how happy is the chance6 ,he finds from suffering refuge ,in simple ignorance4 ,no siempre suben seguros ,vuelos del ingenio osados1 ,que buscan trono en el fuego1 ,y hallan sepulcro en el llanto4 ,not always safe aspire ,the wings that genius bears1 ,which seek a throne in fire1 ,and find a grave in tears4 ,tambien es vicio el saber ,que si no se va atajando1 ,cuanto menos se conoce ,es mas nocivo el estrago4 ,and vicious is the knowledge ,that seeking swift its end ,is all the more unwary ,of the woe that doth impend4 ,y si vuelo no le abaten ,en sutilezas cebado1 ,por cuidar de lo curioso ,olvida lo necesario4 ,and if its flight it stops not ,in pampered1 strange deceits1 ,then for the curious searching ,the needful it defeats4 ,si culta mano no impide ,crecer al arbol copado1 ,quitan la sustancia al fruto ,la locura de los ramos4 ,if culture's hand not pruneth ,the leafage of the tree1 ,takes from the fruit's sustainment ,the rank1 wild greenery4 ,si andar a nave ligera1 ,no estorba lastre pesado2 ,sirve el vuelo de que sea ,el precipicio mas alto8 ,if all its ballast heavy ,yon light ship not prevents1 ,will it help the flight of pinions ,from nature's battlements8 ,en amenidad inutil1 ,que importa al florido campo4 ,si no halla fruto el otoo ,que ostente flores el mayo4 ,in verdant beauty useless1 ,what profits the fair field ,if the blooming growths of springtime ,no autumn fruitage yield8 ,de que le sirve al ingenio ,el producir muchos partos1 ,si a la multitud le sigue ,el malogro de abortarlo8 ,and of what use is genius ,with all its work of might1 ,if are its toils rewarded ,by failure and despite8 ,y esta desdicha1 por fuerza ,ha de seguirle el fracaso ,de quedar el que produce4 ,si no muerto1 lastimado4 ,and perforce to this misfortune ,must that despair succeed1 ,which1 if its arrow kills not1 ,must make the bosom bleed4 ,el ingenio es como el fuego1 ,que con la materia ingrato1 ,tanto la consume mas1 ,cuanto el se ostenta mas claro4 ,like to a fire doth genius ,in thankless matter grow2 ,the more that it consumeth1 ,it boasts the brighter glow4 ,es de su proprio seor ,tan rebelado vasallo1 ,que convierte en sus ofensas ,las armas de su resguardo4 ,it is of its own master ,so rebellious a slave1 ,that to offence it turneth ,the weapons that should save4 ,este pesimo ejercicio1 ,este duro afan pesado1 ,a los hijos de los hombres ,di ,dios para ejercitarlos4 ,such exercise distressful1 ,such hard anxiety1 ,to all the sad world's children ,god gave their souls to try4 ,que loca ambicion nos lleva ,de nosotros olvidados1 ,si es para vivir tan poco1 ,de que sirve saber tanto8 ,what mad ambition takes us ,from self-forgetful state1 ,if 'tis to live so little ,we make our knowledge great8 ,oh6 si como hay de saber1 ,hubiera algun seminario1 ,o escuela1 donde ignorar ,se enseara los trabajos6 ,oh6 if we must have knowledge1 ,i would there were some school ,wherein to teach not knowing ,life's woes1 should be the rule4 ,que felizmente viviera1 ,el que flotamente cauto2 ,burlara las amenazas ,del influjo de los astros6 ,happy shall be his living ,whose life no rashness mars2 ,he shall laugh at all the threatenings ,of the magic of the stars6 ,aprendamos ignorar ,pensamientos1 pues hallamos1 ,que cuanto aado al discurso1 ,tanto le usurpo los aos4 ,learn we the wise unknowing1 ,since it so well appears ,that what to learning's added ,is taken from our years4 ,we may dispute1 in some respects1 the drift of ,sister ,juana's philosophy2 but we cannot question the poetic wisdom of many of her reflections4 ,how true it is that in a multitude of reasons one finds no reason at all2 that the rank overgrowth of knowledge does not bear the best fruit2 that genius1 allied with base substance1 grows brighter1 by a kind of self-consuming2 that wisdom can sometimes find refuge in ignorance6 ,no one1 be his fame what it may1 has stated a grand and touching truth with better force than appears in ,sor ,juana's grave misgiving with regard to the genius which seeks a throne in fire1 and finds a sepulchre in tears4 ,is not this the history1 at once sublime and pathetic1 of so many failures of the restless intellect8 ,sor ,juana knew how to preach from such a text1 for she was a rare scholar1 and mistress of verse1 and religious woman4 ,the variety of her literary employments was considerable1 in comparison with the bulk of ,mexican verse and prose1 notwithstanding the old-fashioned manners of her cloistered muse4 ,she wrote1 in addition to sonnets and romances1 the dramatic religious pieces called loas and autos1 among which we find dialogues and acts entitled ,the ,sceptre of ,st4 ,joseph1 ,san ,hermengildo1 and ,the ,divine ,narciso4 ,her poetic moods were not1 it appears1 limited to hymns and to blank-verse2 indeed1 she had the qualities of a ripe poet--humor1 fancy1 imagination1 able thought1 and1 if anything else should be added1 doubtless the reader will find it in the ideality of a sonnet so superb as the one in praise of ,our ,lady4 ,of her religious tenderness we have a fine example in the following lines from ,el ,divino ,narciso1 which have been compared by a ,mexican critic to the best mystical songs of ,st4 ,john of the ,cross and other ,spanish ascetics4 ,they convey the appeal which the ,shepherd of ,souls makes to a soul which has strayed from the flock3 ,o my lost lamb1 ,thy master all forgetting1 ,whither dost erring go8 ,behold how now divided ,from me1 thou partest from thy life6 ,in my tender kindness1 ,thou seest how always loving ,i guard thee watchfully1 ,i free thee of all danger1 ,and that ,i give my life for thee4 ,behold how that my beauty ,is of all things beloved1 ,and is of all things sought1 ,and by all creatures praised4 ,still dost thou choose from me to go astray4 ,i go to seek thee yet1 ,although thou art as lost2 ,but for thee now my life ,i cannot still lay down ,that once ,i wished to lose to find my sheep4 ,do worthier than thou ,ask these my benefits1 ,the rivers flowing fair1 ,the pastures and green glades ,wherein my loving-kindness feedeth thee4 ,within a barren field1 ,in desert land afar1 ,i found thee1 ere the wolf ,had all thy life despoiled1 ,and prized thee as the apple of mine eye4 ,i led thee to the verdure ,of my most peaceful ways1 ,where thou hast fed at will ,upon the honey sweet ,and oil that flowed to thee from out the rock4 ,with generous crops of grain1 ,with marrowy substances1 ,i have sustained thy life1 ,made thee most savory food1 ,and given to thee the juice of fragrant grapes4 ,thou seekest other fields ,with them that did not know ,thy fathers1 honored not ,thy elders1 and in this ,thou dost excite my own displeasure grave4 ,and for that thou hast sinned ,i'll hide from thee my face1 ,before whose light the sun ,its feeble glory pales2 ,from thee1 ingrate1 perverse1 and most unfaithful one4 ,shall my displeasure's scourge ,thy verdant fields destroy1 ,the herb that gives thee food2 ,and shall my fires lay waste1 ,even from the top of highest mountains old4 ,my lightning arrows shall ,be drawn1 and hunger sharp ,shall cut the threads of life1 ,and evil birds of prey ,and fiercest beasts shall lie in wait for thee4 ,shall grovelling serpents show ,the venom of their rage1 ,by different ways of death ,my rigors shall be wrought2 ,without thee by the sword1 within thee by thy fears4 ,behold ,i am thy ,sovereign1 ,and there is none more strong2 ,that ,i am life and death1 ,that ,i can slay and save1 ,and nothing can escape from out my hand4 ,our last quotation from ,sister ,juana's poems will be one of those tributes which1 in verse or prose1 she so often paid to the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,it is a song taken from her villancicos1 or rhymes for festivals4 ,the literary manners of her time seem to have obscured the native excellence of her thought1 but the buoyant style of the following lines meets with little objection from her modern ,mexican critic3 ,to her who in triumph1 the beautiful queen1 ,descends from the airs of the region serene2 ,to her who illumines its vaguest confine ,with auroras of gold1 and of pearl and carmine2 ,to her whom a myriad of voices confessed ,the lady of angels1 the queen of the blest3 ,whose tresses celestial are lightly outborne ,and goldenly float in the glory of morn1 ,and waving and rising would seek to o'erwhelm ,like the gulfs of the ,tibar an ivory realm3 ,from whose graces the sunlight may learn how to shine1 ,and the stars of the night take a brilliance divine1 ,we sing thee rejoicing while praises ascend1 ,o sinless1 ,o stainless6 live1 live without end4 ,the scarcity of the poems of ,sor ,juana ,ines de la ,cruz1 even in her native land1 is cause for wonder1 but not if we first remark that still greater marvel--the long-continued discomposure of ,mexican society4 ,it is one hundred and seventy years since the parchment-bound book1 from which we have drawn a number of facts in the life of the ,poetisa1 was published4 ,our impression of the rarity and age of her printed works1 as derived from acquaintance with educated ,mexicans in their own country1 tempts us to doubt whether they have been issued in any complete shape during the present century4 ,for a good portion of the extracts we have presented we are indebted to an intelligent and scholarly review prepared in ,mexico1 two years ago1 by ,don ,francisco ,prinentel1 the author of a number of books on the races and languages of ,mexico4 ,outside of the monastic or rich private libraries of that country1 it is doubtless a task of much difficulty to find the poems of ,sor ,juana4 ,for this reason we are disposed to excuse the able ,american historian of ,spanish literature for omitting everything in relation to her except the mere mention of her name as a lyrical writer4 ,it is hoped1 however1 that this notice of her life and works1 probably the first which has appeared in the ,united ,states1 will supply the omission of what should be a chief fact in any ,american notice of ,spanish literature4 ,the claim which we make for ,sor ,juana ,ines de la ,cruz1 as regards the literature of the ,new ,world1 is not short of the very highest4 ,,dion ,,and ,,the ,,sibyls4 ,a ,,classic1 ,,christian ,,novel4 ,,by ,,miles ,,gerald ,,keon1 ,,colonial ,,secretary1 ,,bermuda1 ,,author ,,of ,,harding ,,the ,,money-,,spinner1 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,at the golden gate of the ,temple courtyard1 a ,roman legionary soldier 7detailed as body-servant to the ,general ,paulus7 met him4 ,the soldier was leading a small1 wiry ,tauric 7or really ,tartar7 horse4 ,paulus1 twisting a lock of the animal's mane in his left hand1 and taking up with the little finger thereof the loop of the bridle1 sprang into the ephippia4 ,the soldier smiled1 as the still handsome and youthful-looking legatus settled himself on the back of his steed4 ,why are you smiling1 my man8 quoth ,paulus good-humoredly4 ,it was like the spring ,i saw you take years ago at ,formi1 when ,i was a boy1 upon the back of the horse ,sejanus1 which no man1 my general1 ever rode save you1 replied the soldier4 ,ah6 said ,paulus1 smiling sadly2 were you there8 ,i fear ,i am not so agile now4 ,we are all passing away4 ,just as agile still1 my general1 returned the legionary1 in a cordial tone2 but about twice as strong4 ,away6 begone6 cried ,paulus1 laughing2 ,i am growing old4 ,and shaking the reins1 he waved a salute to ,longinus1 turned his pony round1 and rode away again into the valley westward1 while the centurion entered the city by the golden gate1 and repaired under the walls of the ,temple to ,fort ,antonio1 where he was detailed as officer of ,pilate's guard that night4 ,paulus1 meanwhile1 rode slowly on his way1 between the ,kedron ,brook and the walls of ,jerusalem1 till he came to the ,pool of ,siloam4 ,there1 he turned south1 galloped to a fort which was near1 turned back again to his right1 or northward1 followed the valley of ,hinnom at a walking pace1 looking up at the white and dazzling buildings on ,mount ,zion4 ,as he slowly passed them1 he speculated which could have been ,david's palace4 ,he saw ,herod's plainly enough4 ,on his right he noticed the aqueduct from ,solomon's ,pool1 and followed its course as far as the ,tower of ,hippicus northward4 ,there he entered the city by the ,gate of ,gennath1 and followed the valley of the ,cheesemongers 7or ,tyropon hollow7 until he came to ,ophal4 ,in the middle of a very narrow street in this low and crowded quarter1 where the ,romans afterward under ,titus were repulsed1 he met a file of people1 some mounted1 some on foot1 led by a richly-dressed1 haughty-looking1 burly man1 riding a mule4 ,so narrow was the street that either ,paulus would have had to go back as far as the ,tower of ,marianne1 or the richly-dressed and haughty-looking man about one-quarter of the distance1 to the bridge between the street of the ,cheesemongers and the court of the ,gentiles4 ,paulus1 always full of courtesy1 amenity1 and sweetness1 was in the very act of turning his small ,tauric horse1 when the burly man in rich dress1 who led the opposing file1 called out1 ,back6 low people6 ,back1 and let ,caiaphas go by6 ,and who is ,caiaphas8 demanded ,paulus1 instantly facing round again and barring the way4 ,the high-priest of ,jerusalem1 was the answer1 thundered forth in rude and minatory tones4 ,i respect1 said ,paulus1 and even revere that holy appellation2 but he who uses it at this moment1 for some present purpose1 has flung against me1 who am a ,roman general1 the mandate of ,back1 low people4 ,where are the low people8 ,i do not believe that ,i am a low person4 ,where1 then1 are the low people8 ,come on1 cried the imperious voice of ,caiaphas4 ,he himself1 being the file leader1 began then to move forward1 till he came immediately in front of the traveller who had so courteously spoken to him4 ,if you want1 said ,paulus1 to pass me at once1 ,i must get into the ditch1 or throw you into it2 which do you prefer8 ,i prefer1 quoth ,caiaphas1 that you should throw me into the ditch1 if you either dare or can4 ,sir1 says ,paulus1 ,i am sorry for the sentiment you express1 or at least imply4 ,but ,i will stand up against your challenge of throwing you into the ditch1 because ,i both could do it1 and dare do it1 as a ,roman soldier1 only that there is ,,one among you who has come to settle all our disputes1 and who has a divine right to do so4 ,for his sake ,i would rather be thrown into that drain by you--soldier1 officer1 general1 and ,roman as ,i am--than throw you into it4 ,let me pass1 cried ,caiaphas1 purple with rage4 ,paulus1 whose behavior at ,lake ,benacus against the ,germans1 and previously at ,formi1 and afterward in the terrible ,calpurnian ,house on the ,viminal ,hill1 the reader remembers1 made no answer1 but1 riding back to the ,tower of ,marianne1 allowed the high-priest and his followers there to pass him2 which they did with every token of scorn and act of contumely that the brief and sudden circumstances allowed4 ,caiaphas thus passed on to his country-house at the southwest-by-south of ,jerusalem1 where he usually spent the night4 ,paulus then put his pony into a gallop1 and soon reached the bridge across the ,tyropon into the courtyard of the ,temple1 commonly called the courtyard of the ,gentiles4 ,such was the nervous excitement caused by his recent act of purely voluntary1 gratuitous1 and deliberate self-humiliation1 that he laughed aloud as he rode through the ,temple yard1 coasting the western cloisters1 and so reaching ,fort ,antonio4 ,there his servant1 the ,roman legionary1 who had before met him at the golden gate1 and whose name was ,marcus1 was awaiting him4 ,,chapter ,,xxv4 ,that night the palace of ,herod the tetrarch resounded with music1 and all the persons of rank or distinction in ,jerusalem were among the guests4 ,the entertainment would have been remembered for years on account of its brilliancy2 it was destined to be remembered for all ages1 even till the day of doom1 on account of its catastrophe1 chronicled in the books of ,god1 and graven in the horror of men4 ,paulus1 unusually grave1 because experiencing unwonted sensations1 and anxious calmly to analyze them1 was assailed for the first time in his life by a feeling of nervous irritability1 which originated 7though he knew it not7 in his having suppressed the natural desire to chastise the insolence of ,caiaphas that morning4 ,he sat abstracted and silent1 not far from the semi-royal chair of ,herod the tetrarch4 ,his magnificent dress1 well-earned military fame1 and manly and grave beauty 7never seen to greater advantage than at that period of life1 though the gloss of youth was past7 had drawn toward him during the evening an unusual amount of attention1 of which he was unconscious1 and to which he would have been indifferent4 ,the beauty of the evening1 as she was called 7for in those days they used terms like those which we moderns use1 to express our infatuation for the gleams of prettiness which are quenched almost as soon as they are seen71 had repeatedly endeavored to attract his attention4 ,she was royal2 she was an unrivalled dancer4 ,herod1 who began to feel dull1 begged her to favor the company with a dance1 sola4 ,thereupon the daughter of ,herodias looked at ,paulus1 to whom her previous blandishments had been addressed in vain 7he was well known to be unmarried71 and heaved a fiery sigh4 ,the mere noise of it ought to have awakened his notice1 and yet failed to accomplish even that small result4 ,had it succeeded1 he was exactly the person to have regarded this woman with a feeling akin to that which1 some two-and-twenty years before1 she herself 7or was it ,herodias8 they age fast in the ,east7 had waked in the bosom of his sister under the veranda in the bower of ,crispus's inn1 leading out of the fine old ,latian garden near the banks of the ,liris4 ,she proceeded to execute her ballet1 her pas seul1 her dance of immortal shame and fatal infamy4 ,cries of delight arose4 ,the creature grew frantic4 ,the court of ,herod fell into two parties4 ,one party proclaimed the performance a perfection of elegance and spirit4 ,the other party said not a word1 but glances of painful feeling passed among them4 ,the clamorous eulogists formed the large majority4 ,in the silent minority was numbered ,paulus1 who never in his life had felt such grave disgust or such settled indignation4 ,he thought of his pure and innocent ,esther--alas1 not his6 ,he thought that1 had it been his sister ,agatha who thus outraged every rudimentary principle of the tacit social compact1 he could almost find it in his heart to relieve the earth of her4 ,thus pondering1 his glance fell upon ,herod the tetrarch4 ,the tetrarch seemed to have become delirious4 ,he was laughing1 and crying1 and slobbering1 and clapping his hands1 and rolling his head1 and rocking his body on the great state cushion under the canopy1 where he sat at table4 ,while ,paulus was contemplating him in wonder and shame1 the wretched dancer came to an end of her bounds4 ,indecency1 scientifically accidental1 had been the one simple principle of the exhibition4 ,herod called the practised female before him1 and1 in the hearing of several1 bade her demand from him any reward she pleased1 and declared upon oath that he would grant her demand4 ,paulus heard the answer4 ,after consulting apart with her mother1 she reapproached the tetrarch1 and1 with a flushed face1 said that she desired the head of a prisoner upon a dish4 ,what prisoner8 ,john1 said she4 ,paulus gazed at the miserable tetrarch1 the quarter of a king1 not from the height of his rank as a ,roman general1 but from the still greater height which ,god had given him as one of the first1 one of the earliest of ,european gentlemen4 ,he knew not then who ,john was4 ,but that any fellow-creature in prison1 not otherwise to be put to death1 should have his head hewn off and placed upon a dish1 because a woman had tossed her limbs to and fro in a style which pleased a tetrarch while it disgraced human society1 appeared to ,paulus to be less than reasonable4 ,what he had said1 the tetrarch had said upon oath4 ,a little confusion1 a slight murmuring and whispering ensued1 but the courtly music soon recommenced4 ,paulus could not afterward tell how long it was before the most awful scene he had ever witnessed occurred4 ,a menial entered1 bearing1 on a large dish1 a freshly-severed human head1 bleeding at the neck4 ,it was not a jest1 then1 said ,paulus1 in a low voice to his next neighbor1 a very old man1 whose face he remembered1 but whose name he had all the evening been trying in vain to recall--it was not a base jest1 dictated by the hideous taste of worse than barbarians6 ,truly1 replied the aged man1 these ,jews are worse than any barbarians ,i ever saw1 and ,i have seen most of them4 ,paulus recognized at these words the geographer ,strabo1 formerly his companion at the court of ,augustus4 ,at a sign from ,herod1 the menial carrying the dish now approached the daughter of ,herodias1 and presented to her the bleeding and sacred head4 ,she1 in turn1 took the dish and offered it to ,herodias1 who herself bore it out of the room with a kind of snorting laugh4 ,paulus rose slowly and deliberately from his place near the tetrarch1 at whom he steadily looked4 ,this1 then1 said he1 is the entertainment to which you have invited a ,roman legatus4 ,you are vexed1 people say1 that ,pilate1 the ,roman governor of this city1 could not honor your birthday by his presence in your palace4 ,pilate's local authority is of course greater than mine1 for ,i have none at all2 but his real1 permanent rank1 and your own real1 permanent importance1 are contemptible by the side of those which a ,roman soldier of such a family as the milian has gained on the field of battle2 and it was a high honor to yourself to succeed in bringing me hither4 ,and now1 while disgracing your own house1 you have insulted your guests4 ,what is the name of the man you have murdered because a woman dances like a goat8 ,what is his name8 ,the tetrarch1 astonished and over-awed1 replied with a bewildered look3 ,what authority to rebuke me1 because ,i took my brother's wife1 had ,john8 ,john who8 asked ,paulus1 who from the outset had been struck by the name4 ,he who was styled ,john the ,baptist1 said the tetrarch4 ,the words of another ,john rang in ,paulus's memory2 and he exclaimed3 ,what6 ,john the ,baptist8 ,john the ,baptist1 yea1 and more than a prophet--,john the ,angel of ,god6 ,is this he whom you have slain8 ,what had he to say to my marriage8 answered ,herod1 through whose purple face a livid under-color was penetrating to the surface4 ,why1 exclaimed ,paulus1 the holy books of your own nation forbade such a marriage1 and ,john could not hear of it without rebuking you4 ,i1 although a ,gentile1 honor those books4 ,out upon you1 impious assassin6 ,i ask not1 where was your mercy1 or where your justice2 but where has been your sense of common decency1 this evening8 ,i shall never cease to lament that ,i once stood under your roof4 ,my presence was meant as an honor to you2 but it has proved a disgrace to myself4 ,taking his scarlet cloak1 he flung it over his shoulders1 and left the hall amid profound silence--a silence which continued after he had quitted the courtyard1 and begun to descend from ,mount ,zion to the labyrinth of streets branching downward to the ,tyropon ,valley4 ,in one of these1 under a bright moonlight1 he met again that same beautiful youth whom he had seen in the morning when he was descending the ,mount of ,olives4 ,stay6 cried ,paulus1 suddenly stopping in his own rapid walk4 ,said you not1 this morning1 that he who was called ',john the ,baptist' was more than a prophet8 ,herod has this moment slain him1 to please a vile woman4 ,the tyrant has sent the holy prophet out of life4 ,nay2 into life1 replied the other ,john2 but1 brave and noble ,roman--for ,i see you are both--the ,master1 who knows all things1 and rejoices that ,john has begun to live1 grieves as well4 ,why grieves8 inquired ,paulus1 musing4 ,because1 replied the other ,john1 the ,master is verily man1 no less than ,he is ,who is4 ,what1 then1 is he8 asked ,paulus1 with a look of awe4 ,he is the ,christ1 whom ,john the ,prophet1 now a witness unto death1 had announced4 ,hereupon the two went their several ways1 ,paulus muttering3 ,the second name in the acrostic4 ,but1 really1 he had ceased to care for minor coincidences in a huge mass of convergent proofs all gaining possession of his soul1 and taking alike his will and his understanding captive--captive to the irresistible truth and the equally irresistible beauty of the message which had come4 ,the immortality of which he was an heir1 the reader has seen him long since believing2 and long since also rejecting both the pantheism of the philosophers and the polytheism of the vulgar4 ,and here was a great new doctrine authoritatively establishing all that the genius of ,dionysius had guessed1 and infinitely more2 truths awful and mysterious1 which offered immediate peace to that stupendous universe that is within a man1 while assuring him of power1 joy1 and honor to begin some day1 and nevermore to end4 ,he had not been in ,jerusalem long before he learnt much of the new teaching4 ,he had secured for his mother1 close to the ,fortress ,antonio1 where he himself lodged1 a small house belonging to a widow who1 since her husband's death1 had fallen into comparative poverty4 ,the ,lady ,aglais1 attended still by her old freedwoman1 ,melena1 was allowed the best and coolest part of this house entirely to herself1 with a staircase of their own leading to the flat roof4 ,there they passed much of their evenings after the sun had set1 looking at the thickly-built opposite hills1 the mansions on ,zion1 or down into the ,tyropon from which the hum of a great multitude came1 mellowed by the distance1 and disposing the mind to contemplation4 ,many wonderful things1 from time to time1 they heard of him who was now teaching--things some of which1 nay1 the greater part of which1 as one of the sacred writers expressly declares1 never were recorded1 and the whole of which could not be contained in the libraries of the world4 ,it may well1 then1 be imagined in what a situation ,paulus and his mother were--having no interest in disbelieving1 no chair of ,moses to abdicate1 no doctorial authority or pharisaic prestige inciting them to impugn the known truth--in what a situation they were1 for accepting or declining what was then offered4 ,after twenty years of separation1 a trace of ,esther had been recovered by ,paulus4 ,one evening1 his mother was on the flat roof of her residence awaiting his customary visit1 when her son appeared and alarmed her by his pallor4 ,he had seen ,esther on foot in a group of women at the ,gate of ,gennath1 going forth into the country1 as he was entering the city on horseback4 ,aglais smiled sadly1 saying3 ,alas6 dear son1 is that all8 ,i long since knew that she still lived2 but ,i would not disturb your mind by the useless intelligence4 ,scarcely altered1 murmured ,paulus abstractedly1 while ,i am quite old4 ,yes1 she must now be past thirty2 yes1 near thirty-five4 ,as to that1 said the mother1 you are thirty-eight1 and scarcely seem twenty-nine4 ,old ,rebecca1 the mistress of this house1 who lives still in the ground-story1 as you are aware1 has told me much about ,esther4 ,she is married1 ,i suppose1 said ,paulus1 with a look of anxiety4 ,no1 replied ,aglais4 ,she has had innumerable offers 7spite of her comparative poverty71 and has declined them all4 ,but what boots it8 exclaimed ,paulus4 ,old ,josiah ,maccabeus is dead1 said ,aglais4 ,and here mother and son dropped the subject by mutual consent4 ,the dreadful days1 closed by the most awful day the world has known--closed by the ever-memorable and tremendous ,friday--came and went4 ,on the ,saturday1 ,paulus met ,longinus1 who said he had been on ,mount ,calvary that afternoon1 and that he1 ,longinus1 was now and ever henceforth a disciple of him who had been crucified4 ,the ,sunday came1 and brought with it a prodigious rumor1 which1 instead of dying out1 found additional believers every day4 ,the disciples1 most of whom had shown themselves as timid as they were known to be ignorant1 now seemed transformed into new characters1 who loudly affirmed that their ,master had risen from the dead by his own power2 and they were ready to face every torment and all terrors calmly in the maintenance of this fact1 which they predicted would be received and acknowledged by the whole world4 ,and1 indeed1 it was no longer a rumor1 but a truth1 attested by the only witnesses who could by possibility know anything about it1 either for or against2 and whose earthly interests it would have been to deny it1 even while they knew it to be true--witnesses who1 if they knew it to be false--and they certainly knew whether it were true or false 7this much was granted1 and is still granted1 by all their opponents7--could have had no motive1 either earthly or unearthly1 for feigning that they believed it4 ,so pregnant is this simple reasoning1 that a man might ponder it and study it for a whole month1 and yet find fresh strength and an ever-increasing weight in the considerations which it suggests2 not even find a flaw if he made the one month twelve4 ,paulus's mind was determined1 and so was his mother's4 ,the son sought that same beautiful youth whom he had seen twice before2 told him the new desire1 the new belief1 which had made his mother's and his own heart glad2 and by him they were baptized as ,christians1 disciples of him that had been crucified--by that fair youth1 ,i say1 who was to be known for ever among men as ,saint ,john the ,evangelist4 ,after all1 mother1 said ,paulus1 when they were returning together to her dwelling1 it is not so very mysterious2 ,i mean that difficulty about the lowliness of our divine ,teacher's chosen place among men4 ,because1 see you1 if the builder of those glorious stars and that sublime firmament was to come at all amongst us1 he would be certain to take the lowest and smallest lot1 lest we should deem there was any difference as before him4 ,we are all low and small together--the earth itself1 ,i am told1 being but a sort of ,bethlehem among the stars2 but1 anyhow1 we are but mites and emmets on a blade of grass in his sight1 and had he taken a great relative place amidst us1 it might countenance the lie and the delusion of our silly pride4 ,that part of it is to me not so mysterious1 although ,i don't wonder at the ,jewish notion that their ,messiah was to have been a great conquering prince--that is probably what the ,antichrist will be4 ,it would suit the blindness of vanity better4 ,as he spoke the words1 they heard a quick footstep behind1 and were overtaken by ,longinus1 who1 saying he had just heard of their reception1 greeted them with every demonstration of rapturous affection4 ,now1 pursued he1 walking by their side1 good for evil to ,master ,paulus's family4 ,forgive the apparent intrusion1 dear general1 if ,i mention that ,i happen to know the story of your youthful love1 as all the world have witnessed your fidelity to an unavailing attachment4 ,but learn from poor ,longinus that ,esther ,maccabeus is now a disciple2 and the ,christian maiden can wed1 under a still holier law1 the brave ,gentile whom the ,jewess was bound to refuse4 ,with this he turned into an alley under the court of the ,gentiles1 and disappeared4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi4 ,one still and sultry evening1 the decline of a brooding day in spring1 two persons were sitting on the flat roof of a house in ,jerusalem4 ,they were the ,athenian ,lady ,aglais and her son1 the comparatively youthful ,roman ,general ,paulus--he who has so largely figured1 even from his gallant boyhood1 in the events and affairs we have been recording4 ,it was the #cjth of ,march1 and a ,wednesday--the first of all ,easter-,wednesdays--the first in that new and perpetual calendar by which1 throughout the fairest regions of earth1 among all enlightened nations and civilized races1 till the crash of doom1 time was for evermore to be measured4 ,a servant1 carrying a skin-cask slung over his shoulders1 was watering the flowers1 faint with thirst2 and these1 arranged in fanciful vases1 which made an artificial garden of the housetop1 shook their drooping heads under the fresh and grateful shower1 and seemed to answer it with smiles of a thousand blooms and rays4 ,as the man stole softly to and fro about the roof1 now approaching the lady and her son1 now receding1 he seemed1 in spite of the foreign language in which they spoke1 and in spite of the low and hushed tone they observed1 to follow1 with intense and breathless though stealthy excitement1 the tenor of their conversation2 while his figure1 in the last evening rays1 cast a long1 shifting shadow that streaked with black the yellow flood to its farthest limit1 climbed the parapet1 broke upon its grail-work of balusters1 and then was beheaded1 for it flung off its head out of sight into empty space1 leaving the calm bright air unblotted above the stone guard-wall4 ,an occurrence took place of which 7that ,wednesday evening7 ,paulus and his mother were witnesses--an occurrence in dumb show1 the significance of which they were destined1 only after several years1 to learn2 yet the incident was so singular1 so strange1 so impressive--it was such a picture in such a quarter--that when1 long subsequently1 the explanation came1 they seemed to be still actually assisting in person at the scene which1 while they beheld it1 they had no means of understanding4 ,we are going1 in one moment1 to relate that occurrence2 and we must here request the reader to grant us his full belief and his confidence when we remark that1 in comparison of his amusement1 his profit1 and that mental gallery of pictures to be his henceforth 7which we try to give to all who honor these pages with a perusal71 we feel the sincerest contempt for any mere display of scholarship or learning4 ,for this reason1 and this reason alone1 and certainly from no scantiness1 and still less from any lack of authorities1 we shall almost disencumber our narrative of references to the ancient writers and recondite documents 7such as the ,astronomic ,formula of ,philip ,aridus7 which establish as positive historical facts the more striking of the occurrences still to be mentioned4 ,in one instance the intelligent reader will discern that the most sacred of all evidence supports what we have to record4 ,but if we were to show with what nicety of precision much profane1 yet respectable and even venerable1 testimony accords with the passage here meant in the ,acts of the ,apostles1 and how abundantly such testimony corroborates and supplements the inspired account1 this book would cease to be what it aims at being1 and would become a historical treatise of the ,german criticism school4#c ,satisfied1 therefore1 with the footnotes below 7at which the reader will oblige us by just glancing1 and which are appended1 in perfect good faith and simple honesty1 as implying no more than we could make good71 we will avoid boring those who have a right to1 and who expect1 the conclusion of a straightforward story at our hands4#d ,paulus and his mother were conversing1 as has been described1 in ,greek1 while the serving-man1 despite his ignorance of that language1 had the air of half-following the drift of what they said1 and of catching the main purport of it with wonder and awe4 ,there was1 indeed1 at that moment1 only one topic in all ,jerusalem4 ,he who1 less than a week ago1 had been crucified1 and with the time of whose coming 7as much as with all the particulars of his life1 teaching1 works1 and death7 the old prophecies were found more and more startlingly1 circumstantially1 unmistakably1 the more they were studied1 questioned1 and canvassed1 to agree1 point by point1 down to what would seem even trivial details 7indicated as if merely to emphasize the incommunicable identity of the ,messiah7--he had himself stated1 distinctly and publicly1 that1 by his own power1 he would rise from the dead in three days2 that1 in three days after1 he should be lifted up and be made a spectacle for men and angels2 in three days after they should have destroyed it1 he would rebuild the holy temple of his body4 ,and now these rumors--these minute1 these positive accounts--had he1 then1 really reappeared1 according to his word and promise8 ,was it possible8 ,was it the fact8 ,many had1 on the previous ,friday night1 stated that1 of a verity1 they had seen their deceased parents and relatives4 ,again1 on the ,saturday1 many declared1 amid awe-stricken groups of listeners1 that the unknown land had sent them its visitants1 in various places1 under various aspects1 to startle the guilty city2 which1 after killing the ,king's messenger-servants1 had just killed the ,king's ,son1 who had come1 as had been a thousand times announced1 in the very fulness1 the exact maturity of days1 to deliver the final embassy to men4 ,on that ,wednesday evening1 there was1 in truth1 but one theme of conversation1 one subject of thought1 all through ,jerusalem1 and already far beyond ,jerusalem2 among poor and rich1 high and low1 natives and strangers1 the robbers of the ,syrian hills and ,arabian deserts1 the dwellers in the city1 the travellers on the roads and at the inns1 among ,sadducees1 ,pharisees1 ,romans1 ,greeks1 ,egyptians1 and barbarians4 ,no wonder1 then1 if the humble serving-man1 as he watered the flowers1 penetrated the drift of the mother's and the son's discussion4 ,for him and such as he was the message4 ,the poor ,syrian had once1 for a while1 rendered occasional out-door service to the family of ,lazarus2 and he had known ,lazarus in three states--had known him living1 dead1 again alive4 ,after days of death in that fierce climate1 where inanimate flesh putrefies fast1 he had beheld ,lazarus1 at the call of one upon whose lineaments he gazed1 at the time1 with unconscious adoration1 come forth1 not merely from death1 but from incipient decomposition1 back into balmy life--back to the vita serena4 ,now1 was he who1 in that instance1 had allowed it to be perceived and felt that he was really the ,lord of life1 whom death and rottenness were manifestly unable to disobey--was he himself1 as his disciples declared he was1 living again among them1 since the morning of the last ,sunday 7the feria prima71 according to his own public prediction and distinct promise8 ,was he not8 ,was he8 ,aglais and ,paulus had heard more than one circumstantial account of this1 his reappearance1 according to that1 his promise4 ,by this one and by the other he had been met4 ,they had gazed upon him1 spoken to him1 heard him in reply1 touched him1 in such a place1 on that bridge1 that road1 in such a garden4 ,he had walked conversing with them1 had sat with them at meat1 had broken bread with them1 as was his wont1 had then vanished4 ,where was his body1 over which the ,pharisees had set their guard of soldiers8 ,not in the grave4 ,no2 but where8 ,had the ,pharisees accounted for it8 ,could they tell what had become of it8 ,could the soldiers8 ,the disciples could1 and they did4 ,mother1 said ,paulus1 do you know what those soldiers say8 ,one of them once served in a legion which ,i commanded4 ,do you know what they say8 ,you mean1 replied ,aglais1 about their inability to hinder the abstraction4 ,what8 ,that an act to which they are the only witnesses could not be stopped by them1 because of it they were not witnesses1 being buried in sleep4 ,consistent1 said the ,greek lady4 ,yes2 but a much weightier fact is that expectation of the disciples1 to prevent the realization of which the ,pharisees set their guard4 ,what expectation8 ,and why weightier8 ,what can be weightier8 asked the general4 ,that their ,master would keep his word1 and fulfil his prediction of rising from the tomb on the third day4 ,if they saw him again alive within the promised time1 they and the people would worship him as ,god2 but1 if the ,pharisees could show the body on the third day1 or could even account for it1 that belief would die4 ,clearly1 answered ,paulus1 the disciples expected to see him again on and after the third day1 waiting for his word to be fulfilled4 ,now1 ,paulus1 pursued ,aglais1 suppose this expectation of theirs not fulfilled2 suppose that not one of those waiting for his word was conscious of any reason for believing it to have been realized-- ,paulus interrupted his mother4 ,there is only one possible way in which they could be induced to believe it realized--namely1 that he should be seen again alive4 ,quite so1 she resumed4 ,but suppose that he has not been seen2 suppose that not one of those who expected to see him again has thus seen him4 ,how would they then feel on this ,wednesday morning8 ,they would feel that the expectation which he had solemnly and publicly authorized them to depend upon was idle and vain2 they would not and could not by any possibility feel that they had1 in this great particular1 reason to consider his word to have been kept4 ,they would be discouraged to the very last degree4 ,they would1 of course1 hide themselves4 ,i would do so myself1 and ,i believe ,i am no coward4 ,in short1 they would feel no reason to hope in his protection1 or to expect that his other and still mightier promises concerning their own future eternal life would by him be realized4 ,they would not incur any inconvenience1 or brave any danger1 or take any trouble1 or risk any loss-- ,it was ,aglais's turn to interrupt4 ,now1 is this their attitude8 she inquired4 ,the reverse1 the opposite1 the contradictory of their attitude4 ,the lady continued in a low tone3 ,if1 expecting1 upon his own assurance1 that some among them should see him1 she asked1 not one of them had seen him1 would they1 at this moment1 have any motive for bringing upon themselves the tortures1 insults1 shame1 and death which he underwent1 and all this in order to induce others to believe apparitions and a resurrection which in their own hearts they did not themselves believe1 and for believing which they were1 moreover1 conscious that they possessed no ground1 no reason1 no pretext8 ,a sweet1 ringing1 vibrant voice at their side here said3 ,and in order by deliberate circumstantial lying1 of an awful and blasphemous kind1 to please the ,god of truth2 and to compensate themselves by his protection above1 in a future life1 for the present and immediate destruction which they are incurring among the ,pharisees and the men of power here below6 ,looking round1 they beheld ,esther of the ,maccabees4 ,never had she seemed to ,paulus so beautiful2 but there was a marked change2 for1 however intellectual had always been the translucent purity of that oval brow1 through which1 as through a lamp of alabaster1 shone the vivid mind within1 there was now the mysterious effluence of that ,essence increate who had come to abide in1 and had strangely transfigured the appearance of1 the faithful-souled ,hebrew maiden4 ,and when ,paulus1 after she had embraced his mother1 abstractedly took her hand1 his heart was lifted upward with a species of wonder2 and1 without adverting to it1 he was asking himself to what marvellous kingdom she had become heiress1 in what supernal court of everlasting joy and unassailable prerogatives was this beautiful creature destined to live1 loving and beloved1 adorning almost the glories which she reflected1 dispensed1 and multiplied1 as if from some holy1 mysterious1 and spiritual mirror4 ,o dear ,lady ,aglais6 and ,o legatus6 she said1 with a gesture amazing in its expressiveness and pathetic fervor 7she had brought the finger-tips of both hands together under the chin1 and then lowered them with the palms outward toward her hearers1 and so she stood in an attitude of the utmost grace and dignity combined1 like one appealing to the candor and good faith of others7--,o dear friends6 ,i was just now passing through my own garden on my way hither1 when1 under the fig-tree 7where he used to sit poring over the holy books of our people71 ,i beheld my dead father1 but standing1 and not in his old accustomed wicker-chair2 and he gazed upon me with large1 earnest eyes2 and as he stood1 his head almost touched the leaves of that hollow1 embowering fig-tree2 and he was pale1 so extremely pale as he was never during life2 and he called me3 ',esther1' he said1 and his voice sounded far away4 ,ah6 my ,god1 from what a huge distance it seemed to come6 ,and lo6 lady1 and thou1 legatus1 he said these words to me3 ',i have been in the vast1 dim house1 and have seen our ,father ,abraham2 and ,i have seen our great ,lawgiver1 and all our prophets1 excepting only two1 ,elias and ,enoch2 and ,i asked1 ,where were they8 ,and in all the dim1 vast house none answered me1 but the forefinger was pressed to the silent lips of those who there waited4 ,and1 suddenly1 there was the noise of innumerable armies coming swiftly from afar--but your ears are mortal and your eyes veiled1 and were ,i even permitted to tell you that which shook1 beyond this little world1 the large world and its eternal thrones1 your mind would not at present understand my words4 ,enough1 ,esther1 that ,i have been allowed to renew to you1 in my own behalf1 and that of others among our people who have been called before you to the vast1 dim1 silent city1 the exhortation which our ancestor ,judas ,maccabeus sent with offerings to the high-priest2 namely1 that you will pray for our spirits4 ,our innumerable company has just been thinned2 the glorious ,judas ,maccabeus1 our ancestor1 and that holy mother of the ,maccabees1 and almost all who were waiting with me in the dim1 vast kingdom of expectation1 have gone for ever2 and ,i1 and a few1 have been commanded to expect yet a little time2 until the incense of holy prayer shall have further gone up in the presence of the ,great ,white ,throne4' ,esther paused1 her eyes dilated1 and stood a moment with the hands again brought together2 and so perfect a figure of truthfulness1 and such an impersonation of sincerity1 she looked1 that the ,jewish servant1 who understood not a word of the tongue in which she addressed the ,greek lady and her son1 gazed at her2 his work suspended1 his cask held high in air1 with all the marks of one who heard and accepted some sacred and unquestionable revelation4 ,go on1 dear child1 said ,aglais4 ,what passed further8 ,i asked the pale image what this meant1 that he should term the condition in which he is waiting and has yet to wait a little time--that vast1 dim condition--'a house1' 'a city1' and 'a kingdom4' ',the dwellers1' he replied1 'are watched in that kingdom by silent protectors1 mighty and beautiful1 whose faces1 full of a severe1 sad love1 are the torches and the only light those dwellers ever see2 and the vast1 dim city has a sunless and a starless sky for its roof1 under which they wait2 and that sky is the ceiling which echoes the sighs of their pain2 and thus to them it has been a kingdom1 and a city1 and a house2 and1 until the ninth hour of last ,friday1 they were numerous as the nations of men6' ',and at the ninth hour of that day1 ,i asked1 ',o my father6 what occurred when so many departed1 and you and a small number were left still to wait8' ,and he gazed at me for an instant with a wan and wistful look2 then1 lo6 ,i saw nothing where he had been standing under the fig-tree4 ,but it was at the ninth hour of the last ,friday the ,master had expired by the side of the penitent who was that very day to be with him in paradise6 cried ,aglais4 ,at ,esther's arrival1 ,paulus and ,aglais had both risen from a kind of semicircular wicker settle which occupied one of the corners of the roof2 and they now1 all three1 when ,esther had finished her strange1 brief narrative1 leaned silent and musing against the parapet2 where1 under the shade of a clustering rhododendron1 they had a view westward 7drawn1 as people are who ponder1 toward whatever object is most luminous7 of the towers and palaces and pinnacles of the ,holy ,city1 then reddening in the sunset4 ,one word respecting the spot where the little group was thus collected1 and 7among modern1 and especially western1 nations7 concerning its peculiar scenic effects4 ,the roof was an irregular parallelogram1 protected on all sides by a low1 thick parapet1 at two opposite corners of which1 in the diagonals1 were two doors of masonry1 bolted with massive round bars of iron1 or left open2 thus excluding or admitting communication with the contiguous houses4 ,the writer1 many years ago1 saw such parapet doors on the house-tops of modern ,algiers2 nor was the arrangement unknown in the more famous ,eastern cities of antiquity1 where the roofs glowed with plants in vases4 ,when1 on some public occasion1 the passages were opened1 the richer inhabitants1 far above the noise1 dust1 squalor1 sultriness1 and comparative darkness of the narrow and noisome streets1 could stroll and lounge for miles1 in mid-air1 among flowers2 could cross even flying and embowered bridges 7of which a privileged number possessed the keys1 like those who have keys to the gardens of our squares72 and so ,dives1 unseen of ,lazarus1 but seeing far down all things little and supine1 could wander through parterres of bloom1 and perfumed alleys1 and shrubberies of enchantment1 with effects of sunlight sprinkled1 so to speak1 with coolness and with shadows1 soothed out of the noonday fierceness into tints various and tender2 unsoiled of the stains and pains that stained and pained the poor sordid world below2 until the hearts of those who thus promenaded amid circumstances of such delicious refinement and luxury1 bearing and hearing news1 and exchanging civilities1 were lifted up1 and became even like to the heart of ,nabuchodonosor the king4 ,sometimes the pecten-beaten dulcimer1 or the fingered lyre of six strings1 made long-forgotten airs of music beguile the declining day1 and linger for hours longer1 ravishing the night under the stars of the ,syrian sky4 ,such the scene4 ,but none of the roof-doors were open that ,wednesday evening4 ,something ailed the ,holy ,city4 ,out of the hushed heavens1 mysteries and a stern doom were brooding over ,jerusalem4 ,already the fermenting germ of those dreadful factions which were to tear to pieces1 with intestine rage1 the whole ,jewish body1 while the city was writhing in the vain death-struggle against ,titus1 a few years later1 had begun to make itself sensible to the observant4 ,a fierce hatred of the ,romans and an insane eagerness to re-establish the old ,jewish independence had taken possession of certain youthful fanatics2 and possessed indeed they seemed4 ,on the one side1 the ,roman officers of the garrison1 from ,pilate down1 had received anonymous warnings1 in the wildest style1 requiring them to withdraw from ,jerusalem within a given time1 or they should be all executed in the streets1 as opportunity might occur2 on the other1 the prefect of ,syria had been earnestly requested by ,pilate to strengthen the garrison2 while in the city itself the soldiers were strictly admonished to keep to their quarters1 to avoid late hours1 and to hold no intercourse when off duty with the inhabitants4 ,leaves of absence were stopped4 ,a few legionaries had been already murdered in the neighborhood of wine-shops1 in the small winding alleys1 and in places of evil repute1 and no efforts succeeded in identifying the perpetrators4 ,but these were only the feeble and evanescent symptoms1 destined to disappear and reappear1 of a political and social phase which was not to become the predominant situation until another situation should have exhausted its first fury4 ,this1 the first1 was to be the war of the ,synagogue against the disciples of the ,messiah1 whom those disciples went about declaring to have risen from the tomb1 according to his distinct promise2 whom they went about declaring to have been already seen1 and heard1 and touched by themselves1 again and again4 ,no wonder1 then1 if ,aglais and ,paulus and ,esther had discussed in hushed tones and in ,greek the wonders and various portents attendant upon the supreme and central fact--that ,resurrection of the ,master which absorbed their whole hearts and minds1 leaving no room for any other interest therein at this tremendous epoch--the grand turning-point of human destinies and of our whole planet's history4 ,from the parapet against which they were leaning1 they now gazed in silence upon the splendid scenes below and opposite4 ,across a maze of narrow streets they saw the mansions1 the pinnacles1 the towers1 and that great supernal ,temple of ,god1 all so soon to perish violently1 in a general1 a complete1 and an irreversible destruction4 ,they saw the play of light and shadow upon one long tree-lined side of ,herod's proud palace2 they saw the ripple of quivering leaves reflected upon the white colonnades 7and their tessellated1 shady floors7 of ,pilate's fatal house2 and1 while revolving thoughts and questions of unspeakable importance and solemnity1 they all three suddenly beheld an acted picture1 a passing scene1 voiceless to them1 yet impressive1 which blent itself into their recollection of other scenes1 never to be effaced from the memory of mankind1 which1 not a week before1 had been under those very colonnades enacted4 ,a woman in the attire of a ,roman matron came quickly forth upon the first-story balcony in the house of ,pontius ,pilate1 and1 leaning over the rail1 waved her hand with an imperative gesture to some one below4 ,she was followed into the balcony more slowly by a man wearing the grand costume of an ancient ,roman military governor1 who held in his hand a sealed and folded letter1 tied with the usual silk string4 ,the man was evidently ,pilate himself4 ,he looked long and gloomily at the letter1 and seemed to be plunged in thought4 ,he even let what he carried fall at his feet1 and did not appear to be aware of this for some moments4 ,it was the woman who picked up the letter1 and gave it back into his hand4 ,then ,pilate leaned over the balustrade1 in his turn1 and spoke to a man below in military costume1 who was mounted on a powerful horse1 and seemed to be equipped for travel4 ,the soldier saluted1 looking up1 when he was addressed1 and saluted again when his superior had ceased speaking2 whereupon ,pilate dropped the letter 7a large and heavy dispatch71 which the soldier caught and secured under his belt1 inside the tunic1 or sagum1 immediately afterward riding away at a canter4 ,our three friends saw ,pilate1 his head bent and his eyes on the ground1 slowly and ponderingly re-enter the house by a screen-door1 the same through which he had come out upon the balcony2 but the lady1 clasping her hands a little in front of her forehead1 gazed into the heavens with a face ashy pale1 and with eyes from which tears were streaming4 ,it is a well-known and for centuries universally received tradition1 besides being a fact recorded by one most respectable and trustworthy author 7who1 besides1 was not a ,christian1 but a ,jew7--a fact without which the allusions to it in various ancient authorities1 together with ,phlegon the ,chronologer's subsequent recital of ,tiberius's extraordinary conduct1 would be unintelligible and unaccountable--that ,pontius ,pilate1 harassed by the unappeasable reproaches of his wife1 and stung by something within his own bosom which allowed him peace no more1 until 7sleepless1 and unable again1 unable for ever1 to sleep7 he bequeathed1 some years afterward1 by an awful death1 whether intentional or not1 his name to a great ,alpine hill1 a hill not thenceforth named1 or to be named1 while time and mountains last1 by any name but ,pilate's among distant and then barbarous nations--it is well known1 ,i say1 that ,pilate sent to ,tiberius ,csar a long and minute relation concerning the life1 the death1 and the disappearance from the tomb of him whom he had scourged1 and whom the ,jews had crucified1 together with a notice of the supernatural wonders wrought by him2 his previous notorious announcement of his own intended resurrection2 the directly consequent and equally notorious precautions taken to hinder it2 the disappearance1 in spite of this1 of the body2 the testimony of the soldiers that they were witnesses to the abstraction1 which they were unable to stop1 because they alleged that they were not witnesses of it 7being buried in sleep72 that1 in fact1 their testimony proved nothing save the body's disappearance from the massively-sealed tomb 7which would have stood a small siege72 the failure of the ,synagogue to account for the body2 the account of it by the disciples2 and1 finally1 the admissions of the ,pharisees that all their prophets had become unexplainable if this was not their ,messiah1 yet that such a conclusion was to them impossible1 because he was to have been their king1 and a conquering king1 and to have founded an empire extending through all nations and tongues2 their stern and ever-growing disaffection to the ,roman rule2 the universal amazement1 excitement1 and anxiety arising from the circumstance that1 while neither the ,synagogue nor the soldiers could throw any light upon what had become of the body1 the disciples of him who had predicted his own resurrection explained the event openly and fearlessly by stating that they had again and again met him since the previous feria prima2 that they cared for no protection except his alone2 that the dead was once more among them--living1 and henceforth immortal--their ,master and ,god2 the ultimate ,judge of this world1 and the foretold ,founder of an everlasting kingdom6 ,pilate added several strange and astounding particulars4 ,this1 in a general way1 is known2 and it is likewise known that ,tiberius ,csar was so deeply impressed by the dispatch of the ,jerusalem governor1 arriving in his hands about the same moment1 as we shall find in the next chapter1 when a strange incident 7narrated by ,plutarch7 took place1 that he suddenly convened the senate in a formal indiction1 and proposed to them to raise a temple to ,christ1 and to rank him solemnly among the gods of the empire6 ,but not such nor of such acknowledgments was to be the kingdom of the jealous and the only ,god4 ,aglais1 ,paulus1 and ,esther had assisted at a memorable pantomime4 ,they had beheld the mounted soldier who rode with a memorable letter to the sea-coast2 they had seen the vain effort of him who had offered the people a choice between ,barabbas and the desired of nations1 to call the great of the earth into his perplexities1 to quiet his awakened conscience1 to turn aside from the dread warnings whispered to his soul1 to lull--by futile means--an all too late remorse4 ,,chapter ,,xxvii4 ,in our last chapter1 ,paulus and his ,athenian mother had obtained1 through ,esther's recital of her waking dream or vision1 one little glimpse at that prison1 that place of detention1 which she had termed 7as she herself had heard it termed7 the dim1 vast house1 the vast1 dim city1 and the dim1 vast kingdom4 ,the vague notion she could give of that scene of immurement cannot be expected to prove interesting to so large a number1 as ,mr4 ,pickwick has cause to feel an interest in his glimpses of the ,fleet ,prison1 once famous in ,london4 ,but such interest as the former house of detention commands is of a different kind1 and those who may experience it are a different class4 ,plato 7as a great critic observes7 has been translated from age to age into some dozen great modern languages1 in order that he might be read by about a score of persons in each generation4 ,but that score are the little fountains of the large rivers that bear to the sea the business of the world4 ,few are directly taught by ,kant1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,john ,stuart ,mill1 ,cousin1 or ,balmez2 but the millions are taught and think through those whom they have taught to think4 ,between the good and evil originators or conservators of ideas1 and the huge masses who do all their mental processes at third hand1 stand the interpreters2 and these listen with bent heads1 while they hold trumpets which are heard at the extremities of the earth4 ,paulus lingered in ,jerusalem4 ,weeks flew by4 ,spring passed into summer2 summer was passing into autumn2 and still1 from time to time1 as1 in the evenings1 mother and son sat among the flowers on the flat roof1 ,esther would join them4 ,one night1 she had hardly appeared1 when ,longinus the centurion followed her1 bearing a letter for ,paulus1 which1 he said1 had just arrived at ,fort ,antonio1 by the hands of an orderly1 from the governor4 ,the letter was from ,dionysius of ,athens1 now l'un des quarante1 a member of that great ,areopagus of which the ,french ,academy is partly a modern image2 and it was written immediately after his return from a tour in ,egypt1 and a cruise through the gean ,sea1 among the famous and beautiful ,greek ,islands1 to resume his duties as a teacher of philosophy and a professor of the higher literature at ,athens4 ,paulus1 after a word with his mother and ,esther1 desired ,longinus to favor them with his company4 ,sherbets and other refreshments were brought4 ,they all sat down on the semicircular wicker settle at the corner of the roof1 under the bower-like branches of the large rhododendron2 a small lamp was held for ,paulus by the ,jewish serving-man1 and ,paulus read the letter aloud to that sympathetic group4 ,extracts we will give1 in the substance1 concerning two occurrences4 ,the first1 as the reader sees1 the listening circle learned from ,dionysius2 but we have it in reality from ,plutarch1 upon whose narrative ,eusebius and many other weighty authorities and grave historians have commented4 ,the captain and owner 7for he was both7 of the vessel in which ,dion sailed back from ,egypt to ,athens was an ,egyptian of the name of ,thramnus 7some call him ,thamus74 ,he said that a very weird thing had happened to him in his immediately previous trip1 which had been from ,greece to ,italy4 ,dion was at the time at ,heliopolis1 in ,egypt1 with his friend1 the celebrated philosopher ,apollophanes1 who1 though 7like ,dion himself7 only between twenty and thirty1 had already 7in this also resembling ,dion7 obtained an almost world-wide fame for eloquence1 astronomical science1 and general learning4 ,when ,thramnus had neared the ,echinades ,islands1 the wind fell1 a sudden calm came1 and they had to drop anchor near ,paxos4 ,the night was sultry2 every one was on deck4 ,suddenly1 from the lonely shore1 a loud1 strange voice hailed the captain3 ,thramnus6 it cried4 ,none answered4 ,again1 louder than human1 came the cry1 ,thramnus6 ,still none answered4 ,for the third time1 ,thramnus6 was thundered from the lonely coast4 ,then ,thramnus himself called out3 ,who hails8 ,what is it8 ,shrill and far louder than before was the voice in reply3 ,when you reach the ,lagoon of ,palus1 announce then that the ,great ,pan is dead4 ,thereupon1 everything became silent1 save the sluggish wash of the waves under the vessel's side4 ,a sort of council was at once held on board2 and first they took a note of the exact date and the hour4 ,they found that it was exactly the ninth hour of the sixth jeria1 or day1 in the month of ,march1 in the fourth year 7according with ,phlegon's corrected and checked astronomical chronology7 of the two hundred and second ,olympiad3 in other words1 this1 being translated into modern reckoning1 means1 six in the afternoon of ,friday1 the #beth of ,march1 in the thirty-third year of our ,lord4 ,dion breaks off in his letter here to remark3 ,you will learn presently what happened to me and to ,apollophanes1 and to the whole renowned city of ,heliopolis1 at the same hour exactly of that same day2 and it is the coincidence between the two occurrences which has fixed them so deeply in my mind4 ,well2 he proceeds to say that ,thramnus1 having asked his passengers1 who happened to be unusually numerous1 whether they considered he ought to obey this mysterious mandate1 and having suggested himself that1 if1 on their reaching ,palus1 or ,pelodes1 the wind held fair1 they should not lose time by stopping1 but if the wind were there to fail1 and they were forced to halt at that place1 then it might be no harm to pay attention to the injunction1 and see what came of it1 they were all unanimously of his opinion4 ,thereupon1 as though by some design1 in the midst of a calm the breeze sprang up freshly again1 and they proceeded on their way4 ,when they came to the indicated spot1 all were again on deck1 unable to forget the strange incident at ,paxos2 and1 on a sudden1 the wind fell1 and they were becalmed4 ,thramnus1 accordingly1 after a pause1 leaned over the ship's side1 and1 as loudly as he could1 shouted that the great ,pan was dead4 ,no sooner had the words been pronounced than all round the vessel were heard a world of sighs issuing from the deep and in the air1 with groans1 and moanings1 and long1 wild1 bitter wailings innumerable1 as though from vast unseen multitudes and a host of creatures plunged in dismay and despair4 ,those on board were stricken with amazement and terror4 ,when they arrived in ,rome1 and were recounting the adventures of their voyage1 this wild story sent its rumor far and near1 and made such an impression that it reached the ears of ,tiberius ,csar1 who was then in the capital4 ,he sent for ,thramnus and several of the passengers1 as ,plutarch records for us1 particularly one1 ,epitherses1 who afterward1 at ,athens1 with his son milianus1 and the traveller ,philip1 used often to tell the story till his death4 ,tiberius1 after ascertaining the facts1 summoned all the learned men who chanced then to be in ,rome1 and requested their opinion4 ,their opinion1 which is extant1 matters little4 ,the holy fathers who have investigated this occurrence are divided in their views4 ,it must be remembered that ,plutarch relates another truly wonderful fact universal in its range1 as being notoriously simultaneous with the singular local adventure above described--the sudden silence of ,delphi1 and all the other famous pagan oracles1 from the #hth day before the ,kalends of ,april1 in the #bjb;d ,olympiad1 at six ,p4,m4 ,at that hour1 on that day 7,march #be1 ,friday1 ,anno ,domini #cc71 those oracles were stricken dumb1 and nevermore returned answers to their votaries4 ,coupling these phenomena together1 in presence of a thousand other portents1 the holy fathers think1 one party of them1 that the enemy of man and of ,god1 and that enemy's legions1 were grieving and wailing1 at the hour which ,plutarch specifies 7the time of evening1 and on the very day1 when our ,lord died71 at the redemption just then consummated2 others1 that the ,almighty permitted nature to sigh through all her works1 in sympathy with the voluntary sufferings of her expiring ,lord4 ,now1 hearken1 proceeded ,dion in his letter1 to how ,i was occupied1 hundreds of miles away1 in ,heliopolis1 at the time1 the very hour of the very day1 when so wild and weird a response came from the powers of the air and the recesses of the deep to those who shouted forth1 amid a calm on the silent breast of the gean ,sea1 that the great ,pan 7'the great ,all1' 'the universal ,lord1' as you1 my friends1 are aware it means in ,greek7 had died6 ,i had gone out1 shortly before the sixth hour on this sixth day1 to take a stroll in the tree-shaded suburbs of ,heliopolis1 with my friend ,apollophanes4 ,suddenly1 the sun1 in a horrible manner1 withdrew its light so effectually that we saw the stars4 ,it was the time of the ,hebrew ,pasch1 and the season of the month when the moon is at the full1 and the period of an eclipse1 or of the moon's apparent conjunction with the sun1 was well known not to be then2 independently of which1 two unexampled and unnatural portents1 contrary to the laws of the heavenly bodies1 occurred3 first1 the moon entered the sun's disc from the east2 secondly1 when she had covered the disc and touched the opposite diameter1 instead of passing onward1 she receded1 and resumed her former position in the sky4 ,all the astronomers will tell you that these two facts1 and also the time of the eclipse itself1 are equally in positive deviation from the otherwise everlasting laws of the sidereal or planetary movements4 ,i felt that either this universal frame was perishing or the ,lord and ,pilot of nature was himself suffering2 and ,i turned to ,apollophanes1 and1 ',o light of philosophy1 glass of science6' ,i said1 'explain to me what this means4' ,before answering me1 he required that we should together apply the astronomical rule1 or formula1 of ,philip ,aridus2 after doing which with the utmost care1 he said3 ',these changes are supernatural2 there is some stupendous revolution or catastrophe occurring in divine affairs1 affecting the whole of the ,supreme ,being's creation4' ,you may be sure1 my friends1 that we both took a careful note of the hour1 the day1 the week1 month1 year2 and ,i intend to inquire everywhere whether in other lands any similar phenomena have appeared2 and what overwhelming1 unexampled event can have taken place on this little planet of ours to bring the heavens themselves into confusion1 and coerce all the powers of nature into so awful a manifestation of sympathy or of horror4 ,he ended by conveying to ,aglais and ,paulus the loving remembrance of the ,lady ,damarais4 ,aglais and her son and ,esther were spell-bound with amazement when this letter had been read2 and ,paulus exclaimed3 ,what will ,dion say when he hears that we also saw this very darkness at the same moment2 that the veil of the ,temple here has been rent in twain2 and that he who expired amid these and so many other portents1 ,esther1 and in the full culmination of the prophecies1 is again living1 speaking1 acting1 the ,conqueror of death1 as he was the ,lord of life8 ,let us go to ,athens2 let us bring our friends1 the ,lady ,damarais and our dear ,dion1 to learn and understand what we have ourselves been mercifully taught4 ,so spoke ,aglais1 offering at the same time to ,esther a mother's protection and love along the journey4 ,paulus was silent1 but gazed pleadingly at ,esther4 ,it was agreed4 ,but in the political dangers of that reign1 ,paulus1 owing to his fame itself1 had to take so many precautions that much time was unavoidably lost4 ,meanwhile1 he had again asked the ,jewish maiden to become his wife4 ,need we say that this time his suit was successful8 ,paulus and ,esther were married4 ,christianity in the interim grew from month to month and from year to year1 and our wanderers had but just arrived at last in ,athens in time to hear1 near the statue of the unknown ,god1 while ,damarais1 the friend of ,aglais1 and ,dion1 the friend of them all1 stood near1 a majestic stranger1 a ,roman citizen1 him who had sat at the feet of ,gamaliel1 the glorious ,apostle of the ,gentiles1 who had been faithful to the heavenly ,vision1 though he had not seen the ,resurrection1 explain to the ,athenians him whom they had ignorantly worshipped4 ,and when the sublime messenger of glad tidings related the circumstances of the ,passion1 the scenes which had been enacted in ,pilate's house 7so well remembered by them71 the next day's dread event1 and when he touched upon the preternatural accompaniments of that final catastrophe1 and described the darkness which had overspread the earth from the sixth hour of that day1 ,dionysius1 turning pale1 drew out the tablets which he carried habitually1 examined the date of which1 at ,heliopolis1 he and ,apollophanes had jointly made note1 and showed symptoms of an emotion such as he had never before experienced4 ,he and ,damarais1 as is well known1 were among the converts of ,saint ,paul on that great occasion4 ,how our other characters felt we need not describe4 ,yielding to the entreaties of their beloved ,dionysius1 they actually loitered in ,greece for a few years1 during which ,christianity had outstripped them and penetrated to ,rome1 where it was soon welcomed with fire and sword1 and where the blood of martyrs became the seed of ,christians4 ,esther shuddered as she heard names dear to her in the murmured accounts of dreadful torments4 ,resuming their westward course1 how ,paulus rejoiced that he had in time sold everything in ,italy1 and was armed with opulence in the midst of new and strange trials6 ,they gave ,italy a wide offing1 and passing round by the south of ,germany1 with an armed escort which ,thellus 7who had also become a ,christian1 and had1 while they were in ,greece1 sent for ,prudentia7 commanded1 they never ceased their travels till they reached the banks of the ,seine2 and there1 undiscernible to the vision of ,roman tyranny in the distance1 they obtained1 by means of the treasures they had brought1 hundreds of stout ,gaulish hands to do their bidding1 and soon founded a peaceful home amid a happy colony4 ,hence they sent letters to ,agatha and ,paterculus4 ,two arrivals from the realms of civilization waked into excitement the peaceful tenor of their days4 ,paulus himself1 hearing of the death of ,paterculus1 ventured quickly back to ,italy1 in the horrible1 short reign of ,caligula1 and fetched his sister ,agatha1 now a widow1 to live with them4 ,later still1 they were surprised to behold arrive among them one whom they had often mourned as lost to them for ever4 ,it was ,dionysius4 ,he came to found ,christianity in ,gaul1 and settled1 amidst the friends of his youth1 on the banks of the ,seine4 ,often they reverted1 with a clear light1 to the favorite themes of their boyhood2 and often the principal personages who throughout this story have1 we hope1 interested the reader1 gathered around that same ,dionysius 7who is1 indeed1 the ,st4 ,denis of ,france71 and listened1 near the place where ,notre ,dame now towers1 to the first ,bishop of ,paris1 correcting the theories which he had propounded to the ,areopagus of ,athens as the last of the great ,greek philosophers4#e ,one other arrival greeted1 indeed1 the expatriated but happy settlement4 ,longinus found his way among them2 and as the proud ideas of a social system upon which they had turned their back no longer tyrannized over ,aglais or ,paulus1 the brave man1 biding his time and watching opportunities1 found no insurmountable obstacles in obtaining a fair reward for twenty years and more of patient and unalterable love4 ,he and ,agatha were married4 ,,the ,,end4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,if any one should feel astonished at our insisting not only upon the exact day1 but the very hour1 when certain things occurred1 let him or her remember that the calculation of eclipses1 passing backward from one to another 7as though ascending the steps of a staircase71 reaches and fixes the date--yes1 the precise minute of day--when incidents took place between which and us the broad haze of twice a thousand years is interposed4 #d ,for the rest1 in support of the matters we have too briefly to recount1 we could burden these pages with voluminous1 and some of them most interesting and beautiful1 extracts from both heathen and ,christian works of classic fame and standard authority2 with passages of direct and indirect evidence from ,josephus1 ,phlegon1 ,plutarch1 ,saint ,dionysius 7our own true hero1 the ,areopagite of ,greece1 the ,st4 ,denis of ,france7 ad ,apollophanem1 epis4 xi41 and ad ,polycarpum ,antistidem1 vii42 ,tertullian 7,cont4 ,jud41 c4 #h72 ,st4 ,augustine 7,civ4 ,dei1 lib4 #ad72 ,st4 ,chrysostom 7,hom4 de ,joanne ,baptista72 the ,bollandists1 ,baronius1 ,eusebius1 ,tillemont1 ,huet1 and a host of others4444 ,but our statements will not need such detailed stabilitation1 because the facts1 being notorious among scholars1 will be impugned by no really educated man or thoroughly competent critic4 #e ,the ,roman ,breviary thus speaks of ,st4 ,dionysius3 ,dionysius of ,athens1 one of the judges of the ,areopagus1 was versed in every kind of learning4 ,it is said that1 while yet in the errors of paganism1 having noticed on the day on which ,christ the ,lord was crucified that the sun was eclipsed out of the regular course1 he exclaimed3 ',either the ,god of nature is suffering1 or the universe is on the point of dissolution4' ,when afterward the ,apostle ,paul came to ,athens1 and1 being led to the ,areopagus1 explained the doctrine which he preached1 teaching that ,christ the ,lord had risen1 and that the dead would all return to life1 ,dionysius believed with many others4 ,he was then baptized by the apostle and placed over the church in ,athens4 ,he afterward came to ,rome1 whence he was sent to ,gaul by ,pope ,clement to preach the ,gospel4 ,rusticus1 a priest1 and ,eleutherius1 a deacon1 followed him to ,paris4 ,here he was scourged1 together with his companions1 by the ,prefect ,fescennius1 because he had converted many to ,christianity2 and1 as he continued with the greatest constancy to preach the faith1 he was afterward stretched upon a gridiron over a fire1 and tortured in many other ways2 as were likewise his companions4 ,after bearing all these sufferings courageously and gladly1 on the ninth of ,october1 ,dionysius1 now more than a hundred years of age1 together with the others1 was beheaded4 ,there is a tradition that he took up his head after it had been cut off1 and walked with it in his hands a distance of two ,roman miles4 ,he wrote admirable and most beautiful books on the divine names1 on the heavenly and ecclesiastical hierarchy1 on mystical theology2 and a number of others4 ,the ,abb ,darras has published a work on the question of the identity of ,dionysius of ,athens with ,dionysius1 first ,bishop of ,paris1 sustaining1 with great strength and cogency of argument1 the affirmative side4 ,the authenticity of the works which pass under his name1 although denied by nearly all modern critics1 has been defended by ,mgr4 ,darboy1 ,archbishop of ,paris4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,europe',s ,,future4 ,,from ,,the ,,german4 ,to be able to form a correct judgment regarding the future of ,europe1 there are several points and theories which must be previously considered4 ,first on the list comes-- ,i4 ,,the ,,race ,,theory4 ,the key to the success of the ,prussian arms in the contest with ,france is found in the decadence of the ,latin and the virility of the ,german race4 ,the ,latin peoples are corrupt2 their star is waning2 their moral vigor is gone2 while the ,german nations are still young and fresh4 ,german culture1 ,german ideas1 ,german muscle and energy1 are taking the place of the decrepit ,french civilization4 ,the ,german victories are but the outward expression of this historical process4 ,we are on the threshold of a new epoch in the history of civilization--of a new period which we can appropriately call the ,german era4 ,such is the theory which now possesses the ,german mind1 and is expressed in the newspapers1 pamphlets1 on the railroads1 and in the inns all through ,germany1 with great national self-complacency4 ,even many ,sclavonians and ,italians adopt this view4 ,the conquest of the ,latin by the ,germanic races2 the downfall of the former2 the world-wide sovereignty of the latter--these are high-sounding phrases which have a dramatic effect and are popular in ,germany4 ,but do they express a truth8 ,are they philosophically and historically correct in view of the actual condition of political and social life8 ,in the first place1 what and where are the ,latin races about which we have been hearing so much during the past ten years8 ,the southern inhabitants of the ,italian peninsula can lay no claim to ,latin origin2 for it is well known that they were anciently ,greek colonies1 which have since intermarried with ,romans1 ,spaniards1 and ,normans4 ,the ,lombards of the north of ,italy are mostly of ,celtic and not of ,latin origin1 since they inhabit the ancient ,gallia ,cisalpina4 ,the old ,iberians of ,spain were not ,latins2 and they are now mixed with ,gothic1 ,moorish1 ,celtic1 and ,basque blood4 ,as for ,france1 its very name imports that the ,latins gave a very small contingent towards forming a nation which is certainly of ,celtic and ,german origin1 and many of whose provinces are purely of ,german race1 as ,alsace and ,lorraine4 ,where1 then1 shall we find the ,latin races8 ,there are none properly so-called4 ,looking at the origin of languages1 we may1 indeed1 speak of ,latin1 or1 rather1 of ,roman nations4 ,in this regard1 we may class the ,italians1 ,spaniards1 ,portuguese1 and ,french together1 on account of the ,roman element prevailing in their tongues1 in opposition to the ,scalavonic-,german1 the ,celtic-,anglo-,saxon-,danish-,norman forming the world-wide ,english1 the ,scandinavian1 and the pure ,sclavonic families4 ,does this theory mean that nations of the same tongue should all be politically and socially united1 flourish for a period1 and then perish together8 ,understood in this way1 the race theory would have few defenders4 ,it may be true that nations1 like individuals1 must live a definite period--rise1 flourish1 and decay4 ,it is true1 historically1 that every nation has an era of prosperity and an era of decadence4 ,but when we come to the question of universal sovereignty1 we may ask1 ,when did the ,roman nations ever exercise it8 ,each of them has had its golden age of literature1 art1 science1 and material prosperity2 but none of them has had1 for any length of time1 the sovereignty of ,europe4 ,not ,italy1 for instance1 unless we go back to the days of old ,rome1 and then we have not an ,italian but a specifically ,roman supremacy4 ,not ,spain1 for although she exercised great power beyond the ocean1 and for a time possessed a preponderating influence in ,europe1 from the reign of ,charles ,v4 to the first successor of ,philip ,,ii41 yet who could call the accidental union of so many crowns on the head of a ,hapsburg prince a universal sovereignty for ,spain8 ,lastly1 ,france had her age of glory during the reign of ,louis ,,xiv41 whose influence1 or that of the ,napoleonic era1 cannot be denied4 ,yet what gaps separate the reign of the great ,king from that of the great ,emperor6 ,great as was ,france under ,louis ,,xiv4 and ,bonaparte1 she fell to the second rank of nations during the ,restoration and under the ,july dynasty4 ,as leader in the ,revolutionary movement1 she has always controlled ,europe1 even in her periods of political weakness1 from the days of the encyclopdists to the present time4 ,even ,germany acknowledges the sway of ,french literature1 politeness1 and taste4 ,victorious ,berlin copies the fashions and manners of conquered ,france1 as ancient ,rome1 after conquering ,athens1 became the slave of ,athenian civilization4 ,germany1 too1 must have already passed the period of her maturity1 according to the race theory2 for1 under the ,saxon ,othos1 under the ,hohenstaufens1 and ,charles ,v41 until the ,thirty ,years' ,war broke the strength of the empire1 she was superior even to ,france4 ,does not ,german genius in its peculiar walks rule the world now8 ,german science1 ,german music8 ,does not ,england1 usually considered as belonging to the ,german race1 rule the commerce of the world8 ,and was not her political influence on the ,continent until recently all-powerful8 ,no6 political sovereignty can be explained by no race theory4 ,from the fall of the first ,napoleon until #ahdh1 ,england with the powers of the ,holy ,alliance1 or rather with ,austria and ,russia1 held the first place in ,european politics4 ,from the beginning of #ahdh until the ,crimean war1 ,england and ,russia were in the foreground2 after that war it was ,france and ,england2 now it is ,prussia4 ,these are but examples of the political fluctuations which follow each other in continual change1 and are seldom of long duration4 ,and do not the champions of the ,german race theory see that there is a laughing heir behind them in the ,sclavonic supremacy8 ,once admitting the race theory1 we must confess that the ,panslavist argues well when he says3 ,the ,roman nations are dead2 the ,german are on the point of dying4 ,they once conquered the world2 their present effort is the last flicker of the expiring light which points out the road to us4 ,after them comes our race1 with fresh vigor on the world's scene4 ,europe's future is ,panslavism4 ,the whole theory is radically false4 ,there are no more primitive races to take the place of the old ones4 ,the ,germans are as old as the ,romans2 or1 rather1 the ,romans were simply ,germans civilized before their brethren4 ,russia alone is young in ,europe1 but she has nothing new to give us2 and physical force1 without a new social or moral system accompanying it to establish a conquest1 never prevails long4 ,we cannot1 therefore1 judge of ,europe's future by this theory of races4 ,the power of regeneration must be sought for elsewhere4 ,,ii4 ,,liberalism4 ,one would have thought that the sanguinary war of #ahgj should have dispelled the illusions of liberalism for ever4 ,by liberalism1 we mean that party which believes in the principles of #aghi1 whose ideal is to have the middle classes1 or bourgeoisie1 the ruling power1 to have society equally divided1 to have an atheistical state1 and to obtain eternal peace through unlimited material progress1 which would identify the interests of nations4 ,liberalism1 rationalism1 and materialism are different names for the same system4 ,a state without ,god1 sovereignty of capital1 dissolution of society into individuals1 united by no other bond than the force of a liberal parliament majority under the control of wealth2 material prosperity of the middle classes1 founded on gain and pleasure1 with the removal of all historical traditions1 all ecclesiastical precepts--such is the dream of this shopkeepers' system4 ,has not the present war dispelled the dream of happiness arising from mere material prosperity8 ,we doubt it4 ,notwithstanding the many hard lessons which the liberal school has received since the days of ,mirabeau and the ,girondins1 from the lawyers of the ,july dynasty to ,ollivier1 it never seems to grow wiser4 ,it is superficial1 never looks into the essence of things4 ,it is in vain to charge the present misfortunes of two great nations on the illiberalism of ,napoleon and ,bismarck1 and thus exalt the merits of liberalism2 for liberalism or mere material prosperity was at the bottom of all their plans4 ,from #aghi to #ahgj1 ,france1 with few exceptions1 was governed by liberalism2 and the revolutions begat the natural consequences of this system in anarchy and military despotism4 ,france during this period has made the most wonderful material progress4 ,we read lately in a liberal journal that the only remedy for the rejuvenation of states was the inviolability of the individual1 and respect for the popular will4 ,always the same emptiness of phraseology with these impracticable dabblers in philosophy4 ,what will you do if the infallible popular will refuses to recognize the inviolability of individuals8 ,cannot these gentlemen see that their system merely opens the door for socialism8 ,they take away religion1 and teach the epicurean theory of enjoyment2 they destroy constitutional forms of government1 and base authority on the ever-shifting popular whim4 ,socialism comes after them1 and says1 ,you say there is no ,god1 and ,i must have pleasure4 ,i have counted myself1 and find that ,i am the majority2 therefore1 ,i make a law against capital and property4 ,you must be satisfied1 for you are my teacher1 and ,i merely follow out your principles to their logical consequences4 ,,iii4 ,,socialism4 ,a new era is dawning4 ,not a mere political period1 but a complete social change1 for the actual order of things is disorder1 a compound of injustice and abuses4 ,we must have fraternity and equality4 ,away with the nobles2 away with the wealthy classes2 away with property2 all things must be in common4 ,the happiness of ,europe will never be realized until socialism reigns supreme4 ,such is the socialistic theory4 ,but does not every one see that its realization is impossible1 and brings us back to barbarism8 ,the right of property is essential to society4 ,it is contrary to nature to expect that mankind will give up this right to please a whim of drones--a system according to which the lazy and indolent would have as much right to property as the industrious and hard-working4 ,if all is to be common property1 who will work1 who will strive to acquire1 whose ambition will be aroused1 whose interest excited for the attainment of something in which he will have no right or title8 ,and in fact1 both liberals and socialists use words which they do not mean2 they are far more despotic when they get power than those whom they are continually attacking4 ,at the ,berne ,congress of #ahfh1 a socialist orator said3 ,we cannot admit that each man shall choose his own faith2 man has not the right to choose error2 liberty of conscience is our weapon1 but not one of our principles6 ,by error he meant ,christianity4 ,in fact1 ultra-radicalism is simply ultra-despotism4 ,men blamed the despotism of ,napoleon ,,iii42 but look at the despotism of ,gambetta1 and remember the despotism of ,robespierre and the ,reign of ,terror4 ,destroy religion1 and you have nothing left but egotism4 ,man becomes to his brother-man either a wolf or a fox4 ,socialism may indeed have its day in ,europe's future4 ,the logic of liberalism leads to it2 but it will be a fearful day of disorder and revolution2 a sad day for the wealthier classes2 but still only a day4 ,earthquakes are possible1 and sometimes they engulf cities2 but they pass away1 and quiet returns4 ,new vegetation springs up on the ruins4 ,if socialism ever gains ,europe1 it will vanish in virtue of the reductio ad absurdum2 therefore its mastery can never be permanent4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,international ,,policy ,,of ,,european ,,states ,,since #aghi4 ,since neither the race theory1 nor liberalism1 nor socialism1 can enable us to solve the problem of ,europe's future1 let us pass to other considerations1 glance rapidly over the past1 study the present external and internal condition of the continent1 in order to be able to form a judgment on the subject which we are discussing4 ,the ,french ,revolution of #aghi had its effects all over ,europe4 ,in ,france since that date1 liberalism1 anarchy1 and ,byzantinism have held alternate sway4 ,the ,bonaparte invasions carried through the rest of ,europe the liberal principle of secularization with the ,code ,napolon4 ,the writings of the philosophers and encyclopdists1 and ,josephism1 had prepared the way4 ,the reaction of #ahae was based on ,masonic theories of philanthropism and religious indifferentism4 ,the ,emperor ,alexander and the ,holy ,alliance were infected with these views4 ,the revolutionary movement in ,germany1 ,italy1 and ,spain has since been simply against office-holders and the police4 ,the influence of religion has been ignored4 ,palmerston was the coryphus of the liberals1 and during his time ,english diplomacy played into the hands of all the irreligious and revolutionary elements in ,europe4 ,this unprincipled system was finally represented by ,napoleon ,,iii41 in whose diplomacy the theory of non-intervention1 of nationalities1 of sovereignty of the people1 were put forward as the types of the perfection of modern society4 ,in point of fact1 they are mere words used as a cloak to cover up ,macchiavellism4 ,the balance of power theory1 of purely material import1 ruled in #ahae1 but it soon gave way before the influences of the liberal doctrines of humanitarianism and the race system4 ,religious convictions and ,christian institutions were ignored in politics1 and a system of police substituted in their place4 ,greece received its king in consequence of this system which has prevailed in the external relations of ,europe since #ahcj4 ,in #ahdh1 the revolutions and insurrections in ,europe were merely premature appearances of the socialistic element in liberalism4 ,napoleon ,,iii41 by his ,macchiavellian policy1 which ,guizot has happily termed moderation in evil-doing1 coerced them4 ,he gave all the sanction of ,french power to the principles of the liberal school which he was supposed to represent4 ,on the principle of non-intervention1 he prevented the interference of ,austria and ,spain in favor of the ,holy ,see4 ,he protected the seizure of ,naples and ,sicily2 approved the invasion of the ,papal ,states1 and substituted1 in the place of dynastic right and popular right1 the colossal delusion of the plbiscite4 ,on the nationality theory1 he allowed ,austrian power to be destroyed1 and founded1 in opposition to all ,french interests1 ,italian and ,german unity4 ,although very defective since it ignored the full claims of religion1 still there was a fixed public law in ,europe from #ahae to #ahei4 ,respect for the minor powers2 the sentiment of the solidarity of thrones against the efforts of ,carbonarism and the cosmopolitan revolutionary party2 and regard for treaties1 characterize that period4 ,the traditions of the people were respected2 and treaties repressed avarice or ambition2 and there was real peace in ,europe--the peace of order1 according to the beautiful expression of ,st4 ,augustine4 ,it is true1 far-seeing minds saw the threatening cloud on the horizon of the future1 and knew that the system of #ahae did not rest on the right foundations4 ,still1 even mere external forms are a protection4 ,but since #ahei law or treaties no longer seem to bind4 ,there seems to be nothing fixed in the public law of ,europe4 ,all is whim2 might instead of right1 sentiment instead of principle4 ,powers can no longer unite1 for they cannot trust each other4 ,instead of all being united to protect the individual state1 now all are hostile to each other4 ,italy insists on unification in spite of law and right1 and to gain her purpose depends to-day on ,prussia2 yesterday1 it was on ,france4 ,she hates ,austria1 and ,austria acts as if she did not perceive the hatred1 and will not interfere lest she might offend the liberals4 ,vienna is in dread of ,berlin and ,st4 ,petersburg2 ,st4 ,petersburg is in dread of ,berlin4 ,england looks jealously at ,russia1 who1 meanwhile1 is arming in grim silence1 and with occasional manifestations of her old predilections4 ,france counts now for nothing4 ,prussia1 which fifteen years ago was allowed merely by the favor of ,austria to sit in the congress of the great powers1 is now the only great military power in ,europe4 ,we say military1 for it is not the real1 the hidden power4 ,as in the ,greek mythology grim1 inexorable fate ruled above all the gods1 so the head lodge of the secret societies makes of the ,prussian leaders its blind tools2 ,italy obeys it2 ,napoleon was its slave2 ,austria1 its sacrifice2 and now ,prussia also must bend the knee4 ,such is ,europe ten years after the ,franco-,austrian war3 the ,europe of ,metternich1 ,nesselrode1 and ,wellington4 ,v4 ,,the ,,internal ,,policy ,,of ,,the ,,european ,,states ,,since #aghi4 ,the revolution has changed the internal policy of states as well as their external relations4 ,forty years ago1 ,donoso ,cortes remarked that ,england was endeavoring to introduce its constitution into the ,continent2 and that the ,continent would try to introduce its different governmental systems into ,england4 ,we are now witnesses of the truth of this observation4 ,democratic ideas are gaining ground in ,great ,britain2 and bureaucracy1 with its centralizing tendencies1 is replacing the ,english theory of self-government4 ,military conscriptions1 along with universal suffrage1 will come next4 ,owing to the extension of the franchise1 the ,house of ,commons is losing its aristocratic character1 and the ,house of ,lords its influence4 ,england will go the way of ,france4 ,we see what the liberal system begotten of the revolution has caused in ,france4 ,an enervated1 un-self-reliant1 disunited generation1 without traditions1 organization1 consistency1 faith1 or true patriotism1 is its result4 ,the decrees of the ,code ,napolon concerning inheritances have broken up families2 the departmental system has destroyed the provincial peculiarities in which lies the people's strength2 the system of common lodging-houses for the laboring classes has destroyed respect for authority1 and afforded ready material for the purposes of despotism or secret societies4 ,in ,italy and ,spain1 we see the same spectacle4 ,the ,french1 led into ,italy by the first ,napoleon1 brought thither the principle of centralization and a revolutionary code4 ,after ,napoleon's downfall1 the restored princes allowed too much of his system to remain4 ,this arose from a want of judgment4 ,the ancient municipalities were destroyed1 even to some extent in the ,states of the ,church2 ,piedmont receiving most of the poison1 and thus becoming the hearth of the revolution4 ,constitutionalism1 anarchy1 and military governments in ,spain prove the working of revolutionary doctrines4 ,the old freedom of that ,catholic country1 the growth of centuries1 gives way before a nominal liberty1 but a real despotism4 ,in ,germany1 too1 centralization carries the day4 ,this country had the good fortune to be composed of several independent states1 without any great central power1 and the provincial spirit consequently remained strong4 ,but now two un-,german words1 unification and uniformity1 expressing un-,german tendencies1 are carrying the ,germans into despotism4 ,germany will be ,prussianized1 and ,prussia ,germanized1 say the unificators2 but all will1 in the end1 be compelled to give way before the republicans and socialists4 ,the high schools of ,germany are all infected with the revolutionary doctrines and ,masonic ideas4 ,what shall we say of ,austria8 ,thanks to liberalism1 it has disappeared1 and is now a dualism in its government and tri-parliamentary in its system4 ,the licentiousness of the press helps to destroy everything stable in governments4 ,journals without principle1 honor1 or religion1 filled with scandals1 edited by adventurers1 whose only object is to make money and serve faithfully their owners1 issue their thousands of copies daily to corrupt the public mind4 ,evil spreads more rapidly than good1 and consequently the influence of the religious press is weak compared to that of the revolutionary papers1 subsidized by the agents of secret societies or by the unprincipled men of wealth1 who readily purchase the aid of corrupted minds to help on their ambition4 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,position ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,under ,,the ,,liberal ,,system4 ,governments have therefore ceased to be ,christian1 and have become liberal1 that is1 infidel4 ,according to liberalism1 religion is the private affair of each individual4 ,civil society should recognize no dogma1 no worship1 no ,god4 ,we know well that this principle1 from its very intrinsic absurdity1 cannot be practically carried out4 ,for instance1 ,god will be recognized when it is necessary to swear fidelity to a constitution1 and the external forms of religion will be invoked at the opening of a new railroad or a session of parliament4 ,but in principle the liberal state ignores all positive religious belief4 ,its only dogma is that a law passed by a majority of voters remains a law until the next majority abrogates it4 ,this system is called separation of church and state1 or a free church in a free state4 ,then follow broken concordats--in ,france and ,bavaria1 broken by organic articles2 in ,baden1 ,piedmont1 ,austria1 and ,spain1 destroyed by the will of the prince and cabinet ministers4 ,then follows a usurped educational system1 in which the rights of the family and church are disregarded4 ,in all of these states1 more or less1 there is a public persecution of the church2 a repression of her rights2 enthrallment of her ministers2 invasion of her privileges4 ,god is in heaven1 consequently the church should confine herself to the sanctuary2 that is to say1 ,god does not trouble himself about the conduct of nations1 politics1 legislation1 or science4 ,these are all neutral affairs1 over which his authority does not extend1 and therefore the church has nothing to do with public life4 ,so say the liberals4 ,they take from ,god and give it to ,csar1 the modern civil divinity1 all that is his1 except one thing which it is impossible for them to take from him1 and that is conscience4 ,they endeavor to estrange conscience from ,god more and more by education1 by the press1 and by public opinion manufactured by the leaders of the secret societies4 ,hence all the talk about liberty of conscience4 ,for the same end1 they talk of toleration1 but they mean simply indifference1 which hence becomes the shibboleth of the party which the church unceasingly opposes4 ,this is1 in a few words1 the actual condition of the church in ,european society4 ,it is an unnatural condition4 ,even ,macchiavelli says3 ,princes and republics which would remain sound must1 before all things1 guard the ceremonies of religion and keep them ever in honor4 ,therefore1 there is no surer sign of the decay of a state than when it sees the worship of the ,most ,high disregarded4 ,macchiavelli spoke from the lessons of experience and as a mere utilitarian4 ,our modern utilitarian politicians have not his capacity or penetration4 ,they are mere superficial observers of fact1 and cannot see that the summum utile is the summum jus4 ,this fault lies in ignoring the assistance of the supernatural order--in their erroneous opinion that there is no absolute truth4 ,the church is not a hospital for diseased souls2 ,christianity is not a mere specific for individual maladies2 but as our ,lord has taught us to pray1 ,thy kingdom come 444 on earth as it is in heaven1 so must revealed truth pervade the earth2 percolate through civil society1 not merely in its individual members1 but in all its natural relations1 family1 municipal1 and state4 ,this is what the church has taught ,europe1 and only by conforming with this teaching can ,europe stand4 ,since ,christianity came into the world1 the ,christian state is the normal condition of political governments1 and not an ideal impossible of realization4 ,undoubtedly1 human weakness will always cause many aberrations from the rule4 ,but the question is not regarding this point1 but as to the recognition of the rule4 ,the sin against the ,holy ,ghost is the most grievous of all sins4 ,our ,lord1 always so mild and forbearing toward human passions1 is unflinchingly stern against malicious resistance to truth1 and this has been precisely the great evil of our time ever since #aghi4 ,in the early ages1 individuals and nations fell into many errors1 but they never touched the sacred principles of religion4 ,liberalism and ,freemasonry have caused the denial of truth itself4 ,must we1 then1 fall back into the darkness of the middle ages8 ,such a question1 while it shows little knowledge of the middle ages1 exhibits likewise a spirit of unfairness in discussion4 ,for our purpose1 it suffices to show the latter4 ,what would we think of a man who1 on being told that our faith should be childlike1 should say to the priest1 ,must ,i1 then1 become a child again8 ,plainly1 we would say to him3 ,good friend1 you talk nonsense2 for you know well that you cannot get again your infant body1 nor blot out the knowledge and experience acquired in a life of thirty years4 ,but was not the sun the same four years ago as it is now8 ,do not two and two make four now as long ago8 ,did you not eat and drink when you were a child as you do now8 ,some things are always true in all places and times2 and therefore we do not want to bring you back into the middle ages merely because we want to give the church that position which ,god has assigned to her4 ,then you want to saddle a theocracy on the back of the nineteenth century8 ,let us understand each other4 ,in a certain sense1 a theocracy must be the aim of every rational being4 ,god has appointed two orders to govern men3 they are church and state1 neither of which must absorb the other4 ,theocracy is not a government of priests1 as those imagine who have before their eyes the ,hindoo civil systems4 ,let us for a moment forget these catchwords1 middle ages and theocracy1 and go to the marrow of the subject4 ,the church is the guide of consciences2 not the arbitrary teacher of men1 but the interpreter of revelation for them4 ,st4 ,thomas likens the office of the ,vicar of ,christ to that of the flag-ship of a fleet1 which the other vessels1 that is1 the secular governments must follow on the open sea in order to reach the common haven of safety4 ,each vessel has its own sails moves in its own way1 and is managed by its own mariners4 ,the church never interferes in the appropriate sphere of the secular power4 ,but she warns2 she advises2 she corrects all civil authority when it deviates from the truth and opposes the revealed order4 ,her authority over the state is not direct1 but indirect2 she teaches1 but she cannot coerce2 she must teach1 for political and social questions necessarily have relations with dogmatic and moral subjects4 ,the church must condemn wrongs1 no matter by whom perpetrated1 whether by states or individuals4 ,this is all the theocratic power the church claims4 ,a ,christian state will respectfully hear her warning voice1 and thus avoid the danger2 while a pagan state shuts its ears1 despises the church's admonitions1 and plunges into the abyss4 ,modern paganism in civil governments has brought ,europe into her present miserable condition4 ,can she get out of it1 or is ,european society hopelessly lost8 ,,vii4 ,,europe',s ,,future4 ,the ,franco-,prussian war of #ahgj is one of the most important events in the history of ,europe4 ,the prostration of ,france is no indication that she will never rise again1 for in #ahjg ,prussia was in a worse condition than ,france is now4 ,in #ahae1 and until the past few years1 ,prussia was last in the list of the great powers1 though now she is the first4 ,france1 then1 in a few years may rise again to her full power4 ,there are no more fresh1 uncivilized races to come into ,europe to take the place of those which are now said to be decaying4 ,we have shown that liberalism has reached its acme1 been found wanting1 and is dying4 ,its efforts in ,italy1 ,spain1 ,germany1 ,vienna1 and ,pesth are but the last convulsions of an expiring system4 ,the natural child of liberalism--socialism--must also disappear before the common sense of mankind4 ,what remains8 ,will there be in ,europe the alternate anarchy and despotism of the ,central ,american republics without any end8 ,must we despair of ,europe's future8 ,no1 a thousand times no6 ,we look to the future with hope and consolation4 ,common sense and religion will win the day2 ,christianity has still the regenerating power which she showed in civilizing the barbarians4 ,christianity has been the principle of national life since the ,redeemer established it as a world religion4 ,the spiritual life must be renovated by truth and morality4 ,christianity is both4 ,we ,christians hope1 therefore1 for the conversion of the popular mind2 we begin even now to perceive signs of regeneration1 renovation1 renewed energy1 and vigor in mental convictions and civic virtues4 ,god's punishments are proofs of his mercy4 ,he chastises to convert4 ,the first punishment of ,france1 in #aghi1 was not enough to teach her to repent4 ,louis ,,xviii4 came to the throne a free-thinker instead of a ,christian4 ,the prostrate armies of ,metz and ,sedan are the result of corrupting and enervating infidelity4 ,god chastises ambition and pride in nations as well as in individuals4 ,the ,republic has shown itself incapable1 because it possessed neither honor1 principle1 nor religion4 ,the victories of ,prussia are a blessing of ,god for ,france4 ,the ,prussian army is but the instrument which ,god has used to punish a culprit nation--a revolutionary1 irreligious1 and frivolous system of government4 ,victorious ,germany1 too1 will be taught to reflect when it sees the blood of its thousands of slaughtered sons1 and the miseries which the war has entailed on its once happy families4 ,wars teach unruly nations to reflect4 ,will the present war suffice to humble ,europe1 and cause her to reflect8 ,we know not2 but ,god will send other chastisements if this one avails nothing4 ,dark clouds are already rising in the ,east1 which may soon burst over ,austria and ,germany4 ,the rod of ,god's anger will be felt by ,austria again1 for her lessons of #ahei and #ahff have been forgotten4 ,they have only made her throw herself more fondly into the arms of the devil4 ,in ,italy1 the secret societies will yet avenge on the house of ,savoy the blood of the defenders of the ,vicar of ,christ4 ,but the ,german empire has been re-established under a ,prussian emperor4 ,yes1 but this is only an episode in the actual crisis of the world4 ,a ,protestant emperor of ,germany is entirely different from a ,german emperor4 ,the old ,german emperors represented the idea of the ,christian monarchy2 the ,protestant emperor in ,berlin represents modern ,csarism4 ,his empire cannot last long1 for history tells us that empires of sudden and accidental growth lose rapidly the power which they as rapidly acquired4 ,but is not ,prussia's triumph the triumph of ,protestantism in ,europe8 ,such a question is easily answered3 ,protestantism as a positive religion no longer exists in ,prussia or elsewhere2 and ,protestantism as a negation exists everywhere1 perhaps more in some ,catholic lands than in ,prussia4 ,on the battle-fields of ,wrth and ,gravelotte1 the ,catholic ,church was not represented by ,france1 and ,lutheranism by ,prussia4 ,catholic ,bavarians1 ,westphalians1 and ,rhinelanders fought for ,prussia1 and would be astounded to hear that they were fighting for heresy4 ,priests and ,sisters of ,charity accompanied them to battle4 ,who1 on the other hand1 would call the ,turcos ,catholics8 ,or the ,french officers1 who never heard ,mass1 and who curtailed the number of ,catholic chaplains to the minimum8 ,were the ,french soldiers1 who drilled on ,sundays instead of going to church1 on whose barracks1 in some cases1 was written1 ,no admission for policemen1 dogs1 or priests--were they the ,catholic champions8 ,no2 the ,christian soldier in ,france first appeared1 in this war1 with ,charette and ,cathelineau in the ,loire army1 demoralized and destroyed1 however1 by the mad-cap radical1 ,gambetta1 and his infidel associates4 ,in fact1 the ,prussian army was more ,catholic than the ,french4 ,the latter must be won back to religion from the enervating influences of ,freemasonry and ,voltairianism before it can regain its prestige4 ,the only hope for ,france is in her zealous clergy1 in the vigor of the old ,catholic provinces1 and in her humiliations1 which ought to bring repentance4 ,the rustling of ,catholic renovation is heard all over ,europe4 ,the rising generation will bring ,italy back to the church4 ,the spirit of the ,tyrol and of ,westphalia is spreading through ,germany4 ,the ,ultramontanes in ,saxony1 ,bohemia1 ,steyermark1 show the energy of this renovation4 ,the peasantry of ,austria and of a large portion of ,germany are still uncorrupted4 ,hungary is steadfast in the faith4 ,the seizure of ,rome by the ,sardinian robbers has roused the ,catholic heart of the world and helped on the cause of regeneration4 ,where the ,catholic faith was supposed to be crushed1 lo6 it has raised its head defiantly4 ,the deceived nations want peace1 freedom1 order1 and authority4 ,these blessings infidelity and liberalism have taken away4 ,the people are beginning to see that the old yet ever young ,apostolic ,church alone can guarantee them4 ,they will turn to ,rome1 where lives the ,vicar of ,him who said1 ,i am the way1 the truth1 and the life2 to ,rome freed again from the barbarians2 to ,rome become ,roman again when it has ceased to be ,sardinian2 to ,rome will the people look for peace and order4 ,it is ,rome that tells men that ,christ is ,lord of the world2 that he conquers2 that he governs4 ,the social dominion of ,christ will again be established4 ,we shall see again ,christian states founded on ,christian principles and traditions1 with ,christian laws and rulers4 ,whether these rulers will be kings or presidents we know not2 but they will in either case consider themselves as mere delegates of ,jesus ,christ1 and of his people1 not as ,byzantine despots or representatives of mob tyranny4 ,they will understand that statesmanship does not consist in giving license to the wicked#f and forging chains for the good4 ,we shall have ,christian schools1 ,christian universities1 ,christian statesmen4 ,ye liberals in name1 well may ye grow pale6 ,the future of the world belongs to the principles of the ,syllabus1 and this future is not far off4 ,we conclude with the words of ,count de ,maistre3 ,in the year #aghi1 the rights of man were proclaimed2 in the year #ahhi1 man will proclaim the rights of ,god6 ,,footnote3 #f ,the art of governing men does not consist in giving them license to do evil4--,pre ,lacordaire4 ,,bishop ,,timon4#g ,we hope the day may come before many years when historians will see in the records of the struggles1 misfortunes1 and triumphs of the church a theme for the employment of brilliant pens as tempting as they now find in the clash of armies and the intrigues of statesmen4 ,scholars have devoted to our records the patient investigation of years2 the general history of the church has been summarized for popular reading in most of the principal modern languages2 and for the use of theologians and students there are elaborate and costly collections4 ,individual biographies of saints and preachers innumerable have been written for the edification of the devout4 ,sketches of local church history1 more or less complete1 have occasionally appeared--sketches1 for instance1 like ,the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 by ,de ,courcy and ,shea2 ,shea's ,history of the ,catholic ,missions among the ,indian tribes of ,america1 and ,bishop ,bayley's little volume on the history of the church in ,new ,york4 ,but a work of a different kind1 broader in its design than some of these excellent and useful publications1 more limited in scope than the dry and costly general histories1 still awaits the hand of a polished and enthusiastic man of letters4 ,why should not the same eloquence and learning be devoted to the religious history of the great countries of the globe that ,macaulay1 and ,motley1 and ,froude have expended upon the political revolutions of states and the intricate dramas of diplomacy8 ,why should not some glowing pen do for the pioneers of the cross what ,prescott did for the pioneers of ,spanish conquest in the new hemisphere8 ,properly told1 the church history of almost any country of the world1 of almost any period in ,christian times1 would be a narrative not only of religious significance1 but of thrilling interest4 ,no men ever passed through more extraordinary adventures1 considered even from a human point of view1 than the missionaries who penetrated into unknown lands or first went among unbelieving nations4 ,no contest between hostile kingdoms or rival dynasties ever offered a more tempting theme for dramatic narrative and glowing description than the contest which has raged for eighteen centuries and a half1 between the powers of light and the powers of darkness1 in all the different quarters of the civilized world4 ,think what a brilliant writer might make of such a subject as the church history of ,germany6 ,think what has yet to be done for the churches of ,england and ,ireland and ,france1 when the coming historian rescues their chronicles from the dusty archives of state and the gloom of monastic libraries1 and causes the old stories to glow with a new light1 such as ,gibbon threw upon the records of the declining empire6 ,we doubt not the literary alchemist will come in time1 and melt down the dull metals in his crucible1 and pour out from it the shining compound which shall possess a popular value a hundredfold beyond that of the untransmuted materials4 ,nowhere1 perhaps1 will the labor be more amply repaid than in ,america4 ,nowhere will the collection of materials be less arduous and the result more brilliant4 ,our church history begins just when that of ,europe is most perplexing1 and to an investigator with time1 patience1 and a moderate revenue at his command1 it offers no appalling difficulties4 ,in a great part of ,america1 the introduction of the ,catholic religion is an event within the memory of men still living4 ,the pioneers of many of the states are still at work4 ,the first missionaries of some of the most important sees are but just passing to their reward4 ,there are no monumental slanders upon our history to be removed2 no ,protestant writers have seriously encumbered the field with misrepresentations4 ,industrious students of our own faith have already prepared the way2 scattered chapters have been written with more or less literary skill2 the store-houses of information have been discovered and partly explored2 and every year the facilities for the historian are multiplied4 ,and certainly the theme is rich in romantic interest and variety4 ,from the time of the monks and friars who came over with the first discoverers of the country down to the present year of our ,lord1 when missionaries are perilling their lives among the ,indians of the great ,west1 and priests are fighting for the faith against the cultivated ,protestants of the ,atlantic cities1 the ,catholic history of the ,united ,states has been a series of bold adventures1 startling incidents1 and contests of the most dramatic character4 ,in the whole story there is not a really dull chapter4 ,the ,catholic annals of ,america abound also with that variety which the historian needs to render his pages really attractive2 and among the great men who would naturally be the central figures of such a work1 there is the widest difference of character1 the most picturesque divergence of pursuits and personal peculiarities4 ,group together the most distinguished of the ,christian heroes who have illustrated our chronicles1 and you have what an artist might call a wonderfully rich variety of coloring4 ,there are the simple-minded1 enthusiastic ,spanish ,franciscans1 following the armies of ,cortez and ,pizarro1 and exploring the strange realms of the ,aztecs and the ,incas4 ,there is the ,french ,jesuit1 building up his ,christian empire among the ,indians of the ,st4 ,lawrence and the ,great ,lakes4 ,there is the gentle ,marquette1 floating in his bark canoe down the mighty river with whose discovery his name will ever be associated1 and breathing his last in the midst of the primeval wilderness4 ,there are ,jogues and ,brebuf1 suffering unheard-of torments among the ,iroquois2 ,cheverus1 the polished and fascinating cardinal1 winning the affection of the ,new ,england ,puritans2 ,england1 conciliating the ,huguenots and ,anglicans of the ,south4 ,the saintly ,brut1 most amiable of scholars1 most devout of savans1 is a quaint but beautiful character around whom cluster some of our most touching associations4 ,bishop ,dubois1 the ,little ,bonaparte of the ,mountain2 ,gallitzin1 the ,russian prince who hid the lustre of his rank among the log-cabins of the ,alleghanies2 ,hughes1 the great fighting archbishop1 swinging his battle-axe over the heads of the parsons2 ,de ,smet1 the mild-mannered but indomitable missionary of the ,rocky ,mountains--these are specimens of our leaders whose place in history has yet to be described by the true literary artist4 ,several have been made the subject of special biographies1 but none have yet appeared in their true light as the central figures of an ,american church history4 ,the book which suggests these remarks is a contribution of materials for the future historian1 and as such we give it a cordial welcome4 ,mr4 ,deuther1 it is true1 is not a practised writer1 and is not entirely at his ease in the use of our language4 ,but he has shown great industry in the collection of facts1 and has rescued from oblivion many interesting particulars of the early career of ,bishop ,timon in a part of the ,united ,states whose missionary history is very imperfectly known4 ,thus he has rendered an important service to ,catholic literature1 and earned full forgiveness for the literary offences which impair the value of his book as a biography4 ,the episcopacy of the estimable man whose life is here told was not an especially eventful one1 and except in one instance attracted comparatively little public notice4 ,the most conspicuous men1 however1 are not always the most useful4 ,bishop ,timon had a great work to perform in the organization and settlement of his new diocese1 and he did it none the less efficiently because he labored quietly4 ,the best known incident of his official life--the lamentable contest with the trustees of the ,church of ,st4 ,louis in ,buffalo--is not one which ,catholics can take any satisfaction in recalling2 but it had a serious bearing upon the future of the ,american ,church1 and its lessons even now may be reviewed with profit4 ,bishop ,kenrick in ,philadelphia1 ,bishop ,hughes in ,new ,york1 and ,bishop ,timon in ,buffalo have between them the honor1 if not of destroying a system which had done the church incalculable injury1 at least of extracting its evil principle4 ,mr4 ,deuther gives the history of this warfare at considerable length1 and with an affluence of documents which1 though not very entertaining to read1 will be found convenient some time or another for reference4 ,we presume that most people will be interested rather in the earlier chapters of the biography1 and to these we shall consequently give our principal attention4 ,john ,timon was of ,american birth but ,irish parentage4 ,his father1 ,james1 emigrated from the county ,cavan in the latter part of #agif or the beginning of #agig1 and settled at ,conewago1#h in ,adams ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 where1 in a rude log-house1 the subject of this biography was born on the #abth of ,february1 #agig1 the second of a family of ten children4 ,the father and mother seem to have been remarkably devout people1 and from an anecdote related by ,mr4 ,deuther we can fancy that the lavish beneficence which characterized the bishop was an hereditary virtue in the family4 ,mr4 ,james ,timon called1 one day1 upon a priest whom he had known in ,ireland1 and1 taking it for granted that the reverend gentleman must be in want of money1 he slipped into his hand at parting a #ajj bill1 and hurried away4 ,the priest1 supposing ,mr4 ,timon had made a mistake1 ran after him1 and overtook him in the street4 ,my dear friend1 said the generous ,irishman1 it was no mistake4 ,i intended it for you4 ,but1 said the clergyman1 ,i assure you ,i am not in want2 ,i do not need it4 ,never mind2 there are many who do4 ,if you have no use for the money yourself1 give it to the poor4 ,the ,timon family removed to ,baltimore in #ahjb1 and there ,john received his school education1 such as it was4 ,as soon as he was old enough1 he became a clerk in a dry-goods shop kept by his father2 and ,mr4 ,deuther prints a very foolish story to the effect that he was so much liked by everybody that by the time he was nineteen he had become a toast for all aged mothers with marriageable daughters1 and had refused many eligible and grand offers of marriage1 which we take the liberty of doubting4 ,from ,baltimore the family removed1 in #ahah1 to ,louisville1 and thence in the following spring to ,st4 ,louis4 ,here prosperity at last rewarded ,mr4 ,timon's industry1 and he accumulated a considerable fortune1 only to lose it1 however1 in the commercial crisis of #ahbc4 ,in the midst of these pecuniary misfortunes1 ,john ,timon suffered a still heavier loss in the death of a young lady to whom he was engaged to be married4 ,mr4 ,deuther's apology for mentioning this incident--which he strangely characterizes as an undeveloped frivolity in the life of a bishop of the church--is entirely superfluous2 he would have been a faithless biographer if he had not mentioned it4 ,we may look upon it as a manifestation of the kindness of divine ,providence1 which called the young man to a higher and more useful life1 and designed first to break off his attachment to all the things of this world4 ,he heard and obeyed the call1 and1 in the month of ,april1 #ahbc1 became a student of the ,lazarists at their preparatory seminary of ,st4 ,mary's of the ,barrens1 in ,perry ,county1 ,missouri1 about eighty miles below ,st4 ,louis4 ,the ,lazarists1 or ,priests of the ,mission1 had been introduced into the ,united ,states only six years before1 and their institutions1 founded1 with great difficulty1 in the midst of a poor and scattered population1 were still struggling with debt and discouragement4 ,the little establishment at the ,barrens was for many years in a pitiable condition of destitution4 ,when ,mr4 ,timon entered as a candidate not only for the priesthood1 but for admission to the congregation1 it was governed by the ,rev4 ,joseph ,rosati1 who became1 a year later1 the first ,bishop of ,st4 ,louis4 ,the buildings consisted of a few log-houses4 ,the largest of them1 a one-story cabin1 contained in one corner the theological department1 in another the schools of philosophy and general literature1 in a third the tailor's shop1 and in the fourth the shoemaker's4 ,the refectory was a detached log-house2 and1 in very bad weather1 the seminarians often went to bed supperless rather than make the journey thither in search of their very scanty fare4 ,it was no uncommon thing for them1 of a winter's morning1 to rise from their mattresses1 spread upon the floor1 and find over their blankets a covering of snow which had drifted through the crevices of the logs4 ,the system upon which the seminary was supported was the same that prevails at ,mount ,st4 ,mary's4 ,for three hours in the day the students of divinity were expected to teach in the secular college connected with the seminary1 and for out-of-door exercise they cut fuel and worked on the farm4 ,mr4 ,timon1 in spite of these labors1 made such rapid progress in his studies that1 in #ahbd1 he was ordained sub-deacon1 and began to accompany his superiors occasionally in their missionary excursions4 ,they lived in the midst of spiritual destitution4 ,the ,french pioneers of the ,western country had planted the faith at ,st4 ,louis and some other prominent points1 but they had left few or no traces in the vast tracts of territory surrounding the earlier settlements1 and to most of the country people the ,roman ,catholic ,church was no better than a sort of aggravated pagan imposture4 ,protestant preachers used to show themselves at the very doors of the churches and challenge the priests to come out and be confuted4 ,wherever the ,lazarists travelled1 they were looked at with the most intense curiosity4 ,very few of the settlers had ever seen a priest before4 ,the ,catholics1 scattered here and there1 had generally been deprived1 for years1 of ,mass and the sacraments1 and their children were growing up utterly ignorant of religion4 ,mr4 ,timon was accustomed to make a regular missionary circuit of fifteen or twenty miles around the ,barrens in company with ,father ,odin1 afterward ,archbishop of ,new ,orleans4 ,the duty of the sub-deacon was to preach1 catechise1 and instruct4 ,sometimes they had no other shelter than the woods1 and no other food than wild berries4 ,at a settlement called ,apple ,creek1 they made a chapel out of a large pig-pen1 cleaning it out with their own hands1 building an altar1 and so decorating the poor little place with fresh boughs that it became the wonder of the neighborhood4 ,in #ahbd1 ,messrs4 ,odin and ,timon made a long missionary tour on horseback4 ,mr4 ,deuther says they went to ,new ,madrid1 ,texas1 and thence as far as the ,port of ,arkansas4 ,new ,madrid1 of course1 is in ,missouri1 and the ,port of ,arkansas undoubtedly means ,arkansas ,post1 in the ,state of ,arkansas1 which could not very well be reached by the way of ,texas4 ,along the route they travelled--where they had to swim rivers1 flounder through morasses1 and sleep in the swamps--no priest had been seen for more than thirty-five years4 ,their zeal1 intelligence1 graceful and impassioned speech1 and modest manners1 seem to have made a great impression on the settlers4 ,they had the satisfaction of disarming much prejudice1 receiving some converts1 and administering the sacraments2 and1 after an interesting visit to an ,indian tribe on the ,arkansas ,river1 they returned to the ,barrens4 ,about this time 7in #ahbe71 ,mr4 ,timon was promoted to the priesthood and appointed a professor at the seminary4 ,his missionary labors were now greatly increased4 ,mr4 ,deuther tells some interesting anecdotes of his tours1 which curiously illustrate the state of religion at that time in the ,west4 ,one day1 ,father ,timon was summoned to ,jackson1 ,missouri1 to visit a murderer under sentence of death4 ,with some difficulty he got admission to the jail1 but a crowd of men1 led by a ,baptist minister named ,green1 who was also editor of the village newspaper1 entered with him4 ,the prisoner was found lying on a heap of straw and chained to a post4 ,the hostile mob refused to leave the priest alone with him2 but1 in spite of their interference1 ,father ,timon succeeded in touching the man's heart and preparing him for the sacraments4 ,while they were repeating the ,apostles' ,creed together1 the minister pushed forward and exclaimed1 ,do not make the poor man lose his soul by teaching him the commandments of men6 and this interruption was followed by a violent invective against ,romish corruptions4 ,mr4 ,green1 said the priest1 not long ago1 ,i refuted all these charges before a public meeting in the court-house of this village1 and challenged anybody who could answer me to stand forth and do so4 ,you were present1 but you made no answer4 ,surely this is no time for you to interfere--when ,i am preparing a man for death6 ,mr4 ,green's only reply was a challenge to a public controversy next day1 which ,father ,timon immediately accepted4 ,the minister then insisted upon making a rancorous polemical prayer1 in the course of which he said3 ,o ,god of mercy6 save this man from the fangs of ,antichrist1 who now seeks to teach him idolatry and the vain traditions of men4 ,gentlemen1 exclaimed the priest to the crowd which now filled the dungeon1 is it right that1 in a prayer to the ,god of charity and truth1 this man should introduce a calumny against the majority of ,christians8 ,how far the extraordinary discussion might have gone it would be hard to guess1 had not the sheriff turned everybody out and locked the jail for the night4 ,the next morning1 the debate took place according to agreement1 the district judge being appointed moderator4 ,after about three or four hours' speaking1 ,mr4 ,green gave up the battle and withdrew4 ,father ,timon kept on for an hour and a half longer1 and the result is said to have been a great ,catholic revival in the community4 ,the prisoner1 who had steadily refused to accept the ministrations of any but a ,catholic clergyman1 was baptized immediately after the debate4 ,on another occasion1 ,father ,timon carried on a debate with a ,protestant clergyman--apparently a ,methodist--in the court-house at ,perryville4 ,the ,methodist was easily worsted1 but there was soon to be a conference meeting some eighteen miles off1 and there he felt sure the priest would meet his match4 ,do you mean this as a challenge8 ,no2 ,i don't invite you4 ,i only say you can go if you choose4 ,father ,timon refused to go under these circumstances2 but1 learning afterward that a rumor was in circulation that he had pledged himself to be on the ground1 he changed his mind1 and reached the scene of the meeting--which was in the open air--just after one of the preachers had finished a discourse on ,transubstantiation and the ,real ,presence4 ,there is a ,romish priest present1 this orator had said1 and1 if he dares to come forward1 the error of his ways will be pointed out to him4 ,so ,father ,timon mounted a stump1 and announced that in a quarter of an hour he would begin a discourse on the ,real ,presence4 ,this was more than the ministers had bargained for4 ,they had been confident he would not attend4 ,they surrounded him1 in considerable excitement1 and declared that he should not preach4 ,father ,timon appealed to the people1 and they decided that he should be heard4 ,he borrowed a ,bible from one of his adversaries1 and with the aid of numerous texts explained and supported the ,catholic doctrine4 ,the discussion was long and earnest4 ,the preachers at last were silenced1 and ,father ,timon continued for some time to exhort the crowd and urge them to return to the true church4 ,which was1 to say the least1 a curious termination for a ,methodist conference meeting4 ,one of the most serious difficulties which the pioneer missionaries had to encounter was the want of opportunities of private converse with people whose hearts had been stirred by the first motions of divine grace4 ,the log-dwellings of the settlers rarely contained more than one room1 and that often held a pretty large family4 ,many anecdotes are told of confessions made among the cornstalks in the garden1 or under the shadow of the forest1 or on horseback in the lonely roads4 ,on one occasion ,father ,timon had been summoned a long distance to visit a dying man4 ,the cabin consisted of a single room4 ,when all was over1 the wife of the dead man knelt beside the body and made her confession1 the rest of the family and the neighbors1 meanwhile1 standing out-doors in the rain4 ,then the widow was baptized into the church1 and1 as the storm was violent and the hour past midnight1 ,father ,timon slept on the bed with the corpse1 while the rest of the company disposed themselves on the floor4 ,ten years had been passed in labors of this kind1 when1 in #ahce1 letters arrived from ,paris1 erecting the ,american mission of the ,lazarists into a province1 and appointing ,father ,timon visitor4 ,he accepted the charge with great reluctance and only after long hesitation4 ,it was indeed a heavy burden4 ,the affairs of the congregation were far from prosperous4 ,the institution at the ,barrens was deeply in debt4 ,the revenues were uncertain4 ,the relations between the seminary and the bishop were not entirely harmonious4 ,several priests had left the community1 and were serving parishes without the permission of their superiors4 ,to restore discipline would be an invidious task on many accounts4 ,but1 having undertaken the office1 ,father ,timon did not shrink4 ,he saved the college and seminary from threatened extinction2 he brought back his truant brethren2 he revived the spirit of zeal and self-sacrifice2 he restored harmony2 he greatly improved the finances4 ,in a short time1 he made a visit to ,france1 and returned with a small supply of money and a company of priests4 ,on ,christmas ,eve1 in #ahch1 he sailed for ,galveston1 in order to make a report to the ,holy ,see upon the condition of religion in the republic of ,texas4 ,he found the country in a sad state of spiritual destitution4 ,the only priests were two ,mexicans at ,san ,antonio1 who lived in open concubinage4 ,there were no churches4 ,there were no sacraments4 ,even marriage was a rite about which the settlers were not over-particular4 ,father ,timon did what little he could1 on a hurried tour1 to remedy these evils2 but a year or two later he came back as prefect apostolic1 accompanied by ,m4 ,odin1 and now he was able to introduce great reforms4 ,congregations were collected1 churches begun in all the largest settlements1 and the scandals at ,san ,antonio abated4 ,firm in correction1 but gracious in manner1 untiring in labors1 insensible to fear1 making long journeys with a single companion through dangerous ,indian countries1 struggling through swamps1 swimming broad rivers--the prefect and his assistant1 ,m4 ,odin1 travelled1 foot-sore1 hungry1 and in rags1 through this rude wilderness1 and wherever they passed they planted the good seed and made ready the soil for the husbandmen who were to come after them4 ,in the principal towns and settlements they were invariably received with honor4 ,the court-houses or other public rooms were placed at their disposal for religious services1 and the educated ,protestant inhabitants took pains to meet them socially and learn from them something about the faith4 ,we find in the account of these tours no trace of the acrimonious polemical discussions which used to enliven the labors of the missionaries at the ,barrens4 ,there was little or no controversy1 and the priests were invited to explain religious truth rather over the dinner-table than on the rostrum4 ,at the request of ,mr4 ,timon1 ,m4 ,odin was soon afterward appointed vicar apostolic of ,texas1 and sent to continue the work thus happily begun4 ,it was in #ahdg that ,mr4 ,timon was removed from the ,western field and consecrated first ,bishop of ,buffalo4 ,when he had disposed all his affairs and made ready for his departure1 his worldly goods consisted of a small trunk about half-full of scanty clothing4 ,he had to borrow money enough to pay his way to ,new ,york4 ,but meanwhile some friends1 having heard of his poverty1 replenished his wardrobe1 and made up a purse of #djj for his immediate needs4 ,he was consecrated in the cathedral of ,new ,york by ,bishops ,hughes1 ,walsh1 and ,mc,closkey1 on the #agth of ,october1 and reached ,buffalo five days afterward4 ,it was evening when he arrived4 ,an immense crowd of people--it is said as many as #aj1jjj--were in waiting for him at the railway station4 ,there were bands of music1 banners1 and flambeaux1 a four-horse carriage for the bishop1 and a long torchlight procession to escort him home4 ,it is reported--but the biographer gives the story with some reserve--that1 after the cortge had gone some distance1 the humble bishop was discovered1 valise in hand1 trudging afoot through the rain and mud1 behind the coach in which he was supposed to be riding4 ,in after-times he must have sadly compared the cordial greeting of his flock on this night with the trials1 the insults1 the persecutions1 which he had to bear from some of the very same people during almost the whole of his episcopate4 ,we shall not enlarge upon the history of these sad years4 ,the scandals which arose from the factious and schismatical spirit of the trustees of the ,church of ,st4 ,louis in ,buffalo are too recent to have been forgotten by our readers4 ,the troubles began while ,bishop ,timon was still a humble missionary in ,missouri4 ,they had been quelled by the firmness of ,bishop ,hughes1 but they broke out again very soon after the creation of the new diocese1 and ,bishop ,timon suffered from them to the end of his life4 ,having no cathedral and no house1 he lodged when he first arrived with the pastor of ,st4 ,louis's1 but he had been there only a few weeks when the trustees1 in their mad jealousy of possible invasion of their imaginary rights1 requested him to find a home somewhere else4 ,this brutal behavior was the beginning of a long warfare4 ,those who may care about studying it will find the necessary documents in ,mr4 ,deuther's book4 ,let us rather devote the short space remaining at our disposal to a description of some of the charming traits of character of the holy man who crowned a life of incessant labor with an old age of suffering4 ,from the moment of his elevation to the episcopal dignity1 the sacred simplicity of his disposition seems to have daily increased4 ,if the anecdote of his behavior at the torchlight reception is not true1 it is at any rate consistent with his character4 ,bishop ,hughes declared that the ,bishop of ,buffalo was the humblest man he had ever known4 ,though he was very neat and precise in everything relating to the service of the sanctuary1 rags of any kind seemed to him good enough for the old bishop1 and it was only by stealth1 so to speak1 that his friends could keep his wardrobe tolerably well supplied4 ,in his visits to the seminary it was his delight to talk familiarly with the young men4 ,at the orphan asylum the children used to ride on his back4 ,visiting strange churches1 he would kneel in the confessional like any other penitent4 ,in his private and official intercourse with his clergy1 it was not unusual for him to beg pardon with the utmost humility for fancied acts of injustice4 ,on one occasion he had slightly rebuked a priest for some irregularity4 ,satisfied afterward that the rebuke had not been deserved1 he invited the priest to dinner1 placed him at the head of the table1 treated him with marked distinction1 and afterward1 taking him to his own room1 in the presence of another bishop1 threw himself upon his knees and begged to be forgiven4 ,in the course of a visitation to a disturbed parish1 a member of the congregation he was addressing publicly spat in the bishop's face4 ,he took no notice of the occurrence1 but went on with his remarks4 ,never shall ,i forget1 wrote the late distinguished ,jesuit1 ,father ,smarius1 the days of the missions for the laity and of the retreats for the clergy which ,i had the pleasure to conduct in the cathedral of ,buffalo during the three or four years previous to his holy demise4 ,the first to rise in the morning and to ring the bell for meditation and for prayer1 he would totter from door to door along the corridors of the episcopal residence1 with a lighted candle in his hand1 to see whether all had responded to the call of the bell and betaken themselves to the spot marked out for the performance of that sacred and wholesome duty4444 ,and then1 that more than fatherly heart1 that forgiving kindness to repentant sinners1 even such as had again and again deservedly incurred his displeasure and the penalties of ecclesiastical censures or excommunications4 ',father1' he would say1 ',i leave this case in your hands4 ,i give you all power1 only save his soul4' ,and then1 that simple1 child-like humility1 which seemed wounded by even the performance of acts which the excellence and dignity of the episcopacy naturally force from its subjects and inferiors4 ,how often have ,i seen him fall on his aged knees1 face to face with one or other of my clerical brethren1 who had fallen on theirs to receive his saintly blessing6 ,he took great pains to cultivate the virtue of humility in his clergy4 ,a proud priest he had little hope for4 ,to those who complained of the hardships of the mission1 he would answer1 ,why did you become a priest8 ,it was to suffer1 to be persecuted1 according to the example laid down by our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,in the strictness with which he tried to watch over the spiritual welfare of his clergy1 and changed their positions when he thought the good of their souls required it1 his rule was like that of the superior of a monastery rather than the head of a diocese4 ,he was filled to a remarkable decree with the spirit of prayer4 ,he began no labor1 decided no question1 without long and fervent supplication for the divine assistance4 ,on occasions of festivity or ceremony1 he loved to steal away to the quiet of the sanctuary1 and under the shadow of a column in the cathedral to pass long hours in meditation4 ,in travelling he was often seen kneeling in his seat in the cars4 ,his household was always ordered like a religious community4 ,the day began and ended with prayer and meditation in common4 ,the bishop rose at five1 and in the evening retired early to his room--not to sleep1 but to pass most of the night in devotion1 study1 and writing4 ,up to the very close of his life he used to set out in the depth of winter to visit distant parishes unannounced1 starting from the house before any one else was awake1 and trudging painfully through the snow with his bag in his hand4 ,religious communities1 when they assembled for morning devotions1 were often surprised to find the bishop on his knees waiting for them4 ,by these sudden visits he was sometimes enabled to correct irregularities1 which he never suffered to pass unrebuked2 but he used to say that in dealing with others he would rather be too lax than too severe1 as he hoped to be judged mercifully by ,almighty ,god4 ,mr4 ,deuther1 in attempting to show that the bishop had to conquer a naturally quick temper1 has created an impression1 we fear1 that this saintly man was irascible if not violent in his disposition4 ,it is most earnestly to be hoped that no one will conceive such an utterly wrong idea4 ,mr4 ,deuther himself corrects his own unguarded language1 and it is only necessary to read the book carefully to see that he does not mean what at first glance he seems not to say1 but to imply4 ,nobody who knew ,bishop ,timon will hesitate to call him one of the kindest and most amiable of men2 whatever faults he may have had1 nobody will think of mentioning a hot temper as one of them4 ,the sweetness of his disposition was in correspondence with the tenderness of his heart4 ,the patience with which he bore the sorrows of his episcopate was equalled by the keenness with which he felt them4 ,toward the close of his life several anonymous communications1 accusing him of cruelty1 avarice1 injustice1 and many other faults--of cruelty1 this man whose heart was as soft as a woman's--of avarice1 this charitable soul1 who gave away everything he had1 and left himself at times not even a change of linen--of injustice1 this bishop who pardoned every one but himself--were sent him in the form of printed circulars4 ,so deeply was he wounded that his biographer is assured that the incident hastened his death2 he never was the same man afterward4 ,at the end of the next diocesan synod he knelt before his priests1 and1 in a voice broken by tears1 asked pardon of every one present whom he might have in any manner treated unjustly4 ,he died on the #afth of ,april1 #ahfg1 after a rapid but gradual decay whose termination he himself was the first to foresee1 and his last hours were as beautiful and inspiring as his years of holy labor4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,the ,life and ,times of the ,right ,rev4 ,john ,timon1 ,d4,d41 ,first ,roman ,catholic ,bishop of ,buffalo4 ,by ,charles ,g4 ,deuther4 ,buffalo3 published by the ,author4 #h ,mr4 ,deuther incorrectly calls this ,conevago4 ,,gualberto',s ,,victory4 ,a mountain-pass1 so narrow that a man ,riding that way to ,florence1 stooping1 can ,touch with his hand the rocks on either side1 ,and pluck the flowers that in the crannies hide-- ,here1 on ,good ,friday1 centuries ago1 ,mounted and armed1 ,john ,gualbert met his foe1 ,mounted and armed as well1 but riding down ,to the fair city from the woodland brown1 ,this way and that swinging his jewell'd whip1 ,a gay old love-song on his careless lip4 ,an accidental meeting--yet the sun ,burned on their brows as if it had been one ,of deep design1 so deadly was the look ,of mutual hate their olive faces took1 ,as 7knightly courtesy forgot in wrath7 ,neither would yield his enemy the path4 ,back6 cried ,gaulberto4 ,never6 yelled his foe4 ,and on the instant1 sword in hand1 they throw ,them from their saddles1 nothing loth1 ,and fall to fighting with a smothered oath4 ,a pair of shapely1 stalwart cavaliers1 ,well-matched in stature1 weapons1 weight1 and years1 ,theirs was a long1 fierce struggle on the grass1 ,thrusting and parrying up and down the pass1 ,swaying from left to right1 till blood-drops oozed ,upon the rocks1 and head and hands were bruised2 ,but at its close1 when ,gualbert stopped to rest1 ,his heel was planted on his foeman's breast2 ,and1 looking up1 the fallen courtier sees1 ,as in a dream1 gray rocks and waving trees ,before his glazing eyes begin to float1 ,while ,gualbert's sabre glitters at his throat4 ,now die1 base wretch6 the victor fiercely cries1 ,his heart of hate outflashing from his eyes4 ,never again1 by the all-righteous ,lord1 ,shalt thou with life escape this trusty sword6 ,revenge is sweet6 ,and upward flash'd the steel1 ,but e'er it fell--dear ,lord6 a silvery peal ,of voices1 chanting in the town below1 ,rose1 like a fountain's spray1 from spires of snow1 ,and chimed1 and chimed1 to die in echoes slow4 ,in the sweet silence following the sound1 ,gualberto and the man upon the ground ,glared at each other with bewildered eyes4 ,and then the latter1 struggling to rise1 ,made one last effort1 while his face grew dark ,with pleading agony3 ,gualberto6 hark6 ,the chant--the hour--you know the olden fashion-- ,the monks below intone ,our ,lord's dear ,passion4 ,oh6 by this cross--and here he caught the hilt ,of ,gualbert's sword--and by the blood once spilt ,upon it for us both long years ago1 ,forgive--forget--and spare your fallen foe6 ,the face that bent above grew white and set1 ,the lips were drawn1 the brow bedew'd with sweat1 ,but on the grass the harmless sword was flung1 ,and1 stooping down1 the generous hero wrung ,the outstretched hand4 ,then1 lest he lose control ,of the but half-tamed passions of his soul1 ,fled up the pathway1 tearing casque and coat1 ,to ease the throbbing tempest at his throat-- ,fled up the crags1 as if a fiend pursued1 ,nor paused until he reached the chapel rude4 ,there1 in the cool1 dim stillness1 on his knees1 ,trembling1 he flings himself1 and1 startled1 sees ,set in the rock a crucifix antique1 ,from which the wounded ,christ bends down to speak3 ,thou hast done well1 ,gualberto4 ,for my sake ,thou didst forgive thine enemy2 now take ,my gracious pardon for thy years of sin1 ,and from this day a better life begin4 ,white flash'd the angels' wings above his head1 ,rare subtile perfumes thro' the place were shed2 ,and golden harps and sweetest voices pour'd ,their glorious hosannas to the ,lord1 ,who1 in that hour and in that chapel quaint1 ,changed1 by his power1 by his sweet love's constraint1 ,gualbert the sinner into ,john the saint4 ,,our ,,lady ,,of ,,lourdes4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,henri ,,lasserre4 ,,part ,,sixth4 ,i4 ,the enemies of superstition had lost a good deal of ground in their desperate struggle against the events which for the last ten or twelve weeks had scandalized their distressed philosophy4 ,as it had become impossible to deny the existence of the fountain whose pure streams were flowing before the eyes of the amazed people1 so it was becoming impossible to continue denying the reality of the cures which were being worked1 continually and in many places1 by the use of this mysterious water4 ,at first the incredulous had shrugged their shoulders at the report of these cures1 taking the simple course of denying them out-and-out1 and refusing to make any examination4 ,then some skilful persons had invented several false miracles1 to enjoy an easy triumph in refuting them4 ,but they had very soon been confounded by the multiplicity of these wonderful cures1 of which a few have been mentioned4 ,the facts were evident4 ,they became so numerous and so striking that it was necessary1 however painful it might be1 either to acknowledge their miraculous nature or find some natural explanation for them4 ,the free-thinkers1 then1 understood that1 unless they were willing either to surrender or to deny in the face of complete evidence1 it was absolutely necessary to take up some new line of tactics4 ,the most intelligent of the clique1 indeed1 saw that things had already gone too far1 and perceived the grave error which they had committed at the outset in denying prematurely and without examination facts which had afterward become patent and perfectly well established1 such as the appearance of the fountain1 and the cures of a great number of many who were notoriously incurable by natural means1 and who were now to be seen going about the streets of the town in perfect health4 ,what made the mistake worse and almost irreparable was that these unfortunate denials of the most well-attested events were authentically and officially recorded in all the newspapers of the department4 ,,ii4 ,the greater part of the cures effected by the ,massabielle water had a character of rapidity1 nay1 even of instantaneousness1 which clearly showed the immediate action of sovereign power4 ,there were some1 however1 which did not present this evidently supernatural appearance1 being accomplished after baths or draughts repeated a few or many times1 and in a slow and gradual manner--resembling somewhat in their mode the ordinary course of natural cures1 though in reality different4 ,in a village called ,gez1 near ,lourdes1 a little child of seven years had been the subject of one of these cures1 of a mixed character1 which1 according to one's natural inclination1 might be attributed to a special grace of ,god or to the unaided forces of nature4 ,this child1 named ,lasbareilles1 had been born entirely deformed1 with a double curvature of the back and breast-bone4 ,his thin and almost withered legs were useless from their extreme weakness2 the poor little boy had never been able to walk1 but was always either sitting or lying down4 ,when he had to move1 his mother carried him in her arms4 ,sometimes1 indeed1 the child1 resting on the edge of the table or helped by his mother's hand1 could manage to keep himself up and to take a few steps2 but it was at the cost of violent efforts and immense fatigue4 ,the physician of the place had professed himself unable to cure him2 and the disease being organic1 no remedy had ever been resorted to4 ,the parents of this unfortunate child1 having heard of the miracles of ,lourdes1 had procured some of the water from the grotto2 and in the course of a fortnight had applied it on three different occasions to the body of the little fellow without obtaining any effect4 ,but their faith was not discouraged on that account2 if hope was banished from the world1 it would still remain in the hearts of mothers4 ,a fourth application was made on ,holy ,thursday1 the first of ,april1 #aheh4 ,that day the child took several steps without assistance4 ,the bathings from that time became more and more efficacious1 and the health of the patient gradually improved4 ,after three or four weeks1 he became strong enough to walk almost as well as other people4 ,we say almost1 for there was still in his gait a certain awkwardness1 which seemed like a reminiscence of his original infirmity4 ,the thinness of his legs had slowly disappeared together with their weakness1 and the deformity of his chest was almost entirely gone4 ,all the people of the village of ,gez1 knowing his previous condition1 said that it was a miracle4 ,were they right or wrong8 ,whatever our own opinion may be1 there is certainly much to be said on both sides of the question4 ,another child1 ,denys ,bouchet1 of the town of ,lamarque1 in the canton of ,ossun1 had also been cured of a general paralysis in very much the same way4 ,a young man of twenty-seven years1 ,jean ,louis ,amar1 who was subject to epileptic fits1 had been completely though gradually cured of his terrible malady solely by the use of the water of ,massabielle4 ,some other similar cases had also occurred4#i ,,iii4 ,if we were not acquainted with the wonderfully varied forms which supernatural cures have assumed since the ,christian era1 we might perhaps be inclined to believe that ,providence had thus disposed things at this moment to cause proud human philosophy to catch itself in its own nets1 and to destroy itself with its own hands4 ,but let us not think that there was in this case such a snare on the part of ,god4 ,he lies in ambush for no one4 ,but truth in its normal and regular developments1 the logic of which is unknown to human philosophy1 is of itself an eternal snare for error4 ,however this may be1 the savants and physicians of the country hastened to find in these various cures1 the cause of which was doubtful1 though their reality and progressive nature were well ascertained1 an admirable opportunity and an excellent pretext to effect that change of base which the increasing evidence of facts made absolutely necessary4 ,ceasing1 therefore1 to ascribe these cures to such a commonplace cause as imagination1 they loudly attributed them to the natural virtues which this remarkable water1 which had been discovered by the merest chance1 undoubtedly possessed4 ,to give this explanation was of course equivalent to recognizing the cures4 ,let the reader recall the beginning of this story1 when a little shepherdess1 going out to gather some dead wood1 claimed to have seen a shining apparition4 ,let him remember the sneers of the great men of ,lourdes1 the shrugging of shoulders at the club1 the supreme contempt with which these strong-minded individuals received this childish nonsense2 what progress the supernatural had made2 and how much incredulity1 science1 and philosophy had lost1 since the first events which had so suddenly occurred at the lonely grotto on the banks of the ,gave4 ,the miraculous had1 if we may use such an expression1 taken the offensive4 ,free thought1 lately so proud and confident in its attacks1 was now pursued by facts and obliged to defend itself4 ,the representatives of philosophy and science were none the less positive1 however1 and showed as much disdain as ever for the popular superstition4 ,well1 be it so1 said they1 affecting a tone of good humor and the air of good faith4 ,we acknowledge that the water of the grotto cures certain maladies4 ,what can be more simple8 ,what need is there of having recourse to miracles1 supernatural graces1 and divine intervention to explain effects similar to1 if not even exactly the same as1 those of the thousand springs which1 from ,vichy or ,baden-,baden to ,luchon1 act with such efficacy on the human system8 ,the ,massabielle water has merely some very powerful mineral qualities1 like those which are found in the springs of ,barges or ,cauterets1 a little higher up in the mountains4 ,the grotto of ,lourdes has no connection with religion1 but comes within the province of medical science4 ,a letter1 which we take at random from our documents1 presents better than we could the attitude of the savants of the neighborhood regarding the wonders worked by the ,massabielle water4 ,this letter1 written by an eminent physician of that region1 ,dr4 ,lary1 who had no faith whatever in the miraculous explanations of the cures1 was addressed by him to a member of the faculty3 ,,ossun1 ,april #bh1 #aheh4 ,i hasten1 my dear sir1 to send you the details which you ask of me in regard to the case of the woman ,galop of our commune4 ,this woman1 in consequence of rheumatism in the left hand1 had lost the power of holding anything with it4 ,hence1 if she wished to wash or carry a glass with this hand1 she was very apt to drop it1 and she was obliged to give up drawing water from the well1 because this hand was unable to hold the rope4 ,for more than eight months she had not made her bed and had not spun a single skein of thread4 ,now1 after a single journey to ,lourdes1 where she made use of the water internally and externally1 she spins with ease1 makes her bed1 draws water1 washes and carries the glasses and dishes1 and1 in short1 uses this hand as well as the other4 ,the movements of the left hand are not yet quite as free as before the illness1 but #ij per cent4 of the power that had been lost before the use of the water from the grotto at ,lourdes has been restored4 ,the woman proposes1 however1 to go again to the grotto4 ,i shall ask her to pass your way that you may see her1 and convince yourself of all that ,i have said4 ,you will find1 in examining her case1 an incomplete anchylosis of the lower joint of the forefinger4 ,if the repeated use of the water of the grotto destroys this morbid condition1 it will be an additional proof of its alkaline properties4#aj ,in conclusion1 ,i beg you to believe me yours very faithfully1 ,,lary1 ,m4,d4 ,this explanation1 once admitted and considered as certain in advance1 the doctors were less unwilling to accept the cures worked by the water of the grotto2 and from this period they set to work to generalize their thesis1 and to apply it almost without any distinction to all cases1 even to those which were marked by the most amazing rapidity1 which could by no means be ascribed to the ordinary action of mineral waters4 ,the learned personages of the place got out of this difficulty by attributing to the water of the grotto extremely powerful properties1 such as had been previously unknown4 ,it mattered little that they discarded all the laws of nature in their theories1 provided that heaven got no profit thence4 ,they willingly admitted the preternatural in order to get rid of the supernatural4 ,there were among the faithful some perverse and troublesome persons1 who by impertinent remarks interfered with the profound conclusions of the scientific coterie4 ,how1 they said1 is it that this mineral spring1 so extraordinarily powerful that it works instantaneous cures1 was found by ,bernadette when in a state of ecstasy1 and came after her accounts of certain celestial visions1 and apparently in support of them8 ,how did it happen that the fountain sprang out precisely at the moment when ,bernadette believed herself to hear a heavenly voice telling her to drink and bathe8 ,and how is it that this fountain1 which appeared suddenly under the eyes of all the people in such very unusual circumstances1 yields not ordinary water1 but a water which1 as you yourselves acknowledge1 has already cured so many sick persons whose cases had been abandoned as hopeless1 and who have used it without medical advice1 and merely in the spirit of religious faith8 ,these objections1 repeated under many different forms1 provoked the free-thinkers1 philosophers1 and savants exceedingly4 ,they tried to evade them by answers which were really so poor and miserable that they ought1 one would think1 to have hardly presented a good appearance even in their authors' eyes2 but then1 to find any others was no doubt very difficult4 ,why not8 said they4 ,coffee was discovered by a goat4 ,a shepherd found by chance the waters of ,luchon4 ,it was also by accident that the ruins of ,pompeii were brought to light by the pickaxe of a laborer4 ,why should we be so much surprised that this little girl1 while amusing herself by digging in the ground during her hallucination1 should have come upon a spring1 and that the water of this spring should be mineral and alkaline8 ,that she imagined at the moment that the ,blessed ,virgin was before her1 and that she heard a voice directing her to the fountain1 is merely a coincidence1 entirely accidental1 but of which superstition tries to make a miracle4 ,on this occasion1 as on the others1 chance has done everything1 and has been the real discoverer4 ,the faithful were not1 however1 moved by this sort of argument4 ,they had the bad taste to think that to explain everything by accidental coincidence was to do violence to reason under the pretext of defending it4 ,this irritated the free-thinkers1 who1 though acknowledging at last the reality of the cures1 deplored more than ever the religious and supernatural character which the common people insisted upon giving to these strange events2 and1 as was natural under the circumstances1 they were inclined to resort to force to stop the popular movement4 ,if these waters are mineral1 they began to say1 they belong to the state or to the municipality2 people should not use them except by the advice of a doctor2 and an establishment for baths should be built at the spot1 not a chapel4 ,the science of ,lourdes1 forced to assent to the facts in this case1 had arrived at the state of mind just described when the measures of the prefect1 relative to the objects deposited in the grotto1 and the attempt to imprison ,bernadette under the pretext of insanity1 were announced--this attempt1 as we have seen1 having been defeated by the unexpected intervention of the cur1 ,m4 ,peyramale4 ,,iv4 ,a certain and official basis for all these theses of the desperate adherents of the medical theory was still a desideratum4 ,m4 ,massy had already bethought himself of asking such a basis from one of the most wonderful and indubitable sciences of the age--namely1 that of chemistry4 ,with this view1 he had applied1 through the mayor of ,lourdes1 to a chemist of some distinction in the department--,m4 ,latour de ,trie4 ,to show1 not in detail by the examination of each special case1 but once for all1 that these cures which were rising up as formidable objections were naturally explained by the chemical constitution of the new spring1 seemed to him a masterstroke2 and he considered that1 in accomplishing it1 he would lay science and philosophy under obligation1 not to mention also the administration1 represented by the minister1 ,m4 ,rouland4 ,seeing that it was impossible to have ,bernadette arrested as insane1 he urged the analysis1 which was to show officially the mineral and healing qualities of the water4 ,it was becoming imperatively necessary to get rid of the intrusive supernatural power which1 after having produced the fountain1 was now curing the sick people1 and threatening to pass all bounds4 ,though its abominable influence should continue strong in many quarters1 a really official analysis might be of great service4 ,the chemist of the prefecture1 therefore1 set to work to make this precious investigation of the water from ,massabielle1 and1 with a good conscience1 if not with perfect science1 he found at the bottom of his crucibles a solution perfectly agreeing with the explanations of the doctors1 the reasonings of the philosophers1 and the desires of the prefect4 ,but was truth also as well satisfied with it as the prefecture1 the philosophers1 and the faculty8 ,at first1 perhaps1 this question was not proposed1 but it lay in store for a future occasion4 ,but1 not to consider this for the present1 let us see what was this analysis which ,m4 ,latour de ,trie1 chemist of the administration1 addressed officially1 on the #fth of ,may1 to the mayor of ,lourdes1 and which the latter immediately forwarded to the ,baron ,massy3 ,,chemical ,,analysis4 ,the water of the grotto of ,lourdes is very clear1 without smell or decided taste4 ,its specific gravity is very nearly that of distilled water4 ,its temperature at the spring is #ae ,cent4 7#ei ,fahr47 ,it contains the following elements3 #ast4 ,chlorides of sodium1 calcium and magnesium in abundance4#aa #b;d4 ,carbonates of lime and of magnesia4 #c;d4 ,silicates of lime and of alumina4 #dth4 ,oxide of iron4 #eth4 ,sulphate and carbonate of soda4 #fth4 ,phosphate 7traces74 #gth4 ,organic matter--ulmine4 ,the complete absence of sulphate of lime in this water is also established by this analysis4 ,this remarkable peculiarity is entirely to its advantage1 and entitles it to be considered as very favorable to digestion1 and as giving to the animal economy a disposition favorable to the equilibrium of the vital action4 ,we do not think it imprudent to say1 in consideration of the number and quality of the substances which compose it1 that medical science will1 perhaps1 soon recognize in it special curative properties which will entitle it to be classed among the waters which constitute the mineral wealth of our department4 ,be pleased to accept1 etc4 ,a4 ,,latour ,,de ,,trie4 ,the civil order is not so well disciplined as the military1 and1 through misunderstanding1 false steps are occasionally taken in it4 ,the prefect1 in the multitude of his avocations1 had omitted to give his orders to the editors of the official newspaper of the department1 the ,ere ,impriale1 so that1 while the chemist of the prefecture said white1 its journalist said black2 while the former was recognizing in the spring at ,lourdes one of the future medical and mineral treasures of the ,pyrenees1 the latter was calling it dirty water1 and joking about the cures which had been obtained4 ,it is needless to say1 he wrote on the precise day on which ,m4 ,latour de ,trie sent in his report--that is1 on the #fth of ,may--that the famous grotto turns out miracles in abundance1 and that our department is inundated with them4 ,at every corner you will meet with people who tell you of a thousand cures obtained by the use of some dirty water4 ,the doctors will soon have nothing to do1 and the rheumatic and consumptive people will have disappeared from the department1 etc4 ,notwithstanding these discrepancies1 which might have been avoided1 it must be acknowledged that ,baron ,massy was1 on the whole1 attentive to his business4 ,on the #dth of ,may1 at about noon1 he had delivered his address to the mayors of the canton of ,lourdes1 and given his orders4 ,on the #dth of ,may1 in the evening1 the grotto had been stripped of the offerings and ex-votos4 ,on the morning of the #eth1 he had ascertained the impossibility of having ,bernadette arrested1 and had abandoned this measure4 ,on the #fth1 in the evening1 he received the analysis of his chemist4 ,fortified with this important document1 he waited the course of events4 ,what was about to take place at ,lourdes8 ,what would happen at the grotto8 ,what would be done by ,bernadette1 whose every movement was watched by the ,argus eyes of ,jacomet and of his agents8 ,would not the fountain at the grotto disappear in the coming hot weather1 and thus put an end to the whole business8 ,what attitude would the people assume8 ,such were the hopes and anxieties of the ,baron ,massy1 imperial prefect4 ,v4 ,at the grotto the miraculous fountain continued to flow1 abundant and clear1 with that character of quiet perpetuity which is generally found in springs coming from the rock4 ,the supernatural apparition did not cease to assert its existence1 and to prove it by benefits conferred4 ,the grace of ,god continued to descend visibly and invisibly upon the people1 sometimes quick as the lightning which flashes through the clouds1 sometimes gradual like the light of dawn4 ,we can only speak of those graces which were external and manifest4 ,at six or seven kilometres 7four miles7 from ,lourdes1 at ,loubajac1 lived a good woman1 a peasant1 who had formerly been accustomed to labor1 but whom an accident had for eighteen months past reduced to a most painful inaction4 ,her name was ,catherine ,latapie-,chouat4 ,in ,october1 #ahef1 having climbed an oak to knock down some acorns1 she had lost her balance1 and suffered a violent fall1 which caused a severe dislocation of the right arm and hand4 ,the reduction--as is stated in the report and the official statement1 which are now before us--though performed immediately by an able surgeon1 and though it nearly restored the arm to its normal state1 had nevertheless not prevented an extreme weakness in it4 ,the most intelligent and continuous treatment had been ineffectual in removing the stiffness of the three most important fingers of the hand4 ,the thumb and first two fingers remained obstinately bent and paralyzed1 so that it was impossible either to straighten them or to enable them to move in the least4 ,the unfortunate peasant1 still young enough for much labor1 for she was hardly thirty-eight1 could not sew1 spin1 knit1 or take care of the house4 ,the doctor1 after having treated her case for a long time without success1 had told her that it was incurable1 and that she must resign herself to give up the use of that hand4 ,this sentence1 from such a reliable authority1 was for the poor woman the announcement of an irreparable misfortune4 ,the poor have no resource but work2 for them compulsory inaction is inevitable misery4 ,catherine had become pregnant nine or ten months after the accident1 and her time was approaching at the date of our narrative4 ,one night she awaked with a sudden thought or inspiration4 ,an interior spirit1 to quote her own words to myself1 said to me as it were with irresistible force1 ',go to the grotto6 go to the grotto1 and you will be cured6' ,who this mysterious being was who spoke thus1 and whom this ignorant peasant--ignorant at least as far as human knowledge is concerned--called a spirit1 is no doubt known by her angel guardian4 ,it was three o'clock in the morning4 ,catherine called two of her children who were large enough to accompany her4 ,do you remain to work1 said she to her husband4 ,i am going to the grotto4 ,in your present condition it is impossible1 replied he2 to go to ,lourdes and return is full three leagues4 ,nothing is impossible4 ,i am going to get cured4 ,no objection had the least effect upon her1 and she set out with her two children4 ,it was a fine moonlight night2 but the awful silence1 occasionally broken by strange and mysterious sounds1 the solitude of the plains only dimly visible1 and seemingly peopled by vague forms1 terrified the children4 ,they trembled1 and would have stopped at every step had not ,catherine reassured them4 ,she had no fear1 and felt that she was going to the fountain of life4 ,she arrived at ,lourdes at daybreak1 and happened to meet ,bernadette4 ,some one telling her who it was1 ,catherine1 without saying anything1 approached the child blessed by the ,lord and beloved by ,mary1 and touched her dress humbly4 ,then she continued her journey to the rocks of ,massabielle1 where1 in spite of the early hour1 a great many pilgrims were already assembled and were on their knees4 ,catherine and her children also knelt and prayed4 ,then she rose1 and quietly bathed her hand in the marvellous water4 ,her fingers immediately straightened1 became flexible1 and under her control4 ,the ,blessed ,virgin had cured the incurable4 ,what did ,catherine do8 ,she was not surprised4 ,she did not utter a cry1 but again fell on her knees1 and gave thanks to ,god and to ,mary4 ,for the first time for eighteen months1 she prayed with her hands joined1 and clasped the resuscitated fingers with the others4 ,she remained thus for a long time1 absorbed in an act of thanksgiving4 ,such moments are sweet2 the soul is glad to forget itself1 and thinks that it is in ,paradise4 ,but violent sufferings recalled ,catherine to the earth--this earth of sighs and tears1 where the curse pronounced upon the guilty mother of the human race has never ceased to be felt by her innumerable posterity4 ,we have said that ,catherine was very near her confinement1 and as she was still upon her knees she found herself suddenly seized by the terrible pains of childbirth4 ,she shuddered1 seeing that there would be no time to go even to ,lourdes1 and that her delivery was about to occur in the presence of the surrounding multitude4 ,and for a moment she looked around with terror and anguish4 ,but this terror did not last long4 ,catherine returned to the ,queen whom nature obeys4 ,good ,mother1 said she simply1 you have just shown me so great a favor1 ,i know you will spare me the shame of being delivered before all these people1 and at least grant that ,i may return home before giving birth to my child4 ,immediately all her pains ceased1 and the interior spirit of whom she spoke to us1 and who1 we believe1 was her angel guardian1 said to her3 ,do not be alarmed4 ,set out with confidence2 you will arrive safely4 ,let us go home now1 said ,catherine to her two children4 ,accordingly she took the road to ,loubajac1 holding them by the hand1 without intimating to any one her critical state1 and without showing any uneasiness1 even to the midwife of her own village1 who happened to be there in the midst of the crowd of pilgrims4 ,with inexpressible happiness she quietly traversed the long and rough road which separated her from home4 ,the two children were not afraid of it now2 the sun was risen1 and their mother was cured4 ,as soon as she returned1 she wished still to pray2 but immediately her pains returned4 ,in a quarter of an hour she was the mother of a third son4#ab ,at the same time1 a woman of ,lamarque1 ,marianne ,garrot1 had been relieved in less than ten days1 merely by lotions with the water from the grotto1 of a white eruption which had covered her whole face1 and which for two years had resisted all treatment4 ,dr4 ,amadou1 of ,pontacq1 her physician1 was satisfied of the fact1 and was an incontestable witness of it subsequently before the episcopal commission4#ac ,at ,bordres1 near ,nay1 the widow ,marie ,lanou-,domeng1 eighty years old1 had been for three years a sufferer from an incomplete paralysis in the whole left side4 ,she could not take a step without assistance1 and was unable to do any work4 ,dr4 ,poueymiroo1 of ,mirepoix1 after having ineffectually used some remedies to restore life in the palsied parts1 though continuing his visits1 had abandoned medical treatment of the case4 ,hope1 however1 is with difficulty extinguished in the hearts of the sick4 ,when shall ,i get well8 the good woman would say to ,dr4 ,poueymiroo1 every time that he came4 ,you will get well when the good ,god sees fit1 was the invariable reply of the doctor1 who was far from suspecting the prophetic nature of his words4 ,why should ,i not believe what he says1 and throw myself directly on the divine goodness8 said the old peasant woman one day to herself1 when she heard people talking of the fountain of ,massabielle4 ,accordingly1 she sent some one to ,lourdes to get at the spring itself a little of this healing water4 ,when it was brought to her1 she was much excited4 ,take me out of bed1 said she1 and hold me up4 ,they took her out1 and dressed her hurriedly4 ,both the actors and spectators in this scene were somewhat disturbed4 ,two persons held her up1 placing their hands under her shoulders4 ,a glass of water from the grotto was presented to her4 ,she extended her trembling hand toward the quickening water and dipped her fingers in it4 ,then she made a great sign of the cross on herself1 raised the glass to her lips1 and slowly drank the contents1 no doubt absorbed in fervent and silent prayer4 ,she became so pale that they thought for the moment that she was going to faint4 ,but while they were exerting themselves to prevent her from falling1 she rose with a quick and joyful movement and looked around4 ,then she cried out with a voice of triumph3 ,let me go--quick6 ,i am cured4 ,those who were holding her withdrew their arms partially and with some hesitation4 ,she immediately freed herself from them1 and walked with as much confidence as if she had never been ill4 ,some one1 however1 who still had some fear of the result1 offered her a stick to lean on4 ,she looked at it with a smile2 then took it and contemptuously threw it far away1 as a thing which was no longer of use4 ,and from that day1 she employed herself as before in hard out-door work4 ,some visitors1 who came to see her and to convince themselves of the fact1 asked her to walk in their presence4 ,walk1 did you say8 ,i will run for you6 ,and1 true to her word1 she began to run4 ,this occurred in the month of ,may4 ,in the following ,july1 the people pointed out the vigorous octogenarian as a curiosity1 as she mowed the grain1 and was by no means the last in the hard labors of the harvest4 ,her physician1 the excellent ,dr4 ,poueymiroo1 praised ,god for this evident miracle1 and subsequently1 with the examining commission1 signed the procs-verbal on the extraordinary events which we have just related1 in which he did not hesitate to recognize the direct and evident action of divine power4#ad ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,we think it well to say that no one of these cures1 except that of ,denys ,bouchet1 whom the physicians had pronounced absolutely and constitutionally incurable1 was declared to be miraculous by the episcopal commission which will be mentioned further on4 ,for these cures1 the #ajth1 #aath1 and #afth procs verbaux of the commission may be consulted4 ,whatever the probability of divine intervention may be in such cases1 the church before proclaiming a miracle requires that no natural explanation of the fact should be possible1 and sets aside1 without affirming or denying1 every case in which this condition is not found4 ,she is content to say ,nescio4 ,we shall hereafter have occasion to speak of the work of the commission4 #aj ,the patient was1 in fact1 entirely cured at the second visit to ,lourdes4 #aa ,the presence of chloride of sodium 7common salt71 to say nothing of the others1 in abundance1 without a decided taste in the water1 is a little mysterious4 ,the original reads3 ,chlorures de soude1 de chaux et de magnsie3 abondants4--,,note ,,by ,,translator4 #ab ,the reader will perhaps like to see the reports of the episcopal commission on this case3 ,hardly had ,catherine ,latapie-,chouat plunged her hand into the water1 than she felt herself to be entirely cured2 her fingers recovered their natural suppleness and elasticity1 so that she could quickly open and shut them1 and use them with as much ease as before the accident of ,october1 #ahef4 ,from that time she has had no more trouble with them4 ,the deformity of the hand of ,catherine ,latapie1 and the impossibility of using it1 being due to an anchylosis of the joints of the fingers1 and to a complete lesion of the nerves or the flexor tendons1 it is certain that the case was a very serious one2 as also by the uselessness of all the means of cure used during eighteen months1 and by the avowal of the physician1 who had declared to this woman that her condition was irremediable4 ,nevertheless1 in spite of the failure of such long and repeated attempts1 the employment of various active healing agents1 and the statement of the physician1 this severe lesion disappeared immediately4 ,now1 this sudden disappearance of the infirmity1 and restoration of the fingers to their original state1 is evidently beyond and above the usual course of nature1 and of the laws which govern the efficacy of its agents4 ,the means by which this result has been brought about leave no doubt in this respect1 and establish this conclusion incontestably4 ,in fact1 it has been averred7a7 that the ,massabielle water is of an ordinary character1 without the least curative properties4 ,it cannot1 then1 by its natural action1 have straightened the fingers of ,catherine ,latapie and restored their suppleness and agility1 which had not been accomplished by the scientific remedies which were so various and used for so long a time4 ,the wonderful result1 then1 which the mere touch of this water immediately produced1 cannot be ascribed to it1 but we must rise to a superior cause1 and do homage for it to a supernatural power1 of which the water of ,massabielle has been1 as it were1 the veil and inert instrument4 ,besides1 if ordinary water had been possessed of such a prodigious power1 ,catherine ,latapie would have experienced its effect long before by the daily use which she made of it in washing herself and her children2 for she had daily employed for this purpose water exactly similar to that at the grotto4--,extract from the #aeth procs-verbal of the commission4 7a73 ,this was1 in fact1 authentically averred1 the administrative analysis to the contrary notwithstanding1 at the time of the procs-verbaux of the commission4 #ac ,we will also give the conclusions of the commission on this point4 ,an eruptive affection of this sort might not of itself have a very grave character1 nor threaten serious danger or disastrous consequences4 ,still1 that from which ,marianne ,garrot had suffered would indicate by its duration1 by its resistance to the treatment which had been prescribed and faithfully followed1 and by its continual and progressive spreading1 a very decidedly malignant character1 the inoculation1 so to speak1 of a deeply seated virus1 to expel which would require long and persevering attention1 with a patient continuance of the treatment already adopted or of some other more appropriate and effectual one4 ,the rapid though not instantaneous disappearance of the white eruption from the face of the patient is very different from the usual effect of chemical preparations2 for the first lotion produced a perceptible improvement or partial cure instantaneously1 which was advanced by the second1 made four days afterward2 and without the aid of any other remedy1 these two lotions accomplished a complete restoration in a few days by a gradual and rapid progress4 ,now1 the liquid the employment of which produced this speedy effect was nothing but water1 without any special properties1 and without any relation or appropriateness to the disease which it overcame2 and which1 besides1 if it had possessed any such qualities1 would long before have produced the effect through the daily use which the patient made of it for drinking and washing4 ,this cure cannot1 then1 be ascribed to the natural efficacy of the ,massabielle water1 and all the circumstances1 as it would seem--namely1 the tenacity and activity of the eruption1 the rapidity of the cure1 and the inappropriateness of the element which brought it about--concur to show in it a cause foreign and superior to natural agents4--,extract from the #aeth procs-verbal of the commission4 #ad ,ninth procs-verbal of the commission4 ,,our ,,northern ,,neighbors4 ,in the adjustment of differences to which conflicting interests or a spirit of rivalry may give birth1 governments1 like individuals1 are prone to satisfy themselves with conventions limited to matters immediately in dispute4 ,they are like medical doctors1 who treat symptoms as the malady to be cured1 and1 satisfied with alleviating present pain1 leave its causes to war against mortal life1 until disease becomes chronic and incurable4 ,whether the labors of the ,joint ,high ,commission1 now sitting in ,washington1 will be of this description1 remains to be seen2 but such1 it appears to us1 has been the character of treaties or conventions affecting commercial relations with our ,canadian and provincial neighbors4 ,they seem not to have been founded upon any intelligent consideration of the wants of contracting parties1 but1 presupposing that there must be conflicting interests1 are devised to prevent rival industries from merging in unfriendliness and strife4 ,we ask1 then1 whether these rival interests have legitimate existence4 ,the answer to this question will be derived from an examination of the statistics of the two countries--their agricultural and other products--their climatic and social conditions1 and the commercial relations actually subsisting between them1 as well as those which both sustain to other countries and peoples4 ,the productions of a country are properly classified according to the sources whence they are derived4 ,we have1 then1 five distinct classes of products1 namely3 ,the natural productions of the sea1 the earth1 the forest1 and the results of industry applied to agriculture and manufactures4 ,let us now turn to the map of ,british ,america4 ,beginning at the east1 the waters of ,newfoundland and the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence are rich in fisheries4 ,they yield salmon1 mackerel1 codfish1 haddock1 ling1 herring1 and oysters1 in great abundance4 ,newfoundland has not enough of agriculture to save its own population from absolute suffering when there is a failure in the catch of fish along its shores4 ,it possesses rich though undeveloped deposits of copper1 iron1 and other ores4 ,prince ,edward ,island1 in the centre of the mackerel fisheries1 is1 perhaps1 more favored by nature than the other maritime provinces4 ,every acre of its surface may be reckoned as arable land4 ,its agriculture1 always limited to the growth of hay1 oats1 potatoes1 and turnips1 is only partially developed1 though even now yielding a considerable surplus for export4 ,its forests are exhausted of timber4 ,and though1 from habit1 its people still continue to build wooden ships to send home for sale1 they are obliged to import the material for their construction4 ,the southern part of ,nova ,scotia contains a considerable portion of good farm lands2 yielding the invariable crops of hay1 oats1 potatoes1 and turnips4 ,in some districts1 apples and pears1 of excellent quality1 are grown in abundance4 ,the eastern portion1 especially the island of ,cape ,breton1 is rich in coal1 lime1 freestone1 and marble2 all so placed as to be easily accessible to commerce4 ,even now1 despite protective duties on colonial products1 the streets of some of our ,atlantic cities are lighted with gas from ,nova ,scotia coal4 ,gold has been found in sufficient quantity to afford opportunity for speculation1 but not for profit4 ,the yield for #ahfg was #bg1ehc oz4 #dac1gde2 for #ahfh1 #bj1eda oz4 #cjh1aae4 ,the same amount of capital applied to the growing of potatoes would doubtless afford a much larger return4 ,coal is the most important mineral product2 and its chief market is found in the ,united ,states4 ,the net amount mined in one year was #dah1cac tons2 sold for home consumption and to neighboring colonies1 #agf1cib tons2 sent to the ,united ,states1 #bda1iba tons4 ,new ,brunswick offers the same agricultural products as the neighboring provinces of ,prince ,edward ,island and ,nova ,scotia4 ,a great part of its territory1 like the northern part of ,maine1 is cold1 rocky1 and inarable4 ,but its forests yield large quantities of pine lumber1 oak1 beech1 maple1 and other valuable woods1 and bark for tanning leather4 ,this source of wealth is1 however1 rapidly failing4 ,the forests begin to give evidence of exhaustion4 ,st4 ,john already asks what shall be her resource when the lumber is gone4 ,formerly1 ship-building was a large interest in these lower provinces4 ,but from the growing scarcity of ship timber1 as well as from the more general use of iron vessels1 it has been declining from year to year4 ,we see1 then1 what these provinces can now contribute to commerce2 and we also see their prime deficiency4 ,they cannot supply their people with bread4 ,that comes from ,canada and the ,united ,states4 ,but ,canada does not want their mackerel or other fish1 their oats1 potatoes1 turnips1 or hay4 ,she wants money2 and for want of a nearer market1 the surplus oats must be sent upon a very doubtful venture across the ocean1 the mackerel to the ,united ,states1 and the dried fish to the ,west ,indies and ,brazil1 to get money to pay for ,canadian bread4 ,but time is money4 ,it is more than money--it is life4 ,and when we take into account the loss of time in going to and fro across the ocean1 and the great expenditure of unproductive labor that is required by this selling to ,peter on one side of the world to pay ,paul on the other1 we cannot help believing that the poor provincial pays a high price for bread to eat and clothes to wear1 as well as for the various products of other lands which1 from being only conveniences1 have become the necessaries of life4 ,we come now to the ,province of ,quebec--prior to the ,dominion1 called ,canada ,east4 ,nearly all her territory lies north of the forty-sixth parallel of latitude4 ,need we say that agriculture1 save for the few and slender productions of cold climates1 is here impossible8 ,for nearly seven months of the year the greater part of her rivers and harbors are closed to commerce by bars of impenetrable ice4 ,the soil1 and every industry relating to it1 is under the dominion of frost4 ,the forests of timber may be accessible despite the snows of winter1 and in the early spring her people may hunt seals along the coasts of ,labrador2 but during the long period of actual winter1 her agriculturists1 nearly her whole industrial population1 must be employed upon indoor labor1 or be left to hibernate in positive idleness4 ,it is simply impossible that agriculture can ever be a successful industry in so rigorous a climate as that of ,quebec4 ,going westward through what was once called ,canada ,west1 now the ,province of ,ontario1 we find a peninsula bounded by the ,st4 ,lawrence ,river1 ,lake ,ontario1 and ,lake ,erie1 on the south and east2 and by ,lakes ,st4 ,clair and ,huron1 with their connecting straits1 on the west4 ,this peninsula1 south of #de ,n41 comprises the wheat-growing lands of ,canada east of ,lake ,winnipeg4 ,its area is something less than that of the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,it produces good crops of wheat and other cereals1 and nearly all vegetables and fruits grown in our northern and northwestern states4 ,farther west1 we have the valleys of the ,saskatchewan and its tributaries1 capable of producing cereals1 grasses1 potatoes1 and other vegetables4 ,but our information1 derived from missionaries and others long resident in that region1 induces the belief that it is mere folly to regard a country in whose streams the fish lie torpid1 and where the snow-fall is not enough to protect the land from killing frosts1 in winter1 as suited to the growth of cereals for export1 or as capable of giving bread to any considerable population4 ,much has been said and written concerning the territory lying on the ,pacific coast4 ,we believe it is well ascertained that the climate of ,british ,columbia west of the mountains--we might well add the southeast coast of ,alaska--is as mild as that of the state of ,new ,york4 ,unfortunately1 it is very much more moist2 so much more that it never can become a good agricultural country4 ,the reason is so obvious that one is hardly disposed to question the assertion4 ,the vast accumulations of ice and snow in and immediately north of ,behring ,strait1 and on the high mountain range lying on the east side of this territory1 must produce intense cold when the wind blows from the north and east4 ,when the warm air comes from the southwest1 the whole atmosphere must resemble a vapor-bath4 ,seeds may readily germinate1 but can they produce ripe crops8 ,we have recently discussed this subject with a friend who has had intimate personal acquaintance with this coast for more than ten years1 and we but reiterate his assertion in saying that1 north of ,oregon1 agriculture is not a safe reliance for the support of a colony4 ,we do not doubt that hay1 oats1 and potatoes will grow there4 ,it is well known that they may grow where the sub-soil is everlasting ice4 ,but we know that agriculture cannot be profitable either there or where the heats of summer last just long enough to melt the snows on adjacent mountains and convert the soil to mud4 ,there must always be an excess of moisture to contend with in maturing crops4 ,our information as to the fact is positive4 ,but suppose that1 in process of time1 by the clearing of forest lands1 and other causes incident to the peopling and cultivation of the soil1 these difficulties were overcome4 ,does any one believe that the products of the land could be carried by rail and inland waters through a distance of three thousand miles1 and two or three thousand more by sea1 and1 after successive reshipments1 at last pay the producer--save in cumulation of expenses added to the original cost of goods received in return8 ,if1 then1 this far western country should ever have an excess of food or other commodities1 they must find a readier market than either the far-off country of eastern ,canada or more distant lands can afford4 ,its trade must be with the neighboring states of ,washington1 ,oregon1 and ,california4 ,will the people1 on either side1 long consent to pay tribute to government officials for the privilege of exchanging the fruits of their toil8 ,were they really of different races--distinct in language1 manners1 and customs beyond the degree that always makes the dwellers in one village imagine its excellent society a little superior to that of the neighboring hamlet--we might say1 yes6 ,but knowing1 as we do1 that they are by race1 by conditions of soil and climate1 and by reason of mutual interests1 but one people1 we do not believe it4 ,let us now glance at the map of the ,united ,states4 ,leaving out ,maine1 northern ,new ,hampshire1 and ,vermont1 in the northeast2 the narrow belt north of the #dhth parallel1 between ,lake ,superior and the ,pacific ,ocean1 in the northwest2 ,florida1 ,louisiana1 and ,southern ,texas in the south2 the whole vast area between the #cb;d and #dfth parallels of latitude1 from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific ,ocean--in extent equivalent to three-fourths of all ,europe--is suited to the production of wheat1 rye1 barley1 ,indian corn1 oats1 hay1 potatoes1 and every fruit found in temperate climates4 ,there are no frosts to render agriculture a mere speculative enterprise2 no bonds of ice to close the ports to commerce4 ,seed-time and harvest may be counted upon as certainly as the succession of seasons4 ,can there be a doubt that here the material interest forming the basis of all others is agriculture8 ,we have no exact data for a comparison of the several products of the ,united ,states and ,british ,america2 but for our immediate purpose it is quite unnecessary to present tables of statistics4 ,we refer only to chief products4 ,first--of those common to both countries1 the productions of the ,united ,states are to the productions of ,canada and the ,lower ,provinces as #ac to #a4 ,the whole agricultural products of the ,united ,states1 excluding those of orchards1 vineyards1 and gardens--which would present a still wider difference--are to those of ,canada as #ae to #a4 ,the annual yield of ,indian corn in the ,united ,states is worth upwards of #hjj1jjj1jjj1 or about five times the entire value of the agricultural product of ,british ,america4 ,if we include in the comparison the values of animals and animal products1 orchards1 vineyards1 and gardens1 the proportion is something nearer #cj to #a1 while the breadth of improved land is not as #aj to #a4 ,and this while the breadth of our improved land is not more than one-thirteenth of our territory--though double the whole area of ,great ,britain and ,ireland--and while any great expansion of agriculture in ,canada is forbidden by the conditions of soil and climate4 ,are not these considerations sufficient to show the absurdity of persistence in the development of rivalry in agricultural and commercial interests8 ,do we not see that in the ,united ,states agriculture is legitimately the greatest industrial interest1 and that in ,canada it is not8 ,and we may well ask why the industrial population of ,canada should not be employed in utilizing its timber and other products of the forest and the mine1 or1 where material is more readily found in the neighboring country1 using the forces so abundantly provided by their inland waters and mines of coal1 as well as by the muscle half-wasted for want of use1 in supplying fabrics which they now import1 and pay for by the scanty labors of just half the time that ,god has given them8 ,these considerations are in some degree applicable to ,new ,england4 ,the difference is1 that ,new ,england knows it1 and acts upon the knowledge4 ,manufacturing is the appropriate industry of cold climates4 ,when this is acknowledged1 hibernation ceases4 ,the people are no longer forced to eke out a meagre existence in winter upon the slender profits of toil spent in contention with chilling winds and frosts4 ,true1 ,canada--a small part of it--produces bread for export4 ,we know it3 and we also know that every loaf costs twice as much1 in human toil1 as the better loaf yielded by the more generous soils and genial suns of ,illinois1 ,minnesota1 ,iowa1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,maryland1 ,virginia1 and ,california4 ,canada produces good beef1 mutton1 pork1 and1 of course1 the raw materials for manufactures incident to these products4 ,but the herdsmen on the plains of ,illinois1 ,iowa1 ,florida1 and ,texas would grow rich in selling beeves1 swine1 and sheep for the cost of their keeping through a ,canadian winter6 ,on the other hand1 we see1 in some parts of our own country1 whole communities of people engaged in mechanical industries1 while the earth calls for tillage4 ,even in our more populous territories1 enough of what should be fruitful lands to yield subsistence to a larger population than ,canada will ever contain1 lies fallow and neglected4 ,but our commercial relations are adverse to the proper adjustment of industrial pursuits4 ,the ,canadians dare not rely upon their neighbors for bread to eat1 any more than those neighbors would venture to build their workshops and factories in ,canada4 ,the more venturesome try to obviate the difficulty1 to some extent1 by illicit trade2 but all the obstacles to legitimate commerce--to the conveniences of living--remain2 and they must remain as long as the ,american and ,canadian producers have to pay tribute to ,csar on exchanging the fruits of their labors4 ,reciprocity treaties may modify1 but they cannot remove1 this great obstacle to prosperous trade4 ,treaties regulating trade cannot so change the industries of the two countries as to confine large agricultural enterprises to the soil and climate that would insure success1 nor send the artisan1 now living on rich uncultivated lands1 to till the earth4 ,what means the extraordinary emigration from ,canada to the ,states8 ,and how can we account for the sudden expansion of manufacturing industries in ,montreal and other ,canadian towns8 ,it means that1 while governments are discussing treaties for reciprocal trade1 their people are practising reciprocal emigration--but with a difference4 ,the ,canadian becomes an ,american citizen--the ,american very rarely a ,british subject4 ,we recollect two incidents in our own experience apropos to the matter under consideration4 ,some two years ago we passed a summer in the ,lower ,provinces4 ,in the parlor of our hotel1 we fell into conversation with an intelligent man of business who proved to be a commercial traveller from ,canada4 ,his specialty was boots and shoes4 ,on mentioning that ,lynn1 in ,massachusetts1 was the great shoe factory of the ,states1 his reply was1 ,yes6 the head of our firm is from ,lynn4 ,lynn had gone to ,montreal to employ ,canadian hands in turning ,canadian leather into boots and shoes to supply colonial markets4 ,the head of our firm1 like other heads of firms1 had solved the problem of appropriate industry as far as he was concerned4 ,he had learned where material1 and hands to work it1 were cheapest1 and he was utilizing them4 ,he had emigrated to employ the cheap labor that could not emigrate4 ,at another time1 we met a well-dressed mechanic who was not at home4 ,his home was in the ,states4 ,he was only visiting his birthplace and kindred4 ,in reply to the remark that the high wages which had enticed him to the ,states were only high in sound1 since greenbacks were at a great discount1 and food1 clothing1 and rent at inflated prices1 his reply evinced a perfect understanding of the whole question1 as it affected him and the class to which he belonged4 ,true1 said he1 ,i am paid in greenbacks2 but ,i have a better house1 better food1 and better clothes than ,i ever had before4 ,and at the end of the year1 my surplus greenbacks are worth more1 in gold1 than ,i could get for a year's labor in this colony4 ,here are two parties whose interests are reciprocal1 whose social conditions are essentially the same1 who live in juxtaposition to each other1 but with broad ocean between them and other countries and peoples1 frittering away material interests1 wasting revenues that of right should be employed for their advancement in social life1 to gratify a spirit of antagonism where even rivalry should be deemed insane4 ,but is there no remedy for these disorders in our political economy8 ,we think there is a very obvious one2 and if we may not say1 ,what ,god has joined together1 let not man put asunder1 because the parties are not agreed1 we can and do say1 the sooner they are agreed1 the better for both4 ,we would say to ,canada1 do not waste your time and strength in trying to effect impossibilities4 ,let us see your many rivers alive with the artisans who can send to the market something else than ship-timber and deals4 ,let us see the smoke of the forge and the foundry rise in proximity to your mines of coal4 ,we want all that you can make1 and have no fear that you will in any degree impair the prosperity of our own industrial people4 ,and we will pay you in bread1 better and cheaper than you can get from your colder and less fruitful lands4 ,and when your coarser materials are wrought into shape for export1 we have skilled labor1 nearer than ,britain1 to receive your surplus products and fashion them into the thousand fabrics which only skilled labor can supply4 ,we have no desire to see your wheat-fields fail or to decry their products in the market4 ,we only say that they are too limited for dangerous competition with ours4 ,and we further say1 that if you will but develop other and more legitimate industries1 so that your wheat-growing districts cannot feed your people1 we will be sure to have bread enough and to spare4 ,and you may be also sure that all your efforts will not so overstock the markets we can offer as to make trade languish1 when the thousands now peopling this continent shall become millions1 though the ,old ,world should want nothing that you can give4 ,and1 then1 you have but a doubtful road to the markets of the ,old ,world4 ,for half the year your highway to the ocean and to other lands must be across our territory4 ,intercolonial railways through unsettled and unproductive countries will not answer the demands of commerce4 ,they will not pay2 and1 if they would1 the interests served ought not to be so burdened where access may be had to readier and cheaper lines of communication4 ,does all this imply annexation8 ,call it what you will4 ,as one of your ,canadian statesmen said to the people of a lesser province1 ,if you do not want us to annex you1 we are willing that you should annex us4 ,if you are more conservative than we are1 a little conservatism will do us no harm2 and the interests you would conserve would be quite as safe under the eagle's beak as under the lion's paw4 ,if one be a bird1 the other is surely a beast of prey2 and we believe that harmless folk have less to apprehend from one alone than from the jealous rivalries of both4 ,of one thing we feel assured3 the time is not far distant when the people of this northern half of ,america will have to adopt a policy so distinct from that of the older nations of ,europe that self-preservation will demand a union of power where there is now an evident identity of interests4 ,it were well that this union should be preceded by such guarantees of existing rights and privileges as might1 without specific and just conventions1 be open to subsequent question and dispute4 ,and it were also well for governments to direct the march which necessity compels their people to make1 rather than incur the risk of finding themselves at variance with those for whose greater good civil government is designed4 ,we do not purpose to discuss the origin or foundation of civil government4 ,it is enough for us to know that man requires and ,god wills it2 and that1 in the absence of other and higher sanctions1 the best evidence of his will is found in the intelligent1 honest consent of the governed4 ,does any one doubt what the more intelligent and honest people of ,canada and the ,united ,states require8 ,we do not ask what may be the rle of the political adventurer1 the office-seeker1 the government speculator or tuft-hunter4 ,we always know that the end of all their loyalty or patriotism is self4 ,but we ask what is needed for the greater good of the people4 ,not alone the people of to-day or to-morrow1 but of the future as well4 ,how the people of to-day esteem the policy of their lawgivers1 may be known by their conduct under it4 ,and the army of government revenue officers and detectives on either side along the frontiers of ,canada and the ,states offers sufficient evidence of the esteem in which the laws of trade are held4 ,we know not which is the more corrupt--the law-breakers or the agents of the law2 but we do know1 from the notoriety of the fact1 that the commercial relations now existing between the ,canadas and the ,states are1 in effect1 so demoralizing1 to commercial people and commercial interests1 that the laws which propose to govern them were better abrogated than left to offer a premium to chicanery and fraud4 ,we are neither alarmists nor political propagandists4 ,we have no greedy desire for our neighbor's goods1 no fanatical wish to impose our political dogmas or theories upon the people of other states4 ,we but behold and see what is before and around us--and1 seeing it1 we only give utterance to belief that has grown and strengthened1 until scarcely a doubt remains1 when we say that we believe the ultimate union of the ,united ,states and ,british ,america to be inevitable4 ,the time may be more or less distant1 the occasion and the means may be as yet undreamed of2 but the event seems as certain as the coming of the morrow's sun while the shades of evening gather over and around us4 ,if1 unfortunately1 war should take the place of peaceful union1 the calamity would hardly be less to us than to ,canada4 ,by peaceful union1 existing rights of the weaker party are made secure4 ,by war1 they are jeopardized and may be lost4 ,but to us1 as well as to them1 war would be a calamity of such fearful magnitude1 that we are constrained to look with hope to the time when the conflicting interests of the ,old ,world shall have no power to disturb the peaceful relations that should always exist between ourselves and our neighbors4 ,,on ,,the ,,higher ,,education4 ,,second ,,article4 ,the whole scope of the subject properly comprised under the title ,higher ,education obviously includes all that belongs to every kind of institute of learning above common schools4 ,we have selected this title in order to leave freedom to ourselves to discourse upon any part of the subject we might think proper1 although in our first article we limited our remarks to a class of schools intended for that which is more strictly to be designated as intermediate education4 ,we have a few additional remarks to offer upon the same part of our subject1 after which we will proceed to throw out a few suggestions upon some of its remaining and still more important portions4 ,we are not attempting to treat these topics fully and minutely1 and our observations will be1 therefore1 brief and desultory4 ,in regard to the course of studies to be pursued in intermediate schools1 it is a question of great practical moment how to arrange the several branches to be taught to the pupils in such a way as to prepare them most efficiently for the future occupations of their lives4 ,the course common to all ought to be made up of those studies which are alike necessary or important to all4 ,in addition to these common studies1 certain special branches should be taught1 or the distinct branches of the common course more extensively carried out1 for distinct classes of pupils1 varying these optional studies according to the different occupations for which they are preparing4 ,for instance1 a moderate quantity of mathematics and a rudimental1 general course of instruction in physical sciences are sufficient for all1 except those who will need greater knowledge and practice in them for use in their profession4 ,it is useless to attempt1 in these days1 education on the encyclopdic principle4 ,the common and solid basis of all education once laid1 the more specific it becomes1 the better2 and for want of good sense and skill in selecting studies1 apportioning the relative time and labor given to them1 and directing them to a definite end1 very great waste and loss are incurred in education4 ,one other most important point1 which we merely notice1 is the propriety of providing the most thorough instruction in the modern languages1 especially the ,french1 which can more easily be done1 as we suppose1 in the schools of which we are speaking1 that no time whatever1 or at most but a moderate amount1 is given to the ancient languages4 ,without going further into details1 it is obvious that schools of the intermediate class have an unlimited sphere in which they can give any kind and degree of instruction belonging to the most extensive and liberal education1 deducting the classics1 and stopping short of the university1 properly so called4 ,nor is there any reason why1 if we had universities in the highest sense of the term1 the pupils of these schools should not afterward enjoy all the privileges they offer which do not require a knowledge of the ancient languages4 ,we will not say anything on the vexed classical question4 ,did it seem to be practicable1 we should strongly favor making the study of ,latin a part of the education of all who go beyond the common rudiments1 as well girls as boys1 to such an extent that they could understand the divine offices of the church4 ,for all other uses or advantages1 we are inclined to think that many pupils who occupy a great deal of time in gaining a very imperfect smattering of ,latin and ,greek1 might better spare it for other studies4#ae ,however the question may be eventually settled in regard to the classics as a part of general education1 it is certain that they must retain their place in the education of the clergy1 and of at least a select portion of those who are destined for other learned pursuits and professions4 ,we shall speak more fully about this part of the subject a little further on4 ,before leaving the topic of ,english education1 however1 we have one or two supplementary observations to make1 suggested by the remarks of other writers which we have come across since we began writing the present article4 ,f4 ,dalgairns1 in an article which he has published in the ,contemporary ,review1 has expressed himself in a manner quite similar to our own respecting the necessity of a return to the scholastic philosophy4 ,his remarks have given us great pleasure1 and they furnish one more proof of the tendency toward unity in philosophical doctrine among ,catholics which is daily spreading and gaining strength4 ,one observation of his on this head is specially worthy of attention4 ,he says that it is necessary1 if we desire to teach the scholastic philosophy to those who have received or are receiving a modern or ,english education1 to translate and explain its terms in the best and most intelligible ,english4 ,a mere literal translation from ,latin text-books will not answer the purpose4 ,this is very true1 and we cannot refrain from expressing the wish that the health and occupations of ,f4 ,dalgairns may permit him to write an entire series of philosophical essays1 like the one he has just published on the ,soul1 to which we have just referred4 ,indeed1 we know of no one better fitted by intellectual aptitude for metaphysical reasoning and mastery of the requisite art as a writer1 to prepare a manual of philosophy for ,english students4 ,the ,dublin ,review has repeated and sanctioned the observations of ,f4 ,dalgairns1 and has added something to them equally worthy to be noticed--to wit1 that our ,catholic text-books of logic need to be improved by incorporating into them the results of the more careful and thorough analysis of the laws of logic which has been made by several ,english writers4 ,it is very true that1 although the ,english metaphysic is a sorry affair1 there have been several very acute logicians among modern ,english thinkers2 as1 for instance1 ,mr4 ,mill1 ,mr4 ,de ,morgan1 and ,sir ,william ,hamilton4 ,we suppose that the ,dublin ,review intends to designate the doctrine of what is technically called the quantification of the predicate made known by the two authors last mentioned1 simultaneously and independently of each other1 as a real discovery in logical science1 and an addition to ,aristotle's laws4 ,we hope the matter will be further discussed1 and that not only ,english and ,american writers interested in the subject of philosophical teaching will give it their attention1 but ,continental scholars also4 ,for our own part1 our rle at present is the modest one of giving hints and provoking discussion1 and we therefore abstain from going any deeper than a mere scratch of the rich soil we hope to see well dug and planted before long4 ,from another and very different quarter1 we have found within a day or two a corroboration of several opinions we expressed in our first article4 ,prof4 ,seeley1 of the ,university of ,cambridge1 ,england1 in a little volume of essays1 noticed by us in another place1 advocates the teaching of logic in ,english schools1 dwells on the importance of teaching history after a better method1 and sketches out a plan of improving the instruction given in medium schools and universities1 which is well worthy of being read and thought over by those who have the direction of education4 ,but we will turn now to another and still higher department of education1 which embraces the courses of study proper to the university and the schools which are preparatory to it4 ,beginning with that branch of study which must undoubtedly still continue to form an essential and principal branch of the strictly collegiate education1 the classics1 we do not hesitate to say that this branch1 instead of being less1 ought to be more thoroughly and completely cultivated4 ,in so far as ,latin is concerned1 it is evident that those who aim at anything more than the degree of knowledge requisite for understanding better the modern languages1 and the terms which are in common use derived from ,latin1 or1 perhaps1 for a more intelligent appreciation of church offices1 ought to master the language fully1 together with its classical literature4 ,the reasons which prove this statement apply with tenfold force to ecclesiastics1 for whom ,latin ought to be a second mother-tongue4 ,it is not necessary to give these reasons1 for they are well known and fully appreciated by all who are concerned with the collegiate or ecclesiastical education of ,catholic youth4 ,the question of ,greek is a distinct one4 ,for those who study the classics for the sake of their intrinsic value as works of art1 ,greek has the precedence of ,latin in importance4 ,it is evident1 therefore1 that a most thorough and extensive course of ,greek is necessary for students of this class4 ,whether such a course ought to be made a part of the obligatory collegiate curriculum of studies1 or merely provided for a select class who may choose to enter upon it1 we leave to the discretion and judgment of the learned4 ,undoubtedly1 we ought to have a certain number of accomplished ,grecians among our men of letters4 ,it is necessary in the interests of ecclesiastical learning that we should have thorough ,greek scholars among our clergy4 ,for all useful purposes1 however1 the value of the amount of ,greek actually learned by the majority is exceedingly small1 and not to be compared with the practical utility of a knowledge of any one of several modern languages1 for example1 the ,german4 ,a clergyman1 for instance1 who does not aspire to become a learned philologist1 but only to make himself acquainted with the labors of the best commentators on the ,scripture1 will not find it very necessary to be able to read the ,septuagint or the ,greek ,new ,testament4 ,as for ,hebrew1 whatever can be learned by a short and superficial course will be almost useless4 ,if he desires to read ,aristotle1 ,plato1 or the ,greek fathers1 for the sake of their sense and ideas1 he can do so in the ,latin translations without any fear of being led into any erroneous interpretation4 ,the point we are driving at is1 that the thorough study of ,latin is the most essential thing to be secured in a classical course4 ,philosophy2 a moderate course of mathematics2 the ,english language and literature2 the physical sciences1 and the modern languages1 especially the ,french1 are the other essentials of a complete collegiate course4 ,whatever time remains will be most usefully employed in the study of history and of modern political and social questions1 branches which are certainly essential to a complete liberal education1 though for many1 or perhaps most1 students their thorough cultivation may have to be postponed until after their college course is finished4 ,the improvement of the collegiate education in all these branches1 requires1 of course1 a corresponding improvement in the preparatory schools1 since the school and college depend on each other4 ,it is our opinion1 in which we are sure that the men most experienced in these matters concur1 that those who begin their schooling at the earliest suitable age need to be well trained in an excellent preparatory school until the age of seventeen1 before they are fit to profit fully by a high collegiate course4 ,those who begin later must enter college at a more advanced age1 unless they can make up by diligence for lost time1 or be content with a shorter course of study4 ,the raising of the conditions for entering college1 which can be done gradually1 must improve the preparatory schools1 and the improvement of these schools will in turn benefit the colleges1 by furnishing them with subjects fitted for a higher course of studies4 ,in saying this1 we beg to disavow any intention of undervaluing or finding fault with the colleges and schools at present existing1 or the learned and laborious corps of teachers employed in them4 ,they deserve the highest meed of praise and gratitude1 and we may well congratulate ourselves on the truly vast work which has been accomplished1 at great cost and by dint of great efforts1 in the cause of ,catholic education in this country4 ,but our motto should ever be1 like that of the past generations of laborers in this great cause1 ,upward and onward6 ,we trust1 therefore1 that all we may say in favor of improvement will be taken as an encouragement and not as a fault-finding criticism--as a friendly suggestion1 and not as a presumptuous attempt at dictation4 ,we have now reached the proper place for speaking of the great necessity of a ,catholic ,university in the ,united ,states4 ,a well-conducted college for undergraduates is not a university1 though it is often dignified with that name2 but is merely one of the principal constituent parts of a university4 ,in regard to the proper constitution1 nature1 and conduct of a university1 much has been written1 of late1 both in ,europe and ,america4 ,in ,europe1 those who write on the subject either consider the subject of improvement or reform in universities already existing1 or the demands existing in various quarters for the foundation of new ones4 ,these last are chiefly among ,catholics1 who are extremely alive to this necessity in several countries1 but especially in ,germany and ,england4 ,the foundation of a great ,catholic ,university for ,germany at the spot which is most appropriate for such a grand undertaking1 on account of its hallowed and scholastic memories1 ,fulda1 has been determined4 ,we hope that the efforts to make the ,catholic ,university of ,dublin completely successful1 and to found another in ,england1 may speedily produce their desired result4 ,in this country1 the heads of the older ,protestant colleges are considering what measures can be taken to raise these institutions to the level of the universities of ,europe4 ,among the papers which we have read from different quarters on this subject1 those of ,professor ,seeley1 of ,cambridge1 and of one or two professors of ,yale ,college1 writing in the ,new ,englander1 have especially attracted our attention2 and we may have occasion to reproduce some of their remarks or suggestions in the present article4 ,among the ,catholics of the ,united ,states1 the ,germans have manifested what looks like the most serious disposition which has yet shown itself for taking the actual initiative in the movement4 ,we rejoice to see it1 and hope they may go on4 ,they are a most respectable body2 their energy1 wealth1 and power of organized action are great4 ,germany is full of young ecclesiastics of the best education1 who are sighing for employment1 and competent to fill chairs in all the departments except that of ,english literature4 ,we have but one precaution to suggest1 in case this enterprise is undertaken1 which is3 that proper care be taken to secure the entire subordination of the corps of governors and teachers to the hierarchy and the ,holy ,see1 and to ascertain the strict orthodoxy of the persons called to fill the professorial chairs4 ,we want no followers of ,hermes1 ,dllinger1 or any other leader of a ,german sect in philosophy or theology2 and persons of that class whose rle is played out at home1 might be the very first to look out for a new field in which to practise their manuvres1 in a ,german ,university in the ,united ,states1 if they saw a chance of securing in it the desirable position of professors--a position which has special attractions for the ,german mind4 ,the ,advocate of ,louisville has recently spoken out very strongly on the need of a ,catholic ,university in this country2 and the topic is frequently broached in conversation1 as1 indeed1 it has been for the last fifteen years4 ,let the ,germans go forward and take the lead if they are able and willing2 but this will not lessen the necessity of the same action on the part of the other ,catholics of the country1 who1 we may hope1 will be stimulated by the example of a body of men so much smaller in number than themselves4 ,when the time comes for action in this matter1 the direction of it will be in higher hands than ours2 but1 meanwhile1 we will indulge ourselves in the at least harmless amusement of sketching an ideal plan of the university as it lies in our own imagination1 and of the possible method of making it a reality4 ,a university is a corporation of learned and studious men who are devoted to the acquisition and communication of science and art in all their higher branches4 ,it may be more or less complete and extensive4 ,in its greatest extension it ought to comprise one or more colleges for undergraduates1 schools of all the special professional studies1 and a school of the higher and more profound studies in every department of literature and science4 ,it must have a permanent body of learned men residing within its precincts1 whose lives are entirely devoted to study and instruction4 ,it must have a vast library2 museums of science and antiquities2 a gallery of painting1 sculpture1 and all kinds of artistic works2 a complete scientific apparatus1 a botanical garden1 magnificent buildings1 beautiful chapels1 and a grand collegiate church1 with its chapter of clergymen and perfectly trained choir4 ,it should have1 also1 a great publishing-house1 and issue regularly its periodical reviews and magazines1 as well as books1 of the first class of excellence in the several distinct departments of science and letters4 ,it must be richly endowed1 and well governed1 under the supreme control and direction of the hierarchy and the ,holy ,see4 ,a plan combining the chief distinctive features of the ,roman ,university1 ,oxford1 ,louvain1 and the best universities of ,france and ,germany1 with some improvements1 would represent the full and complete idea we have in our mind4 ,when we come to the practical question4 ,what could be done now1 at once1 toward the beginning of such a colossal undertaking8 it is by no means so easy to solve it as it is to sketch the plan of our ideal university4 ,we do not fancy1 of course1 that such a grand institution as this we have described1 or even one similar to the best existing ,european universities1 can be created in a hurry by any speedy or summary process4 ,but if it is commenced now1 can it not be brought to completion by the beginning of the twentieth century8 ,it seems to us that in the year #aijj or #aibe we shall need not one only1 but three grand ,catholic universities in the ,united ,states4 ,that we can and ought to begin the work of founding one without delay1 we have no doubt4 ,the difficulty is1 however1 in pointing out a sensible and feasible method of doing well what many or most of us are ready to acknowledge ought to be done quickly4 ,let us suppose that the requisite authority and the necessary funds are confided to the hands of the proper commission1 who are to lay the first stones in the foundation of a university4 ,how should they proceed1 and what should they first undertake8 ,as these high powers exist only potentially and in our own imagination1 we can be certain that they will not take offence if we presume to offer them our opinion and advice4 ,what is the first and most obvious want which we seek to satisfy by founding a university8 ,it is the want of a collegiate system of education and discipline superior to the one already existing in our colleges1 and equal to any existing elsewhere4 ,the first thing to be done1 then1 is to select some already existing college1 or to establish a new one1 as the nucleus of the future university4 ,we will suppose that some one of our best colleges can be found which has the requisite advantages of location1 etc41 making it an eligible place for a great university4 ,let measures be taken to place the grade of education and instruction in this college at the highest mark4 ,the first of these measures must be to give it a corps of professors and tutors fully equal to their task1 and to make the position of these professors a dignified1 honorable1 and permanent one4 ,another measure of immediate necessity would be the total separation of the college from the grammar-school1 and the establishment of a system of discipline suitable not for boys but for young men4 ,the mere announcement by sufficiently high authority that such a system would be inaugurated in a college1 would draw at once within its walls students enough eager to begin a thorough course of study1 to secure the success of the experiment4 ,at first1 the course of study already in vogue might be carried on1 merely adding to it such branches as would not presuppose a previous preparation not actually possessed by the students4 ,for admission to the class of the next year to come1 the conditions might be raised one grade higher1 and thus by successive changes1 previously made known1 the maximum standard might be reached without inconvenience or injustice to any2 and the grammar-schools would be enabled and obliged to prepare their pupils expressly for the examination they would have to pass for admittance into the college4 ,the college thus properly planted and cultivated would grow of itself in due time to maturity and perfection4 ,nothing more is wanted than a good system1 fit men to administer it1 plenty of money1 and a body of youth fit and desirous to be instructed and educated in the best manner4 ,the library1 the scientific cabinets1 the philosophical apparatus1 the buildings1 grounds1 and other exterior means and appliances1 should be provided for as speedily and amply as circumstances would permit4 ,the second great want1 in our opinion1 is the provision for ecclesiastical students of the advantages for education which can only be completely furnished by a university1 and which cannot1 therefore1 be fully enjoyed at separate ecclesiastical seminaries4 ,the ,little ,seminary is only a superior kind of grammar-school1 even though it gives instruction in the ancient languages and some other branches to the same extent with a college4 ,the ,grand ,seminary is1 strictly speaking1 a college for instruction in theology1 although it includes a year or two of that study of philosophy which is only introductory to the theological course4 ,a thorough university course1 in which all the instruction preparatory to theology should be finished1 would give a more complete and thorough education to young ecclesiastics1 fit them much better for their professional studies1 and prepare them much more efficaciously for the high position which belongs1 by all divine and human right1 to the priesthood4 ,this is the way in which the clergy1 both secular and regular1 were trained during the ,middle ,ages4 ,the system of separate training came in afterward1 and has been kept up by a sort of necessity1 chiefly because the universities have become so secularized as to be dangerous places4 ,we have touched1 in these last words1 the tender spot1 which we well know must be handled delicately4 ,the great argument for secluding young ecclesiastics in seminaries entirely separate from secular colleges is1 that their morals1 their piety1 their vocation1 are otherwise endangered4 ,we reply to this by a suggestion intended to do away with the objection to a university life1 and at the same time to show how its advantages may be secured4 ,let both systems be combined4 ,let there be a college exclusively intended for young ecclesiastics1 in which they shall be kept under the discipline of the ,little ,seminary1 at the university4 ,the ,little ,seminary will then take its place as a separate grammar-school for boys who are intended for the ecclesiastical state4 ,from this school they can pass1 not before their seventeenth year1 to the college at the university1 and they will have seven years still remaining in which to finish their education1 before they arrive at the canonical age for ordination to the priesthood4 ,it seems to us that the separate college is a sufficient security for the morals1 piety1 and vocation of any young man above seventeen years of age who is fit to be a priest in this country outside of the walls of a monastery4 ,moreover1 we are speaking about a model ,catholic university1 which1 we should hope1 would not be so extremely dangerous a place for young men4 ,we have never heard that ,louvain is considered in that light by the clergy of ,belgium1 and the glimpse we had of a large body of the ,louvain students at ,malines during the session of the ,congress of #ahfg1 gave us the most favorable impression of their virtuous character4 ,the university should also be the seat of the principal ,grand ,seminary1 and of a school of ,higher ,theology4 ,the reasons for locating the place of education for ecclesiastics at a university apply to all the grades of their distinct schools above that of the grammar-school with nearly equal force1 and they are very weighty in their nature4 ,they concern in part the professors and in part the students4 ,so far as the former are concerned1 it is evident that they would derive the greatest advantage from the facilities for study and intercourse with learned men afforded by the university1 and would exercise the most salutary influence over the professors in the departments of philosophy and secular science4 ,one great end of the university is to collect together a great body of learned men devoted to the pursuit of universal science2 and it is obvious that this cannot be successfully accomplished unless the ecclesiastical colleges are included within the corporation4 ,in regard to the students1 it seems plain enough that all that part of their course which precedes theology can be much more thoroughly carried on at a university of the highest class than at a ,little ,seminary1 especially if these seminaries are numerous and therefore necessarily limited in numbers and all kinds of means for improvement4 ,a concentration of the endowments1 the instructors1 and the pupils in one grand institution1 makes it possible to give a much better and higher kind of education1 and saves a great deal of labor besides4 ,it is especially1 however1 in relation to the lectures on physical science1 and the cultivation of other general branches distinct from the routine of class recitations1 that the university has the advantage over the seminary4 ,the students of theology1 moreover1 can receive great benefit from lectures of this kind1 and from the libraries1 museums1 cabinets1 etc41 which a great university will possess1 as well as from the greater ability and learning which men chosen to fill the chairs of sacred science in such an institution are likely to have1 in comparison with those who can be made available for giving instruction in many of the smaller seminaries4 ,over and above all these advantages for actually gaining a greater amount of knowledge1 there is the immense advantage to be gained of bringing up together and binding into one intellectual brotherhood our most highly educated ,catholic youth4 ,there is something in the atmosphere and the surroundings of a great university which quickens and enlarges the intellectual life2 brightens the faculties2 trains the mind for its future career1 and fits it to act in society and upon men4 ,the alma mater is a centre of influences and associations lasting through life4 ,the learned men residing there1 and their pupils in all professions1 are bound together by sacred ties1 which are not only a cause of pleasure to them in future years1 but of great power for good in the community4 ,such a university as we have described would in twenty-five years produce a body of alumni who would intellectually exert a great influence over the ,catholic community throughout the ,united ,states1 and make themselves respected by all classes of educated men4 ,the clergy ought to retain the first place and a commanding influence among this body of educated ,catholics4 ,for this purpose1 it seems to us that they ought to be educated with them1 and look to the same university as their alma mater4 ,we see no reason1 moreover1 why the religious orders and congregations should not share and co-operate in the labors and advantages of this great enterprise4 ,the smaller congregations find the suitable education of their postulants a difficult task4 ,one or more colleges at a university1 where these students could reside by themselves1 under their own rule and superior1 but receiving their instruction from the university professors1 would solve this difficulty4 ,the older and more numerous religious societies have greater facilities for educating their students1 and are governed by their own old and peculiar traditions4 ,we will not presume so far as to give them any suggestions from our modern brain in regard to matters in which they have the experience of from one to six centuries4 ,it strikes us1 however1 as a very pleasing and quite medival idea1 that our proposed grand university1 which we may as well make as splendid as possible while it remains purely ideal1 should have its ,dominican1 ,jesuit1 ,sulpician1 and ,lazarist colleges4 ,there is no reason why such colleges should not make constituent parts of the university1 each one having its own laws and regulating its own internal affairs according to its own standards4 ,we will say nothing about the law1 medical1 scientific1 and artistic schools which a university ought to have to make it complete4 ,we have only attempted to show how a university might be started on its career4 ,once really alive and in motion1 the rest would be more easily provided for4 ,undoubtedly1 a vast sum of money would be requisite for such an undertaking4 ,our wealthy ,catholics would have to exercise a princely liberality1 and the whole mass of the people would be obliged to contribute generously for many years in succession4 ,we must admire the remarkable instances of princely liberality in the cause of general education recently given by ,mr4 ,peabody1 ,mr4 ,cornell1 and a considerable number of other wealthy gentlemen in the ,united ,states1 whose benefactions to colleges and schools have been frequent and munificent4 ,let us have one-twentieth part of the money expended on education by other religious or learned societies1 and we will show again what we did in former ages1 when we founded ,oxford1 ,cambridge1 ,st4 ,gall1 ,bec1 ,paris1 ,salamanca1 ,fulda1 ,louvain1 ,cologne1 ,pavia1 ,padua1 ,bologna1 and the other famous schools of the middle ages4 ,what more important or more glorious work can be proposed to the ,catholics of the ,united ,states than this8 ,we know what our ,catholic youth are1 for we have spent much time in giving them both scholastic and religious instruction4 ,what can be more ingenuous1 bright1 and promising than their character--more capable of being moulded and formed to everything that is virtuous and noble8 ,they contain the material which only needs the proper formation to produce a new and better age1 which we fervently hope is already beginning to dawn4 ,as the ,alcuins1 ,lanfrancs1 and other illustrious fathers of education in former times were among the principal agents in producing epochs of new life1 so those who take up their work now in our own country1 and throughout ,christendom1 will be among the principal benefactors of the church and the human race1 and deserve for themselves a most honorable crown4 ,our topic in the present article has led us to present almost exclusively and in strong light the advantages to be derived from a university and from university education1 in relation both to the ecclesiastical state and secular professions4 ,to prevent mistake1 we add in conclusion1 that we do not desire or anticipate the suppression or merging into one institution of all our colleges and seminaries4 ,it is scarcely possible that all the students of this vast country should be educated in one place4 ,the necessity for other colleges and seminaries will of itself create or continue them4 ,the university will give them an example and model to follow1 will furnish those not already amply provided for from the bosom of old and learned religious orders with professors1 will give those who desire it a chance to complete their studies after leaving college by residing for a time within its walls1 and will reign as a queen among lesser institutions1 giving tone1 character1 and uniformity to the scientific and literary community of ,catholic scholars throughout the country4 ,there are doubtless certain respects in which the universities of ,europe must always have an advantage over any institution we can hope to found in this new country4 ,some1 or even many1 will always have a longing for a residence abroad in these ancient seats of learning1 which they may and ought to gratify1 when it lies in their power to do so4 ,above all other places1 ,rome must ever draw to her those who desire to drink faith1 piety1 and knowledge from their fountain-head4 ,and1 if a better age is really coming1 not only will the ,pope necessarily be secured in a more tranquil and firm possession of his temporal kingdom in all the extent which he justly claims1 that he may govern the church with all the plenitude of his supremacy1 but also that the wealth and prosperity of the ,roman ,church may give to her institutions of learning an amplitude and splendor which they have never yet attained4 ,planets are nevertheless necessary as well as a sun in a system1 and so also are satellites4 ,however ample and extensive the provisions made at ,rome may be for educating a select portion of the clergy of all countries1 they can never make it unnecessary to provide also in every country for the best and highest education of its own clergy4 ,so far as we can see1 every reason and consideration cries out imperatively for the speedy foundation of a ,catholic ,university in the ,united ,states4 ,,footnote3 #ae ,prof4 ,seeley advocates the plan of devoting a part of the time during the last two years at ,english schools to ,latin4 ,the proper study of ,english must also include in it an analysis of the ,latin element1 and an explanation of the derivation of words of ,latin origin4 ,,the ,,warning4 ,ye nations of earth1 give ear1 give ear1 ,from ,holy ,writ comes the warning true1 ,the voice of the ancient captive seer ,through the dim-aisled centuries reaches you4 ,thus saith the seer3 ,ye have lifted high ,against his altar your impious hand2 ,from the ,lord's spoiled house is heard the cry1 ',destruction swift to this guilty land4' ,but a deeper than ,belshazzar's wrong ,veils the light of these mournful years1 ,and many an eye in the saintly throng ,turns from the earth bedimmed with tears4 ,the ,holy ,city by promise given1 ,a precious dower to the spotless bride1 ,is trodden by feet outlawed1 unshriven1 ,and her streets with martyrs' blood are dyed4 ,the crown that ever has fallen as light ,on holy brows1 from the ,hand above1 ,has been torn away by sinful might ,from him whose rule was a father's love4 ,the deed was by one2 the sin by all2 ,by ay1 or by silence1 ye gave assent2 ,ye saw the shrine to the spoiler fall1 ,nor hand ye lifted1 nor aid ye lent4 ,o nations of earth6 give ear1 give ear1 ,from ,holy ,writ comes the warning true1 ,the voice of the ancient captive seer1 ,from the far-off ages1 speaks to you6 ,,writing ,,materials ,,of ,,the ,,ancients4 ,it is curious to remark the various and apparently incongruous substances which men1 in their efforts to preserve knowledge or transmit ideas1 have used as writing materials4 ,the animal1 vegetable1 and mineral kingdoms have each and all been laid under contribution4 ,in every land and in every age1 stone and marble have been employed to perpetuate the remembrance of the great deeds of history4 ,inscriptions cut in jasper1 cornelian1 and agate are to be met with in every collection of antiquities4 ,a cone of basalt covered with cuneiform characters was found some years since in the river ,euphrates1 and is now preserved in the ,imperial ,library of ,paris1 side by side with the sun-baked bricks on which the ,babylonian astronomers were wont during seven centuries to inscribe their observations on the starry heavens4 ,the ,romans made books of bronze1 in which they engraved the concessions granted to their colonies2 and they preserved on tablets and pillars of the same durable material the decrees and treaties of the senate1 and sometimes1 even1 the speeches of their emperors4 ,the ,botians1 says the learned ,greek geographer ,pausanias1 showed me a roll of lead on which was inscribed the whole work of ,hesiod1 but in characters that time had nearly effaced4 ,who will grant me1 cries ,job1 that my words may be written8 who will grant me that they may be marked down in a book8 ,with an iron pen and in a plate of lead1 or else be graven with an instrument in flintstone8 7xix4 #bc #bd47 ,tanned skins were likewise employed for writing purposes by the ,asiatics1 the ,greeks1 the ,romans1 and the ,celts4 ,in the ,brussels library there is to be seen a manuscript of the ,pentateuch1 believed to be anterior to the ninth century1 written on fifty-seven skins sewed together1 and forming a roll more than thirty-six yards long4 ,the custom of writing on leathern garments appears to have been prevalent during the middle ages4 ,the great ,italian poet1 ,petrarch1 used to wear a leathern vest1 on which1 while sitting or sauntering near the shaded margin of the fountain of ,vaucluse1 he would note each passing thought1 each poetic fancy4 ,this precious relic1 covered with erasures1 still existed in #aebg4 ,we read1 too1 of a certain abbot who strictly enjoined his monks1 if they happened to meet with any of the works of ,st4 ,athanasius1 to transcribe the precious volumes on their clothes1 should paper be unattainable4 ,the use of prepared sheep-skin1 that is1 parchment1 dates from about a hundred and fifty years before the ,christian era2 its ,latin name1 pergamena1 is very evidently derived from ,pergamos1 but whether because invented there1 or because it was more perfectly prepared in that city than elsewhere1 is a question not yet decided4 ,besides white and yellow parchment1 the ancients employed purple1 blue1 and violet4 ,these dark shades were intended to be written on with gold and silver ink4 ,several very beautiful manuscripts of this description are to be seen in the ,imperial ,library of ,paris4 ,parchment manuscripts were sometimes of great size2 thus1 the roll containing the inquiry concerning the ,knights ,templars1 which is still preserved in the archives of ,france1 is full twenty-three yards long4 ,parchment became very scarce during the invasions of the barbarians1 and this scarcity gave rise to the custom of effacing the characters of ancient manuscripts in order to write a second time on the skin4 ,this unfortunate practice1 most prevalent among the ,romans1 and which was continued until the invention of rag paper1 has occasioned the loss of many literary and scientific treasures4 ,the primitive characters of some few of these doubly-written manuscripts1 or palimpsests1 as they are called1 have been restored by chemical science1 and several valuable works recovered2 among others1 for instance1 ,cicero's admirable treatise on the ,republic4 ,even the intestines of animals have been used as writing material4 ,the magnificent library of ,constantinople1 burnt under the ,emperor of the ,east1 ,basiliscus1 is said to have contained1 among its other curiosities1 the ,iliad and the ,odyssey1 traced in letters of gold on the intestine of a serpent4 ,this rare specimen of caligraphy measured one hundred and twenty feet4 ,the most ancient inscribed characters we possess are upon wood4 ,a sycamore tablet containing an engraved inscription was discovered1 about thirty years since1 in one of the ,memphis pyramids2 the learned ,egyptologist who deciphered it pronounced it to have been in existence some five thousand nine hundred years6 ,the ,chinese1 also1 before they invented paper two thousand years ago1 wrote upon wood and bamboo4 ,many oriental nations still make books of palm-leaves1 on which the characters are scratched with a sharp-pointed instrument4 ,the ,syracusans of bygone times used to write their votes on an olive-leaf4 ,the modern ,maldivians trace their hopes1 fears1 and wishes on the gigantic foliage of their favorite tree1 the makareko1 of which each leaf is a yard long and half a yard wide4 ,the ,imperial ,library of ,paris1 rich in all that is rare and interesting1 possesses several ancient leaf manuscripts1 some beautifully varnished and gilt4 ,in ,rome1 before the use of bronze tables and columns1 the laws were engraven on oak boards4 ,the annals of the pagan high-priests1 says a ,french writer1 which related day by day the principal events of the year1 were probably written with black ink on an album1 that is1 a wooden plank whitened with white-lead4 ,these annals ceased a hundred and twenty years before ,christ1 but the use of the album was kept up some time longer4 ,the ,romans also wrote their wills on wood4 ,linen cloth covered with writing has been found in most of the mummy-cases that have been opened4 ,the ,egyptian ,museum in the ,louvre contains several rituals on cloth4 ,the ,sibylline ,oracles were traced on cloth4 ,the first copy of the ,emperor ,aurelian's journal that was made after his death was written on cloth1 and is still preserved in the ,library of the ,vatican4 ,on cloth were written also some of the edicts of the first ,christian emperors4 ,no certain epoch can be ascribed to the fabrication of paper from the papyrus reed4 ,the celebrated ,french savant1 ,champollion the younger1 discovered during his travels in ,egypt several contracts written on papyrus1 which by their date must have been drawn up seventeen hundred years ,b4,c4 ,egypt appears to have kept the monopoly of the papyrus paper trade4 ,the principal manufactories of it were situated at ,alexandria1 and so important an article of commerce did it become that a dearth of papyrus was the cause of several popular disturbances in some of the great cities of ,italy and ,greece4 ,under the ,emperor ,tiberius1 a scarcity in the supply produced so formidable a riot in ,rome1 that the senate was compelled to take measures similar to those necessary in years of famine1 and actually had to name commissaries1 whose duty it was to distribute to each citizen the quantity of writing-paper he absolutely required4 ,the papyrus reed seems indeed to have been ancient ,egypt's greatest material blessing1 for not only was it the principal article of foreign commerce and source of immense wealth in the form of paper1 but it was also of the most extraordinary utility to the poorer classes4 ,household utensils of every description were fabricated from its roots2 boats were constructed of its stem2 roofing1 sail-cloth1 ropes1 and clothes were made of its bark2 and from the appellation of eaters of papyrus1 often applied to the ,egyptians by the ,greeks1 some have thought that it was a common article of food4 ,how extraordinary does it then seem that a plant of such inestimable value should ever have disappeared from a land which derived such benefits from it4 ,nevertheless1 it is a singular fact that the papyrus is no longer to be found in ,egypt2 recent travellers assure us that not a stalk is to be seen at the present day in the ,delta4 ,sicily alone now possesses the beautiful reed4 ,we are ignorant of the exact period of the introduction of the papyrus paper into ,greece and ,italy1 but ,pliny has left us copious details concerning the manipulations it underwent among the ,romans4 ,sizing was then1 as it is now1 one of the most important operations in paper-making4 ,the membranous covering of the stem of the papyrus reed was far from being of a firm1 compact texture1 and the ,alexandrian factories probably sent it forth very imperfectly prepared4 ,the best quality of paper was made by gluing together1 with starch and vinegar1 two sheets of papyrus1 one transversely to the other1 and then sizing them4 ,these sheets were sometimes of considerable dimensions2 documents have been discovered written on paper three yards in length4 ,those true lovers of literature1 art1 and science1 the ,athenians1 raised a statue to ,philtatius--to him who first taught them the secret of sizing paper6 ,it is a curious fact that1 about thirty years since1 the vegetable size used by the ancient ,egyptians was introduced1 with some slight improvement1 as a new discovery1 into the paper manufactories of ,france1 and has now almost entirely abolished the use of animal size in that country for all purposes connected with the fabrication of paper4 ,about the fourth century1 the ,arabs made ,europe acquainted with cotton paper1 just then invented in ,damascus1 thereby causing a great diminution in the papyrus trade4 ,a long struggle ensued between the rival productions1 which was only put an end to at the commencement of the twelfth century1 by the invention of paper manufactured from flaxen and hempen refuse4 ,the papyrus disappeared at once and completely2 soon forgotten by commerce1 but immortal in the remembrance of poets and sages--immortal as the pages of ,cicero and ,virgil1 whose sweet and eloquent thoughts were first traced on ,egypt's reed4 ,until the present time1 this flaxen and hempen rag paper has been produced in sufficient quantities for the necessities of our civilization1 but as civilization increases1 and as education becomes more general1 especially among the masses of ,europe1 it is evident that the supply of rags will be inadequate to the demand1 and wood will most probably again be brought into requisition1 as in the age of ,pericles4 ,not1 however1 in the form of the ancient tablets1 but transformed by mechanical and chemical science into sheets of white and pliant paper2 or the numerous fibrous plants of ,algeria1 ,cuba1 and other tropical countries will be turned to account1 and no longer permitted to waste their usefulness on the desert air4 ,even now1 in ,france1 among the ,vosges ,mountains1 there is a paper manufactory where wood is manipulated with the most complete success4 ,and some few years since1 a newspaper paragraph informed the civilized world that a process of making paper from marble had been discovered by a canny ,scotchman of ,glasgow6 ,it is not1 indeed1 impossible that the marble painfully hewn and engraven by our forefathers to perpetuate the memory of a bloody struggle or of some vain triumph1 may in time to come1 by the magic power of modern science1 become a sheet of snowy tissue1 whereon the fair1 slight hand of beauty shall trace the dainty nothings of fashionable life6 ,the tablets so continually mentioned by ancient writers must be noted4 ,they were made of parchment1 thin boards1 ivory1 or metal1 prepared to receive ink1 or coated with wax and written on with a stylus1 or sharp-pointed pencil4 ,in the ,fourth ,book of ,kings we read3 ,i will efface ,jerusalem as tables are wont to be effaced1 and ,i will erase and turn it1 and draw the pencil over the face thereof4 ,herodotus and ,demosthenes speak of their tablets4 ,in ,rome1 they were used not only as note-books and journals1 but also for correspondence in the city and its environs1 while the papyrus served for letters intended to be sent to a distance4 ,the receiver of one of these notes not unfrequently returned his answer on the same tablet4 ,made of ,african cypress and highly ornamented and inlaid1 they were given as presents1 precisely as portfolios1 souvenirs1 and note-books are nowadays4 ,on the wax-covered tablets was generally traced the first rough copy of any document1 to be afterward neatly written out either on papyrus or parchment4 ,these wax-covered tablets were used in ,france until the beginning of the last century4 ,two-leaved tablets were called diptychs1 and were sometimes of extraordinary cost and beauty4 ,the ,roman consuls and high magistrates were accustomed1 on their first appointment to office1 to present their friends with ivory diptychs1 exquisitely engraved and carved1 and ornamented with gold4 ,ancient ink was composed of lamp-black and gum-water4 ,pliny says that the addition of a little vinegar rendered it ineffaceable1 and that a little wormwood infused in it preserved the manuscript from mice4 ,this ink was used until the twelfth century1 when our present common ink was invented4 ,not only black1 but also red1 blue1 green1 and yellow inks were employed in antiquity4 ,sepia ink and ,indian ink are mentioned by ,pliny4 ,red ink1 made from a murex1 was especially esteemed1 and reserved for the emperor's exclusive use1 under pain of death to all infringers of the privilege4 ,gold and silver inks1 principally used from the eighth to the tenth centuries1 were also prized2 writers in gold1 termed chrysographers1 formed a class apart among writers in general4 ,the ,imperial ,library of ,paris possesses several ,greek ,gospels1 and the ,livre des ,heures of ,charles the ,bold1 entirely written in gold4 ,few manuscripts are extant written in silver2 the most celebrated are the ,gospels1 preserved in the ,upsal ,library4 ,the stylus1 a dangerous weapon when made in iron1 and proscribed by ,roman law1 which required it to be of bone2 the painting brush1 used still by the ,chinese2 the reed1 which was cut and shaped like our modern pen1 and with which some oriental nations write even now2 and the feather pen1 which is mentioned by an anonymous writer of the fifth century1 were the general writing implements of antiquity and the middle ages4 ,metallic pens are also supposed to have been known2 the ,patriarchs of ,constantinople were accustomed to sign their official acts with a silver reed1 probably of the form of a pen4 ,some paintings found in ,herculaneum give evidence that the ancients were accustomed to make use of most1 if not of all the various conveniences with which modern writers surround themselves4 ,the writing-desk1 the inkstand1 the penknife1 the eraser1 the hone1 and the powder-box were well-known4 ,they do not seem1 however1 to have had the habit of sitting up to a table to write1 but rested their tablet or paper on their knee1 or on their left hand1 as the orientals do at the present day4 ,,do,a ,,fortuna ,,and ,,don ,,dinero4#af ,,from ,,the ,,spanish ,,of ,,fernan ,,caballero4 ,well1 sirs1 ,doa ,fortuna and ,don ,dinero were so in love that you never saw one without the other4 ,the bucket follows the rope1 and ,don ,dinero followed ,doa ,fortuna till folks began to talk scandal4 ,then they made up their minds to get married4 ,don ,dinero was a big swollen fellow1 with a head of ,peruvian gold1 a belly of ,mexican silver1 legs of the copper of ,segovia1 and shoes of paper from the great factory of ,madrid4#ag ,doa ,fortuna was a mad-cap1 without faith or law1 very slippery1 uncertain1 and queer1 and blinder than a mole4 ,the pair were at cross purposes before they had finished the wedding-cake4 ,the woman wanted to take the command1 but this did not suit ,don ,dinero1 who was of an overbearing and haughty disposition4 ,why1 sirs6 my father 7may glory be his rest67 used to say that if the sea were to get married he would lose his fierceness4 ,but ,don ,dinero was more proud than the sea and did not lose his presumption4 ,as both wished to be first and best1 and neither would consent to be last or least1 they determined to decide by a trial which of the two had the more power4 ,look1 said the wife to the husband1 do you see1 down there in the hollow of that olive-tree1 that poor man so discouraged and chop-fallen8 ,let's try whether you or ,i can do more for him4 ,the husband agreed1 and they went right away1 he croaking1 and she with a jump1 and took up their quarters by the tree4 ,the man1 who was a wretch that had never in his whole life seen either of them1 opened eyes like a pair of great olives when the two appeared suddenly in front of him4 ,god be with you6 said ,don ,dinero4 ,and with his grace's worship also1 replied the poor man4 ,don't you know me8 ,i only know his highness to serve him4 ,you have never seen my face8 ,never since ,god made me4 ,how is that--have you nothing8 ,yes1 sir2 ,i have six children as naked as colts1 with throats like old stocking-legs2 but1 as to property1 ,i have only grab and swallow1 and often not that4 ,why don't you work8 ,why8 ,because ,i can't find work1 and ,i'm so unlucky that everything ,i undertake turns out as crooked as a goat's horn4 ,since ,i married1 it appears as though a frost had fallen on me4 ,i'm the fag of ill-hap4 ,now1 here--a master set us to dig him a well for a price1 promising doubloons when it should be finished1 but giving not a single maravedi#ah beforehand4 ,the master was wise1 remarked ,don ,dinero4 ',money taken1 arms broken1' is a good saying4 ,go on1 my man4 ,i put my soul in the work2 for1 notwithstanding your worship sees me looking so forlorn1 ,i am a man1 sir4 ,yes1 said ,don ,dinero1 ,i had perceived that4 ,but there are four kinds of men1 seor4 ,there are men that are men2 there are good-for-naughts2 and contemptible monkeys2 and men that are below monkeys1 and not worth the water they drink4 ,but1 as ,i was telling you1 the deeper we dug1 the lower down we went1 but the fewer signs we found of water4 ,it appeared as if the centre of the world had been dried4 ,lastly1 and finally1 we found nothing1 seor1 but a cobbler4 ,in the bowels of the earth6 exclaimed ,don ,dinero1 indignant at hearing that his ancestral palace was so meanly inhabited4 ,no1 seor6 said the man deprecatingly2 not in the bowels2 further on1 in the country of the other tribe4 ,what tribe1 man8 ,the antipodes1 seor4 ,my friend1 ,i am going to do you a favor1 said ,don ,dinero pompously2 and he put a dollar in the man's hand4 ,the man hardly credited his eyes2 joy lent wings to his feet1 he was not long in arriving at a baker's shop and buying bread1 but1 when he went to take out his money1 he found nothing in his pocket but the hole through which his dollar had gone without saying good-by4 ,the poor fellow was in despair2 he looked for it1 but when did one of his sort ever find anything8 ,no2 ,st4 ,anthony guards the pig that is destined for the wolf4 ,after the money he lost time1 and after time patience1 and1 that lost1 he fell to casting after his bad luck every curse that ever opened lips4 ,doa ,fortuna strained herself with laughing4 ,don ,dinero's face turned yellower with bile1 but he had no remedy except to put his hand in his pocket and bring out an onza#ai to give the man4 ,the poor fellow was so full of joy that it leaped out of his eyes4 ,he did not go for bread this time1 but hurried to a dry-goods store to buy a few clothes for his wife and children4 ,when he handed the onza to pay for what he had bought1 the dealer said1 and stuck to it1 that the piece was bad2 that no doubt its owner was a coiner of false money1 and that he was going to give him up to justice4 ,on hearing this1 the poor man was confounded1 and his face became so hot that you might have toasted beans on it2 but he took to his heels and ran to tell ,don ,dinero what had happened1 weeping the while with shame and disappointment4 ,doa ,fortuna nearly burst herself with laughing1 and ,don ,dinero felt the mustard rising in his nose4#bj ,here1 said he to the poor man1 take these two thousand reals2 your luck is truly bad2 but if ,i don't mend it1 my power is less than ,i think4 ,the man set off so delighted that he saw nothing until he flattened his nose against some robbers4 ,they left him as his mother brought him into the world4 ,when his wife chucked him under the chin and said it was her turn1 and it would soon be seen which had the more power1 the petticoats or the breeches1 ,don ,dinero looked more shame-faced than a clown4 ,she then went to the poor man1 who had thrown himself on the ground and was tearing his hair1 and blew on him4 ,at the instant the lost dollar lay under his hand4 ,something is something1 he said to himself2 ,i'll buy bread for my children1 for they have gone three days on half a ration1 and their stomachs must be as empty as a charity-box4 ,as he passed before the shop where he had bought the clothes1 the dealer called him in1 and begged of him to overlook his previous rudeness2 said that he had really believed the onza to be a bad one1 but that the assayer1 who happened to stop as he passed that way1 had assured him that it was one of the very best1 rather over than under weight1 in fact4 ,he asked leave to return the piece1 and the clothes besides1 which he begged him to accept as an expression of sorrow for the annoyance he had caused him4 ,the poor man declared himself satisfied1 loaded his arms with the things2 and1 if you will believe me1 as he was crossing the plaza1 some soldiers of the civil guard were bringing in the highwaymen that had robbed him4 ,immediately1 the judge1 who was one of the judges ,god sends1 made them restore the two thousand reals without costs or waste4 ,the poor man1 in partnership with a neighbor of his1 put his money in a mine4 ,before they had dug down six feet they struck a vein of gold1 another of lead1 and another of iron4 ,right away people began to call him ,don1 then ,you ,sir1 then ,your ,excellency4 ,since that time ,doa ,fortuna has had her husband humbled and shut up in her shoe1 and she1 more addle-pated and indiscriminating than ever1 goes on distributing her favors without rhyme or reason1 without judgment or discretion--madly1 foolishly1 generously1 hit or miss1 like the blows of the blind stick2 and one of them will reach the writer1 if the reader is pleased with the tale4 ,,footnotes3 #af ,madame ,fortune and ,sir ,money4 #ag ,the ,bank of ,madrid4 #ah ,less than a farthing4 #ai ,a gold piece valued at sixteen dollars4 #bj ,was becoming angry4 ,,st4 ,,francis ,,of ,,assisi4 ,my brothers1 ye are sad1 and my sisters1 ye are poor1 ,but once was holy poverty the cloak that angels wore2 ,my fathers1 ye are lame1 and my children1 pale ye be1 ,but in every face1 by his dear grace1 that blessed ,lord ,i see ,who brother is and father is1 and all things1 unto me4 ,in the sigh of sick men's prayers1 in the woeful leper's eye1 ,in the pangs of wicked men1 in the groans of them that die1 ,thy voice ,i hear1 thine eye ,i see1 thy thought doth hedge me in4 ,oh6 may thy sinner bear thy stripes for them that toil in sin1 ,and with thy ransomed suffering ones find me my choicest kin4 ,for1 whether down to pious rest on these bare stones ,i lie1 ,or if at last upon thy cross triumphantly ,i die1 ,the joy of thee1 the praise of thee1 is more than all reward2 ,for holy misery doth most with heavenly bliss accord3 ,all ways are sweet1 all wounds are dear1 to them that seek the ,lord4 ,i made a harp to praise the ,lord with ever-glorious strain2 ,i tuned a harp to praise my ,god1 and all its strings were pain3 ,its song was like to fire1 but sweet its keenest agony1 ,and thus in every tune and tear its burden seemed to be1 ,so great is the joy that ,i expect1 all pain is joy to me4 ,through all the weary world do ,i an exiled orphan roam1 ,yet for thy sake were desert cave a palace and a home2 ,and birds1 and flowers1 and stars are lights to read thy ,scripture by1 ,and earth is but a comment rude unto thy wondrous sky1 ,the which to reach1 my soul must teach earth's body how to die4 ,with thy wayfaring ones my crust ,i've broken by the brooks1 ,when flowers were as our children fair1 our comrades were the oaks1 ,and wildest forests for thy praise were churches1 choirs1 and clarks-- ,such house and kindred doth he find who to thy wisdom harks4 ,praise ye the ,lord1 ye spirits small--my sisters sweet1 the larks6 ,the untented air is home for me who in thy promise sleep1 ,or wake to find thee ever nigh1 and still my sins to weep2 ,and holy poverty's disguise is pleasant to thine eye2 ,yea1 richer garb was never worn1 that treasures may not buy1 ,since thou hast clad me with thy love1 and clothed me with the sky4 ,oh6 could ,i for one moment's light thy heavenly body see1 ,all joy were pain1 all pain were joy1 all toil were bliss to me4 ,i would give mine eyes for weeping1 and my blood should flow like wine1 ,to purchase in that sight of bliss one blessed look of thine1 ,who hath ransomed with a crown of pain this sinful soul of mine6 ,my brethren1 ye are poor1 but as children ye are wise1 ,who wander through the wilderness in quest of paradise4 ,o little children6 seek the ,lord1 wherever he may be1 ,whose blessed face by his dear grace on every side ,i see1 ,who brother is1 who father is1 and all things1 unto ye4 ,,letter ,,from ,,rome4 ,,rome1 ,jan4 #ba1 #ahga4 ,four months have gone by since the ,italian troops entered ,rome through the breach made by the cannon of ,cadorna1 four months since a new light dawned upon the ,eternal ,city1 and its regenerators set about the accomplishment of their aspirations4 ,what has been the development of this third life of ,rome--la terza vita1 as ,terenzio ,mamiani has been pleased to style it--in this its primal stage8 ,the child is father to the man--the seed produces the tree and its fruit4 ,so1 too1 do the beginnings of a political state give an index of its future1 fix the causes that are to produce the results of the future4 ,the history of these four months1 then1 must be looked on with interest1 and pondered with care4 ,the present century is universally considered an age of progress1 and it was in the name of progress that the forces of ,victor ,emmanuel entered the capital of ,christianity4 ,progress implies motion from one state or condition to another more perfect3 the simplicity of this statement cannot be gainsaid1 and we shall assume it as uncontested4 ,the party of progress took possession of ,rome in the interest of progress4 ,has ,rome progressed during these months since the #bjth of ,september8 ,has she gone from her past state to one more perfect8 ,facts must speak2 and facts we give4 ,one thing at a time4 ,abundance and cheapness of food are the first essentials in the well-being of a state1 and necessarily connected with this is the facility of obtaining it4 ,we cannot say that food is scarce in ,rome2 but the absolute and the relative cheapness have undergone a decided change1 to the disadvantage of the poorer as well as the wealthier classes1 since the #bjth of ,september4 ,the mocinato1 or so-called grist-tax1 extending even to the grinding of dried vegetables1 chestnuts1 and acorns1 has sent up the price of bread4 ,salt has risen at least a cent per pound4 ,the further application of the system of heavy taxation is not likely to make other articles of prime necessity cheaper4 ,and while this state of things exists1 the facility of obtaining food has become much less for the poorer classes4 ,the causes of this are to be sought in the want of employers4 ,it is the universal complaint that there is no work4 ,before the coming of the present rulers1 the army of the ,pope1 composed in great part of young men of some means1 spent a great deal among the people4 ,this source of gain ceased with the disbandment of the ,papal troops1 for it is notorious lippis et tonsoribus1 that the men of the present contingent have barely enough daily allowance to keep body and soul together4 ,besides this1 ecclesiastics spent their revenues1 fixed by law and sure1 with a liberal hand4 ,now1 when they find difficulty in getting even what they cannot be deprived of2 now that confiscation hangs over their heads with menacing aspect2 now that religious orders are called on to make immense outlays to send their young men to places of safety--in one case to the extent of six thousand dollars--it would be foolish to expect them to sacrifice what is necessary for themselves2 though1 to do them justice1 they are always willing to share their little with the poor4 ,dearth of foreign ecclesiastics1 and of foreigners in general1 is another source of distress1 and this is directly a consequence of the invasion4 ,the result of all this is that there is more misery in the city of ,rome than has been seen for many a day--beggars are more numerous in the streets1 and needy families1 ashamed to beg1 suffer in silence or pour their tale of woe into the ear of the clergy1 who always are honored with the confidence of the poor and afflicted4 ,surely this state of things is not an improvement on the plenty which characterized the rule of the pontiffs4 ,we cannot say ,rome in this respect has moved into a better sphere--that she has progressed4 ,security of person and property is another essential object of the attention of every state4 ,no state that cannot guarantee this is deserving of the name of having a good government4 ,under the ,papal rule1 it is well known that not only in ,rome did good order prevail1 as the immense multitude present at the cumenical ,council can attest1 but that also on the frontiers of the territories governed by the ,pope1 after the withdrawal of the ,french troops from ,veroli and ,anagni1 the energy displayed by the ,roman delegate was such as to liberate completely the provinces from the bands sprung from the civil strifes of southern ,italy4 ,the city of ,rome itself was a model of good order and of personal safety4 ,now things are changed4 ,only a few days ago1 a guardia di pubblica sicurezza was stopped in the streets and robbed of his watch and revolver4 ,there is not a day that has not in the daily papers its record of thefts and acts of personal violence4 ,only a few days ago1 there was a sacrilegious robbery in the ,church of ,st4 ,andrea della ,valle4 ,on the #hth of ,december there was rioting with bloodshed in ,rome4 ,a band of young students under the charge of a religious were stoned on ,sunday1 ,january #ae4 ,on the #afth1 the ,very ,rev4 ,rector of the ,ospizio degli ,orfanelli was struck with a stone4 ,it would be easy to multiply examples1 but those we have given are quite enough to show that progress in security of person and property has not been attained since the #bjth of ,september1 #ahgj4 ,then public morality in the centre of ,christianity could not fail to be at a far higher standard1 now that the regeneration of the city of ,rome has been accomplished4 ,what bitter illusions fortune delights in dispensing to those that trust her6 ,before the entrance of ,italian statesmen into ,rome1 vice and immorality did not dare raise their heads--they could not flaunt themselves on the public ways4 ,now there is a change1 and the moral order of ,italy has entered through the breach at the ,porta ,pia4 ,we say no more1 the subject is a delicate one1 and we therefore refrain from penning facts notorious in ,rome4 ,surely1 none who has received even an elementary training in virtue will deem this state of things progress--an elevation to a higher and more perfect state4 ,but the ,king of ,italy came to ,rome to protect the independence of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 to save him from the bondage of foreign hordes4 ,now1 as the ,pope is principally a spiritual sovereign1 it is his spiritual power that most needs protection2 consequently1 the ,king of ,italy and his faithful servants have been most zealous in preventing acts or publications that would tend to diminish the respect due to the ,holy ,father4 ,incomprehensible1 but true--the very opposite has taken place6 ,we have at hand the satirical paper1 the ,don ,pirlone ,figlio1 of ,january #ai4 ,on its first page is a ridiculous adaptation of the heading used by the cardinal vicar in his official notifications to the faithful4 ,the same page has an article grossly disrespectful to the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 and insulting to the ,belgian deputation1 who have just come on to present the protest of their countrymen1 and their contributions4 ,the ,holy ,father is styled ,giovanni ,mastai detto ,colui ex-disponibile anche lui2 the members of the deputation are given ridiculous names2 and the contributors of ,peter ,pence are blackbirds caught in a cage2 finally1 a ridiculous discourse is put in the mouth of the ,pope1 concluding with a benediction4 ,the illustration represents ,pius ,,ix4 with a boot in his hand1 in the act of giving it to the ,emperor of ,germany1 who figures as a cobbler4 ,such are the illustrations and articles one sees exposed to the public day by day4 ,when we who have seen ,rome under far different circumstances witness these things1 is it at all strange that we refuse to see the general respect shown to ecclesiastics in the exercise of their sacred functions1 even though on the faith of a ,lamarmora it be asserted to exist8 ,can we be blamed for thinking that anything but progress in veneration of religion has been the result of the taking of ,rome8 ,after this1 any of the advantages arising from the occupation of ,rome can have no weight sufficient to warrant much attention--for they must be1 as they are1 material and of a low order--chiefly regarding facility of communication and despatch in business matters1 things desirable in themselves1 but1 it would seem1 purchased at a fearful sacrifice4 ,is this state of things to continue8 ,is the ,italian kingdom on such a permanent basis that the ,papacy has no hope of a change that may give it back its possessions8 ,or can the kingdom of ,italy be brought to make restitution of what it has seized1 without itself undergoing destruction8 ,a word in reply to each of these queries4 ,and first1 is this state of things to continue8 ,when we consider who the ,sovereign ,pontiff is1 and consult the opinions of men famed for their foresight and statesmanship1 it is difficult to deny that the restoration of the ,pontiff to his rights is very possible4 ,napoleon ,bonaparte1 although he afterwards made ,pius ,,vii4 his prisoner1 left recorded his opinion that it was impossible that the ,pope should be the subject of any one sovereign1 and that it was providential the head of the church had been given the possession of a small state to secure his independence4 ,m4 ,thiers1 in commendation of whom we need say nothing1 as his reputation is world-wide1 has clearly and forcibly proclaimed this very opinion4 ,in the debates on the temporal power in the ,french ,senate1 in #ahfg1 his voice was heard calling on ,france to protect ,rome1 and it was his energy forced from the hypocritical government of his country the famous word1 uttered by ,rouher1 that struck terror into ,italy--,jamais4 ,one would imagine that now ,rome has fallen1 and ,france is reduced to the verge of desperation1 no man of liberal political views would be foolhardy enough to risk his reputation by reiterating an opinion like this4 ,yet1 strange to say1 there is one who has been willing to run the risk1 and that in the very ,chamber of ,deputies at ,florence4 ,only a few weeks ago1 the ,deputy ,toscanelli1 a liberal1 and1 we learn1 a free-thinker1 with a courage1 a strength of argument1 and flow of wit that gained the respect and attention of the house1 almost in the words of ,m4 ,thiers gave the same opinion4 ,in the days of the last of the ,medici1 said the distinguished deputy1 there was a court-jester riding a spirited horse down the ,via ,calzaioli1 in ,florence4 ,the horse got the better of his rider1 and started off at full speed4 ,ho6 ,sor ,fagioli1 cried out one of the crowd1 where are you going to fall8 ,no one knows or can know1 was the jester's answer1 as he held on with both hands4 ,just so is it with the government2 it has mounted a policy that is running away with it1 and neither it nor any one else knows where it is going to fall4 ,the government has gone to ,rome1 and in ,rome it cannot stay2 it cannot hold its own face to face with the ,pope4 ,i give you1 then1 this advice3 leave ,rome1 declare it a free city under the protection of the kingdom of ,italy4 ,so much for the opinions of political men of eminence2 we will examine the question for a moment on its intrinsic merits4 ,we know the ,sovereign ,pontiff in his official capacity of teacher of the whole church is infallible in declarations regarding faith or morals4 ,but in other matters of policy1 of fact1 he has no guarantee against error beyond what is afforded him by the use of the means which he has at hand1 the information of his advisers1 and especially of the ,sacred ,college of ,cardinals4 ,suppose for a moment this means of information is done away with1 or made a vehicle of untrue statements4 ,suppose unworthy men are artfully intruded on the ,pope1 and act in accordance with instructions received from the rulers of ,italy4 ,imagine ,italy at war or on bad terms with the ,united ,states or ,england4 ,a crafty statesman sees an opportunity of putting in a position to aid him in one or the other country an able man1 through the influence of some high ecclesiastic1 whose good opinion will have great weight with men of standing or with the people4 ,the whole matter is artfully carried out4 ,there is an understanding between the ,italian statesman and his ,american or ,english friend2 both act cautiously and avoid alarming susceptibilities4 ,the affair works well4 ,persons around the ,pope are made to drop a word incidentally in praise of the virtue and ability of the one whom it is intended to raise to power4 ,the ,pope in his relations with the bishops of foreign countries1 speaking of the prospects of the church in good faith1 speaks also to the ecclesiastic of whom we have made mention1 and in favorable terms1 of the person in question4 ,who that knows human nature can fail to see the thorough nature of the influence thus used8 ,the crafty originators are the ones to blame1 and the harm done is effected in perfect good faith by the unconscious instruments of their design4 ,to show we are not building on our fancy1 we turn to the pages of a man whose name all revere--,cardinal ,wiseman4 ,in his ,recollections of the ,last ,four ,popes1 he speaks of the character of ,pius ,,vii43 ,when no longer a monarch1 but a captive--when bereft of all advice and sympathy1 but pressed on close by those who1 themselves probably deceived1 thoroughly deceived him1 he committed the one error of his life and pontificate1 in #ahac4 ,for there came to him men 'of the seed of ,aaron1' who could not be expected to mislead him1 themselves free and moving in the busiest of the world1 who showed him1 through the loopholes of his prison1 that world from which he was shut out1 as though agitated on its surface1 and to its lowest depths1 through his unbendingness2 the church torn to schism1 and religion weakened to destruction1 from what they termed his obstinacy4 ,he who had but prayed and bent his neck to suffering was made to appear in his own eyes a harsh and cruel master1 who would rather see all perish than loose his grasp on unrelenting but impotent jurisdiction4 ,he yielded for a moment of conscientious alarm2 he consented1 though conditionally1 under false but virtuous impressions1 to the terms proposed to him for a new concordat4 ,but no sooner had his upright mind discovered the error1 than it nobly and successfully repaired it4 7,chap4 ,,iv47 ,such are the words of a man writing after years of intercourse with the first men of ,europe4 ,they are instructive words--for human nature is ever the same4 ,there are men still in ,italy who follow out closely the principles of ,macchiavelli--to whom everything sacred or profane1 no matter what veneration may have surrounded it1 is but the means to self-aggrandizement and the satisfaction of ambition4 ,it is for the nations of the world to say whether they are willing to allow the existence of the permanent danger to themselves1 arising from the subjection of the spiritual head of the church to any crowned head or even republic whatsoever4 ,perhaps1 of the two1 the latter would be the more to be dreaded4 ,the ,roman mobs that drove ,eugenius ,,iv4 from ,rome1 and pelted him as he went down the ,tiber1 or made many another ,pope seek safety in flight1 could be easily gotten together again1 as the present residents of the ,eternal ,city know only too well4 ,we answer1 then1 our first query1 and say that this state of things cannot last4 ,time1 the great remedy of human ills1 will solve this question1 and establish the ,see of ,peter on a perfectly independent basis--independent of all sovereign control1 even if this be not done shortly through the armed interference of ,european powers4 ,it is hardly necessary to inquire whether the ,italian kingdom is so firmly constituted that no hope of restoration of the ,pope is to be seen4 ,for ourselves1 we think there are indications that point to a speedy dissolution of this state on the first breaking out of a war between ,italy and any great power4 ,her policy is to avoid entangling alliances1 and this she is following out1 striving to propitiate the ,emperor of ,germany for her leaning towards ,france4 ,the first army that will enter the peninsula to aid the ,pope will shiver ,italy to fragments4 ,the southern provinces have too lively a recollection of the days of plenty under their kings1 and too painful an impression of heavy taxation and proconsular domination of the ,piedmontese race1 to hesitate between submission to them and the regaining their own autonomy1 which will make ,naples again one of the queenly capitals of the world4 ,one index of the general discontent or indifference is the small number of those who vote at the elections in proportion to those who are inscribed on the electoral lists4 ,the motto proposed by the ,unit ,cattolica1 the foremost ,catholic journal of ,italy--,neither elected nor electors--has been adopted and acted upon by very many throughout the country4 ,we feel no difficulty in saying that the majority of the ,italians are not with the ,house of ,savoy1 nor are they in favor of ,united ,italy4 ,the ruling power has the government and the command of the army1 a fact that quite accounts for the existing state of things4 ,our third question1 whether the kingdom of ,italy can be brought to make restitution of the territories it has seized1 without itself undergoing destruction1 remains to be answered4 ,we believe it cannot1 unless half-measures--always more or less dangerous--be adopted4 ,the late spoliation is not more criminal than the first1 and no amount of plbiscite can make it legitimate1 no more than--to use the words of the able editor of the ,unit ,cattolica--the popular approbation of the condemnation of ,jesus ,christ legitimized the crucifixion4 ,the claim1 then1 to restitution extends to the whole of the former provinces1 justly held by the ,popes to supply them with the revenue needed to make them independent of the precarious contributions of the ,peter ,pence1 and which was none too large for that purpose4 ,whatever may come1 we know the future of the church is in the hands of ,one in whose holding are the hearts of princes and peoples4 ,what we have to do is to pray earnestly for our spiritual head1 aid him by our means1 console him with our sympathy1 and give him whatever support1 moral or other1 it be in our power to offer4 ,and while we do so1 it is a joy to us to know we have lessened the grief of his hardships by what we have done hitherto1 even gladdened the hours of his captivity4 ,a few days ago1 speaking to the ,belgian deputation1 ,pius ,,ix4 said3 ,belgium gives me very often proofs of her fidelity4 ,continue in the way in which you are walking2 do not allow your courage to fail4 ,what is happening to-day is only a trial1 and the church came into existence in the midst of trials1 lived always amid them1 and amid them she will end her earthly career4 ,it is our duty to battle and stand firm in the face of danger4444 ,we have an ,italian proverb which says3 ,it is one thing to talk of dying2 quite another to die4 ,people speak very resignedly of persecutions1 but sometimes it is hard to bear them4 ,the world offers to-day a very sad spectacle1 and particularly this our city of ,rome1 in which we see things to which our eyes have not been accustomed4 ,let us all pray together that ,god may soon deliver his church1 and re-establish public order1 so deeply shaken4 ,your efforts1 your prayers1 your pious pilgrimages1 all tend to this end1 and ,i therefore bless them with all my heart4 ,may the words of the ,holy ,father find an echo in our hearts2 let us not lose courage1 but keep up our efforts1 so happily begun1 and never rest till wrong be righted1 until we see the most sublime dignity and power on earth freed from the surroundings that would seek to make it as little as themselves4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,mechanism ,,in ,,thought ,,and ,,morals4 ,an ,address delivered before the ,phi ,beta ,kappa ,society of ,harvard ,university1 ,june #bi1 #ahgj4 ,with ,notes and ,afterthoughts4 ,by ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes4 ,boston3 ,james ,r4 ,osgood ,co4 #ahga4 ,dr4 ,holmes is a ,benvenuto ,cellini in literature1 and everything he produces is of precious metal1 skilfully enchased1 and adorned with gems of art4 ,the present address is no exception to the general rule1 but rather an unusually good illustration of it4 ,it is a remarkably curious piece of work1 containing many interesting facts and speculations derived from the author's scientific studies on the mechanism of the brain4 ,there is nothing in it positively affirmed which is necessarily materialistic1 as far as we can see2 rather1 we should say that its doctrine stands on one side of both materialism and spiritualism1 and can be reconciled with either4 ,it can be explained1 if we have understood it correctly1 in conformity with the ,aristotelian and scholastic philosophy1 in such a way as not to prejudice the truth of the distinct and spiritual nature of the soul4 ,the author1 indeed1 appears more inclined to that belief than the opposite1 although we are sorry to find him expressing himself in so hesitating and dubious a manner4 ,when he passes from thought to morals1 he gets out of his element1 and displays a flippancy and levity which may pass very well in humorous poetry1 but are out of place in treating of graver topics4 ,his remarks on some points of ,catholic doctrine are so completely at fault as to show his entire incompetency to meddle with the subject at all4 ,his language in regard to the ,council of the ,vatican and ,pius ,,ix4 is more like that of a pert and vulgar student of ,calvinistic divinity than that of an elegant and refined ,cambridge professor4 ,but political freedom inevitably generates a new type of religious character1 as the conclave that contemplates endowing a dotard with infallibility has found out1 we trust1 before this time 7p4 #ie74 ,dr4 ,holmes has apparently profited by his close observations among that class of the female population of ,boston who are wont to thrust their bodies half out of their windows1 and exhaust the vocabulary1 to each other's detriment4 ,we congratulate him1 and the learned ,society of ,phi ,beta ,kappa1 on the choice sentence we have quoted above4 ,we trust those ,catholics who are disposed to think that we can make use of ,harvard ,university as a place of education for our youth1 will take note of this sample of the language they may expect to hear in that and similar institutions1 and open their eyes to the necessity of providing some better instruction for their sons than can be had at such sources4 ,notwithstanding our high appreciation of ,dr4 ,holmes's genius1 and the great pleasure we have derived from his works1 we regret to say that we must consider his influence on young people grievously detrimental4 ,in virtue of a reaction from ,calvinism1 he has swung into an extreme of rationalism the effect of which is checked in his own person by the influence of an unusually good heart and an early religious education1 but in itself is sure to overthrow all reverence1 faith1 and moral principle4 ,the whole effect of this address on the minds of young men tends to a most pernicious result1 and encourages them1 with a kind of thoughtless gaiety1 to rush forward in a career of mental and moral lawlessness4 ,,jesus ,,and ,,jerusalem2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,way ,,home4 ,books for ,spiritual ,reading4 ,first ,series4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahga4 ,here we have a plain1 practical1 but very attractively and charmingly written book of spiritual reading for everybody4 ,it emanates from the ,convent of ,poor ,clares1 ,kenmare1 ,county ,kerry1 ,ireland1 who are anything but poor in intellectual gifts and religious zeal4 ,we suppose it is from the pen of the gifted authoress of the ,history of ,ireland and several other works of the highest literary merit4 ,the idea of the volume is apparently taken from the ,parable of a ,pilgrim in ,f4 ,baker's ,sancta ,sophia1 of which it is a minute paraphrase and commentary4 ,its minuteness1 diffuseness1 and fluency of style are1 in our opinion1 great merits1 considering the end and object of the book4 ,it is easy reading1 explains and enlarges on each topic at length and in detail with great tact and discretion1 and is eminently fitted to help a person in the acquisition and practice of the homely1 everyday ,christian virtues4 ,its bread is of fine quality1 broken up fine4 ,it is eminently adapted for the young and simple1 timid beginners1 and persons living an everyday busy life1 and also for the sick1 the suffering1 and the afflicted4 ,at the same time1 a professor of theology1 or even a bishop1 may read it with great profit and satisfaction4 ,we recommend this book with more than usual earnestness1 and we trust the good ,sisters of ,kenmare will keep on with their series1 which must certainly produce an extraordinary amount of good4 ,,elia2 ,,or1 ,,spain ,,fifty ,,years ,,ago4 ,translated from the ,spanish of ,fernan ,caballero4 ,new ,york3 ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,fernan ,caballero is the nom de plume of ,madame de ,baer1 who is now an aged lady1 though still in the full possession of her intellectual powers4 ,we admire the old ,spanish character1 customs1 faith1 and chivalry4 ,mme4 de ,baer is their champion1 and the enemy of the revolution which has desolated that grand old ,catholic country4 ,this is one of her stories written to that point1 and we trust it will find even here many a reader who will sympathize with the author1 and help to neutralize the poison1 too widely spread1 of modern liberalism--the deadly epidemic of ,spain and all ,europe4 ,it is a very suitable book for school premiums1 and ought to be in every library4 ,other persons1 also1 will find it a lively and entertaining book1 with a strong dash of the peculiar quaintness usually found in ,spanish stories4 ,,roman ,,imperialism1 ,,and ,,other ,,lectures ,,and ,,essays4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,seelye1 ,m4,d41 ,professor of ,modern ,history in the ,university of ,cambridge4 7,author of ,ecce ,homo47 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahga4 ,these essays are cleverly and agreeably written4 ,their topics are very miscellaneous1 but all of them important and interesting4 ,those on ,liberal ,education in ,universities1 ,english in ,schools1 ,the ,church as a ,teacher of ,morality1 and the ,teaching of ,politics1 are especially worthy of attention4 ,some of the writers of the ,broad ,church1 to which ,prof4 ,seelye belongs1 are quite remarkable for their honorable candor1 largeness of mind1 originality of thought1 and1 in certain respects1 approximation to ,catholic views4 ,we like to read them better than most other ,protestant writers1 and often find their writings instructive4 ,we have seldom seen a book written by a ,protestant in which a ,catholic can find so many things to approve of and be pleased with1 and so few in which he is obliged to differ from the author1 as the present volume4 ,,life ,,and ,,select ,,writings ,,of ,,the ,,ven4 ,,louis ,,marie ,,grignon ,,de ,,montfort4 ,translated from the ,french by a ,secular ,priest4 ,london3 ,richardson4 #ahgj4 ,the ,ven4 ,grignon de ,montfort was a priest of noble birth1 who lived and labored in ,france as a missionary1 and became the founder of two religious congregations1 during the eighteenth century4 ,he was a person of great individuality of character and many peculiar gifts and traits1 which made his life quite a salient one1 if we may be allowed the expression4 ,his talents for poetry1 music1 and the arts of design1 and a marked poetic fervor in his temperament1 gave a certain zest and raciness to his career as a missionary1 and were a great help to his success4 ,his character was chivalrous and daring1 and his sanctity shows a kind of exaltation1 a sort of gay mockery of danger1 contempt1 privation1 and suffering1 which it almost takes one's breath away to contemplate4 ,his life was very short1 but his labors1 persecutions1 and services were very great4 ,he is best known in modern times by his extraordinary devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,it is altogether probable that ere long the process of his canonization will be completed1 and a decree of the ,vicar of ,christ enroll his name among the saints4 ,those who are capable of profiting by an example1 and by writings of such sublime spirituality1 will find something in this book seldom to be met with even in the ,lives of ,saints4 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,of ,,elementary ,,chemistry1 ,,theoretical ,,and ,,inorganic4 ,by ,george ,f4 ,barker1 ,m4,d41 ,professor of ,physiological ,chemistry in ,yale ,college1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,charles ,c4 ,chatfield ,co4 #ahgj4 ,chemical science1 as ,prof4 ,barker remarks in his preface1 has indeed undergone a remarkable revolution in the last few years2 and the text-books which were excellent not long ago are now almost useless1 as far as the theoretical part of the subject is concerned4 ,and though1 in all probability1 more brilliant discoveries as to the internal constitution of matter1 the formation of molecules1 and the nature of the chemical adhesion of atoms are in store than any yet made1 still the conclusions recently attained on these points maybe considered as well established1 and can by no means be considered as crude speculations1 to be overthrown to-morrow by others of no greater weight4 ,chemistry seems1 at present1 to promise better than ever before to solve the problem of the arrangement of the ultimate material elements1 though1 perhaps1 the laws of the forces which connect them1 and the nature of the molecular movements1 will be rather obtained from other sources4 ,prof4 ,barker's book is an admirable exponent of the science in its present state4 ,the first quarter of it is devoted to an explanation of the principles of theoretical chemistry1 and it is this1 of course1 which is specially interesting and important at present1 though the remainder will be found much easier reading4 ,the work is one1 however1 which is meant to be studied1 rather than merely read1 containing a great deal of information1 and giving much material for mental exercise throughout4 ,it would not have been easy to put more valuable matter in its few pages1 and its merits as a text-book are very great4 ,the type is very clear1 and the illustrations numerous and excellent4 ,,varieties ,,of ,,irish ,,history4 ,by ,james ,j4 ,gaskin4 ,dublin3 ,w4 ,b4 ,kelly4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,street4 #ahga4 ,if ,mr4 ,gaskin had not stated in his preface that the present work is1 in great part1 based on a lecture delivered by the author before a highly influential1 intelligent1 and fashionable audience1 we would have anticipated1 from the title of his book1 something not only interesting but instructive relating to ,irish history4 ,but knowing very well what pleases a highly fashionable audience in the dwarfed and provincialized capital of ,ireland1 this announcement was enough to satisfy us that his conception of what makes history was neither very lucid nor comprehensive4 ,it is unnecessary to say that1 within the shadow of ,dublin ,castle1 any rash man who would be unthinking enough to write or speak seriously about the history of ,ireland--that protracted tragedy upon which the curtain has not yet fallen--would soon be voted a bore1 or something worse1 by the fashionable people who are privileged once or twice a year to kiss the hand of the representative of royalty4 ,but the author is evidently too well bred to commit such a solecism1 and accordingly1 under a very attractive exterior1 he treats us to all sorts of gossip1 from the doings of ,gra na' ,uile1 a sort of western ,viqueen1 to the murder of ,captain ,glas1 a ,scotch privateersman4 ,the intervals between these two great historical events is filled up with the mock regal ceremonies that used to be observed annually on the island of ,dalkey2 reminiscences of ,swift1 ,dr4 ,delaney1 ,curran1 and other distinguished men of the last century1 which1 though not new1 are pleasant to read2 and some correct and elaborate descriptions of scenery in the suburbs of ,dublin1 which will not be without interest to those who have visited that part of ,ireland4 ,the ,varieties is not a book which will find much favor with historical students1 but for railroad and steamboat travellers1 who wish to read as they run1 and as a book for the drawing-room1 being light in style and handsomely illustrated1 it will be found entertaining and agreeable4 ,a ,,hand-,,book ,,of ,,legendary ,,and ,,mythological ,,art4 ,by ,clara ,erskine ,clement4 ,with ,descriptive ,illustrations4 ,new ,york3 ,hurd ,houghton4 ,the best thing we can say about this book is that it affords another striking proof that the ,catholic ,church is the genius of all true poetry and art4 ,one-half of the volume is devoted to sketches of the lives of ,catholic saints1 the other half being equally divided between legends of ,german localities and the gods and goddesses of ,greece and ,rome4 ,we look in vain for some notice of works of art or poetic legend to which ,protestantism1 with its heroes1 or modern ,rationalism1 with no heroes1 has given inspiration4 ,the authoress1 however1 is not a ,catholic1 for she calls us ,romanists1 a vulgar term1 the use of which1 she ought to know1 we consider as impertinent and insulting4 ,false legends and true biographies of our saints are strung together without discrimination4 ,this we would not complain of so much1 if1 as she would seem to imply1 they are both illustrated by art2 but the instances in which these apocryphal and unworthy stories have been chosen by the painter or sculptor as fitting subjects are exceedingly rare1 and where they are1 as in the case of ,durer's painting of ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom's ,penance1 which is reproduced by the authoress 7shall we say with her in the preface1 to interest and instruct her children871 they bear evidence of an art degraded in inspiration and debased in morals4 ,,sarsfield2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,last ,,great ,,struggle ,,for ,,ireland4 ,by ,d4 ,p4 ,conyngham4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 ,this short historical novel has been written for two purposes--to disprove the correctness of the saying1 attributed to ,voltaire1 that the ,irish always fought badly at home1 and to illustrate1 in a popular manner1 the struggle between ,james ,,ii4 and his son-in-law1 the ,prince of ,orange4 ,with due respect to the author1 we submit that too much importance has already been attached to ,voltaire's ipse dixit with regard to the fighting qualities of the ,irish4 ,it is of little importance1 indeed1 what that gifted infidel has said about anything or anybody1 as it is pretty well understood in our day that among his numerous failings veracity was not very conspicuous4 ,mr4 ,conyngham has1 however1 succeeded very creditably in accomplishing his main object1 and presents us with a succinct and truthful view of the rival forces which1 for three years1 contested for the ,english crown on the soil of ,ireland4 ,there is very little plot in the story1 the principal interest centring in the acts of ,sarsfield and other well-known historical personages2 but the narrative of the war is well sustained1 and the author's conception of the inner life of his principal characters is in the main correct and natural4 ,,arthur ,,brown4 ,by ,rev4 ,elijah ,kellogg4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 ,this is one of that class of books for boys full of hair-breadth escapes and improbable incidents4 ,it is the first of ,the ,pleasant ,cove ,series1 which means five more just like this4 ,the fact that the characters have been introduced in a former series1 and are to be carried forward through the coming five volumes1 renders the story a little obscure at times4 ,this1 however1 will not prevent boys who enjoy tales of perilous sea voyages and marvellous encounters from finding this volume interesting and amusing4 ,,prayers ,,and ,,ceremonies ,,of ,,the ,,mass2 or1 ,moral1 ,doctrinal1 and ,liturgical ,explanations of the ,prayers and ,ceremonies of the ,mass4 ,by ,very ,rev4 ,john ,t4 ,sullivan1 ,v4,g4 ,diocese of ,wheeling1 ,w4 ,va4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #abmo4 #ahgj4 ,the subject and nature of this little book are sufficiently expressed in its title4 ,the position of the ,very ,reverend author1 and approbations by the ,archbishop of ,new ,york and the ,right ,reverend ,bishop of ,wheeling1 testify to its sound doctrine and usefulness as a book of instruction4 ,,little ,,pussy ,,willow4 ,by ,harriet ,beecher ,stowe4 ,boston3 ,fields1 ,osgood ,co4 ,pussy ,willow is a charming girl and a charming woman1 but we think that it is not often that nature accomplishes so much even with the aid of country air and simple1 healthful habits and pleasures4 ,however1 we must not forget the fairy's gift1 of always looking at the bright side of things4 ,pity we had not more of us this gift6 ,but the girls must read for themselves4 ,,folia ,,ecclesiastica1 ad notandum ,missas persolvendas et persolutas1 pro clero ordinata et disposita4 ,neo-,eboraci et ,cincinnatii3 sumptibus et typis ,friderici ,pustet4 ,this little memorandum book will be found quite useful for the purpose designed4 ,besides the pages appropriated to the record of ,masses1 there are also ,indices ,neo-,communicantium1 ,confirmandorum1 ,confraternitatum1 etc41 etc4 ,,synchronology ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,events ,,in ,,sacred ,,and ,,profane ,,history1 ,,from ,,the ,,creation ,,of ,,man ,,to ,,the ,,present ,,time4 ,third edition4 ,revised4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 ,new ,york3 ,lee1 ,shepard ,dillingham4 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,before its republication1 this work should have been placed in the hands of a competent editor4 ,as it is now1 it is very objectionable1 and loses all its value4 ,here is one quotation1 taken at random4 ,under the year #acfb1 we read3 ,pope ,urban ,v4 at ,avignon2 beautifies the city of ,rome2 presents the right arm of ,thomas ,aquinas to ,charles ,v4 of ,france as an object of worship4 ,,poems4 ,by ,bret ,harte4 ,boston3 ,fields1 ,osgood ,co4 #ahga4 ,we have read this unpretending little volume with much interest4 ,the author is a true poet1 and has the merit of originality quite as much as of descriptive power4 ,his more serious poems display a high appreciation of the beautiful and the romantic1 and there is a ,catholic tone about them4 ,those in dialect1 with the other humorous pieces1 are equally pleasing in their way4 ,the former1 particularly1 reflect a side of life which is generally supposed the least poetical of all4 ,mr4 ,bret ,harte has gathered honey from the weed4 ,,corrigendum4--,in the article ,which is the ,school of ,religious ,fraudulence1 in our last number1 p4 #gia1 col4 #b1 near the middle1 the sentence beginning1 ,it is no mark of falsity1 therefore1 in any document1 should be thus concluded3 that it occurs there1 unless it occurs there alone and nowhere else4 ,,books ,,received4 ,from ,,jno4 ,,murphy ,,co41 ,baltimore3 ,a ,circular ,letter on the ,temporal ,power of the ,popes2 addressed to the clergy and laity of the ,vicariate ,apostolic of ,north ,carolina4 ,by the ,right ,rev4 ,james ,gibbons1 ,d4,d4 ,from the ,,young ,,crusader ,office1 ,boston3 ,protests of the ,pope and ,people against the ,usurpation of the ,sovereignty of ,rome by the ,piedmontese ,government4 ,from ,p4 ,j4 ,,kenedy4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,life of ,st4 ,mary of ,egypt4 ,to which is added the ,life of ,st4 ,cecilia and the ,life of ,st4 ,bridget4 ,from ,,peter ,f4 ,,cunningham1 ,philadelphia3 ,the ,acts of the ,early ,martyrs4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,m4 ,fastr1 ,s4,j4 ,from ,,leypoldt ,,holt1 ,new ,york3 ,across ,america and ,asia4 ,by ,raphael ,pumpelly4 ,fifth edition4 ,revised4--,art in the ,netherlands4 ,by ,h4 ,taine4 ,translated by ,j4 ,durand4 ,from ,,patrick ,,donahoe1 ,boston3 ,the ,our ,father4 ,being illustrations of the several petitions of the ,lord's ,prayer4 ,translated from the ,german of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,emanuel ,veith1 by the ,rev4 ,edward ,cox1 ,d4,d4 ,from ,,roberts ,,brothers1 ,boston3 ,ad ,clerum3 ,advice to a ,young ,preacher4 ,by ,joseph ,parker1 ,d4,d4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xiii41 ,no4 #gd4--,,may1 #ahga4ba ,,the ,,church ,,accredits ,,herself#bb ,archbishop ,manning's pastoral letter to his clergy on the first council1 ,the ,vatican and its ,definitions1 to which are appended the two constitutions the council adopted--the one the ,constitutio de ,fide ,catholica1 and the other the ,constitutio ,dogmatica ,prima de ,ecclesia--the case of ,honorius1 and the ,letter of the ,german bishops on the council1 though containing little that is new to our readers1 is a volume which is highly valuable in itself1 and most convenient to every ,catholic who would know the real character of the council and what is the purport of its definitions4 ,few members of the council were more assiduous in their attendance on its sessions or took a more active part in its deliberations than the illustrious ,archbishop of ,westminster1 and no one can give a more trustworthy account of its dispositions or of its acts4 ,we are glad1 therefore1 that the volume has been republished in this country1 and hope it will be widely read both by ,catholics and non-,catholics4 ,the character of the book and of the documents it contains renders any attempt by us either to review it or to explain it alike unnecessary and impertinent4 ,the pastoral is addressed officially by the ,archbishop to his clergy2 the constitutions or definitions adopted by the ,holy ,synod declare1 by the assistance of the ,holy ,ghost1 what is1 and always has been1 and always will be the ,catholic faith on the matters defined2 and we need not say that we cordially accept it as the word of ,god1 and as the faith which all must accept ex animo1 and without which it is impossible to please ,god4 ,what the council has defined is the law of ,god1 and binds us as if spoken to us directly by ,god himself in a voice from heaven4 ,he speaks to us by his church1 his organ1 and her voice is in fact his voice1 and what we take on her authority we take on his authority1 for he assists her1 vouches for her1 and commands us to believe and obey her4 ,there are1 indeed1 enemies of the faith who pretend that ,catholics believe solely on the authority of the church as an organic body2 but this is a misapprehension4 ,we believe what is revealed on the veracity of ,god alone1 because it is his word1 and it is impossible for his word to be false2 and we believe that it is his word on the authority or testimony of the church1 with whom the word is deposited1 and who is its divinely commissioned keeper1 guardian1 witness1 and interpreter4 ,the word of ,god is and must be true1 and there is and can be no higher ground of faith or even of knowledge than the fact that ,god says it4 ,nothing can be more consonant to reason than to believe ,god on his word4 ,certainly1 it is answered1 if we have his word2 but how do ,i know that what is proposed to me as his word is his word8 ,we take the fact that it is his word on the authority of the ,catholic ,church2 we believe it is his word because she declares it to be his word4 ,it is permitted no one to doubt the word of ,god is conceded2 but whence from that fact does it follow that ,i am not permitted to doubt the word of the church8 ,or why should ,i believe her testimony or her declaration rather than that of any one else8 ,to this question the general answer is1 that she has been divinely instituted1 and is protected and assisted to bear true witness to the revelation which it has pleased ,god to make1 to proclaim it1 declare its sense1 and condemn whatever impugns or tends to obscure it4 ,supposing she has been instituted and commissioned by our ,lord himself1 for this very purpose1 her authority is sufficient for believing whatever she teaches and declares or defines to be the word of ,god is his word or the truth he has revealed2 for the divine commission is the divine word pledged for her veracity and infallibility4 ,this is plain enough and indubitable2 but how am ,i to know or to be assured that she has been so instituted or commissioned1 and is so assisted8 ,there are several answers to this question2 but we would remark1 before proceeding to give any answer1 that the church is in possession1 has from the moment of the descent of the ,holy ,ghost upon the apostles on the day of ,pentecost claimed to be in possession of the authority in question1 and has had her claim acknowledged by the whole body of the faithful1 and denied by none except those who deny or impugn authority itself4 ,being in possession1 it is for those who question her right to show that she is wrongfully in possession4 ,they are1 to use a legal term1 the plaintiffs in action1 and must make out their case4 ,every one is presumed in law to be innocent till proven guilty4 ,the church must be presumed to be rightfully in possession till the contrary is shown4 ,they who question her possession must1 then1 adduce at least prima facie evidence for ousting her before she can be called upon to produce her title-deeds4 ,this has never been done1 and never can be done2 for1 if it could be done1 some of our able and learned ,protestant divines would1 in the course of the last three hundred years and over1 have done it4 ,there is1 then1 in reality no need1 in order to justify the faith of ,catholics1 to prove by extrinsic testimony the divine institution and commission of the church to teach all men and nations all things whatsoever ,god has revealed and commanded to be believed4 ,but we have no disposition to avail ourselves just now of what some may regard as a mere legal technicality4 ,we answer the question by saying the church is herself the witness in the case1 and accredits herself1 or her existence itself proves her divine institution1 commission1 and assistance or guidance4 ,the church was founded by our ,lord on the prophets and apostles1 being himself the chief corner-stone4 ,this is asserted here as a simple historical fact4 ,historically1 the church has existed1 without any break or defect of continuity1 from the apostles down to our times4 ,its unbroken existence from that time to this cannot be questioned4 ,it has been a fact during all that period in the world's history1 and too momentous a fact to escape observation4 ,indeed1 it has been the one great fact of history for over eighteen hundred years2 the central fact around which all the facts of history have revolved1 and without which they would be inexplicable and meaningless4 ,this assumed or granted1 it must be conceded that she unites as one continuous fact1 in one body1 the apostles and the believers of to-day4 ,she is a continuous fact2 a present fact during all the period of time that has elapsed between the apostles and us1 and therefore is alike present to them and to us4 ,her existence being unbroken1 she has never fallen into the past2 never been a past fact2 but has always been and is a present fact2 and therefore as present with the apostles to-day as she was on the day of ,pentecost1 when they received the ,holy ,ghost2 and therefore presents us not simply what they taught1 but what they teach her now and here4 ,she bridges over the abyss of time between our ,lord himself and us1 and makes us and the apostles1 so to speak1 contemporaries2 so that1 as it is our ,lord himself we hear in the apostles1 so it is the apostles themselves that we hear in her4 ,this continuity or unity of the church in time is a simple historical fact1 and as certain as any other historical fact1 and even more so1 for it is a fact that has never fallen into the past1 and to be established only by trustworthy witnesses or documents4 ,by it the church to-day is and must be as apostolic and as authoritative as in the days of the apostles ,peter1 ,james1 and ,john4 ,individuals die1 but the church dies not2 individuals are changed1 as are the particles of our bodies1 but the church changes not4 ,as in the human race individuals pass off1 but the race remains always the same2 so in the church individuals pass away1 but the church remains unchanged in all its integrity2 for the individuals die not all at once1 and the new individuals born in their places are born into the one identical body1 that does not die1 but remains ever the same4 ,no matter1 then1 how many generations succeed one another in their birth and death1 the body of the church is subject to no law of succession1 and remains not only one and the same church1 but always the one and the same present church4 ,the church of to-day is identically the church of yesterday1 the church of yesterday is identically the church of the day before1 and thus step by step back to the apostles2 on the other hand1 the church in the time of the apostles is identically the church of their successors down through all succeeding generations of individuals to us4 ,there has never been an interval of time when it was not1 or when it lost its identity as one and the same body4 ,the church is precisely as apostolic now as it was in the beginning1 or as were the apostles themselves4 ,now1 if we suppose our ,lord communicated the whole revelation to the apostles either by his personal teaching or by the inspiration of the ,holy ,ghost1 then he communicated it to her1 and she is an eye and ear witness to the fact of revelation in the same sense that the apostles were1 and her historical identity with the apostles makes her a perpetual and contemporary witness to the fact of revelation and to what is revealed4 ,what misleads not a few on this point is that they regard the church as a mere aggregation of individuals1 born and dying with them1 or succeeding to herself with the succession of each new generation of individuals4 ,but this is no more the case with the church than with the human race itself1 or with any particular nation that has an historical existence through several generations4 ,in all historical bodies the generations overlap one another1 and no generation of individuals is either aggregated to the body or segregated from it all at once4 ,the body does not die with the receding nor is it born anew with the acceding generation4 ,the church1 indeed1 is an organism1 not a mere aggregation of individuals1 but even if it were the conclusion would not follow2 for though the individuals are successively aggregated or affiliated1 they are aggregated or affiliated to her as a persistent body1 and though they pass off successively1 they leave the body standing1 one and identical4 ,this is the simple historical fact4 ,the church1 as an ever-present body1 remains one and the same identical body amid all the successive changes of individuals1 and is just as much the depositary of the revelation and an eye-witness of the facts recorded in the ,gospels1 as were the apostles themselves4 ,we say1 then1 the church is herself the witness1 and a competent and credible witness1 to her own divine commission to teach and declare the word of ,god which he has revealed1 and no better1 no more competent or credible witness is needed or1 in fact1 conceivable4 ,she is competent because she is the identical apostolical body1 the contemporary and the eye-witness through the successive ages of the facts to which she testifies4 ,she is a credible witness1 because even as a human body it would be hardly possible for her either to mistake or to misrepresent the facts to which she testifies1 since they are always present before her eyes1 since1 however her individual members may change1 she herself knows no change with lapse of time1 and no succession4 ,she could not forget the faith1 change it1 or corrupt it1 because there is at all times in her communion an innumerable body of living witnesses to its unity1 purity1 and integrity1 who would detect the change or alteration and expose it4 ,it is not with her as it would be with a book having a limited circulation4 ,copies of the book could easily be altered or interpolated without detection2 but the living testimony of the church1 spread over the whole world and teaching all nations1 cannot be interpolated or corrupted4 ,it is on the fidelity of the church1 her vigilant guardianship1 and uniform testimony that we depend for our confidence in the genuineness and authenticity of our copies of the sacred writings1 and it is worthy of note that in proportion as men throw off the authority of the church1 and reject her traditions1 they lose that confidence1 and fail to agree among themselves what books1 if any1 are inspired2 so that without the testimony of the church the ,holy ,scriptures themselves cease to be an authority in matters of faith4 ,in human tribunals the supreme court is presumed to know the law which constitutes it1 and it defines its own jurisdiction and powers4 ,it declares the law of which it is the depositary and guardian1 and though the judges have only their human wisdom1 learning1 and sagacity1 it is remarkable how few mistakes through a long series of ages they commit as to what is or is not the law they are appointed to administer1 and nearly all the mistakes they do commit are due to the changes the legislature makes in the law or in the constitution of the court4 ,why should the church be less competent to judge of the law under which she is constituted1 and to define her jurisdiction and powers8 ,and since her constitution1 as well as the law she administers1 changes not1 why should she be less exempt1 even as a human court1 from mistakes in interpreting and declaring the law1 than the supreme court of ,england or the ,united ,states8 ,what higher authority can there be to judge of her own constitution and the law given her to administer than the church herself8 ,the church received her constitution in the commission given to the apostolic body with whom she is one and identical1 and the law or revealed word in the reception of it by the apostles4 ,being one and identical body with them1 she has received what they received1 and knows what they knew1 is taught what they were taught1 understands it in the same sense that they did1 and has the same authority to interpret and declare it that they had4 ,if they were commissioned to teach all nations to observe all things whatsoever our ,lord commanded them1 she is commissioned in their commission to do the same4 ,if he promised them his efficacious presence and assistance to the consummation of the world1 he made the promise to her2 if he made ,peter the prince of the apostles1 the father and teacher of all ,christians1 and gave him plenary authority to feed1 rule1 and govern the universal church1 he made the successor of ,peter the visible head of the church1 and gave him the same authority4 ,the church1 being the apostolic body persisting through all times1 knows what the apostles received1 knows therefore both her own constitution and the law deposited with her1 and is as competent to judge of them as the apostles were1 and has full authority to interpret and declare both1 and it is to her1 as to the supreme court of a nation1 to judge what they are1 and to define her constitution1 jurisdiction1 and powers4 ,the objection which many make to this conclusion arises from their confounding the authority of the church to interpret and define the law--and1 as a part of the law1 her own constitution1 jurisdiction1 and powers or functions--with the authority to make the law3 a mistake like that of confounding the supreme court of the ,united ,states with ,congress4 ,the church1 like the court or the supreme executive1 may make her own rules and orders--what are called the orders and rules of court1 for the purpose of carrying out the intent of the law--but she no more makes the law than does the civil court make the law under which it is constituted1 and which it administers4 ,god alone is the lawgiver or lawmaker1 and his revealed word is the law--the law for the human reason and will1 and which binds all men in thought1 word1 and deed4 ,we want no church1 as the supreme judge of the law1 to tell us this1 for it is a dictamen of reason itself4 ,it is the revealed word of ,god1 which again is only his will1 the will of the supreme ,lawgiver--that is the law under which the church is constituted1 and which she guards1 interprets1 and declares1 whenever a question of law arises4 ,she does not make the law2 she keeps1 interprets1 declares1 and defends or vindicates it4 ,even with only human wisdom1 she can no more make the law1 or declare that to be law which is not1 than the supreme civil court can declare that to be civil law which is not civil law4 ,the objection1 therefore1 is not well taken4 ,the law1 it is agreed on all hands--that is1 the revelation1 whether written or unwritten--was deposited with the apostles1 then it was deposited1 as we have seen1 with the church identical with the apostolic body4 ,now1 she knows1 as the apostles knew1 what she received1 the law committed to her charge1 and1 as she is constituted by the law she has received1 she knows1 and cannot but know1 her own constitution and powers1 also what promises1 if any1 she has received from her divine ,lawgiver and ,founder4 ,the promises of ,god cannot fail2 and if he has promised her his assistance as an immunity from error she knows it1 and knows that her judgments of law1 or in matters of faith1 are through that assistance infallible4 ,of all these questions she is the divinely constituted judge4 ,she is the judge of the law constituting her1 of her own appointment and commission1 and of her rights1 powers1 and jurisdiction1 no less than of the law or revelation committed to her charge1 for all this is included in the law4 ,if she defines that in her commission is included the promise of the divine assistance to protect her from error in interpreting and declaring the law--that is1 the faith1 the revealed word of ,god--then of all this she judges infallibly1 and she is the infallible authority1 not for believing what ,god has revealed--for that is believed on the veracity of ,god alone--but for believing that what she teaches as his revealed word is his revealed word1 and therefore the law we are to obey in thought1 word1 deed1 as the supreme court is the authority for defining its own constitution and powers1 and what is or is not the law of the state4 ,say we not1 then1 truly that the church is her own witness and accredits herself8 ,say we not truly1 also1 that she is the faithful and infallible witness to the fact of revelation1 and teacher and judge of what ,god has or has not revealed8 ,the fact1 then1 that the church defines that she is the divinely appointed guardian and infallible teacher and judge of revelation1 is all we need to know in order to know that it is ,god we believe in believing her4 ,none of the sects can apply this argument to themselves2 for no one of them can pretend to be the identical apostolical body1 or to span the distance of time from the apostles to us1 so as to be at once their contemporary and ours4 ,they all have either originated too late or have died too soon for that4 ,not one of them can pretend to have originated in the apostolic communion1 and to have existed as one continuous body down to us4 ,there were sectaries in the lifetime of the apostles1 but they were not in the apostolic communion1 but separated from it2 and there is1 as far as we know1 no sect in existence that originated in apostolic times4 ,some of the ,gnostic sects sprang up at a very early day1 but they have all disappeared1 though many of their errors are revived in our day4 ,the ,nestorian and ,jacobite sects still subsist in the ,east1 but they were born too late to be of apostolic origin1 and our modern ,unitarians are not the old ,arians continued in one unbroken body4 ,the ,lutheran and ,calvinistic sects are of yesterday1 and they and their numerous offshoots are out of the question4 ,the poor ,anglicans talk of apostolic succession indeed1 but they separated or were cut off from the apostolic body in the sixteenth century1 and1 with all the pretensions of a few of them1 are only a ,protestant sect1 born of the ,reformation1 as the greater part of them strenuously contend4 ,there is something in people's instincts2 and it is worthy of note that no people who have cast off the authority of the ,holy ,see have ever ventured to assume as their official name the title of ,,apostolic4 ,even the schismatic ,greeks1 while they claim to be orthodox1 do not officially call their church apostolic2 and the ,american ,anglicans assume only the name of ,protestant ,episcopal4 ,protestant apostolic would strike the whole world as incongruous1 and very much as a contradiction in terms4 ,let the argument be worth little or much1 the only body claiming to be the church of ,christ that has or has had an uninterrupted historical existence from the apostles to us1 is the body that is in communion with the ,see of ,rome1 and recognizes the successor of ,peter in that see as the ,vicar of ,christ1 the teacher of the nations1 supreme pastor of the faithful1 with plenary authority from our ,lord himself to feed1 rule1 and govern the universal church4 ,the fact is too plain on the very face of history for any one who knows history at all to deny it4 ,nor1 in fact1 does any one deny it4 ,all in reality concede it2 and the pretence is that to be in communion with that see is not necessary in order to be in communion with ,christ1 or with the universal church4 ,but this is a question of law or of its interpretation1 and can itself be determined only by the supreme court instituted to keep1 interpret1 and declare the law4 ,the court of last resort has already decided the question4 ,it is res adjudicata1 and no longer an open question4 ,the court has decided that extra ecclesiam1 nulla salus1 or1 that out of communion with the church there is no communion with ,christ2 and that out of communion with the ,holy ,see there is no communion with the universal church1 for there is no such church4 ,do you appeal from the decision of the court8 ,to what tribunal8 ,to a higher tribunal8 ,but there is no higher tribunal than the court of last resort4 ,none of the sects are higher than the church1 or competent to set aside or overrule her decisions4 ,do you appeal to the ,bible8 ,but this were only appealing from the law as expounded by the church or the supreme court to the law as expounded by yourself or your sect4 ,such an appeal cannot be entertained1 for it is an appeal1 not from an inferior court to a superior1 but from the highest court to the lowest4 ,the law expounded by the individual or the sect is below1 not above1 the law expounded and declared by the church4 ,the sect has confessedly no authority1 and the law expounded and applied by the sect is no more than the law expounded and applied by the private individual2 and no private individual is allowed to expound and apply the law for himself1 but must take it as expounded and applied by the court1 and the judgment as to what the law is of the court of last resort is final1 and from it1 as every lawyer knows1 there lies no appeal4 ,to be able to set aside or overrule the judgment of the church1 it is necessary1 then1 to have a court of superior jurisdiction1 competent to revise her judgments and to confirm or to overrule them4 ,but1 unhappily for those who are dissatisfied with her judgments1 there is and can be no such court to which they can appeal4 ,there might be some plausibility in the pretended appeal from the church to the ,bible1 if the church had not the ,bible1 or if she avowedly rejected its divine authority2 but as the case stands1 such an appeal is irregular1 illegal1 and absurd4 ,the church has and always has had the ,bible ever since it was written4 ,it was1 as we have seen1 originally deposited with her1 and it is only from her that those outside of her communion have obtained it or their knowledge of it4 ,she has always held and taught it to be the divinely inspired and authoritative written word of ,god1 which none of her children are allowed to deny or question4 ,there is no opposition possible between her teaching and the ,bible1 for the ,bible is included in her teaching1 and consequently no appeal from her teaching to the ,bible4 ,it would be only an appeal from herself to herself4 ,the only appeal conceivable in the case is from her understanding of the sacred ,scriptures or the revealed word of ,god to--your own2 but as you at best have confessedly no authority to expound1 interpret1 or declare the law1 your understanding of the written word can in no case override or set aside hers4 ,the ,reformers1 when they pretended to appeal from the church to the ,bible1 mistook the question and proceeded on a false assumption4 ,there never was any question between the church and the ,bible2 the only question there was or could be was between her understanding of the ,bible and theirs1 or1 as we have said1 between the ,bible as expounded by the church and the ,bible as expounded by private individuals4 ,this the ,reformers did not or would not see1 and this their followers do not or will not see to this day4 ,now1 count the authority of the church for as little as possible1 her understanding cannot be below that of private individuals1 and the understanding of private individuals can never override it1 or be a sufficient reason for setting it aside4 ,the ,reformers had recognized the church as the supreme authority in matters of faith1 and the question was not on admitting her authority as something hitherto unrecognized1 but on rejecting an authority they had hitherto acknowledged as divine4 ,they could not legally reject it except on a higher authority1 or by the judgment of a superior court4 ,but there was no superior court1 no higher authority1 and they could oppose to her not the authority of the ,bible1 as they pretended1 but at best only their private opinion or views of what it teaches1 which in no case could count for more than her judgment1 and therefore could not overrule it or authorize its rejection4 ,it is all very well to deny the divine commission and authority of the church to expound the word and declare the law of ,god2 but a denial1 to serve any purpose1 or to be worth anything1 must have a reason1 and a higher reason than has the affirmation denied4 ,one can deny only by an authority sufficient to warrant an affirmation4 ,it needs as much reason to deny as to affirm4 ,the authority of the church can really be denied only by opposing to her a truth that disproves it4 ,a simple negation is nothing1 and proves or disproves nothing4 ,yet the ,reformers opposed to the church only a simple negation4 ,they opposed to her no authority1 no affirmative truth1 and consequently gave no reason for denying or unchurching her4 ,indeed1 no individual or sect ever opposes either to the church or to her teaching anything but simple negation1 and no one ever makes an affirmation or affirms any truth or positive doctrine which she does not herself affirm or hold and teach4 ,every known heresy1 from that of the ,docet down to the latest development of ,protestantism1 simply denies what the church teaches1 and affirms nothing which she does not herself affirm1 as ,catholics have shown over and over again4 ,these denials1 based as they are on no principle or affirmative truth1 are gratuitous1 and count for nothing against the church or her teaching4 ,who would count the denial by a madman that the sun shines in a clear sky at noonday8 ,the simple fact is that whoever denies the church or her judgments does it without any authority or reason but his own private opinion or caprice1 and that is simply no authority or reason at all4 ,it is not possible to allege any authority against her or her teaching4 ,men may cavil at the truth1 may by their sophistries and subtleties obscure the truth or involve themselves in a dense mental fog1 so that they are unable to see anything distinctly1 or to tell where they are or in what direction they are moving4 ,they may thus imagine that they have some reason for their denials1 and even persuade others that such is the fact2 but whenever the fog is cleared away1 and they have easted themselves1 they cannot1 if they have ordinary intelligence1 fail to discover that the truth which in their own minds they opposed to her or her teaching is a truth which she herself holds and teaches as an integral part of her doctrine1 or as included in the depositum of faith she has received4 ,do you say there is truth outside of the church2 truth in all religions2 in all superstitions1 even8 ,be it so2 but there is no truth outside of her in any religion or superstition that she denies or does not recognize and hold1 and hold in its unity and catholicity4 ,there may be facts in natural history1 in physics1 chemistry1 in all the special sciences1 as in the several handicrafts1 that she does not teach2 but there is no principle of science of any sort that she does not hold and apply whenever an occasion for its application occurs4 ,none of the special sciences have their principles in themselves1 or do or can demonstrate the principles on which they depend1 and from which they derive their scientific character4 ,they all depend for their scientific character on a higher science1 the science of sciences1 which the church and the church alone teaches4 ,the principles of ethics1 and therefore of politics as a branch of ethics1 all lie in the theological order1 and without theology there is and can be no science of ethics or politics2 and hence we see that both1 with those who reject theology1 are purely empirical1 without any scientific basis4 ,an atheist may be moral in his conduct1 but if there were no ,god there could be no morality2 so may an atheist be a geometrician1 but if there were no ,god there could be no geometry4 ,deny ,god1 and what becomes of lines that may be infinitely projected1 or of space shading off into immensity1 on which so much in the science of geometry depends8 ,nay1 deny ,god1 and what would become even of finite space8 ,yet without the conception of space1 which is in truth only the power of ,god to externize his acts1 geometry would be impossible4 ,all the special sciences are secondary1 and are really science only when carried up to their first principles and explained by them4 ,what more absurd1 then1 than the attempt of scientists to prove by science there is no ,god1 or to oppose science to the theology of the church1 without which no science is possible8 ,we need but look at the present state of men's minds to see how the world gets on without the church4 ,never were men more active or indefatigable in their researches3 they send their piercing glances into all subjects1 sacred and profane2 they investigate the heavens and the earth1 the present and the past1 and leave no nook or corner of nature unexplored1 and yet there is not a principle of ethics1 politics1 or science that is not denied or called in question4 ,in the moral and political world nothing is fixed or settled1 and moral and intellectual science1 as well as statesmanship1 disappears4 ,doubt and uncertainty hang over all questions1 and the distinctions between right and wrong1 just and unjust1 as well as between good and evil1 are obscured and well-nigh obliterated4 ,the utmost confusion reigns in the whole world of thought1 and men1 as a distinguished prelate said to us the other day1 are trying the experiment of governing the world without conscience4 ,all this proves what we maintain1 that they who deny the church1 or reject her teaching1 have no truth to oppose to her1 no reason for their denial1 and no principle on which they base their rejection of her authority4 ,their rejection of the church and her teaching is purely gratuitous1 and therefore1 if not sinful1 is at least baseless4 ,this much is certain1 that it is either the church or nothing4 ,there is no other alternative4 ,nothing is more absurd than for those who reject the church and her teaching to pretend to be ,christian teachers or believers4 ,they cannot believe the revelation ,god has made on the veracity of ,god alone1 for they have no witness1 not even an unassisted human witness1 of the fact of revelation1 of what ,god has revealed1 or that he has or has not revealed anything1 since they have no witness who was the contemporary of our ,lord and his apostles--they were none of them born then--and they have no institution that dates from apostolic times1 and that has continued without break down to the present4 ,in fact1 what they profess to believe1 in so far as they believe it at all1 they believe on the authority of the church1 or of that very tradition which they reject and deny to be authority4 ,they agree among themselves in their doctrinal belief only when and where they agree with the church2 whenever and wherever they break from ,catholic tradition1 preserved and handed down by her1 they disagree and fight with one another1 are all at sea1 and have neither chart nor compass4 ,do they tell us that they agree in the essentials of the ,christian faith8 ,yet it is only so far as they follow ,catholic tradition that they know or can agree among themselves as to what are or are not essentials4 ,there is a wide difference between what ,dr4 ,pusey holds to be essential and what is held to be essential by ,dr4 ,bellows4 ,nearly the only point in which the two agree is in rejecting the infallible authority of the successor of ,peter2 and1 in rejecting that authority1 neither has any authority for believing what he believes1 or for denying what he denies4 ,deny the church1 and you have no authority for asserting divine revelation at all1 as your rationalists and radicals conclusively prove4 ,but1 happily1 the other alternative saves us from all these logical inconsistencies4 ,the church meets every demand1 removes every embarrassment1 and affords us the precise authority we need for faith1 for she is in every age and every land a living witness to the fact of revelation1 and an ever-present judge competent to declare what ,god reveals1 and to teach us what we have1 and what we have not1 the veracity of ,god for believing4 ,she can assure us of the divine inspiration and authority of the ,holy ,scriptures1 which without her tradition is not provable2 for she has received them through the apostles from our ,lord himself4 ,she can enable us to read them aright1 and can unfold to us by her teaching their real sense2 for the ,holy ,ghost has deposited with her the whole revelation of ,god1 whether written or unwritten4 ,outside of her1 men1 if they have the book called the ,bible1 can make little or nothing of it1 can come to no agreement as to its sense1 except so far as they inconsistently and surreptitiously avail themselves of her interpretation of it4 ,they have no key to its sense4 ,but she has the key to its meaning in her possession and knowledge of all that ,god reveals1 or in the divine instruction she has received in the beginning4 ,the whole word of ,god1 and the word of ,god as a whole1 is included in the depositum she has received1 and therefore she is able at all times and in all places to give the true sense of the whole1 and of the relation to the whole of each and every part4 ,in her tradition the ,bible is a book of divine instruction1 of living truth1 of inestimable value1 and entitled to the profoundest reverence1 which we know it is not in the hands of those who wrest it from her tradition1 and have no clue to its meaning but grammar and lexicon4 ,the notion that a man who knows nothing of the ,christian faith1 and is a stranger to the whole order of ,christian thought and life1 can take up the ,bible1 even when correctly translated into his mother-tongue1 and from reading and studying it arrive at an adequate knowledge1 or any real knowledge at all1 of ,christian truth or the revelation which ,god has made to man1 is preposterous1 and contradicted by every day's experience4 ,just in proportion as men depart from the tradition of faith preserved by the church1 the ,bible becomes an unintelligible book1 ceases to be of any use to the mind1 and1 if reverenced at all1 becomes1 except in a few plain moral precepts1 a source of error much more frequently than of truth4 ,one of the most precious gifts of ,god to man becomes instead of a benefit a real injury to the individual and to society4 ,our school-boards may1 then1 easily understand why we ,catholics object to the reading of the ,bible in schools where the church cannot be present to enlighten the pupil's mind as to its real and true sense4 ,it is the court that keeps the statute-books1 and interprets and applies the law1 whether the lex scripta or the lex non scripta4 ,the church1 existing in all ages and in all nations as one identical body1 is a living witness in all times and places1 as we have said1 of the fact that ,god has revealed what she believes and teaches1 and is through his assistance a competent and sufficient authority for that fact1 and to interpret and declare the revealed law1 as much so1 to say the least1 as the supreme court of a nation is to declare what is the law of the state4 ,the objection made by rationalists and others to believing on the authority of the church1 or to recognizing her authority to declare the faith1 is founded on the false assumption that the church makes the faith1 and can make anything of faith she pleases1 whether ,god has revealed it or not4 ,we have already answered this objection4 ,the church bears witness to the fact of revelation1 and declares what is or is not the faith ,god has revealed1 as the supreme court declares what is or is not the law of the state2 but she can declare nothing to be of faith that is not of faith1 or that ,god has not revealed and commanded all men to believe1 for through the divine assistance she is infallible1 and therefore cannot err in matters of faith1 or in any matters pertaining in any respect to faith and morals4 ,since she cannot err in declaring what ,god has revealed and commanded1 we are assured that what she declares to be revealed is revealed1 or to be commanded is commanded1 and therefore we know that whatever we are required to believe as of faith1 or to do as commanded of ,god1 we have the authority of ,god himself for believing and doing1 the highest possible reason for faith1 since ,god is truth itself1 and can neither deceive nor be deceived2 and the highest possible law1 for ,god is the ,supreme ,lawgiver4 ,it is they who reject the church or deny her authority that have only an arbitrary and capricious human authority1 and who abdicate their reason and their freedom1 and make themselves slaves1 and slaves of human passion1 arrogance1 and ignorance4 ,the ,catholic is the only man who has true mental freedom1 or a reason for his faith4 ,his faith makes him free4 ,it is the truth that liberates2 and therefore our ,lord says1 ,if the ,son shall make you free1 ye shall be free indeed4 ,who can be freer than he who is held to believe and obey only ,god8 ,they whom the truth does not make free may fancy they are free1 but they are not2 they are in bondage1 and abject slaves4 ,the church in affirming herself is not making herself the judge in her own cause1 is not one of the litigants1 as some pretend1 for the cause in which she judges is not hers1 but that of ,god himself4 ,she is the court instituted by the ,supreme ,lawgiver to keep1 interpret1 and declare his law1 and therefore to judge between him and the subjects his law binds4 ,she1 in determining a case of faith or morals1 no more judges in her own cause than the supreme court of a nation does in defining its own jurisdiction1 and in determining a case arising under the law of which it is constituted by the national authority the judge4 ,she has1 of course1 the right1 as has every civil court1 to punish contempt1 whether of her orders or her jurisdiction1 for he who contemns her contemns him who has instituted her2 but the questions to be decided are questions of law1 which she does not make1 and is therefore no more a party to the cause litigated1 and no more interested or less impartial1 than is a civil court in a civil action4 ,indeed1 we see not1 if it pleases ,almighty ,god to make a revelation1 and to set up his kingdom on earth with that revelation for its law1 how he can provide for its due administration without such a body as the church affirms herself to be1 nor how it would be possible to institute a higher or more satisfactory method of determining what the law of his kingdom is1 than by the decision of a court instituted and assisted by him for that very purpose4 ,in our judgment1 no better way is practicable1 and no other way of attaining the end desired is possible4 ,we repeat1 therefore1 that the church meets every demand of the case1 and removes every real difficulty in ascertaining what is the faith ,god has revealed1 as well as what is opposed to it1 or tends to obscure or impair it4 ,it is agreed on all hands1 by all who hold that our heavenly ,father has made us a revelation and instituted a church1 that the ,church of ,rome1 founded by ,saints ,peter and ,paul1 was in the beginning catholic and apostolic4 ,if she was so in the beginning1 she is so now2 for she has not changed1 and claims no authority which she has not claimed and exercised1 as the occasion arose1 from the first4 ,she is the same identical body as she has been from the beginning4 ,all the sectarian and schismatical bodies that oppose or refuse to submit to her authority acknowledged her authority prior to rejecting it1 and were in communion with her4 ,the change is not hers1 but theirs4 ,they have changed and gone out from her1 because they were not of her1 but she has remained ever the same4 ,take the schismatic ,greeks4 ,they originally were one body with her1 and held the successor of ,peter in the ,roman ,see as primate or head of the whole visible church4 ,they got angry or were perverted1 and rejected the authority of the ,roman ,pontiff1 and have never even to this day ventured to call themselves officially the ,catholic or the ,apostolic church4 ,the men who founded the ,reformed ,churches so-called--,anglican among the rest--were brought up in the communion of the ,catholic ,church1 and acknowledged the supremacy of the ,roman ,pontiff1 and the ,church of ,rome as the mother and mistress of all the churches4 ,the separation was caused by their change1 not by hers4 ,she held and taught at the time of the separation what she had always held and taught1 and claimed no authority which she had not claimed from the first4 ,evidently1 then1 it was they and not she that changed and denied what they had previously believed4 ,she lost individuals and nations from her communion1 but she lost not her identity1 or any portion of her rights and authority1 as the one and only church of ,christ1 for she holds from ,god1 not from the faithful4 ,she has continued to be what she was at first1 while they have gone from one change to another1 have fallen into a confusion of tongues1 as their prototypes did at ,babel2 and ,luther and ,calvin could hardly recognize their followers in those who go by their name to-day4 ,in the very existence of the church through so many changes in the world around her1 the rise and fall of states and empires1 assailed as she has been on every hand1 and by all sorts of enemies1 is a standing miracle1 and a sufficient proof of her divinity4 ,she was assailed by the ,jews1 who crucified her ,lord and stirred up1 wherever they went1 the hostility of the people against his holy apostles and missionaries2 she was assailed by the relentless persecution of the ,roman ,empire1 the strongest organization the world has ever seen1 and the greatest political power of which history gives any hint--an empire which wielded the whole power of organized paganism2 she was driven to the catacombs1 and obliged to offer up the holy sacrifice under the earth1 for there was no place for her altars on its surface4 ,yet she survived the empire2 emerged from the catacombs and planted the cross on the ,capitol of the pagan world4 ,she had then to encounter a hardly less formidable enemy in the ,arian heresy1 sustained by the civil power2 then came her struggle with the barbarian invaders and conquerors from the fifth to the tenth century--the revolt of the ,east1 or the ,greek schism2 the great schism of the ,west2 the ,northern revolt1 or the so-called ,reformation of the sixteenth century2 and the hostility since of the greatest and most powerful states of the modern world2 yet she stands erect where she did nearly twenty centuries ago1 maintaining herself against all opposition2 against the power1 wealth1 learning1 and refinement of this world2 against ,jew1 pagan1 barbarian1 heretic1 and schismatic1 and preserving her identity and her faith unchanged through all the vicissitudes of the world in the midst of which she is placed4 ,she never could have done it if she had been sustained only by human virtue1 human wisdom1 and human sagacity2 she could not have survived unchanged if she had not been under the divine protection1 and upheld by the arm of ,almighty ,god4 ,the fact that she has lived on and preserved her identity1 especially if we add to the opposition from without the scandals that have occurred within1 is conclusive proof that under her human form she lives a divine and supernatural life2 therefore that she is the church of ,god1 and is what she affirms herself to be4 ,believing the church to be what she affirms herself to be2 believing the ,roman ,pontiff to be the successor of ,peter1 the ,vicar of ,christ on earth1 the father and teacher of all ,christians1 we have no fear that she will not survive the persecution which now rages against her1 and that the ,pope will not see his enemies prostrate at his feet4 ,through all history1 we have seen that the successes of her enemies have been short-lived1 and the terrible losses they have occasioned have been theirs1 not hers4 ,it will always be so4 ,kings1 emperors1 potentates1 states1 and empires may destroy themselves by opposing her1 but her they cannot harm4 ,see we not how the wrongs done to the ,holy ,father by ,italian robbers1 obeying the dictates of the secret societies1 some of which1 like the ,madre ,natura1 date almost from apostolic times1 are quickening the faith and fervor of ,catholics throughout the world8 ,not for centuries has the ,holy ,father been so strong in the love and devotion of his faithful children as to-day4 ,never is the church stronger or nearer a victory than when abandoned by all the powers of this world1 and thrown back on the support of her divine ,spouse alone4 ,,footnotes3 #ba ,entered1 according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahga1 by ,,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bb ,the ,vatican ,council and its ,definitions4 ,a ,pastoral ,letter to the ,clergy4 ,by ,henry ,edward1 ,archbishop of ,westminster4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier4 #ahga4 #abmo1 pp4 #beb4 ,,bordeaux4 ,one of the first objects that strikes the mariner ascending the ,garonne towards ,bordeaux is the ancient tower of ,st4 ,michel4 ,i visited it the very morning after my arrival in that city4 ,it is the belfry of a church of the same name1 but is separated from it1 being about forty yards distant4 ,it was built in #adgb1 and is two hundred and fifty feet high4 ,formerly1 it was over three hundred feet in height1 but the steeple was blown down by a hurricane on the #hth of ,september1 #agfh4 ,the view from the top is superb4 ,before you1 like a map1 lies the whole city--a noted commercial centre from the time of the ,csars--encircling a great bend of the river4 ,the eye is at first confused by the mass of roofs1 spires1 and streets1 but in a moment singles out the great cruciform churches of ,st4 ,andr1 ,ste4 ,croix1 and ,st4 ,michel4 ,they lie beneath like immense crosses with arms stretched out--a perpetual appeal to heaven4 ,such remembrances of ,calvary must ever stand between a sinful world and the justice of ,almighty ,god4 ,how can he look down upon all the iniquity of a great city1 and not feel the silent ,parce nobis of these sacred arms extended over it1 repeating silently1 as it were1 the divine prayer1 ,father1 forgive them1 for they know not what they do6 ,oh6 what a love for the ,passion dwelt in the heart of the middle ages which built these churches4 ,absorbed in the thought1 ,i lost sight of the city4 ,its activity1 its historical associations1 the fine buildings and extensive view1 all disappear before the cross4 ,bordeaux is generally thought of only as a wine-mart1 but it also has holier associations4 ,every foot-path on this planet may lead to the door of a hero1 it is said1 and very few paths there are in this ,old ,world that do not bring us upon the traces of the saints--the most heroic of men1 who have triumphed over themselves1 which is better than the taking of a strong city4 ,they it was that made these great signs of the cross on the breast of this fair city1 hallowing it for ever4 ,beneath the tower of ,st4 ,michel is a caveau1 around which are ranged ninety mummies in a state of preservation said to be owing to the nature of the soil4 ,why is it that every one is enticed down to witness so horrid a spectacle8 ,dust to dust and ashes to ashes is far preferable to these withered bodies1 and a quiet resting-place1 deep1 deep in the bosom of mother earth till the resurrection4 ,edmond ,about says the twelfth century would have embroidered many a charming legend to throw around these bodies1 but the moderns have less imagination1 and the guardian of the tower1 who displays them by the light of his poor candle1 is totally deficient in poesy4 ,had this writer been at ,bordeaux on the eve of ,all ,souls' day1 he would have been invited at the midnight hour1 when spirits have power1 to listen to the lugubrious cries and chants that come up from the caveau1 where1 as the popular voice declares1 these ninety forms are having their yearly dance--the dance of death6 ,i wonder if the mummy next the door1 as you gladly pass out into the upper air1 has his hand still extended like an au revoir4444 ,yes1 there is one place where we shall meet1 but not in this repulsive form4 ,may we all be found there with glorified bodies6 ,the church of ,st4 ,michel is older than the tower1 having been built in the twelfth century4 ,it is of the ,gothic style1 and one of those antique churches that speak so loudly to the heart of the traveller from the ,new ,world--one in which we are penetrated with ,an inward stillness1 ,that perfect silence when the lips and heart ,are still1 and we no longer entertain ,our own imperfect thoughts and vain opinions1 ,but ,god alone speaks in us1 and we wait ,in singleness of heart that we may know ,his will1 and in the silence of our spirits ,that he may do his will1 and do that only4 ,the ancients had a deep meaning when they represented the veiled ,isis with her finger on her hushed lips4 ,the soul profoundly impressed by the ,divine ,presence is speechless4 ,in one of the side chapels is the tomb of an old bishop of the middle ages1 in a niche of the wall4 ,on it he lies carven in stone1 with the mitre on his head1 and clad in his pontifical vestments1 and his hands folded in prayer4 ,still praying in thy sleep ,with lifted hands and face supine1 ,meet attitude of calm and reverence deep1 ,keeping thy marble watch in hallowed shrine4 ,the cathedral of ,st4 ,andr is another of these venerable monuments of the past4 ,founded in the fourth century1 destroyed by the barbarians1 restored by ,charlemagne1 and again ruined by the ,normans1 it was rebuilt in the eleventh century1 and consecrated by ,pope ,urban ,,ii41 in #ajif4 ,i went there at an early hour to offer up my thanksgiving for the happy end of this stage of my journey4 ,the canons were just chanting the hours1 which reverberated among the light arches with fine effect4 ,masses were being offered in various chapels1 and there were worshippers everywhere4 ,i was particularly struck with the devout appearance of a venerable old man in one of the dimmest and most remote chapels1 enveloped in a hooded cloak1 with the capuche drawn over his head4 ,he looked as if his soul1 as well as his body1 was almost done with time4 ,through all these aisles and oratories1 which whispering lips filled with the perfume of prayer streaming through the old windows came the morning sun1 ,whose beams1 thus hallowed by the scenes they pass1 ,tell round the floor each parable of glass4 ,i can still see the purple light filling the chapel of the ,sacred ,heart and ensanguining the uplifted ,host4 ,a sweet religious sadness1 like a dove1 ,broods o'er this place4 ,the clustered pillars high ,are rosd o'er by the morning sky3 ,and from the heaven-hued windows far above1 ,intense as adoration1 warm as love1 ,a purple glory deep is seen to lie4 ,turn1 poet1 ,christian1 now the serious eye1 ,where1 in white vests1 a meek and holy band1 ,chanting ,god's praise in solemn order1 stand4 ,o hear that music swell far up and die6 ,old temple1 thy vast centuries seem but years1 ,where wise and holy men lie glorified6 ,our hearts are full1 our souls are occupied1 ,and piety has birth in quiet tears6 ,and all the worshippers in this church were turned toward the holy ,east1 whence cometh the ,son of ,man4 ,the glory of the ,lord came into the house by the way of the gate whose prospect is toward the ,east4 ,i like this orientation of churches now too much neglected4 ,the old symbolic usages of the church should be perpetuated4 ,this turning to the ,east in prayer was at one age the mark of a true believer1 distinguishing him from those who had separated from the church4 ,true1 some of the old basilicas at ,rome and elsewhere have their altars at the west1 but1 according to the ritual of such churches1 the priest turns toward the people1 thus looking to the ,east4 ,cassiodorus and others say that our ,lord on the cross had his face toward the west4 ,so1 in directing our thoughts and hearts to ,calvary1 it is almost instinctive to look to the ,east4 ,with hands outstretched1 bleeding and bare1 ,he doth in death his innocent head recline1 ,turning to the west4 ,descending from his height1 ,the sun beheld1 and veiled him from the sight4 ,thither1 while from the serpent's wound we pine1 ,to thee1 remembering that baptismal sign1 ,we turn and drink anew thy healing might4 ,let us1 then1 place1 as ,wordsworth says1 ,like men of elder days1 ,our ,christian altar faithful to the east1 ,whence the tall window drinks the morning rays4 ,while ,i was lingering with peculiar interest before a monument to the memory of ,cardinal de ,cheverus1 the first ,bishop of ,boston1 and afterward ,archbishop of ,bordeaux1 whose memory is revered in the ,old ,world and the ,new1 ,i heard a chanting afar off1 and1 looking around1 saw through the open door a funeral procession coming hastily along the street toward the church1 and singing the ,miserere--coming1 not with mournful step and slow1 as with us1 but like the followers of ,islam1 who believe the soul is in torment between death and burial1 and so lay aside their usual dignified deportment and hurry the body to the grave4 ,but in ,france the funeral cortge does not necessarily include the relatives1 and ,i felt this very haste might be typical of their eagerness to commence the ,office of the ,dead4 ,anyhow1 ,i forgave them when1 in the chapel draped in black1 ,i saw them devoutly betake themselves to prayer during the ,holy ,sacrifice4 ,i1 too1 dropped my little bead of prayer for the eternal rest of one whose name ,i know not1 but which is known to ,god4 ,help1 ,lord1 the souls which thou hast made1 ,the souls to thee so dear2 ,in prison for the debt unpaid1 ,of sins committed here4 ,the confessionals seemed to be greatly frequented the day ,i was at ,st4 ,andr's--those sepulchres into which rolls the great burden of our sins4 ,there ,the great ,absolver with relief ,stands by the door1 and bears the key1 ,o'er penitence on bended knee4 ,what non-,catholic has not felt1 at least once in his life1 as if he would give worlds for the moral courage to lay down the burden of memory at the feet of some holy man endowed with the power of absolving from sin6 ,almighty ,god has made his church the interpreter between himself and his creatures2 hence the peculiar grace a holy confessor has to meet the wants of the human heart laid bare before him4 ,zoroaster told his disciples that the wings of the soul1 lost by sin1 might be regained by bedewing them with the waters of life found in the garden of ,god4 ,it is only the consecrated priest who has the power of unsealing this fountain to each one of us4 ,these confessionals are distributed in the various chapels1 everywhere meeting the eye of the parched and sin-worn traveller who would ,kneel down1 and take the word divine1 ,,absolvo ,,te4 ,of course there is a ,ladye ,chapel in this church1 as in all others4 ,jesus and ,mary1 whose names are ever mingled on ,catholic lips1 the first they learn and the last they murmur1 are never separated in our churches4 ,devotion to the ,virgin has grown up through the church1 beautifying and perfuming it like the famous rose-bush in the ,cathedral of ,hildesheim in ,germany--the oldest of all known rose-bushes4 ,it takes root under the choir in the crypt4 ,its age is unknown1 but a document proves that nearly a thousand years ago ,bishop ,hezilo had it protected by a stone roof still to be seen4 ,so with devotion to our ,mystical ,rose--quasi plantatio ros in ,jericho--its roots go down deep among the foundations of the church2 saints have protected and nourished it1 and all nations come to sit under its vine and inhale its perfume4 ,blossom for ever1 blossoming rod6 ,thou didst not blossom once to die3 ,that life which1 issuing forth from ,god1 ,thy life enkindled1 runs not dry4 ,without a root in sin-stained earth1 ',twas thine to bud salvation's flower1 ,no single soul the church brings forth ,but blooms from thee1 and is thy dower4 ,what a safeguard to man is devotion to ,mary ,most ,pure6 ,it is like the ,pridwin--the shield of ,king ,arthur--on which was emblazoned the ,holy ,virgin1 warding off the strokes of the great enemy of souls4 ,there are some poetical associations connected with ,bordeaux3 among others1 the memory of the troubadours who enriched and perfected the ,romance tongue1 but whose songs at last died away in the sad discord of the ,albigensian wars4 ,here the gay and beautiful ,eleanor of ,aquitaine held her court of love1 gathering around her all the famous troubadours of her time1 and deciding upon the merits of their songs4 ,among these was her favorite1 ,bernard de ,ventadour1 chiefly known to fame by being mentioned by ,petrarch4 ,eleanor herself was a musician and a lover of poetry--tastes she inherited from her grandfather1 ,william1 ,duke of ,aquitaine1 generally called the ,count de ,poitiers1 one of the earliest of the troubadours whose songs have come down to us4 ,around this charming queen of love and song gathered the admiring votaries of la gaia sciencia1 like nightingales singing around the rose1 all vowing1 as in duty bound1 that their hearts were bleeding on the horns6 ,poor maligned ,eleanor was too gay a butterfly for the gloomy court of ,louis ,,vii4 ,she wanted the bright sun of her own province in which to float1 and the incense of admiring voices to waft her along4 ,she herself was a composer of chansons1 and is reckoned among the authors of ,france4 ,she dearly loved ,bordeaux1 her capital1 and was adored by its people4 ,here she was married with great pomp to ,louis1 after which the ,duke of ,aquitaine laid aside his insignia of power1 and1 assuming the garb of a hermit1 went on a pilgrimage to ,st4 ,james of ,compostella1 and devoted the remainder of his life to prayer and penance in hermitage on ,montserrat1 by way of preparation for death4 ,it is well to pause awhile before plunging into the great ocean of eternity4 ,these pilgrimages to ,compostella were exceedingly popular in that age1 and hospices for the pilgrims to that shrine were to be found in all the large cities and towns4 ,there was one at ,auch1 and another at ,paris in the ,rue du ,temple1 which was particularly celebrated and served by ,augustinian nuns4 ,and here at ,bordeaux was the ,hospice of ,st4 ,andr for the reception of the weary votary of ,st4 ,jago4 ,here comes a pilgrim1 says one of ,shakespeare's characters4 ,god save you1 pilgrim4 ,where are you bound8 ,to ,st4 ,jacques le ,grand4 ,where do the palmers lodge1 ,i beseech you8 ,eftsoones unto an holy hospitall ,that was forby the way1 she did him bring1 ,in which seven bead-men that had vowed all ,their life to service of high heaven's ,king1 ,did spend their daies in doing godly thing2 ,their gates to all were open evermore1 ,that by the wearie way were travelling1 ,and one sate wayting ever them before ,to call in comers-by1 that needy were and pore4 ,digby says the hospitality and charity of these hospices had their origin in the bishops' houses4 ,fortunatus thus speaks of ,leontius ,,ii41 ,archbishop of ,bordeaux1 who1 in accordance with the apostle's injunction1 was given to hospitality3 ,susceptor peregrum distribuendo cibum4 ,longius extremo si quis properasset ab orbe1 ,advena mox vidit1 hunc ait esse patrem4 ,that the devotion of the middle ages is yet alive in the church is proved by the influx of pilgrims at the shrine of ,st4 ,germaine of ,pibrac1 at ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes1 and a thousand other places of popular devotion4 ,so great is the number of pilgrims to ,lourdes1 drawn by the brightness of ,mary's radiant form1 that the railway between ,tarbes and ,pau was turned from its intended direct line in order to pass through ,lourdes4 ,in one day the train from ,bayonne brought nine hundred1 and at another time over a thousand pilgrims4 ,and as for the continued charity and hospitality of the church1 witness the monks of ,st4 ,bernard and of ,palestine1 known to all the world4 ,how disinterested is genuine ,catholic charity1 done unto the ,lord and not unto man6 ,some suppose the good works practised among us is by way of barter for heaven1 but they little know the spirit of the church4 ,charity is one expression of its piety1 which1 in its highest manifestations1 is devoid of self-interest4 ,listen to ,john of ,bordeaux1 a holy ,franciscan friar1 who1 after quoting a saying of ,epictetus1 that we generally find piety where there is utility1 says3 ,he does not come up to the standard of pure ,christianity3 he pretends that piety takes its birth in utility1 so that it is interest that gives rise to devotion4 ,yes1 among the profane1 but not among ,christians1 who1 acquainted with the maxims of our holy religion1 have no other end but to serve ,god for his love and for his glory2 forgetting all considerations of their own advantage1 they aspire to attain to that devotion which is agreeable to him without any view to their own interest4 ,and in these practical times another holy writer1 ,dr4 ,newman1 says in the same spirit3 ,they who seek religion for culture's sake1 are sthetic1 not religious1 and will never gain that grace which religion adds to culture1 because they can never have the religion4 ,to seek religion for the present elevation1 or even the social improvement it brings1 is really to fall from faith which rests in ,god1 and the knowledge of him as the ultimate good1 and has no by-ends to serve4 ,but to return to the romantic associations of this land of the vine1 we recall the celebrated old romance of ,huon of ,bordeaux1 which contains some delightful pictures of the age of chivalry4 ,here is one which ,i have abridged1 showing how the religious spirit was inwoven with the impulses of the knightly heart4 ,the ,emperor ,thierry1 furious because his nephews and followers had been slain by ,huon1 seized upon ,esclarmonde 7,huon's wife7 and her attendants1 and threw them into a dungeon1 there to await death4 ,huon1 greatly afflicted at this1 disguised himself as a pilgrim from the ,holy ,land1 and set out for ,mayence1 where the emperor lived4 ,he arrived on ,maunday-,thursday1 and learned that it was the custom of the emperor to grant the petitions of him who first presented himself after the office of ,good ,friday morning4 ,huon was so overjoyed at this information that he could not sleep all that night1 but betook himself to his orisons1 imploring ,god to inspire and aid him so he might again behold his wife4 ,when morning came1 he took his pilgrim staff and repaired to the chapel4 ,as soon as the office was ended1 he contrived to be the first to attract attention4 ,he told the emperor he was there to avail himself of the custom of the day in order to obtain a grace4 ,the emperor replied that1 should he even demand fourteen of his finest cities1 they would be given him1 for he would rather have one of his fists cut off than recede from his oath2 therefore to make known his petition1 which would not be refused4 ,then ,huon requested pardon for himself and for all of his who might have committed some offence4 ,the emperor replied3 ,pilgrim1 doubt not that what ,i have just promised1 ,i will fulfil1 but ,i beg you right humbly to tell me what manner of man you are1 and to what country and race you belong1 that you request such grace from me4 ,huon then made himself known4 ,the emperor's face blanched while listening to him1 and for a long time he was unable to speak4 ,at last he said3 ,are you1 then1 ,huon of ,bordeaux1 from whom ,i have received such ills--the slayer of my nephews and followers8 ,i cannot cease wondering at your boldness in presenting yourself before me4 ,i would rather have lost four of my best cities1 have had my whole dominions laid waste and burned1 and ,i and my people banished for three years1 than find you thus before me4 ,but since you have thus taken me by surprise1 know in truth that what ,i have promised and vowed ,i will hold good1 and1 in honor of the ,passion of ,jesus ,christ1 and the blessed day which now is1 on which he was crucified and dead1 ,i pardon you all hatred and evil-doing1 and ,god forbid that ,i should hold your wife1 or lands1 or men1 which ,i will restore to your hands4 ,then ,huon threw himself on his knees1 beseeching the emperor to forgive the injury he had done him4 ,god pardon you1 said the emperor4 ,as for me1 ,i forgive you with right good will1 and taking ,huon by the hand1 he gave him the kiss of peace4 ,huon then said3 ,may it please our ,lord ,jesus ,christ that this guerdon be returned to you twofold4 ,then the prisoners were released1 and1 after a sumptuous entertainment1 the emperor accompanied ,huon and his noble lady on their way back to ,bordeaux4 ,bordeaux is interesting to the ,english race1 because1 among other reasons1 it was for about three hundred years a dependency of the ,english crown1 being the dowry of ,eleanor of ,aquitaine1 who married ,henry ,,ii4 after her divorce from ,louis le ,jeune4 ,we associate the city1 too1 with ,froissart and the ,black ,prince1 who held his court here4 ,richard ,,ii4 was born hard by at the ,chteau de ,lormont4 ,and ,henry ,,iii4 came here to receive his son's bride1 ,eleanor of ,castile1 and gave her so extravagant a marriage feast as to excite the remonstrances of his nobles4 ,the country prospered under the ,english government4 ,the merchants had especial privileges granted them by ,eleanor1 and their wines then1 as now1 found a ready market in ,london4 ,bordeaux in particular increased wonderfully1 and outgrew its defensive walls4 ,the church of ,st4 ,michel dates from the time of ,english domination1 and in that quarter of the city may be seen old houses1 one story projecting beyond the other1 and the whole surmounted by a pyramidal roof1 said to be of ,english origin1 and such as are to be seen in some of the oldest streets of ,london4 ,eleanor always used her influence for the benefit of her people4 ,the most ancient charter of privileges granted the ,gascon merchants was given by her on the first of ,july1 #aahi4 ,the ,english seem to have taken their war-cry from the old dukes of ,aquitaine who charged to the sound of ,st4 ,george for the puissant duke4 ,a devotion to ,st4 ,george was brought from the ,east by the ,crusaders4 ,richard ,i4 placed himself and his army under the special protection of this saint1 who1 the redoubted slayer of the dragon and the redresser of woman's wrongs1 appealed to the tenderest instincts of the chivalric heart4 ,st4 ,george's remains were brought from ,asia by the ,crusaders1 and a large part is enshrined at ,toulouse1 in the great basilica of ,st4 ,sernin4 ,the crest of the dukes of ,aquitaine was a leopard1 which the kings of ,england bore for a long time on their shields4 ,edward ,,iii4 is called a valiant pard in his epitaph4 ,these old dukes of ,aquitaine seem always to have gone to extremes either as sinners or saints4 ,eleanor's grandfather1 as ,i have said1 was one of the earliest of the troubadours4 ,he was distinguished for his bravery1 his musical voice1 and his manly beauty4 ,his early life was such as to incur the censure of the bishop1 but he ended his career in penitence1 and the last of his poems is a farewell la chevalerie qu'il a tant aime for the sake of the cross4 ,he was one of the first to join the crusades at the head of sixty thousand warriors1 but he lost his troops and gained neither glory nor renown4 ,the term ,aquitaine was given this country by ,julius ,csar on account of its numerous rivers and ports4 ,the ancient province of this name extended from the ,loire to the ,pyrenees4 ,in the time of the ,roman dominion1 ,bordeaux was its capital under the name of ,burdigala4 ,the origin of the city is uncertain4 ,strabo1 who lived in the first century1 mentions it as a celebrated emporium4 ,some suppose its first inhabitants to have been of ,iberian origin4 ,the real history of the city commences about the middle of the third century1 when ,tetricus1 governor of ,aquitaine1 assumed the purple and was proclaimed emperor4 ,about the same time ,st4 ,martial preached in this region4 ,but the pagan divinities were still invoked in the time of ,ausonius4 ,in the annals of the ,council of ,arles1 in #cad1 ,orientalis1 ,bishop of ,bordeaux1 is mentioned4 ,the intellectual superiority of the ,romans was always even more potent than the force of their arms4 ,barbarism disappeared before the splendor of their civilization4 ,burdigala under their dominion felt the influence of this superiority1 and rose to such a degree of magnificence and luxury as to be a theme for ,ausonius1 ,st4 ,jerome1 and ,sidonius ,apollinaris4 ,the remains of buildings at ,bordeaux belonging to this epoch give an idea of its prosperity and importance4 ,there is still an arena in ruins1 commonly called the ,palais-,gallien1 but the most remarkable ,roman monument of the city was a temple called ,piliers de ,tutelle1 which1 partly ruined1 was demolished in #afgg1 by the order of ,louis ,,xiv41 for the construction of a quay4 ,schools were established at ,bordeaux at an early day4 ,we learn from ,st4 ,jerome that in his time the liberal arts were in the most flourishing condition here4 ,in the time of the ,roman dominion1 there were universities at ,bordeaux1 ,auch1 ,toulouse1 ,marseilles1 ,trves1 etc4 ,the edicts issued for their benefit showed the importance attached to their prosperity by the government4 ,the college of ,bordeaux furnished professors for ,rome and ,constantinople4 ,valentinian ,i4 chose ,ausonius1 a native of ,bordeaux1 to superintend the education of his son ,gratian4 ,when the latter became emperor1 he made his old tutor a ,roman consul 7,a4,d4 #cgi74 ,the poems of ,ausonius are still admired1 but there is much in them that is reprehensible4 ,they were translated into ,french by ,m4 ,jaubert1 a priest at ,bordeaux1 who lived in the last century4 ,that the wines of ,aquitaine were already celebrated in the fourth century is shown by the writings of ,ausonius ,ostrea ,non laudata minus1 nostri quam gloria vini4 ,st4 ,paulinus1 bishop of ,nola1 lived at this time4 ,he was born at ,bordeaux in the year #cec1 and was descended from a long line of illustrious senators4 ,one of the several estates he owned near the city still bears the name of ,le ,puy ,paulin1 puy being a word from the langue ,romaine1 perhaps synonymous with the ,latin word podium4 ,one of the public squares of ,bordeaux also bears the same name4 ,paulinus possessed great elevation of mind and a poetical genius1 which he cultivated under ,ausonius1 for whose care he expresses his gratitude in verse4 ,but ,ausonius was magnanimous enough to acknowledge that ,paulinus excelled him as a poet and that no modern ,roman could vie with him4 ,in his early life ,paulinus held dignified offices under government1 but his intercourse with ,st4 ,delphinus1 bishop of ,bordeaux1 inspired him with a love for retirement1 in which his wife1 a ,spanish lady of wealth1 participated4 ,they passed over into ,spain1 and spent four years there in the retirement of the country1 but not as anchorites4 ,he seemed to have given up all of life but its sweetness when he composed the following prayer3 ,o ,supreme ,master of all things1 grant my wishes1 if they are righteous4 ,let none of my days be sad1 and no anxiety trouble the repose of my nights4 ,let the good things of another never tempt me1 and may my own suffice to those who ask my aid4 ,let joy dwell in my house4 ,let the slave born on my hearth enjoy the abundance of my stores4 ,may ,i live surrounded by faithful servants1 a cherished wife1 and the children she will bring me4 ,while in ,spain they lost their only son1 whom they buried at ,alcala1 near the bodies of the holy martyrs ,justus and ,pastor4 ,this loss weaned them completely from the world4 ,their ,spanish solitude had been a garden of roses1 but now they chose the lily as their emblem1 and resolved to lead a monastic life4 ,paulinus received holy orders1 and they both sold all they possessed and gave the money to the poor4 ,this drew upon ,paulinus the contempt of the world4 ,even his own relatives and former slaves rose up against him1 but to all their invectives he only replied3 ,o beata injuria displicere cum ,christo4 ,o blessed scorn that is shared with ,christ4 ,ausonius1 in particular1 was grieved to see the extensive patrimony of ,paulinus cut up among a hundred possessors1 and reproached him in bitter terms for his madness4 ,but if the world rejected him1 he was received with open arms by such men as ,st4 ,ambrose1 ,st4 ,jerome1 and ,st4 ,augustine4 ,his devotion to ,st4 ,felix1 whose tomb he had visited in his childhood1 induced him to fix his residence near ,nola in ,campania4 ,here he lived close by the church where his favorite saint was enshrined4 ,he had put on the livery of ,christ's poor ones1 and contented himself with his cell and garden-plot4 ,and his meekness and sanctity1 joined to his talents as a writer1 drew upon him the admiration of the world4 ,persons of the highest rank from all parts went to see him in his retreat1 as ,st4 ,jerome and ,st4 ,augustine testify4 ,in his seclusion he writes poems that have all the delicacy and grace of ,petrarch4 ,he describes the church of his loved saint1 whose life and miracles he is never weary of dwelling on1 as hung with white draperies and gleaming with aromatic lamps and tapers2 the porch is wreathed with fresh flowers1 and the cloisters strewn with blossoms2 and pilgrims come down from the mountains1 marching even at night by the light of their torches1 bringing their children in sacks1 and their sick on litters1 to be healed at the tomb2 for all the world1 a picture of an ,italian shrine of these days4 ,he loved the humblest duties of the sanctuary4 ,suffer me to remain at thy gates1 he says4 ,let me cleanse thy courts every morning1 and watch every night for their protection4 ,suffer me to end my days amid the employments ,i love4 ,we take refuge within your hallowed pale and make our nest in your bosom4 ,it is herein that we are cherished1 and expand into a better life4 ,casting off the earthly burden1 we feel something divine springing up within us1 and the unfolding of the wings which are to make us equal to the angels4 ,these words sound as if coming from the cloistered votary of the middle ages1 or even of the nineteenth century2 the same is the spirit of the church in all ages4 ,the writings of ,st4 ,paulinus show his devotion to the saints and their relics1 a belief in the efficacy of prayers for the dead1 and in the doctrine of the ,real ,presence4 ,what can be more explicit1 for instance1 than these lines on the ,holy ,eucharist8 ,in cruce fixa caro est1 qu pascor2 de cruce sanguis ,ille fluit1 vitam quo bibo1 corda lavo4 ,he adorned the walls of his church with paintings and composed inscriptions for the altar1 under which were deposited the relics of ,st4 ,andrew1 ,st4 ,luke1 ,st4 ,nazarius1 and others1 and sings thus3 ,in regal shrines with purple marble graced1 ,their bones are 'neath illumined altars placed4 ,this pious band's contained in one small chest ,that holds such mighty names within its tiny breast4 ,after fifteen years of retirement1 ,st4 ,paulinus was made bishop of ,nola4 ,shortly before he died1 as the lamps were being lighted for the ,vesper service1 he murmured1 ,i have trimmed my lamp for ,christ4 ,the prosperity of ,bordeaux under the ,romans was interrupted by the invasion of the barbarians that swept down from the north1 bringing ruin and desolation to the land4 ,for nearly a century the city remained in the power of the ,visigoths1 who1 being ,arians1 persecuted the ,catholic inhabitants4 ,sidonius ,apollinaris deplores the injury done to learning by their invasion1 but perhaps the decline of learning was partly owing to a growing distaste for pagan literature among ,christians4 ,the barbarians were finally routed by ,clovis in #ejg1 and he took possession of ,bordeaux4 ,charlemagne made ,aquitaine a kingdom for his son ,louis le ,dbonnaire4 ,louis1 son of ,charles le ,chauve1 was the last king of ,aquitaine4 ,when he ascended the throne of ,france1 it resumed its former rank as a duchy4 ,the college of ,guienne was founded here in the middle ages4 ,in the sixteenth century1 it had1 at one time1 twenty-five hundred pupils4 ,the famous ,george ,buchanan1 whom everybody knows1 because his head adorns the cover of ,blackwood's ,magazine1 but who is more spoken of than read1 taught in this college three years4 ,he came here in #aeci4 ,among his pupils was the great ,montaigne1 who passed most of his life at ,bordeaux and is buried in the church of the ,feuillants4 ,as ,buchanan was somewhat given to hilarity and loved the flavor of ,gascon wines1 this city probably had its attractions for him4 ,in his ,mai ,calend1 full of gaiety and merry-making1 he speaks of the grapes of the sandy soil of ,gascony3 ,nec tenebris claudat generosum cella ,lyum1 ,quem dat arenoso ,vasconis uva solo4 ,one vintage season1 ,buchanan went to ,agen to enjoy it at the residence of his friend1 the celebrated ,julius ,scaliger1 who had been a professor at the college of ,guienne1 but was now settled as a physician at ,agen4 ,among the other literary celebrities of ,bordeaux is ,arnaud ,berquin1 whose charming writings are still popular4 ,his ,ami des ,enfants was crowned by the ,french ,academy in #aghd4 ,and ,montesquieu was born at the chteau of ,la ,brde near ,bordeaux1 whence he took his title of ,baron de la ,brde4 ,bordeaux is now the finest city in ,france after ,paris1 and it ranks next to ,lyons in importance4 ,perhaps ,i cannot do better than quote what a popular ,french author of the day says of it3 ,bordeaux is five miles long and has one hundred and fifty thousand inhabitants3 plenty of room for few people4 ,but the entire population does not breathe at its ease4 ,if the grass be growing in the streets and squares of the new town1 there is some stifling felt in the old districts4 ,the ,jews1 chapmen1 brokers1 and marine store men live in a dirty and unhealthy hive1 and their shops form no straight line along the narrow and unpaved streets4 ,you may still see a quantity of those paunchy1 hunchbacked1 and decrepit houses1 which form the delight of romantic archology1 and you need only go to ,bordeaux to form an accurate idea of old ,paris4 ,in the new town all is vast1 rectilinear1 and monumental3 the streets1 squares1 avenues1 esplanades and buildings rival the splendor of what we are taught to admire in ,paris4 ,the ,grand ,thtre1 containing only twelve hundred persons1 has the imposing aspect of a ,colosseum and a staircase which might be transferred with advantage to our ,opera4 ,the cafs are truly monuments1 and ,i saw a bathing establishment which bore a strong resemblance to a necropolis4 ,all this grandeur dates from ,louis ,,xv4 and ,louis ,,xvi4 ,the population of ,bordeaux is one of the prettiest specimens of the ,french nation4 ,the women possess more expression than freshness1 but with good hair1 good eyes1 and white teeth1 a woman cannot but look well4 ,the men have a sharp look1 a lively mind1 and brilliancy of language4 ,one of the glories of ,bordeaux is the bridge across the ,garonne built by order of ,napoleon the ,great4 ,it has seventeen arches1 and there is an interior gallery communicating from one arch to another which is accessible4 ,there are some fine pictures in the ,muse des ,tableaux--a ,perugino1 and others by ,titian1 ,vandyke1 ,rubens1 etc4 ,some excellent artists have been formed in the ,school of ,design1 among whom is ,rosa ,bonheur4 ,but the people in general are more fond of music and the drama than the other fine arts4 ,the commerce of ,bordeaux is extensive1 but is surpassed by that of ,havre1 perhaps because there is too much of the laisser-aller in a more southern temperament4 ,nevertheless1 the city is progressing4 ,the port1 says the author already quoted1 is a third edition of the ,thames at ,london and the ,golden ,horn at ,constantinople4 ,,the ,,amen ,,of ,,the ,,stones4 ,,from ,,the ,,german4 ,blind with old age1 went ,beda forth to preach ,the blessed ,gospel to the world1 and teach ,the listening crowd of village and of town4 ,a peasant school-boy led him up and down1 ,proclaiming aye ,god's word with youthful fire4 ,rather in childish folly than in scorn1 ,the lad the trusting graybeard led1 one morn1 ,down to a vale where massive stones around ,were strewed4 ,a congregation fills the ground1 ,he said1 and1 lo1 they wait to hear thee1 sire4 ,up rose the aged pilgrim1 took the text1 ,turned it1 explained it1 and applied it next1 ,implored1 exhorted1 prayed1 and1 ending1 bowed his head1 ,and to the listening crowd the ,pater ,noster said4 ,when he had ended1 from the circling stones ,the cry went forth1 as if in human tones1 ,amen1 most reverend father6 and again ,the circling stones in concert cried1 ,amen6 ,the boy shrank back1 remorseful1 on his knees1 ,confessed his fault1 and sought to make his peace4 ,mock not ,god's word1 the old man to him said4 ,know that1 though men were mute to it1 and dead4 ,the very stones will witness4 ',tis a living word1 ,and cutteth sharply1 like a two-edged sword4 ,and if all human hearts to stones should turn1 ,a human heart within these stones would burn4 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,dieu ,,dispose4 ,the early morning of ,mr4 ,rowan's burial had been heavy and dark2 but as they left the island a shower of golden light broke through the clouds1 the water sparkled on all sides1 and the sighing air became a frolic breeze4 ,dick and the captain brightened1 and exchanged a few words in seamen's phrase complimenting the weather4 ,mrs4 ,rowan also roused herself1 brushed the sand from her clothes1 arranged the folds of her veil1 and even smoothed her hair4 ,the poor creature's vanity was dead1 but at the prospect of meeting strangers it gave a slight post-mortem flicker4 ,out it went1 though1 the next instant1 on the breath of a sigh4 ,what did it matter how she looked8 ,but she glanced anxiously at ,edith4 ,the child had put on her mother's red cape and drawn it up over her head1 and she still held it there1 one slim hand pulling the folds close together under her chin4 ,that she might appear outlandish did not trouble ,edith4 ,indeed1 she claimed the right to be so on account of her foreign blood4 ,but when she noticed ,mrs4 ,rowan's attention to her own toilet1 and met her glance1 she pushed the cape off her head1 and1 putting her arms up1 began to smooth her hair and plait it into a long braid4 ,it was rich1 long hair1 not given to wilful ringlets1 but would curl when in the mood4 ,now the wind blew little curls out about her face1 and the risen sun steeped the tresses in a pale flame4 ,the braid finished1 she tossed it back1 and caught it lightly into a loop1 the motion revealing a pair of round white arms1 to which the hands and wrists looked like colored gauntlets4 ,then she unfolded her precious ,indian relic of tarnished red and gold1 and bound it straightly about her head1 half-covering the forehead1 so that the long1 fringed ends hung behind1 and a loose fold fell over each ear4 ,beholding her in that guise1 ,captain ,cary thought that she looked fitter for some oriental scene than for this crude corner of a crude land4 ,she might be a stolen child stained with gypsy-wort1 he said to himself4 ,but she was ,gypsy only in color4 ,no wild fires burned in her face2 her cool eyes looked out calm and observant2 her mouth was gently closed4 ,the very shape of her features expressed tranquillity4 ,the sailor found himself much interested in this little girl4 ,besides that her appearance pleased him1 his good-will had been bespoken2 for on one of those days when their ship had lain becalmed in southern waters1 ,dick had told him all her story4 ,listening to it1 half-asleep1 as to something that might be fact and might be fancy1 all the scene about him had entwined itself with the history and with the heroine's character4 ,the solid golden day1 shut down over a sea whose soft pulses told of perfect repose2 the wide-eyed1 radiant night1 which seemed every moment on the point of breaking into music far and near1 a fine1 clear music of countless sweet bells with almost human tongues--they formed the background on which her image floated4 ,seeing her did not dispel but rather strengthened the illusion4 ,something golden in her hair1 something tranquil in her face1 something expectant in her eyes--all were like4 ,the rough giant of a sailor mused tenderly over this as he sent their boat forward with powerful strokes1 and watched ,edith ,yorke bind on her ,egyptian coiffure4 ,they did not row to the wharf1 where the steamer had already arrived1 but to a place a few rods above1 where the sea had taken a good semicircular bite out of the land4 ,here a straggling bit of dilapidated woods had been allowed to remain by the vandals who had turned all the rest to grass and pasture1 and a mossy ledge broke the teeth of the soft1 gnawing waves4 ,edith stepped lightly on shore4 ,she was young1 healthy1 brave1 and ignorant1 and pain1 though it called forth her tears1 was stimulating to her4 ,that pang had not yet come which could cut her heart in twain and let all the courage out4 ,you are spry1 ,captain ,cary said1 smiling down upon her4 ,she smiled faintly in return1 but said nothing4 ,mrs4 ,rowan needed assistance at either hand4 ,she had been broken by pain4 ,they stood awhile in the grove1 ,dick and the captain making some business arrangements4 ,the ,halcyon was to remain four weeks at ,seaton1 and it was agreed that ,dick should have that time to get his mother settled4 ,then the ship would touch at ,new ,york1 where he would embark for the ,east again4 ,while they lingered1 a large yellow coach1 loaded with passengers1 rattled past amid clouds of dust4 ,there is no hurry1 ,dick said4 ,it will take an hour to get the freight off and on4 ,but you needn't wait1 captain4 ,they'll be looking for you at the village4 ,the others drew near to ,captain ,cary at that1 holding his hands and trying to utter their thanks4 ,oh6 it's nothing1 he said1 much abashed4 ,i haven't done anything to be thanked for4 ,good-by6 ,keep up your courage1 and you will come out first-rate4 ,there's nothing like grit4 ,a subsiding ripple tossed his boat against the shore4 ,at that hint he stepped in1 dallied with the rope1 then said1 with a perfectly transparent affectation of having only just thought of it3 ,oh6 ,i've got a ring here that ,edith is welcome to1 if she will wear it4 ,i brought it home for my niece2 but the child is dead4 ,it won't fit anybody else ,i know4 ,mrs4 ,rowan immediately thanked him1 and ,edith smiled with childish pleasure4 ,you are very kind1 ,captain ,cary1 she said4 ,i always thought ,i would like to have a ring4 ,dick alone darkened2 but no one noticed it4 ,he had meant to do everything for her2 and here was a wish which she had never expressed to him1 and he had not known enough to anticipate4 ,the captain drew a tiny box from his pocket1 and displayed a small circlet in which was set a single spark of diamond4 ,edith extended her left hand1 and the sailor1 leaning over the boatside1 slipped the ring on to her forefinger4 ,good-by1 again6 he said then hastily1 and gave each of them a grasp of the hand4 ,dick could take care of himself2 but the other two1 putting out their tender hands impulsively1 grew red in the face with pain at the grip of his iron fingers4 ,the next instant his boat shot out into the bay4 ,they looked after him till he glanced back and saluted them with a nod1 and two arches of spray tossed from his oars2 then turned and climbed the shore1 ,dick assisting his mother1 ,edith following4 ,good-by1 trees6 said the child1 glancing up4 ,good-by1 moss6 stooping to gather a silken green flake and a cluster of red-topped gray4 ,the prettiest cup had a spider in it1 and she would not disturb it4 ,good-by1 spider6 she whispered1 ,i'm never coming back again4 ,she had friends to take leave of1 after all--not human friends1 but ,god's little creatures1 who had never hurt her save in self-defence4 ,when they reached the wharf1 there was no one in sight but the men who trundled the freight off and on4 ,at the upper end of the wharf there was a small building used as office and waiting-room4 ,the passage to the boat being obstructed1 ,dick sent his mother and ,edith there1 while he went on board to get tickets4 ,they went to the door of the waiting-room1 hesitated a moment on seeing it occupied1 then went in1 and seated themselves in a retired corner4 ,the party who were already in possession glanced at the new-comers1 and immediately became oblivious of them4 ,this party were evidently the members of one family4 ,some indefinable resemblance1 as well as their air of intimacy1 showed that4 ,an elderly gentleman walked up and down the floor1 his hands clasped behind his back1 and a lady not much over forty sat near1 surrounded by her three daughters4 ,at a window1 to which the mother's back was turned1 looking up toward the village1 stood a young man whose age could not be over twenty-three4 ,the ages of the daughters might vary from sixteen to twenty4 ,they formed rather a remarkable group1 and were attractive1 though the faces of all expressed more or less dissatisfaction4 ,that of the young man indicated profound disgust4 ,the elder lady had a sweet and melancholy expression1 and appeared like an invalid4 ,the youngest daughter1 who sat beside her1 was as like her mother as the waxing moon is like the waning4 ,she was pretty1 had clinging1 caressing ways1 a faint dimple in her left cheek1 splendid auburn hair1 and gray eyes4 ,they called her ,hester4 ,on the other hand sat the eldest daughter1 a rather stately1 self-satisfied young woman1 whose attentions to her mother had an air of patronage4 ,this was ,melicent4 ,she was rather fair1 neutral in color1 and excessively near-sighted4 ,the second daughter stood behind her mother1 and was very attentive to her1 but in an absent way1 often doing more harm than good by her assistance4 ,my dear ,clara1 you are bundling the shawl all about my neck6 ,my love1 you pull my bonnet off in arranging my veil6 ,why1 ,clara1 what are you doing to my scarf8 ,such remarks as these were constantly being addressed to her4 ,clara was a dark brunette1 with small features1 a superb but not tall figure1 and large gray eyes that looked black4 ,her coal-black hair grew rather low on the forehead1 straight black brows overshadowed her eyes and nearly met over the nose1 and an exquisitely delicate mouth gave softness to this face which would otherwise have been severe4 ,she seemed to be a girl of immense but undisciplined energy1 and full of enthusiasm4 ,the gentleman who paced the floor was slightly under-sized and thin in figure1 thin in face1 too1 dark1 and sallow4 ,the very look of him suggested bile and sarcasm4 ,but let him speak for himself1 since he is just now on this subject4 ,bile1 my dear1 he said to his wife--bile came into the world with original sin4 ,i am not sure that bile is not sin4 ,it is ,marah in a pleasant land4 ,it is a fountain of gall in the garden of paradise4 ,it poisons life4 ,doctors know nothing whatever about bile1 and liver-medicines are a superstition4 ,he who shall discover a way to eradicate bile from the system will be a great moral reformer4 ,every sin ,i ever committed in my life took its rise in my liver4 ,i believe the liver to be an interpolation in the original man4 ,we should be better without it4 ,the gentleman who spoke had a wide1 thin mouth1 very much drawn down at the corners and nowise hidden1 the gray moustache he spared in shaving being curled up at the ends4 ,his manner was that of a person who would scarcely brook contradiction4 ,his speech was clear and emphatic1 and he pronounced his words as if he knew how they were spelt4 ,a long1 delicate aquiline nose had a good deal to do with his profile1 as had also a pair of overhanging eyebrows4 ,from beneath these brows looked forth a pair of keen gray eyes1 with countless complex wrinkles about them4 ,the chin was handsome1 well-rounded1 and1 fortunately1 not projecting4 ,a projecting chin with an aquiline nose is one of the greatest of facial misfortunes4 ,caricature can do no more4 ,the forehead was intellectual1 and weighty enough to make it no wonder if the slight frame grew nervous and irritable in carrying out the behests of the brain hidden there4 ,the head was crowned by a not inartistic confusion of gray hair which seemed to have been stirred by electricity4 ,i am sorry1 madam1 that ,i cannot compliment the climate of your native state1 he remarked after a pause4 ,the spring is a month or six weeks behind that of ,massachusetts1 and the fall as much earlier4 ,the travelling here is simply intolerable4 ,it is either clouds of dust1 bogs of mud1 or drifts of snow4 ,i quite agree with the person who said that ,maine is a good state to come from4 ,we all know1 ,charles1 that the climate of ,massachusetts1 and particularly of ,boston1 surpasses that of any other part of the world1 the lady replied with great composure4 ,the gentleman winced very slightly4 ,he was one of those who constantly make sarcastic observations to others1 but are peculiarly sensitive when such are addressed to themselves4 ,in his society1 one was frequently reminded of the little boy's complaint3 ,mother1 make ,tommy be still4 ,he keeps crying every time ,i strike him on the head with the hammer4 ,here will be a chance to practise your famous ,english walks1 ,melicent1 the father said4 ,i presume the old chaise is dissolved4 ,i remember it twenty years ago nodding along the road in the most polite manner4 ,by the way1 ,amy1 did you ever observe that in genuine country places people leave their defunct vehicles to decay by the roadside8 ,i am not sure that there is no poetry in the custom4 ,the weary wheels crumble to dust in view of the track over which they have rolled in life1 and are a memento mori to living carriages4 ,it is not unlike the monument of ,themistocles 'on the watery strand4' ,papa1 exclaimed ,hester1 why didn't you say tired wheels8 ,you started to4 ,because ,i detest a pun4 ,melicent1 who had been waiting for a chance1 now spoke4 ,you don't mean to say1 papa1 that we shall have no carriage8 ,a shrug of the shoulders was the only reply4 ,the young woman's face wore a look of dismay4 ,but1 papa6 she exclaimed4 ,wait till the pumpkins grow1 he said with a mocking smile4 ,i will give you the largest one1 and your mother will furnish the mice4 ,i don't doubt there are mice1 and to spare4 ,you don't mean that we must walk everywhere8 his daughter cried4 ,dear me1 ,melicent1 how persistent you are6 interrupted ,clara impatiently4 ,one would think there was no need of borrowing trouble4 ,the elder sister gazed with an air of superiority at the younger4 ,i was speaking to papa1 she remarked with dignity4 ,the father frowned1 the mother raised a deprecating hand1 and the imminent retort was hushed4 ,clara went to her brother1 and1 leaning on his arm1 whispered that1 if ,mel were not her own sister1 she should really get to dislike her4 ,how silent you are1 ,owen1 said ,hester1 looking around at him4 ,all you have done to entertain us so far has been to make faces when you were sick4 ,to be sure1 that made us laugh4 ,a sea-sick person may be the cause of wit in others1 but is seldom himself witty1 was the laconic reply4 ,the speaker was a slim1 elegant youth1 with golden tints in his light hair1 with rather drooping and very bright blue eyes1 and a beautiful1 sensuous mouth4 ,edith ,yorke watched this party with interest1 and the longer she looked at the elder gentleman the better she liked him4 ,his manner of addressing the ladies suited her inborn sense of what a gentleman's manner should be4 ,there was no contemptuous waiting before answering them1 no flinging the reply over his shoulder1 nor growling it out like a bear4 ,besides1 she half-believed--only half1 for her eyes were heavy with weeping and loss of sleep--that he had looked kindly at her4 ,once she was sure that he spoke of her to his wife1 but she did not know what he said4 ,it was this3 ,my dear1 do you observe that child8 ,she has an uncommon face4 ,the lady glanced across the room and nodded4 ,she was too much preoccupied to think of anything but their own affairs4 ,but her husband1 on whom these affairs had the contrary effect of driving him to seek distraction1 approached ,edith4 ,little girl1 he said1 you remind me so much of some one ,i have seen that ,i would like to know your name1 if you please to tell it4 ,my name is ,edith ,eugnie ,yorke1 she replied1 with perfect self-possession4 ,he had bent slightly toward her in speaking1 but at sound of the name he stood suddenly upright1 his sallow face turned very red1 and he looked at her with a gaze so piercing that she shrank from it4 ,who were your father and mother8 he demanded4 ,my mother was ,eugnie ,lubormirski1 a ,polish exile1 and my father was ,mr4 ,robert ,yorke1 of ,boston1 said ,edith4 ,her eyes were fixed intently on the gentleman's face1 and her heart began to beat quickly4 ,he turned away from her and resumed his walk1 but1 after a minute1 came back again4 ,your father and mother are both dead8 he asked in a gentler tone4 ,yes1 sir4 ,you have no brothers nor sisters8 ,no1 sir4 ,who takes care of you8 ,mrs4 ,jane ,rowan1 ,edith replied1 laying her hand on the widow's lap4 ,he bowed1 taking this for an introduction1 a cold but courteous bow4 ,may ,i ask1 madam1 he inquired1 what claim you have on this child8 ,mrs4 ,rowan had shown some agitation while this conversation was going on1 and when ,edith put out her hand1 she grasped it as if meaning to hold on to the child4 ,her reply was made in a somewhat defiant tone4 ,when ,mrs4 ,robert ,yorke died1 she asked me to have pity on her daughter1 and keep her out of the poor-house4 ,i have taken care of her ever since4 ,the ,yorkes had turned them off4 ,the gentleman drew himself up1 and put out his under lip4 ,thank you for the information1 he said bitterly4 ,then to ,edith1 ,come1 child1 and took her hand4 ,she allowed him to lead her across the room to his wife4 ,mrs4 ,yorke1 he said1 this is my brother ,robert's orphan child6 ,there was a slight sensation and a momentary pause2 but the lady recovered immediately4 ,i am glad to see you1 dear1 she said in a kind voice4 ,who is that person8 she added to her husband1 glancing at ,mrs4 ,rowan4 ,the widow was staring at them angrily1 and seemed on the point of coming to take ,edith away by force4 ,one who has taken care of the child since her mother's death1 ,amy1 he answered4 ,she has no claim on my niece1 and will1 of course1 give her up to us4 ,the little girl is named for my mother4 ,robert was always fond of mother4 ,there was a pause of embarrassed silence4 ,you must perceive that there is no other way1 ,mr4 ,yorke continued with some state4 ,aside from natural affection and pity for the child's friendless condition1 an ,edith ,yorke must not be allowed to go about the country like a ,gypsy with a shawl over her head4 ,it is just as papa says1 ,melicent interposed1 and immediately took ,edith by the hand and kissed her cheek4 ,you are my little cousin1 and you will go home and live with us1 she said sweetly4 ,miss ,yorke's manner was very conciliating2 but her suavity proceeded less from real sweetness than from self-complacency4 ,she prided herself on knowing and always doing what was comme il faut1 and took great pleasure in being the mould of form4 ,i shall go with ,dick6 ,i am going to live with ,dick6 ,edith cried1 snatching her hand away4 ,a blush of alarm overspread her face1 and she looked round in search of her protector4 ,at that moment he appeared in the door1 paused in surprise at seeing where ,edith was1 then went to his mother4 ,the ,yorkes have got her1 ,mrs4 ,rowan said to him1 breathless with excitement4 ,that is ,mr4 ,charles ,yorke4 ,i knew him the moment ,i set eyes on him4 ,dick wheeled about and faced them4 ,edith1 too proud to run away1 looked at him imploringly4 ,then ,miss ,melicent ,yorke arose1 like the goddess of peace1 adjusted her most impregnable smile1 and sailed across the room4 ,i am ,miss ,yorke1 she said brightly1 as though such an announcement would be sure to delight them4 ,of course1 the dear little ,edith is my cousin4 ,is it not the strangest thing in the world that we should have met in such a way8 ,i am sure we shall all feel deeply indebted to you for having protected the child while we knew nothing of her necessities4 ,of course1 we should have sent for her directly if we had known4 ,but1 as it is1 we have the pleasure of meeting you4 ,pausing1 ,miss ,yorke looked at the two as if they were the dearest friends she had on earth and it gave her heartfelt joy to behold their countenances4 ,dick choked with the words he would have uttered4 ,he felt keenly the insolence of her perfectly confident and smiling address1 yet knew not how to defend himself4 ,if a man had been in her place1 he could have met his airy assumption with a sufficiently blunt rebuff2 but the young sailor was chivalric1 and could not look a woman in the face and utter rude words4 ,his mother's emotion did not prevent her replying1 and1 fortunately1 to the point4 ,do you mean to say1 ,mrs4 ,rowan exclaimed1 that you are going to take ,edith away from us without leave or license1 after we have supported her four years without your troubling yourselves whether she starved in the street or not8 ,for a moment1 ,miss ,yorke's social poniard wavered before this broad thrust1 but only for a moment4 ,every family has its own private affairs1 which no one else has either the power or the right to decide upon1 she said smilingly4 ,all ,i need say of ours is that1 if ,mr4 ,yorke1 my father1 had known that his brother left a child unprovided for1 he would have adopted her without delay4 ,he did not know it till this minute1 and his first thought is that there is only one proper course for him4 ,his niece must be under his care1 as her natural protector1 and must have the advantages of education and society to which she is entitled4 ,i am sure you would both be friendly enough to her to wish her to occupy her rightful position4 ,as for any expense you may have gone to on her account1 papa-- ,stop there1 madam6 ,dick interrupted haughtily4 ,we will say no more about that1 if you please4 ,as to ,edith's going with you1 she shall choose for herself4 ,i don't deny that it seems to be the proper thing2 but allow me to say that it was my intention to give her a good home and a good education1 such as no girl need be ashamed of4 ,i will speak to ,edith1 and see what she thinks about it4 ,he turned unceremoniously away from ,miss ,yorke's protestations1 and went to the door1 beckoning ,edith to follow him4 ,as he looked back1 waiting for her1 he saw that the whole family had gone over in a body to talk to his mother4 ,edith clasped the hand he held out to her1 and looked up into his face with large tears flashing in her eyes4 ,i wouldn't leave you if they would give me all the world6 she exclaimed4 ,he smiled involuntarily1 but would not take advantage of her affectionate impulse4 ,he saw clearly that her true place was with her relatives4 ,they could do for her at once what he could do only after years of weary labor4 ,perhaps they could do at once what he could never do4 ,but it was hard to give her up4 ,down in the bottom of his heart was a thought which he had never fully acknowledged the presence of1 but of which he was always conscious3 he had meant to bring the child up to be his wife some day1 if she should be willing2 to load her with benefits2 to be the one to whom she should owe everything4 ,but with the pang it cost him to put this hope in peril came the glimpse of a possibility how far more triumphant6 ,following his own plan1 he should be hedging her in2 giving her up now would be making her free choice1 if it should fall on him1 an infinitely greater boon4 ,besides1 and above all1 it was right that she should go4 ,dick leaned back against the wall of the building1 and folded his arms while he talked to her4 ,at first ,edith broke into reproaches when she learned that he meant to give her up1 but immediately an instinct of feminine pride and delicacy checked the words upon her lips4 ,it was impossible for her to press her society on one who voluntarily relinquished it4 ,she listened to her sentence in silence4 ,so you see1 ,edith1 he concluded1 we must make up our minds to part4 ,she perceived no such necessity1 but did not tell him so4 ,then ,i shall never see you any more6 she said in a whisper1 without looking up4 ,dick's eyes sparkled with resolution through the tears that filled them4 ,yes1 you will6 he exclaimed4 ,i mean to do the best ,i can for mother and myself1 and you shall not be ashamed of us4 ,and however high they may set you1 ,edith1 ,i'll climb6 ,i'll climb6 ,i won't be so far off but ,i can reach you6 ,the coach had taken its first load of passengers to the village1 and now came down to bring those who were to take the steamer and carry the ,yorkes back4 ,it was time to go on board4 ,dick stepped to the door of the waiting-room4 ,come1 mother6 he said4 ,edith and ,i will see you to your state-room1 and then ,i will bring her back4 ,she is to go with her uncle4 ,he was not surprised to see that his mother had been completely talked over by ,edith's relations1 and that1 though tearful1 no opposition was to be expected from her4 ,they seemed to be the best of friends2 and when the widow rose to take leave of them1 ,mr4 ,yorke himself escorted her to the boat4 ,in fact1 it was all very comfortably settled1 as ,miss ,yorke observed to her mother when they had taken their seats in the coach4 ,when ,edith and ,dick appeared again1 hand in hand1 ,mr4 ,yorke stood at the coach-door1 waiting to assist his niece to her place4 ,how picturesque6 ,clara ,yorke exclaimed1 as the two stepped over the planks and came toward them4 ,it is like something out of the ,arabian ,nights4 ,he is ,sindbad1 and she is one of those princesses who were always getting into such ridiculous situations and difficulties4 ,the child is absurd1 of course1 but she is lovely2 and the young man is really very fine--of his kind4 ,sindbad and his princess were both very pale4 ,sir1 the sailor said1 presenting the child to her uncle1 ,i hope she will be as happy with you as ,i and my mother would have tried to make her4 ,as he released her hand1 ,edith's face suddenly whitened4 ,all her little world was slipping away from beneath her feet4 ,mr4 ,yorke was touched and impressed4 ,he liked the young man's dignity4 ,i must compliment you1 sir1 on your honorable conduct in this affair1 he said4 ,let us hear from you2 and come to see us whenever you are in our neighborhood4 ,dick ,rowan1 in his turn1 would have been touched by this unexpected cordiality1 had not a slight raising of ,miss ,melicent ,yorke's eyebrows neutralized its effect4 ,the young woman thought that her father was really condescending unnecessarily4 ,that faint1 supercilious surprise checked the young man's gratitude1 and he was turning away with a cold word of thanks1 when ,mrs4 ,yorke called him back4 ,she was leaning from the carriage1 and held out her hand to him4 ,good-by1 ,mr4 ,rowan6 she said aloud4 ,you need not fear that we shall not cherish this orphan whom you have kindly protected so far1 and you need not fear that we shall try to make her forget you4 ,ingratitude is the vice of slaves4 ,i am sure she will never be ungrateful to you4 ,thank you6 ,dick said fervently1 melted by the kind smile and tremulous sweetness of tone4 ,it was none of ,miss ,melicent's exasperating affability4 ,and ,i have a favor to ask1 she added1 leaning still further out1 and lowering her voice so that only he could hear4 ,i take for granted that you will write to my niece4 ,will you allow her to let me read your letters8 ,dick blushed deeply as he stammered out another ,thank you6 ,it was a delicately given warning and kindly given permission4 ,it showed him1 moreover1 that the lady's soft eyes had looked to the bottom of his heart4 ,at that moment he was glad that the ring on ,edith's finger was ,captain ,cary's gift1 not his4 ,i would like to see the steamboat just as long as it is in sight1 ,edith said faintly4 ,her uncle immediately gave orders to the driver to take them round to a place from which they could look down to the entrance of the bay4 ,the boat steamed out over the water1 glided like a swan down the bay1 and soon disappeared around a curve that led to the ,narrows4 ,edith gazed immovably after it1 unconscious that they were all watching her4 ,when it was no longer visible1 she closed her eyes1 and sank back into ,mrs4 ,yorke's arms4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,old ,,home4 ,mrs4 ,charles ,yorke was a native of ,seaton2 her maiden name1 ,arnold4 ,her mother had died while ,amy was quite young1 and in a few years the father married again4 ,this marriage was an unfortunate one for the family2 and not only the daughter but many of ,mr4 ,arnold's friends had tried to dissuade him from it4 ,their chief argument was not that the person whom he proposed to marry was a vulgar woman whom his lost wife would not have received as an acquaintance1 but that she was in every way unworthy of him1 and would be a discreditable connection4 ,they met the fate which usually awaits such interference4 ,truth itself never appears so true as varnished falsehood does4 ,mr4 ,arnold was flattered and duped2 and the end of the affair was that ,amy had the misery of seeing his deceiver walk triumphantly into her mother's sacred place4 ,nor was this all4 ,in a moment of weakness1 the father betrayed to his new wife the efforts that had been made to separate them1 and she half-guessed1 half-drew from him every name4 ,from that moment her instinctive jealous dislike of her step-daughter was turned to hatred4 ,had the young girl been wise1 she would have known that her only proper course was to withdraw from the field2 but she was inexperienced and passionate1 and had no better adviser than her own heart4 ,had she been a ,catholic1 she could have found in the confessional the confidant and counsel she needed2 but she was not4 ,in ,seaton there were no ,catholics above the class of servants and day-laborers4 ,she was left1 therefore1 completely to herself1 and in the power of an unscrupulous and subtle tormentor4 ,miserable1 indignant1 and desperate1 the young girl descended to the contest1 and at every step she was defeated4 ,she called on her father for protection2 but he saw nothing of her trials1 or was made to believe that she had herself provoked them4 ,it was the old story of adroit deceit arrayed against impolitic sincerity4 ,but1 happily1 the contest was not of long duration4 ,amy was not a person to remain in a position so false and degrading4 ,there came a time when1 quite as much to her own surprise as to theirs1 she had nothing more to say4 ,but their surprise was that she contended no longer1 hers that she had contended so long4 ,the way was clear before her1 and her plans were soon made4 ,her father had an unmarried cousin living in ,boston1 and this lady consented to receive her4 ,only on the day preceding her departure did she announce her intentions4 ,the sufferings she had undergone were a sufficient excuse for her abruptness4 ,she had become too much weakened and excited to bear any controversy upon the subject4 ,besides1 the parting from her father1 if prolonged1 would have been unbearable4 ,she must tear herself away4 ,he sat a moment with downcast eyes after she had communicated to him her design4 ,his face expressed emotion4 ,he seemed both pained and embarrassed1 and quite at a loss what to say4 ,in fact1 his wife had proposed this very plan1 and was anxious that ,amy should go1 and he had entertained the project4 ,therefore he could not express surprise4 ,for the first time1 perhaps1 a feeling of shame overcame him4 ,he was obliged to deceive6 ,his pride1 revolting at that shame1 made him impatient4 ,unwilling to acknowledge himself in the wrong1 he wished to appear injured4 ,if you mean to deprive me of my only child1 and would rather live with strangers than with your own father1 ,i will not oppose you1 he said4 ,but ,i think you might have shown some confidence in me1 and told me your wishes before4 ,amy's impulse had been1 at the first sight of his emotion1 to throw herself into his arms1 and forgive him everything1 or take upon herself all the blame4 ,but at these words she recoiled4 ,her silence was better than any answer could have been4 ,i don't blame you1 child1 her father resumed1 blushing for the evasion he had practised4 ,it would be cruel of me to wish you to stay in a home where you cannot live in peace4 ,i am grieved1 ,amy1 but ,i can do nothing4 ,what can a man do between women who disagree8 ,find out which is wrong6 was the answer that rose to her lips1 but she suppressed it4 ,she had already exhausted words to him4 ,she had poured out her pain1 her love1 her entreaties1 and they had been to him as the idle wind4 ,she had been wronged and insulted1 and he would not see it4 ,she turned away with a feeling of despair4 ,at least1 let us part as a father and daughter should1 he said in a trembling voice4 ,she held out one hand to him1 and with the other covered her face1 unable to utter a word2 then broke away1 and shut herself into her chamber4 ,there are times when entire reparation only is tolerable1 and we demand full justice1 or none4 ,so they parted1 and never met again1 though they corresponded regularly1 and wrote kind if not confidential letters4 ,the only sign the daughter ever had of any change of opinion in her father regarding the cause of their separation was when he requested her to send her letters to his office and not to the house4 ,after that they both wrote more freely4 ,in her new home1 ,amy did not find all sunshine4 ,miss ,clinton was old and notional1 and had too great a fondness for thinking for others as well as herself4 ,consequently1 when the young lady favored the addresses of a poor artist who had been employed to paint her portrait1 there was an explosion4 ,with her father's consent1 ,amy married ,carl ,owen1 and her cousin discarded her4 ,there was one year of happiness2 then the young husband died1 and left his wife with an infant son4 ,in her trouble1 ,mrs4 ,owen made the acquaintance of ,mrs4 ,edith ,yorke1 who became to her a helpful friend2 and in little more than a year she married that lady's eldest son1 ,charles4 ,from that moment her happiness was assured4 ,she found herself surrounded by thoroughly congenial society1 and blest with the companionship of one who was to her father1 husband1 and brother1 all she had ever lost or longed for4 ,mr4 ,yorke adopted her son as his own1 and1 so far from showing any jealousy of his predecessor1 was the one to propose that the boy should retain his own father's name in addition to the one he adopted4 ,as daughters grew up around them1 he appeared to forget that ,carl was not his own son1 at least so far as pride in him went4 ,probably he showed more fondness for his girls4 ,mr4 ,arnold died shortly after his daughter's second marriage1 and his wife followed him in a few years4 ,by their death ,mrs4 ,yorke became the owner of her old home4 ,but she had no desire to revisit the scene of so much misery1 and for years the house was left untenanted in the care of a keeper4 ,nor would they ever have gone there1 probably1 but for pecuniary losses which made them glad of any refuge4 ,mr4 ,charles ,yorke appreciated the value of money1 and knew admirably well how to spend it2 but the acuteness which can foresee and make bargains1 and the unscrupulousness which is so often necessary to insure their success1 he had not4 ,consequently1 when in an evil hour he embarked his inherited wealth in speculation1 it was nearly all swept away4 ,creditors1 knowing his probity1 offered to wait4 ,why should ,i wait8 he asked4 ,will my debts contract as the cold weather comes on8 ,i prefer an immediate settlement4 ,not displeased at his refusal to profit by their generosity1 they hinted at a willingness to take a percentage on their claims4 ,a percentage6 cried the debtor4 ,am ,i a swindler8 ,am ,i a beggar8 ,i shall pay a hundred per cent41 and ,i recommend you in your future dealings with me to bear in mind that ,i am a gentleman and not an adventurer4 ,a very old-fashioned man was ,mr4 ,charles ,yorke1 and a very hard man to pity4 ,behold him1 then1 and his family en route for their new home4 ,we have said that the two principal streets of the town of ,seaton crossed each other at right angles1 one running north and south along the river1 the other running east and west across the river4 ,these roads carried themselves very straightly before folks1 but once out of town1 forgot their company manners1 and meandered as they chose1 splintered into side-tracks1 and wandered off in vagabond ways4 ,but the south road1 that passed by the ,rowans'1 was the only one that came to nothing4 ,the other three persisted till they each found a village or a city1 twenty-five miles or so away4 ,half a mile from the village centre1 on ,north ,street1 a very respectable-looking road started off eastward1 ran across a field1 and plunged into the forest that swept down over a long smooth rise from far-away regions of wildness4 ,following this road half a mile1 one saw at the left a tumble-down stone wall across an opening1 with two gates1 painted black in imitation of iron1 about fifteen rods apart4 ,a little further on1 it became visible that an avenue went from gate to gate1 enclosing a deep half-circle of lawn1 on which grew several fair enough elms and a really fine maple4 ,after such preliminaries you expect a house2 and there it is at the head of the avenue1 a widespread building1 with a cupola in the centre1 a portico in front1 and a wing at either side4 ,it is elevated on a deep terrace1 and has a background of woods1 and woods at either hand1 only a little removed4 ,to be consistent1 this house should be of stone1 or1 at least1 of brick2 but it is neither4 ,still1 it would not be right to call it a shingle palace2 for its frame is a massive network of solid oaken beams1 and it is strong enough to bear unmoved a shock that would set nine out of every ten modern city structures rattling down into their cellars4 ,when ,mrs4 ,yorke's grandfather built this house1 in the year #ahjj1 ,english ideas and feelings still prevailed in that region2 and in building a house1 a gentleman thought of his grandchildren1 who might live in it4 ,now nobody builds with any reference to his descendants4 ,but ,mr4 ,arnold's plans had proved larger than his purse4 ,the park he meant to have had still remained three hundred acres of wild1 unfenced land1 the gardens never got beyond a few flowers1 now choked with weeds1 and the kitchen-garden1 kept alive by ,patrick ,chester1 ,mrs4 ,yorke's keeper4 ,as for the orchard1 it never saw the light4 ,mrs4 ,yorke's father had done the place one good turn1 for he had planted vines everywhere4 ,their graceful banners1 in summer-time1 draped the portico1 the corners of the house1 the dead oak-tree by the western wing1 and swept here and there over rock1 fence1 or stump4 ,back of the house1 toward the right1 was a huge barn and a granary2 the eaves of both under-hung with a solid row of swallows' nests4 ,on this bright ,april morning1 the whole air was full of the twirl and twitter of these birds1 and with the blue glancing of their wings some invisible crystalline ring seemed to have been let down from the heavens over and around the house1 and they followed its outline in their flight4 ,but the homely1 bread-and-butter robins had no such mystical ways4 ,they flew or hopped straight where they wanted to go1 and what they wanted to get was plainly something to eat4 ,one of them alighted on the threshold of the open front-door and looked curiously in4 ,he saw a long hall1 with a staircase on one side1 and open doors to right and left and at the furthest end4 ,all the wood-work1 walls1 and ceilings in sight were dingy1 and rats and mice had assisted time in gnawing away2 but the furniture was bright1 and three fires visible through the three open doors were brighter still4 ,redbreast seemed to be much interested in these fires4 ,probably he was a bird from the city1 and had never seen such large ones4 ,those in the front rooms were large enough1 but that in the kitchen was something immense1 and yet left room at one side of the fireplace for a person to sit and look up chimney1 if so disposed4 ,bon6 says the bird1 with a nod1 hopping in1 the kitchen is the place to go to4 ,as to those flowers and cherries on the floor1 ,i am not to be cheated by them4 ,they are not good to eat1 but only to walk on4 ,i am a bird of culture and society4 ,i know how people live4 ,i am not like that stupid chicken4 ,for a little yellow chicken1 without a sign of tail1 had followed the robin in1 and was eagerly pecking at the spots in the carpet4 ,the bird of culture hopped along to the door at the back of the hail1 and paused again to reconnoitre4 ,here a long1 narrow corridor ran across1 with doors opening into the front rooms1 and one into the kitchen1 and a second stairway at one end4 ,three more hops brought the bird to the threshold of the kitchen-door1 where a third pause occurred1 this one not without trepidation2 for here in the great kitchen a woman stood at a table with a pan of potatoes before her4 ,she had washed them1 and was now engaged in partially paring them and cutting out any suspicious spots that might be visible on the surfaces4 ,it takes me to make new potatoes out of old ones6 she said to herself with an air of satisfaction1 tossing the potato in in her hand into a pan of cold water4 ,this woman was large-framed and tall1 and over forty years of age4 ,she had a homely1 sensible1 pleasant1 quick-tempered face1 and the base of her nose was an hypothenuse4 ,her dark hair was drawn back and made into a smooth ,french twist1 with a shell comb stuck in the top a little askew4 ,it is hard to fasten one of those twists with the comb quite even1 if it has much top to it4 ,this comb had much top4 ,the woman's face shone with washing2 she wore a straightly-fitting calico gown and a white linen collar4 ,the gown was newly done up and a little too stiff1 and to keep it from soil she had doubled the skirt up in front and pinned it behind1 and tied on a large apron4 ,for further safeguard1 the sleeves were turned up and pinned to the shoulder by the waistbands4 ,at every movement she made these stiff clothes rattled4 ,this woman was ,miss ,betsey ,bates4 ,she had lived at ,mr4 ,arnold's when ,miss ,amy was a young girl1 had left when she left1 and was now come back to live with her again4 ,just let your water bile1 ,betsey began1 addressing an imaginary audience--let your water bile1 and throw in a handful of salt2 then wash your potatoes clean2 peel 'em all but a strip or two to hold together2 cut out the spots1 and let 'em lay awhile in cold water2 when it's time to cook 'em1 throw 'em into your biling water1 and clap on your lid2 then-- ,betsey stopped suddenly and looked over her shoulder to listen1 but1 hearing no carriage-wheels nor human steps1 resumed her occupation4 ,she did not perceive the two little bipeds on the threshold of the door1 where they were listening to her soliloquy with great interest1 though it was the chicken's steps that had attracted her attention4 ,that silly creature1 dissatisfied with his worsted banquet1 had hopped along to the robin's side1 where he now stood with a hungry crop1 round eyes1 and two or three colored threads sticking to his bill4 ,betsey's thoughts took a new turn4 ,i must go and see to the fires1 and put a good beach chunk on each one4 ,there's a little chill in the air1 and everybody wants a fire after a journey4 ,it looks cheerful4 ,i've got six fires going in this house4 ,what do you think of that8 ,to my idea1 an open fire in a strange house is equal to a first cousin1 sometimes better4 ,here a step sounded outside the open window behind the table1 and ,pat ,chester appeared1 a stout1 fine-looking1 red-faced man1 with mischievous eyes and an honest mouth4 ,curiously enough1 the base of his nose also was an hypothenuse4 ,otherwise there was no resemblance between the two4 ,betsey used to say to him1 ,pat1 the ends of our noses were sawed off the wrong way4 ,who are you talking to8 asked ,pat1 stopping to look in and laugh4 ,your betters1 was the retort4 ,i don't envy 'em1 said ,pat1 and went on about his business4 ,and ,i must see to them clocks again1 pursued ,betsey4 ,the idea of having a clock in every room in the house6 ,it takes me half of my time to set 'em forward and back4 ,as to touching the pendulums of such clocks as them1 you don't catch me4 ,but ,i do abominate to see one mantelpiece a quarter past and another quarter of at the same time4 ,here a little peck on the floor arrested ,betsey's attention1 and1 stretching her neck1 she saw the chicken1 and instantly flew at it with a loud shoo6 ,with its two bits of wings extended and its head advanced as far as possible1 the little wretch fled through the hall1 peeping with terror4 ,but the robin flew up and escaped over ,betsey's head4 ,laud sakes6 she cried1 holding on to her comb and her eyes1 who ever saw a chicken fly up like that8 ,wondering over this phenomenon1 ,betsey went up-stairs and replenished the fires in three chambers1 and set some of the clocks forward and others back1 then hurried down to perform the same duties below stairs4 ,just as she set the last hour-hand carefully at nine o'clock1 ,pat put his head in at the dining-room window4 ,it's time for 'em to be here1 he said1 and ,i'm going down to the gate to watch4 ,i'll give a whistle the minute they come in sight4 ,immersed in her own thoughts1 ,betsey had jumped violently at sound of his voice4 ,i do believe you're possessed to go round poking your head in at windows1 and scaring people out of their wits6 she cried1 with a frightened laugh4 ,here ,i came within an ace of upsetting this clock or going into the fire4 ,pat laughed back--he and ,betsey were always scolding and always laughing at each other--muttered something about skittish women1 and walked off down the avenue to watch for the family4 ,i believe everything is ready1 ,betsey said1 looking round4 ,she took off her apron1 took down her skirt and sleeves1 and gave herself a general crackling smoothing over4 ,then suddenly she assumed an amiable smile1 looked straight before her1 dropped a short courtesy1 and said1 ,how do you do1 ,mrs4 ,yorke8 ,i hope ,i see you well4 ,how do you do1 sir8 ,how do you do1 miss8 ,i wonder if ,i had better go out to the door when they come1 or stand in the entry1 or stay in the kitchen4 ,i declare to man ,i don't know what to do6 ,how do you do1 ma'am8 beginning her practising again1 this time before the glass4 ,i hope ,i see you well4 ,to think of my not being married at all1 and her having grown-up children6 she said1 staring through the window4 ,the last time ,i saw her1 she was a pretty creature1 as pale as a snow-drop4 ,poor thing6 she had a hard time of it with that ,jezebel4 ,she never said anything to me1 nor ,i to her2 but many a time she has come to me when that woman has been up to her tricks1 and held on to me1 and gasped for breath4 ',o my heart6 my heart6' she'd say4 ',don't speak to me1 ,betsey1 but hold me a minute6' ,it was awful to see her white face1 and to feel her heart jump as if it would tear itself out4 ,that was the way trouble always took hold of her4 ,she mused a moment longer1 then broke off suddenly1 and began anew her practice4 ,how do you do1 ma'am8 ,i hope ,i see you well4 ,presently a loud1 shrill whistle interrupted her4 ,betsey rushed excitedly into the kitchen1 dashed her potatoes into the kettle1 tied on a clean apron that stood out like cast-iron with starch1 and hovered in the rear of the hall1 to be ready for advance or retreat1 as occasion might demand4 ,the old yellow coach came through the gate1 up the muddy avenue1 and drew up at the steps4 ,the two gentlemen got out first1 then the young ladies1 and all stood around while ,mrs4 ,yorke slowly alighted4 ,she was very pale1 but smiled kindly on them1 then took her son's arm1 and went up the steps4 ,mr4 ,yorke stopped to offer his hand to a little girl who still remained in the coach4 ,my sakes6 muttered ,betsey4 ,if it isn't that ,rowan young one6 ,mother dear1 said the son1 it is possible to make a very beautiful place of this4 ,she looked at him with a brightening smile4 ,you think so1 ,carl8 ,she had been anxiously watching what impression the sight of her old home would make on her family1 and exaggerating its defects in her own imagination1 as she fancied they were doing in theirs4 ,their silence so far had given her a pang1 since she interpreted it to mean disappointment1 when in truth it had meant solicitude for her4 ,they thought that she would be agitated on coming again to her childhood's home after so long an absence4 ,so she was2 but her own peculiar memories gave precedence to that which concerned those dearest to her4 ,besides1 mother1 ,owen continued1 this spot has a charm for me which no other could have1 however beautiful3 it is yours4 ,that word conveyed the first intimation ,mrs4 ,yorke had ever received that her son felt his dependence on a stepfather4 ,but the pain the knowledge caused her was instantly banished by the recollection that the cause of his uneasiness was now removed4 ,my great-grandfather had ideas1 though he did not carry them out1 remarked ,melicent4 ,if he had built his house of stone1 it would have done very well4 ,it is astonishing that he did not4 ,but the earlier settlers in this country seemed to revel in wood1 probably because it had been to them in the ,old ,world a luxury4 ,with heaps of stones at hand1 they would persist in building their houses of logs4 ,at this point ,betsey rushed out to welcome ,mrs4 ,yorke4 ,the sight of that pale face which seemed to be looking for her1 and the slight1 clinging form that used to cling to her1 quite overcame her shyness4 ,you dear creature1 how glad ,i am to see you once more6 she cried out4 ,and1 seizing the lady by the shoulders1 gave her a resounding kiss on the cheek4 ,please do not touch ,mrs4 ,yorke's left arm4 ,it gives her palpitation1 said the son rather stiffly4 ,young ,mr4 ,owen had an invincible repugnance to personal familiarities1 especially from inferiors4 ,dear ,betsey1 this is my son1 the mother said proudly1 looking at her manly young escort1 as if to see him anew with a stranger's admiring eyes4 ,carl has heard me speak of you many a time1 my old friend6 ,betsey immediately dropped a solemn courtesy4 ,i hope ,i see you well1 sir6 she said1 remembering her manners4 ,this must be ,betsey ,bates6 cried ,miss ,melicent1 coming forward with great cordiality4 ,mamma has spoken of you so often ,i knew you at once4 ,miss ,yorke did not say that she recognized ,betsey by her nose1 though that was the fact4 ,the impression left on the woman's mind was of something highly complimentary1 that some air expressive of honesty1 faithfulness1 and affection1 or some subtile personal grace not universally acknowledged1 had led to the recognition4 ,on the threshold of the door1 ,mrs4 ,yorke turned to receive her husband4 ,she could not utter a word2 but her face expressed what she would have said4 ,in her look could be read that she placed in his hands all that was hers1 regretting only that the gift was so small4 ,one saw then1 too1 that ,mr4 ,yorke's sarcastic face was capable of great tenderness4 ,as he met that mute welcome1 a look of indulgent kindness softened his keen eyes1 gave his scornful mouth a new shape1 and lighted up his whole countenance4 ,but he knew better than allow his wife to yield to any excitement of feeling4 ,yes1 ,amy6 he said cheerfully1 ,i think we shall make a very pleasant home here4 ,now come in and rest4 ,they went into the sitting-room at the left of the hall1 and ,mrs4 ,yorke was seated in an arm-chair there between the fire and the sunshine1 and they all waited on her4 ,hester1 kneeling by her mother1 removed her gloves and overshoes1 ,clara took off her bonnet and shawl1 and ,melicent1 after whispering a word to ,betsey1 went out with that factotum1 and presently returned bearing a tin cup of coffee on which a froth of cream still floated4 ,i've taken a cup1 mamma1 she said1 and ,i can recommend it4 ,and breakfast will be ready in two minutes4 ,owen ,yorke1 missing one of the company1 went out1 and found ,edith standing forlorn in the portico1 biting her quivering lips1 and struggling to restrain the tears that threatened to overflow her eyes4 ,for the first time in her life the child felt timid and disconcerted4 ,she was among her own people1 and they had forgotten her4 ,at that moment she longed passionately for ,dick ,rowan1 and would have flown to him had it been possible4 ,come1 little ,gypsy6 he said4 ,you're not going to run away1 ,i hope8 ,did you think we had forgotten you8 ,see6 ,i have not4 ,owen ,yorke's face was very winning when he chose1 and his voice could express a good deal of kindness4 ,edith looked at him steadily a moment1 then took the hand he offered1 and went into the house with him4 ,as they entered1 ,mrs4 ,yorke rose to give the child an affectionate welcome to her new home1 and the daughters gathered about her with those bright1 profuse words which are so pleasant even when they mean so little4 ,a folding-door opened from the sitting-room into the dining-room1 which occupied the front half of the west wing1 and here a breakfast was set out that dismayed the eyes of those who were expected to partake of it4 ,there was a fricassee which had cost the lives of three hens of family1 and occasioned a serious squabble between ,pat and ,betsey2 there was a vast platter of ham and eggs1 and a pyramid of potatoes piled so high that the first time it was touched one rolled off on to the cloth4 ,poor ,betsey had no conception of the ,yorke ideal of a proper breakfast4 ,the good creature has such a generous heart6 ,mrs4 ,yorke said1 checking with a glance the titter which her two younger daughters had not tried to restrain4 ,and ,i am sure that everything is delicious4 ,taking a seat at the table1 ,edith recollected that a trial awaited her4 ,it was ,friday2 and abstinence from meat on that day was the one point in her mother's religion which she knew and practised4 ,otherwise she was as ignorant of it as possible4 ,owen ,yorke1 sitting opposite1 watched her curiously1 perceiving that something was the matter4 ,he noticed the slight bracing of the muscles of her face and neck1 and that she drew her breath in like one who is preparing for a plunge1 and kept her eyes steadily fixed on ,mr4 ,yorke4 ,edith's way was to look at what she feared4 ,some of the chicken1 little niece8 her uncle asked pleasantly4 ,no1 sir1 ,i do not eat meat on ,friday4 ,i am a ,roman ,catholic1 the child answered with precision4 ,and1 having made the announcement thus fully1 shut her mouth1 and sat pale1 with her eyes fixed on ,mr4 ,yorke's face4 ,a smile flashed into ,owen ,yorke's eyes at this reply4 ,little ,spartan6 he thought4 ,edith did not miss the slight contraction of the brows and the downward twitch of the corners of the mouth in the face she watched2 but the signs of displeasure passed as quickly as they came4 ,then ,i am afraid you will make a poor breakfast1 ,mr4 ,yorke said gently4 ,but ,i will do the best ,i can for you4 ,there was a momentary silence2 then the talk went on as before4 ,but the family were deeply annoyed4 ,it seemed enough that they should have to take this little waif1 with they knew not what low habits and associates1 or what unruly fires of temper inherited from her mother1 without having an alien religion brought into their midst4 ,catholicism as they had seen it abroad appealed to their sthetic sense4 ,it floated there in a higher atmosphere1 adorned with all that wealth and culture could do4 ,but at home they preferred to keep it where1 as a rule1 they found it--in the kitchen and the stable4 ,after they had returned to the sitting-room1 ,mr4 ,yorke called ,edith to him4 ,she went trembling2 for1 in spite of himself1 her uncle's face wore a judicial look4 ,the girls1 who were just going up-stairs1 lingered to hear what would be said1 and ,owen took his stand behind ,mr4 ,yorke's chair1 and looked at the child with an encouraging smile4 ,were the family you lived with ,catholics1 my dear8 the judge began4 ,no1 sir4 ,only ,mr4 ,rowan was when he was a little boy4 ,and ,mr4 ,rowan wished to make a ,catholic of you8 ,mr4 ,yorke said1 his lip beginning to curl4 ,the child lifted her head4 ,mr4 ,rowan had nothing to say about me1 she replied4 ,it was my mother4 ,a slight smile went round the circle4 ,they quite approved of her reply4 ,but you cannot recollect your mother8 ,mr4 ,yorke continued4 ,oh6 yes1 ,edith said with animation4 ,i remember how she looked1 and what she said4 ,she made me hold up my hands1 and promise that ,i would be a ,roman ,catholic if ,i had to die for it4 ,and that was the last word she ever said4 ,mr4 ,yorke gave a short nod4 ,to his mind the matter was settled4 ,n'est ce pas8 he said to his wife4 ,she bowed gravely4 ,there is no other way4 ,it is impossible to ask her to break a promise so given4 ,when she is older1 she can choose for herself4 ,well1 you hear1 girls8 ,mr4 ,yorke said1 looking at his daughters4 ,now take her1 and make her feel at home4 ,miss ,yorke was dignified and inscrutable1 ,hester unmistakably cold1 but ,clara took her cousin's hand with the utmost cordiality1 and was leading her from the room1 when ,edith stopped short1 her eyes attracted by a cabinet portrait in oils that stood on a shelf near the door4 ,this portrait represented a young man1 with one of those ugly1 beautiful faces which fascinate us1 we know not why4 ,careless1 profuse locks of golden brown clustered around his head1 steady1 agate-colored eyes followed the beholder wherever he went1 and seemed at once defying him to escape and entreating him not to go1 and the sunshine of a hidden smile softened the curves of the mouth and chin4 ,edith's eyes sparkled1 her face grew crimson1 and she clasped her hands tightly on her breast4 ,that is your father's portrait1 my dear1 ,mrs4 ,yorke said1 going to her4 ,do you recognize it8 ,the child restrained herself one moment1 then she ran to the picture1 clasped her arms around it1 and kissed it over and over1 weeping passionately4 ,it is mine6 ,it is mine6 she cried out1 when her aunt tried to soothe her4 ,you are right1 dear6 ,mrs4 ,yorke said1 much affected4 ,i am sure no one will object to your having the portrait4 ,you may take it to your own chamber1 if you wish4 ,edith controlled herself1 wiped her eyes1 and put the picture down4 ,dear ,aunt ,amy1 she said1 you know ,i want it2 but ,i won't take it unless you and ,uncle ,charles are quite willing4 ,it was touching1 her first acknowledgment of kinship1 and expression of trust and submission4 ,they cordially assured her of their willingness1 kissed her again in token of a closer adoption1 and smiled after her as she went off with her father's portrait clasped to her heart4 ,melicent and ,hester still lingered4 ,melicent remembered faintly her ,uncle ,robert's marriage1 and the disagreeable feeling in the family at that time4 ,it had left on her mind a prejudice against that ,polish girl1 and a shade of disfavor toward her daughter4 ,but she said nothing4 ,it will be so disagreeable having a ,catholic in the family6 ,hester complained4 ,hester1 listen to me6 her father said severely4 ,i want no bigotry nor petty persecutions in my family4 ,your ,cousin ,edith has as good a right to her religion as you have to yours2 and if either should find herself disagreeably situated1 it is she1 for she is alone4 ,don't forget this2 and don't let there be anything offensive said1 or hinted1 or looked4 ,i mean to be consistent1 and allow others the same freedom which ,i claim myself4 ,now1 let me hear no more of this4 ,hester took refuge in tears4 ,it was her sole argument4 ,she was one of those soft creatures who require to be petted1 and have a talent for being abused4 ,possibly1 too1 she was a little jealous of this new member of the family4 ,melicent1 will you lead away this weeping nymph1 and dry her tears8 the father said impatiently4 ,common sense is too robust for her constitution4 ,the sisters went up-stairs1 and ,owen followed them presently1 and climbed to the cupola4 ,leaning on the window-sill there1 he looked off over the country4 ,the horizon was a ring of low blue hills1 with a grand amethyst glittering to tell where the sea lay4 ,through the centre of this vast circle glimmered the river1 silver1 and gold1 and steel-blue1 and the white houses of the town lay like a heap of lilies scattered on its banks4 ,everywhere else was forest4 ,shadows of varying thought swept over the young man's face as he looked off1 and drew freer breath from the distance4 ,henceforth my shield must bear a martlet1 he muttered4 ,but whither shall ,i fly8 ,that was the problem he was studying4 ,he had come to this place only to see his family settled1 and collect his own thoughts after their sudden fall from prosperity2 then he would go out into the world1 and work his own way4 ,it was not pleasant1 the change from that life of noble leisure and lofty work which he had planned1 to one where compulsory labor for mere bread must occupy the greater part of his time2 but it was inevitable4 ,and as he looked abroad now1 and breathed the fresh air that came frolicking out of the northwest1 and remembered how wide the world is and how many veins in it are unwrought1 his young courage rose1 and the plans he had been building up for that year crumbled and ceased to excite his regret4 ,only a few months before their change of circumstances1 his mother had been won to consent that he might visit ,asia4 ,he had meant to go north1 south1 east1 and west1 in that shabby1 glorious old land1 make himself for the nonce ,tartar1 ,chinese1 ,indian1 ,persian1 what not1 and get a look at creation through the eyes of each4 ,this young man's sympathies were by no means narrow4 ,he had never been able to believe that ,god smiles with peculiar fondness on any particular continent1 island1 peninsula1 or part of either1 and is but a stepfather to the rest of the world4 ,he was born with a hatred of barriers4 ,he sympathized with ,swift1 who hated all nations1 professions1 and communities1 and gave all his love to individuals4 ,or1 better than ,swift1 he had at least a theoretical love for mankind unfenced4 ,he did not have to learn to love1 that came naturally to him2 he had to learn to hate4 ,but he was a good hater4 ,take him all in all1 ,carl ,owen ,yorke was at twenty-one a noble1 generous youth1 of good mind and unstained reputation2 and it was no proof of excessive vanity in him that he believed himself capable of taking any position he might strive for4 ,my dear ,minerva tells me that ,i have in me some of the elements of failure1 he said4 ,i wonder what they are8 ,this dear ,minerva was ,miss ,alice ,mills1 ,mr4 ,robert ,yorke's deserted fiance4 ,she and ,owen were very close friends4 ,it was one of those friendships which sometimes grow up between a woman whose youth is past and a youth whose manhood has scarcely arrived4 ,such a friendship may effect incalculable good or incalculable harm1 as the woman shall choose4 ,well1 he concluded1 not caring to puzzle over the riddle1 she will explain1 ,i suppose1 when she writes4 ,and if anybody can get at the cube-root of the difficulty1 she can4 ,meantime1 while the son was musing1 and the daughters were selecting their chambers1 and making up a toilet for ,edith1 ,mr4 ,yorke had sent for ,patrick ,chester in the sitting-room1 and was questioning him concerning ,catholic affairs in ,seaton4 ,they did not seem to be in a flourishing condition4 ,there was no priest settled there1 ,patrick said2 but one came over from ,b---- once in two months1 and said ,mass for them4 ,they had no church yet1 but a little chapel1 what there was left of it4 ,what do you mean by that8 his master asked4 ,why1 sir1 some of the ,seaton rowdies got into the chapel1 one night1 not long ago1 and smashed the windows1 and broke up the tabernacle1 and destroyed the pictures entirely4 ,and they twisted off the crucifix1 though it was of iron1 two inches wide and half an inch thick4 ,the devil must have helped the man that did it1 savin' your presence1 ma'am4 ,are they vandals here8 demanded ,mr4 ,yorke4 ,there are some fine folks in ,seaton1 said ,pat1 who did not know what vandals are4 ,but the rowdies have everything pretty much their own way4 ,and is there no law in the town8 asked ,mr4 ,yorke wrathfully4 ,there's a good many lawyers1 said ,pat1 scratching his head4 ,you mean to say that there was no effort made to discover and punish the perpetrators of such an outrage8 exclaimed his master4 ,indeed there was not1 sir6 ,pat answered4 ,people knew pretty well who did the mischief1 and that the fellow that broke off the crucifix was taken bleeding at the lungs just after2 but nobody molested 'em4 ,it wouldn't be well for the one who would lift his voice against the ,seaton rowdies4 ,why1 some of 'em belong to as wealthy families as there are in town4 ,they began with a cast-iron band years ago1 and everybody laughed at 'em4 ,all the harm they did was to wake people out of sleep4 ,then they broke up a lecture4 ,it was a ,mr4 ,fowle from ,boston1 who was preaching about education4 ,and then they did a little mischief here and there to people they didn't like1 and now they are too strong to put down4 ,and1 indeed1 sir1 when it's against the ,catholics they are1 nobody wants to put 'em down4 ,mr4 ,yorke glanced at his wife4 ,she did not look up nor deny ,patrick's charges4 ,she was a little ashamed of the character of her native town in this respect2 for at that time ,seaton was notorious for its lawlessness1 and was even proud of its reputation4 ,no great harm had been done1 they said4 ,it was only the boys' fun4 ,they were sorry1 it is true1 that a respectable lecturer should have been insulted2 but that a ,catholic chapel should be desecrated1 that was nothing4 ,they did not give it a second thought4 ,well1 ,patrick1 ,mr4 ,yorke resumed1 my niece1 ,miss ,edith ,yorke1 is a ,catholic1 and ,i wish her to have proper instruction1 and to attend to the services of her church when there is opportunity4 ,let me know the next time your priest comes here1 and ,i will call to see him4 ,now you may go4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,our ,,lady ,,of ,,guadalupe4 ,the story and celebration of ,our ,lady of ,guadalupe are not so familiar to ,catholics1 or so well appreciated by others1 as to render useless or uninteresting1 especially in this month of ,mary1 an account of her veneration in ,mexico4 ,what this actually1 veritably is1 no writer1 so far as we are aware1 has yet undertaken to show--at least1 from such literary evidences of popular conviction as best illustrate the subject4 ,how anything supernatural could shine or blossom in a land of wars1 robbers1 ,indians1 is an old doubt1 notwithstanding that revelations have taken place in countries which needed them less than did the once idolatrous ,aztecs4 ,let us now endeavor to make clear what the true nature of the miracle of ,guadalupe is2 to exhibit its real veneration by means of testimonies borrowed from the worthiest ,mexicans2 and to prove that the faith of ,guadalupe is not shallow1 but long and well-established1 widespread1 and sincere4 ,here follows a brief history of the renowned miracle of ,tepeyac4 ,in #aeca1 ten years after the conquest1 the pious and simple ,indian1 ,juan ,diego1 was on his way to the village of ,guadalupe1 near the city of ,mexico1 there to receive the instructions of some reverend fathers4 ,suddenly1 at the hill of ,tepeyac appeared to him the ,blessed ,virgin1 who commanded her amazed client to go forthwith to the bishop1 and make known that she wished a church to be built in her honor upon that spot4 ,next day the ,blessed ,virgin returned to hear the regret of ,juan ,diego that he could not obtain the ear of the bishop4 ,go back1 said the ,holy ,lady1 and announce that ,i1 ,mary1 ,mother of ,god1 send thee4 ,the ,indian again sought his bishop1 who this time required that he should bring some token of the presence and command of his patroness4 ,on the #abth of ,december1 ,juan ,diego again saw ,our ,lady1 who ordered him to climb to the top of the barren rock of ,tepeyac and there gather roses for her4 ,to his great astonishment1 he found the roses flourishing on the rock1 and brought them to his patroness1 who threw them into his tilma or apron1 and said3 ,go back to the bishop and show him these credentials4 ,again came the ,indian before the bishop1 and1 opening his tilma to show the roses1 lo6 there appeared impressed upon it a marvellous image of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,the bishop was awestruck and overcome4 ,the miraculous occurrence was made known and proved4 ,processions and ,masses celebrated it1 and its fame spread far and wide4 ,a large new cathedral was erected on the hill of ,guadalupe1 and multitudes from all parts flocked thither4 ,specially noteworthy is the fact that the new shrine to ,our ,lady was erected in the place where once the ,indians worshipped their goddess ,totantzin1 mother of other deities1 and protectress of fruits and fields4 ,the marvellous picture was found impressed upon the rudest cloth1 that of a poor ,indian's apron1 the last upon which to attempt a painter's artifice--and hence the greater wonder1 the artistic testimony regarding which is something formidable and wonderful in itself4 ,what is known in ,mexico as the ,day of ,guadalupe is extraordinary as a popular manifestation4 ,on the #abth of ,december every year1 fifteen or twenty thousand ,indians congregate in the village of that name to celebrate the anniversary of the ,marvellous ,apparition4 ,the whole way to the famous suburb is crowded with cabs1 riders1 and pedestrians of the poorest sort1 a great number of them bare-footed4 ,all day there is an ever-moving multitude to and from the village1 and1 indeed1 the majority of the inhabitants of the city of ,mexico seem to be included in the parties1 families1 and caravans of strangely contrasted people that wend their way to the shrines on the hill4 ,the most numerous class of pilgrims are the saddest and the most wretched--we mean the ill-clad1 ill-featured1 simple1 devoted ,indians4 ,on them the luxuries of the rich1 the passions of the fighters1 the intrigues of politicians1 have borne with ruinous effect4 ,drudging men and women2 hewers of wood and drawers of water2 bare-breasted peasants1 with faces dusky and dusty1 the same who any day may be seen on ,mexican roads carrying burdens of all sorts strapped to their backs2 children in plenty1 bare1 unkempt1 untidy1 and sometimes swaddled about their mothers' shoulders2 numerous babes at the breast1 half-nude--these are some of the features in a not overdrawn picture of the primitive poverty which assembles at ,guadalupe1 and1 in fact1 in every ,mexican multitude whatsoever4 ,perhaps nowhere outside of ,mexico and the race of ,indians can such a problem of multitudinous poverty be seen4 ,its victims are those over whom the desert-storms of wars and feuds innumerable have passed1 and1 spite of all their wanderings as a race1 they yet wear the guise and character of tribes who are still trying to find their way out of a wilderness or a barren waste4 ,let enthusiasts for self-willed liberty say what they will1 wars of fifty years are anything but conservative of happiness1 cleanliness1 good morals1 and that true liberty which should always accompany them4 ,however fondly we cherish our ideals of freedom1 we must yet bear in mind the wholesome1 wholesale truth of history1 that no actual liberty is reached by the dagger and guillotine1 or by massacre1 or is founded on bad blood or bad faith4 ,those who lately celebrated the execution of ,louis ,,xvi4 and the intellectual system of murder established by ,robespierre1 and not totally disapproved by ,mr4 ,carlyle1 have good reason to be cautious as to how they offend this menacing truth4 ,a cathedral and four chapels are the principal structures of the picturesque hillside village of ,guadalupe4 ,by a winding ascent among steep1 herbless rocks1 tufted here and there with the thorny green slabs of the cactus1 is reached at some distance from the cathedral the highest of the chapels1 which contains the original imprint of the figure of ,our ,lady4 ,looking up to the chapel from the crowd at the cathedral may be seen a striking picture1 not unlike what ,northern travellers have been taught to fancy of the middle ages1 but the elements of which are still abundant in the civilization of ,europe4 ,it is simply the curious crowd of pilgrims going up and down the hill1 to and from the quaint old chapel1 built perhaps centuries ago4 ,the scene from the height itself is charming and impressive4 ,the widespread valley of ,mexico--including lakes1 woods1 villages1 and a rich and substantial city1 with towers and domes that take enchantment from distance--is all before the eye in one serene view of landscape4 ,in the village there is a multitude like another ,israel1 sitting in the dust or standing near the pulquerias1 or moving about near the church door4 ,as ,guadalupe is for the most part composed of adobe houses1 and as its mass of humble visitors have little finery to distinguish their brown personages from the dust out of which man was originally created1 the complexion of the general scene which they constitute can only be described as earth-like and earth-worn4 ,elsewhere than in a superficial glance at the poverty of ,guadalupe we must seek for the meaning of its spectacle4 ,is this swarming1 dull-colored scene but an animated fiction8 ,no--it is the natural seeking the supernatural4 ,and the supernatural--what is it8 ,it is redemption and immortality1 our ,lord and ,our ,lady1 the angels and saints4 ,the cathedral is a building of picturesque angles1 but1 except that it is spacious1 as so many of the ,mexican churches are1 makes no particular boast of architecture4 ,a copy of the marvellous tilma1 over the altar1 poetically represents ,our ,lady in a blue cloak covered with stars1 and a robe said to be of crimson and gold1 her hands clasped1 and her foot on a crescent supported by a cherub4 ,this is the substance of a description of it given by a traveller who had better opportunities for seeing it closely than had the present writer during the fiesta of ,guadalupe in #ahfg4 ,whether the original picture is rude or not1 from being impressed upon a blanket1 he has not personal knowledge1 though aware that it has been described as rude4 ,nevertheless1 its idea and design are beautiful and tender4 ,everywhere in ,mexico it is the favorite and1 indeed1 the most lovely presentment of ,our ,lady4 ,like a compassionate angel of the twilight1 it looks out of many a shrine1 and1 among all the images for which the ,mexican ,church is noted1 none is perhaps more essentially ideal1 and1 in that point of view1 real4 ,where it appears wrought in a sculpture of #afhf1 by ,francisco ,alberto1 on the side of ,san ,agustin's at the capital1 it is1 though quaint1 very admirable for its purity and gentleness4 ,time respects it1 and the birds have built their nests near it4 ,the various chapels in and about the city dedicated to ,our ,lady of ,guadalupe are recognized by the star-mantled figure4 ,the ,baths of the ,peon1 the cathedral at the ,plaza1 the suburb of ,tacubaya1 have each their pictorial witnesses of the faith of ,guadalupe2 and to say that its manifestation abounds in ,mexico is but to state a fact of commonplace4 ,rich and poor venerate the tradition of the ,marvellous ,appearance1 now for three centuries celebrated1 and always1 it seems1 by multitudes4 ,what else is to be seen at ,guadalupe besides its crowd and its altar is not worthy of extended remark4 ,the organs of the cathedral are high and admirably carved2 over the altar's porphyry columns are cherubim and seraphim1 all too dazzling with paint and gold4 ,here1 as in other places of ,spanish worship1 the figures of the crucifixion have been designed with a painful realism4 ,outside of the church a party of ,indians1 displaying gay feathers1 danced in honor of the feast1 as their sires must have done hundreds of years ago4 ,inside it was densely crowded with visitors or pilgrims1 and far too uncomfortable at times to make possible the most accurate observation of its ornaments4 ,but it may be well to repeat that the church is divided into three naves by eight columns1 and is about two hundred feet long1 one hundred and twenty feet broad1 and one hundred high4 ,the total cost of the building1 and1 we presume1 its altars1 is reckoned as high as #hjj1jjj1 most of it1 if not all1 contributed by alms4 ,the altar at which is placed the image of ,our ,lady is said to have cost #cha1jjj1 its tabernacle containing #c1beg marks of silver1 and the gold frame of the sacred picture #d1jej castellanos4 ,the church's ornaments are calculated to be worth more than #abc1jjj4 ,two of its candlesticks alone weighed #b1bac castellanos in gold1 and one lamp #gej marks of silver4 ,to ,cristobal de ,aguirre1 who1 in #affj1 built a hermitage on the summit of ,tepeyac1 we owe the foundation of the chapel there4 ,it was not1 however1 until #agdg that ,our ,lady of ,guadalupe was formally declared the patroness of the whole of ,mexico4 ,of the many celebrations of ,mexico1 none are altogether as significant as that of ,guadalupe4 ,it has become national1 and1 in a certain sense1 religiously patriotic4 ,maximilian and ,carlota1 the writer was informed1 washed the feet of the poor near the altar of ,our ,lady1 according to a well-known religious custom4 ,the best men and women of ,mexico have venerated the ,marvellous ,appearance--which1 however amusing it may be to those who are scarcely as radical in their belief in nature as conservative in their views of the supernatural1 is but a circumstance to the older traditions which have entered into the mind of poetry and filled the heart of worship4 ,what of the wonderful happenings to the great fathers of the church and the medival saints1 all worshippers of unquestionable sublimation8 ,say what you please1 doubt as you may1 saints1 angels1 miracles1 abide1 and form the very testament of belief4 ,there is not a ,catholic in the world who does not believe in miracle1 whose faith is not to unbelievers a standing miracle of belief in a miracle the most prodigious1 the most portentous2 and yet to him it has only become natural to believe in the supernatural4 ,the ,mexicans venerate what three centuries and uncounted millions have affirmed1 whence it appears that their veneration is not a conceit or humbug1 but at root a faith4 ,how can this be more clearly illustrated than by quoting the following very interesting poem of ,manuel ,carpio1 ,mexico's favorite1 if not best modern poet3 ,,the ,,virgin ,,of ,,guadalupe4 ,the good ,jehovah1 dread1 magnificent1 ,once chose a people whom he called his own4 ,and out of ,egypt in a wondrous way ,he brought them in a dark and troublous night1 ,and ,moses touched the ,red ,sea with a rod1 ,and the waves parted1 offering them a path4 ,his people passed1 but in the abyss remained ,egyptian horse and rider who pursued4 ,marched on the flock of ,jacob1 and the ,lord ,spread over them his all-protecting wings1 ,as the lone eagle shields her unfledged young4 ,he gave them lands1 and victories1 and spoils-- ,glad nation6 which the ,master of the heavens ,loved as the very apple of his eye4 ,but now this people1 seeing themselves blessed ,by him whose slightest glance they not deserved1 ,erected perishable images ,in homage unto strange and pagan gods4 ,the ,lord in indignation said3 ,they wished ,to make their ,maker jealous with vain gods4 ,bowing in dust the sacrilegious knee ,before the dumb creation of their hands4 ,well1 ,i will sting their hearts with jealousy1 ,showing myself to all unhappy lands ,without employing vail or mystery4 ,he said it1 and his solemn word fulfilled1 ,convoking from the farthest ends of earth ,nations barbarian and civilized-- ,the ,gaul1 the ,scandinavian1 ,roman1 ,greek1 ,and the neglected race of ,mexico1 ,whom the ,almighty ,sovereign loved so well ,the holy truth he would reveal to them-- ,so that the hard hearts of his people should ,be softened4 ,yet his mercy was not full3 ,down from the diamond heavens he bade descend ,the ,virgin1 who with mother's sorrowing care ,nursed him in ,bethlehem when he was a child4 ,near to the tremulous ,tezcoco lake ,rises a bare and solitary hill4 ,where never cypress tall nor cedar grows1 ,nor whispering oak2 nor cooling fountain laves ,the waste of herbless rocks and sterile sand-- ,a barren country 'tis1 dry1 dusty1 sad1 ,where the vile worm scarce drags its length along4 ,here is the place where ,holy ,mary comes ,down from her home above the azure heavens ,to show herself to ,juan1 who1 comfortless1 ,petitioned for relief from troubles sore4 ,sometimes it chances that a fragrant plant ,in the dense forest blooms unseen1 unknown1 ,though bright its virginal buds and rare its flowers2 ,so doth the modest daughter of the ,lord ,obscure the moon1 the planets1 and the stars ,which all adorn her forehead and her feet1 ,when lends she the poor ,indian her grace ,in bounty wonderful to all his kind4 ,she tenders him the waters and the dew1 ,prosperity of fruits and animals1 ,a heart of sensible humility1 ,and help unfailing in his future need4 ,the ,angel of ,america resumes ,her radiant flight4 ,with grateful ear he heard1 ,twice did he wondering kneel1 and twice again ,he kissed the white feet of the holy maid4 ,but did not end ,god's providence benign3 ,the ,almighty wished to leave to ,mexicans ,his ,mother's likeness by his own great hand1 ,in token of the love he had for us4 ,he took the pencil1 saying3 ,we will make ,in heaven's own image1 as we moulded man4 ,but what was ,adam to my beauteous one8 ,so saying1 drew he with serenest face ,the gentle likeness of the ,mother-maid4 ,he saw the image1 and pronounced it good4 ,since then1 with the encircling love of heaven1 ,a son she sees in every ,mexican4 ,mildly the wandering incense she receives1 ,attending to his vow with human face2 ,for her the teeming vapors yield their rain ,to the green valley and the mountain side1 ,where bend and wave the abundant harvest fields1 ,and the green herbs that feed the lazy kine4 ,she makes the purifying breezes pass1 ,and on the restless and unsounded seas ,she stills the rigor of the hurricane4 ,the frighted people see the approach of death ,when the broad earth upon its axis shakes1 ,but the wild elements are put to sleep ,with but a smile from her mild countenance4 ,and she has moved the adamantine heart ,of avarice1 who saw decrepit age ,creep like an insect on the dusty earth1 ,to ope his close-shut hand1 and bless the poor4 ,she maketh humbly kneel and kiss the ground ,no less the wise than simple4 ,she the great1 ,dazzled by their own glory1 doth advise ,that soon their gaudy pageant shall be o'er1 ,and heaven's oblivion shall dissolve their fame4 ,how often has the timid1 trembling maid ,upon the verge of ruin sought thy help1 ,shutting her eyes to pleasure and to gold ,at thought of thee1 ,o ,maiden pure and meek6 ,centuries and ages will have vanished by1 ,within their currents bearing kings and men2 ,great monuments shall fall2 the pyramids ,of lonely ,egypt moulder in decay2 ,but time shall never place its fatal hand ,upon the image of the ,holy ,maid1 ,nor on the pious love of ,mexico4 ,manuel ,carpio1 who wrote this1 his first poetic composition1 in #ahca1 when forty years of age1 was a scholar and professor1 and in #ahbd a congressman4 ,he made the ,bible1 we are told1 his favorite study2 and certainly it supplied him with the themes for his best poems4 ,but he was not the only poet of ,mexico who bore earnest witness to the faith of which we speak4 ,padre ,manuel ,sartorio1 who wrote about the time of ,iturbide1 deprecates the idea of preferring a capricious doubt respecting la ,virgen de ,guadalupe to a constant belief founded in tradition4 ,in the following lines the nature of his own belief is fully attested3 ,of ,guadalupe1 that fair image pictured ,unto the venerating eye of ,mexico2 ,with stars and light adorned1 the figure painted ,of a most modest ,maiden1 full of grace2 ,what image is it8 ,copy 'tis divine ,of the ,mother of ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,and what assures me this8 ,my tender thought4 ,who the design conceived8 ,the holiest love4 ,who then portrayed it8 ,the eternal ,god4 ,in other lines on the same subject1 ,sartorio speaks of the ,lady of ,guadalupe as the purest rose of the celestial field1 and pays special respect to her image in the ,portal of ,flowers1 of which there is a tradition1 not vulgar1 of having spoken 7hay tradicion no vulgar de haber hablado7 to the ,venerable ,padre ,zapa1 in order to instruct the ,indians1 as relates ,cabrera1 ,escudo de ,armas de ,mexico1 numero #ibc4 ,who this ,cabrera may be we are not aware1 and cannot affirm that he is identical with the great painter ,cabrera1 whose belief in ,our ,lady of ,guadalupe was so distinct and positive4 ,one other poet of ,mexico we shall summon to give testimony4 ,it is ,fray ,manuel ,navarrete1 who wrote a series of poems1 well-known to his countrymen1 called ,sad ,moments4 ,he was also the author of a number of tributes to the fame of ,carlos ,,iv4 and ,ferdinand ,,vii41 and seems to have possessed more influence1 if not more merit as a poet1 than ,padre ,sartorio4 ,from a posthumous volume1 bearing date of #ahbc1 we take the following lines1 the allusions of which sufficiently explain at what time they were written3 ,,to ,,the ,,most ,,holy ,,virgin ,,under ,,the ,,invocation ,,of ,,guadalupe4 ,from her eternal palace1 from the heavens1 ,one day descended to ,america1 ,when in its worst affliction1 the great ,mary1 ,its sorrows to maternally console4 ,behold in ,tepeyac how watchfully ,she frustrates the designs of heresy1 ,how she extinguishes the fire that flames ,from the far ,french unto the ,indian soil6 ,what matter1 then1 if proud ,napoleon1 ,with his infernal hosts the world appalling1 ,seeks to possess the land of ,mexico8 ,to arms1 countrymen3 war1 war6 ,for the sacred palladium of ,guadalupe ,protects our native land4 ,the deity of peace have painters skilled ,portrayed with bounteous grace and elegance1 ,painting a virgin who with fair white hands ,an offering of tender blossoms bore4 ,thus were their pencils' finest excellences ,a promise and foreshadowing of this1 ,the image of ,our ,lady1 which in heaven ,received its colors4 ,thus beheld it he1 ,the fortunate ,indian1 at ,tepeyac1 ,that bare and desolate hill1 a miracle1 ,that unto day has been perpetuate4 ,now while the world's ablaze with lively war1 ,seems that affrighted peace has taken refuge ,within the happy households of our land4 ,how sadly1 how oddly1 sounds in modern ears this felicitation of a poet that peace1 which has left the greater part of the world1 has taken refuge in ,mexico6 ,evidently our ,fray ,navarrete did not foresee the results of the war begun by the clerical revolutionist ,hidalgo4 ,but whatever may have been the political bias of this religious writer1 he retains the esteem of his countrymen as one of the fathers of their fragmentary literature4 ,our last witness is ,miguel ,cabrera1 the great ,mexican painter1 whose merits have with reason been compared by an ,italian traveller1 the ,count ,beltrami1 to those of ,correggio and ,murillo4 ,altogether1 as carver1 architect1 and painter1 the ,new ,world has not produced the equal in art of this extraordinary man1 who wrought almost without masters or models1 without emulation or fitting aid and recompense1 and whose worth has yet to be made well known to the continent which he honored4 ,but our object now is to lend the weight of this preface to the following statement of the ,mexican writer1 ,seor ,orozco y ,berra3 ,cabrera wrote a short treatise dedicated to his protector ,sr4 ,salinas ,archbishop of ,mexico with the title of ,the ,american ,marvel1 and ,conjunction of ,rare ,marvels1 observed with the direction of the ,rules of the ,art of ,painting1 in the ,miraculous ,image prodigiosa imagen of ,our ,lady of ,guadalupe of ,mexico4 ,it is a small book in quarto1 printed in #agef by the press of the college of ,san ,ildefonso1 and containing thirty pages1 with dedication1 approbations1 and license at the beginning1 and the opinions of various painters at the end4 ,the reason given for this writing was the invitation made by the abbot and council of the college to the best known painters of ,mexico1 in order that1 after examining the painting on cloth of ,our ,lady of ,guadalupe1 they might declare if it could be the work of human hands4 ,cabrera was one of those who joined in the examination1 and in his book he undertakes to show that the ,virgin is not painted in a manner artificial and human4 ,,statistics ,,of ,,protestantism ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,under the term ,protestantism1 it is intended to comprise all persons of any religious sect1 denomination1 or church in this country1 except ,catholics1 ,jews1 and ,chinese4 ,so numerous are the divisions and subdivisions that our limits will permit us to present only the name of each1 with perhaps a word as to its distinctive features1 its numbers at different periods1 and its average annual increase for a given period4 ,the given period thus selected is the twenty-five years and upward preceding the year #ahfh2 because the statistics of all the denominations which are accessible1 are at present more complete up to that date than they have yet become up to any subsequent year1 or even up to the present date4 ,the statistics are taken entirely from ,protestant sources1 and chiefly from official documents published by the respective denominations4 ,the final results are then brought together1 and compared with the results presented by the ,federal census of the population at different periods4 #a4 ,the name ,lutheran was given to the first ,protestant denomination1 in order to designate the followers of ,martin ,luther4 ,a part of the members of the denomination in this country have recently changed their name to ,evangelical ,lutheran ,church4 ,the statistics1 chiefly official1 of the denomination for a series of years have been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahbc #age #ijj #dj1jjj #ahcc #bdj #a1jjj #fj1jjj #ahda #dah #a1cga #ade1djh #ahdb #dbd #a1cga #aff1cjj #ahej #ffc #a1fjd #afc1jjj #ahei #a1acd #b1jag #bjc1ffb #ahfb #a1dai #b1fgb #bhd1jjj #ahfc #a1dah #b1ecc #bfi1ihe #ahfd #a1edc #b1gfe #bib1gbc #ahfe #a1fbg #b1hef #cab1dae #ahff #a1fdd #b1iae #cbc1hbe #ahfg #a1gej #c1aab #ccb1aee #ahfh #a1gib #c1ahb #cej1jhh #ahfi #b1jaf #c1ccj #cgf1efg #ahgj #b1baa #c1ecg #cib1gba ,the average annual increase during a series of years 7ending always with #ahfg7 has been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 ,in #dd years #cf #ej #f1fdj ,in #bf #ea #fg #g1ahb ,in #h #gg #abd #af1jfa #b4 ,the ,german ,reformed denomination made its appearance1 soon after the ,lutheran1 in the ,german part of ,switzerland1 and sprang out of a dispute between ,ulrich ,zwingli and ,martin ,luther concerning the import of the words1 ,this is my body1 ,this is my blood4 ,the following table shows their growth in this country since #ahbj3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahbj #fh #chi #ad1djj #ahcj #hd #cec #ag1ahi #ahdj #abc #daf #ag1gfj #ahej #bca #ghf #eh1gii #ahfj #cia #a1jde #ib1fhd #ahfb #dba #a1abb #ajj1fia #ahfd #dfj #a1acd #ajg1cid #ahff #dge #a1afb #aji1beh #ahfg #dia #a1aeb #aaj1djh #ahfh #eje #a1aha #aae1dhc #ahfi #eba -- #aag1iaj ,the average annual increase during a series of years has been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 ,in #dg years #i #af #b1jdc ,in #g #ad #ae #b1ecb #c4 ,the ,united ,brethren in ,christ are the fruits of a reformation in the ,german ,reformed denomination--a sort of ,methodistical offshoot4 ,the statements of their numbers are as follows3 ,ministers4 ,societies4 ,members4 #ahdb #ejj #a1hjj #fe1jjj #ahff #ghi #c1big #ia1egj #ahfg #hcg #c1dde #ih1ihc #ahfh #hfd #c1ffc #ajh1abb ,the average annual increase during twenty-five years has been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,societies4 ,members4 ,in #be years #ac #ff #a1cai #d4 ,the ,moravians1 or ,united ,brethren1 are a distinct denomination from the preceding one4 ,as known in this country1 they descended from a colony of dissenters1 who were first gathered on his estate in ,upper ,alsatia1 in #aggb1 by ,count ,zinzendorf4 ,their numbers have been stated as follows3 ,ministers4 ,members4 #ahdb #bd #f1jjj #ahfg -- #f1fee #ahfh -- #f1gfh ,their annual average increase of communicants has been in twenty-five years #bf4 #e4 ,the ,dutch ,reformed ,church1 as it was known until #ahfg1 when the name was changed to ,reformed ,church in ,america1 is a descendant of the ,dutch ,reformed ,church of ,holland4 ,the following table shows the growth of this denomination since #ahbj3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahbj #ga #aje #i1jbc #ahcj #acb #aig #ae1egi #ahdj #bcj #bde #bc1ghb #ahej #bic #bib #cc1eec #ahfj #chg #cgj #ej1dbg #ahfb #dai #dbi -- #ahfc #ddf #dbb #ec1jjg #ahfe #dcf #dbg #ed1bhf #ahff #ddg #dcd #ee1iag #ahfg #dfa #ddd #eg1hdf #ahfh #dfi -- #ei1ejh #ahfi #dic #dfd #fa1ddd ,the average annual increase of the denomination at different periods has been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 ,in #dg years #h #g #a1jci ,in #g #aj #aj #a1jfj #f4 ,the ,mennonites derive their name from ,menno ,simon1 born in ,friesland ,a4,d4 #adie4 ,he was contemporary with ,luther1 ,bucer1 and ,bullinger4 ,he obtained a great number of followers4 ,in #afhc1 the first of them came over to this country1 others soon followed4 ,their number has been estimated as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahdc #bce #bfj #cj1jjj #ahfj -- -- #ce1jjj #ahfb #bfj #cab #cg1cfj #ahfg -- -- #ci1aaj ,the average annual increase in members in twenty-four years has been #chj4 #g4 ,the ,reformed ,mennonite ,society was first organized in #ahaa4 ,the members ascribe their origin to the corruptions of the ,mennonites4 ,the reform extended into several counties of ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 and ,new ,york1 but their doctrines are regarded as too rigid for general acceptance4 ,in #ahfj1 their numbers were estimated at about #aa1jjj4 ,the average annual increase has been about #bjj4 #h4 ,the denomination known as the ,german ,evangelical ,association first appeared in one of the ,middle ,states1 about the year #ahjj4 ,this denomination is now regarded as ,german ,methodists1 and their numbers have been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,members4 #ahdc #bej #ae1jjj #ahei -- #cc1jjj #ahfb -- #df1jjj #ahfc #chf #dg1chh #acfe #dje #ej1jjj #ahff #dgc #ed1hge #ahfg #dgh #eh1jjb ,the average annual increase of the denomination in twenty-four years has been #a1gia4 #i4 ,the ,christians1 or ,christian ,connection1 profess not to owe their origin to the labors of any one man1 like the other ,protestant sects4 ,they rose almost simultaneously in different and remote parts of this country1 without knowledge of each other's movements4 ,the new organizations of this denomination held their twenty-third annual convention in ,june1 #ahfh4 ,the number of organizations was one hundred and sixty4 ,the numbers of the denomination have been stated as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahdd #b1jjj #a1ejj #cbe1jjj #ahff #c1jjj #e1jjj #ejj1jjj ,the average annual increase of members has been as follows3 ,in #bb years #g1eid members4 ,the ,church of ,god1 as it exists by that name in the ,united ,states1 is a religious community1 who profess to have come out from all human and unscriptural organizations1 and to have fallen back upon original grounds1 and who wish1 therefore1 to be known and called by no other distinctive name4 ,this denomination exists in ,ohio and ,pennsylvania and the ,western ,states1 and their numbers have been stated as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahdc #hc #abe #aj1jjj #ahfj #adj #bge #ad1jjj #ahff -- #cfj #cb1jjj ,the average annual increase has been as follows3 ,churches4 ,members4 ,in #bc years #aj #ifj #aa4 ,the denominations thus far noticed are chiefly of ,german origin4 ,the next class contains those of ,scottish origin4 ,among these the ,presbyterian holds the first place in age and numbers4 ,the first organization here was made in #agjf1 and known as the ,presbytery of ,philadelphia4 ,their first synod was convened ,september #ag1 #agah4 ,the first ,general ,assembly met in #aghi1 and a more efficient and extensive development ensued4 ,in #ahaj1 a division arose1 and the formation of the ,cumberland ,presbyterian organization4 ,but the most extensive division took place in #ahch1 by which a body was organized and known as the ,new ,school1 while those who remained were designated as ,old ,school ,presbyterians4 ,the split thus made has continued for thirty years1 but is now ostensibly removed by measures of reunion4 ,the statistics of the ,old ,school ,presbyterians for the year #ahfc first show the effect of the separation of the ,southern portion during the war4 ,the report of numbers has been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahdc #a1dcd #b1jib #aei1acg #ahej #a1hfj #b1eab #bjj1hcj #ahfj #b1egg #c1dhg #bgi1fcj #ahfa #b1gfg #c1fhd #cjj1hgd #ahfc #b1bje #b1eda #bbg1ege #ahfe #b1bja #b1fbi #bcb1dej #ahff #b1bid #b1fjh #bci1cjf #ahfg #b1cjb #b1fbb #bdf1ccj #ahfh #b1ccj #b1gcg #beb1eee #ahfi #b1cha #b1gdj #beh1ijc #ahgjbc #d1bcd -- #ddf1efa #bc ,old and ,new ,school united4 ,the statistics of the ,southern division are given as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahfe #haa #a1bgg #hc1hba #ahfg #hej #a1cji #hj1ecb #ahfh #hcg #a1bih #gf1idi #ahgj #hdj #a1dfi #hb1jad ,the average annual increase of the denomination previous to the division caused by opposite views on political questions was as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 ,in #ah years #gd #hi #g1hgd ,the average annual increase of the whole denomination 7,north and ,south7 to #ahfh has been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 ,in #be years #gj #gh #f1ieh #ab4 ,the division of the ,presbyterian ,church was entirely consummated in #ahdj1 by the meeting of a ,general ,assembly representing the seceders1 or ,new ,school4 ,subsequently1 the loss of the ,southern churches by the ,old ,school denomination1 and the increase of the anti-slavery sentiment in the ,northern portion1 suggested a reunion with the ,new ,school soon after the outbreak of the recent war4 ,at length1 in #ahfh1 one ,general ,assembly met in ,albany1 while the other was in session in ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 ,a plan of union was mutually prepared1 which1 on being approved by the local presbyteries1 went into effect in #ahgj4 ,the statistics of the ,new ,school ,presbyterians have been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahci #a1aga #a1bhf #ajj1hej #ahfj #a1ebg #a1dhc #acd1dfc #ahfa #a1eeh -- #acd1gfj #ahfb #a1eee #a1dff #ace1ded #ahfc #a1faf #a1ded #ace1hid #ahfe #a1fid #a1dgi #adc1fde #ahff #a1gci #a1ebh #aej1dja #ahfg #a1hgj #a1efj #afa1ech #ahfh #a1hjj -- #afh1icb #ahfi #a1hdh #a1fca #agb1efj ,the average annual increase in twenty-eight years has been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 ,in #bh years #bd #aj #b1afg #ac4 ,the ,general ,synod of the ,reformed ,presbyterian ,church is the title of a denomination which claims to be a direct descendant of the ,reformed ,presbyterian ,church of ,scotland4 ,the statements of the numbers of this denomination have been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahdb #bd #dd #d1ejj #ahfa #ef -- #g1jjj #ahfb #ef #ia -- #ahff -- -- #g1iah #ahfg #ff #ia #h1cbd #ahfh #gg -- #h1dhg #ahgj #hf -- #h1egg ,the average annual increase in twenty-five years has been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 ,in #be years #a #b #aec #ad4 ,the ,synod of ,reformed ,presbyterians was formed by certain persons who separated from the ,reformed ,presbyterians 7,general ,synod71 principally on the ground that they were of opinion that the constitution and government of the ,united ,states are essentially infidel and immoral4 ,the separation took place in #ahcc4 ,the few statements relative to the numbers of this denomination have been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahfa #ei #gh #f1fej #ahff #fj -- #f1jjj ,the average annual decrease during the last half-dozen years has been #ajh4 #ae4 ,another division is the ,associate ,presbyterian ,church4 ,this is located chiefly in the ,middle and ,western ,states4 ,the members of the denomination claim to be a branch of the ,church of ,scotland4 ,in #aheh1 the ,associate ,reformed and the ,associate churches reunited under the name of ,united ,presbyterian ,church in ,north ,america4 ,the statistics of the ,associate ,presbyterian denomination after #ahei are merged in those of the ,united ,presbyterians1 and have been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahdd #ajf #baj #ae1jjj #ahfa #ddd #ffi #eg1efg #ahfc #dgj #fhc #ed1geh #ahfd #eac #fih #eg1fia #ahfe #eaf #fei #eh1bfe #ahff #eci #fhf #eh1ihh #ahfg #eeh #gag #fc1dhi #ahfh #eda #gce #fe1fab #ahfi #efe #gbf #fe1fbd #ahgj #eec #gbi #ff1hje ,the average annual increase of the denomination during the six years subsequent to the union1 ending in #ahfg1 has been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,members4 ,in #f years #ai #a1jjj ,the statistics of the ,associate ,synod of ,north ,america above-mentioned have been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,members4 #ahfa #di #a1acj #ahfg #aa #ggh #af4 ,another order of ,presbyterians in this country is known as the ,associate ,reformed ,church4 ,since #ahbb1 the denomination has existed in three independent divisions1 the ,northern1 the ,western1 and the ,southern4 ,these divisions are quite small in numbers1 and their growth has been insignificant4 ,they have been stated as follows3 ,the ,associate ,reformed ,synod of ,new ,york in #ahdc had #cd ministers and #dc congregations4 ,in #ahfg1 it had #af ministers and #a1fca members4 ,the ,associate ,reformed ,synod of the ,south in #ahdc had #be ministers and #dj congregations2 and in #ahfg1 estimated at #a1ejj members4 ,the ,associate ,synod of ,north ,america in #ahfg had #aa ministers and #ggh members4 ,the ,free ,presbyterian ,synod1 consisting1 in #ahfa1 of #da ministers and #d1jjj members1 had previously separated from the ,new ,school ,presbyterian denomination1 but was reunited and absorbed after the outbreak of the recent war4 #ag4 ,the ,independent ,presbyterian ,church in ,south and ,north ,carolina consisted1 in #ahfa1 of #d ministers and about #a1jjj members4 #ah4 ,another denomination of ,presbyterians remains to be noticed4 ,it is called the ,cumberland ,presbyterians and first appeared in ,kentucky in the year #ahjj4 ,in #ahbi1 there were four synods and the first ,general ,assembly of the denomination was held4 ,during the recent war the ,southern churches were not reported in the ,assembly1 and there are no complete statistics of that period4 ,the numbers of the denomination have been stated as follows3 ,synods4 ,presby4 ,min4 ,conversions4 #ahbb #a -- #df #b1gah #ahbf #a -- #hj #c1cje #ahbg #a -- #aad #d1jjf #ahcc #f #cb -- #e1igg #ahdc #ac #eg -- -- ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahfj #ibg #a1ahh #hd1bdi #ahfg #a1jjj estimated #ajj1jjj #ahgj #a1aaf -- #hg1gbg ,the average annual increase in #ee years1 from #ahab to #ahfg1 has been #a1hai4 #ai4 ,another large class of denominations is known by the name of ,baptists4 ,they are divided into ten separate sects3 ,baptists2 ,free-,will ,baptists2 ,seventh-,day ,baptists2 ,german ,baptists or ,brethren2 ,german ,seventh-,day ,baptists2 ,free ,communion ,baptists2 ,old ,school ,baptists2 ,six-,principle ,baptists2 ,river ,brethren2 ,disciples of ,christ1 or ,campbellites4 ,an estimate of the numbers of the regular ,baptists at different periods1 made by themselves1 presents the following results3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,communicants4 #ahdb #f1jjj #i1jjj #gej1jjj #ahei #g1aej #aa1fjf #ibe1jjj #ahfb -- -- #iff1jjj #ahfc #g1ieb #ab1eea #a1jci1djj #ahfe #g1hfg #ab1gjb #a1jdj1cjc #ahff -- #ab1fge #a1jdc1fda #ahfh #h1cdf #ab1iee #a1jid1hjf #ahfi #h1fie #ab1jaa #a1aba1ihh #ahgj #h1ghg -- #a1bba1cdi ,the average annual increase of the denomination during twenty-five years has been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 ,in #be years #id #aeh #ac1gif #bj4 ,the ,free-will ,baptist ,connection made its first organized appearance in this country in #aghj4 ,in #ahbg1 a ,general ,conference was organized to represent the whole connection4 ,the statements of their numbers have been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,communicants4 #ahdb #hih #a1jeg #ed1jjj #ahej #a1jhb #a1beb #ef1deb #ahei #idg #a1agj #ef1fjj #ahfb -- -- #eh1jee #ahfc #a1jdi #a1bgg #eg1jjg #ahfe -- -- #ef1ghc #ahff #a1jfc #a1bfd #ef1bhh #ahfg #a1ajj #a1bgf #ei1aaa #ahfh #a1afa #a1bgi #fa1bdd #ahfi #a1ada #a1cge #ff1fia ,the average annual increase of the denomination during the last twenty-five years has been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 ,in #be years #h #i #bjd #ba4 ,the ,seventh-,day ,baptists are so-called because they differ from all other ,protestant denominations in their views of the ,sabbath4 ,they have gradually spread in the ,eastern1 the ,central1 and some ,northwestern and ,southern ,states4 ,little is known of their numbers1 but they have been stated as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,communicants4 #ahdb #dj #ej #f1jjj #ahej #dc #eb #f1bdc #aheh #ej #ef #f1gcf #ahfc #gg #ff #f1fhf #ahfe -- -- #f1gif #ahff #gc #fh #g1jad #ahfg -- #fh #g1jch #ahfi -- #ge #g1abi ,the annual average increase of the denomination has been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 ,in #be years #a #da #bb4 ,there is a denomination of ,german ,baptists which has assumed for itself the name of ,brethren1 but they are commonly called ,dunkers or ,tunkers to distinguish them from the ,mennonists4 ,they have also been called ,tumblers from the manner in which they perform baptism1 which is by putting the person head forward under water 7while kneeling71 so as to resemble the motion of the body in the act of tumbling4 ,in #ahdc1 their larger congregations contained from two to three hundred members2 but little was then known among themselves of their numbers4 ,their subsequent statistics have been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahei #aej #afj #h1gjj #ahfb -- -- #h1bjj #ahfc #ajj #bjj #bj1jjj #ahff #aej #bjj #bj1jjj #ahfg -- -- #bj1jjj ,a membership of #bj1jjj has been stated for this denomination during the last half-dozen years without increase or diminution4 #bc4 ,the ,german ,seventh-,day ,baptists first made their appearance in ,germany in #afid4 ,from these1 after their organization in the ,united ,states1 sprang the ,seventh-,day branch4 ,their numbers in #ahfj were estimated at3 ,ministers4 ,members4 #ahfj #ahg #a1hjj #bd4 ,a society designated as ,free-,communion ,baptists arose in #aheh in ,mc,donough ,co41 ,illinois1 and organized a quarterly meeting conference4 ,at the quarterly meeting in #ahei1 one preacher1 four licentiates1 a few small churches1 and #ajd members were reported4 #be4 ,the ,old ,school1 or ,anti-mission1 ,baptists were formerly a portion of the regular ,baptists1 above-mentioned4 ,they are opposed to the academical or theological education of their ministers1 and to ,bible1 missionary1 and all other voluntary societies of like nature4 ,their numbers have been stated as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahfj #dge #a1gej #fb1jjj #ahfb -- -- #fj1jjj #ahfc #hej #a1hjj #fj1jjj #ahfd -- -- #fc1jjj #ahfe -- -- #fj1jjj #ahfg -- #a1hjj #aje1jjj ,the average annual increase of this denomination during seven years by these statements has been #f1adc4 #be4 ,the denomination called ,six-,principle ,baptists originated in ,rhode ,island as early as #affe4 ,they are distinguished from other ,baptists by deducing their peculiarities from the first three verses of the sixth chapter of ,hebrews4 ,their numbers have been estimated as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahfj #af #ah #c1jjj ,recent statements put their numbers about the same1 and there probably has been no important increase4 #bg4 ,the ,river ,brethren is an organization in ,pennsylvania and other states1 so-called to distinguish them from the ,german ,baptists or ,brethren above-mentioned4 ,their meetings are generally held in dwelling-houses1 or barns fitted up with seats2 in other respects1 they are similar to the ,german ,brethren4 ,their numbers have been stated as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahfj #fe #hj #g1jjj ,more recent statements make no important alteration in these numbers4 #bh4 ,the ,disciples of ,christ1 or1 as the denomination is often called1 ,baptists1 ,reformed ,baptists1 ,reformers1 ,campbellites1 etc41 originated in the early part of the present century4 ,the first advocates were ,thomas and ,alexander ,campbell in ,pennsylvania4 ,the statements of their numbers have been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahdb -- -- #bjj1jjj #ahej #hdh #a1hih #bah1fah #ahfc #a1ejj #a1hjj #cjj1jjj #ahfg -- -- #cjj1jjj ,the average annual increase1 according to these statements1 has been in twenty-one years1 in members1 #d1gfb4 #bi4 ,the first appearance of the ,puritans1 since known as ,congregationalists1 was in the early part of ,queen ,elizabeth's reign4 ,the first church formed upon ,congregational principles was that established by ,robert ,browne in #aehc4 ,the denomination is the largest in ,new ,england1 and exists in small bodies in a number of the states4 ,their numbers are stated to be as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #agdb #a1aej #a1cjj #afj1jjj #ahej #a1fhg #a1iga #adg1aif #aheh #a1ibb #b1cfi #bcj1jic #ahfa -- -- #bei1aai #ahfb #b1fdc #b1hhd #bfa1dgd #ahfc #b1eid #b1gbi #bec1bjj #ahfd -- #b1hef #bfh1jae #ahfe #b1gfa #b1gbc #bfc1bif #ahff #b1iai #b1ghj #bfg1dec #ahfg #b1iga #b1hbe #bgh1cfb #ahfh -- #b1iea #bia1dgd #ahfi -- #c1jdc #cjj1cfb ,the average annual increase of this denomination during the last twenty-five years has been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 ,in #be years #gc #fa #d1gcd #cj4 ,the denomination of ,unitarians arose in this country from a division of opinion among ,congregationalists on the divinity of ,christ4 ,their statistics contain no report of the membership4 ,all who are respectable and orderly members of the society are admitted to the sacraments if they desire to be4 ,their numbers for a series of years have been estimated at #cj1jjj4 ,ministers4 ,societies4 ,members4 #ahcj -- #aic -- #ahdj -- #bjj -- #ahej #bej #bdd -- #ahfj #bih -- -- #ahfc #dc #bfj #cj1jjj #ahfd #cbf #bej -- #ahfg #cgj #cjj -- ,the average annual increase has been estimated for a series of forty or more years at about one per cent41 or #cjj4 #ca4 ,the denomination of ,universalists first made its appearance in ,england about #agej4 ,in ,gloucester1 ,massachusetts1 the first ,universalist society was formed in #aggi4 ,no statistics of the denomination contain the membership like those of other denominations1 as to believe is to become a member4 ,the active members have been estimated in #ahej at #fj1jjj1 although the population among which ,universalism exists to the exclusion of other denominations may be ten times greater4 ,ministers4 ,societies4 ,members4 #ahdb #fdf #iij -- #ahej #gjj #iah #fj1jjj #ahei #gbd #iac -- #ahfebd #dif #fha -- #ahfg #ebc #gcb #hj1jjj #ahfh #ehh #gib -- #ahfi #ebj #hdd -- #bd ,incomplete4 ,average annual increase in twenty years1 #a1jjj4 #cb4 ,the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church is a well-known offshoot of the church established by the ,british ,parliament in ,england4 ,their numbers and growth have been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahei #b1jcj #b1aaa #ace1gfg #ahfb #b1bgj #b1cbg #afj1fab #ahfc #a1ggb #a1fag #aaa1jicbe #ahfd #a1hie #a1gda #adc1hedbe #ahfe #b1dfg #b1cbb #aed1aah #ahff #b1ecj #b1cje #afa1bbd #ahfg #b1fjj #b1cgj #agh1ajb #ahfh #b1gcf #b1dgb #aid1fib #ahfi #b1gfb #b1eab #bjj1jjj #be ,southern ,states not reported4 ,the average annual increase during the last nine years has been as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #gh #dj #f1ecf #cc4 ,another large class of denominations is embraced under the general term ,methodism4 ,the first denomination1 out of which all the others have sprung1 was an offshoot of the ,church of ,england1 known in this country as the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church4 ,the statistics of the denomination have been as follows3 ,preachers4 ,members4 #aggc #aj #a1afj #aghc #hc #ac1gdj #agic #bfi #fg1fdc #ahjc #cic #hf1gcd #ahac #gjj #bad1cjg #ahbc #a1bbf #cab1edj #ahcc #b1djj #eii1gcf #ahdc #d1bhf #a1jfh1ebe #ahej #c1gaf #fbi1ffjbf #ahei #f1ejb #iga1dih #ahfb -- #idb1ijf #ahfc #e1hhe #ibc1cid #ahfd -- #ibh1cbj #ahfe #f1aba #ibe1bhe #ahff #f1bhg #a1jcb1ahdbg #ahfg #h1jjd #a1adf1jha #ahfh #h1dha #a1bee1aae #ahfi #h1hcj #a1bih1ich #bf ,separation of ,south in #ahde4 #bg ,centenary year4 ,the average annual increase since the separation of the ,south1 and during seventeen years1 has been #cj1cgg4 ,since the close of the war conferences have been organized in eight of the ,southern states1 and #ajj1jjj members gained from the church ,south4 #cd4 ,a secession took place in #ahcj from the ,methodists1 and the persons who composed it assumed the name of the ,methodist ,protestant ,church4 ,its statistics have been as follows3 ,travelling preachers4 ,members4 #ahcj #hc #e1jjj #ahdb -- #ec1hge #ahej #gdj #fd1bai #ahed -- #gj1jah #aheh #b1jjj #ij1jjj ,in #ahff1 a convention was held in ,cincinnati to unite the ,methodist ,protestants1 the ,wesleyan ,connection1 the ,free ,methodists1 the ,primitive ,methodists1 and some independent ,methodist congregations1 under the name of the ,methodist ,church4 ,the union was joined by few save the ,northern conferences of the ,methodist ,protestant body1 who now compose the ,methodist ,church2 the ,southern conferences retain the original name of ,methodist ,protestant4 ,their numbers in #ahfg were estimated at #ej1jjj2 in #ahfi1 they were estimated at #gb1jjj4 ,there has been no actual increase in those now indicated by this name in twenty-five years preceding #ahfh4 #ce4 ,the ,methodist ,church is composed of the ,northern conferences of the ,methodist ,protestant ,church which1 in attempting to form a union with others in #ahff1 caused a split among themselves4 ,their report1 made in #ahfg1 states as follows3 ,ministers4 ,members4 #ahfg #fbe #ej1jjj #ahfi #fbd #di1jcj ,this is strictly an increase of the ,methodist ,protestants1 but appears under a new name4 ,it is an average annual increase of #b1jjj4 #cf4 ,out of the original separation of the ,methodist ,protestants from the ,methodist ,episcopal another denomination sprang up1 under the name of the ,true ,wesleyan ,methodists4 ,the denomination has increased very slowly since its organization1 as appears by the following statements3 ,ministers4 ,members4 #ahdc #cjj #bj1jjj #ahej #ejj #bj1jjj #ahfj #efe #ba1jjj #ahfg -- #be1jjj #ahfi #bbj #bj1jjj ,average annual increase in twenty-five years1 #bjj4 #cg4 ,the ,african ,methodist ,episcopal ,church owes its origin to the prejudice against the colored members and attendants of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church4 ,in the early days of the latter1 this prejudice was so deep that the colored persons were not unfrequently pulled from their knees while at prayer in the church1 and ordered to the back seats4 ,this denomination has greatly increased by the addition of emancipated slaves4 ,its statistics are as follows3 ,ministers4 ,members4 #ahdb -- #ae1jjj #ahfj -- #bj1jjj #ahfd -- #ej1jjj #ahfe #dje #ej1jjj #ahff -- #gj1jjj #ahfg #a1ejj #bjj1jjj #ahfi #a1ejj #bjj1jjj ,the average annual increase in twenty-five years has been #g1ejj4 #ch4 ,the operation of the same prejudice against color in ,new ,york gave rise to the ,zion ,african ,methodist ,episcopal ,church4 ,its statistics show a large increase recently at the ,south1 and are as follows3 ,ministers4 ,members4 #ahdb -- #d1jjj #ahfj -- #f1jjj #ahfd -- #h1jjj #ahff -- #db1jjj #ahfg #cjj #fj1jjj #ahfi -- #afd1jjj ,the average annual increase of the denomination has been #b1jjh4 #ci4 ,the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 ,south1 is the second largest body of ,methodists in the ,united ,states4 ,it arose from a division of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 in accordance with resolutions of the ,general ,conference in #ahdd4 ,the membership of this denomination has been reduced by the war1 by the invasion of its territory by the ,northern ,methodist ,episcopal1 and by the ,african and ,zion churches4 ,its statistics are as follows3 ,ministers4 ,members4 #ahej #a1ejj #dfe1eec #ahfj #b1djh #fii1afd #ahff #c1gfi #eje1aja #ahfg #c1ieb #ece1jdj #ahfi presents no important change4 ,the average annual increase in seventeen years has been #d1jhg4 #dj4 ,the ,free ,methodist ,church originated in #ahei1 and consisted of a few congregations in ,new ,york and other ,northern states4 ,its statistics have been as follows3 ,preachers4 ,members4 #ahfd #ff #c1eee #ahff #he #d1hhi #ahfh #id #f1jjj ,the average annual increase in two years has been #fag4 #da4 ,the ,western ,primitive ,methodist ,church held its twenty-second annual conference in ,new ,diggings1 ,wisconsin1 #ahff4 ,the subject of union with other non-episcopal bodies was favorably considered4 ,their numbers were in #ahfe as follows3 ,preachers1 #bj2 members1 #b1jjj4 #db4 ,the ,independent ,methodist ,church organized its first congregation in ,new ,york ,city in #ahfj4 ,the third annual session of its conference was held in #ahfd1 and a movement made toward union with other non-episcopal bodies4 #dc4 ,the ,friends1 or ,quakers1 arose in ,england about #afdg1 under the preaching of ,mr4 ,george ,fox4 ,the numbers of this denomination are estimated at #ajj1jjj1 comprised in eight yearly meetings4 #dd4 ,a division took place during the first quarter of the present century among the ,friends1 under ,mr4 ,elias ,hicks4 ,a distinct and independent association was made under his name4 ,their numbers are estimated at #dj1jjj4 #de4 ,the ,shakers1 or ,united ,society of ,believers1 are a small denomination which first made its appearance in this country in #aggf4 ,their statistics have been as follows3 ,preachers4 ,members4 #ahbh #de #d1ejj #ahfj -- #d1gac ,they are found in ,maine1 ,massachusetts1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,new ,york1 ,kentucky1 ,connecticut4 #df4 ,the ,adventists1 or ,second ,adventists1 owe their rise in the ,united ,states to ,mr4 ,wm4 ,miller1 of ,low ,hampton1 ,new ,york4 ,in #ahei1 they were estimated to comprise about #ah1jjj persons1 and in #ahfg about #cj1jjj1 exclusive of members of other denominations4 ,average annual increase in eight years1 #a1ejj4 #dg4 ,the ,new ,church1 or ,swedenborgians1 accept as their rule of faith and discipline the ,holy ,scriptures as interpreted by ,mr4 ,emanuel ,swedenborg4 ,their numbers in the ,united ,states have been estimated as follows3 ,ministers4 ,churches4 ,members4 #ahej #db #cj #c1jjj #ahfb #eg #di #e1jjj ,average annual increase in twelve years1 #aff4 #dh4 ,modern ,spiritualism made its appearance in ,western ,new ,york about twenty years ago4 ,it came at first in the form of rappings1 knockings1 table-tippings1 and other noisy demonstrations1 for the purpose of attracting general attention4 ,the believers held conventions and public meetings1 but adopted no form or plan of organization4 ,great numbers in all denominations are supposed to approve more or less of their views2 but the number of separate public adherents is estimated at #afe1jjj4 #di4 ,the ,mormon ,church1 or ,church of ,jesus ,christ of ,latter-,day ,saints1 was first organized in the town of ,manchester1 ,new ,york1 on ,april #f1 #ahcj1 by ,mr4 ,joseph ,smith1 of ,vermont4 ,the fortunes of the church thus started have been variable in ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,missouri1 and ,illinois1 until persecution has compelled her to withdraw to the wilderness of ,utah4 ,their number is stated to be #fj1jjj4 ,the average annual increase in twenty-five years1 #b1jjj4 #ej4 ,four miles from ,oneida1 ,madison ,county1 ,new ,york1 is located an organized community the members of which call themselves ,christian ,perfectionists4 ,it was started by ,mr4 ,john ,f4 ,noyes1 a native of ,brattleboro1 ,vermont4 ,they have now a community in ,oneida1 ,wallingford1 ,conn41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 and ,new ,york1 which consisted of #bee members in #ahfg4 ,this is an average annual increase of #aj4 #ea4 ,the ,catholic ,apostolic ,church1 or ,irvingites1 originated from the views of ,mr4 ,edward ,irving1 preached in ,london in #ahcj4 ,there are about a half-dozen of these congregations in this country1 estimated to contain #bej members4 ,a number of small nuclei of perhaps future denominations exists in different states1 which it is unnecessary to mention4 ,a recapitulation of the preceding statistics presents the following results3 ,church ,average ,members ,annual in ,increase #ahfg4 in #be y'rs4 #a4 ,lutherans #ccb1aee #g1ahb #b4 ,german ,reformed #aaj1djh #c1dca #c4 ,united ,brethren #ig1ihc #a1cai #d4 ,moravians #f1fee #bf #e4 ,dutch ,reformed #eg1hdf #a1bfa #f4 ,mennonites #ci1aaj #chj #g4 ,reformed ,mennonites #aa1jjj #bjj #h4 ,evangelical ,association #eh1jjb #a1gia #i4 ,christian ,connection #ejj1jjj #g1ied #aj4 ,church of ,god #cb1jjj #ifj #aa4 ,o4 ,s4 ,presbyterians #bdf1cej #f1ieh #ab4 ,n4 ,s4 ,presbyterians #afa1ech #b1afg #ac4 ,reformed ,presbyterians 7,general ,synod7 #h1cbd #aec #ad4 ,synod of ,reformed ,presbyterians #f1jjj -- #ae4 ,associate and ,united ,presbyterians #fc1dhi #a1jjj #af4 ,associate ,reformed ,presbyterians #c1iji #hj #ag4 ,free ,presbyterians #a1jjj -- #ah4 ,cumberland ,presbytr'ns4 #ajj1jjj #a1hai #ai4 ,baptists #a1jid1hjf #ac1gif #bj4 ,free-,will ,baptists #ei1aaa #bjd #ba4 ,seventh-,day ,baptists #g1jch #da #bb4 ,dunkers #bj1jjj #ejj #bc4 ,german ,seventh-,day ,baptists #a1hjj #cj #bd4 ,free-,commun4 ,baptists #ajd -- #be4 ,anti-,mission ,baptists #aje1jjj #f1adc #bf4 ,six-,principle ,baptists #c1jjj -- #bg4 ,river ,brethren #g1jjj #hj #bh4 ,disciples 7,campbellites7 #cjj1jjj #d1gfb #bi4 ,congregationalists #bgh1cfb #d1gcd #cj4 ,unitarians #cj1jjj #cjj #ca4 ,universalists #hj1jjj #a1jjj #cb4 ,protestant ,episcopal #aid1fib #f1ecf #cc4 ,methodist ,episcopal #a1adf1jha #cj1cgg #cd4 ,methodist ,protestant #ej1jjj -- #ce4 ,methodist ,church #ej1jjj #b1jjj #cf4 ,true ,wesleyan #be1jjj #bjj #cg4 ,african ,methodist #bjj1jjj #g1ejj #ch4 ,zion ,african ,methodist #fj1jjj #b1jjh #ci4 ,methodist ,epis4 7,south7 #ece1jdj #d1jhg #dj4 ,free ,methodist #d1hhj #fag #da4 ,western ,primitive ,methodist #b1jjj #dj #db4 ,independent ,methodists #hjj -- #dc4 ,friends1 or ,quakers #ajj1jjj #a1jjj #dd4 ,hicksites #dj1jjj #djj #de4 ,shakers #d1gac #fj #df4 ,adventists #cj1jjj #a1ejj #dg4 ,swedenborgians #e1jjj #ahf #dh4 ,spiritualism #afe1jjj #h1jjj #di4 ,mormon ,church #fj1jjj #b1jjj #ej4 ,christian ,perfectionists #bee #aj #ea4 ,catholic ,apost4 ,church #bej #aj --------- ------- ,total #f1cif1aaj #acd1hjb ,thus the whole number of members of ,protestant churches in the ,united ,states in #ahfg was #f1cif1aaj4 ,the average annual increase of this membership during the preceding twenty-five years has been #acd1hjb4 ,the population of the ,united ,states according to the usual census and that of the ,bureau of ,statistics for #ahfg1 has been as follows3 #ahdj #ag1jfi1dec #ahej #bc1aia1hgf #ahfj #ca1ddc1cbb #ahfg #cf1gdc1aih #ahgj incomplete officially4 ,the average annual increase in twenty-seven years has been #gbh1eji4 ,if we deduct from the population of the ,united ,states in #ahfg the number of persons who were members of ,protestant churches1 there will remain #cj1cdg1jhh persons in the ,united ,states in #ahfg who were not members of ,protestant churches1 who made no public profession of faith in their doctrines1 and who did not partake of their sacraments4 ,if we suppose the church-membership of ,protestant denominations to increase at the same average annual rate during the next thirty-three years1 until the year #aijj1 that increase will amount to #d1ddh1dff4 ,if this increase is added to the number of church-members in #ahfg1 the membership of all the ,protestant churches in the year #aijj will be #aj1hdd1egf4 ,if we suppose the population of the ,united ,states to increase in the same average annual rate during the next thirty-three years1 until the year #aijj1 that increase will amount to #bd1jdj1gig4 ,this amount added to the population of #ahfg will make the population in #aijj reach the number #fj1ghd1ide1 of whom #di1idj1dai will not be members of any ,protestant church1 nor make a public profession of faith in their doctrines1 nor partake of their sacraments4 ,it may be said that the average annual increase of ,protestantism for twenty-five years subsequent to #ahfg will be numerically greater than for the previous twenty-five years4 ,so will also be numerically larger the average annual increase of the population for a like period1 but the relative proportion of the denominations to the population would remain unchanged4 ,,on ,a ,,great ,,plagiarist4 ,phbus drew back with just disdain ,the wreath3 the ,delphic ,temple frowned3 ,the suppliant fled to ,hermes' fane1 ,that stood on lower1 wealthier ground4 ,the ,thief-,god spake1 with smile star-bright3 ,go thou where luckier poets browse1 ,the pastures of the ,lord of ,light1 ,and do--what ,i did with his cows4#bh ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,footnote3 #bh ,he stole1 killed1 and ate the whole of ,apollo's herd1 before he was a day old6 ,see ,homer's ,hymn to ,mercury4 ,,mary ,,benedicta4 ,we were at school together4 ,we little dreamed1 either of us1 in those mischief-loving days of frolic and fun1 that she was one day to be a saint1 and that ,i would write her story4 ,yet look well at the face4 ,is there not something like a promise of sainthood on the pure1 white brow8 ,and the eyes1 blue-gray ,irish eyes1 with the long1 dark lashes throwing a shadow underneath1 diamonds put in with dirty fingers1 have they not a spiritual outlook that speaks to you with a promise--a revelation of some vision or growth of some beauty beyond what meets your gaze8 ,yet1 though it seems so clear in the retrospect1 this prophetic side of her beauty1 ,i own it1 never struck me then4 ,i am going to tell her story simply1 with strict accuracy as to the traits of her character--the facts of her life and her death4 ,i shall tell the bad with the good1 neither striving to varnish her faults nor to heighten1 by any dramatic coloring1 the beautiful reality of her virtues4 ,the story is one calculated1 it seems to me1 to be a light and a lesson to many4 ,the very faults and follies1 the strange beginning1 so unlike the end1 all taken as parts of a whole in the true experience of a soul1 contain a teaching whose sole eloquence must be its truth and its simplicity4 ,i said we were at school together1 but1 though in the same convent1 we were not in the same class4 ,mary 7this was her real ,christian name7 was a few years older than ,i4 ,her career at this time was one of the wildest that ever a school-girl lived through4 ,high-spirited1 reckless1 setting all rules at defiance1 she was the torment of her mistresses and the delight of her companions4 ,with the latter1 her good-nature and good temper carried her serenely above all the little malices and jealousies that display themselves in that miniature world1 a school2 and1 at the same time1 her spirit of independence1 while it was constantly getting her into scrapes1 was so redeemed by genuine abhorrence of everything approaching to meanness or deceit that it did not prevent her being a universal favorite with the nuns4 ,one in particular1 who from her rigorous disciplinarianism was the terror of us all1 was even less proof than the others against the indomitable sweet temper and lovableness of her rebellious pupil4 ,they were in a state of permanent warfare1 but occasionally1 after a hot skirmish carried on before the public1 viz41 the second class1 ,mother ,benedicta would take the rebel aside1 and try privately to coax her into a semblance of apology1 or mayhap a promise of amendment4 ,sometimes she succeeded1 for the refractory young lady was always more amenable to caresses than to threats1 and was1 besides1 notwithstanding the war footing on which they stood1 very fondly attached to ,mother ,benedicta1 but she never pledged herself unconditionally4 ,this was a great grievance with the mistress4 ,she used to argue1 and threaten1 and plead by the hour1 in order to induce ,mary to give her word of honor1 as the phrase was amongst us1 that she would observe such and such a prohibition1 or obey such and such a rule--silence was the chronic casus belli--but all to no purpose4 ,no1 sister1 ,i promise you to try2 but ,i won't promise to do or not to do1 she would answer1 undefiantly1 but quite resolutely4 ,it was a common thing for ,mother ,benedicta to say1 after one of these conferences which ended1 as usual1 in the cautious1 ,i'll try1 sister1 that1 if she could once get ,mary to promise her outright to mend her ways1 she would never take any more trouble about her4 ,if she pledged her word of honor to be a saint1 ,i believe she would keep it1 observed the nun1 with a sigh4 ,i mention this little incident advisedly1 for1 though at the time we1 in our wisdom1 thought it must be pure perversity on the part of our mistress that made her so pursue ,mary on the subject1 considering that we were all in the habit of pledging our words of honor any given number of times a week with no particular result1 ,i lived to see that in this individual instance she was guided by prophetic insight4 ,she never succeeded1 however1 in inducing ,mary to commit herself during the four years that she was under her charge4 ,it was war to the end2 not to the bitter end1 for the strife did not weaken1 nay1 it probably strengthened the enduring attachment that had sprung up between them4 ,by way of sealing irrevocably and publicly this attachment on her side1 ,mary added the nun's name to her own1 and even after she left school she continued to sign herself ,mary ,benedicta4 ,when the time came round for frequenting the sacraments1 it was the sure signal for a quarrel between the two belligerents4 ,there was no plea or stratagem that ,mary would not have recourse to in order to avoid going to confession4 ,yet withal she had a reputation in the school for piety--a queer1 impulsive sort of piety peculiar to herself1 that came by fits and starts4 ,we had an unaccountable belief in the efficacy of her prayers1 and in any difficulty she was one of those habitually appealed to to pray us out of it2 not1 indeed1 that we were actuated by any precise view as to the spiritual quality of the prayers1 only impressed vaguely by her general character1 that whatever she did she put her heart in and did thoroughly4 ,mother ,benedicta used to say that her devotion to the ,blessed ,sacrament would save her4 ,but this devotion consisted1 as far as we could see1 in an enthusiastic love for ,benediction2 and as ,mary was passionately fond of music1 and confessed a weakness for effective ceremonial1 ,mother ,benedicta herself occasionally had misgivings as to how much of the devotion went to the object of the ceremony and how much to its accessories1 the lights1 the music1 and the incense4 ,at any rate1 once over1 it exercised no apparent control over her life4 ,the rules of the school she systematically ignored2 the rule of silence she looked upon with special contempt as a bondage fit for fools1 but unworthy of rational human beings4 ,to the last day of her sojourn in the school1 she practically illustrated the opinion that speech was of gold and silence of brass1 and left it with the reputation of being the most indefatigable talker2 the most unruly and untidy subject1 but the sweetest nature that ever tried the patience and won the hearts of the community4 ,when she was about eighteen1 her father sent her to the ,sacr ,cur1 in ,paris1 to complete her education1 which1 in spite of considerable expense on his part1 and masters without end1 was at this advanced period in a sadly retrograde state1 the little she had learned at school in ,ireland having been assiduously forgotten in the course of a year's anarchical holiday1 when reading of every sort and even her favorite music were set aside for the more congenial pastimes of dancing1 and skating1 and flying across country after the hounds4 ,i was then living in ,paris1 and ,mary was placed under my mother's wing4 ,we went to see her on the ,jours de ,parloir1 and she came to us on the ,jours de ,sortie4 ,but it did not last long4 ,as might have been expected1 the sudden change from a life of excitement and constant out-door exercise to one of seclusion and sedentary habits proved too trying to her health1 and after a few months the medical man of the convent declared that he was not prepared to accept the responsibility of taking charge of her1 and strongly advised that she should be sent home4 ,we communicated this intelligence to her father1 begging at the same time that before he came to remove her she might be allowed to spend a month with us4 ,the request was granted and ,mary came to stay with us4 ,that we might lose as little as possible of each other's company while we were together1 she shared my room4 ,we spent the mornings at home2 ,i studying or taking my lessons1 she reading1 or lolling about the room1 watching the clock1 and longing for the master to go and set me free1 that we might go out4 ,my mother1 who only in a lesser degree shared my affection for ,mary1 and was anxious to make her visit as pleasant as possible1 took her about to all the places best worth seeing in the city--the picture-galleries1 the palaces1 the museums1 and the churches4 ,the latter1 though many of them1 even as works of art1 were amongst the most interesting monuments for a stranger1 ,mary seemed thoroughly indifferent to4 ,when we entered one1 instead of kneeling a moment before the sanctuary1 as any ,catholic does from mere force of habit and impulse1 she would just make the necessary genuflexion1 and1 without waiting for us1 hurry on round the building1 examine the pictures and the stained glass1 and then go out with as little delay as might be4 ,this did not strike my mother1 who was apt to remain all the time at her prayers1 while ,i walked about doing the honors of the church to ,mary2 but it struck me1 and it pained and puzzled me4 ,she was too innately honest to attempt the shadow of prevarication or pose even in her attitude1 and her haste in despatching the inspection of every church we entered was so undisguised that ,i saw she did not care whether ,i noticed it or not4 ,once1 on coming out of the little church of ,st4 ,genevieve1 one of the loveliest shrines ever raised to the worship of ,god by the genius of man1 ,i said rather sharply to her1 for she had beaten a more precipitate retreat than usual1 and cut short my mother's devotions at the tomb of the saint3 ,mary1 ,i said1 one really would think the devil was at your heels the moment you enter a church1 you are in such a violent hurry to get out of it4 ,she laughed1 not mockingly1 with a sort of half-ashamed expression1 and turning her pure1 full eyes on me4 ,i hate to stay anywhere under false appearances1 she said1 and ,i always feel such a hypocrite kneeling before the ,blessed ,sacrament6 ,i feel as if ,i would choke if ,i stay there over five minutes4 ,i felt shocked1 and ,i suppose ,i looked it4 ,don't look at me as if ,i were possessed of the devil1 she said1 still laughing1 though there was a touch of sadness1 it struck me1 in her voice and face4 ,i mean to be converted by-and-by1 and mend my ways2 but meantime let me have my fun1 and1 above all1 don't preach to me6 ,i don't feel the least inclined1 ,i replied4 ,i suppose you think ,i'm gone beyond it4 ,well1 you can pray for me4 ,i'm not gone beyond the reach of that6 ,this was the only serious conversation1 if it deserves the name1 that we had during the first week of her visit4 ,she enjoyed herself thoroughly1 throwing all the zest of her earnest nature into everything4 ,the people and their odd ,french ways1 the shops and their exquisite wares1 the opera1 the gay ,bois with the brilliant throng of fashion that crowded round the lake every day at the hour of promenade--the novelty of the scene and the place altogether enchanted her1 and there was something quite refreshing in the spirit of enjoyment she threw into it all4 ,one evening1 after a long day of sight-seeing1 we were invited by a friend of hers to dine at the table d'hte of the ,louvre4 ,it was the grande nouveaut just then1 and ,mary was consequently wild to see it4 ,we went1 and during dinner the admiration excited by her beauty was so glaringly expressed by the persistent stare of every eye within range of her at the table that my mother was provoked at having brought her and exposed her to such an ordeal4 ,but ,mary herself was blissfully unconscious of the effect she was producing2 indeed1 it would hardly be an exaggeration to say she was unconscious of the cause4 ,certainly1 no woman ever had less internal perception or outward complacency in her beauty than she had4 ,this indifference amounted to a fault1 for it pervaded her habits of dress1 which were very untidy1 and betokened a total disregard of personal appearance4 ,the old fault that had been one of ,mother ,benedicta's standing grievances was as strong as ever1 and it was all ,i could do to get her to put on her clothes straight1 and to tie her bonnet under her chin instead of under her ear1 when she came out with us4 ,but to return to the ,louvre4 ,it had been settled that after dinner we should walk across to the ,palais ,royal1 and let ,mary see the diamond shops illuminated1 and all the other wonderful shops2 but during dinner she overheard some one saying that the ,emperor and ,empress were to be at the ,grand ,opera that night4 ,her first impulse was to take a box and go there4 ,but my mother objected that it was ,saturday1 the opera was never over before midnight1 and consequently we could not be home and in bed before one o'clock on ,sunday morning4 ,with evident disappointment1 but1 as usual1 with the sweetest good temper1 ,mary gave way4 ,her friend then proposed that1 before going to the ,palais ,royal1 we should walk on to the ,rue ,lepelletier1 and see the ,emperor and ,empress going in to the ,opera4 ,there was no difficulty in the way of this amendment1 so it was adopted4 ,on coming out of the ,louvre1 however1 we found1 to our surprise and discomfiture1 that the weather had been plotting against our little programme4 ,the ground1 which was frozen dry and hard when we drove down from the ,champs ,elyses less than two hours before1 had become like polished glass under a heavy fall of sleet2 the horses were already slipping about in a very uncomfortable way1 and there was a decided disinclination on the part of pedestrians to trust themselves to cabs4 ,fate had decreed that ,mary was not to see the ,emperor on any terms that night4 ,it would have been absurdly imprudent to venture on the macadam of the boulevards1 and increase the risk of driving at all by waiting till the streets were so slippery that no horse could keep his footing on them4 ,there was nothing for it but to go straight home1 which we did1 the horse snailing at a foot-pace all the way4 ,it was a memorable night this one of which ,i am chronicling a trivial recollection--trivial in itself1 but weighty in its consequences4 ,it was the #adth of ,january1 #aheh4 ,we went to bed1 and slept1 no doubt1 soundly4 ,none the less soundly for the thundering crash that1 before we lay down1 had shaken the ,rue ,lepelletier from end to end1 making the houses rock to their foundations1 shattering to pieces every window from garret to cellar1 and reverberating along the boulevards like the roar of a hundred cannon4 ,the noise shook half ,paris awake for that long night4 ,the people1 first merely terrified1 then lashed to a frenzy of horror and of enthusiasm1 rushed from their houses1 and thronged the boulevards and the streets in the vicinity of the ,opera4 ,in the pitch darkness that followed simultaneously with the bursting of ,orsini's bombs1 it was impossible to know how many were murdered or how many wounded4 ,there had been a great crowd of curieux and strangers as usual waiting to see their majesties alight--the street was lined with them4 ,were they all murdered1 blown to the four winds of heaven1 in that explosion that was loud enough to have blown up half ,paris8 ,of course1 popular fear and fury exaggerated the number of the victims enormously1 and the night resounded with the shrieks and lamentations of women1 the plunging and moaning of horses1 wounded or only frantic with terror1 and the passionate cries of ,vive l',empereur6 intermingled with curses on the fiends who1 to secure the murder of one man1 had sacrificed the lives of hundreds4 ,while this ghastly tumult was scaring sleep and silence from the city close to us1 we slept on1 all unconscious of the cup of trembling to which we had stretched out our hand1 and which had been so mercifully snatched away from us4 ,it was only next morning1 on going out to ,mass1 that the concierge stopped us to tell the news of the attempt on the ,emperor's life4 ,and we had been vexed and felt aggrieved with the rain that drove us home1 and prevented our going to stand amongst those curieux in the ,rue ,lepelletier6 ,mary did not hear of it till we met at breakfast4 ,i never shall forget the look of blank horror on her face as she listened to the account of what had happened on the very spot where we had been so bent on going4 ,although this attack of ,orsini's comes into my narrative simply as a datum1 ,i cannot resist making a short digression toward it4 ,most of my readers will remember the singular stoicism displayed by the ,emperor at the moment of the explosion4 ,one of the horses was killed under his carriage1 which was violently shaken by the plunging of the terrified animals1 and a splinter from one of the bombs1 flashing through the window1 grazed him on the temple4 ,in the midst of the general panic and confusion of the scene1 the equerry rushed forward1 and1 taking the ,emperor by the arm1 cried hurriedly3 ,come out1 sire6 ,come out6 ,let down the steps1 observed his master with unruffled sang froid1 and quietly waited till it was done before he moved4 ,he entered the ,opera amidst deafening cheers1 and sat out the representation as coolly1 and to all appearances with as much attention1 as if nothing had occurred to disturb him1 now and then quietly drawing his handkerchief across the splinter-mark on his forehead1 from which the blood was oozing slightly4 ,next day a solemn ,te ,deum was celebrated at the ,tuileries4 ,the ,empress wished the little prince1 then a baby in arms1 to be present at the thanksgiving for her own and his father's miraculous preservation4 ,the child was carried into the ,salle des ,marchaux1 where the court and the ,corps ,diplomatique were assembled1 and immediately put out his hands1 clamoring for his father to take him4 ,the ,emperor took him in his arms1 and the child1 looking up at his face1 noticed the red mark on the temple4 ,papa bobo6#bi he lisped1 and put up his little hand to touch it4 ,the hard1 sphynx-like face struggled for a moment2 but the child's touch had melted the strong man4 ,he clasped him to his heart1 and literally shook with sobs4 ,these details1 which were probably never written before1 were told to me by one who was present at the attempt the previous night1 and at the ,te ,deum ,mass next day4 ,that night1 when we were alone1 ,mary and ,i talked over the diabolical crime that had within four and twenty hours shaken the whole country like an earthquake1 and over the merciful interposition that had arrested us on our way to what might have been for us1 as it was for many1 a certain and horrible death4 ,mary1 though she said little on this latter point1 was evidently very deeply impressed1 and what she did say carried in it a depth of religious emotion that revealed her to me in quite a new light4 ,it was agreed that she would go to confession next day1 and that we were to begin a novena together in thanksgiving for our preservation4 ,mary1 ,i said impulsively1 after we had been silent a little while1 why have you such a dislike to go to the sacraments8 ,i can't understand how1 believing in them at all1 you can be satisfied to approach them so seldom4 ,it isn't dislike2 it is fear1 she answered4 ,it's precisely because ,i realize so awfully the power and sanctity of the ,blessed ,sacrament that ,i keep away4 ,i believe so intensely in it that1 if ,i went often to holy communion1 ,i should have to divorce from everything1 to give up my whole life to preparation and thanksgiving4 ,i know ,i should4 ,and ,i don't want to do it4 ,not yet1 at any rate1 she added1 half-unconsciously1 as if speaking to herself4 ,i shall never forget the effect her words had on me1 nor her face as she uttered them4 ,the night was far spent4 ,the emotions of the day1 the long watch1 and perhaps the flickering of our bedroom candle that was burning low1 all conspired to give an unwonted pallor to her features that imbued them with an almost ethereal beauty4 ,i always think of her now as she sat there1 in her girlish white dressing-gown1 her hands locked resting on her knees1 her head thrown back1 and her eyes looking up1 so still1 as if some far beyond were breaking on her gaze and holding it transfixed4 ,nothing broke on mine4 ,in my dull blindness ,i did not see that ,i was assisting at the beginning of a great mystery1 a spectacle on which the gaze of angels was riveted--the wrestling of a soul with ,god3 the soul resisting2 the ,creator pleading and pursuing4 ,she left us at the end of ,january to return home4 ,we parted with many tears1 and a promise to correspond often and pray for each other daily4 ,for a time we did correspond very regularly--for nearly a year4 ,during this period her life was an unpausing whirl of dissipation4 ,balls1 visits1 operas1 and concerts during the season in town were succeeded in the country by more balls1 and hunting1 and skating1 and the usual round of amusements that make up a gay country life4 ,mary was everywhere the beauty of the place1 the admired of all admirers4 ,strange to say1 in spite of her acknowledged supremacy1 she made no enemies4 ,perhaps it would have been stranger still if she had4 ,her sweet1 artless manner and perfect unconsciousness of self went for at least as much in the admiration she excited as her beauty4 ,if she danced every dance at every ball1 it was never once for the pleasure of saying she did it1 of triumphing over other girls1 but for the genuine pleasure of the dance itself4 ,her success was so gratuitous1 so little the result of coquetry on her side1 that1 however much it might be envied1 it was impossible to resent it4 ,i am not trying to make out a case for ,mary1 or to excuse1 still less justify1 the levity of the life she was leading at this time4 ,my only aim is to convey a true idea of the spirit in which she was leading it--mere exuberance of spirits1 the zest of youth in the gay opportunities that were showered upon her path4 ,she was revelling like a butterfly in flowers and sunshine4 ,the spirit of worldliness in its true and worst sense did not possess her2 did not even touch her4 ,its cankerous breath had not blown upon her soul and blighted it2 the worm had not eaten into her heart and hardened it4 ,both were still sound--only drunk2 intoxicated with the wine of life4 ,she went waltzing through flames1 like a moth round a candle2 like a child letting off rockets1 and clapping hands with delight at the pretty blue blaze1 without fear or thought of danger4 ,there was no such thing as premeditated infidelity in her mind4 ,she was not playing a deliberate game with ,god2 bidding him wait till she was ready1 till she was tired of the world and the world of her4 ,no1 she was utterly incapable of such a base and guilty calculation4 ,she had simply forgotten that she had a soul to save4 ,the still1 small voice that had spoken to her in earlier days1 especially on that night of the #aeth of ,january1 stirring the sleeping depths1 and calling out momentary yearnings toward the higher life1 had altogether ceased its pleadings4 ,how could that mysterious whisper make itself heard in such a din and clangor of unholy music8 ,there was no silent spot in her soul where it could enter and find a listener4 ,but ,mary did not think about it4 ,she was inebriated with youth and joy1 and had flung herself into the vortex1 and raced round with it till her head reeled4 ,on the surface1 all was ripple and foam1 rings running round and round2 but the depths below were sleeping4 ,the one1 the visible hold that she retained on ,god at this time was her love for his poor4 ,her heart was always tender to suffering in every form1 but to the poor especially4 ,as an instance of this1 ,i may mention her taking off her flannel petticoat1 on a bitter winter's day1 to give it to a poor creature whom she met shivering at the roadside1 and then running nearly a mile home in the cold herself4 ,after about a year our correspondence slackened1 and gradually broke down altogether4 ,i heard from her once in six months1 perhaps4 ,the tone of her letters struck me as altered4 ,i could not exactly say how1 except that it had grown more serious4 ,she said nothing of triumphs at archery meetings or of brushes carried off at the death2 there seemed to be no such feats to chronicle4 ,she talked of her family and of mine1 very little of herself4 ,once only1 in answer to a direct question as to what books she read1 she told me that she was reading ,father ,faber1 and that she read very little else4 ,this was the only clue ,i gained to the nature of the change that had come over her4 ,at the expiration of about two years1 a clergyman1 who was an old friend of her family1 and a frequent visitor at the house1 came to ,paris1 and gave me a detailed account of the character and extent of the change4 ,the excitement into which she had launched on returning home1 and which she had kept up with unflagging spirit1 had1 as might have been expected1 told on her health1 never very strong4 ,a cough set in at the beginning of the winter which caused her family some alarm4 ,she grew thin to emaciation1 lost her appetite1 and fell into a state of general ill-health4 ,change of air and complete rest were prescribed by the medical men4 ,she was accordingly taken from one sea-side place to another1 and condemned to a rgime of dulness and quiet4 ,in a few months the system told favorably1 and she was sufficiently recovered to return home4 ,but the monotony of an inactive life which was still enforced1 after the mad-cap career she had been used to1 wearied her unspeakably4 ,for want of something better to do1 she took to reading4 ,novels1 of course4 ,fortunately for her1 ten years ago young ladies had not taken to writing novels that honest men blush to review1 and that too many young ladies do not blush to read4 ,mary did no worse than waste her time without active detriment to her mind4 ,she read the new novels of the day1 and1 if she was not much the better1 she was probably none the worse for it4 ,but one day--a date to be written in gold--a friend1 the same who gave me these particulars1 made her a present of ,father ,faber's ,all for ,jesus4 ,the title promised very little entertainment2 reluctantly enough1 ,mary turned over the pages and began to read4 ,how long she read1 ,i cannot tell4 ,it might be true to say that she never left off4 ,others followed1 all from the same pen1 through uninterrupted days1 and weeks1 and months4 ,she told me afterward that the burning words of those books--the first especially1 and ,the ,creator and the ,creature--pursued her even in her dreams4 ,she seemed to hear a voice crying after her unceasingly3 ,arise1 and follow6 ,suddenly1 but irrevocably1 the whole aspect of life was changed to her4 ,she began to look back upon the near past1 and wonder whether it was she herself who had so enjoyed those balls and gaieties1 or whether she had not been mad1 and imagined it1 and was only now in her right mind4 ,the most insuperable disgust succeeded to her love of worldly amusement4 ,she cared for nothing but prayer and meditation1 and the service of the poor and suffering4 ,an ardent longing took possession of her to suffer for and with our ,divine ,master4 ,yielding to the impulse of her new-born fervor1 she began to practise the most rigorous austerities1 fasting much1 sleeping little1 and praying almost incessantly4 ,this was done without the counsel or cognizance of any spiritual guide4 ,she knew of no one to consult4 ,her life had been spiritually so neglected during the last two years that direction had had no part to play in it4 ,there was nothing to direct4 ,the current was setting in an opposite direction4 ,the supernatural was out of sight4 ,under cover of her health1 which1 though it was fairly recovered1 still rendered quiet and great prudence desirable1 ,mary contrived to avoid all going out1 and secretly laid down for herself a rule of life that she adhered to scrupulously4 ,but this could not go on long4 ,as she grew in the ways of prayer1 the spirit of ,god led her imperceptibly but inevitably into the sure and safe high-road of all pilgrims travelling toward the bourn of sanctity and aiming at a life of perfection4 ,the necessity of a spiritual director was gradually borne in upon her1 as she said to me1 while at the same time the difficulty of meeting with this treasure1 whom ,st4 ,teresa bids us seek amongst ten thousand1 grew more and more apparent and disheartening4 ,her father1 a man of the world and very little versed in the mysteries of the interior life1 but a good practical ,catholic nevertheless1 saw the transformation that had taken place in his daughter1 and knew not exactly whether to be glad or sorry4 ,he acknowledged to her long after that the first recognition of it struck upon his heart like a death-knell4 ,he felt it was the signal for a great sacrifice4 ,mary opened her heart to him unreservedly1 seeking more at his hands perhaps than any mere father in flesh and blood could give1 asking him to point out to her the turning-point of the new road on which she had entered1 and to help her to tread it4 ,that it was to be a path of thorns in which she would need all the help that human love could gather to divine grace1 she felt already convinced4 ,her father1 with the honesty of an upright heart1 confessed himself inadequate to the solving of such a problem1 and bravely proposed taking her to ,london to consult ,father ,faber4 ,mary1 in an ecstasy of gratitude1 threw her arms round his neck1 and declared it was what she had been longing for for months4 ,father ,faber had been her guide so far2 his written word had spoken to her like a voice from the holy mount1 making all the dumb chords of her soul to vibrate4 ,what would he not do for her if she could speak to him heart to heart1 and hear the words of prayer-inspired wisdom from his own lips6 ,they set out in a few days for ,london2 but they were not to get there4 ,the promise that looked so near and so precious in its accomplishment was never to be fulfilled4 ,they had no sooner reached ,dublin than ,mary fell ill4 ,for some days she was in high fever2 the medical men assured the panic-stricken father that there was no immediate cause for alarm2 no remote cause even1 as the case then stood2 the patient was delicate1 but her constitution was good1 the nervous system sound1 although shaken by the present attack1 and apparently by previous mental anxiety4 ,the attack itself they attributed to a chill which had fallen on the chest4 ,the event justified the opinion of the physicians4 ,mary recovered speedily4 ,it was not judged advisable1 however1 to let her proceed to ,london4 ,she relinquished the plan herself with a facility that surprised her father4 ,he knew how ardently she had longed to see the spiritual guide who had already done so much for her1 and he could not forbear asking why she took the disappointment so coolly4 ,it's not a disappointment1 father4 ,god never disappoints4 ,i don't know why1 only ,i feel as if the longing were already satisfied2 as if ,i were not to go so far to find what ,i'm looking for1 she answered2 and quietly set about preparing to go back home4 ,but they were still on the road of ,damascus4 ,on the way home1 they rested at the house of a friend near the ,monastery of ,mount ,melleray4 ,i cannot be quite sure whether the monks were giving a retreat for seculars in the monastery1 or whether it was being preached in the neighboring town4 ,as well as ,i remember1 it was the latter4 ,indeed1 ,i doubt whether women would be admitted to assist at a retreat within the monastery1 and1 if not1 this would be conclusive4 ,but of one thing ,i am sure1 the preacher was ,father ,paul1 the superior of ,la ,trappe4 ,i don't know whether his eloquence1 judged by the standard of human rhetoric1 was anything very remarkable1 but many witnesses go to prove on exhaustive evidence that it was of that kind whose property it is to save souls4 ,to ,mary it came like a summons straight from heaven4 ,she felt an imperative desire to speak to him at once in the confessional4 ,i can give you no idea of the exquisite sense of peace and security that came over me the moment ,i knelt down at his feet1 she said1 in relating to me this stage of her vocation4 ,i felt certain that ,i had found the man who was to be my ,father ,faber4 ,and so she had4 ,all that passes between a director and his spiritual child is of so solemn and sacred a nature that1 although many things which ,mary confided to me concerning her intercourse with the saintly abbot of ,la ,trappe might prove instructive and would certainly prove edifying to many interior souls1 ,i do not feel justified in repeating them4 ,if ,i were even not held back by this fear of indiscretion1 ,i should shrink from relating these confidences1 lest ,i should mar the beauty or convey a false interpretation of their meaning4 ,while she was speaking1 ,i understood her perfectly4 ,while listening to the wonderful experiences of divine grace with what she had been favored1 and which she recounted to me with the confiding simplicity of a child1 her words were as clear and reflected her thoughts as luminously as a lake reflects the stars looking down into its crystal depths1 making the mirror below a faithful repetition of the sky above4 ,but when ,i tried to write down what she had said while it was quite fresh upon my mind1 the effort baffled me4 ,there was so little to write1 and that little was so delicate1 so mysteriously intangible1 ,i seemed never to find the right word that had come so naturally1 so expressively1 to her4 ,when she spoke of prayer especially1 there was an eloquence1 rising almost to sublimity1 in her language that altogether defied my coarse translation1 and seemed to dissolve like a rainbow under the process of dissection4 ,the most elevated subjects she was at home with as if they had been her natural theme1 the highest spirituality her natural element4 ,the writings of ,st4 ,teresa and ,st4 ,bernard had grown familiar to her as her catechism1 and she seemed to have caught the note of their inspired teaching with the mastery of sainthood4 ,this was the more extraordinary to me that her intellect was by no means of a high order4 ,quite the contrary4 ,her taste1 the whole bent of her nature1 was the reverse of intellectual1 and what intelligence she had was1 as far as real culture went1 almost unreclaimed4 ,her reading had been always of the most superficial1 non-metaphysical kind2 indeed1 the aversion to what she called hard reading made her turn with perverse dislike from any book whose title threatened to be at all instructive4 ,she had never taken a prize at school1 partly because she was too lazy to try for it1 but also because she had not brain enough to cope with the clever girls of her class4 ,mary was quite alive to her shortcomings in this line1 indeed she exaggerated them1 as she was prone to do most of her delinquencies1 and always spoke of herself as stupid4 ,this she decidedly was not2 but her intellectual powers were sufficiently below superiority to make her sudden awakening to the sublime language of mystical theology and her intuitive perception of its subtlest doctrines matter of great wonder to those who only measure man's progress in the science of the saints by the shallow gauge of human intellect4 ,how do you contrive to understand those books1 ,mary8 ,i asked her once1 after listening to her quoting ,st4 ,bernard l'appui of some remarks on the ,prayer of ,union that carried me miles out of my depth4 ,i don't know1 she replied with her sweet simplicity1 quite unconscious of revealing any secrets of infused science to my wondering ears4 ,i used not to understand them the least2 but by degrees the meaning of the words began to dawn on me1 and the more ,i read1 the better ,i understood4 ,when ,i come to anything very difficult1 ,i stop1 and pray1 and meditate till the meaning comes to me4 ,it is often a surprise to myself1 considering how stupid ,i am in everything else1 she continued1 laughing1 that ,i should understand spiritual books even as well as ,i do4 ,those who have studied the ways of ,god with his saints will not share her surprise4 ,in our own day1 the venerable ,cur d',ars is among the most marvellous proofs of the manner in which he pours out his wisdom on those who are accounted and who account themselves fools1 not worthy to pass muster amongst men4 ,but ,i am anticipating4 ,her meeting with ,father ,paul was the first goal in her new career1 and from the moment ,mary had reached it she felt secure of being led safely to the end4 ,those intervening stages were none the less agitated by many interior trials2 doubts as to the sincerity of her vocation2 heart-sinkings as to her courage in bearing on under the cross that she had taken up2 misgivings1 above all1 as to the direction in which that cross lay4 ,while her life-boat was getting ready1 filling its sails1 and making out of port for the shoreless sea of detachment and universal sacrifice1 she sat shivering2 her hand on the helm2 the deep waters heaving beneath her2 the wind blowing bleak and cold2 the near waves dashing up their spray into her face1 and the breakers further out roaring and howling like angry floods4 ,there were rocks ahead1 and all round under those foaming billows2 sad havoc had they made of many a brave little boat that had put out to sea from that same port where she was still tossing--home1 with its sheltering love and care2 piety enough to save any well-intentioned soul2 good example to give and to take2 good works to do in plenty1 and the body not overridden by austerities against nature2 not starved to despondency2 not exasperated by hunger1 and cold1 and endless vigils1 and prayer as endless4 ,it was a goodly port and safe1 this home of hers4 ,see how the deep throws up its prey on every side6 ,wrecks and spars1 the shattered remnants of bold vessels1 and the lifeless bodies of the rash crew are everywhere strewn over the waters4 ,take heed6 they cry to her as she counts the records one by one4 ,this is an awful sea1 and bold must be the heart1 and stout and iron-clad the boat that tempts the stormy bosom4 ,we came1 and perished4 ,would that we had never left the port6 ,mary never argued with the storm4 ,she would fall at the feet of ,him who was sleeping below1 and wake him with the loud cry of trembling faith1 ,help me1 ,master1 or ,i perish6 and the storm subsided4 ,but when the wind and the waves were hushed1 there rose up in the calm a voice sweet and low1 but more ruthlessly terrible to her courage than the threatening fury of ten thousand storms4 ,she was her father's oldest and darling child2 she had a brother1 too1 and sisters1 all tenderly loved1 and cousins and friends only less dear2 she was a joy and a comfort to many4 ,must she go from them8 ,must she leave all this love and all the loveliness of life for ever8 ,mary's vocation1 notwithstanding its strongly marked supernatural character1 was not proof against these cruel alternations of enthusiastic courage1 and desolate heart-sinkings1 and bewildering doubts4 ,nay1 they were no doubt a necessary part of its perfection4 ,it was needful that she should pass through the dark watch of ,gethsemani before setting out to climb the rugged hill of ,calvary4 ,all this history of her interior life she told me viva voce when we met4 ,in her letters1 which were at this period very rare and always very uncommunicative1 she said nothing whatever of these strifes and victories4 ,but her adversaries were not all within4 ,a hard battle remained to be fought with her father4 ,his opposition was active and relentless4 ,he had at first tacitly acquiesced in her consecration to ,god in a religious life of some sort2 but he believed1 as every one else did1 that to let her enter ,la ,trappe would be to consign her to speedy and certain death2 and when she announced to him that this was the order she had selected1 and the one which drew her with the power of attraction1 that she had struggled in vain to resist1 he declared that nothing short of a written mandate from ,god would induce him to consent to such an act of suicide4 ,in vain ,mary pleaded that when ,god called a soul he provided all that was necessary to enable her to answer the call2 that her health1 formerly so delicate when she was leading a life of self-indulgence1 was now completely restored2 that she had never been so strong as since she had lived in almost continual abstinence 7she did not eat meat on ,wednesday1 ,friday1 or ,saturday72 that the weakness of nature was no obstacle to the power of grace1 and there are graces in the conventual life that seculars did not dream of1 nor receive because they did not need them4 ,in answer to these plausible arguments1 the incredulous father brought out the laws of nature1 and reason and common sense1 and the opinion of the medical men who had attended her in ,dublin1 and under whose care she had been more or less ever since4 ,these men of natural science and human sympathies declared positively that it was neither more nor less than suicide to condemn herself to the rule of ,st4 ,bernard in the cloister1 where want of animal food and warmth would infallibly kill her before the novitiate was out4 ,they were prepared to risk their reputation on the issue of this certificate4 ,mary's exhaustive answer to all this was that grace was always stronger than nature2 that the supernatural element would overrule and sustain the human one4 ,but she pleaded in vain4 ,her father was resolute4 ,he even went so far as to insist on her returning to society and seeing more of the world before she was divorced from it irrevocably4 ,this check was as severe as it was unexpected4 ,though her disgust to the vanities of her former life continued as strong as ever1 while her longing for the perfect life grew every day more intense and more energizing1 her humility made her tremble for her own weakness4 ,might not the strength that had borne her bravely so far break down under the attack of all her old tempters let loose on her at once8 ,her love of pleasure1 that fatal enemy that now seemed dead1 might it not rise up again with overmastering power1 and1 aided by the reaction prepared by her new life1 seize her and hold her more successfully than ever8 ,yes1 all this was only too possible4 ,there was nothing for it but to brave her father1 to defy his authority1 and to save her soul in spite of him4 ,she must run away from home4 ,before1 however1 putting this wise determination into practice1 it was necessary to consult ,father ,paul4 ,his answer was what most of our readers will suspect3 ,obedience is your first duty4 ,no blessing could come from such a violation of filial piety4 ,your father is a ,christian4 ,do as he bids you2 appeal to his love for your soul not to tax its strength unwisely2 then trust your soul to ,god as a little child trusts to its mother4 ,he sought you1 and pursued you1 and brought you home when you were flying from him4 ,is it likely he will forsake you now1 when you are seeking after him with all your heart and making his will the one object of your life8 ,mistrust yourself1 my child4 ,never mistrust ,god4 ,mary felt the wisdom of the advice1 and submitted to it in a spirit of docility1 of humble mistrust and brave trust1 and made up her mind to go through the trial as an earnest of the sincerity of her desire to seek ,god's will1 and accomplish it in whatever way he appointed4 ,she had so completely taken leave of the gay world for more than a year that her reappearance at a county ball caused quite a sensation4 ,rumor and romance had put their heads together1 and explained after their own fashion the motive of the change in her life and her total seclusion from society4 ,of course1 it could only be some sentimental reason1 disappointed affection1 perhaps inadequate fortune or position on one side1 and a hard-hearted father on the other1 etc4 ,whispers of this idle gossip came to ,mary's ears and amused her exceedingly4 ,she could afford to laugh at it as there was not the smallest shadow of reality under the fiction4 ,her father1 whose parental weakness sheltered itself behind the doctors and common sense1 did not exact undue sacrifices from her4 ,he allowed her to continue her ascetic rule of life unmolested1 to abstain from meat as usual1 to go assiduously amongst the poor1 and to devote as much time as she liked to prayer4 ,there were two ,masses daily in the village church1 one at half-past six1 another at half-past seven4 ,he made a difficulty at first about her assisting at them4 ,the church was nearly half an hour's walk from the house1 and the cold morning or night air1 as it really was1 was likely to try her severely4 ,but after a certain amount of arguing and coaxing ,mary carried her point1 and every morning long before daybreak sallied forth to the village4 ,her nurse1 who was very pious and passionately attached to her1 went with her4 ,not without hesitating1 though4 ,every day as regularly as they set out ,malone entered a protest4 ,it's not natural1 ,miss ,mary1 to be gadding out by candle-light in this fashion1 walking about the fields like a pair of ghosts4 ,indeed1 darlin'1 it isn't4 ,the nurse was right4 ,it certainly was not natural1 and1 if ,mary had been so minded1 she might have replied that it was not meant to be2 it was supernatural4 ,she contented herself1 however1 by deprecating the good soul's reproof and proposing to say the rosary1 a proposal to which ,malone invariably assented4 ,so1 waking up the larks with their matin prayer1 the two would walk on briskly to church4 ,once set an ,irish nurse to pray1 and she'll keep pace with any saint in the calendar4 ,malone was not behind with the best4 ,the devout old soul1 never loath to begin1 when once on her knees and fairly wound up in devotion1 would go on for ever1 and1 when the two ,masses were over and it was time to go1 ,mary had generally to break her off in the full tide of a litany that ,malone went on muttering all the way out of church and sometimes finished on the road home4 ,but if she was ready to help ,mary in her praying feats1 she highly disapproved of the fasting ones1 as well as of the short rest that her young mistress imposed on herself4 ,mary confessed to me that sleep was at this period her greatest difficulty4 ,she was by nature a great sleeper1 and there was a time when early rising1 even comparatively early1 seemed to her the very climax of heroic mortification4 ,by degrees she brought herself to rise at a given hour1 which gradually1 with the help of her angel guardian and a strong resolve1 she advanced to five o'clock4 ,during this time of probation1 her father took her constantly into society1 to archery meetings1 and regattas1 and concerts1 and balls1 as the season went on4 ,mary did her part bravely and cheerfully4 ,sometimes a panic seized her that her old spirit of worldliness was coming back--coming back with seven devils to take his citadel by storm and hold it more firmly than ever4 ,but she had only to fix her eyes steadily on the faithful beacon of the ,light-house out at sea1 and bend her ear to the ,life-bell chiming its ,sursum ,corda far above the moaning of the waves and winds1 and her foolish fears gave way4 ,no one who saw her so bright and gracious1 so gracefully pleased with everything and everybody1 suspected the war that was agitating her spirit within4 ,her father wished her to take part in the dancing1 otherwise he said her presence in the midst of it would be considered compulsory and her abstention be construed into censure or gloom4 ,mary acquiesced with regard to the square dances1 but resolutely declined to waltz4 ,her father1 satisfied with the concession1 did not coerce her further4 ,so things went on for about a year4 ,father ,paul meantime had had his share in the probationary action4 ,he knew that his patient's health was not strong1 and taking into due account her father's vehement and up to a certain point just representations on the physical impossibility of her bearing the rule of ,st4 ,bernard1 he endeavored to attract her toward an active order1 and used all his influence to induce her to try at any rate a less austere one before entering ,la ,trappe4 ,animated by the purest and most ardent love for the soul whose precious destinies were placed under his guidance1 he left nothing undone to prevent the possibility of mistake or ultimate regret in her choice4 ,he urged her to go and see various other convents and make acquaintance with their mode of life4 ,seeing her great reluctance to do this1 he had recourse to stratagem in order to compel her unconsciously to examine into the spirit and rule of several monastic houses that he held in high esteem4 ,one in particular1 a community of ,benedictines1 ,i think it was1 he thought likely to prove attractive to her as uniting a great deal of prayer with active duties toward the poor1 teaching1 etc41 and at the same time of less crucifying discipline than that of ,citeaux4 ,he gave her a commission for the superioress1 with many excuses for troubling her1 and begging that she would not undertake it if it interfered with any arrangement of her own or her father's just then4 ,mary1 never suspecting the trap that was laid for her1 made a point of setting out to the convent at once4 ,the superioress1 previously enlightened by ,father ,paul1 received her with more than kindness1 and1 after discussing the imaginary subject of the visit1 invited her to visit the chapel1 then the house1 and finally1 drawing her into confidential discourse1 explained all about its spirit and manner of life4 ,mary1 in relating this circumstance to me1 said that1 though the superioress was one of the most attractive persons she ever met1 and the convent beautiful in its appointments1 rather than enter it she would have preferred spending the rest of her days in the dangers of the most worldly life4 ,everything but ,la ,trappe was unutterably antagonistic to her4 ,yet1 with the exception of ,mount ,melleray she had never seen even the outside walls of a ,cistercian convent1 and the fact of there not being one for women in ,ireland added one obstacle more in the way of her entering ,la ,trappe4 ,when ,father ,paul heard the result of this last ruse1 he confessed the truth to her4 ,noways discouraged1 nevertheless he persisted in saying that she was much better fitted for a life of mixed activity and contemplation than for a purely contemplative one1 and he forbade her for a time to let her mind dwell on the latter as her ultimate vocation1 to read any books that treated of it1 even to pray specially that she might be led to it4 ,to all these despotic commands ,mary yielded a prompt1 unquestioning obedience4 ,she was with ,god like a child with a schoolmaster4 ,whatever lesson he set her1 she set about learning it4 ,easy or difficult1 pleasant or unpleasant1 it was all one to her cheerful good-will4 ,why do we not all do like her8 ,we are all children at school1 but1 instead of putting our minds to getting our lesson by heart1 we spend the study-hour chafing at the hard words1 dog-earing our book1 and irreverently grumbling at the master who has set us the task4 ,sometimes we think in our conceit that it is too easy1 that we should do better something difficult4 ,when the bell rings1 we go up without knowing a word of it1 and stand sulky and disrespectful before the desk4 ,we are chided1 and turn back1 and warned to do better to-morrow4 ,and so we go on from year to year1 from childhood to youth1 from youth to age1 never learning our lesson properly1 but dodging1 and missing1 and beginning over and over again at the same point4 ,some of us go on being dunces to the end of our lives1 when school breaks up1 and we are called for and taken home--to the home where there are many mansions1 but none assuredly for the drones who have spent their school-days in idleness and mutiny4 ,to ,father ,paul1 the childlike submission and humility with which ,mary met every effort to thwart her vocation were no doubt more conclusive proof of its solidity than the most marked supernatural favors would have been4 ,at last her gentle perseverance was rewarded1 grace triumphed over her father's heart1 and he expressed his willingness to give her up to ,god4 ,in the summer of #ahfa1 we went to stay at ,versailles1 and it was there that ,i received from ,mary the first definite announcement of her vocation4 ,she wrote to me saying that1 after long deliberation and much prayer and wise direction1 she had decided on entering a convent of the ,cistercian order4 ,as there was no branch of it in ,ireland1 she was to come to ,france1 and she begged me to make inquiries as to where the novitiate was1 and to let her know with as little delay as possible4 ,i will not dwell upon my own feelings on reading this letter4 ,i had expected some such result1 though1 knowing the state of her health1 it had not occurred to me she could have joined1 however she might have wished it1 so severe an order as that of the founder of ,citeaux4 ,i had not the least idea where the novitiate in ,france was2 and1 as the few persons whom ,i was able to question at once on the subject seemed to know no more about it than ,i did myself1 the hope flashed across my mind that there might not be a convent of ,trappistines at all in ,france4 ,but this was not of long duration4 ,we had on our arrival at ,versailles made the acquaintance of a young girl whom ,i shall call ,agnes4 ,my mother was already acquainted with her parents and other members of the family2 but ,agnes had either been at school or absent visiting relations1 so from one cause or another we had never met till now4 ,she was seventeen years of age1 a fair1 fragile-looking girl1 who reminded most people of ,schaeffer's ,marguerite4 ,agnes had a younger sister at the ,convent of ,la ,sainte ,enfance1 not far from her father's residence1 and she asked me one day to come and see this sister and a nun that she was very fond of4 ,i went1 and1 being full of the thought of my sweet friend in ,ireland1 ,i immediately opened the subject of ,citeaux with the pretty talkative little nun who came to the parlor with ,agnes's sister4 ,what a singular chance6 she exclaimed1 when ,i had told as much of my story as was necessary4 ,why1 we have at this moment a community of ,cistercian nuns in the house here6 ,their monastery is being repaired1 and in the meantime we have permission from the bishop to harbor them4 ,see1 she went on1 pointing to a row of windows whose closed ,persiennes were visible at an angle from where we sat1 that is where our mother has lodged them4 ,you can speak to the prioress1 if you like1 but of course you cannot see her4 ,i was more struck by the strange coincidence than overjoyed at being so near the solution of my difficulty4 ,i could not1 however1 but take advantage of the opportunity4 ,sister ,madeleine1 which was the little nun's name1 ran off to ask our mother's permission for me to speak with their ,cistercian sister1 and in a few minutes returned with an affirmative4 ,i was led to the door of the community-room1 and1 through a little extempore grating cut through the panel and veiled on the inside1 ,i held converse with the mother abbess4 ,a few words assured me that ,sister ,madeleine had been mistaken in supposing her guests to be the daughters of ,st4 ,bernard4 ,they were ,poor ,clares--an order more rigorous1 even1 than the ,trappistines2 bare feet1 except when standing on a stone pavement or in the open air1 when the rule is to slip the feet into wooden sandals1 are added to the fasting and perpetual silence of ,citeaux4 ,of this latter the abbess could tell me nothing--nothing1 at least1 of its actual existence and branches in ,france1 though she broke out into impulsive and loving praise of its spirit and its saintly founder1 and the rich harvest of souls he and his children had reaped for our ,lord4 ,here1 then1 was another respite4 ,it really seemed probable that1 if1 in a quarter so likely to be well informed on the point1 there was no account to be had of a ,trappistine convent1 there could not be one in existence1 and ,mary1 from sheer inability to enter ,la ,trappe1 might be driven to choose some less terrible rule4 ,mary meantime had set other inquirers on the track of ,st4 ,bernard1 and soon learned that the novitiate was at ,lyons4 ,the name of the monastery is ,notre ,dame de toute ,consolation4 ,after some preliminary correspondence with the abbess1 the day was fixed for her to leave ,ireland and set out to her land of promise4 ,she came1 of course1 through ,paris4 ,it was three years since we had met4 ,i found her greatly altered2 her beauty not gone1 but changed4 ,she looked1 however1 in much better health than ,i had ever seen her4 ,her spirits were gone1 but there had come in their place a serenity that radiated from her like sunshine4 ,we went out together to do some commissions of hers and the better to escape interruption1 for this was in all human probability to be our last meeting on earth1 and we had much to say to each other4 ,we drove first to ,notre ,dame des ,victoires1 where1 at her constantly recurring desire1 ,i had been in the habit of putting her name down for the prayers of the confraternity1 and we knelt once again side by side before the altar of our ,blessed ,lady4 ,from this we went to the ,sacr ,cur1 where ,mary was anxious to see some of her old mistresses and ask their prayers4 ,perseverance in her vocation1 and the accomplishment of ,god's will in her and by her1 were the graces she was never weary asking for herself1 and imploring others to ask for her4 ,her greediness for prayers was only equalled by her intense faith in their efficacy4 ,she could not resist catering for them1 and used to laugh herself at her own importunity on this point4 ,the sister who tended the gate gave us a cordial greeting2 but1 when she heard that ,mary was on her way to ,la ,trappe1 her surprise was almost ludicrous4 ,if her former pupil had said she was going to be a ,mohammedan1 it could not have called up more blank amazement than was depicted in the good sister's face on hearing her say that she was going to be a ,trappistine4 ,the mistress of schools and another nun1 who had been very kind to her during her short stay at the ,sacred ,heart1 came to the parlor4 ,i was not present at the interview1 but ,mary told me they were quite as much amazed as the sur portire4 ,it only shows what a character ,i left behind me1 she said1 laughing heartily as we walked arm in arm4 ,my turning out good for anything but mischief is a fact so miraculous that my best friends can hardly believe in it6 ,it was during this long afternoon that she told me all the details of her vocation which ,i have already narrated4 ,she seemed transcendently happy1 and so lifted by grace above all the falterings of nature as to be quite unconscious that she was about to make any sacrifice4 ,she was tenderly attached to her family1 but the pangs of separation from them were momentarily suspended4 ,her soul had grown strong in detachment4 ,it had grown to the hunger of divine love4 ,like the ,israelites1 she had gone out into the desert where the manna fell1 and she had fed upon it till all other bread was tasteless to her4 ,when ,i expressed surprise at seeing her so completely lifted above human affections1 and observed that it would save her so much anguish1 she answered quickly1 with a sudden look of pain3 ,oh6 no it will save me none of the suffering4 ,that will all come later1 when the sacrifice is made4 ,but ,i always seem to have supernatural strength given me as long as it remains to be done4 ,i took leave of ,father ,paul and my dear old nurse1 and all the friends that flocked to say good-by1 almost without a tear4 ,i felt it so little that ,i was disgusted with myself for being so heartless while they were all so tender and distressed2 but when it was all over1 and the carriage had driven out on the road1 ,i thought my heart would burst4 ,i didn't dare look back at the house1 lest ,i should cry out to them to take me home4 ,and ,i know this is how it will be to-morrow4 ,and have you thought of the possibility of having to come home after all8 ,i asked4 ,yes1 ,i have a great deal of it4 ,it is possible my health may fail1 or that ,i may have mistaken the will of ,god altogether in entering ,la ,trappe1 she answered1 with a coolness that astonished me4 ,what a trial that would be6 ,i exclaimed4 ,what a humiliation to come out1 after making such a stand about entering6 ,she laughed quite merrily4 ,humiliation6 ,and what if it were6 ,i don't care a straw if ,i go into ten convents1 and come out of them one after another1 so long as ,i find out the right one in the end4 ,what does anything signify but finding out ,god's will6 ,there was no mistaking the perfect sincerity of her words4 ,it was as clear as sunlight--the one thing necessary1 the one thing she cared one straw about1 was finding out the will of ,god4 ,human respect or any petty human motive had simply gone beyond the range of her apprehension4 ,and the silence1 ,mary8 ,i said1 smiling1 as the memory of her old school-day troubles came back on me4 ,how will you ever keep it8 ,to me it would be the most appalling part of the discipline of ,la ,trappe4 ,well1 is it not odd8 she replied4 ,it is so little appalling to me that ,i quite long for it4 ,sometimes ,i keep repeating the words1 ',perpetual silence6' over and over to myself1 as if they were a melody4 ,it was it1 ,i think1 that decided me for ,la ,trappe instead of ,carmel1 where the rule allows them to speak during recreation4 ,it seems to me the hush of tongues must be such a help to union with ,god4 ,our tongues are so apt to scare away his presence from our souls4 ,we came home to dinner4 ,while we were alone in the drawing-room1 she asked me to play something to her4 ,she had been passionately fond of the harp1 and stood by me listening with evident pleasure1 and when ,i was done began to draw out the chords with her finger4 ,does it not cost you the least little pang to give it up for ever--never to hear a note of music for the rest of your life1 ,mary8 ,i said4 ,no1 not now4 ,i felt it in the beginning2 but the only music that has a charm for me now is silence4 ,we parted1 never to meet again1 till we meet at the judgment-seat4 ,on her arrival at ,lyons1 the fatigue and emotions of the journey told on her4 ,an agonizing pain in the spine to which she was subject after any undue exertion obliged her to remain at the hotel1 lying down on the sofa nearly all day4 ,the following morning1 her father took her to the monastery4 ,like ,abraham1 he conducted his child to the mount of sacrifice1 and with his own hand laid the victim on the altar2 but no angel came to snatch away the sacrificial knife and substitute a meaner offering for the holocaust4 ,he left her at the inner gate of ,la ,trappe4 ,she wrote to me some weeks after her entrance4 ,i was less brave at parting with my beloved ones than ,i ought to have been1 she said2 but1 on account of the pain that kept me lying down in the midst of them nearly all the previous day1 ,i had not been able to pray as much as usual1 and so ,i had not got up strength enough for the trial-time4 ,i seemed to have let go my hold on our ,lord a little and to be leaning on them for courage2 but1 when ,i had been a few hours before the ,blessed ,sacrament1 the pain calmed down1 and ,i began to realize how happy ,i was4 ,i am in great hopes that ,i have found the will of ,god4 ,one trifling incident which gave innocent delight to ,mary ,i must not omit to mention4 ,she was asked on entering what name she wished to bear in religion1 and on her replying that she had not thought of one and would rather the prioress chose for her1 ,then we shall call you ,mary ,benedicta1 said the mother4 ,the saint has no name-sake amongst us at present4 ,the only thing that disappointed her in the new life was the mildness of the rule and the short time it allotted for prayer6 ,it may interest my readers and help them to estimate the spirit of the novice to hear some details of the rule that struck her as too mild4 ,the ,trappistines rise at #b ,a4,m4 winter and summer1 and proceed to choir1 chanting the ,little ,office of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,mass1 meditation1 the recital of the divine office1 and household work1 distributed to each according to her strength and aptitude and to the wants of the community1 fill up the time till breakfast1 which is at #h4 ,the rule relents in favor of those who are unable to bear the long early fast1 and they are allowed a small portion of dry bread some hours sooner4 ,i think the novices as a rule are included in this dispensation4 ,the second meal is at #b4 ,the food is frugal but wholesome1 good bread1 vegetables1 fish occasionally1 and good1 pure wine4 ,fire is an unknown luxury1 except in the kitchen4 ,the silence is perpetual1 but the novices are allowed perfect freedom of converse with their mistress1 and the professed nuns with the abbess4 ,they converse occasionally during the day amongst each other by signs4 ,they take open-air exercise1 and perform manual labor out-of-doors1 digging1 etc4 ,in-doors1 they are constantly employed in embroidering and mounting vestments4 ,some of the most elaborately wrought benediction-veils1 copes1 chasubles1 etc41 used in the large churches throughout ,france1 are worked by the ,trappistines of ,lyons4 ,they retire to rest at #h4 ,their clothing is of coarse wool1 inside and outside4 ,mary described the material life of ,la ,trappe as in every sense delightful2 the digging1 pealing potatoes1 and so forth1 as most recreative and not at all fatiguing4 ,after her first ,lent1 she wrote me that it had passed so quickly1 she hardly knew it had begun when ,easter came4 ,her only complaint was that it had been too easy1 that the austerities1 which were at all times very mild1 had not been more increased during the penitential season4 ,my third letter was on her receiving the holy habit4 ,i wish you could see me in it1 she said4 ,i felt rather odd at first1 but ,i soon grew accustomed to it1 and now it is so light and pleasant4 ,i am so happy in my vocation ,i cannot help being almost sure that ,i have found the will of ,god4 ,this was the burden of her song for evermore3 to find the will of ,god6 ,and so in prayer and expectation she kept her watch upon the tower1 her hands uplifted1 her ears and her eyes straining night and day for every sign and symbol of that blessed manifestation4 ,she kept her watch1 faithful1 ardent1 never weary of watching1 rising higher and higher in love1 sinking lower and lower in humility4 ,she had set her soul like a ladder against the sky1 and the angels were for ever passing up and down the rungs1 carrying up the incense of the prayer1 which1 as soon as it reached the throne of the ,lamb1 dissolved in graces1 and sent the angels flying down earthward again4 ,the world went on2 the wheel went round2 pleasure and folly and sin kept up their whirl with unabating force4 ,all things were the same as when ,mary ,benedicta1 hearkening to the bell from the sanctuary1 turned her back upon the vain delusion1 and gave up the gauds of time for the imperishable treasures of eternity4 ,nothing was changed4 ,was it so indeed8 ,to our eyes it was4 ,we could not see what changes were to come of it4 ,we could not see the work her sacrifice was doing1 nor measure the magnitude of the glory it was bringing to ,god4 ,poor fools6 it is always so with us4 ,we see with the blind eyes of our body the things that are of the body4 ,what do we see of the travail of humanity in ,god's creation8 ,the darkness and the pain4 ,little else4 ,we see a wicked man or a miserable man1 and we are filled with horror or with pity4 ,we think the world irretrievably darkened and saddened by the sin and the misery that we see1 forgetting the counterpart that we do not see--the sanctity and the beauty born of repentance and compassion4 ,we see the bad publican flaunting his evil ways in the face of heaven1 brawling in the streets and the market-place2 we do not see the good publican who goes up to the temple striking his breast1 and standing afar off1 and sobbing out the prayer that justifies4 ,we forget that fifty such climbing up to heaven make less noise than one sinner tearing down to hell4 ,so with pain4 ,when sorrow crushes a man1 turning his heart bitter and his wine sour1 we find it hard to believe that so much gall can yield any honey1 so much dark let in any light4 ,we cannot see--oh6 how it would startle us if we did--how many acts of kindness1 how many thoughts and deeds of love1 are evoked by the sight of his distress4 ,they may not be addressed to him1 and he may never know of them1 though he has called them into life2 they may all be spent upon other men1 strangers perhaps1 to whom he has brought comfort because of the kindliness his sorrow had stirred in many hearts4 ,some miser has been touched in hearing the tale of his distress1 and straightway opened his purse to help the ,lazarus at his own door4 ,a selfish woman of the world has foregone some bauble of vanity and given the price to a charity to silence the twinge that pursued her after witnessing his patient courage in adversity4 ,there is no end to the small change that one golden coin of love1 one act of heroic faith1 one chastened attitude of ,christian sorrow1 will send current through the world4 ,it would be easier to number the stars than to count it all up4 ,but the bright little silver pieces pass through our fingers unnoticed4 ,we do not watch for them1 neither do we hear them chime and ring as they drop all round us4 ,we do not listen for them4 ,we listen rather to the wailing and the hissing1 hearkening not at all to the rustle of angels' wings floating above the din1 nor to the sound of their crystal tears falling through the brine of human woe and lamentation4 ,one more virgin heart is given up to the ,crucified--one more victory won over nature and the kingdom of this world4 ,one more life is being lived away to ,god in the silence of the sanctuary4 ,who heeds it8 ,who sees the great things that are coming of it8--the graces obtained1 the blessings granted1 the temptations conquered1 the miracle of compassion won for some life-long sinner1 at whose death-bed1 cut off from priest or sacrament1 the midnight watcher before the tabernacle has been wrestling in spirit1 miles away1 with mountains and seas between them4 ,only when the seven seals are broken of the ,book in which the secrets of many hearts are written shall these things be made manifest1 and the wonders of sacrifice revealed4 ,mary ,benedicta was drawing to the close of her novitiate4 ,so far her health had stood the test bravely4 ,she had passed the winters without a cough1 a thing that had not happened to her for years4 ,the pain in her spine that had constantly annoyed her at home had entirely disappeared4 ,every day convinced her more thoroughly that she had found her true vocation1 and that she was doing the will of ,god4 ,her profession was fixed for the month of ,december4 ,she wrote to me a few lines1 telling me of her approaching happiness1 and begging me to get all the prayers ,i could for her4 ,her joy seemed too great for words4 ,it was1 indeed1 the joy that passes human understanding4 ,i did not hear from her again1 nor of her1 till one evening ,i received a letter from ,ireland announcing to me her death4 ,till within a few days of the date fixed for her vows1 she had been to all appearance in perfect health4 ,she followed the rule in its unmitigated rigor1 never asking nor seemingly needing any dispensation4 ,she attended choir during the seven hours' prayer1 mental and vocal1 every day4 ,there were no premonitory symptoms of any kind to herald in the messenger that was at hand4 ,quite suddenly1 one morning1 at the first matins1 she fainted away at her place in the choir4 ,they carried her to the infirmary1 and laid her on a bed4 ,she recovered consciousness after a short time1 but on attempting to rise fell back exhausted4 ,the infirmarian1 in great alarm1 asked if she was suffering much4 ,mary smiled and shook her head4 ,presently she whispered a few words to the abbess1 who had accompanied her from the choir1 and never left her side for a moment4 ,it was to ask that she might be allowed to pronounce her vows at once4 ,was this1 then1 the summons8 ,yes4 ,she was called for to go home4 ,the joy-bells of heaven rang out a merry peal4 ,the golden gates turned slowly on their hinges4 ,the ,bridegroom stood knocking at the door4 ,a messenger was dispatched in haste to the archbishop for permission to solemnize her profession at once4 ,monseigneur ,bonald granted it1 and sent at the same time a special apostolic benediction to the dying child of ,st4 ,bernard4 ,that afternoon ,mary pronounced her vows in the presence of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 and surrounded by the sisterhood1 weeping and rejoicing4 ,an hour later1 summoning her remaining strength for a last act of filial tenderness1 she dictated a few lines of loving farewell to her father4 ,then she was silent1 calm1 and rapt in prayer4 ,her eyes never left the crucifix4 ,the day past and the night4 ,she was still waiting4 ,at daybreak the ,bridegroom entered1 and she went home with him4 ,,footnote3 #bi ,a ,french child's word for hurt4 ,,the ,,lord ,,chancellors ,,of ,,ireland#cj ,the most indefatigable student of the history of ,ireland is1 at some time or another1 sure to become wearied of1 if not positively disgusted at1 the interminable series of foreign and domestic wars1 base treachery1 and wholesale massacre which unfortunately stain the annals of that unhappy country for nearly one thousand years2 and were it not that the study of profane history is a duty imposed upon us not only as an essential part of our education1 but as a source rich in the philosophy of human nature1 there are few1 we believe1 even among the most enthusiastic lovers of their race or the most industrious of book-worms1 who would patiently peruse the long and dreary record of persistent oppression and unfaltering but unavailing resistance4 ,the few centuries of pagan greatness preceding the arrival of ,st4 ,patrick1 seen through the dim mist of antiquity1 appear to have been periods of comparative national prosperity2 and the earlier ages of ,christianity in the island were not only in themselves resplendent with the effulgence of piety and learning which enshrouded the land and illumined far and near the then eclipsed nations of ,europe1 but were doubly brilliant by contrast with the darkness that subsequently followed the repeated incursions of the merciless northern ,vikings1 to whom war was a trade1 and murder and rapine the highest of human pursuits4 ,the ultimate defeat of those barbarians in the early part of the eleventh century brought little or no cessation of misery to the afflicted people2 for1 with the death of the ,conqueror1 the illustrious ,king ,brian1 in the moment of victory1 no man of sufficient statesmanship or military ability appeared who was capable of uniting the disorganized people under a general system of government1 or of compelling the obedience of the disaffected and semi-independent chiefs4 ,the evils of the preceding wars were numerous and grievous4 ,the husbandman was impoverished1 commerce had fled the sea-ports before the dreaded standard of the carrion ,raven1 learning had forsaken her wonted abodes for other climes and more peaceful scenes1 and even the religious establishments which had escaped the destroyer no longer harbored those throngs of holy men and women formerly the glory and benefactors of the island4 ,it was in this disintegrated and demoralized condition that the enterprising ,anglo-,normans of the following century found the once warlike and learned ,celtic people2 and as the new-comers were hungry for land and not overscrupulous as to how it was to be obtained1 the possession of the soil on one side1 and its desperate but unorganized defence on the other1 gave rise to those desultory conflicts1 cruel reprisals1 and horrible butcheries which only ended1 after nearly five hundred years of strife1 in the almost utter extirpation of the original owners4 ,had the ,norman invasion ended with ,strongbow and ,henry ,,ii41 or had it been more general and successful1 as in ,england1 the evil would have been limited2 but as every decade poured into ,ireland its hordes of ambitious1 subtle1 and landless adventurers1 who looked upon ,ireland as the most fitting place to carve their way to fame and fortune1 new wars of extermination were fomented1 and the wounds that afflicted the country were kept constantly open4 ,to facilitate the designs of the new-comers1 the mass of the people were outlawed1 and the punishment for killing a native1 when inflicted1 which was seldom1 was a small pecuniary fine4 ,the efforts of the ,reformers to convert by force or fraud the ancient race and the bulk of the descendants of the original ,anglo-,normans1 who vied with each other in their attachment to the church1 perpetuated even in a worse form the civil strife which had so long existed between the races1 and terminated1 at the surrender of ,limerick1 in the complete prostration of the nation4 ,but it was only for a while4 ,the extraordinary revival of the faith in ,ireland1 and its substantial triumphs in recent years1 almost make us forget and forgive the persecutions of the penal days1 and not the least of these auspicious results is the appearance of the noble book before us1 written by a distinguished gentleman of the legal profession of the ancient race and religion4 ,in his voluminous work1 ,mr4 ,o',flanagan1 avoiding all matter foreign to his subject1 and touching as lightly on wars and confiscations as possible1 while relating succinctly and carefully the lives of the numerous lord chancellors of ,ireland1 necessarily gives us a history of ,english policy and legislation in that country in an entirely new form1 and fills up in its historical and legal records a hiatus long recognized on both sides of the ,atlantic4 ,in ordinary histories1 we see broadly depicted the effects of foreign invasion and domestic broils3 in the ,lives1 we are permitted to have a view of the most secret workings of the viceregal government and of the managers of the so-called ,irish ,parliament2 of the causes which governed ,british statesmen in their treatment of the sister kingdom1 and the motive of every step taken by the dominant faction of the ,pale1 supported by the wealth and power of a great nation1 to subdue a weak neighboring people1 who1 though few in numbers1 isolated and disorganized1 possessed a high degree of civilization and a vitality that rose superior to all defeat4 ,the book has also this advantage1 that1 while it supplies the links that bind causes with effects and develops in a critical spirit the true philosophy of history1 it neither shocks our sensibilities uselessly with the perpetual narration of mental and physical suffering1 nor tires us with vain speculations on what might have been had circumstances been different4 ,the author is content to accept the inevitable1 and deals exclusively with the subject in hand4 ,the partial success of ,strongbow in conjunction with the ,leinster troops induced ,henry ,,ii4 to project a visit to ,ireland1 partly from a fear that his ambitious subject might be induced by the allurements of his newly acquired greatness to forget his pledge of fealty and allegiance1 and partly in the hope that his presence with an armed retinue would so overawe the native princes that their entire submission would follow as a matter of course4 ,he therefore landed at ,waterford1 in #aagb1 and after visiting ,lismore1 where a provincial synod was being held1 entered ,dublin on the #aath of ,november of that year4 ,but though he remained in that city during the greater part of the winter1 surrounded by all the pomp of medival royalty1 his blandishments were only partly successful in winning any of the prominent chieftains to acknowledge his assumed title of ,lord of ,ireland4 ,he rested long enough1 however1 to establish a form of provincial government for the guidance and protection of the ,anglo-,normans1 and such of the ,irish of ,dublin1 ,kildare1 ,meath1 ,wexford1 and of the surrounding counties as acknowledged his jurisdiction1 and these became what was long afterwards known as the ,english ,pale4 ,the head of this system was the personal representative of the monarch1 appointed and removed at his pleasure1 and called at various times lord deputy1 viceroy1 chief governor1 and lord-lieutenant1 and in case of his absence or death a temporary successor was to be chosen by the principal nobles of the ,pale1 until his return or the appointment of his successor by the king4 ,in the year #abai1 during the reign of ,henry ,,iii41 the laws of ,england were extended to the ,anglo-,norman colony1 and a chancellor in the person of ,john de ,worchely was appointed to assist the viceroy in the administration of the laws and public affairs4 ,the office of chancellor1 or1 as he was afterwards styled1 lord high chancellor1 was known to the ,romans1 and many of its peculiar duties and powers are directly derived from the civil law4 ,in ,england1 its establishment may be considered as contemporary with the ,norman conquest1 and from the first it assumed the highest importance in the state4 ,the office of chancellor or lord keeper1 says ,blackstone1 is created by the mere delivery of the great seal into his custody1 whereby he becomes the first officer in the kingdom and takes precedence of every temporal peer4 ,he is a privy counsellor by virtue of his office1 and1 according to ,lord ,ellismore1 prolocutor of the ,house of ,lords by prescription4 ,to him belongs the appointment of all the justices of the peace throughout the kingdom4 ,being formerly1 usually1 an ecclesiastic presiding over the king's chapel1 he became keeper of his conscience1 visitor in his right of all hospitals and colleges of royal foundation1 and patron of all his livings under the annual value of twenty pounds1 etc4 ,all this exclusive of his judicial capacity in the ,court of ,chancery1 wherein1 as in the ,exchequer1 is a common law court and a court of equity4#ca ,in ,ireland1 while the chancellor exercised the same functions within a more contracted sphere1 his political power and duties were more directly and frequently felt4 ,the viceroys1 particularly those of the early periods1 were generally soldiers expressly deputed to hold the conquests already gained1 and to enlarge by force of arms the possessions of the ,anglo-,norman adventurers4 ,they were little skilled in the arts of government1 and1 from their short terms and frequent removals1 knew little of and cared less for the people they were temporarily sent to govern4#cb ,the chancellors1 on the contrary1 were the reverse1 being from the first up to the reign of ,henry ,,viii41 with a few exceptions1 ecclesiastics1 generally men well versed in law and letters1 and having been usually at an early age selected from the inferior ranks of the ,english clergy and promoted to the highest positions in the church in ,ireland1 as a preliminary step to their appointment to the most important judicial and legislative office in the colony1 they had every inducement to become familiar with its affairs and with the dispositions and influence of the people among whom their lot in life was cast4 ,learned men were those chancellors1 says ,o',flanagan1 for the most part prelates of highly cultivated minds1 attached to the land of their birth1 while exercising important sway over the destinies of ,ireland4 ,for the first two hundred years after the creation of the office of chancellor1 very little can be gleaned by the author of the ,lives1 except the mere names1 date of patents1 and a few dry facts usually connected with well-known historical events4 ,the destruction by fire of ,st4 ,mary's ,abbey in ,dublin1 at the beginning of the fourteenth century1 and of the ,castle of ,trim1 in both of which valuable public records were kept1 accounts to some extent for this paucity of materials1 while1 as he says1 others were carried out of the country1 and are met with in the ,state ,paper ,office1 the ,rolls ,chapel1 ,record ,office1 and ,british ,museum1 in ,london2 others are at ,oxford4 ,several cities on the ,continent possess valuable ,irish documents1 while many are stored in private houses1 which the recent commission will no doubt render available--a sad commentary upon the way in which everything relating to the history of the country has been neglected by that government which so frequently parades its paternal inclinations4 ,the want of judicial business during this period was amply compensated for by repeated but vain efforts to reconcile the different factions into which the colonists of the ,pale were divided1 and to prevent the followers of the rival houses of ,ormond and ,kildare from open warfare whenever the slightest provocation was offered by either side4 ,while the power of ,england was expended in foreign wars or in the internecine struggles of the ,roses1 her grasp on the dominion of ,ireland was becoming every day more relaxed1 and it was only by the judicious pitting of one party against another1 by alternate threats and bribes1 that even the semblance of authority could be maintained at all times4 ,thus1 in #acee1 ,edward ,,iii41 writing to the ,earl of ,kildare1 uses the following emphatic words3 ,although you know of these invasions1 destructions1 or dangers1 and have been often urged to defend these marches jointly with others1 you have neither sped thither nor sent that force of men which you were strongly bound to have done for the honor of an earl1 and for the safety of those lordships1 castles1 lands1 and tenements1 which1 given and granted to your grandfather by our grandfather1 have thus descended to you4 ,since you neither endeavor to prevent the perils1 ruin1 and destruction threatening these parts1 in consequence of your neglect1 nor attend to the orders of ourselves or our council1 we shall no longer be trifled with1 etc4 ,this was strong language1 but fully justified by the unsettled condition of affairs in and outside the ,pale4 ,chancellor de ,wickford1 ,archbishop of ,dublin1 who was appointed in #acge1 found that his sacred calling and official dignity were no protection to him even in the vicinity of the capital1 and was therefore allowed a guard of six men-at-arms and twelve archers1 while the lord treasurer had the same number4 ,nor was this precaution taken against the ,irish enemy alone1 for we find that ,thomas de ,burel1 ,prior of ,kilmainham1 when chancellor1 while holding a parley with ,de ,bermingham at ,kildare1 was1 with his attendant lords1 taken prisoner4 ,the lay noblemen were ransomed1 but the prior was kept a prisoner only to be exchanged for one of the ,de ,berminghams then confined in ,dublin ,castle4 ,this family seem to have held the judicial officers somewhat in contempt1 for we read at another time that ,adam ,veldom1 ,chief ,chancery ,clerk1 was captured by them and the ,o',connors1 and obliged to pay ten pounds in silver for his release4 ,when ,john ,cotton1 ,dean of ,st4 ,patrick's1 was appointed chancellor in #acgi1 and commenced his tour1 accompanied by the viceroy1 from ,dublin to ,cork1 he was allowed for his personal retinue1 independent of his servants and clerks1 not very formidable opponents1 it is to be presumed1 four men-at-arms armed at all points1 and eight mounted archers1 a circumstance which shows that the ,irish and many of the ,anglo-,irish of the country had very little reverence for the person of even an ,english chancellor4 ,in #acih1 ,dr4 ,thomas ,cranley was sent over to ,dublin as its archbishop and chancellor of the colony1 and from his high position and known ability it was expected that he would not only remedy the disorders of the ,pale1 but bring back the great lords to a sense of their duty to the king1 and devise measures for the collection of his revenues1 which these noblemen did not seem inclined to pay with the alacrity befitting obedient subjects4 ,after several years of fruitless endeavors to effect these objects1 he was obliged to write to ,king ,henry ,,iv4 for funds to support his son1 who was then acting as viceroy4 ,with heavy hearts1 says the chancellor1 speaking for the privy council1 we testify anew to your highness that our lord1 your son1 is so destitute of money that he has not a penny in the world1 nor can borrow a single penny1 because all his jewels and his plate that he can spare of those that he must of necessity have1 are pledged and be in pawn4 ,all his soldiers have departed from him1 and the people of his household are on the point of leaving him4 ,and he further significantly adds1 ,for the more full declaring of these matters to your highness1 three or two of us should have come to your high presence1 but such is the danger on this side that not one of us dare depart from the person of our lord4 ,this was indeed a sad condition for the son of the reigning monarch and his council to find themselves in1 while the ,talbots1 ,butlers1 and ,fitzgeralds were feasting on the fat of the land surrounded by thousands of their well-paid followers4 ,again1 in #adce1 when ,archbishop ,talbot was chancellor1 the council through that prelate addressed a memorial to the king1 in which the following remarkable passage occurs3 ,first1 that it please our sovereign lord graciously to consider how this land of ,ireland is well-nigh destroyed and inhabited with his enemies and rebels1 insomuch that there is not left in the northern parts of the counties of ,dublin1 ,meath1 ,louth1 and ,kildare1 that join together out of subjection of the said enemies and rebels1 scarcely thirty miles in length and twenty miles in breadth1 as a man may surely ride or go1 in the said counties1 to answer to the king's writs and to his commandments4 ,this extraordinary admission1 made two hundred and sixty-six years after the landing of the ,normans1 would be almost incredible did it rest on less weighty authority4 ,this was the time for the ,irish people to have regained their freedom1 and1 had they had half as much of the spirit of nationality and organization as they possessed of valor and endurance1 a decisive blow might easily have been struck that would have for ever ended the ,english power in their island4 ,but the propitious moment was allowed to pass1 and dearly did they pay in after-times for their supineness and folly4 ,the dissensions were not confined to the natives4 ,the quarrels and bickerings of the nobles and officials of the ,pale seemed to invite destruction4 ,rival parliaments were held2 viceroys who were attached by policy or affection to the houses of ,york and ,lancaster contended in the ,castle of ,dublin for the legitimacy of their respective factions2 and even the ,lord ,chancellor ,sherwood1 ,bishop of ,meath1 and the members of the privy council1 whose office and duty it was to preserve the peace between all parties1 were found the most turbulent2 the chancellor and chief-justice of the king's bench requiring the interposition of the king to keep them quiet1 while the ,irish so pressed upon the narrow limits of the ,english settlements that the statute requiring cities and boroughs to be represented by inhabitants of the same was obliged to be repealed upon the express ground that representatives could not be expected to encounter1 on their journeys to parliament1 the great perils incident from the king's ,irish enemies and ,english rebels1 for it is openly known how great and frequent mischiefs have been done on the ways both in the south1 north1 east1 and west parts1 by reason whereof they may not send proctors1 knights1 nor burgesses4#cc ,such was the condition of ,ireland in ,a4,d4 #adhj1 just three centuries after the advent of ,henry ,,ii4 to her shores4 ,one of the principal duties of the ,irish lord chancellors1 even to the very moment of its extinction1 was the management of the ,irish parliament4 ,the body that for so many centuries bore that pretentious title1 but which never spoke the voice of even a respectable minority of the people1 is said to have owed its origin to the second ,henry1 though according to ,whiteside1 who follows the authority of ,sir ,john ,davies1 no parliament was held in the country for one hundred and forty years after that king's visit4#cd ,except in an antiquarian point of view1 the matter is of little importance1 as such gatherings in ,ireland1 even more so than those of ,england1 could not at that time be called either representative or deliberative bodies1 for their members were not chosen by even a moiety of the people1 and they were mere instruments in the hands of the governing powers1 who moulded them at will when they desired to impose new taxes or unjust laws on the people1 ostensibly with their own sanction4 ,from the days of ,simon de ,montfort to those of ,george ,,iv41 the ,english parliamentary system has been an ingeniously devised engine of general oppression under the garb of popular government4 ,of the ancient parliaments1 the most famous was that held at ,kilkenny during the chancellorship of ,john ,trowyk1 ,prior of ,st4 ,john1 in #acfg1 at which was passed the statute bearing the name of that beautiful city4 ,though the name only of the chancellor1 who doubtless was the author ex officio1 has come down to us1 that delectable specimen of ,english legislation is doubtless destined to survive the changes of time1 and expire only with the language itself4 ,it prohibited marriage1 gossipred1 and fostering between the natives and the ,anglo-,irish under penalty of treason1 also selling to the former upon any condition horses1 armor1 or victuals1 under a like penalty4 ,all persons of either nationality living in the ,pale were to use the ,english language1 names1 customs1 dress1 and manner of riding4 ,no ,irishman was to be admitted to holy orders1 nor was any minstrel1 story-teller1 or rhymer to be harbored4 ,english on the borders should hold no parley with their ,irish neighbors1 except by special permission1 nor employ them in their domestic wars4 ,irish games were not to be indulged in1 but should give place to those of the ,english1 as being more gentlemanlike sports4 ,any infraction of these provisions was to be punished with rigor1 for1 says the preamble to the act1 many of the ,english of ,ireland1 discarding the ,english tongue1 manners1 style of riding1 laws1 and usages1 lived and governed themselves according to the mode1 fashion1 and language of the ,irish enemies1 etc41 whereby the said ,irish enemies were exalted and raised up contrary to reason4 ,this enactment is perhaps without a parallel in the history of semi-civilized legislation1 if we except that passed at a parliament held at ,trim in #addg1 and for which we are indebted to no less a person than the ,archbishop of ,dublin1 lord chancellor at that period4 ,it enacts that those who would be taken for ,englishmen 7that is1 within the protection of law7 should not wear a beard on the upper lip2 that the said lip should be shaved once at least in every two weeks1 and that offenders therein should be treated as ,irish enemies4 ,as no provision was inserted in the statute providing for the supply of razors1 or mention made of the appointment of state barbers1 we presume it soon became inoperative4 ,by such penal legislation it was weakly supposed the evils of the country could be cured most effectually1 but1 unfortunately for the lawmakers1 it was easier to pass statutes than to enforce them4 ,on the mass of the people they had no effect whatever1 except1 perhaps1 to bind them faster to their ancient laws and customs1 and he would have been a bold officer indeed who would have attempted to carry them out1 even among the ,anglo-,irish families outside of the ,pale2 for we find that1 at a parliament held in ,dublin in #adda1 under the supervision of ,archbishop ,talbot1 a strong request was made to the king to furnish troops for the defence of the colony1 the privy council having some time previously represented that the king should ordain that the ,admiral of ,england should1 in summer season1 visit the coasts of ,ireland to protect the merchants from the ,scots1 ,bretons1 and ,spaniards1 who came thither with their ships stuffed with men of war in great numbers1 seizing the merchants of ,ireland1 ,wales1 and ,england1 and holding them to ransom4#ce ,the selfish but sagacious policy of ,henry ,,vii4 had done so much to remedy the evils inflicted on ,england by the wars of the ,roses that when his son1 ,henry ,,viii41 ascended the throne in #aeji1 he found a united and contented people1 a well-filled treasury1 and a subservient parliament4 ,the character of this notorious ruler is too well known to need comment1 and the effects of his crimes are still perceptibly felt by the country that had the misfortune to have given him birth4 ,his influence on ,irish affairs1 though more disastrous in its immediate results1 has happily long since been obliterated4 ,dr4 ,rokeby1 ,bishop of ,meath1 and afterward ,archbishop of ,dublin1 first appointed chancellor in #adih1 was retained in his office by the new king4 ,he is represented as a man of marked piety and learning1 but he would have been unfitted to fill an office under the ,english crown had he allowed any scruples of conscience to stand between him and the behests of his royal master4 ,what these were may be judged from a passage in a private letter from ,henry to his viceroy4 ,now1 he writes1 at the beginning1 political practices may do more good than exploits of war1 till such time as the strength of the ,irish enemy shall be enfeebled and diminished2 as well by getting their captains from them1 as by putting division among them1 so that they join not together#cf--;an advice eminently suggestive1 but by no means new1 for the policy of arraying the ,irish against each other had been practised long before with fatal effect4 ,rokeby held the great seal for twenty-one years1 and his long term was marked by his successful efforts to reconcile the hostile ,anglo-,irish factions1 his negotiations with the native chiefs1 for the purpose of inducing them to acknowledge the sovereignty of ,henry1 and the consequent extension of the functions of the courts over the greater part of the island4 ,the success of the first and last of these measures was mainly due to the personal efforts of the lord chancellor1 and the submission of the ,irish party resulted from the loss of the battle of ,knocktough1 in #aejd1 and the favorable promises held out by the chancellor and viceroy1 inducements1 it is needless to say1 which were never fulfilled4 ,he was succeeded by the two ,st4 ,lawrences1 father and son1 of whom nothing notable is recorded1 but that they were laymen and natives of the soil2 and by ,archbishop ,ingle1 who1 however1 held office for but one year4 ,the next ecclesiastical chancellor was ,dr4 ,alan1 commissioned in #aebh4 ,this distinguished official was remarkable not only for his great mental capacity1 but as a not unfavorable sample of the ,english political churchmen of the era immediately preceding the so-called ,reformation--men who1 by their laxity of faith and worldly ambition1 paved the way for the subsequent grand march of heresy and immorality4 ,born in ,england in #adgf1 he studied with credit both at ,oxford and ,cambridge1 and at an early age entered the priesthood4 ,his varied acquirements and experience of mankind gained him1 in #aeae1 the degree of doctor of laws and the confidence of the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 then ,lord ,chancellor of ,england1 by whom he was sent to ,rome on a special mission4 ,on his return1 he was appointed chaplain to ,cardinal ,wolsey1 and judge of his legantine court4 ,in both capacities he appears to have given satisfaction1 particularly in the latter1 in which he materially assisted the ambitious cardinal in suppressing certain monasteries1 and appropriating the revenues1 it is more than suspected1 to his own and his patron's use4 ,for these services he was rewarded with the archbishopric of ,dublin and the ,irish chancellorship4 ,his two great vices1 avarice and the love of intrigue1 became now fully developed4 ,when not begging for increase of salary or emoluments1 he was writing scandalous letters to his friends at the ,english court1 complaining of the conduct of the viceroy1 the unfortunate ,earl of ,kildare1 and it was mainly through his instrumentality1 supported by ,wolsey1 that that nobleman was called to ,england and committed to the ,tower of ,london4 ,his next step was to circulate a false report that the earl had been executed4 ,this led1 as he anticipated1 to the rebellion of ,kildare's son and deputy1 better known as ,silken ,thomas1 and a number of ,irish chiefs with whom the ,fitzgeralds were allied1 and1 upon its suppression1 to the confiscation of vast estates in ,leinster and ,munster4 ,but ,alan did not live long enough to behold the result of his sanguinary policy4 ,alarmed at the storm he had raised1 he endeavored to escape from the country1 but the elements seem to have conspired against him1 for he was cast ashore near ,clontarf1 and1 on being discovered by some of ,thomas's followers1 he was put to death4 ,he was succeeded as chancellor by ,cromer1 ,archbishop of ,armagh1 who was1 however1 shortly after deprived of his office for his unflinching opposition to ,henry's absurd pretensions of being considered ,head of the ,church4 ,it was of this prelate that ,browne1 the king's ,archbishop of ,dublin1 wrote to ,lord ,henry ,cromwell1 in #afce1 that he had endeavored1 almost to the hazard and danger of his temporal life1 to procure the nobility and gentry of this nation to due obedience in owning his highness their supreme head1 as well spiritual as temporal2 and do find much oppugning therein1 especially by his brother ,armagh1 who hath beene the main oppugner1 and so hath withdrawn most of his suffragans and clergy within his see and diocese4#cg ,unable to coerce or cajole the ,pope1 ,henry at length threw down the gauntlet to the ,holy ,father1 and1 emboldened doubtless by the ready submission of the ,english1 resolved to enforce his new ideas of religion on the people of ,ireland4 ,the parliament of that country1 pliant as ever1 voted him king of ,ireland and head of the church1 and would as willingly have conferred on him any other title1 no matter how far-fetched or absurd1 had he desired it4 ,archbishop ,browne1 of ,dublin1 was a ,christian after the king's own heart1 and1 in his way1 as consistent and as zealous a reformer2 and with the chancellor1 ,lord ,trimblestown1 at the laboring-oar1 the task of converting the ,irish to the new faith was considered quite easy4 ,here and there a stubborn recusant was anticipated1 but were there not monasteries and nunneries enough to be confiscated1 and lands and revenues to be given away1 to satisfy those benighted adherents to the old faith8 ,a grand tour of proselytism throughout the country was therefore projected1 and the lord chancellor1 the archbishop1 and the other members of the privy council sallied out1 accompanied by their men-at-arms1 procurants1 clerks1 and retainers1 to expound the ,gospel according to ,king ,henry1 and to enforce their doctrines1 if all else failed1 by the carnal weapons of the lash and halter4 ,they visited in succession ,carlow1 ,kilkenny1 ,ross1 ,wexford1 and ,waterford1 where they are mindful to acknowledge they were well entertained4 ,the archbishop on ,sundays preached the word of ,god1 having very good audience1 and published the king's injunctions and the king's translation of the ,pater ,noster1 ,ave ,maria1 the ,articles of ,faith1 and the ,ten ,commandments in ,english1 while on week-days the chancellor took his share of the good work2 for1 continues the report1 the day following we kept the sessions there 7,waterford7 both for the city and the shire1 where was put to execution four felons1 accompanied by another1 a friar1 whom1 among the residue1 we commanded to be hanged in his habit1 and so to remain upon the gallows for a mirror to all his brethren to live truly4#ch ,this judicious mixture of preaching and hanging1 the ,lord's ,prayer and the statute of ,kilkenny1 it was thought1 would have a salutary effect on the souls and bodies of unbelievers1 and was a fitting form of introducing the ,reformation to the consideration of the ,irish people4 ,the war on the faith of the nation having been thus openly and auspiciously inaugurated1 we must henceforth look upon the chancellors of ,ireland not only as the persistent defenders of the ,english interest in that country1 but as the most dangerous because the most insidious and influential enemies of ,catholicity4 ,sir ,john ,alan was appointed chancellor in #aeci1 and in the following year we find him at the head of a royal commission for the suppression of religious houses4 ,the authority to the commissioners sets forth1 with a mendacity never surpassed in a state paper1 and rarely paralleled1 even in the worst days of anti-,catholic persecution1 the following pretexts for striking a deadly blow at the bulwarks of charity1 religion1 and learning3 ,that from information of trustworthy persons1 it being manifestly apparent that the monasteries1 abbies1 priories1 and other places of religious or regulars in ,ireland are1 at present1 in such a state that in them the praise of ,god and the welfare of man are next to nothing regarded1 the regulars and others dwelling there being addicted1 partly to their own superstitious ceremonies1 partly to the pernicious worship of idols1 and to the pestiferous doctrines of the ,roman ,pontiff1 that unless an effectual remedy be promptly provided1 not only the weak lower order1 but the whole ,irish people1 may be speedily infected to their total destruction by the example of these persons4 ,to prevent1 therefore1 the longer continuance of such religious men and nuns in so damnable a state1 the king1 having resolved to resume into his own hands all the monasteries and religious houses1 for their better reformation1 to remove from them the religious men and women1 and cause them to return to some honest mode of living1 and to true religion1 directs the commissioners to signify this his intention to the heads of religious houses1 etc4#ci ,it is unnecessary to say that this measure of wholesale spoliation was promptly and thoroughly carried out4 ,the thousand ruins that dot the island attest it1 and the title-deeds of many a nobleman's broad acres bear date no earlier than this edict of the greatest monster that ever disgraced the ,british throne4 ,from this time forth1 the lord chancellors found their best passport to royal favor in devising measures for the destruction of the popular faith4 ,being generally needy adventurers1 with nothing but their legal knowledge and facile consciences to begin the world with1 they neither loved the country nor respected the people1 and their titles and wealth depended simply on their zeal for ,protestantism4 ,of the hundreds of penal laws which disgrace the statute-book of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries1 every one of them owes its inception and enactment to one or another of those subtle-minded officials who1 as the head of the lords1 president of the privy council1 and the dispenser of vast judicial and executive patronage1 had a potent influence in all public affairs4 ,they continued industriously to carry out the designs of ,henry during the successive reigns of his worthy daughter ,elizabeth1 the ,stuarts1 ,william1 ,anne1 and the ,house of ,brunswick4 ,even when the fears of foreign invasion in #agfj1 and the noble resistance of the fathers of our republic some years later1 had awakened the fears of the ,british authorities and induced them to relax somewhat the chains of the ,catholics1 the voice of the lord chancellors was still for war4 ,apart1 however1 from this spirit of intolerance which seemed to be naturally attached to the office1 it must be confessed that from the days of ,henry the great seal was held by many able lawyers and distinguished statesmen1 some of whom were not unknown in the world of letters as authors and liberal patrons of learning and science4 ,the names of ,curwan1 ,loftus 7who founded ,trinity ,college ,university71 ,boyle1 ,porter1 ,butler1 ,cox1 ,broderick1 ,bowles1 and many others1 occupy honored positions in the legal annals of ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 and their lives1 full of incident and variety1 are fully and fairly placed before us by ,mr4 ,o',flanagan4 ,the treaty of union in #ahjj1 by which ,ireland lost her parliament1 and legislatively became a province1 deprived the ,irish chancellors of much of their original political power2 though1 strange as it may appear1 this object was effected mainly through the exertions of ,lord ,clare1 who at that time held the office4 ,in this man's character1 distinguished as it was for many private virtues1 and for every public vice that it is possible to conceive1 were united the good and bad qualities of all his predecessors1 joined to a wonderful mental capacity which far surpassed them all4 ,born in ,ireland1 he was of ,english extraction and more than ,english in feeling1 and1 though of an exemplary ,catholic stock1 he was the son of an apostate clerical student1 a most violent ,protestant and a rancorous proscriptionist4 ,a profound jurist and an upright judge in purely legal matters1 his anti-,catholic prejudices seemed totally to have warped his judgment whenever the question of religion presented itself1 and1 though a steadfast friend in private of those who agreed with or did not care to differ from him1 he never failed to carry into official life the hatreds and animosities engendered in political struggles or domestic intercourse4 ,a powerful orator1 full of strong legal points1 logical propositions1 and keen1 and sometimes coarse1 sarcasm1 he ruled his party with a rod of iron1 and1 when persuasion and threats failed1 he hesitated not to use bribes and cajolery4 ,his mental energy was equal to any amount of labor1 and his physical courage was beyond question1 even in a country and age where bravery was ranked among the highest of virtues4 ,such was ,john ,fitzgibbon1 first ,earl of ,clare1 born near ,dublin in #agdi1 a man pre-eminently fitted by ,providence to adorn his country and benefit mankind1 but who perverted his great gifts and employed them with too much success in destroying that country's remnant of independence1 and in devising new methods of persecution for his ,catholic relatives and countrymen4 ,he died in the plenitude of his power in #ahjb2 his name when mentioned is reprobated by all good men in the nation he betrayed2 his title1 so ingloriously won1 is extinct2 and his bench in ,chancery and his seat in the ,house of ,lords are filled by one of that race and creed which he so cordially detested and so ruthlessly persecuted4#dj ,sic transit gloria mundi4 ,mr4 ,o',flanagan brings down his ,lives to the time of ,george ,,iv41 but this latter portion of his valuable collection of biographies belongs more to the domain of law than of history4 ,indeed1 the entire work is full of curious and interesting information which will be highly prized by the legal profession4 ,what the late ,lord ,campbell has done so well for the ,english chancellors1 the author has endeavored to do for those of ,ireland1 and with equal success1 notwithstanding the scarcity of materials and the loose manner in which the ,irish records have been kept4 ,one of the most attractive features of this book is the total absence of passion or prejudice in the narrative of events and estimation of character2 but every necessary circumstance is detailed in a plain1 lucid1 and intelligible style1 and with something of judicial gravity and impartiality befitting so important a subject4 ,as far as the author's own political predilections are concerned--and we suspect that they are by no means intensely national--the tone of the book may be said to be colorless1 a peculiarity in modern biography which1 while it may detract from its vivacity1 will certainly add much weight to its value as an authority4 ,we are promised a sequel to the chancellors1 containing the lives of the lord chief-justices1 which we hope will soon appear1 for the more light that is shed on those darkened pages of ,ireland's history1 the better for the cause of truth1 justice1 and humanity4 ,,footnotes3 #cj ,the ,lives of the ,lord ,chancellors and the ,keepers of the ,great ,seal of ,ireland1 from the ,earliest ,times to the ,reign of ,queen ,victoria4 ,by ,j4 ,roderick ,o',flanagan1 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 ,two vols4 pp4 #eee1 #fba4 ,london3 ,longmans ,green ,co4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ca ,com4 on the ,laws of ,england1 p4 #dbi et seq4 #cb ,between #aagb and #abjj1 ,ireland had no fewer than seventeen chief governors4 ,in the thirteenth century1 they numbered forty-six2 in the fourteenth1 ninety-three2 in the fifteenth1 eighty-five2 in the sixteenth1 seventy-six2 in the seventeenth1 seventy-nine2 and in the eighteenth1 ninety-four4--,o',flanagan1 vol4 i4 p4 #bic4 #cc ,o',flanagan1 vol4 i4 p4 #acj4 #cd ,life and ,death of the ,irish ,parliament4 ,by the ,right ,hon4 ,james ,whiteside1 ,c4,j4 #ce ,gilbert's ,viceroys of ,ireland4 #cf ,state ,papers1 temp4 ,henry ,,viii4 #cg ,ware's ,life of ,browne4 #ch ,state ,papers1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ajh4 #ci ,morrin's ,cal4 vol4 i4 p4 #ee4 #dj ,john ,o',hagan1 the present ,lord ,high ,chancellor of ,ireland4 ,,gottfried ,,von ,,strassburg',s ,,great ,,hymn ,,to ,,the ,,virgin4 ,the period of the ,german ,minnesinger1 dating from about the middle of the thirteenth to the middle of the fourteenth century1 witnessed probably the intensest and sincerest devotion to the worship of the ,virgin ,mary in the whole history of the ,catholic ,church4 ,intense and sincere pre-eminently1 because so expressed in the vast number of paintings and poems in her glorification whereof we have record4 ,that whole period1 indeed1 was one of fervent religious feeling1 stimulated by the ,crusades1 and naturally choosing the ,virgin for the chief object of worship1 as the whole knightly spirit of that age was one of devotion to woman4 ,the pure love--for ,minne is pure love--of woman has never1 in the history of literature1 been so exclusively made the topic of poetry as it was during that century of the ,minnesinger2 it is the absorbing theme of the almost two hundred poets of that time1 of whom we have poems handed down to us1 and its highest expression was attained in those poems that were addressed to the woman of all women1 ,mary1 the mother of ,jesus4 ,the ,german language in the thirteenth century had attained a development which fitted it pre-eminently for lyric poetry in all its branches4 ,what it has since gained in other respects it has lost in sweet music of sound4 ,furthermore1 the true laws of rhythm1 metre1 and verse for modern languages1 as distinguished from the rules that governed classic poetry1 had been discovered and fixed2 rules and laws the knowledge whereof subsequently was lost1 and which it gave ,goethe so much trouble1 as he tells us in his autobiography1 to find again4 ,the purity of rhyme has never since in ,german poetry attained the same degree of perfection1 not even under the skilful hand of ,rueckert and ,platen1 which the ,minnesinger gave to it2 and thus altogether those matters1 which constitute the mechanism of poetry1 were in fullest bloom4 ,now this mechanism and the wonderful language which it operated upon being in the possession and under the full control of such men as were the poets of that day1 the result could be only poems of perfect form1 and yet at the same time nave1 earnest1 intense1 and enthusiastic in their character4 ,for those poets were not--like those of our modern poets who have completest control of the mechanism of poetry1 as ,tennyson1 ,swinburne1 etc4--poets of a cold1 reflective bent of mind1 but they were simple knights1 with great enthusiasm in the cause of the ,crusades and of ladies2 at the same time gifted with a wondrous power of versification4 ,a considerable number of them1 some of the best1 as ,wolfram von ,eschenbach1 ,ulrich von ,lichtenstein1 etc41 could not even write and read1 and had to dictate their poems to their ,singerlein1 or sing it to him--for these poets invented a melody for each of their poems--which ,singerlein again transmitted it in the same manner until1 in the course of time1 these unwritten ,minnelieder were1 as much as possible1 gathered together by the noble knight1 ,ruediger von ,manasse1 his son1 and the ,minnesinger1 ,johann ,hadlaub1 put into manuscript1 and thus happily preserved for future generations4 ,the songs that these ,minnesingers sang are of a threefold character3 either in praise of the ladies1 usually coupled with references to the seasons of the year2 or of a didactic character2 or1 finally1 in praise of the ,virgin4 ,their form is only twofold3 either they are lays or songs proper4 ,the song or ,minnelied proper has invariably a triplicity of form in each stanza1 that is1 each stanza has three parts1 whereof the first two correspond with each other exactly1 whereas the third has an independent1 though of course rhythmically connected1 flow of its own4 ,the lay1 on the contrary1 is of irregular construction1 and permits the widest rhythmical liberties4 ,of the many ,minnelieder addressed to the ,virgin we have presented to us examples of both kinds1 lays and songs4 ,chief among them are a lay by ,walther von der ,vogelweide1 and the ,great ,hymn by ,gottfried von ,strassburg4 ,the latter is probably the finest of all the ,minnelieder--worldly and sacred--of that period4 ,ranking next to these two there is1 however1 another poem to the ,virgin1 not to be classified strictly under the general title of ,minnelieder1 but still the production of a famous ,minnesinger1 and withal a poem of wondrous beauty1 which for two centuries kept its hold upon the people4 ,this is ,konrad von ,wuerzburg's ,golden ,smithy--a poem that is written in the metre of the narrative poem of that age1 namely1 in lines wherein every line ending in a masculine rhyme has four accentuations and every line ending in a female rhyme has three accentuations1 the syllables not being counted--a metre that ,coleridge has adopted in his poem ,christabel4 ,in this ,golden ,smithy the poet represents himself as a goldsmith1 working all manner of precious stones and gold into a glorious ornament for the ,queen of ,heaven1 by gathering into his poem all possible images and similes from the world of nature1 from sacred and profane history and fable1 and from all the virtues and graces of mankind4 ,it is a poem of wonderful splendor1 and has a great smoothness of diction4 ,if1 says the poet in the opening of the poem1 in the depth of the smithy of my heart ,i could melt a poem out of gold and could enamel the gold with the glowing ruby of pure devotion1 ,i would forge a transparent1 shining1 and sparkling praise of thy worth1 thou glorious empress of heaven4 ,yet1 though my speech should fly upward like a noble eagle1 the wings of my words could not carry me beyond thy praise2 marble and adamant shall be sooner penetrated by a straw1 and the diamond by molten lead1 than ,i attain the height of the praise that belongs to thee4 ,not until all the stars have been counted and the dust of the sun and the sand of the sea and the leaves of the trees1 can thy praise be properly sung4 ,but even this poem is far surpassed in beauty every way by ,gottfried von ,strassburg's ,great ,hymn4 ,indeed1 ,konrad himself modestly confesses this in his ,golden ,smithy1 when he regrets that he does not sit upon the green clover bedewed with sweet speech1 on which sat worthily ,gottfried von ,strassburg1 who1 as a most artistic smith1 worked a golden poem1 and praised and glorified the ,holy ,virgin in much better strain4 ,there is1 indeed1 a wondrous beauty in this hymn of ,gottfried von ,strassburg1 a beauty much akin to that of his own ,strassburg ,cathedral1 which was begun about the same time4 ,it is1 says ,van der ,hagen1 the very glorification of love 7,minne7 and of ,minnesong2 it is the heavenly bridal song1 the mysterious ,solomon's ,song1 which mirrors its miraculous object in a stream of deep and lovely images1 linking them all together into an imperishable wreath2 yet even here in its profundity and significance of an artistic and numerously-rhymed construction2 always clear as crystal1 smooth and graceful4 ,the poem separates into three parts3 in the first whereof the poet exhorts all those who desire to listen to his song of ,god's great love to endeavor to gain it by unremitting exertion2 and furthermore to pray for him1 the poet1 who has so little striven to attain it for himself4 ,in the second part1 the poet calls upon the heavens and ,christ to bend down and listen to his truthful lays in praise of ,christ's sweet mother4 ,then in the third part begins the praise of the ,virgin1 followed by that of her ,son1 and the poem reaches its supreme fervor when it breaks out finally in praise of ,god himself4 ,thence it gradually lowers its tone1 and finally expires in a sigh4 ,i suppose it is impossible to give an adequate idea by translation of the melodious sound of words1 the perfect rhythm1 and the artistic gradation of effect which this poem has parts of the poem1 and so selected as to give a general idea of both the manner and the matter of the poem4 ,the selection opens with the first and ends with the last verses of the whole poem2 but the whole itself being composed of ninety-four stanzas1 it was necessary to take from in the original4 ,i can say only that ,i have done my best in the following stanzas1 selected from the various the intermediate ones only specimens4 ,the imagery may often seem far-fetched1 but it must be remembered that the men of that period likened ,god and the ,god-begotten unto everything on earth and in heaven1 for the simple reason that they deemed it irreverent and impossible to characterize them by any single predicate or word4 ,of the poet himself we know very little4 ,his name indicates him to have been a citizen of ,strassburg4 ,his title ,meister 7master7 shows that his station in life was that of a citizen and not of a noble or knight1 their title being ,herr4 ,he was undoubtedly the foremost poet of his age1 and--together with ,wolfram von ,eschenbach--was then and is still so considered4 ,his greatest work is the narrative poem1 ,tristan und ,isolde2 but that he left unfinished4 ,we have no other work of his handed down to us except three or four small ,minnesongs4 ,,hymn ,,to ,,the ,,virgin4 ,ye1 who your life would glorify ,and float in bliss with ,god on high1 ,there to dwell nigh ,his peace and love's salvation2 ,who fain would learn how to enroll ,all evils under your control1 ,and rid your soul ,of many a sore temptation3 ,give heed unto this song of love ,and follow its sweet story2 ,then will its passing sweetness prove ,unto your hearts a peaceful dove1 ,and upward move ,your souls to realms of glory4 ,ye1 who would hear what you have ne'er ,heard spoken1 now incline your ear ,and listen here ,to what my tongue unfoldeth4 ,yea1 list to the sweet praise and worth ,of her who to ,god's child gave birth2 ,wherefore on earth ,god as in heaven her holdeth4 ,e'en as the air when fresh bedewed ,bears fruitful growth1 so to man ,she bears an ever-fruitful mood3 ,never so chaste and sweet heart's blood1 ,so true and good1 ,was born by mortal woman4 ,i speak of thee in my best strain3 ,no mother e'er such child may gain1 ,or child attain ,so pure a mother ever4 ,he chose what his own nature was2 ,his glorious ,godhead chose as case ,the purest vase ,of flesh and bone's endeavor ,that woman ever to her heart ',tween earth and heaven gave pressure4 ,in thee lay hidden every part1 ,that ever did from virtue start2 ,of bliss thou art ,the sweetest1 chosen treasure4 ,thou gem1 thou gold1 thou diamond-glow1 ,thou creamy milk1 white ivory1 oh6 ,thou honey-flow ,in heart and mouth dissolving2 ,of fruitful virtue a noble grove1 ,the lovely bride of ,god above-- ,thou sweet1 sweet love1 ,thou hour with bliss revolving6 ,of chastity thou whitest snow1 ,a grape of chaste and sure love1 ,a clover-field of true love's glow1 ,of grace a bottomless ocean's flow3 ,yea more1 ,i trow3 ,a turtle-dove of pure love4 ,god thee hath clothed with raiments seven1 ,on thy pure body1 brought from heaven1 ,hath put them even ,when thou wast first created4 ,the first dress ,chastity is named1 ,the second is as ,virtue famed1 ,the third is claimed ,and as sweet ,courtesy rated4 ,the fourth dress is ,humility1 ,the fifth is ,mercy's beauty1 ,the sixth one1 ,faith1 clings close to thee1 ,the seventh1 humble ,modesty1 ,keepeth thee free ,to follow simple duty4 ,to worship1 ,lady1 thee doth teach ,pray'r to drenched courage and numbed speech1 ,yea1 and fires each ,cold heart with heavenly rapture4 ,to worship thee1 ,o ,lady6 can ,teach many an erring1 sinful man1 ,how from sin's ban ,his soul he still may capture4 ,to worship thee is e'en a branch ,on which the soul's life bloometh2 ,to worship thee makes bold and stanch ,the weakest soul on sin's hard bench2 ,god it doth wrench ,from hell and in heaven roometh4 ,then let both men and women proclaim1 ,and what of mother's womb e'er came1 ,both wild and tame1 ,the grace of thy devotion4 ,then praise thee now what living lives1 ,whatever heaven's dew receives1 ,runs1 floats1 or cleaves ,through forest or through ocean4 ,then praise thee now the fair star-shine1 ,the sun and the moon gold-glowing1 ,then praise thee the four elements thine2 ,yea1 blessedness around thee twine1 ,thou cheering wine1 ,thou stream with grace o'erflowing4 ,rejoice1 then1 ,lady of the skies1 ,rejoice1 thou ,god-love's paradise1 ,rejoice1 thou prize ,of sweetest roses growing6 ,rejoice1 thou blessed maiden1 then1 ,rejoice1 that every race and clan1 ,woman and man1 ,pray to thy love o'erflowing4 ,rejoice1 that thou with ,god dost show ,so many things in common3 ,his yea thy yea1 his no thy no2 ,endless ye mingle in one flow2 ,small and great1 lo6 ,he shares with thee1 sweet woman4 ,now have ,i praised the mother thine1 ,o sweet1 fair ,christ and ,lord of mine6 ,that honor's shrine ,wherein thou wast created4 ,and loud ,i'll now praise thee1 ,o ,lord6 ,yea1 did ,i not1 'twould check my word2 ,thy praise has soared1 ,and with all things been mated4 ,seven hours each day thy praise shall now ,by me in pray'r be chanted2 ,this well belongs to thee1 ,i trow1 ,for with all virtues thou dost glow2 ,from all grief thou ,relief to us hast granted4 ,thou of so many pure hearts the hold1 ,so many a pure maid's sweetheart bold1 ,all thee enfold ,with love bright1 loud1 and yearning4 ,thou art caressed by many a mood1 ,caressed by many a heart's warm blood2 ,thou art so good1 ,so truthful and love-burning4 ,caressed by all the stars that soar1 ,by moon and sun1 thou blessing6 ,caressed by the great elements four2 ,oh6 ne'er caressed so was afore1 ,nor will be more1 ,sweetheart by love's caressing6 ,yea1 thou art named the ,god of grace1 ,without whose special power1 no phase ,of life in space ,had ever gained existence4 ,what runneth1 climbeth1 sneaketh1 or striveth1 ,what crawleth1 twineth1 flieth1 or diveth1 ,yea1 all that thriveth ,in earth and heaven's subsistence3 ,of all1 the life to thee is known1 ,thou art their food and banner1 ,the lives of all are held alone ,by thee1 ,o ,lord6 and on thy throne2 ,thus is well known ,thy grace in every manner4 ,god of thee speaking1 ,god of thee saying1 ,teareth the heart its passions flaying1 ,and stay waylaying ,the ever-watchful devil4 ,god of thee speaking1 ,god of thee saying1 ,much strength and comfort keeps displaying2 ,and hearts thus staying1 ,are saved from every evil4 ,god of thee speaking1 ,god of thee saying1 ,is pleasure beyond all pleasure4 ,it moves our hearts1 thy grace surveying1 ,to keep with love thy love repaying2 ,o'er all things swaying ,thus shines thy love's great treasure4 ,god of thee speaking repentance raises ,when they1 who chant thy wondrous praises1 ,use lying phrases3 ,so purely thy word gloweth4 ,it suffers less a lying mood ,than suffers waves the ocean's flood1 ,so pure and good ,its changeless current floweth4 ,god of thee speaking doth attest ,pure heart and chaste endeavor1 ,it driveth the devil from our breast4 ,oh6 well ,i know its soothing rest1 ,it is the zest ,of thy vast mercy's flavor4 ,ah virtue pure1 ah purest vase6 ,ah of chaste eyes thou mirror-glass6 ,ah diamond-case1 ,with fruitful virtues glowing6 ,ah festive day to pleasure lent6 ,ah rapture without discontent6 ,ah sweet musk-scent6 ,ah flower gayly blooming6 ,ah heavenly kingdom where thou art6 ,on earth1 in hell1 or heaven6 ,ah cunning o'er all cunning's art6 ,ah thou1 that knoweth every part6 ,ah sweet ,christ's heart6 ,ah sweetness without leaven6 ,ah virtue there1 ah virtue here6 ,ah virtue on many a dark and drear ,path1 far and near6 ,ah virtue e'er befriending6 ,ah thou self-conscious purity6 ,ah goodness1 those that cling to thee ,so many be ,their number has no ending4 ,ah father1 mother thou1 and son6 ,ah brother both and sister6 ,ah strong of faith as ,jacob's son6 ,ah king of earth's and heaven's throne6 ,ah thou alone ,our friend to-day as yester6 ,a ,,word ,,to ,,the ,,independent4 ,a ,,word ,,to ,,father ,,hecker4 ,we address you1 ,reverend ,dr4 ,hecker1 in this public way because we recognize in you not only the ablest defender of the ,roman ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 but also the most progressive and enlightened leader of thought in that church4 ,in the words we have to speak1 we wish to speak not to ,dr4 ,hecker1 the antagonist of ,protestantism1 but to ,father ,hecker1 a leader of ,catholicism4 ,we write in no polemical spirit4 ,we have many things against the ,church of ,rome1 and have spoken severely of ,catholicism as you have of ,protestantism4 ,but we have also much veneration for many things in that church1 and a very great admiration for some passages in its history4 ,enthusiastic as you are1 sir1 you cannot revere more sincerely than we the self-sacrificing benevolence of ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi1 the zeal of ,st4 ,francis ,xavier1 the piety of ,fnelon and of ,lacordaire1 the eloquence of ,bossuet and ,massillon1 or the courage of ,pascal and ,hyacinthe4 ,we come to you for help4 ,in all our great cities there are sections inhabited almost wholly by ,roman ,catholic people4 ,it is a fact1 as well known to you as it is to us1 that ,catholic sections of the cities abound in destitution1 in ignorance1 in vice1 in crime4 ,children are here trained by all their surroundings to a life of wickedness4 ,in many homes they learn profanity from the lips of their mothers1 and they are familiar with drunkenness from their cradle1 if they are so fortunate as to have one left not pawned to buy the means of drunkenness4 ,we know how many honest and hard-working ,catholics there are in these sections1 and we know how many villanous non-,catholics there are4 ,but you know as well as any one knows that the ,catholic population furnishes vastly more than its proportion of paupers and criminals4 ,the reform schools1 the prisons1 the alms-houses1 are nearly full of ,catholics4 ,in the ,catholic sections of the cities there are drinking-saloons1 dog-pits1 and brothels in abundance4 ,the men who keep these places are1 in undue proportion1 ,catholics4 ,they receive extreme unction on their death-beds1 and are buried in consecrated cemeteries with the rites of the church4 ,we say these things not to wound your ,catholic pride1 nor to injure that church1 but to ask one question3 ,cannot the ,catholic ,church herself do something to mitigate these evils8 ,protestants plant missions in some of these ,catholic quarters4 ,we are not sure that these missions are always conducted as they should be4 ,perhaps there may be too much of a spirit of proselytism in some of them2 but1 at any rate1 there is a sincere desire to make men better4 ,drunkards have been reformed by these missions4 ,women of evil life have been reclaimed4 ,children have been taken from vile homes and taught the ways of virtue4 ,sunday-schools and reading-rooms have been established1 and have contributed to the culture and elevation of adults and children4 ,but you know1 sir1 how strong is the ,catholic prejudice against ,protestants4 ,broken windows1 and sometimes broken heads1 have testified to the appreciation the ,catholic population has of such efforts on the part of ,protestants4 ,there are whole districts from which ,protestants are practically excluded4 ,for the worse the lives of these people are1 the more combatively devoted are they to the ,catholic ,church4 ,of course1 we believe that ,protestantism is better than ,roman ,catholicism2 but since the reaching of these people with ,protestant missions is not possible1 we come to you and ask you whether you1 who have done so much for the enlightenment of the ,catholic ,church through its literature1 will not lift up your powerful voice to plead with the church to use her almost unlimited influence for the regeneration of her people4 ,we are never tired of praising ,catholic charities4 ,but ,catholic charities1 like many ,protestant ones1 are only half-charities4 ,of what avail is it that you build a ,house of the ,good ,shepherd for abandoned women1 if you do not also take means to mitigate the ignorance and the wickedness of the children who are quickly to supply the places of those whom you have recovered8 ,we point you to no ,protestant example4 ,we know of none so good as that of the illustrious ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo4 ,if the great ,cathedral of ,milan were the rudest chapel in ,europe1 it would yet be one of the most glorious of temples4 ,we need not point the application of his example to the present subject4 ,if the ,catholic ,church in ,america had one ecclesiastic of ability who possessed half the zeal of the illustrious successor of ,st4 ,ambrose1 this stain upon ,american ,catholicism might soon be wiped away4 ,we need not remind one so learned in church history as yourself of his toilsome labor in the cause of education1 and of his endeavors1 which ceased only with his life1 to remove ignorance and vice from his diocese4 ,in suggesting to you1 whose parish has already so admirable a ,sunday-school1 the good that might be accomplished by a thoroughly organized ,sunday-school system1 we do not need to suggest that in ,sunday-school work ,catholics are not imitators of ,protestants4 ,we are proud to trace the history of ,sunday-schools to ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo4 ,by helping to improve the moral1 intellectual1 and religious character of the lower class of ,american ,catholics1 you can do more than by all your eloquent arguments to make ,protestants think well of the mother church4 ,americans are very practical1 and a good chapter of present church history enacted before their eyes will have more weight with them than all the old church history your learning can dig from the folios of eighteen centuries4 ,we depart from our usual course to reprint the above rather1 long article1 which appeared some time ago in the ,independent1 one of the leading ,protestant papers of the country1 not because of its intrinsic merits or special untruthfulness1 nor yet for its assumed knowledge of the views and duties of the reverend gentleman to whom it is so pointedly addressed1 but because we consider this a fitting time and place to answer the invidious attacks which1 under one guise or another1 are so constantly being made on the church in ,america by those who are neither able to meet openly our arguments1 nor to arrest covertly the astonishing progress which our holy religion is happily making in every part of this republic4 ,these assaults sometimes take the form of wholesale and mendacious assertion and passionate appeal to blind prejudice and unreason2 while sometimes1 like the one before us1 they assume the thin disguise of personal courtesy and general charity to all men4 ,the former are perhaps the more manly1 the latter have the merit of permitting us1 without loss of self-respect1 to reply to them4 ,the object in either case is the same3 a vain endeavor to stem the tide of ,catholicity which1 in a succession of great waves1 as it were1 is fast spreading over the land1 and an attempt to make our faith an object of aversion to those of our countrymen not yet in the church1 by associating it with all that is impoverished1 illiterate1 and immoral4 ,it is true1 as the writer says1 that the ,americans are a practical people2 but we are not by any means a very reflective people1 and are very apt to judge hastily of others without sufficiently considering the various causes which underlie the surface of society1 or the effects which may be produced on a people less fortunate than ourselves by ages of misrule and persecution4 ,knowing this national failing very well1 the writer in the ,independent adroitly seeks to hold the ,catholic ,church responsible for the faults and vices of a certain class of nominal ,catholics in our midst1 when he is fully aware that these very vices1 so far from being the growth of ,catholic teaching1 are not only in absolute contradiction to it1 but are the direct and logical results of an elaborate system of penal legislation1 designed to produce the very degradation of which he complains1 and persistently carried out to its furthest limit by the leading ,protestant power of ,europe4 ,take ,new ,york1 for instance4 ,here the church is practically the growth of but half a century4 ,there are some among us whose ,catholic ancestors came to this country in the last or even in the seventeenth century2 others who have sought refuge from the doubts and uncertainties of ,protestantism in the peaceful bosom of mother church2 but by far the greater number are immigrants of this century1 and their children1 who1 glad to flee from famine and persecution with nothing but their lives and faith1 have sought refuge on our shores from the tyranny of a hostile government1 which the world has long recognized as both insincere1 oppressive1 and illiberal1 but which1 by virtue of its assumed leadership in the ,protestant revolt called the ,reformation1 wantonly and tenaciously continued to persecute its subjects who dared to profess their devotion to the faith of their fathers4 ,any one1 be he lawyer or laymen1 who reads the penal acts of the parliaments of ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland from the reign of ,henry ,,viii4 downward1 must be satisfied that a more complete network of laws for the purpose of beggaring1 degrading1 and corrupting human nature has never been devised4 ,some of them1 in fact1 are almost preternatural in their ingenuity2 and the wonder is how any class of people coming under their operation could1 for any length of time1 retain even the semblance of civilization4 ,everything that it was possible to take by legislation from the ,catholics of ,great ,britain and ,ireland was taken1 every advantage arising from the possession of land or the acquisition of commercial wealth was denied them1 and the avenues to honor and distinction were1 and are partially so to this day1 closed against them1 generation after generation4 ,that many of the descendants of these persecuted people who have come among us are uneducated is true1 that they are generally poor is a fact patent to every one2 but it ill becomes the ,independent to taunt them with their ignorance and their poverty1 knowing1 as it does1 that it was ,protestantism1 of which it is the expounder and the eulogist1 that has robbed them of their birthright1 and striven1 with some success1 it seems1 to plunge their souls in darkness4 ,is it fair or generous to hold these people up to public contumely because of the scars they have received in their unequalled struggle for the freedom of conscience and nationality2 is it just or ,american to try to steal from those who seek an asylum on our soil that for which they have imperilled and lost all else--their faith1 which is to them dearer than life itself8 ,or is it more in keeping with all our ideas of true manhood and republican liberty that while we extend one arm to shield the victim of oppression1 the other should be stretched forth in reprobation of his plunderer and persecutor8 ,if they have vices--and what people have not8--let a share of the blame at least be laid at the doors of those who designedly and continually debarred them from all means of enlightenment and every incentive to virtue1 instead of being attributed to the influence of the church4 ,and yet1 in view of the gloomy history of these people--a chapter in the annals of ,england which the best of her ,protestant statesmen are endeavoring to efface from the popular memory--the writer in the ,independent appears to be surprised at what he calls ,catholic prejudice against ,protestant missions4 ,no man1 we are safe in saying1 has less prejudice against his fellow-man than the ,american ,catholic1 in all the usual intercourse of life2 but when a person under the garb of charity invades the sanctity of his home simply to abuse his religion1 or waylays his children in the streets and inveigles them into mission-houses and ,sunday-schools by the proffer of a loaf or a jacket1 for the purpose of telling them that their fathers' faith is rank idolatry1 is it not too much to expect that he will remain unmoved and uncomplaining8 ,the writer should recollect that the class of so-called missionaries who infest the quarters of our poorer fellow-,catholics are not new to those people4 ,they have seen their counterparts long ago in ,bantry and ,connemara1 in the fertile valleys of ,munster and on the bleak hills of ,connaught1 in the dark days of the great famine1 when the tract distributer followed hard on the heels of the tithe-proctor and the bailiff1 tendering a meal or a shilling as the price of apostasy4 ,if heads are occasionally broken1 they are not the heads of those who attend to their own affairs and let their neighbors attend to theirs1 but of some intermeddling tract-scatterer1 whose salary depends upon the number of copies he can force into the hands of ,catholics without regard to their wishes or feelings4 ,the provocation emanates from them1 and they must take the consequences4 ,if the law permits us to inflict summary chastisement on the burglar who enters our house to take our goods1 shall we have no remedy against him who prowls about our doors to steal our children and abuse our faith8 ,if ,protestant missions were properly conducted1 they would have none of these difficulties to contend with4 ,but are they properly conducted8 ,the writer in the ,independent seems to have some doubts on this point4 ,we have none4 ,whoever will take the trouble to attend the ,bible-classes1 prayer-meetings1 day-schools1 and ,sunday-schools of the ,howard ,mission and its adjuncts1 will be satisfied that they are nothing but ingeniously contrived machines for the purpose of proselytizing ,catholic children4 ,abuse of ,catholicity of the most unqualified and vulgar kind forms the staple of the instructions there from beginning to end4 ,even the material relief is diverted to this purpose4 ,the poor half-starved lad1 as he eats his food1 swallows it down with a draught of no-popery cant1 and the ragged little girl1 as she dons some cast-off garment1 has her young mind polluted by aspersions on the name of her whom ,holy ,writ declared should be called blessed by all nations4 ,we have before us a periodical issued from the ,howard ,mission1 under the superintendence of a ,rev4 ,w4 ,c4 ,van ,meter1 which is as full of that canting1 snivelling1 anti-,catholic spirit as ever characterized the days of ,god-save-,barebones or of ,john ,wesley's unlettered disciples4 ,as a specimen of the veracity of this modern apostle to the ,fourth ,ward1 and for the benefit of the ,independent1 which has some doubts as to whether ,protestant missions are properly conducted1 we extract the following prominent article from its pages3 ,,protestantism vs4 ,,romanism4--,in the ,protestant countries of ,great ,britain and ,prussia1 where #bj can read and write1 there are but #ac in the ,roman ,catholic countries of ,france and ,austria4 ,in ,european countries1 #a in every #aj are in schools in the ,protestant countries1 and but #a in #abd in the ,roman ,catholic4 ,in six leading ,protestant countries in ,europe1 #a newspaper or magazine is published to every #cae inhabitants2 while in six ,roman ,catholic there is but #a to every #b1gae4 ,the value of what is produced a year by industry in ,spain is #f to each inhabitant2 in ,france1 #g2 ,prussia1 #h2 and in ,great ,britain1 #ca4 ,there are about a third more paupers in the ,roman ,catholic countries of ,europe than in the ,protestant1 owing mainly to their numerous holidays and prevailing ignorance1 idleness1 and vice4 ,three times as many crimes are committed in ,ireland as in ,great ,britain1 though the population is but a third4 ,there are six times as many homicides1 four times as many assassinations1 and from three to four times as many thefts in ,ireland as in ,scotland4 ,in ,catholic ,austria1 there are four times as many crimes committed as in the adjoining ,protestant kingdom of ,prussia4#da ,now1 we ask1 is the man or men who penned and circulated this atrocious calumny likely to command the respect of any class of ,catholics1 learned or ignorant8 ,he or they knew1 or ought to have known1 that it contains several deliberate falsehoods4 ,take1 for example1 the portion of the extract relating to ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 ,by referring to the report of ,her ,majesty's ,inspector of ,schools1 ,august #ca1 #ahfh1 we find that in ,england and ,wales the average attendance at all the schools in the kingdom was #a1jej1abj1 in ,scotland #aia1hfj1 and in ,ireland1 at the model schools alone1 #ced1hec1 or nearly twice as many as in ,scotland1 and1 in proportion to the population1 one-seventh more than in ,england4 ,from the official report of the statistics of crime in the same year 7the latest published reports that have reached us71 there were convicted of crime in ,england #ae1jjc1 in ,scotland #b1dij1 and in ,ireland #b1cid4 ,of those sentenced in ,england1 #ba were condemned to death1 #ah to penal servitude for life1 and #a1iba for a term of years4 ,in ,scotland1 one was condemned to death1 and #bdc to penal servitude1 while in ,ireland none were condemned to death1 and but #bch to penal servitude4 ,we find also that in ,england alone #aah1cij persons are reported as belonging to the criminal classes known to the authorities1 and but #bc1jda in ,ireland2 and while the former country has #bj1jjj houses of bad character1 the latter has #e1hgf4 ,the number of paupers in each of the three countries shows even a greater disparity4 ,england in #ahfh had1 exclusive of vagrants1 #a1jci1edi1 or one in every twenty of the population2 ,scotland1 #aeh1cgb1 or one in every #ai2 and ,ireland1 #gd1bed1 or one in every #hj6db ,if it were not foreign to our present purpose1 we could prove that the managers of the ,protestant missions are equally untruthful in their invidious comparisons instituted between other countries1#dc but we have shown enough to convince any impartial person that they are not fit to be entrusted with the care of youth of any class1 much less of ,catholic children4 ,if the supporters of the ,independent are sincere in their desire to benefit the destitute1 the needy1 and the vicious1 let them first remove all suspicion of proselytism from their charities by appointing proper persons to administer them4 ,if they have conscientious scruples against co-operating with the various ,catholic charitable societies1 who know the poor and are trusted by them1 there are other ways of dispensing their bounty judiciously than by tampering with the poor people's faith1 and their charity will then become a blessing to the giver as well as to the receiver4 ,then let them1 above all things1 advocate a fair and impartial distribution of the public school funds4 ,it is well known that the ,catholics as a body are far from being rich1 and that while they are struggling hard to sustain their own schools1 they are heavily taxed for the support of those to which they cannot consistently send their children1 and from which1 in many instances1 the offspring of the rich alone receive any benefit4 ,can we not in this free democracy have laws regulating education at least as equitable as those of ,austria and ,prussia--countries which we are pleased to call despotic8 ,help us to the means to educate our children in our own way1 as we have a right to do1 and you will see how the stigma of ignorance and its consequences will be removed from the fair forehead of this great metropolis4 ,we ask not charity1 we simply want our fair share of that public money which is contributed by ,catholic and ,protestant alike for educational purposes1 and the liberty to apply it with as much freedom from state interference as is enjoyed in the monarchies of ,europe4 ,the writer in the ,independent assumes1 with a coolness approaching impertinence1 that the clergyman whom he addresses knows that the ,catholic population furnishes more1 vastly more1 than its proportion of paupers and criminals4 ,he knows no such thing1 nor does any right-minded man in the community know it4 ,that there are many and grave crimes committed by nominal ,catholics is1 alas6 too true1 but that many such are perpetrated1 to any appreciable extent1 by the hundreds of thousands of practical ,catholics in this city1 no sane man believes4 ,poor and ignorant1 if you will1 without capital1 business training1 or mechanical skill1 many thousands of our immigrants are from necessity obliged to make their homes in the purlieus of our great cities4 ,disappointed in their too sanguine expectation of fortune in the ,new ,world1 some seek solace in intoxication1 and in that condition commit acts of lawlessness which their better nature abhors4 ,but much as the commission of crime in any shape is to be regretted and reprehended1 it must be admitted that most of the offences are comparatively trivial in their nature and consequences1 and few1 even of the darkest1 are the result of premeditated villany4 ,in searching over the criminal records of our state and country1 we seldom find a contrived infraction of the law by the class to which the writer so ungraciously alludes4 ,a gigantic swindle1 a scientific burglary1 a nicely planned larceny1 an adroit forgery1 a diabolical seduction1 or a deliberate and long-contemplated murder by poison or the knife1 is seldom committed by that class1 but by those who were reared in as much hostility to ,catholicity as the writer of the ,independent himself4 ,this higher grade of crime1 this bad pre-eminence1 we might with some show of justice ascribe to the effects of the laxity of ,protestant morals1 but we have no desire to do so here2 and with even much more truthfulness might we charge the sects who teach that marriage is merely a civil contract with the responsibility of those other vices which1 striking at the very foundations of society and the sanctity of the family1 are more lasting in their consequences and more demoralizing in their immediate effects1 than all the others put together4 ,the columns of this same virtuous ,independent have obtained an unenviable notoriety by spreading the most shameful and corrupting doctrines on this vital subject4 ,but we have no wish to retort3 the records of our divorce courts will prove that this class of criminals is made up almost exclusively of non-,catholics4 ,the writer in the ,independent1 throughout his appeal1 assumes a tone of superior knowledge and a lofty contempt for details that might mislead some into the belief that the ,catholic body of this city was an inert and helpless mass4 ,he asks1 ,will you not lift up your powerful voice to plead with the church to use her almost unlimited influence for the regeneration of her people8 ,does the writer know1 or has he attempted to ascertain1 all that the church has done and is doing in this city1 as in every other1 for the regeneration of her people8 ,if he does not1 by what right does he assume that the voice of any one man or any number of men is required to plead with the church to do her duty8 ,if he be ignorant of his subject1 then by what authority does he take upon himself the office of mediator between the church and the people8 ,if he be not in ignorance1 then his carefully worded sentences and smoothly turned compliments merely cover1 without concealing1 a tissue of base insinuations1 beside which downright falsehood were rank flattery4 ,let him look at what the church has done in ,new ,york in the past generation6 ,forty churches and chapels have been built1 with a capacity1 it is said1 to seat fifty-six thousand persons1 but really equal to the accommodation of five times that number1 as in every church the divine service is offered up at least three times each ,sunday1 and all are attended beyond the greatest capacity of the building4 ,to many of our churches is attached a free day-school for boys and girls1 and invariably a ,sunday-school--thronged weekly by the youth of both sexes1 to listen to the instruction and counsel of competent teachers4 ,every parish has its ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul ,society1 counting hundreds and in some cases thousands of members1 whose aim it is to visit the sick1 the afflicted1 and the needy2 and its temperance society1 the strength of which may be judged by the long line of stalworth men we see parading our streets on festal occasions4 ,colleges1 schools1 and convents there are in great numbers for the teaching of the higher branches of education4 ,hospitals for the sick and afflicted1 asylums for the blind1 the orphan1 the foundling1 and the repentant sinner1 a reformatory for erring youth1 and a shelter for old age4 ,almost every conceivable want of weak humanity has its appropriate place of supply among our charitable institutions4 ,all this grand system of charities is1 however1 lost on the writer in the ,independent4 ,his special attention is directed to the dense ,catholic sections4 ,well1 we will take the ,fourth ,ward1 which is blessed with the ,howard ,mission and the beneficent supervision of ,mr4 ,van ,meter4 ,st4 ,james's ,church is situated in this ward1 and its parish embraces all the ,protestant missions so-called1 and most of their offshoots4 ,upon personal inquiry1 we find that there is erected in this parish a magnificent and spacious school-house1 at a cost of one hundred and twenty thousand dollars1 attended daily during week-days by upwards of fourteen hundred boys and girls1 taught by twenty-two teachers of both sexes4 ,the tuition is entirely free1 the expenses amounting to about twelve thousand dollars annually1 being sustained by the voluntary contributions of the parishioners4 ,the ,sunday-schools of this church are attended by twenty-five hundred children1 about one-half of whom1 being employed during the week1 are unable to attend the day-schools4 ,then there is an industrial school1 attended by between one and two hundred poor children1 mostly half-orphans1 who are provided with dinner every day1 and to whom are given two entire suits of new clothing every year1 on ,july #dth and ,christmas ,day4 ,in addition to these there is a branch of the ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul ,society1 numbering several hundred members1 forty of whom are constantly on duty1 visiting the sick1 counselling the erring1 helping the needy1 and performing other works of charity4 ,this society alone expends annually at least five thousand dollars4 ,besides1 there are two temperance societies1 numbering nearly nine hundred men1 who not only discourage intemperance by their example1 but seek by weekly meetings1 lectures1 and other popular attractions to win others to follow in their footsteps4 ,now1 these are facts easily verified by any one who may wish to do so1 and may be taken as a fair specimen of the gigantic efforts which the church is making in every parish in this city for the conservation of the morals and the education of her people4 ,st4 ,james's ,parish may be said to contain the largest proportionate number of our poorer brethren1 who1 though heavily taxed as tenement holders and retail purchasers of all the necessaries of life1 contributing of course their quota to the public school fund1 can yet afford1 out of their scanty and often precarious means1 to educate and partly feed and clothe over fifteen hundred children4 ,can the ,independent show any similar effort on the part of any of the sects8 ,the writer in the ,independent says1 ,we come to you for help4 ,what sort of help8 ,if it is assistance to prop up the decaying ,protestant missions which have so long been sources of discord and bad feeling among our ,catholic fellow-citizens1 profitable only to their employees1 we respectfully decline3 if he is in truth and all sincerity desirous to devote a part of his leisure time and means to improve the condition of his less fortunate fellow-beings in the denser populated portions of the city1 we cannot advise him to do better than to consult the pastor of ,st4 ,james's or of any of the churches in the lower wards1 who will give him all the help required for the proper disposal of both4 ,and1 in conclusion1 let us suggest to him that no amount of politeness will justify the violation of the commandment which says1 ,thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor4 ,,footnotes3 #da ,the ,little ,wanderer's ,friend1 ,january1 #ahga4 #db ,thom's ,directory of the ,united ,kingdom of ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 for #ahgj1 pp4 #gac-gba4 #dc ,see ,,catholic ,,world for ,april1 ,september1 and ,october1 #ahfi1 and ,april1 #ahgj4 ,,our ,,lady ,,of ,,lourdes4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,henri ,,lasserre4 ,,vi4 ,the press of ,paris and of the provinces was beginning to discuss the events at ,lourdes2 and public attention far outside the region of the ,pyrenees was gradually being attracted to the ,grotto of ,massabielle4 ,the measures of the prefect were loudly applauded by the infidel papers and as vehemently condemned by the ,catholic ones4 ,the latter1 while maintaining a due reserve on the subject of the reality of the apparitions and miracles1 held that a question of this nature should be decided by the ecclesiastical authorities1 and not summarily settled according to the will of the prefect4 ,the innumerable cures which were taking place at the grotto1 or even at distant places1 continually drew an immense number of invalids and pilgrims to ,lourdes4 ,the ,latour de ,trie analysis1 and the mineral properties claimed for the new spring by the official representative of science1 added yet more to the reputation of the grotto1 and made it attractive even to those who depended for their cure only on the unaided powers of nature4 ,also1 the discussion1 by exciting men's minds1 added to the throng of the faithful there assembled another of the curious4 ,all the means adopted by the unbelievers turned directly against the end which they had proposed to themselves4 ,by the irresistible course of events1 then--a course fatal in the eyes of some1 but providential in those of others--the crowd which the authorities had been trying to disperse was continually assuming larger and larger proportions4 ,and it increased the more1 because1 as ill luck would have it1 the material obstacles which the frosts of winter had produced had gradually disappeared4 ,the month of ,may had returned2 and the beautiful spring weather seemed to invite pilgrims to come to the grotto by all the flowery roads which traverse the woods1 meadows1 and vineyards in this region of lofty mountains1 green hills1 and shady valleys4 ,the provoked but powerless prefect watched the growth and spread of this peaceable and wonderful movement1 which was bringing the ,christian multitudes to kneel and drink at the foot of a desolate rock4 ,the measures already taken had1 it is true1 prevented the grotto from looking like an oratory1 but1 substantially1 the state of things remained the same4 ,from all sides people were coming to the scene of a miracle4 ,contrary to the hope of the free-thinkers1 the fear of the faithful1 and the expectations of all1 absolutely no disturbance or breach of the peace occurred in this extraordinary concourse of men and women1 old and young1 believers and infidels1 the curious and the indifferent4 ,an invisible hand seemed to protect these crowds from mutual collision as they daily thronged by thousands to the miraculous fountain4 ,the magistracy1 represented by ,m4 ,dutour1 and the police1 personified in ,m4 ,jacomet1 looked at this strange phenomenon with astonishment4 ,was their irritation all the greater on his account8 ,we cannot say2 but for some dispositions extremely fond of authority1 the spectacle of a multitude so wonderfully orderly and peaceable1 is certainly anomalous and revolutionary1 if not even insulting4 ,when order preserves itself1 all those functionaries whose only business is to preserve it feel a vague uneasiness4 ,being accustomed to have a hand in everything in the name of the law1 to regulate1 to command1 to punish1 to pardon1 to see everything and everybody depend on their person and office1 they feel out of place in the presence of a crowd which does not need their services1 and which gives them no pretext for interfering1 showing their importance1 and restraining its movements4 ,an order which excludes them is the worst of all disorders4 ,if such a fatal example should be generally followed1 the procureurs impriaux would no longer have a sufficient reason for their existence1 the commissaries of police would disappear1 and even the prefectoral splendor would begin to wane4 ,baron ,massy had indeed been able to order the seizure of every object deposited at the grotto2 but there was no law recognizing such deposits as criminal1 and it was impossible to forbid or punish them4 ,hence1 in spite of the spoliations of the prefect1 the grotto was often brilliantly lighted by candles1 and filled with flowers and votive offerings1 and even with silver and gold coins contributed for the building of the chapel which the ,blessed ,virgin had required4 ,the pious faithful wished in this way--though it were an ineffectual one--to show the ,queen of ,heaven their good-will1 zeal1 and love4 ,what matter is it if they do take the money8 ,it will have been offered all the same4 ,the candle will have given its light for a time in honor of our ,mother1 and the bouquet will for an instant have perfumed the sacred spot where her feet rested4 ,such were the thoughts of those ,christian souls4 ,jacomet and his agents continued to come and carry everything off4 ,the commissary1 much encouraged after having escaped the dangers of the #dth of ,may1 had become very scornful and brutal in his proceedings1 sometimes throwing the object seized into the ,gave before the scandalized eyes of the faithful4 ,sometimes1 however1 he was obliged in spite of himself to leave a festal appearance at the holy place4 ,this was when the ingenious piety of its visitors had strewn the ,grotto with innumerable rose-leaves1 and it was impossible for him to pick up the thousand remains of flowers which formed its brilliant and perfumed carpet4 ,the kneeling crowds continued meanwhile to pray1 without making any reply to this provoking conduct1 and let matters take their course2 showing an extraordinary patience1 such as ,god alone can give to an indignant multitude4 ,one evening1 the report was spread that the emperor or his minister had asked for the prayers of ,bernadette4 ,m4 ,dutour raised a shout of triumph1 and prepared to save the state4 ,three good women1 who1 as it seems1 had made such a statement1 were brought before the court1 and the procureur demanded that they should be treated according to all the rigor of the ,french law4 ,notwithstanding his indignant eloquence1 the judges acquitted two and condemned the other only to a fine of five francs4 ,the procureur1 dissatisfied with this small amount1 insisted upon his suit1 and made a desperate appeal to the imperial court at ,pau1 which1 smiling at his anger1 not only confirmed the acquittal of the two1 but also refused to sustain the very small judgment pronounced against the third culprit1 and dismissed the charge altogether4 ,we mention this little occurrence1 though an insignificant one in itself1 to show how keenly the judges were upon the watch1 and how carefully they searched for some offence1 for some opportunity to be severe1 since they employed their time in prosecuting poor simple women whose innocence was soon after declared by the imperial court4 ,the people still continued quiet1 and afforded no pretext to the authorities for making an attack upon them in the name of the law4 ,one night1 under cover of the darkness1 unknown hands tore up the conduits of the miraculous spring1 and covered its waters with heaps of stone1 earth1 and sand4 ,who had raised this vile monument against the work of ,god1 what impious and cowardly hands had secretly committed such profanation1 were not known4 ,but when the day broke1 and the sacrilege became known1 a sullen indignation1 as might have been foreseen1 pervaded the multitudes who were collected at the place1 and that day the people filled the streets and roads in agitation like that of the sea when it foams and roars under a violent wind4 ,the police1 magistracy1 and sergents-de-ville were on the watch1 spying and listening1 but they could not report a single lawless action or seditious word4 ,the divine influence which maintained order among these enraged multitudes was evidently invincible4 ,but who1 then1 was the author of this outrage8 ,the judges and police1 in spite of their active and zealous endeavors1 did not succeed in detecting him4 ,hence it happened that some evil-minded persons dared to suspect the police and judiciary themselves 7though evidently with great injustice7 of having tried by this means to produce some disorders1 in order to have an occasion to proceed with rigor4 ,the municipal authority most earnestly exculpated itself from all connivance in the affair4 ,that very evening1 or the next day1 the mayor gave orders to replace the conduits1 and to clear the floor of the grotto of all the rubbish with which the fountain had been obstructed4 ,the mayor's policy was to not assume personally any decided position1 but to keep things as they were4 ,he was ready to act1 but always as a subordinate1 upon the prefect's orders and responsibility4 ,sometimes the people1 fearing that they would not be able to control their feelings1 took precautions against themselves4 ,the association of stone-cutters1 numbering some four or five hundred1 had planned to make a great but peaceful demonstration at the grotto1 and to go there in procession singing canticles in honor of their patron feast of the ,ascension1 which came that year on the #acth of ,may4 ,but1 feeling their hearts indignant and their hands unsteady under these proceedings of the authorities1 they distrusted themselves1 and gave up the idea4 ,they contented themselves with relinquishing on that day in honor of our ,lady of ,lourdes the ball they were accustomed to give every year to conclude their festival4 ,we intend1 said they1 that no disturbance1 even though unintentional1 and no entertainment not approved by the church1 shall occur to offend the eyes of the ,holy ,virgin who has deigned to visit us4 ,,vii4 ,the prefect perceived all the time1 more and more1 that coercion of any ordinary kind was impossible for him on account of this surprising quietness1 this peace as irritating as it was wonderful1 which maintained itself without exterior force in these great collections of people4 ,there was not even an accident to disturb it4 ,he was therefore obliged either to retrace his steps in the course which he had thus far pursued1 and to leave the people quite alone1 or to come to open violence and persecution by finding some pretext for the imposition of arbitrary restraints upon them4 ,it was necessary either to recede or to advance4 ,on the other hand1 the variety and suddenness of the cures which had been worked seemed to many good people rather poorly explained by the therapeutic and mineral properties ascribed to the new spring4 ,doubts were raised as to the strict accuracy of the scientific decision which had been given by ,m4 ,latour de ,trie4 ,a chemist of the vicinity1 ,m4 ,thomas ,pugo1 claimed that this water was in no way extraordinary1 and had not of itself any healing properties whatsoever2 and in this he was sustained by several other very capable professors in the province4 ,science was beginning to assert the entire incorrectness of the ,de ,trie analysis2 and the rumors to this effect had become so strong that the municipal council of ,lourdes took cognizance of them4 ,the mayor could not refuse to gratify the general desire to have a second analysis made of the water from the grotto4 ,he1 therefore1 without consulting the prefect 7which seemed to him useless on account of the conviction entertained by the latter of the accuracy of the results of ,m4 ,latour71 procured from the municipal council a vote authorizing him to obtain a new and definitive analysis from ,prof4 ,filhol1 one of the principal chemists of our day4 ,the council at the same time voted the funds required for the due compensation of the celebrated savant4 ,m4 ,filhol was a man of authority in modern science1 and his decision would evidently not be open to appeal4 ,what would be the result of his analysis8 ,the prefect was not chemist enough to tell2 but we think we cannot be much mistaken in thinking that he must have been somewhat uneasy4 ,the verdict of the eminent professor of chemistry of the faculty of ,toulouse might1 in fact1 disturb the combinations and plans of ,m4 ,massy4 ,haste was becoming imperative1 and on this ground especially it was necessary to fall back or press forward4 ,in the midst of such various passions and complicated calculations1 people had not failed to subject ,bernadette to some new trials as useless as the preceding ones4 ,she had been preparing to make her first communion1 and made it on ,corpus ,christi1 the #c;d of ,june4 ,this was the very day on which the municipal council of ,lourdes requested ,m4 ,filhol to analyze the mysterious water4 ,almighty ,god1 entering into the heart of this child1 made also the analysis of a pure fount1 and we may well believe that he must have admired and blessed1 in this virginal soul1 a most pure spring and a most transparent crystal4 ,notwithstanding the retirement in which she preferred to hide herself1 people continued to visit her4 ,she was always the innocent and simple child whose portrait we have endeavored to present4 ,she charmed all those who conversed with her by her candor and manifest good faith4 ,one day1 a lady1 after an interview with her1 wished1 in a moment of enthusiastic veneration easily conceivable by those who have seen ,bernadette1 to exchange her chaplet of precious stones for that of the child4 ,keep your own1 madam1 said she1 showing her modest implement of prayer4 ,you see what mine is1 and ,i had rather not change4 ,it is poor1 like myself1 and agrees better with my poverty4 ,an ecclesiastic tried to make her accept some money2 she refused4 ,he insisted1 only to be met by a refusal so formal that a longer resistance seemed useless4 ,the priest1 however1 did not yet consider his case as lost4 ,take it1 said he2 not for yourself1 but for the poor1 and then you will have the pleasure of giving an alms4 ,do you1 then1 make it yourself for my intention1 ,m4 l',abb1 and that will do better than if ,i should make it myself1 answered the child4 ,poor ,bernadette intended to serve ,god gratuitously1 and to fulfil the mission with which she had been entrusted without leaving her honorable poverty4 ,and yet she and the family were sometimes in want of bread4 ,at this time the salary of the prefect1 ,baron ,massy1 was raised to #be1jjj francs4 ,jacomet also received a gratuity4 ,the ,minister of ,public ,worship1 in a letter which was communicated to several functionaries1 assured the prefect of his perfect satisfaction1 and1 while commending all that he had so far done1 he urged him to take energetic measures1 adding that1 at all costs1 the grotto and miracles of ,lourdes must be put an end to4#dd ,on this ground1 as well as on all the others1 it was necessary either to retreat or to advance4 ,but what could be done8 ,,viii4 ,the plan of the divine work was gradually being developed with its admirable and convincing logic4 ,but at that time no one fully recognized the invisible hand of ,god directing all the events1 manifest as it was1 and ,m4 ,massy least of all4 ,the midst of the mle is not the best position from which to judge the order of battle4 ,the unfortunate prefect1 who had set out upon the wrong track1 saw in what occurred only a provoking series of unpleasant incidents and an inexplicable fatality4 ,if we remove ,god from certain questions1 we are very likely to find in them something inexplicable4 ,the progress of events1 slow but irresistible1 was overthrowing successively all the theses of unbelief1 and forcing this miserable human philosophy to beat a retreat and to abandon one by one all its intrenchments4 ,first1 the apparitions had occurred4 ,free thought had at the outset denied them out-and-out1 accusing the seer of being only a tool1 and of having lent herself to carry out a deception4 ,this thesis had not stood before the examination of the child1 whose veracity was evident4 ,unbelief1 dislodged from this first position1 fell back on the theory of hallucination or catalepsy4 ,she thinks she sees something2 but she does not4 ,it is all a mistake4 ,providence meanwhile had brought together from the four winds its thousands and thousands of witnesses to the ecstatic states of the child1 and in due time had given a solemn confirmation to the truth of ,bernadette's story by producing a miraculous fountain before the astonished eyes of the assembled multitudes4 ,there is no fountain1 was then the word of unbelief4 ,it is an infiltration1 a pool1 a puddle2 anything that you please1 except a fountain4 ,but the more they publicly and solemnly denied it1 the more did the stream increase1 as if it had been a living being1 until it acquired prodigious proportions4 ,more than a hundred thousand litres 7twenty-two thousand gallons7 issued daily from this strange rock4 ,it is an accident2 it is a freak of chance1 stammered the infidels1 confounded and recoiling4 ,next1 events following their inevitable course1 the most remarkable cures had immediately attested the miraculous nature of the fountain1 and given a new and decisive proof of the divine reality of the all-powerful apparition whose mere gesture had brought forth this fountain of life under a mortal hand4 ,the first move of the philosophers was to deny the cures1 as they had before denied ,bernadette's sincerity and the existence of the fountain4 ,but suddenly these had become so numerous and indubitable that their opponents were obliged to take yet another step in retreat1 and admit them4 ,well1 granted2 there are some cures certainly1 but they are natural2 the spring has some therapeutic ingredients1 cried the unbelievers1 holding in their hands some sort of a semblance of chemical analysis4 ,and then instantaneous cures1 absolutely unaccountable upon such a hypothesis1 were multiplied2 and at the same time1 in various places1 conscientious and skilful chemists declared distinctly that the ,massabielle water had not any mineral properties1 that it was common water1 and that the official analysis of ,m4 ,latour de ,trie was meant simply to please the prefect4 ,driven in this way from all the intrenchments in which1 after their successive defeats1 they had taken refuge2 pursued by the dazzling evidence of the fact2 crushed by the weight of their own avowals2 and not being able to take back these successive and compulsory avowals1 publicly registered in their own newspapers1 what remained for the philosophers and free-thinkers to do8 ,only to surrender humbly to truth4 ,only to bow the head1 bend the knee1 and believe2 only to do that which the ripe grain does when its cells begin to fill4 ,the same change has taken place1 says ,montaigne1 in the truly wise1 as in the stalks of wheat1 which rise up and hold up their heads erect and proud as long as they are empty1 but1 when they are full and distended with the ripe grain1 begin to humble themselves1 to bend toward the ground4 ,so men1 when they have tried and sounded all things1 444 renounce their presumption and recognize their natural condition4 ,perhaps the philosophers of ,lourdes had not an intellect open or strong enough to receive and hold the good grain4 ,perhaps pride made them inflexible and rebellious to manifest evidence4 ,at any rate1 with the happy exception of some who were converted1 that change did not come to them which has come to those who are truly wise1 and they continued to keep the lofty and proud attitude of the empty stalks4 ,not only did their attitude remain thus1 but their impiety1 after being disgracefully pursued from one quibble1 sophism1 or falsehood to another1 and finally driven against the wall1 suddenly unmasked itself and showed its real face4 ,it passed1 as we may say1 from the domain of discussion and reasoning1 which it had been trying to usurp1 to that of intolerance and violence1 which was its proper home4 ,baron ,massy1 who was perfectly informed as to the state of public feeling1 understood with his rare sagacity that1 if he took arbitrary measures and resorted to persecution1 he would have a considerable moral support in the exasperation of the unbelievers1 who were defeated1 humiliated1 and furious4 ,he also had been defeated as yet in the contest similar to1 if not exactly the same as1 theirs1 which he had been carrying on against the supernatural4 ,all his efforts had come to nothing4 ,the supernatural1 beginning at the base of a desolate rock and announced only by the voice of a child1 had entered upon its course1 overthrowing all obstacles1 drawing the people with it1 and gaining to itself on the way enthusiastic acclamations1 prayers1 and the cries of gratitude from the popular faith4 ,once more1 what remained to be done8 ,one course yet remained3 to resist evidence1 and to make an attack upon the multitude4 ,,ix4 ,in the midst of all these turns of fortune1 the question of the prefectoral stables had become more and more exciting1 and greatly increased the prefect's exasperation4 ,the month of ,june had come4 ,the season at the watering-places was beginning1 and would soon bring to the ,pyrenees bathers and tourists from all parts of ,europe1 and show them the disturbance which the supernatural was making in the department governed by ,baron ,massy4 ,the instructions of ,m4 ,rouland were becoming most urgent1 and pointed to summary proceedings4 ,on the #fth of ,june1 ,m4 ,fould1 the ,minister of ,finance1 stopped at ,tarbes on his way to his summer residence1 and had a long interview with ,m4 ,massy4 ,it was rumored that this conference related to the events at the grotto4 ,the act of drinking at a spring upon the common land of the town could not be considered as in itself an offence against the law4 ,the first thing to be done by the opponents of superstition was therefore to find a pretext for so regarding it4 ,arbitrary proceedings have not in ,france the official right which they enjoy in ,russia or ,turkey1 but need a cover of law4 ,the able prefect had an idea on this subject as ingenious as it was simple4 ,the site of the ,massabielle ,cliffs belonging to the town of ,lourdes1 the mayor1 as its administrator1 could prohibit any one from visiting them1 for or even without any reason whatever1 in the same way as any private owner of land forbids at his pleasure the trespass of others upon it4 ,such a prohibition1 publicly announced1 would turn each visit to the grotto into a formal crime4 ,the plan of the baron hinged upon this idea2 and1 having hit upon it1 he decided to act it out and play the despot4 ,accordingly1 on the following day1 the mayor of ,lourdes was instructed to issue the following order3 ,the mayor of the town of ,lourdes1 acting under the instructions addressed to him by the superior authorities1 and under the laws of the #adth and #bb;d of ,december1 #aghi1 of the #afth and #bdth of ,august1 #agij1 of the #aith and #bb;d of ,july1 #agia1 and of the #ahth of ,july1 #ahcg1 on ,municipal ,administration2 ,and considering that it is very desirable1 in the interest of religion1 to put an end to the deplorable scenes now presented at the ,grotto of ,massabielle1 at ,lourdes1 on the left bank of the ,gave2 ,also1 that the care of the local public health devolves upon the mayor1 and that a great number1 both of citizens and strangers1 come to draw water from a spring in the aforesaid grotto1 the water of which is suspected on good grounds to contain mineral ingredients1 making it prudent1 before permitting its use1 to wait for a scientific analysis to determine the application which may be made of it in medicine2 and1 ,also1 that the laws subject the working of mineral springs to a preliminary authorization by government3 ,issues the following ,,decree4 #a4 ,it is forbidden to draw water at the aforesaid spring4 #b4 ,it is also forbidden to pass through the common land known as the bank of ,massabielle4 #c4 ,a barrier will be put up at the entrance to the grotto to prevent access2 and ,posts will be set bearing these words3 ',it is forbidden to enter this property4' #d4 ,all transgressions of this decree will be prosecuted according to law4 #e4 ,the ,commissary of ,police1 ,the ,gendarmerie1 ,the ,gardes ,champtres1 ,and the authorities of the commune1 ,are entrusted with the execution of this decree4 ,signed in the mayor's office at ,lourdes1 on the #hth of ,june1 #aheh4 ,the ,mayor1 ,a4 ,,lacad4 ,approved3 ,the ,prefect1 ,o4 ,,massy ,x4 ,it was not without some hesitation that ,m4 ,lacad consented to sign and undertake to execute this decree4 ,his character1 somewhat wanting in decision and inclined to compromise1 necessarily disinclined him to such a manifest act of hostility against the mysterious power which hovered invisibly over the events which had centred round the grotto at ,lourdes4 ,on the other hand1 the mayor1 as was very proper1 enjoyed the exercise of his office1 and perhaps had even a little undue fondness for it2 and his alternative was either to become the instrument of the prefectoral violence or to resign the honors of the mayoralty4 ,although perhaps not really trying1 the situation was certainly embarrassing for the chief-magistrate of ,lourdes4 ,m4 ,lacad hoped1 however1 to conciliate all parties by requiring ,m4 ,massy1 as a condition of his signature1 to insert at the head of the decree1 at the very outset1 the words1 ,acting under the instructions addressed to him by the superior authorities1 as above4 ,in this way1 said the mayor to himself1 ,i assume no responsibility before the public or in my own eyes4 ,i have not taken the initiative1 but remain neutral4 ,i do not command1 but only obey4 ,i do not give this order1 but receive it4 ,i am not the author of this decree1 ,i only execute it4 ,all the blame rests upon my immediate superior1 the prefect4 ,coming from a soldier in a regiment drawn up for battle1 such reasoning would have been irreproachable4 ,having reassured himself on this principle1 ,m4 ,lacad took measures for the execution of the prefectoral edict1 having it published and put on the walls in all parts of the town4 ,at the same time1 under the protection of an armed force and the direction of ,jacomet1 barriers were put up around the ,massabielle rocks1 so that no one1 except by breaking through or climbing over them1 could reach the grotto and the miraculous fountain4 ,posts with notices1 as prescribed by the decree1 were also set up here and there at all points of entrance to the common land which surrounded the venerable spot4 ,they prohibited trespass under pain of prosecution4 ,some sergents-de-ville and gardes kept watch day and night1 being relieved hourly1 to prepare procs-verbaux against all who should pass these posts to kneel in the vicinity of the grotto4 ,,xi4 ,there was at ,lourdes a judge of the name of ,duprat1 who was as violently opposed to the supernatural as ,jacomet1 ,massy1 ,dutour1 and others of the constituted authorities4 ,this judge1 not being able under the circumstances to sentence the delinquents to anything more than a very small fine1 contrived an indirect method to make the fine enormous and truly formidable for the poor people who came to pray before the grotto1 and to beg from the ,blessed ,virgin1 one the restoration of health1 another the cure of a darling child1 a third some spiritual favor or consolation under some great affliction4 ,m4 ,duprat then imposed upon each offender a fine of five francs4 ,but1 by a conception worthy of his genius1 he united under a single sentence all who disregarded the prefectoral prohibition1 either by forming a party together1 or even1 as it would seem1 by visiting the grotto in the course of the same day2 and he made each liable to the whole amount of the fine4 ,thus1 if one or two hundred persons came in this way to the rocks of ,massabielle1 each one of them was responsible not only for himself1 but also for the others1 that is1 to the extent of five hundred or a thousand francs4 ,and as the individual and original fine was only five francs1 the decision of this magistrate was without appeal1 and there was no way to correct it4 ,judge ,duprat was all-powerful1 and it was thus that he used his power4 ,,xii4 ,such an outrageous interference in the important question which had for some months been pending on the banks of the ,gave implied on the part of the authorities not only the denial of the supernatural in this particular case1 but also that of its possibility4 ,if this had been admitted for an instant1 the measures of the administration would have been entirely different2 they would have had for their object the examination1 not the suppression1 of the controversy4 ,one thing had been absolutely certain1 namely1 the cures2 whether they had been brought about by the mineral qualities of the water1 by the imagination of the patients1 or by miraculous intervention1 these cures were indubitable1 and officially recognized by the infidels themselves1 who1 not being able to deny them1 merely tried to explain them on some natural principle4 ,the faithful and perfectly trustworthy witnesses to the efficacy of the water in their own cases could be counted by hundreds4 ,there was not a single one who reported that its effects had been prejudicial4 ,why1 then1 all these prohibitory measures1 these barriers put up1 this menacing armed force1 these persecutions8 ,and why1 if such measures were proper1 should not the principle be carried out further8 ,why not close every place of pilgrimage where a sick person has been restored to health1 every church where any one has received an answer to prayer8 ,this question was in every mouth4 ,if ,bernadette1 said one1 without saying anything about visions and apparitions1 had simply found a mineral spring possessing powerful healing virtues1 what government would ever have forbidden sick people to drink of it8 ,nero himself would not have gone so far2 in all countries1 a reward would have been given to the child4 ,but here the sick people kneel and pray1 and these liveried subalterns1 who crouch before their masters1 do not like to have any one prostrate himself before ,god4 ,this is the real reason4 ,it is prayer which is persecuted4 ,but shall we allow superstition8 said the free-thinkers4 ,is not the church able to take care of that and to guard the faithful against error8 ,let her act in her own province1 and do not make an cumenical council out of the prefecture1 and an infallible pope out of a prefect or a minister4 ,what disorder has been caused by these events8 ,none whatever4 ,what evil has occurred to justify your precautionary measures8 ,absolutely none4 ,the mysterious fountain has only done good4 ,let the believing people go and drink of it1 if they please4 ,leave them their liberty to believe1 to pray1 to be healed2 the liberty to turn to ,god and to ask from heaven consolation in their grief4 ,you who demand free thought1 let prayer also be free4 ,but neither the anti-christian philosophy nor the pious prefect of ,hautes ,pyrenees would consent to notice this unanimous protest1 and the severe measures were continued4 ,the intolerance of which the enemies of ,christianity so unjustly accuse the ,catholic ,church is their own ruling passion4 ,they are essentially tyrants and persecutors4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnote3 #dd ,this letter of ,m4 ,rouland1 the text of which1 in spite of all our efforts1 we have not been able to procure1 was communicated to several persons1 and all the correspondence before us mentions it1 giving it in the same terms which we have just used4 ,,the ,,shamrock ,,gone ,,west4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of ,,romance ,,of ,,the ,,charter ,,oak4 ,about a generation ago1 there might have been seen moving across the ,wabash ,valley1 ,indiana1 one of those heavy-built wagons1 with broad canvas tops1 known in the ,west as prairie schooners4 ,the wheels1 which had not been greased since they left ,new ,hampshire1 were creaking dolefully1 and the youth who urged on the jaded team declared that the sound reminded him of the frogs in his father's mill-pond4 ,attached to the rear of the wagon was a coop1 containing a rooster and half a dozen hens1 evidently suffering from their long confinement2 while underneath the coop1 swinging to and fro1 as if keeping time to the music of the wheels1 was a bucket4 ,nat ,putnam held the reins with a tight grip1 his eyes were fixed straight in front of him1 and his steeple crowned hat1 which looked as if it might have been a legacy from one of his ,puritan forefathers1 was placed as far on the back of his head as possible1 so as not to obstruct the view4 ,he was perhaps twenty-one or two years of age2 but it would have been rash to gauge his wisdom by the date of his birth4 ,if ever there was a ,yankee hard to outwit1 it was our friend1 and his mother had often declared that her boy could see through a stone wall4 ,the very shape of his nose1 which was not unlike an eagle's beak1 warned you to be on your guard when you were making a trade with him2 while his face1 spotted all over with freckles1 could readily assume every expression from highest glee to deepest melancholy2 thus enabling him to fill whatever post in life might be most congenial1 were it circus clown or ruling elder4 ,mr4 ,putnam1 when are we going to halt8 inquired a female voice1 which seemed to come from the interior of the wagon4 ,before the youth answered1 the speaker had placed herself at his side and was gazing at him with a woeful look4 ,poor thing6 well might she ask the question4 ,ever since he had picked her up in the ,state of ,new ,york1 he had kept travelling on and on1 until ,mary ,o',brien thought he was never going to stop4 ,her father1 who had been with them the first week of the journey1 had died1 and ,nat had only tarried long enough to bury the old man1 and let the daughter say a few prayers over his grave4 ,don't find fault1 he replied4 ,the spirit moves me to keep pushing ,west2 the further ,i go1 the better ,i feel4 ,this everlasting woods must come to an end by-and-by1 and when we reach the open country you'll not grumble4 ,but ,i'm quite worn out1 pursued ,mary2 and my shamrock is tired too4 ,if you'd only rest and make a home1 and let me plant it6 ,the jolting of the wagon and the want of sunlight is killing it4 ,poor shamrock6 ,here she left the seat1 but presently returned1 carrying a box filled with earth1 in which was a little three-leafed clover4 ,see1 she exclaimed1 how different it looks from a month ago4 ',tis drooping fast4 ,as she spoke she gave the plant a kiss4 ,her companion glanced at her a moment1 then with a smile of pity1 ,how old are you8 he asked4 ,eighteen4 ,humph6 ,i guess you're out of your reckoning4 ,if you were that old1 you'd chuck that piece of grass away and take to something serious4 ,there's my ,bible1 why don't you read a chapter now and then8 ',twould instruct you1 and keep me from getting rusty--a thing ,i'd deeply regret1 for ,i may take to exhorting if farming don't pay4 ,throw my shamrock out of the wagon6 ,why1 ,mr4 ,putnam1 'twas father's1 and he brought it all the way from ,tipperary4 ,i'm going to keep it--as long as ,i live1 ,i am4 ,it may wither1 but ,i'll never throw it away4 ,well1 well1 as you like4 ,but ,i repeat--why can't you read the ,bible once in a while1 instead of wasting your time playing with a lot of dried peas8 ,do they come from ,tipperary1 too8 ,oh6 these are my beads1 she replied1 taking her ,rosary from her pocket2 and it's praying ,i am1 when you see me slipping these little round things through my fingers4 ,praying6 ,then you must have prayed a heap4 ,are you in earnest8 ,i am4 ,well1 can't your spirit be moved without using them peas1 or beads as you call them8 ,it seems to me they must bother you4 ,i use 'em1 sir1 to keep count1 or ,i mightn't say all the ,hail ,marys and ,our ,fathers4 ,here ,nat started1 and lifting his sandy eyebrows1 ,aha6 he exclaimed4 ,so6 ,indeed6 ,then 'twas keeping a tally of your prayers8 ,well1 now1 there's something in that4 ,i really didn't believe you were so 'cute4 ,the devil couldn't say that you hadn't been square on your devotions when you'd kept a strict tally4 ,the girl smiled1 then1 bowing her head1 seemed to be whispering something to the shamrock4 ,different from other gals6 thought ,putnam1 as he glanced at the pale face and long1 raven hair1 which without braid or ribbon flowed down until it rested on the bottom of the wagon4 ,yes1 different from other gals6 ,can't quite make her out4 ,she ain't a child1 yet seems like one4 ,keeping a tally of her prayers is the first sign of her being 'cute4 ,but that's a beginning anyhow4 ,i'll educate her little by little4 ,oh6 if she'd only take to the ,bible4 ,here he gave the reins a jerk1 then asked ,mary to read him a chapter from the ,book of ,proverbs4 ,i can't read1 she frankly replied4 ,can't read6 ,can't read6 ,that ,i won't believe4 ,why1 there's ,jemima ,hopkins1 in ,conway1 where ,i come from1 that not only reads1 but has started on a lecturing tour2 and she ain't--let me see2 she was born the year of the comet--no she ain't a day over fourteen4 ,well1 ,i'm not ,jemima ,hopkins4 ,no1 that you ain't2 ,jemima is a prodigy4 ,and ,i'm a goose4 ,but don't own it1 said the youth4 ,talk as little as possible1 and then the world may not find it out4 ,why1 ,i know a chap in ,conway that passes for 'larned1' and all 'cause he has the toothache every time he's asked to make a speech4 ,you see1 he puts on a wise look1 holds his tongue1 and has so humbugged the folks that they call him ,uncle ,solomon4 ,well1 ,i don't want to be taken for what ,i'm not1 rejoined ,mary1 a tear trickling down her cheek4 ,what ails you now8 exclaimed ,nat4 ,oh6 how different you are from ,jemima ,hopkins6 ,the girl made no response1 but sighed1 ,father1 father4 ,the old man's underground1 pursued the youth1 in as soft a voice as he could assume4 ,crying won't bring him back4 ,dry your eyes1 and vow to smash to atoms every whiskey-bottle that ever comes within your reach4 ,i suspect his constitution was undermined by habits of intemperance4 ,father didn't drink in ,ireland1 sobbed the girl4 ',twas at that horrid grog-shop in ,new ,york he got the habit4 ,pure fountain water1 murmured ,nat1 rolling his eyes toward the heavens1 what a blessed thing thou art6 ,those who give thee up for alcohol make a poor swap4 ,then suddenly fixing his gaze on the young woman1 ,mary1 said he1 ,i never but once tasted liquor4 ',twas at a cattle show year afore last2 and do you know what happened8 ,i paid two hundred and fifty dollars for a horse that was foundered and kicked so bad ,i couldn't drive him home4 ,now that's something ,i'd never have done if my head had been clear2 but 'twas a lesson--a good lesson1 and ,i told ,jemima ,hopkins 7who got wind of it--women find out everything7 to make her first lecture on temperance4 ,the young woman1 who seemed not to have been listening to this episode in his history1 was now moaning piteously for her father1 nor did she cease until her companion in an agitated tone bade her keep quiet4 ,your lamentations1 he said1 are horrible to listen to4 ,don't you love your father8 spoke ,mary1 gazing at him through her tears4 ,wouldn't you cry if he were dead8 ,cry if he were dead6 repeated the youth with a shudder4 ,oh6 why did you ask me that question8 ,you're a strange being4 ,who gave you power to look into my heart8 ,do you know that ,i quarrelled with the old man1 and left without saying good-by1 and every mile ,i've travelled his last look has haunted me8 ',i am near the grave1' he said1 'don't abandon me4 ,attend the mill1 'twill soon belong to you4' ,but ,i laughed in his face4 ',the mill1' said ,i1 'is out of repair1 and only fit to shelter rats and swallows2 while the soil won't yield more than fourteen bushels of corn to the acre4' ,and then ,i turned my back on him4 ,when he's dead1 you'll be sorry for that1 said the girl4 ,write home and ask his forgiveness4 ,do1 before it's too late4 ,home6 murmured the youth as he drove along4 ,home6 ,oh6 what memories were awakened at the sound of that word which spoke in a thousand magic whispers6 ,he was again a little boy seated on his father's knee1 in the old house at the foot of ,mount ,kearsarge1 listening to stories of the ,revolution4 ,the wind was howling--the snow coming in through the key-hole and under the door--a fearful night to be out4 ,but what did he care about the tempest8 ,he was safe on his father's knee4 ,mary1 said ,putnam1 just as they reached the foot of a hill1 ,i'll take your advice1 and write home the first chance ,i get4 ,and ,i'll tell the old man that ,i'm sorry for the hard words ,i used4 ,i'll ask him1 too1 to follow me-for ,i'm going to halt by-and-by2 and ,i'll make him as comfortable as if he were in ,new ,hampshire4 ,do1 said the young woman2 'twill bring ,god's blessing on you4 ,here he placed the reins in her hands1 then1 telling her that he was going to reconnoitre and find which was the best way to get over the hill1 he left the wagon with a lighter heart than he had known in many a day4 ,a little climbing brought him to a spot where the ground was again level1 but where the timber was thicker and the wagon would have hard work to get along2 and he was wondering if the everlasting forest was never coming to an end1 when he was startled by a rustling noise1 and1 looking round1 saw a wild turkey dart off her nest1 while at the same instant ever so many young ones1 which appeared as if only just hatched1 began scattering in every direction4 ,i'll catch this fellow1 said ,nat1 running after the nearest bird1 and make him a present to ,mary4 ,but1 young as it was1 the little thing managed to reach a clump of hazel-bushes about thirty yards distant1 into which1 its pursuer dashed only a step behind1 and in his excitement ,nat kept straight on1 nor did he stop until he found himself clear of the thicket4 ,but there he came to a sudden halt1 and for almost a minute stood as if rooted to the earth4 ,was the scene which had burst upon him a vision of paradise8 ,the forest had ended1 the hill sloped gently to the west1 and before him like a boundless sea1 fired by the rays of the setting sun1 lay the prairie of ,illinois4 ,then he shouted for ,mary1 who with impatient step hastened up the hill1 wondering what was the matter1 and who arrived just as he was beginning to sing ,old ,hundred4 ,the glorious view brought tears of joy to her eyes1 for she felt sure ,nat had at length found a spot where he would be willing to settle down and make a home1 and1 clasping her hands1 she likewise offered up a prayer of thanksgiving4 ,isn't this ahead of anything you ever dreamed of8 exclaimed the youth1 when he had finished the hymn4 ,i've heerd ,parson ,job at camp-meeting trying to picture heaven2 but1 although ,i'd not have dared say it aloud1 yet really ,i never felt as if ,i'd care a straw about such a place as he described--fellows with wings and harps skipping around1 and singing hallelujahs for all eternity without ever getting out of breath4 ,but here is a country ,i can imagine like the home of the blest4 ,heaven is more beautiful than this1 rejoined his companion4 ,yet 'tis a glorious country4 ,oh6 settle here1 do1 and give my shamrock rest4 ,as you say1 continued ,nat1 patting her cheek1 and at the same time piercing her through with his sharp gray eyes4 ,you're my ',blessing4' ,i owe you more than ,i ever can pay4 ,when you made me promise to write home and ask the old man's forgiveness1 a load heavier than a millstone was taken off my heart4 ,you ain't as larned as ,jemima ,hopkins1 and you ain't 'cute--though keeping a tally of your prayers is something1 and shows what you may become by proper education--but1 ignorant as you are1 there's still a great deal in you4 ,here he left her1 and went back for the wagon1 which1 after not a little difficulty1 he managed to bring across the hill2 then1 having chosen a spot near a spring of water1 he unhitched the horses1 while ,mary let out the fowls1 who clapped their wings as if they were mad2 nor did the rooster stop crowing until the hens--anxious to make their nests--gathered round him1 and forced him to hold his tongue and be serious4 ,as it was sunset1 ,putnam could do little more than reconnoitre the vicinity of the camping-ground1 so1 shouldering his rifle1 he walked off1 leaving the girl to prepare the evening meal4 ,but ,mary had scarcely lit the fire when he came running back1 and pointed out to her a figure on horseback1 advancing along the prairie4 ,it may be an ,indian1 said he4 ,if he's peaceful1 ,i'll read him a chapter in the ,bible2 if he's ugly1 ,i'll shoot4 ,in about a quarter of an hour the stranger had approached near enough for them to discover that he was a person of their own race1 with long1 white hair1 and a cross hanging at his side2 so1 throwing down the gun1 ,nat shouted welcome4 ,the traveller1 although astonished to hear a human voice1 did not draw rein1 but kept on up the hill1 and in another moment the youth had grasped his hand and was giving it a hearty shake4 ,so soon6 exclaimed the ,jesuit missionary--for such was the character of the new-comer4 ,already6 ,oh6 you ,americans are a great people4 ,in a few years you will be across the continent4 ,well1 ,i've fetched up here1 said ,putnam1 grinning4 ,not that the spirit didn't move me to push further ,west2 but yonder gal--my ',blessing1' as ,i call her--urged me to stop4 ,here the priest glanced at ,mary1 then remarked3 ,your sister1 ,i suppose1 or wife8 ,i haven't any sister1 replied the youth1 and ain't 'spliced' yet4 ,she's a gal ,i picked up as ,i was coming through ,york ,state4 ,her father was with her1 and ,i took him along too2 but he died in a few days1 and ,i buried him on the roadside1 and as she had no home ,i told her she'd better stick to me4 ,she's awful green1 but for all that she has her good points1 and has made me happier than ,i've been in a long time4 ,with this ,nat beckoned to ,mary1 who1 as soon as she discovered in whose presence she was standing1 fell on her knees1 while the missionary gave her his blessing4 ,that evening the youth1 true to his promise1 wrote an affectionate letter to his father1 which the ,jesuit assured him he would deliver with his own hand4 ,and ,i will bring you an answer1 said the latter1 for ,i shall pass this way on my return to the mission1 which ,i hope to reach before winter sets in4 ,the next morning1 when ,putnam awoke1 he found that the priest had already departed4 ,that1 said the youth1 is a point in his favor4 ,the early bird catches the worms4 ,so1 ,mary1 he was one of your preachers8 ,first ,i ever saw4 ,i hope you liked him1 rejoined the girl4 ,well1 his coming so handy to take my letter did bend me toward him2 yet ,i don't think ,i ever could sit still under his preaching4 ,and why not8 ',cause he's a papist4 ,i've heerd enough about 'em4 ,to this the young woman made no response1 but gazed sorrowfully at her companion a moment1 then turned her eyes toward the ,west4 ,the scene was enchanting4 ,the breeze1 which had risen with the dawn1 was coming joyously over the prairie1 brushing aside the mist1 gathering up the perfume of ten thousand flowers1 and touched ,mary's lips like a breath from the ,garden of ,eden4 ,and as it played with her raven hair1 and brought the roses to her cheeks1 ,nat could not help thinking she was as fair as any lass he had ever met in ,new ,hampshire4 ,yet she don't seem to know it1 he said4 ,she's very green about her beauty4 ,a herd of deer were feeding only a short distance away--in every direction the grouse dotted the plain--while circling round and round1 in bold relief against the azure sky1 was an eagle4 ,the whole of this day and the next1 ,putnam kept hard at work felling trees to build a log-house1 while the girl remained near the wagon1 plying her needle1 watching her shamrock1 which already showed signs of renewed life1 and gathering the eggs1 which the hens insisted on laying every hour1 so as to make up for lost time4 ,at length1 when he had cut down trees enough1 he bade ,mary follow him out on the plain1 having first filled her apron with stakes--for what purpose she could not imagine4 ,what on earth are you doing8 she exclaimed1 after having walked by his side almost an hour4 ,can't you guess8 he said1 halting abruptly4 ,are you so green as all that8 ,upon my word1 replied the girl1 your conduct is distressing2 yes1 it frightens me to see you turning and twisting in every direction1 driving these pieces of wood into the ground1 and counting on your fingers4 ,oh6 what'll become of me if you've gone mad8 ,mad6 ,ha6 ,jemima ,hopkins wouldn't have said that4 ,jemima-- ,was born the year of the comet1 interrupted his companion1 laughing1 and ,i'm only a goose4 ,well1 don't own it if you are2 ,i'll educate you4 ,and now here goes the first lesson4 ,with this he lifted his forefinger1 then shutting one eye1 ,you must know we won't be long in such a beautiful spot without company4 ,my wagon-tracks will lead many to ,illinois who wouldn't have stirred from the shadow of ,mount ,kearsarge if ,i hadn't set the example4 ,me-thinks even now ,i hear 'em cracking their whips and bidding good-by to the old folks in ,conway4 ,they'll come1 too1 from other parts of ,new ,hampshire2 ay1 by the score and hundred they'll come4 ,now1 such being the case1 why not have a town laid out by the time they arrive8 ,and right here where we stand shall be our mansion3 'cause1 you perceive1 it's a corner-lot4 ,while yonder1 on t'other corner--so as to be handy in case of rain--,i'll get 'em to build the meeting-house2 and oh6 won't ,i be proud when it's finished6 ,and what a fine rooster ,i'll put on the steeple6 ,no1 put a cross1 said the young woman1 or ,i'll not go inside of it4 ,what6 a cross1 emblem of popery1 on this virgin soil1 where there's never been one seen1 unless 'twas that which your preacher carried yesterday8 ,no1 indeed6 ,i've heerd enough about popery4 ,i'll pray ,god to enlighten you1 said the girl1 at the same time heaving a sigh4 ,well1 the more light ,i get1 the less ,i'll want a popish emblem on top of the meeting-house4 ,here ,nat struck his forehead1 then gazing at ,mary with an expression of anger1 ,have you come so far with me1 he said1 to quarrel at last8 ,bah6 you are a goose4 ,with this he turned on his heel and walked off1 muttering to himself and evidently very much excited4 ,poor ,mary did not open her lips again that day1 but helped build the log-house with the greatest good-will4 ,nor did ,putnam address her a single word4 ,in fact1 it was not until a week had gone by and the dwelling was almost finished that he so far recovered from his ill humor as to speak to her in a friendly way4 ,mary1 said he1 looking proudly up at the mud-plastered chimney1 this is a good beginning4 ,the first house is always the hardest to erect2 and you've worked like a beaver4 ,tell me1 now1 are you still of the same mind about the cross8 ,will you stay away from meeting unless ,i give up my point8 ,i will1 replied the girl firmly4 ,i want a ,catholic ,church1 or none at all4 ,is my ',blessing' in earnest8 ,yes1 and praying hard that ,god may open your eyes to the truth4 ,open my eyes6 ,well1 you're the first mortal ever insinuated that ,nat ,putnam wasn't wide-awake4 ,but enough2 there's a split between us nothing can mend4 ,alas6 ,here he walked off to the hill muttering1 ,what a pity6 what a pity6 ,ignorant as she is1 there's yet something about her which goes to my heart4 ,i love ,mary ,o',brien4 ,i might even ask her to become my wife1 if she hadn't such foolish notions about religion4 ,but not content with making the sign of the cross afore every meal1 she actually wants one put on top of the meeting-house4 ,what an idea6 ,a cross6 ,a thing never seen on this virgin soil till that old preacher came along4 ,for more than an hour the youth wandered about the hillside1 lamenting ,mary's obstinacy and superstition1 until at length he heard her blowing the horn for dinner4 ,let her blow1 he said1 ,i'm in no humor to eat anything4 ,i'll just lay down and take a nap4 ,with this he threw himself on the ground1 and was about settling his head on a comfortable spot1 which seemed as if intended by nature for a pillow1 when he gave a start and rose to his feet4 ,as ,i live1 he cried1 this is a grave6 ,and if there isn't a cross at one end of it6--and some thing carved upon the wood--what can it be8 ,here he stooped1 and1 after brushing away a little moss which partly covered the knife-cuts1 spelt out the words1 ,may his soul rest in peace6 ,well1 now1 this does beat all1 he continued4 ,who'd 'ave believed a cross had got to this place ahead of me8 ,and there's something about the epitaph which makes me feel solemn4 ,i wonder how long since these words were cut4 ,perhaps for years and years only the deer and eagles have gazed upon them4 ,perhaps since the day the corpse was buried1 no lips but mine have spoken over this lonely grave1 ',may his soul rest in peace6' ,for a few minutes the youth lingered by the mound1 wrestling with himself--for he was conscious that a change was coming over him--then wended his way back to the cabin1 resolved to be frank with ,mary1 and confess that a cross had got here before ,nat ,putnam4 ,he had arrived within a couple of paces of the door1 which was half-open1 when1 hearing her speaking1 he stopped4 ,she is praying1 he said4 ,what a fine voice she has6 ,better than ,jemima's4 ,then1 softly advancing1 he discovered her kneeling on the floor1 her hands clasped1 and her cheek wet with tears4 ,in an earnest tone she was asking ,god to pardon her father his many sins of intemperance2 then with equal fervor1 she began to pray for the speedy return of the missionary1 bringing ,putnam a blessing and forgiveness from his aged parent4 ,at these words the youth trembled with emotion1 and bursting into the room1 ,mary1 ,mary1 he cried1 ,i take back all ,i said4 ,i laughed when you made the sign of the cross1 and ,i called you ignorant4 ,but you're more larned than ,nat ,putnam4 ,your prayer1 a moment ago1 stirred me up as ,i never was stirred at camp-meeting4 ,it made me feel as when through the dark clouds ,i see blue sky peeping out4 ,praying for the dead6 ,o ,god6 if your preacher comes back and tells me father is dead1 ,i can do one act of reparation--pray for his soul4 ,and but for you1 ,i'd not have written home2 but for you1 black remorse would have gone on eating deeper and deeper into my soul--and remorse is hell4 ,mr4 ,putnam1 said the young woman1 who1 startled by his wild look1 had risen to her feet1 my prayers have been heard4 ,yes1 they have4 ,i am a ,catholic1 and vow that our first meeting-house shall have a cross upon it4 ,o my ',blessing6' never can ,i be grateful enough to the ,almighty for throwing you in my path6 ,it seemed an accident1 pursued the girl1 yet it may indeed have been ,god's work4 ,if it has proved for the good of your soul1 it1 perhaps1 has saved mine4 ,i cannot tell you how ,i was tempted when ,i lived in the city of ,new ,york4 ,why1 one night1 when ,i was out looking for father1 somebody whispered in my ear that ,i might live in splendor if ,i chose4 ,the tenement-house where we lodged seemed to hold as many people as there are in the whole of ,tipperary4 ,father and ,i1 with a score of others1 slept in a damp room underground4 ,oh6 when ,i think of those days1 it is like a horrid dream4 ,well1 why don't them people follow my tracks8 ,there's land enough here1 dear knows4 ,yes1 let 'em all come2 only they must leave whiskey behind4 ,i want this to be a temperance settlement4 ,then1 after a pause1 ,but1 ,mary1 ,i wonder if amongst them ,i'd find another like you1 my ',blessing'8 ,with this1 he rose1 and was about to throw his arms round her neck1 when he checked himself2 then1 after fumbling a moment in his pocket1 went out to where her shamrock was blooming1 and1 close by it1 he put in the ground a pumpkin-seed4 ,happy were the ,june days which followed4 ,with what a light heart did ,mary watch the youth at work6 ,he's a strange being1 she would say2 different from any ,i ever met in the ,old ,country4 ,but1 for all that1 he is good2 and when ,father ,de ,smet returns ,i'll have him baptized1 and then there'll be no firmer ,catholic than ,nat ,putnam4 ,and the young man--how shall we describe his feelings as1 hour after hour1 he follows the plough8 ,i'm making a home1 he would say1 for my ',blessing4' ,how she leans upon me6 ,if ,i were to die1 what would become of her8 ,she don't know enough to give lectures1 like ,miss ,hopkins4 ,oh6 if ,i could only mix her and ,jemima together4 ,yet she's pretty handy at the needle1 and since she's overhauled my things ,i ain't lost a button4 ,and yet my suspenders1 darn 'em1 do give awful jerks once in a while4 ,one morning1 while he was thus silently praising ,mary's skill in the art of sewing1 he stopped1 gave a groan1 then1 letting go the handle of the plough1 ,wrong6 he exclaimed4 ,there goes one6 ,rip6 whew6 and1 as he spoke1 he grabbed a button out of the furrow4 ,for more than a minute the youth examined it thoughtfully1 turned it over and over1 put it to his eye2 then1 with a grin1 ,no1 he said1 ,mary didn't sew this on2 the thread sticking to it ain't the kind she uses4 ,ah6 ,jemima ,hopkins6 ,jemima ,hopkins6 'tis some of your work4 ,yes1 ,i remember2 'twas just afore you started off lecturing1 and when your head was full of big words4 ,o ,jemima ,hopkins6 ,and so the summer passed away4 ,the corn came up magnificently1 and when it was in all its glory1 with the west wind shaking the tassels1 ,putnam would call ,mary out to admire it4 ,it looks1 he would say1 like a regiment of militia on parade4 ,the pumpkin-seed which he had planted was now well above ground1 and creeping slowly but steadily round and round the shamrock4 ,once the girl was tempted to pull the vine up1 but1 on reflection1 it occurred to her that she had better not4 ,and she was right2 for under its broad leaves her little plant found shelter from the scorching rays of the sun2 and when the thunder-storms burst over the prairie1 the shamrock would have been crushed by the great rain-drops1 which fell thicker and faster than ever she had known them fall in ,ireland1 but for the same kindly protector4 ,one evening1 toward the middle of ,september1 ,nat came home from work at an earlier hour than usual4 ,he appeared troubled2 there was evidently something on his mind2 and1 when the girl asked what was the matter1 he scratched his head1 devoured her a moment with his sharp1 gray eyes1 then1 turning on his heel1 walked off to a log near the door4 ,there he seated himself1 and1 after musing awhile1 beckoned her to approach4 ,the young woman obeyed1 not1 however1 without some misgiving4 ,mr4 ,putnam1 she thought1 has got tired of living so long in one place1 and is anxious to move further west4 ,alas6 ,in another moment she was seated near him and gazing anxiously in his face4 ,he returned her look only for an instant1 then coughed1 and1 rolling up his eyes1 ',tis a solemn thing to do1 he murmured4 ,but ,i can't help it1 and wouldn't if ,i could4 ,i've felt it coming over me ever since the day she persuaded me to write home to father4 ,jemima ,hopkins would grab at me like a sunfish at a worm in ,april if ,i gave her a chance2 but this girl is so innocent-like that really ,i don't know how to begin4 ,and then her very dependence on me1 the solitude of this spot1 makes her kind of sacred1 and ,i dread lest even words of purest love might give her offence4 ,well1 ,mr4 ,putnam1 said ,mary1 interrupting his soliloquy1 you're not going to move away8 ,don't make my shamrock travel any further4 ,speak6 ,oh6 ,i feel so anxious4 ,at these words1 ,nat cleared his throat1 cracked his knuckles1 then1 in a voice singularly agitated for one of his temperament1 ,mary1 he began1 ,i am never going to move from this spot4 ,you are fond of it1 and that's enough4 ,at this unexpected announcement the girl clapped her hands4 ,but1 he went on1 ,i am not contented2 there is yet something wanting to make me perfectly happy4 ,and1 pray1 what is it1 sir8 ,i know ,i am very green1 but tell me if the fault be mine2 tell me1 and ,i promise to do all ,i can to please you4 ,well1 he pursued1 raising his hand and pointing at the pumpkin-vine which circled round the shamrock1 do you see yonder plant almost hiding1 and at the same time protecting1 the smaller one8 ,i do4 ,well1 now1 ,mary1 suppose you be the shamrock1 and let me be the vine8 ,as he spoke1 he gazed earnestly at her4 ,a faint blush crimsoned the girl's cheek4 ,she seemed a little startled2 and when she replied1 ,yes1 ,i will be your shamrock6 it was in a voice low and scarce above a whisper4 ,well done6 cried ,nat1 tossing his hat in the air4 ,well done6 ,as soon as the priest comes1 we'll have the knot tied4 ,that very evening1 the missionary arrived1 bringing ,putnam news from home1 which1 although sad indeed1 was yet not unmingled with consolation4 ,his father was dead1 but the last words he had spoken were words of forgiveness to the youth who had abandoned him in his old age4 ,the ,jesuit remained at the log-house almost a fortnight1 instructing the convert in the faith1 and1 before he departed1 the latter had the happiness of serving a ,mass offered for the repose of his father's soul4 ,this never would have happened but for you1 my ',blessing1' said ,nat1 pressing ,mary's hand4 ,those who will follow me to this enchanting spot may laugh at my becoming a ,catholic1 but 'twill be because they are ignorant4 ,your religion has in it something sublime2 it reaches across the grave1 and1 by our prayers1 gives us a hold upon those who have gone before us4 ,father6 father6 ,here his voice failed1 and for a minute or two he wept4 ,at length1 mastering his grief1 he turned to the priest and signified that he was ready for the marriage ceremony to begin4 ,it was short2 but while it lasted1 a song-sparrow 7the first the youth had heard since he arrived in ,illinois7 alighted upon the window-sill and piped a joyous carol4 ,often had he heard the bird at his home near the foot of ,mount ,kearsarge1 and now its sweet notes fell on his ear like the voice of a spirit come all the way from the ,saco ,valley to wish him happiness on his wedding-day4 ,that evening1 he took his wife and the priest to visit the mound on the hillside1 and around it they knelt and offered a prayer for the unknown whose dust lay beneath4 ,as they sauntered back to the cabin1 ,putnam expressed a lively hope that all his friends in ,new ,hampshire would emigrate to the ,west4 ,and when ,jemima arrives1 he said1 closing one eye and looking at his wife with the other1 you'll see something worth seeing2 for she's awful smart1 and when we get arguing together it's diamond cut diamond4 ,but ,i'll convert her2 oh6 ,i will4 ,no doubt1 rejoined ,mrs4 ,putnam1 the discussion will be animated and interesting1 for you have a clear head and a ready tongue1 while ,miss ,hopkins was born the year of the comet2 but believe me1 husband dear1 it is praying1 not arguing1 brings into the fold those who are out of it4 ,that must be so1 he continued1 for you never argued with me1 and yet now ,i'm a ,catholic4 ,o happy day when ,nat ,putnam met ,mary ,o',brien6 ,and while ,i will strive by every honest means to improve my worldly condition1 ,i will remain true to the faith4 ,illinois is a wilderness now1 but they're coming1 ,mary1 they're coming2 and1 before your raven hair turns gray1 a city will stand on this prairie2 and opposite our corner-lot shall be a church with a cross upon it--a ,catholic church4 ,and 'twill be thanks to you1 my ',blessing2' yes1 thanks to the shamrock gone ,west4 ,,sayings ,,of ,,the ,,fathers ,,of ,,the ,,desert4 ,an aged monk said to a brother who was tempted by evil spirits3 ,when the evil spirits begin to talk to thee in thy heart1 do not reply to them2 but arise1 pray1 and do penance1 saying3 ,son of ,god1 have mercy on me4 ,but the brother said to him3 ,behold1 ,o father1 ,i do meditate1 and there is no compunction in my heart1 because ,i do not understand the meaning of my words4 ,and he replied3 ,yet do thou meditate2 for ,i have heard that ,abbot ,pastor and other fathers have spoken this proverb3 ,the charmer knows not the meaning of the words which he says1 but the serpent hears1 and knows the virtue of the charm1 and is humbled and subjected to the enchanter4 ,so also with us1 even though we be ignorant of the meaning of what we say1 yet the evil spirits1 hearing1 tremble and depart4 99 99 99 99 99 ,abbot ,pastor said3 ,the beginning of evils is to distract the mind4 99 99 99 99 99 ,abbot ,elias said3 ,i fear three things4 ,one1 when my soul shall depart from the body2 the second1 when ,i shall come before ,god2 the third1 when sentence shall be pronounced upon me4 99 99 99 99 99 ,archbishop ,theophilus1 of holy memory1 when he was about to die1 said3 ,blessed art thou1 ,abbot ,arsenius1 because thou hast ever had this hour before thy eyes4 ,,vespers4 ,the term ,vespers is derived from ,vesper1 the star that appears toward sunset1 the time appointed by ancient usage for the recital of the ,evening ,song4--,hierugia4 ,evening quiet overspreads the sky3 ,vesper rises clear and liquidly4 ,star of prayer6 whose ray ,brings spirit-whispers1 ,brings the saintly hour ,of holy vespers4 ,not a bell1 perchance1 of prayerful cry1 ,yet the pious foot comes mindfully6 ,o'er the flinty street1 ,or daisied meadow1 ,glides1 from near or far1 ,the ,christian shadow6 ,evening quiet overspreads the soul3 ,restful rites the restless pulse control4 ,now the tuneful waves ,of organ tremble2 ,now the tuneful prayers ,god's choir resemble6 ,words of ancient plaint1 flung long ago ,from a kingly harp's melodious throe2 ,words to her1 who oped ,of ,christ the vision1 ,gabriel words--still serve ,their music-mission6 ,now the censer's aromatic breath ,wreathes th' abode of ,one who smiles on death6 ,now the portals ope-- ,ah6 dread appearing6 ,christian1 veil thy glance1 ,a ,god revering6 --,changed to flesh and blood my daily food3 ,changed the bread and wine to flesh and blood6 ,yet1 my ,god1 forgive ,if reason falter3 ,faith1 alone1 sustains me ,at thine altar6 ,,richard ,,storrs ,,willis4 ,,the ,,legend ,,of ,,santa ,,restituta4 ,ischia is one of the gems of the ,bay of ,naples1 and fortunately one of the least known and least visited of the tourist-haunted island group4 ,the ,monte ,epomeo rises in its midst1 a mass of tufa rock1 perforated here and there by fumarole1 that is1 openings through which volcanic exhalations are constantly sending forth their thin blue threads of hazy smoke to mingle with the blue and hazy atmosphere that veils the whole island in a fairy and gossamer robe4 ,two or three villages are built upon the low girdle of sand that lies at the foot of the mountain2 on one side of the island are ledges of rock where the vine grows1 on the other is a projection1 or rather a separate rock1 on which is built a state-prison4 ,only one road passes through ,ischia1 and no wheels ever leave their marks there1 save when a royal visitor brings a modern carriage with him4 ,the inhabitants walk barefoot1 and the strangers ride donkeys1 or are carried in open sedan-chairs1 called portantine4 ,the women lounge about at their cottage-doors1 spindle in hand1 their heads curiously bound up in silken handkerchiefs1 and their ears weighed down by huge ear-rings4 ,there is a wonderful and unspeakable charm hanging over the place2 the beauties that elsewhere in ,italy hardly surprise you1 seem to hold you spell-bound here4 ,the sea is now blue1 now green1 now purple1 always of an intense color1 and seemingly an inverted firmament1 where the white fishing-smack sails stand for clouds1 and the little silver-crested wavelets for stars4 ,the air is very pure1 yet warm and balmy1 and1 when the storm visits the island1 even the lightning must make itself more softly beautiful than elsewhere1 for it is often seen in rose and violet colored flashes1 making the heavens like to a vault of opal4 ,the myrtle grows on the mountain-side1 and the oleander blooms lower down1 the vines climb from the water's edge to the roofs of the few rustic hotels the island boasts1 and among all these beauties are hidden springs of medicinal water and hot sea-sands1 all of them much used by ,italians chiefly in the shape of baths4 ,the sand-bath is a hole within four shanty-like plank walls1 and the patient has himself buried in it up to his neck for the time prescribed4 ,of course1 much is said to strangers concerning the beauty of the sunrise from the top of ,epomeo4 ,but1 as usual1 when you go to see the sun1 you find him behind sulky curtains of gray-white clouds that roll like another sea between the blue unseen ,mediterranean and the bright purple heaven above4 ,still1 this1 too1 is beautiful1 though coldly so1 and very unlike the lovely western sunrise over the ,atlantic4 ,but the glory of ,italy is in her sunsets1 and toward evening sea and mountain1 tufa rock and yellow sand1 put on a marvellous robe1 a veritable coat of divers colors1 and life seems to breathe and sigh in things that before seemed lifeless4 ,ischia1 like all ,italian localities1 has its patron saint2 they call her ,santa ,restituta4 ,when persecution was raging in ,egypt1 in the third century1 says the simple legend1 the body of a young maiden1 with a millstone tied round her neck1 floated across the sea and rested in a creek on the south side of the island4 ,the creek is called after the martyr to this day1 and above it are rocks whose black mass literally overhangs and roofs in part of the bay4 ,just where her body rested1 in a sandy1 barren place1 lilies grew up and continued to bloom2 they are there now1 and are very peculiar as well as very lovely1 a sort of cross between the lily and the iris1 with delicate pointed petals1 five in number1 and a tall smooth stem with very little verdure4 ,not only do these flowers grow nowhere else in the island or out of it1 but they will not even grow in a land of their own sandy soil if transplanted with a quantity of it elsewhere4 ,the millstone that was round the saint's neck is said to be embedded in a wall in the neighborhood of her church3 there is such a stone1 whether the same or not no one can tell4 ,later on1 a church was erected over the remains of the martyr1 and she was chosen patroness of the island4 ,a very curious ,byzantine figure1 gilt all over and nearly life-size1 was made in wood and placed over the altar4 ,in one hand1 she was pictured as holding a book of the ,gospels1 and1 in the other1 a full-rigged vessel4 ,when the south of ,italy was invested by ,saracen hordes1 ,ischia did not escape pillage1 and of course1 judging the most precious things to be in the church1 as they always were in ,catholic times1 the marauders rushed to ,santa ,restituta's shrine1 and attempted to carry off the golden statue1 as they believed it to be4 ,the statue1 naturally1 was a movable one1 and used to be carried in procession on certain stated occasions4 ,but now it remained rooted to the spot1 and no effort of the stalwart infidels could move it a hair's-breadth from its pedestal4 ,in rage and disappointment1 one of them struck at it savagely with his scimetar1 and a mark upon its knee still attests this outrage4 ,the sacrilege was promptly punished1 for the men themselves now found they were unable to move1 and remained invisibly chained at the foot of the miraculous image4 ,if they were released1 the legend does not say2 let us hope that they were freed by faith1 and that conversion followed this strange sign4 ,the statue remained immovable ever since1 and another image was made to be carried in procession1 with the addition of the miraculously riveted ,saracens1 in a small painted group on the same stand as the figure itself4 ,whether the legend be absolutely true or only partly so1 whether fact and figure be mixed together1 and things spiritual typified under tangible forms1 it is not for us to decide1 but the simple faith of the happy islanders is certainly to be admired1 and even to be envied4 ,they have yearly rejoicings1 fireworks1 processions1 songs1 and services1 and a military parade of what national guards they can muster1 to celebrate their saint's anniversary2 they are proud of her1 and point out her statue and tell her history to strangers with the same enthusiasm with which soldiers speak of a favorite general4 ,and1 if my surmise be true1 they have had her celebrated in art by no less a painter than ,paul de la ,roche1 whose ,martyre is well known all over ,europe as one of the chastest1 truest1 and most reverent as well as most beautiful representations of martyrdom4 ,he has painted a fair maiden in a white robe1 and her hands tied with a cruel rope in front4 ,the long1 golden hair is gently moved1 like a strange and new sea-weed1 by the rippling water that flows over it2 the cord cuts into the flesh of the white1 delicate hand1 and the water seems reverently eager to pour its coolness into the wounds and to stay the cruel fever in them2 the face is that of an angel that is looking on the ,father's countenance in highest heaven2 a coronal of light rests1 like a sun-touched cloud1 just above her head1 and in the dark background a large mass of overhanging rock1 just like the rocks of ,ischia1 frown down upon the sea-green bay1 and shadows of muffled1 lurking figures are seen watching the floating wonder from above4 ,if the painter had not ,santa ,restituta in his mind1 the coincidence1 at least1 is curious4 ,yet it is true that so many blessed saints died this death that he may have meant to portray a typical rather than an individual representation in this picture1 which is one of his masterpieces4 ,there is another floating figure1 with golden hair and folded hands1 which is more familiar to most people than this one1 and1 though the comparison is strange1 ,i cannot help introducing it here4 ,i mean the figure of ,tennyson's ,elaine1 whom ,gustave ,dore has made his own in his unapproachable illustration of the ,idyls of the ,king1 but whose history and especially whose death has been the source of many a painter's inspiration4 ,i hardly know one more touching object in all modern poetry1 save that more solemn and more dignified one that closes the idyl of ,guinevere1 and whose calm sublimity almost touches the divine4 ,but though the analogy of the ,lily ,maid of ,astolat borne down the river to the oriel-windowed palace of ,arthur's ,queen to that other lily maid1 the virgin-martyr of ,egypt1 be brought to mind by the likeness in both cases of the floating waters and the unbound hair2 yet here the analogy ends1 for we see that as far as heaven is from earth1 so far are these two beautiful figures removed one from the other4 ,both died for love1 both died pure2 but the love of the one was such as1 once quenched in death1 would never live again1 for she would be even as the angels2 while the love of the other not only did death not quench1 but would make tenfold more ardent1 as she would follow the ,lamb whithersoever he goeth1 and sing the new canticle no man could sing but those who were purchased from the earth4 ,tennyson's ,elaine is a figure of earth in earth's most sinless form and most innocent meaning1 yet still earthly1 still imperfect1 still embodying the idea of man's natural weakness and inherent decay4 ,paul de la ,roche's ,martyre1 or ,ischia's ,santa ,restituta1 is a figure of heaven1 an already glorified soul1 who1 having conquered the flesh1 the world1 and the devil1 having offered her body to ,god a living sacrifice1 and having put on immortality1 has passed beyond our understanding and beyond our criticism into that region of bliss whose very dimmest ray would be unbearable glare to our eyes1 and the full vision of which would bring a blessed and a painless death in its inevitable train4 ,it has been the fashion of our days to think lightly of legends and traditions of saints1 to ridicule their so-called inventors1 and pity their supposed victims4 ,on the other hand1 we see families clinging to certain versions of certain facts relative to their long descent and the doughty deeds of their world-famed forefathers2 we see nations dwelling complacently on marvellous explanations concerning their origin1 and proudly pointing to distant feats of knightly prowess performed by northern ,viking and ,frank or ,vandal chief2 we see tradition already growing up like irrepressible vines around the memory of great men buried perchance but yesterday1 and even around the persons of living men to whom the wheel of fortune or the rarer gift of genius has given a temporary prominence2 and is it strange that ,catholics should love to repeat similar legends concerning their forefathers1 the founders of their spiritual nation1 their forerunners in the kingdom of heaven8 ,we1 too1 have in our faith a family pride1 a national pride1 and a pride born of personal friendship and attachment for some of ,god's living saints1 his yet uncrowned champions4 ,we are all one family1 we all call to ,god ,abba1 that is1 ,father2 we are the sons of ,god and the joint heirs with ,christ4 ,we cannot help rejoicing over the glory of one of our brethren or sisters2 we cannot help being proud of their virtues and seeking to perpetuate and honor their memory4 ,we are all one nation1 too1 for there is but one ,head1 one ,lord1 one ,christ2 and in the history of the saints we learn the history of the church1 our state1 our country1 our kingdom4 ,and among our great men1 whom no wheel of fortune but the divine decree of ,providence has lifted to pre-eminence among us1 and with whom1 for the most part1 holiness and humility take the place of genius--is it strange we should single out some of whom1 having known them1 we willingly speak and hear little details told1 and treasure them up1 and weave them into heart-poems for our children's children8 ,so grows tradition1 and a mind that has no place in it for tradition's evergreen vines to spread their beautiful network is but a misshapen likeness of the mind that ,god created in ,adam1 and endowed with sympathetic tenderness and appreciative discrimination4 ,some among us have had the happiness to be brought into contact with men greatly favored by ,god4 ,and who that had daily seen his humble1 hidden convent-life1 that sweet soul-poet and child-like priest1 ,frederick ,faber1 could fail to accumulate concerning him loving traditions1 and what our descendants may hereafter call fond and vain legends8 ,and who that had once heard the voice of ,henry ,newman1 the leader of the school of thought of our days in the simple converse he loves best1 or in the plain instructions to his school-children at catechism1 could help treasuring up such a recollection as more precious by far than a token of royal friendship1 or the memory of some unexampled intercourse with state minister or powerful diplomat8 ,there are others who have lived or are living in the same cold1 beliefless days as ourselves1 and whose presence1 either tangible through personal acquaintance or reflected through their sermons or their books1 is a perpetual fragrance1 which we seek ever to keep alive in the garden of our hearts by heaping up and stowing away in our minds all manner of details belonging to their useful and everyday lives4 ,pius ,,ix4 and ,montalembert1 and the ,cur d',ars1 and ,father ,ignatius ,spencer1 and the ,pre de ,ravignan2 ,lacordaire and the convert ,jew1 ,hermann1 the musician and ,carmelite who has but lately passed away1 and will be remembered1 let us trust1 even as the ,fra ,angelico of the nineteenth century2 ,mother ,seton and the ,sur ,rosalie2 ,thomas ,grant1 the saintly ,bishop of ,southwark1 who meekly laid down his burden in the ,city of the ,catacombs when his ,lord called him from the ,council of the ,vatican to the foot of the throne2 and ,henry ,manning1 and ,john ,hughes1 and others yet whose names are known only to a few friends on earth1 but widely known among the hosts of heaven1 sons of ,benedict and daughters of ,scholastica1 all these are among the chosen ones whose names cannot but be speedily wreathed in legendary and traditional history4 ,and even if it happens that some detail lovingly told comes to be exaggerated1 and have accessories linked to it by earnest--if indiscreet--zeal1 shall that be accounted as a crime and a malicious distortion of truth8 ,an error of love can be surely forgiven by mothers who are proud of their battle-stained sons2 by children who worship the mother that taught them1 and the father who guided and corrected them2 by soldiers who tell round the camp-fire of the iron men who led them to victory1 or who bore with them and for them an equally glorious captivity and defeat2 by sick men who do not forget the ,sister's care2 by all1 in a word1 who have a heart wherewith to be grateful1 a mind wherewith to admire1 a memory wherewith to give honor4 ,what is true of the saints of to-day is so1 and was so from the beginning1 of the saints of long ages ago4 ,and if their history has come down to us woven of fact and legend both1 it is thus only the more historical to us1 for it tells us the history of the church's love for her glorified children1 as well as the record of the real life of those children themselves4 ,santa ,restituta has thus led us far from ,ischia's scarcely known beauties and simple island shrine1 but she now leads us back to her own sanctuary by the thought here suggested1 that1 even as many hidden saints walk among us now1 so there are many hidden nooks of the earth1 like her sea-girt home1 where faith is still the daily bread of the people1 and where an almost primeval innocence reigns under the protection of that happy1 childlike ignorance which1 according to modern civilization1 is the root of all evil4 ,hidden saints are like to these little inclosed gardens of faith2 their hearts are valleys sequestered from the glare of the world's unbelief and the world's selfishness2 their souls are as rock-bound creeks where lilies grow and wavelets ripple over golden sands2 with them1 too1 the sunset of life is ever the most glorious hour1 as it is with ,ischia's myrtle-clad rocks and vine-crowned cottages4 ,santa ,restituta1 pray for us1 and1 if we are not worthy to be of the number of the saints ourselves1 suffer us to be the historians1 the biographers1 the poets of such saints as those who are known only by name in one remote corner of ,god's universe1 or of such other saints of whom glimpses are now and then revealed to us by the very simplicity and utter unguardedness of their sweet and undefiled nature4 ,a ,,letter ,,from ,,the ,,president ,,of ,a ,,college4 ,we have received and publish the following letter with great pleasure1 and it is to be hoped that others will take up the same subject1 and express their views upon it4 ,perhaps we may even venture to suggest the project of a convention or congress of heads of colleges under the auspices of the prelates1 in order to discuss and resolve on useful measures connected with ,catholic education4 ,,dear ,,mr4 ,,world3 ,you have a talent for evoking thought4 ,the excellent paper on higher education1 which you published in your issue for ,march1 has set me a-thinking2 and as ,i hold you to be a wise counsellor1 ,i hope you will allow me to communicate my poor thoughts to you4 ,i want to talk to you about some of the difficulties of ,catholic education in the ,united ,states4 ,by the way1 the subject of your article was working at the same time in several minds4 ,i read in the ,galaxy for ,march a long dissertation1 full of idolatry for ,germany1 on higher education2 and the students of ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,fordham1 ,new ,york1 celebrated ,washington's birthday by a series of splendid speeches on the same theme4 ,would you1 ,mr4 ,,world1 feel complimented if ,i should exclaim1 ,les beaux esprits se rencontrent8 ,well1 then1 in the matter of college education--for that is what ,i have been thinking on--as in a multitude of other matters1 ,catholics in this country owe eternal gratitude to their clergy4 ,if we have any colleges at all1 to whom do we owe them8 ,to the zeal and self-sacrifice of our ,christian ,brothers1 of our priests and our bishops4 ,i think that all our colleges were established by churchmen1 whether secular or regular4 ,it were1 perhaps1 invidious to mention names--but we ought not to withhold a deserved and willing tribute of praise from the heroic men who gave us our colleges4 ,we say heroic1 for these men were truly such4 ,lengthy reflection is not necessary in order to justify the epithet4 ,what a mountain of obstacles had to be cleared away to purchase the site of these colleges1 to build them1 to man them1 to govern and carry them on6 ,education is a noble and fertile subject to speak about4 ,it is an immense blessing to be really educated4 ,but what an amount of toil and anxiety does not this delicious fruit cost those who seek to bestow it on our children6 ,how many harassing days and nights have not the faithful superior1 professors1 and prefects of a college to spend in the exercise of their several functions6 ,all the world knows that boys are not a very inviting material to work on4 ,they are unreasoning1 ungrateful1 thoughtless1 inconstant2 often weak1 lazy1 perverse1 and incorrigible4 ,many of them act in college as though they went there to torment everybody--or1 at most1 for the benefit of the officers1 and not at all for their own good4 ,of course1 if boys were merely to be taught lessons1 much of the trouble connected with their education could be avoided4 ,but ,catholic colleges mast make moral men and ,christians--and that1 as we all know1 is a difficult task1 for the young heart is very wayward4 ,then1 too1 what heartburns with fathers and mothers and guardians6 ,how little pecuniary compensation for the educator6 ,yet our clergy1 be it said to their undying honor1 have nobly braved1 outfaced1 all these privations and humiliations4 ,they are doing so even at this day4 ,let them refuse to sacrifice their time1 talents1 health1 and temporal weal1 and we ask whether there is in the ,united ,states a single ,catholic college which would not have to suspend operation to-morrow8 ,we must remember that our colleges are not endowed4 ,in a financial point of view1 they depend almost entirely on the fees of their students4 ,commonly1 too1 they have more or less of standing debts1 for which yearly interest must be paid4 ,were the presidents1 professors1 and prefects of such houses to exact fat salaries in return for their sublime abnegation1 what1 ,catholic ,americans1 would be the fate of all your colleges8 ,do you often think of this when1 amid the ease and luxury of your drawing-rooms and dinner-tables1 you run down this college1 sneer at that other1 and wonder why a third does not do this1 that1 and the other thing in the shape of improvement8 ,you have colleges because your clergy are willing to sacrifice their time and tastes1 to submit to drudgery1 to wear out their very lives1 and live and die in poverty4 ,all praise to you1 ,catholic priests and bishops1 to you religious orders of these ,united ,states4 ,these remarks go to prove that our first difficulty in the walks of higher education is the slender means of our colleges4 ,in the next place1 it appears to your unworthy correspondent that very little is done to put an end to this precarious and from-hand-to-mouth existence4 ,what generosity does the laity show to our colleges8 ,people contribute munificently to convents1 asylums1 churches1 etc42 but how many make donations to colleges2 how many found prizes1 medals1 or scholarships in them8 ,very few1 at least so far as my knowledge goes4 ,colleges1 like poor bears in winter1 are supposed to live on their own fat4 ,no one asks them whether they are in debt1 in need of money1 would not accept of a collection of books1 minerals1 philosophical apparatus1 or anything of that kind4 ,no one says3 ,wouldn't you allow me to build you a good gymnasium1 an exhibition hall1 give you an organ for your chapel1 or transfer to you some of my shares in this or that lucrative business8 ,no1 dear colleges1 be comforted4 ,live on as best you can4 ,the result is that these institutions can never fully shake off their debt1 they can make but little material improvement1 or1 if they attempt improvements1 it must be at a snail's pace4 ,even graduates will forget the wants of ,alma ,mater1 and despise her for her blameless penury1 just as some gross-natured upstarts scorn their poor parents and friends4 ,what a different spectacle we should soon witness in our colleges were gentlemen of means to show their zeal for education1 and follow the wholesome example of ,protestants by bestowing upon our seats of learning a portion of their wealth6 ,progress would then be possible1 college bills could be lightened entirely or at least partially1 gratuitous education might be granted to deserving young men4 ,as things now stand1 charity is out of the question for most of our colleges4 ,we must endeavor to beget and promote in our people this enlightened and patriotic spirit toward our colleges4 ,difficulty number three3 ,many persons take a narrow view of education4 ,some act upon what may be called the system of the three ,r's1 that is readin'1 'ritin'1 and 'rithmetic4 ,they fancy their sons educated when they can read1 write1 and cast up accounts4 ,others may raise their eyes a little higher1 but in the end1 like the old ,romans laughed at by ,horace1 they value education only in so far forth as it is a money-making machine4 ,few are broad-minded enough to see in education a development of the entire man1 and1 as a necessary inference1 a slow and gradual process4 ,in consequence of the errors afloat on this head1 parents will not allow time sufficient for the education of their children4 ,they force colleges to crowd an immense circle of studies into a short space4 ,the consequences are not flattering4 ,the mind cannot be thoroughly developed1 and education degenerates into ill-digested instruction4 ,depth is lost4 ,your paper1 which led me to think upon all these topics1 speaks very sensibly about philosophy4 ,but how1 ,i ask1 can anything like a deep1 serious1 thorough course of philosophy be taught in one year8 ,still1 that is all our young men get1 and that is all the generality of parents will concede4 ,look at our colleges--how many graduates of the first year return to study a second8 ,were it not better to give no degree until the close of the second year8 ,the diploma once obtained1 though it is only a cowardly sheep-skin1 fills our young graduates with valor1 and makes them fancy that they are fit to play roaring lion all the country over4 ,every college should devote at least two years of its course to the study of philosophy4 ,education without a sound philosophy must always be a mere broken shaft1 a truncate cone1 an abortion4 ,we ought to organize a crusade for the welfare of philosophy in our colleges4 ,i was right glad1 ,mr4 ,,world1 to hear you advocating the study of this crowning branch of education1 and insisting1 ,i think1 upon sound scholasticism4 ,scholastic philosophy1 that is the philosophy4 ,my next difficulty shall be proposed in the form of a question3 ,could not our ,catholic colleges come to an understanding1 so as to have in all of them about the same programme and the same text-books8 ,at present1 there is a very great divergence on these points4 ,for instance1 what a multitude of grammars we have1 and what wretched things for boys some of these grammars are6 ,they lack method and logic1 they dive too deep into philosophy1 and are too learned and philosophical4 ,banish philosophy and philology to their proper spheres4 ,when grammars of the dead languages were much more modest and unpretending1 ,latin and ,greek were better known1 better written1 if not also better spoken4 ,what ,i say of grammars applies with equal force to many other books now used in our colleges4 ,a convention of our college authorities for the discussion of these topics might do as much good as many other conventions1 if not far more4 ,parents and guardians have a great share in the troubles experienced by colleges4 ,nowadays1 boys decide almost everything with respect to their education4 ,it is they who make choice of their college1 determine whether they shall study1 how long and what they shall study4 ,all that parents seem to have to say or do in the matter is to obey their whimsical offspring4 ,i can understand that there is no use in forcing a lad to study what he reasonably cannot learn2 but ,i cannot see why the management of his education should be given over to him in fee-simple4 ,this violation of the fourth commandment throws honest colleges into a dilemma4 ,on the one hand1 they would like to keep their students1 and1 on the other1 they feel bound to make those students work4 ,but the young lord of his destinies often does not wish to study1 and1 if he is urged to do so1 he grows dissatisfied1 says the officers are too cross1 and leaves the institution4 ,should he not be urged1 he will idle away his time1 annoy everybody1 learn nothing1 and finally1 by his ignorance and bad conduct1 injure the reputation of his college4 ,parents1 when they send their sons to college1 should not forget that these sons are not immaculately perfect4 ,they need a strong dose of discipline4 ,they must be taught by word and deed that they have to study and to obey4 ,the word of college authorities should weigh more in the balance than that of weak1 lazy1 and roystering young lads4 ,if these ideas prevailed somewhat more than they do1 and were acted up to1 colleges would have an easier task to perform1 their task would be better performed1 and the education given to boys would be more vigorous4 ,there is too much womanish fondness1 too much indulgence1 shown to boys in these days4 ,we live in an age of feeling1 of likes and dislikes4 ,energetic1 self-controlling1 strong manhood is on the wane4 ,magnificent men could be made out of our ,american boys4 ,i love them dearly4 ,their character is full of fine traits4 ,they are clever1 generous1 open1 and manly4 ,why should they be emasculated by false kindness and compliance8 ,once in college1 let us subject these boys to solid and stiff examinations4 ,those who fail1 if they are in the graduating class1 should not graduate that year1 no matter what great man or great woman may intercede1 scold1 or shed tears in their behalf4 ,no prdeterminatio physica should settle on the gentlemen of the graduating class4 ,because they happen to be in that class1 their graduation must not become a fated necessity4 ,no doubt1 it is a very nice sight at the close of the year1 on the annual commencement day1 to behold a large number of young gentlemen receiving their diplomas4 ,the heart of ,alma ,mater throbs with gladness at the beautiful spectacle4 ,but it is a much nicer thing for ,alma ,mater to have to say that her diploma is deserved1 and that she tells no lie to the public when she asserts that her graduate is bon spei et rite probatus4 ,then the diploma is a testimony to worth3 it is an honor to possess it4 ,if undergraduates miss their examination1 put them down mercilessly into the class below that in which they fail4 ,by this process you will lose a few boys1 but you need not regret them4 ,for1 first1 they were either idlers or stupid fellows4 ,in the next place1 you can raise the standard of your classes1 you will make your pupils work seriously1 get a good name for your college1 and end by having more students4 ,sensible people will always send their children to institutions that insist upon hard study and rid themselves of idlers4 ,another difficulty which ,i must notice regards the action1 or rather inaction1 of the state4 ,it is a pity that our government1 with all its fuss about education1 does so little real honor to higher education4 ,what is the necessity or emolument of a diploma from a college8 ,i think that1 without a diploma1 ,i can occupy any position in the gift of the country1 save perhaps that of officer in the regular army or navy4 ,in one way1 the state is too much of a busybody2 in another1 it does not fulfil its office in regard to education4 ,but ,i do not wish to open the question1 to-day1 on the office of the state in education4 ,one of the gravest obstacles in the way of higher education arises1 ,i think1 from our colleges themselves4 ,it is this3 our colleges are too numerous4 ,with the exception of some boys from ,spanish ,america1 we receive no pupils from other countries4 ,at home1 the number of ,catholics who can afford a college education for their children is limited4 ,supposing1 then1 all our colleges patronized1 it is impossible that any of them should reach a respectable figure in the number of its attending pupils4 ,besides1 it must be no easy task to find competent professors and directors for so many colleges4 ,if we had fewer colleges1 each one would have a larger number of pupils1 and be more fully provided with all that is necessary for education4 ,yet there appears to be a stronger desire to open new colleges than to perfect those actually in existence4 ,why do we thus weaken and scatter our forces8 ,why do we render success and large1 grand centres of learning next to impossible8 ,grammar-schools1 or schools in which boys are prepared for college1 should be multiplied1 but not colleges4 ,then our colleges would resemble a university more than they do to-day4 ,it is a great plague for them to be obliged to do at once the work of the grammar-school and of the college properly so-called4 ,they are burdened with a crowd of children1 who are no companions for young men1 and lessen the dignity of a college4 ,and now1 ,mr4 ,,world1 let me end these remarks by asking3 ,when shall we see each diocese in the ,union possessing a petit sminaire8 ,when shall we see arise in our midst a noble ,catholic university8 ,yours1 etc4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,rome ,,and ,,geneva4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,with an introduction by ,m4 ,j4 ,spalding1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,baltimore4 #hvo4 ,pamphlet4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 ,we always knew that the ,archbishop of ,baltimore is an able writer of the more solid kind of essays1 but were not before aware how gracefully he can use his pen in description4 ,in his preface to the pamphlet whose title is given above1 he draws a very pretty and graphic picture of ,geneva1 the ancient headquarters of ,calvin1 and in right1 though not in possession1 the ,see of ,st4 ,francis of ,sales4 ,some interesting1 curious1 and gratifying facts in connection with that city are mentioned by the archbishop4 ,he tells us that half the population of the city and canton is ,catholic1 and of the other half only one-tenth is ,calvinistic4 ,john ,calvin's house is a convent of ,sisters of ,charity4 ,the gloomy heretiarch and his companions are unhonored and almost unknown in the city which was once called the ,rome of ,protestantism1 but which is now a sort of temporary centre of ,catholic activity in ,europe1 while the ,holy ,city is desecrated by the rule of the ,lombard usurper4 ,the pamphlet itself is a letter addressed by a young law-student of ,geneva to our old friend the eminent romance-writer1 ,merle d',aubign and one of his confrres1 both of whom1 it appears1 seized the occasion of the absence of the bishop at the ,council to make a feeble assault on the church4 ,it is a manly1 sensible letter1 more interesting as a specimen of what a young student can achieve in a polemical combat with veteran antagonists than from anything new or peculiar in its arguments4 ,the youthful champion uses his sling and pebble with skill and dexterity1 although he had not so hard a skull as that of ,goliath of ,gath to crack4 ,our young gentlemen who are training for professional life ought to be interested to see how he does it1 and the noble1 chivalrous spirit of faith and honor which is manifest in the letter is one we desire to see extended as much as possible among these generous youth who are able to do as much for the cause of truth4 ,,the ,,sympathy ,,of ,,religions4 ,an address delivered at ,horticultural ,hall1 ,boston1 ,february #f1 #ahgj4 ,by ,thomas ,wentworth ,higginson4 ,our true religious life begins when we discover that there is an inner light1 not infallible1 but invaluable1 which lighteth every man that cometh into the world4 ,then we have something to steer by1 and it is chiefly this1 and not any anchor1 that we need4 ,these are the two opening sentences of the above lecture4 ,if an inner light1 not infallible is all that our author has to steer by1 we beg1 for our part1 not to enter on board the ship of which he is the captain4 ,in this case1 it is not the inner light1 not infallible that is invaluable1 but the anchor1 unless one would foolishly expose himself to certain shipwreck4 ,if this be man's plight1 then let him keep silence until he finds something that will give him certitude4 ,for what else can an erring guide lead to than error8 ,it is the blind leading the blind into the ditch4 ,think1 too1 of the absurdity of the author's pretensions1 with such a guide1 to criticise all religions in order to give to the world the religion6--the religion of all ages6 ,these free-religionists who talk so much about the value of reason have yet to learn its true value and the great dignity of the human soul4 ,if the author's premise be true1 it is an insult to our common sense to read his lecture4 ,,the ,,happiness ,,of ,,heaven4 ,by a ,father of the ,society of ,jesus4 #a vol4 #afmo1 pp4 #cgb4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 #ahga4 ,we might perhaps appropriately designate this work as ,the ,popular ,theology of ,heaven3 theology1 because it is strictly accurate in its dogmatic teaching2 popular1 because the whole subject1 without being lowered1 is brought within the sphere of the popular mind4 ,we might call it also the ,spiritual ,geography of ,heaven1 since it gives us such a knowledge as we can have at this distance of the promised land which we must hope one day to inhabit4 ,we are told what is that beatific or happy-making vision of ,god which is the essential bliss of the elect2 what is the light of glory by means of which the soul sees ,god2 what are the occupations of heaven1 the social joys of the blessed2 the qualities and enjoyments of the glorified body and senses2 the degrees of beatitude1 yet the complete and satiating happiness of each individual1 without envy or jealousy1 without regret of the past or fear for the future4 ,the book presents an elegant appearance1 and is brought out in ,messrs4 ,murphy ,co4's best style4 ,,de ,,domini ,,nostri ,,jesu ,,christi ,,divinitate4 #c vols4 ,turin3 ,marietti4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 #ahgj4 ,to the many excellent volumes which ,father ,perrone has contributed during his long career to the theological library1 he has now made in the work before us an addition in no way inferior to his previous writings4 ,it is a work addressed to the learned alone1 and in the language of the learned2 but it is one which they will prize very highly1 not only for its depth of theological lore1 but also for its peculiar fitness to the present time4 ,its subject is the fundamental dogma of ,christianity--now so much attacked and1 we may add1 outside of the ,catholic ,church so little believed--the ,divinity of ,jesus ,christ1 which it proves and defends against the infidels1 the rationalists1 and the mythics of our day4 ,in the first volume1 we have the proofs drawn from the pages of the ,old ,testament2 in the second1 those furnished by the ,new ,testament4 ,the third volume establishes the ,divinity of ,christ on evidence drawn from the institution of the church1 and1 in particular1 from the institution of the ,roman ,pontificate4 ,the author demonstrates how the promises made by the ,redeemer to his church1 the characteristic marks by which he distinguished her1 the gifts with which he enriched her1 give evidence of a ,divine ,author and ,founder4 ,a most convincing argument springs from the ,primacy conferred on ,st4 ,peter and his successors in the ,see of ,rome1 since ,god alone could have established and maintained throughout the ages and the nations of the earth so exalted a dignity1 together with the prerogatives which befit its possessor4 ,of all the works produced in our day on this important subject1 ,fr4 ,perrone's is without doubt the most satisfactory1 because the most forcible1 learned1 and exhaustive4 ,,the ,,spiritual ,,doctrine ,,of ,f4 ,,louis ,,lallemant1 ,s4,j4 ,preceded by some ,account of his ,life4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,edited by ,f4 ,w4 ,faber1 ,d4,d4 ,new ,edition4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 ,for sale by the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,f4 ,lallemant was one of the brightest lights of the ,society of ,jesus1 and occupies in ,french spiritual literature a place analogous to that of ,f4 ,alvarez in the ,spanish4 ,this book1 of which a new edition has been lately published1 is now well known in ,england and the ,united ,states through the translation which was brought out under the auspices of ,f4 ,faber4 ,it ranks among the best of modern times1 and even deserves to be classed with the works of the celebrated authors of past ages4 ,the pietistic mystics among the ,protestants1 and even some ,catholics1 prepossessed by certain unfounded prejudices1 have accused the ,jesuits as the enemies of interior spiritual piety4 ,there was never a more unfounded charge4 ,the present work is one signal proof1 among many others1 that strict orthodoxy in doctrine1 unswerving fidelity to the teaching of the ,roman ,church1 and accurate theological science1 so far from having quenched spirituality in the ,society of ,jesus1 have only given it purity and illumination4 ,the writings of the thoroughly orthodox masters of the spiritual life are1 beyond all comparison1 superior1 in respect to their insight into the mysteries of faith and their knowledge of the higher paths of the ascent toward union with ,god1 to any of those who have fancied themselves illuminated with a private and personal light of the ,holy ,spirit1 which they have thought should supersede the infallible teaching of the church4 ,f4 ,lallemant is specially remarkable for his skill and accuracy in pointing out the perfect harmony which must always exist between the genuine interior guidance of the ,holy ,spirit in the soul and the exterior1 divinely-appointed1 infallible guidance of authority to which it must always be subordinate4 ,the ,spiritual ,doctrine is orthodox and precise in its teaching without being dull or dry2 fervent and spiritual without any tinge of vague or visionary enthusiasm2 clear1 judicious1 and practical in its treatment of every topic2 void of all wordy declamation and vapid sentimentalism2 addressing the will and the heart through the intellect2 clothing the thoughts and feeling of a saint in the style and language of a scholar4 ,it is just the book for the more intellectual and educated class of readers1 provided they have some desire for solid ,christian virtue and piety4 ,,the ,,romance ,,of ,,the ,,charter ,,oak4 ,by ,william ,seton4 #b vols4 #abmo4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahga4 ,to weave into a story interesting incidents of colonial life in the state of ,connecticut1 during the reign of ,james ,,ii4 of ,england1 is the intention of these two volumes4 ,the delineation of that remarkable incident in ,connecticut history1 the seizing of the state charter from under the very eyes of the ,british authorities1 and its secretion for many years in the famous ,charter ,oak1 and the picture of the regicide ,goffe living in perpetual fear of detection are well drawn4 ,the story in some respects shows a pen not yet perfectly at home in this kind of writing2 but no one who takes an interest in our early colonial history can fail to find in reading these volumes both pleasure and much useful historical information4 ,,familiar ,,discourses ,,to ,,the ,,young4 ,preceded by an ,address to ,parents4 ,by a ,catholic ,priest4 #a vol4 #ahmo4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,street4 #ahga4 ,the reproduction1 in ,america1 of this work1 originally written in ,ireland1 will prove to be a benefaction in many a homestead4 ,this is the work of a man who thoroughly knows his subject4 ,it is a book for the time1 free alike from the doubtful stories of too many writings of the same kind and the tedious dryness that meets the youthful eye in most books of instruction4 ,we wish a hearty ,god-speed to this valuable accession to our ,english ,catholic literature4 ,no ,catholic family in the land should be without a copy of this book4 ,it will be worth more than its weight in gold to those who read it2 and to those who practise the lessons of wisdom it contains it will be their glory on earth and their crown in heaven4 ,it is a book that ought to be encouraged on missions and by all priests having charge of congregations4 ,,the ,,countess ,,of ,,glosswood4 ,a ,tale4 ,translated from the ,french4 #a vol4 #afmo4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahga4 ,we have here a touching but 'ower sad' tale of the life of a ,scotch ,covenanter who1 being found in arms against his king ,charles ,,ii41 is condemned to death1 but has his sentence changed by the interposition of a friend to a life of hard labor in the ,cornish mines4 ,his wife1 the ,countess of ,glosswood1 will not leave her husband1 but with her infant daughter follows his hard fortune1 all communication with the world outside of mining life being forbidden by his sentence4 ,but the good ,god1 in compensation for their desolate lives1 sends them the priceless gift of faith1 through the instrumentality of a ,catholic priest1 disguised as a miner that he may win souls for ,christ1 in times when to be known as a priest was to give one's self up to certain death4 ,the countess had been taught to regard the ,catholic ,church with hatred and terror1 and the agony of mind through which she must pass in learning to love what she had before hated is forcibly described2 and the gentle way in which she is led step by step toward the light by the devoted priest cannot fail to give satisfaction to the earnest reader4 ,the doctrine of indulgences was1 of course1 a terrible stumbling-block in her way1 and ,father ,deymand's explanation is specially clear and convincing4 ,the book comes to us in an attractive dress1 with tinted paper and good type4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xiii41 ,no4 #ge4--;,,june1 #ahga4de ,,sardinia ,,and ,,the ,,holy ,,father4#df ,the volume giving the call and proceedings of the meeting held last ,january at the ,academy of ,music1 in this city1 in celebration of ,italian unity1 especially the occupation of ,rome and the suppression of the ,papal government1 is handsomely printed1 and does credit to the taste and skill of our ,new ,york book-makers2 but it is a sad book1 and almost makes one despair of civil society and natural morality4 ,nothing can be more sad and discouraging to all right-minded men than to see a large number of the most distinguished and influential men of a great nation-statesmen1 politicians1 judges1 lawyers1 officers of the army1 ministers of religion1 journalists1 poets1 philosophers1 scholars1 professors and presidents of colleges and universities--assisting1 by their presence1 addresses1 letters1 or comments1 to applaud events notoriously brought about by fraud1 craft1 lying1 calumny1 and armed force1 in contravention of every principle of international law and of public and private right4 ,it is a sad thing for our republic when so many of its representative men1 whose names are recorded in this volume1 can endorse the fraud and violence by which the ,sard king has effected what he calls the unity of ,italy1 and congratulate him on his successful sacrilege and spoliation in the ,roman state2 and the only consolation left us is that1 with a solitary exception1 no ,catholic name appears on the list1 and all the sympathizers are ,protestants1 and all1 or nearly all1 prominent adherents of the same dominant political party4 ,to the unity of ,italy1 under some circumstances1 we might not seriously object4 ,it is true1 we hold small states are more favorable to the growth of intelligence1 the development of elevated and strong personal character1 to individual liberty1 to social well-being1 to the moral progress of the people1 than huge centralized states or empires1 which can be governed only despotically1 and in which there is so great a distance between power and the people that personal and affectionate relations between the governors and the governed1 and which do so much to soften the asperities of authority and to render obedience willing and cheerful1 are1 for the most part1 impracticable4 ,but if the several independent ,italian states that have been absorbed by ,sardinia to form the new kingdom of ,italy had freely and of their own accord given their consent to the absorption1 and no craft1 fraud1 violence1 or disregard of public or private right had been resorted to in order to effect it1 we might doubt its wisdom1 but we could not object to it on the ground of international law or of natural justice4 ,we1 of course1 defend the temporal sovereignty of the ,pope2 but if the ,pope had1 motu proprio1 without coercion1 the show or the threat of coercion1 given his consent to the absorption of the ,roman state in a united ,italy1 we should have nothing to say against it1 for it would have been the act of the ,roman state1 no public or private right of justice or morality would have been violated1 and no blow struck at the equal rights of independent states or nations1 at the authority of the sovereign power of a state to govern it1 or to the duty of obedience to it4 ,but it is well known that such is not the case either with the ,holy ,father or the several other ,italian sovereigns that have been dispossessed and their states absorbed by ,sardinia in order to effect ,italian unity4 ,in every case1 the absorption was effected by violence and force1 without and against the consent of the sovereign authority4 ,the ,pope refused his assent to the absorption of the ecclesiastical state1 and said1 to the demand to surrender it1 ,non possumus4 ,the ,roman people1 without the ,pope1 gave no assent--had no assent to give or to withhold2 for1 without the ,pope1 they were not a state or a sovereign people4 ,it matters not whether plebiscitums can or cannot be alleged1 for a plebiscitum1 where there is a legitimate government1 cannot be taken without its authority1 especially not against its authority2 for without its authority it would be a legal nullity1 and against it it would be revolutionary and criminal4 ,nor would it help the matter for the absorbing state to invade with its armies the state to be absorbed1 overthrow the legitimate government1 take forcible possession of the territory1 and then call upon the population to decide their future condition by a plebiscitum1 so long as a legitimate claimant to the government remains living4 ,this was the case in the ,roman state and in the other independent ,italian states that have been absorbed4 ,as a plebiscitum before the conquest is treasonable and not permissible1 after the conquest it is a mockery1 for the fate of the state is decided1 however the population may vote4 ,let us look the facts in the face1 and see by what deeds and on what principles the unity of ,italy has been effected4 ,sardinia1 aided by ,france and ,prussia1 made an unprovoked war on ,austria1 and wrested from her the ,lombardo-,venetian kingdom1 and appropriated it to herself4 ,neither she nor her allies had any just cause of war against ,austria1 or even of offence1 except that sire wanted to get possession of all ,italy4 ,france wanted the left branch of the ,rhine for her boundary1 and ,prussia wanted to absorb the rest of ,germany4 ,there was no other reason for the war4 ,the several independent ,ducal states fell with ,austria1 with whom they were closely allied1 and were invaded and taken possession of by the ,sard king4 ,the ,kingdom of the ,two ,sicilies was invaded by ,garibaldi and his filibusters1 backed--covertly at first1 openly at last--by the ,sard government1 conquered1 because the ,neapolitan king listened to the insidious advice and deceitful promises of ,imperial ,france1 said to have been given not to offer any serious resistance1 taken possession of and appropriated as the highwayman appropriates the traveller's purse4 ,the milian provinces of the ,roman state1 prepared for insurrection by the secret societies and ,sardinian emissaries1 were invaded by the ,sardinian forces and appropriated by the ,house of ,savoy4 ,finally1 the ,roman state was invaded by the same ,victor ,emmanuel1 with too strong a force for the ,papal government to resist1 its sovereign declared deposed1 its government suppressed1 and its territory and people annexed to the so-called kingdom of ,italy4 ,this simple recital of facts tells the whole story4 ,sardinia1 aided by the arms and diplomacy of ,france and ,prussia1 by the foreign policy of the ,whigs and ,radicals of ,great ,britain1 the intrigues of the secret societies1 the money and co-operation of the ,protestant propaganda1 the malcontents and malefactors of all the states of ,italy1 and adventurers and miscreants from all nations of the earth1 has succeeded1 without any right1 without having received any offence or provocation1 in the violation of every principle of international law and every precept of morality or natural justice1 in absorbing every ,italian state1 and effecting the unification of the whole peninsula under her own royal house4 ,these are the facts1 stated in their simplest form1 without passion and without exaggeration4 ,these facts1 being public and notorious1 must be as well known to those distinguished ,american sympathizers who addressed the meeting or wrote letters of approval to the committee that called it as they are to us4 ,we dare not so insult the intelligence of such eminent men as to suppose1 for a moment1 that they did not know what they sympathized with1 or that1 in applauding the unity of ,italy1 they were ignorant of the craft1 violence1 and robbery that had been resorted to in order to effect it4 ,what1 then1 must we and all right-minded men think of their own principles1 of their religion1 their politics1 or their sense of justice8 ,does their ,protestantism or their hatred of the ,papacy justify1 approve the violation of international law1 the equal rights of sovereign states1 the sacred rights of property1 public and private1 the principles of natural justice the basis of the state and of all legitimate authority1 without which not even natural society itself can subsist8 ,does it authorize them to applaud unprovoked war and conquest1 and public and private robbery8 ,if so1 how can they justify their ,protestantism or their hatred of the ,papacy8 ,if they cannot assert either without denying all public and private right and trampling on all laws1 human and divine1 how can they regard either as defensible8 ,there is no mistaking the real character of the acts by which the sovereign states of ,italy have been suppressed by ,sardinia and her allies1 and the present unification of ,italy effected2 and it only adds to their atrocity that it was done in part by exciting the populations1 or a portion of them1 to insurrection and rebellion against their respective sovereigns4 ,there is nothing meaner or more unjustifiable than for one sovereign to tamper with the fidelity of the subjects of another1 especially in time of profound peace between the two states4 ,if persisted in1 it is a justifiable cause of war4 ,international law1 or the law of nations1 makes all sovereign states equal in their rights1 without regard to the form of government1 size1 race1 language1 or geographical position2 and the law of ethics1 at least1 requires each sovereign state to respect1 and to cause its subjects to respect1 the authority of every other sovereign state over its own subjects1 as it requires every other to respect its authority over its subjects4 ,the rule is1 no doubt1 often violated1 but it is none the less sacred and binding on that account4 ,it is equally wrong for the citizens of one state to attempt to seduce the citizens of another state from their allegiance4 ,international law1 national law1 municipal law1 as well as the moral law1 know nothing of the doctrine1 so eloquently preached by the ex-,governor of ,hungary1 of the solidarity of peoples4 ,hon4 ,richard ,h4 ,dana1 ,jr41 an able lawyer1 reputed to be well versed in the law of nations1 and who affects1 in his elaborate letter to the committee1 to argue the question as it affects ,catholics with fairness and candor1 appears to have some doubts whether the invasion of the ,roman state by the ,sardinian troops1 the deposition and virtual imprisonment of its sovereign in his own palace1 and the annexation of its territory and inhabitants to the dominion of the ,house of ,savoy1 is really a violation of international law2 but he evidently1 besides arguing the question on a collateral issue1 takes a juridical instead of an ethical view of international law1 and considers it only so far as it enters into the national jurisprudence1 and is enforcible by the nation through its own courts on its own citizens4 ,yet he cannot be ignorant that there are violations of international law which cannot be taken cognizance of by the national jurisprudence1 and which may be1 and often are1 justifiable causes of war4 ,the basis of international law is the law of justice1 or droit naturel1 as it is the basis of all natural ethics4 ,there may be treaty or conventional agreements between nations1 which must be considered whenever the case comes up juridically1 or the law is to be juridically enforced1 but these cannot abrogate or modify the law of justice1 the jus gentium of the ,roman jurists1 which is the principle and foundation of all law4 ,acts in contravention of justice1 ,st4 ,augustine and ,st4 ,thomas after him tell us1 are violences rather than laws1 and are nullities4 ,international law applies justice to the mutual relations of sovereign states1 precisely as ethics does to the relations of individuals4 ,it declares all sovereign states equal in their rights1 the territory of each to be sacred and inviolable1 and that no one is permitted to do to another what it would not have another to do to it4 ,the rule is plain and practicable1 and under it ,mr4 ,dana's doubts ought to vanish4 ,for one sovereign state to invade with its armies another1 suppress its government1 and absorb its territory and population1 without any provocation or any offence given1 but merely because it wants it to complete and round off its own territory1 as ,sardinia has done to the ,roman or ecclesiastical state1 is too manifestly a violation of international law to leave any doubt on any mind that does not hold the principle of all law to be that might makes right4#dg ,no doubt certain untenable theories of popular sovereignty and certain alleged plebiscitums have had something to do with blinding the eyes of our ,american sympathizers to the atrocity of the acts they applaud4 ,but plebiscitums cannot be pleaded when taken without the order or assent of the sovereign authority1 if there is a sovereign authority1 as we have already said4 ,in the case of every ,italian state absorbed1 there was a sovereign authority1 and the plebiscitum taken was not by its order or assent1 but against its positive prohibition4 ,it is idle to say that the people of these several states gave their consent to be absorbed1 for except as the state1 represented by its sovereign authority1 there is no people with a consent either to give or to withhold4 ,the people1 no doubt1 are sovereign in the constitution and government1 but not otherwise1 for otherwise they have no existence4 ,a people or population of a given territory wholly disorganized1 without constitution or laws1 and deprived of all government1 must necessarily1 for simple preservation1 reorganize and reconstitute government by conventions or plebiscitums as best they can2 but when they have reconstituted government or the state1 their sovereignty merges in it4 ,the people of the ,united ,states and of the several states can amend the constitution1 but only constitutionally1 through the government4 ,the notion which has latterly gained some vogue1 that there persists always a sovereign people back of the government and constitution1 or organic people1 competent to alter1 change1 modify1 or overturn the existing government at will1 is purely revolutionary1 fatal to all stable government1 to all political authority1 to the peace and order of society1 and to all security for liberty1 either public or private4 ,we see the effects of it in the present deplorable condition of ,france4 ,the resolutions reported by the committee and adopted by the meeting1 and which ,dr4 ,thompson in his address tells us are constructed on a philosophical order of thought1 attempt to place the temporal power of the ,pope within the category of all earthly human governments1 and bound by the same conditions and subject to the same fortunes4 ,this may be successfully disputed4 ,the ,roman or ecclesiastical state was a donation to the ,holy ,see or the ,church of ,rome4 ,gifts to the church are gifts to ,god1 and when made are the property1 under him1 of the spirituality1 which by no laws1 heathen1 ,jewish1 or ,christian1 can be deprived of their possession or use without sacrilege4 ,they are sacred to religious uses1 and can no longer1 without the consent of the spirituality1 be diverted to temporal uses1 without adding sacrilege to robbery4 ,whoso attacks the spirituality attacks ,god4 ,the property or sovereignty of the ,roman state vests1 then1 in the ,holy ,see--hence it is always called and officially recognized as the state of the church--and not in the ,pope personally2 but in him only ex officio as its incumbent1 as trustee1 or administrator4 ,hence the ,pope denied his right to surrender it1 and answered the ,minister of ,sardinia1 ,non possumus4 ,the temporal power of the ,pope is therefore not within the category of all earthly human governments1 but is the property of the spirituality4 ,victor ,emmanuel1 in despoiling the ,pope1 has despoiled the ,holy ,see1 the spirituality1 usurped church property1 property given to ,god1 and sacred to the religious uses4 ,the deed which our eminent jurists and ,protestant divines sympathize with and applaud1 strikes a blow at the spirituality1 at the sacredness of all church property1 of ,protestant churches as well as of ,catholic churches--at the sacredness of all eleemosynary gifts1 and asserts the right of power when strong enough to divert them from the purposes of the donors4 ,these ,protestant ministers assert in principle that their own churches may be despoiled of their revenues and funds without sacrilege1 without injustice1 by any power that is able to do it4 ,they defend the right of any one who chooses to divert from the purpose of the donors all donations and investments to found and support hospitals1 orphan asylums1 retreats for the aged and destitute1 asylums for idiots1 deaf-mutes1 the blind1 the insane1 public libraries1 schools1 colleges1 seminaries1 and academies1 peace societies1 tract societies1 home and foreign missionary societies1 and ,bible societies2 they not only defend the right of the state in which they are placed to confiscate at its pleasure all funds1 revenues1 and investments of the sort1 but the right of any foreign state to invade the territory in time of peace1 take possession of them by armed force1 as public property1 and to divert them to any purpose it sees proper4 ,did the learned divines1 the eminent jurists1 who approve the resolutions ever hear of the speech of ,daniel ,webster and the decision of the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states in the famous ,dartmouth ,college case8 ,or are they so intent on crushing the ,papacy that they are quite willing to cut their own throats8 ,but the fact of the donation to the ,holy ,see is denied4 ,be it so4 ,certain it is that the ,roman state never belonged to the ,sard kingdom2 that the church has always claimed it1 had her claim allowed by every state in the world1 has possessed the sovereignty1 not always without disturbance1 for a thousand years without an adverse claimant2 and that is sufficient to give her a valid title by prescription against all the world1 even if she have no other1 which we do not admit--an older and better title than that of any secular sovereign in ,europe to his estates4 ,every sovereign or sovereign state in ,europe is estopped by previous acknowledgment1 and the absence of any adverse claimant with the shadow of a right1 from pleading the invalidity of the title of the ,holy ,see4 ,the ,roman state is therefore ecclesiastical1 not secular4 ,whether ,pre ,lacordaire ever said1 as ,dr4 ,thompson asserts1 that in no event could the people be donated1 or not1 we are not authentically informed2 but if he did1 he said a very foolish and a very untrue thing4 ,the people cannot be donated as slaves1 nor could any of their rights of property or any of their private or public rights be donated4 ,every feudal lawyer knows that4 ,the donation1 grant1 or cession could be and was only the right of government and eminent domain1 or the right the grantor possessed2 but that could be ceded as ,louisiana was ceded by ,france1 ,florida by ,spain1 and ,california by ,mexico1 to the ,united ,states4 ,in the cessions made to the ,holy ,see1 no right of the people to govern themselves or to choose their own sovereign was ceded1 for the people ceded had had no such right1 and never had had it4 ,the sovereign who had the right of governing them ceded his own right to the church1 but no right possessed or ever possessed by the people or inhabitants of the territory4 ,international law knows no people apart from the sovereign or government4 ,the right of self-government is the right of each nation or political people to govern itself without the dictation or interference of any foreign power1 and is only another term for national independence4 ,what was ,pepin's or ,charlemagne's1 either could cede without ceding any right or possession of the people4 ,so of the donations or cessions of that noble woman1 the protectress of ,st4 ,gregory ,,vii41 the ,countess ,matilda4 ,if ,pre ,lacordaire ever said what he is reported to have said1 he must have forgotten the law to which he was originally bred1 and spoken rather as a red republican than as a ,catholic theologian1 statesman1 or jurist4 ,but waiving the fact that the sovereignty of the ,roman state has a spiritual character by being vested in the ,holy ,see1 and granting1 not conceding1 that it is in the category of all earthly sovereignties1 its right is no less perfect and inviolable1 and the invasion and spoliation of the ,roman state by ,sardinia1 as of the other ,italian states1 are no less indefensible and unjustifiable on any principle of international law or of ,christian or even of heathen ethics2 for one independent state has no right to invade1 despoil1 and appropriate or absorb another that gives it no just cause of war4 ,nor is the act any more defensible1 as we have already shown1 if done in response to the invitation of a portion1 even a majority1 of the inhabitants1 if in opposition to the will of the legitimate authority4 ,such invitation would partake of the nature of rebellion1 be treasonable1 and no people has the right to rebel against their sovereign1 or to commit treason4 ,men who talk of the sacred right of insurrection1 either know not what they say1 or are the enemies alike of order and liberty4 ,the people have1 we deny not1 the right to withdraw their allegiance from the tyrant who tramples on the rights of ,god and of man1 but never till a competent authority has decided that he is a tyrant and has forfeited his right to reign1 which a ,parisian or a ,roman mob certainly is not4 ,how long is it since these same gentlemen who are congratulating ,victor ,emmanuel were urging the government1 leading its armies1 or fighting in the ranks1 to put down what they termed a rebellion in their own country1 and condemning treason as a crime8 ,but the ,romans and other ,italians are of the same race1 and speak the same language1 we are told4 ,that they are of the same race is questionable2 but1 suppose it1 and that they speak the same language4 ,they are no more of the same race and speak no more the same language1 than the people of the ,united ,states and the people of ,great ,britain2 have we1 on that ground1 the right to invade ,great ,britain1 dethrone ,queen ,victoria1 suppress the ,imperial ,parliament1 to annex politically the ,british ,empire to the ,united ,states1 and to bring the ,british people under ,congress and ,president ,grant8 ,but as ,italy is geographically one1 it ought1 we are told again1 to be politically one4 ,the ,united ,states1 ,canada1 and ,mexico1 including ,central ,america and ,british ,columbia1 are geographically one2 but will any of the honorable or reverend gentlemen who addressed the meeting1 or wrote letters to the committee that called it1 contend that we have1 therefore1 the right unprovoked1 and simply because it would be convenient to have them politically a part of our republic1 to invade them with our armies1 suppress their present governments1 and annex them to the ,union8 ,rome is the ancient capital of ,italy1 and the ,italian government wishes to recover it1 and needs its prestige for the present kingdom of ,italy4 ,but in no known period of history has ,rome ever belonged to ,italy2 ,italy for ages belonged to ,rome1 and was governed from and by it4 ,never in its whole history was ,rome the capital of an ,italian state1 or the seat of an ,italian government4 ,she was not the capital of any state2 she was herself the state as long as the ,roman ,empire lasted1 and as such governed ,italy and the world4 ,the empire was not ,roman because ,rome was its capital city1 but because ,rome was the sovereign state itself1 and all political power or political rights emanated1 or were held to emanate1 from her2 and hence the empire was ,roman1 and the people were called ,romans1 not ,italians4 ,if you talk of restoration1 let it be complete--recognize ,rome as the sovereign state1 and the rest of the world be held as subject provinces4 ,italy was never the state while ,rome governed1 nor has the name ,italy at all times had the same geographical sense4 ,sometimes it meant ,sicily1 sometimes the southern1 other times the northern1 part of the peninsula--sometimes the heel or the foot1 and sometimes the leg1 of the boot4 ,it might or it might not be desirable for the pretended kingdom of ,italy to have ,rome for its capital1 or the seat of its government1 though we think ,florence in this mercantile age would be far more suitable4 ,but suppose it4 ,yet these ,protestant ministers must know that there is a divine command that forbids one to covet what is one's neighbor's4 ,achab1 king of ,israel1 wanted ,naboth's vineyard1 and was much troubled in spirit that ,naboth would not consent to part with it either for love or money4 ,his queen1 the liberal-minded ,jezebel1 rebuked him for his dejection1 and1 fearing to use his power as king of ,israel1 took measures in his name that ,naboth should be stoned to death1 and the vineyard delivered to ,achab4 ,it was all very simple and easily done2 but we read that vengeance overtook the king1 fell heavily on him1 his household1 and his false prophets2 that ,jezebel fled from the ,avenger1 was overtaken and slain1 and the dogs came and licked up her blood4 ,there is such a reality as justice1 though our ,american sympathizers with the liberal and enlightened ,jezebel seem to have forgotten it4 ,dr4 ,stevens1 the ,protestant ,episcopal ,bishop of ,pennsylvania1 rejoices at the spoliation of the ,pope1 the absorption of the ,roman state1 and the unification of ,italy1 because ,italy is thus opened to liberal ideas1 and ,rome itself unlocked to the advancing civilization and intelligence of the nineteenth century4 ,which advancing civilization and intelligence are aptly illustrated1 we presume1 by the recent ,franco-,prussian war1 the communistic insurrection in ,paris1 the prostration of ,france1 the nation that has advanced farthest in liberal ideas and nineteenth-century civilization4 ,we have here on a fly-sheet a specimen of the liberal ideas to which ,italy is opened1 and of the sort of civilization and intelligence to which ,rome is unlocked4 ,we extract it for the benefit of ,bishop ,stevens and his brethren3 ,religions said to be revealed1 these free-thinkers tells us1 have always been the worst enemy of mankind1 because by making truth1 which is the patrimony of all1 the privilege of the few1 they resist the progressive development of science and liberty1 which can alone solve the gravest social problems that have tormented entire generations for ages4 ,priests have invented supernatural beings1 made themselves mediators between them and men1 and go preaching always a faith that substitutes authority for reason1 slavery for liberty1 the brute for the man4 ,but the darkness is radiated1 and progress beats down the idols and breaks the chains with which the priesthood has bound the human conscience4 ,furiously has raged the war between dogma and the postulates of science1 liberty and tyranny1 science and error4 ,the voice of justice1 so long silenced in blood by kings and priests conspiring together1 comes forth omnipotent from the secret cells of the ,inquisition1 from the ashes of the funeral pile1 from every stone sanctified by the blood of the apostles of truth4 ,people believed the reign of evil would last for ever1 but the day is white1 a spark has kindled a conflagration4 ,rome of the priests becomes ,rome of the people1 the ,holy ,city a human city4 ,she no longer lends herself to a hypocritical faith1 which1 by substituting the form for the substance1 excites the hatred of people against people solely because the one worships a ,god in the synagogue and the other in the pagoda4 ,the association of free-thinkers is established here most opportunely to give the finishing stroke to the crumbling edifice of the priesthood1 founded in the ignorance of the many by the astuteness of the few4 ,truth proved by science is our creed2 respect for our own rights in respecting the rights of others1 our morality4 ,it is necessary to look boldly in the face the monster which for ages has made the earth a battle-field1 to defy him openly and in the light of day4 ,we shall therefore be true to the programme of civilization1 in the name of which the world has applauded the liberation of ,rome from the ,pope1 and we call upon all who love the moral independence of the family1 prostituted and enslaved by the priest1 upon all who wish a country great and respected1 upon all who believe in human perfectibility1 to unite with us under the banner of science and justice4 ,to ,rome is reserved a great glory--that of initiating the third and most splendid epoch of human civilization4 ,free ,rome ought to repair the damage done to the world by sacerdotal ,rome4 ,she can do it1 and she must do it4 ,let the true friends of liberty be associated1 and descend to no compromise1 no bargain with the most terrible enemy the human race has ever had4#dh ,this programme of the ,association of ,free-thinkers in ,rome is not an inapt commentary on the letter of the ,bishop of ,pennsylvania1 and is a hearty response to the sympathy and encouragement given them in their work of destruction by the great and respectable ,new ,york meeting4 ,it at least tells our ,american sympathizers how their friends in ,rome understand their applause of the deposition of the ,pope from his temporal sovereignty and the unity of ,italy4 ,are they pleased with the response given them8 ,there may be a difference between the free-thinkers and their ,american friends2 but the chief difference apparently is1 that the free-thinkers are logical and have the courage of their principles1 know what they mean and say it frankly1 without reticence or circumlocution1 while their ,american sympathizers have a hazy perception of their own principles1 do not see very clearly whither they lead1 and are afraid to push them to their last logical consequences4 ,they have not fully mastered the principles on which they act2 only half-know their own meaning2 and the half they do know they would express and not express4 ,yet they are great men and learned men1 but hampered by their ,protestantism1 which admits no clear or logical statement1 except so far as it coincides with the free-thinkers in regarding the ,papacy as a monster1 which must1 in the interests of civilization and liberty1 be got rid of4 ,yet we can discover no substantial difference in principle between them4 ,the deeds and events they applaud have no justification or excuse1 save in the atrocious principles set forth by the free-thinkers4 ,we are willing to believe these distinguished gentlemen try to persuade themselves1 as they would fain persuade us1 that it is possible to war against the ,papacy without warring against revealed religion or ,christian morals1 as did the reformers in the sixteenth century2 but these ,roman free-thinkers know better1 and tell them that they cannot do it4 ,they understand perfectly well that ,christianity as a revelation and an authoritative religion and the ,papacy stand or fall together2 and it is because they would get rid of all religions that claim to be revealed or to have authority in matters of conscience1 that they seek to overthrow the ,papacy4 ,they attack the temporal sovereignty of the ,pope only as a means of attacking more effectually his spiritual sovereignty2 and they wish to get rid of his spiritual sovereignty only because they wish to rid themselves of the spiritual order1 of the law of ,god1 nay1 of ,god himself1 and feel themselves free to live for this world alone1 and bend all their energies to the production1 amassing1 and enjoying the goods of time and sense4 ,it is not the ,pope personally1 or his temporal government as such1 that they call the worst enemy of mankind1 or the monster that for ages has made the earth a field of blood1 but revealed religion1 but faith1 but the supernatural order1 but the law of ,god1 the spiritual order1 which the ,pope officially represents1 and always and everywhere asserts1 and which his temporal power aids him to assert more freely and independently4 ,they recognize no medium between the ,papacy and no-religion4 ,they disdain all compromise1 admit no via media1 neither the ,anglican via media between ,romanism and dissent1 nor the ,protestant via media between the ,papacy and infidelity4 ,they war not against ,protestantism1 though they despise it as a miserable compromise1 neither one thing nor another2 they even regard it with favor as a useful and an efficient ally in their anti-religious war4 ,the free-thinkers in ,rome and elsewhere present the real and true issue between the ,papacy and its enemies1 and give the real meaning of the atrocious deeds which have effected the deposition of the ,pope1 the absorption of the state of the church1 and the unity of ,italy under the ,house of ,savoy4 ,they present it1 too1 without disguise1 in its utter nakedness1 so that the most stolid cannot mistake it2 precisely as we ourselves have uniformly presented it4 ,the issue is the ,papacy or no-religion1 and the meaning of the deeds and events the ,new ,york meeting applauded is1 ,down with the ,papacy as the means of putting down religion and emancipating the human conscience from the law of ,god6 ,how does the ,protestant ,episcopal ,bishop of ,pennsylvania1 and his brother ,protestant ,episcopal bishops among the sympathizers with ,italian unity1 like the meaning or the issue1 when presented truly and honestly1 and they are forced to look it squarely in the face8 ,what does ,mr4 ,justice ,strong1 of the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states1 think of it8 ,he is the president of an evangelical--perhaps we should say fanatical--association1 whose object is to procure an amendment to the preamble of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 so that the republic shall be made to profess1 officially1 belief in ,god1 in ,christ1 and the supernatural inspiration of the ,scriptures of the ,old and ,new ,testaments4 ,what says he to the assertion that religions said to be revealed have always been the worst enemy of mankind8 ,yet his name appears among the sympathizers with ,italian unity4 ,do these gentlemen know what crimes and atrocities they applaud1 and what is the cause with which they express their sympathy8 ,or1 like the old ,jews who crucified the ,lord of ,life between two thieves1 are they ignorant of what they do8 ,these ,roman free-thinkers only give us the programme of the secret societies1 who have their network spread over all ,europe1 and even over this country2 of the ,mazzinis and ,garibaldis1 of the ,red ,republicans and ,communists1 who have instituted a new ,reign of ,terror in ,paris1 who are filling the prisons of that city while we are writing 7,april #g7 with the friends of order1 with priests and religious1 plundering the churches1 entering and robbing convents and nunneries1 and insulting and maltreating their peaceful and holy inmates1 banishing religion from the schools1 suppressing the public worship of ,god1 and drenching the streets in the blood of the purest and noblest of the land1 all in the name of the people1 of liberty1 equality1 and fraternity--the programme1 in fact1 of the whole revolutionary1 radical1 or so-called liberal party throughout the world4 ,the realization of civil liberty1 the advancement of science1 the promotion of society1 truth1 and justice1 are--unless1 perhaps1 with here and there an individual--a mere pretext to dupe simple and confiding people1 and gain their support4 ,the leaders and knowing ones are not duped2 they understand what they want1 and that is the total abolition of all revealed religion1 of all belief in the spiritual order1 or the universal1 eternal1 and immutable principles of right and justice1 and the complete emancipation of the human intellect from all faith in the supernatural1 and of conscience from all the law not self-imposed4 ,are our ,american sympathizers with ,victor ,emmanuel in his war on the ,pope1 with the unity of ,italy1 and the revolutionary party throughout ,europe1 and with which the ,protestant missionaries on the ,continent in ,catholic nations are in intimate alliance1 really dupes1 and do they really fancy1 if the ,papacy were gone1 the movement they applaud could be arrested before it had reached the programme of the ,association of ,free-thinkers in ,rome8 ,we can hardly believe it4 ,europe was reorganized1 after the fall of the ,roman ,empire1 by the ,papacy1 and consequently on a ,christian basis--the independence of the spiritual order1 and the freedom of religion from secular control or intermeddling1 the rights of conscience1 and the supremacy of truth and justice in the mutual relations of individuals and of nations4 ,no doubt the ,christian ideal was far from being practically realized in the conduct of men or nations2 there were relics of heathen barbarism to be subdued1 old superstitions to be rooted out1 and fierce passions to be quelled4 ,the ,philistines still dwelt in the land4 ,in reorganized ,europe there was no lack of great crimes and great criminals1 followed often by grand penances and grand expiations2 society in practice was far from perfect1 and the good work that the church was carrying on was often interrupted1 retarded1 or destroyed by barbarian and heathen invasions of the ,normans from the ,north1 the ,huns from the ,east1 and the ,saracens from the ,south4 ,but the work was renewed as soon as the violence ceased4 ,under the inspiration and direction of the ,papacy and the zealous and persevering labors of the bishops and their clergy1 and the monastic orders of either sex1 assisted not unfrequently by kings and emperors1 secular princes and nobles1 the ,christian faith became the acknowledged faith of all ranks and classes1 individuals and nations4 ,gradually the old heathen superstitions were rooted out1 the barbarisms were softened if not wholly subdued1 just and humane laws were enacted1 the rights of individuals and of nations were defined and declared sacred and inviolable1 schools were multiplied1 colleges established1 universities founded1 intelligence diffused1 and society was advancing1 if slowly yet surely1 towards the ,christian ideal4 ,if men or nations violated the immutable principles of justice and right1 they at least recognized them and their duty to conform to them in their conduct2 if the law was disobeyed1 it was not denied or so altered as to sanction men's vices or crimes2 if marriage was sometimes violated1 its sacredness and indissolubility were held to be the law1 and nobody sought to conform it to the interests of lust or lawless passion2 if a feudal baron wrongfully invaded the territory of his brother baron1 or oppressed his people1 it was acknowledged to be wrong2 in a word1 if the conduct of men or nations was bad1 it was in violation of the principles which they held to be right--of the law which they owned themselves bound to obey4 ,the conscience was not perverted1 nor ethics and legislation made to conform to a perverted conscience4 ,but in the sixteenth century1 bold1 base1 and disorderly men rose not only in acts of disobedience to the ,pope1 which had been no rare thing1 but in principle and doctrine against the ,papacy2 declared it a usurpation1 hostile to the independence of sovereigns and the ,bible2 denounced the ,papal ,church as the mystery of ,babylon1 and the ,pope as the man of sin4 ,the sovereigns listened to them1 and the people of several nations believed and trusted them1 cast off the ,papacy1 and interrupted the progress in manners and morals1 in society and civilization1 which had been going on from the sixth century to the sixteenth under the auspices of the ,popes4 ,the reformers1 as they are called1 no doubt really believed that they could cast off the ,papacy and retain the church1 ,christianity1 revealed religion1 in even greater purity and efficiency4 ,yet the experiment1 it must be conceded1 has not succeeded4 ,the church1 as an authoritative body1 has been lost with the loss of the ,papacy4 ,the ,bible1 for the want of a competent and authoritative interpreter1 has ceased to be authority for faith1 and has been made to sanction the most various and contradictory opinions4 ,faith itself has been resolved into a variable opinion1 and the law of ,god explained so as to suit each man's own taste and inclination4 ,religion is no longer the recognition and assertion of the supremacy of the spiritual order1 the rights of ,god1 and the homage due to our ,maker1 ,redeemer1 and ,saviour2 nothing eternal and immutable is acknowledged1 and truth and justice1 it is even contended1 should vary from age to age1 from people to people1 and from individual to individual4 ,the state itself1 which in several anti-,papal nations has undertaken to supply the place of the ,papacy1 has everywhere failed1 and must fail1 because1 there being no spiritual authority above it to declare for it the law of ,god1 or to place before it a fixed1 irreversible1 and infallible ideal1 it has no support but in opinion1 and necessarily becomes dependent on the people2 and1 however slowly or reluctantly1 it is obliged to conform to their ever-varying opinions1 passions1 prejudices1 ignorance1 and false conscience4 ,it may retard by acts of gross tyranny or by the exercise of despotic power the popular tendency for a time1 but in proportion as it attempts it1 it saps the foundations of its own authority1 and prepares its own overthrow or subversion4 ,if in the modern non-,catholic world there has been a marked progress in scientific inventions as applied to the mechanical and industrial arts1 there has been an equally marked deterioration in men's principles and character4 ,if there is in our times less distance between men's principles and practice than in medival times1 it is not because their practice is more ,christian1 more just or elevated1 for in fact it is far less so1 but because they have lowered their ideal1 and brought their principles down to the level of their practice4 ,having no authority for a fixed and determined creed1 they assert as a principle none is necessary1 nay1 that any creed imposed by authority1 and which one is not free to interpret according to one's own private judgments1 tastes1 or inclination1 is hostile to the growth of intelligence1 the advance of science1 and the progress of civilization4 ,the tendency in all ,protestant sects1 stronger in some1 weaker in others1 is to make light of dogmatic faith1 and to resolve religion and morality into the sentiments and affections of our emotional nature4 ,whatever is authoritative or imposes a restraint on our sentiments1 affections1 passions1 inclinations1 fancies1 whims1 or caprices1 is voted tyrannical and oppressive1 an outrage on man's natural freedom1 hostile to civilization1 and not to be tolerated by a free people1 who1 knowing1 dare maintain their rights4 ,take as an apt illustration the question of marriage1 the basis of the family1 as the family is the basis of society4 ,in the ,papal ,church marriage is a sacrament1 holy and absolutely indissoluble save by death1 and the severest struggles the ,popes engaged in with kings and emperors were to compel them to maintain its sanctity4 ,the so-called reformers rejected its sacramental character1 and made it a civil contract1 and dissoluble4 ,at first1 divorces were restricted to a single cause1 that of adultery1 and the guilty party was forbidden to marry again2 but at the pressure of public opinion other causes were added1 till now1 in several states1 divorce may be obtained for almost any cause1 or no cause at all1 and both parties be at liberty to marry again if they choose4 ,there are1 here and elsewhere1 associations of women that contend that ,christian marriage is a masculine institution for enslaving women1 though it binds both man and woman in one and the same bond1 and that seek to abolish the marriage bond altogether1 make marriage provisional for so long a time as the mutual love of the parties may last1 and dissoluble at the will or caprice of either party4 ,no religious or legal sanction is needed in its formation or for its dissolution4 ,men and women should be under no restraint either before or after marriage1 but should be free to couple and uncouple as inclination dictates1 and leave the children1 if any are suffered to be born1 to the care of--we say not whom or what4 ,say we not1 then1 truly1 that without the ,papacy we lose the church2 without the church1 we lose revealed religion2 and without revealed religion1 we lose not only the supernatural order1 but the moral order1 even natural right and justice1 and go inevitably to the conclusions reached by the free-thinkers in ,rome4 ,one of the greatest logicians of modern times1 the late ,m4 ,proudhon1 has said3 ,one who admits the existence even of ,god is logically bound to admit the whole ,catholic ,church1 its ,pope1 its bishops and priests1 its dogmas1 and its entire cultus2 and we must get rid of ,god before we can get rid of despotism and assert liberty4 ,let our ,american sympathizers with ,victor ,emmanuel and the unity of ,italy look at modern society as it is1 and they can hardly fail to see that everything is unsettled1 unmoored1 and floating2 that men's minds are everywhere shaken1 agitated by doubt and uncertainty2 that no principle1 no institution1 is too venerable or too sacred to be attacked1 no truth is too well established to be questioned1 and no government or authority too legitimate or too beneficent to be conspired against4 ,order there is none1 liberty there is none2 it is sought1 but not yet obtained4 ,everywhere revolution1 disorder--disorder in the state1 disorder in society1 disorder in the family1 disorder in the individual1 body and soul1 thoughts and affections2 and just in proportion as the ,papacy is rejected or its influence ceases to be felt1 the world intellectually and morally1 individually and socially1 lapses into chaos4 ,we describe tendencies1 and readily admit that the whole non-,catholic world has not as yet followed out these tendencies to their last term2 in most ,protestant sects there are undoubtedly those who assert and honestly defend revealed religion1 and to some extent ,christian doctrines and morals2 but1 from their ,catholic reminiscences and from the reflected influence of the ,papacy still in the world by their side declaring the truth1 the right1 the just1 for individuals and nations1 and denouncing whatever is opposed to them1 not from ,protestant principles or by virtue of their ,protestant tendencies2 and just in proportion as the external influence of the ,papacy has declined and men believed it becoming old and decrepit1 has the ,protestant world been more true to its innate tendencies1 developed more logically its principles1 cast off more entirely all dogmatic faith1 resolved religion into a sentiment or emotion1 and rushed into rationalism1 free religion1 and the total rejection of ,christian faith or ,christian morals1 and justified its dereliction from ,god on principle and at the command of what it calls science--as if without ,god there could be any science1 or anybody to cultivate it4 ,the ,protestant world has no principle of its own that opposes this result1 or that when logically carried out does not lead surely and inevitably to it4 ,the principles held by ,protestants that oppose it and retain many of them from actually reaching it are borrowed from the ,papacy1 and if the ,papacy should fall they would fall with it4 ,now we ask1 and we ask in all seriousness1 the learned jurists1 the distinguished statesmen1 the able editors1 the eminent ,protestant divines1 poets1 and philosophers1 who took part in or approved the great sympathy meeting1 where but in the ,papacy are we to look for the nucleus or the principle of ,european reorganization1 for the spirit that will move over the weltering chaos and bid light spring from the darkness1 and order from the confusion8 ,we know they look anywhere but to the ,papacy2 to the ,parisian ,commune1 to ,kaiser ,william and ,prince ,bismarck1 to ,victor ,emmanuel1 to ,mazzini1 and to ,garibaldi--that is1 to the total abolition of the ,papacy and the ,catholic ,church4 ,but in this are they not like the physician who prescribes1 as a cure to the man already drunk1 drinking more and more deeply8 ,are they not like those infatuated ,jews--we are writing on ,good ,friday--who demanded of ,pilate the release1 not of ,jesus in whom no fault was found1 but of ,barabbas1 who was a robber6 ,can ,barabbas help them8 ,will he help re-establish the reign of law1 and teach men to respect the rights of property1 the rights of sovereigns1 and the duties of subjects8 ,we say not that the ,pope can reorganize ,europe1 for we know not the secret designs of ,providence4 ,nations that have once been enlightened and tasted the good word of ,god1 and have fallen away1 lapsed into infidelity1 and made a mock of ,christ crucified1 cannot easily1 if at all1 be renewed unto repentance and recover the faith they have knowingly and wilfully cast from them4 ,there is not another ,christ to be crucified for them4 ,we have no assurance that these apostate ,european nations are ever to be reorganized2 to be saved from the chaos into which they are now weltering2 but if they are1 we know this1 that it can be only by the power and grace of ,god1 communicated to them through the ,papacy4 ,there is no other source of help4 ,kings and ,kaisers cannot do it1 for it is all they can do to keep their own heads on their shoulders2 the mob cannot do it1 for it can only make confusion worse confounded2 the popularly constituted state1 like our own republic1 cannot do it1 for a popular state1 a state that rests on the popular will1 can only follow popular opinions1 and reflect the ignorance1 the passions1 the fickleness1 the selfishness1 and the basenesses of the people2 science and philosophy cannot do it1 for they are themselves disorganized1 in a chaotic state1 uncertain whether man differs from the brute1 whether he has a soul1 or is only a congeries of matter1 and whether he is or is not developed from the monkey or the tadpole2 atheism cannot do it1 for it has no positive principle1 is the negation of all principle1 and effective only for destruction2 ,protestantism cannot do it1 for it is itself chaos1 the original source of the evil1 and contains as its own no principle or organite from which a new organization can be developed4 ,we repeat1 then1 if there is any hope1 it is in the ,papacy1 which rests on a basis outside of the world1 and speaks with divine authority2 and the first step to reorganization must be the re-establishment of the ,holy ,father in the full possession of his rights4 ,whether there is faith enough left on earth to demand and effect his restoration1 remains to be seen4 ,certain it is1 let men say what they will1 the ,pope is the only sovereign power on earth at this moment that stands as the defender of the rights of independent governments1 of international law1 the equality of sovereign states without regard to size1 race1 language1 or geographical position--the sole champion of those great1 eternal1 and immutable principles of justice on which depend alike public liberty and individual freedom1 the sanctity and inviolability of the family1 the peace and order and the very existence of society4 ,if the kings and rulers of this world are with him1 or dare utter a feeble whisper to encourage and sustain him1 the people are opposed1 or cold or indifferent1 and pass him by1 wagging their heads1 saying in a mocking tone1 ,he trusted in heaven1 and let heaven save him4 ,it were little short of profanity to indicate the contrast between his sublime attitude and the abject and servile attitude of these distinguished countrymen of ours4 ,they but prove themselves slaves to the spirit of the age1 and only reflect popular ignorance and passion1 and follow the multitude to worship at the shrine of ,success1 and to trample on the wronged and outraged4 ,he dares arraign the fierce and satanic spirit of the age1 to face the enraged multitude1 to defy popular opinion or popular passion1 to proclaim the truth it condemns1 to defend the right it tramples under foot1 and uphold the scorned and rejected rights of ,god1 and the inviolability of conscience4 ,it were an insult to truth and justice1 to moral greatness and nobility1 to dwell on the contrast4 ,his attitude is that of his ,master when he trod the wine-press alone1 and of the people none were with him4 ,it is grand1 it is sublime1 beyond the power of mortal man1 unless assisted with strength from above4 ,no man1 it seems to us1 can contemplate his attitude1 firm and inflexible1 calm and serene1 without being filled1 if he have any nobility or generosity of soul1 or any sense of moral heroism or true manliness in him1 with admiration and awe1 or feeling that his very attitude proves that he is in the right1 and that ,god is with him4 ,let our ,american sympathizers with his traducers and persecutors behold him whom they calumniate1 and1 if they are men1 blush and hang their heads4 ,shame and confusion should cover their faces6 ,,footnotes3 #de ,entered1 according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahga1 by ,,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #df #a4 ,the ,unity of ,italy4 ,the ,american ,celebration of the ,unity of ,italy1 at the ,academy of ,music1 ,new ,york1 ,jan4 #ab1 #ahga2 with the ,addresses1 ,letters1 and ,comments of the ,press4 ,new ,york3 ,putnam ,sons4 #ahga4 ,imp4 #hvo1 pp4 #aig4 #b4 ,programma ,associazione dei ,libri ,pensatori in ,roma4 ,la ,commissione4 ,roma1 ,febbraio1 #ahga4 ,fly-sheet4 #dg ,the question1 ,mr4 ,dana really argues1 is1 whether ,catholics in other than the ,roman state have1 under the law of nations1 a right to insist that by virtue of their donations1 or what the law treats as eleemosynary gifts1 they shall continue to be vested in the ,holy ,see8 ,the answer must be founded on the acknowledged principle of law1 that all gifts of the sort must be invested and appropriated according to the will of the donors2 and in the interest of all ,catholics in the ,holy ,see1 as the mistress and mother of all the churches1 ,catholics throughout the world have an ethical right that their gifts shall be invested and appropriated to the purposes for which they are given2 but we doubt if their right can be juridically asserted1 under international law1 in the courts of the usurping state1 or of any other state1 since the state of the church is suppressed4 ,but there can be no doubt1 from the relation of all ,catholics to the ,holy ,see1 the invasion of her rights and despoiling her of possessions1 whether absolute or only fiduciary1 gives to all ,catholic powers the right of war against the invader and despoiler4 ,at the order of the ,holy ,father1 ,catholics throughout the world would have the right1 even without the license of their temporal sovereigns1 to arm for the recovery and restoration to the ,holy ,see of the possessions or trusts of which she may be despoiled1 because these possessions and trusts belong to the spirituality1 and the ,holy ,father has plenary authority in spirituals1 and is the spiritual sovereign1 not the temporal sovereign1 of all ,catholics4 ,if ,italian ,catholics had understood that the ,roman state belonged to the ,holy ,see1 and therefore to the spirituality1 they would have understood that no order of their king could bind them to obey him in despoiling the ,roman state1 or in entering it against the order of the ,pope1 for in spirituals the spiritual sovereign overrides the temporal sovereign4 #dh ,le religioni dette rivelate sono state sempre il pi grande nemico della umanit1 poich facendo del vero1 patrimonio di tutti1 il privilegio di pochi1 si opposero allo sviluppo progressivo della scienza e della libert1 le sole capaci di risolvere i pi gravi problemi sociali1 attorno a cui da secoli si agitano intere generazioni4 ,il sacerdote ha inventato degli esseri sopran-naturali1 e fattosi mediatore fra questi e gli uomini va predicando ancora uda fede1 che sostituisce l'autorit alla ragione1 la schiavit alla libert1 il bruto all'uomo4 ,per la tenebra si diradata1 ed il progresso abbatte gl'idoli e svincola l'umana coscienza dalle catene1 di cui i sacerdoti l'aveano cinta4 ,accanita ferve la lotta fra il dogma ed i postulati della scienza1 tra la libert e la tirannide1 fra la scienza e l'errore4 ,la voce della giustizia1 fatta tacere nel sangue da re e preti assieme congiurati1 risorta onnipotente dai penetrali della inquisizione1 dalle ceneri dei roghi1 da ogni pietra sanctificata dal sangue degli apostoli della verit4 ,si credeva durasse eterno il regno del male1 per l'alba diventata giorno1 la favilla si fatta incendio4 ,ora ,roma del prete diviene ,roma del popolo1 la citt santa citt umana4 ,non pi si presti fede a credenze ipocrite1 che sostituendo la forma alla sostanza suscitarono odi tra popoli e popoli1 sol perch gli uni adoravano un dio nella sinagoga e gli altri nella pagoda4 ,l'associazione dei liberi pensatori si stabilisce qui opportunamente per dare l'ultimo colpo al crollante edificio sacerdotale1 fondato nella ignoranza dei molti e per l'astuzia dei pochi4 ,le verit provate dalla scienza costituiscono la nostra sola fede1 il rispetto al diritto proprio nel rispettare il diritto altrui1 la nostra morale4 ,e d'uopo guardare arditamente in faccia quel mostro secolare1 che della terra ha fatto un campo di battaglia1 sfidarlo all'aperto ed alla luce del giorno4 ,saremo cos fedeli al programma della civilt1 in nome della quale il mondo ha applaudito alla liberazione di ,roma dal ,papa4 ,noi facciamo appello a quanti amano davvero l'indipendenza morale della famiglia1 prostituita e fatta schiava dal prete--a quanti vogliono una patria grande e rispettata--a quanti credono alla umana perfettibilit--uniamoci tutti sotto la bandiera della scienza e della giustizia4 ,a ,roma riservata una gran gloria--quella d'iniziare la terza e pi splendida epoca dell'incivilimento umano4 ,roma libera deve riparare ai danni arrecati al mondo dalla ,roma sacerdotale4 ,essa pu far lo1 essa deve farlo4 ,i veri amici della libert si associino1 e non iscendano a patti sol nemico pi terribile che abbia avuto l'umana famiglia4 ,,roma1 ,febbraio1 #ahga4 ,,la ,,commissione4 ,,flowers4 ,i4 ,to sit on rocks1 to muse o'er flood and fell1 ,to slowly trace the forest's shady scene1 ,where things that own not man's dominion dwell1 ,and mortal foot hath ne'er or rarely been2 ,to climb the trackless mountain all unseen ,with the wild flock that never needs a fold1 ,alone o'er steeps and foaming falls to lean-- ,is a pleasure accorded to few only of the dwellers upon earth2 seldom indeed to the few who could best appreciate the privilege4 ,a large portion of the sum total of human existence is spent in cities4 ,outside of these1 the wants of life1 best supplied by the co-operation of numbers1 gather people together in towns and villages4 ,travelling is generally such only as may be needful in the exercise of trades and professions1 with a view to their ultimate end1 the accumulation of wealth2 or such as exhausted energies demand to fit them for further toil4 ,the invalid1 it is true1 seeks to revive his failing powers in far-away balmy climates and delicious scenes--and there is a love for his birthplace in the heart of many a wanderer which leads him back time after time to the old homestead1 and invests it with countless charms1 although bleak and barren its surroundings may be--but to how few individuals it is given1 in the fulness of their health and mental faculties1 to rove abroad at will through the beauties and sublimities of creation--to look on her rolling oceans and broad lakes2 her foaming cataracts and stupendous mountains2 on the luxuriant loveliness of the torrid zone1 and the icy wonders of the north6 ,yet such things always make part of the expectancies1 the bright anticipations of youth--the day-dreams1 crushed down at last by hard realities4 ,for to generation after generation the story of life is strangely the same4 ,its general events unfold themselves in a succession marked for each one with singular uniformity2 a uniformity1 indeed1 so susceptible of calculation that on it are based many of its most extended speculations4 ,pecuniary interests generally push their claims first and most boldly1 because least to be evaded4 ,then come the petty edicts of an artificial social existence1 which command and receive submission before their presence is even suspected1 and though their power be neither recognized nor acknowledged4 ,gradually the turning kaleidoscope of time shows more sombre colors2 the path to be trodden is made visible--the mind bends itself to the narrow way--earthly happiness seeks its realization in a circumscribed sphere--and so1 one by one1 the winged thoughts lower their circle of flight1 and the dreamer ceases to dream4 ,but the love of nature is implanted too deeply in the heart of man to be ever entirely eradicated2 and the sentiment finds for itself an expression coextensive with its existence in the universal love of flowers4 ,they have a charm for the eye and soul welling from a deeper source than those graceful forms and brilliant colors1 for they are a portion of the great universe4 ,they are a link1 and an important one1 and the one most exquisitely fashioned1 in the mighty chain which holds beside them not only the everlasting hills1 but ,planets1 suns1 and adamantine spheres4 ,year after year they return to us with a beauty which never palls1 to make us wiser1 and better1 and happier2 and as punctually they meet from each true heart a greeting fitly due to their fairy manifestations of the same boundless ,power which called forth those mightier1 sublimer forms of matter so often placed beyond our reach4 ,flowers1 when mention is made of them in the ,old ,testament1 are consecrated 7so to say7 by the most lofty associations2 they typify virtue--happiness--the ,deity himself4 ,when the inspired writer would fain depict in language level to our humble capacity pleasures of which we can have not the most distant idea--the pleasures of man's first terrestrial paradise--he calls it a garden2 as the word best embodying to us happiness sinless and complete2 and the ,deity in the same sacred volume prompted ,the flower of the field1 and the lily of the valley1 7,cant4 ii47 as the most appropriate figures of his own divine holiness4 ,flowers with lamps of fine gold made part of the decorations of ,solomon's temple4 ,the ,scriptures were originally written in the land of bold imagery and under a burning sun1 where herbage and water constitute wealth2 consequently1 we find throughout its pages rich pastures and flowing streams suggested themselves as emblems of rewards not only in this world1 but of those beyond the grave4 ,again1 the brief span of life1 and the uncertainty of all earthly possessions1 are imaged by the fading flower and the withered grass2 and the prophets in their denunciations of the wicked constantly compare them1 in the desolation of utter abandonment1 to a garden without water4 ,asia has always been the especial land of flowers2 from the rose-gardens which ,semiramis#di planted at the foot of ,mount ,bajistanos1 #hjj ,b4,c41 to the fragrant gardens now to be seen in almost every oriental city4 ,the fame of these rose-gardens extended so far that ,alexander the ,great1 on his ,eastern expedition1 turned a long way from his course to visit them4 ,the city which ,solomon founded1 ,tadmor in the wilderness 7,palmyra71 about midway between the ,orontes and ,euphrates1 was celebrated1 and indeed derived its name1 from the abundance of a magnificent species of palm-tree which grew there4 ,this tree 7the ,borassus of ,lin47 yields a liquor seducing and pernicious1 and in taste resembling weak champagne4#ej ,the ruins of this city and its surroundings are described by travellers as exceedingly imposing4 ,the city of ,susa 7in ,scripture1 ,susan71 in a district lying on the ,persian ,gulf1 was in ancient days the residence of the ,persian kings2 their summers being spent at ,ecbatana1 in the cool mountainous district of ,media4 ,the name ,susa signifies a lily1 and is said to have been given on account of the great quantity and beauty of these flowers which grew in its vicinity4 ,the fertility of the land of ,bashan is mentioned in ,scripture1 and its oaks are coupled with the cedars of ,lebanon4 ,media also is mentioned by old writers2 and ,carmania1 north of the ,persian ,gulf1 boasted of vines bearing clusters more than two feet long4 ,china in modern times calls herself the flowery kingdom1 but she is not the only one2 in many other parts roses are extensively cultivated for the purpose of distilling from them the ottar 7attah-gul7 of commerce2 and the landscape is often converted for a hundred acres into one great rose-garden4 ,it has been estimated that one-half of all the varieties of roses scattered over our gardens were originally brought from ,asia2 and perhaps1 counting the fields planted there for distillation1 it may be said that one-half of all in actual bloom adorn that quarter of the globe4 ,yet the simple wild roses of ,asia1 like our own wild roses1 are very inconspicuous little flowers2 it is only under the skilful hand of the florist that each one of those many varieties develops its own peculiar beauties1 and we obtain the cultivated roses of the garden4 ,the ,afghan province of ,turkistan is1 in some parts1 at the present day famous for its roses4 ,balkh1 the modern capital1 is so exceedingly hot that each spring the inhabitants in a body leave it for the little village of ,mezar2 and ,mezar boasts of the most beautiful roses in the world--a fragrant red rose which they name gul-i-surkh4 ,this peculiar variety grows on the pretended tomb of ,ali 7whose real monument is at ,nedjef74 ,they say that these roses will flourish in no soil but that of ,mezar--an experiment 7they say7 which has been repeatedly tried and failed4 ,mr4 ,vambry1 who was there in #ahfd1 says1 ,they are certainly more lovely and fragrant than any ,i ever saw4 ,mr4 ,vambry was sent in #ahfc1 by the ,hungarian ,academy1 on a scientific mission to ,central ,asia4 ,at ,teheran he assumed the dress of a dervish and the name of ,hadji ,rechid1 and in this character he joined a company of twenty-four pilgrims1 ragged and dirty1 who were on their return from ,mecca to their far-away home in the northeast4 ,they never penetrated his disguise--and with them he traversed an extent of country never before visited by a ,european4 ,they travelled mostly by night1 to avoid the excessive heat4 ,of course much natural landscape was lost1 but we are struck with the abundance of flowers and gardens along this route4 ,one which he mentions is not fascinating1 but that was an exception2 before leaving ,teheran1 he visited two ,european friends near there1 and found ,count ,g---- in a small silk tent in a garden like a caldron2 the heat was awful6 ,mr4 ,alison was more comfortable in his pleasant garden at ,guhalek4 ,when the pilgrims resumed their journey at ,teheran1 such as were rich enough hired a camel for two1 as partners4 ,mr4 ,vambry soon loaned his animal to a dirty friend1 and joined the pedestrians1 who1 like true believers--followers of the ,prophet--buried all care in one word1 kismet4#ea ,as they tramped on 7he says71 ,when their enthusiasm had been sufficiently stimulated by reminiscences of the gardens of ,mergolan1 ,namengan1 and ,kholand1 all began with one accord to sing a telkin 7hymn71 in which ,i joined by screaming as loud as ,i was able ,allah ya ,allah6 ,the gardens at ,tabersi1 a place where they rested1 were very beautiful1 also there were abundance of oranges and lemons1 tinted yellow and red with their dark-green leaves4 ,from scenes of luxuriant vegetation they passed into the desert of ,turkistan1 which extended on all sides1 far as eye could reach1 like a vast sea of sand1 on one side slightly undulating in little hills1 like waves in a storm1 on the other side level as a calm lake4 ,not a bird in the air1 nor a crawling thing on the earth2 traces of nothing but departed life in the bleaching bones of man or beast who had perished there6 ,but mark how rapid the transition once more to beauty and fertility6 ,on emerging from this desolation and reaching the frontier of ,bokara1 they had only proceeded half an hour through a country resplendent with gardens and cultivated fields when the little village of ,kakemir lay before them4 ,bokara 7the city7 is at this day the ,rome of ,islam4 ,there is a small garden not far from it whose fame is widely extended2 for in it stands the tomb of ,baha-ed-din1 the national saint of ,turkistan1 second in sanctity only to ,mahomet4 ,pilgrimages are made to this tomb and garden from the most remote parts of ,china2 and the people of ,bokara go every week4 ,about three hundred asses ply for hire between the garden and the city4 ,it is considered a miraculous devotion in these animals that1 while they go thither with the greatest alacrity1 only the most determined cudgelling can turn them homeward--but then1 asses may have rural proclivities4 ,samarcand is the most beautiful city in ,turkistan2 magnificent in her splendid gardens1 and in the tale of past glory told in her ruins4 ,two of the lofty domes which greet the eye of the stranger as he approaches are associated with ,timour--the one is his mosque1 the other his tomb1 where the warlike ,tartar rests among flowers4 ,if we can picture the many lofty edifices with their imposing domes1 and then suppose the whole intermixed with closely planted gardens1 we shall have a faint idea of the loveliness in the first view of ,samarcand4 ,the way from ,samarcand to ,karshi1 south1 lies for the last two miles entirely through gardens4#eb ,in ,karshi is a large garden called ,kalenterkhane--literally1 beggar's house2 but we would rather translate it pilgrim's house4 ,the words are somewhat synonymous there1 where the most saintly pilgrims to the tomb of the ,prophet subsist on alms4 ,but this is a lovely garden on the bank of the river1 with walks and beds of flowers2 and here the beau monde of ,karshi are to be seen daily from about two o'clock until past sunset4 ,in different parts of the place the ,samovins 7gigantic ,russian tea-kettles7 are constantly occupied in furnishing their customers1 gathered around them in circles two and three deep1 with the national beverage1 tea4 ,we have a slight glimpse of tropical flowers in a greenhouse1 but nothing of their native beauty and abundance2 for what a poor representative of its class is that dwarfed and solitary specimen1 faded in color and deficient in the perfume of a hot climate6 ,then how can imagination fill out the entire landscape--when vines and trees cluster together1 and twist their dark leaves and a thousand such blossoms into one sweet mass8 ,then the nard grass2 and the spicy chandan1 which old books say once covered the mountains of ,malaya2 and the groves of catalpa--not the catalpa of our latitude1 but that which opens under an ,indian sky1 which the bee seeks before all other blossoms6 ,the morning-glory 7,ipomea7 here has no fragrance1 but one which grows wild in ,southern ,asia gives out a perfume like cloves4 ,one thing we remark in ,asia is the quantity of flowers cultivated in cities1 even the largest and most densely populated2 in those of ,china especially1 flowers are a household necessity4 ,in most other lands--certainly in ours--they are associated with life in the country1 or1 at least1 they are the pleasant privilege of the little village4 ,flowers in a city are luxuries only within reach of the wealthy4 ,a bouquet bought in the market-place is a rare excess of floral expenditure1 and it must needs be trimmed and watered until the last leaf withers4 ,the dweller in a labyrinth of brick walls is happy if he can1 one time in a year1 escape to grass and gardens1 and refresh memory that such things exist2 but in ,asiatic cities flowers are a part of life4 ,a modern traveller says3 ,after an interesting passage up the river to ,canton1 the stranger enters the suburbs of the city4 ,here he is surprised to see the number of flowers and flowering-plants which everywhere meet his eyes 444 every house-window and courtyard is filled with them4 ,the home of ,ponqua-qua1 a retired ,chinese merchant and mandarin1 was crowded with flowers and sweet shrubs4 ,besides a greenhouse of choice plants1 and the customary garden1 his banqueting-hall opened on a grove of orange-trees and camellias1 all covered with singing-birds4 ,in years long past1 the same tastes prevailed4 ,sir ,john ,chardon1 who was in ,persia in #afhf1 dwells on delicious city gardens of roses1 lilies1 and peach-trees4 ,and further back still1 in ,a4,d4 #ajhf1 lived ,atoz1 a celebrated ,chinese statesman and writer4 ,in a description of his villa and grounds1 he enumerates hedges of roses and pomegranate-trees--banks of odoriferous flowers--bamboo groves with gravel walks1 willows and cedars1 with the added treasure of a library of #e1jjj volumes4#ec 99 99 99 99 99 ,in almost all pagan countries some certain flowers1 either real or imaginary1 receive a sort of veneration from being associated with supernatural and invisible things4 ,oftentimes the plant so honored is a tree1 as the ,soma of the ,hindoos 7the ,persian ,homa71 which was the first tree planted by ,ahura-marda by the fountain of life4 ,he who drinks of its juice can never die4 ,in the ,hindoo ,mahabharet1 the mountain ,mandar1 the occasional abode of the deities1 is covered with a twining creeper2 and ,india boasts a vine well befitting to deck the home of the gods6 ,it is the ,bengal banisteria of ,linnus1 the most gigantic of all climbers4 ,its blossoms are pale pink shaded with red and yellow--so beautiful and so fragrant that it has gained the native name delight of the woods4 ,another mountain1 ,meroo--a spot beyond man's comprehension--is adorned with trees and celestial plants of rare virtue4 ,the ,pelsa 7,butea frondosa7 is held in great veneration2 it gave name to the plain ,plssey1 or more properly ,pelssey4 ,it is named in the ,vedas1 in the laws of ,menu1 and in ,sanscrit poems4 ,few plants 7says ,sir ,w4 ,jones7 are considered more venerable and holy4 ,there was a famous grove of it once at ,crishnanagar4 ,the oriental ,nauclea gives an odor like wine from its gold-colored blossoms1 hence it was called ,halipriga1 or beloved of ,halin1 the ,bacchus of ,india4 ,the ash-tree is very conspicuous in the fables of the ,edda1 and1 as some part of the ,scandinavian creed is said to have been carried thither from ,asia1 we may speak of it here4 ,in the fifth fable of the prose ,edda1 the first man was named ,aske 7ash-tree71 and the first woman ,emla 7elm-tree74 ,we ask1 ,why these two especial trees8 ,but see further--they were created by the sons of ,bore from two pieces of wood found floating in the waves--and1 behold1 a sensible reason6 ,an ash-tree is in the palace of the gods2 it typifies the universe4 ,its ramifications are countless--penetrating all things--and under its branches the gods hold council4 ,but this ash-tree in various shapes is almost the only green leaf in ,scandinavian mythology4 ,whatever else ,sigge 7,odin7 carried thither from ,asia1 he left behind the countless 7and some beautiful7 flower legends4 ,or did they die in the icy north--and in their place spring up that machinery of blood and fierce passions which made ,valhalla not the flower-clad mountain of oriental climes1 but a battle-ground1 where life was renewed only to be again pleasurably extinguished1 and where boar's meat and mead was joy sufficient8 99 99 99 99 99 ,flowers seem literally to pervade almost all oriental literature1 ancient and modern4 ,they inspire kings to lay aside care and enact the poet4 ,in the middle of the last century1 one of the ,chinese emperors1 ,kienlong1 distinguished himself by a long poem1 in which he painted the beauties of nature and his admiration of them4 ,he was contemporary with ,frederick the ,great1 who also1 as his ,french friend sneeringly informs us1 always travelled with a quire of foolscap in his pocket4 ,on which of the monarchs the muses smiled most kindly1 no ,chinese critic is here to tell4 ,see-ma-kung1 a ,chinese statesman1 wrote a book called the ,garden--and very many similar might be named4#ed ,what can express the softer emotions of the soul as well as flowers8 ,the oriental lover can find no sweeter name for the object of his passion than ,my rosebud6 ,her form is the young palm-tree1 her brow the white jasmine1 her curling locks sweet hyacinths2 her grace is the cypress2 she is a fawn among aromatic shrubs6 ,roses and lilies are like the bright cheeks of beautiful maidens1 ,in whose ears the pearls hang like drops of dew6 ,listen to a song from the ,schar-,namah of ,fedusi1 one of the most celebrated ,persian poets4 ,in the original1 the lines rhyme in couplets2 this is only an extract4 ,one can scarce think of the maiden as walking the earth4 ,surely she must have reclined on some rose1 or floated round some lily6 ,the air is perfumed with musk1 and the waters of the brooks1 are they not the essence of roses8 ,this jasmine bending under the weight of its flowers1 this thicket of roses shedding its perfume1 seem like the divinities of the garden4 ,wherever ,menisched1 the daughter of ,afrariab1 appears1 we find men happy4 ,it is she who makes the garden as brilliant as the sun2 the daughter of an august monarch1 is she not a new star8 ,she is the brilliant star that rises over the rose and jasmine4 ,peerless beauty6 her features are veiled1 but the elegance of her figure rivals the cypress4 ,her breath spreads the perfume of amber around her2 upon her cheek reposes the rose4 ,how languishing are her eyes6 ,her lips have stolen their color from the wine1 but their odor is like the essence of roses4--,translated from ,sismonde de ,sismondi4 ,nor is it only love which levies this tribute on flowers4 ,we subjoin an extract from ,mesihi1 another poet whose fame is world-wide3 ,mesihi the irresistible6--who paints in many a lyric1 with graphic touch1 the fascinations of beauty1 and in the concluding verse of one of them 7with happy self-complacency7 thus soliloquizes3 ,thou art a nightingale with a sweet voice1 ,o ,mesihi6 when thou walkest with the damsels ,whose cheeks are like roses6 ,in the following subject1 flowers would be expected1 but in the long poem of which this is only a part they are truly--the whole3 ,,ode ,,to ,,spring4 ,thou hearest the song of the nightingale1 that the vernal season approaches4 ,the spring has spread a bower of joy in every grove2 where the almond-tree sheds its silver blossoms4 ,be cheerful2 be full of mirth2 ,for the spring soon passes away1 it will not last4 ,the groves and hills are again adorned with all sorts of flowers4 ,a pavilion of roses as a seat of pleasure is raised in the garden2 who knows which of us will live when the fair season ends8 ,be cheerful2 etc41 etc4 ,again the dew glitters on the leaves of the lily like the water of a bright scymitar4 ,the dew-drops fall through the air on the garden of roses2 listen to me if thou wouldst be delighted4 ,be cheerful2 etc41 etc4 ,the time is past when the plants were sick1 and the rosebud hung its head on its bosom4 ,the season comes in which mountains and steeps are covered with tulips4 ,be cheerful2 etc41 etc4 ,each morning the clouds shed gems over the rose gardens4 ,the breath of the gale is ,tartarian musk4 ,be not neglectful of duty through too great love of the world4 ,be cheerful2 etc41 etc4 ,mesihi1 trans4 by ,sir ,w4 ,jones4 ,flowers are beautiful--but such a profusion of them in print is not congenial to our northern tastes1 despite other testimony in the enthusiasm of some oriental scholars4 ,of course1 for those who are so happy as to read the originals there is a charm which is lost in translation--but there is good reason why we fail to sympathize4 ,hemmed in by cold and snow half the year1 thought1 passion1 and deep feelings seek expression through channels not made of things visible2 and their tides are not the less deep and strong because less demonstrative4 ,the passionate and imaginative literature of the ,east is the outpourings of the soul under circumstances widely different from those under which similar effusions here 7and some of the most impassioned and eloquent1 too7 have been penned4 ,each calls forth different tropes and figures--and if it is difficult for the one side to stir up imagination to untiring flights through rose-gardens1 equally would the poet of ,negaristan find it impossible to picture the charms of his mistress1 and die of love or despair1 before a coal-fire in the lamp-light4 ,who can hear of roses without calling up an image of the nightingale1 or1 in ,eastern phrase1 the ,bulbul8 ,the mutual loves of the two 7for roses can love there7 have made the theme of tales and songs without number4 ,whether the story is fact or fiction--whether the bird really pours forth its most thrilling notes in the atmosphere of that perfume1 may be a disputed point with outside barbarians1 but with native writers the belief is fully accepted4 ,here1 again1 the repetition is wearisome2 and here1 again1 it is pleasant to blame--not our lack of imagination1 but our peculiar surroundings2 for1 alas6 our vault empyrean is colorless or cloudy2 the melodious ,bulbul a thing to dream of2 and the song1 generally1 only a prosaic translation6 ,the southwestern part of ,asia is the land of spices1 frankincense1 and myrrh4 ,it is also the land of sweet flowers1 although few modern travellers say much about them4 ,one reason1 perhaps1 is that the extreme heat obliges the stranger to rest most of the day1 and night is for stars1 not flowers4 ,but who ever associates flowers with ,arabia8 ,is it the prolonged and baleful influence of that little wood-cut map which monopolized a whole page in infantile geography--the map which presents ,arabia arrayed in dots1 which we were then and there informed meant desert8 ,or is it the omnipresent muffled figures1 camels1 and tents which typify ,arabia in all books devoted to juveniles8 ,whatever the cause1 ,arabia and ,arabians always come to mind sandy and wandering4 ,not so the ,arabia which ,niebuhr traversed in the last part of the last century1 with most ample opportunities for information4 ,arabia1 he writes1 enjoys almost constant verdure4 ,it is true1 most of the trees shed their leaves1 and annual plants wither and are reproduced2 but the interval between the fall of old leaves and the reappearance of others is so short that it is scarcely observable4#ee ,here are found most of the plants of two zones4 ,on the high lands1 those of ,europe and ,northern or rather ,middle ,asia2 on the plains1 those of ,india and ,africa1 not precisely identical with those of ,europe1 but a different species or variety4 ,delicious and abundant also are all kinds of tropical fruits2 and so plentiful the melons that they serve as food for their camels4 ,from ,arabia were also first brought many of those plants which we cultivate as curiosities rather than for beauty--the cactus tribe4 ,one of the most remarkable has its stem expanded to a globular form1 about the size of a man's head2 this rests on the earth1 and from it proceed branches bearing flowers4 ,in seeking for the most showy flowers1 we must turn to their forest trees4 ,their forests are not very extensive1 and such as they have are rarely seen by strangers1 being quite distant from the usual course of travel4 ,but the majestic height of the trees1 covered with bright-colored and fragrant blossoms1 are in marked contrast to our own forest trees1 whose flowers1 generally1 can scarcely be distinguished from the leaves4 ,one kind1 the keura1 is so very fragrant that a small blossom will perfume an entire apartment4 ,among small sweet plants is the panicratum1 something like the sea-daffodil1 of the purest white2 an hibiscus1 of the most brilliant red2 and the moscharia1 which gives from leaves and flowers the perfume of musk4 ,but a catalogue of their names alone would exceed our limits4 ,with these glorious blossoms1 says ,mr4 ,niebuhr1 the peasantry retain the ancient custom of crowning themselves on certain days of joy and festivity4 ,there is poetry in this custom4 ,it is said that this nation alone has produced more poets than all others united 7,sismondi74 ,arabia shares more than flowers with the rest of ,asia2 she1 too1 joins to them poetry4 ,her people have the same fertile imagination1 aversion to the restraints of cities1 love of freedom and of nature1 quick feelings and ardent passions1 which make the true poet4 ,the day is past--even so long past that they have forgotten it--when all this found expression in compositions1 which we read now1 and marvel at their rich inventions and glowing imagery2 but1 nevertheless1 they are poets still6 ,a distinguished ,french author writes3 ,through the whole extent of the ,mohammedan dominions1 in ,turkey1 ,persia1 and even to the extremity of ,india1 a numerous class of ,arabs1 both men and women1 find a livelihood in reciting these tales to crowds who delight to forget their annoyances in the pleasing dreams of imagination4 ,in the coffee-houses of the ,levant1 one of these men will gather a silent crowd around him1 whom he will excite1 by his tale1 to terror or pity2 but more frequently he will picture to his audience those brilliant and fantastic visions which are the patrimony of ,eastern imaginations4 ,the public squares of cities abound with these story-tellers1 who fill up1 too1 the dull hours of the seraglio4 ,physicians recommend them often to their patients1 to soothe pain or induce sleep2 and those accustomed to the sick modulate their voices and soften their tones as slumber steals over the sufferer4 ,seven of the most remarkable old ,arabian poems1 written in gold1 are hung in the ,caaba1 or ,temple1 at ,mecca2 and the authors show themselves not in the least degree behind other orientals in heaping up flowers and metaphors4 ,flowers were once held1 in ,arabia1 of high importance in science4 ,next to the sciences of mathematics1 they valued that of medicine2 and many volumes were written on their medical plants4 ,somewhere about the year #ida1 ,aben-al-,bether made a botanical tour over ,europe and ,asia1 and a part of ,africa1 and1 on his return1 published a volume ,on the ,virtues of ,plants4 ,still earlier than this1 in #gge1 ,al-,mansour1 the second prince of the ,abassides1 invited a ,greek physician to his court1 and obtained through him translations of many learned ,greek works on medicinal plants4 ,such are flowers in ,asia4 ,it is no wonder that1 where nature has lavished her choicest productions1 and all classes delight in cultivating them1 flowers have increased ad infinitum4 ,no wonder their brilliant hues inspired a native poet to sing3 ,a rainbow has descended on the garden4 ,mesihi4 ,,ii4 ,the little colony who passed from ,asia to ,egypt and first peopled that portion of the ,mediterranean shore1 in that time so long past--time without a date--must have carried with them many of their native plants2 for several found indigenous only in ,india are found cultivated there4 ,among others is the ,nymph nelumbo1 the ,lotus4 ,this bore in ,india a sacred character2 the ,hindoo fable taught that the little god of love1 their ,cupid1 was first seen floating down the ,ganges on a lotus leaf4 ,in very many ways this flower is interwoven with the ,hindoo creed1 or introduced in their literature--as in the following4 ,it is part of a sublime ,hymn to ,narayena1 in which that great ,invisible is thus addressed3 ,omniscient spirit6 whose all-ruling power ,bids from each sense bright emanations beam1 ,glows in the rainbow1 sparkles in the stream1 ,smiles in the bud1 and glistens in the flower ,that crowns each vernal bower6 --and the radiant being1 dazzling and beautiful1 who springs to life and typifies the material universe1 ,heavenly pensive on the lotus lay1 ,that blossomed at his touch1 and shed a golden ray4#ef ,in ,egypt1 when carried thither1 it naturally retained a sort of sacred character4 ,it is represented in their paintings and sculptures more frequently than any other plant2 in scenes of festivity and processions1 where it is twined with other flowers into wreaths and chaplets2 and also in sacred scenes4 ,mr4 ,wilkinson describes a painting found at ,thebes1 in which is represented the final judgment of a human being3 ,osiris is seated on a throne1 as judge of the dead4 ,he is attended by ,isis and ,nepthys1 and before him are the four ,genii of ,amenti1 standing on a ,lotus4 ,horus introduces the deceased whose actions have been weighed in the scales of ,truth4 ,lotus buds have been often found in the old tombs4 ,it was also introduced into their architecture4 ,the most favorite capital for a column was a full-blown water-plant1 supposed to be the papyrus1 with a bud of the same1 or a lotus bud4 ,a large variety of it called ,lotomelia is cultivated there still in gardens4 ,within the last few years1 some information has been gathered relating to the domestic life of the early ,egyptians1 which was previously only conjecture4 ,to use the words of ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,wilkinson3 ,it has been drawn from a comparison of the paintings1 sculptures1 and monuments still existing1 with the accounts of ancient authors4 ,on fragments of stone in different degrees of preservation1 taken from the ruins of temples1 tombs1 and dead cities1 are found representations of those who once stood here1 surrounded by all the wealth and glory1 the luxuries and magnificence of which this is the wreck4 ,cut in lines which time has not all effaced1 or traced in colors which centuries have scarcely dimmed1 we see here master and slave1 kings1 priests1 and people1 in all the occupations of ordinary life--a half-obliterated record of the pursuits1 customs1 habits1 and tastes of a nation so remote that their place in the past cannot be even conjectured4 ,we only know1 from unmistakable evidence1 that they came originally from ,asia1 and lived thus in the land of ,egypt4 ,looking at these fragments of their skilful workmanship1 thought goes back to an era almost fabulous6 ,for who can call up even in fancy that period1 when the ,nile ran through its primitive landscape1 and no foot of man had pressed its shore6 ,when no cities stood in that fertile valley1 and the first stone of the first pyramid was not yet laid6 ,what a space of time must have elapsed between the first landing and the accomplishment of all these mighty labors6 ,there is a mist over it all1 gathered through uncounted centuries2 and although science and research have thrown some light1 it is not much more than the flickering torch with which one walks at midnight2 a little is revealed near at hand1 but all beyond is darkness4 ,nevertheless1 so much of interest is connected with ,egypt that the least added knowledge is of value2 for not only is it mentioned by the most ancient profane writers as mysterious in antiquity even to them1 but it is the land of the ,old ,testament4 ,mounds of ruins1 great in height and extent1 on a branch of the ,nile1 yet mark the place of ,tanis1#eg the ,zoan of ,scripture1 where1 according to the ,psalmist1 ,moses wrought those miracles which ended in the exodus of the ,jews4 ,on paintings found at ,theb1 the ,no-,ammon of ,scripture1 are representations of slaves engaged in making bricks1 with taskmasters superintending them2 and although these may not be ,jews1 for brick-making was a universal menial occupation1 it carries us back to the days when bricks without straw were demanded4 ,the departure of the ,israelites from bondage1 ,b4,c4 #adia1 was in the reign of ,thotmes ,,iii41 the ,pharaoh of ,scripture1 which records his destruction in that day1 when1 ,pharaoh went in on horseback with his chariots and horsemen into the sea2 and the ,lord brought back upon them the waters of the sea1 444 neither did so much as one of them remain1 444 and they 7the ,israelites7 saw the ,egyptians dead upon the sea-shore4 ,it is remarkable that a drawing found at ,thebes represents his son ,amenoph1 who succeeded him1 as coming to the throne a mere child1 under the guidance of his mother4 ,but we digress too far4 ,among other things learned by patient research1 we perceive the admiration of the early ,egyptians for flowers1 and the care with which they cultivated them4 ,flowers are represented on their dresses1 chairs1 boxes1 boats1 on everything susceptible of ornamentation2 and flowers and leaves are painted on the linen found preserved in the tombs 7,wilkinson74 ,pliny1 in enumerating the flowers of ancient ,egypt1 says the myrtle is the most odoriferous2 the reason1 doubtless1 for its being so often placed1 as now found1 about the dead4 ,at present it is only cultivated in gardens4 ,the other plants ,pliny names as indigenous are the violet1 rose1 myosotis1 clematis1 chrysanthemum1 and indeed nearly the whole catalogue of a modern garden4 ,figures on their paintings are decked with crowns and garlands of anemone1 acacia1 convolvulus1 and some others4 ,in the old tombs are found date-trees1 sycamores1 and the tamarisk4 ,there is a design at ,thebes which represents the funeral procession of one evidently of rank4 ,there are cars covered with palm branches1 then female mourners1 other personages1 and next a coffin on a sledge decked with flowers4 ,in another very extensive and elaborate painting a similar procession is represented as crossing the lake of the dead1 and going from thence to the tombs4 ,the first boat contains coffins decked with flowers2 in another is a high-priest1 who offers incense before a table of offerings2 another boat contains female mourners1 others male mourners1 and others chairs1 boxes1 etc4 ,gardens are frequently represented in the tombs of ,thebes and other parts of ,egypt1 many of which are remarkable for their extent4 7,wilkinson47 ,to better understand an ancient ,egyptian garden1 we will first look at their dwellings4 ,in some few cities where the size and something like a plan can be distinguished1 the streets are seen1 some of them wide1 but more very narrow4 ,their houses1 garden-walls1 public places1 all but the temples1 were of brick4 ,the plan of the houses was similar to what now prevails in warm climates2 the principal apartments were ranged round a courtyard1 with chambers above them4 ,in this court were a few trees1 some boxes of flowering-plants1 and a reservoir of water4 ,their houses were generally three stories in height4 ,besides these town-houses1 the wealthy ,egyptians had extensive villas1 containing spacious gardens1 watered by canals communicating with the ,nile4 ,they had also tanks of water in different parts of this garden1 which served for ornament1 and also for irrigation when the ,nile was low4 ,on these the master of the place amused himself and friends by excursions in a pleasure-boat4 ,such a scene is represented in an old painting4 ,the company are seated in the boat under a canopy2 while slaves1 or at least menials1 walk along the bank and drag it after them1 in a way similar to our canal navigation4 ,so fond were the ,egyptians of trees and flowers1 and of gracing their gardens with all the profusion that could be obtained1 that they exacted a tribute of rare productions from the nations tributary to them2 foreigners from distant countries are represented as bearing plants1 among other presents1 to the ,egyptian kings4#eh ,to ancient ,egypt we are doubtless indebted for the invention of artificial flowers1 now so prominent in female attire4 ,they were made there first from the papyrus1 the plant of which paper was made4 ,some old writer relates that1 when ,agesilaus was in ,egypt1 he was so charmed with a kind of crowns and chaplets which he saw in use there1 formed to resemble flowers1 that he carried many of them home with him to ,sparta4 ,they were perhaps imitated in ,greece and became universal1 yet retained the name of the inventors2 for ,pliny says3 ,sic coronis e floribus receptis paulo mox sabiere qu vocantur gypti1 ac deinde hibern1 quum terra flores negat1 ramento e comibus tincto4--,plin4 xxi4 #c4 ,everything that pictures the domestic life of this people has such great interest that it is difficult to avoid digression4 ,every record of it expresses wealth and their peculiar tastes4 ,walls are profusely covered with various designs1 doors are stuccoed to imitate costly wood1 and their carved chairs have furnished symmetrical copies to modern art4 ,interspersed with these things1 we have these traces of their flowers and gardens--a story of their rural pleasures in that day of glory1 when they built the pyramids--that day which has no date6 ,the hieroglyphics carved in stone1 on which they doubtless securely relied for fame and a name to the end of time1 yet cover the walls still standing of their superb temples2 they are traced on tombs--on urns--on the rocks which surround cities--on the sarcophagi of the dead1 even on the very linen which envelopes them--but they speak in a lost language6 ,we comprehend only one brief epitaph--that a numerous and opulent people have entirely disappeared4 ,in the middle ages1 ,egypt was still noted for flowers and valuable aromatic shrubs and herbs4 ,cyrene in the north part was remarkable for the beauty of its adjacent country1 which even then1 says a writer1 bore traces of having been in former times a perfect flower-garden4 ,in the time of ,julius ,csar1 roses must have received particular attention and extensive cultivation1 for we read that a ship-load of the most fragrant was sent as a gift to ,csar4 ,he received them1 however1 with the graceless remark that he could show finer ones in ,rome4 ,,footnotes3 #di ,diod4 ii4 #ac #ej ,sir ,w4 ,jones4 #ea ,it is a sin to think of the future4 #eb ,mr4 ,vambry's ,central ,asia4 #ec ,olivier de ,svres4 ,introduction to edition of #ahjd #ed ,see translation by ,sir ,w4 ,jones4 ,london edition1 #ac vols4 #ee ,niebuhr's ,arabia1 vol4 ii4 #ef ,translation of ,sir ,w4 ,jones4 #eg ,anthon's ,anc4 and ,medival1 p4 #gce4 #eh ,see illus4 ,lond4 ed4 of ,sir ,t4 ,g4 ,wilkinson's ,anc4 ,egyp4 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,new ,,friends ,enough is not only as good as a feast1 it is better2 and a little less than enough is better yet4 ,how dear is that affection in which we have something to forgive6 ,how charming is that beauty where the defects serve as indices to point out how great the beauty is6 ,how wholesome is that salt of labor which gives a taste to leisure6 ,for since the time of ,eve1 the point of perfection1 save with ,god1 has been the point of decay2 and profuse wealth has often deprived its possessor of great riches4 ,what we arrive at by this preamble is that the ,yorkes had been unconsciously suffering from the apathy of satisfied wants1 and were now delighted to find that comparative poverty brings many a pleasure in its train4 ,mamma1 ,clara exclaimed1 ,i do believe there is a certain pleasure in making the best of things4 ,it was the morning after their arrival1 and the young woman was standing in a chair1 driving a nail to hang on a picture4 ,she had begun by groaning at sight of the wall1 a white stucco painted over with brown flower-pots1 holding blossoming rose-trees4 ,but the cord of the frame matched those roses1 and in some unexplained way the picture looked well on that background4 ,mrs4 ,yorke1 looking on1 smiled at the remark4 ,there is a very certain pleasure in it1 my dear1 she said2 and ,i am glad that you have found it out4 ,clara considered1 gave the nail another blow1 evened the picture1 and contemplated it with her head on one side4 ,it was an engraving of ,le ,brun's picture of ,alexander at the camp of ,darius4 ,mamma1 she began again1 ,i think that ,alexander the ,great ought to have had another name after the adjective4 ,what name1 child8 ,goose6 ,why didn't he1 instead of crying for more worlds to conquer1 try to get at the inside of the one he had conquered the husk of8 ,why did not he study botany1 geology1 and--poverty8 ,you are right1 ,clara1 the mother replied4 ,excess is always blinding4 ,why1 we might have our whole house covered with morning-glories1 yet never see the little silver tree that stands down in a garden of light at the bottom of each4 ,clara clapped her hands with delight4 ,but fancy the house covered from top to bottom with morning-glories all in bloom6 ,it would be magical6 ,fancy yourself falling out of that chair1 suggested ,mrs4 ,yorke4 ,the girl stepped down1 and walked thoughtfully toward the door4 ,how odd it is1 she said1 pausing on the threshold1 and looking back2 ,i never see one truth1 but immediately ,i perceive another looking over its shoulder4 ,and the last is greater than the first4 ,it is perhaps an example of truth which you see at first1 ,mrs4 ,yorke said4 ,and afterward you perceive the truth itself4 ,clara went slowly toward the stairs1 and her mother listened after her1 expecting to hear some philosophical remark flung down over the balusters4 ,instead of that1 she heard a loud call to ,betsey that the hens and chickens were all in the parlor1 screams of laughter at the scene of their violent expulsion1 then a clear lark-song as ,clara finished her ascent4 ,up-stairs1 ,melicent and ,hester were busy and cheerful1 quiet1 too1 till ,clara came4 ,she soon created a breeze1 and sounds of eager discussion came down to their mother's ears4 ,they were laying plans for the summer4 ,they would have company down from ,boston1 and1 when winter came1 would each in turn visit the city4 ,they would have more help in the house2 and1 in order to pay for it1 would write for publication4 ,every one else wrote2 why not they8 ,indeed1 ,melicent had appeared in print1 a friendly editor having taken with thanks some sketches she had written between drive and opera4 ,what is worth printing is worth paying for1 she said now2 and ,i shall feel no reluctance in announcing that in future my ,pegasus runs for a purse4 ,clara had never been before the public2 but she had reams of paper written over with stories1 poems1 plays1 and even sermons4 ,she caught fire at everything1 and1 in the first excitement1 dashed off some crude composition1 but seldom or never went over it coolly4 ,melicent1 to whom alone she showed her productions1 had discouraged her4 ,you are like ,nick ,bottom1 and insist on doing everything1 she said4 ,it is a sign of incompetence4 ,miss ,yorke was one of those hyper-fastidious persons who establish a reputation for critical ability simply by finding fault with everything4 ,clara1 on the contrary1 was supposed to have a defective taste1 because she was always admiring1 and searching out hidden beauties4 ,but now at least ,melicent condescended to admit that her sister might be able to accomplish something in a small way1 and it was agreed that they should broach the subject to the assembled family that very evening4 ,at this encouragement1 ,clara rejoiced4 ,you see1 she exclaimed1 ,i've been afraid that ,i might gradually grow into one of those lugubrious ,dorcases who go round laying everybody out4 ,edith1 following her aunt and cousins about1 rejoiced in everything4 ,to her1 this house1 with its rat-holes and its dingy paint and plaster1 was superb4 ,the space1 the sunshine1 the air of elegance in spite of defects1 the gentle voices and ways1 all enchanted her4 ,she found herself at home4 ,her own room was the last bubble on her cup of joy4 ,they had given her the middle chamber over the front door1 with a window opening out on to the portico1 and each of the family had contributed some article of use or adornment4 ,mrs4 ,yorke gave an alabaster statuette of the ,blessed ,virgin1 ,mr4 ,yorke a ,douay ,bible1 ,melicent hung an engraving of the ,sistine ,madonna where ,edith's first waking glance would fall upon it1 ,clara gave an olive-wood crucifix from ,jerusalem1 with a shell for holy water1 ,hester brought an ivory rosary1 and ,carl a missal in ,latin and ,french1 which she must learn to read1 he said4 ,they covered the floor with a soft ,turkey carpet1 set up a little iron bed1 and draped it whitely1 and put a crimson valance over the lace curtain of her window4 ,the sisters worked sweetly and harmoniously in fitting up this bower for their young cousin1 and were pleased to see her delight in what to them were common things4 ,when she gratefully embraced each one1 and kissed her on both cheeks1 they felt more than repaid4 ,clara blushed up with pleasure at her cousin's caress4 ,the little gypsy has taking ways1 ,carl thought2 and he said1 ,if you kiss ,clara that way many times1 she will have roses grow in her cheeks4 ,then ,edith went down-stairs to her aunt1 and ,carl went out to assist his father4 ,mr4 ,yorke was no exception to the general cheerfulness4 ,he found himself more interested1 while planning his summer's work with ,patrick1 than he had ever been while engaged in the finest landscape gardening1 with an artist at his orders4 ,early in the morning he had captured two boys who were loitering about1 and they willingly engaged themselves for the day to pick up wheel-barrow loads of small stones1 and throw them into the mud of the avenue4 ,mr4 ,yorke has got himself into business1 ,patrick remarked to ,carl4 ,that avenue has a wonderful appetite of its own4 ,carl repeated this observation to his father4 ,and ,i think ,pat is right1 he added4 ,see how complacently that mud takes in all you throw to it4 ,it seems to smile over the last load of pebbles4 ,mr4 ,yorke put up his eye-glasses4 ,he always did that when he wished to intensify a remark or a glance4 ,i intend to make these avenues solid1 if ,i have to upset the whole estate into them1 he remarked4 ,mrs4 ,yorke sat in a front window holding an embroidery-frame1 and ,edith occupied a stool at her feet4 ,the child had told all her story2 her recollections of her mother1 her life with the ,rowans1 of ,captain ,cary1 and her ring4 ,but of ,mr4 ,rowan's burial she said nothing4 ,that was to remain a secret with those who had assisted4 ,when ,mrs4 ,yorke occasionally dropped her work1 and sat looking out at her husband and son1 ,edith caressed the hand lying idly on that glowing wool1 and held her own slender brown fingers beside those fair ones1 for a contrast4 ,she could not enough admire her aunt's snow-drop delicacy1 rich hair1 and soft eyes4 ,mr4 ,yorke was too much engrossed to notice his wife2 but ,carl looked up now and then for a glance and smile4 ,do you recollect anything that happened when you were a little girl1 ,aunt ,amy8 ,edith asked4 ,the lady smiled and sighed in the same breath4 ,i was this moment thinking of a tea-party ,i had on that large rock you can just see at the right4 ,i had heard my father read ,midsummer-,night's ,dream1 and my fancy was captivated by it4 ,so ,i invited ,titania1 ,oberon1 and all the fairies1 and they came4 ,it was an enchanting banquet4 ,the plates were acorn-cups1 the knives and forks were pine-needles1 the cakes were white pebbles1 and we drank drops of dew out of moss vases4 ,i've read that play too1 ,edith said brightly4 ,mr4 ,rowan had it4 ,and ,i read about ,ariel4 ,but ,i didn't like ,caliban nor ,bottom1 and ,i think it was a shame to cheat ,titania so4 ,do you remember anything else8 ,yes4 ,when ,i was five or six years old1 my father brought home a new map of the ,state of ,maine1 and hung it on that wall opposite4 ,it was bright and shining1 and had the name in great letters across the whole4 ,my father held me up before it in his arms1 and said ,i should have a silver quarter if ,i would tell him what the great letters spelt4 ,how ,i tried6 not so much for the silver1 though ,i wanted it1 as for the honor of success1 and to please my father4 ,but ,i couldn't make less than two syllables of it4 ,to me ,m1 ,a1 ,i1 ,n1 ,e1 spelt ,main4 ,but my father gave me the quarter4 ,i suppose he thought that the language1 and not ,i1 was at fault4 ,i don't see why letters should be put into words when they are not needed there1 ,edith remarked4 ,i would like to have them left out4 ,it makes a bother1 and takes time4 ,the child did not know that she was uttering revolutionary sentiments1 and that the reddest of red republicanism lurked in her speech4 ,mrs4 ,yorke mused over her embroidery1 set a golden stitch in a violet1 drew it too tightly1 and had to loosen it4 ,oh6 ,edith exclaimed1 her memory catching on that thread4 ,that makes me recollect that ,i knit a tight strip into the heel of ,mr4 ,rowan's stocking1 and ,i can see just how it looked4 ,but ,i didn't know it then4 ,there was a sound of wheels1 and ,mrs4 ,yorke looked up to see a carriage drawn by a pair of greys coming up the avenue4 ,major ,cleaveland had lost no time in calling on his neighbors4 ,mr4 ,yorke went down to meet his visitor1 the road being too penitential for travel1 and the two walked up together4 ,they had known each other by sight in ,boston1 where the major spent his winters1 but had no farther acquaintance4 ,now they met cordially1 and stood a while talking in the portico before going in to see the ladies4 ,major ,cleaveland was fresh-faced1 pleasant-looking1 and rather pompous in manner4 ,a deep crape on his hat proclaimed him a widower4 ,indeed1 ,mrs4 ,cleaveland had not long survived young ,mrs4 ,yorke1 and the two had1 ere this1 let us hope1 amicably settled the question of precedence4 ,the visit was an agreeable one to all1 though it was evident that the visitor felt more at ease with the ladies than with his host4 ,he was slightly disconcerted by ,mr4 ,york's piercing eyes1 aquiline nose1 and emphatic mode of speech1 and on the whole found him rather too dominant in manner4 ,it appeared that there were to be two lords in ,seaton instead of one4 ,we doubt if the most amiable of ,bengal lions would be altogether pleased at seeing his proper jungle invaded by even the politest of ,nubian lions2 and we may be pretty sure that the lioness would hear in private more than one remark detrimental to the dignity of that odious black monster with his desert manners4 ,and in return1 it is not unlikely that the ,african desert-king might sneer at his tawny brother as rather an effeminate creature4 ,it is not the lionesses alone who have rivalries4 ,certain it is that1 when ,major ,cleaveland had gone1 and the ladies chose to praise him very highly1 ,melicent pronouncing him to be a superior person1 ,mr4 ,yorke saw fit to greet the remark with one of his most disagreeable smiles4 ,don't you think so1 papa8 asks ,melicent4 ,he has intellectual tastes1 but no intellectual power1 answered papa most decidedly4 ,he has glimmerings4 ,but for all that1 the call was a pleasant one1 the gentleman lingering half an hour1 and then going with reluctance4 ,the presence of ,edith had caused him a momentary embarrassment4 ,he was not sure that it would be delicate to remember having ever seen her before1 and yet her smiling eyes seemed to expect a recognition4 ,but ,mrs4 ,yorke brought her forward immediately4 ,edith tells me you are an acquaintance1 she said1 and that you have been very kind to her4 ,before going1 ,major ,cleaveland placed his pews in the meeting-house at their disposal1 and offered to send a carriage for them the next morning4 ,i have two of the best pews in ,dr4 ,martin's church1 he said1 and since my boys went away to school1 there has been no one but myself to occupy them4 ,there is room in each for six persons2 and ,i sit in one1 and put my hat in the other4 ,of course1 we look like two oases in a red velvet desert4 ,do come1 ladies1 and make a garden of the place4 ,they all went out to the portico with him when he took leave1 and he went away charmed with their cordiality1 and with several new ideas in his mind4 ,one of the first effects of this enlightenment was that the major appeared at meeting the next day without a crape on his hat4 ,it was a fatiguing day1 that ,saturday2 but at sunset their labors were over1 all but arranging the books4 ,the boxes containing these ,mr4 ,yorke had brought into the sitting-room after tea1 and the young people assisted him4 ,he classified his library in a way of his own4 ,metaphysical works he placed over science1 since metaphysics is only physics etherized1 he said4 ,one shelf1 named the ,beehive1 was filled with epigrams and satires4 ,history and fiction were indiscriminately mingled4 ,mr4 ,yorke liked to quote ,fielding--pages which some droll authors have been facetiously pleased to call the history of ,england4 ,there are certain time-honored lies which every intelligent and well-informed person is expected to be familiar with1 he said4 ,not to know ,hume1 ,de ,foe1 ,fox1 ,cervantes1 ,froude1 ,le ,sage1 etc41 argues one's self unknown4 ,in a corner of the case was the ,olympus where ,mr4 ,yorke's especial intellectual favorites were placed--among them ,bolingbroke1 ,carlyle1 ,emerson1 and ,theodore ,parker4 ,they are fine pagans1 he said of the two last4 ,mrs4 ,yorke mused in the chimney-corner1 her head resting on her hand1 the smouldering fire throwing a faint glow up in her face4 ,edith sat by a table looking over ,william ,blake's illustrations of ,blair's ,grave--a set of plates that had just been sent them from ,england4 ,the daughters took books from the boxes1 and called their names2 ,carl1 mounted on steps1 placed the upper ones2 and ,mr4 ,yorke did everything they did1 and more4 ,he scolded1 ordered1 commented1 and now and then opened a book to read a passage1 or give an opinion of the author4 ,don't put ,robert ,browning beside ,crashaw6 he cried out4 ,you might as well put ,lucifer beside ,st4 ,john4 ,why1 ,i thought you admired ,browning1 papa1 ,melicent said4 ,so ,i do2 but half his lustre is phosphorescent4 ,it is a spiritual decay1 and the lightnings of a superb mind4 ,but ,crashaw is an angel4 ,edith must read him4 ,looking at such a library1 a ,catholic remembers well that the serpent still coils about the tree of knowledge1 hisses in the rustling of it1 and poisons many a blossom with his breath4 ,worse yet1 though the antidote is near1 few or none take it4 ,those for whom slanders against the church are written1 never read the refutation4 ,how many who read in ,motley's ,dutch ,republic that absolutions were sold in ,germany at so many ducats for each crime1 the most horrible crimes1 either committed or to be committed1 having an easy price--how many of those readers ask if it be true1 or glance at a page which disproves the slander8 ,who on reading ,prescott looks to the other side to see exposed his insinuations1 his false deductions from true facts8 ,how many of those countless thousands who have been nurtured on the calumnies of ,peter ,parley1 drawing them in from their earliest childhood1 have ever read a page on which his condemnation is written8 ,and later1 in the periodical literature of the day1 with a thousand kindred attacks1 how many of those who1 within a few months1 have read in the ,atlantic ,monthly ,mrs4 ,child's impertinent article on ,catholicism and ,buddhism1 stopped to see that her argument1 such as it was1 was directed less against the church than against ,christianity itself8 or looked in ,marshall's ,christian ,missions to find that the resemblance is simply a reflection of the early labors of the only missionaries who have ever influenced ,asia--the faint echoes of the voice of one crying in the wilderness8 ,but it is vain to multiply names4 ,the trail of the serpent is over them all4 ,the books in their places1 ,mr4 ,yorke seated himself to look over a casket of precious coins and rings4 ,wouldn't you think that papa was dreaming over some old love-token of his boyhood8 whispered ,clara to her brother4 ,her father had fallen into a dream over an old ring with a ,latin posy in it2 and what he saw was this3 a blue sky1 jewel-blue1 over ,florence1 in whose air1 says ,vasari1 lies an immense stimulus to aspire after fame and honor4 ,he saw a superb garden1 peopled with sculptured forms1 and three men standing before an antique marble4 ,it is ,bertoldo1 ,donatello's pupil1 young ,michael ,angelo1 and ,lorenzo the ,magnificent1 the glory of ,florence1 whose face all the people and all the children love2 and they are walking in the gardens of ,san ,marco1 the art-treasury of the ,medici4 ,farther off1 moving slowly under the trees1 with his hands behind his back1 and his eagle face bent in thought1 is the learned and elegant ,poliziano4 ,suddenly he pauses1 a smile flashes across his face1 he brings his hands forward to clap them together1 and goes to meet the three who have respected his seclusion4 ,how now1 ,poliziano1 laughs the duke1 do we not deserve to hear the result of those musings which we were so careful not to intrude upon8 ,and the scholar1 whose epigrams no less than his ,greek and his translations are the pride of the court1 bows lowly1 and repeats the very posy engraved on this ring over which ,mr4 ,yorke now dreams in the nineteenth century1 in the woods of ,maine1 in ,april weather4 ,the bright ,italian picture faded4 ,mr4 ,yorke sighed and put the magical ring away1 and took up a volume of ,villemain's ,histoire de la ,littrature ,franaise1 turning the leaves idly4 ,melicent made a slight movement1 and begged to be heard4 ,we girls have been talking matters over to-day1 she said1 and would like to submit our plans to you4 ,we have divided the house-work into three parts1 which we take in rotation4 ,one is to be lady's-maid and companion for mamma1 another is to make the beds and dust all the rooms1 and the third will set the table1 wash the china and silver1 and trim the lamps4 ,mr4 ,yorke looked up quickly as his daughter began1 but immediately dropped his eyes again1 and sat with a flushed face1 frowning slightly4 ,it was his first intimation that his daughters had not only lost society and luxury1 but that their personal ease was gone4 ,they would have to perform menial labors4 ,i think your arrangement a very good one1 ,melicent1 ,mrs4 ,yorke replied tranquilly4 ,she had all the time seen the necessity4 ,but the post of lady's-maid will be a sinecure4 ,however1 let it stay4 ,it will be a time of leisure for each4 ,cannot ,betsey do the work8 ,mr4 ,yorke asked sharply4 ,why1 papa6 ,clara cried out1 ,betsey can scarcely spare time out of the kitchen to do the sweeping4 ,when we come to making butter1 we girls will have to help in the fine ironing4 ,i can churn6 ,mr4 ,yorke exclaimed desperately4 ,my dear6 expostulated his wife4 ,i churned once when ,i was a boy1 he protested2 and the butter came4 ,they all laughed1 except ,hester1 who affectionately embraced her father's arm4 ,why shouldn't the butter come when you churn1 dear papa8 she asked4 ,you must have been in very good humor1 sir1 said ,carl slily4 ,we don't mean to do this sort of work long1 ,melicent resumed4 ,there is no merit in doing servile work1 if one can do better4 ,clara and ,i will write1 and so pay for extra help4 ,i think--very indulgently--that1 with practice1 ,clara may make something of a writer4 ,i shall write a volume of ,european travels4 ,on the whole1 looking at our reverses in this light1 they seem fortunate4 ,living here in quiet1 we can accomplish a literary labor for which we should never otherwise have found time4 ,that is true1 ,mr4 ,yorke said2 but his look was doubtful and troubled4 ,still1 ,melicent1 ,i would not have you too confident4 ,i would advise you to try a story4 ,it would be more likely to sell4 ,europe rchauffe has become a drug in the market1 and our experiences abroad were pretty much what those of others are4 ,a vagabond adventurer would have a much better chance of catching public attention4 ,edith gazed in awe at her companions4 ,she was in the midst of people who made books6 ,she saw them face to face4 ,so might pretty ,psyche have gazed when first her husband's celestial relatives received her1 when she saw ,juno among her peacocks1 ,minerva laying aside her helmet1 ,hebe pouring nectar4 ,this1 then1 is ,olympus6 ,if you write a story1 do take one suggestion from me1 ,melicent1 ,carl said4 ,pray give your hero and heroine brushes to dress their hair with4 ,have you observed that even the finest characters in books have to use a broom8 ,the hair is always swept back4 ,miss ,yorke did not notice this triviality4 ,she was looking rather displeased4 ,i don't want to discourage you1 daughter1 her father went on4 ,but you must recollect that it is one thing to give a sketch to an editor1 who is a friend1 and dines with you1 and another thing to offer him a book1 which he is expected to pay for4 ,then he must look to the market and his reputation4 ,some of the finest writers in the world have described these very scenes which you would describe4 ,can you tell more of ,rome than ,madame de ,stal has8 or paint a more enchanting picture of ,capri than that of ,hans ,andersen8 ,if not1 you run the risk of reminding your reader of ,sidney ,smith's reply to the dull tourist who held out his walking-stick1 boasting that it had been round the world4 ',yes2 and still it is a stick6' says ,sidney4 ,miss ,yorke held her head very high1 and her color deepened4 ,i will then put my ,,ms4 into the fire1 she said in a quiet tone1 casting her eyes down4 ,her father gave an impatient shrug4 ,not at all6 he replied4 ,but you will take advice1 and try to think that you are not above criticism4 ,clara has an idea1 ,carl interposed4 ,he had been bending over some papers with his younger sister4 ,she also turns to travels1 but very modestly4 ,she calls them gleanings1 and her motto is from ,de ,quincey3 ',not the flowers are for the pole1 but the pole is for the flowers4' ,here is the preface4 ,shall ,i read it8 ,oh6 ,i am afraid of papa6 ,clara cried1 blushing very much4 ,but ,mr4 ,yorke1 who only now learned that his second daughter was also a scribbler1 laughingly promised to be lenient2 and she suffered herself to be persuaded4 ,they all looked kindly on her1 even ,melicent1 in spite of her own mortification2 and ,carl read3 ,i do not presume to write a volume descriptive of ,european travel4 ,many1 great and small1 have been in that field1 some reaping wheat1 others binding up tares4 ,these leaves are offered by one who gathered a few nodding things which no one valued1 seeing them there1 but which some one may1 if fortune favor1 smile at1 since they grew there4 ,one such might say3 ,you're but a weed2 but you grew in a chink of crumbling history2 ,i know where1 for ,i measured the arch1 and sketched the colonnade4 ,and ,i recognize the green leaves of you1 and the silver thread of a root1 with a speck of rich old soil clinging yet4 ,and1 propos1 ,i saw there a child asleep in the shade1 with a group of spotted yellow lilies standing guard1 as if they had sprung up since1 and because she had closed her eyes1 and might change to a group of tigers if you should go too near4 ,she had long eyelashes1 and she smiled in her sleep4 ,i do not claim to be an artist1 ,o travelled reader6 but ,i stretch a hand to touch the artist in you4 ,that isn't bad1 ,mr4 ,yorke said immediately4 ,and your motto is very pretty4 ,i am glad to have you familiar with ,de ,quincey4 ,he is good company4 ,he is a man who does not overlook delicate hints1 and he is respectful and just to children4 ,he annoys me sometimes by a weak irony1 and by explaining too much2 but1 ,i repeat1 he is good company4 ,immediately ,clara passed from the deeps to the heights4 ,her bosom heaved1 her eyes flashed4 ,she felt herself famous4 ,now let us hear a chapter of the gleanings1 said her father4 ,why1 ,i haven't written anything but the preface1 ,clara was forced to acknowledge4 ,mr4 ,yorke smiled satirically4 ,clara was notable in the family for making great beginnings which came to nothing4 ,but ,i have other things finished1 she said eagerly1 and brought out a poem4 ,all her fears were gone4 ,she was full of confidence in herself4 ,we spare the reader a transcription of this production4 ,mephistopheles had a good deal to do with it1 and it was probably written during some midnight ecstasy1 when the young woman had been reading ,faust4 ,it was meant to be very fearful2 and as the authoress read it herself1 all the terrible passages were rendered with emphasis4 ,mrs4 ,yorke listened with a doubtful face4 ,the reading was quite out of her gentle mental sphere2 and ,carl's hand shaded his eyes1 which had a habit of laughing when his lips did not4 ,mr4 ,yorke1 with his mouth very much down at the corners1 his eyes very much cast down1 and his eyebrows very much raised1 glanced over a page of the book in his hand4 ,i chanced to-night across the first touch of humor ,i have seen in ,villemain1 he said4 ,he quotes ,crbillon3 ',corneille pris le ciel1 ,racine la terre2 il ne me restait plus que l'enfer4 ,je m'y suis jett corps perdu4' ',malheureusement1' says ,villemain1 'malheureusement il n'est pas aussi infernal qu'il le croit4' ,without raising his face1 ,mr4 ,yorke lifted his eyes1 and shot at the poetess a glance over his glasses4 ,instantly her face became suffused with blushes1 and her eyes with tears4 ,mrs4 ,yorke spoke hastily4 ,i am sure1 papa1 the dear girls deserve every encouragement for their intentions and efforts4 ,i am grateful and happy to see how nobly they are taking our troubles2 and ,i cannot doubt that1 with their talents and good-will1 they will accomplish something4 ,but it is too late to talk more about it to-night4 ,you must be tired1 and my head is as heavy as a poppy4 ,shall we have prayers8 ,she rose in speaking1 went to the table1 and1 standing between her two elder daughters1 with an arm round the neck of each1 kissed them both1 tears standing in her eyes4 ,if you never succeed in winning fame1 my dears1 she said1 ,i shall still be proud and fond of you4 ,your sweet1 helpful spirit is better than many books4 ,the ,yorkes had never given up1 though they had often interrupted1 the habit of family devotion4 ,now it was tacitly understood that the custom should be a regular one4 ,so ,hester brought the ,bible and prayer-book1 and placed them before her father1 and her sisters folded their hands to listen4 ,i think we should have ,betsey in1 ,mrs4 ,yorke said2 and ,melicent went to ask her4 ,betsey and ,patrick were seated at opposite sides of a table drawn up before the kitchen fireplace1 where a hard-wood knot burned in a spot of red gold4 ,one of the windows was open1 and through it came a noise of full brooks hurrying seaward1 and a buzzing1 as of many bees1 that came from the saw-mills on the river4 ,betsey was darning stockings1 and ,pat reading the ,pilot4 ,we are to have prayers now1 ,melicent said1 standing in the door4 ,will you come in1 ,betsey8 ,betsey slowly rolled up the stocking1 and stabbed the darning-needle into the ball of yarn4 ,well1 ,i don't care if ,i do1 she answered moderately4 ,it can't do me no great harm4 ,melicent gave her a look of surprise1 and returned to the sitting-room1 leaving the doors ajar4 ,come1 ,pat1 said ,betsey1 put away that old ,catholic paper1 and come in and hear the ,gospel read4 ,i don't believe you ever heard a chapter of it in your life4 ,no more did ,st4 ,peter nor ,st4 ,paul1 answered ,patrick1 without lifting his eyes from the paper4 ,he had been reading over and over one little item of news from ,county ,sligo1 where he was born4 ,the old priest who had baptized him was dead2 and with the news of his death1 and the description of his funeral1 how many a scene of the past came up6 ,he was in ,ireland again1 poor1 but careless and happy4 ,his father and mother1 now old and lonely in that far land1 were still young1 and all their children were about them4 ,the priest1 a man in his prime1 stood at their cottage door1 with his hand on little ,norah's head4 ,they all smiled1 and ,norah cast her bashful eyes down4 ,now the priest was white-haired1 and dead1 and little ,norah had grown to be a careworn mother of many children4 ,the man was in no mood to hear taunts4 ,read the ,gospel8 ,why1 it was like reading a gospel to look back on that group2 for they were true to the faith1 and poor for the faith's sake1 and they had lived pure lives for ,christ's love1 and those who had died had died in the ,lord4 ,but ,peter and ,paul wrote1 answered ,betsey4 ,and what they wrote is the law of ,god4 ,you'll never be saved unless you read it4 ,many a one will be damned who does read it6 retorted ,patrick wrathfully4 ,what's the use of reading a law-book1 if you don't keep the law8 ,oh6 if you're going to swear1 ,i'll go1 ,betsey replied with dignity1 and went4 ,but she took care to leave the doors ajar behind her4 ,it was true1 ,patrick did not read the ,bible much2 but he knew the ,gospels and ,psalms in the prayer-book1 and was as familiar with the truths of ,scripture as many a ,bible student4 ,but he had heard it so be-quoted by those who were to him not much better than heathen1 and so made a bone of contention by snarling theologians1 that he did not much care to read the book itself4 ,he could not now avoid hearing it read without leaving the room2 and he would not have had them hear him show that disrespect to them4 ,mr4 ,yorke's voice had a certain bitter1 rasping quality1 which1 with his fine enunciation1 was very effective in some kinds of reading4 ,in the sacred ,scriptures it gave an impression of grandeur and sublimity4 ,patrick dropped his paper1 and listened to the story of the martyrdom of ,st4 ,stephen4 ,he knew it well1 but seemed now to hear it for the first time4 ,he saw no book1 he heard a voice telling how the martyr stood before his accusers1 with his face as the face of an angel1 and flung back their accusation upon themselves1 till they were cut to the heart1 and gnashed with their teeth at him4 ,faith6 he muttered excitedly2 but he had them there6 ,as ,mr4 ,yorke went on with the story1 and the saint1 looking steadfastly upward1 declared that he saw the heavens open1 and the ,son of ,man standing at the right hand of ,god1 ,patrick rose unconsciously to his feet1 and blessed himself4 ,to his pure faith and unhackneyed imagination the scene was vividly clear4 ,he heard the outcry of the multitude1 saw them rush upon their victim1 drive him out of the city and stone him1 till he fell asleep in the ,lord4 ',and a young man named ,saul was consenting to his death1' said the voice4 ,glory be to ,god6 exclaimed ,patrick1 taking breath4 ,the prayer that followed grated on his feelings4 ,the reader lost his fire1 and merely got through this part of the exercises4 ,evidently1 ,mr4 ,yorke did not believe that he was praying4 ,neither did ,patrick believe that he was4 ,the next morning ,major ,cleaveland's carriage came to take them to what they called church4 ,melicent and ,clara had already set out to walk4 ,carl stayed at home with ,edith1 and only ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,yorke and ,hester drove4 ,they overtook the others at the steps of the meeting-house1 and found ,major ,cleaveland waiting in the porch for them4 ,mrs4 ,yorke was one of those sweet1 unreasoning souls who fancy themselves ,protestant because they were born and trained to be called so1 but who yield as unquestioning an obedience to their spiritual teachers as any ,catholic in the world4 ,she unconsciously obeyed the recommendation1 ,don't be consistent1 but be simply true4 ,absurdly illogical in her theology1 she followed unerringly1 as far as she knew1 her instincts of worship1 and the opinions that grew naturally from them4 ,it would be hard to define what her husband thought and believed of ,dr4 ,martin's sermon4 ,he did not find it a feast of reason1 certainly2 but he swallowed it from a grim sense of duty1 though with rather a wry face4 ,the young ladies knew about as much of theology as ,protestant ladies usually do1 and that is--nothing4 ,they left it all to the minister2 and1 provided he did not require them to believe anything disagreeable1 were quite satisfied with him4 ,coming home1 they entertained their brother with a laughing account of their experience4 ,the major had escorted ,melicent to her seat1 to the great amusement of the two sisters following4 ,for ,miss ,yorke1 sublimely conscious of herself1 and that they were the observed of all observers1 had walked with a measured tread1 utterly irrespective of her companion2 and the major1 equally important1 and slightly confused by his hospitable cares1 had neglected to modify his usual short1 quick steps4 ,the result was1 as ,clara said1 that they chopped up the aisle in different metres1 thus oversetting the gravity of the younger damsels following4 ,then their minds had been kept on the rack by an old gentleman in the pew in front of them1 who went to sleep several times1 following the customary programme3 first a vacant stare1 then a drooping of the eyelids1 then a shutting of them1 then several low bows1 finally a sharp1 short nod that threatened to snap his head off1 followed by a start1 and a manner that resentfully repudiated ever having been asleep4 ,poor old gentleman6 ,mrs4 ,yorke said4 ,the day was warm1 and ,dr4 ,martin's voice lulling4 ,how could he help it8 ,but1 mamma1 ,clara answered1 he could have pinched himself2 or ,i would have pinched him cheerfully4 ,a good many people called on them that week1 and the family were surprised to find among them persons of cultivated minds4 ,beginning by wondering what they were to talk about with these people1 they found that they had to talk their best4 ,they had made the mistake often made by city people1 taking for granted that the finest and most cultivated minds are to be found in town4 ,they forgot that city life fritters away the time and attention by a thousand varied and trivial distractions1 so that deep thought and study become almost impossible4 ,they neglect to observe that cities would degenerate if they were not constantly supplied with fresh life from the country2 that the fathers that achieve are followed by the sons that dawdle1 that the artist gives birth to the dilettante4 ',tis the country that nurses the tree which bears its fruit in the city4 ,but1 also1 the country often hides its treasures1 and the poet's fancy of mute1 inglorious ,miltons is as true as it is poetical4 ,in the country painting and sculpture and architecture are1 it is true1 only guessed at2 but they have nature1 which1 as ,sir ,thomas ,browne says1 is the art of ,god2 and books are appreciated there as nowhere else4 ,the country reader dives like a bee into the poet's verse1 and lingers to suck up all its sweetness2 the city reader skims it like a butterfly4 ,in the country the thinker's best thought is weighed1 and pondered1 and niched2 in the city it is glanced at1 and dismissed4 ,in those retired nooks are women who quote ,shakespeare over their wash-tubs1 and read the ,english classics after the cows are milked1 while their city sisters ponder the fashions1 or listen to some third-rate lecturer1 whose only good thought is1 perhaps1 a borrowed thought4 ,still1 all honor to that strong1 swift life which grinds a man as under a millstone1 and proves what is in him2 which sharpens his sluggishness1 breaks the gauze wings of him1 and forces him out of a coterie and into humanity4 ,one day ,dr4 ,martin called4 ,mrs4 ,yorke and her daughters1 with ,carl1 were out searching for ,may-flowers1 and there was no one at home to receive him but ,mr4 ,yorke and ,edith4 ,dr4 ,martin and the child met with great coldness1 and instantly separated2 but the two gentlemen kept up a conversation1 though neither was quite at his ease4 ,they needed a gentler companionship to bring them together4 ,the minister was a man of good mind and education1 and a kind heart2 but his prejudices were strong and bitter1 and the presence of that little papist disconcerted him4 ,he soon took occasion1 in answer to ,mr4 ,yorke's civil inquiries respecting the churches in ,seaton1 to give expression to this feelings4 ,we have1 of course1 a good many papists1 but all of the lowest class1 he said2 ,i have tried to do something for them2 but they are so ignorant1 and so enslaved by their priests1 that it is impossible to induce them to listen to the ,gospel4 ,mr4 ,yorke drew himself up4 ,perhaps you are not aware that my niece1 ,miss ,edith ,yorke1 is a ,catholic1 he said in his stateliest manner4 ,edith1 standing in a window near1 had not made a sound2 but she looked at the minister1 and fired at him two shots out of her two eyes4 ,he in turn raised himself with an offended air at ,mr4 ,yorke's reproof4 ,i was certainly not aware that your sympathies were with the papists1 sir1 he said4 ,neither are they1 was the cold reply4 ,but ,i profess to be a gentleman1 and ,i try to be a ,christian4 ,one of my principles is never to insult the religious beliefs of another4 ,but1 objected the minister1 stifling his anger1 if you never attack their errors1 you lose the chance of enlightening them4 ,doctor1 ,mr4 ,yorke said with a slight laugh1 ,i don't believe you can ever enlighten a man's mind by pounding a hole in his head4 ,and so they dropped that part of the subject4 ,but ,mr4 ,yorke thought it best to define his own position1 and thus prevent future mistakes4 ,i believe in ,god1 he said4 ,a man is a fool who does not4 ,and ,i believe that the ,bible was written by men inspired by him4 ,but there is no one thing in it for the truth of which ,i would answer with my life4 ,it is the old fable of the divinity visiting earth wrapped in a cloud4 ,somewhere hidden in the ,bible is the truth1 but ,i see it as in a glass darkly4 ,i think as little about it as possible4 ,to study would be to entangle myself in a labyrinth4 ,it is natural and necessary for man to worship2 but it is neither natural nor reasonable for him to comprehend what he worships4 ,to take in the divine1 your brain must crack4 ,the minister perceived that argument was useless1 and shortly after took leave4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,boadicea4 ,within a few weeks came a letter from ,mrs4 ,rowan to ,edith4 ,it is not natural for people to write in their own way--that comes with education and practice2 but this letter breathed the writer's very self4 ,it radiated a timid distress4 ,she had surprising news to tell4 ,instead of being in a tenement of her own1 among plain people whom she would feel at ease with1 she was installed as housekeeper in what seemed to her a very magnificent establishment4 ,mr4 ,williams1 her employer1 was an importing merchant1 and his family consisted of a daughter1 eighteen years of age1 and an awful sister-in-law who lived in the next street1 but visited his house at all hours of day or evening1 superintending minutely his domestic arrangements4 ,this gentleman knew ,major ,cleaveland well1 and had for many years had business relations with ,captain ,cary4 ,indeed1 it was their sailor friend who had procured the situation for her1 and insisted on her taking it4 ,she had refused as long as she could1 but ,dick himself joining against her1 she had finally yielded4 ,mr4 ,williams was very kind4 ,he had assured her that he did not want a city housekeeper1 but some quiet1 honest countrywoman to be in the house with his daughter1 and see that the servants did not rob him4 ,at the conclusion of this letter1 ,mrs4 ,rowan added that ,dick sent his respects1 at which ,edith's heart sank with disappointment4 ,where was the hearty affection1 the eager remembrance she had looked for8 ,the child would have been less indignant had she known what pains ,dick was really taking for her sake4 ,he had searched out1 and borrowed or bought all the printed correspondence of famous letter-writers that were to be had for love or money1 and was studying them as models4 ,he had also invested extravagantly in stationery1 and was striving to bend his clear1 clerkly penmanship to something more elegant and gentlemanlike4 ,even while she was accusing him of forgetfulness1 he was carefully copying his tenth letter to her4 ,but still1 ,edith was not to blame1 though she was mistaken4 ,affection has no right to be silent4 ,after a few days1 however1 came his farewell before sailing for the ,east4 ,over this note1 ,edith shed bitter tears1 as much for the manner as for the matter of it4 ,for ,dick1 with an eye to ,mrs4 ,yorke as a reader1 had composed a very dignified epistle after the manner of ,doctor ,johnson4 ,poor ,dick6 who could have written the most eloquent letter in the world1 if he had poured his heart out freely and simply4 ,the child had scant time allowed her for mourning1 for her studies began immediately4 ,the family were all her teachers1 and she began at once with music and languages4 ,the common branches were taught indirectly4 ,geography she learned by looking out on the maps places mentioned in their reading or conversation4 ,history she learned chiefly through biography4 ,for arithmetic1 some one gave her every day a problem to solve4 ,she added up household expenses1 measured land1 laid out garden-beds1 weighed and measured for cooking4 ,her study was all living3 not a dead fact got into her mind4 ,she read a great deal besides1 travels1 all that she could find relating to the sea1 and poetry4 ,as her mind became interested1 she settled once more into harmony with herself1 and her feelings grew quiet4 ,the impression left by ,dick's strange behavior after their parting faded away1 and she remembered only his last fervent protestation3 ,i'll climb1 ,edith1 ,i'll climb6 ,how it was to be1 and what it really meant1 she knew not2 but the old faith in him came back4 ,what ,dick said he'd do1 he always did4 ,she associated him with all she read or heard of foreign lands and waters4 ,he had sailed through phosphorescent seas by night1 under wide-eyed stars1 while the waves tossed in fire from his prow1 and trailed in fire in his wake4 ,he had lain in the warm southern ocean1 where the tides are born1 had held his breath during that pause when all the waters of the earth hang balanced1 and swung his cap as he felt the first soft pulse of the infant tidal wave that was to grow till its rim should cast a wreath of foam on every shore from the ,north ,pole to the ,south4 ,palms and the banyan-tree1 pines almost huge enough to tip the earth over1 each in turn had shaded his head4 ,his venturesome feet had trod the desert and the jungle4 ,jews and ,moslems had looked after him as he sauntered through their crowded bazaars--the bright-eyed1 laughing sailor-boy6 ,norsemen had smiled as they saw his hair blown back and his face kindled by the tempest4 ,it was always ,dick to the fore of everything4 ,on one of those spring mornings1 ,carl1 wandering through the woods1 came out into the road in front of an old school-house that stood at the edge of the village4 ,the door was open1 and showed a crowd of children at their studies inside4 ,on the green in front of the door lay a log1 and on the log sat a deplorable-looking little man4 ,he was neither young nor old1 but seemed to be stranded on some bleak age which time had forgotten4 ,his clothes were gentlemen's clothes cut down and patched4 ,a hat that was too large for him reached from his forehead to his neck4 ,it was not crushed1 but it was shabby1 and drooped sorrowfully in the brim4 ,his hair was thin and long1 and patted down4 ,tears rolled over his miserable face as he sat and looked in at the children saying their lessons in a long class4 ,he did not cover his face in weeping1 but lifted his eyebrows1 wiped the tears occasionally1 and continued to gaze4 ,carl was one of the last persons in the world to intrude on another1 or allow any intrusion on himself1 but after a moment's hesitation he ventured to approach this pitiful little figure1 and ask what ailed him4 ,the man showed no surprise on being addressed1 but poured out his grief at once4 ,his name was ,joseph ,patten1 he was poor and had a large family1 and was obliged to receive town help4 ,as a condition of that help1 he must give up one of his children to be bound out to work1 or adopted into a family4 ,the parents were allowed to choose which child they would part with1 and ,joe1 as he was called by everybody1 was now trying to make up his mind4 ,his story was told in a whimpering voice1 and with many tears1 and the listener was quite as much provoked to laugh as to weep4 ,it isn't easy to part with your own flesh and blood1 sir1 said ,joe4 ,there's ,sally1 my oldest girl1 named for her marm4 ,she helps about the house4 ,my wife couldn't get along without ,sally4 ,the next one is ,joseph4 ,he's named for me2 and ,i don't want to give up the child that's named for myself1 sir4 ,then ,john1 he's got the rickets1 and is used to be fed and taken care of4 ,you couldn't expect a man to send away a child that's got the rickets1 and let him drop all his food before he gets it to his mouth4 ,then ,betsey1 she's named for my mother4 ,how am ,i going to send away the child that's named for my own mother1 when she's dead and gone1 and let her live among strangers8 ,jane1 she's homesick2 she cries if she is out of her marm's sight a minute4 ,she'd cry herself to death if she was to be carried off4 ,then there's ,jackson1 named for ,general ,jackson4 ,you don't suppose ,i could give away a child that's named for ,general ,jackson6 ,and ,george ,washington1 named for the father of his country4 ,why1 ,i could do without any of 'em sooner than ,i could without ,george ,washington4 ,and ,paul1 he's named for the 'postle ,paul4 ,it would be a sin and a shame to give away a boy that's named for the 'postle ,paul4 ,and ,polly1 she's the baby4 ,you can't give a baby away from its own mother4 ,there had been several other children who had died1 chiefly from unwholesome little fevers1 to which they seemed addicted4 ,carl was unable to assist the man in his choice2 but he comforted him somewhat by promising to visit his family soon1 and left him weeping1 and gazing through the door at his children4 ,that same afternoon ,carl and ,melicent went out to visit ,joe ,patten's family4 ,it had occurred to the young woman that she might be able to train one of the pauper's boys for a house-servant1 and thus benefit them and her own family at the same time4 ,the ,pattens lived directly back of the ,yorkes' place1 about half a mile farther into the woods1 and their house had no communication with the public ways save by a cart-road4 ,joe's sole income was derived from the sale of little snags of wood that he hauled into the village1 and exchanged for groceries4 ,in ,seaton wood was a drug in the market4 ,a man must cut his beech and maple into clear split logs1 and season it well1 if he expected to get two dollars a cord for it4 ,the walk through the woods was a pleasant one1 for nature was stirring all alive about them4 ,this nature was no ,delilah of the tropics1 and to one who loved a bold and gorgeous beauty it was poor4 ,but for those who like to seek beauty in her shyer1 hidden ways1 it had a delicate and subtle charm4 ,the profuse snowy bloom of wild-cherries showed in a cloud here and there against the red or salmon-colored flowers of maples and oaks4 ,silver birches glimmered through their shining foliage1 like subsiding nymphs1 and the tassels of the larch swung out their brown and gold4 ,violets blue and white opened thickly in wet places1 sisterhoods of snowdrops stood with their drooping heads tenderly streaked with pink1 little knubbles of land were covered thickly with old and young checkerberry--ivry-leaves the children called them1 drops of gum oozed through the rough bark of spruce and hemlock1 brooks rushed frothing past1 and birds were returning to their nests or building new ones4 ,soon they heard sounds of human life through the forest quiet1 the loud voice of a scolding woman and a confused babel of children's voices4 ,carl smiled mockingly4 ,a troop of dryads1 probably1 he remarked4 ,suddenly they came out close to a small log-house that stood in an irregular clearing2 and now the scolding and the babel were plain to be heard4 ,i'll lick you like a sack if you don't bring some dry sticks to get supper with6 cried a woman's voice1 and at the same instant a ragged little boy bounded from the door1 helped1 apparently1 by some outward application1 and ran for the woods1 his bare feet seeming insensible to sticks and stones4 ,then1 all at once1 there was silence1 and clusters of two-colored heads in the windows1 and peeping from the door4 ,the visitors had been discovered4 ,as they approached the door1 a large1 wild-eyed ,boadicea came to meet them1 and invited them in with great ceremony and politeness4 ,she had an unwholesome1 putty-colored skin and black hair and eyes4 ,in one corner sat ,joe1 with the baby in his arms1 and his hat on his head4 ,this he removed1 half-rose1 and performed a salution which was more a courtesy than a bow4 ,but he uttered not a word4 ,in this house clearly1 ',madame d',acier est le pre1' thought ,carl4 ,with a sweep of the arm she banished the children all into one corner of the room 7the house contained but one room71 brought two strip-bottomed chairs1 from one of which her husband had meekly fled at her approach1 and1 dusting them off with her apron1 invited her visitors to be seated4 ,you must excuse the confusion reigning in my poor mansion1 she said with great suavity1 and a very good accent4 ,children are always disorderly4 ,sarah6 raising her voice1 bring the besom and sweep up the embers4 ,melicent turned a look of dismay on her brother1 who was taken with a slight cough4 ,sarah1 otherwise ,sally1 came bashfully out from behind her father1 where she had been crouching on the floor1 and swept up the hearth with a brush broom4 ,the poor woman1 anxious to do all honor to her visitors1 and1 also1 to show them that she was above her circumstances1 knew no other way than by using the largest words she could think of4 ,her idea of polite conversation was to make it as little as possible like anything she was accustomed to4 ,melicent stated her errand at once1 and the mother1 with many thanks1 and lamentations on her misfortunes1 called the little ones forward1 and placed them at the lady's disposal4 ,she stopped in her compliments to dart a threatening look toward the door1 where the boy who had been named for the 'postle ,paul stood with his burden of dry sticks4 ,he dropped them instantly1 and came forward1 and his mother as instantly resumed her smiling face4 ,she could change her expression with remarkable facility4 ,melicent fancied this boy at once1 and promptly concluded a bargain to give a week's trial to him and his eldest sister4 ,they were to go to the hall1 as ,mrs4 ,patten politely called it1 the next day1 and begin their training4 ,they would work for their food and clothing1 and perhaps1 after a while1 when she should think them worthy1 they might receive wages4 ,this settled1 ,miss ,yorke and her brother departed1 followed by ,mrs4 ,patten's compliments to the door1 and stared after by all the children4 ,joe's only movement on their going was to perform another courtesy like that with which he had received them4 ,poor souls6 they are delighted to have their children with us1 said ,melicent1 when they were out of hearing4 ,but ,i hope the mother won't come to see them often4 ,betsey says she is half-crazy4 ,i respect her for it6 ,carl exclaimed4 ,you can see that she has some talent and ambition1 and that she has read some1 though she is absurdly ignorant of the ways of the world4 ,with such a husband1 such a troop of children1 and such poverty1 ,i repeat ,i respect her for being crazy4 ,she can't have a person to speak to but her own family1 immured in those forest solitudes1 as she says4 ,mrs4 ,patten looked after them as long as she could see them1 her face glowing with pride4 ,then she went into her house1 went to the fireplace1 and withdrew a pair of iron tongs that lay with red-hot tips in the coals there4 ,there is no need of them now1 she said exultingly4 ,these tongs had been kept red during the last week for the better reception of any town officer who should venture to come for one of her children4 ,mrs4 ,patten did not by any means propose to submit tamely4 ,then she turned tragically1 and faced her husband with a look of withering contempt4 ,i was meant to be such a lady as that6 she exclaimed1 with a grand gesture of the arm in the direction where ,melicent ,yorke had disappeared4 ,and yet1 ,i sacrificed my birthright--fool that ,i was6--to marry you1 ,joe ,patten6 ,joe shrank1 and hugged the baby up to him4 ,i know you did1 ,sally6 he said deprecatingly--,i know you did6 ,and you never knew enough to appreciate me6 she continued in a tragic tone4 ,i know ,i never did1 answered ,joe in a trembling voice--,i know it1 ,sally4 ,learn to respect me1 then6 she said1 drawing herself up4 ,call me ,mrs4 ,patten6 ,yes1 ,i will1 ,i do1 ,i have1 whimpered ,joe4 ,i-- ,hold your tongue6 commanded his wife4 ,paul1 bring me those chips4 ,and she proceeded to get supper4 ,poor ,sally ,patten was not nearly so cruel as she appeared4 ,in truth1 she had never laid the weight of her hand upon her husband4 ,but1 then1 he was always afraid she would4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,mexican ,,art ,,and ,,its ,,michael ,,angelo4 ,the society of ,mexico has become a ruin in which it is necessary to search with some labor to discover monuments of literature and art4 ,sor ,juana ,inez de la ,cruz1 though for her time an extraordinary woman1 is unknown to the greater portion of the continent of whose letters she seems to have been the true morning star4 ,of ,siguenza1 mathematician1 philosopher1 historian1 antiquary1 and of ,velasquez ,cardenas1 the astronomer and geometrician1 the world knew little until ,humboldt praised their remarkable talents4 ,not without a shrug of surprise1 we imagine1 did the readers of half a century ago accept his assurance that ,m4 ,tolsa1 professor of sculpture at ,mexico1 was even able to cast an equestrian statue of ,king ,charles the ,fourth2 a work which1 with the exception of the ,marcus ,aurelius at ,rome1 surpasses in beauty and purity of style everything which remains in this way in ,europe4 ,miguel ,cabrera1 a greater artist than ,tolsa1 and the most vigorous imaginative genius which ,mexico has produced1 has yet to be adequately recognized in ,america4 ,the art of our northern republic boasts the names of ,trumbull1 ,stuart1 ,allston1 ,inman1 ,vanderlyn1 ,sully1 ,neagle1 ,hamilton1 ,rothermel1 ,church1 ,crawford1 ,powers1 ,akers1 ,greenough1 ,hosmer1 and others2 but we doubt if among all these can be found an artist as praiseworthy as was this ,mexican ,cabrera4 ,do we exaggerate8 ,no2 we are addressing a practical public1 much in love with its own works and ways and ideals1 and not too well disposed to imagine the difficulties of a ,mexican artist one hundred and thirty years ago4 ,but1 first1 let us describe1 so far as we may1 the scene and circumstances of his artistic labors4 ,mexico1 as compared with our northern cities1 is a wonderfully old-fashioned capital4 ,the walls of its houses have been built to last till doomsday1 and its doors are like doors of castles4 ,many of its flat fronts boast stuccoed ornaments3 all are painted with tints ranging from yellow to pink and pale blue--colors of art which1 as applied in particular cases1 are seldom at once tolerable to a foreign eye1 but which find their reason in necessity as well as taste1 and partly in the dull1 unlovely character of the building material4 ,this is often a kind of lava-stone or tezontle1 a stone the volcano itself seems to have supplied for the purpose of resisting earthquake1 and which defies the insidious action of ,mexican damps4 ,the churches are instances of colored architecture4 ,la ,profesa is yellowed2 the cathedral's chapel is browned4 ,san ,domingo1 ,san ,agustin1 and1 in fact1 all the ,mexican churches are tinted more or less1 the favorite hue being a mild and not offensive yellow1 qualified by white plasters4 ,one remembers gratefully that neutral tint which makes a long range of ,mexican houses1 with their balconies and tasteful awnings1 quaint and elegant letterings of signs1 and flags hung out at shop-doors1 so picturesque1 so pleasant1 and so characteristic4 ,the perspective of a ,mexican street1 especially toward the close of the day1 enjoys a repose of many colors well blended with such lines of substantial houses as cannot but impress the eye of the musing stranger4 ,their architecture1 so simple and massive1 but so different from a certain wide-awake familiarity which is written upon the houses of the ,north1 best assimilates in his view with some mood of twilight4 ,yet1 seen at dawn or at dusk1 or under the moon1 the city of ,mexico never loses its one decided charm of picturesqueness4 ,it was this exceeding quality which doubtless delighted the eye of ,humboldt when he praised ,mexico as one of the finest of cities4 ,he had1 perhaps1 beheld from its cathedral's steeple a most unique capital--a city set not on a hill1 but in one of the dreamiest of valleys near one of the dreamiest and shallowest of lakes1 with ,popocatapetl and ,ixtaccihuatl1 snow-crowned and heaven-seeking1 for monuments of its guardian valley4 ,in such a scene1 ,cabrera and his contemporary artists did their work4 ,their school was the church4 ,what this church was in their day the splendid traditions of art found even now in its corridors and near its altars bear faithful witnesses4 ,something from their hands has gone into every community of ,mexico1 and1 if war has spared one-half the relics of her art as it existed one hundred and fifty or two hundred years ago1 the republic is still fortunate in one respect4 ,the cathedrals of ,puebla and ,mexico1 and ,la ,profesa1 were perhaps the chief homes of that genius of painting which was manifested not merely in one1 but in a number of ,mexicans4 ,who are the artists of the exceedingly fine pictures which may be seen in the church at ,puebla the stranger rarely ascertains4 ,the tradition that ,velasquez1 the great pupil of ,murillo1 and ,cabrera1 the native ,mexican1 sowed the religion of the ,new ,world with their pencils some centuries ago1 supplies him with the morsel of vague knowledge with which he reluctantly leaves a building full of rich and curious shrines4 ,mexico is to all appearances singularly deficient in a proper memory of her noblest painters4 ,go into one of the city's oldest churches1 and your friendly guide1 though he be a priest1 may not be able to tell you who painted the saints on the walls and the heads of the apostles on the shrines4 ,the information possessed outside of the church respecting its treasures of art has1 under stress of various revolutions1 dissipated into vague generalities4 ,three or four remarkable names are known1 and a few famous pictures2 but who can at once point out to us the masterpieces of any of the five or six painters whose works are worth remembering1 or tell us near what shrines1 outside of the capital itself1 we are likely to find rare pictures8 ,nevertheless1 art is almost the chief boast of ,mexico1 aside from its natural endowments1 though1 like so much else in a land subject to all manner of vicissitudes1 the boast is to some extent shadowy and unsubstantial4 ,in successive revolutions1 it is conjectured1 those true homes of fine art1 the convents1 have been despoiled1 and the saints and angels of their galleries sent hither and thither1 to be kept by natives or to be sold to foreigners as ,joseph was sold by his brethren4 ,another spoliation1 and perhaps a searching and sweeping one1 is said to have taken place under the eye of the ,french during their mercenary intervention4 ,how or by whom robbed and mutilated in the last half-century of wars1 ,mexican art is but the wreck of what it was4 ,that so much of it still survives is a proof of its original abundance and vitality4 ,but1 notwithstanding the whirlwinds of revolution1 art in the country of ,cabrera has retained a number of impregnable and indestructible asylums4 ,altar ornaments of gold or silver may have been stolen from the cathedral1 but apparently no sacrilegious criminal has ever carried away its pictures4 ,these treasures of the church are set fast in their places round the shrines1 so closely and plentifully that1 wherever they are most congregated1 the altar-places seem walled and tiled with them4 ,not all of them are worthy of ,cabrera or ,xuarez or ,ximenez1 let alone ,murillo and ,velasquez2 but all have their value as portions of a chapter in art the like of which is not to be seen elsewhere on the ,american continent4 ,confused and perplexed as the real beauties of many of these paintings are by the endless bedizenments of altars1 it is impossible to ignore or conceal the richness1 delicacy1 and even tenderness which belong to their best specimens4 ,the extravagance of gilding1 the wilderness of carved flourishes1 which the taste of the sixteenth century placed at the back of the altars1 do not form the best repository for the subdued beauty which a noble picture acquires with age4 ,the great back altar-wall of the cathedral is from floor to roof one mass of most ingenious carving and gilding1 out of which what seem to be pious aborigines1 associated with warriors and saints on the same background1 blossom in paint and gold4 ,our modern and practical tastes do not easily give room to an ornamentation as loud and prodigal as figures in this great recess2 but it is nevertheless a rare and meritorious work in its way4 ,other shrines display the same gilding in an inferior degree2 and we must divest ourselves of some prejudice1 artistic and otherwise1 before we appreciate the merit of extreme elaboration in their ornaments1 and discover1 notwithstanding this lavish wealth of surrounding decoration1 the modest worth of the best pictures of the church4 ,the cathedral is well constituted to be the ark and refuge of religious art4 ,it is about #dbh feet long and #bjj wide1 while its general height is almost #ajj1 that of its towers being nearly #bjj feet4 ,these dimensions argue an interior vast enough to enclose three or four such churches as we may see on ,broadway1 without taking into account its large adjoining chapel4 ,its exterior is a congregation of heavy masses crowned by great bell-shaped towers1 but wanting a grand unity and exaltation4 ,nevertheless1 the charm of picturesqueness which belongs to so many solid monuments of the sixteenth century has rested upon this cathedral1 in spite of its dinginess and heaviness2 and a view of it under the magic of a moonlight which ,italian skies could not more than rival is one of the finest of a series of ,mexican lithographs4 ,gothic height1 space1 and freedom are the prime qualities of the cathedral's interior4 ,not less than twenty-two shrines are there visible in an extent of two aisles and twenty arches1 the columns of which are each quintupled4 ,the high porphyry columns1 the range of the apostles1 the burst of gilded glory1 and the outspread angels over the principal altar are exceedingly impressive1 notwithstanding an exuberance of colors4 ,the choir1 altogether the best architectural feature of the great building1 rises rather toward the middle of the church1 and up from the floor1 in a high and luxurious growth of oaken carvings and embellishments4 ,inside is the assembly of the saints1 finely panelled4 ,cherub and seraph are busy apparently with the superb organ-pipes1 and make merry overhead with all the instruments of an orchestra1 while impish faces beneath them seem to be out of temper4 ,the nobleness of the choir as a work of art is1 in great part1 due to its gravity1 though it is as ingenious1 perhaps1 as anything of the kind need be1 without seeking comparison with the mightiest fancies of the ,old ,world4 ,even to an ordinary observer it is plain that the old cathedral is well endowed with pictures4 ,the pure olive-faced ,madonna1 over the nearest and most popular altar1 is said to be ,murillo's2 it may be ,velasquez's4 ,she is a mild1 meek lady1 with a boy in her lap1 veritably human in feature4 ,out of the rich shade of a great old artist's mood cherubs seem to swarm upon them4 ,in the fine gloom of ,vespers1 when only the face of the ,madonna is seen1 the religious mildness of this picture is especially venerable4 ,other altars have many curiosities1 more or less associated with art4 ,there is at one a ,man of ,sorrow1 sitting and leaning in wretched plight2 at another1 a sallow and agonized ,redeemer on the cross2 and painted statues and crucifixes only less realistic and distressful than these are common throughout the church4 ,the ghostly figure of what may be a dead saint is laid out in wax1 as upon a bed1 at one shrine1 and elsewhere what seems to be a dead ,redeemer is altared in a glass case4 ,in the chapel the artistic character of the cathedral is repeated1 save that its high altar-columns1 its cross-bearing angel1 its splendidly-rayed apotheosis of the ,blessed ,virgin1 its statues of ,moses and ,john the ,baptist1 have a more modern workmanship4 ,the ,madonna1 in lady-like wax1 with a crown upon her head1 and holding daintily a babe in her arms1 is the principal figure of one of the auxiliary shrines1 though not the best specimen of an art in which ,mexicans excel1 and which1 as represented in a black-robed figure of the ,mother of ,sorrows1 is sometimes admirable and religiously effective4 ,these instances1 though but a few of the numberless curiosities of wood and wax amid which the painters have found their abiding home1 will serve to illustrate the very mixed artistic complexion of the ,mexican cathedral4 ,the statues and paintings are of all sorts1 colors1 and styles4 ,but the shadowy picture of a sad1 nunlike face of ,our ,lady of ,sorrows2 the quaint-hooded countenance of the ,blessed ,virgin1 apparently wrought in tapestry of the middle ages2 or that of our ,lord1 after he had been scourged1 plainly apprise us that the sincerity of art1 first consecrated by the church1 has become a part of its own consecration4 ,these are sacred pictures1 truly4 ,weary and wretched1 his head bound with thorns1 our ,lord leans in agonized contemplation1 while an apostle looks up to him in tears4 ,the elements of this exquisite painting are gloom and pathos developed out of ,murillo-like colors and shadows4 ,another painting1 equally reverend1 pursues the same theme and mood4 ,to whose genius do we owe them8 ,perhaps to ,velasquez1 of whose works the church1 it is said1 possesses a noble number2 perhaps to ,cabrera4 ,who shall decide8 ,one of the fathers or cathedraticos might tell us1 but which father and which professor8 ,the condition of topsy-turvy succeeding a revolution is not favorable to the pursuit or the memory of art2 and1 as we have hinted1 the proper rediscovery of ,mexican art must be a matter of unselfish and laborious search4 ,mexico does not1 perhaps1 even yet know its proper historian4 ,yet some thing we do know of ,cabrera4 ,the fine head of ,st4 ,peter1 pointed out to the writer by a padre of ,san ,hypolito1 is by him4 ,one of three immense canvases in the sacristy of the cathedral is also his surprising handiwork4 ,it is a pictorial homage to the ,pope1 wherein the successor of ,st4 ,peter1 gray and grave1 sits on the topmost seat of a ponderous car of triumph1 which is pushed by giants of the faith led by heroes and saints4 ,what seems to be the genius of history has a seat in the van1 and disporting cherubs hover on flank and rear1 while the aged ,pope is being ministered to or counselled by a saint or apostle4 ,this picture1 perhaps the largest1 though not necessarily the best1 painted by ,cabrera1 is very remarkable for its vigor and variety of form4 ,the other great canvases are by ,xuarez and ,ximenez1 both ,mexican painters of genius4 ,one represents the victory of ,michael celebrated by the angelic powers2 the theme of the other appears to be the reception of the ,holy ,lady in heaven4 ,pictures of this extensive character are certainly calculated to display the energy of artists1 but not always to develop the highest expression of religion4 ,there can be no question of the vigor of these paintings1 especially of ,cabrera's2 but probably we shall have to seek among smaller canvases and less complicated subjects the true masterpieces of ,cabrera1 ,xuarez1 and ,ximenez4 ,some years ago they might have been found in the ,convent of ,la ,profesa or of ,st4 ,dominic1 or1 perhaps1 in the ,academy of ,san ,carlos2 but where are they now8 ,that academy1 once1 doubtless1 the finest of its kind in ,america1 and still among the best1 does contain1 it is true1 some master paintings by ,xuarez1 ,rodriguez1 ,joachim1 ,ludovicus1 bearing date after the close of the sixteenth century2 but these do not give us assurance of being the best examples of what was done about ,cabrera's time4 ,the walls of ,san ,carlos1 we may remark in passing1 contain a very large1 melodramatic descent from the cross by ,baltasar de ,chaue1 and a beautiful ,shepherd ,boy1 by ,ingies1 whose simplicity recalls the fact that the ,lute ,player1 one of the few genuine ,murillos said to be in the country1 is in the possession of a ,mexican club4 ,but what of ,cabrera8 ,alas6 that the walls of ,san ,carlos should tell us little or nothing2 that the padre who guides us through ,la ,profesa knows about as much6 ,the poor muse of painting has been a good-for-nothing these many years1 a wretched ,cinderella sitting at a ruined hearthstone1 or1 rather1 sweeping up the rubbish in the corridors of confiscated and despoiled convents4 ,la ,profesa1 however1 is an asylum of art4 ,as it now stands1 it is a fine old church1 whose rigid and antiquated countenance many a praying ,mexican woman knows for that of a mother4 ,nothing of its ample1 simple1 sturdy architecture has crumbled in the last two centuries4 ,its plateresco--the frolic fancy which sixteenth-century art put upon the front of churches1 and of which the faade of the cathedral presents an immense example1 entangling cherubs and bewildering saints in the ingenuity of its small sculptures--still remains intact4 ,the apostles are in their niches1 and ,nuestro ,seor is invoked in a text cut on the outside walls4 ,not many years ago1 ,la ,profesa was not merely a church1 but1 as its name indicates1 a house for religious women1 and that1 too1 one of the richest and most extensive in ,mexico4 ,many courts1 many corridors and fountains1 and some pleasant gardens1 with eaves-haunting birds to remind one of ,st4 ,francis's gossips1 the sparrows1 were no doubt among the possessions of this convent as of other convents in the capital1 from whose now deserted walks and cells one may hear the flow of fountains and the song of birds4 ,but a few corridors of the many that belonged to the house have been left to the church out of a general ruin made necessary for the cutting of a wide street through what was once a vast building or number of buildings4 ,these corridors and the church itself were in #ahfh visited by the writer in company with a courteous young padre1 but he could learn comparatively little of the unmistakable riches of art deposited there4 ,who painted the superb heads of the apostles framed in an altar near the sacristy8 ,cabrera or ,velasquez8 ,the padre did not know4 ,as we entered the first of the wide1 heavy stone corridors1 two old men1 looking like pensioners1 were saying their prayers aloud before a shrine of ,our ,lady of ,guadalupe4 ,we stood opposite a mammoth scene of the crucifixion1 wherein ,christ and the thieves are most painfully individualized on the gloom of ,calvary4 ,age and neglect had seemingly eclipsed the larger portion of this canvas1 and left no shade of the painter's identity in the mind of our student of the cloister4 ,in another ill-lighted corridor were paintings by ,cabrera1 ,xuarez1 ,ximenez1 ,joachim1 ,correa1 ,rodriguez1 and some others1 all ,mexicans1 it is said1 and evidently men of decided gifts4 ,here was a picture by ,xuarez of the ,saviour in apparition among the apostles--a presentment in tenderest and most luminous colors of ethereal gentleness4 ,the finest picture in the gallery1 entitled ,st4 ,luke1 might have been by a pupil of ,murillo1 but really the padre could not tell4 ,another corridor more neglected than the rest seemed to be a very charnel-room for art--a place for the rags and lumber of unhung1 undusted1 unrestored pictures4 ,the distracted church has been a sorry sexton for its dead painters4 ,after all1 the best efforts are not certain of immunity from the outrages of time and ignorance4 ,well enough if the great unseen critic applauds4 ,nowadays the common visitor to ,la ,profesa searches not at all for ,cabrera1 but looks at a dome brilliantly painted with scenes from the life of the ,saviour by the ,spanish ,mexican ,clavel4 ,except the dome of ,santa ,teresa's by ,cordero1 there is perhaps nothing of the kind1 at least in the three principal cities of ,mexico1 to compare with ,clavel's work4 ,cordero1 whose picture of ,columbus at court received all the honors of an exhibition in the palace of ,prince ,poniatowski at ,florence1 and who has received high encomiums from his brother artists in ,italy1 is by some regarded the best of existing ,mexican artists4 ,like the two ,coras1 who1 with ,tolsa1 appear to be the most noted of the sculptors of ,mexico1 ,cordero is a native of the country4 ,to ,jose ,villegas ,coras1 who was born in #agac1 the city of ,puebla owes those statues of our ,lord and ,our ,lady1 which one of his admirers declares have a sublimity of expression and a grace in details not easy to find in the best schools of ,europe4 ,jose ,zocarias ,coras1 his nephew1 was less an idealist1 says his critic1 but more faithful to nature1 and is distinguished by his sculptures of the ,crucified1 in which are exhibited a profound agony4 ,the two statues which crown the towers of the cathedral are also the work of the younger ,coras1 who died in #ahai1 in the sixty-seventh year of his age4 ,the work of these men was ill-requited1 like so much else in ,mexican life and industry4 ,the writer is not able to speak of them upon personal or from a very common knowledge of their sculptures2 but it is well to note them here as artists who are thought worthy of a place in that scarce and not too steady literature1 ,mexican biography4 ,it may serve others who visit ,mexico to know that1 in the latest phase of art at the capital1 ,clavel1 ,rebull1 ,cordero1 and the sculptor ,islas1 with some others1 have distinguished themselves4 ,let us now speak freely of ,cabrera1 the father and master of ,mexican art--of him whose pictures are at once so numerous and so scarce1 whose fame is so well-founded1 yet of whose life so little is known4 ,the first important fact in his biography is1 that1 like the greatest ruler which the country has produced1 its greatest artist was an ,indian--a ,zapotec ,indian1 too1 from the native country of ,benito ,juarez1 ,oaxoca4 ,the next is that1 under the patronage of the ,archbishop ,salinas1 he painted those many admirable pieces which are the reproachful glory of his country4 ,according to a modern ,mexican writer1 ,seor ,orozco1 works of ,cabrera may be found in the churches of ,mexico and ,puebla especially1 and in the convents of ,san ,domingo and ,la ,profesa1 but we have seen under what circumstances4 ,his masterpieces1 if we may credit the intelligent opinion reported by ,seor ,orozco1 are contained in the sacristy of the church at ,tasco1 where a whole life of the ,blessed ,virgin is portrayed1 the scene of the ,nativity being distinguished by its light and freshness of color4 ,the same writer assures us that ,cabrera wrote a treatise on the celebrated picture given to the ,indian ,juan ,diego during the ,marvellous ,apparition of ,our ,lady of ,guadalupe1 and in it he concurs with other painters of his day in affirming that the miraculous painting1 which he had examined carefully in the light of art1 is not the work of human hands4 ,this is the judgment of an ,indian artist respecting a wonderful revelation made to one of his race1 and1 however it may be viewed by those who discredit all supernaturalism of a later date than eighteen hundred years ago1 gives the stamp of conviction to the faith of ,guadalupe4 ,what the opinion of ,cabrera was worth in a question of art1 what the artist himself should be worth in the estimation of mankind1 is signified to us in the following extraordinary notice of his genius by ,count ,beltrani1 an ,italian traveller3 ,some pictures of ,cabrera are called ,american wonders1 and all are of eminent merit4 ,the life of ,st4 ,dominic1 painted by him in the cloister of the convent of that name2 the life of ,st4 ,ignatius1 and the history of the man degraded by mortal sin and regenerated by religion and virtue1 in the cloister of ,la ,profesa1 present two galleries which in nothing yield to the cloister of ,santa ,maria la ,nueva di ,florencia1 and the ,campo ,santo of ,pisa4 ,i hazard even saying that ,cabrera alone1 in these two cloisters1 is worth all the artists joined who have painted the two magnificent ,italian galleries4 ,cabrera possesses the outlines of ,correggio1 the animation of ,domenichino1 and the pathos of ,murillo4 ,his episodes--as the ',angels1' etc4--are of rare beauty4 ,in my conception1 he is a great painter4 ,he was1 moreover1 an architect and sculptor2 in fine1 the ,michael ,angelo of ,mexico4 ,what say our ,american pilgrims to ,italy of this report of an ,italian pilgrim in ,america8 ,here1 then1 was an ,indian ,michael ,angelo of whom few artists of the ,new ,world know anything whatever4 ,we need not strain an objection that ,count ,beltrani's dictum may be an exaggeration1 for there are not many travellers who care to praise ,mexico1 and very few to overpraise her--at least1 in respect to art4 ,the fact remains that the country which gave birth to ,sor ,juana ,inez de la ,cruz1 perhaps the most remarkable character in all ,american letters1 also had for its native the greatest painter of the ,new ,world1 and one of the most singularly meritorious in an age when great painters were numerous4 ,in judging of ,cabrera1 we must fairly consider the time1 the place1 the elements in which he wrought2 for schools1 masters1 models1 emulation1 royal encouragement1 and proper recompense and fame were all denied to him1 in a greater or less degree4 ,cloistered as a great artist must necessarily be at any time1 he would have felt1 perhaps1 especially abandoned in far-off ,mexico in the sixteenth century4 ,that ,cabrera did suffer this abandonment the facts of his life attest4 ,yet1 to speak a literal truth1 ,cabrera has no biography4 ,it is not known when he was born or when he died1 and1 says a ,mexican writer1 we only know that he lived in the eighteenth century by the dates of his paintings4 ,alas6 for fame2 alas6 for genius6--and this1 too1 in the eighteenth century6 ,we know more of ,shakespeare1 more of ,lop1 more of ,sor ,juana1 more of ,alarcon--he1 too1 was born in ,mexico1 yet we know his birthday--than of ,cabrera1 who could not have died more than a hundred and twenty-five years ago1 and respecting whom it was said3 ,there is hardly a church of the republic which does not contain some work of his distinguished pencil4 ,alas6 for work and worth6 ,how much of all this may have perished or vanished beneath the storms of the last fifty miserable years of ,mexican life1 overridden by swaggering pronouncers1 stolen by intervening robbers1 the torch of genius extinguished in the dust raised by defiant nobodies4 ,yet ,cabrera survives1 as few artists can1 a veritable wreck of matter4 ,happily for him1 it may be1 his only biography is in his works2 and they are full of life1 and of life better than his own1 yet in some respects received into it--lives of saints1 apostles1 angels1 the ,blessed ,virgin1 and the ,divine ,redeemer4 ,let these speak for his life to men1 and commend his work to the unseen ,master4 ,,the ,,serious1 ,,too1 ,,have ,,their ',,vive ,,la ,,bagatelle4' ,gay world6 ,you may write on my heart what you will ,if your laugh-shaken fingers but trace ,the dream1 or the jest1 with that fairylike quill ,that ciphers the wood-sorrel's vase6 ,fair world6 ,you may write on my heart what you will2 ,but write it with pencil1 not pen3 ,you are fair1 and have skill2 but a hand fairer still ,soon whitens the tablet again6 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,what ,,our ,,municipal ,,law ,,owes ,,to ,,the ,,church4 ,the wisdom and bravery of our forefathers having at length enabled them to sever the ties which had bound the original thirteen colonies to ,great ,britain1 their experience1 knowledge1 and foresight were called into requisition to form a government for the new nation1 and adopt a code of laws which1 avoiding the complex and erroneous features of those of the ,old-,world countries1 the necessary result of centuries of contradictory legislation1 would confirm to the people their newly-acquired liberties1 and guarantee to every citizen not only justice from the state1 but1 in their relations with each other1 ample protection for life and liberty1 property and reputation4 ,as a foundation for this new system of jurisprudence1 the statesmen of the ,revolution selected the ,english code almost in its entirety1 partly because the late colonists had been familiar with its workings on either side of the ocean1 but mainly because they considered it1 comparatively1 at least1 humane and liberal1 and the most suitable for a free government4 ,many statutes and customs peculiar to monarchies were at the time necessarily omitted1 and several enactments have since been passed by our national and local legislatures liberalizing ancient laws1 as intended to keep pace with the rapid development of our industrial resources1 which1 from time to time1 creates new and complicated relations between individuals4 ,still1 to all intents and purposes1 our body of laws is fundamentally identical with that of ,england in the last century1 is founded on the same general principles1 and has the same origin and history4 ,therefore1 in speaking of the jurisprudence of our republic1 we also speak of that of ,great ,britain1 for whatever applies to one as a whole equally applies to the other4 ,our municipal law1 consisting of the common law 7lex non scripta7 and the statute law 7lex scripta71 springs from three distinct sources1 each of which in its degree has materially contributed its share to the general stock which goes to make up our legal system1 which1 for completeness and enlightenment of spirit1 may well challenge the admiration of mankind4 ,these three sources are--the ancient common law of ,england1 the civil law of the ,roman ,empire1 and the canon law of the church4 ,though originating at distinct periods and places1 and intended primarily to operate on diverse elements1 the provisions of these three codes have in process of time become so interwoven1 one with the other1 in the body of the ,english law1 that it is often difficult and sometimes impossible to discriminate between them4 ,the common law1 in its general acceptation1 is composed of the ancient customs of ,england1 beyond which the memory of man runneth not to the contrary1 of reports of cases and decisions of judges thereon1 and of the writings of persons learned in the law4 ,sir ,william ,blackstone1 the celebrated author of the ,commentaries on the ,laws of ,england1 is by universal consent the greatest expounder of the common law4 ,with the legal profession1 his opinions have a force little less binding than that of a positive enactment1 while his definitions1 whether borrowed from his predecessors or his own creation1 are accepted by the learned of all classes as the most comprehensive and satisfactory in the language on this branch of study4 ,unhappily for posterity1 but more unfortunately for his own reputation1 ,blackstone lived and wrote in an age when it was the fashion to introduce into every department of ,english literature the most absurd calumnies against the church1 and to advance the most preposterous claims in favor of the so-called ,reformation4 ,the wild fanaticism and lust of plunder with which that stupendous rebellion against ,god's authority was inaugurated had in a great measure subsided in the middle of the last century1 and it behooved those of its advocates who attempted to look back into the past to justify present crimes by maligning their ,catholic ancestors1 or1 when that could not be hazarded1 by imputing the worst of motives for the best of actions4 ,the great commentator1 with all his perspicacity and legal acumen1 was nor above resorting to this dishonest method of bolstering a sinking cause1 and hence we find in his otherwise invaluable work that he loses no opportunity1 in or out of season1 to ignore the transcendent merits1 misrepresent the conduct1 and misconstrue the intentions of the ecclesiastics of the early and middle ages of the church1 who1 in their time1 had done so much to reduce our laws into something like system1 and make them conform in justice and equity as much as possible to those revealed by the ,creator4 ,surrounded by the mists of doubt and dissent1 the emanation of a hundred jarring creeds1 he failed to see beyond the horizon of his own generation1 or to perceive the reflux of that wave of heresy which1 in the sixteenth century1 submerged ,england1 and threatened to inundate the whole of ,europe4 ,as an expounder of law1 ,blackstone still holds a position in the front rank of our jurists1 but so warped are his views by the prejudices of the epoch in which he lived that1 before the enlightened spirit of our time1 he is gradually but surely losing his vantage-ground as an impartial authority1 even on questions upon which he is really most reliable4 ,another defect in the writings of this able professor1 but one of much lesser importance1 is his constant tendency to exaggerate the merits of the ,anglo-,saxon lawgivers1 and to attribute to them the credit of originating many laws which were wholly unknown in ,england till many years after the conquest2 but as we have the authority of ,hallam for saying that his knowledge of ancient history was rather superficial1 we may attribute this fault more to a deficiency of historical knowledge than to a wilful intention to deceive4 ,the civil law is founded principally on the ancient regal constitutions of ,rome1 on the laws of the twelve tables1 the statutes of the senate and republic1 the edicts of the prtors1 the opinions of learned lawyers1 and on imperial decrees4 ,so numerous1 however1 had these various enactments become1 and so contradictory in terms and penalties1 that the study of them was the labor of a lifetime1 altogether beyond the ability of the great mass of the governed to overcome4 ,it was therefore found necessary in the reign of ,theodosius1 about ,a4,d4 #dch1 to codify them1 and1 by rejecting all superfluous matter1 to greatly reduce their bulk4 ,about a century later1 under the ,emperor ,justinian1 they were again submitted to a similar process1 the ,institutes being reduced to four books1 and the ,pandects1 containing over two thousand cases and opinions1 to fifty4 ,to these were added a new code1 being a continuation of that of ,theodosius1 the novels or decrees of that emperor and his successors1 as well as those of ,justinian himself4 ,these taken together formed the corpus juris civilis of the ,eastern and ,western ,empires4 ,it is in the new code and the novels that we first begin to perceive the influence of the church in civil legislation4 ,from the time of the conversion of ,constantine1 the emperors1 with one or two exceptions1 were the fast friends1 and1 in matters spiritual1 the obedient children of the pontiffs4 ,the laws of pagan times1 particularly those respecting distributive justice and the domestic relations1 were utterly unsuited for the government of a ,christian people1 and1 as the church was recognized as the sole arbiter of right and wrong in the abstract1 it is natural to expect that the ,christian emperors before and after ,justinian not only conformed to the dicta of the church in their decrees and decisions1 but frequently consulted their spiritual advisers on matters affecting conscience in their twofold capacity of legislators and judges4 ,justinian in particular appears to have borrowed many of his ideas of temporal law from the church1 for we find him paraphrasing or adopting bodily many of the canons of the early councils4#ei ,hence we easily perceive that much of the more modern portion of the corpus juris civilis1 though bearing the impress of imperial authority1 is in reality little more than a copy of the rules laid down previously for the spiritual and social guidance of the children of the church1 and that those grand principles and delicate distinctions which are as true to-day as in the time of the apostles1 and are as applicable to our advanced state of civilization as they were then1 are simply the result of the infusion of the spirit of ,christianity into the civil polity of a once pagan people4 ,thus we find the ,institutes or ,elements of ,justinian commencing with the solemn invocation1 ,in the name of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and ending with the equally edifying aspiration1 ,blessed be the majesty of ,god and our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and in harmony with this pious disposition we find among other laws relating to the rights of the church the following3 ,those things which have been consecrated by the pontiffs in due form are esteemed sacred2 such as churches1 chapels1 and all movable things1 if they have been properly dedicated to the service of ,god1 and we have forbidden by our constitution that these things should be either aliened or obligated unless for the redemption of captives4#fj ,a novel of ,valentinian1 in ,a4,d4 #deb1 in recognizing the right of bishops to try cases of only temporal concern where the parties were in orders1 extends their jurisdiction over laics who have power to oblige themselves to obey the sentence of the bishop1 which sentence1 if necessary1 was to be enforced by the civil authorities4#fa ,the church did not conform1 either in her discipline or her doctrine1 to the rules or underlying principles of the civil law1 but on the contrary subjected that law to the most rigid examination and the most careful analysis1 expurgating what was opposed to justice and retaining all that she found in consonance with divine truth2 and as the ,roman civil law was at that period a rule for all civilized nations1 this may be considered her first great human gift to mankind1 equal if not superior to her subsequent culture of the arts1 sciences1 and literature4 ,admitting1 then1 the harmony which existed between the ,roman laws and the teachings of the church1 we are not surprised to find that when1 in the eleventh century1 a copy of ,justinian1 discovered at ,amalphi1 ,italy1 was published1 it was eagerly received by ,european nations1 adopted in whole or in part by all ,christendom1 and that it to-day forms the main foundation of the jurisprudence of all enlightened peoples4#fb ,about the time of the revival of the study of the ,roman civil law1 ,gratian1 an ,italian monk1 published in three volumes1 arranged in titles and chapters after the manner of the ,pandects1 a collection of the decrees of the general councils of the church1 a digest of the opinions of the fathers1 and the decretals and bulls of the ,holy ,see4 ,other collections had been previously made by ecclesiastics in ,spain and elsewhere1 but none were found to be complete or reliable4 ,however1 as ,gratian's work was itself far from perfect1 ,pope ,gregory ,,ix4 authorized ,raymond de ,pennafort1 a learned divine1 to compile a new collection1 which was published by authority of his ,holiness1 ,a4,d4 #abcd1 under the title of ,decretalia ,gregorii ,noni4 ,it was divided into five books1 and contained all that was worth preserving of ,gratian1 with the subsequent rescripts of the ,popes1 especially those of ,alexander ,,iii41 ,innocent ,,iii41 ,honorius ,,iii41 and ,gregory ,,ix4 ,in these books1 says ,hallam1 we find a regular and copious system of jurisprudence1 derived in a great measure from the civil law1 but with considerable deviation and possible improvement4#fc ,boniface ,,viii41 sixty years afterwards1 published a sixth part1 known as ,sextus ,decretalium1 divided also into five books1 in the nature of a supplement to the other five1 of which it follows the arrangement1 and is composed of decisions promulgated after the pontificate of ,gregory ,,ix4 ,new constitutions were added by ,clement ,v4 and ,john ,,xxii41 under the titles respectively of ,clementine and ,extravagantes ,johannis1 and a few rescripts of later pontiffs are included in a second supplement1 arranged like the ,sextus1 and called ,extravantes ,communes4 ,up to the ,council of ,pisa1 in ,a4,d4 #adji1 these books constituted the whole of the canon law or corpus juris canonici1 and though principally intended for the government of ecclesiastics1 were often applied to temporal purposes1 in law and equity1 when neither the civil nor common law met the requirements of a disputed point4 ,the study of the canons had been encouraged from the first in the colleges and schools of ,europe1 but1 upon the publication in a systematical form in the eleventh century1 it became universal1 and with the ,roman civil law constituted an essential branch of clerical education4 ,at first the ,canonists and ,glossators1 as the professors of civil law were called1 formed separate but not antagonistic schools1 but in the thirteenth century ,lanfrancus1 a professor of ,bologna1 united the study of both laws1 a custom which has since been generally adopted4 ,as we have before remarked1 ,sir ,william ,blackstone would fain have us believe that every principle of ,english common law originated with1 and was recognized by1 the ,anglo-,saxons from the remotest period of their history1 but there is neither fact nor probable suspicion to sustain those unqualified statements of our partial commentator4 ,the ,romans1 who held possession of ,britain for more than four hundred years1 may have left on the vanquished people of that country some impress of their laws1 but the ,britons themselves1 soon after the departure of the legions1 were driven to the mountains of ,wales by the ,angles and ,saxons1 and for centuries held no intercourse with the victorious intruders4 ,these latter1 the outpourings of the woods and swamps of the north1 are represented by all reliable historians as the veriest barbarians1 illiterate and idolatrous1 and altogether incapable of conceiving or appreciating the broad principles of free government or the varied regulations which control the intercourse and commerce of man with man1 such as we find in civilized society2 much less those which affect the conduct of household relations1 which1 originating in the church1 could only have been properly expounded by her ministers4 ,the ,danes1 who subsequently invaded and for many years held possession of the larger portion of the island1 were little less barbaric1 nor can we trace to them any well-recognized custom or fundamental principle of our present laws4 ,in the barbarous specimens of legislation due to the era of ,saxon and ,danish rule1 says a late able writer on this subject1 the few texts of ,roman law which occur appear to us traceable through the ,papal canons4 ,how faint is the impression which even the ,anglo-,saxon laws have left upon our system8 ,we have still the local court and the local officers1 and some of the rude democratic elements of judicial procedure and constitutional law have been nurtured into real civilized liberty1 but happily for us1 the harsh and partial regulations savoring of original ,teutonic savageness which awarded the various penalties of crime have passed away1 and the ancient absence of all expressed regulation in many most important points has been supplied by the legislation of more enlightened times and more cultivated men4#fd ,after the arrival of ,st4 ,augustine1 towards the close of the sixth century1 the gradual evangelization of the island of ,britain necessitated the abolition of the heathen customs1 the basis of the ,anglo-,saxon legislation1 such as it was1 and the introduction of a new code of government4 ,the primitive ignorance of the inhabitants and the subsequent decline of learning consequent on the repeated incursions of the ,northmen1 had the effect of limiting whatever knowledge was still possessed in the country to the ecclesiastics1 who1 amid the most adverse circumstances1 and very often at the sacrifice of their lives1 fed the torch of learning and kept its brilliancy undimmed when all around was darkness4 ,they became not only the makers but the dispensers of the law1 for1 though surrounded on all sides by anarchy and ignorance1 they had still the guidance of their canons and some acquaintance with the elaborate code of the empire4 ,the clergy1 admits ,blackstone1 like the ,druids1 their predecessors1 were proficient in the study of the law4 ,this marked and beneficial interference of the ministers of the church in the legislative and judicial affairs of newly converted nations not only arose out of political and social necessity1 but may be considered as a logical sequence of the establishment of ,christianity itself4 ,the arbitrative authority of ecclesiastical pastors1 says ,hallam1 if not coeval with ,christianity1 grew up very early in the church1 and was natural and even necessary to an isolated and persecuted society1 accustomed to feel a strong aversion to the imperial tribunals1 and even to consider a recurrence to them as hardly consistent with their profession2 the early ,christians retained somewhat of a similar prejudice even after the establishment of their religion4 ,the arbitration of their bishops still seemed a less objectionable mode of settling differences1 and this arbitrative jurisdiction was powerfully supported by a law of ,constantine which directed the civil magistrate to enforce the execution of episcopal awards4#fe ,justinian went even further than his illustrious ancestors1 for he not only gave the bishops in the first instance1 without the consent of the parties1 the power of trying temporal causes in which the defendant was an ecclesiastic1 but the episcopal order was absolutely exempted by him from all secular jurisdiction4#ff ,if such clerical intrusion into the province of the civil magistrate was not only tolerated but encouraged in the best and most ,catholic days of the ,western and ,eastern empires1 how much more salutary must it have been in its effects among the semi-civilized and turbulent ,saxons and ,northmen6 ,unfortunately1 scarcely any record is left to us of the labors of the priesthood in this direction during those centuries which preceded the ,norman conquest1 for the compilations of ,alfred and ,edward the ,confessor are irreparably lost2 but here and there we catch a glimpse of their presence legislating or deciding causes4 ,thus1 as early as ,a4,d4 #ghg1 at a provincial council held at ,calcluith1 a place long obliterated from the map of ,england1 it was solemnly enacted that none but legitimate princes should be raised to the throne1 and not such as were engendered in adultery or incest4 ,but it is to be remarked1 says ,hallam1 that1 although this synod was strictly ecclesiastical1 being summoned by the ,pope's legate1 yet the kings of ,mercia and ,northumberland1 with many of their nobles1 confirmed the canons by their signatures4#fg ,another instance of clerical legislation is to be found in the canons of the ,northumbrian clergy1 and that one of peculiar interest to students of law and history1 presenting1 as it does1 the first germ of that glory of ,english law not inaptly called the palladium of the subject's liberty--trial by jury4#fh ,if a king's thane1 says the canon1 deny this 7the practice of heathen superstition71 let twelve be appointed for him1 and let him take twelve of his kindred or equals 7maga7 and twelve ,british strangers1 and if he fail let him pay for his breach of law twelve half-marcs2 if a landholder 7or lesser thane7 deny the charge1 let as many of his equals and as many strangers be taken for him as for a royal thane1 and if he fail let him pay for his breach of law six half-marks2 if a ceorl deny it1 let as many of his equals and as many strangers be taken for him as for the others1 and if he fail let him pay twelve or for his breach at law4#fi ,this quasi-jury system appears to have been applied to other cases1 for we learn from the history of ,ramsey1 published in ,gales's ,scriptores1 that a controversy relating to some land between the monks and a certain nobleman was brought into the county court1 when each party was heard in his own behalf1 and after its commencement it was referred by the court to thirty-six thanes1 equally chosen by both sides4#gj ,the invasion and speedy conquest of ,britain by the ,normans not only overturned the ,saxon dynasty1 and reduced the people of that and the ,danish race remaining in the country to a condition of absolute servitude1 but introduced a new language and completely revolutionized the municipal laws of the entire nation4 ,the sacrifice of human life incident to the conquest was small in comparison to the amount of misery1 wretchedness1 and degradation entailed on the vanquished for centuries afterwards by the conquerors-men gathered from every quarter of ,europe1 whose fortunes were at their swords' points1 and whose fidelity and support were only to be purchased by the fruits of plunder and spoliation4 ,still1 it must be admitted that the conquest had its advantages1 and very great ones4 ,from the departure of the ,romans until the arrival of ,william1 ,england proper cannot be said to have enjoyed any appreciable respite from foreign wars or domestic dissensions4 ,the ,britons1 deprived of the powerful protection of the legions1 were constantly harassed by their rapacious neighbors from the north side of the ,tweed1 and in trying to escape from them they fell into the clutches of their false allies1 the ,angles and ,saxons1 and narrowly escaped extermination4 ,these latter were no sooner settled in the country than they established as many monarchies as they had chiefs1 and1 having for a time no foreign foe to contend against1 readily turned their arms against each other on the slightest provocation4 ,weakened and distracted1 they soon fell an easy prey to the piratical ,northmen1 who1 under ,canute and his successors1 fastened on the fair lands of the middle and northern portions of the island and on the contiguous sea-ports a grip so tenacious that all the subsequent efforts of the ,saxon monarchs could not unloosen it4 ,this diversity of race and traditional forms of government naturally gave birth to laws and customs entirely at variance with each other in letter and spirit1 and what was binding in one section was unknown or disregarded in another4 ,the ,normans1 with the thoroughness of genuine conquerors1 disregarded all such local distinctions1 and reduced the entire native population to a level1 thane and ceorl alike being made to endure the same burdens of servitude and compelled to obey implicitly the will of their new masters4 ,but the ,normans were ,christians1 at least by profession1 and boasted of a species of rude chivalry which prevented them from imitating the excesses of their pagan predecessors4 ,while greedy enough for the secular lands of the defeated ,saxons1 they seldom interfered with churches or institutions of learning and charity2 on the contrary1 they were wise enough to protect the one and encourage the other in every manner possible consistent with their design of total subjection4 ,they introduced generally the new system of feuds and a foreign hierarchy1 it is true1 but they did not deprive the people of the consolations of religion1 and they gave to the country for the first time unity1 the necessary precursor of rational freedom1 and a national government with uniform laws1 which1 if born amid the clash of arms1 rested its principal claims to support on the ways of peace4 ,the feudal system1 though burdened with its aids1 reliefs1 seisin1 wardship1 and many other equally onerous conditions1 was for that time the best and in fact the only proper form of government for ,england1 and it is mainly to its uniform establishment by the conquerors1 and to the judicious statesmanship of her great ecclesiastical lawyers1 who subsequently gradually mitigated its harsher features1 that the past and present greatness of that country is to be traced4 ,the theory that the sovereign1 representing the majesty of the nation1 was the owner of all the lands of the kingdom1 and that directly or indirectly all the occupiers of the soil were his tenants1 holding by right of fealty and service1 gave to the people what they so long wanted1 a centre of unity and a common authority to which they could look for redress and protection4 ,besides1 the system had become so general on the ,continent1 and had proved so admirable a machine for defence or aggression1 that its adoption by the new ,anglo-,norman kingdom had become a political necessity4 ,though sadly behind many of her sister nations in the arts of government1 ,england was not at the time of the conquest altogether deficient in the knowledge of civil or common law4 ,on the contrary1 she had many eminent professors of both4 ,the monks of ,croyland and ,spaulding were distinguished as jurists1 and ,egelbert1 ,bishop of ,chichester1 is said1 even by ,norman authorities1 to have been thoroughly acquainted not only with the canons and what was then known of the ,roman civil law1 but with all the ancient laws and customs of the land4#ga ,the ,normans1 however1 preferring to place their own countrymen in positions of trust and influence1 invited from the ,continent many learned bishops and professors1 to whom they gave the charge of the principal sees and universities1 and these1 having been trained in the schools of ,italy and ,france1 soon substituted the study of the clearer and more equitable regulations of the lately-revived civil law for the illogical and conflicting customs of the natives4 ,thus the ,pandects of ,justinian were introduced into ,england by ,vicarius1 professor of canon law at ,oxford1 ,a4,d4 #aach1 and he was succeeded by ,accorso1 a doctor of the civil law4 ,bishop ,grosseteste wrote a treatise in favor of the study of ,roman law1 and ,theobald1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 founded a professorship in ,oxford to promote the same object4 ,of the latter prelate1 it is said that he was accustomed to retain in his house several learned persons famous for their knowledge of law1 who spent the hours between prayers and dinner in lecturing1 disputing1 and debating causes4#gb ,the conquerors of the ,anglo-,saxons1 though by no means deficient in the scholarship and accomplishments of that rude age1 were too intent on retaining by force the possessions they had won by the strong arm1 to cultivate the arts of peace1 and1 consequently1 the framing of the laws1 the judicial authority1 and even the pleading of causes1 necessarily devolved on the ecclesiastics4 ,hallam1 a writer equally prejudiced with ,blackstone1 though a much better historian1 is forced to admit that the bishops acquired and retained much of their ascendency by a very respectable instrument of power--intellectual superiority4 ,as they alone were acquainted with the art of writing1 they were naturally entrusted with political correspondence and the making of the laws4#gc ,and it was well for the conqueror and conquered alike that it was so1 for to them1 and them alone1 was given the skill and authority to restrain with one hand the ruthless oppressions of the lawless barons1 and with the other to alleviate the sufferings of a down-trodden people4 ,to the wisdom that proceeds from long communion with the works of great and good men they joined the authority of the church1 which they failed not to call into requisition when persuasion and reasoning equally failed4 ,to them we owe every successful effort that was made in the middle age of ,england's history1 either against the tyranny of the crown or the injustice of the nobles4 ,magna ,charta1 that famous instrument1 which1 like our own constitution1 is so frequently talked about and so little understood1 issued from the fertile brain of ,archbishop ,langton1 and was signed by every bishop and abbot in the land4#gd ,it was they who took up the serf1 educated and ordained him1 and made him not only the equal but in many cases the superior of his late master4 ,they also regulated the alienation and descent of lands1 and by their introduction of fines and recoveries1 uses and trusts1 and other forms of conveyance1 not only abolished many of the worst evils of feudalism1 but even1 according to ,blackstone1 laid the foundation of modern conveyancing4 ,for many centuries they were the confidential advisers of kings1 their trusted ambassadors abroad1 and their names always appeared first in every writ summoning a council or parliament to legislate for the welfare of the realm1 and the laws thus made were regularly dispensed in the county courts by the bishops and the civil magistrates sitting together with equal jurisdiction4 ,but it was in the court of chancery that the wisdom1 clemency1 and equity of the bishops of those days shone with the greatest brilliancy4 ,this was a court of extraordinary jurisdiction1 unknown in ,england before the conquest and unparalleled in contemporary nations4 ,the chancellor and his assistants1 almost without exception1 up to the time of ,wolsey1 were ecclesiastics4 ,their decisions1 resting upon conscience alone1 though unsupported by express statute or even in contravention of its letter1 had all the force of legal enactments1 and formed1 collectively1 the basis of much of our modern remedial legislation1 as well as an unerring rule for the guidance of our highest civil justices4 ,the affairs of married persons1 infants1 idiots1 corporations1 bankrupts1 testators and intestates1 grantors and grantees of land1 and of nearly every conceivable condition of life1 are even at the present day within the special and almost exclusive jurisdiction of our courts of equity4 ,in the words of a distinguished ,english lawyer1 ,it gives relief for and against infants1 notwithstanding their minority1 and for and against married women1 notwithstanding their coverture4 ,all frauds and deceits for which there is no redress at common law1 all breaches of trust and confidence1 and unavoidable casualties1 by which obligors1 mortgagors1 and others may be held to incur penalties and forfeitures1 are here remedied4 ,this court also gives relief against the extremity of unreasonable engagements entered into without consideration1 obliges creditors who are unreasonable to compound with an unfortunate debtor1 and makes executors1 etc41 give security and pay interest for money which is to be long in their hands4 ,the court may confirm the title to lands1 though one has lost his writings1 render conveyances which are defective through mistake or otherwise good and perfect4 ,in chancery1 copyholders may be relieved against the ill-usage of their lords1 enclosures of land which is common may be decreed1 and this court may also decree the disposition of money or lands given to charitable uses1 oblige men to account with each other1 etc4#ge ,a system of laws like that of ,chancery1 so comprehensive and so equitable1 defined and administered by a long succession of the most upright and enlightened men of the land1 could not but have left a deep impression on the entire jurisprudence of the people who profited by its protection--an impression1 indeed1 that neither the mental obliquity of the fanatic nor the sophistry of the pedant has been able to obliterate4 ,so deep hath this canon law been rooted1 says ,lord ,stairs1 that even where the ,pope's authority is rejected1 yet consideration must be had to these laws1 not only as those by which the church benefices have been erected and ordered1 but as likewise as containing many equitable and profitable provisions1 which because of their weighty matter and their being once received may more fitly be retained than rejected4#gf ,had the prelates and priests of the ,saxon and ,norman periods done nothing for our law but what we find in the decisions of their equity courts1 they would have conferred upon us an incalculable blessing1 one equally calculated to liberalize the spirit of legislators1 enlighten the understanding of jurists1 and make government what it was designed to be1 a shield for the weak and helpless1 and a terror to the wicked and dishonest4 ,but1 as we have seen on the authority of writers conspicuous for their anti-,catholic bigotry1 they did infinitely more4 ,statesmen as well as lawyers1 they framed most of our best statutes as well as adjudicated upon them1 and they originated or perfected every feature in our entire code which has stood the test of time1 and enlarged civilization from trial by jury to the unqualified right of every man to dispose of his property as seems best to himself4 ,they have thus placed us under obligations which we can only in part repay by transmitting their maxims unimpaired to our descendants1 and by1 at length1 doing justice to their memories4 ,and now1 as we believe that the world is growing wiser as it is growing older1 when time has healed many of the wounds inflicted during the great schismatic revolt of the sixteenth century1 and1 uninfluenced by passion or unawed by power1 the scales of prejudice are falling from the eyes of those who through the fault of their fathers are aliens to the truth1 it is not too much to hope that they will neither be ashamed nor afraid to acknowledge how much they are indebted to the church and her ministers for the generally admirable system of laws under which we live--laws which are at once our highest boast and best protection4 ,,footnotes3 #ei ,vide #aca1 ,nov4 ,justinian4 #fj ,doctor ,harris's translation1 p4 #di4 ,london1 #ahad4 #fa ,lib4 ii4 tit4 #ce4 #fb ,according to some authorities1 a copy of the ,pandects was discovered at ,amalphi1 in the middle of the twelfth century1 and was first given to the world by two ,italian lawyers4 ,d',israeli1 in his ,curiosities of ,literature1 says3 ,the original ,,ms4 of ,justinian's ,code was discovered by the ,pisans accidentally when they took a city in ,calabria4 ,that vast code of laws had been in a manner unknown from the time of that ,emperor4 ,this curious book was brought to ,pisa1 and1 when ,pisa was taken by the ,florentines1 transferred to ,florence1 where it is still preserved4 ,the ,code1 ,pandects1 and ,institutes are still received as common law in ,germany1 ,bohemia1 ,hungary1 ,poland1 and ,scotland in their entirety1 and partly so in ,france1 ,spain1 and ,italy4 #fc ,middle ,ages1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bja4 #fd ,encyclopdia ,metropolitana4 ,london1 #ahdf #fe ,middle ,ages1 vol4 ii4 p4 #adf4 #ff ,nov4 ,just4 #abc1 c4 #ba-bc4 #fg ,middle ,ages1 vol4 ii4 p4 #adi4 #fh ,sir ,william ,jones1 a learned scholar and able jurist1 was of opinion that the invention of trial by jury could be traced to the ancient ,greeks1 while ,blackstone pretends that the credit of it is due to the ,saxons who brought the custom with them to ,england2 but ,hallam and other superior authorities maintain that the canon quoted in the text is the first germ on record of this great distinguished feature of ,english common law1 and that it was not till long after the advent of the ,normans that it assumed its present systematic form4 #fi ,wilkins1 p4 #ajj4 #gj ,p4 #dae4 #ga ,ingulph1 p4 #cf4 ,nicholl's ,lit4 ,anec4 vol4 i4 p4 #bh4 #gb ,peter of ,blois1 ,epist4 vol4 i4 #c4 ,paris1 #aeai4 #gc ,middle ,ages1 p4 #aej4 #gd ,the continued encroachments of the crown on the rights of the barons and their tenants led to an armed league against ,john ,i41 the leading spirit of which was the intrepid ,archbishop of ,canterbury and the ,general1 ,robert ,fitzwalter1 who took the title of ,marshal of the ,army of ,god and of ,holy ,church4 ,the result was a timely concession of the king1 which was granted in the form of a ,great ,charter4 ,the importance of many of the liberal guarantees set forth in that instrument has departed with the special evils that gave rise to them1 but many of a more general nature and such as related to cheap1 speedy1 and impartial justice1 have become integral parts of the ,british ,constitution4 ,as to the document itself1 ,d',israeli relates the following curious circumstance3 ,sir ,thomas ,cotton one day at his tailor's discovered that the man was holding in his hand1 ready to cut up for measures1 an original magna charta1 with all its appendages of seals and signatures4 ,he bought the curiosity for a trifle1 and recovered in this manner what had been given over for lost4 ,this anecdote is told by ,colomies1 who long resided and died in this country4 ,an original magna charta is preserved in the ,cottonian ,library2 it exhibits marks of dilapidation1 but whether from the invisible scythe of time or the humble scissors of a tailor ,i leave to archological inquiry4 #ge ,enc4 ,brit41 art4 ,law1 p4 #dac4 #gf ,institutes1 b4 #a1 tit4 #a1 #ad4 ,,to ,,the ,,crucified4#gg ,see how fond science1 with unwearied gaze1 ,eyes on the sun's bright disk each fiery vent1 ,and from his flaming crown each ray up-sent ,searches1 as miners1 in their furnace-blaze-- ,seek trace of gold4 ,but who to thee doth raise ,his eyes the while8 ,who1 with true heart intent1 ,scans thy sharp crown1 thy bosom's yawning rent1 ,and peers into its depths with love's amaze8 ,let me1 at least1 come near the abysmal side1 ,and reach out to the heart which throbs within4 ,i am oppressed with woe and shame and sin2 ,oh6 suffer me within that cleft to hide6 ,there glows the fire which purifies each stain2 ,there burns the love which bids me live again4 ,,footnote3 #gg ,thoughts suggested by reading1 in ,nature1 an account of the solar eclipse of ,december1 #ahgj4 ,,las ,,animas#gh ,don ,fernan4 ,uncle ,romance1 ,i am coming in1 although it don't rain4 ,uncle ,romance4 ,welcome1 ,seor ,don ,fernan4 ,your worship comes to this1 your house1 like the sun1 to illumine it4 ,has your worship any commands8 ,don ,f4 ,i am hungry for a story1 ,uncle ,romance4 ,uncle ,r4 ,story again6 ,seor1 does your worship think that my yarns are like ,don ,crispin's titles1 that were past counting8 ,your worship must excuse me2 ,i'm in a bad way to-day2 my memory is broken-winded1 and my wits are heavier than bean-broth4 ,but1 not to disappoint your worship1 ,i'll call my ,chana4#gi ,ch-a-a-a-na6 ,sebas-ti-a-a-na6 ,what ails the woman8 ,she is getting to be like the ,marquis of ,montegordo1 who remained mute1 blind1 and deaf4#hj ,ch-a-a-na66 ,aunt ,sebastiana4 ,what do you mean1 man1 by bawling like a cowherd8 ,oh6 ,seor ,don ,fernan is here4 ,god be with you1 seor6 ,how is your worship8 ,don ,f4 ,never better1 ,aunt ,sebastiana2 and you are well8 ,aunt ,s4 ,ay6 no1 seor2 ,i'm fallen away like a lime-kiln4 ,don ,f4 ,why1 what has been the matter with you8 ,uncle ,r4 ,the same that ailed the other one who was sunning herself3 ,una vieja estaba al sol ,y mirando al almanaque3 ,en cuando en cuando decia1 ',ya va la luna menguante4' ,an old woman was sunning herself ,and studying the almanac3 ,from time to time she said1 ',the moon is waning already4' ,aunt ,s4 ,no1 seor1 it isn't that4 ,god and his dear mother do not take away our flesh1 but the child when he is born1 and the mother when she dies2 and my son--my own life-- ,uncle ,r4 ,there1 ,chana1 don't mention ,juan1 the big hulk1 with more ribs than a frigate4#ha ,aunt ,s4 ,don't believe it1 seor2 he just talks to hear himself1 and don't know what he's saying4 ,that boy of mine is more gentle and reasonable2 he wouldn't say scat to the cat4 ,he has served in the army six years1 and has got his lights snuffed4#hb ,uncle ,r4 ,his lights are those of midnight4 ,he entered the uniform1 but the uniform hasn't entered him4#hc ,don ,f4 ,but what is the trouble1 ,aunt ,sebastiana8 ,aunt ,s4 ,seor1 he can't get work4 ,don ,f4 ,oh6 ,i'll give him work1 if you'll tell me a story4 ,aunt ,s4 ,my man1 here1 would do it better4 ,your worship knows that he has the name of being such a good story-teller4 ,he never wants for a tale4 ,don ,f4 ,that is true2 but to-day he's not in a talking mood4 ,aunt ,s4 ,if ,i hadn't-- ,uncle ,r4 ,come1 come1 woman1 don't keep his worship in expectation1 like a watch-dog4 ,a story1 and a good one2 for you could talk if you were under water4 ,aunt ,s4 ,would your worship like to hear about the animas8 ,don ,f4 ,without delay4 ,let us hear about the animas4 ,aunt ,s4 ,there was once a poor woman who had a niece that she brought up as straight as a bolt4 ,the girl was a good girl1 but very timid and bashful4 ,the dread of what might become of this child1 if she should be taken away1 was the poor old woman's greatest anxiety4 ,therefore1 she prayed to ,god1 night and day1 to send her niece a kind husband4 ,the aunt did errands for the house of a gossip of hers that kept boarders4 ,among the guests of this house was a great nabob1 who condescended to say that he would marry if he could find a girl modest1 industrious1 and clever4 ,you may be sure that the old woman's ear was wide open4 ,a few days afterwards1 she told the nabob that he would find what he was looking for in her niece1 who was a treasure1 a grain of gold1 and so clever that she painted even the birds of the air4 ,the gentleman said that he would like to know her1 and would go to see her the next day4 ,the old woman ran home so fast that she never saw the path1 and told her niece to tidy up the house1 and to comb her hair1 and dress herself1 the next morning1 with great care1 for they were going to have company4 ,when the gentleman came1 the next day1 he asked the girl if she knew how to spin4 ,spin1 is it8 answered the aunt4 ,she takes the hanks down like glasses of water4 ,what have you done1 madam8 cried the niece when the gentleman had gone1 after giving her three hanks of flax to spin for him4 ,what have you done8 ,and ,i don't know how to spin6 ,go along1 said the aunt1 go along1 for a poor article that will sell well1 and don't set your foot down1#hd but let it be as ,god will4 ,into what a thorn-brake you have put me1 madam6 said the niece1 crying4 ,well1 see that you get out of it1 answered the aunt2 but these three hanks must be spun1 for your fortune depends upon them4 ,the poor girl went to her room in sore distress1 and betook herself to imploring the blessed souls1 for which she had great devotion4 ,while she prayed1 three beautiful souls1 clothed in white1 appeared to her1 and told her not to be troubled1 for they would help her in return for the good she had done them by her prayers2 and1 taking each one a hank1 they changed the flax into thread as fine as your hair in less time than would be worth one's while to name4 ,when the nabob came1 the next day1 he was astonished to see the result of so much diligence united with so much skill4 ,did ,i not tell your worship so6 exclaimed the old woman1 beside herself with delight4 ,the gentleman asked the girl if she knew how to sew4 ,and why shouldn't she8 answered the aunt with spirit4 ,pieces of sewing are no more in her hands than cherries would be in the big snake's mouth4#he ,the gentleman then left her linen to make him three shirts1 and1 not to tire your worship1 it happened just as it had the day before2 and the same took place on the day after1 when the nabob brought a satin waistcoat to be embroidered2 except that1 when1 in answer to her many tears and great fervor1 the souls appeared and said to the girl1 ,don't be troubled1 we are going to embroider this waistcoat for you1 they added1 but it must be upon a condition4 ,what condition8 inquired the girl anxiously4 ,that you ask us to your wedding4 ,am ,i going to be married8 said the girl4 ,yes1 answered the souls1 to that rich man4 ,and so it turned out1 for1 when the gentleman came1 the next day1 and saw his waistcoat so exquisitely wrought that it seemed as though hands of flesh could not have touched it1 and so beautiful that to look at it fairly took away his eyesight1 he told the aunt that he wanted to marry her niece4 ,the aunt was ready to dance for joy4 ,not so the niece1 who said to her3 ,but1 madam1 what will become of me when my husband finds out that ,i don't know how to do anything8 ,go along6 and don't make up your mind1 answered the aunt4 ,the blessed souls that have helped you in other straits are not going to desert you in this4 ,on the wedding-day1 when the feasting was at its height1 three old women entered the parlor4 ,they were so beyond anything ugly that the nabob was struck dumb with horror4 ,the first had one arm very short1 and the other so long that it dragged on the ground2 the second was humped and crooked2 and the eyes of the third stuck out like a crab's1 and were redder than a tomato4 ,jesus1 ,maria6 said the astonished gentleman to his bride1 who are those three scarecrows8 ,they are three aunts of my father1 she replied1 that ,i invited to my wedding4 ,the nabob1 who was mannerly1 went to speak to the aunts and find them seats4 ,tell me1 he said to the first1 what makes one of your arms so short and the other so long8 ,my son1 answered the old woman1 it was spinning so much that made them grow that way4 ,the nabob hurried to his wife and told her to burn her distaff and spindle1 and to take care that she never let him see her spin4 ,he immediately asked the second old woman what made her so humpbacked and crooked4 ,my son1 she answered1 ,i grew so by working all the while at my broidery-frame4 ,with three strides the gentleman put himself beside his wife1 and said to her3 ,go this minute1 and burn your broidery-frame1 and take care that in the lifetime of ,god ,i do not catch you with another4 ,then he went to the third old woman1 and asked her what made her eyes look so red and as if they were going to burst8 ,my son1 she answered1 giving them a frightful roll1 this comes of continual sewing1 and of keeping my head bent over the work4 ,before the words were out of her mouth1 the nabob was at his wife's side3 ,go1 said he1 gather all your needles and thread1 and throw them into the well1 and bear in mind that the day ,i find you sewing1 ,i will sue for a divorce4 ,the sight of the halter on another's neck is warning enough for me4 ,aunt ,s4 ,and now1 ,seor ,don ,fernan1 my story is ended2 ,i hope that it has pleased you8 ,don ,f4 ,ever so much1 ,aunt ,sebastiana2 but what ,i learn from it is1 that the souls1 notwithstanding that they are blessed1 are very tricky4 ,aunt ,s4 ,now1 seor1 and is your worship going to insist upon doctrine in a romance1 as if it were an example8 ,why1 stories are only to make us laugh1 and grow better without precept or name of lesson4 ,god will have a little of all4 ,don ,f4 ,true1 ,aunt ,sebastiana2 and what you express with your simple good sense is more wholesome than the critical reverence of the overstrict4 ,but1 uncle1 ,i am not going without another to correspond with this1 and it is your turn now4 ,if1 as ,i think you have told me that you were on other occasions1 you are a devotee of ,san ,tomas1#hf here are some ,havanas as an offering to his saintship4 ,uncle ,r4 ,not to disoblige your worship4 ,don ,f4 ,but ,i must have the story2 ,i want it for a purpose4 ,uncle ,r4 ,by which your worship means to say that1 without an ochavo1 you can't make up the real4#hg ,well1 let me think4 ,since the talk is about animas1 animas it is4 ,their sodality in a certain place had for mayordomo a poor bread-lost#hh of a member1 one of those who are always like the sheep that misses the mouthful4#hi ,he was without a cloak1 and went with teeth chattering and limbs benumbed with cold4 ,what does he do but go and order himself a cloak made1 and1 without so much as saying chuz or muz1#ij or by your leave1 sirs1 take money from the funds of the animas to pay for it4 ,when it came home1 he put it on1 and went into the street as consequential and high-stomached as those rich folks recently raised from the dust4 ,but at every step he took1 some one gave the cloak a jerk1 and though he kept a sharp lookout he could not see who4 ,the instant he drew it up on the left shoulder1 down it slid from the right1 causing him to keep a continual hitch1 hitch4 ,you would have thought he had a thorn in his foot4 ,as he went along1 pestered and chap-fallen1 trying to make out what it could mean1 he met a gossip of his1 who was mayordomo to the ,hermandad del ,santsimo4#ia ,this fellow was stalking loftily1 filling the street with his air that said1 ,get out of the way1 ,i am coming4 ,after ,how d'ye do8 this one asked the other1 ,what is the matter1 comrade1 that you seem so down at the mouth lately8 ,matter enough6 answered he of the souls1 pulling his cloak up on the right shoulder while it slipped off from the left4 ,know that in the beginning of the winter ,i found myself in difficulties4 ,i had sown a pegujar#ib without seeing the color of wheat4 ,my wife brought me two boys1 when1 with the nine ,i had already1 one would have been too many2 the delivery cost her a long sickness1 and me the eyes of my face4 ,in few1 ,i was just stuck to the wall like a star-lizard1 and hungrier than an ex-minister4 ,i had to borrow money of the souls to get this cloak2 but what the seven ails it ,i don't know1 for1 whenever ,i put it on1 it seems as though somebody was giving it a pull here and a jerk there4 ,two rudder-pins couldn't hold it fast to my shoulders4 ,you did wrong1 my friend1 responded the steward of ,el ,santsimo4 ,if1 like me1 you had taken a loan of a great powerful and giving personage1 you wouldn't have to go about as you do1 chased and persecuted for the debt4 ,if you borrow of miserable destitute wretches1 what can you expect but that the poor things will try to get back their own when they need it so much8 ,,footnotes3 #gh ,the ,souls--generally said of souls in purgatory4 #gi ,diminutive for ,sebastiana4 #hj ,el ,marques de ,montegordo ,que se qued mudo ciego y sordo4 ,said of those who do not wish to speak1 see1 or hear4 #ha ,very obstinate4 #hb ,tiene las luces espabiladas4 ,he has his lights snuffed1 i4e41 wits brightened--a common expression4 #hc ,ha entrado en la casaca pero la casaca no ha entrado en l4 ,though he has put on soldier clothes1 he hasn't gained wit by a soldier's experience4 #hd ,dejarse ir1 rule of rustic grammar1 literally equivalent to don't commit yourself4 #he ,the ,tarasca1 or mammoth snake--an immense frame covered with canvas1 and painted to resemble a snake--which is carried in front of the procession on the feast of ,corpus ,christi4 #hf ,saint ,thomas is the patron of smokers4 #hg ,a little more than a farthing1 as if he had said1 ,without the farthing1 you can't make the fip4 #hh ,pan perdido4 #hi ,oveja que bala bocado pierde4 ,the sheep that baas misses a mouthful4 #ij ,without saying chuz or muz--without saying anything4 #ia ,sodality of the ,blessed ,sacrament4 #ib ,field hired of the town4 ,,saint ,,john ,,dwarf4 ,one day a hermit father in ,god1 ,planting in earth a pilgrim's rod1 ,for holy obedience did pray ,dwarf ,john to water it every day4 ,from the far river daily brought ,silent ,john his water-pot2 ,as 'twere a soul's task done for ,god1 ,for three long years he watered the rod4 ,when lo6 the dry wood forth did shoot1 ,and bear of obedience flower and fruit6 ,water thy barren heart with tears1 ,and the same shall happen in good three years4 ,,how ,,rome ,,looked ,,three ,,centuries ,,ago4#ic ,let us suppose a company of travellers through ,italy--strangers from foreign climes1 ,england1 ,germany1 and ,france--reaching ,rome at the period of the accession of ,sixtus ,v4 to the throne of ,st4 ,peter4 ,approaching the ,eternal ,city by the road from the north1 they find themselves before the ,porta del ,popolo4 ,let us go in with them1 and through their eyes see the ,rome of that day4 ,on entering the gates1 they pass into an open place of irregular shape4 ,a large convent occupies nearly the entire eastern side1 which1 with the graceful campanile1 or bell-tower1 of ,santa ,maria del ,popolo1 and the high houses with wide portals between the ,corso1 the ,ripetta1 and the ,babuino1 are the only edifices visible4 ,the obelisk is not yet placed there by ,sixtus ,v41 and the two little churches with their heavy cupolas1 so well known to the modern tourist1 and the other buildings now seen there--the work of ,pius ,,vii4 and the architect ,valadier--did not then exist4 ,the ,piazza del ,popolo was then less symmetrical1 but more picturesque4 ,wayfarers on horseback and on foot pass to and fro2 muleteers arrive and depart1 driving before them lines of mules and beasts of burden4 ,in the centre of the place women are washing at a circular basin4 ,idlers follow and gaze at the strangers while they make their declaration to the bargel1 or public authority1 and submit their effects to the examination of the custom officials4 ,these preliminaries through1 our travellers may pass into the city by a street leading around the base of the ,pincian ,hill1 by another going toward the ,tiber1 both of which have long ceased to exist1 or by the well-known ,corso4 ,some find their way to the then celebrated and already venerable hostelry1 ,,the ,,bear1 widely known and greatly in vogue ever since the reign of ,sixtus ,,iv4 ,its peculiar octagon pillars fix the period of its construction4 ,strange to relate1 this patriarch of hotels1 which has seen four centuries and twenty generations of travellers pass over its head and through its halls1 has continued in existence1 and is still open as a tavern in ,rome to this day4 ,true1 its guests are now no longer1 as they were in the sixteenth century1 such personages of distinction as foreign prelates1 noted scholars1 philosophers like ,montaigne1 and1 soon afterward1 the earliest known tourists4 ,its inmates and frequenters of the nineteenth century are now country traders1 cattle dealers1 and wagoners4 ,others of our travellers who intend to make a longer stay in ,rome seek out the houses in the neighborhood of the ,pantheon or the ,minerva1 nearly all of which are let out to strangers in rooms or suites4 ,these apartments are luxuriously fitted up and ornamented with the then famous ,cordova leather hangings1 and richly sculptured and gilded furniture4 ,everything is brilliant to the eye1 but the nineteenth century tourist would have found fault with the lack of cleanliness and the stinted supply of fresh linen4 ,with yet others of these travellers1 let us enter ,,the ,,corso1 the ,via ,lata of the ancient ,romans4 ,there is no sign of business on it at this early day4 ,but few of the aristocracy have as yet transferred their residences here1 but it already wears an air of life and animation1 and is well filled at the hours of the promenade4 ,we pass along between vineyards and vegetable gardens4 ,a single large edifice just completed strikes the stranger's attention4 ,it is the magnificent ,ruspoli palace1 built by ,rucellai1 the ,florentine banker1 upon the designs of his countryman ,ammanati4 ,now we reach the ,via ,condotti1 to-day well-known to every ,american who ever saw ,rome4 ,let us turn into it to the left1 and traverse it to the ,piazza della ,trinita 7now ,piazza di ,spagna71 whence we may scale the hill above and obtain a commanding view of the entire city4 ,in doing this1 we pass through the then worst quarter of ,rome1 physically and morally1 for the triangle formed by the ,corso1 the ,via ,condotti1 and the ,babuino was at once of the most evil repute and the most unhealthy in all ,rome4 ,in this quarter were sure to break out all the epidemics which at that period occasionally decimated the population of ,rome4 ,seeking to mount ,,the ,,pincian ,,hill1 the traveller of that day might have looked in vain for the broad flight of easy marble steps we now see there1 and he ascended by a steep and narrow staircase4 ,on reaching the summit1 he found himself on the collis hortulorum of the ,romans1 and saw it still covered with vineyards and tilled fields1 and the comparatively modern innovation of the garden of the ,villa ,medici4 ,the elegant world of ,rome in #aehe had to content themselves with taking their promenade and their enjoyment of the evening air about the ,porta del ,popolo1 and knew naught of the charming promenade1 the delightful walks1 the purer breeze1 and the beautiful view which later generations enjoy on the hill above it4 ,the great painters of the succeeding age who came to ,rome1 the ,carracci1 the ,domenichinos1 the ,guidos1 and the ,salvator ,rosas1 were the first to discover the attractions of the ,pincian ,hill1 and1 braving custom1 lack of accommodation1 the bad neighborhood1 and the unhealthy contiguity of the quarter below1 were the first to establish themselves upon it4 ,this was the foundation of the modern ,pincian settlement4 ,some years ago1 the writer of this article occupied apartments in the first house to the right on reaching the summit of the ,pincian steps4 ,the tradition of the house ran to the effect that these rooms had been occupied by ,salvator ,rosa2 and if1 as they say1 he selected them for the sake of their view of the setting sun1 he chose well1 for all the sunsets of ,rome may there be seen to the best advantage4 ,as an ,american1 however1 views of the setting sun in ,italy were not specially attractive to us1 and we always regretted for ,salvator ,rosa's sake that he had never seen a transatlantic sunset1 compared with which those at ,naples and ,rome are tame spectacles4 ,the traditional beauty of an ,italian sunset is one of the many ,english provincialisms we have adopted and believed in along with numerous other errors embalmed in the literature of ,england4 ,but we forget that we are standing on the ,pincian in #aehe4 ,all is silent and deserted around us1 and ,rome is spread out at our feet4 ,to the left are the salient points1 the seven hills--for the ,pincian was not one of them--the towers of the ,capitol1 the ruins of the palace of the ,csars in the ,farnese gardens on the ,palatine1 the belfry of ,santa ,maria ,maggiore on the ,esquiline1 the ,quirinal1 as yet without the imposing mass of the pontifical palace4 ,the ,rospigliosi palace was not yet built1 but the villa of ,cardinal ,sforza is seen1 the same afterward known as the ,barberini palace4 ,we turn our eyes upon the lower city--inhabited ,rome--and with difficulty make out but three or four cupolas4 ,on the other hand1 we see a perfect forest of towers on every side1 some of them of prodigious size4 ,on the left bank of the ,tiber1 many of these towers have of late years disappeared1 but the ,trastevere1 as might be expected1 is still full of them--so full1 indeed1 that a distant view of that quarter presents the appearance of a comb turned teeth upward4 ,at that period1 these towers were the universal appendage of an aristocratic dwelling4 ,san ,gemiguiano near ,sienna is the only city in all ,italy which has preserved them to this day4 ,as our stranger of three hundred years ago looks over ,rome and listens to the confused noises which meet his ear1 he is struck with the rarity of the sound of bells and with the small number of churches discernible4 ,the great ,catholic reaction consequent on the ,reformation had for fifty years moved souls1 but had not yet begun to move the stones4 ,it is the following era which is to imprint upon ,rome the architectural marks of the church triumphant4 ,later in the day1 when our strangers shall have descended into the city and entered the churches1 they will be struck with the barrenness of their interiors1 and with the absence of paintings4 ,they are probably ignorant of the fact that in ,italy1 during the middle ages1 there was but one altar in a church1 that there alone ,mass was celebrated1 that the mosaics and frescoes came in with architectural innovation1 and that only toward the end of the sixteenth century were altars and oil-paintings multiplied with the side chapels4 ,and yet this comparative quiet of the city was animation itself1 compared with the sights and sounds discernible from the same point at the period when the popes returned to ,rome from ,avignon4 ,,rome ,,in #adjj4 ,the residence of the ,csars was covered with fields1 vineyard1 and pasture4 ,the ,pantheon1 the ,coliseum1 some ruins1 and detached columns alone arose over the surrounding waste as witnesses of former grandeur4 ,it was at this period that the ,forum received the name of ,the ,cow ,pasture 7,campo ,vaccino74 ,a remnant of life yet remained in the plain extending between the ,tiber1 the ,pincian ,hill1 and the ,capitoline1 but the total population of ,rome was reduced to #ag1jjj souls1 the great majority of them huddled together and crowded in hovels clustered under the shadow of the baronial and aristocratic strongholds4 ,high battlemented towers filled the city4 ,of the scores in the ,trastevere1 that of the ,auguilara family exists to this day4 ,on the ,tiberine island arose the ,frangipani towers1 on the left bank those of the ,orsini1 from the ,porta del ,popolo to the ,quirinal those of the ,colonna1 while the towers of the ,mellini and the ,sanguigni may still be seen on the site of the stadium of ,domitian4 ,of all the seven hills of ,rome1 one only had not fallen into the hands of the barons4 ,the ,capitoline was still held by the people4 ,but commerce1 industry1 and the arts had all disappeared4 ,rome had long been cut off from connection with the active world1 and when the work of material revival and rebuilding began1 not only architects and sculptors1 but stone masons and carpenters had to be brought in from ,tuscany and ,umbria4 ,,an ,,architectural ,,retrospect4 ,under the pontificates of ,sixtus ,,iv4 and his two successors1 ,pintelli1 a pupil of ,brunellesco1 ornamented ,rome with such monuments as ,san ,pietro in ,montorio1 the faade of ,st4 ,peter1 and the ,sistine ,chapel4 ,he brought to his work the boldness and taste of his master1 who had made profound study of the monuments of ancient ,rome4 ,this was the period of the first renaissance1 with its charms and imperfections1 at once timid and capricious1 imitating the models of antiquity in their details1 but utterly mistaking the proportions which are the essential1 while succeeding brilliantly in the accessories and ornaments borrowed from the ancients and used in profusion with some endeavor to adapt them to the ideas and needs of the period4 ,the fundamental principle of architecture1 which requires that the exterior should express or respond to the use for which the interior is destined1 was unknown to ,pintelli4 ,to break the monotony of the lines1 the faade of any given building was1 as it were1 framed1 decoration was freely used1 and the object was to please the eye1 no matter by what means4 ,at that day1 the architect was also the painter1 and the majority of artists were both4 ,the first renaissance obtained its apogee toward the year #aejj4 ,in the nature of things it had then outlived its day1 and a change became indispensable at the risk of degradation4 ,fortunately ,bramante was ready to answer the call4 ,he was from ,umbria1 and ,raphael was his nephew4 ,he had studied in the north of ,italy1 where1 amid plains devoid of stone1 the architect was forced to use brick4 ,hence the novelty of combination introduced by him in ,rome1 whose inexhaustible stone quarries were such ancient monuments as the ,coliseum4 ,it is from the absence of heavy building-stone and the contrast of the ,german taste of the ,longobards with the ,byzantine style of ,ravenna that the ,lombard style is begotten4 ,it brought with it precisely what the renaissance most needed1 namely1 its exquisite sentiment of proportions1 and it forms the transition between the two schools of the renaissance1 the latter of which formed the golden era of architecture in ,italy4 ,its reign in ,rome has left indelible traces4 ,its productions--and among them are the court of ,st4 ,damas1 the ,belvedere1 the galleries of the ,vatican1 the ,giraud palace--were the pride of the age4 ,they taught the comprehension of proportions1 the calculation of perspective1 the culture of harmony of detail and ensemble1 reformed false taste1 and created an epoch in profane architecture4 ,with increase of public security1 even the ,roman barons began to understand that the greatest beauty of the architectural art might be found elsewhere than in a high tower or a battlemented block-house4 ,even the mezzo-ceto1 or middle class1 began to contract a taste for something beyond the absolutely necessary1 and sought to adorn even their modest habitations4 ,a private dwelling-house built at this period and exclusively bramantesque may still be seen in ,rome on the strada papale1 opposite the ,governo ,vecchio4 ,it yet bears the date of its construction 7#aejj7 and the name of its builder4 ,after the death of ,bramante appeared ,raphael1 ,michael ,angelo1 ,giulio ,romano1 and ,balthasar ,peruzzi1 who1 prodigal of their treasures of genius1 created a golden age4 ,romano's ,villa ,madama became the type of the country-seat2 ,peruzzi's ,farnesina1 that of the modern palace4 ,raphael1 more as painter than as architect1 composed the designs of the palace ,vidoni4 ,it was the great epoch of the culture of simplicity in grandeur1 of disdain for the small and the superfluous1 of faithful and noble expression of the idea conceived4 ,the models of antiquity were still followed1 but they were transformed4 ,the architect translated modern conceptions into the sonorous but dead and strange language of the old ,romans4 ,in interior ornamentation1 however1 the artist could give free rein to his inspirations1 and throw off the trammels of the severe rules scrupulously followed as to the faade and the general composition of the design4 ,alas6 it was here they planted the germs of degeneration and decay4 ,public taste--never a safe guide--seized upon and clung to these prodigalities of an exuberant and fantastic imagination supposed to be inexhaustible4 ,at ,florence1 in his work on the chapel of the ,medicis1 ,michael ,angelo was the first to enter this flowery but treacherous path4 ,we see and admire these niches1 windows1 and ornaments1 charming indeed to the eye1 but which have no raison d'tre4 ,it was at a later period1 under the pontificate of ,paul ,,iii41 that the painter of the ,last ,judgment and the sculptor of ,moses revealed himself at ,rome1 as an architect stamped his work on the ,farnese palace1 and astonished the world by reconstructing ,st4 ,peter's4 ,soon this style gained the upper hand4 ,simplicity yielded to riches2 logic to caprice2 unrestricted liberty succeeded the voluntary curb which the great masters of the epoch had imposed upon themselves4 ,presently came pauses4 ,halts were made4 ,as in all human affairs1 action and reaction succeeded4 ,not so much in details as in ensemble1 ,vignoli in ,rome1 ,palladio at ,vicenza1 and to a certain degree ,scamazzi in ,venice1 brought back architecture to the sobriety of the commencement of the century4 ,but the death of ,michael ,angelo appeared to have completely demoralized the architects who survived4 ,for thirty years he had reigned supreme4 ,in him alone had the popes confidence2 and upon architects employed by them1 they imposed the obligation of following him4 ,piero ,ligorio1 architect of ,st4 ,peter1 was dismissed because he manifested an intention to put aside ,michael ,angelo's plans4 ,in thus officially guarding the manes of the dead master1 they apparently hoped to transfer his genius to those who succeeded him4 ,but it was a sad and fatal mistake4 ,the amount of building effected in ,rome during the last third of the sixteenth century has never1 probably1 been exceeded4 ,in examining the productions of that epoch1 the struggle between the servile imitators of ,buonarotti and the men of progress1 desirous1 but through lack of originality incapable1 of emancipating themselves1 is readily discerned4 ,but let us leave this retrospect1 descend the steps of the ,pincian ,hill1 and1 traversing the ,piazza di ,spagna and the ,via ,condotti1 enter ,,the ,,corso ,,again1 at the points where to-day's tourist sees the ,via della ,fontanella1 by which he goes toward the bridge of ,st4 ,angelo1 on his way to ,st4 ,peter's4 ,here our travellers of #aehe1 passing under the arch of ,marcus ,aurelius1 which separated the ,corso into two distinct parts1 and was afterwards swept away by ,alexander ,,vii4 to straighten and widen the thoroughfare1 find themselves really in ,rome4 ,on either side are solidly built houses without windows or balconies1 covered with frescoes1 and so high that the sun reaches the pavement only at mid-day4 ,looking down the ,corso1 the traveller perceives at its extremity1 above the palazetto of ,st4 ,mark1 the battlemented convent of ,ara ,cli1 and the tower of the ,capitol4 ,leaving the ,colonna place and the ,antonine column to the right1 our travellers soon reach the place and palace of ,st4 ,mark1 with its immense battlemented faades1 surmounted by a colossal tower built of stone almost entirely taken from the ,coliseum4 ,with the exception of some few modifications in the windows of the faade fronting on the ,via del ,ges1 and in the roof of the tower which formerly projected1 this palace--now known as the ,austrian--to-day appears to us as the traveller saw it three hundred years ago4 ,near by is the ,church and ,convent of the ,apostles1 where in after-years were shown the cells occupied by the two friars who became respectively ,sixtus ,v4 and ,clement ,,xiv4 7,ganzanelli74 ,when the monks of this convent called in a body upon ,sixtus ,v4 to felicitate him on his accession1 the cook of the community went up alone to the pope at the close of the audience4 ,holy ,father1 said he1 you doubtless remember the wretched repasts of which you partook when with us8 ,sixtus replied that the expression wretched repasts perfectly described the meals in question4 ,well1 continued the cook1 the cause was the want of good water--give us water4 ,sixtus declared that this was the only reasonable demand yet made of him1 and immediately ordered the construction in the ancient court of a beautiful fountain1 which1 although much injured by time1 yet exists4 ,still progressing towards the ,capitol1 our travellers pass the ,ges4 ,in the small house adjoining it ,ignatius ,loyola died1 and ,st4 ,francis ,borgia has but lately expired there4 ,and now they ascend to the ,capitol by the cordonata of ,michael ,angelo4 ,looking still onward1 they catch a glimpse of the ,forum 7,campo ,vaccino71 enlivened only by droves of browsing cattle and here and there a searcher of buried antique statues4 ,beyond the ,arch of ,titus all is silent solitude4 ,the modern1 active1 living ,,rome ,,of ,,that ,,day was within the triangle bounded by the ,corso1 the ,tiber1 and the ,capitol4 ,our travellers turn their faces towards the ,st4 ,angelo ,bridge1 and approach it by long1 narrow1 and crooked streets1 nearly corresponding with the ,via ,giulia and the ,monserrato which we to-day traverse4 ,this was the ,faubourg ,st4 ,germain of the period1 full of palaces1 but stately and silent4 ,the strangers find the activity1 movement1 display1 and exuberant activity of ,rome in the street now known as the ,banchi1 then lined with the residences of wealthy bankers1 in the rich ,spanish quarter beyond the ,piazza ,navona1 in the ,tordinone and ,coronari4 ,from the rising to the setting of the sun1 throngs of people fill these badly paved thoroughfares1 which are more thickly lined with palaces as they approach the bridge4 ,our strangers are impressed with the great crowd of people1 and are of the opinion that it exceeds that of the ,marais in ,paris1 and is second only to the throngs they saw in ,venice4 ,about the ,pantheon and the ,minerva are the houses already mentioned where travellers and visitors to ,rome find furnished suites of apartments--the ,fifth ,avenue and ,st4 ,nicholas ,hotels of the period4 ,a few years later 7#aeie71 on beholding this1 the ,venetian ambassador writes that ,rome has reached the apogee of its grandeur and prosperity4 ,with difficulty a passage through the crowd is effected1 and the task is rendered even dangerous by the large number of carriages in circulation4 ,in #aeid1 there were eight hundred and eighty-three private carriages in the city4 ,they were almost an essential4 ,the great ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo said1 ,there are two things necessary in ,rome--save your soul and keep a carriage4 ,and a singular-looking carriage it was to our eyes4 ,in shape resembling a cylinder open at both ends1 with doors at either side1 knocked and tossed about in a sort of basket on four clumsy wheels4 ,the elegants and beaux of the day usually had an opening in the top of the vehicle through which1 as they progressed1 they admired fair ladies at their windows4 ,they make an astrolabe of their carriage1 thundered a preacher in denunciation of the practice4 ,the crowd increases as the ,st4 ,angelo ,bridge is approached1 and it equals the human pressure of the period of the jubilee as described by ,dante3#id ,come i ,roman1 per l'esercito molto1 ,l'anno del giubbileo1 su per lo ponte ,hanno a passar la gente modo tolto2 ,che dall' un late tutti hanno la fronte ,verso 'l castello1 e vanno a ,santo ,pietro2 ,dall' altra sponda vanno verso 'l monte 7,giordano74 ,dante1 ,inferno1 ch4 xviii4 ,no ladies are seen4 ,they seldom go out1 and then only in carriages4 ,we find the modern ,italians highly demonstrative4 ,their ancestors were more so1 as our travellers noticed at every step4 ,men meeting acquaintances in the street exchanged profound bows4 ,friends embraced with effusion4 ,people threw themselves on their knees before those of whom they had favors to ask4 ,,dinners ,,and ,,banquets for invited guests were sumptuous and of long duration4 ,the culinary art of that epoch--as we learn from a work of ,bartholomew ,scarpi1 the ,grand ,vatel of the sixteenth century and head cook of the saintly ,paul ,v41 whose personal meals cost sixty cents a day1 but who1 in state receptions1 entertained magnificently--was something wonderful1 according to our modern ideas4 ,for grand dinners1 there were four courses4 ,the first consisted of preserved fruits and ornamented pastry1 from which1 on being opened1 little birds flew out1 making it literally a vol au vent4 ,then came the other courses composed of a multitude of the most diverse dishes1 poultry with all the feathers on1 capons cooked in bottles1 meat1 game1 and fish1 alternating with sweet dishes in confused pell-mell1 utterly subversive of all our modern gastronomic ideas4 ,some dishes were prepared with rose-water1 and substances the most heterogeneous and contradictory were mingled in the same preparations4 ,the sublimity of the style was to effect the sharpest possible contrast of materials and odors4 ,the wines most in favor were the heady wines of ,greece1 the ,malvoisy1 and the great ,neapolitan brands1 the ,lachrima and the ,mangiaguerra1 described as black in color1 powerful1 spirituous1 and so thick that it could almost be cut4 ,so1 at least1 reports the ,venetian ,bernardo ,navagero1 writing from ,rome in #aeeh3 ,e possente e gagliardo1 nero e tantospesso che si potria quasi tagliare4 ,before the dessert1 the cloth was removed1 the guests washed their hands1 and the table was covered with sweet dishes1 highly perfumed1 preserved eggs1 and syrups4 ,both before and after the repast1 distinguished guests used what we would now call finger-bowls and mouth-glasses1 demonstratively and even noisily4 ,on arising from table1 bouquets of flowers were distributed among the guests4 ,from contemporaneous statements as to the cost of various entertainments of that period1 we should judge that the ,roman provision supply was much cheaper than we to-day find it in those marvels of modern architecture1 the ,washington and ,fulton ,markets4 ,thus1 for instance1 a wedding-supper1 given by a ,roman nobleman 7,gottofredi71 and which was at the time 7#aehh7 noted for its beauty as well as its extravagance1 cost five hundred crowns1 equivalent1 allowing for the difference in specie values1 to about nine hundred dollars of our money4 ,,the ,,horse-,,races ,,on ,,the ,,corso1#ie during the carnival1 are1 of course1 witnessed by our travellers4 ,these races were formerly one of the traditional holiday amusements of the ,piazza ,navona1 which is on the site of a ,roman amphitheatre1 and they were transferred to the ,corso by ,paul ,,ii4 7#adfh74 ,seated in the small room of the corner of the ,palazetto of ,st4 ,mark1 whose windows command a view of the entire length of the ,corso1 this good-natured pontiff1 who was fond of promoting the innocent amusement of his subjects1 witnessed the running1 and had the barberi 7little horses7 stopped at that point4 ,the poor governors of ,rome have ever since borne and still bear the servitude of this tradition4 ,four hundred years have gone by since ,paul ,,ii4 sat at the window on the ,corso1 but to this day the ,governor of ,rome1 clothed in the official robes1 whose cut and fashion have not varied a line in all that time1 must1 in the very same room and at the very same window1 witness the running and have the horses stopped at the same points4 ,under ,gregory ,,xiii4 these races had somewhat degenerated4 ,buffaloes of the ,campagna1 as well as horses1 were run1 and races were even made for children and for ,jews4 ,sixtus ,v4 reformed all this and made new regulations1 which1 with slight modifications1 are to this day in force4 ,,literature ,,and ,,the ,,theatre4 ,at the period of which we treat1 there existed a decided taste for the drama--such as it then was--but it was a taste exercised under difficulties4 ,during the carnival of #aehh1 permission was obtained1 as a great favor1 from ,sixtus ,v4 to allow representations by the ,desiosi troupe1 at that time the most celebrated in ,italy4 ,but the license was hampered with the following conditions3 ,first4 ,the representations should take place in the daytime4 ,second4 ,no woman should appear on the stage4 ,third4 ,no spectator should be admitted with arms about his person4 ,such a public edifice as a theatre was at that time unknown in ,italy4 ,true1 many princes had halls constructed in their palaces for dramatic representations1 and the ,olympic ,academy of ,vicenza erected a building for the purpose1 which was completed on the designs of ,palladio4 ,as for the dramas represented1 it is easy to understand their inferiority when we know that ,guarini's ,pastor ,fido gained a reputation not yet entirely lost1 by reason not of its merit1 but because of the inferiority of every dramatic production of the time4 ,the costumes1 decorations1 and mise en scne formed the main attractions1 but the plays themselves loudly proclaimed the decay of literature4 ,they possessed neither originality1 invention1 nor poetry4 ,when we contemplate our own elevated and purified stage of the present period1 with its bouffe1 ,black ,crook1 blondes1 and brigands1 how profoundly should we not pity the benighted ,italians of #aehe6 ,about this time1 the first edition of ,tasso's ,jerusalem ,delivered made its appearance4 ,issued without the author's consent1 it was both defective and incorrect4 ,in spite of the enmity of the ,grand ,duke ,francis and1 what was more to be feared1 of the opposition of the ,della ,cruscan ,academy1 the ,jerusalem at once achieved an immense success--a success purely due to its beauty of diction4 ,contemporary criticisms of ,italian poets whose names have since become immortal read strangely now4 ,tasso was sneered at1 ,ariosto's merit seriously contested1 and ,dante absolutely condemned4 ,this poet1 says ,giuseppe ,malatesta1 a distinguished writer of that day1 has borrowed the wings of ,icarus to remove himself as far as possible from the vulgar1 and1 by dint of searching for the sublime1 he has fallen into an obscure sea of obscurities4 ,he is both philosopher and theologian4 ,of the poet he has only the rhyme4 ,to measure his hell1 his purgatory1 his paradise1 one needs astrolabes4 ,to understand them1 one should constantly have at hand some theologian capable of commenting upon his text4 ,he is crude and barbarous2 he strives to be disgusting and obscure when it would really cost him less effort to be clear and elegant1 resembling in this certain great personages who1 possessed of an admirable calligraphy1 nevertheless1 through pure affectation1 write as illegibly as possible4 ,,footnotes3 #ic ,the materials for this article are found in the learned work of ,gregorovius 7,geschichte der ,stadt ,rom71 the publication of which1 commenced at ,stuttgardt in #ahei1 is not yet fully completed2 in ,baron ,hbner's ,life of ,sixtus ,v42 ,burckhardt's ,cicerone in ,italy2 and ,von ,reumont's classical work on ,middle ,ages ,rome4 #id ,even as the ,romans1 for the mighty host1 ,the year of jubilee1 upon the bridge1 ,have chosen a mode to pass the people over4 ,for all upon one side towards the castle ,their faces have and go into ,st4 ,peter's2 ,on the other side they go towards the mountain4 ,longfellow's ,translation #ie ,the reader will1 of course1 remember that these were races of horses without riders4 ,,the ,,mother ,,of ,,prince ,,galitzin4#if ,in presenting our ,american ,catholic readers with a notice of the ,life of the ,princess ,amelia ,galitzin1 it would be sufficient apology to mention that this illustrious lady was the mother of the great religious pioneer of ,pennsylvania--that worthy priest whose services in the cause of ,catholicity in our country have endeared his name to the ,american church and have kept his memory still alive in the filial love born of a new generation whose fathers he evangelized4 ,but even if this apostle-prince had never landed on ,american shores2 never sacrificed an opulent position and a brilliant career1 to labor as a humble missionary in the wild western forests of ,pennsylvania2 never indelibly engraved his name1 as he has done1 on that soil1 now teeming with industrial and religious life1 there is that in the life of the princess1 his mother1 which would amply recommend it to our interested attention4 ,her career was beyond the common run of lives4 ,it was wonderful in its blending of the ordinary with the extraordinary4 ,it is the story of a great1 strong mind--a high-principled soul1 entrammelled in circumstances commonplace1 disadvantageous1 and entirely beneath it1 struggling for ascendency to its own level above them4 ,a notice1 then1 of her life possesses a double interest for our readers--its own intrinsic interest1 and that which it borrows from the foreshadowing of the great and useful life spent in our country1 with which we have already been made acquainted1 and of which1 we are glad to learn1 we are soon to have a more extended account4 ,the ,princess ,amelia ,galitzin was born at ,berlin1 in ,august1 #agdh4 ,her father1 the ,count de ,schmettau1 a field-marshal of ,prussia1 was a ,protestant4 ,her mother1 the ,baroness de ,ruffert1 was a ,catholic4 ,this difference in the religion of the parents led to the understanding that the children of the marriage should receive1 according to their sex1 a different religious education4 ,amelia1 the only daughter1 was destined1 then1 to be educated in the ,catholic faith4 ,for this purpose she was sent1 at the early age of four years1 to a ,catholic boarding-school at ,breslau4 ,it seems that at this establishment the religious as well as the secular training was sadly defective2 for1 at the end of nine years1 the young countess left the pensionnat with no instruction1 little piety--even that little of a false kind--and with but one accomplishment1 a proficiency in music1 the result of the cultivation of a great natural talent4 ,as for literary acquirements1 she scarce could read or write4 ,another school was now selected for her1 and this selection reveals the negligent character of her mother1 who1 from failing to use a wise discretion1 or to exert that softening and moulding influence that mothers hold as a gift from nature1 may be held accountable for the troubled darkness and painful wanderings of mind that afflicted her daughter in her curious after-career4 ,at thirteen she was placed at a kind of day-college1 in ,berlin1 directed by an atheist4 ,such a step would have been a dangerous experiment1 even with a child of the most ordinary mind1 whose impressions are easily effaceable1 but with the self-reliant spirit and keen intellect that were destined to be developed in ,amelia1 it was more than dangerous1 it was a ruinous trial4 ,the results of her eighteen months' attendance at this school were not immediately apparent1 at least they were but negatively so4 ,at scarcely fifteen years of age1 she left this atheist school to become a woman of the world1 by making what is technically called her entrance into society4 ,what that entailed on a member of a noble house1 and in a gay capital like ,berlin1 especially the ,berlin of the eighteenth century1 we may well surmise4 ,there was another feature in its society worth attention1 beyond the stereotyped round of lves1 soires1 and midnight revels of high life4 ,the great dark cloud of incredulity had just settled on sunny ,france4 ,france then stood at the head of the western nations4 ,a reflection of her brilliancy was found in surrounding societies4 ,imitation of her tastes1 literary and material1 was deemed no disgrace4 ,even her quick1 dancing1 musical language was ludicrously set1 by fashion1 to the rough1 guttural tones of the ,teutonic tongue--so great was her fascinating influence4 ,no wonder1 then1 that the thick shadows of that dark cloud in which she had shrouded her faith should have fallen heavily around her4 ,they fell on ,prussia1 and fell heaviest when ,voltaire became the guest of ,frederick4 ,the ftid1 contagious atmosphere floated in on the society of her capital4 ,to be rational was the rage1 when rational meant incredulous4 ,statesmen became skilled in the new philosophy4 ,since the king had turned philosopher1 grand ladies suddenly found themselves profoundly intellectual and controversial1 and their drawing-rooms became like the salons de ,paris--no longer the frivolous halls of pleasure1 the depots for the lively gossip of the niaiseries of life1 but private school-rooms1 inner circles in aid of the grand revolt of reason against ,god which had already begun throughout ,europe4 ,in such society1 then1 did this young girl1 fresh from an atheist school1 find herself at the age of fifteen1 with no arm of a ,christian to do battle for her soul2 neither the shield of faith nor the sword of the ,spirit1 which is the ,word of ,god4 ,but1 happily1 that society was not immediately to possess her young heart4 ,an ennui--a nameless weariness--intensified by a morbid self-love1 now settled on her mind4 ,and it was in this trial that her defective instruction first began to tell against her4 ,the only relic of its early impressions left her was a confused notion of the horrors of hell and the power of the devil1 which now rose before her but to increase her misery4 ,beyond that1 she believed in nothing1 hoped for little in this life1 and saw not the next4 ,true1 she accompanied her mother to ,mass on ,sunday1 but to her it was as an idle show4 ,she understood as little about the ceremonies as about the text of the delicately-bound ,french prayer-book she was obliged to hold in her hand4 ,she could find nothing in what she knew or saw of religion to fill the void that caused the weariness of her heart4 ,she determined to seek relief in reading4 ,her father's library was scant4 ,so she sent rather a confiding request to the proprietor of a neighboring reading-room to supply a young lady who was anxious to improve herself with useful books4 ,this gentleman's ideas of improvement and utility were somewhat singular1 for he forthwith dispatched a large packet of sensational romances4 ,with the same confiding spirit she accepted the selection1 and novel after novel she fairly devoured1 devoting night and day to her new occupation4 ,that the frivolities of a gay society had no attractions for her as a resource in her extremity1 that they could not minister to her mind diseased1 shows a soul of no ordinary mould1 and shows1 too1 that it was not through the senses1 but through the intellect1 that its cravings were to be allayed4 ,comparative peace of mind returned1 for she made her reading a very preoccupying labor by keeping a diary of its results and impressions4 ,music1 always her favorite pastime1 she now made her recreation4 ,she was just beginning to taste the sweets of living in a little peaceful1 busy world within herself1 when a young lady1 who had been an intimate friend of hers1 was admitted to a share in her occupations4 ,this resulted in not only breaking her utter isolation from society1 but in leading her to mingle in it once more4 ,the calm of the previous months was not entirely undisturbed4 ,at intervals the thoughts of her utter irreligiousness would conjure up again those appalling images of ,satan and hell1 and their recurrence became more frequent as she relented in her labors4 ,but now in the gay drawing-room assemblies she met many ladies of her own rank who1 professing to be ,catholics1 did not hesitate to express freely1 in their brilliant conversations1 the sentiments of incredulity which filled her own mind4 ,in their example she found her self-justification4 ,she believed it fashionable to think and act as other ladies1 and so1 dismissing what she now deemed her idle fancies1 she permitted herself undisturbed to glide into the easy way of unbelief4 ,but an unseen mercy followed on her path1 and soon again cast before her warning signs of her danger4 ,her fears of the supernatural grew again2 and this time1 in spite of every example1 in spite of every effort to treat them as fancies that could be laughed away1 they increased to such an extent that her health became endangered4 ,once more she formed a plan of escape from her terrors of mind and the weariness they entailed--this time an unaccountable and for her an unexpected one4 ,she resolved to devote herself to meditation1 that1 as she said in her journal1 by force of thought she might raise herself to union with the ,supreme ,being1 and thus neutralize the effects of the frightful pictures of eternal punishments which wearied her imagination4 ,we cannot help seeing in this effort a noble struggle of a great mind1 untutored in childhood1 and left in early youth without guidance or encouraging support4 ,she immediately entered on her new project1 and made great and persevering efforts2 but she groped in the dark and made little progress in meditating4 ,yet these efforts were not wholly unavailing4 ,she succeeded by her bare strength of thought in impressing deeply and thoroughly on her mind the dignity of a highly moral life1 which led her to the conviction that everything gross or vile was utterly unworthy of the noble soul that dwelt within us4 ,what child of sixteen have we ever known or heard of whose young life presents a history of mind so curious and so wonderful8 ,few even of riper years have ever displayed a mere1 bare natural power of soul at once so strong and so refined as that which led ,amelia to so beautiful a conclusion4 ,be that as it may1 it was for her a saving result in the change that was now about to come over her position in life4 ,it was arranged at this time1 by her parents1 that the young countess should join the court1 in the capacity of lady robe-keeper to the wife of ,ferdinand1 ,prince of ,prussia1 brother to ,frederick ,,ii4 ,if we called the court society of that epoch gilded corruption1 we believe we would be epitomizing the detailed chronicle of its character4 ,yet1 armed with her high-souled conviction1 ,amelia glided untainted through its seductions and scandals1 though her youth and beauty and the affectionate simplicity of her manners made her the object of much attention4 ,from the character of her mind we may well imagine that she had little relish for her new duties4 ,to any one of a high order of intellect1 and consequent intellectual aspirations1 the mean1 material duties of arranging a wardrobe1 sorting dresses1 seeing them set out in their respective turns1 and changed with every changing fashion--in a word1 being a mere waiting-maid to any one1 no matter of what rank1 must necessarily be irksome and distasteful4 ,and though we will not draw the exaggerated sarcastic picture that ,lord ,macaulay gives of ,frances ,burney's life at the court of ,england1 yet the fact that the young countess stole many an hour from her irksome post and still more wearying ceremonious court-pleasures to enjoy the instructive conversation of elderly men of known literary tastes and acquirements1 gives us full ground for at least compassionating her in a position so evidently unbefitting her gifted and aspiring mind4 ,in her twentieth year she accompanied the princess on a summer trip to the waters at ,aix-la-,chapelle and ,spa4 ,it was during their residence at the former place she first met and received the addresses of the ,prince ,dmitri ,galitzin4 ,the story of their love does not seem to possess anything above the ordinary interest1 and even extended over a much shorter period than is usual before marriage4 ,all we learn about it is1 that the match seemed very advantageous in the eyes of her protectress the princess and her brother1 ,general ,count de ,schmettau 7her mother1 long extremely delicate1 having died during her residence at the court71 and that the marriage ceremony was performed with great clat in ,august of the same year in which the proposal had been made and accepted4 ,almost immediately after her marriage she had to set out with her husband for the court of ,st4 ,petersburg1 of which he was an attach4 ,her sojourn1 however1 in the ,russian capital was very brief1 for soon after his arrival the prince was sent as ambassador to the ,hague1 in ,holland4 ,five years previously he had filled the same post at ,paris1 where he became the intimate friend of ,voltaire and ,helvetius4 ,for the latter he paid the expenses of the publication of his famously infamous work1 ,de l',esprit4 ,he himself seems to have been quite a littrateur4 ,he contributed1 while in ,paris1 to the ,journal des ,savants1 and published two or three works of a scientific and political character4 ,but to return4 ,a new life now opened for ,amelia at the ,hague4 ,she became the star of the brilliant society that daily filled the halls of the palace of the ,prince ,ambassador of ,russia2 she lived in courtly splendor1 and received the flattery of homage that queens might have coveted4 ,she had now resided two years in ,holland1 and had given birth to two children1 a daughter and a son4 ,it may be naturally expected that now the duties of a mother would bring her life and her mind to the level of ordinary interest4 ,not so4 ,the routine duties of her station had all along been tasteless to her4 ,the constant round of pleasures which engaged her1 the flatteries she received1 in which meaner minds would have loved to live and revel1 had for her no soothing or beguiling influence2 not even the total change of existence and occupation which married life induces wrought any change upon her spirit4 ,an aching void was still within her heart1 and1 seeing nothing around her with which to fill it1 she began to pine away4 ,at length a strong inclination seized her1 one of those yearnings for some one project which swallows all our thoughts and to which all else must yield2 we may call it a humor precisely in ,ben ,jonson's sense3 ,when some one peculiar quality ,doth so possess a man that it doth draw ,all his effects1 his spirits1 and his powers ,in their confluxions1 all to run one way1 ,this may be truly said to be a humor4 ,this humor was nothing less than entire abandonment of the world and its cares4 ,notwithstanding the obligations of her married life or those of her position in society1 she determined to retire to some solitary spot1 and there engage her mind in hard study of difficult and dry subjects4 ,alarmed for her health1 and probably deriving little comfort from such a moody consort1 her husband consented to her retiring to live in a small country villa a few miles from the ,hague4 ,she engaged a distinguished professor of the city1 named ,hemsterhuys1 to give her lessons in ,greek1 with a view to following under his guidance1 too1 a course of ,greek philosophy4 ,strange to say1 the moment she entered with ardor on this uninviting task1 her mind became completely calmed1 and she felt a peace and contentment which for years she had not known4 ,besides the seeking of her own peace of mind1 the resting the weariness of her heart1 she had another object in view--to prepare herself to be doubly the mother of her children by imparting to them herself a thorough education4 ,in the six years that she toiled in this seclusion1 this was the great sustaining motive of her labors4 ,when the children grew to the years of discretion1 she relented in her harder studies to devote herself with no less assiduity to their early instruction4 ,everything was made subservient to that end4 ,even the recreations requisite for herself1 and the amusements necessary for them1 the pleasure excursions away from home1 all were designed to open and mature their young minds4 ,but in these respects ,holland had but poor resources4 ,one quickly wearies of its changeless lowlands4 ,it can boast of no wild scenery which grows new at every gaze and invites repeated visits1 and it has few places of any peculiarly instructive interest4 ,it was this consideration that determined the princess to remove to the more picturesque and favored land of ,switzerland1 where her husband owned a country-house near ,geneva4 ,her preparations for this change of residence were nearly completed1 when news reached her of the projects of the ,abb de ,furstenberg for a reform in the method of public instruction4 ,this ,abb de ,furstenberg was one of the most remarkable men of that day in ,germany4 ,of noble birth1 he received a thorough civil and ecclesiastical education1 and at the age of thirty-five found himself chief administrator1 spiritual and temporal1 of the principality of ,mnster1 under the prince-bishop4 ,his administration was attended with most marked success1 and had brought the little state to an unequalled degree of prosperity1 not only religious and political1 but even commercial and military4 ,his latest labor was his educational reform regarding the method of teaching4 ,to mature this scheme1 he had studied1 consulted1 and travelled much during seven years4 ,when1 at length1 he published the result of his researches1 it was received far and near with much applause1 whose echoes had now reached the ,princess ,amelia in ,holland on the eve of her departure for ,switzerland4 ,she at once indefinitely deferred this journey1 and resolved to lose no time in making the acquaintance of this accomplished ecclesiastic1 in order to master under his own guidance the details of this new method of instruction4 ,for this purpose1 in the ,may of the year #aggi1 she set out for ,mnster1 intending to pay only a short visit4 ,she remained nineteen days1 and1 though the greater part of the time was spent in the company of the learned abb1 she found it impossible in so short a space to take in the result of his experience4 ,this1 and probably a certain charm which his great conversational powers exercised over her1 made her determine to return again1 and1 with the permission of her husband1 remain a whole year in ,mnster before setting out for ,switzerland4 ,consequently1 in the same year1 she took leave of her husband and her old preceptor ,hemsterhuys1 purposing not to return to the ,hague1 but to pursue her ,swiss project after her year's sojourn at ,mnster4 ,but this programme was never to be carried out4 ,any one who has ever felt the influence of our affections on our plans and schemes--how plastic they are beneath them1 how readily they yield in their direction--will easily divine the cause of this4 ,in fact1 so strong had grown this intellectual friendship between the princess and the ,abb de ,furstenberg that every idea of going to ,switzerland yielded before it2 so much so that1 before the end of the year1 she had purchased a house in ,mnster1 and engaged a country-chteau for the summer months of every year4 ,all this time she had kept up a frequent correspondence with her husband and her old professor1 and she had made them promise to come and spend as long a time as they could spare every summer at her country-seat4 ,she was yet in the unchristian portion of her life4 ,in her conversation and communications with ,hemsterhuys1 she had worked out a complete scheme of natural virtue and happiness1 which she embodied in a work entitled ,simon2 or1 ,the ,faculties of the ,soul4 ,while we must admit that this is a curious specimen of a mere human1 religionless view of a virtuous and happy life1 yet we cannot allow that it could have been drawn up had not some faint remembrances of early ,christian teaching still lingered in the mind of the authoress2 much less can we grant that it could have been realized in any life without the sustaining aid of divine grace4 ,even if it were practicable1 its practicability would1 from its very character1 be necessarily limited to a few rarely gifted minds2 consequently1 lacking the generalizing principles of the truly ,christian code1 which makes a life of ,christian virtue accessible to all1 the lowly and the great1 the rude and the wise alike1 it is assuredly a failure4 ,she now applied herself with great assiduity to her children's education4 ,not content with imparting the mere rudimentary portion1 she aimed at giving them a higher and more thorough course of instruction than most of our graduating colleges can boast4 ,it was a bold task for a woman1 but the order of her day at ,mnster shows us how little its difficulty could bend the will or weary the mind of one who could unswervingly follow the regulations it contained4 ,the household rose early every morning4 ,some hours were devoted to study before breakfast1 and soon after the lessons of the day began4 ,to these she gave six hours daily4 ,with the exception of classic literature and ,german history1 for which she engaged the services of the two distinguished professors1 ,kistermaker and ,speiskman1 she gave unaided all the other lessons4 ,she had competent persons to superintend the studies of the young prince and his sister while she was engaged in her own1 but she reserved the teaching exclusively to herself4 ,she very often spent entire nights in preparation for the morrow's instruction4 ,after the labors of the day1 she always devoted the evenings to conversation4 ,it was then she received the visits of ,furstenberg and a number of his literary friends1 among whom was the ,abb ,overberg1 with whom she was afterwards to be so intimately related4 ,her old friend ,hemsterhuys sometimes made one of the party1 and he was the only one of her guests at that time who was not a ,catholic4 ,this was the beginning1 the nucleus of that brilliant literary circle which1 a little later1 became so famous throughout ,germany4 ,invitations to the literary soires of the princess soon began to be coveted as no common honor4 ,the most distinguished ,protestant authors and savants sought introduction to that ,catholic society1 and even infidels who did not openly scoff at religion were soon found among its members4 ,it would have been a sight of curious interest1 standing aside unseen in that drawing-room on any evening of their reunions1 to watch that strangely mingled crowd4 ,the ,princess ,amelia is evidently the ruling spirit1 and the marks of respect and homage which her distinguished visitors pay her on their arrival tell plainly that her presence is not the least among the attractions of that pleasant assembly4 ,scattered through the room are men of the most varied minds and opposite views4 ,there were many there who had already acquired literary notoriety of no mean degree4 ,there were many more1 the history of whose minds would have been the story of the anxious doubts and bold speculations of unbelief which swayed society in the waning of the eighteenth century4 ,in the charm of that literary circle1 ,jacobi found rest from his restless scepticism4 ,there ,hamann could quiet his troubled mind4 ,the cold infidelity of ,claude thawed in the presence of venerable ecclesiastics and before the influence of their dignity and learning4 ,even ,goethe himself confessed that the pleasantest hours of his life were passed in the society of the ,princess ,galitzin4 ,during three years1 these reunions were a literary celebrity4 ,though the princess had not allowed her mind to be tainted by the impious philosophy of her time1 and had formed1 with the assistance of ,hemsterhuys1 a better philosophical system of her own1 founded on the idea of the divinity1 yet in all her views she was completely rationalistic1 rejecting all positive religion4 ,and she had to confess1 too1 the defectiveness of her system in its practical bearing on her life2 for at this time she complained feelingly1 in one of her letters1 that instead of growing better1 according to her idea of virtue and happiness1 she was daily growing worse4 ,in the spring of #aghc1 she fell dangerously ill4 ,furstenberg took this first opportunity to persuade her to taste of the consolations of religion1 and to try the virtue of the sacraments of the church4 ,but1 though he actually sent her a confessor1 she declined his services1 alleging that she had not sufficient faith1 promising1 however1 at the same time1 that1 if her life were spared1 she would turn her thoughts seriously to the subject of religion4 ,it was spared1 and she kept her promise2 but it was a long time before her reflections took any definite shape or had any practical result4 ,this was undoubtedly owing to a want of direction1 and we cannot divine why1 among so many distinguished clerical friends1 one was not found to do her this kindly office4 ,yet so it was1 and1 most likely1 the fault was all her own4 ,the time had now come when her children were of an age to receive religious instruction2 and1 this being a part of the self-imposed task of their education1 she determined not to shrink from it4 ,but what to teach them1 when she herself knew nothing1 was a most perplexing question4 ,hitherto her own researches only plunged her into a restless uncertainty of soul which betrayed itself even in her sleep4 ,her conscience would not allow her to impart to her children her own unbelief1 nor yet permit her to instruct them in a religion of whose truth she herself was not convinced4 ,she relieved herself from this perplexity by deciding not so much to instruct them in any religion as to give them a history of religion in general1 abstaining from any comments that might betray her own incredulity1 or be an obstacle to the choice she intended they should subsequently make for themselves4 ,to fit herself for this task1 she commenced the study of the ,bible4 ,this was the turning-point in her destiny2 she held in her hands1 at length1 what was designed to be for her the instrument of divine grace4 ,long years ago1 when a child1 at the ,breslau boarding-school1 it had been remarked that1 when nothing else could curb her proud and self-willed nature1 an appeal to her affections never failed of its effect4 ,that tenderness of her young heart was to be her salvation4 ,she opened the sacred text to seek there only dry historic facts1 which she was to note down and relate to her children4 ,for aught that concerned herself1 the study was undertaken with a careless1 incredulous disinterestedness4 ,but as she went on and on through the sacred volume1 and the sublime character of the ,almighty was unfolded before her in all the beauty and tendernesses of his mercies1 and shining in all the brightness of his wisdom1 her soul was moved1 her heart was deeply touched2 she bowed down before the omnipotent ,creator1 and1 for the first time1 felt herself a creature4 ,she read on still2 she came to the ,gospel1 that record breathing love--compassionate1 prodigal love--on every page1 and before its charm her heart melted1 her pride of intellect faded away1 her life came before her as a useless dream1 and her tears flowed fast upon the sacred page2 for now she not only felt what it was to be a creature1 but had realized what it was to be saved4 ,her work now became a labor of love4 ,she not only taught her children1 but she instructed herself4 ,with her usual intrepidity of intellect1 she was soon acquainted with every mystery of our holy religion1 and with every duty of the ,catholic life4 ,from the knowledge to the fulfilment of her duty was always with ,amelia an easy step2 consequently1 she began immediately to prepare herself for a general confession4 ,after a long and serious examination of her whole life1 she at length made it1 on the feast of ,st4 ,augustine1 #aghf1 and1 a few days later1 approached the holy communion1 for the first time1 with feelings of deep and tender devotion4 ,from this moment1 a complete change was wrought in her whole manner4 ,her habitual melancholy gave way to a cheering serenity1 which was as consoling as it was agreeable and charming to all around her4 ,her children and her many friends were greatly struck with the visible effects which divine grace had so evidently produced in her soul4 ,she now wished1 for her more rapid advancement in perfection1 to place her conscience entirely under the direction of the saintly ,abb ,overberg4 ,she was not content to have him merely as her confessor1 but she wished to enter on the same relations--to have the same intimate friendship with him--as existed between ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul and ,mme4 de ,gondi1 ,st4 ,francis de ,sales and ,st4 ,jane de ,chantal1 ,st4 ,john of the ,cross and ,st4 ,teresa4 ,though she had written to him several times on the subject of her direction1 yet she never dared fully to propose her project to him1 lest he might reject her request altogether4 ,however1 she took courage at last1 and1 to her great joy1 she was not disappointed4 ,this holy priest took up his residence in her palace in #aghi1 and remained there1 in the capacity of chaplain1 even after her death4 ,in the following year1 ,hemsterhuys1 her old friend and preceptor1 died2 and in this year1 also1 the young ,prince ,dmitri1 having finished an education which would have fitted him for any position or profession in life1 took leave of his mother1 to commence1 in accordance with the fashion1 his post-educational travels4 ,for what particular reason he turned his steps toward the ,new ,world does not appear4 ,it was during the voyage that he resolved to embrace and profess the ,catholic faith4 ,but ,providence had designed for him more than a visit to the ,united ,states2 his life and his labors in our country have made the name of ,galitzin a familiar and much-loved word to ,american ,catholics4 ,in #ahjc1 the husband of the princess died suddenly at ,brunswick4 ,this loss she felt most keenly4 ,he had ever been to her a good and indulgent husband1 yielding1 with even an abundance of good nature1 to all her plans1 and never interfering with the various projects of her life4 ,we may suppose1 too1 that her grief was deepened as his unexpected death suddenly blighted all her hopes for his conversion4 ,but sore trials of another kind yet awaited her4 ,the property of the prince1 which1 by the marriage contract1 should have reverted to her in trust for her children1 was seized by his relatives4 ,penury threatened her for a time1 but her appeal was1 at length1 heard by the ,emperor ,alexander1 and the property was restored4 ,meanwhile1 she began to suffer from a painful malady which produced hypochondria4 ,the patient1 plaintless manner in which she bore her pains2 above all1 the calm of mind which she preserved in that terrible physical malady which poisons every pleasure and clouds every brightness of life1 shows what a high state of perfection she had already attained4 ,religion was now her solace and her succor4 ,by the perfection of her resignation to the divine will1 she not only succeeded in concealing from her friends her painful state1 by joining cheerfully in every conversation and pastime2 but she cheered the melancholy and depression of others without once evincing that she herself was a victim to its living martyrdom4 ,with equal fortitude1 she was bearing at the same time yet a harder trial4 ,it is always wounding enough to our feelings to have our actions misappreciated1 our whole conduct misunderstood1 by persons merely indifferent to us4 ,but what is there harder to endure in life than to be misunderstood by those to whom we were once tenderly devoted1 to whom we were bound in the closest friendship of intimacy1 and to bear their consequent coldness and slights1 and sometimes cruel wrongs8 ,yet this pang was added to the other trials of ,princess ,amelia4 ,but her great charity checked every human feeling4 ,she was never heard to complain of any neglect1 or even the annoying treatment of false friends1 and she never sought to soothe the sorrow of her tender heart by any human consolations4 ,in a letter regarding the ,abb de ,furstenberg1 she described beautifully the rule of charity she followed in this sorest of her trials4 ,whenever the memory of her slighted friendship would send a pang through her soul1 her love of ,god was her first resource2 then she resolved never to intensify the sorrow of the moment by indulging in any dreams of the imagination with regard to an irremediable past1 or in any speculations whatever on the subject which would strengthen her sorrow or tend to an uncharitable feeling4 ,thus1 in these purifying trials1 were passed the last years of her life2 and when1 at length1 the gold of her merits was made pure enough in the crucible to be moulded into her crown of glory1 she rested from her sorrows4 ,in #ahjf1 she died the death of the holy1 and1 at her own request1 she was buried beneath the chapel of her country-house at ,angelmodde1 near ,mnster4 ,were we right in saying that her life displays the struggle of a great soul for its own level above disadvantageous circumstances8 ,she struggled above the sad defects of early training1 then above the commonplace routine of ordinary lives in the world1 and finally above the clouds of infidelity and ignorance of divine things1 to the bright1 clear atmosphere of the faith1 where the love of her ardent heart was sated1 and her yearning aspirations found their lasting rest4 ,it may be1 too1 that we now have an easier clue to the wonderful character of the ,apostle of ,western ,pennsylvania since we have become better acquainted with the mother of ,prince ,galitzin4 ,,footnote3 #if ,particularits de la ,vie de la ,princesse ,amelie ,galitzin4 ,par ,theod4 ,katerkamp ,mnster4 #ahbh4 ,la ,princesse ,galitzin et les ,amis4 ,schcking3 ,cologne4 #ahdj4 ,,egbert ,,stanway4 ,if ,germany was the cradle of the ,reformation1 ,england can claim to have been its nurse1 and to have fostered in it many phases even at present unknown to the land of its originators4 ,in its last-born and perhaps most dangerous outgrowth1 ,ritualism1 we see the ,english spirit that was already timidly visible long before1 now fully flowering in delusive self-existence1 uniting in this novel combination the cherished independence of ,rome1 that ,englishmen are taught instinctively to regard as the only palladium of national freedom1 and those sthetic aspirations which come down to them1 we venture to think1 as instinctively1 from their forefathers of ,merrie ,england and the ,island of ,saints4 ,but if there are in the ,english character great capabilities for evolving unthought-of theories out of stern dogmatic codes1 there is also a strange power of assimilation by which it can engraft upon itself the alien modes of thought of other lands1 and yet infuse into them something that is not their own--something that renders them unspeakably more attractive and1 withal1 more hopelessly earnest4 ,such a power was most likely to have been encouraged and developed in ,egbert ,stanway by his almost foreign education and most sensitive and contemplative nature4 ,the love of ,german philosophy and ,german literature had descended to him from his father1 who had been a disciple and a friend of ,goethe1 and who had early sent him to the university at ,heidelberg1 where the boy still was at his father's death4 ,the weird old city1 with its castle overlooking the rushing ,neckar1 and its antique houses enshrined by woods of chestnut1 was the earliest home he could remember1 and as1 during his holidays from the school where he had been preparing for university initiation1 he had never left ,germany1 it was almost as a foreigner and a stranger that he visited ,stanway ,hall to attend his father's funeral4 ,the evening he arrived1 the gloom of the old house1 and the long shadows creeping round it1 the hooting owl in the dark fir plantations1 and the grim and spreading cedars nearly touching the hall-door1 everything he saw1 in fact1 seemed to make a most painful impression on his sensitive mind4 ,the old servants crowded round him in affectionate and mournful welcome1 for they remembered the little fair-haired child that used to prattle so merrily through the house many years ago1 and they thought they saw in his face the same expression that had melted their hearts within them as they had gazed on the child's dead mother the night he was born4 ,one of his guardians1 a cousin of his father's1 a kind1 grave man1 with grizzling hair and soldier-like bearing1 came and took his hand in silence1 and led him to the low1 wide dining-room where the coffin lay under its heavy velvet pall4 ,there1 in the gloom that the few tall candles near the bier could hardly brighten1 he told the son how his father had fallen from his horse while returning at night from a distant farm where he had been to see the sick tenant1 and relieve him from the rent that was due and which his family could not meet4 ,egbert's face glowed as he lifted it from the coffin against which he had been resting his forehead1 and as he said in faltering accents3 ,so like him6 ,i am glad he died like that4 ,the words were simple1 but the old soldier could not refrain from the tears that his own narrative had not yet forced from him4 ,the child's comment unlocked his heart1 and after a few moments' silence he said3 ,my boy1 you will try to live like him1 and try to do your duty like him4 ,you know you will soon have power in your hands3 use it as he did4 ,in a few years you will be your own master2 even now you are master of this house and this estate4 ,never forget the responsibilities you will have4 ,always be kind to your servants1 and just to your tenants1 and charitable to the poor4 ,be loved as your father was1 so that1 when you die1 you may be regretted as he is4 ,egbert pressed his guardian's hand in silence1 and presently knelt down by the coffin4 ,there was a wreath of cypress on it1 and he broke off a little twig and hid it in his bosom4 ,his lips seemed to move--was he praying1 or thinking half aloud8 ,the old man's hand was on his shoulder1 and he felt its pressure weighing him down4 ,when he stood up again1 he said nothing1 only motioned his guardian to the door1 and followed him4 ,there were a few relations1 mostly men1 gathered before the fire in the drawing-room1 and as the boy came in there was a general welcome of silent sympathy1 and then a pause4 ,some few spoke in whispers1 but the gloom was too deep to be broken4 ,there seemed in the dead man's son more dignity and manliness than is usual1 even under such circumstances1 in one so young1 and there was deference and surprise as well as pity in the looks that were bent on the boy of sixteen1 to whom nearly all were strangers1 and to whom his own home and his own household were themselves but new and strange associations4 ,as night came on1 every one disappeared noiselessly from the room1 ,egbert himself having left it at an earlier hour4 ,he had gone out into the summer moonlight to roam through the grounds he scarcely remembered1 and to be alone with his own thoughts that would not let him sleep4 ,the tall formal evergreens that skirted the broad terrace threw their shadows across the many flights of ornamental steps leading to the flower-garden2 the scent of the heliotrope and mignonnette in the borders was wafted on the cool breeze that came from the sedge-encircled pond where the water-fowl played and hid in the rushes2 the smooth-stemmed beeches stood like columns of silver in the moonlight1 supporting their vaulted arches of interlacing leaves2 the rooks cawed solemnly from their restless homes as the soft wind blew the branches backward and forward across the mossy mound2 squirrels made cracking noises as they chattered in careless gaiety on the slender twigs of the spruce-fir2 and hares and rabbits scudded away with terror-impelled swiftness as they heard human footfalls on the dewy grass4 ,the tall church-spire seemed to speak when the bell tolled out the hours through the night1 and ,egbert gazed longingly toward it1 not as one who answers a well-known voice1 but rather as one who strives painfully to guess the meaning of words he would gladly understand and yet cannot fathom4 ,oh6 he thought1 my father knows now all ,i wish to know2 but he cannot come and tell me1 and ,i shall have to live on1 perhaps as long as he did1 and never know what ,i seek1 and never find the satisfaction and peace ,i look for4 ,if ,i too could die1 and know all at once6 ,he thought1 too1 of the ceremony that would take place in that church to-morrow1 and of the cold1 damp vault his father's body would be laid in4 ,and so great was the horror of this to his mind that the beauty of the night turned to hideousness for him1 and its wooing sounds were changed into ghoul-like beckoning4 ,tears would not come to relieve his heart1 and he felt as if an icy grasp were upon him1 crushing out his young life1 his father1 he could only think of as he was1 mute and helpless1 not as he once had been1 a true guide and monitor2 his home1 where was it8 his duty1 to what dreary fields of thankless labor might it not carry him8 his friends1 who were they8 friends of yesterday8 friends of the family1 perhaps1 but that was conventional friendship to him--or friends to him as the young landlord1 but that was interested friendship6 ,and then came back a rush of ,heidelberg memories1 of the reckless young companions of his scarce-begun career1 of the kind old professor1 ,herr ,lebnach1 and of his child-daughter ,christina1 of rambles among the chestnut woods1 when the band had done playing in the castle gardens1 and of two or three darker and more solemn rambles when he had gone to follow a dead comrade to his self-made grave4 ,the chill morning dew roused him at last1 just when a faint-breaking light was to be seen over the fir-planted hill behind the house1 and he went in and threw himself1 all dressed1 on his bed in the dim haunted-looking room he remembered as his nursery in days so long past that he could remember nothing else of them4 ,the sun rose and gilded the many-hued flower-garden1 and lighted red fires in the diamond-paned windows on the east side of the house1 and sent long arrows of light into the tapestried and wainscoted chambers where the guests slept2 it took the church-steeple by storm1 and poured in floods of molten gold through the stained-glass windows of chancel and clerestory2 it flashed through the dark beech grove1 and blinded the uneasy rooks whom it roused to a new and jangling chorus2 it threw rosy sparks across the pond1 on the margin of which floated the water-lily and nestled the forget-me-not2 and1 lastly1 it penetrated the sombre curtains of the darkened dining-room1 and1 braving death on his throne1 threw a coronal of light on the very cypress wreath on the bier4 ,and had it not a royal right1 nay1 a ,god-given mission1 so to do8 ,for the morning of the resurrection is ever near1 and each morning's sun is its fit representative and the forerunner of its joy4 ,the same consoling ray that would not leave the dead alone in death's own shadow shone on the boy's fair curls as he bent1 half in sorrow1 half in slumber1 over the hidden coffin4 ,soon1 very soon1 that coffin would not be there in the dear sunshine4 ,it would be away in the darksome earth1 in a lonely vault1 with no one save the bats to make any moan over it1 and1 if ever the sun's darts made their way to it through low1 grated air-holes or widening cracks in the stone1 they would be pale and spectral themselves1 like torches in a deadly atmosphere1 like phantom lights over the quaking bog4 ,the hours wore on1 and the time came for the funeral4 ,again there was a gathering together of friends and relatives1 and a marshalling of tenants and servants1 a whispering among the awed assemblage1 and the boy asked once to have the pall lifted and the lid removed4 ,in silence it was done1 and in silence ,egbert ,stanway came near1 and laid his right hand on his father's cold1 calm forehead4 ,his lips seemed to move1 and a deeper expression of mingled sorrow and resolution settled upon his features2 and thus1 without a tear1 he took leave of the best friend and best lover he had ever had on earth4 ,he seemed much quieter after this1 and the funeral procession now started on its way to the church1 ,egbert walking next the coffin as chief mourner4 ,the next day1 he was far on his road to ,heidelberg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,four years passed by4 ,egbert ,stanway was high in honors at the university1 renowned among the reading set as an indefatigable scholar1 beloved by his favorite professor1 ,herr ,lebnach1 and his no longer child-daughter1 courted by all the best men1 and respected by all the worst1 in the old city of ,heidelberg4 ,having resolutely set his face against duelling and all kinds of brawls1 and even against all innocent-seeming meetings that1 nevertheless1 were likely to end in brawls1 he had yet not acquired the unenviable notoriety of a misanthrope1 and1 though many called him proud1 still none called him churlish4 ,herr ,lebnach used often to gather a few real friends about him1 and there was generally some musical banquet provided for his delicate and discriminating guests4 ,his room was one of those that are dreamt of1 but seldom seen1 homely and artistic at once1 quaint and suggestive as one of the mysterious dens of those sages whom modern times have called sorcerers and tamperers with arts forbidden4 ,there stood on one side a great oak book-case1 massive and plain1 filled with huge folios1 and smaller books laid carelessly across their dust-covered edges1 old tomes that looked black enough for magic1 though they might contain nothing more than medical lore and visionaries' dreams2 over the carved mantelpiece1 where a dark stove hid itself in the wide space it could not fill1 was an array of pipes1 meerschaum silver-mounted1 and rare wood cunningly wrought2 pipes of tarnished ,eastern splendor1 and calumets of ,indian workmanship2 a real old spinning-wheel1 where ,gretchen might have sat as she sang of her demon-lover ,faustus1 stood in one corner1 and a collection of antique armor hung on all the spaces on the wall that were not occupied by medical portraits and angel-crowded tryptichs in twisted golden frames4 ,here1 in one oak-carved case1 was ,venetian ruby glass and old ,dresden ware1 and there1 on the quaint low tables1 lay illuminated missals of the thirteenth century1 alongside of dainty woman's embroidery-frames1 and the last new pamphlet on the last new philosophical incomprehensibility4 ,then1 as the dim light of the lamp flashed when some motion was made near the long table by the stove1 there appeared on the other side of the room a great organ1 with golden pipes and carved case--a world within a world1 the kingdom of music enshrined within the surrounding kingdom of science and of literature4 ,the treble manual1 with its tiers of smooth white notes sheathing the melodies a moment's touch might set free1 shone under the golden arbor of the spreading pipes1 and beneath the dark carved garlands of oak-leaves and hanging fruit and sporting beasts1 that seemed only as petrified embodiments of the thoughts that had once been living and breathing in those keys4 ,a girl sat by the organ1 her hair seeming to have caught the golden reflection of the music-laden pipes1 and her slender fingers the litheness of those easily-moulded keys4 ,beside her was a large basket1 where balls of wool mingled with half-finished garments of domestic mystery1 while in her own hands she held a piece of knitting4 ,a kitten played at her feet1 and now and then tangled the long thread that fell from her work4 ,egbert ,stanway sat quite close1 one hand resting on the organ-notes1 reading aloud by the dark light of one little candle in the fixed organ candlestick4 ,a few men began to drop in1 but the reading was not interrupted1 for the room was large1 and the professor was sitting not far from the door4 ,some came in with rolls of white music2 some with instruments tenderly imprisoned in warmly-lined cases2 some1 again1 with their hands unoccupied1 but their large pockets bursting with the treasures of meerschaum and tobacco2 some thoughtful1 student-like1 long-haired2 some gay and rubicund1 as if dinner were but a late and cherished memory2 some young and uneasily conscious of the stranger by the organ4 ,presently one came in who was neither student nor professor1 but long-haired and quaint-looking nevertheless1 with iron-gray locks1 straight and wiry1 strongly-marked features1 tall1 spare figure1 and almost kingly demeanor1 so mixed was it of haughtiness and courtesy4 ,christina rose and signed to her companion to close the book4 ,she went forward1 and said a few words of blushing welcome to the royal stranger1 and then turned to ,egbert1 saying3 ,mein herr1 this is my father's young friend who was so anxious to know you4 ,he put out his hand with kind eagerness1 and1 as he did so1 ,egbert noticed the long1 slender1 nervous fingers1 like iron sheathed in age-tinted ivory4 ,i am very glad to see you1 ,herr ,stanway1 he said1 and very glad to see you here1 for ,i have no better friend than ,christina's father4 ,the girl fell back as he spoke1 and passed through the room1 speaking1 now and then1 to the bearded guests1 who all smiled at her like the ,flemish saints in the old pictures of the ,maiden-mother and her mystic court2 and made her way to an inner apartment where a grand piano occupied most of the space1 and round the walls of which were many brackets with bronze and marble busts of sages and poets1 philosophers and musicians1 gleaming out1 ghost like1 against the heavy crimson draperies that fell round window and doorway4 ,the stranger was still talking to ,egbert in ,german when the sounds of tuning instruments in the next room drew his attention4 ,he took the young man's arm1 and hurried in1 casting a glance over the sheets of music scattered on the piano4 ,a flush of pleasure and surprise came over his countenance2 they were headed1 ,overture--,st4 ,elizabeth4 ,egbert looked across to ,christina1 but she was busying herself with a refractory violoncello-case1 whose huge fastenings would not open1 and whether or no she saw the maestro's puzzled air remained a mystery both to the young man and to his companion1 whose glance had followed his own1 as if half-guessing what it meant4 ,herr ,lebnach struck his friend on the shoulder as he approached the wondering musician4 ,you must forgive my boldness1 he said2 in fact1 ,i can only call it smuggling4 ,i got a copy from a pupil of yours--one whose enthusiasm was stronger than his sense of obedience2 but1 of course1 this is all among friends-it shall go no further4 ,indeed1 if you wish it1 ,i will burn the manuscript after the performance4 ,no1 no1 dear friend1 returned the composer2 it will be publicly performed and given to the world in a month or two1 and ,i am glad you should have the first-fruits4 ,the amateur orchestra was in a state of nervous delight at these words1 and as the maestro took the baton in his hand there was a hush that said far more than words could have embodied4 ,christina and her father and ,egbert sat aloof near the doorway1 and a few others gathered in silent groups round the room4 ,the music came forth1 at last1 like the rush of an elfin cavalcade out of darksome caverns and cloven rocks of unimagined depth1 wild and weird1 like the cry of the storm-tossed sea-gulls among the reverberating crags of foam-washed granite4 ,it was the music of delirium1 the music of madness1 the music of despair4 ,it was the voice of a soul that had lost its way in a labyrinth of dreams so fantastic that they had thrown a spell over its returning footsteps1 and so made it for ever an enchanted exile among their mazy paths4 ,it was unintelligible1 yet full of meaning2 unapproachable1 yet full of allurement2 impregnable1 yet full of sympathy4 ,later on1 in great cities1 and before critical audiences1 it was held to be the music of a maniac1 while it lacked the charm or the interest of ,shakespeare's maniac-heroes and their too-faithful rhapsodies2 and even now1 though the performance was a labor of love1 it was not without difficulty that many phrases were interpreted4 ,christina seemed to think more of the composer than of his work1 and more of his pleasure in seeing his music appreciated than of his actual skill in composition4 ,indeed1 her father and ,egbert shared her feelings1 as was apparent from their careful watching of the conductor's face rather than of the performers' bows4 ,but when the long piece was over1 and every one started forward to congratulate and be congratulated1 there was a general appearance of satisfaction at having mastered something that was no little difficulty1 and offered such a grateful and acceptable homage to one whose heart seemed to value it so highly4 ,soon there was a hush again1 and ,christina glided to the piano1 where the maestro was now sitting4 ,you will not refuse to reward us now1 will you8 she said4 ,a smile and a soft chord were the speedy answer2 and now the piano spoke and wailed1 pleaded and wept1 as the strong1 supple fingers swept its astonished keys4 ,it seemed as if there were within it an imprisoned and hitherto dumb spirit1 whose voice was now unshrouded and allowed full power over the hearts of those who had scarcely before suspected its hidden existence4 ,far different from the tempestuous overture was this soft and swift blending of chords in garlands of sweet sound4 ,flowers were dropping around the feet of the artist2 clouds of faintly-suggested and dream-like fancies were fanning the air around his head2 a spell1 as of ,eastern languor1 was slowly deadening the senses of the listeners to any other sound save that of the marvellous melody the piano was sighing forth1 when1 with a wild toss of the head and a sudden bending forward of the body1 the maestro changed the key1 and burst into a half-triumphant1 half-defiant pan--a chant of patriotic and maddened enthusiasm--which soon merged into the last movement of his impromptu and the last appeal of every ,christian to the ,god that made him2 a solemn1 dirge-like hymn1 full of unspoken sadness1 full of expressed confidence1 a lifting up of the soul above everything of earth1 a consecration1 a supplication1 a thanksgiving1 and a sacrifice4 ,never before had ,egbert heard anything like that prayer2 never after was he destined to hear it again4 ,christina drew a long sigh1 as if such beauty were too heavenly to be gazed upon without pain1 and turning to the young man3 ,i am glad1 she said1 ,i cannot play the piano4 ,one could not dare to touch the instrument after that1 unless it were to destroy it6 ,you are right1 he answered slowly and musingly2 but where can he have learnt the things he puts into his music8 ,in his prayers1 ,herr ,stanway4 ,a dark shade of melancholy passed over ,egbert's face2 there was pain at the implied rebuke1 and a vague sorrow1 as for something lost1 in that fugitive expression1 but the music chased it away as the violins were tuning up again for ,beethoven's ,septet4 ,so the evening wore away1 and chorus and concerted piece followed fast upon one another1 till the musicians were so excited they could hardly speak4 ,the maestro conducted all through1 and as he shook his hair like a mane about his eyes and swayed to and fro in the intensity of his enthusiasm1 ,egbert whispered to ,christina3 ,he is the magician of music1 is he not8 ,when all was over1 and some of the guests had left in singing groups that would probably serenade the town for the rest of the night1 the great artist called the young ,englishman1 and asked him to show him the way home4 ,i am somewhat of a stranger here1 my friend1 and there is no one whose company ,i would more gladly ask under the pretence of wanting a guide home4 ,as soon as they were out of the house1 he turned suddenly on his companion1 and1 lingering so as to stay for a few moments in the full moonlight1 he said3 ,and so you are the betrothed of my old friend's daughter8 ,a start and a blush that he could not repress were ,egbert's first answers to this abrupt but not unkind question1 yet the old man saw that his arrow had perhaps overshot the mark4 ,is it not so8 he said again1 but doubtfully now4 ,no1 mein herr1 replied ,egbert1 with slow and sorrowful composure2 and ,i fear it never will be4 ,you fear1 dear friend8 ,therefore you hope8 ,i have hoped1 but ,i see now how useless it must ever be for me to think of her except as a friend4 ,can ,i do anything for you that her own favor could not do8 ,i have never asked her for anything1 and ,i never shall1 and it suffices that she knows as well as ,i do what the reason of my silence is4 ,then she does know that you love her8 ,she knows it as the angels do--if there be angels6 ,if6 ,what do you mean8 ,only this1 that1 if there are angels1 they are not more remote from me than she is4 ,you speak in riddles4 ,i have no wish to force your confidence1 my friend2 but ,i have known that child from her cradle1 and ,i cannot help being interested in anything concerning her4 ,o mein herr6 ,i have nothing to conceal2 you misunderstand me4 ,she is a ,catholic2 that is why she is so far from me4 ,and you are a ,protestant8 ,but so is her father4 ,no1 ,i am not a ,protestant1 though ,i am ,english4 ,ah6 perhaps you have no settled outward form of religion8 ,that is it4 ,but1 if ,i were ,protestant1 she would not marry me4 ,in a few years1 dear young friend1 you may think differently4 ,i was very like you once1 only far worse2 yet1 you see1 ,i too am a ,catholic now4 ,the young man shook his head in silence4 ,they had journeyed through the dark winding streets very near to the maestro's temporary home1 and the old artist turned now solemnly and affectionately to his companion1 putting his hand on his shoulder3 ,herr ,stanway1 he said1 ,i may never see you again1 and you must forgive an old man for speaking so plainly to you2 but ,i cannot bear to leave ,heidelberg1 where your friends and mine have made me so happy1 without trying to do something towards your happiness1 and1 ,i am sure1 towards hers4 ,do not1 for ,heaven's sake1 give way to those foolish and yet wrecking tendencies of the young men of your day4 ,stand by religion1 for ,i tell you by experience she is the best philosopher1 as well as the best comforter2 she is the only friend for the student1 as well as for the priest2 and1 above all1 she is the only guardian for the home1 and the only giver of true peace4 ,remember that as an old man's advice1 and1 if you trust to the word of one who has run the round of all pleasures without finding true ones till very late1 you will save yourself the long struggle of experience that wears the body and sears the mind1 and leaves you in your old age but a shattered wreck to carry back to the feet of him who sent you forth a perfect man4 ,will you remember this1 dear young friend8 ,i will try to do so1 ,egbert answered slowly1 with intense but hopeless yearning to be able to do so4 ,he kissed the hand of the old man whose words seemed to him but a mortal record of that other one written in notes of fire on the awakened instrument at ,christina's home1 and the artist took him in his arms and embraced him as a son4 ,they parted1 the one to go to his peaceful rest1 the other to turn for consolation and for calm to the wild woods above the castle1 whence through vistas could be seen the silver-flashing river1 with here and there its dark semblances of reversed houses1 and spires1 and turrets4 ,my father6 my father6 thought the young man1 why can you not tell me what you know--why can you not assure me of all ,i long to believe1 yet cannot8 ,she has often said that the dead are all of her faith when they reach ,god's throne1 and that they believe in it even more firmly1 if possible1 than those of her creed do on earth--because to them evidence has been given4 ,perhaps to some the evidence is eternal fire--if that exist6 ,but surely1 he who made this earth so fair1 he who gave us this solemn night-beauty to enjoy1 and a mind fitted to admire it1 he cannot have meant to bind us to cruel1 unyielding formulas4 ,if one heart feels its love go out to him in one way1 and another in a different way1 why should not both be as welcome to him as is the varied beauty of the many different-tinted and different-scented flowers8 ,who has been to ,god's feet and learned his secrets1 and come back to tell us with certainty that he loathes one heart's worship1 and accepts another's8 ,not till ,i have such an assurance will ,i1 or can ,i1 if ,i would1 go to ,christina1 and say1 ',i am a ,catholic4' ,and so the specious and seemingly religious poison worked on and cankered his heart1 notwithstanding the solemn warning of his new-found friend1 whose voice1 he should have known it1 was near akin to that of the spirit-witness he was but now invoking4 ,the night was very lovely1 and reminded him of that one preceding his father's funeral1 when already wandering dreams of a self-revealed faith were turning him away from the belief in a just and personal ,god4 ,the ,church of ,england ,catechism1 which he had learnt by heart as a child1 the teachings of a zealous ,episcopalian clergyman who had prepared him for confirmation in ,germany itself1 rushed back upon his memory as he looked on the symbolic beauty of the dying night2 but in the dawn that already stirred the birdlings in their nests and shot pale darts of virgin light across the purple-blue heaven1 he could see no emblem of truer life coming to his soul nor any sign of silent joy offering itself to his weary heart4 ,and yet the dawn was shining into a little flower-scented chamber1 and striking a sweeter perfume from the silent prayer of its occupant than it could draw even from the fragrant blossoms of the golden lime and the starry pendent clusters of flowering chestnut gathered in the large earthen vases near the window4 ,that prayer was for ,egbert1 but he could not feel it yet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,night again1 summer again1 but a year has passed1 and the ,german student is now an ,english landlord4 ,to-morrow he will assume the duties of his new position2 to-day he received the first-fruits of its honors4 ,the customary rejoicings attendant on a coming of age in ,old ,england had been duly gone through2 there had been banqueting in the hall1 and feasting in the dining-room2 healths had been drunk and speeches had been made1 and every one was supposed to be in a superlative state of happiness4 ,probably every one was--that is1 according to their kind1 and to their capability of enjoyment4 ,egbert alone seemed thoughtful and preoccupied2 his assembled relations thought him reserved and cold2 some said a foreign education could be no good to an ,englishman1 and he would never be popular in the country2 others thought he would marry abroad1 some said he would turn ,roman ,catholic1 and the sporting squires wondered whether he would ride and would subscribe to the hunt4 ,contrary to the expectation of the marriageable young ladies of the neighborhood1 there was no ball included in the programme of the birthday ftes1 and the guests who were not staying at the house all left towards dark1 lighted on their way by the last explosions of the fantastic fireworks that had been introduced as a finale to the rejoicings4 ,after dinner1 ,egbert and his guardian1 the one we alluded to in the beginning of this tale1 sauntered out on the terrace1 talking in a desultory way about the little incidents of the day4 ,you gave us so little time1 my dear boy1 he said presently1 to make your acquaintance over again1 considering the time you have been abroad1 that ,i feel almost as a stranger to you4 ,i should not like ever to be a stranger to you1 replied ,egbert2 but ,i own ,i felt a shrinking from coming here at all1 much more upon such an occasion1 and to meet such people4 ,you have grown fastidious1 ,i am afraid4 ,i have led a very quiet life for the last few years1 and ,i feel much older than ,i am1 and quite different from all the young people1 both men and girls1 ,i have met to-day2 and1 to tell you the truth1 ,i felt shy1 so ,i delayed coming to the last moment4 ,but if you will stay when the house is quiet again1 ,i am sure we shall understand each other4 ,with all my heart1 my dear fellow2 your father was my earliest friend1 and ,i should like his son to be as my own4 ,i am glad you are alone in the world1 ,charles1 if you will allow me that cousinly freedom2 for ,i own ,i should have been scared at a bevy of ladies1 and probably committed some dreadful solecism1 and have got myself ostracized for ever4 ,well1 well2 it will all come in time1 no doubt2 and now tell me all about your life at ,heidelberg4 ,could ,charles ,beran have looked back at that life1 and known what was called back to existence by his careless question1 perhaps he might have asked it less carelessly1 and been less astonished at the effect it produced4 ,his cousin grew pale4 ,my dear boy1 he added hurriedly1 if there is any painful recollection ,i have stirred up without knowing it1 pray forgive me4 ,no1 answered ,egbert slowly1 ,i have no painful recollection in all my life1 not even my father's death 7,beran looked at him anxiously72 for nothing has happened to me without making me sadder and wiser1 that is1 teaching me more and more that ,i know nothing4 ,his companion did not answer4 ,egbert was getting beyond him1 but he pressed his hand to show him that1 whatever he might mean1 he had one to sympathize with1 even if he could not share1 his sorrow4 ,egbert understood the wistful1 loving sign of the old man whose happy disposition most fortunately kept him ignorant of the paths of gloom through which he himself was passing1 and went on to tell him1 in general terms1 of his outward life and habits at ,heidelberg4 ,he made no concealment of his intimacy with the family of his old professor1 but simply and truthfully said that1 on account of her religion1 ,christina1 he felt sure1 could never be his wife4 ,perhaps1 interrupted the old man1 it is better so1 and ,providence meant you to marry an ,english wife1 and think more of your property and your own country4 ,egbert smiled at this innocent pressing of ,providence into the upholding of a mere actional prejudice2 and said1 unconsciously using the endearing phraseology of his adopted language3 ,i knew you would think so1 dear friend2 but do you fancy that1 coming from the feet of an angel1 one would be likely to rush into the arms of a child of earth8 ,my dear fellow1 you have grown too ,german by far6 ,excuse me1 but this will never do for ,england1 you know4 ,i am afraid ,england will not do for me1 ,egbert replied1 laughing2 that is1 if ,england is to mean ,englishmen and ,englishwomen4 ,oh6 you will think differently when you have mixed with them a little2 we really must try and cure you4 ,well1 you can try1 if you like4 ,perhaps we had better go in and begin with the assembled company around that piano1 said the young man1 as he shrugged his shoulders and pointed to a white-robed girl attitudinizing before a splendid instrument1 which1 ,i think1 could it have spoken1 would have begged to be delivered from the attacks of unmusical school-girls on the matrimonial lookout4 ,but every one was tired now1 even school-girls and croquet-playing young gentlemen--and heir-huntresses1 and heiress-hunters1 and diggers after coronets1 and the various other pliers of unhallowed trades--so ,egbert was soon left to himself again1 which with him always meant a long night-ramble in the whispering woods4 ,the ,english beauty of his own unknown possessions was new to him2 it was also sad1 for it was associated with the memory of his father's funeral2 but1 because of its very sadness1 it was the less new1 the more familiar4 ,across the flower-garden1 across the terraced lawn dotted with rare trees from ,rocky ,mountain gorges and ,california valleys1 across the network of gravel paths1 he walked thoughtfully over to where an old ruin stood1 with its mantle of ivy1 shrouding crumbled wall and broken buttress1 climbing over scutcheon and carven doorway1 and flinging its tendrils like falling lace across the tall mullioned windows4 ,this gray ruin had been a house once1 but now it was disused and had fallen into decay4 ,opposite1 only parted from it by a shrubbery1 was the church where ,egbert's father was buried1 and to the left stretched a wide and long quadrangle with walls of coral-berried yew1 and hedges of trailing rose and honeysuckle within1 enclosing a tract of wild1 rank grass1 and little1 nestling1 creeping flowers hidden among the tall tufts4 ,in the centre stood a sun-dial1 lichened over in brown and yellow patches1 catching the moonbeams now1 as if it were a solitary tombstone in a desecrated graveyard4 ,the long shadows from church and ruin stretched themselves across the lonely enclosure2 the sweetbrier gave forth soft perfume that carried on its breath some remembrance of the ,heidelberg limes and chestnuts2 falling twigs made a ghost-like rustling in the tall trees beyond1 and the voice of the night seemed to say to the young man's heart1 ,peace is nigh4 ,egbert wandered on till he came to the sun-dial2 he leaned upon it and looked around4 ,his thoughts were deep and sad1 but something within him seemed changed--he himself knew not what4 ,is it my father's spirit calling me1 or ,christina's heart sending me some heavenly message8 ,is it that ,i am going to die1 or to live and know ,god8 ,such were the flitting thoughts that sped like restless wanderers through his mind1 and all night through1 as he walked backward and forward in the yew quadrangle1 and then by the edge of the beech-shadowed pond1 these same thoughts pursued him1 and shaped themselves to his fancy into the whispering of the ever-quivering leaves and the trembling of the unrestful grass4 ,it was dawn again before he left the grounds1 and he had scarcely been asleep a few hours when a hasty message came to him that a poor woman from the village was asking for him in great distress1 and was sure he would not refuse to see her4 ,it seemed that she came to say her little girl was taken suddenly ill1 and the doctor thought she would not live4 ,egbert had specially noticed this little one1 and played with her during the preceding day1 when the school-children were enjoying their share of the day's delight2 and1 without the slightest hesitation1 he followed the poor mother to her cottage1 where he found a whole nest of children2 some old enough to look sorry and frightened1 some hardly able to do aught else than crow and laugh and give trouble to the elder ones4 ,up-stairs in a poor little garret lay the sick child1 rocked on the knees of its eldest sister1 and looking very pinched and white and mournful4 ,a ,catholic priest was in the room1 and there were a few rude prints and a crucifix on the walls4 ,the little one was very silent1 but the mother said it had asked piteously for the pretty gentleman to bring it some flowers4 ,egbert took its hand and stroked its small1 thin face4 ,the child was not pretty1 but it had that patient1 confiding look that always stirs the heart1 that prematurely yet unconsciously sad expression that is a thousand times more winning and more touching than beauty4 ,for this very reason had ,egbert noticed it the day before1 and asked its name and age with an interest that made all its companions jealous4 ,as he bent down to it1 it said something he could not make out1 and turning to the mother for explanation1 ,she says1 sir1 answered the poor woman1 would you please say a prayer8 ,the young man reddened and looked at the priest4 ,again the child spoke4 ,the priest said to ,egbert3 ,she has a fancy for it4 ,will you not say an ,our ,father for her8 ,he had chosen a prayer on which there could be no controversy1 he thought1 and was surprised when ,egbert1 instead of the ,lord's ,prayer1 began a beautiful and impromptu supplication4 ,for some time he went on1 and the child listened bewildered2 but as he stretched his hand towards her1 and drew her head upon his arm1 she said with a soft1 childish accent1 as if recovering from an unintelligible surprise3 ,no2 say the ,hail ,mary4 ,the priest saw his head suddenly droop1 and his fair hair touch the child's darker locks2 his voice sank1 and sobs came instead of words2 then there was silence4 ,say the ,hail ,mary1 said the child4 ,egbert never raised his head1 but in a broken voice he said the prayer as the little one directed1 and the ,our ,father directly after4 ,but the priest noticed that he said it as ,catholics do1 omitting the superadded words of the ,protestant liturgy4 ,a few moments after1 the child's father came in2 he had been sent for from his work4 ,it was not long before ,god counted another angel in his train1 and the mother one treasure less upon earth4 ,egbert left the cottage with the priest1 promising to send flowers for the little one's coffin1 and to return to see it one more in the evening4 ,he was silent for some minutes1 his companion watching him in appreciative sympathy1 half-guessing the truth1 and giving thanks to ,god for his double accession to his church in one and the same hour4 ,at last the young man said3 ,mr4 ,carey1 you were surprised ,i knew your prayers8 ,i own ,i was1 ,mr4 ,stanway1 but ,i was happy to see you did4 ,i know more than them1 and ,i always thought that1 could ,i make any form of faith my own1 it would be yours4 ,and what you saw this morning has1 ,i think1 induced you to do so8 ,i will tell you the truth1 ,mr4 ,carey4 ,up to this morning ,i could not bring myself to any tangible belief2 at this moment1 thank ,god1 ,i think ,i may venture to say ,i am a ,catholic4 ,my dear ,mr4 ,stanway1 this is indeed happy news4 ,and see the instrument ,god has chosen for your conversion6 ,i have only one more question to ask you4 ,i have studied the ,catholic faith a long time2 ,i may say ,i have loved it long1 and1 now that ,i feel it to be the faith of my understanding as well as of my heart1 may ,i not be received at once8 ,of course1 if you will only come to my house1 and we will have a few moments' conversation4 ,i have no doubt you can be made one of us before to-night4 ,the priest's house was a humble little cottage beyond the village green1 and it had indeed needed all the ,oxford scholar's taste to make its evangelical poverty the type rather of voluntary detachment than of necessary want4 ,here1 in a modest little room1 whose only ornaments were two or three ,dsseldorf prints and a book-case of theological and controversial books uniformly bound1 ,egbert and ,carey sat down for a short time1 that a few questions might satisfy the latter's judgment as to the propriety of at once receiving the new convert4 ,he rose at last1 and pointed to a temporary confessional that stood in one corner4 ,egbert was soon prepared1 and every ceremony was rapidly performed4 ,the priest could not help noticing the look of perfect peace that seemed to be the expression of the young man's predominant frame of mind4 ,as he was still fasting1 ,egbert pleaded hard to be allowed to receive communion directly after baptism1 and1 after a moment's hesitation1 the request was granted4 ,he then paid another visit to the poor cottage where ,god had wrought this marvellous change in him1 and reverently kissed the tiny white forehead of the little angel who had gone before him4 ,and from that hour1 there was not one in the village that would not have died for the dear1 kind gentleman that never said one hard word to a poor man4 ,that day was remembered long years after1 when the children of the girl he had seen nursing her little sick sister followed his own honored remains to their last earthly abode1 and when another and a less kind master had come to reign over ,stanway ,hall4 ,meanwhile1 in the great dining-room where the guests were assembled for breakfast1 conjectures were rife about the absent host1 and laughing questions were put about his idleness on his too-romantic morning wanderings1 until ,mr4 ,beran1 who also came in rather late1 dispelled the whole mystery by an explanation consisting of one word1 itself a mystery to many there present--business2 and a courteous apology from ,egbert1 who hoped his friends would consider ,mr4 ,beran as his delegate for the house4 ,a few portly matrons and unmusical school-girls looked rather black at this substitution2 but against fate what avails impatience8 and against ,beran1 what availed black looks8 ,but when at luncheon ,egbert did not appear1 and when at dinner he came in with a saddened1 grave demeanor1 the discontented ones thought it really was time to throw up the game and go to other and more tempting hunting-grounds4 ,so the party broke up the next day1 and ,egbert and his ,cousin ,charles were free again4 ,the old man was soon made acquainted with what had taken place1 and two days after both he and the young lord of the hall followed the little child's funeral to the ,catholic cemetery4 ,but ,egbert's heart was not yet satisfied4 ,heidelberg's memories were with him night and day1 and it was not many weeks before he started for his ,german home with his new ,english friend as companion4 ,he had not cared to trust his precious news to the slender certainty of foreign posts4 ,he wanted to see the very first glimmering of the expression he knew it would call forth on one ever-dreamt-of face1 and the journey was to him a ceaseless preparation for a joy that would come suddenly after all4 ,leaving ,beran at the ,golden ,kranz-,hof1 he walked through the darkling streets1 past the silent platz1 up to the old house he knew and loved so well4 ,he never rang1 for the door was open1 and the next moment he stood in the organ-room4 ,it was empty--so was the next apartment4 ,a fear came over him1 and he covered his face with his hands4 ,presently the door opened1 and ,herr ,lebnach came in1 looking aged and haggard4 ,there was no surprise on his face as he saw his pupil and friend4 ,i knew thou wouldst come1 he said simply4 ,is she-- began ,egbert1 fearing to shape his dread in words4 ,no2 come to her4 ,she has asked for thee4 ,didst thou not get my letter8 ,letter6 ,no1 ,i came of my own accord4 ,god be thanked6 she will be so happy6 ,and this was his welcome6 this the home he had been journeying to6 ,christina was lying in a small iron bed by the window1 a vase of golden-lime blossoms on the table near her1 and a prayer-book beside it4 ,her hands were clasped carelessly on her knees1 and her head propped up very high with pillows4 ,egbert took her white1 cold fingers in his1 and knelt down by the bed4 ,she only said his name--it was the first time she had ever done so4 ,christina1 he said at length1 ,i came to tell you something4 ,your faith is mine now4 ,a faint cry1 and a pale1 momentary flush1 and then a long look in silence4 ,my ,god1 ,i thank thee6 ,my prayer is answered6 ,so she spoke after a few minutes4 ,and ,i came to ask you something also1 continued ,egbert4 ,do you love me as ,i always hoped you did8 ,egbert1 she answered solemnly1 ,i loved you from the first time ,i saw you2 but1 when ,i found you did not love and know the dear ,god1 ,i offered my life to him for your conversion1 and he has answered me4 ,egbert told her briefly the circumstances that had occurred4 ,a few days passed1 and one evening1 when the red sunset was firing the casement1 and her father1 her lover1 and ,charles ,beran1 were around her1 she suddenly said1 taking the two former by the hand3 ,god is calling me--do not forget me4 ,your blessing1 dearest father6 ,o ,egbert6 ,and so died ,egbert's first and only love4 ,strangers often asked1 when they came to see the beautiful ,catholic ,church adjoining ,stanway ,hall why it was dedicated to the virgin martyr ,st4 ,christina4 ,,the ,,scepticism ,,of ,,the ,,age4 ,the strong current of scepticism which set in during the eighteenth century extends into the nineteenth4 ,among the lower strata of society1 among the dwellings of the poor--long the last refuge of religion--and especially among the factories and workshops1 this scepticism has made various inroads on the ancient foundations of faith4 ,by the sulphurous glare of the ominous flashes which momentarily relieve the clouded ,european horizon1 we often catch glimpses of the horrors that are steadily accumulating in the lowest social depths4 ,a powerful ,christian current1 whose volume has as usual increased with persecution1 runs evidently by the side of this scepticism1 but the latter1 nevertheless1 preponderates1 and it is therefore not surprising that the barometric mean of our civilization should be such a low one4 ,the frivolous scepticism of the ,voltairean school1 now almost extinct in the ,french army1 still survives among a majority of the political and military leaders of the other ,latin nations1 as1 for instance1 in ,spain and ,piedmont4 ,for this reason the noble ,spanish people1 in spite of their hereditary virtues and high spirit1 are still accursed with mediocre party leaders1 while statesmen like the pious and chivalrous ,valdegamas are only too rare4 ,in ,piedmont1 unbelief1 leagued with ,italian cunning and rapacity1 has during the last years borne blossoms which may well make us blush for our boasted civilization4 ,the proclamation of ,cialdini and ,pinelli 7one of which calls the ,pope a clerical vampire and vicegerent of ,satan71 observed ,nicotera1 speaking in the ,national ,assembly of the conduct of these generals in ,naples and ,sicily1 would disgrace a ,gengis-,khan and an ,attila6 ,such acts1 exclaimed ,aversano1 alluding to the same subject in the ,italian ,parliament1 must disgrace the whole nation in the eyes of the world6 ,it is literally true1 said ,lapena1 ,president of the ,assizes at ,santa ,maria1 that in this second half of the nineteenth century a horde of cannibals exists in our beautiful ,italy6 ,other nations may perhaps thank ,god with the ,pharisee in ,scripture that they are not like the ,italians4 ,but if they have not gone to the length of fusillading defenceless priests 7the case of ,gennaro d',orso1 ,gazette du ,midi1 ,february #a1 #ahfa7--;if they have never trodden under foot the crucifix--if their mercenaries have never raised blasphemous hands against the consecrated ,host 7,giornale di ,roma1 ,january #bd1 #ahfa7--;in short1 if other ,european nations have not yet been guilty of such atrocities as the ,italians1 very few have much cause to pride themselves upon their godliness and piety4 ,even in ,germany1 the fanaticism of infidelity has brought men close to the boundary-line which divides a false civilization from barbarism1 and in some cases this line has already been crossed4 ,at ,mannheim the cry1 ,kill the priests1 and throw them into the ,rhine6 was raised in #ahfe4 ,in many parts of ,southern ,germany1 the members of certain religious orders have been grossly ill-treated by an ignorant and brutal populace4 ,it is but too true1 says the ,archbishop of ,freiburg1 in his pastoral of ,may #g1 #ahfh1 that the servants of the church are often exposed to insult and violence4 ,ascending from the levels of ordinary life into the higher regions of civilization1 science1 and art1 we discover that the scepticism of the last century has made more progress among our philosophers and poets4 ,it is especially among the former that this scepticism seems to have gained ground1 for materialism ranks lower in the scale of intelligence than the deification of the human mind4 ,this return to the atomic theory of ,epicurus is calculated rather to stupefy than to enlighten1 for ,humboldt remarks that a multiplicity of elementary principles is not to be met with even among the savages4 ,materialism is utterly incapable of elevating the heart1 and destroys therefore a branch of civilization quite as essential as intellectual culture itself4 ,where all this tends to1 how it brutalizes man and degrades him below the animal1 how it obliterates every distinction between good and evil1 how it robs our accountability of all meaning1 how it makes the savage state with its attendant ignorance and barbarism our normal condition1 has been forcibly pointed out in ,haeffner's admirable treatise on ,the ,results of ,materialism4 ,the materialist1 says ,haeffner1 virtually tells man3 ,you are wrong to set yourself in aristocratic pride over the other brutes2 you are wrong to claim descent from a nobler race than the myriads of worms and grains of sand that lie at your feet2 you are wrong to build your dwelling above the stalls of the animals3 descend1 therefore1 from your grand height1 and embrace the cattle in the fields1 greet the trees and grasses as equals1 and extend your hand in fellowship to the dust whose kindred you are4 ,as in modern philosophy1 so the scepticism of the preceding century is equally manifest in modern poetry4 ,no department of human activity1 observes a profound thinker of the present day1 is so feeble and occupies so low a moral standpoint as poetry1 through which all the demoralization of the eighteenth century has been transmitted4 ,it is a sort of confessional1 from which we publish to the world our own effeminacy and degradation--not to regret and repent1 but to defend and make parade of them4 ,what we feel ashamed to say in simple prose1 we proclaim boldly and complacently in rhyme4 ,if a poet soars now and then to virtue1 it is generally only virtue in the ancient heathen sense4 ,hence it comes that1 when a political storm impends in the sultry atmosphere of the ,old ,world1 the night-birds and owls of anarchy fill the air with their cries4 ,in times of peace they luxuriate in our modern political economism with the law of demand and supply1 by whose agency human labor has been reduced to a mere commodity4 ,in literature they preach the evangel of materialism under the flimsy guise of so-called popularized science1 and even the school has been perverted into an institution whose sole object seems to be to supply labor for the white slave mart4 ,those who desire to behold the fruits which spring from this unchristian culture of material interests should go to ,england for an illustration4 ,though the ,anglican sect is the state religion1 infidelity has made nowhere greater progress than in that country4 ,its principal church1 ,st4 ,paul's1 ,london1 gives no evidences of ,christianity4 ,the interior does not address itself like ,paul to the ,areopagus1 but like the ,areopagus to ,paul1 for it inculcates an unadulterated heathenism4 ,the first monument that arrests the attention of the visitor is dedicated to the pagan ,fama1 who consoles ,britannia for the loss of her heroic sons4 ,the next monument belongs to the heathen goddess of ,victory1 who crowns a ,pasenby2 while a ,minerva calls the attention of budding warriors to ,la ,marchand's death at ,salamanca4 ,then come a ,neptune with open arms1 ,egyptian sphinxes1 the ,east ,india ,company seal4 ,when the principal religious edifice of a nation is thus turned into a heathen temple1 the people themselves must become heathenized1 and this we find to be so here4 ,in ,liverpool #dj1 in ,manchester #ea1 in ,lambeth #fa1 in ,sheffield #fb per cent4 profess no religion at all4 ,so says the ,london ,times of ,may #d1 #ahfj4 ,in the city of ,london thousands and tens of thousands know no more of ,christianity than the veriest pagans4 ,in the parish of ,st4 ,clement ,danes1 on the ,strand1 the rector discovered an irreligiousness incredible to believe 7,quarterly ,review1 ,april1 #ahfa74 ,for generations hundreds and thousands of coal miners have lived in utter ignorance of such a book as the ,bible4 ,in answer to the question whether he had ever heard of ,jesus ,christ1 one of them replied3 ,no1 for ,i have never worked in any of his mines4 ,innumerable facts attest that civilization retrogrades in a ratio with this deplorable religious ignorance4 ,among all the states of ,europe1 remarked ,fox in the ,house of ,commons 7,feb4 #bf1 #ahej71 ,england is the one where education has been most neglected4 ,the justice of this observation is fully sustained by the report presented in ,may of the same year by the board of school trustees of ,lancashire3 ,nearly half the people of this great nation1 say they1 can neither read nor write1 and a large part of the remainder possesses only the most indispensable education4 ,out of #aa1ghb children1 #e1hje could barely spell1 and only #b1jbf could read with fluency4 ,out of #ad1jjj teachers1 male and female1 #g1jjj were found grossly incompetent for their positions4 ,among the troops sent to the ,crimea1 no more than one soldier in every five was able to write a letter home4 ,a glance at a few statistics will clearly show that moral deterioration keeps even pace with the intellectual4 ,from #ahaj to #ahcg1 the number of criminals has annually increased1 in certain districts1 from #hi to #c1aag2 from #ahcf to #ahdc1 the average number of persons arrested each year in the manufacturing districts of ,york and ,lancaster increased over #ajj per cent41 and the number of murderers #hi per cent42 from #ahdf to #ahej1 the number of criminals in the ,dorset district increased from #gbf to #a1cjj1 giving1 in a population of #aae1jjj souls1 #a criminal to every #fj individuals4 ,in ,london1 the number of persons arrested in #ahef amounted to #gc1bfj1 whence it appears that about #a inhabitant in every #dj passes through the hands of the police4 ,of the #bjj1jjj criminal offences tried each year before the ,english tribunals1 one-tenth part are committed by children1 and #ej1jjj by persons less than twenty years of age4 ,in ,london alone1 #ag1jjj minors are yearly tried1 which is #a inhabitant in every #age2 whereas the ratio for ,paris is only #a inhabitant in every #djj4 ,mayhew computes that #db1jjj are stolen during the year in the metropolis2 and the ,london ,examiner lately deplored that there should be less danger in crossing the great desert than in passing through some of the more remote suburbs of ,london at night4 ,the story of a ,professor ,fagin1 who gave private lessons in stealing1 has often been regarded as a canard2 but we read1 in the ,morning ,chronicle1 an advertisement in which one ,professor ,harris announces a similar course of instruction1 and even promises his pupils to take them1 for practice1 to the theatres and other places of public resort4 ,among these startling fruits of ,british civilization must be included the #bh cases of polygamy which occurred in ,london in a single twelvemonth2 the #ab1ggj illegitimate children born1 during #ahef1 in the workhouses alone2 the children market1 held openly in a ,london street every ,wednesday and ,thursday1 between the hours of six and seven1 where parents exhibit their offspring for sale1 or hire them out for infamous purposes4 ,such being the condition of an overwhelming majority of the people1 it is no longer difficult to credit the existence of the new race which is now said to be growing up in ,england--a race whose civilization ,dr4 ,shaw contrasts1 rather disparagingly1 with that of the ,african and the ,indian4 ,after a careful investigation1 says ,dr4 ,shaw1 ,i have been forced to arrive at the conclusion that1 while the moral1 physical1 intellectual1 and educational status of the lowest ,english classes is about on the same level with that of the savage1 they rank even below him in morals and customs4 ,and what has ,england1 politically considered1 done for the cause of civilization since cotton achieved its great triumph over corn8 ,as one of the great powers of the ,christian world1 she has virtually abdicated4 ,for national right and justice1 for really oppressed nationalities1 she has long ceased to upraise her voice or her arm4 ,it is only when some ,manchester cotton-lord suffers an injury in his pocket that her fleets threaten a bombardment4 ,she is an asylum for the refuse of all nations1 and freely permits the torch of the incendiary to be cast into the dwellings of her neighbors4 ,her literature1 philosophy1 religion1 as well as her industry1 trade1 and diplomacy1 are intended to hand the nations completely over to materialism4 ,wherever ,england's policy predominates1 there virtue and simplicity1 happiness and peace1 disappear from the earth1 and out of the ruins rises an arrogant and inordinate craving for the goods of this world4 ,british influence has destroyed ,portugal1 weakened ,spain1 distracted ,italy1 and impaired the moral prestige of ,france4 ,her religious apathy encourages a degrading heathenism4 ,britain's political economy has inaugurated in ,europe not only a serfdom of labor1 but a serfdom of mind4 ,the ,scotchman1 ,ferguson1 predicted that thought would become a trade1 and ,lasalle remarks that it has already become one in the hands of most ,english scholars4 ,and these are the results of our much-vaunted civilization6 ,the pernicious example set by ,england in philosophy1 poetry1 and letters has unfortunately found but too many imitators on the ,continent of ,europe and elsewhere4 ,our literature is at present in the same condition in which it was in the days of ,sophists and ,greek decadence4 ,when ,god desires to punish a civilized people--remarked some years ago an eloquent ,french pulpit orator--he visits them with such a swarm of unbelieving scholars as the clouds of locusts which he inflicted upon ancient ,egypt4 ,men of perverse heads and corrupted hearts generate1 in centuries which are called enlightened1 a darkness upon which the goddess ,genius of ,knowledge sheds uncertain flashes1 resembling the lightning which relieves the evening sky on the approach of a storm3 ,the ,sophists of ancient ,greece were such heralds of impending wrath and desolation1 and this class of men closely resemble the majority of our modern literati4 ,if we compare the atheistic1 material tendencies of a ,protagoras1 ,antiphon1 or nopides with our present progressive science2 if we recall the time when ,prodikus or ,critias1 in their efforts to destroy the religion of ,greece1 represented it as an invention of selfishness or of the ancient lawgivers2 if ,hippias offered himself to lecture on every conceivable subject1 just as prominent writers now undertake to discuss all topics2 if the latter again cloak their designs under the same phraseology2 in short1 when all this is once more re-enacted1 then the parallel between that age and our own will be found almost perfect4 ,the same class of scholars flourished in both eras2 in both they claimed to be the high-priests of truth1 although they are no more entitled to this honor than those whom ,lucian describes leading the ,syrian goddess on asses about the land4 ,we live1 in fact1 in the days of a declining civilization1 and nothing but a speedy return to the cardinal principles of ,christianity can save us from relapsing into barbarism4 ,,mater ,,christi4 ,mother of ,christ--then mother of us all3 ,mother of ,god made man1 of man made ,god3#ig ,the thornless garden1 the immaculate sod1 ,whence sprang the ,adam that reversed the fall4 ,mother of ,christ the ,body ,mystical2 ,of us the members1 as of him the ,head3 ,of him our life1 the first-born from the dead2#ih ,of us baptized into his burial4#ii ,yes1 ,mother1 we were truly born of thee ,on ,calvary's second ,eden--thou its ,eve3 ,thy dolors were our birth-pangs by the tree ,whereon the second ,adam died to live-- ,to live in us1 thy promised seed to be1 ,who then his death-wound to the snake didst give4 ,,footnotes3 #ig ,god became man that man might become ,god4--,st4 ,augustine4 #ih ,col4 i4 #ah4 #ii ,rom4 vi4 #d4 ,,our ,,lady ,,of ,,lourdes4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,henri ,,lasserre4 ,,part ,,vii4 ,i4 ,the clergy still kept away from the grotto and aloof from all share in the movement4 ,the orders of ,mgr4 ,laurence were strictly observed throughout the diocese4 ,the people1 cruelly harassed by the persecuting measures of the administration1 turned with anxiety toward the authority charged by ,god with the conduct and defence of the faithful4 ,they expected to see the bishop protest energetically against the violence offered to their religious liberty4 ,a vain hope6 ,his lordship kept absolutely silent1 and let the prefect have everything his own way4 ,shortly afterward1 ,m4 ,massy caused to be circulated in print a report that he acted according to agreement with the ecclesiastical authority2 then astonishment became general1 for the bishop did not publish a line in contradiction4 ,the heart of the people was troubled4 ,hitherto the ardent faith of the multitude had been at a loss to explain the extreme cautiousness of the clergy4 ,at the present juncture1 after so many proofs of the reality of the apparitions1 the springing up of the fountain1 and so many cures and miracles1 this excessive reserve of the bishop during the persecution of the civil power seemed to them like a defection4 ,neither respect for his private character nor even his office could restrain the popular murmurs4 ,why not pronounce upon the matter1 now that the elements of certainty were flowing in from all quarters8 ,why not1 at least1 order some inquiry or examination to guide the faith of all8 ,were not events which might suffice to overthrow the civil power and raise a sedition worth the attention of the bishop8 ,did not the prelate's silence justify the prefect in acting as he did8 ,if the apparition were false1 ought not the bishop to have warned the faithful and nipped error in the bud8 ,if1 on the other hand1 it were true1 ought he not to have set his face against this persecution of believers1 and courageously defended the work of ,god against the malice of men8 ,would not a mere sign from the bishop1 even an examination1 have stopped the prefect from entering upon his course of persecution8 ,were the priests and the bishop deaf to all the demands for recognition which came from the foot of this rock1 ever to be celebrated as the place where the ,mother of our crucified ,god had set her virginal foot8 ,had the letter succeeded in killing the spirit1 as among the priests and ,pharisees of the ,gospel1 so that they were blind to the most striking miracles8 ,were they so occupied with the administration of church affairs1 so absorbed by their clerical functions1 that the almighty hand of ,god outside the temple was for them an affair of little account8 ,was this time of miracles and persecution a proper season for the bishop to take the last place1 as in processions8 ,such was the clamor that arose and daily swelled from the crowd4 ,the clergy were accused of indifference or hostility1 the bishop of weakness and timidity4 ,led by events and the natural bent of the human heart1 this vast movement of men and ideas1 so essentially religious in spirit1 threatened to become opposed to the clergy4 ,the multitude1 so full of faith in the ,trinity and the ,blessed ,virgin1 seemed about to go where the divine power was plainly manifest1 and to desert the sanctuary1 where1 under the priestly vestment1 the weaknesses of men are too often to be found4 ,nevertheless1 ,mgr4 ,laurence continued immovable in his attitude of reserve4 ,what was the reason that made the prelate resist the popular voice1 so often taken for the voice of ,heaven8 ,was it divine prudence8 ,was it human prudence8 ,was it shrewdness8 ,or was it mere weakness8 ,,ii4 ,it is not always so easy to believe1 and in spite of the striking proof1 ,mgr4 ,laurence still retained some doubts1 and hesitated to act4 ,his well-instructed faith was not as quick as the faith of the simple4 ,god1 who shows himself1 so to speak1 to souls who cannot pursue human studies1 is often pleased to impose a long and patient search upon cultivated and informed minds who are able to arrive at truth by the way of labor1 examination1 and reflection4 ,even as the ,apostle ,st4 ,thomas refused to believe the testimony of the disciples and the holy women1 so ,mgr4 ,laurence desired to see with his own eyes and touch with his own hands4 ,exact1 and far more inclined to the practical than to the ideal1 by nature distrustful of popular exaggeration1 the prelate belonged to that class who are chilled by the passionate sentiments of others1 and who readily suspect self-deception in anything like emotion or enthusiasm4 ,although at times he was startled by such extraordinary events1 he so feared to attribute them rashly to the supernatural that he might have put off his acknowledgment of their true source until it was too late1 were it not that his natural bent had been well tempered by the grace of ,god4 ,not only did ,mgr4 ,laurence hesitate to pronounce judgment1 but he could not even make up his mind to order an official inquiry4 ,as a ,catholic bishop penetrated with the external dignity of the church1 he feared to compromise it by engaging prematurely to examine facts of which he himself had insufficient personal knowledge1 and which1 after all1 might have no better foundation than the dreams of a little peasant and the illusions of poor fanatical souls4 ,of course the bishop never had counselled the measures taken by the civil power1 and warmly disapproved them4 ,but1 since the wrong had been committed1 was it not prudent to draw from it an accidental good8 ,was it not well--if1 perchance1 there were some error in the popular stories and belief--to abandon the pretended miracle1 and allow it to sustain single-handed the hostile examinations and persecution of ,m4 ,massy1 the free-thinkers1 and scientists leagued together against superstition8 ,was it not proper to wait1 and not to hasten a conflict with the civil power which might prove entirely unnecessary8 ,the bishop privately answered after this manner all who pressed him to interfere3 ,i deplore as much as you the measures which have been taken2 but ,i have no charge of the police1 ,i have not been consulted with regard to their proceedings1 what then can ,i do8 ,let everybody answer for his own acts4444 ,i have had nothing to do with the action of the civil power in reference to the grotto2 and ,i am glad of it4 ,by-and-by the ecclesiastical authority will see if it is necessary to move4 ,in this spirit of prudence and expectation1 the bishop ordered his clergy to preach calmness and quiet to the people1 and to employ all means to make them submit to the prohibitions of the prefect4 ,to avoid all disturbance1 not to create any new difficulties1 and even to favor1 out of respect for the principle of authority1 the measures adopted in the name of government1 and to let events take their course1 seemed to the bishop by far the wisest plan4 ,such were the thoughts of ,mgr4 ,laurence1 as is manifest from his correspondence about this time4 ,such were the considerations which determined his position and inspired his conduct4 ,perhaps1 if he had possessed the strong faith of the multitude1 he would have reasoned otherwise4 ,but it was well that he reasoned and acted as he did4 ,because1 if ,mgr4 ,laurence1 with the prudence becoming a bishop1 looked from the standpoint of possible error1 ,god with infinite wisdom saw the certainty of his own acts and the truth of his work4 ,god willed that his work should undergo the test of time1 and should affirm itself by surmounting without human aid the trials of persecution4 ,if the bishop had from the start believed in the apparitions and miracles1 could he have refrained from a generous outburst of apostolic zeal and energetic interference in behalf of his persecuted flock8 ,if he really had believed that the ,mother of ,god had appeared in his diocese1 healing the sick and demanding a temple in her honor1 could he have balanced against the will of heaven the pitiful opposition of a ,massy1 a ,jacomet1 or a ,rouland8 ,certainly not4 ,with what an ardent faith he would have set himself with mitred brow and cross in hand against the civil power1 as ,st4 ,ambrose of old met the emperor at the church-door of ,milan6 ,openly and at the head of his flock1 he would have gone without fear to drink at the miraculous fountain1 to kneel in the place sanctified by the footsteps of the ,blessed ,virgin1 and to lay the corner-stone of a magnificent temple in honor of ,mary ,immaculate4 ,but in thus defending the work of ,god at that time1 the prelate would have infallibly weakened it in the future4 ,the support which he gave it at the start would hereafter render it suspected as emanating from man and not from ,god4 ,the more that the bishop kept aloof from the movement1 the more rebellious or even hostile he may be showed to have been to the popular faith1 so much the more clearly is the supernatural manifested by its triumph1 singly and in virtue of its truth1 over the hatred or neglect of all that bears the name of power4 ,providence resolved that so it should be1 and that the great apparition of the ,blessed ,virgin in the nineteenth century should pass through trials1 as did ,christianity1 from its very birth4 ,he wished that universal faith should commence among the poor and humble1 in the same way as1 in the kingdom of heaven1 the first were last and the last first4 ,it was then necessary1 according to the divine plan1 that the bishop1 far from taking the initiative1 should hesitate the longest1 and finally yield last of all to the irresistible evidence of facts4 ,see how1 in his secret designs1 he had placed at ,tarbes on its episcopal throne the eminent and reserved man whose portrait we have just sketched4 ,see how he had kept ,mgr4 ,laurence from putting faith in the apparition1 and maintained him in doubt in spite of the most striking facts4 ,thus1 he confirmed in the prelate that spirit of prudence which he had bestowed upon him1 and left to his episcopal wisdom that character of long hesitation and extreme mildness which1 in the midst of their excitement1 the people could not comprehend1 but whose providential usefulness and admirable results the future was about to manifest to the eyes of all4 ,the people had the virtue of faith1 but in their ardor they wished to force the clergy into premature interference4 ,the bishop possessed the virtue of prudence1 but his eyes were not yet opened to the supernatural events which were taking place in the sight of all4 ,complete wisdom and the just measure of all things were then as ever in the mind of ,god alone1 who directed them toward the end and made use both of the ardor of the people and the prelate4 ,he willed that his church1 represented by the bishop1 should abstain from taking an active part1 and keep out of the struggle until the supreme moment1 when she was to step forward as the final arbiter in the debate and proclaim the truth4 ,,iii4 ,less calm and less patient than the bishop by their very nature1 and now carried away by enthusiasm at sight of the miraculous cures which took place daily1 the people could not bear themselves so indifferently toward the measures of the administration4 ,the more intrepid1 braving the tribunals and their fines1 broke through the barriers1 and1 flinging their names to the guards1 went to pray before the grotto4 ,among these same guards many shared the faith of the crowd1 and commenced their watch by kneeling at the entrance to the venerable spot4 ,placed between the morsel of bread which their humble employment procured and the repulsive duty which was demanded by it1 these poor men1 in their prayer to the ,mother of the weak and needy1 cast all the responsibility upon the authority which controlled their acts4 ,nevertheless1 they strictly fulfilled their duty and reported all the delinquents4 ,although the impetuous zeal of many believers caused them to expose themselves willingly in order to invoke the ,blessed ,virgin in the place of her apparition1 nevertheless the jurisprudence of ,m4 ,duprat1 whose fine of five francs could be raised1 as we have explained1 to enormous sums1 was sufficient to terrify the great mass4 ,for most of them1 such a condemnation would have been utter ruin4 ,and yet a great number endeavored to escape the rigorous surveillance of the police4 ,sometimes the faithful1 respecting the barriers where the guards were stationed1 came to the grotto by secret paths4 ,one of the number watched and gave notice of the approach of the police by an appointed signal4 ,it was with the utmost difficulty that the sick could be transported to the miraculous fountain4 ,the authorities1 being notified of these infractions1 doubled the number of sentries and intercepted all the paths4 ,still1 many swam across the ,gave to kneel before the grotto and drink at the holy fountain4 ,night favored such infractions1 and they multiplied continually in spite of the vigilance of the police4 ,the influence of the clergy was greatly lessened and almost compromised on account of the reasons which we have set forth4 ,in spite of the efforts which they made to carry out the orders of the bishop1 the priests were powerless to calm the general agitation or to cause their flock to respect the arbitrary measures of the civil power4 ,we ought to respect only that which is respectable1 such was the revolutionary motto which everywhere found echo4 ,the personal ascendency of the cur of ,lourdes1 who was so universally loved and venerated1 began to give way before popular irritation4 ,order was threatened by the very means that were taken to maintain it4 ,the people1 wounded in their most cherished beliefs1 wavered between violence and submission4 ,while on one hand petitions to the emperor were signed in all parts demanding the withdrawal of the orders of the prefect in the name of liberty of conscience1 on the other hand the planks which closed the grotto were several times torn off during the night and thrown into the ,gave4 ,jacomet vainly strove to find out these believers1 so wanting in respect for the civil power as to abandon themselves without shame to a crime hitherto unknown to our laws1 nocturnal prayer with trespass and breach of enclosure4 ,sometimes they prostrated themselves at the stakes which formed the boundary of the forbidden ground--a mute protest against the measures of the government1 and a mute appeal to ,almighty ,god4 ,on the day which saw the sentence of the tribunal of ,lourdes set aside by the court of ,pau with reference to several women who were prosecuted for innocent conversation about the grotto1 and two others who were acquitted1 then an enormous crowd gathered around the stakes1 they shouted victory1 and passed the barriers in compact masses without a word in answer to the cries and efforts of the police4 ,the latter1 disconcerted by the recent check at ,pau and overpowered by the multitude1 gave way and let the torrent pass4 ,the following day orders and remonstrances from the prefect came to comfort them and to prescribe a stricter watch4 ,the force was increased4 ,threats of dismissal were bruited by the agent of the government1 and vigilance redoubled4 ,sinister reports of imprisonment absolutely false1 but cleverly circulated1 were readily accepted by the multitude4 ,the real penalties not being sufficient1 it was necessary to resort to imaginary ones in order to make a stronger impression on the souls of the faithful4 ,by such means they succeeded in hindering for a time any renewal of the open infractions of the law4 ,occasionally1 unfortunate victims of blindness or palsy from a distance1 who had been abandoned by the physicians and whose ills ,god alone knew how to cure1 would come to the mayor and entreat him with clasped hands to give their lives one last chance at the miraculous spring4 ,the mayor was inflexible1 showing in his execution of the prefect's orders that energy of detail by which feeble natures so often deceive themselves4 ,he refused in the name of the superior authority the desired permission4 ,the greater number then went along the right bank of the ,gave to a point opposite the grotto4 ,here on certain days an immense throng collected1 beyond the reach of the prefectoral power2 for the land belonged to private parties1 who believed that the benediction of ,heaven would fall upon the footprints of the pilgrims1 and gladly permitted them to kneel upon their land1 and to pray with eyes turned toward the place of the apparition and the miraculous fountain4 ,about this time1 ,bernadette fell sick1 affected by her asthma and also fatigued by the number of visitors who wished to see and speak with her4 ,in hopes of quieting souls by removing every cause of agitation1 the bishop availed himself of this circumstance to advise ,bernadette's parents to send her to the baths of ,cauterets1 which are not far from ,lourdes4 ,it would serve to withdraw her from those conversations and inquiries which served to increase popular emotion4 ,the ,soubirous1 alarmed at her state1 and observing the bad effect of these continual visits1 confided ,bernadette to one of her aunts who was about to go to ,cauterets1 and who undertook the care and expenses of her little niece4 ,the cost of such a visit is considerably less at that time of the year than any other1 as the baths are almost deserted4 ,the rich and privileged come later in the season4 ,here1 as an invalid seeking repose and quiet1 ,bernadette used the waters for two or three weeks4 ,,iv4 ,as the month of ,june draws to a close1 the fashionable watering season begins in the ,pyrenees4 ,bernadette returned to her home at ,lourdes4 ,and now1 tourists1 bathers1 travellers1 and scientific men from a thousand different parts of ,europe began to arrive at the various thermal stations4 ,the rugged mountains1 so wild and lonely during the rest of the year1 were peopled with a throng of visitors belonging for the most part to the higher social class of the great cities4 ,by the close of ,july1 the ,pyrenees became suburbs of ,paris1 ,london1 ,rome1 and ,berlin4 ,frenchmen and foreigners met in the dining-halls1 jostled one another in the salons1 rambled among the mountain-paths1 or rode in every direction1 along the streams1 over the ridges1 or through the flowery and shaded valleys4 ,ministers worn out by labor1 deputies and senators fatigued by too much listening or speaking1 bankers1 politicians1 merchants1 ecclesiastics1 magistrates1 writers1 and people of the world1 all came to provide for their health1 not only at the famous springs1 but in the pure and bracing mountain air1 which gives energy to the pulse and fills the mind with vigor and activity4 ,this motley society represented all beliefs and disbeliefs1 all the philosophic systems1 and all the opinions under the sun4 ,it was a microcosm4 ,it was an abridged edition of ,europe--that ,europe which ,providence thus wished to place in presence of his supernatural works4 ,nevertheless1 as of old in ,bethlehem he showed himself to the shepherds before his manifestation to the ,magian kings2 so at ,lourdes he first called the humble and the poor to behold his wonders1 and only after them the princes of wealth1 intelligence1 and art4 ,from ,cauterets1 from ,barges1 from ,luz1 from ,st4 ,sauveur1 strangers hastened to ,lourdes4 ,the city was filled with rattling coaches1 drawn1 according to the custom of the country1 by four powerful horses1 whose harness and trappings are of many colors and adorned with strings of little bells4 ,the greater proportion of the pilgrims paid no attention to the barriers4 ,they braved the law and went into the grotto1 some out of motives of faith1 and others led by mere curiosity4 ,bernadette received innumerable visits4 ,everybody wished to see and could see the persons who had been miraculously cured4 ,in the salons at the baths1 the events which we have recounted formed the universal topic of conversation4 ,little by little1 public opinion began to be formed1 no longer the opinion of an insignificant nook at the foot of the ,pyrenees1 and extending only from ,bayonne to ,toulouse or ,foix1 but the opinion of ,france and ,europe1 now represented among the mountains by visitors of all classes1 of every intellectual shade1 and from every place4 ,the violent measures of ,baron ,massy1 which vexed curiosity as much as piety1 were highly censured by all4 ,some said that they were illegal1 others that they were misplaced1 but all agreed that they were utterly inadequate to suppressing the prodigious movement of which the grotto and the miraculous spring were the centre4 ,the evidences of this total inefficiency drew upon the prefect severe criticism from those who shared his horror of the supernatural1 and who at the start would have loudly applauded his policy4 ,men in general1 and free-thinkers in particular1 judge the acts of government rather by their results than by philosophic principles4 ,success is the most certain means of winning their approval2 failure1 a twofold misfortune1 since universal blame is added to the humiliation of defeat4 ,m4 ,massy was subject to this double mishap4 ,there were circumstances1 however1 which put the zeal of the police and even the official courage of ,m4 ,jacomet to a rude test4 ,illustrious personages violated the enclosure4 ,what was to be done in such embarrassing cases8 ,once they suddenly halted a stranger1 of strongly marked and powerful features1 who passed the stakes with the manifest intention of going to the ,massabielle rocks4 ,you can't pass here1 sir4 ,you will soon see whether ,i can or cannot pass1 answered the stranger1 without for a moment arresting his progress towards the place of the apparition4 ,your name8 ,i will enter a complaint against you4 ,my name is ,louis ,veuillot1 replied the stranger4 ,while the process was being drawn up against the celebrated writer1 a lady crossed the limits a short distance behind him1 and went to kneel before the planks that shut up the grotto4 ,through the cracks of the palisade she watched the bubbling miraculous spring and prayed4 ,what was she asking of ,god8 ,was her prayer directed towards the past or the future8 ,was it for herself or others1 whose destiny had been confided to her8 ,did she ask the blessing of ,heaven for one person or for a family8 ,never mind6 ,this lady did not escape the watchful eyes of him who represented at once the prefectoral policy1 the magistracy1 and the police4 ,argus quitted ,m4 ,veuillot1 and rushed towards the kneeling figure4 ,madame1 said he1 it is not permitted to pray here4 ,you are caught in open violation of the law2 you will have to answer for it before the police court4 ,your name8 ,certainly1 replied the lady2 ,i am ,madame l',amirale ,bruat1 governess to his highness the ,prince ,imperial4 ,the terrible ,jacomet had1 above all things1 a respect for the social hierarchy and the powers that be4 ,he did not pursue the procs-verbal4 ,such scenes were often renewed4 ,certain of the procs-verbaux frightened the agents1 and may possibly have frightened the prefect himself4 ,a deplorable state of things3 his orders were violated with impunity by the powerful1 and cruelly maintained at the expense of the weak4 ,he had two sets of weights and measures4 ,v4 ,the question raised by the various supernatural occurrences1 by the apparitions--true or false--of the ,blessed ,virgin1 by the breaking out of the fountain1 and by the real or imaginary cures1 could not remain for ever in suspense4 ,such was the conviction of everybody4 ,it was necessary that the matter should be submitted to severe and competent inquiry4 ,strangers1 who spent but a short season in the place1 who had not witnessed from the first the miraculous events1 and who could not form a conviction from personal knowledge1 as could the inhabitants of the surrounding country1 amid the various accounts and opinions that were to be heard from all quarters1 were unanimous in their astonishment at the apparent indifference of the clergy4 ,and1 while they blamed the inopportune meddling of the civil power1 they also censured the prolonged inaction of the religious authority1 personified in the bishop4 ,the free-thinkers1 interpreting the hesitation of the prelate to their own advantage1 felt confident of his final verdict4 ,the partisans of ,baron ,massy began to announce an entire accord between the sentiments of the bishop and those of the prefect4 ,they cast the entire responsibility of the violent measures upon ,mgr4 ,laurence4 ,the bishop1 they said1 might1 by a single word1 have put a stop to this superstition4 ,it was only necessary for him to deliver his judgment on the matter4 ,but in default of his action1 the civil authority has been forced to proceed4 ,but in view of the evidence for the miracles1 the faithful considered the final judgment as certainly favorable to their belief4 ,moreover1 a great number of strangers who had no conviction nor party prejudices1 sought to be relieved of their uncertainty by a definitive examination4 ,of what use1 said they1 is religious authority if not to decide such matters1 and to fix the faith of those whom distance1 or lack of documents1 or other causes1 prevent from examining and settling the question for themselves8 ,continual demands reached the ears of the bishop4 ,the murmur of the crowd was swelled by the voice of those that are usually styled the enlightened class1 although their lesser lights sometimes cause them to lose sight of brighter ones4 ,everybody demanded a formal inquest4 ,supernatural cures continued to manifest themselves4 ,hundreds of authentic affidavits of miraculous cures1 signed by numerous witnesses1 were daily received at the bishop's palace4#ajj ,on the #afth of ,july1 the ,feast of ,our ,lady of ,mount ,carmel1 ,bernadette heard again within herself the voice which had been silent for some months1 and which no longer called her to the ,massabielle rocks1 then fenced and guarded1 but to the right bank of the ,gave1 to the meadow where the crowd knelt and prayed beyond reach of procs-verbaux and annoyance of the police4 ,it was now eight o'clock in the evening4 ,scarcely had the child prostrated herself and commenced to recite her beads1 when the divine ,mother appeared to her4 ,the ,gave1 which separated her from the grotto1 had no existence for her ecstatic vision4 ,she saw only the blessed rock1 quite close to her1 as formerly1 and the immaculate ,virgin1 whose sweet smile confirmed all the past and vouched for all the future4 ,no word escaped her heavenly lips4 ,at a certain moment she bent towards the child as if to take a long farewell4 ,then she re-entered paradise4 ,this was the eighteenth apparition3 it was to be the last4 ,in a different or opposite sense1 strange facts now took place which it is necessary to notice4 ,on three or four occasions1 certain women and children had1 or pretended to have1 visions similar to those of ,bernadette4 ,were these visions real8 ,was diabolical mysticism endeavoring to mix with the divine in order to trouble it8 ,was there at the bottom of these singular phenomena a mental derangement or the ill-timed trickery of naughty children8 ,or was there a hostile hand secretly at work pushing forward these visionaries in order to cast discredit on the miracles at the grotto8 ,we cannot tell4 ,the multitude1 whose eyes were fixed on all the details1 and who eagerly sought to draw conclusions from what they already knew1 were less reserved in their judgment4 ,the supposition that the false visionaries were incited by the police immediately took possession of the public mind as being very consistent with the policy of the authorities4 ,the children who pretended to have had visions mingled their accounts with most extravagant incoherencies4 ,once they scaled the barrier which enclosed the grotto1 and1 under pretence of offering their services to the pilgrims1 of procuring the water for them1 and of touching their beads on the rock1 they received and appropriated money4 ,strange to say1 ,jacomet did not interfere with their proceedings1 although it would have been quite easy to have arrested them4 ,he even affected not to notice these strange scenes1 ecstasies1 and violations of the enclosure4 ,from this surprising behavior of the shrewd and far-sighted chief1 everybody concluded the existence of one of those secret plots of which the police1 and even the administration1 are sometimes thought capable4 ,baron ,massy1 so they said1 sees that public opinion is withdrawing from him1 and1 convinced that open violence is insufficient to put a stop to these events1 has sought to dishonor them in principle by encouraging the false visionaries1 full accounts of whom we shall soon see in the journals and the official reports4 ,is fecit cui prodest4 ,whatever might have been the truth of these suspicions1 perhaps incorrect1 such scenes could not but disturb the peace of souls4 ,the cur of ,lourdes1 moved by these scandals1 immediately expelled the pretended seers from the catechisme1 and declared that1 if similar occurrences took place in the future1 he would not rest until he had exposed their true instigators4 ,the position and threats of the cur produced a sudden and radical effect4 ,the pretended visions ceased at once1 and nothing more was heard of them4 ,they had only lasted four or five days4 ,m4 ,peyramale notified the bishop of this occurrence4 ,m4 ,jacomet1 on his part1 addressed to the authorities an exaggerated and romantic statement1 of which we will have future occasion to speak4 ,this audacious attempt of the enemy to destroy the true nature and honor of the movement only added to the reasons which called peremptorily for action on the part of the bishop4 ,everything seemed to indicate that the moment for interference had come1 when the religious authority should set about examining and giving sentence4 ,men of distinction in the ,catholic world1 such as ,mgr4 de ,salines1 ,archbishop of ,auch2 ,mgr4 ,thibaud1 ,bishop of ,montpellier2 ,mgr4 de ,garsignies1 ,bishop of ,soissons2 ,m4 ,louis ,veuillot1 chief editor of the ,univers2 and persons less widely celebrated1 but of national reputation1 such as ,m4 de ,ressguier1 formerly a deputy2 ,m4 ,vne1 chief engineer of mines1 and inspector-general of thermal waters in the ,pyrenees2 and a great number of eminent ,catholics1 were at that time in the country4 ,all had examined these extraordinary facts which form the subject of our history2 all had interrogated ,bernadette2 all were either believers or strongly inclined to believe4 ,they tell of one of the most venerated bishops1 that he was unable to control the emotion awakened by the naif statement of the little seer4 ,gazing upon the open brow which had received the glance of the ineffable ,virgin ,mother of ,god1 the prelate could not restrain the first movement of piety4 ,the prince of the church bowed before the majesty of that humble peasant4 ,pray for me2 bless me and my flock1 he cried1 choked with emotion1 and sinking on his knees4 ,rise6 rise6 my lord6 ,it is yours to bless her1 said the cur of ,lourdes1 who was present1 and instantly seized the bishop's hand4 ,although the priest had sprung forward quickly1 ,bernadette had already advanced1 and1 all abashed in her humility1 bowed her head for the blessing of the prelate4 ,the bishop gave it1 but not without shedding tears4 ,,vi4 ,the entire course of events1 the testimony of such grave men1 and their evident conviction after examining1 were facts which made a lively impression on the clear and sagacious mind of the ,bishop of ,tarbes4 ,mgr4 ,laurence thought that the time had now come to speak1 and he came forth from his silence4 ,on ,july #bh1 he published the following orders1 which were immediately known throughout the entire diocese1 and produced intense excitement2 for every one understood that the strange position which he had hitherto assumed was now about to have its solution3 ,,order ,,of ,,his ,,lordship ,,the ,,bishop ,,of ,,tarbes1 ,,constituting ,a ,,commission ,,to ,,report ,,on ,,the ,,authenticity ,,and ,,nature ,,of ,,certain ,,facts ,,which ,,have1 ,,for ,,six ,,months1 ,,been ,,taking ,,place ,,on ,,occasion ,,of ,a ,,real ,,or ,,pretended ,,apparition ,,of ,,the ,,blessed ,,virgin ,,in ,a ,,grotto ,,situated ,,west ,,of ,,the ,,town ,,of ,,lourdes4 ,bertrand-,severe-,laurence1 by the mercy of ,god and the apostolic favor of the ,holy ,see1 ,bishop of ,tarbes4 ,to the clergy and faithful of our diocese1 health and benediction in our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,facts of grave importance1 and intimately connected with religion1 have been occurring at ,lourdes since the eleventh of last ,february4 ,they have stirred our whole diocese1 and their fame has been re-echoed in foreign parts4 ,bernadette ,soubirous1 a young girl of ,lourdes1 fourteen years of age1 has had visions in the ,massabielle grotto1 situated west of that town4 ,the ,blessed ,virgin has appeared to her4 ,a fountain has risen on the spot4 ,the water of this fountain1 having been drunk or used as a wash1 has operated a great number of cures1 which are considered miraculous4 ,many persons have come from parts of our own and from neighboring dioceses to seek1 at this fountain1 the cure of various diseases1 invoking the ,immaculate ,virgin4 ,the civil power has been alarmed by this4 ,the ecclesiastical authority has been urged by all parties1 since the month of ,march1 to make some declaration concerning this improvised pilgrimage4 ,we have delayed1 up to the present time--believing that the hour was not come for us to deal successfully with this matter1 and also that1 to give due weight to our judgment1 it would be necessary to proceed with wise moderation1 to distrust the prejudices of the first days of popular enthusiasm1 to allow agitation to quiet itself1 to give time for reflection1 and to procure light for an attentive and clear investigation4 ,three classes appeal to our decision1 but with different views3 ,first are those who1 refusing all examination1 see in the events at the grotto1 and in the cures attributed to its water1 only superstition1 jugglery1 and deceit4 ,it is evident that we cannot1 priori1 share their opinion without serious examination4 ,their journals have1 from the start1 cried1 and loudly too1 superstition1 fraud1 and bad faith4 ,they have affirmed that the affair of the grotto has had its rise in sordid and guilty cupidity1 and have thus wounded the moral sense of our ,christian people4 ,the plan of denying everything and of accusing intentions seems to us very convenient for cutting off difficulties2 but1 on the other hand1 very disloyal to sound reason1 and more apt to irritate than to convince4 ,to deny the possibility of supernatural facts is to follow a superannuated school1 to abjure ,christianity1 and to proceed in the ruts of the infidel philosophy of the last century4 ,we1 as ,catholics1 cannot take counsel in such a matter with those who deny ,god's power to make exceptions to his own laws1 nor even join them in examining whether a given fact is natural or supernatural1 knowing in advance that they proclaim the impossibility of the supernatural4 ,by this1 do we shrink from thorough1 sincere1 and conscientious discussion enlightened by advanced science8 ,by no means4 ,on the contrary1 we desire it1 with all our heart4 ,we wish these facts to be submitted to the severest tests of evidence compatible with sound philosophy1 and1 accordingly1 to determine whether they are natural or divine1 that prudent men1 learned in the sciences of mystical theology1 medicine1 physics1 chemistry1 geology1 etc41 etc41 be invited to the discussion1 in order that science shall be consulted and give her sentence4 ,and we desire1 above all1 that no means be neglected to ascertain the truth4 ,another class neither approve nor condemn the events which are everywhere recounted1 but suspend their judgment4 ,before pronouncing definitely1 they wish to know the views of competent authority1 and earnestly ask for them4 ,finally1 a third and very numerous class have become thoroughly1 though perhaps prematurely1 convinced4 ,they impatiently look to the bishop to pronounce immediately on this grave affair4 ,although they expect from us a decision favorable to their own pious sentiments1 we know their obedient spirit well enough to be assured that they will agree with our judgment1 whatever that may be1 as soon as it is known4 ,it is1 therefore1 to enlighten the piety of so many thousands of the faithful1 to correspond with an urgent public appeal to settle the uncertainty and quiet the agitation of souls1 that we yield to-day to instances repeated and continued1 from all parts4 ,we desire light on facts in the highest degree important to the faithful1 the worship of the ,blessed ,virgin1 and religion itself4 ,to this end we have resolved to institute in our diocese a permanent commission for collecting and reporting upon the facts which have occurred1 and which may hereafter occur1 at or concerning the grotto of ,lourdes1 in order to make known their character and supply us with the means indispensable to arriving at a true judgment4 ,,wherefore1 ,the holy name of ,god having been invoked1 ,we have ordered and hereby order as follows3 ,art4 ,i4 ,a commission is hereby instituted in the diocese of ,tarbes1 to examine the following points3 #a4 ,whether cures have been worked by drinking1 or by bathing with the water of the grotto of ,lourdes2 and whether these cures can be explained naturally or are to be attributed to something above nature4 #b4 ,whether the visions which are said to have been seen by the child ,bernadette ,soubirous have been real2 and1 in the latter case1 whether they can be explained naturally or are to be invested with a supernatural character4 #c4 ,whether the object which is said to have appeared manifested its intentions to the child2 whether she has been charged to communicate them1 and to whom2 and what were the said intentions or demands4 #d4 ,whether the fountain which is now running in the grotto existed before the alleged visions of ,bernadette ,soubirous4 ,art4 ,,ii4 ,the commission will present for our consideration only facts established by solid evidence1 concerning which it will prepare minute reports containing its own judgment on the matter4 ,art4 ,,iii4 ,the deans of the diocese will be the principal correspondents of the commission4 #a4 ,they are desired to call attention to facts which have taken place in their respective deaneries4 #b4 ,the persons who are allowed to testify concerning such acts are3 #c4 ,those who1 by their science1 can enlighten the commission4 #d4 ,the physicians who have had charge of the sick before their cure4 ,art4 ,,iv4 ,after having received notices1 the commission will proceed to examination4 ,evidence must be rendered under oath4 ,when investigations refer to localities1 at least two members of the commission must visit the spot4 ,art4 ,v4 ,we earnestly recommend the commission to invite to its sessions men well versed in the sciences of medicine1 physics1 chemistry1 geology1 etc41 in order to hear them discuss the difficulties which may arise on points familiar to them1 and in order to learn their opinion4 ,the commission will neglect no means of acquiring light and arriving at the truth1 whatever that may be4 ,art4 ,,vi4 ,the commission shall be composed of nine members of our chapter1 the superiors of the great and little seminaries1 the superior of the missionaries of our diocese1 the cur of ,lourdes1 and the professors of dogmatic and moral theology and physics of the great seminary4 ,the professor of chemistry in our little seminary shall be often consulted4 ,art4 ,,vii4 ,m4 ,nogaro1 canon-arch-priest1 is hereby named president of the commission4 ,the ,canons ,tabaris and ,soul are named vice-presidents4 ,the commission will appoint for itself a secretary and two vice-secretaries from its own number4 ,art4 ,,viii4 ,the commission will immediately enter upon its labors1 and meet as often as it shall deem necessary4 ,given at ,tarbes1 in our episcopal palace1 under our sign and seal1 and the countersign of our secretary1 ,july #bh1 #aheh4 ,,bertrand-,,sre1 ,bishop of ,tarbes4 ,by command1 ,,fourcade1 ,canon-,secretary4 ,his lordship had scarcely issued this order when he received a letter from ,m4 ,rouland1 ,minister of ,public ,worship1 entreating him to interfere and arrest the movement4 ,in order to comprehend the full meaning of this letter1 it will be necessary for us to turn back a short distance4 ,,vii4 ,whether the police or administration had incited the false visionaries or were the innocent victims of universal suspicion1 it is impossible to know with certainty2 it is still more impossible to establish either opinion by authentic documents4 ,in such cases the proof1 if there be any1 is always destroyed by interested hands4 ,there are1 consequently1 no other means of getting at the truth1 except the general appearance of things and the unanimous sentiment of the contemporary public1 sometimes assuredly just1 though often tinged by passion or infected with error4 ,in view of this chaotic state of the elements1 the historian can only relate facts both authentic and alleged1 express his own doubts and scruples1 and leave the reader to determine upon the most probable explanation4 ,whatever the cause or hidden hand might have been which pushed forward two or three little ragamuffins to make seers of them1 ,m4 ,jacomet1 ,m4 ,massy1 and his friends felt bound to magnify and spread their silly story4 ,they endeavored to attract the attention of the people1 and withdraw it from such grave events as the divine ecstasies of ,bernadette1 the bursting forth of the fountain1 and the miraculous cures which had laid hold of popular faith4 ,when the battle had been lost on one point1 these able strategists sought to lure the enemy on to a field surrounded by ambuscades and mined in advance2 in short1 to make a diversion4 ,the sudden disappearance of the false visions and visionaries before the threatened scrutiny of ,m4 ,peyramale upset1 for several days at least1 the fond hopes of the free-thinking strategists4 ,the common sense of the public remained firm on the true ground of controversy1 and did not permit itself to be deceived4 ,the enlightened intellect of ,minister ,rouland did not fare so well4 ,what follows will explain how this independent spirit was overthrown4 ,,mm4 ,jacomet and ,massy were striving against a triumphant and irresistible force1 and taxed the utmost resources of their genius to make out of these slight events a final pretext for repairing their losses and reassuming an offensive part4 ,they sent to the ,minister of ,public ,worship an exaggerated and fantastic account of these childish scenes4 ,now1 by an illusion barely conceivable in a politician acquainted with ordinary practice1 ,m4 ,rouland placed blind confidence in their official reports4 ,he was not without faith1 although injudicious1 one may say1 in selecting the object of his trust4 ,the philosopher ,rouland had no faith in ,our ,lady of ,lourdes asserting herself by cures and miracles1 but he had perfect faith in ,massy and ,jacomet4 ,these two gentlemen made him believe that1 under the shadow of the ,massabielle rocks1 children officiated as priests1 that the people1 represented by creatures of dishonest life1 crowned them with laurels and flowers1 etc41 etc4 ,they did not disguise the uselessness of violent measures against the general excitement of spirits4 ,according to their account1 material force was vanquished and the civil authority completely brought to naught4 ,the religious authority alone could save the day by energetic action against the popular belief4 ,desperate as to their own straits1 and little considering the dignity of a ,christian bishop1 they presumed to think that strong pressure from the upper heights of the administration could force ,mgr4 ,laurence to condemn what had transpired and to follow their views4 ,accordingly they signified to the minister their judgment that the solution of all difficulties would be the direct interference of the prelate4 ,this was to push his excellency in the direction towards which1 as is well known1 he naturally inclined1 viz41 to mix himself in religious questions1 and to foster the desire of making out a programme for the bishops4 ,the minister1 although he had once been procureur-general1 did not think of asking how it was that the police had not prosecuted in the courts the profanations which they reported4 ,the strange abstinence of the magistracy in view of the pretended disorders did not occasion him the slightest suspicion4 ,accepting with more than ministerial candor the romance of the police and the prefect1 and imagining that he saw the whole truth2 moreover1 believing himself nothing less than a theologian1 and1 because ,minister of ,public ,worship1 something more than an archbishop1 ,m4 ,rouland settled the whole affair in his cabinet1 and wrote to ,mgr4 ,laurence a letter1 in all respects a worthy mate of the one he had formerly addressed to the prefect1 and which we have cited4 ,it was strongly impregnated with the same official piety1 and whilst we read it to-day by the light of true history1 we cannot restrain a smile at the manner in which rulers are sometimes hoodwinked and mocked by their inferior agents4 ,indeed1 it is not without a sad irony that one sees the following letter written by the very minister who1 in a short time1 was to sign the permission to build a splendid church on the ,massabielle rocks in eternal memory of the apparition of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary3 ,my lord1 wrote ,m4 ,rouland1 the recent advice which ,i have received about that affair at ,lourdes seems to me calculated to afflict deeply the hearts of all sincerely religious men4 ,this blessing of rosaries by children1 these public demonstrations in the first ranks of which are to be seen women of doubtful character1 this coronation of the visionaries1 and other grotesque ceremonies which parody the rites of religious worship1 will not fail to open a free avenue of attack to ,protestant and other journals1 unless the central authority interferes to moderate the ardor of polemics4 ,such scandalous scenes degrade religion in the eyes of the people1 and ,i feel it my duty again to call your most serious attention to them4444 ,these deeply to be regretted demonstrations seem to me of such a character as to summon the clergy from the reserve which it has hitherto maintained4 ,on this point ,i can do no more than to make a pressing appeal to the prudence and firmness of your grace by demanding if you do not think it proper to rebuke publicly such profanity4 ,receive1 etc41 ,the ,minister of ,public ,instruction and ,worship1 ,,rouland4 ,,viii4 ,this missive reached ,mgr4 ,laurence just after he had issued the ordinance already known to the reader1 and had appointed a commission to examine the extraordinary works wrought by the hand of ,god4 ,although singularly astonished and indignant at the fantastic account so gravely offered by the good minister as the truth itself1 nevertheless1 the bishop answered his letter in measured terms4 ,without expressing a complete judgment1 in order not to hasten a premature solution of the matter1 he rehabilitated the facts which had been so shamefully misrepresented4 ,he set forth with great frankness the line of conduct which he and his clergy had pursued1 until events had got to such a pass that it was necessary to interfere and order a commission of inquiry4 ,to the minister1 who1 without knowledge or examination1 had said1 ,condemn1 he answered1 ,i will examine4 ,monsieur le ,ministre1 wrote the prelate1 great was my amazement on reading your letter4 ,i also am informed as to what takes place at ,lourdes1 and1 as a bishop1 deeply interested in reproving all that can harm religion and the faithful4 ,now1 ,i can assure you that no such scenes as you describe exist1 and1 if there have been any occurrences worthy of regret1 they have been transitory and have left no traces behind them4 ,the facts to which your excellency alludes transpired after the grotto was shut up1 and after the first week in ,july4 ,two or three children of ,lourdes pretended to have visions1 and behaved extravagantly in the streets4 ,the grotto being then shut up1 as ,i have said1 they found means to get into it1 and to offer their services to visitors stopped at the barricades1 in order to touch their chaplets on the rock inside the grotto1 and to appropriate the offerings received from them4 ,one of them who was most remarkable for his eccentricities was a choir-boy in the church of ,lourdes4 ,the cur rebuked and drove him out of the catechisme1 and excluded him from the service of the church4#aja ,the disorder was only transitory1 and amounted only to the mischief of a few boys1 which ceased as soon as it was reprehended4 ,such are the facts which overzealous persons have magnified into permanent scenes4 ,i would be much gratified1 ,m4 le ,ministre1 if you would seek a fair statement of what has occurred from honorable persons who have remained here for some time in order to make personal observations of places1 and to interrogate the child who is said to have had the vision4 ,such are ,mgrs4 the bishops of ,montpellier and ,soissons1 ,mgr4 the ,archbishop of ,auch1 ,m4 ,vne1 inspector of thermal waters1 ,madame l',amirale ,bruat1 ,m4 ,l4 ,veuillot1 etc41 etc4 ,the clergy1 ,m4 le ,ministre1 have up to this time maintained a complete reserve with regard to the occurrences at the grotto4 ,the clergy of the town have shown a most admirable prudence4 ,they have never gone to the grotto to give credit to the pilgrimage1 nor1 on the other hand1 favored the measures of the administration4 ,nevertheless1 they have been represented to you as encouraging superstition4 ,i do not accuse the head magistrate of the department1 whose intentions have always been good2 but in this matter he has had an exclusive confidence in his subordinates4 ,in my reply to the prefect1 dated #aath of last ,april1 which has been submitted to your perusal1 ,i offered my hearty concurrence with the magistrate in order to bring this affair to a happy conclusion4 ,but ,i have not been able to do what was desired of me1 namely1 to condemn from the pulpit1 without examination1 inquiry1 or apparent reason1 the persons who go to pray at the grotto1 and to forbid all approach to it1 especially when no disorder had been noticed1 although on certain days the visitors amounted to thousands4 ,moreover1 while the church has always some motive for her prohibitions1 and while ,i myself was not sufficiently posted as to facts1 ,i was also certain that amid the general excitement my words would have passed unheeded4 ,the prefect1 during the council of revision at ,lourdes1 on ,may #dth1 caused the chief of police to remove the religious emblems left at the grotto1 and1 in an address to the mayors of the canton1 stated that he had taken this measure by agreement with the diocesan bishop1 an assertion which was repeated a few days afterward by the official organ of the prefecture4 ,i was informed of this measure only by the journals and the cur of ,lourdes4 ,i hastened to write to the latter to cause the prefect's order to be respected4 ,i made no complaint at that time or afterward of having been made an apparent party to a measure of which ,i had been left in ignorance4 ,although numerous letters were addressed to me entreating me to disclaim any share in it1 ,i have refrained from adding any difficulty to the situation4 ,after the religious objects had been removed from the grotto1 we might have hoped to see the number of visits diminish1 and the pilgrimage1 so inconsiderately improvised1 brought to an end4 ,it was not so1 however4 ,the public rightly or wrongly pretended that the water from the grotto worked marvellous cures4 ,the concourse became more numerous1 and crowds came from the neighboring departments4 ,on the #hth of ,june1 the mayor of ,lourdes issued a prohibition forbidding all access to the grotto4 ,this was stated to be in the interest of religion and public welfare4 ,although religion might have been encouraged by it2 and1 again1 although the bishop had not been consulted1 he published no reclamation against these assertions2 he kept silence for reasons above stated4 ,you see1 ,m4 le ,ministre1 by these details1 that the reserve of the clergy has not been complete in this matter2 it has been1 in my judgment1 prudent4 ,when able1 ,i have lent my aid to the measures of the civil authority1 and1 if they have not met with success1 it is not the bishop who is to blame4 ,to-day1 yielding to the petitions which have been addressed me from all quarters1 ,i have concluded that the time has come when ,i can interest myself to good purpose in this affair4 ,i have named a commission to collect the elements necessary for me to form a decision on a question which has moved the whole country around us1 and which1 judging from reports1 seems likely to interest the whole of ,france4 ,i am confident that the faithful will receive it with submission1 since they are aware that no effort will be spared to get at the truth4 ,the commission having been at work for some days1 ,i have determined to render my ordinance public by having it printed1 in hopes that it may help to calm spirits until the decision shall have been made known4 ,i shall soon have the honor of sending your excellency a copy4 ,i am1 etc41 ,b4 ,s41 ,bishop of ,tarbes4 ,such was the letter from ,mgr4 ,laurence to ,m4 ,rouland4 ,it was clear and decisive1 and left nothing to be said by either party4 ,the ,minister of ,public ,worship did not reply4 ,he re-entered his former silence4 ,this was very wise4 ,perhaps1 however1 it would have been wiser for him never to have come out of it4 ,,ix4 ,at the very moment when ,mgr4 ,laurence1 in the name of religion1 ordered an inquiry into the unwonted events which the civil authority had condemned and persecuted and wished to reject priori1 without condescending even to examine2 on the very same day on which the bishop's letter was mailed for the minister1 ,m4 ,filhol1 the illustrious professor of the faculty of ,toulouse1 delivered the final verdict of science on the water from the grotto of ,lourdes4 ,the conscientious and perfectly thorough labor of the great chemist reduced to nothing the official analysis of ,m4 ,latour de ,trie1 the expert of the prefecture1 about which ,baron ,massy had made such a noise4 ,m4 ,filhol testifies as follows3 ,i1 the undersigned1 ,professor of ,chemistry to the ,scientific ,faculty of ,toulouse1 ,professor of ,pharmacy and ,toxicology to the ,school of ,medicine of the same city1 and ,knight of the ,legion of ,honor1 certify that ,i have analyzed the water from a spring in the neighborhood of ,lourdes4 ,from this analysis it appears that the water of the grotto of ,lourdes is of such composition that it may be considered good for drinking purposes1 and of a character similar to that which is generally met with among those mountains whose soil is rich in calcareous matter4 ,the extraordinary effects which are said to have been produced by the use of this water cannot1 at least in the present state of science1 be explained by the nature of the salts whose existence in it is detected by analysis4#ajb ,this water contains no active substance capable of giving it marked therapeutic qualities4 ,it can be drunk without inconvenience4 ,,toulouse1 ,august #g1 #aheh4 7,signed7 ,,filhol4#ajc ,thus1 all the pseudo-scientific scaffolding1 on which the free-thinkers and wise counsellors of the prefect had painfully built their theory of the extraordinary cures1 on the examination of this celebrated chemist toppled and fell4 ,according to true science1 the water of the grotto was by no means mineral water1 and had no healing property4 ,nevertheless1 it did heal4 ,nothing was now left for those who had so rashly put forward imaginary explanations1 but the confusion of their attempt and the impossibility of withdrawing their public acknowledgment that cures had been effected4 ,falsehood and error were taken in their own net4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnotes3 #ajj ,we find in a letter of ,dr4 ,dozous1 who had followed closely the course of events1 a list of the various chronic maladies of which he testifies the extraordinary cure by the water of the grotto4 ,continual headache2 weakness of sight2 amaurosis2 chronic neuralgia2 partial and general paralysis2 chronic rheumatism2 partial or general debility of the system2 debility of early childhood4 ,in these cases the healing action was so sudden1 that many who had not previously believed in the reality of such cures were forced to accept them as real and incontestable4 ,diseases of the spine2 leucorrhea1 and other diseases of women2 chronic maladies of the digestive organs2 obstructions of the liver1 and bile4 ,sore-throat2 deafness from feebleness of the auricular nerves1 etc41 etc4 #aja ,every one will understand the reserve which prevents the bishop from mentioning the universal suspicion at ,lourdes1 ,cauterets1 ,barges1 and ,tarbes1 of the secret action of the police in the affair of the visionaries4 ,it would have been somewhat difficult for the prelate to say to the minister3 ,the pretended scandal1 which you lament and magnify out of all natural proportion to the point of making it a pure romance1 is nothing more nor less than yourself in the persons of your agents4 #ajb ,letter from ,m4 ,filhol to the ,mayor of ,lourdes1 transmitting his analysis4 #ajc ,we give complete details of the analysis contained in the report of ,m4 ,filhol4 ,the eminent chemist continues3 ,i certify to having obtained the following results3 ,,physical ,,and ,,organoleptic ,,properties ,,of ,,this ,,water4 ,it is clear1 colorless1 odorless3 it has no decided taste4 ,its density is scarcely greater than that of distilled water4 ,,chemical ,,properties4 ,the water of the grotto of ,lourdes acts as follows1 with reagents3 ,with ,red ,tincture of ,turnsol4--,it becomes blue4 ,lime-water4--,the mixture becomes milky2 an excess of the water of grotto redissolves the precipitate first formed4 ,soapsuds4--,it becomes very cloudy4 ,chloride of ,barium4--,no apparent action4 ,nitrate of ,silver4--,slight white precipitate1 which partly dissolves in nitric acid4 ,oxalate of ,ammonia4--,scarcely any sensible action4 ,submitted to the action of heat in a glass retort communicating with a receiver1 the water yielded a gas partly absorbed by potassa4 ,the portion thus left undissolved was partly absorbed by phosphorus2 finally1 there remained a gaseous residuum possessing all the properties of nitrogen4 ,at the same time that this gas was disengaged1 the water was slightly clouded and precipitated a white deposit1 slightly tinged with red4 ,treated with hydrochloric acid1 this deposit was dissolved1 producing a lively effervescence4 ,i saturated the acid solution with an excess of ammonia2 this reagent caused the precipitation of several light flakes of a reddish color1 which ,i carefully separated4 ,these flakes washed with distilled water ,i treated with caustic potash1 which took nothing from them4 ,i washed the flakes again1 and dissolved them in chlorhydric acid2 then ,i further diluted the solution with water1 and submitted it to the action of several reagents1 whose effects ,i will proceed to indicate3 ,yellow ,cyanide of ,potassium and ,iron4--,blue precipitate4 ,ammonia4--,reddish brown precipitate4 ,tannin4--,principally black4 ,sulpho-,cyanide of ,potassium4--,blood-red color4 ,the liquid1 separated from the flaky deposit1 gave with oxalate of ammonia an abundant white precipitate4 ,having separated this precipitate by a filter1 ,i threw phosphate of ammonia into the clear liquid2 this reagent determined the formation of a new white precipitate4 ,i evaporated to dryness five litres of the water1 and treated the dry residuum with a small quantity of distilled water in order to dissolve the soluble salts4 ,the solution thus obtained was turned blue by red tincture of turnsol4 ,i again evaporated the solution thus obtained1 and poured alcohol over the dry residuum2 this being set on fire1 gave a pale yellow flame1 such as is produced by salts of soda4 ,i again dissolved the residuum in a few drops of distilled water1 and mixed the solution with chloride of platina2 a slight canary-colored precipitate was formed in the mixture4 ,having acidulated two litres of the water of the grotto of ,lourdes with chlorhydric acid1 ,i evaporated it to dryness1 and found the residuum taken by the acidulated water to be but partly dissolved4 ,the insoluble part presented all the appearance of silica4 ,i submitted to evaporation ten litres of the water of the grotto of ,lourdes1 in which ,i found a very pure carbonate of potassa had been previously dissolved4 ,the result of the evaporation was moistened with boiling alcohol1 and1 again evaporated to dryness1 the residuum was heated to a dull red4 ,the product of this operation was dissolved1 after cooling1 in a few drops of distilled water1 and mixed with a little starch paste4 ,carefully treating this mixture with weakly chlorated water1 ,i saw the liquid take a blue tint4 ,submitted to distillation1 the water of the grotto of ,lourdes gives a slightly alkaline distilled product4 ,from these facts it follows that the water of the grotto of ,lourdes holds in solution3 #a4 ,oxygen4 #b4 ,nitrogen4 #c4 ,carbonic acid4 #d4 ,carbonates of lime1 of magnesia1 and a trace of carbonate of iron4 #e4 ,an alkaline carbonate or silicate1 chlorides of potassium and sodium4 #f4 ,traces of sulphates of potassa and soda4 #g4 ,traces of ammonia4 #h4 ,traces of iodine4 ,the quantitative analysis of this water1 made according to the ordinary methods1 gives the following results3 ,water1 #a kilogramme4 ,centig4 ,carbonic acid #h ,oxygen #e ,nitrogen #ag ,ammonia traces4 ,gr4 millig4 ,carbonate of ,lime 4#jif ,magnesia #j4jab ,iron traces4 ,soda ,chloride of ,sodium #j4jjh ,potassium traces4 ,silicate of ,soda1 and traces of ,silicate of ,potassa #j4jah ,sulphates of ,potassa and ,soda1 traces4 ,iodine ----- #j4acd ,,king ,,cormac',s ,,choice4#ajd ,a ,,legend ,,of ,,the ,,boyne4 ,beside the banks of ,boyne1 where late ,the dire ,dutch trumpets blared and rang1 ',mid wounded kernes the harper sate1 ,and thus the river's legend sang3 ,who shall forbid a king to lie ,where lie he will1 when life is o'er8 ,king ,cormac laid him down to die2 ,but first he raised his hand1 and swore3 ,at ,brugh ye shall not lay my bones3 ,those pagan kings ,i scorn to join ,beside the trembling ,druid stones1 ,and on the north bank of the ,boyne4 ,a grassy grave of poor degree ,upon its southern bank be mine ,at ,rossnaree1 where of things to be ,i saw in vision the pledge and sign4 ,thou happier ,faith1 that from the ,east ,slow travellest1 set my people free6 ,i sleep1 thy ,prophet and thy ,priest1 ,by southern ,boyne1 at ,rossnaree4 ,he died3 anon from hill and wood ,down flocked the black-robed ,druid race1 ,and round the darkened palace stood1 ,and cursed the dead king to his face4 ,uptowering round his bed1 with lips ,denouncing doom1 and cheeks death-pale1 ,as when at noontide strange eclipse ,invests gray cliffs and shadowed vale2 ,and proved with cymball'd anthems dread ,the gods he spurned had bade him die3 ,then spake the pagan chiefs1 and said1 ,where lie our kings1 this king must lie4 ,in royal robes the corse they dressed1 ,and spread the bier with boughs of yew2 ,and chose twelve men1 their first and best1 ,to bear him through the ,boyne to ,brugh4 ,but on his bier the great dead king ,forgot not so his kingly oath2 ,and from sea-marge to mountain spring1 ,boyne heard their coming1 and was wroth4 ,he frowned far off1 'mid gorse and fern1 ,as those ill-omened steps made way2 ,he muttered 'neath the flying hern2 ,he foamed by cairn and cromlech gray2 ,and rose1 and drowned with one black wave ,those twelve on-wading2 and with glee ,bore down ,king ,cormac to his grave ,by southern ,boyne1 at ,rossnaree6 ,close by that grave1 three centuries past1 ,columba reared his saintly cell2 ,and ,boyne's rough voice was changed at last ,to music by the ,christian bell4 ,so ,christ's true ,faith made ,erin free1 ,and blessed her women and her men2 ,and that which was again shall be1 ,and that which died shall rise again4 ,he ceased3 the wondering clansmen roared ,accordance to the quivering strings1 ,and praised ,king ,cormac1 ,erin's ,lord1 ,and ,prophet of the ,king of kings4 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,footnote3 #ajd ,according to the old ,irish chronicles1 ,cormac1 ,king of all ,ireland1 renounced the worship of idols about two centuries before the arrival of ,st4 ,patrick1 having received in a vision the promise of the true faith4 ,,the ,,apostasy ,,of ,,dr4 ,d,,llinger4 ,the formal and public act of renunciation of the ,catholic faith by ,dr4 ,dllinger which has been looked for as a probable event for many months past1 has at length been made4 ,in itself1 such an act cannot be regarded by any sound ,catholic as of any moment whatever to religion or the church4 ,it is only one suicide more1 which destroys an individual1 but does not hurt the stability of the church1 whose life is in ,god1 and1 therefore1 immortal4 ,it may have more or less of accidental importance1 however1 on account of its effect upon certain persons who are weak or ill-instructed in the faith1 and the use which may be made of it by the enemies of the church4 ,we think it proper1 therefore1 to make some explanations concerning the past and present acts and opinions by which ,dr4 ,dllinger has gradually but surely approached and finally reached his present position of open1 declared rebellion against the infallible authority of the ,catholic ,church4 ,dr4 ,dllinger has been living1 until a recent period1 upon the reputation which he had acquired during his earlier career as a professor and an author1 supported by his high rank in the church as a mitred prelate1 and in the state as a member of the ,bavarian ,house of ,peers4 ,his great intellectual gifts and extensive learning in the department of history have never been questioned1 and he was deservedly honored through a long course of years as one of the chief ornaments and ablest advocates of the ,catholic religion in ,germany4 ,the relative superiority very commonly assigned to him1 however1 we are inclined to think1 is only imaginary4 ,even in history he has met with some very severe defeats from antagonists more powerful than himself1 and in philosophy and theology he has never shown himself to be a master4 ,he is now an old man1 seventy-three years of age1 having spent above forty years of this period in his professorial chair at the ,university of ,munich4 ,during the earlier part of his life1 as is proved by unimpeachable testimony1 he was a strict ,ultramontane in his theology4 ,the gradual progress by which he went slowly down the declivity towards his present position we cannot pretend to trace accurately4 ,it is certain1 however1 that no public expression of opinions having a heterodox tendency1 on his part1 excited any general notice before the year #ahfa4 ,even then1 although the murmur of dissatisfaction which has been growing louder ever since began to be heard1 and the sure ,catholic instinct began to make its wounded susceptibilities known1 the substantial orthodoxy and loyalty of ,dr4 ,dllinger were not questioned or even doubted4 ,this is proved by the language used by the editor of ,der ,katholik at that time1 in which he says that the book which had given offence1 namely1 the celebrated ,church and ,churches1 is imbued with the genuine color of sincere ,catholic faith and immovable fidelity to the church and her supreme head4#aje ,from that date to the present time1 these first indistinct intimations of what now appears as a full-blown heresy can be seen in their successive stages of clearer manifestation in the writings and acts of ,dr4 ,dllinger4 ,the language used by him is ambiguous1 and generally capable of being understood in a good sense1 and his steps are cautious4 ,there is nothing to compromise him seriously1 before the time of the intrigues which went on under his direction for the purpose of defeating the ,vatican ,council4 ,looking back1 however1 upon the dark ways in which he has been walking1 and the dark sayings which he has been uttering1 in the light which his present open declaration of rebellion casts behind him1 everything becomes clear and apparent to the day4 ,there is a continuity and a logical sequence manifest in those ambiguous utterances1 when explained in a schismatical and heretical sense1 which they otherwise could not have4 ,the acts and expressions of ,dr4 ,dllinger's disciples in ,germany1 ,france1 and ,england appear in their coherence and in their relation to the instruction which they received from their master4 ,moreover1 a series of historical facts1 in connection with the ,university of ,munich and with ,dr4 ,dllinger himself1 show themselves in their proper bearing2 and among other things of this kind1 the secret end and object of the famous scientific congress of ,munich become perfectly manifest4 ,in a word1 ,dr4 ,dllinger has had an idea which has gradually supplanted the ,catholic idea in his mind1 and for the sake of which he has at last sacrificed the last lingering remnant of honor1 conscience1 loyalty1 and divine grace in his soul1 and stooped so low as to write his name at the bottom of that long and infamous list of traitors and heretics against whom none have ever pronounced sterner sentence of condemnation than himself4 ,this great idea has been nothing less than the reunion of ,christendom on a basis of compromise between the ,catholic ,church and the ,eastern and ,western sects1 excluding the supremacy of the ,roman ,church and ,pontiff4 ,this is no new idea of ,dllinger's4 ,the only thing which was new and original in it was the particular scheme or plan of operation for carrying it into effect4 ,even this was not originated by ,dllinger himself1 but first planted in the mind of ,maximilian ,,ii41 ,king of ,bavaria1 during his youth1 by ,schelling4 ,when this able and enterprising prince ascended the throne1 he undertook the extraordinary task of effecting a universal intellectual and moral unification of ,germany1 of which ,munich should be the radiating centre4 ,the union of the different religious confessions formed a principal part of this plan4 ,moreover1 ,germany was to become the mighty power1 after being united in herself1 to bring all the rest of ,christendom into unity in a perfect ,christian civilization1 which would then extend itself triumphantly through the rest of the world4 ,the great lever by which this mighty work was to be accomplished was to be a society of learned men and able statesmen1 directed by the sovereign authority of the king himself4 ,the gathering point for these learned men was naturally the ,university of ,munich1 and from the chairs of this university would proceed that teaching and influence which should train up a body of disciples ready to sustain and carry out in their various professions and posts of influence the grand project conceived in the philosophic brain of ,schelling and eagerly adopted by his royal pupil4 ,as a matter of course1 those professors of the university who were thoroughly loyal to ,rome must either submit to the royal dictation or be removed4 ,phillipps and several other distinguished professors sacrificed their places to their conscience4 ,dllinger submitted4 ,this was the fatal rock on which he split1 the one which has caused injury or total shipwreck in every age of the church to so many eminent ecclesiastics4 ,it was necessary to choose between unconditional loyalty to the spiritual sovereignty of the ,pope1 or subserviency to the usurpation of the temporal prince4 ,this was the real question from the outset1 and hence ,dr4 ,dllinger's utter abjuration of the ,papal supremacy is but the last logical consequence of this weak yielding at the beginning4 ,bossuet yielded to ,louis ,,xiv4 in a similar manner4 ,but ,bossuet was a thoroughgoing theologian1 priest1 and bishop4 ,he yielded against the grain1 and his heart was always ,roman and on the side of the ,pope4 ,therefore ,bossuet only marred but did not destroy his character and work as a great bishop and a great writer4 ,his ,gallicanism is only a single flaw in a majestic statue4 ,but in the case of ,dllinger1 the ,german1 the ambitious scholar1 the courtier has predominated over and finally cast out entirely the ,catholic1 the theologian1 and the priest4 ,he has not been a passive tool1 but a most active and energetic master-workman in carrying out the plan of ,schelling and ,maximilian4 ,nevertheless1 he has been cautious1 secret1 and indirect in his method of working1 not attacking openly1 but artfully undermining the citadel of the faith1 throwing out hints and scattering seeds which he left to germinate in other minds1 in his published works1 and chiefly intent upon privately initiating certain chosen persons into his doctrines4 ,in this way1 a subtle and deadly poison has long been spreading its baleful influence among a certain class of intellectual ,catholic young men not only in ,germany1 but also in ,france and ,england4 ,thank ,god6 this secret poisoning by concealed heresy has been stopped4 ,the poison is now openly exposed to view1 and advertised as a pleasant refrigerant or gentle purgative medicine1 but is likely to deceive no one who is in good faith1 for its color1 taste1 and smell betray it2 and whoever has made his head dizzy for awhile by hastily swallowing a few drops by mistake is likely to be trebly cautious for the future4 ,we have already described in general terms the ,munich heresy1 but we will make a more precise and analytical statement of its principal component elements4 ,as we have already said1 it proposes certain principles and methods for the reconstruction of ,christendom4 ,first1 the ,catholic ,church must be reformed in doctrine and discipline4 ,the cumenical ,councils as far back as the ,seventh are to be set aside4 ,the authority of any cumenical ,council is only final in so far as it is a witness of the traditional belief of the whole body of the faithful4 ,the authority of the decisions of the ,holy ,see must be set aside1 and the supremacy of the ,sovereign ,pontiff be reduced to a mere patriarchal primacy4 ,the state is completely supreme and independent4 ,sacred and secular science are exempt from all control except that of the dogmas of faith4 ,when the ,catholic ,church is purified in doctrine and discipline1 the other portions of ,christendom are to be united with it in one grand whole1 combining all that is good in each one of them1 and itself more perfect than any4 ,the supreme and ultimate judgment in regard to religious dogmas is in the universal ,christian sentiment or consciousness1 enlightened and directed by men of science and learning4 ,to certain minds1 there is something specious and high-sounding about this theory4 ,it is1 however1 a mere ,russian ice palace1 which melts when the direct rays of the sun fall upon it4 ,it is essentially no better than the doctrine of ,huss and ,luther4 ,it is very nearly identical with that of ,dr4 ,pusey4 ,it is old ,protestantism revamped1 and varnished with a mixture of rationalism and orientalism4 ,the supreme authority of the ,holy ,see being set aside1 and the decrees of general councils submitted to the judgment of the great body of the clergy and people1 where is the rule of faith8 ,pure ,protestantism gives us1 in lieu of the infallible teaching authority of the living church1 the ,bible1 interpreted by the private judgment of each individual4 ,the ,munich theory gives us the ,bible and apostolic tradition1 interpreted by the public judgment of the aggregate mass of the faithful4 ,but how is the individual to determine what that judgment is8 ,the historical and other documents by which the common and universal tradition of all ages can be ascertained are voluminous4 ,moreover1 it is a matter of controversy how these documents are to be understood4 ,only the learned can fully master and understand them4 ,the common people must1 therefore1 be instructed by the learned4 ,but the learned do not agree among themselves4 ,what1 then1 is left for the individual1 except a choice among these learned doctors or among several schools of doctors which one he will follow8 ,this choice must be made by his private judgment1 and1 if not a blind following of a leader or a party1 it must be made by a careful examination of the evidences proving that this or that man1 ,dr4 ,dllinger1 for example1 thoroughly understands the ,scripture1 the ,fathers1 and ecclesiastical history1 and truly interprets them4 ,is there any hope of unity by such a method8 ,is there any hope of any individual1 even1 arriving at certainty by it8 ,it is a return at last to the old ,protestant principle of private judgment1 with a substitution of something far more difficult than the ,bible in place of the ,bible which ,luther substituted for the church4 ,practically it amounts to this3 ,dr4 ,dllinger is the greatest and wisest of men2 he knows all things4 ,take his word that so much and no more is the sound orthodox doctrine handed down from the apostles and believed in all ages1 and you are right4 ,let the ,pope and the bishops and the whole world believe and obey ,dr4 ,dllinger4 ,it is ,luther's old saying repeated by a man of less strength and audacity1 but equally absurd and insupportable pride4 ,sic voleo1 sic jubeo3 stet pro ratione voluntas4#ajf ,pius ,,ix4 and the bishops in the ,vatican ,council1 so far from complying with the modest desires of ,dr4 ,dllinger1 have condemned the very radical idea of his heresy1 and all other heresies cognate with it1 have crushed his conspiracy1 and blown away into thin air the painted bubble of a reformed ,catholic ,church1 and a reunion of ,christendom on a basis of compromise4 ,there was no alternative for ,dr4 ,dllinger and his partisans except submission to the decrees of the council1 or to the anathema by which they were fortified4 ,ample time for reflection and deliberation was allowed him1 and now1 seven months after the solemn promulgation of the decrees of the ,council of the ,vatican1 he has deliberately and coolly refused submission1 thereby openly and manifestly cutting himself off from the communion of the ,catholic ,church4 ,his manner of doing it is a signal illustration of the ridiculous attitude which a man of sense is often driven to assume when he has given himself up to the sway of pride4 ,he desires the ,archbishop of ,munich to permit him to be heard in his own defence before a council of ,german bishops1 or a court formed from the ,cathedral ,chapter4 ,if this is to be considered as an appeal from the ,council of the ,vatican to another tribunal1 whose decision he is willing to submit to as final1 nothing can be more absurd4 ,an appeal from the supreme tribunal to an inferior court is certainly something unheard of either in civil or canon law4 ,the dogmas denied and rejected by ,dr4 ,dllinger have been thoroughly examined and discussed in a general council4 ,judgment has been pronounced1 and the case is closed for ever4 ,the ,archbishop of ,munich and the ,german prelates are bound by this judgment1 have assented to it1 and have proclaimed it to their subjects4 ,they have no authority to bring it under a new examination1 or reverse it1 in a judicial capacity4 ,if they sit in judgment on ,dr4 ,dllinger1 or any other individual impeached of heresy1 that judgment is their paramount law1 according to which they must decide4 ,the only questions which can come before them in such a case are1 whether the person who is a defendant before their court has contravened the decisions of the ,vatican ,council by word or writing1 and whether he is contumacious in his error4 ,it can scarcely be supposed that a man who refuses submission to a general council and the ,holy ,see could have any intention or disposition to submit to a national council or an episcopal court4 ,the only alternative supposition is that he desired to prolong the controversy1 to gain time1 to inflame the minds of men1 to create a party and inaugurate a schism4 ,really and truly1 his demand amounts to this3 ,the majority of the bishops of the ,catholic ,church1 having been misled by their theological instruction1 have made an erroneous decision in a matter of dogma4 ,i therefore request the bishops of ,germany to permit me to give them better instruction1 and persuade them to recall their adhesion to that decision4 ,if that cannot be done1 ,i request the ,archbishop of ,munich to do me that favor4 ,the silliness of such a demand is only equalled by its effrontery4 ,dr4 ,dllinger must be very far gone indeed in pride to fancy that the ,archbishop of ,munich or the ,german prelates could think for an instant of making themselves his docile disciples1 or entertain the thought of following him into schism and heresy4 ,it is an act of parting defiance1 the impotent gesture of a desperate man1 whose last stronghold is crumbling under his feet1 but who prefers to be buried under its ruins rather than to repent and return to his allegiance4 ,the appeal to ,german national sympathy and prejudice is worthy of a man whose worldly and selfish ambition has extinguished the last spark of genuine ,catholic feeling in his bosom4 ,it is a cry for sympathy to the bad ,catholics1 the ,protestants1 and the infidels of ,germany4 ,it is a repetition of that old saying of ,caiphas against ,jesus ,christ1 ,the ,romans will come and take away our place and nation4 ,nothing can be more unhistorical than the assertion that ,papal supremacy wrought division in the past ,german ,empire1 or more contrary to sound political wisdom than the assertion that the same threatens division in the ,german ,empire of the present4 ,martin ,luther sowed the dragon's teeth from which sprang civil war1 disastrous foreign war1 internal dissension1 and all the direful miseries which have come upon ,germany since his inauspicious rebellion against the ,holy ,see4 ,the so-called ,reformation turned the ,protestant princes against the ,emperor1 stirred up the revolt of the peasants1 inspired the treachery which opened the gates to ,gustavus ,vasa1 and instigated that alliance with ,louis ,,xiv4 which lost ,lorraine and ,alsace to ,germany4 ,that infidel liberalism which is the legitimate offspring of the revolt against ,rome is the most dangerous internal enemy which the present empire has to fear4 ,it is summed up in the list of errors condemned by ,pius ,,ix4 in his ,encyclical and ,syllabus4 ,on the contrary1 the complete restoration of ,catholic unity and ,papal supremacy in ,germany would bring back more than the glories of the former empire1 and renew the epoch of ,charlemagne4 ,as for the vain and feeble effort of two or three cabinets to prohibit the promulgation of the decrees of the ,vatican ,council1 it is too absurd to argue about1 and too harmless to excite any alarm or indignation4 ,neither is there any danger that ,dr4 ,dllinger's apostasy will cause any serious defection among the ,catholic people of ,germany4 ,the professors of the ,university of ,munich have been appointed by the king4 ,some are ,protestants1 others are infidels1 and others have been hitherto ,catholics in profession1 but followers of the heresy of ,janus in their heart4 ,there are many laymen and some clergymen of the same sort among the professors of ,germany1 and a certain number of persons in other walks of life1 whose faith has been undermined and corrupted4 ,we have always expected that the ,council of the ,vatican would cause a considerable number of defections from the communion of the church4 ,but we have no expectation that this defection of individuals will consolidate into a new concrete heresy4 ,john ,huss and ,martin ,luther have exhausted the probabilities of pseudo-orthodox reformation4 ,its race is run4 ,the time for heresy is past4 ,organized opposition to the ,catholic ,church in these days must take a more consistently anti-,christian form4 ,pius ,,ix4 and ,garibaldi represent the only two real parties4 ,dllinger is nobody1 and has no place4 ,that a great many baptized ,catholics have totally renounced the faith is undoubtedly true4 ,but the ,catholic people who still retain the principles and the spirit of their traditional faith are with ,pius ,,ix4 ,this is true of the ,bavarian and other ,german popular masses1 as well as of the people of other nations4 ,the ,german prelates1 the clergy1 the nobility1 are strong and enthusiastic in their allegiance to the ,holy ,see4 ,the orthodox theologians and savants can wield the ponderous hammer of science with as much strength of aim as any of the scholars who have been fostered in the sunshine of royal favor4 ,the boast made by ,dr4 ,dllinger at the ,congress of ,munich of the pre-eminence which ,germany will gain in ,catholic theology and sacred science will probably be in part fulfilled1 though not in the sense which he had in his mind4 ,it will be fulfilled1 not by men who bid a haughty defiance to the saints and doctors of the church1 who utter scornful words against the scholars of other nations1 who are governed by narrow-minded national prejudice and unreasoning obstinacy1 and who are faithless in their allegiance to their spiritual sovereign1 while they are servilely obsequious to a temporal monarch4 ,it will be done by true1 genuine ,catholics1 the legitimate offspring of the great men who founded1 governed1 taught1 and made illustrious the old church and empire of ,germany in past ages4 ,the gist of the entire quarrel of ,dr4 ,dllinger with the ,archbishop of ,munich consists in an appeal from the supreme authority in the church to the principle of private judgment4 ,in form1 it is an appeal to the ,holy ,scriptures and the ,fathers1 but this is only an appeal to ,dr4 ,dllinger's own private interpretation of the true sense of ,scripture and the ,fathers4 ,it is the same appeal which heretics and schismatics have made in all ages3 ,arius1 ,nestorius1 ,pelagius1 ,huss1 ,luther1 ,cranmer1 ,photius1 ,mark of ,ephesus1 the ,armenian schismatics of ,constantinople1 and all others who have rebelled against the ,holy ,see4 ,it is the essence of ,protestantism1 and in the end transforms itself into rationalism and infidelity4 ,the ancient heretics1 the ,oriental schismatics1 ,anglicans1 ,lutherans1 ,calvinists1 ,unitarians1 all have a common principle1 all are ,protestants4 ,that principle is the right of private judgment to resist the supreme authority of the ,catholic ,church4 ,so long as private judgment is supposed to be directed by a supernatural light of the ,holy ,spirit1 and to possess in ,scripture and tradition1 or in ,scripture alone1 a positive revelation1 ,protestantism is a kind of ,christianity4 ,when the natural reason is made the arbiter1 and the absolute authority of the doctrine of ,jesus ,christ as taught by the apostles is denied1 it is a rationalistic philosophy1 which remains ,christian in a modified and general sense until it descends so low as to become simply unchristian and infidel4 ,the ,catholic principle which is constitutive of the ,catholic ,church as a body1 and of each individual ,catholic as a member of it1 is the principle of authority4 ,there is no logical alternative between the two4 ,one or the other must be final and supreme1 the authority of the church or the authority of the individual judgment4 ,if the authority of the church is supreme1 no individual or aggregate of individuals can reject or even question its decisions4 ,it is the ,catholic doctrine that authority is supreme4 ,the church is constituted by the organic unity of bishops1 clergy1 and people1 with their ,head1 the ,bishop of ,rome1 the successor of ,st4 ,peter4 ,he is the ,vicar of ,christ1 and possesses the plenitude of apostolic and episcopal authority4 ,his judgment is final and supreme1 whether he pronounces it with or without the judicial concurrence of an cumenical council4 ,this has always been the recognized doctrine and practice of the church4 ,it is nothing more or less than ,papal supremacy as existing and everywhere believed1 as much before as after the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,the word infallibility1 like the words consubstantial and transubstantiation1 is only the precise and definite expression of that which has long been a dogma defined under other terms1 and always been contained in the universal faith of the church based on ,scripture and apostolic tradition4 ,the first ,christians were taught to obey implicitly the teachings of ,st4 ,peter and the apostles1 because they had received authority from ,jesus ,christ4 ,there was nothing said about infallibility1 because the idea was sufficiently impressed upon their minds in a more simple and concrete form4 ,their descendants1 in like manner1 believed in the teaching of the successors of the apostles because they had inherited their divine authority4 ,whoever separated from the ,roman ,church and was condemned by the ,roman ,pontiff was at once known to have lost all authority to teach4 ,the teaching of the bishops in communion with the ,roman ,church1 and approved by the ,roman ,pontiff1 was always known to be the immediate and practical rule of faith4 ,whoever taught anything contrary to that was manifestly in error1 and1 if contumacious1 a heretic1 who must be cast out of the church1 however high his rank might be4 ,moreover1 the ,roman ,pontiff decided all controversies1 and issued his dogmatic decrees to all bishops1 who were required to receive and promulgate them under pain of excommunication4 ,this unconditional obedience to an external authority evidently presupposes that the authority obeyed is rendered infallible by the supernatural assistance of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,hence1 the express and explicit profession of the infallibility of the church as a dogma of faith has been universal ever since it has been made a distinct object of thought and exposition4 ,it is nothing more than a distinct expression of one part of the idea that the church has divine and supreme authority to teach1 with a corresponding obligation on the faithful to believe her teaching4 ,in like manner1 the divine and supreme authority of the ,pope to teach includes and implies infallibility1 as the vast majority of bishops and theologians have always held and taught4 ,the erroneous opinion that the express or tacit acquiescence of the bishops is necessary to the finality of pontifical decrees in matters pertaining to faith and doctrine1 was tolerated by the ,holy ,see until the definitions of the ,council of the ,vatican were promulgated4 ,the infallibility of the church itself produces this agreement of the episcopate with its head4 ,in fact1 therefore1 and practically1 the pontifical decrees were always submitted to by good ,catholics1 and the ,holy ,see did not formally and expressly exact any more than this as a term of ,catholic communion4 ,dr4 ,dllinger and others of the same stamp took advantage of this toleration of an illogical and erroneous opinion to undermine the doctrine of ,papal supremacy and the authority of cumenical councils4 ,the ,pope cannot possess the supreme power of teaching and judging1 they argued1 without infallibility4 ,he is not infallible1 therefore1 he is not supreme4 ,moreover1 the only certain criterion by which we know that a council is cumenical is the sanction of the ,pope4 ,if he is not infallible1 he may err in giving this sanction4 ,thus1 the way was opened to dispute the authority of the ,councils of ,trent1 ,lateran1 ,florence1 etc41 and to rip up the whole texture of ,catholic doctrine1 just so far as suited the notions of these audacious innovators4 ,the event has proved how opportune and necessary was that distinct and precise definition of the infallibility of the ,roman ,pontiff which has for ever shut out the possibility of sheltering a fundamental heresy like that of ,dllinger behind an ambiguous expression4 ,there is now no more chance for evading the law and remaining ostensibly a ,catholic4 ,the law is clear and plain4 ,all dogmatic decrees of the ,pope1 made with or without his general council1 are infallible and irreformable4 ,once made1 no pope or council can reverse them4 ,there is no choice left to the prelates about enforcing them on their clergy and people4 ,no clergyman holds his position1 and no one of the faithful is entitled to the sacraments1 on any other terms than entire submission and obedience4 ,this is the ,catholic principle1 that the church cannot err in faith4 ,she has declared it to be an article of faith that the ,roman ,pontiff1 speaking ex cathedr as the supreme doctor of the church1 is infallible4 ,it is therefore a contradiction in terms for a person who denies or doubts this doctrine to call himself a ,catholic4 ,we cannot too constantly or earnestly impress this truth on the minds of the ,catholic people1 that the rule of faith is the present1 concrete1 living1 and perpetual teaching of that supreme authority which ,christ has established in the church4 ,we believe1 on the veracity of ,god1 by a supernatural faith which is given by the ,holy ,ghost in baptism1 those truths which the holy church proposes to our belief4 ,the church can never change1 never reform her faith1 never retract her decisions1 never dispense her children from an obligation she has once imposed on them of receiving a definition as the true expression of a dogma contained in the divine revelation4 ,to do so1 would be to destroy herself1 and fall down to the level of the sects4 ,the idle talk of writers for the secular press1 whether they pretend to call themselves ,catholics or not1 about the church conforming herself to liberal principles and the spirit of the age is simply worthy of laughter and derision4 ,no ,catholic who has a grain of sense will pay any heed to opinions or monitions coming from such an incompetent source4 ,the church is the only judge of the nature and extent of her own powers1 and of the proper mode of exercising them4 ,the pontiffs1 prelates1 pastors1 priests1 and theologians of the church1 are her authorized expositors and interpreters1 her advocates and defenders4 ,those who desire to be her worthy members1 and those who wish to learn what she really is1 will seek from them1 and from them only1 or from authors and writings which they have sanctioned1 instruction in the true ,catholic doctrine4 ,the unhappy man whose defection has called forth these remarks has lost his place in the ,catholic hierarchy1 and henceforth he is of no more account than any other sectarian of past times or of the present4 ,the ecclesiastical historian will record his name in the list of the heretics of the nineteenth century1 and his peculiar ideas will pass into oblivion1 except as a matter of curious research to the scholar4 ,,footnotes3 #aje ,see the second volume of this periodical for #ahfa1 and also the number for ,march1 #ahgj4 #ajf ,thus ,i will1 thus ,i command3 let my will stand for a reason4 ,,false ,,views ,,of ,,saintship4 ,we often hear the saints spoken of as men of another race and stature than ourselves1 splendid masterpieces of perfection meant to be admired from a distance1 but certainly not to be copied with loving and minute care4 ,now1 this is a mistake--the most fatal mistake for ourselves2 for we thus tie down our faculties to commonplace life1 and refuse to give them the wider scope that nature herself meant for their exercise2 the most unfortunate mistake for religion1 because in making her heroes inaccessible and almost unnatural1 we deter others from laudable efforts1 and attach to our faith the stigma of present sterility4 ,not only can each one of us become a saint1 and that by a simple and ordinary course of life1 but the canonized saints themselves bear witness that they reached heaven in no other way1 and attained their crowns by no other means4 ,the saint1 be assured of it1 is the truest gentleman1 the pleasantest companion1 and most faithful friend4 ,he is no morose misanthrope1 no disenchanted cynic2 he is a man with all the natural feelings of humanity1 all the amiable traits of good-fellowship1 all the nameless graces of good society4 ,there is no pleasing1 amenity of human intercourse1 no rational exchange of human sentiments1 no harmless relaxation of a refined mind1 that need be foreign to his nature1 and a stranger to his heart4 ,all men prize honor and straight-forwardness2 they welcome cheerfulness and vivacity2 they admire a strong will2 love of nature and art1 sympathy with suffering and with poverty1 zealousness in the cause of learning1 are all passports to their favor1 and incline them to seek the friendship and trust the advice of those in whom these qualities shine4 ,now1 if we show them that canonized saints and great men well known in the annals of the church have always been distinguished by these traits1 will they refuse to admit that the more a man loves his ,god1 the fitter he is to win human sympathy and command human imitation8 ,the saints have not seldom been unfairly treated1 and chiefly by their overzealous biographers2 for their holiness has been distilled into such ethereal and miraculous abstractions that we no more dream of grasping it as a means of encouragement than we do of seizing for nourishment upon the summer clouds whose lovely shapes entrance our eyes in the western heavens4 ,every one of the saints had an individual character1 touching weaknesses of disposition and innocent partialities of nature4 ,every one of them went to heaven by a separate road1 and his specialty of human and natural character alone determined that road4 ,some were kings and emperors1 princes and popes1 and great men of the earth2 they had to wear soft garments and ermine robes1 and spend much time in the display their state required4 ,now1 many sanctimonious persons would have us believe that such display is absolutely and in itself wrong1 and can under no circumstances be allowable4 ,the church thinks otherwise1 and more generously1 and has canonized these men4 ,some were beggars or servants1 mechanics or husbandmen2 passed their days in menial pursuits1 and apparently had their minds occupied only by the sordid necessities of their humble degree4 ,many presumptuous people like to tell us that servile work deteriorates the mind1 that beggary is invariably a criminal state1 that poverty dwarfs the understanding and hardens the heart4 ,the church thinks otherwise1 and more charitably1 and these too she has canonized4 ,again1 some were statesmen and scholars1 and the wranglings of courts1 the tumult of embassies1 the disputes of universities1 were the daily atmosphere they breathed4 ,some officious persons tell us plainly that solitude is the only nurse of holiness1 and that1 with these surroundings1 it is impossible to live unbewildered by the world's noise and untainted by the world's corruption4 ,the church thinks otherwise1 and more liberally1 and has canonized these men also4 ,no station in life is too low or too high for ,god to look upon1 and therefore not too low nor too high for ,god's saints to thrive in4 ,the secret of saintship lies in the power of a man to fashion his surroundings1 and mould the circumstances attendant on his lot in life1 till he makes them into a ladder wherewith to climb to heaven4 ,suppose a man is born to high destinies1 and a great fortune3 they are ready-made instruments in his hand for the glory of ,god and the good of his neighbor4 ,let him recollect that ,jesus was of a royal race1 and was visited by ,eastern kings4 ,suppose1 on the contrary1 he is born poor1 and sees no means of future advancement all his life3 there again are his weapons chosen for him to fight the good fight4 ,let him remember that ,jesus was born in a stable1 and lived in a carpenter's shop4 ,if a man is clever1 intellectual1 talented1 his road to heaven lies in the good use he makes of these gifts of mind2 if he is cheerful1 good-humored1 well-bred1 his road to heaven lies in the charitable use he makes of his natural attractiveness2 if he is placed in circumstances that grievously try his temper and his patience1 long-suffering1 resignation1 and gentleness will be the evident path for him2 if surrounded by difficulties and occupying a responsible position1 discretion and delicacy will be his appointed road4 ,there is no forcing the spiritual life2 it grows out of the natural life1 and is only the natural life1 shorn of self and self-love1 supernaturalized4 ,life is a battle2 we all have to fight it1 but even in a material combat1 what general would arm all his soldiers alike8 ,are there not cavalry and infantry1 lancers and riflemen8 ,do not some wield the sword1 others man the guns8 ,so in the combat whose promised land is paradise2 we fight each with diverse weapons1 and our one thought should be1 not to envy others their arms1 but do effectual service with our own4 ,men fight one way1 women another4 ,both can fight as well2 but only by using their own weapons4 ,there is an old ,french fable that speaks of the frog who sought to swell himself to the size of the ox1 forgetting that he could be as happy and as useful in his small fish-pond as the larger animal in his spacious meadow4 ,he would not be a frog1 but of course he could not become an ox1 so he died of his effort1 and the world counted one worker less4 ,just so do some of us act when we sigh over the life of some great saint of old1 and1 putting down the book in sentimental admiration as barren as it is useless1 cry out1 ,if only ,i could be an ,augustine1 a ,theresa1 a ,thomas ,aquinas6 ,to such might we answer3 ,do you know why they were saints8 ,because they acted up to the lights they had4 ,if you act up to your inferior but no less true lights1 you too will be a saint4 ,if ,augustine1 and ,theresa1 and ,thomas ,aquinas had spent their lives in sterile sentimentality1 calling upon the dead saints before them1 where would they have been1 and who would have heard of their names8 ,at that rate1 there would have been no saints at all after the twelve apostles1 and even they would have sat down in profitless discouragement because their holiness could not equal that of the ,son of ,god6 ,did not the ,creator say to all things living1 vegetable or animal1 ,increase and multiply1 and ,let the earth bring forth the green herb1 and such as may seed1 and the fruit-tree bearing fruit after its kind8 ,in that one commandment lies the secret spring of the energy and fruitfulness of every created thing1 spiritual no less than temporal4 ,let each one of us bear fruit according to his kind1 and ,god will be satisfied4 ,augustine and ,gregory1 ,thomas and ,bonaventure1 ,francis of ,assisium and ,francis of ,sales1 ,charles ,borromeo and ,vincent of ,paul1 ,philip ,neri and ,ignatius ,loyola1 were men1 very men1 and1 had they not been men1 they could not have been saints4 ,we mean1 their sanctity would have been other than it actually was2 it would have been even as the holiness of the angels1 the untempted steadfastness of pure spirits4 ,had they been born as the ,blessed ,virgin1 immaculate in the very initial moment of existence1 they would not have been the saints they are1 the imitable1 human1 weakling beings we yearn over and love with a natural and sympathetic love4 ,nature1 whatever people may say of her1 is not contrary to grace3 not in this sense at least1 that she is the field1 and grace the plough4 ,the plough does not alter the earth it furrows2 it only prepares it1 stirs it1 turns its better surface uppermost1 and displays its richest loam to receive the grain4 ,as neither rain1 nor dew1 nor manure can turn one soil into another1 so can no efforts of overstrained piety1 no devices of ambitious perseverance1 re-create the soul and portion it anew4 ,as ,god made us1 so we stand3 by taking thought1 we cannot add to our stature one cubit1 neither can we force a foreign growth to bloom on the low-lying lands of our soul4 ,one sort of grain grows best in one sort of earth4 ,would any husbandman dream of planting the wrong grain in it8 ,god is a husbandman1 and shall he do less well than mortal man1 and shall he endeavor to force one soil to bear the crop it cannot nourish8 ,no1 no6 ,god gave us one nature as well as the graces he plants therein1 and we may trust to him to see the harvest reaped4 ,it is men1 it is ourselves1 who interfere with our sowing and reaping time2 it is ourselves1 who ambitiously seek to grow grain we can never rear1 or it is others who maliciously sow tares in a soil they too quickly overrun4 ,then the world will see in us her saints1 men going simply through the round of their daily duties1 very unostentatiously1 very quietly1 never boasting1 because to have time to boast they must needs leave off their work2 never lamenting1 because to lament they would have to leave off their prayer2 but letting their nature fill itself to the brim with ,god1 and1 when it is full1 letting it quietly overflow to their neighbor4 ,that sounds very simple1 does it not8 ,yes1 because everything that belongs to ,god is simplicity itself1 and the more simple a man is1 the nearer ,god he is4 ,all the great men and women whose names stud the calendar of the church owed their greatness to their simplicity1 and the words of the greatest saint that ever lived1 the words of her1 were they not the simplest ever found on record3 ,be it done unto me according to thy word8 ,saints of our timid generation1 saints of our half-hearted century1 saints of our hitherto barren civilization1 start up1 and fill the plains and the valleys of all lands1 fill the offices of the city and the homes of the citizens1 fill the church1 the courts1 the universities1 fill the lowly serried ranks of the poor1 fill the more burdened and more responsible phalanx of the noble and the rich6 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,st4 ,,thomas ,,of ,,aquin4 ,by ,father ,vaughan1 ,o4,s4,b4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,brown1 ,green ,co4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 ,new ,york4 ,this is a good stout volume1 like ,st4 ,thomas himself4 ,it is a book for its outward appearance such as we seldom see4 ,we have many well-printed books1 but this one is remarkable for its large1 clear type1 which makes it pleasant and easy to read4 ,the subject is one of the greatest interest and importance4 ,the life and times of ,st4 ,thomas have a peculiar charm about them1 aside from the history of his genius1 and of his philosophical and theological system4 ,the two together make a theme which far surpasses in grandeur and attractiveness even the history of the majority of great saints4 ,st4 ,thomas is the great doctor of the church4 ,his intellectual sway is something without a parallel4 ,the study of his works is on the increase1 and he is likely to acquire even a greater and more universal sway than he enjoyed before the ,reformation4 ,we have never before had a really good biography of ,st4 ,thomas in ,english4 ,father ,vaughan has taken hold of the work with zeal and ability4 ,it is only half published as yet1 but the first volume presents so large a portion of the angelic doctor's life before us that we can estimate its value as well as if we had the whole4 ,an analysis of some of the principal works of ,st4 ,thomas is given by ,f4 ,vaughan1 and he endeavors to present to the reader a picture of the times when he lived1 as well as to describe the events of his personal history4 ,every student should have this book4 ,it is indeed a wonderful thing to see such a specimen of genuine old monastic literature issuing from the ,english press4 ,it makes us hope that ,england may yet become once more the merrie ,catholic ,england of the olden time4 ,,my ,,study ,,windows4 ,by ,james ,russell ,lowell1 ,a4,m41 ,professor of ,belles-,lettres in ,harvard ,college4 ,boston3 ,james ,r4 ,osgood ,co4 #ahga4 ,met with in the pages of a review or magazine1 ,mr4 ,lowell's prose is always sure to be more or less pleasant reading4 ,his wit1 his refinement1 and a certain something which we are only unwilling to call his delicacy of appreciation1 because1 in spite of his generally acknowledged merits as a critic1 he seems to us not always perfectly reliable in that capacity1 always find him willing and amused readers4 ,but when he shuts up too much of his work at once between a pair of covers1 and gives whoever will a too easy opportunity of comparing him with himself1 we doubt whether even his admirers--a class in which we are not unwilling to include ourselves--do not find him a little wearisome1 and discover in him a poverty of suggestion and a timidity of thought which gibbet him as a book-maker1 although1 being in a measure counterbalanced by an abundance of lighter merits1 they would have left him an easy pre-eminence over most of his contemporaries as a magazinist4 ,nor1 if we may for once adopt a method of criticism from which our author himself is not averse1 and trust our instinct to read between the lines1 is ,mr4 ,lowell altogether free from a suspicion that such may possibly be the case--and that1 as affecting his own culture and habit of mind also1 it was a far-reaching mistake in our ,puritan ancestors to cut themselves quite asunder from the traditions of the past before they came here to establish free thinking and free religion along with a free government4 ,however it may be with government1 neither thought nor faith seems to flourish well without having its roots in the past4 ,like their transcendentalist sons1 our ,new ,england progenitors were themselves ,apostles of the ,newness1 and simply antedated them by a few generations in the experiment of throwing overboard a great deal of valuable freight1 and trying to right themselves by laying in a supply of useless ballast4 ,the sentiment which they dignified by the name of trust in ,providence appears nowadays under a less equivocal disguise as self-reliance2 and while it produces certain easily appreciable results both in society and literature1 it makes instability1 a want of solidity1 and an absence of germinative force permanent characteristics of both of them4 ,not1 however1 to make an essay on a sufficiently suggestive topic1 but to confine ourselves to the particular matter in hand1 it is perhaps ,mr4 ,lowell's thin-skinnedness as an author1 and a characteristic modesty as to the value of his utterances1 none the less apparent for being put carefully out of sight1 which give him1 to our thinking1 his best claim to the liking of his readers--while at the same time it is a modesty so well justified by the actual state of the case as to explain why it is that one is always more ready to accept with satisfaction what he has to say about an author whose claims have been tested by more than one generation of critics1 than to trust him for a thoroughly reliable estimate of a literary workman of to-day4 ,even in the former case one inclines to believe that he may sometimes feel a just preference for his own opinions in contradistinction to those of ,mr4 ,lowell--who is not1 for instance1 likely to elicit much intelligent sympathy with his verdict on the poetical merits of the ,rape of the ,lock4 ,by far the pleasantest portions of the present volume are the three opening essays1 in which ,mr4 ,lowell quite forgets that he is a critic1 or1 at least1 that he is a critic of books4 ,the essays on ,carlyle and ,thoreau contain also a good deal of sound1 if not particularly subtle1 criticism2 and in general1 although the book does not show ,mr4 ,lowell in his most characteristic vein1 it pleases us all the better on that account1 as giving us what substance there is in his thought1 with much less than ordinary of the technical brilliancy which wearies quite as often as it entertains4 ,,dion ,,and ,,the ,,sibyls4 ,a ,classic ,christian ,novel4 ,by ,miles ,gerald ,keon1 ,colonial ,secretary1 ,bermuda1 author of ,harding the ,money-,spinner1 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahga4 #a vol4 #hvo1 pp4 #bbd4 ,dion and the ,sibyls is a work of uncommon merit1 and may be classed1 in our opinion1 with ,fabiola and ,callista1 which is the highest compliment we could possibly pay to a romance of the early period of ,christian history4 ,the ,dion of the story is ,dionysius the ,areopagite in his youth1 and before his conversion4 ,the ,sibyls are introduced in reference to their predictions of a coming ,saviour of mankind4 ,the object of the author is to exhibit the fearful need which existed in heathen society for a divine intervention1 and the general1 widespread desire and expectation of such an event at the time when our ,lord actually appeared on the earth4 ,this is done by means of a plot which is woven from the personal history of a nephew of ,lepidus the ,triumvir1 a young ,roman noble of ,greek education1 and an intimate friend of ,dionysius1 who came to ,rome with his mother and sister at the close of the reign of ,augustus1 to claim the sequestrated estate of his father1 one of the generals who helped to win the battle of ,philippi4 ,the appeal of the young ,paulus milius ,lepidus to ,augustus at a time when the latter was visiting the wealthy ,knight ,mamurra at his superb villa at ,formi1 and a plot of ,tiberius ,csar to carry off ,agatha1 the young man's sister1 afford an occasion of describing the principal persons of the ,roman court4 ,this is done in a graphic and masterly manner4 ,the representation of the aged ,augustus is something perfect in its kind4 ,the portraits of ,tiberius1 ,germanicus1 ,caligula1 then a child1 the royal ladies1 ,sejanus the ,prtorian prefect1 ,velleius ,paterculus1 ,thellus the chief of the gladiators1 and a number of other persons representing various classes of ,romans1 are admirably and vividly drawn4 ,the breaking of the ferocious ,sejan horse by the young milius at the public games of ,formi is a scene of striking originality and power4 ,the campaign of ,germanicus against the ,germans is also well described4 ,in fact1 ,mr4 ,keon makes the old ,roman world reappear before us like a panorama4 ,he shows himself to be a thorough and minute classical scholar and historian on every page and in every line4 ,but beyond and above all this1 he exhibits a power of philosophical reasoning1 and an insight into the deepest significance of ,christianity1 which elevate his thrilling romance to the rank of a work of the highest moral and religious scope4 ,the description of the demons by the ,lady ,plancina is an original and awfully sublime conception surpassing anything in the ,mystique ,diabolique of ,grres4 ,the author's great masterpiece1 however1 is the argument of ,dionysius on the being of ,one ,god before the court of ,augustus1 a piece of writing of which any professed philosopher might be proud4 ,the history of ,paulus milius1 who is really the hero of the work1 brings him at last to ,juda at the time of the murder of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 and the closing scenes of the life of our ,lord4 ,this gives the author the opportunity of describing a momentary glimpse which the brave and virtuous ,roman was favored with of the form and countenance of the ,divine ,redeemer1 as he was passing down the ,mount of ,olives4 ,mr4 ,keon undertook a difficult task1 one in which many have failed1 when he ventured on introducing the august figure of our ,lord into his picture4 ,we are fastidious in matters of this kind1 and not easily satisfied by any attempt at giving in language what sculptors and painters usually fall short of expressing in marble and on canvas4 ,mr4 ,keon's bold effort pleases us so much that we cannot help wishing he would try his hand at some more sketches of the same kind4 ,we should like to see some scenes from the evangelical history and the ,acts of the ,apostles produced under an ideal and imaginative form with an ability equal to that which our author has displayed in his pictures of the ,augustan age4 ,the success of ,renan's ,life of ,jesus is due not so much to the popularity of his detestable and absurd theories1 as to the attraction of his theme and the charm of a vivid1 lifelike representation of the scenes1 manners1 and events of the period when our ,lord lived and taught in ,juda4 ,a similar work1 produced in accordance with the true ,catholic idea of the august1 divine person of the ,son of ,god made man1 would do more to counteract the poison of the infamous infidel literature of the day in the popular mind than any grave argumentative treatise4 ,we pronounce ,mr4 ,keon's ,dion and the ,sibyls without hesitation to be a dramatic and philosophical masterpiece1 and we trust that he will not allow his genius to lie idle1 but will give us more works of the same sort4 ,whether the vitiated taste of the novel-reading world will appreciate works of so classical a stamp1 we are unable to say4 ,but all those who relish truth conveyed through the forms of the purest art will thank ,mr4 ,keon for the pleasure he has given them1 if they shall1 as we did1 by chance take up his book and peruse it attentively1 and will concur with us in wishing that a work of so much merit and value might be better known and more widely circulated4 ,,literature ,,and ,,life4 ,edwin ,p4 ,whipple4 ,enlarged ,edition4 ,boston3 ,james ,r4 ,osgood ,co4 #ahga4 ,the essays contained in this volume are ten in number3 ,authors in their ,relations to ,life2 ,novels and ,novelists2 ,wit and ,humor2 ,the ,ludicrous ,side of ,life2 ,genius2 ,intellectual ,health and ,disease2 ,use and ,misuse of ,words2 ,wordsworth2 ,bryant2 ,stupid ,conservatism and ,malignant ,reform4 ,of these the first six were originally delivered by ,mr4 ,whipple as popular lectures many years ago1 and were collected and published in #ahdi4 ,the last four articles are later productions of the author1 and are first published together in this enlarged edition of his early work4 ,in a somewhat extended notice of ,mr4 ,whipple's essays on the ,literature of the ,age of ,elizabeth more than a year ago1 we pointed out some of his excellences and defects as they appeared to us4 ,both are perhaps even more apparent in this book4 ,its style is marked by that command of expression for which the author is always so remarkable1 and is at the same time clear1 pointed1 and unaffected4 ,yet the essays sometimes bear marks of the object for which they were written1 and one cannot help wishing that the author had not been so evidently restricted in the materials he used and in the characteristics of his style by the necessity of their adaptation to the audience of lecture-goers to which they were addressed4 ,the distinctively critical essays are the best1 and it is in literary criticism that ,mr4 ,whipple is always most at home4 ,his appreciative estimates of the genius of ,dickens and of ,wordsworth have1 we think1 been very seldom equalled in force and justice by any of the numerous criticisms of those authors which have been published4 ,those who are familiar with ,mr4 ,whipple's essays will be glad to see them republished in so elegant and convenient a form1 and those who are not cannot now do better than to make their acquaintance4 ,,fifty ,,catholic ,,tracts ,,on ,,various ,,subjects4 ,first ,series4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,street4 #ahga ,the wish so often expressed of seeing ,the ,catholic ,tracts in a book form has been met by this volume4 ,the variety of its contents makes it a book for circulation among all classes of society4 ,short1 popular1 and conclusive answers are given on questions of the day1 making it of great value as a work of actual controversy1 while not a few of the tracts are instructive and devotional1 rendering it equally important to ,catholics4 ,the volume is printed on good paper1 and its price brings it within the reach of every one4 ,we recommend it to the attention of clergymen1 and the confraternities1 sodalities1 and ,rosary societies1 as a book for distribution among a reading and thinking people seeking after religious truth4 ,we give the preface entire3 ,in the spring of #ahff1 the ,catholic ,publication ,society issued its first tract4 ,since that time it has published fifty tracts on different subjects4 ,more than two and one half millions 7#b1ejj1jjj7 of these short and popular papers have been sold and circulated4 ,this is sufficient evidence of their value and popularity4 ,some of the ablest writers in our country have contributed to this work4 ,although we have never given the names of the authors1 we feel at liberty to say that eminent prelates and learned theologians--men who have a world-wide reputation--have written many of these tracts4 ,a well-written tract often costs more labor than an essay or an article for a magazine4 ,nor have these tracts been written and circulated without good effect4 ,we know of ,protestants converted and received into the church by their means4 ,countless prejudices against our religion have been removed1 even when persons have not been led to become ,catholics4 ,their minds have been thus prepared for accepting the truth at some future day4 ,in addition to this1 we must remember that many of the tracts are written for the instruction of ,catholics4 ,numerous letters from those in charge of hospitals1 asylums1 and prisons1 in various sections of our country1 bear testimony to their value in this respect4 ,an objection is sometimes made to the word 'tract4' ,we do not altogether like the word ourselves4 ,if any friend can suggest a better1 we will cheerfully adopt it4 ,until then1 we must continue to use it4 ,surely ,catholics have a right to any word in the ,english language4 ,sometimes an objection is made to the tract form of publication4 ,those who have scruples on this score are relieved by the publication of this volume4 ,these tracts now form a book4 ,no one can fairly object to the matter it contains4 ,we trust1 therefore1 that they who find benefit from this little volume of tracts will endeavor to increase its circulation4 ,to the clergy we recommend ,tract #ej as one intended to place before them a practical method of circulating ,catholic literature among their people4 ,we cannot close without expressing the strong desire to see this volume spread over the length and breadth of our land4 ,,meditations ,,on ,,the ,,litany ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,holy ,,virgin4 ,by the ,abb ,barthe4 ,translated from the ,french by a ,daughter of ,st4 ,joseph4 ,philadelphia3 ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham4 #ahga4 ,this handsome work supplies a want long felt4 ,it contains meditations on each phrase of the ,litany from the ,kyrie eleison to the ,agnus ,dei4 ,these meditations are of suitable length for ,may devotions1 and are admirable for their solidity no less than for their piety4 ,the ,abb ,barthe is an honorable ,canon of ,rodey 7,france72 and we cannot do better than quote the letter of his bishop4 ,he says3 ,i rejoice that a priest of my diocese 444 has given to learned and ,christian ,france a work which will be widely diffused1 and which will make the august ,mary loved1 admired1 and venerated in these lines1 when1 more than ever1 we need to place ourselves under her glorious protection4 ,there are also letters of commendation from ,cardinal ,giraud1 ,archbishop of ,cambria1 and his grace the ,archbishop of ,paris1 to which is added the approbation of the ,bishop of ,philadelphia4 ,may this ,monument to the ,glory of ,mary 7as it is called7 meet in this country with the circulation it deserves1 and be the means of spreading wide and deep the love and worship of her whose ,immaculate ,conception is our patronal feast4 ,,the ,,wonders ,,of ,,the ,,heavens4 ,by ,camille ,flammarion4 ,from the ,french1 by ,mrs4 ,norman ,lockyer4 ,with forty-eight illustrations4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ahga4 ,to those who take a delight in reading about the planets and stars1 this work will prove both instructive and interesting4 ,the illustrations are very fine1 and the work is got up in uniform style with the other volume of ,the ,library of ,wonders1 noticed in these pages before1 of which it is one of the series4 ,,thecla2 or1 ,the ,malediction4 ,by ,madame ,a4 ,r4 ,de ,la ,grange4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 ,this is an interesting story descriptive of a family living in the ,roman province of ,cappadocia in the fifth century1 giving quaint pictures of life in those early days1 and lovely glimpses of the natural beauties of the country4 ,the object of the tale is to illustrate the special judgments of ,almighty ,god on disobedient children and an overindulgent parent1 who out of a weak fondness put no restraints upon her children in their youth4 ,the terrible retribution that follows a parent's curse1 and the remorse and bitterness of heart that must be the portion of neglectful parents1 are well portrayed by ,madame ,de ,la ,grange4 ,the volume will be an excellent addition to our ,sunday-school libraries4 ,we would suggest to the publisher the propriety of a thinner and better paper4 ,it does not look seemly to print books on common paste-board4 ,,the ,,theology ,,of ,,the ,,parables4 ,by ,father ,coleridge1 ,s4,j4 ,with an ,arrangement of the ,parables1 by ,father ,salmeron4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 ,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,this is a paper of no great length1 but of great service to the cause of faith4 ,it is in every respect worthy of the pen of ,father ,coleridge4 ,he sets before us the parables in quite a new light1 as meant to teach us the ways of ,god to men4 ,why our ,lord chose the parabolic form of teaching and why he said so much about his ,father are shown with great force and clearness4 ,,natural ,,history ,,of ,,new ,,york4 ,,pal,,ontology4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,part4 ,i4 ,albany3 ,printed by ,c4 ,van ,benthuysen ,sons4 ,march1 #ahfg4 ,this is a continuation of ,professor ,hall's able researches on the fossils of this state4 ,it contains descriptions and figures of the ,brachiopoda of the ,helderberg1 ,hamilton1 ,portage1 and ,chemung groups4 ,the plates are admirably executed1 like those in the previous volumes1 and the name of the author is a sufficient proof of the accuracy and value of the descriptions which they illustrate4 ,the work is a solid and valuable contribution to science4 ,,books ,,received4 ,from ,,john ,,murphy ,,co41 ,baltimore3 ,the ,child's ,prayer and ,hymn ,book4 ,for the use of ,catholic ,sunday-schools4--,the ,expiation4 ,a ,drama in ,three ,acts4 ,translated from the ,french by ,james ,kehoe4 ,paper4 ,from ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa43 ,the ,virginia ,forest4 ,a ,handbook of ,travel in ,virginia4 ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,pollard4 #a vol4 #afmo1 paper4--,history of ,florida from its ,discovery by ,ponce de ,leon in #aeab1 to the ,close of the ,florida ,war in #ahdb4 ,by ,george ,r4 ,fairbanks4 #a vol4 #abmo4--,the ,conservative ,reformation and its ,theology3 as ,represented in the ,augsburgh ,confession1 and in the ,history and ,literature of the ,evangelical ,lutheran ,church4 ,by ,charles ,p4 ,krauth ,d4,d4 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xiii41 ,no4 #gf4--;,,july1 #ahga4ajg ,,an ,,irish ,,martyr4 ,towards the close of the year #afde1 the venerable oratorian1 ,father ,peter ,francis ,scarampo1 who had spent two years in ,ireland on a special mission from the ,holy ,see1 was permitted to resign his position and return to ,rome4 ,he was accompanied thither by five young students whose relatives desired that they should complete their theological studies in the colleges of the ,eternal ,city4 ,of these1 the most distinguished for early proficiency and gentleness of disposition was a youth named ,oliver ,plunket1 then in his sixteenth year1 having been born at ,loughcrew1 county of ,meath1 in #afbi1 a near relative and protg of the ,bishop of ,ardagh1 ,doctor ,patrick ,plunket1 and closely connected by ties of kindred with some of the noblest families of ,ireland1 and with many distinguished ecclesiastics at home and on the ,continent4 ,father ,scarampo had borne himself so wisely and with so much charity and discretion while in ,ireland1 that his departure was regarded as a public misfortune1 and his retiring footsteps were followed to the sea-coast by thousands of pious and grateful people2 and1 though his humble spirit would not allow him to accept the distinguished post of ,papal ,nuncio1 and so remain among them1 he never ceased to remember their hospitality and long-suffering and to befriend their cause at ,rome upon all occasions4 ,on the young men entrusted to his care he bestowed every possible favor1 and especially on young ,plunket1 in whom he took a fatherly interest up to the day of his untimely death on the plague-stricken ,island of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 even to the extent of defraying that student's expenses for the first three years of his novitiate4 ,soon after his arrival in ,rome1 ,oliver ,plunket entered the ,irish ,college of that city1 then under the charge of the ,jesuit ,fathers1 and for eight years devoted himself with great industry and success to the study of philosophy1 mathematics1 and theology1 subsequently attending the usual course of lectures on canon and civil law in the ,roman ,university4 ,previous to his appointment to the ,see of ,armagh1 the ,rector of the ,irish ,college1 in response to an enquiry of the ,sacred ,congregation of ,propaganda1 presented the following honorable testimony of the character and abilities of the future ,primate3 ,i1 the undersigned1 certify that the ,very ,reverend ,dr4 ,oliver ,plunket1 of the diocese of ,meath1 in the province of ,armagh1 in ,ireland1 is of ,catholic parentage1 descended from an illustrious family2 on the father's side1 from the most illustrious ,earls of ,fingal2 on the mother's side1 from the most illustrious ,earls of ,roscommon1 being also connected by birth with the most illustrious ,oliver ,plunket1 ,baron of ,louth1 first nobleman of the diocese of ,armagh2 and in this our ,irish ,college he devoted himself with such ardor to philosophy1 theology1 and mathematics1 that in the ,roman ,college of the ,society of ,jesus he was justly ranked among the foremost in talent1 diligence1 and progress in his studies2 these speculative studies being completed1 he pursued with abundant fruit the course of civil and canon law under ,mark ,anthony de ,mariscotti1 ,professor of the ,roman ,sapienza1 and everywhere and at all times he was a model of gentleness1 integrity1 and piety4 ,having at length received his ordination in #afed1 ,dr4 ,plunket was obliged by the rules of the college either to proceed forthwith on the ,irish mission or to obtain leave from his superiors to remain to further perfect his studies4 ,he chose the latter course1 and at his own request the ,general of the ,society of ,jesus1 to whom he applied1 permitted him to enter ,san ,girolamo della ,charit1 where for three years he quietly devoted himself to the accumulation of knowledge and the duties of his sacred calling4 ,marangoni1 in his life of ,father ,cacciaguerra1 speaks of ,doctor ,plunket's conduct while in that secluded retreat in the following eulogistic terms3 ,here it is incredible with what zeal he burned for the salvation of souls4 ,in the house itself1 and in the city1 he wholly devoted himself to devout exercises2 frequently did he visit the sanctuaries steeped with the blood of so many martyrs1 and he ardently sighed for the opportunity of sacrificing himself for the salvation of his countrymen4 ,he1 moreover1 frequented the ,hospital of ,santo ,spirito1 and employed himself even in the most abject ministrations1 serving the poor infirm1 to the edification and wonder of the officials and assistants of that place4 ,the disturbed condition of his native country has been alleged as the cause of ,dr4 ,plunket's delay in ,rome1 and this in itself would be sufficient reason1 if we reflect that at that time the soldiers of ,cromwell were in full possession of every nook and corner of it1 and that hundreds of priests1 left without congregations1 were obliged to fly for their lives to the ,continent1 or to seek refuge in mountains and morasses2 but it is more than probable that the young ecclesiastic had an additional motive for remaining longer in the ,holy ,city1 and1 having a forecast of his future eminence in the church1 and of the vast benefits he was capable of rendering to the cause of religion and his country1 desired1 as far as possible1 to qualify himself for the glorious task to which he was afterwards assigned at the fountain-head of ,catholicity1 before undertaking a labor which he must have known would be accompanied by many trials and dangers4 ,but even from the seclusion of ,san ,girolamo his fame as an accomplished and profound scholar soon spread to the outer world1 and in #afeg ,dr4 ,plunket was appointed professor of theology and controversy in the ,college of the ,propaganda1 a position which he held with great credit for twelve years1 until his departure from ,rome4 ,though thus occupied in the responsible and laborious duties of his professorship1 he was also consultor of the ,sacred ,congregation of the ,index and of other congregations4 ,in the performance of the high trusts thus imposed upon him1 the young professor was frequently brought in contact with many of the most exalted personages of the ,roman ,court1 some of whom subsequently filled the chair of ,st4 ,peter1 from all of whom he experienced the greatest kindness and repeated proofs of affection1 as he frequently mentions with gratitude in his correspondence4 ,still the confidence reposed in him and the companionship of so many holy and erudite men failed to satisfy the cravings of his soul or reconcile him to his enforced exile4 ,of a highly sensitive and even poetic nature1 his patriotism and attachment to his family were second only to his love for learning and religion1 and his mind was constantly tormented by the accounts daily received in ,rome of the barbarities practised on his compatriots and co-religionists by the licentious soldiery of the ,english ,commonwealth4 ,in writing to ,father ,spada1 in #afef1 on the occasion of the death of his friend and counsellor ,father ,scarampo1 he exclaims in the bitterness of his spirit3 ,god alone knows how afflicting his death is to me1 especially at the present time1 when all ,ireland is overrun and laid waste by heresy4 ,of my relations1 some are dead1 others have been sent into exile1 and all ,ireland is reduced to extreme misery3 this overwhelmed me with an inexpressible sadness1 for ,i am now deprived of father and of friends1 and ,i should die through grief were ,i not consoled by the consideration that ,i have not altogether lost ,father ,scarampo2 for ,i may say that he in part remains1 our good ,god having retained your reverence in life1 who1 as it is known to all1 were united with him in friendship and in charity and in disposition1 so as even to desire to be his companion in death1 from which1 though ,god preserved you1 yet he did not deprive you of its merit4 ,but1 notwithstanding his own afflictions1 he was ever ready to succor by his slender purse and powerful influence such of his destitute young countrymen who sought an opportunity in ,rome to procure an education1 of which they were so systematically deprived at home2 and it was doubtless from a just perception of his great repute and thorough acquaintance with ecclesiastical affairs in ,rome that1 in the early part of #affi1 he was requested by the ,irish bishops to act as their representative at the ,papal ,court1 an office which he cheerfully accepted and filled to the entire satisfaction of his venerable constituency4 ,but he was not long allowed to occupy this subordinate position in connection with the church in ,ireland1 nor even to retain his chair in the ,propaganda4 ,he had now entered on his fortieth year1 his mind fully developed and stored with all the sacred and profane learning befitting one called to a higher destiny1 and his soul imbued with a zeal so holy and so far removed from worldly ambition that no temptation was likely to overcome his faith1 and no persecution1 no matter how severe1 to shake his constancy4 ,he was therefore appointed ,archbishop of ,armagh and ,primate of all ,ireland1 to succeed ,dr4 ,edmond ,o',reilly1 recently deceased in ,paris4 ,like the great apostle of his country1 of whom he was about to become the spiritual successor1 he had spent a long probation in the society of men remarkable for the purity of their lives and the extent of their knowledge1 and as ,st4 ,patrick longed to revisit the land of his adoption1 he also yearned to be once again among the ,irish people4 ,yet his appointment to the primacy of ,ireland was neither sought nor anticipated by ,dr4 ,plunket at this time1 as we learn from a letter from the ,archbishop of ,dublin to ,monsignor ,baldeschi1 ,secretary of the ,propaganda1 in which he says3 ,certainly1 no one could be appointed better suited than ,dr4 ,oliver ,plunket1 whom ,i myself would have proposed in the first place1 were it not that he had written to me1 stating his desire not to enter for some years in the ,irish mission1 until he should have completed some works which he was preparing for the press4 ,the names of many clergymen distinguished for piety1 devotion1 and learning had been forwarded to ,rome1 from which to select a fitting successor to ,dr4 ,o',reilly2 but1 while their various merits were under discussion1 the ,holy ,father1 ,clement ,,ix41 it is said1 simplified the matter by suggesting ,dr4 ,plunket as the person best qualified to fill the vacant see1 and to govern by his experience and force of character the hierarchy1 and1 through it1 the priesthood of ,ireland4 ,the views of the ,pope met with unanimous approval1 and1 the selection being thus made1 it was out of the power of ,dr4 ,plunket1 no matter how diffident he might have been of his own abilities to fill so elevated a position1 to decline4 ,we have seen how this important decision of the ,sacred ,congregation was viewed by ,dr4 ,talbot1 of ,dublin1 and his opinions seemed to have been shared by all the bishops and priests in ,ireland4 ,dr4 ,o',molony1 of ,st4 ,sulpice1 ,paris1 afterwards ,bishop of ,killaloe1 writes3 ,you have already laid the foundations of our edifice1 erected the pillars1 and given shepherds to feed the sheep and the lambs2 but1 now that the work should not remain imperfect1 you have crowned the edifice1 and provided a pastor for the pastors themselves1 appointing the ,archbishop of ,armagh1 for it is not of the diocese of ,armagh alone that he has the administration1 to whom the primacy and guardianship of all ,ireland is entrusted4 ,one1 therefore1 in a thousand had to be chosen1 suited to bear so great a burden4 ,that one you have found--one than whom none other better or more pleasing could be found2 with whom 7that your wise solicitude for our distracted and afflicted country should be wanting in nothing7 you have been pleased to associate his suffragan of ,ardagh1 a most worthy and grave man4 ,the ,bishop of ,ferns1 also1 in addressing the ,secretary of the ,sacred ,congregation1 says3 ,applauding and rejoicing1 ,i have hastened hither from ,gand1 to the ,most ,reverend and ,illustrious ,internunzio of ,belgium1 to return all possible thanks to our ,holy ,father1 in the name of my countrymen1 for having crowned with the mitre of ,armagh the noble and distinguished ,oliver ,plunket1 ,doctor of ,theology2 and ,dr4 ,dowley1 of ,limerick1 adds1 ,most pleasing to all was the appointment of ,dr4 ,plunket1 and ,i doubt not it will be agreeable to the government1 to the secular clergy1 and to the nobility4 ,these warm expressions of esteem and regard1 if known to the new primate1 must have inspired him with renewed courage to accept the grave responsibilities imposed upon him1 and truly1 if ever man required the support of friends to nerve him to encounter dangers and unheard-of opposition1 he did4 ,but he seems to have had within himself a courage not of this world1 but superior to all earthly considerations4 ,it is recorded on the very best authority that1 when about to leave ,rome1 he was thus accosted by an aged priest1 ,my lord1 you are now going to shed your blood for the ,catholic faith4 ,to which he replied1 ,i am unworthy of such a favor2 nevertheless1 aid me with your prayers1 that this my desire may be fulfilled4#ajh ,the condition of the country to which the primate was hastening fully justified this prophecy4 ,it was to the last degree forlorn and full of discouragement4 ,the sufferings of the ,irish people at this period defy description2 and were it not that we have before us the penal acts of parliament1 numerous authenticated state papers1 and the published statements of some of the highest officials of the crown and the agents of the ,commonwealth1 we would be inclined to believe1 if only for the credit of human nature1 that the relation of the atrocities at this time perpetrated by ,english authority on the ,catholics of ,ireland was the work of some diseased mind that delighted in horrors and revelled in the contemplation of an imaginary pandemonium4 ,the ,tudors and the ,stuarts as persecutors of ,catholics were bad enough1 but their ineffectual fires paled before the cool atrocity and sanctimonious villany of the followers of ,cromwell2 men1 if we must call them such1 who1 arrogating to themselves not only the honorable title of champions of human liberty1 but claiming to be the exemplars of all that was left of what was pure and holy in this wicked world1 perpetrated in the name of freedom and religion a series of such deeds of darkness that not even a parallel can be found for them in the annals of the worst days of the ,roman emperors4 ,so deep indeed has the detestation of the barbarities of ,cromwell taken root in the popular mind of ,ireland1 that1 though more than two centuries have elapsed since his death1 his name is as thoroughly and as heartily detested there to-day as if his crimes had been committed in our own generation4 ,previous to the ,reformation1 though wars were frequent and oftentimes bloody between the ,english invaders and the natives1 they were generally conducted in a certain spirit of chivalry and with some degree of moderation1 which usually characterize hostile ,catholic nations even in times of the greatest excitement4 ,churches and the nurseries of learning and charity were respected1 or1 if destroyed through the stern necessities of warfare1 were apt to be replaced by others4 ,but the followers of the new religion knew no such charitable weakness1 for from the first they seemed actuated1 probably as a punishment for their sin of wilful rebellion against the authority of ,god's law1 with an unquenchable hatred of everything holy1 and a craftiness in devising measures to destroy the faith and pervert the minds of the ,catholics so preternatural in its ingenuity that we can only account for it by supposing it the emanation of the enemy of mankind4 ,that any people stripped of all worldly possessions1 debarred so long from religious worship and the means of enlightenment1 outlawed by the so-called government1 ensnared by the spy and the magistrate1 and ground to dust beneath the hoofs of the trooper's horse1 should not only have preserved their existence and the faith1 but have multiplied amazingly1 both at home and abroad1 is one of the most remarkable incidents in all history1 as well as one of the strongest proofs of the enduring and unconquerable spirit of ,catholicity4 ,there were probably at this time in ,ireland nearly a million and a half of ,catholics1 though ,sir ,william ,petty estimates their number at about #a1bjj1jjj2 the native population having been fearfully reduced by the late war and the pestilence and famine which succeeded it1 by the emigration of forty or fifty thousand able-bodied men to ,spain and other countries1 and by the deportation of an equal number of women and children1 as slaves1 to the ,west ,indies and the ,british settlements on our ,atlantic coast4 ,yet1 notwithstanding the immense loss of life occasioned soon after by the ,williamite war1 the constant drain on the adult male population in the latter part of the seventeenth and the first half of the eighteenth centuries1 to fill up the decimated ranks of the ,catholic armies of ,europe1 amounting1 it is said1 to three-quarters of a million1 the periodical famines to which the peasantry were constantly exposed1 and the great famine of #ahdf-g and #ahdh1 which swept away at least two millions1 the ,irish ,catholics of to-day and their descendants in all quarters of the globe number at least fifteen million souls4 ,it is a singular and interesting fact that the ,irish ,catholics resident in ,london out-number the entire population of the city of ,dublin2 that in the cities and towns of ,england and ,scotland there are more ,catholics of ,irish birth than existed in every part of the world two hundred years ago2 and that1 while the children of ,st4 ,patrick count nearly five millions on the soil which he redeemed from paganism1 many more millions of them and their descendants born within the present century are planting the cross of ,christ everywhere in ,america and ,australasia4 ,this indestructibility of the ,irish race seems to have raised an insurmountable barrier against the designs of the reformers4 ,james ,i4 having planted part of ,ulster with some success1 the ,long ,parliament determined to follow his example on a more comprehensive scale1 and to utterly exterminate the people who persisted in adhering to their ancient faith4 ,accordingly1 in #afed1 all ,catholics were ordered under the severest penalties to remove before a certain day from the provinces of ,ulster1 ,leinster1 and ,munster1 and take up their abodes in ,connaught1 the least fertile and most inaccessible division of the island4 ,in their front a strip of land some miles in width1 following the sinuosity of the sea-coast1 and another in their rear along the line of the ,shannon1 were reserved for the victors and protected by a cordon of military posts1 the penalty of passing which1 without special license1 was death4 ,thus encompassed by the stormy ,atlantic and the broad river1 with an inner belt of hostile settlements1 it was fondly hoped that the remnant of the gallant ,irish nation1 completely segregated from the world1 would speedily perish1 unnoticed and unknown1 among the sterile mountains of the west4 ,a more diabolical attempt on the lives of a whole people is not to be found recorded in either ancient or modern history1 and1 to do but justice to the canting fanatics who conceived the plan1 no means were left untried to carry it out to a successful issue4 ,but ,providence1 with whose designs the ,cromwellians assumed to be well acquainted1 decreed otherwise1 and no sooner had their leader sunk into a dishonored grave1 and the legitimate sovereign been restored to the throne1 than every part of the country swarmed again with ,catholics1 who seemed to spring1 as if by magic1 from the very soil4 ,the people1 it was found1 had actually increased in numbers1 and the clergy1 who it was supposed had been effectually destroyed by expatriation1 famine1 or the sword1 still amounted to over sixteen hundred seculars and regulars1 as devoted as ever to the spiritual interests of their flocks4 ,the restoration of ,charles ,,ii4 in #affj was hailed by the ,catholics as a favorable omen4 ,they had faithfully supported his father1 and had lost all in defending his own cause1 and hence they naturally expected1 if not gratitude1 at least simple justice4 ,but ,charles was a true ,stuart4 ,opposed to persecution from a constitutional love of ease and pleasure1 as much as from any innate sense of right1 he had neither the capacity to plan a reform nor the manhood to carry out the tolerant designs of others4 ,he was1 moreover1 weak-minded1 vacillating1 and insincere1 more disposed to conciliate his enemies by gifts and honors than to reward his well-tried friends by the commonest acts of justice4 ,the greatest favor that the ,catholics could obtain was a toleration of their worship in remote and secret places1 and even this qualified boon was dependent on the whim of the viceroy1 and was soon withdrawn at the command of parliament4 ,but the evils of the ,english ,protestant system did not stop here4 ,the death or involuntary exile of most of the ,irish bishops and the dispersion of the clergy created a relaxation of ecclesiastical discipline1 particularly among the regulars1 and the impossibility of obtaining proper religious instruction at home1 and the difficulty of procuring it elsewhere1 necessarily lowered the standard of education among the priests of all ranks4 ,left for the most part to their own guidance1 and only imperfectly trained for the ministry1 many friars1 particularly of the ,order of ,st4 ,francis1 so illustrious for its many distinguished scholars and eloquent preachers1 were disposed to rebel against their superiors when the least restraint was placed upon their irregular modes of living1 and some were found base enough to lend the weight attached to their sacred calling to further the designs of the worst enemies of their creed and country4 ,ormond and other so-called statesmen1 while avowing unqualified loyalty to their sovereign and a secret attachment to the church1 were insidiously betraying the one by placing him in a false position before ,catholics and ,protestants1 while vainly endeavoring to strike a blow at the other by using these apostates to create a schism in her ranks4 ,in the latter scheme they signally failed1 and their defeat was mainly due to the untiring energy and profound foresight of the ,archbishop of ,armagh during the ten years of his administration4 ,the very announcement of ,dr4 ,plunket's appointment seems to have struck terror into the secret enemies of the church in ,ireland1 and to have given new hope to the friends of religion4 ,this event occurred on the #ith of ,july1 #affi1 when the bulls for his consecration were immediately forwarded to the ,internunzio at ,brussels4 ,dr4 ,plunket was desirous of receiving the mitre in ,rome1 and even made a strong request to be granted that privilege1 but the prudential motives which induced the ,sacred ,congregation to select ,belgium in the first instance still remained1 and the favor was reluctantly refused4 ,as his first act of obedience1 the archbishop bowed cheerfully to this decision1 and after presenting his little vineyard1 his only real property1 and a few books to the ,irish ,college1 he bade a final adieu to his ,roman friends in the following month1 and commenced his homeward journey--his first step to a glorious immortality4 ,he arrived during ,november in the capital of ,belgium1 and was cordially welcomed by the ,internunzio1 who was not unacquainted with his extensive learning and unaffected piety4 ,at the request of that prelate1 the ,bishop of ,ghent consented to administer consecration to ,dr4 ,plunket1 and the solemn ceremony was duly performed on the #cjth of ,november1 in the private chapel of the episcopal palace in that ancient city4 ,dr4 ,nicholas ,french1 ,bishop of ,ferns1 one of the few persons present on the occasion1 thus describes it3 ,i present a concise narrative of the consecration of the most illustrious ,archbishop of ,armagh4 ,his excellency the ,internunzio wrote most kind letters to the bishop of this diocese requesting him to perform it1 and he most readily acquiesced4 ,but ,i1 on receiving this news1 set out at once for ,brussels to conduct hither his ,grace of ,armagh1 bound by gratitude to render him this homage4 ,a slight fever seized our excellent bishop on the ,saturday before the ,twenty-fourth ,sunday after ,pentecost1 which had been fixed for ,dr4 ,plunket's consecration2 wherefore that ceremony was deferred till the first ,sunday in ,advent1 on which day it was devoutly and happily performed in the capella of the palace1 without noise1 and with closed doors1 for such was the desire of the ,archbishop of ,armagh4 ,remaining here for eight days after his consecration1 he passed his time in despatching letters and examining my writings4 ,after this short delay1 the ,primate continued his journey1 stopping long enough in ,london to see his friends at the ,english court1 and to present his credentials to the ,queen1 who was a devout ,catholic1 and who received him with great cordiality4 ,he had also leisure to become somewhat conversant with the policy and views of the leading public characters in the ,english capital1 and to study the workings and temper of the parliament4 ,after a tedious and fatiguing journey1 he at length landed in ,ireland1 in ,march1 #afgj1 having been absent from that country a quarter of a century1 where he was joyously received by his numerous relatives and friends4 ,great was the change which had been wrought in his life during those twenty-five years1 but1 alas6 how much greater had been the alteration in the circumstances of his countrymen4 ,as a lad he had left them in the full enjoyment of their religion in almost every part of the island1 their nobility in the possession of their estates1 the peasantry and farmers prosperous1 the clergy respected and freely obeyed1 and all full of hope for the future1 and sanguine of yet attaining their independence4 ,as an archbishop and primate1 he returned to find nothing but desolation and ruin1 sorrow and dejection4 ,the nobility had either been banished or reduced to the condition of mere tenants on their own property1 so that only three ,catholic gentlemen in the province of ,armagh1 which embraces eleven dioceses1 held any real estate2 the original cultivators of the soil who had been spared by the sword and had not been transported or compelled to emigrate were formed into bands of plunderers1 and infested the highways under the name of tories1 while such as remained of the bishops and clergy were to be found only in bogs and mountains or in the most obscure portions of the larger towns and cities4 ,undaunted by the scenes of woe and destruction around him1 the ,primate1 like a diligent servant of ,god1 had no sooner set foot on his native soil than he proceeded to the performance of his pastoral labors4 ,writing to ,cardinal ,barberini1 ,protector of ,ireland1 an account of his journey from ,rome1 he says3 ,i afterwards arrived in ,ireland in the month of ,march1 and hastened immediately to my residence2 and ,i held two synods and two ordinations1 and in a month and a-half ,i administered confirmation to more than ten thousand persons1 though throughout my province ,i think there yet remain more than fifty thousand persons to be confirmed4 ,i remarked throughout the country1 wherever ,i went1 that for every heretic there are twenty ,catholics4 ,the new viceroy is a man of great moderation2 he willingly receives the ,catholics1 and he treats privately with the ecclesiastics1 and promises them protection while they attend to their own functions without intriguing in the affairs of government4 ,the nobleman here alluded to was ,lord ,berkeley1 who held office in ,ireland for a few years1 and under whose politic and tolerant1 if not very sincere1 administration the ,catholics enjoyed at least comparative security4 ,personally1 he1 as well as his successor1 ,lord ,essex1 entertained a very high respect for the primate1 and treated him with great kindness1 when it was possible to do so without incurring the displeasure of the ultra-,protestant faction4 ,indeed1 ,archbishop ,plunket1 well aware of the difficulties which constantly beset his path1 and feeling the futility of defying the government authorities1 set his mind from the first to conciliate those whom he knew had the power to thwart or second his efforts1 without yielding anything of his episcopal dignity or compromising his character as an ardent patriot4 ,his long probationary course in ,rome and his intimate association with so many of the best and most accomplished minds at the ,papal court must have eminently qualified him for dealing with the leading ,british officials in ,ireland4 ,in his voluminous correspondence with the ,holy ,see1 he frequently alludes to his interviews with the lord-lieutenant and other noblemen1 and to the judicious use he was able to make of his influence with them for the benefit of his less fortunate or more demonstrative brethren in the ministry4 ,in a letter addressed to ,pope ,clement1 dated ,june #bj1 #afgj1 he says3 ,our viceroy is a man of great moderation and equity3 he looks on the ,catholics with benevolence1 and treats privately with some of the clergy1 exhorting them to act with discretion2 and for this purpose he secretly called me to his presence on many occasions1 and promised me his assistance in correcting any members of the clergy of scandalous life4 ,i discover in him some spark of religion1 and ,i find that many even of the leading members of his court are secretly ,catholics4 ,again1 to ,dr4 ,brennan1 his successor as ,irish agent1 he writes3 ,in the province of ,armagh1 the clergy and ,catholics enjoy a perfect peace4 ,the ,earl of ,charlemont1 being friendly with me1 defends me in every emergency4 ,being once in the town of ,dungannon to administer confirmation1 and the governor of the place having prevented me from doing so1 the earl not only severely reproved the governor1 but told me to go to his own palace1 when ,i pleased1 to give confirmation or to say ,mass there if ,i wished4 ,the magistrate of the city of ,armagh1 having made an order to the effect that all ,catholics should accompany him to the heretical service every ,sunday1 under penalty of half-a-crown per head for each time they would absent themselves1 ,i appealed to the president of the province against this decree1 and he cancelled it1 and commanded that neither clergy nor ,catholic laity should be molested4 ,it is not1 however1 to be supposed from these isolated instances of toleration that the new primate was allowed the full exercise of his functions in the land of his nativity1 and where his flock so vastly outnumbered their opponents4 ,on the contrary1 we learn from a letter of ,lord ,conway to his brother-in-law1 ,sir ,george ,rawdon1 that even before ,dr4 ,plunket reached ,ireland orders had been issued by the lord-lieutenant for his arrest as being one of two persons sent from ,rome1 that lie lurking in the country to do mischief2 and even when he had taken possession of his see1 his labors for the most part were performed in secret or in the night time4 ,this was more particularly so after #afgc1 when the persecution was renewed against the ,catholics1 that we have his own authority and that of his companion in suffering1 ,dr4 ,brennan1 ,bishop of ,waterford1 for saying that at the most tempestuous times he was obliged to seek safety by flight1 and frequently to expose himself to the horrors of a northern winter and almost to starvation in order to be amid his people1 and ready to administer spiritual consolation to them4 ,the viceroy1 he says1 writing in ,january1 #affd1 on the #ajth or thereabouts of this month1 published a further proclamation that the registered clergy should be treated with the greatest rigor4 ,another but secret order was given to all the magistrates and sheriffs that the detectives should seek out1 both in the cities and throughout the country1 the other bishops and regulars4 ,i and my companions no sooner received intelligence of this than1 on the #ahth of this month1 which was ,sunday1 after vespers1 being the festival of the ,chair of ,st4 ,peter1 we deemed it necessary to take to our heels2 the snow fell heavily mixed with hail-stones1 which were very hard and large2 a cutting north wind blew in our faces1 and the snow and hail beat so dreadfully in our eyes that to the present we have been scarcely able to see with them4 ,often we were in danger in the valleys of being lost and suffocated in the snow1 till at length we arrived at the house of a reduced gentleman1 who had nothing to lose2 but for our misfortune he had a stranger in his house1 by whom we did not wish to be recognized2 hence we were placed in a large garret without chimney and without fire1 where we have been during the past eight days4 ,may it redound to the glory of ,god1 the salvation of our souls1 and the flocks entrusted to our charge6 ,so great indeed was the danger of discovery at this time1 and so watchful were the emissaries of the law1 that he was compelled to write most of his foreign letters over the assumed signature of ,mr4 ,thomas ,cox1 and was usually addressed by that name in reply4 ,he even tells us that he was sometimes obliged to go about the performance of his duties in the disguise of a cavalier with cocked hat and sword4 ,dr4 ,plunket is represented by his contemporaries as a man of delicate physical organization1 highly sensitive in his temperament1 and disposed naturally to prefer the seclusion of the closet to the excitement and turmoil of the world4 ,the contrast between the scholastic retirement in which he had spent so many years of his life1 and the circumstances by which he now found himself surrounded1 must have been indeed striking1 but like a true disciple he did not hesitate a moment in entering on his new sphere of usefulness4 ,shortly after his arrival in ,dublin1 on the #agth of ,june1 #afgj1 he called together and presided over a general synod of the ,irish bishops1 at which several important statutes were passed1 as well as an address to the new viceroy declaring the loyalty and homage1 in all things temporal1 of the hierarchy of ,ireland to the reigning sovereign4 ,two synods of his own clergy had already been held1 and in ,september following a provincial council of ,ulster met at ,clones1 which not only reaffirmed the decrees of the synod of ,dublin1 but enacted many long required reforms in discipline and the manner of life of the clergy4 ,in a letter from the assembled clergy of the province of ,armagh1 date ,october #h1 #afgj1 and addressed to ,monsignor ,baldeschi1 they thus speak of the untiring labors of their metropolitan3 ,in the diocese of ,armagh1 ,kilmore1 ,clogher1 ,derry1 ,down1 ,connor1 and ,dromore1 although far separated from each other1 he administered confirmation to thousands in the woods and mountains1 heedless of winds and rain4 ,lately1 too1 he achieved a work from which great advantage will be derived by the ,catholic body1 for there were many of the more noble families who had lost their properties1 and1 being proclaimed outlaws in public edicts1 were subsequently guilty of many outrages2 those by his admonitions he brought back to a better course2 he moreover obtained pardon for their crimes1 and not only procured this pardon for themselves1 but also for their receivers1 and thus hundreds and hundreds of ,catholic families have been freed from imminent danger to their body and soul and properties4 ,but the good pastor was not contented with these extended labors among the laity4 ,to make his reforms permanent and beneficial1 he felt that he should commence with the clergy1 who as a body had always been faithful to their sacred trust1 but1 owing to the disturbed state of the country for so many years past1 had been unable to perform their allotted duties with that exactness and punctuality so desirable in the presence of a watchful and unscrupulous enemy4 ,he therefore ordained many young students1 whom he found qualified for the ministry1 and1 taking advantage of the temporary cessation of espionage consequent on the arrival of ,lord ,berkeley1 he established a college in ,drogheda1 in which he soon had one hundred and sixty pupils and twenty-five ecclesiastics1 under the care of three learned ,jesuit fathers4 ,the expenses of this school he defrayed out of his slender means1 never more than sixty pounds per annum1 and frequently not one-fifth of that sum1 with the exception of #aej scudi 7less than forty pounds sterling71 annually allowed by the ,sacred ,congregation of ,propaganda4 ,when1 in #afgd1 the penal laws were again put in force in all their original ferocity of spirit1 the college was of course broken up2 but ,dr4 ,plunket in his letters to ,rome was never tired of impressing on the minds of the authorities there the necessity of affording ,irish students more ample facilities for affording a thorough education4 ,his suggestions in regard to the ,irish ,college at ,rome1 by which a larger number of students might be accommodated without increased expense1 though not acted upon at the time1 have since been carried out1 and it was principally at his instance that the ,irish institutions in ,spain1 previously monopolized by young men from certain dioceses of ,ireland only1 were thrown open to all4 ,in the latter part of #afga1 we find ,dr4 ,plunket on a mission to the ,hebrides1 where the people1 the descendants of the ancient ,irish colonists1 still preserved their ,gaelic language1 and received him with all the gratitude and enthusiasm of the ,celtic nature4 ,in #afgd1 notwithstanding the storm of persecution then raging over the island1 he made a lengthy tour through the province of ,tuam1 and in the following year we have a detailed report of his visitation to the eleven dioceses in his own province1 every one of which1 no matter how remote or what was the personal risk1 he took pains to inspect1 bringing peace and comfort in his footsteps1 and leaving behind him the tears and prayers of his appreciative children4 ,if we add to this multiplicity of occupations the further one of being the chief and almost only regular correspondent of the ,sacred ,congregation of ,propaganda in the three kingdoms1 we may presume that the primate's life in ,ireland was fully and advantageously occupied4 ,the number of his letters to ,rome on every subject of importance is immense1 when we consider the difficulty and danger of communication in those days4 ,he was also in constant correspondence with ,london1 ,paris1 and ,brussels1 and1 though he sometimes complains of the weakness of his eyesight1 caused doubtless by exposure and change of climate1 he frequently regrets more his poverty1 which did not enable him to pay the postage on all occasions4 ,at one time1 indeed1 he avers that all the food he is able to procure for himself is a little oaten bread and some milk and water4 ,the last important act of the primate was the convocation of a provincial synod at ,ardpatrick1 in ,august1 #afgh1 at which were present the bishops or vicars-general and apostolic of all the dioceses of ,ulster4 ,many decrees of a general and special nature were there passed with great solemnity1 and upon being sent to ,rome were duly approved4 ,it was upon this occasion that the representatives of the suffragan diocese of ,armagh1 deeply impressed and edified as they were by the labors and sanctity of their archbishop1 addressed a joint letter to the ,sacred ,congregation1 eloquently describing the extent and good effect of his constant solicitude for his spiritual charge4 ,we therefore declare 7say those venerable men7 that the aforesaid ,most ,illustrious ,metropolitan has labored much1 exercising his sacred functions not only in his own but also in other dioceses2 during the late persecution he abandoned not the flock entrusted to him1 though he was exposed to extreme danger of losing his life2 he erected schools1 and provided masters and teachers1 that the clergy and youth might be instructed in literature1 piety1 cases of conscience1 and other matters relating to their office2 he held two provincial councils1 in which salutary decrees were enacted for the reformation of morals2 he1 moreover1 rewarded the good and punished the bad1 as far as circumstances and the laws of the kingdom allowed2 he labored much1 and not without praise1 in preaching the word of ,god2 he instructed the people by word and example2 he also exercised hospitality so as to excite the admiration of all1 although he scarcely received annually two hundred crowns from his diocese2 and he performed all other things which became an archbishop and metropolitan1 as far as they could be done in this kingdom4 ,in fine1 to our great service and consolation1 he renewed1 or rather established anew1 at great expense1 correspondence with the ,holy ,see1 which1 for many years before his arrival1 had become extinct4 ,for all which things we acknowledge ourselves indebted to his ,holiness and to your ,eminences1 who1 by your solicitude provided for us so learned and vigilant a metropolitan1 and we shall ever pray the ,divine ,majesty to preserve his holiness and your ,eminences4 ,had the distinguished body of ecclesiastics who thus voluntarily testified to the merits of their archbishop anticipated the awful catastrophe that was soon to remove him from them and from the world1 they could not have epitomized his career in more truthful and concise language for the benefit of posterity4 ,the end1 however1 was now at hand4 ,in the same year that the provincial synod was held1 the persecution against the ,catholics1 intermittent like those of the early ages of the church1 broke out with redoubled violence4 ,forced to the most extreme measures by the parliament1 the ,english court sent the strictest orders to ,ireland to have arrested and removed from the country the entire body of the bishops and the clergy4 ,the statute of #b;d ,elizabeth1 declaring it prmunire or imprisonment and confiscation for any person to exercise the authority of bishop or priest in her dominions1 was revived1 and liberal rewards for the discovery of such offenders were publicly offered1 to stimulate the energy of that class of spies known as priest-hunters4 ,dr4 ,talbot1 ,archbishop of ,dublin1 was arrested and thrown into prison1 where during a long confinement he languished and finally died4 ,dr4 ,creagh1 ,bishop of ,limerick1 the ,archbishop of ,tuam1 and several of the inferior clergy1 were also imprisoned and subjected to many annoyances and indignities previous to being expelled the kingdom4 ,dr4 ,plunket1 who hoped that the storm would soon blow over1 while prudently seeking a place of safety in a remote part of his diocese1 frequently avowed his determination never to forsake his flock until compelled to do so by superior force4 ,learning1 however1 of the dangerous illness of his relative and former patron1 ,dr4 ,patrick ,plunket1 he cautiously left his concealment1 and hastened to ,dublin1 to be with the good old bishop during his last moments1 and it was in that city1 on the #fth of ,december1 #afgi1 that he was discovered and apprehended by order of the viceroy4 ,for the first six months after his arrest he was confined in ,dublin ,castle1 part of the time a close prisoner1 but1 as the only charge openly preferred against him was1 to use the expression of one of his relatives1 only for being a ,catholic bishop1 and for not having abandoned the flock of our ,lord in obedience to the edict published by parliament1 and as the punishment for this at the worst was expatriation1 his friends did not fear for his life4 ,they were not aware then that a conspiracy had been formed against him by some apostate friars under the patronage of the infamous ,earl of ,shaftesbury1 the leader of the ,english fanatics1 with the object of accusing him of high treason1 and thus compassing his death4 ,on the #bdth of ,july following1 he was sent under guard to ,dundalk for trial2 but so monstrous were the charges of treason against him1 and so thoroughly was his character for moderation and loyalty known to all1 that1 though the jury consisted exclusively of ,protestants1 his accusers dared not appear against him1 and he was consequently remitted back to ,dublin4 ,but his enemies on both sides of the ,channel were thirsting for his blood1 and1 in ,october1 #afhj1 he was removed to ,london1 ostensibly to answer before the king and parliament1 but1 actually1 to undergo the mockery of a trial in a country in which no offense was even alleged to have been committed1 where the infamous character of his accusers was unknown1 and where he was completely isolated from his friends4 ,the result could not be doubtful4 ,without counsel or witnesses1 in the presence of prejudiced judges and perjured witnesses1 and surrounded by the hooting of a ,london mob1 he was found guilty1 and1 on the #adth of ,june1 #afha1 he was sentenced to be executed at ,tyburn1 a judgment which was carried out on the #aath of ,july following1 with all the barbaric ceremonies of the period4 ,during the trial and on the scaffold1 his bearing was singularly noble and courageous1 so much so1 indeed1 that many who beheld him1 and who shared the violent anti-,catholic prejudices of the hour1 were satisfied of his perfect innocence4 ,he repeatedly and emphatically denied all complicity in the treasonable plots laid to his charge1 but openly declared that he had acted as a ,catholic bishop1 and had spent many years of his life in preaching and teaching ,god's word to his countrymen4 ,his life in prison between the passing and the execution of the sentence is best described by a fellow-prisoner1 the learned ,benedictine1 ,father ,corker1 who had the privilege of being with him in his last hours4 ,in his narrative1 he says3 ,he continually endeavored to improve and advance himself in the purity of divine love1 and by consequence also in contrition for his sins past2 of his deficiency in both which this humble soul complained to me as the only thing that troubled him4 ,this love had extinguished in him all fear of death4 ,perfecta charitas foras mittit timorem3 a lover feareth not1 but rejoiceth at the approach of the beloved4 ,hence1 the joy of our holy martyr seemed still to increase with his danger1 and was fully accomplished by an assurance of death4 ,the very night before he died1 being now1 as it were1 at heart's ease1 he went to bed at eleven o'clock1 and slept quietly and soundly till four in the morning1 at which time his man1 who lay in the room with him1 awaked him2 so little concern had he upon his spirit1 or1 rather1 so much had the loveliness of the end beautified the horror of the passage to it4 ,after he certainly knew that ,god ,almighty had chosen him to the crown and dignity of martyrdom1 he continually studied how to divest himself of himself1 and become more and more an entire and perfect holocaust1 to which end1 as he gave up his soul1 with all its faculties1 to the conduct of ,god1 so1 for ,god's sake1 he resigned the care and disposal of his body to unworthy me1 etc4 ,but ,i neither can nor dare undertake to describe unto you the signal virtues of this blessed martyr4 ,there appeared in him something beyond expression--something more than human2 the most savage and hard-hearted people were mollified and attendered at his sight4 ,about two years afterward1 this pious clergyman1 upon being liberated1 disinterred the body of the late primate1 and had it forwarded to the convent of his order at ,lambspring in ,germany2 the trunk and legs he had buried in the churchyard attached to that institution1 and the right arm and head he preserved in separate reliquaries4 ,the former is still preserved in the ,benedictine ,convent2 the latter is in ,dundalk1 in the ,convent of ,st4 ,catharine of ,sienna1 a nunnery founded by the favorite niece of the martyred prelate4 ,dr4 ,plunket's judicial murder was the source of great grief to the friends of the church throughout ,europe1 and even many contemporary ,protestant writers expressed their regret at his unmerited sufferings1 while the unfortunate agents of his death1 becoming outcasts and wanderers1 generally ended their lives on the scaffold or in abject poverty1 bemoaning their crimes1 to the pity and horror of ,christendom4 ,the memory of ,dr4 ,plunket1 one of the most learned and heroic of the long line of ,irish bishops1 is sacredly and lovingly preserved in his own country and in the general annals of the church2 and let us hope1 in the language of the ,rev4 ,monsignor ,moran1 who has done so much by his researches to perpetuate the name and fame of his glorious countryman1 that the day is not now far distant when our long-afflicted church will be consoled with the solemn declaration of the ,vicar of ,christ1 that he who1 in the hour of trial1 was the pillar of the house of ,god in our country1 and who so nobly sealed with his blood the doctrines of our faith1 may be ranked among the martyrs of our holy church4 ,,footnotes3 #ajg ,entered1 according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahga1 by ,,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ajh ,marangoni3 ,life of the ,servant of ,god1 ,father ,buonsignore ,cacciaguerra4 ,,mary ,,clifford',s ,,promise ,,kept4 ,it was the day after a storm4 ,the morning had been cool1 almost cold2 banks of cloud were piled up on the horizon2 the summits of the friendly ,franconias were shrouded2 the ,white ,mountains were invisible1 and the wind whistled and howled1 reminding one of the melancholy days to come4 ,by afternoon1 however1 there was a change4 ,every cloud had magically disappeared1 the wind had gone down1 fields and young maples seemed to have renewed their early green1 and everything stood out in clear relief1 bathed and steeped in ,september sunshine4 ,not a red-letter day1 but a golden day2 one to be remembered4 ,i believe ,i shall remember it all my life1 even if there should be days as bright and far happier in store for me4 ,i was in an open buggy with a gentleman named ,mr4 ,grey1 ,i driving and he calling my attention to one thing after another1 and both of us rejoicing in a light-hearted way in the sun1 and sky1 and yellow leaves1 and roadside trees laden with crimson plums2 in the golden-rod1 and purple asters1 and the bee-hives1 and picturesque1 bare-footed1 white-headed children2 and in ourselves and each other1 and in our youth and strength2 and in the sunny present1 and the mysterious1 enchanted future4 ,i never knew the animal go so well before1 said ,mr4 ,grey2 you seem to understand how to make him do his best4 ,only remember that the faster we go1 the sooner we shall get home4 ,will you not sacrifice your fancy for fast driving1 to my enjoyment of the drive8 ,give me time to realize how much ,i enjoy it4 ,you always seem to feel as if stopping to think about it will make the time go slower1 ,i said4 ,it does to me1 ,i assure you1 at least at the moment4 ,yet ,i do not find1 in looking back1 that this past month has flown any less fast1 for all my little arts to detain it4 ,here comes the stage1 crowded as usual1 inside and out4 ,i wonder whether we make a part of the picture to them1 and whether they will remember us with it8 ,the mountains before them--look back1 ,miss ,clifford1 and see2 that crimson maple on your side of the road2 and this green hill with its firs and rocks on mine4 ,i laughed4 ,i don't believe they will ever think of us again4 ,then they are not appreciative4 ,don't think ,i mean to take any of their supposed notice to myself1 except so far as ,i am with you4 ,to me1 all the rest1 all that we can see and admire1 is the frame1 the setting as it were1 to your face4 ,it has been so ever since ,i came here4 ,i found this somewhat embarrassing1 of course1 though ,mr4 ,grey spoke in a simple1 matter-of-fact way1 that had the effect of veiling the compliment4 ,he did not seem to expect an answer1 and continued1 ,that reminds me of ',in ,memoriam4' ,do you recall the lines about the 'diffusive power'8 ,no2 ,i don't know what you mean4 ,repeat them1 won't you8 ,i have no doubt you will find them familiar1 yet ,i will repeat them1 because ,i like them so much4 ,and he recited these lines1 which ,i write down1 because they bring before me the whole scene1 and ,i seem to hear again the low voice and the appreciating accent with which he spoke3 ,thy voice is on the rolling air2 ,i hear thee where the waters run3 ,thou standest in the rising sun1 ,and in the setting thou art fair4 ,what art thou1 then8 ,i cannot guess2 ,but1 though ,i seem in star and flower ,to feel thee some diffusive power1 ,i do not therefore love thee less4 ,my love involves the love before2 ,my love is vaster passion now2 ,though mixed with ,god and nature thou1 ,i seem to love thee more and more4 ,far off thou art1 but ever nigh2 ,i have thee still1 and ,i rejoice1 ,i prosper1 circled with thy voice2 ,i shall not lose thee1 though ,i die4 ,can you imagine feeling so about any one8 asked ,mr4 ,grey4 ,i can imagine it4 ,do you suppose that ,mr4 ,tennyson's friend was really so much to him8 ,perhaps1 he said gravely4 ,i'll tell you1 ,miss ,clifford1 what ,i think about that4 ,it is not right to feel so about anybody1 because that is exactly the way we ought to feel about ,god4 ,don't you see that it is8 ,if everything reminded us of him1 it would be just right4 ,i can't believe it would be possible to make ,god so personal to us4 ,we think naturally of what we know and have seen1 not of what we merely believe in4 ,ah6 but ,god may be 'personal to us1' as you say4 ,you forget that he is near us1 with us1 and even in us4 ,that would be the only way1 it seems to me1 of loving him with our mind1 and soul1 and strength1 because we can't help loving all this beauty in everything4 ,just as ,tennyson says1 ',my love involves the love before1 ,i seem to love thee more and more4' ,there was a bough of deep-red leaves overhead1 and ,i looked longingly at it1 for they were just the color that ,i liked to wear in my hair2 yet ,i did not want to ask for it1 lest ,mr4 ,grey should think that ,i had not been attending to him4 ,he must have seen the look1 though1 for he jumped out of the buggy and ran up the bank to get the branch4 ,i stopped the horse1 thinking1 as ,i watched the capturing of the prize1 ,i might have known my wish would be anticipated4 ,every one but he waits to be asked and thanked4 ,when he came back1 ,i told him ,i was tired of driving1 and asked him to take the reins4 ,may ,i spin the drive out8 he asked4 ,you are not in a hurry to have it over1 are you8 ,do you know it is the only time we have ever driven together8 ,why1 ,i thought we had taken a great many other drives4 ,what are you thinking of8 ,we have driven often1 as you say1 with parties of other people1 but have we ever taken a drive by ourselves before8 ,no1 ,i returned2 you are right4 ,it is a part of the whole1 continued he4 ,i have been in a kind of dream for a month4 ,i dread the awakening1 though everything reminds me of it now4 ,it has been a new experience to me1 this boarding with other people and seeing them so familiarly4 ,there is no way of getting into easy and friendly relations with others in a very short space of time so effective as this2 and1 as the household has happened to be a very pleasant one1 ,i have enjoyed the experiment greatly2 though it is strange to think that ,i may never see any of our number again4 ,you are really very flattering1 ,mr4 ,grey1 ,i said1 a little hurt4 ,then ,i am never to see you again6 ,i am glad you have given me warning1 or ,i might have invited you to visit us in ,boston1 next winter4 ,you are kind1 very kind1 he answered hastily2 nothing would give me greater pleasure than to meet you1 but ,i shall not be in ,america next winter4 ,i hope to be in ,rome4 ,really6 ,i exclaimed4 ,why are you going to ,rome8 ,to be a priest8 ,no1 ,i am not so fortunate as to have that vocation4 ,i am going abroad to try to find a wife1 singular as it may appear4 ,it does seem strange that a man with such strong ,american feelings as you should wish to have a foreign wife4 ,i want to marry a ,catholic1 he said1 switching off the tops of the golden-rod with the whip4 ,and are there no ,catholic wives to be obtained here8 ,i asked1 smiling4 ,no doubt2 though ,i have not yet found the one ,i am looking for4 ,among converts there are girls who suffer for their faith1 who are called upon to make sacrifices1 to lose position1 and the approbation1 even the affection1 of their friends4 ',it is so odd6' they say1 'so unnecessary1 to break away from early associations1 and from forms of worship which have been sufficient for all their friends--and very good people too--and embrace a foreign religion4' ,haven't you heard such remarks8 ,i acknowledged that ,i had1 adding1 ,and ,i don't wonder at it4 ,among these brave girls1 he continued1 not noticing my remark1 one meets heroism1 fervor1 and a practical recommendation of the religion for which they are proud to suffer2 but ,i also want to see what ,i shall find in other countries--women who have grown up in a ,catholic atmosphere1 and acquired their faith unconsciously1 as the breath of their lives4 ,these have developed into beautiful forms of grace and piety1 as delicate as flowers1 and1 like them1 breathing innocence and purity such as no other education can give or even preserve4 ,do you mean to say that innocence and purity cannot be found among ,protestant girls8 ,i asked sarcastically4 ,i am sure ,i hope they can1 he answered earnestly2 yet do not be offended if ,i say1 not in the same degree4 ,you cannot conceive1 ,miss ,clifford1 of the beauty of a soul which has been guarded and sustained from infancy by the graces and sacraments of the church1 and has kept its baptismal whiteness without stain4 ,it is not often found1 even within the church1 and is1 ,i believe1 nearly impossible outside it4 ,i hope you'll find this angel next winter4 ,please let me know when you discover her1 for ,i should like to see her4 ,he was silent1 and as ,i was thinking about a good many things1 we drove on very quietly for some time4 ,it may seem strange that ,i should remember so well what ,mr4 ,grey said to me that golden ,september afternoon1 and as ,i think ,i know the reason of it1 ,i will write it down as frankly as ,i have written the description of our drive so far1 and as ,i mean to put down all ,i recall of it to the end4 ,mr4 ,grey had boarded for a month in the same house with me and my sister1 and a dozen other people1 all of whom we met for the first time4 ,my sister and ,i were the only persons whose society he seemed to seek1 and as she1 not being strong1 was obliged to keep quiet1 ,i had seen more of him than any one else4 ,he was very polite and pleasant to every one1 and the whole household liked him2 yet he never talked to the other ladies as he did to me1 nor paid them the same watchful little attentions4 ,he thought me pretty1 and had a curious1 unconscious way of alluding to it that did not seem offensive like common flattery1 and there was a delicacy and appreciation about his treatment of me that was original and very1 very pleasant4 ,true1 he was a ,catholic1 and a very devout one1 having his religious books and papers always with him1 and talking of his faith with real enjoyment to any one who showed the smallest interest4 ,rose1 my sister1 had talked with him once or twice1 and to her he very soon expressed his disapproval of marriage between ,catholics and non-,catholics 7as he called them71 and declared his determination never to marry at all if he could not have a ,catholic wife4 ,rose had alluded to this in my presence1 so he knew that ,i understood what his intentions were4 ,on account of this understanding1 there was more freedom and less constraint in our intercourse than would otherwise have been2 and as he was a gentleman1 and an educated one1 ,i found great pleasure in being with him and in his sympathy4 ,his attentions1 unobtrusive1 thoughtful1 and constant1 were not only acceptable to me1 but in that short month ,i had come to depend upon them more than ,i was aware of1 forgetting that when they ceased it would be harder for me than if ,i had never received them4 ,mr4 ,grey had never talked to me exactly in the way that he did that afternoon1 and because ,i thought it unusual ,i have been able to recall what he said in nearly his very words4 ,we were on our way home1 walking up a long hill1 when he said3 ,i have thought a good deal of you lately1 and of a feeling ,i have had about you from the first--as if it were a great merit in you to be so lovely1 and sweet1 and charming1 and that any one who felt and appreciated your loveliness as ,i have owed you a kind of debt1 as it were1 which it would be an honor and a happiness to try to pay4 ,his face was turned from me1 and he trailed the whip-lash in the road1 while ,i1 leaning back1 could not help looking at him1 and1 because ,i did not know what to say1 ,i laughed4 ,he continued3 ,yet with that thought came the realization of its injustice2 for you cannot help your prettiness1 and you are clever because it is natural to you2 and ,i thought1 ',now1 if ,i am just1 ,i shall pay my debt not to her1 who did not make herself1 but to ,god1 who made her4 ,i shall love not only the beauty1 but also the ,giver and ,perfecter of it4' ,would not that be better1 ,miss ,clifford8 ,yes1 ,i suppose so4 ,i understand what you mean4 ,only1 then1 why have you been so good to me8 ,i had to look away1 for my voice trembled and my eyes were suddenly full of tears4 ,why8 ,because it has made me happy1 and ,i have been unjust2 because ,i have said to myself1 ',this is a dream--a sweet and charming dream4 ,soon ,i shall wake and go back to real life2 for the present1 let me be weak and enjoy it4' ,the glory of the sunshine was departing1 the hills were in deep shadow1 and the slanting rays were no longer warm and cheering4 ,mr4 ,grey wrapped my shawl round me1 just as ,i remembered that ,i had one in case ,i should need it4 ,when ,i could speak steadily1 ,i remarked3 ,something that you have said makes me think of the parable of the talents4 ,it has always perplexed me4 ,will you tell me if you think ,i have a talent1 and what ,i am to do with it8 ,i don't want to bury it in the ground4 ,your talents are clear enough1 ,i am sure1 he answered4 ,your power of pleasing and making yourself loved is one4 ,and what am ,i to do with it8 ,why1 do good with it4 ,you have done me good4 ,ah6 but that is because you are good1 not because ,i am1 ,i said sadly4 ,i am not good1 though perhaps the reason why you have done me good lies more with me than you4 ,i don't suppose--forgive me for saying it--that your beauty was given you only to win men's hearts1 because that does not make them happy1 or better4 ,you are thinking1 ,i suppose1 of ,mr4 ,falconer4 ,i am sure ,i did not want him to fall in love with me1 and make such a fuss4 ,it was very uncomfortable4 ,and don't you think you might have helped it8 ,really1 now1 ,miss ,clifford8 ,well1 yes1 ,i might perhaps have stopped him if ,i had been rude and disagreeable to him4 ,i don't believe you are ever that to any one4 ,you try to please everybody4 ,there6 that is just it6 ,i exclaimed4 ,why1 isn't that using my talent1 taking for granted ,i have it8 ,what ought ,i to do with it8 ,i know what a ,catholic girl would think of1 because ,catholics are taught in all things to acknowledge ,god1 and to refer all to him4 ,think what this gift of beauty is--the key to all hearts2 it challenges and receives love as soon as seen4 ,don't you feel instantly attracted by a beautiful face1 and turn with pleasure and affection toward the possessor1 before she has given any evidence of other claims to be loved8 ,yes2 and for a person who can't help wanting to please and to be loved1 it is an advantage1 isn't it8 ,it is more than that1 it is the gift of ,god2 and therefore intended for good4 ,the saints were in the habit of saying1 ',god created all this beauty in order to lead me to love him4' ,now1 if a woman thinks of this1 she will not prize her beauty for the purposes of vanity1 but to lead her admirers to something higher than herself4 ,i grant you this is not common1 nor would a woman think of it1 unless she had been taught to think of ,god as the first principle of her life4 ,but ,i will not preach any more4 ,you remind me of my little ',mrs4 ,barbauld4' ,how long it is since ,i have thought of it6 ',the rose is beautiful2 but he that made the rose is more beautiful than it4 ,it is beautiful2 he is beauty4' ,i have been unusually serious1 perhaps because ,i have felt the end of the dream drawing very near4 ,i am going away the day after to-morrow4 ,the sunset clouds had faded away1 and the stars were coming out above our heads4 ,we had reached the top of one more long hill1 and there was the little meeting-house before us1 and we saw beyond our own white cottage1 with a light in the parlor-window1 showing that tea-time was passed4 ,mr4 ,grey spoke again4 ,have you enjoyed this drive8 ,i have very much4 ,have ,i said anything to hurt or offend you8 ,no1 indeed1 ,mr4 ,grey4 ,on the contrary1 you have given me something to think about4 ,no one ever spoke to me in this way before4 ,and do you think you shall be likely to remember this afternoon8 and with pleasure8 ,i shall not be likely to forget it4 ,well1 then1 ,i have an odd fancy1 and it is this4 ,i want you to promise me1 after ,i have left this beautiful place and you1 that you will write a description of this drive1 as if to an unknown third person1 with the details and necessary explanations4 ,i will do the same4 ,then1 if we meet again1 you can read mine and ,i yours1 if we like1 and look back to this time4 ,will you promise8 ,i considered a minute1 and then said1 ,i think ,i can see that such a description will not be an easy thing to me2 yet1 if it is your wish1 of course1 ,mr4 ,grey1 ,i promise4 ,we may meet after many years1 you an old lady and ,i an old man2 and these accounts will bring back to us this perfect day1 and all that we have seen and felt4 ,i looked at him and smiled4 ,mr4 ,grey1 ,i have been invited to spend a year abroad with some friends1 and my father says ,i may go if ,i choose4 ,we may meet next winter1 in ,rome4 99 99 99 99 99 ,and in ,rome we did meet1 sure enough--that ,rome to which all roads lead4 ,i began to take one of those roads soon after ,mr4 ,grey's departure4 ,i found it a road so plain that a fool could not err therein1 a path of peace4 ,and when we stood side by side in the ,rome of the ,seven ,hills1 he made up his mind to share the seventh sacrament with a convert girl4 ,,the ,,present ,,and ,,the ,,future4 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,carita4 ,i4 ,so great and painful are the sufferings and terror now weighing upon the nations of ,europe that1 setting every other subject aside1 it is toward that the mind necessarily turns1 and we will accordingly lay before our readers the deeply rooted convictions we entertain1 not merely in reference to the year gone by1 but to that on which we are just entering4 ,these convictions take within their scope the present most deplorable and shameful condition of ,europe1 and a future that cannot be very far distant4 ,but which of these subjects shall we undertake to discuss8 ,or1 were we to satisfy the necessity there seems for the treatment of both1 should we be thereby exceeding the limit of our obligation as journalists8 ,nothing is easier1 nothing more agreeable in our case1 than to satisfy both the one and the other4 ,for1 if we place before our readers our reflections on the present and future of the ,christian nations of ,europe1 we shall be at the same time defining and specifying the principal field of our studies4 ,i will then examine into the reasons of the present condition of the church and of civilization1 and ,i will do so with a mind as free as may be from prejudice and the heat of passion4 ,after judging of events by the great laws of history1 ,i will endeavor to trace out the path which ideas and facts must follow at no distant period4 ,my words will indeed be addressed in an especial manner to the true children of the church1 but ,i do not doubt that they will indirectly reach some who are removed and even separated from us4 ,neither do ,i deny that ,i am animated by the hope of helping to sustain the courage of my brethren1 so that each one may be able to say to himself1 ,modic fidei quare dubitasti4 ,,ii4 ,towards the close of the year #ahfi1 and the commencement of the year that followed1 two solemn utterances resounded through ,europe and agitated the nations of the universe4 ,the first of these proceeded from the ,roman ,pontiff1 the convener of the cumenical ,council2 the other was the cry of modern civilization1 proclaiming its own power and its ideas of universal progress4 ,both utterances were of solemn import1 but the one was in contradiction to the other4 ,the first1 or that of the ,pontiff1 with all the weight of his divine authority1 laid open to view the true principles of the other1 and strove to reclaim it to ,christ with the new and more effulgent light of truth and the more ardent fire of charity4 ,such words ought indeed to have found an echo and penetrated through every fibre of the universe1 for they were in substance the language of love2 from love they came1 and to love they tended4 ,had they thus been accepted by the nations1 we should not have had now so many sufferings to undergo1 nor been menaced by a future still more calamitous4 ,the other utterance1 that of modern civilization1 inspired by the idea that it was an invincible and independent power1 spurned the thought not merely of supernatural aid1 but even of supernatural authority4 ,moreover1 in proof of its power1 it collected then under distinct heads all the evidences of the progress of the present age1 proffering them as an infallible guarantee of new and still greater progress in the immediate future4 ,thousands listened with credulity to such language1 and1 opening their hearts to glorious dreams of the future1 exulted over the hopes they had conceived with a joy whose folly was unquestionable1 though it would be hard to pronounce whether it proceeded most from impiety or pride4 ,it is1 however1 a satisfaction to speak with boldness and candor1 calling things by their right names3 such joy was foolish1 because it was at once both proud and impious4 ,the words of the ,supreme ,pontiff were derided1 and abuse and calumnies of every description were heaped with a lavish hand on the acts of the cumenical ,council4 ,now1 assuming the active opposition of these two powers1 what consequences must result from it in the domain of facts8 ,the problem is unquestionably an important one1 and we must treat it by first going back and tracing it downward from first principles4 ,,iii4 ,the decree of the ,pope when summoning an cumenical ,council may be defined as the supreme exercise of his authority2 and the council so assembled is the greatest and most universal act of the power of good with which the church has been invested2 she who is the ,city of ,god1 yet a pilgrim upon earth4 ,reasoning on these same questions1 a year ago1 ,i recollect having thus expressed myself3 ,assuming that the life of the ,catholic ,church is charity both in its source and its organization1 and that the ,papacy is the central seat of charity2 what1 then1 is the cumenical ,council1 that supreme act of the ,papacy and the church8 ,the answer is not difficult3 it is the supreme act of charity peculiar to ,catholicity1 and is therefore that power of supernatural love which is alone strong enough to combat with and put to flight the gigantic and many-sided egotism of the times we live in4 ,now1 such an act of this all-powerful charity did the church initiate on the #hth day of ,december1 #ahfi--;a day that will live for ever in the memory of posterity1 and never fail to be spoken of with blessings4 ,to the eyes of ,catholics1 the ,council of the ,vatican appeared--and such it is--a new and living fountain of hope4 ,it seemed as if the yearnings of three centuries and many generations were at last to be gratified by this council4 ,it seemed1 in a special manner1 as if the tendencies and wants of the nineteenth century converged toward this council1 like rays to a common centre4 ,and here1 the better to understand the truth of these sentiments1 we trust it will not be unacceptable to our readers if we lay before them what we ourselves--partakers in and witnesses of the universal conscience--published on the very day on which the cumenical ,council opened in the ,vatican3 ,and1 in truth1 what is the council in relation to the nineteenth century8 ,it is the desire of all1 a something longed and sighed for by all minds and all hearts1 the ideal of the noblest and most generous aspirations that now assert their sway over the spirit of man4 ,nor is it that only1 but it is likewise what was needed to meet the most urgent and widespread want of our age4 ,it will doubtless appear strange to very many that the council should be styled the desire of all men1 but such is nevertheless the fact2 consciously or unconsciously1 all longed for it3 all1 those who hail it and those who curse it1 those who believe in it and those who despise it4 ,yes1 all2 he who exalts our age1 and he who bewails its errors1 he whose heart is rejoiced1 and he who sheds tears over the events of our century2 princes and people1 the priesthood and the laity1 religion and civilization1 faith and science4 ,assuredly1 were any additional proof necessary to demonstrate to conviction1 by the evidence of reason and history1 that the ,papacy is the heart of humanity1 the heart in which all the aspirations of humanity converge and unite1 here would be the proof in the summons that convened this cumenical ,council4 ,for1 from the various and opposite judgments passed upon our age1 some in adulation1 others in blame1 one thing is evident1 and all agree in admitting it1 that the tendencies of our age are directed by a twofold attraction toward union and liberty4 ,these guiding influences are in themselves most powerful1 noble1 and exalted1 because they mirror the infinite1 absolute1 and supreme unity of ,god4 ,liberty is the image and proof of the ,infinite ,being1 for he alone is truly free1 and the spirit which tends by love toward him is adorned with liberty1 and possesses the power of reducing its free will to act4 ,union is the shadow and effect of the divine union1 because the one ,god1 one ,truth1 one ,good1 one ,beauty1 can alone sweetly and strongly bring into accord the wills and understandings of men1 and cause them to harmonize in the limitless range of space1 and the vicissitude and diversity of time4 ,now1 two such qualities and tendencies of humanity1 acting in an especial manner1 or1 in other words1 more powerfully and universally than ever before1 rule over and exalt our age4 ,he who should say that these two tendencies1 naturally common to all men1 all times1 and all places1 had become the passions of the age1 and even its most ardent passions1 would express our ideas on this subject1 and give an adequate description of the times in which we live4 ,liberty1 then1 and union1 are the cry from every quarter1 the thought1 desire1 hope1 strength1 and occupation of all intellects1 of all classes1 of everything that belongs to man1 from the highest to the lowest4 ,trades1 business1 and commerce cry aloud for liberty1 and for union with liberty4 ,the free co-operation of the industrial arts and workmen's societies1 of societies of merchants and banking-houses1 are ideas and facts so common in these days that the dominion of the two tendencies referred to above is clearly made manifest in the lower order of civilization4 ,and this order1 quickened by such ideas and making use of such aids1 becomes the instrument of new liberty and still greater union4 ,thus1 the power of steam triumphing over the obstacles of matter1 and the speed of electricity overcoming the resistance of space and time1 favor the free expansion of nation toward nation1 and make1 ,i might almost say1 one single society out of the most distant nations4 ,rising from this lower order of civilization1 the industries of every kind1 to what is far nobler1 that of science1 we observe the same aspirations1 perhaps more universally diffused and more passionate in degree toward liberty and union4 ,freedom of thought1 freedom of education1 freedom of speech and of the press1 seem to be the idols of the day2 for1 strange to say1 freedom of the intellectual life is deemed by very many not as the dowry of science1 but the fundamental principle of all human instruction4 ,there exists1 also1 with this desire for intellectual freedom1 a craving after union4 ,scientific congresses1 either general or confined to some particular branch of knowledge1 succeed each other at no distant intervals1 sometimes in one place and sometimes in another1 so as to unite men of intellect whom distance of space had kept asunder4 ,the literary journals1 whose number is so great as to excite amazement1 have become the arena for the free diffusion of thought2 they keep alive the work of the scientific congresses1 and spread its knowledge--spreading it in such a manner as to complete the intellectual union of the human race1 by making the speculations of the great men of science familiar to the most ordinary intellects4 ,turning our gaze from the industrial and intellectual to the moral life1 that is to say1 to the life of society1 the two aspirations appear stronger and more manifest2 so strong and manifest that we might be tempted to call them insane and mischievous4 ,to the cry of liberty1 the civilized nations of earth respond with transport1 and rise in rebellion against whatever can be shown to be in any way opposed to freedom4 ,never in previous times were such social changes witnessed1 so unexpected1 so general1 so profound1 and carried through with so much enthusiasm1 as those just enacted and initiated with the cry of liberty4 ,the political organization of nations1 the administrative control of provinces and municipalities1 have all been regulated by the principle of free election1 freedom of vote and opinion4 ,the slavery of man to man1 a lamentable relic of paganism1 has been abolished in many places by legal enactment1 and is universally looked on with more repugnance than heretofore4 ,after the hard-fought battles in ,north ,america on the question of slavery1 the negroes there have been raised to the dignity of freemen4 ,no less vigorous and resistless has been the tendency toward social union4 ,the principle of nationality has traversed all ,europe with the rapidity of lightning1 kindling as it passed the minds of men1 exciting and agitating them in a wonderful manner4 ,even as we write1 the cry for unions still more comprehensive--the union of races--strikes upon our ears4 ,it is1 then1 an indisputable fact1 a fact whose evidence is clear to all and is admitted by all1 that the aspirations of our age are towards union and liberty4 ,we shall therefore hail the council as the final goal of these aspirations of the human race4 ,and yet1 in saying this1 we have not stated all that the council implies2 for it serves also to satisfy an essentially human want that equals those twofold aspirations1 or1 to speak more correctly1 is still stronger and more universal than they4 ,what1 then8 ,shall it be said that the aspirations and wants of the human mind are not directed to the same object8 ,most assuredly2 the end1 but not the immediate object1 is the same4 ,they proceed from different impulses3 the one arises from the tendencies of the age1 but without any regard to the good or evil qualities inherent in such tendencies2 the other is the result of a vice that modifies and corrupts such tendencies1 a vice that may prove fatal to nations1 alluring them by the cry of liberty and union to slavery and desolation4 ,the want we refer to argues a vice to be corrected1 an infirmity to be healed1 a danger to be shunned1 express it as we will2 but let us not deny the fact1 a most sad and painful one1 for which the council furnishes a sovereign and most efficacious remedy4 ,but what1 it will be asked1 is this vice which degrades the noble aspirations for liberty and union1 and causes such misery to nations8 ,it is the rejection of authority--a rejection absolute and unlimited1 that has penetrated into every relation of human life4 ,the better1 however1 to make our sentiments clear on this subject1 and to bring under consideration1 not the existence of such a vice1 but the cause that produced it1 we must trace the question back to its source4 ,the fundamental dogma of the ,protestant ,reformation gave birth at the same instant to a double negation--the rejection of liberty and of union--so that the servitude of the human will and individualism were exalted to the dignity of a principle4 ,it seems like a contradiction that the basis of ,protestantism1 namely1 private interpretation1 which is the rejection of a supreme authority1 should have led in its consequences to servitude4 ,but the contradiction disappears when we reflect that so necessary is authority to man that he will bow to fatalism or force if he has no legitimate authority to which to turn4 ,history bears evidence that two centuries and a half of debasing servitude and cruel separations followed4 ,such a long period of slumber must necessarily have had an awakening2 for the innate tendencies of humanity may for a time grow faint or dormant1 but they can never be extinguished4 ,moreover1 should they1 for any length of time1 be checked in their natural expansion1 this necessity grows to gigantic proportions1 till it sweeps before it every obstacle like a torrent in its impetuous course4 ,such was the result to be expected1 and which really took place1 at the close of the eighteenth century4 ,but the minds of men having been seduced by the sophistries of the ,reformation1 the new era of liberty and union must of necessity reflect its deceitful philosophy4 ,therefore1 liberty and union1 when they arose1 cast aside the principle of authority1 as ,protestantism had done at its first appearance4 ,liberty rejected religion to become atheistical1 and fraternity or union affiliated itself to pantheism4 ,and1 in truth1 atheism and pantheism--two systems that harmonize because they are convertible--have penetrated into and made conquests in every condition of life4 ,fourierism and the abuse of industrial unions1 while rejecting authority1 have touched materialism on the one side and communism on the other1 and are the atheistic and pantheistic forms of labor4 ,freedom of speculation1 by spurning at every authoritative principle1 has ended in rationalism2 the systematizing of science has fallen into pantheism or syncretism2 rationalism and syncretism are the atheistic and pantheistic forms of the intellectual life4 ,the modern code of morality and justice1 by stripping liberty and the brotherhood of mankind of legitimate authority1 have ended in naturalism and socialism1 the atheistic and pantheistic forms of society4 ,now1 these two vices1 atheism and pantheism1 the leading errors of the day1 have changed the universal movement toward liberty and union into matter for the deepest and keenest sorrow4 ,in the midst of the immense riches that our age has been accumulating through its free and associated industries1 there seems to be nothing that man touches that can cheer or console him in the solitude of his heart1 and1 free lord as he is of matter1 yet he feels himself its slave1 because he has made it the grave of his noblest aspirations4 ,it might almost be said that matter1 subjugated in so many ways by the liberty and union existing among men in these days1 was secretly tyrannizing over and dividing them1 denying man's authority over it because man has himself cast off the true and supreme authority raised over him4 ,in the same manner1 in the life of thought all our knowledge is felt to be1 as was said of old1 but vanity1 and a vanity that crushes and keeps us asunder from one another4 ,many1 yes1 very many1 agree in crying loudly for liberty and the union of intellect1 but theirs are merely outward words--words which do not respond to the real life of man's intellectual powers4 ,we shall proclaim openly that it is a falsehood1 and a falsehood by which man strives to deceive himself1 and1 if possible1 conceal his sorrow4 ,without fear of error1 we can say that modern science tyrannizes in secret over the intellects of men1 and divides them1 because liberty and the union of intellects rejected or rather usurped the supreme control over the minds of men4 ,rationalists and pantheists cannot deny this2 we appeal to the truthful testimony of their own consciences and of history2 we appeal to the candid avowal of ,frederick ,schelling4 ,is it not true that1 beneath the pompous appearances of liberty and union1 the inner powers of thought are under the grievous yoke of so-called systems1 and1 in addition1 are slaved and tormented by secret and constant doubts8 ,is it not true that great differences exist among men of intellect1 who reject to-day what was believed yesterday1 and that there is no agreement whatever in the greatest and most important principles8 ,to sum up3 the intellectual life of the nineteenth century has neither interior liberty nor union1 because with ,protestantism it has denied the principle which could alone give freedom and unity to the minds of men1 and this denial is the only instance of that liberty and union of which it makes so great a boast4 ,neither in regard to the moral and social life of nations is the case in any way different4 ,from the atheistical liberty of an independent morality has resulted the interior servitude of the will1 which means the truly despotic empire of passions most degrading to the mass and the individual and the despotic atheism of states4 ,and from the pantheistic union exhibited in the practice of centralization and the theory of socialism1 there resulted a sanguinary war in the heart of ,christendom3 a war of the state with the church1 of the people with monarchy1 a war of everything in subjection against everything in authority4 ,hence we see in the most civilized countries the despair of its noblest citizens1 men like the younger ,brutus and ,cato2 hence the despondency of the higher station1 blended with scorn and indignation2 hence the frantic aims of the populace breaking forth into rebellion2 hence the enormous standing armies2 hence amidst the shouts for liberty and fraternity the nations are arming1 and every citizen is enrolled a soldier4 ,if such1 then1 is the condition of the age and the ferment in the minds of men1 if such is the condition of the populations1 what1 let us ask1 is at present the great1 the urgent want of mankind8 ,to contradict the sentiment of union and liberty would be madness2 to contradict the atheism of liberty and the pantheism of union is wisdom and true charity1 and therein safety is to be found2 for1 take away pantheism from union1 and atheism from liberty1 there will remain union and true liberty both exteriorly and interiorly4 ,and assuming that the deadly principles of atheism and pantheism sprang from ,protestantism1 which rejected the ,papacy1 the supreme personification of power1 the return to authority1 the true and only source of liberty and union1 is the great and universal want of the present age4 ,,iv4 ,to satisfy so great a want1 the ,city of ,god1 exercising the most perfect act of its power of goodness and love1 convoked the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,but in opposition to the ,city of ,god in its exercise of this supreme act of love and goodness1 stands the ,city of ,satan1 which has always combated it1 and will continue to do so to the end of time4 ,it was1 therefore1 an easy matter to predict that the ,city of ,satan would assuredly put forth its utmost powers of evil in opposition to that supreme effort of the church of ,christ4 ,such a conclusion would be warranted both by reason and history4 ,by reason1 inasmuch as humanity may well be likened to a battle-field1 wherein the powers of good and evil contend for mastery1 falsehood1 and truth1 the old ,adam and the new1 ,cain and ,abel1 ,satan and ,christ1 so that a state of warfare may be said to be the law of this life2 and as no real progress can be made but as the result of a hard-won victory1 it follows logically that our own age1 being subject to the same law1 must pass through a terrible conflict4 ,history bears evidence to the same effect1 how at critical times the whole powers of evil rose up in terrible conflict against the great undertakings of the church4 ,and ,i will add that as the work of the ,vatican ,council was to bring to light in a special manner the naturalism of modern civilization1 which deduces its origin from atheism and pantheism1 and afterwards to strengthen and exhibit in a clearer light the supreme authority of the ,pope1 so1 on the other hand1 modern civilization had to put forth all the strength it derived from naturalism to crush the ,papacy4 ,all this might have been and was foretold4 ,two periods are to be distinguished in the brief existence of the ,vatican ,council3 they are those which correspond to the two sessions which the ,pope presided over in person4 ,the first was directed specially against those monster errors from which naturalism springs2 the second1 after not a hasty but a long and comprehensive discussion1 decreed the universal supremacy of the papal authority1 the supremacy of his teaching1 that is1 the infallibility of the ,pope1 when he speaks 7to use the language of the schools7 ex cathedr4 ,you might have said1 then1 that the great task of the council was ended1 and time will perhaps show that you would not have judged amiss4 ,however1 the ,city of ,satan was meanwhile no idle spectator1 but exerted its powers in many and various ways1 yet so that it may be said with truth that two of these corresponded singularly to the two important periods of the council4 ,in the first place1 there was witnessed a great and portentous gathering of free-thinkers from all countries of the earth1 and to this was assigned the title of ,anticouncil1 to signify in the most open way possible the war which the naturalism of the day is waging against the church and the ,papacy4 ,but this gathering failed to accomplish anything1 so that1 as was justly said1 the infant cries of the new-born ,anticouncil were also the last gasp of its mortal agony4 ,in vain1 besides1 were all the efforts of the irreligious press1 its sarcasms and calumnies2 in vain the intrigues of anti-christian diplomacy4 ,in vain1 too1 was that last effort1 those appeals of discord flung into the camp of the assembled bishops4 ,nor do ,i say all when ,i affirm that such guilty efforts accomplished nothing against the council4 ,i might have added1 and ,i do so without hesitation1 that they shed additional lustre on it4 ,for1 if they prove nothing else1 they prove at least these two truths3 first1 that all the efforts of the world and hell shall not prevail against the church2 et port inferi non prevalebunt adversus eam2 secondly1 that the freedom and fulness of discussion that took place in the council before defining dogmatically was greater than its adversaries expected or even desired4 ,a new proof1 were any such needed1 that the church of ,christ is neither an opponent nor a weakener of the powers of human reason1 but is the harmonizer of the human element with the divine1 of science with faith1 of liberty with supernatural authority4 ,this was the first great effort of the adversaries of the council1 but there soon followed a second4 ,peaceful opposition having failed1 it was easy to foresee that modern civilization would change its mode of warfare1 and instead of moral force would call to its aid physical force and violence4 ,but for this it was necessary that some opportunity be given1 and the invasion of ,rome by ruffian bands as contemplated was too hazardous an undertaking1 so long as the ,french eagle cast the shadow of its protection over the ,vatican4 ,the opportunity wanted was not long in presenting itself4 ,strange coincidence6 ,at the very time when papal infallibility was added to the dogmas of faith1 and almost on the very day1 war broke out unexpected between ,france and ,prussia4 ,how ,satan must have exulted with ferocious joy at that terrible hour6 ,such a war seemed to supply his city with the means of renewing its assaults on the ,city of ,god4 ,the ,prussian minister ,bismarck1 the chief representative of modern civilization1 had been for a long time in closest alliance with the double atheism of authority and modern liberty1 that is to say1 with the autocracy of ,russia and modern revolution1 which both desired the triumph of the ,german arms4 ,in consequence of this alliance1 ,france came single-handed into the contest1 while ,prussia drew with her all ,germany4 ,the ,northern armies won astonishing victories1 and their allies shared in the advantages of them4 ,preponderance in the ,east was again made practicable to the atheism of authority1 and the atheism of liberty took possession of ,rome--,rome from whose walls1 through a blunder or a crime1 the ,french government had withdrawn its troops4 ,as a consequence1 the ,pope was stripped of his temporal power1 and the council suspended4 ,this was the result of the war against the ,papacy2 this was the crowning effort of the ,city of ,satan against the ,city of ,god--an effort in relation to which modern civilization showed more clearly than before both its character and the end at which it aimed4 ,all the organs of the press that have sold themselves to the false spirit of the age--and their number is very great--all with unanimity of sentiment and in one chorus extolled the shameful outrage to the skies1 and made it the subject of a senseless triumph4 ,and what deserves notice1 in as far as it goes to show the truth of our opinions1 is that all pronounced this exploit as the greatest victory of modern civilization against ,catholic superstition and the theocracy of the middle ages4 ,was it a real victory8 ,and will it be lasting8 ,will it be in our power1 reverentially and with due timidity1 to withdraw a little the veil that covers the designs of ,providence in reference to these facts1 and predict the future8 ,the answer to these questions cannot be briefly given1 and must therefore form the subject of a future article4 ,nevertheless1 to close this article and prepare the minds of our readers for what is to follow1 ,i think it necessary to draw a conclusion from the matters discussed1 and it is this3 that our brethren in the faith have no reason in the world to be astonished at the painful events happening in these times4 ,such things were necessary--so necessary were they that we ourselves1 a year ago1 ventured to predict this contest1 when the political atmosphere was still unclouded1 and all around breathed an air of peace4 ,this new year1 said we on the first day of ,january1 #ahgj1 will be doubtless one of the most memorable of all recorded in history4 ,in it1 not two ages1 but two great eras meet and trace broadly their distinction one from the other--an era that is closing1 and one that is about to begin4 ,and in this same year1 a momentous struggle will correspond to the meeting of the two eras--the struggle of two contrary principles which aim at the conquest of the human race4 ,the two eras are1 that of ,protestantism religious and civil1 and that of ,christian revival in all the orders and relations of the ,catholic ,church4 ,the two principles are egotism and charity--egotism1 which begot and animates ,protestantism1 and charity1 which is the life of ,catholicity4 ,the conflict1 fierce1 terrible1 and waged under different forms1 was a necessity2 why1 then1 be astonished that what was to take place has really happened8 ,is not the spouse of him who espoused her with his sacred blood sent forth to combat8 ,had this conflict not taken place1 we should have been tempted to say that it would be necessary to call in question the great law of human history--progress through suffering4 ,away1 then1 with astonishment1 which would be folly6 ,away with vain fears6 ,the church has combated and overcome all the moral force brought to bear against the ,papacy and the council1 and shall it tremble before brute force8 ,is not the first victory a most certain pledge of the second8 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,dramatis ,,person4 ,one ,saturday evening in ,june1 the ,seaton mail-coach1 with two passengers1 drove out of the city of ,bragon on its way eastward4 ,both these passengers were gentlemen1 and both young4 ,one was large and light-complexioned2 the other1 slight and dark4 ,the large one had a hard1 white face1 whose only expression seemed to be a fixed determination to express nothing4 ,such a look is provoking4 ,let us read a little of the man in spite of himself4 ,people have no right to shut themselves up in that way4 ,one would say immediately that he is what is called a very good man1 one of those good men whom we praise1 and avoid3 that is1 he does not offend against the decalogue nor the revised statutes4 ,but there is a law radiant with a tenderer glory1 dropped1 verse by verse1 through the ,scriptures1 taught constantly by the church1 attested to human hearts by the very need of it1 and that law he keeps not4 ,one wonders at such a man1 and1 in softer moods1 fancies pitifully that he aches under that icy coating1 and that down in the depths of his heart some little unfrozen spring perpetually troubles his repose by its protesting1 half-stifled murmur4 ,one is also exasperated by him4 ,in his society1 as ,miss ,clara ,yorke said afterward1 one's thoughts and feelings become all puckered up4 ,he is indeed a powerful moral astringent4 ,as if conscious of our observation1 he turns stiffly away1 and looks out of the window at his elbow1 entertaining his mind with a view of the spiders that hang from the beams of the covered bridge through which they are driving4 ,we are not to be baffled1 however1 but can pursue our scrutiny4 ,he has large1 heavy white hands1 his broadcloth is of the finest1 and in the breast-pocket of his coat is a manuscript sermon4 ,he would like to have us listen to that sermon1 but will not4 ,the gentleman who sits at this person's left is as different as could well be4 ,he has a thin face1 a long nose inclining slightly upward toward the end1 and haggard1 bright eyes4 ,his forehead is high1 and all the hair is brushed straight back from it1 and falls on his neck4 ,he has a small mouth1 with lips so vividly red that they seem to be painted4 ,in his breast-pocket is a bottle of laudanum1 which seems to be very much at home there4 ,these gentlemen had never met before they stepped into the coach together2 and it would be safe to say that they had no ardent desire to meet again4 ,they were very slow1 indeed1 to improve the opportunity afforded them to form an acquaintance1 and probably would have maintained a very formal demeanor toward each other1 had not circumstances forced them into a most undignified intimacy4 ,there had been a succession of pouring rains1 and the roads were frightful1 heavy with mud1 and full of pitfalls4 ,after the coach got out of the town and into the woods1 their situation became very trying to the passengers4 ,to say nothing of the pain of bumps and bruises1 their dignity and sense of propriety were constantly being outraged by their being thrown into each other's arms1 or having their heads knocked violently together4 ,under such difficulties1 silence became impracticable4 ,apologies became necessary1 and exclamations irrepressible4 ,he of the sermon never said anything worse than ,bless me6 but the other had occasionally to stifle an ejaculation which would not have been so pleasant to hear4 ,the coach was due at ,seaton at four o'clock in the morning2 but as hours passed1 and still their motion was chiefly lateral and perpendicular1 their prompt arrival receded from a probability to a possibility1 and thence became impossible4 ,they had started at nine o'clock2 and at three of the next morning they yet lacked nearly a mile of reaching the half-way house where they were to change horses4 ,at that point one of the wheels suddenly slipped into a deep rut4 ,the four steaming horses strained and tugged till they started the coach1 when it immediately gave a lee-lurch1 and went into a hole at the other side4 ,at the same moment1 something1 whatever it is which holds horse and carriage together1 snapped1 and the quadrupeds started off on their own account1 leaving the coach and the bipeds to follow at their leisure4 ,the driver1 having the reins in his hands1 was of course pulled off the box2 but the road received him softly4 ,the passengers need have suffered no damage1 but that the tall one1 having1 curiously enough1 the impression that they were being run away with instead of from1 jumped out of the coach with more haste than discretion4 ,the spot he sank into was the rut from which the front wheel had just been drawn1 and the result was that he emerged upon the roadside in a deplorable masquerade1 being clad in a complete domino of well-mixed clay and water4 ,moreover1 his ankle was quite severely sprained4 ,you'll have to walk to the half-way house1 gentlemen1 the driver said1 calmly wiping the mud from his face4 ,he had been over that road too many times to be much disturbed at any mishap of the kind4 ,having spoken1 he shouldered the mail-bags1 and started in advance4 ,it was full three minutes before the other passenger appeared1 and1 when he did1 his face was perfectly grave1 though very red4 ,he threw a blanket he had found inside out into the road1 and stepped on to it4 ,he next reached in and got a cushion1 with which he completed the bridge across the mud1 then walked over them as unstained as ,queen ,elizabeth over ,raleigh's mantle1 and stepped dry-shod in the neatest of boots on to the rim of the delicate moss that spread its carpet all along the roadside under the trees4 ,having landed safely1 he turned toward his companion1 who was trying to wash himself in a brook and scrape his clothes with sticks4 ,i should advise you1 sir1 he said1 to come right on to the house1 and get a complete change of clothing4 ,it is useless to try to clean those4 ,the other was speechless1 and seemed too much stupefied to do anything more than obey4 ,morning was just breaking1 cloudless and beautiful1 the forest was fresh with ,june1 and through it could be heard the elfish laughter of brooks4 ,while the travellers had through the night been racked and tormented1 conscious only of misery and mud1 all around them nature had reposed in her loveliness and purity1 with her birds sweetly nestled1 her flowers dewwashed1 her streams crystal-clear4 ,their road had been like a foul thread woven across a beautiful web4 ,when they reached the half-way house1 the tall traveller was in a perfectly abject state4 ,his pride had quite disappeared1 his dignity was nowhere to be seen4 ,he allowed himself to be arrayed in a suit of rough farming-clothes a good deal too short1 in which he beheld himself without a smile1 and humbly begged his fellow-traveller to bear a message from him to his expecting friends in ,seaton4 ,not only his toilet1 but his sprained ankle would prevent his proceeding on his journey for some hours at least4 ,his name was ,conway2 he was a ,baptist minister1 and was expected to preach in ,seaton that day4 ,would the gentleman be so good as to send word to the church1 as soon as he arrived1 that their looked-for candidate had met with an accident8 ,he was not personally acquainted with any one in ,seaton1 therefore could not direct him1 but presumed that the driver could4 ,the gentleman with the bright eyes cordially promised1 then asked for breakfast and a clothes-brush1 and the other withdrew to rest4 ,there's not time to cook anything but coffee and fish1 the landlord said4 ,passengers never stop here to breakfast2 and the driver is going on in fifteen minutes4 ,but ,i'll do the best ,i can for you4 ,in ten minutes all was ready4 ,the traveller brushed his clothes scrupulously1 combed his hair back in a silken wave1 bathed his face and hands1 gave himself one more look to be sure that his toilet was correct1 then seated himself at table4 ,the principal dish before him was an eel fried in sections1 then carefully put together1 and coiled round the plate4 ,not much of a breakfast1 the landlord said4 ,but we haven't any market here4 ,sir6 exclaimed the traveller in a deep voice1 ,i asked for fish1 and you give me a serpent6 ,i would as soon--,i would sooner eat of an anaconda than an eel4 ,i'm sorry you do not like it1 sir1 the man replied4 ,if we raised anacondas here1 you should have one2 but we don't4 ,the traveller drank his coffee1 and found it not bad4 ,i will try to do without snakes1 this morning1 he remarked4 ,there were twelve miles yet to travel2 but the road improved slightly as they went on4 ,still it was tedious work2 and when at last they drove into the town1 it was past ten o'clock1 and the bells were ringing for ,sunday service4 ,when the coach reached the post-office1 in the centre of the town1 the traveller jumped out1 and asked to be directed to the ,universalist meeting-house4 ,and please send word to the ,baptist people of the accident which befell their minister1 he said4 ,it will be impossible for me to do so now4 ,the driver promised1 and directed the stranger4 ,go over the bridge here1 and up the hill1 and you will come to a white meeting-house with green blinds1 he said4 ,the traveller hastily followed the direction1 and soon came to a house answering the description given4 ,the congregation were all in their seats2 and as the new-comer breathlessly entered1 he heard a voice from the pulpit4 ,my beloved brethren1 the voice said1 ,i am sorry to inform you that the minister who was to have preached for us to-day will not probably come4 ,the stage has not come in1 and has1 most likely1 met with an accident4 ,but since you have all gathered together here to-day1 it seemed to me a pity that you should go away without hearing the word of life4 ,i have therefore brought a volume of sermons by the reverend-- ,here the deacon stopped at sight of the stranger hurrying up the aisle1 made an awkward gesture1 took out his pocket-handkerchief1 and1 finally1 descended sheepishly at one side of the pulpit as our belated traveller went up the other4 ,the minister seated himself on the red velvet sofa1 which in the temple occupied the place of an altar1 fumbled a while in the hymn-book for a hymn he could not find1 wiped his heated face1 finally read at random4 ,presently there was heard from the gallery over the entrance the faint twang of a tuning-fork1 then a man's voice feeling for the key1 which he had to transpose from ,a to ,c4 ,pouncing upon it at length in a stentorian do1 he soared gradually up through dominant to octave1 the choir caught their parts1 and the hymn began4 ,unfortunately1 however1 in their haste they had selected a common metre tune for a long metre hymn1 as they discovered at the end of the second line1 where they found themselves in difficulty by reason of two syllables which were unprovided for by the music1 yet could not well be left out4 ,while they were extricating themselves1 and finding a more fitful tune1 the minister took breath1 and looked round on his congregation4 ,they disappointed him4 ,he had been informed that his hearers were to be the young1 progressive spirits of the town2 and these looked anything but young and progressive4 ,they were nearly all old and antiquated1 and their faces struck a chill through him4 ,they seemed to be the faces of people who believe that one of the chief pleasures of heaven consists in looking over the celestial battlements and witnessing the torments of the condemned1 rather than of those who hold the comfortable doctrine of universal salvation4 ,stern1 fateful1 stolid1 they sat there1 not even provoked to a passing smile by the ludicrous contretemps of the choir4 ,the minister frowned4 ,he was tired1 he had been irritated by his travelling companion1 and now he was bitterly disappointed4 ,seaton was a growing town that would soon be a city1 and he had looked forward with pleasure to the prospect of being settled there4 ,there seemed nowhere else for him to go1 and he was not rich1 and he was homeless4 ,the sight of this congregation1 which he saw at once he could never reconcile himself to1 disturbed him greatly4 ,moreover1 in his haste he had forgotten to take his morning dose of laudanum2 and1 altogether1 but for a glimpse he got of two faces near the pulpit1 he might have marched down1 and left the deacon to read as many sermons as he chose4 ,these two reconciling faces belonged to ,miss ,melicent ,yorke and her brother ,owen1 who were visiting the different ,seaton churches4 ,the fair1 tranquil face of the lady1 her delicate dress1 her folded hands1 even the wreath of violets that rested on her flaxen hair1 all made a pleasant picture for the cultivated glance that swept over it4 ,of ,owen he saw only the top of the head1 and the hand that covered his face4 ,but his attitude showed that he was hiding a laugh2 and anybody who could laugh in that congregation was balm to the minister's eyes4 ,in those two he felt sure of sympathy4 ,the hymn over1 the minister read a psalm and repeated the ,lord's ,prayer4 ,the congregation listened with lengthening faces4 ,in fact1 the disapprobation was mutual4 ,in the first place1 they were shocked that the candidate for their pulpit should travel on the ,lord's day2 in the next place1 his looks and manners were too little like those of their former pastor1 the ,rev4 ,jabez ,true2 thirdly1 they had never before had the ,our ,father foisted on them for a prayer4 ,they were accustomed to hear a long and explicit address to the ,deity1 in which their wishes and thoughts were explained to him1 and their praises and thanks duly meted out--a prayer which they could talk about afterward4 ,elder ,true had been gifted in prayer1 and would sometimes pray half an hour without a moment's hesitation4 ,it was certainly a very shabby thing to put them off with the ,lord's ,prayer4 ,then came the sermon4 ,only two persons present knew that the text was from the ,koran4 ,it was a story of a certain good man who had a plantation of palm-trees1 to which he used to call the poor1 and give them such fruit as the knife missed or the wind blew off4 ,he died2 and his sons felt too poor to give anything away4 ,so they agreed to come early in the morning1 and gather the fruit when the poor could not know4 ,but in laying their plans1 they omitted to add1 ,if it please ,god6 ,in the night a storm passed over the garden1 and in the morning it was as one where the fruit had all been gathered4 ,there are various ways in which such a text could be treated4 ,our speaker1 changing his plan at the last minute1 irritated by the cold and unsympathizing faces about him1 and by his personal discomforts1 chose to enforce this thought3 there are those who fancy that all the fruits of grace are theirs1 that they are the elect1 and that those outside of their walls shall perish with hunger while they are feasting4 ,behold1 the whirlwind of the wrath of ,god shall sweep away the good they only seem to have1 and leave them poorer than ,lazarus4 ,it was a forced interpretation2 but the speaker was dextrous1 and made himself appear consecutive even when he rambled most4 ,with passionate vehemence1 he denounced those sanctimonious souls who mistake a curvature of the spine for humility1 and a nasal twang for an evidence of grace4 ,i love not1 he said1 those cold and heavy souls that never take a generous fire4 ,one wonders if they ever will burn--under any future circumstances4 ,they flatter themselves that they are good and just and reasonable because they are emotionless4 ,it is not so4 ,no heart is pure that is not passionate2 no virtue safe that is not enthusiastic4 ,is the diamond less fine because it is brilliant8 ,has the sea no depth because it sparkles on the surface8 ,would the cannon-ball go further flung by the hand than it does when shot from the cannon's mouth8 ,is truth always a mountain crowned with snow8 ,it may be a volcano4 ,a strong and sweet thinker has said1 ',the wildest excess of passion does not injure the soul so much as respectable selfishness does2' and he says rightly4 ,i protest against the apotheosis of phlegm4 ,there are many phases of good1 and each has his way2 but1 for my part1 ,i prefer the faults of heat to the faults of cold4 ,the former are often generous faults1 the latter never so4 ,the faults of the former are on the surface1 and can neither be denied nor hidden2 those of the latter are deep-rooted1 and may be and often are mistaken for virtues4 ,who were the great saints8 ,look at the reckless ,magdalen1 the vehement ,st4 ,paul1 the hasty ,st4 ,peter4 ,st4 ,john of the ,cross quotes as an axiom in theology the saying that ,god moves all things in harmony with their constitution2 and the history of the world shows that1 when he wanted to kindle a grand and holy conflagration1 he took for workers combustible men and women4 ,among the apostles1 the only one who was cold and calculating enough to count money and think of the purse when the ,lord was near enough to set all their hearts on fire was ,judas1 and not the worst ,judas in the world either4 ,for since his time many a pretended follower has weighed the ,holy ,one in a balance1 and sold him for a price1 and has lacked the after-grace to hang himself4 ,let us pray6 ,it was only when ,miss ,yorke and her brother rose1 that the astonished and scandalized congregation understood that the sermon was really over1 and they were to stand up and listen to a prayer4 ,the minister spoke in a voice yet vibrating with excitement3 ,o ,lord ,god of morning and evening1 of storm and sunshine1 of the dew that bathes the violet and the frost that cracks the rock--,god of the east and the west1 and all that lies between them--,god of our souls and our bodies1 of bliss and of anguish--,o ,god1 who alone rewardest failure1 who for thy mantle1 which eludes our grasp1 givest us thy hand to clasp--may all thy creatures adore thee6 ,our praise goes up like the note of the small bird in the branches2 but thou hast made us weak4 ,all power is thine6 ,our hearts swell and break at thy feet as the waves break upon the shore2 but thou hast set our limit4 ,space is in the hollow of thy hand6 ,we lift our eyes toward thee1 and their gaze is baffled2 but thou1 who seest all things1 hast sealed their vision4 ,glory and honor and power be unto thee1 inscrutable ,wisdom1 for ever and ever4 ,amen6 ,and he calls that a prayer6 thought the congregation4 ,why1 it is like a ,catholic prayer6 whispered ,melicent to her brother4 ,and he quotes ,st4 ,john of the ,cross1 and the ,koran1 and ,ecce ,homo4 ,he must be an eclectic minister4 ,the congregation went out with very glum faces1 and scattered to their various homes4 ,only the deacon waited in the porch1 as in duty bound1 to invite the minister home to dinner4 ,i suppose you will go home with me1 ,brother ,conway1 he said1 freezingly4 ,conway6 echoed the minister4 ,you mistake1 sir6 ,my name is ,griffeth4 ,the deacon stared4 ,we were expecting the ,reverend ,john ,conway to preach to-day1 as a candidate for our pulpit1 he said1 eyeing ,mr4 ,griffeth suspiciously4 ,do you come in his place8 ,an expression of perplexity1 instantly succeeded by one of poignant amusement1 passed over the minister's face4 ,then he became grave4 ,it seems that ,i have come in his place1 he said1 but most unwillingly4 ,brother ,conway met with an accident which delayed him4 ,he sent his regrets to you by me1 and hopes he may be here this afternoon4 ,good-morning1 sir6 ,i will not burden your hospitality to-day4 ,the deacon's face cleared4 ,it was a blessed relief to find that they would have no more to do with this man4 ,the stranger crossed the portico to where ,melicent and ,carl still lingered1 having overheard this conversation4 ,i beg your pardon6 he said4 ,but will you have the kindness to tell me of what denomination the church is in which ,i have been preaching8 ,it is ,baptist1 ,carl replied2 of the kind1 ,i think1 they call ',hard-shelled4' ,god be praised6 ejaculated the minister4 ,i have got into the wrong pulpit6 ,melicent immediately insisted on his going home with them4 ,we can at least protect you from the ,hard-shells until your own friends find you1 she said4 ,the invitation being cordially given1 and seconded by ,carl1 the minister thankfully accepted it1 and they started on their homeward way4 ,my blunder is likely to give great offence to one-half the town1 and great amusement to the other half1 he said1 as they went along4 ,i am truly thankful to find a refuge from both4 ,mrs4 ,yorke received her unexpected guest with the greatest kindness2 ,mr4 ,yorke1 with the greatest courtesy4 ,it was one of the pleasantest families in the world to visit4 ,not easily accessible to everybody1 nor quick to form intimacies1 whomever they did receive1 they made at once at home4 ,there was a charming ease in their company4 ,your sole reminder that they understood the proprieties of life was the fact that they never sinned against them4 ,seated in the midst of the family1 who gathered about him1 the minister related the adventures of the last twenty-four hours to his smiling auditory4 ,only two persons present were grave4 ,edith could perceive nothing ludicrous in the circumstances4 ,it was a most sad and uncomfortable fact that ,minister ,conway should have got into the mud1 she thought2 and1 as to preaching in the wrong pulpit1 that seemed to her a very awful mistake4 ,the other solemn face belonged to little ,eugene ,cleaveland1 five years old1 ,major ,cleaveland's youngest son4 ,the child was a pet of the ,yorkes1 and always stayed with them when his father was away from home4 ,he had quite adopted them as his relatives4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,yorke were his aunt and uncle4 ,the others were all cousins4 ,leaning on ,clara's lap1 quite unmindful of her caressing hand in his hair or on his cheek1 he gazed with large1 bright black eyes at the minister1 drinking in every word1 and thinking his own thoughts4 ,isn't your ,god as good as their ,god is8 he asked suddenly in the the first pause4 ,we have all the same ,god1 my child1 the minister replied2 and immediately added to the others1 ,i perceive that we had better change the subject1 lest the little ones should be scandalized4 ,i fancy ,i even read reproof in the eyes of your niece1 madam4 ,and1 by the way1 she looks like some solemn1 medieval religious4 ,it is odd she should suggest that thought to you1 ,mrs4 ,yorke said4 ,the child is a ,catholic4 ,come1 my dear1 and show ,mr4 ,griffeth what a pretty prayer-book you have4 ,it was given me by a very lovely and zealous ,french lady whom ,i knew in ,paris4 ,i thought it would do ,edith most good4 ,edith approached the minister with hesitation1 half-pleased with him1 half-doubtful4 ,but while he talked pleasantly to her1 glancing over the book without a sign of prejudice1 explaining and praising here and there1 her doubts were forgotten4 ,what the child instinctively felt was1 that the man had no religious convictions2 but1 her reason being undeveloped1 she could not understand what he lacked4 ,when he learned that she was half-,polish1 he delighted her by telling how1 in the glorious days of ,poland1 when the nobles heard ,mass1 they unsheathed their swords at the ,gospel1 to show that they were ready on the instant to do battle for the faith1 and he promised to procure for her a little handful of earth from the sacred soil of ,praga4 ,he then repeated and translated for her an anonymous hymn to the ,holy ,innocents1 written in the fourth century1 and1 at ,mrs4 ,yorke's request1 copied it into the prayer-book4 ,it was this3 ,salvete1 flores martyrum1 ,quos lucis ipso in limine1 ,christi insecutor sustulit1 ,ceu turbo nascentes rosas4 ,vos1 prima ,christi victima1 ,grex immolatorum tener1 ,aram ante ipsam1 simplices1 ,palma et coronis luditis4 ,miss ,yorke presently excused herself with the smiling announcement that she must prepare the dessert for dinner1 and ,clara went out to gather flowers for the dinner-table1 taking ,eugene ,cleaveland with her4 ,they roamed about the edge of the woods1 finding wild-roses and violets2 they ventured into wet places for the blue flower-de-luce2 they gathered long plumes of ferns1 and in a dusky cloister where a brook had hidden one of its windings1 they found a cardinal-flower lighting the place like a lamp4 ,suddenly the little boy cried out1 and began to dance about4 ,there was a bug gone away up in his jacket1 he declared4 ,clara searched him1 but found nothing4 ,there's nothing on you1 little dear6 she said4 ,come home1 now4 ,it is dinner-time1 and you must help me to arrange the flowers4 ,there is no bug1 child2 it is all your imagination4 ,does my imagination wiggle8 he cried indignantly4 ,there6 ,the last exclamation referred to a creeping at his throat2 and out hopped an active little frog1 which had been circumnavigating the child ever since he pulled the last blue lily4 ,they went homeward with their baskets of flowers1 and encountered on the way ,boadicea ,patten with her baby in her arms4 ,she had come to see her son and daughter1 and was trying to keep out of sight of the front windows1 where she saw a stranger4 ,clara ,yorke immediately seized upon the infant4 ,no baby ever escaped her caresses2 and this one the young ladies had taken under their especial charge4 ,they supplied its wardrobe1 and went to see it1 or had it come to them every week4 ,it was a pretty child1 bright1 white1 and well-mannered1 with a lordly air of taking homage as if it were due4 ,when ,clara entered the parlor1 she found only the gentlemen and ,edith there2 but that did not prevent her insisting on her little one being received with enthusiasm4 ,she called attention to the wonderful dimpled shoulders and elbows1 pulled its eyelids down pitilessly to display the long lashes1 uncurled its yellow locks and let them creep back into rings again1 and crowned it with violets1 quoting ,browning3 ,violets instead of laurel in the hair1 ,as those were all the little locks could bear4 ,then she consigned the child to her brother4 ,i have domestic cares to attend to1 she said1 and you must amuse my beauty while ,i am gone4 ',what must you do8' ,talk to it1 of course4 ',what shall you say8' ,why1 ,owen1 do not be stupid6 ,say whatever you can think of that is suited to the darling's capacity4 ,come1 ,eugene1 we have important affairs on hand4 ,carl looked at his charge with immense good-will and not a little perplexity1 and it stared back solemnly at him1 waiting to be entertained4 ,something must be said4 ,what is your opinion concerning the origin of ideas8 asked the young man1 at length1 with great politeness4 ,instantly the little face brightened with delighted intelligence2 the lips became voluble in a strange language1 and the dimpled hands caught at ,carl's sunny locks4 ,oh6 for an interpreter1 he exclaimed4 ,if we had an interpreter1 we could confound the savants4 ,clara1 to his sister just returning1 what is this little wretch saying8 ,he is saying that he loves everybody in the whole world6 she cried1 catching the babe in her arms1 and half-stifling it with kisses4 ,and1 now1 please come to dinner4 ,it is not a bad solution1 mused the minister1 as he and ,carl went out last4 ,perhaps love is the root from which our ideas grow4 ,undoubtedly the kind of ideas a person has depends on the nature and degree of his loving4 ,you see that here we stand not upon the order of our going1 ,clara laughed back from the doorway2 or1 rather1 we follow the style of ecclesiastical processions1 and place the principal person last4 ,there was a cluster of yellow violets by ,mr4 ,griffeth's plate4 ,his eyes often turned on them1 and always with a grave expression4 ,they remind me of a brother ,i have lost1 he said at length to ,mrs4 ,yorke4 ,philip used to paint flowers beautifully1 and a bunch of yellow violets was the last thing he painted4 ,if you were not new-comers in ,seaton1 ,i should think it possible that you might have seen or heard of him4 ,he went to school here to an old minister1 ,mr4 ,blake1 the predecessor1 ,i believe1 of ,dr4 ,martin4 ,philip ,griffeth6 ,mrs4 ,yorke exclaimed1 blushing with surprise1 ,why1 ,i went to school with him4 ,i recollect him perfectly4 ,this is my native place1 ,mr4 ,griffeth4 ,yes1 ,philip was the favorite of every one1 teacher and pupils4 ,he used to help me with my ,virgil4 ,mr4 ,blake made us all study ,latin1 and the boys had to study ,greek4 ,the minister thought that no person should be admitted into polite society who did not know one at least of these languages4 ,i recollect him1 a small1 pompous man1 with an air of fierceness very foreign to his character4 ,he wished to be thought a stern and fateful personage1 while in truth he was the softest man alive4 ,when he used to come to our house1 and extend his awful right hand to me1 ,i always knew that the left hand1 hidden behind his back1 held a paper of candy4 ,the discovery of this mutual friend formed a strong tie between the minister and his new acquaintances1 so that they seemed quite like old friends4 ,the family pressed him to stay till evening1 when they would send for some of his people to come for him2 and he1 nothing loth1 consented4 ,but1 ,i warn you1 he said to the young people1 when they had returned to the parlor1 that1 unless you allow me to see you often1 this hospitality will be a cruel kindness4 ,i should find it harder to lose than never to have had your society4 ,i could not console myself with less than the best1 as this pretty rustic did1 taking up an illustrated copy of ,maud ,mller that lay at his elbow4 ,but what a perfect thing it is6 he added4 ,mrs4 ,yorke was just passing through the room on her way to take an afternoon siesta4 ,she paused by the table1 and glanced at the book4 ,it is perfect all but the ending1 she said2 that is too pre-,raphaelite for me4 ,doubtless it would have happened quite so2 but ,i do not wish to know that it did4 ,but should not art be true to nature8 asked ,mr4 ,griffeth4 ,he liked to hear and see the lady talk4 ,her gentle ways and delicate1 pathetic grace1 all charmed him4 ,art should be true to nature when nature is true to herself1 she replied4 ,i am not a pre-,raphaelite4 ,i believe that the mission of art is to restore the lost perfection of nature1 not to copy and perpetuate its defects4 ,otherwise it is not elevating2 and what it makes you admire chiefly is the talent which imitates1 not the genius which sees4 ,i believe that genius is insight1 talent only outsight4 ,my husband defines genius as artistic intuition4 ,why should the poet have cheated us into loving a fair1 empty shape8 ,if the girl had been disappointed1 and had lived apart and lonely to the end of her days1 the picture would have been lovely and pathetic4 ,but now it is revolting4 ,i agree with mamma1 ,miss ,yorke interposed4 ,if ,maud ,mller had married the judge1 she would never have appreciated him4 ,if she had been capable of it1 she could not have condescended to the other after having seen him4 ,i should believe1 the minister said1 that1 if she had possessed true nobleness of soul1 she could not have so lowered herself1 even if she had seen nothing better4 ,to my mind1 people rise to their proper level by spontaneous combustion1 needing no outward spark1 women as well as men4 ,the philosophy of the ,comte de ,gabalis may be very true as to gnomes1 sylphs1 and salamanders2 but for women ,i think that such radical changes never occur4 ,that theory belongs to those men who1 as ,mrs4 ,browning says1 believe that 'a woman ripens1 like a peach1 in the cheeks chiefly4' ,so we have disposed of poor ,maud ,mller1 said ,mrs4 ,yorke4 ,i repent me of having been so harsh with the sweet child4 ,let us say that the poet wronged her2 that in truth she faded away month by month1 and grew silent1 and shadowy1 and saint-like1 not knowing what was the matter with her1 but feeling a great need of ,god's love2 and so died4 ,with a sigh through the smile of her ending1 ,mrs4 ,yorke passed noiselessly from the room4 ,the shadows of the vine-leaves seemed to strain forward to catch at her white dress1 and the sunlight dropping through turned her hair to gold4 ,then shadow and sunlight fell to the floor and kissed her footsteps1 missing her4 ,mr4 ,yorke was out walking about his farm1 inquiring of ,patrick how many months it took in that country for plants to get themselves above ground2 if green peas were due early in ,september2 if cucumbers were not in danger of freezing before they arrived at maturity2 if their whole crop1 in short1 did not promise to give them their labor for their pains2 and making various other depreciatory comments which his assistant inwardly resented4 ,the young people sat in the parlor and improved their acquaintance4 ,soon they found themselves talking of personal matters and family plans1 especially those relating to ,owen4 ,mr4 ,griffeth strongly urged his remaining in ,seaton4 ,i think it would be better to remain if you should conclude to study law1 he said4 ,you could pursue your studies here without the distractions of a city life1 and you could begin practice with a clearer field4 ,you would at once be prominent here1 but in the city there would be a crowd of able and experienced practitioners in your way4 ',i would rather be second in ,athens than first in ,euba1' ,carl objected4 ,undoubtedly6 was the immediate response4 ,but you might save time by trying your wings in ,euba before essaying your flight in ,athens4 ,the sister eagerly seconded the proposal1 delighted with any plan by which they could keep their brother with them and yet not injure his prospects4 ,carl listened with favor4 ,his new friend had completely captivated him2 and1 sure of such congenial companionship1 ,seaton appeared to him a tolerable place to live in4 ,of course1 ,i am not quite disinterested1 ,mr4 ,griffeth said4 ,i want you to stay4 ,but1 also1 it does seem to me well4 ,the place is promising4 ,i am told that it has some superior people1 and that it is growing rapidly4 ,my own coming was a chance1 and already ,i rejoice in it4 ,one impulse pushed me toward the south1 another toward the north3 obeying a philosophical law1 ,i came east1 and here ,i shall stay4 ,i recognized a ,providence in it4 ,may not you the same8 ,oh6 do stay1 ,owen1 ,hester said1 laying her hand on his arm4 ,what can ,i do when the evening star pleads with me8 said ,carl with a smile4 ,when he was pleased with his youngest sister1 he called her ,hesper4 ,and you know1 ,carl1 you promised to teach me to spell1 this summer1 said ,clara4 ,i cannot spell6 she confessed to the minister4 ,madam1 ,i congratulate you6 he replied4 ,but it is not ignorance1 she said1 blushing very much4 ,english spelling is nothing but memory1 you know4 ,now1 my memory is situated in my heart1 not my head1 and it retains only what ,i love or hate4 ,you do not expect me to be fond of vowels and consonants1 or enamored of poly-syllables1 surely4 ,the minister protested that he was always enchanted to meet with an educated person who could not spell4 ,it was1 he said1 the mark of a mind which catches so ardently at the soul of a word that it misses the form4 ,i have no doubt1 he said1 that you might talk with a person a hundred times1 and comprehend his character perfectly1 yet not be able to tell the color of his eyes nor the shape of his nose4 ,you could also go unerringly to a place you had once visited1 though you could not direct a person there4 ,you do not gather your knowledge like corn in the ear1 but in the golden grain2 and when anybody wants the cob1 you have to go searching about in waste places for it4 ,mr4 ,yorke came in1 and presently ,mrs4 ,yorke1 with a little sleep-mistiness hanging yet about her4 ,where have you been1 auntie8 cried ,eugene ,cleveland1 running to her4 ,he had his hands full of dandelion curls1 which he began hanging in her ears1 having thus adorned the young ladies4 ,i have been to the land where dreams grow on trees1 she said softly4 ,mr4 ,griffeth says that ,i am a little man1 the child announced1 with an air of consequence4 ,the remark had been made an hour before1 and was not yet forgotten4 ,the lad had indeed an exceedingly good opinion of himself1 and never forgot a word of praise4 ,clara called him to her4 ,you are no more a man1 she said1 than potato-balls are potatoes4 ,he sobered instantly1 and went about for some time with a very forlorn countenance4 ,after awhile1 when she had forgotten the remark1 he came back to her4 ,cousin ,clara1 do potato-balls ever grow into potatoes8 he asked anxiously4 ,in the evening the ,universalist deputation arrived1 and took their minister away with them4 ,now1 ,pat1 you mark my words1 said ,betsey1 as she saw the family stand on the moonlight veranda to watch their visitor down the avenue3 that man will marry one of the ,yorke girls4 ,betsey considered the speedy marriage of the young ladies a consummation devoutly to be wished4 ,patrick was still smarting under the insults offered to his garden1 and would not in any case have hailed the alliance of a minister with the family4 ,oh1 bali6 they wouldn't look at him6 he replied crossly4 ,a rogue of a minister1 with his nose in the air6 ,i have eyes in my head1 said ,betsey with dignity4 ,and a bee in your bonnet1 retorted the man4 ,betsey went into the house1 banged the door behind her1 and began setting the kitchen to rights with great vigor4 ,she swept up the hearth so fiercely that a cloud of ashes came out and settled on the mantelpiece1 and put the chairs back against the wall with an emphasis that made them rattle4 ,patrick put his head in at the door1 prudently keeping his body out1 and looked at her with a deprecating smile4 ,now1 ,betsey6 he said4 ,you needn't speak to me again1 to-night1 she exclaimed1 looking severely away from him4 ,you've said enough for one time4 ,and what have ,i said to you1 ,betsey8 ,she faced him4 ,i wonder if in your country it is considered a compliment to tell a woman that she has a bee in her bonnet1 she said4 ,ah6 is that where you are8 said ,pat1 coming half into the room4 ,i never meant the least harm in my life4 ,and1 sure1 ,betsey1 did ye ever see a bonnet without a b8 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,father ,,rasle4 ,one summer morning1 ,mr4 ,yorke appeared at the breakfast-table with a very sour face4 ,he was bilious1 and he had not slept well4 ,even ,hester's cooing ways failed to mollify him4 ,why1 you are feverish1 papa1 she said4 ,your hand is hot and dry4 ,he moved his chair impatiently4 ,yes1 your mother insisted on my taking charcoal instead of calomel1 and ,i think she must have slily administered a lucifer-match with it3 ,i radiate heat4 ,mrs4 ,yorke took these complaints very quietly4 ,she knew that nothing could be further from her husband's heart than to be dissatisfied with anything she did4 ,we were disturbed by that fearful noise1 she said quietly1 taking her place at the table4 ,owen began to laugh4 ,the ,seaton cast-iron band had been out the night before1 and the young man found himself very much amused by it4 ,do you like lawlessness1 sir8 demanded ,mr4 ,yorke4 ,that depends on what the law is1 the son replied pleasantly4 ,well1 sir1 in this case it is the law of common decency1 of respect for the clergy1 and courtesy to strangers4 ,father ,rasle1 the ,catholic priest1 came here yesterday1 and that ,babel of cow-bells1 and sleigh-bells1 and mill-saws1 and tin trumpets1 and wooden drums1 and ,i know not what else1 was before his door4 ,i call it a shameful outrage4 ,so do ,i1 ,owen replied promptly4 ,i had no idea what it meant4 ,the young ladies all exclaimed indignantly2 but ,edith dropped her eyes and was silent4 ,theology was nothing to her1 and as yet her faith had no life in it4 ,she was deeply ashamed of that religion which all seemed to scoff at save those who tolerated it for her sake4 ,only her promise held her to it4 ,that the voice of the people is not always1 is very seldom1 the voice of ,god1 she could not be expected to know2 neither could she be expected to love that church which as yet she had heard spoken of only by its enemies4 ,she did not dream of forsaking the religion of her mother2 but her constancy to it seemed to her of the same nature as ,mrs4 ,rowan's constancy to her drunken husband4 ,after breakfast1 her uncle bade her dress to go with him to call on ,father ,rasle4 ,she obeyed1 though with a shrinking heart4 ,she had heard priests spoken of in the street and by the school-children with contempt and reviling1 and her impression was that they must be very disagreeable persons to meet4 ,but the religion was hers1 and she must stand by it1 never confessing to a doubt nor allowing any one to reproach it unchallenged by her4 ,and if she stood by the religion1 she must stand by the priest4 ,father ,rasle1 being only a missionary there1 had no house in ,seaton1 but stopped with a decent ,irish family4 ,it was a poor place1 and the room in which he received ,mr4 ,yorke and his niece was as humble as could well be imagined4 ,but there needed no fine setting to show that he was that noblest object on earth1 a ,christian gentleman4 ,his age might have been a little over forty1 and his manner was almost too grave and dignified1 one might think at first2 but it soon appeared that he could be genial beyond most men4 ,mr4 ,yorke presented his niece1 and1 before explaining their errand1 apologized for the insult that had been offered the priest the night before4 ,oh6 ,i certainly did not expect the honor of a serenade1 said ,father ,rasle1 laughing pleasantly4 ,but1 if it gratified them to give it1 ,i am not in the least offended4 ,it is1 perhaps1 a loss to me that ,i did not care2 for ,i might have derived some profit from the mortification4 ,on the contrary1 ,i own to you1 sir1 that ,i enjoyed that concert4 ,it was the most laughable one ,i ever heard4 ,mr4 ,yorke looked at the speaker in astonishment4 ,here was a kind of pride1 if pride it could be called1 which he could not understand4 ,in such circumstances1 his own impulse would have been to shoot his insulters down instantly4 ,what he despised he wanted to crush1 to rid the earth of1 to spare himself the sight of2 what the priest despised he pitied1 he wished to raise1 to excuse1 to spare ,god and the world the sight of4 ,it was admirable1 his visitor owned1 but inimitable by him4 ,not being able to say any more on the subject1 he then stated ,edith's case4 ,you will know what she needs1 he concluded1 and ,i shall see that she follows your directions4 ,the father questioned his young catechumen1 and found her in a state of the most perfect ignorance4 ,the child is a heathen6 he said1 in his odd1 broken ,english1 his smile taking the harsh edge off the words4 ,she must study the catechism--this little one--and see how much of it she will have to say to me when ,i come here again in a month4 ,i will then prepare her for her first confession4 ,edith uttered not a word1 except to answer his questions4 ,she was not sure whether she liked him or not2 she was only certain that he did not offend her4 ,there was a little more talk1 then ,mr4 ,yorke rose to go1 cordially inviting the priest to visit him4 ,as they were going1 ,i think1 ,edith1 he said1 that you should kneel and ask ,father ,rasle's blessing4 ,she knelt at once1 for her mother's and her uncle's sake1 with a murmured1 ,please to bless me1 sir6 ,but when he had given the blessing1 laying his hand upon her head1 and looking down into her face with that expression of serious sweetness1 she felt a dawning sense of reverence and confidence1 and perceived dimly some sacredness in him4 ,she went to ,mass the next day in the little chapel that had been desecrated4 ,the picture-frames still hung on the walls1 with the rags of the stations in them4 ,there was enough left to show how ,christ the ,lord had suffered1 and this new insult was but a freshening of the original text4 ,mr4 ,yorke sat on the bench beside his niece1 and she stood1 or knelt1 or sat with the rest1 not in the least understanding what it all meant1 but impressed by the gravity and earnestness of those around her4 ,when ,mass was over1 the priest1 who had seen them1 sent for them into the sacristy4 ,he had some books for ,edith1 and wanted to point out the lessons she was to learn first4 ,and ,i have a present for you1 he said1 giving her an ormolu crucifix1 with a broken foot that showed marks of violence4 ,this is the crucifix that was torn from our tabernacle4 ,i want you to keep it2 and whenever you are called upon to suffer1 and feel disposed to complain1 look at this1 and remember that our ,lord was not even allowed to hang upon his cross in peace4 ,she took the crucifix from his hand silently1 and held it against her breast as she went out4 ,she did not propose to endure suffering2 she desired and looked for happiness2 but something in this relic stirred her to a strange pity1 mingled with anger4 ,the idea that lay behind it was to her dim and vague2 but1 failing to grasp that1 she would have defended with her life the symbol of that monstrous wrong and that heart-breaking patience4 ,reaching home1 she went directly to her own chamber and hung the crucifix beneath the picture of her father1 then stood and looked at it awhile4 ,there was a wish in her heart to do something--to offer some reparation to the real ,sufferer behind this image of pain4 ,she kissed with soft lips the broken foot of the cross1 and a tear fell where she kissed4 ,she took it down1 and pressed the rough edge against her bosom till the sharp points pierced the skin and brought a stain of blood4 ,then1 hearing some one call her1 she hastily replaced it1 and brought as an offering to it a precious bouquet of ribbon-grasses1 that ,carl had gathered that morning to fasten in her hair4 ,she had meant to keep it because of some sweetness with which it was offered1 but now she gave it up to that unseen ,patience and ,love4 ,her instinctive action proved that the feeling and precept of the church only sanctifies1 but does not change the impulse of a pure and tender nature4 ,meantime1 the child was being discussed down-stairs4 ,i observe that ,edith has an inclination to stay alone a good deal1 ,mr4 ,yorke said1 and ,i do not wish to have that encouraged4 ,it is not a wholesome disposition4 ,her father was a visionary1 her mother was a visionary1 and she is-- ,a vision6 concluded ,mrs4 ,yorke1 as ,edith appeared1 with the thoughts of the last few hours still in her eyes and on her lips4 ,about that time1 ,carl received a letter from ,miss ,mills which he read many times4 ,you ask my advice1 she wrote1 and you tell me that ,i know better than you know yourself4 ,i would not claim so much as that1 but ,i think ,i may tell you something more clearly than you yourself perceive it1 or confirm you in some thought which you doubt or wish to doubt4 ,as to your choice of a profession and staying in ,seaton for the present1 you might well try the experiment2 but ,i cannot express any great confidence as to the result4 ,it is almost a disadvantage to you that your powers are so various4 ,there are a good many things which1 with application1 you could do excellently2 whether you have any specialty remains to be proved1 and will be hard to prove2 for1 in order to find that out1 you must concentrate your powers1 and that you hate to do4 ,if this world were but a playground1 then you would have nothing to do but follow in the trail of every new beauty which calls you2 but life is earnest1 and you must work1 or you not only lose what you might accomplish1 but you lose yourself4 ,you are one of those whom the devil finds worth fighting for1 and1 lacking faith to your armor1 you have all the more need of labor4 ,qui laborat orat1 might have a sort of truth even for one without faith4 ,let me warn you against two dangers3 one is1 that you may be injured by flatterers4 ,not that you like flattery in itself1 but it will soothe your painful sense of not having reached your own ideal4 ,it will seem to you that your best must have transpired at least1 and that you must have done better than you thought4 ,not so2 receive that soothing praise only when you have striven hard1 even though you failed1 but never when you have tried weakly or not at all4 ,what the flatterers like in you is not your best1 but your worst4 ,they have no wish for you to rise above them2 they praise you to keep you low4 ,i warn you1 too1 against your excessive love for the beautiful1 in which you are an ultra-pagan4 ,the infinite beauty is alone worthy of that passion with which you seek and admire2 and infinite beauty is infinite truth4 ,seek truth first1 and you will always be rewarded by the vision of beauty2 but1 if you seek beauty first1 you will find to your sorrow1 possibly to your ruin1 that it is often but the mask of falsehood4 ,lay aside some of your fastidiousness1 my dear friend1 and take up your life strongly with both hands4 ,do something1 even if it should prove to be the wrong thing4 ,wrong work done honestly prepares us for right work4 ,strengthen your will1 and be manly1 as a man should be4 ,discipline yourself1 and you will escape much pain and loss of time1 for1 let me assure you1 ,carl1 you need either an immensity of resolution or an immensity of suffering4 ,my lecture is done1 and ,i am ,minerva no longer4 ,my thoughts follow you with solicitude and indulgence4 ,on the night after you left1 which you spent on the sea1 ,i went to the quiet chapel near me1 and placed you under the protection of ,stella ,maris4 ,but life has waves and gulfs more fearful than those of the sea1 and my prayers for you do not cease with the end of your journey4 ,look well at ,robert ,yorke's child1 remembering what the story of my life is2 and then1 if you think that ,i could love her1 kiss her on the forehead for me1 and tell her that ,i send a loving greeting4 ,owen folded the letter1 and hid it in his bosom4 ,he had been walking in the woods1 and he returned thoughtfully homeward4 ,the afternoon was sultry and still4 ,the low brooks hissed along like white flames1 the branches drooped over the birds that murmured1 and the flowers hung wilted4 ,all about the house was silent as he entered4 ,going through the kitchen1 he saw ,betsey sitting in the northern window reading a novel4 ,betsey was the most romantic soul alive1 and1 having got hold of ,david ,copperfield1 was crying her eyes out over poor little ,dora4 ,passing on to the sitting-room1 he found his father sitting asleep in a deep wicker-chair1 a copy of ,religio ,medici lying open on his knee4 ,the quiet tone of the book1 familiar by many readings1 had lulled him into a pleasant slumber1 and his hand had dropped with the finger pointing to a passage on which he had closed his eyes3 ,i love to love myself in a mystery1 to pursue my reason to an ,o altitudo6 ,from that the reader had gone out into the mystery of sleep with a smile lingering on his face4 ,it is the castle of indolence1 muttered ,owen1 stepping noiselessly on4 ,he paused at the foot of the stairs and listened4 ,no sound came down4 ,his sisters1 in white wrappers1 each with a pillow under her head1 were lying on the cool matting in the north chamber1 too much exhausted to talk4 ,he went out into the portico1 and stood there a moment1 seeing no one4 ,then1 turning1 he beheld ,edith asleep on a bench in the shadow of the vines1 her arms thrown up over her head4 ,smilingly he approached her1 literally to obey the command of his friend1 and look well to see if his uncle's deserted mistress could love his uncle's child4 ,she was fair enough to love1 for all the roughness of her former life had passed away4 ,the bloom of the lily was in her face1 warmed now to a rose by the heat1 and her hair had a shine of gold4 ,dear little cousin1 he said1 a friend of yours sends loving greeting4 ,she stirred1 her face grew troubled1 and she started up with a cry3 ,dick1 come back4 ,i did not mean to6 ,she sighed on seeing ,owen4 ,i was dreaming that ,i had hurt ,dick1 and he was going away angry1 she said4 ,are you1 then1 so fond of him8 ,carl asked1 seating himself by her4 ,o ,carl6 she said earnestly1 you have no idea how fond he is of me4 ,and you of him1 then1 of course1 said ,carl4 ,why1 of course6 she echoed1 with a look of surprise4 ,if ,i were to do anything to ,dick to make him unhappy1 ,i should never forgive myself1 never6 ,i have written him a letter to-day1 and told him ,i want him to be a ,catholic4 ,you have6 said ,carl with a faint smile4 ,do you think he will obey you8 ,oh6 yes1 she said confidently2 ,i told him some good reasons why he should4 ,and may ,i ask what the good reasons were1 ,edith8 was the smiling question4 ,why1 in the first place1 ,i want him to4 ,excellent6 laughed the young man4 ,the doctors couldn't do better4 ,edith blushed deeply4 ,no2 the good reasons were the reasons why ,i wanted him to1 she said4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,saint ,,cecilia4 ,,her ,,influence ,,on ,,literature ,,and ,,the ,,arts4 ,,from ,,the ,,revue ,,generale4 ,while the great men who have dreamed of distinguishing their names die and are forgotten1 or at least1 as ,juvenal said of ,alexander1 become the idle theme of a rhetorical recitation1 those who in this world have lived and suffered for ,god leave behind them1 through all ages1 an immortal memory4 ,the work for which each of us has been sent into the world has been conspicuously accomplished by the saints4 ,this makes them our rightful masters2 and1 while we rarely imitate them1 we can at least understand that such heroism must elevate the soul1 and we admire them all the more that we feel ourselves unable to follow in their steps4 ,nor is such a recognition a useless sentiment4 ,from the mansion of glory whence they see all things1 the saints never cease to interest themselves in the affairs of the world1 and among the dogmas of the ,catholic ,church which our estranged brethren have rejected1 the communion of saints is one of the most touching and sublime4 ,there is indeed between the two worlds1 visible and invisible1 a strange but undeniable communication4 ,each of us1 in investigating his own soul1 will find there certain phenomena which have their origin neither in ourselves nor in the outer world3 sadness from no apparent cause1 inexplicable sensations of internal happiness1 bursts of enthusiasm or sudden inspirations which ,plato attributed to superior intelligences4 ,many of us1 recalling some miraculously escaped danger1 and profoundly touched by this heavenly protection1 will bear willing witness1 unless checked by dread of worldly criticism1 to this influence of the saints and angels on our human career4 ,the people1 with the good sense which so happily inspires them 7at least1 where the sophists have not succeeded in corrupting them7--the people believe in it2 and when the peasant or the poor working-woman gives a name in baptism to the child just entering on the struggles of life1 she believes1 in her simple1 lucid faith1 that she is securing a patron for it4 ,it is not in vain1 they say1 that a young girl is called ,mary2 surely she will the more readily share in the sweetness1 the self-denial1 the incomparable purity1 of the ,queen of ,virgins2 the name of ,agnes will be a pledge of innocence2 that of ,theresa promises a heart of fire2 that of ,cecilia1 a soul gentle yet strong1 eager for harmony2 while the name of ,francis recalls heroic isolation2 those of ,paul and of ,john1 indefatigable zeal and perfect charity4 ,if it is not always thus1 it is because the human soul is free to resist grace2 but these occasional rebellions do not prevent a harmony between heaven and earth as mysterious as it is sure4 ,these thoughts have frequently passed through our mind2 but one day last ,october1 while visiting the church of ,st4 ,cecilia in ,rome1 they monopolized it4 ,in such moments1 we persuade ourselves very easily that we can express them in writing4 ,undoubtedly1 they are not new2 but1 if the life of this great saint1 one of the glories of ,rome1 is well known1 it is a story which will bear repetition3 really fine old melodies never lose their charm1 and1 if they thrill one human soul with a divine emotion1 who will complain of hearing them again8 ,,history ,,of ,,saint ,,cecilia4 ,in the year #bej after ,christ1 in the reign of ,septimus ,severus1 at a time when the ,roman ,empire was still the most formidable power of the world1 there lived in ,rome a young girl who will be famous when the imperial glories shall be forgotten4 ,beauty1 the reflection of heaven in the human countenance2 grace1 mysterious charm whose origin is invisible2 modesty1 that exquisite reserve of a virgin soul2 nobility1 precious perfume of the past2 and1 above all1 the power of loving1 the most magnificent and the most powerful present of the ,creator to the created3 all these gifts were united in the daughter of ,ccilius4 ,it was an illustrious family3 in the records of the ,republic it counted eighteen consuls and several conquerors1 nor had it degenerated under the ,empire4 ,to-day1 when the traveller1 weary from a day spent in the galleries of ,rome1 setting forth from the city towards sunset1 wanders pensively down the long ,appian ,way1 while he contemplates with emotion the outlines of the aqueducts with their broken arches1 the ,sabine mountains gilded by the light1 and all that celebrated landscape of the environs of ,rome1 majestic and melancholy as a fallen queen1 he finds upon his right1 rising like a great tower1 the tomb of ,ccilia ,metella4 ,there slept of yore the long-forgotten ancestress of her who will render immortal1 for time and for eternity1 the name of ,ccilius4 ,cecilia was eighteen4 ,the ,roman poor knew her charity4 ,often had they seen her in the caves of the martyrs alone1 or only accompanied by a faithful servant4 ,her father1 although he respected her religion1 did not share it3 he hoped1 indeed1 at a suitable time to marry his daughter to some distinguished husband1 and to see himself1 through her1 live again in her beloved children4 ,but ,cecilia had raised her heart above this world1 and night and day prayed that the palm of virginity she had dreamed of should not be taken from her4 ,he whom her parents had chosen for her seemed not unworthy of the honor4 ,though still a pagan1 ,valerian possessed at least those natural gifts which prepare the soul for faith1 hope1 and charity1 the supernatural gifts of ,christ crucified4 ,nevertheless1 who can express the fears of the young ,christian8 ,had not ,god accepted all her heart as she had offered it8 ,could a pagan understand this mystery1 and would not this union of the soul with an invisible spouse seem a strange folly to a man still living in the world of the senses8 ,more than one ,christian soul has felt these chaste doubts4 ,it is honorable to hesitate before making for a mortal a sacrifice for which a young girl sometimes can never console herself4 ,cecilia felt these terrors most acutely1 but she loved ,god well enough to feel perfect confidence in him4 ,so she poured forth her whole soul in prayer1 and1 against all hope1 trusted in his aid4 ,so1 when1 towards evening1 already married in the eyes of the world1 she found herself alone with her husband1 she said to him in that incomparable conversation whose charm has come down to us in her life3 ,there is a secret1 ,valerian1 that ,i wish to confide to you4 ,i have a lover1 an angel of ,god1 who watches over me with jealous care4 ,if you preserve inviolate my virginity1 he will love you also as he loves me1 and will overpower you with his favors4 ,much astonished1 ,valerian wished to know this angel4 ,you shall see him1 said ,cecilia1 when you are purified4 ,how shall ,i become so8 ,go to ,urban4 ,when the poor hear my name1 they will take you to his sanctuary3 he will explain to you our mysteries4 ,drawn by an unknown power1 the young man consented to go4 ,we know the result of this decision--his interview with the ,pope in the catacombs1 his conversion1 and his baptism4 ,still dressed in his white robe1 he returned to ,cecilia4 ,he could now understand the love of the angels1 and its perfect beauty4 ,in future1 he loved ,cecilia as his sister in ,god1 to whom belong the heart and mind4 ,in those ,christian ages others loved as he did4 ,undoubtedly most of them carried their secret with them to the tomb2 but among those whose genius has made them famous1 ,dante had his ,beatrice2 ,petrarch sang of ,laura3 and these pure loves1 unknown to the ancient pagans1 and scoffed at by our modern pagans1 will remain an ornament to the soul1 an act of faith in its immortality1 and for us who read their history a breath of heaven on earth4 ,no one knows what conversation took place1 in those hours of rapture and prayer1 between this pair1 whose marriage was to be perfected in heaven2 what thanksgivings they rendered to ,god1 who in a moment transforms hearts3 nor would it be easy to describe4 ,of all the arts1 music alone might perhaps dare to attempt it1 and the revelation would require the genius of ,handel or ,beethoven4 ,in his ardent zeal1 ,valerian1 like ,cecilia1 understood the value of the soul4 ,so1 when the beloved brother ,tiburtius sought them1 what eloquence they displayed to prove to him that his gods were only idols6 ,subdued by the mysterious charm of the ,christian virgin1 conquered by the eagerness of the convert1 ,tiburtius also wished to see the angel who watched over ,cecilia4 ,if for this it was necessary to be purified1 purified he would be2 and thus became the first conquest of his brother1 who had besought ,god for it4 ,such souls were too beautiful for pagan ,rome4 ,in the absence of ,septimus ,severus1 ,almachius1 the governor1 summoned ,valerian and ,tiburtius before his tribunal4 ,the two young patricians avowed their faith in ,christ1 to the great scandal of the worldly and prosperous4 ,valerian went to his martyrdom as to a triumph4 ,he went to wait for ,cecilia in heaven4 ,tiburtius did not forsake him4 ,on the ,appian ,way1 four miles from the city1 they were beheaded for having dared to worship a different ,god from those of the ,empire4 ,cecilia piously reclaimed their bodies1 and prepared to rejoin them4 ,called in her turn to answer for her conduct1 she disconcerted the judge4 ,before such purity1 innocence1 and heroism1 entreaties1 artifices1 and threats failed2 the daughter of ,ccilius1 convicted of loving the poor and a crucified ,god1 was instantly confined in the bath-room of her own house1 there to be suffocated in a hot vapor bath4 ,but in the midst of this fiery atmosphere she remained uninjured4 ,the stupefied jailers related how they had discovered her singing the praises of ,god4 ,such a delusion could but provoke ,almachius4 ,the executioner was summoned4 ,with a trembling hand1 he inflicted three wounds on the neck of the virgin martyr1 without succeeding in severing the head4 ,then1 terrified himself1 he fled4 ,stretched on the flags1 bathed in her blood1 ,cecilia lived three days4 ,the ,christians gathered round her4 ,she was able to bid farewell to the poor1 to whom she had bequeathed her property4 ,then1 feeling her strength fail1 while ,urban was in the act of giving her his blessing1 she drew her robe around her1 and1 turning her face away1 gave back her soul to ,god4 ,according to her last desire1 the ,pope transformed the house that had witnessed her martyrdom into a church4 ,the bath-room became a chapel2 and by its arrangement bears witness to-day to the truth of the saint's life4 ,one can still see the mouth of the pipes which let in the vapor1 covered with a grating2 and on the same flags where the ,roman virgin expired1 the kneeling ,christian can ponder in his heart the example of heroism that she has given to the world4 ,he who has not had the good fortune to pray on the tombs of the martyrs cannot appreciate the strength one finds there1 or what precepts their relics give forth4 ,the martyrs are the incontrovertible witnesses of the value of faith1 of the power of love2 and it is said that their beatified spirits lend to these bones1 which were their bodies1 an all-powerful eloquence4 ,the remains of the young girl were taken down into the catacombs of ,st4 ,callixtus1 and remained there six centuries4 ,after the invasion of the ,lombards1 most unhappily1 all trace was lost of them till1 in #hbb1 the place where they were hidden was revealed to ,pope ,st4 ,pascal4 ,the long-sought coffin was placed in the basilica of ,st4 ,cecilia1 which had been repaired by the ,pope's care4 ,it was placed under the high altar4 ,and even in our day the custodian points out to the pilgrim a curious fresco of the thirteenth century1 representing the apparition of the saint to the sleeping ,pope4 ,in #aeii1 ,cardinal ,sfondrate ordered the tomb to be opened with solemnity4 ,to the great delight of ,christian ,rome1 the corpse of the ,roman virgin1 respected by centuries1 appeared1 miraculously preserved4 ,the chaste folds of her dress were restrained by a girdle4 ,at her feet were found the blood-stained cloths which had bound her wounds2 and her arms1 thrust forward1 still seemed to serve as a veil4 ,three fingers of her right hand were open1 only one of the left1 as if even in dying she had wished to avow her belief in one ,god in three persons4 ,finally1 so that she might not give to the world her last look1 but think only of ,christ1 her spouse1 by a supreme effort she had turned her head aside4 ,thus she reposes on her bier of cypress2 thus extended on the flags she had died2 and thus a great artist has faithfully represented her to us4 ,the celebrated statue of ,etienne ,maderno1 lying on its side1 full of modesty and of grace1 seems the dying virgin herself2 and the whiteness of the marble1 which so resembles the paleness of death1 adds yet more to the illusion4 ,seen in this honored place1 in this house which was the saint's and has become ,god's1 this masterpiece of ,christian sculpture1 admirably executed and in exquisite taste1 touches the heart profoundly4 ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,st4 ,,cecilia ,,on ,,literature4 ,such a beautiful story could not fail to be repeated4 ,as long as the persecutions lasted1 to strengthen their courage1 the faithful passed from mouth to mouth these details which had been so affectionately collected4 ,so great1 indeed1 was the enthusiasm for the memory of ,cecilia that she obtained the great and rare honor of being mentioned in the canon of the ,mass with ,saints ,felicitas1 ,perpetua1 ,agatha1 ,lucy1 ,agnes1 and ,anastasia4 ,thus for fifteen centuries1 throughout the ,catholic world1 wherever the holy sacrifice is celebrated1 her name is invoked2 and1 truly immortal1 each hour1 each moment perhaps1 her memory rises from earth to heaven with incense and with prayer4 ,her acts1 chronicled in the fifth century1 have since then been the subject of several works4 ,we shall only mention the ,greek translation of ,simeon ,metaphrastes1 the verses of ,st4 ,adhelme and of the ,venerable ,bede in ,england1 the works of ,flodoard at ,rheims1 and ,rhoban ,maur4 ,then1 during that magnificent efflorescence of philosophy and ,catholic literature1 we see ,victor de ,beauvais relate the story of ,st4 ,cecilia2#aji ,albert the ,great1 ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 ,st4 ,bonaventure1 preaching several sermons in her honor4 ,in the fifteenth century1 the eloquent ,st4 ,vincent ,ferrer recited her praises2 but the ,reformation came soon after1 and it is only in ,italy now that they think of the glories of ,st4 ,cecilia4 ,in vain her history is its own defence2 in vain may it claim in its favor the imposing testimony of ,christian tradition1 in the ,east as in the ,west1 during fourteen centuries2 in vain the liturgies of the churches of ,rome1 of ,milan1 of ,toledo1 of ,greece1 and of ,gaul have inserted in the office for the #bb;d of ,november fragments of the text2 in vain even the discovery of her body testified anew to its veracity4 ,towards the middle of the seventeenth century1 the ,jansenist school rejected it4 ,the historical works on the first centuries of ,christianity which during the last forty years have been undertaken in ,france and ,germany1 by tracing out the original sources with scrupulous care1 and taking advantage of monuments1 have dealt justly with this excessive criticism4 ,but error is more prone to spread than easy to uproot4 ,launoy1 that great demolisher of saints1 who1 in attacking the most poetic beliefs of the faithful1 strayed into the road to rationalism1 made a school4 ,even now ,feller's ,dictionary of ,universal ,biography1 and1 following him 7for these works usually copy each other71 those of ,michaud and of ,f4 ,didot1 have repeated1 on the authority of ,tillemont and of ,baillet1 that the authenticity of the life of ,st4 ,cecilia is very doubtful1 although the arguments cited in support of this thesis had been successfully refuted by ,laderchi early in the eighteenth century1#aaj and annihilated for ever twenty years ago by ,r4 ,p4 ,dom ,guranger1 in his excellent book on ,st4 ,cecilia4#aaa ,the touching story of ,st4 ,cecilia must also inspire poets4 ,without mentioning the ancient hymns to be found in the ,italian1 ,spanish1 and ,gallic liturgies1 several poems in her honor may be quoted4 ,at the time of the ,renaissance1 ,baptiste ,spagnuolo made it the subject of a real epic poem1 where we find1 as in the neid1 the speeches of ,venus and ,juno1 and the conspiracies of the inhabitants of ,olympus against common mortals4 ,the god of pagan love1 accompanied by his mother1 comes sadly to ,juno to complain of the disdain of ,cecilia1 who wishes to remain a virgin4 ,forgetting her resentment1 the wife of ,jupiter inspires the father of ,cecilia with the idea of uniting his daughter to a pagan4 ,foiled in their attempt by the conversion of ,valerian1 the angry goddess instigated ,mars to suggest to ,almachius the plan of drowning in blood this ,christian band1 rebels against the ,olympian gods4 ,among the nine hundred verses may be found some fine ones1 but we must confess that these unfortunate pagan reminiscences1 so popular in the sixteenth century1 ruin the poet's work for us4 ,happily1 the ,roman virgin was to have her life1 her death1 and her glories sung in poems of purer inspiration4 ,angelus ,tangrinus1 priest of ,monte ,cassino1#aab wrote on this subject a long epithalamium1#aac which lacks neither grace of expression nor of thought4 ,the ,english poet ,pope has also written an ode to ,st4 ,cecilia4 ,the poem is elegantly versified1 but cold and unmarked by any ,christian feeling4 ,the classic author recalls the magical effect of music in all ages1 nor has he forgotten the adventure of ,eurydice2 he speaks with complacency of the ,styx and of ,phlegethon1 of ,ixion and of ,sisyphus1 of ,proserpine and the ,elysian ,fields4 ,finally1 feeling a pang of remorse1 and remembering that he had dedicated his ode to a virgin martyr1 he asserts that the poets must instantly abandon ,orpheus and proclaim ,cecilia the queen of music2 for if the musician of ,thrace drew by his music a spirit from hell1 ,cecilia by hers raised the soul to heaven4#aad ,very recently1 ,count ,anatole de ,sgur has published a dramatic poem1 which seems to us the finest homage that poetry has yet offered to ,st4 ,cecilia4 ,the style pure and musical1 the interest sustained and engrossing1 it merits the praises which the best judges have bestowed on it2#aae and we should willingly quote some verses of this exquisite book1#aaf did we not prefer to leave our readers the pleasure of perusing it as a whole4 ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,saint ,,cecilia ,,on ,,the ,,fine ,,arts4 ,we have seen the story of ,st4 ,cecilia inspire eloquence and poetry1 but it was destined to exercise a still greater influence on the fine arts4 ,there are1 indeed1 some general rules for these intimate relations between art and holiness that it would be well to remember4 ,besides1 we may say that the saints were themselves powerful artists4 ,who has sought the ideal more eagerly than these indefatigable lovers of heavenly things8 ,but they have not contented themselves with seeking infinite beauty in an abstract form2 they have endeavored1 as far as it was possible to human weakness1 to realize it in their lives4 ,as the sculptor cuts into a block of marble to render it into beautiful forms1 they1 with obstinate labor1 have sought to model their souls1 to render them more pure1 less unworthy of ,god4 ,the contemplation of martyrdom1 so habitual to the first ,christians1 gave them that serene dignity now become so rare4 ,as a bride prepares herself for the bridegroom1 so did these souls of virgins1 of mothers1 of the young and of the old1 endeavor1 day by day1 to grow in grace in the eyes of ,jesus ,christ1 till the blade of the executioner harvested them for heaven4 ,the soul1 grown beautiful1 transfigures in its turn the body which it animates1 and the living mirror of the countenance reflects strength and gentleness1 peace and ardent zeal1 purity and ecstatic rapture4 ,thus we may fairly conclude that ,christianity has offered to artists1 through the saints1 not only the perfection of form1 but a type of human beauty elevated by an ever-constant love4 ,but why was ,st4 ,cecilia singled out from such an innumerable band of the beatified to become especially dear to artists8 ,many others1 gifted with all worldly advantages1 in all the radiance of youth and beauty1 died1 like her1 virgins and martyrs1 without attaining her distinction4 ,we will examine later the motives of the musicians in taking her for their patron4 ,as for the artists1 they had no long discussion on the causes of this secret sympathy4 ,each one1 when he dreamed of heaven1 painted ,cecilia1 saying to himself1 probably1 that there was not in the world a young girl's face which could so perfectly express the rapture of the soul listening to ineffable harmony4 ,it would require time to glance even hastily over the long gallery of pictures of which our saint has been the subject4 ,we will only mention the most celebrated4 ,it is probable that many1 scattered through the many galleries of ,europe1 have escaped us2 but we wish only to discuss those which we have appreciated with our own eyes1 and1 also1 the limits of this article would prevent our attempting to mention all4 ,in order to preserve some regularity in this examination1 and that it may not become an adventurous journey through all ages and countries in search of pictures of ,st4 ,cecilia1 we will separate these works into three classes1 and1 according to their nature and their predominant tendencies1 we will class them1 one by one1 in the sensualistic1 rationalistic1 and mystical schools4#aag ,nevertheless1 we must say that here1 as in all other classification1 the confines of each class are very apt to mingle with each other4 ,sometimes1 indeed1 in the same picture one figure will express sensuality and the others religious emotion4#aah ,but let us render judgment on the entire effect of the picture and its predominant tendency4 ,we must repeat here that in all artistic works we note two things3 first1 the idea of the artist1 and1 in consequence1 the order of psychological effect--sensual pleasures1 spiritual joy1 or heartfelt rapture--which the picture gives rise to in the souls of those who behold it2 secondly1 the execution1 the dexterity1 more or less perfect1 with which the idea has been expressed1 and1 consequently1 the greater or less satisfaction felt by connoisseurs1 whom a special education has fitted to appreciate the technical merits or faults of a picture4 ,these are two widely different points of view2 and1 to be just1 one should specify from which standpoint a picture is judged1 for it might easily happen that the spirit of a picture would be really beautiful and the execution very feeble2 the coloring perhaps unpleasing1 the perspective faulty1 or even the drawing incorrect4 ,first1 ,the sensual school4 ,among the greatest geniuses1 ,rubens1 perhaps1 falls oftenest into sensualism4 ,it is to the senses1 indeed1 that he usually addresses himself2 hence the vividness of his coloring1 the brilliancy of the flesh1 which seems palpitating with life and ready to rebound under the critic's finger4 ,but1 indeed1 except ,the ,descent from the ,cross and ,the ,elevation of the ,cross1 nothing could be less religious than most of his religious pictures4 ,in vain his ,st4 ,cecilia passionately raises her eyes2 her plumpness and her dress wake only worldly thoughts4 ,others may admire the intensity of the flesh tints1 the lustre of the robes4 ,we think such exuberant health little suited to the young ,christian who watched and fasted the more entirely to give herself up to prayer4 ,as for the pouting cherubs which frolic round her1 they are not adapted for inspiring heavenly aspirations4 ,but let us look no longer to the sensual school for a type of beauty which it cannot give us4 ,let us see how ,st4 ,cecilia has been understood by those artists who1 without troubling themselves much to express ,christian ideas1 have1 at least1 endeavored to satisfy the intelligence and to appeal to the mind through the eyes4 ,second1 ,the rationalistic school4 ,of all the painters whom we class under the name of the rationalistic school 7that is1 spiritual without being ,christian71 ,domenichino is the most celebrated1 or1 at least1 the one who has consecrated the most important works to the glory of ,st4 ,cecilia4 ,his frescoes in the church of ,st4 ,louis des ,franais1 at ,rome1 are considered classics4 ,there we see ,st4 ,cecilia distributing1 from the terrace of her house1 her garments to a crowd of poor people1 who1 in picturesque groups1 are disputing over them4 ,then1 ,almachius1 on his judgment-seat1 commanding1 by an imperative gesture1 the saint to sacrifice to the idols4 ,but she expresses with dignity her horror2 and it is in vain for the priests to offer a goat1 and in vain incense smokes on a tripod before a statue of ,jupiter4 ,here ,cecilia dies1 surrounded by kneeling women2 some watching her1 others putting the blood from her wounds into vases by the aid of sponges4 ,in the meanwhile1 the ,pope1 ,urban1 gives her his blessing1 and an angel brings her1 from heaven1 a crown and a palm4 ,in yet another fresco1 an angel presents crowns to ,cecilia and ,valerian4 ,and last1 on the ceiling is painted the apotheosis of the saint supported in the arms of angels1 and borne to heaven4#aai ,but ,domenichino's picture in the great gallery of the ,louvre is more generally known than the frescoes of ,st4 ,louis4 ,here ,st4 ,cecilia is standing1 and while she sings the glories of ,god1 accompanying herself on a violoncello1 an angel offers her a music-book4 ,but she does not heed it1 and raises to heaven eyes that seem just melting in tears4 ,undoubtedly the head is truly dignified and inspired1 but we must regret that the religious sentiment is not more manifest in this fine picture1 for without the nimbus round the head one might take the saint for a sibyl4#abj ,guido1 with his usual grace1 has represented ,cecilia dying1 lying on her side1 as in ,maderno's statue4 ,she has1 however1 her arms crossed upon her breast1 and the head is not turned aside2 two women staunch her bleeding wounds with cloths1 and in the background an angel holds a palm1 which he hastens to give her4 ,to ,annibal ,carracci is usually attributed the ,st4 ,cecilia which is to be found in the ,museum of the ,capitol at ,rome4 ,at all events1 one easily recognizes1 by a certain shade of naturalism1 a work of the ,bologna school4 ,as before1 the saint is singing and accompanying herself on an organ2 but here1 we see beside her the ,blessed ,virgin holding the infant ,jesus in her arms1 and a ,dominican priest--expressive faces1 apparently enraptured with the celestial concert4 ,the majority of ,french artists1 above all in the reign of ,louis ,,xiv41 belong to the rationalistic school4 ,their composition is clever1 their drawing correct1 the style dignified1 sometimes almost theatrical4 ,they are indeed almost always natural1 but with the exception of some of ,lesueur's1 one rarely perceives in their works the inspiration of a superhuman emotion4 ,there are in the galleries of ,french art in the ,louvre two pictures which do not contradict these observations4 ,jacques ,stella1 who lived during the first half of the seventeenth century1 has left us a ,st4 ,cecilia4 ,she is standing playing on an organ1 her eyes modestly lowered1 while two angels are singing at her side4 ,she wears a wreath of roses in her hair2 but1 more charming than inspired1 resembles the portrait of a young girl of the age of ,louis ,,xiii4 with a taste for music4 ,mignard's picture is1 however1 more celebrated4 ,of finished execution1 perfect in detail1 so that even the glimpse of landscape seen through the pillars of the portico is treated with great care1 it inspires artists with admiration also by the beauty of its coloring4 ,the saint1 richly dressed1 and wearing a large turban1 which gives her a very oriental look1 is seated playing on the harp4 ,no wonder that this picture pleased the king1 or that he desired it to adorn his collection4 ,unfortunately1 all this magnificence fails to move us4 ,we see the ,persian sibyl executing a prelude to her oracles1 but nothing reminds us of ,rome and the early martyrs1 and neither in the piteous figures nor in those up-raised eyes can we trace any ,christian feeling4#aba ,third1 the mystical school4 ,beyond the region of the senses and of that which usually bounds the human spirit1 opens the supernatural and divine world4 ,one cannot enter here without a pure heart1 and to enjoy its beauty we must by prayer and humility1 those two wings of the soul1 rise above ourselves and transitory things4 ,thus the mystical school of art1 disdained by hypercritical connoisseurs1 requires a sort of moral preparation1 and might write above its door1 as a salutary warning1 ,let none enter here save him who loves ,god entirely4 ,it is here that we must finally seek the type of ,st4 ,cecilia in all its supernatural beauty3 a human face illuminated by ecstasy4 ,we shall only mention1 for the satisfaction of antiquaries1 the ,st4 ,cecilia of ,cimabue at the entrance to the magnificent ,uffizi ,gallery at ,florence4 ,this also is a type of the ,byzantine virgin1 not however without a certain majesty in its stiffness4 ,far more celestial is the impression left on us by the ,st4 ,cecilia of blessed ,fra ,angelico da ,fiesole1 in that wonderful picture of the ,incoronazione della ,vergine1 which so worthily commences the great gallery of the ,louvre4 ,cecilia is in the foreground1 close to ,st4 ,magdalen1 recognizable by her long golden hair4 ,entirely absorbed in the contemplation of ,christ1 and indifferent to the world1 she turns away1 so that one sees only the long blue mantle and the crown of roses1 emblems of virginity1 which encircles her head4 ,nevertheless1 the lost profile which we can only glance at is not without grace1 and suggests a countenance radiant with love and purity4 ,to the mystical school also may be attributed five little pictures by ,pinturicchio in the gallery at ,berlin1 which were much admired by ,dom ,guranger4 ,undoubtedly1 ,pinturicchio has none of ,cimabue's stiffness2 we willingly acknowledge his ease and natural grace2 but how far he is from the angelic touch of ,beato1 or the perfection of ,raphael6 ,perhaps ,bologna contains the largest array of fine pictures4 ,in the chapel of ,st4 ,cecilia1 behind ,st4 ,giacomo ,maggiore1 ten admirable frescoes represent the entire history of ,st4 ,cecilia4 ,by the hand of ,francesco ,francia himself1 we have her marriage with ,valerian1 and her funeral2 six other scenes were painted by his pupils1 ,g4 ,francia1 ,chiodarolo1 and ,aspertini4 ,the two representing ,pope ,urban instructing ,tiburtius1 and the virgin distributing her property to the poor1 are considered ,lorenzo ,casta's masterpieces4 ,but it is to the ,museum one must turn to admire the ,st4 ,cecilia of ,raphael1 one of the most beautiful of pictures1 and certainly the most splendid homage offered by art to the ,roman virgin4 ,it was to be seen in ,paris from #agih till #ahae1 when it was taken back to ,bologna2 and it is well worth a voyage across the ,alps4 ,letting fall the organ she still retains in her hands1 ,st4 ,cecilia stands1 seeming to listen in ecstasy to the concert of angels1 contemplating this transporting choir1 which the artist has revealed in the yawning skies4 ,at her side stand ,st4 ,john1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,st4 ,magdalen1 and ,st4 ,augustine2 at her feet lie the broken instruments of earthly music4 ,apparently ,raphael wished to recapitulate on this sublime page the highest precepts of philosophy4 ,here is typified by the instruments of pleasure the world of the senses1 whose bonds we must break and free ourselves from4 ,but if it is well to know something of this material world1 the realm of the human intellect1 it is necessary sometimes to know1 like ,cecilia1 how to raise one's self still higher and prepare to listen to the ineffable music of the soul4 ,do we accuse ourselves of being sinners8 ,here is ,magdalen with her vase of ointment1 and behind her ,augustine4 ,they may well inspire us with hope1 they also have experienced the temptations of the senses and the proud rebellions of the will1 but there they stand to prove that humility and penitence may conquer these4 ,do you say that1 obliged to lead an active life1 you daily find yourself overwhelmed by a thousand cares8 ,behold ,st4 ,paul1 the apostle of nations1 who also experienced pain1 labor1 shipwrecks1 and dangers of all kinds2 nevertheless1 leaning on his sword1 he meditates4 ,finally1 are you philosophers or theologians8 ,behold ,st4 ,john1 the master of you all4 ,radiant1 he contemplates the enraptured saint1 and seems to say1 ,forget yourselves for a space2 turn from the sound of human words2 like ,cecilia1 listen to the celestial harmonies of the ,word4 ,look at this young girl4 ,she has known how to find love1 peace1 and happiness4#abb ,according to ,m4 ,passavant1#abc it was also the history of ,st4 ,cecilia1 and not the martyrdom of ,st4 ,felicitas1 as is usually believed1 which formed the subject of ,raphael's fresco1 formerly to be admired in the chapel ,de la ,magliano at ,trastavere4 ,in #ahcj1 an unknown vandal of a proprietor bethought himself of cutting a huge gash through the centre in order to place a pew1 where he could hear ,mass without mingling with his servants6 ,thus mutilated1 the fresco was transferred to canvas in #ahce1 and has probably been bought by some more enlightened connoisseur2 but the most enthusiastic appreciation cannot now repair such outrages4 ,among the moderns1 we shall only mention1 in ,germany1 the ,st4 ,cecilia of ,molitor1 whose attitude reminds us much of ,raphael's4 ,certainly it has not the same nobility of style1 but we find there the charming grace of the ,dsseldorf school4 ,in ,france1 we may mention with praise the ,st4 ,cecilia of ,paul ,delaroche4 ,seated on an antique chair1 dressed in a robe falling in long folds1 the virgin with one hand restrains her mantle1 bordered with a fringe of gold1 with the other she touches a little organ presented to her by two kneeling angels1 under the semblance of pure-faced boys4 ,this sweet picture1 full of poetry and grace1 is a happy contrast to some others1 and makes us the more regret the painter of this ,christian martyr1 so beautiful and chaste--night brooding on the face of the waters4 ,but of one art ,st4 ,cecilia is especially the patron1 and that is music4 ,why the ,roman virgin was chosen from so many others1 would be very difficult to explain with any precision4 ,the mystic sense of the tradition which makes ,cecilia the queen of harmony is now lost1 and on this point we are reduced to conjectures4 ,let us hope1 however1 that the conjectures we shall advance may seem probable after a little reflection4 ,undoubtedly ,cecilia1 the daughter of a noble family1 enjoying all worldly advantages and instructed to please1 was taught music4 ,without doubt1 also1 she consecrated to ,god a talent acquired for worldly ends2 and in the meetings of the faithful in the catacombs she must have taken part in the psalms and canticles4 ,but the most weighty argument in favor of this glorious patronage which the ,christian ages have ascribed to our saint1 is the sentence from her life incorporated in the ,roman ,litany3 ,cantantibus organis1 ,ccilia ,domino decantabat3 ,fiat cor meum immaculatum ut non confundar4 ,in ,january1 #agcb1 a ,jansenist critic1 otherwise entirely unknown1#abd remarked1 in the ,mercury of ,france1 that the selection of ,st4 ,cecilia as the patron of music was not a good choice4 ,indeed1 he says1 a little farther on1 we can easily see that this saint was very insensible to the charms of music2 for on her wedding day1 while they played on several instruments1 she remained absorbed in prayer4#abe ,poor man6 he could not get beyond the outer husks of things1 and the material side of art4 ,he did not know that elevated natures naturally respond to human music by prayer1 that heavenly music4 ,and undoubtedly1 he had never heard those sublime melodies which a loving soul sings to itself1 and of which the most beautiful concerts of this world are but a feeble echo4 ,but the ,christian people had a better inspiration4 ,they understood that music1 and1 above all1 religious music--the most beautiful of all1 whose highest aim is to free us from the senses and lift us out of ourselves1 in order to raise us to ,god--might well be protected by this young girl1 whose soul had become like a lyre1 from which the faintest breath will wake harmonious vibrations1 and who1 virgin and martyr--while for three days she lay on the bloody flags1 seemed in a long song of love to render back her spirit4 ,in ,rome and ,italy1 musical societies early placed themselves under the patronage of ,st4 ,cecilia4 ,we find one in ,france1 founded in #aega1 at ,evreux1 by the choristers of the cathedral church1 and other pious inhabitants of this city1 for the purpose of learning music4 ,henry ,,iii4 gave letters patent to the ,society of ,madame ,st4 ,cecilia1 established at ,paris1 in the church of the ,grands ,augustins1 by zealous artists and amateurs of music4 ,these societies disappeared with many others in the revolutionary troubles1 but their charitable intentions have been revived4 ,every year1 on the #bb;d of ,november1 the ,association of ,musical ,artists gives in the great church of ,st4 ,eustache at ,paris a musical mass1#abf whose proceeds are destined to relieve their sick and poor members4 ,undoubtedly one might often wish more religious music4 ,these pretended masses are far too theatrical to seem much inspired when compared to the oratorios which ,handel and ,beethoven have dedicated to ,st4 ,cecilia4 ,nor is it there that one could find pious meditation4 ,nevertheless1 we may still rejoice that at a time when materialism has corrupted so many hearts1 these solemnities still attract crowds4 ,indeed1 one may say of music as ,tertullian said of the soul1 that it is naturally ,christian4 ,to draw the soul from all that occupies it1 weighs on it1 and destroys it1 to sustain it by prolonged melody1 inspiring dreams of infinity1 is also to elevate it above itself1 and gently prepare it for the broken utterances of prayer4 ,we know1 then1 that ,st4 ,cecilia is powerful enough in heaven to turn an idler into yet another ,christian4 ,never in vain was she approached while on earth1 or her memory celebrated since she has reigned in heaven4 ,she has held her court of littrateurs1 poets1 painters1 and musicians1 men with impassioned hearts1 which she has gently drawn toward heaven4 ,for each she has obtained some special grace4 ,let others come2 for the treasures she distributes are never exhausted4 ,in the early ,christians who read her history1 she inspired love of purity and a martyr's strength2 to the artists who have striven to represent her1 she has revealed a type of beauty unknown on earth4 ,for the most humble of her servants1 she has smiles which heal the soul wonderfully4 ,who has inspired more masterpieces8 who has been more loved than this virgin8 who is more alive than she1 who has been dead for sixteen centuries8 ,but1 martyr to love1 she died for ,christ4 ,is this really dying8 ,,footnotes3 #aji ,in his ,speculum ,historiale1 lib4 iv41 chap4 #bb4 #aaj ,see the notes of ,jacques ,laderchi in the life of ,st4 ,cecilia published by him1 and the long list of memorials which he has collected in her honor4 ,sanct ,cecili1 ,v4 et ,m41 acta3 edidet ,jacobius ,laderchius4 #b vols4 in #dto1 ,rome1 #agbc4 ,the work is very rare1 but may be found in the ,imperial ,library1 ,paris4 #aaa ,justice and gratitude oblige us to acknowledge the great advantage we have received from ,dom ,guranger's book4 ,as well written as it is learned1 it is still the best history of ,st4 ,cecilia4 ,but the learned ,benedictine has only touched slightly on the influence of ,st4 ,cecilia on the fine arts1 and we have been obliged to fill out these notes by personal research and observations made in a recent journey to ,italy4 #aab ,died #aeic4 #aac ,see ,laderchi1 op4 cit4 t4 ii41 pp4 #dch-dej4 #aad ,see ,select ,works of ,alexander ,pope4 ,one vol4 in #abmo1 ,leipsic1 #ahdh1 ,tauchnitz edition4 ,ode for ,music on ,st4 ,cecilia's ,day4 #aae ,he was decorated by the ,acadmie ,franaise 7,nov41 #ahfi74 #aaf ,st4 ,cecilia1 a tragic poem4 ,by ,count ,anatole de ,sgur4 ,one volume folio1 at ,amb4 ,bray's1 ,paris1 #ahfh4 #aag ,this is not an arbitrary philosophic division4 ,it corresponds to the three worlds recognized by the greatest geniuses of antiquity or of modern times--,plato1 ,aristotle1 ,bossuet1 and ,malebranche--the world of the senses1 the world of human thought1 and the divine world4 #aah ,so in ,raphael's famous picture1 the pearl of the gallery at ,bologna2 while its exacted symbolism and heavenly sentiment tempt us to class it among the masterpieces of the mystic school1 it must be confessed that ,st4 ,magdalen has a very earthly look4 ,we know1 alas1 how this noble form has been profaned by some artists2 the victim1 even after her penitence1 of the sensual tastes of the ,renaissance1 she remained a courtesan in the eyes of ,titian and ,correggio2 and the pagans of the sixteenth century have turned our saint into a nymph lying in a grotto1 or standing veiled only by the masses of her long hair4 #aai ,the frescoes of ,st4 ,louis have been engraved by ,landon in his great book on the life and works of celebrated painters4 ,see ,works of ,domenichino4 #c vols4 in #dto1 ,paris1 #ahjc4 #abj ,there are two more pictures of ,st4 ,cecilia by ,domenichino4 ,one is in the ,rospigliosi ,palace at ,rome2 the other was in ,england at the beginning of this century4 ,see the engravings already mentioned in ,landon4 #aba ,in this second school may be classed the pictures of ,paul ,veronese and of ,garofolo in the ,dresden ,museum4 ,as for ,carlo ,dolce's ,st4 ,cecilia1 it is far sweeter1 and forms the connecting link between the rationalistic and mystic schools4 ,we have not seen the picture1 which is in the ,museum at ,dresden1 but it has become well-known through engravings1 and has been published by ,schulger at ,paris4 #abb ,raphael has also represented ,st4 ,cecilia bearing witness to ,christ at the tomb4 ,this may be seen at the ,museum at ,naples4 ,dom ,guranger considers the type of this picture far higher than any of the others4--,c4 ,f4 ,vasari1 t4 iii4 p4 #aff4 #abc ,raphael d',urbin1 t4 ii41 p4 #bgg4 #abd ,his name was ,m4 ,bottu de ,toulmont1 it appears4 #abe ,dictionary of ,plain ,chant1 in the ,theological ,encyclopedia at ,migne1 #bef4 #abf ,at ,brussels this mass is sung in ,st4 ,gudule4 ,,disillusioned4 ,i blush that ,i am ,england's son6 ,yet deemed her once the inviolate home ,of matchless freedom nobly won3 ,and little thought the hour would come1 ,when1 freer on an alien strand1 ,my soul should scorn its native land4 ,how mocks my ear the idle song ,that ,britons never shall be slaves ,these ,britons have been slaves so long ,to fraud and falsehood1 fiends and knaves1 ,they spurn true freedom's very name1 ,and1 self-duped1 revel in their shame4 ,o ,albion6 once the ,isle of ,saints1 ,the ,dower of ,mary1 what thy crime8 ,not sternest pen--not envy's--paints ,the annals of thy golden time ,in aught but glory4 ,whence the call ,for such a vengeance1 such a fall8 ,a tyrant's lust1 a woman's pride1 ,could rend thee from the parent stem1 ,and lay thee wither'd by the side ,of barren branches--cursed with them6 ,save that thy head was too elate1 ,what hadst thou done for such a fate8 ,and oh6 if thou hadst welcomed back ,the ,christless worship of the ,celt1 ,thy darkness were of hue less black-- ,were less like ,egypt's1 to be felt6 ',twere rather twilight of the morn3 ,another day might still be born4 ,but no3 more hellward yet thy fall6 ,to turn and trample in her blood ,the ,mother who had brought thee all ,thou ever hadst of highest good3 ,behold a guilt--ay1 deeplier dyed ,than blinded ,juda's deicide6 ,and lo6 a sleek usurper now-- ,meet tool of perjured royalty-- ,rears shameless her apostate brow3 ,her creed a sham1 her claim a lie6 ,the children's bread no more divine1 ,a hireling throws them husks of swine4 ,this vaunted church1 they built her stout3 ,and if by dint of fellest strife ,she failed to crush and strangle out ,her foe's imperishable life1 ',twas not1 ,i ween1 from lack of force1 ,or craft of state1 or base resource4 ',twas not that mildness ruled the day1 ,and penal codes were voted down2 ,and fair the question1 fair the play ,from chair and pulpit1 bench and crown2 ,while forgery disdain'd to vie ,with slander in the dextrous lie4 ,but more4 ,as harlots aim to link ,a sister's ruin with their own ,so thou1 my ,england1 couldst not drink ,the cup of devils quite alone1 ,but needs must press it on a shore ,the rival of thy light before4 ,and ,erin loathed it4 ,there's a prayer ,that kept her then1 and triumphs still4 ',twill take thee more than hate may dare ,to break the ,patrick in her will3 ,though treachery was the lurking sin ,that sold the soil thou couldst not win4 ,and what1 at last1 has hate achieved8 ,for her1 thy victim1 such a name ,as points--and must1 to be believed-- ,to thy long parallel of shame3 ,the ,isle of ,martyrs--peerless gem ,in ,rome's thick-rubied diadem4 ,nor this alone4 ,not vainly fled ,her patriot sons thy cruel hand2 ,not vainly to the ,west were led1 ,where the great future's chosen land ,o'er thralless ocean beacon'd fair1 ,to find ,god's mission waiting there4 ,thus1 ,england1 has thy baffled rage ,but spread the faith it sought to slay3 ,and lo6 the nations see thee wage ,the bigot's combat ev'n to-day6 ,they cry3 ,her very pride is o'er3 ,the lion in her wakes no more6 ,fool-doubly fool6 ,art thou so strong ,no mightier arm can lay thee low8 ,if patient heaven has linger'd long1 ,this hour thy last--for weal or woe3 ,and what 'twere penance to accord1 ,wilt thou but forfeit to the sword8 ,enough4 ,my heart is too much thine ,to curse thee1 though ,i blush to own3 ,too fondly prized thee as a shrine1 ,too proudly hailed thee as a throne3 ,and1 turning from the bitter truth1 ,finds sweetness in the dream of youth4 ,for memory gathers in that dream ,a fragrance as of morning dew3 ,the freshness of the grove and stream1 ,when ,nature woo'd me first1 and knew ,so well to draw me to her breast1 ,and wed me to her love's unrest4 ,and if henceforth ,i twine my wreath ,to crown the land where now ,i sing1 ,content to pray in peace beneath ,the shadow of her eagle's wing2 ',tis not that charms of clime and scene ,estrange me from thy gentler mien4 ,it is that truth is chainless here1 ,and swift her march from shore to shore2 ,and little need her children fear ,for coming days--though clouded o'er2 ,for ,god must shape a gracious plan ,where truth is free1 and man is man4#abg ,,july1 #ahfh4 ,,footnote3 #abg ,though the above lines were written before the disestablishment of the ,state ,church in ,ireland1 their author's indignation has been little appeased by that extorted act of justice4 ,the measure was unaccompanied by any attempt at reparation for the past4 ,at the very least1 the old ,catholic churches might have been returned to their lawful owners4 ,and is there any sign to-day of full justice ever being done or half-done8 ,none--except in the event of divine vengeance forcing ,england to kneel to her generous victim and sue to be forgiven4 ,fiat1 fiat4 ,,origin ,,of ,,civilization4#abh ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 though his name is not euphonious1 is1 we understand1 an ,english scientist1 highly distinguished and of no mean authority in the scientific world1 as his father was before him4 ,he certainly is a man of large pretensions1 and of as much logical ability and practical good sense as we have a right to expect in an ,english scientist4 ,he1 of course1 adopts the modern theory of progress1 and maintains that the savage is the type of the primitive man1 and that he has emerged from his original barbarism and superstition to his present advanced civilization and religious belief and worship by his own energy and persevering efforts at self-evolution or development1 without any foreign or supernatural instruction or assistance4 ,one1 ,sir ,john contends1 has only to study and carefully ascertain the present condition of the various contemporary savage tribes1 or what he calls the lower races1 to know what was the original condition of mankind1 and from which the superior races started on their tour of progress through the ages2 and one needs only to ascertain the germs of civilization and religion which were in their original condition1 to be able to comprehend the various stages of that progress and the principles and means by which it has been effected and may be carried on indefinitely beyond the point already reached4 ,hence1 in the volume before us the author labors to present us a true picture of the present mental and social condition of contemporary savages as that of the primeval man4 ,he assumes that the mental and social condition is that of the infancy of the human race1 and by studying it we can attain to the history of prehistoric times1 assist1 as it were1 if we may be pardoned the ,gallicism1 at the earliest development of mankind1 and trace step by step the progress from their first appearance on the globe upward to the sublime civilization of the nineteenth century--the civilization of the steam-engine1 the cotton spinner and weaver1 the steamboat1 the steam-plough1 the railway1 and the lightning telegraph4 ,this theory1 that finds in the savage the type of the primitive man1 is nothing very new4 ,it was refuted by the late ,archbishop ,whately1 by the ,duke of ,argyll in his ,primeval ,man1 and on several occasions by the present writer in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,the facts ,sir ,john adduces in the support of this theory1 as far as facts they are1 had been adduced long ago1 and were as well known by us before we abandoned the theory as untenable1 as they are by ,sir ,john ,lubbock or any of his compeers4 ,they may all1 so far as they bear on religion1 be found summed up and treated at length in the work of ,benjamin ,constant1 ,la ,religion considere dans sa ,source1 ses ,developpements1 et ses ,formes1 published in #ahcb1 as well as in a mass of ,german writers4 ,sir ,john has told us nothing of the mental and social condition of savages that we had not examined1 we had almost said1 before he was born1 and which we had supposed was not known by all men with any pretension to serious studies4 ,in fact1 we grow rather impatient as we grow old of writers who1 because they actually have learned more than they knew in their cradles1 imagine that they have learned so much more than all the rest of mankind4 ,no men try our patience more than our scientific ,englishmen1 who speak always in a decisive tone1 with an air of infallibility from which there would seem to be no appeal1 and yet utter only the veriest commonplaces1 old theories long since exploded1 or stale absurdities4 ,we have no patience with such men as ,herbert ,spencer1 ,huxley1 and ,darwin4 ,we are hardly less impatient of the scientists who in our own country hold them up to our admiration and reverence as marvellous discoverers1 and as the great and brilliant lights of the age4 ,we love science1 we honor the men who devote their lives to its cultivation1 but we ask that it be science1 not hypothesis piled on hypothesis1 nor simply a thing of mere conjectures or guesses4 ,the modern doctrine of progress or development1 which supposes man began in the lowest savage1 if not lower still1 is not a doctrine suggested by any facts observed and classified in men's history1 nor is it a logical induction from any class of known facts1 but a gratuitous hypothesis invented and asserted against the ,biblical doctrine of creation1 of ,providence1 of original sin1 and of the supernatural instruction1 government1 redemption1 and salvation of men4 ,the hypothesis is suggested by hostility to the ,christian revelation1 prior to the analysis and classification of any facts to sustain it1 and the scientists who defend it are simply investigating nature1 not in the interests of science properly so-called1 but1 consciously or unconsciously1 to find facts to support a hypothesis which may be opposed to both4 ,any facts in nature or in history1 natural or civil1 political or religious1 that seem to make against ,christian teaching1 are seized upon with avidity1 distorted or exaggerated1 and paraded with a grand fanfaronade1 sounding of trumpets1 beating of drums1 and waving of banners1 as if it were a glorious triumph of man to prove that he is no better than the beasts that perish2 while the multitude of facts which are absolutely irreconcilable with it are passed over in silence or quietly set aside1 as of no account1 or simply declared to be anomalies1 which science is not yet in a condition to explain1 but1 no doubt1 soon will be1 since it has entered the true path1 has found the true scientific methods1 and is headed in the right direction4 ,science is yet in its infancy4 ,in its cradle it has strangled frightful monsters1 and1 when full-grown1 it will not fail to slay the hydra1 and rid the world of all its chimeras dire4 ,but while we do not complain that your infantile or puerile science has not done more1 we would simply remind you1 men of science1 that it is very unscientific to reason from what you confess science has not yet done as if it had done it4 ,wait till it has done it1 before you bring it forward as a scientific achievement4 ,we confess to a want of confidence in this whole class of scientists1 for their investigations are not free and unbiassed2 their minds are prejudiced2 they are pledged to a theory in advance1 which makes them shut their eyes to the facts which contradict it1 and close their intelligence to the great principles of universal reason which render their conclusions invalid4 ,there are other scientists who have pushed their investigations as far into nature and history as they have1 perhaps even further1 who know and have carefully analyzed all the facts they know or ever pretended to know1 and yet have come to conclusions the contrary of theirs1 and find nothing in the facts or phenomena of the universe that warrant any induction not in accordance with ,christian faith1 either as set forth in the ,holy ,scriptures or the definitions of the church4 ,why are these less likely to be really scientific than they8 ,they are biassed by their ,christian faith1 you say4 ,be it so3 are you less biassed by your anti-christian unbelief and disposition8 ,besides1 are you able to say that these have not in their ,christian faith a key to the real sense or meaning of the universe and its phenomena which you have not1 and therefore are much more likely to be right than you8 ,do you know that it is not so8 ,there is no science where knowledge is wanting4 ,the unchristian scientists forget that they cannot conclude against the ,biblical or ,christian doctrine from mere possibilities or even probabilities4 ,they appeal to science against it1 and nothing can avail them as the basis of argument against it that is not scientifically proved or demonstrated4 ,their hypothesis of progress1 evolution1 or development is unquestionably repugnant to the whole ,christian doctrine and order of thought4 ,if it is true1 ,christianity is false4 ,they must then1 before urging it1 either prove ,christianity untrue or an idle tale1 or else prove absolutely1 beyond the possibility of a rational doubt1 the truth of their hypothesis4 ,it is not enough to prove that it may1 for aught you know1 be true2 you must prove that it is true1 and cannot be false4 ,christianity is too important a fact in the world's history to be set aside by an undemonstrated hypothesis4 ,and it is anything but scientific to conclude its falsity on the strength of a simply possible or even probable hypothesis1 not as yet indeed proved1 and of which the best you can say is that you trust science will be able to prove it when once it is out of its nonage4 ,you cannot propose it at all1 unless you have scientifically demonstrated it1 or previously disproved aliunde the ,christian revelation4 ,so long as you leave it possible for me to hold the ,christian faith without contradicting what is demonstrated to be true1 you have alleged nothing to the purpose against it1 and cannot bring forward your theory even as probable1 far less as scientific2 for1 if it is possible that ,christianity is true1 it is not possible that your hypothesis can be true1 or even scientifically proved4 ,the scientists seem not to be aware of this1 and seem to suppose that they may rank ,christianity with the various heathen superstitions1 and set it aside by an unsupported theory or a prejudice4 ,let the question be understood4 ,christianity teaches us that in the beginning ,god created heaven and earth1 and all things therein1 visible and invisible1 that he made man after his own image and likeness1 placed him in the garden of ,eden1 gave him a law1 that is1 made him a revelation of his will1 instructed him in his moral and religious duty1 established him in original justice1 in a supernatural state1 under a supernatural providence1 on the plane of a supernatural destiny2 that man prevaricated1 broke the law given him1 lost his original justice1 the integrity of his nature attached thereto1 and communion with his ,maker1 fell under the dominion of the flesh1 became captive to ,satan1 and subject to death1 moral1 temporal1 and eternal2 that ,god1 of his own goodness and mercy1 promised him pardon and deliverance1 redemption and salvation1 through his own ,son made man1 who in due time was born of the ,virgin ,mary1 suffered under ,pontius ,pilate1 was crucified1 was dead and buried1 and on the third day rose again1 ascended into heaven1 whence he shall come again1 to judge the living and the dead4 ,this doctrine1 in substance1 was made to our first parents in the garden1 was preserved in the tradition of the patriarchs1 in its purity in the synagogue1 and in its purity and integrity in the ,christian church founded on it1 and authorized and assisted by ,god himself to teach it to all men and nations4 ,according to this doctrine1 the origin of man1 the human species1 as well as of the universe and all its contents1 is in the creative act of ,god1 not in evolution or development4 ,the first man was not a monkey or a tadpole developed1 nor a savage or barbarian1 but was a man full grown in the integrity of his nature1 instructed by his ,maker1 and the most perfect man of his race1 and as he is the progenitor of all mankind1 it follows that mankind began not in utter barbarism1 as ,sir ,john asserts1 but in the full development and perfection of manhood1 with the knowledge of ,god and ,providence1 of their origin and destiny1 and of their moral and religious duty4 ,ignorance has followed as the penalty or consequence of sin1 instead of being the original condition in which man was created2 and this ignorance brought on the race by the prevarication of ,adam1 the domination of the flesh1 and the power of ,satan acquired thereby1 are the origin and cause of barbarism of individuals and nations1 the innumerable moral and social evils which have afflicted mankind in all times and places4 ,now1 to this doctrine ,sir ,john opposes the hypothesis of the origin of man in utter barbarism1 and his progress by natural evolution or self-development4 ,but what facts has he adduced in its support1 or that conflict with ,christian teaching1 that prove that teaching false or even doubtful8 ,he has adduced1 as far as we can see1 none at all1 for all the facts that he alleges are1 to say the least1 as easily explained on the supposition of man's deterioration as on the supposition of progress1 development1 or continuous melioration4 ,some of the facts he adduces might1 perhaps1 be explained on his hypothesis1 if there were no reason for giving them a contrary explanation2 but there is not one of them that must be so explained4 ,this is not enough for his purpose1 though it is enough for ours4 ,he must go further1 and prove that his facts not only may but must be explained on his hypothesis1 and can be explained on no other4 ,if we are able to explain1 or he is unable to show positively that we cannot explain1 all known facts in accordance with the ,christian doctrine1 he can conclude nothing from them against ,christianity or in favor of his naturalism4 ,we do not1 he must remember1 rely on those facts to prove the ,christian doctrine1 but he relies on them to disprove it1 by proving his hypothesis2 and if he cannot show that they absolutely do disprove it1 or positively prove his hypothesis1 he proves nothing to his purpose4 ,sir ,john dwells at great length on the real or supposed rites1 forms1 and barbarous customs observed by outlying savage tribes or nations1 but1 before he can draw any conclusion from them in favor of his theory of progress1 he must prove that they were primitive4 ,he knows them only as contemporaneous with what he would himself call civilized marriage3 how then1 without having first proved that the race began in utter barbarism1 conclude from them that they preceded civilized marriage8 ,one thing is certain1 we never find them without finding somewhere in the world contemporary with them the civilized marriage4 ,there is no history1 historical intimation1 or tradition of any custom or conception of marriage older than we have in the ,book of ,genesis1 and in that we find the true idea of marriage was already in the world at the earliest date of history1 and the vices against it are plainly condemned in the ,decalogue1 contemporary with these very usages1 customs1 and notions of savages on which ,sir ,john dwells with so much apparent delight1 and which are barbarous1 and lax enough to satisfy even our women's-rights men2 and1 so far as history goes1 preceding them1 the true idea of marriage as something sacred1 and as the union of one man with one woman1 was known and held1 and therefore could not have been1 at least so far as known1 a development of barbarian marriages4 ,the same answer applies to the question of religion4 ,contemporary with the savage and barbarous superstitions of the heathen1 and even prior to them1 we find practised in its fervor and purity the true worship of the true ,god4 ,true religion is not developed from the impurities and absurd superstitions of the heathen1 and is by no means the growth of the religious sentiment becoming gradually enlightened and purifying itself from their grossness1 for it is historically as well as logically older than any of them4 ,men worshipped ,god the creator of heaven and earth before they worshipped the fetish1 the elements1 or the hosts of heaven4 ,religion is older than superstition1 for superstition is an abuse of religion1 as the theologians say1 by way of excess1 as irreligion is its abuse by way of defect2 but a thing must exist and be entertained before it can be abused4 ,nothing can be more certain than that true religion has never been developed from false religions1 or truth from falsehood2 for the true must precede the false1 which is simply the negation of the true4 ,christianity is1 if you will1 a development1 the fulfilment of the synagogue or the ,jewish religion2 ,judaism was also1 if you will1 a development of the patriarchal religion2 but in neither case a self-development2 and in neither case has the development been effected except by supernatural intervention4 ,it would be absurd to suppose the patriarchal religion was a development of heathenism1 since it is historically prior to any form of heathenism1 and every known form of heathenism supposes it1 and is intelligible only by it4 ,so far was ,judaism from being self-evolved from the superstitions of the heathen1 that it was with the greatest difficulty that the ,israelites themselves1 as their history shows1 were kept from adopting the idolatry and superstition of the surrounding nations1 which shows that their religion was not self-evolved1 and that it was above the level of the moral and religious life of the people4 ,christianity develops and perfects ,judaism1 but by supernatural agency1 not by the natural progress or self-development of the ,jewish people2 for if it had been1 the bulk of the nation would have accepted it1 and we know that the bulk of the ,jewish people did not accept it1 but rejected it1 and continue to reject it to this day4 ,we know1 also1 that the progress of the heathen nations was very far from raising them to the level of the ,christian religion4 ,traces of some of its principles and several of its moral precepts may be found with the ,gentile philosophers1 as we should expect1 since they pertained to the primitive revelation2 but these philosophers were not the first1 but rather the last to accept it4 ,nowhere amongst the heathen did any ,christian communities spring up spontaneously or were of indigenous origin4 ,christianity sprang out of ,judea1 and the nations adopted it1 in the first instance1 only as it was carried to them by ,jewish missionaries4 ,and who were these missionaries8 ,humble fishermen1 publicans1 and mechanics4 ,who first received them1 and believed their message8 ,principally the common people1 the unlettered1 the poor1 and slaves of the rich and noble4 ,for see your vocation1 brethren1 says ,st4 ,paul 7#a ,cor4 iv4 #bf71 that not many are wise according to the flesh1 not many mighty1 not many noble4 ,were the fishermen of the ,lake ,genesareth1 and the slaves of the ,roman ,empire1 we may ask with ,mgr4 ,maret1 the most enlightened and advanced portion of mankind8 ,who dare maintain it1 when it is a question of natural development or progress8 ,had ,christianity been the natural evolution of the human mind1 or the product of the natural growth of human intelligence and morality1 we should have first encountered it not with the poor1 the ignorant1 the unlettered and wretched slaves1 but with the higher and more cultivated classes1 with the philosophers1 the scientists1 the noble1 the great generals and the most eminent orators and statesmen1 the lite of ,greek and ,roman society1 those who at the time stood at the head of the civilized world4 ,yet such is not the fact1 but the fact is the very reverse4 ,the ,biblical history explains the origin of the barbarous superstitions of heathendom in a very satisfactory way1 and shows us very clearly that the savage state is not the primitive state1 but has been produced by sin1 and is the result of what we call the great ,gentile apostasy1 or falling away of the nations from the primitive or patriarchal religion4 ,when language was confounded at ,babel1 and the dispersion of mankind took place1 unity of speech or language was lost1 and with it unity of ideas or of faith1 and each tribe or nation took its own course1 and developed a tribal or national religion of its own4 ,gradually each tribe or nation lost the conception of ,god as creator1 and formed to itself gods made in its own image1 clothed with its own passions1 and it bowed down and worshipped the work of its own hands4 ,it was not that they knew or had known no better4 ,st4 ,paul has settled that question4 ,for the wrath of ,god is revealed from heaven against all impiety and injustice of those men that detain the truth of ,god in injustice4 ,because that which is known of ,god is manifest in them4 ,for ,god hath manifested it to them4 ,for the invisible things of him1 from the creation of the world1 are clearly seen1 being understood by the things that are made3 his eternal power also and divinity2 so that they are inexcusable4 ,because when they had known ,god1 they glorified him not as ,god1 nor gave thanks2 but became vain in their thoughts1 and their foolish heart was darkened2 for1 professing themselves wise1 they became fools4 ,and they changed the glory of the incorruptible ,god into the likeness of the image of a corruptible man1 and of birds1 and of four-footed beasts1 and of creeping things4 ,wherefore ,god gave them up to the desires of their hearts1 to uncleanness2 to dishonor their own bodies among themselves1 who changed the truth of ,god into a lie1 and worshipped and served the creature rather than the ,creator1 who is blessed for ever4 ,amen4 7,rom4 i4 #ah-be47 ,st4 ,paul evidently does not believe ,sir ,john ,lubbock's doctrine that the race began in utter barbarism1 and have been slowly working their way up to the heights of ,christian civilization4 ,he evidently ascribes the superstitions1 and consequently the barbarism1 of the heathen to apostasy4 ,sir ,john1 of course1 does not accept the authority of ,st4 ,paul2 but1 if he cannot prove ,st4 ,paul was wrong1 he is debarred from asserting his own hypothesis1 even as probable4 ,if it is possible to explain the facts of the savage state on the ground of apostasy or gradual deterioration1 the hypothesis of development1 of self-evolution or natural and unaided progress1 falls to the ground as wholly baseless4 ,his hypothesis becomes probable only by proving that no other hypothesis is possible4 ,but all the known facts in the case are against our scientific baronet's hypothesis4 ,take ,mohammedanism4 ,it sprang up subsequently to both ,moses and the ,gospel4 ,it is a compound of ,judaism and ,christianity1 more ,jewish than ,christian1 however1 and is decidedly inferior to either4 ,how explain this fact1 if the several races of men never fall or retrograde1 but are always advancing1 marching through the ages onward and upward8 ,many of the ancestors of the present ,mussulmans belonged to highly civilized races1 and some of them were ,christians1 and not a few of them ,jews4 ,yet there is always progress1 never deterioration4 ,but we need not go back to the seventh century4 ,there has been a modern apostasy1 and we see right before our eyes the process of deterioration1 of falling into barbarism1 going on among those who have apostatized from ,christianity4 ,the author regards as an evidence of the lowest barbarism what he calls communal marriage1 that is1 marriage in which the wife is common to all the males of her husband's family4 ,we do not believe this sort of marriage was ever anything more than an exceptional fact1 like polyandry2 but suppose it was even common among the lowest savage tribes1 how much lower or more barbarous is the state it indicates1 than what the highly civilized ,plato makes the magistrates prescribe in his imaginary ,republic8 ,how much in advance of such a practice is the free love advocated by ,mary ,wolstonecraft and ,fanny ,wright2 the recommendation of ,godwin to abolish marriage and the monopoly by one man of any one woman2 than the denunciation of marriage by the late ,robert ,owen as one of the trinity of evils which have hitherto afflicted the race1 and his proposal to replace it by a community of wives1 as he proposed to replace private property by a community of goods2 or1 indeed1 than we see actually adopted in practice by the ,oneida ,community8 ,sir ,john regards the gynocracy which prevails in some savage tribes as characteristic of a very low form of barbarism2 but to what else tends the woman's-rights movement in his country and ours8 ,if successful1 not only would women be the rulers1 but children would follow the mother's line1 not the father's1 for the obvious reason that1 while the mother can be known1 the father cannot be with any certainty4 ,does not free love1 the mainspring of the movement1 lead to this8 ,and are not they who support it counted the advanced party of the age1 and we who resist denounced as old fogies or as the defenders of man's tyranny8 ,sir ,john relates that some tribes are so low in their intelligence that they have no or only the vaguest conceptions of the divinity1 and none at all of ,god as creator4 ,he need not go amongst outlying barbarians to find persons whose intelligence is equally low4 ,he will search in vain through all ,gentile philosophy without finding the conception of a creative ,god4 ,nay1 among our own contemporaries he can find more who consider it a proof of their superior intelligence and rare scientific attainments that they reject the fact of creation1 relegate ,god into the unknown and the unknowable1 and teach us that the universe is self-evolved1 and man is only a monkey or gorilla developed4#abi ,these men regard themselves as the lights of their age1 and are so regarded1 too1 by no inconsiderable portion of the public4 ,need we name ,auguste ,comte and ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 among the dead2 ,e4 ,littr1 ,herbert ,spencer1 ,j4 ,stuart ,mill1 ,professor ,huxley1 ,charles ,darwin1 not to say ,sir ,john himself1 among the living8 ,if these men and their adherents have not lapsed into barbarism1 their science1 if accepted1 would lead us to the ideas and practices which ,sir ,john tells us belong to the lowest stage of barbarism4 ,sir ,john doubts if any savage tribe can be found that is absolutely destitute of all religious conceptions or sentiments1 but1 if we may believe their own statements1 we have people enough among the apostate ,christians of our day who have none1 and glory in it as a proof of their superiority to the rest of mankind4 ,sir ,john sees a characteristic of barbarism or of the early savage state in the belief in and the dread of evil spirits1 or what he calls demonism4 ,the ,bible tells us all the gods of the heathens are devils or demons4 ,even this characteristic of barbarism is reproduced in our civilized communities by spiritism1 which is of enlightened ,american origin4 ,this spiritism1 which is rapidly becoming a religion with large numbers of men and women in our midst1 is nothing but demonism1 the necromancy and witchcraft or familiar spirits of the ancient world4 ,men who reject ,christianity1 who have no belief in ,god1 or at least do not hold it necessary to worship or pay him the least homage or respect1 believe in the spirits1 go to the medium1 and consult her1 as ,saul in his desperation consulted the ,witch of ,endor4 ,if we go back a few years to the last century1 we shall find the most polished people on the globe abolishing religion1 decreeing that death is an eternal sleep1 and perpetrating1 in the name of liberty1 virtue1 humanity1 and brotherly love1 crimes and cruelties unsurpassed if not unequalled in the history of the most savage tribes2 and we see little improvement in our own century1 more thoroughly filled with the horrors of unprincipled and needless wars than any other century of which we possess the history4 ,indeed1 the scenes of #agib-c-d are now in process of reproduction in ,europe4 ,we must remember that all these deteriorations have taken place in or are taking place in the most highly civilized nations of the globe1 whose ancestors were ,christians1 and with persons many of whom were brought up in the belief of ,christianity4 ,take the men and women who hold1 on marriage and on religion1 what are called advanced views--free-lovers and free-religionists--remove them from the restraints of the church and of the state1 not yet up to their standard1 and let them form a community by themselves in which their views shall be carried out in practice2 would they not in two or three generations lapse into a state not above that of the most degraded and filthy savages8 ,we see this deterioration going on in our midst and right before our eyes1 as the effect of apostasy from our holy religion4 ,this proves that apostasy is sufficient to explain the existence of the savage races1 without supposing the human race began in utter barbarism4 ,if apostasy in modern times1 as we see it does1 leads to utter barbarism1 why should it not have done so in ancient times8 ,we might make the case still stronger against the author's hypothesis1 if necessary1 by referring to the great and renowned nations of antiquity1 that in turn led the civilization of the world4 ,of the nations that apostatized or adhered to the great ,gentile apostasy1 not one has survived the lapse of time4 ,to every one of them has succeeded barbarism1 desolation1 or a new people4 ,the ,egypt of antiquity fell before the ,persian conqueror1 and the ,egypt of the ,greeks was absorbed by ,rome1 and fell with her4 ,assyria leaves of her greatness only long since buried and forgotten ruins1 while the savage ,kurd and the predatory ,arab roam at will over the desert that has succeeded to her once flourishing cities and richly cultivated fields4 ,syria1 ,tyre1 ,carthage1 and the ,greek cities of ,europe and ,asia have disappeared or dwindled into insignificance1 and what remains of them they owe to the conservative power of the ,christianity they adopted and have in some measure retained4 ,so true is it1 as the ,psalmist says1 the wicked shall be turned into hell1 and all the nations that forget ,god4 ,how explain this fact1 if these ancient nations could by their own inherent energy and power of self-development raise themselves from utter barbarism to the civilization they once possessed1 that they could not preserve it2 that1 after having reached a certain point1 they began to decline1 grew corrupt1 and at length fell by their own internal rottenness8 ,if men and nations are naturally progressive1 how happens it that we find so many individuals and nations decline and fall1 through internal corruption8 ,another fact is not less conclusive against ,sir ,john's hypothesis1 that in all the nations of the heathen world their least barbarous period known to us is their earliest after the apostasy and dispersion4 ,the oldest of the sacred books of the ,hindus are the profoundest and richest in thought1 and the freest from superstition and puerilities so characteristic of the ,hindu people to-day4 ,the earliest religion of the ,romans was far more spiritual1 intellectual1 than that which prevailed at the establishment of the empire and the introduction of ,christianity4 ,indeed1 wherever we have the means of tracing the religious history of the ancient heathen nations1 we find it is a history of almost uninterrupted deterioration and corruption1 becoming continually more cruel1 impure1 and debasing as time flows on4 ,the mysteries1 perhaps1 retained something of the earlier doctrines1 but they did little to arrest the downward tendency of the national religion2 the philosophers1 no doubt1 retained some valuable traditions of the primitive religion1 but so mixed up with gross error and absurd fables that they had no effect on the life or morals of the people4 ,one of the last acts of ,socrates was to require ,crito to sacrifice a cock to ,esculapius4 ,if ,sir ,john's hypothesis were true1 nothing of this could happen1 and we should find the religion of every nation1 as time goes on1 becoming purer and more refined1 less gross and puerile1 more enlightened and intellectual1 and more spiritual and elevating in its influence4 ,the traditions of some1 perhaps of all heathen nations1 refer their origin to savage and barbarian ancestors1 and this may have been the fact with many of them4 ,horace would seem to go the full length of ,sir ,john's theory4 ,he tells us that the primitive men sprang like animals from the earth1 a mute and filthy herd1 fighting one another for an acorn or a den4 ,cicero speaks somewhat to the same purpose1 only he does not say it was the state of the primeval man4 ,yet the traditions of the heathen nations do not in general favor the main point of ,sir ,john's hypothesis1 that men came out of barbarism by their own spontaneous development1 natural progressiveness1 or indigenous and unaided efforts4 ,they rise1 according to these traditions1 to the civilized state only by the assistance of the gods1 or by the aid of missionaries or colonies from nations already civilized4 ,the goddess ,ceres teaches them to plant corn and make bread2 ,bacchus teaches them to plant the vine and to make wine2 ,prometheus draws fire from heaven and teaches them its use2 other divinities teach to keep bees1 to tame and rear flocks and herds1 and the several arts of peace and war4 ,athens attributed her civilization to ,minerva and to ,cecrops and his ,egyptian colony2 ,thebes1 hers to ,orpheus and ,cadmus1 of ,phnician origin2 ,rome claimed to descend from a ,trojan colony1 and borrowed her laws from the ,athenians--her literature1 philosophy1 her art and science1 from the ,greeks4 ,the poets paint the primitive age as the age of gold1 and the philosophers always speak of the race as deteriorating1 and find the past superior to the present4 ,what is best and truest in ,plato he ascribes to the wisdom of the ancients1 and even ,homer speaks of the degeneracy of men in his days from what they were at the siege of ,troy4 ,we think the author will search in vain through all antiquity to find a tradition or a hint which assigns the civilization of any people to its own indigenous and unassisted efforts4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock describes the savages as incurious and little given to reflection4 ,he says they never look beyond the phenomenon to its cause4 ,they see the world in which they are placed1 and never think of looking further1 and asking who made it1 or whence they themselves came or whither they go4 ,they lack not only curiosity1 but the power of abstraction and generalization1 and even thought is a burden to them4 ,this is no doubt in the main true2 but it makes against their natural progressiveness1 and explains why they are not1 as we know they are not1 progressive1 but remain always stationary1 if left to themselves4 ,the chief characteristic of the savage state is in fact its immobility4 ,the savage gyrates from age to age in the same narrow circle--never of himself advances beyond it4 ,whether a tribe sunk in what ,sir ,john calls utter barbarism1 and which he holds was the original state of the human race1 has ever been or ever can be elevated to a civilized state by any human efforts1 even of others already civilized1 is1 perhaps1 problematical4 ,as far as experience goes1 the tendency of such a tribe1 brought in contact with a civilized race1 is to retire the deeper into the forest1 to waste away1 and finally to become extinct4 ,certain it is1 no instance of its becoming a civilized people can be named4 ,in every known instance in which a savage or barbarous people has become civilized1 it has been by the aid or influence of religion1 or their relations with a people already civilized4 ,the barbarians that overthrew the ,roman ,empire of the ,west1 and seated themselves on its ruins1 were more than half ,romanized before the conquest by their relations with the ,romans and service in the armies of the empire1 and they rather continued the ,roman order of civilization in the several kingdoms and states they founded than destroyed it4 ,the ,roman system of education1 and even the imperial schools1 if fewer in number and on a reduced scale1 were continued all through the barbarous ages down to the founding of the universities of medival ,europe4 ,their civilization was carried forward1 far in advance of that of ,greece or ,rome1 by the church1 the great civilizer of the nations4 ,the northern barbarians that remained at home1 the ,germans1 the ,scandinavians1 the ,sclaves1 were civilized by the labors of ,christian monks and missionaries from ,rome and ,constantinople1 from ,gaul1 ,england1 and ,ireland4 ,in no instance has their civilization been of indigenous origin and development4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock replies to this as he does to ,archbishop ,whately's assertion that no instance is on record of a savage people having risen to a civilized state by its own indigenous and unassisted efforts1 that it is no objection1 because we should not expect to find any record of any such an event1 since it took place1 if at all1 before the invention of letters1 and in prehistoric times4 ,we grant that the fact that there is no written record of it is not conclusive proof that no instance of the kind ever occurred2 but if so important an event ever occurred1 we should expect some trace of it in the traditions of civilized nations1 or at least find some tendencies to it in the outlying savage nations of the present1 from which it might be inferred as a thing not improbable in itself4 ,but nothing of the sort is found4 ,the author's appeal to our ignorance1 and our ignorance1 cannot serve his purpose4 ,he arraigns the universal faith of ,christendom1 and he must make out his case by positive1 not simply negative proofs4 ,till his hypothesis is proved by positive evidence1 the faith of ,christendom remains firm1 and nothing can be concluded against it4 ,but how really stands the question8 ,sir ,john finds in the various outlying savage tribes numerous facts which he takes to be the original germs of civilization1 and hence he concludes that the primitive condition of the human race was that of utter barbarism1 and the nations1 or1 as he says1 the races1 that have become civilized1 have become so by their indigenous and unaided efforts1 by their own inherent energy and power of self-development or progress4 ,but the facts he alleges may just as well be reminiscences of a past civilization as anticipations of a civilization not yet developed2 and in our judgment--and it is not to-day that for the first we have studied the question--they are much better explained as reminiscences than as anticipations1 nay1 are not explicable in any other way4 ,the facts appealed to1 then1 can at best count for nothing in favor of the hypothesis of natural progress or development4 ,they do not prove it or render it probable4 ,he is able1 and he confesses it1 to produce no instance of the natural and unassisted progress of any race of men from barbarism to civilization1 and even his own facts show that barbarous or savage tribes are not naturally progressive1 but stationary1 struck with immobility4 ,where1 then1 are the proofs of his hypothesis8 ,he has yet produced none4 ,now1 on the other hand1 we have shown him that1 in all known instances1 the passage from barbarism into civilization has been effected only by supernatural aid1 or by the influence of a previously civilized race or people4 ,we have shown him also that the ,gentile apostasy1 which the ,bible records and our religion asserts1 sufficiently explains the origin of barbarism4 ,we have also shown him nations once civilized falling into barbarism1 and1 in addition1 have shown him the tendency of an apostate people to lapse into barbarism existing and operating before our very eyes1 in men whose ancestors were once civilized and even ,christians4 ,the chief elements of barbarism he describes exist and are encouraged and defended in our midst by men who are counted by themselves and their contemporaries as the great men1 the great lights1 the advanced party of this advanced age4 ,let the apostasy become more general1 take away the church or deprive her of her influence1 and eliminate from the laws1 manners1 and customs of modern states what they retain of ,christian doctrine and morality1 and it is plain to see that nations the loudest in their boast of their civilization would1 if not supernaturally arrested in a very short space of time1 sink to the level of any of the ancient or modern outlying savage tribes4 ,such is the case1 and so stands the argument4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock brings forward a hypothesis1 not original with him indeed1 and the full bearing of which we would fain believe he does not see1 for which he adduces and can adduce not a single well-authenticated fact1 and which would not be favored for a moment by any one who understands it1 were it not for its contradiction of the ,biblical doctrine and ,christian tradition4 ,but while there is absolutely no proof of the hypothesis1 all the known facts of history or of human nature1 as well as all the principles of religion and philosophy1 with one voice pronounce against it as untenable4 ,is not this enough8 ,nothing is more certain than ,christian faith2 no fact is or can be better authenticated than the fact of revelation2 we might then allege that the hypothesis is disproved1 nay1 not to be entertained1 because it is contrary to the ,christian revelation1 than which nothing can be more certain4 ,we should have been perfectly justified in doing so1 and so we should have done2 but as the author appeals to science and progress to support himself on facts1 we have thought it best1 without prejudice to the authority of faith1 to meet him on his own ground1 to show him that science does not entertain his appeal1 and that his theory of progress is but a baseless hypothesis1 contradicted by all the known facts in the case and supported by none2 and therefore no science at all4 ,sir ,john's theory of progress is just now popular1 and is put forth with great confidence in the respectable name of science1 and the modern world1 with sciolists1 accept it1 with great pomp and parade4 ,yet it is manifestly absurd4 ,nothing cannot make itself something1 nor can anything make itself more than it is4 ,the imperfect cannot of itself perfect itself1 and no man can lift himself by his own waistbands4 ,even ,archimedes required somewhere to stand outside of the world in order to be able to raise the world with his lever4 ,yet we deny not progress2 we believe in it1 and hold that man is progressive even to the infinite2 but not by his own unaided effort or by his own inherent energy and natural strength1 nor without the supernatural aid of divine grace4 ,but progress by nature alone1 or self-evolution1 though we tried to believe it when a child1 we put away when we became a man1 as we did other childish things4 ,thus much we have thought it our duty to say in reply to the theory that makes the human race begin in utter barbarism1 and civilization spring from natural development or evolution1 so popular with our unchristian scientists or--but for respect to the public we would say--sciolists4 ,we have in our reply repeated may things which we have said before in this magazine1 and which have been said by others1 and better said4 ,but it will not do to let such a book as the one before us go unanswered in the present state of the public mind1 debauched as it is by false science4 ,if books will repeat the error1 we can only repeat our answer4 ,,footnotes3 #abh ,the ,origin of ,civilization and the ,primitive ,condition of ,man3 ,mental and ,social ,condition of ,savages4 ,by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 ,bart41 ,m4,p41 ,f4,r4,s41 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahga4 #afmo1 pp4 #chj4 #abi ,see ,the ,descent of ,man and ,selection in ,relation to ,sex1 by ,charles ,darwin4 ,,pau4 ,american tourists make a great mistake in not generally including the ,pyrenees in their route of ,european travel4 ,unless ordered there by a physician to repair a wasted or broken-down constitution1 they scarcely think of visiting the most beautiful country perhaps in the world4 ,paris is ,france1 and1 as the route from ,paris to ,spain lies direct1 they pass through the ,pyrenees1 admire them casually1 but rarely pause to examine their beauties and the curiosities of the quaint old towns embedded in their hills4 ,since chances of this nature alone led me to discover what since has remained in my memory an exquisite picture to be revivified at any moment1 ,i cannot blame others for following the usual guide-book routes of ,europe1 and spending their money freely on places far less worthy their attention4 ,after a severe typhoid fever of ten weeks in ,paris1 and still so feeble that ,i had to be almost carried to the depot1 ,i set out on the #eth of ,january1 #ahfi1 accompanied by my nurse1 to make the journey to the ,pyrenees1 if possible1 in a day and a half4 ,we left ,paris at #aj4de ,a4,m41 by the ,chemin de ,fer d',orlans4 ,resting for a few minutes at the historical old towns of ,orlans1 ,tours1 ,poitiers1 ,angoulme1 and ,livourne1 we arrived at ,bordeaux at eleven ,p4,m41 where we remained for the night4 ,the next morning at eight we pursued our journey1 passing ,dax1 so celebrated for its warm mud-baths1 said to be a remedy for rheumatic complaints1 and a little after one ,p4,m4 ,i found my friends awaiting me at ,pau4 ,entering one of the queer little half-omnibuses that hold six people and their luggage1 ,i was carried through the oddest of small white streets to my lodging in the ,juranon1 near the villa of my friend4 ,never shall ,i forget my impressions while entering the room prepared for me1 and leaning on the arm of the dear girl who with her mother and sister had done everything for my comfort4 ,it was the ,epiphany1 the day of light2 and it seemed as if the soft sunlight that shone in that pretty room and rested on the fragrant flowers was to me the foreshadowing of a renewed life and happy future4 ,the air was balmy as a ,june day1 and from my window rose the glorious ,pyrenees4 ,covered with their everlasting mantles of snow1 they rose proudly to heaven1 as if they defied the clouds above them4 ,a second lower range1 with its varied shades of green and the tropical luxuriance at its base1 completed the picture4 ,exhausted with my journey1 my eyes filled with tears of joy at all my sweet surroundings1 ,i could have begged my ,god there and then to let me sleep for ever4 ,day after day ,i walked my few steps in my balcony and took in this lovely picture4 ,as yet ,i had not seen the town2 my strength was insufficient1 and ,i simply rested and recuperated4 ,the climate seemed to me a strange one for invalids--a queer mixture1 as ,i thought it1 of flannels and sun-umbrellas4 ,the mornings and evenings were cold and chilly with the air that blew down from the mountains1 and the middle of the day1 from eleven until three o'clock1 so intensely hot that it was necessary to be well protected against sun-stroke4 ,still1 it is the great resort of consumptives1 and at almost every turn one encounters the muffled-up pale countenance of the poor invalid4 ,but for this one sad feature1 the exquisite scenery1 the tropical foliage1 the picturesque villas1 and the town itself1 of white limestone1 rising around its great chateau to the very heavens1 with the merry hum of voices1 that greets you on every side1 might well make you imagine you had at last found the fairy dreamland--a country that realized the fairy ideal of childhood4 ,this1 too1 is the land of the troubadour1 and the quaint wild music chanted by the peasantry has a something about it irresistibly attractive1 something one hears nowhere else2 now dreamy1 now bright1 almost monotonous at times1 then suddenly bursting into strains of sadness in which the whole depths of a life are portrayed4 ,then there is the ringing mountaineer song1 too1 with its clear and measured cadence1 and a certain bravery in its tones which could easily foretell the difficult mastering of such a people1 should it ever again be required4 ,the mixture of ,spanish merchants and wanderers among the population gives to their parks and squares a pretty effect4 ,they cross the ,pyrenees with their showy wares1 their strings of perfumed beads1 bracelets1 necklaces1 rosaries1 all made of the wood that grows at the foot of their mountains4 ,dressed in their own picturesque costumes1 and carrying their merchandise of every imaginable color--red and bright yellow predominating--they accost you with a grace which renders them irresistible1 and you find yourself rather poorer for the encounter4 ,i improved so rapidly in this climate1 getting wholly rid of my cough and gaining twenty-five pounds in little over four weeks1 that ,i concluded ,i was well enough to return to ,paris1 and thence1 after another rest in ,england1 home4 ,i resolved1 therefore1 to see all that ,pau offered to the sight-seer4 ,i drove with my kind friends several times to and around the varied and pretty villas3 the primroses peeped at us from under the hedges1 and here and there the rarest tropical trees and plants riveted our attention--and this in ,february1 when the most of the world was ice-bound4 ,the snow-capped mountains1 however1 rising around us on every side1 would not permit us to entirely forget winter4 ,the town itself1 of twenty-one thousand inhabitants1 is almost a miniature ,paris1 some squares duplicating those of the great city1 and the bridges separating ,pau and the ,juranon1 though crossing a much prettier river than the ,seine1 heightening the resemblance4 ,the churches are costly and beautiful2 one built by the ,society of ,jesus1 entirely of white marble1 and lined with exquisite pictures and gifts of the wealthy strangers who pass the season at the different hotels1 is a perfect gem in its way4 ,the hotels1 the ,place ,royale with its music every ,thursday--weather permitting1 as say our friends of the ,central ,park--where crowds walk up and down and listen to but little1 ,i imagine1 are all attractions for the health or pleasure seeker4 ,very odd old houses with gabled roofs1 and reminding you of ,dutch pictures1 start out occasionally from among the more modern and fashionable ones1 and seem to tell the story of change and decay4 ,not unfrequently a merry peasant wedding party1 in a whole line of carriages trumpeting vigorously and raising the dust1 pass you with shouts1 and compel your curiosity to recognize and salute the bride4 ,it is said the strangers with their wealth and fashionable follies are gradually obliterating these good old ,barnais customs1 through the spirit of emulation they excite in a hitherto perfectly happy peasantry4 ,women1 however1 still walk the streets with their distaffs1 and men knit as they guide the plough4 ,something of primeval innocence still remains4 ,certainly no country was ever more paradisiacally formed to retain it4 ,my time was limited1 however2 ,i could not stay and study these people and their customs as ,i would have wished4 ,i could not visit the great summer resort1 the famed ,eaux ,bonnes1 so beautifully nestled1 they told me1 among the higher ,pyrenees1 but must exert all the strength ,i had to see before ,i left the great monument of ,pau1 the grand old ,,chateau ,,of ,,henry ,,iv4 ,the street ascends to it1 and through an arcade by stone steps to its park1 which is now the everyday public resort4 ,the park extends all around the chateau1 and1 crossing a pretty bridge erected over the ,rue ,marca1 it continues for some miles in an ornamented walk containing two principal avenues2 one so shaded that it is cool all summer1 and the other sunny enough at any time to welcome and warm the poor invalid who could not exist without his daily walk4 ,we do not find here the rich and varied architecture so attractive in other imperial parks1 ,versailles1 for instance2 the hand of man is displaced by that of nature1 but the woods of rare trees on hills that give everywhere the exquisite panorama of the encircling ,pyrenees are more than compensatory for any omissions of art4 ,the gate of ,st4 ,martin greets you as you enter4 ,built in #aehf1 it was formerly the main entrance to the chateau when the drawbridge was used4 ,now it leads to the ,htel de la ,monnaie1 a dependence inhabited by the subalterns and furnishers of the palace4 ,here the money of ,barn was formerly made4 ,now we approach a hemicycle containing two large vases in ,medici form of ,swedish porphyry1 and given to the chateau of ,pau by ,king ,bernadotte1 who was born here4 ,the statue of ,gaston ,phbus in white marble1 the work of the ,baron of ,triquety1 towers between them4 ,he stands the guard perpetual of the chateau4 ,much of the land belonging to the former park has been divided and sold1 and is now the ,place ,napolon4 ,vestiges1 however1 of ancient walls are still allowed to exist1 and on the left may yet be seen the remains of the ,hermitage of ,notre ,dame des ,bris1 attributed to ,william ,raymond1 ravaged during the religious wars1 and entirely destroyed in #agic4 ,at the foot of the hill on the north side stood also the ,castet ,beziat 7in ,barnais dialect1 dearest castle74 ,and here let me speak of this odd native patois4 ,it is a mixture of ,french1 ,spanish1 and ,italian1 and is understood only by strangers who know the three languages1 yet it is euphonious and occasionally dignified4 ,the better class of the peasantry speak both it and a pretty ,french4 ,they prolong the syllables more than in ,paris1 which adds greatly to the sweetness of the sound4 ,this ,chteau ,chre was built after the model of the ,chteau de ,madrid in the ,bois de ,boulogne1 by ,marguerite of ,valois4 ,jeanne d',albret made it her favorite residence1 and here occupied herself exclusively with the education of her children1 ,henry ,,iv4 and ,catherine1 who1 after the death of her mother1 made it the secret residence of the ,count de ,soissons1 whom she passionately loved but could not marry4 ,no trace of this ,castet ,beziat exists now4 ,but let us enter the great chateau1 and first consider somewhat its origin4 ,centule le ,bieux was its founder toward the end of the year #ihb1 and his successors continued the southern portion1 but it was not finished until the time of ,gaston ,phbus1 who completed also the great square tower that bears his name1 the ramparts and parapets1 and the mill-tower1 in order that he might make it his residence4 ,this mill-tower gave entrance to the ,place de la ,basse ,ville1 or former field of battle1 where hand to hand the armed knights decided their judiciary combats4 ,about #adfj1 ,gaston ,x41 desirous to give his ,barnais people a truly royal residence1 constructed the north and east portions of the edifice1 laid out the park1 and decided that the states of ,barn should be always represented in the halls of the castle4 ,in #aebg1 the ,margaret of ,margarets1 the sister so dear to ,francis ,i41 becoming queen of ,navarre by her marriage with ,henry ,,ii41 made it a true palace of the ,renaissance1 restoring it entirely and refurnishing it from top to bottom4 ,abandoned later by ,henry ,,iv41 become king of ,france1 and despoiled of everything precious it possessed by him and ,louis ,,xiii41 entirely neglected by their successors1 it fell into the hands of governors1 then was seized by the republicans1 who1 not contented to sell at the lowest price and piece by piece the lands of the royal domain1 converted into a tavern and stables the palace that formerly was the cradle of the great king4 ,not until the short reign of ,louis ,,xviii4 was any attempt made to restore the castle to its former condition1 a work soon neglected and abandoned1 but recommenced in #ahch by ,louis ,philippe1 who ordered besides the complete refurnishing of the apartments pretty much as they are seen to-day4 ,napoleon ,,iii41 however1 with his taste for the restoration of all fallen grandeur that may recall royalty or the ,empire1 has done all in his power to produce an almost magic transformation1 a complete resurrection of the old chateau1 and at the present time the work continues under the supervision of the most able architects4 ,the beautiful exterior that presents itself so commandingly1 the harmony that prevails in every part of the building surrounding the ,court of ,honor1 the pretty windows opening on the chapel1 the sculptures everywhere newly restored1 the incessant labor on the southern portion1 all denote the desire of ,napoleon to preserve and embellish one of the most precious monuments of history4 ,the letters ,g-,p in gold are placed in different parts of the building4 ,to ,gaston ,phbus is accorded the honor of its construction4 ,you enter the chateau from the town-side by a bridge of stone and brick1 built by ,louis ,,xv4 to replace the drawbridge that formerly occupied the site of the present chapel4 ,pause on this bridge1 and look around you4 ,on either side is a deep ditch which once defended the entrance of the chateau1 now a magnificent avenue planted with trees and covered with flower-beds4 ,at your left is the chapel1 whose date is #ahdj4 ,the doors and windows are elaborately sculptured4 ,in front1 you will notice three arcades constructed in the style of the ,renaissance1 covered with a terrace and carved balustrade1 which serves for the principal entrance4 ,on your left and under the portico is the porter's lodge4 ,at the right in the new building are the bureaus of administration and service2 on the first story1 the apartments of the military commander2 on the second1 those of the register2 and on the third and last1 the housekeeper's rooms for linen1 etc4 ,the ,court of ,honor arrests your attention by its original form1 its deeply graven sculptures in the niches of the windows and doors representing the different ,barnais sovereigns1 and the statue of ,mars that faces the principal entrance4 ,if these walls could speak1 they would tell how often the ,barnais people have assembled here with shouts of respect or cries of vengeance1 according as the qualities of their prince called forth the one or the other4 ,the towers of the chateau are six in number3 at the left on entering1 the ,tower ,gaston ,phbus2 at the right1 the new ,tower and ,tower ,montauzet2 at the lower end1 the northwest1 the ,tower ,billres2 and at the southwestern end1 the two ,towers ,mazres4 ,the tower ,gaston ,phbus1 or donjon1 was called the tile tower1 because it is built almost entirely of brick4 ,it has a roof of slate which was carried off in a terrible storm in #ahbj4 ,a balcony faces the church of ,st4 ,martin1 where the president of the states of ,barn took his place to proclaim the name of each newly elected sovereign4 ,several illustrious personages have inhabited this tower4 ,among others1 ,clement ,marot1 the favorite and unfortunate adorer of the ,queen ,margaret1 and ,mademoiselle de ,scudery1 who passed the summer here of #afcg4 ,under the reign of ,louis ,,xiv4 it was converted into a prison of state1 and so continued until #ahbb4 ,each story is now inhabited and richly furnished1 and on the fifth is a terrace that commands a most imposing view of the surrounding country4 ,the tower ,montauzet1 in the ,barnais dialect1 takes its name from the circumstance that only birds could reach the top2 ,montauzet meaning ,mount ,bird6 ,in truth1 it has no staircase1 and history tells us that in case of a siege the garrison ascended it by ladders1 which they drew up after them4 ,it had its dungeons1 terrible wells into which criminals were lowered4 ,an iron statue armed with steel poniards received them1 clasped them in its arms1 and1 by ingenious means that the legend does not explain1 murdered them in unspeakable tortures4 ,henri d',albret closed up the entrance to these dungeons1 and they were forgotten until the reign of ,louis ,,xv4 ,he caused them to be opened1 and discovered skeletons and iron chains fastened to the walls4 ,the ground-floor of the tower ,montauzet formerly contained a fine fountain4 ,this will be replaced4 ,the three stories above are occupied generally by the domestics of the great dignitaries of the crown4 ,the other towers have nothing of interest4 ,they are named from the villages they face1 and are simply advanced sentinels to defend the approach of an enemy from the ,pyrenees4 ,as soon as a visitor arrives at the chateau1 he is ushered into the waiting-room called ,salle des ,gardes1 because during the presence of majesty the valets waited here under the supervision of an officer of the household4 ,but little furniture is seen1 a few old-fashioned chairs surmounted by lions and the arms of ,france and ,navarre4 ,from this room we enter the dining-room of the officers of the service4 ,there is nothing remarkable in its furniture1 a long and very wide table occupying the centre1 and comfortable chairs placed against the wall4 ,two statues1 the one of ,henry ,,iv41 the other of ,tully1 stand on either side of the door1 and are singularly imposing4 ,we pass on to the dining-room of their majesties4 ,this is far more elegant4 ,flemish tapestry adorns the walls1 which was brought here from the ,chteau de ,madrid in the ,bois de ,boulogne4 ,it represents the chase in the different months of ,june1 ,september1 ,november1 and ,december4 ,a clock of the time and style of ,louis ,,xiv41 and a statue of ,henry ,,iv4 in white marble1 by ,francheville1 which is said to be older1 and to represent the king more correctly than any other1 are the principal ornaments4 ,the ,staircase of ,honor leads us to the first story4 ,it is richly sculptured with astonishing beauty and skill4 ,doors lead from it to the kitchens below1 and to the different towers4 ,we ascend and gain the waiting-room4 ,during the presence of their majesties1 the door-keepers remain here4 ,when the emperor is alone1 he chooses this for his slight repasts4 ,the most beautiful tapestry covers the walls4 ,the subjects are of all kinds1 mostly rural scenes1 in which children or fairies predominate4 ,the furniture is of oak1 and covered with leather4 ,the reception-room1 the largest and most elegant in the chateau1 awaits us next4 ,here1 by order and under the eyes of the cruel ,montgomery1 general of ,jeanne d',albret1 ten ,catholic noblemen were treacherously murdered4 ,the sun shone in on us through the large bay-windows1 and gilded the richly ornamented stone chimney1 and threw the reflection of the mountain-tops across the floor4 ,we stood1 perhaps1 on the very spot where these brave souls had met their death so many years before1 though no trace remained of the horrors of that day4 ,the guide told the story1 and most of our party passed on to admire the tapestry and the costly vases that lend enchantment to what should be a chamber of mourning4 ,with all its beauty1 ,i was glad to escape to the family apartment4 ,here1 it is said1 ,queen ,margaret presided4 ,her picture1 and those of ,francis ,i41 ,henri d',albret1 and ,henry ,,iv41 formerly graced the walls1 but the hand of vandalism1 in #agic1 spared not even them4 ,they were burned with all the other pictures of the chateau4 ,a bronze statue of ,henry ,,iv41 when a child1 which graces a pretty bracket1 and a table1 the gift of ,bernadotte1 ornament the room4 ,the sleeping apartments of the emperor and empress follow1 furnished tastefully with ,svres china ornaments1 on which are representations of ,henry ,,iv41 ,tully1 and the ,chteau de ,pau1 beautifully executed4 ,the walls are hung with ,flemish tapestry2 but in the boudoir of the empress are to be seen six pieces of ,gobelin tapestry1 so finished that it was some time before it could be decided they were not oil-paintings4 ,the subjects are3 ,tully at the feet of ,henry ,,iv42 ,henry ,,iv4 at the ,miller ,michaud's2 ,the ,parting of ,henry ,,iv4 with ,gabrielle2 ,the ,fainting of ,gabrielle2 ,henry ,,iv4 meeting ,tully ,wounded2 ,henry ,,iv4 before ,paris4 ,an odd ,jerusalem chest1 also in this room1 is the admiration of strangers4 ,it is made of walnut1 inlaid with ivory1 and was brought from ,jerusalem1 and purchased at ,malta in #ahch4 ,a bath-room of red marble of the ,pyrenees is attached to these apartments1 from which we ascend to the second story4 ,here are large rooms much in the same style as the others1 yet not quite so elaborate4 ,in #ahdh1 ,abd-el-,kadir and his numerous family occupied this suite4 ,an interesting model of the old chateau is here shown1 executed by a poor man named ,saget1 who presented it to the ,orleans family at a very low price1 hoping1 no doubt1 another recompense1 which he never received4 ,a room whose tapestry is devoted to ,psyche leads us to a chamber which formed part of the apartment of ,jeanne d',albret1 where it is said ,henry ,,iv4 was born1 and where his cradle is still preserved4 ,the bed that ,jeanne d',albret occupied ordinarily is in the room adjoining1 and a quainter piece of architecture cannot be imagined4 ,it is of oak1 richly carved1 covered and mounted by a sleeping warrior and an owl1 emblems of sleep and night4 ,in the inner portion1 towards the wall1 is the ,virgin1 on one side1 holding the infant ,jesus1 and an ,evangelist on the other4 ,very rich cornices1 with lion heads projecting and the framework of the arms of ,barn1 complete the description4 ,how1 without steps1 they ever got into those beds is a mystery2 the upper berth of a steamer is easy of access in comparison1 but there we have always steps or underberths that serve the same purpose4 ,the cradle of ,henry ,,iv4 is a single tortoise-shell in its natural state4 ,it must have been a good-sized tortoise that gave its back to the honor1 but he must have been a very little baby to have slept in such a couch4 ,the cradle hangs very gracefully1 supported by six cords and flags embroidered in gold1 with the arms of ,france and ,navarre4 ,above is a crown of laurel1 surmounted by a white plume of ostrich feathers1 and underneath all a table covered with a blue velvet cloth4 ,the chapel and library are the only remaining objects of interest4 ,the volumes of the library were presented by the emperor a short time ago1 and they are well selected4 ,there were formerly two chapels1 but the older one has been done away with4 ,the present one was built in #ahdi1 on the site of the old gate of the drawbridge4 ,the gate is still preserved1 and on it a marble slab that formerly bore this inscription3 ,,henricus ,,dei ,,gratia ,,christianissimus ,,rex ,,franci ,,navarr ,,tertius ,,dominus ,,supremus ,,bearni #aeib4 ,the interior of the chapel has lately been restored and repainted4 ,it is not remarkable for anything1 however4 ,the altar-piece is tawdry1 and not in the usual good taste of the chateau4 ,we left this again for the beautiful park1 roamed through it once more1 and ,i took my last look at the imposing structure ,i had studied with so much interest4 ,i would advise all who visit ,europe to see ,pau and the ,pyrenees4 ,those who do so will certainly say with me that1 had they crossed the ocean for nothing else1 they would have been more than compensated4 ,,st4 ,,mary ,,magdalen4 ,the winds of autumn whisper back soft sighing ,to the low breathing of the ,magdalen2 ,she on her couch of withered leaves is lying-- ,dreams she of days that come not back again8 ,no--past and present both within her dying1 ,her earnest eyes upon the page remain2 ,while the long golden hair1 behind her flying1 ,no more is bound with ornament and chain4 ,the storm may gather1 but she doth not heed2 ,nature's wild music enters not her ears2 ,her soul1 that for her ,saviour's woes doth bleed1 ,one only voice for ever sounding hears3 ,follow his footsteps who thy sins hath borne1 ,and who for thee the thorny crown hath worn4 ,,memoir ,,of ,,father ,,john ,,de ,,br,,beuf1 ,s4,j4#acj ,among the foremost and most distinguished of the ,catholic missionaries of ,america stands the name of ,father ,john de ,brbeuf1 the founder of the ,huron ,mission4 ,normandy has the honor of giving him birth1 and ,canada was the field of his splendid and heroic labors2 yet the mission of which he was the great promoter was the prelude to1 and was intimately connected with1 subsequent missions in our own country2 and at the time of his glorious death1 his heaven-directed gaze was eagerly and zealously turned towards the country of our own fierce ,iroquois1 the inhabitants of ,northern ,new ,york1 amongst whom he ardently longed to plant the cross of the ,christian missions4 ,his labors and those of his companions opened the northwestern portions of our country1 and the great ,valley of the ,mississippi1 to ,christianity and civilization1 and the discoveries and explorations which followed were partly the fruits of his and their exalted ministry and enlightened enterprise2 for1 as ,bancroft says1 the history of their labors is connected with the origin of every celebrated town in the annals of ,french ,america2 not a cape was turned1 not a river entered1 but a ,jesuit led the way4 ,his fame and achievements belong to all ,america1 indeed1 more truly1 to all ,christendom4 ,saint1 hero1 and martyr as he was1 his merits are a part of the heritage of the universal church2 and while his relics are venerated on earth1 and even the enemies of our religion accord to him the most exalted praise1 ,catholics may1 with the eye of faith1 behold him in that glorious and noble band of martyrs in heaven1 decked in resplendent garments of red1 dyed in their own blood1 passing and repassing eternally1 in adoration and thanksgiving1 before the throne of him who was the ,prince of ,martyrs4 ,it hath not perished from the earth1 that spirit brave and high1 ,that nerved the martyr saints of old with dauntless love to die4 ,in the far ,west1 where1 in his pride1 the stoic ,indian dies2 ,where ,afric's dark-skinned children dwell1 'neath burning tropic skies2 ',mid ,northern snows1 and wheresoe'er yet ,christian feet have trod1 ,brave men have suffered unto death1 as witnesses for ,god4 ,while historians outside of the ,catholic ,church have marvelled at such extraordinary virtues and unparalleled achievements as have been displayed1 not alone by a ,xavier1 but by the missionaries of our own land1 and have extolled them as an honor to human nature1 ,catholics may be excused for regarding them as miracles of the faith1 triumphs of the church1 and martyrs of religion4 ,it seems strange that the general historians of the church have bestowed so little notice upon the planting and propagation of the faith in ,america4 ,the history of these events presents to our admiration characters the most noble1 deeds the most heroic1 virtues the most saintly1 lives the most admirable1 and deaths the most glorious4 ,while the church of ,america1 in our day1 counts her children by millions1 what more inspiring lesson could she place before their eyes than the history of her early days1 when her priests and missionaries were confessors and martyrs8 ,of these was the subject of the present memoir4 ,john de ,brbeuf was born in the diocese of ,bayeux1 in ,normandy1 ,march #be1 #aeic1 of a noble family1 said to be the same that gave origin to the illustrious and truly ,catholic house of the ,english ,arundels4 ,he resolved to dedicate himself to the service of ,god in the holy ministry1 and1 with this view1 entered the novitiate of the ,society of ,jesus1 at ,rouen1 ,october #e1 #afag4 ,having completed his noviceship1 he entered upon his theological studies4 ,he received subdeacon's orders at ,lisseux1 and those of deacon at ,bayeux1 in ,september1 #afba2 was ordained a priest during the ,lent of #afbb1 and offered up the holy sacrifice of the ,mass for the first time on ,lady-day of the same year4 ,he was1 though of the youngest1 one of the most zealous and devoted priests of his order1 and1 from the time that he consecrated himself to religion1 was given to daily austerities and rigorous self-mortifications4 ,catching the spirit of his divine ,master1 ,father ,brbeuf conceived an ardent thirst for the salvation of souls1 and the foreign missions became the object of his most fervent desire4 ,this chosen field was soon opened to his intrepid and heroic labors4 ,when ,father ,le ,caron1 the ,recollect missionary in ,canada1 asked for the assistance of the ,jesuits in his arduous undertaking of conquering to ,christ the savage tribes of ,north ,america1 ,fathers ,john de ,brbeuf1 ,charles ,lallemant1 and ,evremond ,mass1 themselves all eager for the task1 were selected by their superiors for the mission4 ,these apostolic men sailed from ,dieppe1 ,april #bf1 #afbe1 and reached ,quebec after a prosperous voyage4 ,the reception they at first met was enough to have appalled any hearts less resolute and inspired from above than were the hearts of ,father ,brbeuf and his companions4 ,the ,recollects1 a branch of the ,franciscan ,order1 who1 through ,father ,le ,caron1 had invited them over1 had received at their convent on the river ,st4 ,charles no tidings of their arrival2 ,champlain1 ever friendly to the missionaries of the faith1 was absent2 ,caen1 the ,calvinist1 then at the head of the fur-trading monopoly of ,new ,france1 refused them shelter in the fort2 and the private traders at ,quebec closed their doors against them4 ,to perish in the wilderness1 or to return to ,france from the inhospitable shores of the ,new ,world1 was the only alternative before them4 ,at this juncture the good ,recollects1 hearing of their arrival and destitution1 hastened from their convent in their boat1 and received the outcast sons of ,loyola with every demonstration of joy and hospitality1 and carried them to the convent4 ,it is unaccountable how ,parkman1 in his ,pioneers of ,france in the ,new ,world1 in the face of these facts1 related by himself in common with historians generally1 should charge against the ,recollects that they entertained a lurking jealousy of these formidable fellow-laborers1 as he calls the ,jesuits2 who1 on the contrary1 were the chosen companions of the ,recollects1 were invited to share their labors1 and with whom they prosecuted with one heart and one mind the glorious work of the missions4 ,the sons of ,st4 ,francis and ,st4 ,ignatius united at once in administering to the spiritual necessities of the ,french at ,quebec1 and the latter1 by their heroic labors and sacrifices1 soon overcame the prejudice of their enemies4 ,from his transient home at ,quebec1 ,father ,brbeuf watched for an opportunity of advancing to the field of his mission among the ,indians4 ,the first opportunity that presented itself was the proposed descent of ,father ,viel to ,three ,rivers1 in order to make a retreat1 and attend to some necessary business of the mission4 ,father ,brbeuf1 accompanied by the ,recollect ,joseph de la ,roche ,dallion1 lost no time in repairing to the trading post to meet the father1 return with him and the expected annual flotilla of trading canoes from the ,huron country1 and commence his coveted work among the ,wyandots4 ,but he arrived only to hear that ,father ,viel had gained the crown of martyrdom1 together with a little ,christian boy1 whom their ,indian conductor1 as his canoe shot across the last dangerous rapids in the river ,des ,prairies1 behind ,montreal1 seized and threw into the foaming torrent together1 by which they were swept immediately into the seething gulf below1 never to rise again4 ,neither the death of ,father ,viel1 nor his own ignorance of the ,huron language1 appalled the brave heart of ,father ,brbeuf1 who1 when the flotilla came down1 begged to be taken back as a passenger to the ,huron country2 but the refusal of the ,indians to receive him compelled him to return to ,quebec4 ,on the twentieth of ,july1 #afbe1 he went among the ,montagnais1 with whom he wintered1 and1 for five months1 suffered all the rigors of the climate1 in a mere bark-cabin1 in which he had to endure both smoke and filth1 the inevitable penalties of accepting savage hospitality4 ,besides this1 his encampment was shifted with the ever-varying chase1 and it was only his zeal that enabled him1 amid incessant changes and distractions1 to learn much of the ,indian language1 for the acquisition of the various dialects of which1 as well as for his aptitude in accommodating himself to ,indian life and manners1 he was singularly gifted4 ,on the twenty-seventh of ,march following1 he returned to ,quebec1 and resumed1 in union with the ,recollects1 the care of the ,french settlers4 ,the ,jesuits and ,recollects1 moving together in perfect unison1 went alternately from ,quebec to the ,recollect convent and ,jesuit residence1 on a small river called ,st4 ,charles1 not far from the city4 ,the colony of the ,jesuit fathers was soon increased by the arrival of ,fathers ,noirot and ,de la ,nou1 with twenty laborers1 and they were thus enabled to build a residence for themselves--the mother house and headquarters of these valiant soldiers of the cross in their long and eventful struggle with paganism and superstition among the ,indians4 ,father ,brbeuf and his companions now devoted their labors to the ,french at ,quebec1 then numbering only forty-three1 hearing confessions1 preaching1 and studying the ,indian languages4 ,they also bestowed considerable attention on the cultivation of the soil4 ,but these labors were but preparatory for others more arduous1 but more attractive to them4 ,in #afbf1 the ,huron mission was again attempted by ,father ,brbeuf4 ,he1 together with ,father ,joseph de la ,roche ,dallion and the ,jesuit ,anne de ,nou1 was sent to ,three ,rivers1 to attempt a passage to the ,huron country4 ,when the ,indian flotilla arrived at ,three ,rivers1 the ,hurons were ready to receive ,father de la ,roche on board1 but being unaccustomed to the ,jesuit habit1 and objecting1 or pretending to object1 to the portly frame of ,father ,brbeuf1 they refused a passage to him and his companion1 ,father ,nou4 ,at last1 some presents secured a place in the flotilla for the two ,jesuits4 ,the missionaries1 after a painful voyage1 arrived at ,st4 ,gabriel1 or ,la ,rochelle1 in the ,huron country1 and took up the mission which the ,recollects ,le ,caron and ,viel had so nobly pioneered4 ,the ,hurons1 whose proper name was ,wendat1 or ,wyandot1 were a powerful tribe1 numbering at least thirty thousand souls1 living in eighteen villages scattered over a small strip of land on a peninsula in the southern extremity of the ,georgian ,bay4 ,other tribes1 kindred to them1 stretched through ,new ,york and into the continent as far south as the ,carolinas4 ,their towns were well built and strongly defended1 and they were good tillers of the soil1 active traders1 and brave warriors4 ,they were1 however1 behind their neighbors in their domestic life and in their styles of dress1 which for both sexes were exceedingly immodest4 ,their objects of worship were one supreme deity1 called the ,master of ,life1 to whom they offered human sacrifices1 and an infinite number of inferior deities1 or rather fiends1 inhabiting rivers1 cataracts1 or other natural objects1 riding on the storms1 or living in some animal or plant1 and whom they propitiated with tobacco4 ,father ,brbeuf had acquired sufficient knowledge of their language to make himself understood by the natives1 and he was greatly assisted by the instructions and manuscripts of ,fathers ,le ,caron and ,viel4 ,father ,nou1 being unable to acquire the language1 by reason of his great age and defective memory1 returned to ,quebec in #afbg1 and was followed the next year by ,father de la ,roche1 who had made a brave but unsuccessful effort to plant the cross among the ,attiarandaronk1 or ,neutrals4 ,the undaunted ,brbeuf was thus in #afbi left alone among the ,hurons4 ,he soon won their confidence and respect1 and was adopted into the tribe by the name of ,echon4 ,though few conversions rewarded his labors among them during his three years' residence1 still he was amply compensated by his success in gaining their hearts1 acquiring their language1 and thoroughly understanding their character and manners4 ,so completely had he gained the good-will of the ,hurons1 that1 when he was about to return in #afbi to ,quebec1 whither his superior had recalled him1 in consequence of the distress prevailing in the colony1 the ,indians crowded around him to prevent him from entering the canoes1 and addressed him in this touching language2 ,what6 ,echon1 dost thou leave us8 ,thou hast been here now three years1 to learn our language1 to teach us to know thy ,god1 to adore and serve him1 having come but for that end1 as thou hast shown2 and now1 when thou knowest our language more perfectly than any other ,frenchman1 thou leavest us4 ,if we do not know the ,god thou adorest1 we shall call him to witness that it is not our fault1 but thine1 to leave us so4 ,deeply as he felt this appeal1 the ,jesuit could know no other voice when his superior spoke2 and having given every encouragement to those who were well disposed toward the faith1 and explained why he should go when his superior required it1 he embarked on the flotilla of twelve canoes1 and reached ,quebec on the seventeenth of ,july1 #afbi4 ,three days after his arrival at ,quebec1 that port was captured by the ,english under the traitor ,kirk1 who bore the deepest hatred toward the ,jesuits1 whose residence he would have fired upon could he have brought his vessel near enough for his cannon to bear upon it4 ,he pillaged it1 however1 compelling the fathers to abandon it and fly for safety to ,tadoussac4 ,but ,father ,brbeuf and his companions were1 together with ,champlain1 detained as prisoners4 ,amongst the followers of ,kirk was one ,michel1 a bitter and relentless ,huguenot1 who was by his temperament and infirmities prone to violence1 and who vented his rage especially against the ,jesuits4 ,he and the no less bigoted ,kirk found in ,father ,brbeuf an intrepid defender of his order and of his companions against their foul calumnies1 while at the same time his noble character showed how well it was trained to the practice of ,christian humility and charity4 ,on the occasion here particularly alluded to1 ,kirk was conversing with the fathers1 who were then his prisoners1 and1 with a malignant expression1 said3 ,gentlemen1 your business in ,canada was to enjoy what belonged to ,m4 de ,caen1 whom you dispossessed4 ,pardon me1 sir1 answered ,father ,brbeuf1 we came purely for the glory of ,god1 and exposed ourselves to every kind of danger to convert the ,indians4 ,here ,michel broke in3 ,ay1 ay1 convert the ,indians6 ,you mean1 convert the beaver6 ,father ,brbeuf1 conscious of his own and his companion's innocence1 and deeming the occasion one which required at his hands a full and unqualified denial1 solemnly and deliberately answered3 ,that is false6 ,the infuriated ,michel1 raising his fist at his prisoner in a threatening manner1 exclaimed3 ,but for the respect ,i owe the general1 ,i would strike you for giving me the lie4 ,father ,brbeuf1 who possessed a powerful frame and commanding figure1 stood unmoved and unruffled4 ,but he did not rely upon these qualities of the man1 though he knew no fear1 but illustrated by his example on this as on every other occasion the virtues of a ,christian and a minister of peace4 ,with a humility and charity that showed how well the strong and naturally impulsive man had subdued his passions1 he endeavored to appease the anger of his assailant by an apology1 which1 while it was justly calculated to remove all cause of offence1 was accompanied with a solemn vindication of himself and companions from the unjust imputation just cast upon them4 ,he said3 ,you must excuse me4 ,i did not mean to give you the lie4 ,i should be very sorry to do so4 ,the words ,i used are those we use in the schools when a doubtful question is advanced1 and they mean no offence4 ,therefore1 ,i ask you to pardon me4 ,bon ,dieu1 said ,champlain1 you swear well for a reformer6 ,i knew it1 replied ,michel2 ,i should be content if ,i had struck that ,jesuit who gave me the lie before my general4 ,the unfortunate ,michel continued in this way unceasingly to rave over the pretended insult1 which no apologies could obliterate4 ,he died shortly afterward in one of his paroxysms of fury1 and was interred under the rocks of ,tadoussac4 ,it was not permitted to him to execute his threatened vengeance on the ,jesuit1 whom he was the first to insult1 and whom he never forgave1 though himself forgiven4 ,father ,brbeuf1 together with the truly great and ,catholic ,champlain1 the governor of ,quebec1 and with the other missionaries1 were carried prisoners to ,england1 whence they all made their way to ,france4 ,sad at this interruption of their work of love among the benighted sons of the ,western wilds1 the missionaries did not despair1 but only awaited the restoration of ,canada to ,france in order to resume their labors4 ,in the volume of his travels published by ,champlain in #afcb1 is embraced the treatise on the ,huron language which ,father ,brbeuf had prepared during his three years' residence with that tribe1 and which1 in our own times1 has been republished in the ,transactions of the ,american ,antiquarian ,society1 as a most precious contribution to learning4 ,the ,english government disavowed the conduct of ,kirk1 and ,canada was restored to ,france during the year #afcb4 ,as the conversion of the native tribes was ever one of the leading features in the policy of ,catholic statesmen in the colonization of this continent1 it was determined to renew the missions which we have seen interrupted4 ,in selecting missionaries for this task1 the choice fell not upon the ,jesuits1 nor the ,recollects1 as might have been expected1 but upon the ,capuchins2 and it was only when these good fathers represented to ,cardinal ,richelieu that the ,jesuits had already been laboring with fidelity and success in that vineyard1 and requested that the missions might be again confided to them1 that ,fathers ,paul ,lejeune and ,anne de ,nou1 with a lay brother1 were sent out in #afcb4 ,they arrived at ,tadoussac on the twelfth of ,july4 ,it soon became ,father ,brbeuf's great privilege and happiness to follow them4 ,on the twenty-second of ,may1 #afcc1 to the great joy of ,quebec1 ,champlain returned to resume his sway in ,canada1 and ,father ,brbeuf accompanied him together with ,fathers ,mass1 ,daniel1 and ,devost4 ,though ,father ,brbeuf was not inactive about ,quebec1 still his heart longed for the ,huron homes and council-fires1 and still more for ,huron souls4 ,shortly afterward1 he had the consolation of beholding the faithful ,louis ,amantacha1 a ,christian ,huron1 arriving at ,quebec1 followed by the usual ,indian flotilla of canoes4 ,a council was held1 sixty chiefs sat in a circle round the council-fire1 and the noble ,champlain1 the intrepid ,brbeuf1 and the zealous ,lallemant1 stood in their midst4 ,a treaty of friendship was concluded between the ,french and the ,hurons1 and1 in confiding the missionaries to his new allies1 ,champlain thus addressed the latter3 ,these we consider as fathers1 these are dearer to us than life4 ,think not that they have left ,france under pressure of want2 no1 they were there in high esteem3 they come not to gather up your furs1 but to open to you the doors of eternal life4 ,if you love the ,french1 as you say you love them1 then love and honor these our fathers4 ,this address was responded to by two of the chiefs1 who were followed by ,father ,brbeuf in his broken ,huron1 the assembly jerking in unison1 from the bottom of their throats1 repeated ejaculations of applause4 ,the members of the council then crowded round him1 each claiming the privilege of carrying him in his canoe4 ,and the ,indians from the different towns began now to contend among themselves for the honor of possessing ,father ,brbeuf for their respective settlements4 ,the contest was soon decided in favor of ,rochelle1 the most populous of the ,huron villages4 ,on the eighth of ,august1 the effects of ,father ,brbeuf and of his companions1 ,fathers ,daniel and ,devost1 were already on board the canoes1 when another more serious difficulty arose3 an ,indian murderer had been arrested by order of ,champlain1 in consequence of which an enraged ,algonquin chief declared that no ,frenchman should enter the flotilla4 ,the ,hurons were ready and anxious to convey the fathers1 but they feared the consequences of a rupture with the ,algonquins4 ,the fathers were thus constrained1 to the common sorrow of themselves and their ,hurons1 to behold the flotilla depart without them4 ,but the last scene in this separation was yet more touching4 ,the faithful and pious ,louis ,amantacha1 overwhelmed with sorrow at the loss of the fathers1 lingered in their company to the last moment1 humbly made his confession1 and1 for the last time for him1 this ,christian warrior received the holy communion from the hands of ,father ,brbeuf4 ,then1 having rejoined his companions1 the flotilla quickly glided from the view of those who would have laid down their lives to save the souls of those benighted and thoughtless voyagers4 ,father ,brbeuf and his companions returned to labor for a time longer among the ,french and ,indians in and about ,quebec1 where their labors were full of zeal and not without success4 ,it was here that ,father ,brbeuf baptized ,sasousmat1 the first adult upon whom he conferred that sacrament4 ,while in health1 ,sasousmat had requested that he might be sent to ,france for instruction in the faith1 but he was now overtaken by a dreadful illness1 which deprived him of reason4 ,father ,brbeuf visited him while in this state1 and1 returning from his couch to the altar1 he offered up for his benefit the holy sacrifice of the ,mass in honor of ,st4 ,joseph1 the glorious patron of the country2 his prayer of sacrifice was heard in heaven1 and ,sasousmat was restored to his mind4 ,father ,brbeuf then instructed him1 and the joyful neophyte ardently and touchingly entreated the father to baptize him4 ,but the cautious and conscientious priest deferred the sacrament1 to the astonishment of the ,indians1 whose habit was to refuse nothing to the sick4 ,one of ,sasousmat's ,indian friends said to the father1 with great impatience3 ,thou hast no sense2 pour a little water on him1 and it is done4 ,no1 replied the priest of ,god1 ,i would involve myself in ruin were ,i to baptize1 without necessity1 an infidel and unbeliever not fully instructed4 ,the patient was afterwards removed to the residence of ,notre ,dame des ,anges1 where he continued to receive the instructions of the father1 and where he grew desperately ill1 and was finally in an hour of danger baptized4 ,at the moment of his decease1 a resplendent meteoric light illumined the death-room1 and shone far around about the country4 ,there was afterwards another adult1 named ,nass1 a steadfast friend of the missionaries1 who fell dangerously ill1 and was nursed by ,father ,brbeuf4 ,he too made earnest entreaties to be baptized1 but the father subjected the convert to long delays and probations1 and finally only bestowed the sacrament when death was imminent4 ,instances are related in which baptism was refused to adults1 even in extremis1 where the requisite dispositions were wanting4 ,such examples1 of which there are not a few recorded in the ,jesuit ,relations1 besides exhibiting the zeal and self-sacrificing labors of the ,catholic missionaries for the salvation of souls1 furnish us with a complete refutation of the wanton calumny that those early missionary priests were in the habit of bestowing the sacrament upon entire multitudes of savages without previous instruction or probation--a calumny now fully refuted by the ,relations and letters of the fathers themselves1 who1 while they penned the humble story of their labors1 to be transmitted to their superiors in ,europe1 knew not that the same would serve as evidence for their own vindication4 ,with the return of spring1 the time again drew near for the appearance of the usual flotilla of ,indian canoes at the trading post of ,three ,rivers4 ,on the #ast of ,july1 ,fathers ,brbeuf and ,daniel repaired to ,three ,rivers1 to procure a passage in the flotilla for the ,huron country1 and ,father ,devost joined them in a few days4 ,but the canoes were slow in coming in2 the ,hurons had sustained a terrific defeat1 losing two hundred braves1 and the gallant ,christian warrior ,louis ,amantacha was among the slain4 ,no sooner1 however1 had a few canoes arrived1 than ,father ,brbeuf pressed forward to secure a passage2 but the hostile ,algonquin and the cautious ,huron discovered innumerable obstacles in the way of his going with them1 and it seemed that he was again to be disappointed in his hopes of reaching his beloved mission4 ,at length1 by the influence of the ,french commanders1 which was supported as usual by presents1 it was arranged that a passage should be given to one missionary and two men1 and even then ,father ,brbeuf was left out4 ,he thus describes his difficulties3 ,never did ,i see voyage so hampered and traversed by the common enemy of man4 ,it was by a stroke of heaven that we advanced1 and an effect of the power of the glorious ,st4 ,joseph1 in whose honor ,god inspired me to promise twenty masses1 in the despair of all things4 ,at the moment that this vow was made1 a ,huron1 who had agreed to carry one of the ,frenchmen in his canoe1 was suddenly inspired to take ,father ,brbeuf in his stead4 ,thus a passage was secured4 ,but such were the hurry1 confusion1 and want of accommodation1 that the missionaries were compelled to leave behind them all their effects1 except such as were necessary for saying ,mass4 ,too glad to be admitted into this vineyard which they had so long sought1 they cheerfully made every sacrifice4 ,with light and joyous hearts and ready hands1 they plied the oar from morning till night2 they recited the sacred office by the evening fire2 they nursed all who fell sick on the voyage with so much charity and tenderness as to melt the hearts of those savage sons of the wilderness2 at fifty different points1 where the passage was dangerous or obstructed1 they volunteered to carry the packages1 and even the canoes1 on their shoulders around the portages2 and at one place ,father ,brbeuf barely escaped a watery grave at a rapid where his canoe was hurried over the impetuous current4 ,at length1 after much suffering1 they reached the shores of the ,huron country on the #eth of ,august1 #afcd4 ,the following description of this remarkable journey of the fathers is from the eloquent and graphic1 but not always impartial1 pages of ,parkman's ,jesuits in ,north ,america3 ,they reckoned the distance at nine hundred miles2 but distance was the least repellant feature of this most arduous journey4 ,barefoot1 lest their shoes should injure the frail vessel1 each crouched in his canoe1 toiling with unpractised hands to propel it4 ,before him1 week after week1 he saw the same lank1 unkempt hair1 the same tawny shoulders and long1 naked arms1 ceaselessly plying the paddle4 ,the canoes were soon separated1 and for more than a month the ,frenchmen rarely or never met4 ,brbeuf spoke a little ,huron1 and could converse with his escort2 but ,daniel and ,devost were doomed to a silence unbroken save by the unintelligible complaints and menaces of the ,indians1 of whom many were sick with the epidemic1 and all were terrified1 desponding1 and sullen4 ,their only food was a pittance of ,indian corn1 crushed between two stones and mixed with water4 ,the toil was extreme4 ,brbeuf counted thirty-five portages1 where the canoes were lifted from the water and carried on the shoulders of the voyagers around rapids and cataracts4 ,more than fifty times1 besides1 they were forced to wade in the raging current1 pushing up their empty barks1 or dragging them with ropes4 ,brbeuf tried to do his part1 but the boulders and sharp rocks wounded his naked feet1 and compelled him to desist4 ,he and his companions bore their share of the baggage across the portages1 sometimes a distance of several miles4 ,four trips1 at the least1 were required to convey the whole4 ,the way was through the dense forest1 encumbered with rocks and logs1 tangled with roots and underbrush1 damp with perpetual shade1 and redolent of decayed leaves and mouldering wood4 ,the ,indians themselves were often spent with fatigue4 ,brbeuf1 a man of iron frame and a nature unconquerably resolute1 doubted if his strength would sustain him to the journey's end4 ,he complains that he had no moment to read his breviary1 except by the moonlight or the fire when stretched out to sleep on a bare rock by some savage cataract of the ,ottawa1 or in a damp nook of the adjacent forest4 ,descending ,french ,river and following the lonely shores of the great ,georgian ,bay1 the canoe which carried ,brbeuf at length neared its destination1 thirty days after leaving ,three ,rivers4 ,before him1 stretched in savage slumber1 lay the forest shore of the ,hurons4 ,did his spirit sink as he approached his dreary home1 oppressed with a dark foreboding of what the future should bring forth8 ,there is some reason to think so4 ,yet it was but the shadow of a moment2 for his masculine heart had lost the sense of fear1 and his intrepid nature was fired with a zeal before which doubts and uncertainties fled like the mists of the morning4 ,not the grim enthusiasm of negation1 tearing up the weeds of rooted falsehood1 or with bold hand felling to the earth the baneful growth of overshadowing abuses2 his was the ancient faith uncurtailed1 redeemed from the decay of centuries1 kindled with a new life1 and stimulated to a preternatural growth and fruitfulness4 ,but ,father ,brbeuf's trials did not end here1 for the ungrateful ,indians1 who lived twenty miles below ,father ,brbeuf's destination1 forgetting all his kindness and sacrifices and despising his entreaties1 abandoned him on this desolate shore4 ,in this distress1 he fell upon his knees and thanked ,god for all his favors1 and especially for bringing him again into the country of the ,hurons4 ,beseeching ,providence to guide his steps1 and saluting the guardian angel of the land with a dedication of himself to the conversion of those tribes1 he took only such articles as he could in no event dispense with1 and1 concealing the rest1 started forth in that vast wilderness1 not knowing whither his steps might carry him4 ,providence guided those steps3 he discovered the site of the former village1 ,toanch1 in which he had resided three years1 and even the blackened ruins of his cabin1 in which1 for the same time1 he had offered up the ,holy ,sacrifice2 but the village was destroyed and the encampment shifted to another place4 ,striking upon a trail1 he advanced full of hope1 and soon he suddenly stood in the midst of his ,huron friends1 in their new village of ,ihonatiria4 ,a shout of welcome from a hundred voices--,echon6 ,echon6--greeted the joyous messenger of salvation4 ,he immediately threw himself upon the hospitality of the generous chief1 ,awandoay1 from whom he obtained men to go for his packages2 he retraced his weary steps with them1 and it was one o'clock in the morning before all was safely lodged in the village of ,ihonatiria4 ,the other fathers1 after suffering similar ill-treatment from the ,indians of the flotilla in whose canoes they came1 finally found their way also1 one by one1 to ,ihonatiria1 in great distress4 ,for some time they partook of the liberal hospitality of ,awandoay2 but1 ,father ,brbeuf having decided to make ,ihonatiria the mission headquarters1 they now constructed a residence for themselves1 thirty-six by twenty-one feet1 in which the centre was their hall1 parlor1 and business-room1 leading1 on the one side1 to the chapel1 and1 on the other1 to what was at the same time kitchen1 refectory1 and dormitory4 ,this rude hut--indeed1 everything about the missionaries--awakened the amazement of these simple sons of the forest4 ,they came in crowds from all parts of the ,huron country to see the wonderful things possessed by the fathers1 the fame of which had spread through the land4 ,there was the mill for grinding corn1 which they viewed with admiration1 and which they delighted to turn without ceasing4 ,there were a prism and magnet1 whose qualities struck them with surprise and pleasure4 ,there was a magnifying-glass which1 to their amazement1 made a flea as large as a monster2 and a multiplying lens which possessed the mysterious power of creating instantly eleven beads out of one4 ,but the clock1 which hung on the wall of the missionary cabin1 was to these untutored savages the greatest miracle of all4 ,the assembled warriors1 with their wives and children1 would sit in silence on the ground1 waiting an entire hour for the clock to strike the time of the day4 ,they listened to it ticking every second and marking every minute of the twenty-four hours2 they thought it was a thing of life2 inquired when1 how1 and upon what it fed4 ,they called it sometimes the ,day ,chief and sometimes the ,captain1 and expressed their awe of so mysterious and supernatural a being by the constant cry of ,ondaki6 ,ondaki66 ,what does the ,captain say now8 was the repeated question4 ,the fathers were obliged to establish certain regulations for visitors1 whose presence would have left them no time for rest or devotion during the twenty-four hours1 while1 at the same time1 they availed themselves of these curiosities for attracting the ,indians to the mission cross before their door and to the first simple lessons in religion4 ,they thus interpreted the strokes of the clock3 ,when he strikes twelve times1 he says1 ',hang on the kettle1' and when he strikes four times1 he says1 ',get up and go home4' ,the ,indians rigidly obeyed these commands of the little ,day ,chief4 ,the crowd was densest at the stroke of twelve1 when the kettle was hung and the fathers' sagamite passed around2 and at the stroke of four1 all arose at once and departed1 leaving their good entertainers to say their office and rosary1 study and make notes on the ,huron language1 write letters to their superiors1 and consult over the plans for conducting the mission4 ,the fathers also gave some lessons to their ,huron friends on the subject of self-defence and military engineering4 ,the ,hurons1 living in constant dread of the ,iroquois1 were glad to learn a more perfect way of constructing their palisade forts1 which they had been accustomed to make round1 but which the ,frenchmen now taught them to make rectangular1 with small flanking towers at the corners for the arquebusmen4 ,and1 in case of actual attack1 the aid of the four ,frenchmen1 armed with arquebuses1 who had come with the missionaries from ,three ,rivers1 was promised1 to enable them to defend their wives1 children1 and homes from the unsparing attacks of their relentless enemies4 ,the ,indian children were the especial objects of the solicitude of these untiring missionaries4 ,they assembled these frequently at their house1 on which occasions ,father ,brbeuf1 the more effectually to inspire respect1 appeared in surplice and baretta4 ,the ,pater ,noster was chanted in ,huron rhyme1 into which it had been translated by ,father ,daniel2 and the ,ave and ,credo and ,ten ,commandments were recited4 ,the children were examined in their past lessons1 and instructed in new ones1 and then dismissed joyously with presents of beads and dried fruits4 ,soon the village resounded with the rhymes of the ,pater ,noster1 and the little catechumens vied with each other at home in making the sign of the cross and reciting the commandments4 ,to the adults the fathers earnestly announced ,christ crucified1 and endeavored to turn their admiration from the clock and other curiosities of the mission house1 which1 as they said1 were but creatures1 to the ,creator1 to heaven1 and to the faith4 ,the first-fruits of the mission were soon gathered2 several infants1 in danger of death1 were baptized1 and several adults were also admitted into the ,christian church through the same regenerating waters4 ,but the enemies of religion and of truth were jealously watching these successes1 and soon the fathers encountered the same opposition that always besets the introduction of ,christianity into heathen nations2 that is1 the jealousy and hatred of the native priests1 or officials entrusted with the matters of religion or the superstitious rites of the country4 ,these1 among our ,american tribes1 were the medicine men4 ,these wicked sorcerers accused ,father ,brbeuf and his companions of causing the drought1 of blighting the crops1 of introducing the plague1 in fine1 of every evil that afflicted the country or any of the people4 ,the missionaries began to be insulted1 the cross before their residence was turned into a target1 and curses and imprecations greeted them on every side4 ,but the prayers of the fathers1 and especially a novena of masses in honor of ,st4 ,joseph1 were soon followed by copious rains1 and the medicine-men were confounded1 while the fathers were received with honor and esteem4 ,the old and young were instructed in the faith1 catechetical classes were opened1 and all ages and conditions took pleasure in contending for the pictures1 medals1 and other little rewards which were bestowed upon the studious4 ,on ,sundays1 the ,indians were assembled at ,mass2 but1 in imitation of the custom which prevailed in the early church1 ,father ,brbeuf dismissed them at the offertory1 after reciting for them the prayers they had learned4 ,in the afternoon1 catechetical instructions were given1 and all were examined on what they had learned during the week4 ,in ,august1 #afce1 ,fathers ,pijart and ,mercier1 then recently arrived from ,france1 came into the ,huron country to join the little missionary band1 who were1 even after this increase of their force1 kept constantly laboring4 ,in ,april1 #afcf1 the missionaries attended the feast of the dead1 a great solemnity of the ,indians1 when the bones of their dead are taken down from their aerial tombs1 and1 being wrapped in the richest furs1 and surrounded with various implements1 are deposited in the common mound1 amid the songs1 games1 and dancing of the living4 ,father ,brbeuf1 the courageous champion of the faith1 seized upon this occasion to announce the saving word of truth in the very midst of the ancient and most cherished rites of a heathen superstition4 ,he declared that such ceremonies were utterly vain and fruitless for souls which1 like the souls of all in that mound1 were lost for ever2 that souls on death went either to a realm of bliss or a world of woe2 that the living alone could choose1 and1 if they preferred the former1 he and the other fathers were there to show the way4 ,this speech was accompanied with a present to the assembled chiefs1 a means most effectual in gaining the good-will of the ,indians4 ,the latter offered no opposition to the baptism of their infants1 and expressed themselves as if well disposed towards the faith preached by the fathers4 ,in ,december1 the mission among the ,hurons was formally consecrated to the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,baptism was administered to nearly thirty of the tribe1 amongst whom was one1 a little girl1 of singular interest1 named ,mary ,conception4 ,this little child was remarkable for her love of prayer and her fondness for the missionaries and whatever pertained to religion2 she ran as gaily to catechism as the other children to their play1 and took a singular pleasure in walking beside the missionary as he was reciting his office1 making the sign of the cross and praying louder whenever he turned in his walk4 ,in #afce1 fourteen baptisms were reported by the fathers1 and in ,july1 #afcf1 eighty-six1 amongst whom was the chief1 who was sincerely converted to the faith4 ,father ,brbeuf made many excursions to distant villages and families4 ,in ,october1 he visited the family of ,louis de ,sainte ,foi1 who1 having been taken to ,france by the fathers1 was baptized at ,rouen1 but was now grown cold in his religion4 ,this visit1 in which ,father ,brbeuf was accompanied by ,father ,pijart1 rekindled the ardor of the chief1 and was the occasion of announcing the commandments of ,god to all his family4 ,devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin1 appealing as it does to the best natural feelings of the human heart1 as well as to the highest and purest motives of religion1 was easily received1 especially among the ,indian mothers1 to whom she was proposed for imitation by ,father ,brbeuf4 ,he composed for them1 and in their own language1 beautiful prayers of invocation to the ,mother of ,god4 ,so great was his proficiency in the ,huron language1 that he was able to attach to his relation of this year a treatise on the language and another on the customs of the ,hurons1 the former of which has been published in ,english4 ,it was about this time that a delegation of ,algonquin braves came to solicit the alliance of the ,hurons against the ,iroquois4 ,failing to secure their point with the ,hurons1 the ,algonquins next turned to the missionaries and endeavored to detach them from the ,hurons1 and offered1 as an inducement to ,father ,brbeuf1 to make him one of their great chiefs4 ,father ,brbeuf1 with a smile1 replied1 that he had left home and fortune to gain souls1 not to become rich or to gain honors in war1 and dismissed the negotiators as usual with a present4 ,the removal of the headquarters of the mission from ,ihonatiria to ,ossossan had been several times mooted2 one day1 as ,father ,brbeuf was travelling to visit a sick ,christian1 he was met by the chief of ,ossossan1 who so forcibly urged the change that ,father ,brbeuf was induced to promise them a compliance with what had been in fact his previous design4 ,a promise was readily made on the other side that the villagers of ,ossossan would the following year erect the necessary accommodations for the fathers4 ,when the people of ,ihonatiria heard this1 their chief1 at daybreak1 from the top of his cabin summoned all his people out to rebuild the cabin of the black gown4 ,old and young now went forth to obey the summons1 and soon the work was completed4 ,when the next season for the feast of the dead came round1 a great change was observable in its celebration1 a proof of the influence of ,christian sentiments with the people4 ,the accustomed magnificence was dispensed with1 and those who died ,christians were not reburied1 even in a separate portion of the common tomb4 ,the ceremony consisted in nothing more than a touching manifestation of the affection of the living for their deceased friends1 and the missionaries were too prudent to interfere4 ,in order to show how earnest our missionaries were for the conversion of these tribes1 it is worth recording that they established a ,huron seminary at ,quebec1 and during this year ,fathers ,daniel and ,devost departed from ,huronia for ,quebec1 with several young ,hurons destined for students in this institution4 ,it was also during this year that ,fathers ,garnier1 ,chastelain1 and ,jogues arrived from ,france1 and entered this promising vineyard4 ,shortly after these arrivals1 a contagious fever broke out in the ,huron country1 and several of the missionaries were seized with the malady4 ,it would be impossible1 within the space allotted to this memoir1 to detail all their sufferings and privations4 ,the hardy ,brbeuf and the others that were not taken down1 became the faithful and constant nurses of their sick companions1 and1 when these were restored1 the entire missionary band dedicated themselves to the nursing and spiritual succor of the afflicted people4 ,here1 again1 the fathers met with the usual obstacles and annoyances from the native sorcerers4 ,the medicine-men1 in whom the ,indians had implicit confidence1 especially in sickness1 resorted to their usual tricks1 and the villages resounded with horrid superstitious orgies4 ,many refused to let the fathers baptize their dying infants4 ,others1 however1 having seen the utter failure of their sorcerers to effect a single cure1 and having observed how the ,christian baptism was frequently followed by a restoration of the body also to health1 had recourse to the missionaries4 ,but in such cases their visits of mercy were obstructed by the insults1 the threats1 and ill-usage of the excited rabble4 ,but1 as ,bancroft remarks1 the ,jesuit never receded a foot4 ,he pressed forward with love and courage1 frequently forcing his way to the couch of the dying1 and encountering threatened death to save a single soul4 ,in order to propitiate the mercy of ,heaven for this afflicted people1 ,father ,brbeuf assembled a council of the chiefs of several villages1 and succeeded so far as to induce them1 in behalf of themselves and their people1 to promise solemnly1 in the presence of ,god1 that they would renounce their superstitions1 embrace the faith of ,jesus ,christ1 conform their marriages to the ,christian standard1 and build chapels for the service of the one true ,god4 ,with the solemnity of this scene1 however1 passed away also their good resolutions4 ,the ,indian1 ever inconsistent1 except in his attachment to his idols and his hunting-grounds1 was soon again seen raving at the frenzied words and incantations of the sorcerer ,tonnerananont1 who professed himself to be a devil incarnate4 ,the plague continued to rage2 not even the frosts of winter arrested its destructive powers4 ,night and day ,father ,brbeuf and his companions were travelling and laboring for those miserable and inconstant savages4 ,they went about over the country administering remedies for the maladies of the body as well as those of the soul4 ,besides relieving many by bleeding and other simple remedies1 their heroic labors were rewarded with other fruits far sweeter to them1 the baptism of two hundred and fifty expiring infants and adults4 ,the bold and fearless advances and the devoted services of the ,jesuit fathers during this season of disease and death may well have called forth from ,sparks the remark that humanity can claim no higher honor than that such examples have existed4 ,in the spring the pestilence abated1 and the usual and regular duties and labors of the mission were resumed4 ,his superior knowledge of the language devolved upon ,father ,brbeuf the greater burthen of instructing and catechising the natives4 ,in ,may1 he called a council of the chiefs of ,ossossan1 and reminded them of their promise to build a cabin for the fathers4 ,the appeal was responded to1 and1 on the fifth of ,june1 ,father ,pijart offered up the ,mass of the ,holy ,trinity at ,ossossan1 in our own ,house of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,on ,trinity ,sunday1 another happiness was enjoyed by ,father ,brbeuf1 in the baptism of the first adult at ,ihonatiria4 ,this was ,tsiwendaentaha1 a chief who had manifested great perseverance in his wish to become a ,christian2 he had repeatedly requested and entreated to be baptized1 and had renounced all connection with the medicine-men for three years1 and1 what was remarkable among the natives1 had only once during that time manifested any disposition towards a relapse4 ,after prolonged probation and careful instruction1 ,father ,brbeuf baptized him on ,trinity ,sunday1 conferring upon him the ,christian name of ,peter4 ,the ceremony was surrounded with as much magnificence as the infant church in that wilderness could bring1 and in the presence of immense crowds of ,hurons4 ,the corner-stone of the new church was laid on the same occasion4 ,these consolations of the mission were soon succeeded by direful calamities4 ,sickness still lingered in the country4 ,having failed by their superstitious rites to ameliorate the condition of the people1 the medicine-men now accused the fathers of being the cause of the pestilence1 and even of having a design of destroying the country4 ,a general outburst of indignation now assailed the holy men4 ,everything connected with them or their religion now became objects of suspicion--the pictures in the chapel1 their mission flag flying from the top of a tree1 the ,mass in the morning1 the evening litany1 the walk of the missionaries by day1 and especially the clock1 were successively condemned as demons1 and signals of pestilence and death4 ,it was even rumored that the fathers concealed in their cabin a dead body1 which they brought from ,france1 and which was now supposed to be the origin of the infection4 ,goaded by their fears1 and incited by their sorcerers1 the ,indians rushed into the missionary residence to seize the mysterious corpse4 ,as superior1 the principal weight of these persecutions fell upon ,father ,brbeuf1 who endeavored in vain to dispel such vain fears4 ,the fathers were insulted and threatened with death in their own house4 ,a general council of chiefs and warriors was held1 in which they were universally accused of causing all the evils of the country4 ,the courageous ,brbeuf stood in their midst to refute their calumnies and expose their follies4 ,nothing could appease them4 ,they offered to spare ,father ,brbeuf's life if he would deliver up the fatal cloth in which he had wrapt the pestilence4 ,he indignantly refused to countenance their superstitions by compliance1 but told them to search his cabin and burn every cloth if they thought proper4 ,he told them1 however1 that since they had pressed him so far1 he would give them his opinion as to the origin of their misfortunes1 which he then went on to trace to natural causes and their own foolish method of treating the sick1 and spoke to them of the power of ,god and his justice in rewarding the good and punishing the wicked4 ,father ,brbeuf concluded his remarks amidst shouts and insults1 but without losing his characteristic courage and calmness4 ,despite his unanswerable appeal1 the assembly thirsted for the blood of at least one of the missionaries as an experiment1 and at any moment one of those devoted men might have fallen dead under the hatchet of some enraged savage4 ,repeated councils were held1 and the death of the strangers was resolved upon4 ,the residence was burned1 the stake prepared1 and ,father ,brbeuf led forth4 ,having prepared himself for death1 he now1 in imitation of the ,huron custom1 gave the usual feast1 in order to show that he did not shrink from giving his life in testimony of the faith he had preached to them4 ,just before the moment of his execution arrived1 ,father ,brbeuf was summoned to a council1 where1 amid insult and interruption1 he delivered another speech in advocacy of the faith1 instead of explaining the plague1 and1 by one of those sudden changes of temper not unusual in ,indian assemblies1 he was acquitted and set free4 ,as he passed from the wigwam of the council1 he saw one of his greatest persecutors fall dead at his feet1 under a stroke from the murderous tomahawk3 supposing that1 in the dim light of a far-spent day1 the murderer had mistaken his victim1 the future martyr asked3 ,was not that blow meant for me8 ,no1 replied the warrior2 pass on3 he was a sorcerer1 thou art not4 ,his companions were anxiously awaiting the result2 and when he walked into their midst1 they received him as the dead restored to life4 ,they all united in returning thanks to ,god for the safety of the superior of the mission1 and especially for the announcement which that apostolic man made to them1 that they might yet hope to remain in that country1 and labor for the salvation of their persecutors4 ,the firm and uncompromising character of ,father ,brbeuf is strikingly illustrated in contrast with the fickleness of the ,indians1 the difference between faith and superstition1 by another circumstance which occurred during the prevalence of the pestilence4 ,the ,hurons1 after repeated recourse to their medicine-men1 whose vile practices they now saw to be barren of results1 resolved to have recourse to the fathers1 whom they invited to attend a council4 ,what must we do that your ,god may take pity on us8 they asked of the ,christian priests4 ,father ,brbeuf immediately answered3 ,believe in him2 keep his commandments2 abjure your faith in dreams2 take but one wife1 and be true to her2 give up your superstitious feasts2 renounce your assemblies of debauchery2 eat no human flesh2 never give feasts to demons2 and make a vow that1 if ,god will deliver you from this pest1 you will build a chapel to offer him thanksgiving and praise4 ,in the midst of their sufferings and the persecutions they sustained1 these heroic missionaries ceased not a single moment their labors of mercy and salvation4 ,themselves outcast and friendless1 they visited and nursed the sick2 repulsed1 they pressed forward to the bedside of the dying2 reviled for their religion1 they still announced its saving truths2 threatened with death1 they bestowed the bread of life eternal upon others1 even while the deadly tomahawk glistened over their heads4 ,such was the life the early ,catholic missionaries led upon our borders2 such1 too1 were the labors and sacrifices which preluded others1 equally sublime and heroic1 within the territory of our own republic4 ,among the converts of ,father ,brbeuf at ,ossossan was ,joseph ,chiwattenwha1 a nephew on the maternal side to the head chief of the ,hurons4 ,from the time that he listened to ,father ,brbeuf's sermon at the feast of the dead1 he had been an earnest and regular catechumen4 ,he rejected the prevailing superstitions of his race1 and was remarkable for the purity of his morals1 his freedom from the common ,indian vice of gambling1 and for his rare conjugal fidelity4 ,notwithstanding his virtues1 and his repeated requests to be baptized1 ,father ,brbeuf delayed the sacrament1 to make sure of his thorough conversion1 and1 finally1 only conferred it upon him in a moment of danger4 ,the chief recovered from his illness1 and1 calling all his friends together at a grand banquet1 he addressed them zealously in favor of the faith he had embraced4 ,his faith and zeal were rewarded by the manifest protection of ,heaven over himself and his family during the prevalence of the fever4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnote3 #acj ,authorities3 ,the ,jesuit ,relations2 ,history of the ,catholic ,missions1 by ,john ,g4 ,shea2 ,the ,pioneers of ,france in the ,new ,world1 and ,the ,jesuits in ,north ,america1 by ,francis ,parkman2 ,bancroft's ,history of the ,united ,states1 etc41 etc4 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,french4 ,,our ,,lady ,,of ,,lourdes4 ,,by ,,henri ,,lasserre4 ,,book ,,eighth4 ,i4 ,the appointment by the ,bishop of a commission of examination1 and the analysis of ,m4 ,filhol1 deprived ,baron ,massy1 ,m4 ,rouland1 and ,m4 ,jacomet of all pretext for continuing violent measures1 or for maintaining about the grotto strict prohibitions1 barriers1 and guards4 ,in justification of the restrictions previously made1 it had been said3 ,considering that it is very desirable1 in the interest of religion1 to put an end to the deplorable scenes now presented at the grotto of ,massabielle4 ,now the ,bishop1 by declaring the matter to be of sufficient importance for his intervention1 and by taking in hand the examination of those things which affected the interests of religion1 had deprived the civil power of this motive which it had made so prominent4 ,in justification of the prohibition to go and drink at the spring which had gushed out under the hand of ,bernadette1 it had been urged that the care of the local public health devolves upon the mayor1 and that this water is suspected on good grounds to contain mineral ingredients1 making it prudent1 before permitting its use1 to wait for a scientific analysis to determine the applications which may be made of it in medicine4 ,now1 ,m4 ,filhol1 by his decision that the water had no mineral properties1 and that it could be drunk without inconvenience1 had annihilated in the name of science and of medicine this plea of the public health4 ,if1 then1 these considerations had been real reasons for the civil power1 and not merely specious pretexts2 if it had really been acting in the interests of religion and the public health1 instead of being under the sway of evil passions and intolerance2 or if1 in a word1 it had been sincere instead of being hypocritical1 it would now have had nothing to do but to remove its prohibitions and barriers2 it would have only had to leave the people perfectly free to drink of this fountain1 the perfect harmlessness of which had been attested by science1 and to recognize their right to kneel at the foot of these mysterious rocks1 where for the future the church was to be on the watch4 ,,ii4 ,but this was not the case4 ,there was a great obstacle to this course1 so clearly indicated by logic and conscience2 namely1 pride4 ,pride was the ruling spirit from one end of the scale to the other1 from ,jacomet up to ,rouland1 including ,baron ,massy and the philosophical coterie4 ,it seemed hard to them to retreat and lay down their arms4 ,pride never surrenders4 ,it prefers rather to take an illogical position than to bow to the authority of reason4 ,furious1 beside itself1 and absurd1 it revolts against evidence4 ,like ,satan1 it says1 ,non serviam4 ,it resists1 it refuses to bend1 it stiffens its neck1 till suddenly it is broken by some contemptuous and superior power4 ,,iii4 ,there remained for the official and officious foes of superstition one last weapon to use1 one final struggle to make4 ,though the battle seemed to be certainly lost in the ,pyrenees1 perhaps the lost position might be regained in ,paris1 and the favor of public opinion secured throughout ,france and ,europe1 before the cosmopolitan assemblage of tourists and bathers1 returning home1 should pass their severe judgments on the other side4 ,this was tried4 ,a formidable attack was made by the irreligious press of ,paris1 the provinces1 and other countries1 upon the events at ,lourdes and the ,bishop's ordinance4 ,while the generals of the infidel army engaged in a decisive combat upon this vast scale1 the duty of the ,prefect of ,hautes-,pyrenees1 like that of ,kellerman at ,valmy1 was to hold at all costs his line of operation1 not to recede a single foot from it1 and not to capitulate on any terms4 ,the intrepidity of ,baron ,massy was well known1 and it was understood that neither arguments nor the most surprising miracles would prevail over his invincible firmness4 ,he would stand by his sinking ship to the last4 ,the absurd had in him an excellent champion4 ,the ,journal des ,dbats1 ,sicle1 ,presse1 ,indpendance ,belge1 and various foreign journals1 also came manfully to the rescue4 ,the smallest newspapers of the smallest countries considered it an honor to serve in this campaign against the supernatural4 ,we find1 in fact1 among the combatants1 a microscopic sheet called the ,courant1 published at ,amsterdam4 ,some1 like the ,presse1 by the pen of ,m4 ,guroult1 or the ,sicle1 by those of ,,mm4 ,bnard and ,jourdan1 attacked the very idea of miracles1 declaring that they had had their day1 that the discussion of them was no longer admissible1 and to examine into a question which had already been decided by the light of philosophy was beneath the dignity of free examen4 ,miracles1 said ,m4 ,guroult1 belong to a state of civilization which is almost gone by4 ,though ,god does not change1 the conception which men form of him changes from age to age1 according to the prevailing standard of morality and intelligence4 ,ignorant nations who do not understand the harmony of the laws by which the universe is governed imagine that they see continual exceptions to these laws4 ,they think that ,god appears and speaks to them1 or sends them a message by his angels1 almost daily4 ,but as society becomes more intelligent and better informed1 and as the sciences based on observation come in to counteract the vagaries of the imagination1 all this mythology disappears4 ,man does not on that account become less religious1 but more so1 though in a different manner4 ,he does not any longer see gods and goddesses1 angels and demons1 face to face2 but he seeks to discover the divine will as manifested in the laws of the world4 ,miracles1 which at certain periods have been necessary to faith and served to convey the most important truths1 have become in our day the bugbear of all serious conviction4 ,m4 ,guroult declared that1 if he should be told that the most remarkable miracle was occurring close by his house on the ,place de la ,concorde1 he would not take a step out of his way to see it4 ,if such occurrences1 added he1 can occupy a place for a time among the superstitious trumpery of the ignorant masses1 they only excite a smile of contempt among enlightened men1 among those whose opinion is sure to be ultimately adopted by all the world4#aca ,other papers valiantly set to work to distort the facts4 ,though also attacking miracles in principle1 the ,sicle1 in spite of the enormous yield of twenty thousand and odd litres a day1 still remained1 in its capacity of an enlightened and advanced journal1 at the old thesis of hallucination and infiltration4 ,it seems difficult to us1 said ,m4 ,bnard1 very gravely1 to see a miracle in the hallucination of a little girl of fourteen1 or in the oozing out of some water in a cave4 ,as for the miraculous cures1 they were easily disposed of as follows3 ,hydropathic physicians also claim to effect the most extraordinary cures by means of pure water1 but they have not as yet proclaimed upon the house-tops that these cures are miracles4#acb ,but the most curious example of the good faith of the free-thinkers1 or of their sagacity in examining this matter1 is to be found in the ,dutch newspaper which we have mentioned above1 and whose weighty narrative was reproduced by the ,french journals4 ,let us see how this friend of enlightenment enlightened the world by his account of the matter3 ,a new manifestation1 designed to excite and promote the fervor of the faithful in the worship of the ,blessed ,virgin1 was imminent4 ,the deliberations of the bishops on this point had resulted in the preparation of the famous miracle of ,lourdes4 ,it is well known that the ,bishop of ,tarbes appointed a commission of inquiry4 ,the so-called conclusions of the report of the commission1 which is composed of ecclesiastics and persons in the pay of the clergy1 were prepared long before their first session4 ,the pretended shepherdess ,bernadette is not an innocent peasant1 but a highly cultivated city girl of a very wily character1 who has passed several months in a convent1 where she was taught the part she was to play4 ,there1 before a small audience1 rehearsals were made long before the public performance4 ,as will be observed1 nothing was wanting for the completeness of this comedy1 not even the usual rehearsals4 ,if at any time there is a scarcity of actors at ,paris1 the places can be admirably filled from the ranks of the superior clergy4 ,however1 the liberal press has made the matter thoroughly ridiculous1 and it is not improbable that the clergy1 in their own interest1 will see the necessity of being prudent4#acc ,the information of the journals seems hardly to have been so accurate as that which secured the simple faith of ,his ,excellency ,m4 ,rouland4 ,the public1 it is evident1 were treated with no more respect than the minister4 ,this is too often the way in which the opinion of those whom ,m4 ,guroult called in his article enlightened men1 alluding1 no doubt1 to the torrent of light thrown upon them by the press1 is formed4 ,another point of attack besides the actual events and the possibility of miracles was the ordinance of the ,bishop of ,tarbes4 ,philosophy1 in virtue of the infallibility of its dogmas1 protested against examination1 scientific study1 and experiment4 ,when some crazy person sends a paper on perpetual motion or the squaring of the circle to the ,academy of ,science1 the ,academy passes to the order of the day without wasting time in criticising such lucubrations4 ,and there is no more need of examination in the case of a supposed miracle4 ,philosophy1 in the name of reason1 passes to the order of the day4 ,to examine the claims of the supernatural facts would be to admit their possibility and to deny its own principles4 ,in such matters1 proofs and testimony count for nothing4 ,we do not discuss the impossible1 but dismiss it with a shrug4 ,such was the central idea of the thousand varied forms assumed by the fiery and excited polemics of the irreligious press4 ,vainly did it persist in denial and perversion2 it was afraid to examine4 ,false theories prefer to remain in the fluctuation and fog of pure speculation4 ,by some natural instinct of self-preservation1 they fear broad daylight1 and do not dare to descend with a steady foot upon the firm ground of the experimental method4 ,they perceive that only defeat awaits them there4 ,in this desperate struggle against the evidence of facts and the rights of reason1 the liberal mask of the ,journal des ,dbats unfortunately fell off1 and showed the depth of furious intolerance concealed under its philosophical exterior4 ,the ,journal des ,dbats1 by the pen of ,m4 ,prvost-,paradol1 was terrified in advance at the great weight which the report of the commission and the decision of the ,bishop were sure to have1 and accordingly appealed to the secular arm1 beseeching ,csar to put a stop to the whole thing4 ,it is evident1 said he1 that a striking manifestation of divine power in favor of a religion makes strongly for its individual truth1 for its superiority over others1 and its incontestable right to govern souls4 ,it is then an event of a nature to produce numerous conversions1 both of dissenters and of infidels2 in other words1 it is an instrument of proselytism4 ,he showed also the political importance of the result of the examination4 ,if this decision is favorable to the miracle1 it will have a tendency to dissolve in that part of ,france the equilibrium now existing between the religious and civil powers4 ,the ministers of a religion in favor of which such prodigies are authentically asserted are quite different sort of people from those which the ,concordat provides for4 ,they have a very different sort of authority over the people1 and in case of any collision they exert a very different kind of influence from that of the council of state and the prefect4 ,we have sufficiently shown1 said the writer in the ,dbats1 the importance which the decision of the episcopal commission at ,tarbes must have in various points of view4 ,now1 there is a truth here which should be remembered1 and of which ,m4 de ,morny has just very properly reminded the council-general at ,puy-de-,dme2 that is1 that nothing of importance can legally be done in ,france without previous authority from the administration4 ,if1 as ,m4 de ,morny very justly remarks1 one cannot move a rock or dig a well without the consent of the administration1 still less can one without its consent authorize a miracle or establish a pilgrimage4 ,any one who is concerned with religious matters1 and especially with the opening of churches or schools of dissenting bodies1 knows that the administration has not merely one enactment1 but twenty or thirty1 which makes it all-powerful in such cases4 ,the meeting of the commission of the diocese of ,tarbes can be prevented or its session can be dissolved in a hundred different ways by the ,concordat1 by the penal code1 by the law of #ahbd1 by the decree of ,february1 #aheb1 by the central authority1 by the municipal authority1 by all conceivable authorities4 ,the decision of this commission can also be annulled by the legal opposition of the administrative authority to the erection of a chapel or to the distribution of the miraculous water4 ,the same authority can prohibit and break up all meetings of the people1 and prosecute the originators of such meetings1 etc4 ,having arrived at this point1 having notified ,csar and cried caveant consules1 the able writer resumed1 for form's sake1 his garb of liberalism4 ,what is our object1 said he hypocritically1 in establishing this preventive right of the administration8 ,is it to urge them to use it8 ,god forbid4 ,and thus he crept1 by a sort of secret passage1 into the ranks of the friends of liberty4 ,the provincial journals echoed the sentiments of those of ,paris4 ,the battle became universal4 ,the sergeants1 corporals1 and privates of the literary army pressed forward on the steps of the marshals of free thought4 ,the ,ere ,impriale of ,tarbes charged its blunderbuss with arguments from ,paris1 and fired them off at the supernatural every other day4 ,the little ,lavedan1 also1 had picked up a few grains of powder1 rather dampened1 it must be owned1 by the water of the grotto1 and did its best1 aided1 according to report1 by ,jacomet1 to make its weekly penny-pistol effective4 ,the ,univers1 the ,union1 and the greater part of the ,catholic papers bravely met their universal attack4 ,powerful talents lent themselves to the service of the yet more powerful truth4 ,the ,christian press re-established the facts and demolished the miserable quibbles of philosophic fanaticism4 ,meeting with some unexplained facts to which the faith or the credulity of the multitude attributes a supernatural character1 the civil authority1 said ,m4 ,louis ,veuillot1 has decided without information1 but also without success1 in the negative4 ,the spiritual authority comes in in its turn2 it is its right and its duty to do so4 ,but before making its judgment1 it obtains information4 ,it institutes a commission1 an inquiry to examine the alleged facts1 to study them1 and determine their nature4 ,if they have actually occurred1 and are really supernatural1 the commission will say so4 ,if they have not occurred1 or if they can be explained on natural principles1 the commission will also acknowledge that such is the case4 ,what more can our adversaries desire8 ,do they wish the ,bishop to abstain from this examination1 with a double danger before him1 either of failing to recognize a signal favor which ,almighty ,god would grant to his people1 or of allowing a superstition to take root among them8 ,the ,bishop must necessarily have observed the strangeness of this conviction which had become so firm in the popular mind1 upon the word of a poor and ignorant little girl2 he must have asked also how these cures could be accounted for1 obtained as they had been by means of a few drops of pure water1 swallowed or externally applied4444 ,and if there have been in fact no cures1 it must be ascertained why the contrary has been believed4 ,but1 supposing that the water has no mineral ingredient1 as is said by the chemists1 and that1 nevertheless1 the cures are certain1 as many sick people and several physicians attest1 we do not see any difficulty in recognizing in the case something supernatural and miraculous1 with all due respect to the explanations of the ,sicle4 ,the vigorous champion contended with all his enemies at once4 ,a touch of his pen sufficed to demolish the ridiculous idea of denying the possibility of miracles1 and of refusing even an examination to these startling facts which a multitude had seen with their own eyes and attested on their knees4 ,if any one should tell ,m4 ,guroult that a great miracle had been worked in the name of ,christ upon the ,place de la ,concorde1 he would not go1 it seems1 to see it4 ,this is prudent in him certainly1 for he is determined to remain incredulous2 and in presence of such a spectacle he would not be so certain of finding a natural explanation which would dispense him from going to confession4 ,but he would be still more prudent if he would witness the miracle and believe1 yielding to the testimony which ,god in his mercy would thus give him4 ,the people1 however1 will not care for his absence1 and will not be at all disconcerted to hear that the thing is not at all extraordinary1 and that they are the victims of delusion4 ,things would take the same course at ,paris as at ,lourdes2 a miracle would be proclaimed1 and1 if there really had been one1 it would have its effect2 that is1 many men who had not as yet 'sought to discover the divine will1' or who have not yet been successful in their search1 would know and fulfil it2 they would love ,god with their whole heart1 soul1 and mind1 and their neighbors as themselves4 ,such is the object which ,god intends in working miracles2 and it is so much the worse for those who refuse to profit by them4 ,those who reject the supernatural1 said an ancient writer1 destroy philosophy4 ,they destroy it indeed1 and especially since the advent of ,christianity1 because1 wishing to take ,god out of the world1 they have no longer any explanation for the world or for humanity4 ,as to this ,god whom they exclude1 some deny his existence1 that they may get entirely rid of him2 others make of him an inert and indifferent being1 having nothing to require and requiring nothing from men1 whom he abandons to chance1 having created them in a freak of his disdainful power4 ,some1 denying him in their very affirmation1 as if they wished to satiate their ingratitude by doing him a double injury1 pretend to find him in all things1 which theory dispenses them from recognizing and adoring him anywhere in particular4 ,meanwhile1 around them and even in themselves1 humanity confesses its ,god4 ,they reply by sophisms which are far from contenting them1 by sarcasms the weakness of which they can hardly conceal from themselves1 and at last their science and reason1 driven back to the absurd1 deprive them of their eyes and ears4 ,they destroy all philosophy4444 ,god1 taking compassion on the faith of the weak which these false teachers would pervert1 shows himself by one of those unusual displays of his power1 which is nevertheless one of the laws of the world4 ,they deny it4 ,look6 we do not wish to see6444 ,david said of the sinner1 ',he has promised himself in his heart to sin2 he refuses to understand1 that he may not be forced to do well4' ,ah6 no doubt1 elsewhere exclaimed the indignant logician1 there is an unfortunate multitude on whom all these commonplaces can be palmed off without difficulty2 but there are also at ,lourdes and elsewhere some readers whose common-sense is aroused1 and who ask what will become of history1 evident facts1 and reason in such a system1 with such a determination to deny everything without examination8 ,as to preventing the episcopal commission from acting1 we doubt if there are any laws conferring such a power upon the government2 if there are1 it will probably wisely abstain from using its power4 ,on one hand1 nothing could be more favorable to superstition than to do so2 the popular credulity would then go astray without restraint1 for there is no law which can oblige the ,bishop to pronounce upon a fact about which he has not been able1 and has even been forbidden1 to inform himself4444 ,there is only one course for the enemies of superstition1 that is1 to appoint a commission themselves1 to make a counter-examination1 and publish its result1 in case1 of course1 that the one appointed by the ,bishop concludes in favor of the miracle4 ,for if it concludes that the reports are false1 or that there is some illusion1 this will not be needed4 ,the ,catholic press1 with a reserve truly admirable in the midst of the excitement of the dispute1 refused to decide as to the actual merits of the case4 ,it did not wish to anticipate the verdict of the episcopal commission2 but confined itself to refuting calumnies1 absurd stories1 and sophisms1 to defending the historical thesis of the occurrence of supernatural events1 and to claiming in the name of reason the right of examination and freedom to ascertain the truth4 ,the event at ,lourdes1 said the ,univers1 is not as yet verified1 nor is its nature determined4 ,it may have been a miracle1 it may have been an illusion4 ,the decision of the ,bishop will settle the question4 ,for our own part1 we believe that we have answered all that has been seriously or even speciously said about the events at ,lourdes4 ,we shall leave the matter here4 ,it was not right that the press should be allowed to heap around these facts all the lies it could think of2 but it would not be becoming to give an answer to the abundance of its scoffing words4 ,wise men will appreciate the wisdom and good faith of the church1 and as usual1 after all the turmoil1 truth will secure for itself in the world its little nucleus of adherents1 'pusillus grex1' which nevertheless is sufficient to maintain its ascendency in the world4#acd ,it is obvious that1 in the great polemical question regarding miracles which was being discussed on the occasion of the events at ,lourdes1 the two sides were acting on diametrically opposite plans4 ,on the one hand1 the ,catholics appealed to an impartial examination2 on the other1 the pseudo-philosophers feared the light4 ,the former said1 ,let us have an examination2 the latter cried1 ,let us hear no more of this matter4 ,the former had for their watchword liberty of conscience2 the latter implored ,csar to put a violent stop to this religious movement1 and to stifle it1 not by the power of arguments1 but by brute force4 ,every impartial mind1 placed by its views or circumstances outside of the mle1 could not help seeing with the greatest clearness that justice1 truth1 and reason were on the ,catholic side4 ,all that was necessary for this was1 not to be blinded by the fury of the contest or by an immovable prejudice4 ,although in the person of a commissary1 a prefect1 and a minister the administration had unfortunately taken a very decided part in this important affair1 there still was a man of authority who had not had anything to do with it1 and who was in the conditions of perfect impartiality1 whatever his religious1 philosophical1 and political views might be4 ,whether there had been a manifestation of the supernatural or not at ,lourdes made no difference in his calculations4 ,neither his ambition1 self-love1 doctrines1 nor antecedents were concerned in this question4 ,what mind is there which in such circumstances cannot be fair1 and give justice and truth their rights8 ,people do not violate justice or outrage truth except when they think it advantageous to do so1 under some strong prompting of avarice1 ambition1 or pride4 ,the man of whom we speak was called ,napoleon ,,iii41 and was1 as it happened1 ,emperor of the ,french4 ,impassible as usual1 silent as the granite sphinxes which watch at the gates of ,thebes1 he followed the discussion1 observing the turns of the battle1 and waiting for the public conscience to dictate1 as it were1 his decision4 ,,iv4 ,while ,god was thus leaving his work to the disputes of men1 he did not cease to grant visible graces to the humble and believing souls which came to the miraculous spring to implore the aid of the sovereign power of the ,virgin ,mother4 ,a child of the town of ,st4 ,justin1 in the department of ,gers1 named ,jean-,marie ,tambourn1 had been for some months entirely disabled in his right leg4 ,the pains in it had been so severe that the limb had been twisted2 and the foot1 turned entirely outward in these crises of suffering1 had come to form a right angle with the other one4 ,his general health had rapidly deteriorated under this state of continual suffering1 which robbed the poor boy of his sleep as well as of his appetite4 ,he was in fact sinking into the grave4 ,his parents1 who were tolerably well off1 had tried for his cure all the treatments which had been suggested by the physicians of the neighborhood1 but without success4 ,they had also had recourse to the waters of ,blousson and to medicated baths4 ,the result had been almost complete failure4 ,any very slight and temporary alleviations which were obtained always resulted in a disastrous relapse4 ,the parents had at last lost all confidence in the remedies of science4 ,tired of medical treatment1 they turned their hopes toward the ,mother of ,god1 who1 it was said1 had appeared at the ,massabielle rocks4 ,on the #bc;d of ,september1 #aheh1 the little boy was taken by his mother to ,lourdes1 in the public coach4 ,it was a long distance1 more than thirty miles4 ,having reached the town1 the mother hastened to the grotto1 carrying her unfortunate child in her arms4 ,she bathed him in the miraculous water1 praying with fervor to her who has been pleased to be called in the ,litany ,health of the ,sick4 ,the child meanwhile had fallen into a sort of ecstatic state4 ,his eyes were wide open1 his lips apart4 ,he seemed to be gazing at some strange object4 ,what is the matter8 said his mother4 ,i see the good ,god and the ,blessed ,virgin1 answered he4 ,the poor woman1 at these words1 felt a great commotion at her heart1 and the sweat stood out upon her face4 ,the child came to himself4 ,mother1 said he1 my trouble is gone4 ,my feet do not ache now4 ,i can walk1 ,i know ,i can2 ,i am as strong as ever ,i was4 ,jean-,marie was right2 he was indeed cured4 ,he went to the village of ,lourdes on foot1 ate and slept there4 ,at the same time that his pain and weakness ceased1 his appetite and sleep returned4 ,the next day his mother bathed him once more at the grotto1 and had a mass of thanksgiving celebrated in the church at ,lourdes4 ,then they set out for home2 not in the coach this time1 but on foot4 ,when1 after spending one night on the road1 they reached ,st4 ,justin1 the child saw his father1 who was on the watch1 expecting no doubt that some carriage would bring back the pilgrims4 ,jean-,marie recognized him far off1 and ran to him4 ,the father almost fainted4 ,but his darling was already in his arms4 ,papa1 cried he1 the ,blessed ,virgin has cured me4 ,the news of this event spread quickly enough in the town1 where everybody knew the child4 ,they flocked from all sides to see him4#ace ,the sister of a notary of ,tarbes1 ,jeanne-,marie ,massot-,bordenave1 had become1 after a long and serious illness1 almost entirely crippled in her feet and hands4 ,she walked only with extreme difficulty4 ,her hands1 habitually swollen1 discolored1 and aching1 were almost entirely useless4 ,her fingers1 bent back and stiff1 could not be straightened1 and were completely paralyzed4 ,having gone to see her brother at ,tarbes1 she was returning home to ,arras1 in the canton of ,aucun4 ,she was alone in the inside of the diligence4 ,a flask of wine which her brother had given her having become uncorked and overturned1 she could not set it up or cork it1 so entirely powerless had her fingers become4 ,lourdes was upon the road4 ,she stopped there and went to the grotto4 ,hardly had she plunged her hands into the miraculous water1 when she perceived that they were instantly coming back to life4 ,her fingers had straightened1 and suddenly recovered their flexibility and strength4 ,successful perhaps beyond her expectations1 she plunged her feet in the miraculous water1 and they were healed like her hands4 ,she fell upon her knees4 ,what did she say to the ,blessed ,virgin8 ,how did she thank her8 ,such prayers1 such bursts of gratitude may be imagined1 but not expressed in words4 ,she then put on her shoes1 and with a confident step returned to the town4 ,a young girl was walking in the same direction1 coming back from the woods with an enormous bundle of fagots on her head4 ,it was warm1 and the poor little peasant was bathed in perspiration4 ,exhausted1 she sat down upon a stone at the side of the road1 laying her too heavy burden at her feet4 ,at this moment ,jeanne-,marie ,massot passed before her1 returning quickly and joyfully from the fountain of grace4 ,a good thought occurred to her4 ,she went up to the child4 ,my child1 said she to her1 our ,lord has just granted me a great favor4 ,he has cured me2 he has taken away my burden4 ,and in my turn1 ,i would like to aid and relieve you4 ,so saying1 ,marie ,massot took up with her hands restored to life the heavy fagots which lay on the ground1 put them on her head1 and thus returned to ,lourdes1 whence1 less than an hour before1 she had gone out weak and paralyzed4 ,the first-fruits of her recovered strength had been nobly used2 they had been consecrated to charity4 ,freely have you received1 freely give1 said our ,redeemer to his disciples4#acf ,a woman already advanced in age1 ,marie ,capdevielle1 of the village of ,livron1 in the neighborhood of ,lourdes1 had also been cured of a severe deafness which had troubled her for a long time4 ,i seem1 said she1 to be in another world when ,i hear the church-bells1 which ,i have not heard before for three years4 ,these cures1 and many others1 continue to attest irrefutably the direct intervention of ,god4 ,he showed his power in restoring health to the sick1 and it was evident that1 if he had permitted persecution1 it was because it was necessary to the conduct of his designs4 ,it rested with him to put a stop to it1 and for that purpose to bend and use as it should please him the wills of the great ones of the earth4 ,v4 ,polemics on the subject of the grotto had become exhausted4 ,in ,france and abroad1 public opinion had passed judgment1 not indeed on the reality of the supernatural events1 but on the violent oppression to which all liberty of belief and right of examination were being subjected to in a corner of the empire4 ,the miserable sophisms of anti-christian fanaticism and of pseudo-philosophic intolerance had not held their ground before the cogent logic of the ,catholic journals4 ,the ,dbats1 the ,sicle1 the ,presse1 and the common herd of irreligious sheets kept silence1 probably sorry that they had undertaken this unfortunate contest1 and made so much noise about these extraordinary facts4 ,they had only succeeded in propagating and spreading everywhere the renown of a host of miracles4 ,from ,italy1 ,germany1 and even more distant lands1 people were writing to ,lourdes for some of the sacred water4 ,at the ,bureau of ,public ,worship1 ,m4 ,rouland persisted in putting himself in the way of the most holy of liberties1 and in endeavoring to stop the march of events4 ,at the grotto1 ,jacomet and the guards continued to keep watch day and night1 and to bring the faithful up before the courts4 ,judge ,duprat kept on sentencing them4 ,between such a minister to back him1 and such agents to carry out his will1 ,baron ,massy remained bravely in his desperately illogical situation1 and consoled himself with the omnipotence of his arbitrary will4 ,continually more and more exasperated by seeing the vain pretexts of religion and public order with which he had at first wished to conceal his intolerance slipping through his fingers1 he gave himself up gladly to the bitter satisfaction of practising pure tyranny4 ,he remained deaf to the universal protest4 ,to all reasoning1 to undeniable evidence1 he opposed his own will3 ,such is my determination4 ,it was sweet to him to be stronger single-handed than all the multitudes1 stronger than the ,bishop1 stronger than common sense1 than miracles1 than the ,god who was manifested at the grotto4 ,it was at this juncture that two eminent personages1 ,mgr4 de ,salinis1 ,archbishop of ,auch1 and ,m4 de ,ressguier1 formerly of the deputies1 called on the ,emperor1 who was at the time at ,biarritz4 ,napoleon ,,iii4 was receiving at the same time from various quarters petitions demanding urgently1 in virtue of the most sacred rights1 the annulment of the arbitrary and violent measures of ,baron ,massy4 ,sire1 said one of these petitions1 we do not pretend to settle the question as to the apparitions of the ,blessed ,virgin1 though almost all the people here1 on account of the startling miracles which they claim to have personally witnessed1 believe in the reality of these supernatural manifestations4 ,but it is certain and indisputable that the fountain which appeared suddenly1 and from which we are excluded1 in spite of the scientific analysis which asserts its perfect harmlessness1 has been hurtful to no one2 on the other hand1 it is undeniable that a great number of persons declare that they have there recovered their health4 ,in the name of the rights of conscience1 which should be independent of all human power1 permit the faithful to go and pray there if they choose4 ,in the name of humanity1 allow the sick to go there for their cure1 if they entertain such a hope4 ,in the name of free thought1 suffer the minds which need information for their study and examination to go there to unmask error or to discover truth4 ,the ,emperor1 as we have said above1 was disinterested in the question1 or rather it was for his interest not to waste his power in fruitlessly opposing the course of events4 ,it was for his interest to listen to the cry of souls asking for the liberty of their faith1 the cry of minds demanding freedom to study and see for themselves4 ,it was for his interest to be just1 and not to crush1 by an arbitrary act and an evident denial of justice1 those who believed the evidence of their senses1 as well as those who1 though not yet believing1 still claimed the right to examine publicly the mysterious occurrences which were occupying the attention of ,france4 ,it has been seen what wild romances the honest ,minister ,rouland had gravely accepted as incontestable truths4 ,the information which his benevolent excellency must have given the ,emperor could hardly have given the latter much light upon the subject4 ,the newspaper discussions1 although they had triumphantly brought to light the right of one party and the unjust intolerance of the other1 could not have given him a perfectly clear idea of the situation4 ,at ,biarritz only did it appear to him in its fulness and complete details4 ,napoleon ,,iii4 was not a very demonstrative sovereign2 his thoughts were seldom plainly indicated by his words2 rather by actions4 ,as he learned the absurd and violent proceedings by which the minister1 the prefect1 and their agents had been bringing authority into disgrace1 his dull eye brightened1 it is said1 with a flash of anger2 he shrugged his shoulders nervously1 and a cloud of deep displeasure passed over his brow4 ,he rang the bell impatiently4 ,take this to the telegraph office1 said he4 ,it was a brief dispatch to the ,prefect of ,tarbes1 ordering him1 in the name of the ,emperor1 to rescind instantly the decree closing the grotto at ,lourdes1 and to leave the people free4 ,,vi4 ,we are familiar with the discoveries of science with regard to the wonderful electric spark1 which the network of wires covering the globe carries from one end of the earth to the other in an instant4 ,the telegraph1 as the savants tell us1 is the same thing as the thunderbolt4 ,on this occasion1 ,baron ,massy was entirely of their opinion4 ,the imperial despatch1 falling suddenly upon them1 stunned and bewildered him1 as a sudden stroke of lightning would have done coming down upon his house4 ,he could not believe in its reality4 ,the more he thought of it1 the more impossible it seemed for him to retrace his steps1 to reverse his judgment1 or to bear his retreat publicly4 ,nevertheless1 he had to swallow this bitter draught1 or hand in his resignation and put far away from his lips the sweet prefectoral cup4 ,fatal alternative6 ,the heart of a public functionary is sometimes torn by fearful anguish4 ,when a sudden catastrophe comes upon us1 we have at first some difficulty in accepting it as definitive1 and we continue to struggle after all is lost4 ,baron ,massy did not escape this illusion4 ,he hoped vaguely that the ,emperor would revoke his decision4 ,in this hope1 he undertook to keep the dispatch secret for some days1 and not to obey4 ,he wrote to the ,emperor1 and also secured the intervention of ,minister ,rouland1 who was less publicly but as completely affected as himself by the unexpected order from ,biarritz4 ,napoleon ,,iii4 was as insensible to the protests of the minister as to the representations and entreaties of the prefect4 ,the judgment which he had made had been based upon evidence1 and was irrevocable4 ,all these steps had no other result than to show him that the prefect had dared to set aside his orders and to postpone their execution4 ,a second despatch left ,biarritz4 ,it was couched in terms which permitted no comment or delay4 ,baron ,massy had to choose between his pride and his prefecture4 ,he made the grievous choice1 and was humble enough to remain in his office4 ,the head of the department resigned himself to obedience4 ,nevertheless1 in spite of the imperative orders of his master1 he still tried1 not to resist1 which was evidently impossible1 but to hide his retreat and not surrender publicly4 ,in consequence of some official indiscretions1 and perhaps also by the account of the gentlemen who had waited on the ,emperor1 the purport of the orders from ,biarritz was already vaguely known by the public4 ,it was the topic of general conversation4 ,the prefect neither confirmed nor denied the prevailing rumors4 ,he instructed ,jacomet and his agents to draw up no more procs-verbaux1 and to discontinue the watch4 ,such a course1 coming in connection with the current reports as to the instructions of the ,emperor1 ought to have sufficed 7at least such was his hope7 to put things in their normal state1 and make the prohibitory decree a dead letter4 ,it was even probable that the people1 restored to liberty1 would hasten themselves to root up and throw into the ,gave the posts bearing the caution against entering upon the common land and within the barriers which enclosed the grotto4 ,m4 ,massy was1 however1 mistaken in his calculations1 plausible as they may have been4 ,in spite of the absence of the police1 in spite of the reports which were circulating without official contradiction1 the people feared some snare4 ,they continued to pray on the wrong side of the ,gave4 ,the trespasses were as before1 generally speaking1 few and far between4 ,no one touched the posts or the barriers4 ,the status quo1 instead of disappearing of its own accord1 as the prefect had hoped1 obstinately remained4 ,considering the character of ,napoleon ,,iii41 and the clearness of the orders from ,biarritz1 the situation was dangerous for the prefect1 and ,baron ,massy was too intelligent not to perceive it4 ,every moment it was to be feared that the ,emperor would hear of the way in which he was trying to beat around the bush4 ,he may well have dreaded continually that some terrible message would arrive setting him aside for ever1 and turning him out in the cold1 out from the luminous realms of functionarism into the exterior darkness in which the miserable unofficial world is involved4 ,the end of ,september had come4 ,it happened that1 during these perplexities1 ,m4 ,fould had occasion to make another visit to ,tarbes1 and even to go to ,lourdes4 ,did he increase the alarm of the prefect by speaking of the sovereign1 or did the ,baron receive some new telegram more crushing than the others8 ,we do not know4 ,but it is certain that1 on the #c;d of ,october1 ,m4 ,massy1 as if struck down by some unseen hand1 became pliable as a broken reed1 and that his arrogant stiffness was suddenly changed to a complete prostration4 ,the next day he issued1 in the name of the ,emperor1 an order to the mayor of ,lourdes to repeal the decree publicly1 and to have ,jacomet remove the posts and barriers4 ,,vii4 ,m4 ,lacad did not hesitate like ,m4 ,massy4 ,this issue freed him at once from the heavy burden which the mingled desire of pleasing both the prefect and the people1 both the heavenly and earthly powers1 had imposed upon him4 ,by an illusion very common with undecided people1 he imagined that he had always been on the side which now prevailed1 and in this spirit he drew up a proclamation to the following effect3 ,citizens of ,lourdes1 the day which we have so earnestly desired has at last come2 we have earned it by our wisdom1 perseverance1 faith1 and courage4 ,such was the sense and style of his proclamation1 the text of which is unfortunately not extant4#acg ,the proclamation was read through the town1 with an accompaniment of drums and trumpets4 ,at the same time the following notice was posted on the walls3 ,the ,mayor of ,lourdes1 ,acting upon instructions addressed to him1 ,,orders ,,as ,,follows3 ,the order issued on the #hth of ,june1 #aheh1 is revoked4 ,done at ,lourdes1 at the ,mayor's ,office1 ,oct4 #e1 #aheh4 ,the ,mayor1 ,a4 ,,lacad4 ,at the same time1 ,jacomet and the sergents-de-ville repaired to the grotto to take away the barriers and posts4 ,a crowd had already collected there1 and was increasing every moment4 ,some were praying on their knees1 and1 endeavoring not to be distracted by the hubbub around1 were thanking ,god for having put a stop to the scandal and the persecutions4 ,others were standing up talking in a low voice1 and awaiting with emotion what was about to take place4 ,many of the women were saying their beads4 ,some held bottles in their hands1 which they wished to fill at the source of the fountain4 ,some were throwing flowers over the barriers into the interior of the grotto4 ,but no one touched the barriers4 ,it was necessary that those who had publicly placed them there in opposition to the power of ,god should come and remove them publicly in submission to the will of a man4 ,jacomet arrived4 ,although1 in spite of himself1 he showed some embarrassment1 and though from the paleness of his face his profound humiliation might have been suspected1 still he had not1 contrary to the general expectation1 the dejected appearance of one who had been conquered4 ,escorted by his subordinates with their hatchets and pickaxes1 he came forward with a bold face4 ,with a seemingly strange affectation1 he wore his full-dress costume4 ,his large tricolor scarf was wrapped around him and rested upon his parade sword4 ,a vague tumult1 a dull murmur1 with some distinct cries here and there1 was heard from the crowd4 ,the commissary took up his position upon a rock1 and signed to the people that he wished to speak4 ,every one listened4 ,his words are said to have been to this effect3 ,my friends1 these barriers which the municipality1 to my great regret1 has ordered to put up1 are about to be removed4 ,who has suffered more than ,i from this obstacle raised against your piety8 ,i also am a ,christian1 my friends2 ,i share your faith4 ,but the official1 like the soldier1 has only one duty2 it is the duty1 often a very painful one1 of obedience4 ,the responsibility does not rest upon him4 ,well1 my friends1 when ,i saw your admirable patience1 your respect for authority1 your persevering faith1 ,i informed the higher authorities4 ,i pleaded your cause4 ,i said1 ',why prevent them from praying at the grotto1 from drinking at the fountain8 ,they will do no harm4' ,and thus1 my friends1 the prohibition has been removed1 and the prefect and ,i have resolved to take down these barriers for ever1 which were so displeasing to you and much more so to me4 ,the crowd maintained a cold silence4 ,some of the young people chuckled and laughed4 ,jacomet was evidently troubled by his want of success4 ,he gave orders to his men to take away the fence1 which was done without delay4 ,the boards were piled up near the grotto1 and the police came at nightfall to take them away4 ,there was great rejoicing at ,lourdes4 ,all the afternoon crowds were going and coming on the road to the grotto4 ,before the ,massabielle rocks immense numbers of the faithful were kneeling4 ,canticles and litanies were sung3 ,virgo potens1 ora pro nobis4 ,the people drank of the fountain4 ,faith was free4 ,god had triumphed4 ,,footnotes3 #aca ,presse1 ,aug4 #ca1 #aheh4 #acb ,sicle1 ,aug4 #cj1 #aheh4 #acc ,amsterdaamsche ,courant1 ,sept4 #i1 #aheh4 #acd ,the above extracts are from the ,univers1 on various dates in ,august and ,september1 #aheh4 #ace ,twenty-eighth procs-verbal of the episcopal commission4 ,the following is the report of one of the physicians appointed to examine this cure3 ,the boy ,tambourn1 at five years of age1 showed the symptoms of hip disease in the first stage2 very sharp pains in the knee1 duller at the hip1 a turning out of the foot1 lameness at first1 afterwards inability to walk without great suffering4 ,the digestive functions became impaired4 ,he had a repugnance to food1 and became very much reduced4 ,the disease1 going through its first period very rapidly1 was threatening sooner or later to put an end to the child's life1 when the idea was formed of taking him to the grotto of ,lourdes1 where his cure was effected instantly4 ,the complaint of young ,tambourn was of the same class as that of ,busquet1 but it was more severe1 having affected one of the principal joints4 ,its indications were already most distressing to the eyes of the physician who is able to see what the future has in store4 ,it is1 no doubt1 possible to cure hip-disease1 by the means and processes employed by science4 ,natural sulphurous waters can remove it2 but in no case is it possible for them to operate with the rapidity of lightning4 ,instantaneousness of action is so much beyond the healing power by means of which such waters operate1 that it may be asserted that there is a fact in the supernatural order in all the cases of immediate cure in which a material lesion has been involved4 ,it hardly needs to be stated that young ,tambourn came to the grotto carried by his mother1 and that a few moments afterwards he climbed a steep slope1 walked and ran the rest of the day1 without feeling the least pain1 and with as much ease as before the coming on of the disease1 etc4 #acf ,we give in this note the report of the physicians entrusted with the examination of this case by the episcopal commission4 ,it is remarkable for its circumspection4 ,it does not dare to pronounce in favor of a miracle2 but such a reserve in so striking a case gives to the reports in which miraculous power is recognized an authority yet more incontestable and conclusive4 ,mlle4 ,massot-,bordenave1 of ,arras1 aged fifty-three1 was afflicted in the month of ,may1 #aheh1 with a malady which deprived her feet and hands of part of their power and mobility4 ,her fingers were much bent4444 ,her bread had to be cut for her4 ,she went on foot to the grotto1 bathed her hands and feet1 and went away cured4 ,it cannot be denied that all the prima facie indications in this case are in favor of the intervention of some supernatural cause2 but examining it with attention1 we shall see that this view is opposed by several well-founded objections4 ,thus1 the beginning of the trouble was hardly four months before2 its character was not alarming1 being a weakness of convalescence1 a diminution of energy in the extensor and flexor muscles of the fingers and toes4 ,let the nervous power flow into these muscles1 under the influence of a strong moral stimulus1 and they would resume their functions immediately4 ,now1 may we not admit in this case that the imagination may have become exalted by the religious sentiment1 and by the hope of becoming the recipient of a favor from heaven8 #acg ,a great part of the papers relating to the grotto of ,lourdes were kept by the ,lacad family instead of being left in the archives of the mayoralty4 ,we endeavored in vain to get at these precious documents4 ,the ,lacad family say that they have been burned4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,mr4 ,,froude ,,and ,,calvinism4 ,the ,robert-,houdin of modern ,english writers1 and author of that popular serial novel grimly entitled ,the ,history of ,england1 appears to be only at home in an element of paradox1 and in the clever accomplishment of some literary tour de force4 ,calvinism3 ,an ,address delivered at ,st4 ,andrews1 ,march #ag1 #ahga1 by ,james ,anthony ,froude1 ,m4,a41#ach is his latest performance4 ,always liberal in his assumption of premises1 no one need be surprised that the author should claim ,calvinism to have been accepted for two centuries in all ,protestant countries as the final account of the relations between man and his ,maker1 and should represent that the ,catholics whom it overthrew assail it1 etc4 ,it will be news to most ,protestants1 ,lutherans and ,anglicans in particular1 that ,calvinism was thus accepted1 and the 'overthrown ,catholics' will be not less surprised4 ,throughout the address1 ,mr4 ,froude industriously insists upon the false idea that ,luther was a ,calvinist4 ,the statement refutes itself in its terms4 ,no argument is needed to show that ,luther's free-will doctrine and ,calvin's predestination were simply irreconcilable4 ,it was not skilful in ,mr4 ,froude to smother in its very birth his labored vindication of ,calvinistic doctrine by such a presentation as this 7p4 #d73 ,it has come to be regarded by liberal thinkers as a system of belief incredible in itself1 dishonoring to its object1 and as intolerable as it has been itself intolerant4 ,to represent man as sent into the world under a curse1 as incurably wicked--wicked by the constitution of his flesh1 and wicked by eternal decree--as doomed1 unless exempted by special grace which he cannot merit or by any effort of his own obtain1 to live in sin while he remains on earth1 and to be eternally miserable when he leaves it--to represent him as born unable to keep the commandments1 yet as justly liable to everlasting punishment for breaking them1 is alike repugnant to reason and to conscience1 and turns existence into a hideous nightmare4 ,to tell men that they cannot help themselves is to fling them into recklessness and despair4 ,to what purpose the effort to be virtuous1 when it is an effort which is foredoomed to fail--when those that are saved are saved by no effort of their own1 and confess themselves the worst of sinners1 even when rescued from the penalties of sin2 and those that are lost are lost by an everlasting sentence decreed against them before they were born8 ,how are we to call the ,ruler who laid us under this iron code by the name of ,wise1 or ,just1 or ,merciful1 when we ascribe principles of action to him which in a human father we should call preposterous and monstrous8 ,as types of ,calvinism and almost perfect human beings1 as men of grandeur and nobility of character1 upright life1 commanding intellect1 untainted selfishness1 unalterably just1 frank1 true1 cheerful1 humorous1 and as unlike sour fanatics as it is possible to imagine any one1 ,mr4 ,froude names ,william the ,silent1 ,luther1 ,john ,knox1 ,andrew ,melville1 the ,regent ,murray1 ,coligny1 ,cromwell1 ,milton1 and ,john ,bunyan4 ,the ,calvinism of all the members of this remarkably assorted group is at least open to serious question4 ,as to their supereminent goodness and almost angelic purity1 it would be an easy but not a pleasant task to point out the refutation in their fatal shortcomings4 ,it may be that ,cromwell had the tenderness of a woman in his heart1 but no testimony to support that assertion could possibly be procured in ,ireland4 ,it may be that ,knox was not a sour fanatic1 that ,william was all unselfishness1 that ,coligny was blameless1 and that ,milton's wife was mistaken in her estimate of her husband4 ,as to the ,regent ,murray1 who was told to his face by ,john ,knox that his religion was for his own commoditie1 and whom ,aytoun#aci has incarcerated in the immortal amber of his verse as the falsest villain ever ,scotland bred-- ,false to his faith1 a wedded priest3 ,still falser to the ,crown2 ,false to the blood1 that in his veins ,made bastardy renown2 ,false to his sister1 whom he swore ,to guard and shield from harm2 ,the head of many a felon plot1 ,but never once the arm6 ,a verier knave ne'er stepped the earth ,since this wide world began2 ,and yet--he bandies texts with ,knox1 ,and walks a pious man6-- we are perfectly satisfied that ,robespierre is an accomplished ,christian gentleman beside him1 for ,robespierre at least never stole his sister's jewels nor took bribes from his country's enemies4 ,then we are treated by the author to a promenade down the path of ages1 amid the wrecks of empires and of systems1 and to rhetorically embroidered sketches1 with mention more or less extended of ,olympus1 ,valhalla1 ,egyptian idolatry1 ,buddhism1 in which ,zoroaster1 like ,moses1 saw behind the physical forces into the deeper laws of right and wrong1 ,greek theology1 the ,stoics1 the ,galilean fishermen and the tentmaker of ,tarsus1 and--,islamism4 ,of all these1 the last most decidedly brings out ,mr4 ,froude's warmest enthusiasm1 and we find ourselves querying if it is ,mohammed's fatalism he so much admires1 for the monotheism of the prophet could hardly be called ,calvinistic1 thus making the burning of ,servetus a gratuitous waste of cord-wood4 ,here we feel bound in justice to say that1 although the men of ,galilee and of ,tarsus do not appear to excite any very strong admiration in our author1 he nevertheless makes the handsome concession that he is not upholding ,mohammed as if he had been a perfect man1 or the ,koran as a second ,bible1 and that the detailed conception of man's duties was inferior1 far inferior1 to what ,st4 ,martin and ,st4 ,patrick1 ,st4 ,columba and ,st4 ,augustine1 were teaching or had taught in ,western ,europe4 ,the early ,christian church being essentially ,catholic1 it does not draw very heavily on either ,mr4 ,froude's enthusiasm or his admiration1 and1 in speaking of the mystery called transubstantiation in the twelfth century1 he makes an attempt to sum up ,catholicity in a vein partaking of the brutality with which1 in his ,history of ,england1 he has the cool insolence to speak of the ,catholic religion--the religion of ,copernicus1 ,sir ,thomas ,more1 ,fnelon1 and ,dr4 ,newman--as a ,paphian idolatry4 ,the ,reformation is1 of course1 introduced with flourish of trumpets4 ,but the ,reformation was essentially ,lutheran1 and not ,calvinistic4 ,luther himself1 who was1 so ,mr4 ,froude assures us1 one of the grandest men that ever lived on earth1 than whom none more loyal to the light that was in him--braver1 truer1 or wider-minded1 in the noblest sense of the word--this ,luther1 we say1 was as sincere a believer as ,saint ,augustine in the real presence--in transubstantiation1 as ,mr4 ,froude has it--a doctrine which1 on all occasions and as far as in him lies1 our ,english writer seeks to drag in the mud4 ,and yet this ,luther1 so believing1 was1 ,mr4 ,froude seeks to persuade us1 a ,calvinist4 ,calvinism1 in practice1 was a lovely thing1 and ,mr4 ,froude proves that it was by--,john ,knox1 whom he thus cites3 ,elsewhere1 says ,knox1 speaking of ,geneva1 the word of ,god is taught as purely2 but never anywhere have ,i seen ,god obeyed as faithfully4 ,mr4 ,froude is1 moreover1 surprised that ,calvinism should have been called intolerant1#adj and sums up its vindication thus3 ,intolerance of an enemy who is trying to kill you seems to me a pardonable state of mind4 ,in the face of this citation1 it is almost unnecessary to state that the name of ,servetus does not once occur in the forty-seven pages of the ,address1 nor is the slightest allusion made to him4 ,and if the curious reader1 unacquainted with the practical working of ,calvinism in ,geneva1 where ,god was obeyed so faithfully1 should inquire how it was that this perfect ,christian man1 ,calvin1 wrote his laws in blood and enforced them with the aid of executioners and torturers2 how it was that he persecuted some men and1 under color of law1 assassinated others1 he may be referred to these witnesses3 ,first4 ,jerome ,bolsec1 exiled for proposing an opinion false and contrary to the evangelical religion4 ,second4 ,peter ,arneaux1 who1 for saying that ,calvin was a wicked man announcing false doctrine1 was condemned to walk the streets of ,geneva in his shirt1 a lighted torch in his hand1 bare-headed and bare-footed4 ,third4 ,henri de la ,marc1 exiled for saying that ,peter ,arneaux was a worthy man1 and that1 if ,calvin had a spite against any one1 he gratified it4 ,fourth4 ,jacques ,gruet1 who was beheaded and his head afterward nailed to a post1 for the crime of being the author of placards accusing the ,calvinists of persecution1 and for proofs of impiety found in his private writings when his house was searched4 ,finally4 ,servetus1 who1 for being a sower of heresies1 was1 by ,calvin's authority1 imprisoned1 left there for two months to suffer by hunger and nakedness1 and then brought out and1 at the age of forty-four years1 burned alive4 ,we cannot be certain that ,mr4 ,froude has ever heard of any of these ,protestants martyred for their opinions4 ,if he has heard of them1 we presume he means to vindicate ,calvin1 and to cover their cases by the crushing statement at page #dc3 ,it is no easy matter to tolerate lies clearly convicted of being lies under any circumstances2 specially it is not easy to tolerate lies which strut about in the name of religion4 ,the passage is characteristic of ,mr4 ,froude's capacity for ambiguity and indirection1 but he neglects to indicate the tribunal of truth at which these lies are clearly convicted4 ,it is a serious matter for a gentleman of no particular religious principle to say that this or the other theological conviction is a lie which struts about in the name of religion2 for1 in the eye of the theologically convicted1 the most offensively disgusting of all struts is the strut of no religion to speak of4 ,moreover1 the author had better have left unpublished the last member of the sentence we have quoted1 because1 in his case1 it irresistibly suggests this other phrase3 ,it is not easy to tolerate novels which strut about in the name of history4 ,thus we know1 as matter of record1 that ,norman ,leslie proposed to ,henry ,,viii4 the assassination of ,cardinal ,beaton for a sum of money1 that the negotiation1 at first delayed1 was finally closed and carried out4 ,leslie got his money1 and the cardinal was murdered1 because1 as ,mr4 ,froude touchingly relates it1 ,henry's position obliged him to look at facts as they were rather than through conventional forms4 ,mr4 ,froude presents the hired bravo of ,henry ,,viii4 thus3 ,norman ,leslie did not kill ,cardinal ,beaton down in the castle yonder because he was a ,catholic1 but because he was a murderer4 ,mr4 ,froude does not appear by his writings to have an unvarying standard of morality4 ,apparently incapable of judging actions as they are1 he measures them by his personal like or dislike of the actors4 ,always the advocate1 never the philosophical historian1 he presents but one side of a case4 ,certain personages in history are with him always right1 certain others are always wrong4 ,even the crimes of the former are meritorious1 or1 at worse1 indifferent1 while the indifferent sayings and doings of the latter are sins of deepest die4 ,we may see this tendency exemplified in the address before us which seeks to make ,calvinism lovely4 ,the author says1 in plain terms1 that it was not more criminal in a ,calvinist to burn a witch than for any other person to invite a spirit-rapper to dinner4 ,of course he expresses the opinion euphuistically and in mellifluous phrase1 but1 nevertheless1 he does express it4 ,and that our readers may fully understand that we do not even unintentionally misrepresent him1 we give his words4 ,at page #dc1 we read3 ,in burning witches1 the ,calvinists followed their model too exactly2 but it is to be remembered that they really believed those poor creatures to have made a compact with ,satan4 ,and1 as regards morality1 it may be doubted whether inviting spirit-rappers to dinner1 and allowing them to pretend to consult our dead relations1 is very much more innocent4 ,the first method is but excess of indignation with evil2 the second is complacent toying with it4 ,it is worth while to notice how deftly ,mr4 ,froude handles his positive and comparative4 ,for ,calvinists to burn people alive is innocent1 and intercourse with spirit-rappers is not very much more innocent4 ,with such juggling as this of facts and phrases1 the author of ,calvinism has written his ,history of ,england1 the delight of circulating library subscribers because it is as interesting as a novel4 ,and so it is1 for the best of reasons4 ,,footnotes3 #ach ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #aci ,author of ,lays of the ,scottish ,cavaliers4 #adj ,mr4 ,froude's memory is not always good4 ,in his ,history of ,england1 vol4 ix41 p4 #cjg1 he tells us3 ,the guidance of the great movement was snatched from the control of reason to be made over to ,calvinism2 and ,calvinism1 could it have had the world under its feet1 would have been as merciless as the ,inquisition itself4 ,the ,huguenots and the ,puritans1 the ,bible in one hand1 the sword in the other1 were ready to make war with steel and fire against all which ,europe for ten centuries had held sacred4 ,fury encountered fury1 fanaticism fanaticism2 and wherever ,calvin's spirit penetrated1 the ,christian world was divided into two armies1 who abhorred each other with a bitterness exceeding the utmost malignity of mere human nature4 ,,love ,,for ,,animals4 ,he prayeth well who loveth well ,both man1 and bird and beast2 ,he prayeth best who loveth best ,all things both great and small2 ,for the dear ,god who loveth us1 ,he made and loveth all4 ,in reading the lives of the saints1 ,i have been particularly struck with their love for1 and their power over1 the animal world4 ,they seemed to live nearer the heart of nature than other mortals1 and perceived there diviner harmonies4 ,perhaps this sympathetic relation sprang from the belief that1 as the whole natural1 world participated in the fall of man1 so it has its part in the fruit of our ,saviour's ,passion4 ,at least1 they believed that animals1 in common with man1 received life from ,god and exist through him4 ,all creatures1 says ,denis the ,carthusian1 partake of the divine1 eternal1 and uncreated beauty4 ,the saints respected in animals that divine wisdom which ,albertus ,magnus tells us1 in his book on animals1 is to be recognized in their instinct4 ,dr4 ,newman says3 ,men of narrow reasoning may smile at the supposition that the woods and wild animals can fall into the scheme of theology and preach to the heart the all-pervading principles of religion2 but they forget that ,god's works have a unity of design throughout1 and that the author of nature and of revealed religion is one4 ,dr4 ,faber saw throughout creation a threefold manifestation of ,god1 typifying his being1 the generation of the ,son1 and the procession of the ,spirit4 ,sanctity seems to restore man to his primeval relation to nature1 and give him back the power he possessed in ,eden over the animal world4 ,the ,holy ,scriptures tell us of beasts and birds sent to minister to the wants of man1 and how the very lions reverenced the prophet ,daniel4 ,animals were submissive to man before his fall1 and they went obediently into the ark at the command of ,noah4 ,such things are renewed and repeated in the lives of the ,christian saints4 ,it is not more wonderful that a raven should bring ,st4 ,paul the ,hermit half a loaf every day for sixty years1 and a whole one when visited by ,st4 ,anthony1 than that one should feed the prophet4 ,st4 ,gregory of ,nazianzen relates that ,st4 ,basil's grandmother1 ,st4 ,macrina1 having taken refuge with her husband in the forests of ,pontus during a persecution1 was miraculously fed by stags4 ,st4 ,bega1 when a hermitess in a cave on the ,cumberland coast1 lived in supernatural familiarity with the sea-birds and the wolves of ,copeland forest1 and they in part supplied her with food4 ,st4 ,roch is usually represented with the dog that used to accompany him in his pilgrimages4 ,when ,st4 ,roch had the plague1 the dog went daily into the city and returned with a loaf of bread for his master4 ,among the old legends that embody the popular idea of the veneration of the animal world for holiness1 is that of the ,flight into ,egypt4 ,it is said the lions and leopards crept out of their lairs to lick the baby hands of the infant ,jesus4 ,when ,christians1 in the times of persecution under the ,roman emperors1 were thrown to the wild beasts in the amphitheatre1 there are many examples of these usually ferocious animals refusing to touch the holy victims1 as in the well-known instances of ,andronicus and ,tarchus4 ,st4 ,blaise is depicted surrounded by a variety of animals1 such as the lion and the lamb1 the leopard and the hind1 who seem to have laid aside their animosity4 ,this saint was obliged1 in the persecution of the reign of ,diocletian1 to take refuge in a cave of the mountains4 ,it was the haunt of wild beasts1 whose ferocity he so disarmed that they came every morning1 as if to ask his blessing1 says the old legend4 ,one day1 he met an old woman in distress for the loss of her only earthly possession1 a pig1 which had been carried off by a wolf4 ,such power had ,st4 ,blaise over the animal world1 that when he ordered the wolf to bring back the pig he obeyed4 ,some time after1 the woman killed her pig and took a part of it to ,st4 ,blaise1 who had been thrown into prison and left without any food1 thereby preventing him from starving4 ,st4 ,jerome is represented1 in ,christian art1 with the lion he healed1 and which remained with him4 ,the legend tells us the saint made the lion guard the ass that brought his fagots from the forest4 ,one day1 the lion went to sleep in the woods1 and the ass was stolen4 ,the lion returned home with drooping head1 as if ashamed4 ,st4 ,jerome made him bring the fagots in place of the ass1 which he did till he discovered his old friend in a caravan of merchants1 whom he so terrified that they confessed their sin to ,st4 ,jerome and restored the ass4 ,there is a very similar legend of the ,abbot ,gerasimus1 who lived near the river ,jordan4 ,we are told1 in the lives of the fathers of the desert1 of one of them who was carrying provisions across the desert to his brethren4 ,wearied with his burden and the long journey1 he called to a wild ass he espied to come and aid him1 for the love of ,christ4 ,the ass hastened to his assistance1 and bore the father and his load to the cells of his brethren4 ,st4 ,aphraates dispersed the army of locusts that threatened the country around ,antioch4 ,st4 ,martin commanded the serpents1 and they obeyed him4 ,and we read how the wolf-hounds1 hungry and fierce1 that were kept for the chase1 respected ,st4 ,walburga when she went1 late at night1 to visit the dying daughter of a neighboring baron4 ,it would almost seem as if these animals recognized1 as an able writer says1 the presence of ,him who lulled the tempest with a word in the souls in whom he dwells4 ,tradition records the fondness of one of the twelve apostles--the loved apostle ,john--for animals4 ,every one has heard of the tame partridge he took pleasure in feeding4 ,he was seen tending his bird by a passing hunter1 who expressed his surprise to see the apostle1 so renowned for his age and sanctity1 thus employing his time4 ,st4 ,john asked him if he always kept his bow bent4 ,that would soon render it useless1 said the hunter4 ,so do ,i unbend my mind in this way for the same reason you unbend your bow--to prevent its becoming useless4 ,perhaps he derived his love for animals from his ancestress ,rebecca1 who showed the kindness of her nature in offering to water the camels of the stranger4 ,eliezer saw it1 and began wooing her for his master's son4 ,there are numerous instances in which animals instinctively betook themselves to the saints for protection4 ,a hind1 pursued by dogs1 took refuge with ,st4 ,giles in his cave near the mouth of the ,rhone4 ,the hunters1 following on his track1 found the wounded beast crouching beside the saint1 who protected him4 ,the hind remained with ,st4 ,giles1 who fed on his milk4 ,this saint is represented in paintings with the animal beside him4 ,ane hind set up beside ,sanct ,geill1 says ,sir ,david ,lindsay4 ,there is a similar legend about ,st4 ,procopius1 a hermit1 with whom a hunted hind took refuge4 ,as ,st4 ,anselm was riding to the ,manor of ,herse1 a hare1 pursued by hunters1 sought shelter under the housings of his mule4 ,st4 ,anselm wept1 but the foresters laughed1 and the hounds stood around at bay4 ,the saint said3 ,this poor hare reminds me of the soul of a sinner beset by fiends eager to seize their prey4 ,he ordered the hunters not to pursue the hare1 which fled4 ,so a deer took refuge from hunters in the cell of ,st4 ,aventin1 a hermit who lived on an island in the ,seine4 ,one night a bear attacked his hut with furious cries4 ,the saint betook himself to prayer1 and at dawn found the animal1 subdued and gentle1 lying at his door licking his paw4 ,the saint saw it was pierced by a thorn1 and drew it out1 when the beast went quietly away into the forest4 ,when a person1 who lived for a time with ,st4 ,aventin1 caught some fish1 the saint threw them back into the river1 saying3 ,go1 little creatures1 return to your element and food and remain there at liberty3 my element and food are ,jesus ,christ1 to whom ,i wish to return1 that in him ,i may live for ever4 ,st4 ,bartholomew1 a hermit of ,farne1 was so gentle in his movements that the wild sea-birds were not afraid of him4 ,he allowed no one to molest them4 ,he tamed an eider-duck1 which daily fed out of his hand4 ,one day1 as ,st4 ,bartholomew was sitting on the sea-shore1 a cormorant pulled the edge of his garment with its bill4 ,he followed the bird1 and found its young had fallen into a fissure in the rocks4 ,he rescued them from danger4 ,st4 ,helier1 a hermit in the isle of ,jersey1 lived for years on a barren crag overlooking the sea4 ,attention was called to the place of his retreat by the flight of the birds who shared the rock with him1 and he was beheaded by his pagan discoverers4 ,the marine animals would fawn on ,st4 ,cuthbert while he was praying by night on the island of ,farne4 ,the eider-ducks are called by the islanders to this day ,st4 ,cuthbert's ducks4 ,so the nuns of ,whitby exulting told ,how sea-fowls' pinions fail1 ,as over ,whitby's towers they sail1 ,and sinking down1 with flutterings faint1 ,they do their homage to the saint4 ,st4 ,serf1 an old ,scottish monk1 had a pet ram which he had raised and used to follow him about4 ,the laird of ,tillicoultry stole the animal and ate him up in pieces small4 ,being accused of the theft1 the laird declared on oath that he had neither stolen nor eaten the ram4 ,whereupon1 so runs the old legend1 the ram bleated in his wayme6 ,the saint predicted that no heir born to the estate of ,tillicoultry should succeed to his patrimony1 which prediction has been verified down to our own time4 ,during the last two centuries ,tillicoultry has been in the possession of thirteen different families1 and in no case has the heir born to it become the owner4 ,lord ,colville1 a distinguished soldier of the time of ,james ,,vi41 retired to his estate of ,tillicoultry to spend the rest of his life in retirement4 ,walking on the terrace one day1 he slipped while looking up at an old hawthorn tree1 and fell down the bank and was instantly killed4 ,the estate was afterwards sold to the ,earl of ,stirling1 at whose death it was sold to ,sir ,alexander ,rollo1 and so it has passed from one family to another down to our time4 ,in #ahcg1 it was bought by ,mr4 ,stirling1 who was accidentally killed4 ,his brother1 not the born heir1 succeeded him1 but sold it in #ahdb to ,mr4 ,anstruther1 who in turn sold it to his brother1 the present proprietor4 ,st4 ,richard1 ,bishop of ,winchester1 through excessive tenderness for the animal world1 hardly ever ate any meat4 ,when he saw any lamb or chicken on his table1 he used to say3 ,we are the cause of your death1 ye innocent ones4 ,what have ye done worthy of death8 ,he thought as ,frederick ,schlegel1 who remarks3 ,the sorrows of beasts are certainly a theme for the meditations of men1 and ,i could not agree to the justice of regarding it as a subject unworthy of reflection1 or of permitting sympathy with them to be banished from the human breast4 ,st4 ,richard's love extended to the whole natural world4 ,in the time of his troubles he used to retire to the parsonage of a country curate1 not far from ,winchester1 to find solace in communion with nature4 ,his friend loved to look at him walking in the garden watching the unfolding of the flower-buds or amusing himself by budding and grafting1 forgetful of the wrath of the king and the number of his enemies4 ,a graft which the owner regarded with great pride having died1 ,richard regrafted it4 ,it lived and bore fruit4 ,many stories are told of the love of ,st4 ,waltheof1 ,abbot of ,melrose1 for animals1 and1 in particular1 of his affection for the old gray horse which he constantly rode1 and used playfully to call ,brother ,grizzle 7,frater ,ferrandus74 ,he was even known to discipline himself for having killed an insect1 saying he had taken away the life of one of ,god's creatures which he could not restore4 ,his gray horse was well known in the valley of the ,tweed4 ,the humble abbot rode him1 with his own luggage and that of his few attendants slung on before him1 including the boots of his groom4 ,he appeared before his kinsman1 the ,king of ,scotland1 in this array4 ,waltheof's brother was ashamed of him1 but the king was so edified that he knelt to ask the abbot's blessing1 and granted him all his petitions1 saying3 ,this man hath put all worldly things under his feet1 but we are running after this fleeting world1 losing soul and body in the pursuit4 ,sophronius1 writing in a more remote age1 says3 ,going to ,new ,alexandria1 we found ,abbot ,john1 who had spent eighty years in that monastery1 so full of charity that he was pitiful also to brute animals4 ,early in the morning he used to give food to all the dogs that were in the monastery1 and would even bring grain to the ants and the birds on the roof4 ,and1 at a later day again1 at ,citeaux a great number of storks built their nests around the abbey1 and1 on going away for the winter1 would hover over the monks working in the fields1 as if to ask their blessing1 which was given them4 ,we are told in the annals of ,corby that the novices had an otter which they kept for a long time in the refectory4 ,and the success of ,friar ,baddo in training a dog is spoken of4 ,there was a peculiar breed of black dogs in the ,abbey of ,st4 ,hubert in the ,ardennes1 called the dogs of ,st4 ,hubert4 ,the birds of ,croyland would feed from the hands of ,st4 ,guthlac1 the hermit1 and alight on his head and shoulders1 and the fish would come up out of the water for the food he gave them4 ,so a white swan was for fifteen years in the habit of coming up from the marshes and flying around ,st4 ,hugh of ,lincoln1 and then alighting to eat from his hand1 sometimes thrusting its bill into his bosom4 ,this swan survived the saint many years1 but1 after his death1 returned to its old wild habits1 avoiding all human beings4 ,st4 ,columba used to feed the sea-beaten herons that alighted on the island of ,iona4 ,the sparrows would descend and eat out of ,st4 ,remi's hand4 ,and the birds would hover around the hermits of ,montserrat and eat from their hands4 ,hugo of ,st4 ,victor shows his familiarity with the habits of animals by his allusions to them in his instructions4 ,digby relates that in #aejg there was a lamb in the convent of ,muri that used to go to the choir at the sound of the bell and remain during the chanting of the divine office4 ,when the matin bell rang1 it would run around the corridors and knock its head against the door of each cell till it had roused the inmate1 and1 on going to the choir1 if it saw one vacant stall1 it would return to the dormitory and bleat for the missing one4 ,st4 ,philip ,neri could not bear to witness the slightest cruelty to animals1 and would caution the coachman not to run over one4 ,and even wild animals would respond to his tenderness by their familiarity with him1 and dogs would leave their masters to follow him4 ,seeing one of his congregation tread on a lizard as he was passing through the court1 ,st4 ,philip said to him3 ,cruel fellow1 what has that poor little animal done to you8 ,he was greatly agitated at seeing a butcher wound a dog with his knife4 ,a boy having brought him a bird1 ,st4 ,philip through pity ordered it to be let out at the window4 ,shortly after1 he expressed regret for having given the bird its freedom1 for fear it might die of hunger4 ,louis1 one of his young penitents1 had two little birds which he gave ,st4 ,philip4 ,he accepted them on condition the giver would come every day to see after them1 wishing to exert a good influence over the youth4 ,one day ,louis came and found the saint ill in bed1 and one of the birds perched on his face4 ,it then fluttered around his head1 singing very sweetly4 ,st4 ,philip asked ,louis if he had accustomed the bird to do so4 ,louis replied in the negative4 ,st4 ,philip tried in vain to drive the bird away1 and finally had the cage brought1 when it went in as if through obedience4 ,father ,pietro ,consolini1 of the ,oratory1 tells a curious story of a good brother who worked in the kitchen4 ,in order to satisfy his devotion for the ,holy ,sacrifice of the ,mass1 he would put a cat upon the kitchen table1 and order it to keep watch while he was absent4 ,then he would go off to church with a peculiar confidence in ,god4 ,the cat1 as if remembering the submission due to man in his primitive state of innocence1 used to mount the table as desired1 and remain there1 as if on guard1 till the good brother returned4 ,st4 ,anthony of ,padua also was full of love for animals1 as well as of nature in general1 as he showed by constant allusions in his sermons4 ,he was always dwelling with delight upon the whiteness and gentleness of the swans1 the mutual charity of the storks1 the purity and fragrance of the flowers of the fields1 etc41 etc4 ,when preaching once to sinners who refused to listen to him1 he suddenly turned away from them1 and1 appealing to the animal world1 asked the fish of the water to hearken to him4 ,the old legend tells how they lifted their heads in great numbers from the water to listen to his words4 ,st4 ,bernard would deliver the bird from the snare of the fowler1 and the wild hare from the hounds4 ,st4 ,ignatius ,loyola admired the beauty1 wisdom1 and power of the ,creator in his creatures4 ,he was often rapt in contemplation before an insect1 a flower1 or a blade of grass4 ,st4 ,francis de ,sales so constantly manifests an extraordinary love of nature in his writings that they have been compared to the sacred veil of ,isis1 on which was embroidered all created things4 ,here is an extract taken at random from his writings1 which lose their rare bouquet in translating3 ,it had been snowing1 and there was in the court1 at least1 a foot of snow4 ,jean swept a small space in the centre1 and scattered grain on the ground for the pigeons to eat4 ,they came in a flock to take their food there with wonderful peace and quietness1 and ,i amused myself with looking at them4 ,you cannot imagine how much these little creatures edified me4 ,they did not utter a sound1 and those who had finished their meal immediately made room for others1 and flew a short distance to see them eat4 ,when the place was partly vacated1 a quantity of birdlings that had been surveying them came up1 and the pigeons that were still eating drew up in one corner to leave the more space for the little birds1 who forthwith began to eat4 ,the pigeons did not molest them4 ,i admired their charity1 for the pigeons were so afraid of annoying the little birds that they crowded together at one end of their table4 ,i admired1 too1 the discretion of the little mendicants1 who only asked alms when they saw the pigeons were nearly through their meal1 and that there was enough left4 ,altogether1 ,i could not help shedding tears to see the charitable simplicity of the doves1 and the confidence of the little birds in their charity4 ,i do not know that a sermon would have affected me so keenly4 ,this little picture of kindness did me good the whole day4 ,and again1 in writing to ,madame de ,chantal on the repose of the heart on the divine will1 he says3 ,i was thinking the other day of what ,i had read of the halcyon1 a little bird that lays on the sea-shore4 ,they make their nests perfectly round1 and so compact that the water of the sea cannot penetrate them4 ,only on the top there is a little hole through which they can breathe4 ,there they lodge their little ones1 so if the sea rises suddenly1 they can float upon the waves with no fear of being wet or submerged4 ,the air which enters by the little hole serves as a counterpoise1 and so balances these little cushions1 these little barquettes1 that they are never overturned4 ,there is in the ,louvre a charming little picture by ,giotto of ,st4 ,francis preaching to the birds4 ,the saint's face1 with an earnest1 loving expression1 is looking up at the birds1 that1 with outstretched necks and half-open beaks1 appear to catch his words4 ,the old legend which this painting illustrates with all the artist's vividness in presenting a story1 is equally charming in its simplicity4 ,it is as follows3 ,as ,st4 ,francis was going toward ,bivagno1 he lifted up his eyes and saw a multitude of birds4 ,he said to his companions3 ,wait for me here while ,i preach to my little sisters the birds4 ,the birds all gathered around him1 and he spoke to them somewhat as follows3 ,my little sisters the birds1 you owe much to ,god your ,creator1 and ought to sing his praise at all times and in all places1 because he has given you liberty1 and the air to fly about in1 and1 though you neither spin nor sew1 he has given you a covering for yourselves and your little ones4 ,he sent two of your species into the ark with ,noah that you might not be lost to the world4 ,he feeds you1 though you neither sow nor reap4 ,he has given you fountains and rivers in which to quench your thirst1 and trees in which to build your nests4 ,beware1 my little sisters1 of the sin of ingratitude1 and study always to praise the ,lord4 ,as he preached1 the birds opened their beaks1 and stretched out their necks1 and flapped their wings1 and bowed their heads toward the earth4 ,his sermon over1 ,st4 ,francis made the sign of the cross1 and the birds flew up into the air1 singing sweetly their song of praise1 and dispersed toward the four quarters of the world1 as if to convey the words they had heard to all the world4 ,the sympathy of ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi with nature1 both animate and inanimate1 is well known4 ,he has been styled the ,orpheus of the middle ages4 ,like the ,psalmist1 he called upon all nature to praise the ,lord3 ,praise the ,lord from the earth1 ye dragons and all ye deeps2 fire1 hail1 snow1 ice1 stormy winds which fulfil his word1 mountains and all hills1 fruitful trees and all cedars1 beasts and all cattle1 serpents and all feathered fowls4 ,the very sight of a bird incited ,st4 ,francis to lift his soul to ,god on the wings of prayer4 ,crossing the lagunes of ,venice on his way from ,syria1 he heard the birds singing1 and said to his companions3 ,let us go and say the divine office in the midst of our brethren the birds1 who are praising ,god4 ,but finding they diverted his attention from his office1 he said3 ,my brethren the birds1 cease your song till we have fulfilled our obligations to ,god4 ,the birds ceased their song till the saint gave them permission to resume it4 ,preaching in the open air1 in the environs of ,alviano1 ,st4 ,francis could not make himself heard on account of the number of swallows4 ,he stopped and addressed them3 ,my sisters the swallows1 you have spoken long enough4 ,it is only right that ,i should have my turn4 ,listen to the word of ,god while ,i am preaching4 ,meeting a young man who had caught a number of doves1 he looked on them with eyes of pity1 and said3 ,o good young man6 ,i entreat thee to give me those harmless birds1 the scriptural emblems of pure1 humble1 and faithful souls1 so they may not fall into cruel hands and be put to death4 ,the young man gave them to ,st4 ,francis1 who put them in his bosom1 and said to them in the sweetest of accents3 ,o my little sisters the doves6 so simple1 so innocent1 and so chaste1 why did you allow yourselves to be caught8 ,he made nests for them in the convent1 where they laid and hatched their young1 and became as tame as hens among the friars4 ,st4 ,francis was often seen employed in removing worms from the road that they might not be trampled on by travellers1 remembering that our ,divine ,redeemer compared himself to a worm1 and also having compassion on a creature of ,god4 ,he revered the very stones he trod on1 so that he sometimes trembled in walking over them1 recalling him who is the chief corner-stone of the spiritual edifice4 ,he wished the brothers when they cut wood in the forest to leave some shoots in memory of ,him who wished to die for us upon the wood of the cross4 ,a flower reminded him of the rod of ,jesse which budded and blossomed1 and whose perfume is diffused throughout the world4 ,he sometimes wished he were one of the rulers of the land1 that at ,christmas he might scatter grain by the wayside and in the fields1 that the birds also might have occasion to rejoice on that festival of joy4 ,before his death1 ,st4 ,francis made a great feast at ,christmas1 to which he invited the animals4 ,he prepared a manger in the woods1 in which there was straw1 an ox1 and an ass4 ,a long procession of friars1 followed by a crowd of people bearing torches and chanting hymns1 descended the mountain4 ,mass was offered1 and ,st4 ,francis preached on the birth of ,christ1 after which1 filled with a holy joy1 he went through the fields bursting forth into a hymn1 calling upon the vines1 the trees1 the flowers of the field1 the stars of heaven1 and the sun1 and all his brethren and sisters throughout nature1 to rejoice with him1 and to unite with him in blessing their ,creator4 ,a wolf ravaged the environs of ,agobio to the great terror of the people4 ,st4 ,francis went forth armed with the sign of the cross1 and commanded his brother the wolf1 in the name of ,christ1 to do no more harm4 ,the wolf1 that was making furiously at the saint with distended jaws1 stopped short1 and lay down meek as a lamb at his feet4 ,then ,st4 ,francis laid before the wolf the enormity of his offence in devouring men made in the image of ,god1 and promised that if he would henceforth abstain from his ravages he should be fed daily by the inhabitants4 ,the wolf signified his assent to the arrangement by placing his paw in that of ,st4 ,francis4 ,then the saint took the wolf to the market-place1 and made known to the people the compact he had made4 ,they ratified the agreement to feed the wolf daily till the end of his days1 and for two years he went from door to door to get his food1 harming no one1 at the end of which time he died1 greatly to the sorrow of all4 ,frederick ,ozanam says in this legend1 which may provoke a smile3 ,the animal that preys upon the spoils and lives of men is the representative of the people of the middle ages1 fierce and terrible when their passions were excited1 but never despaired of by the church1 who took their blood-stained hands in her divine ones1 and gently led them on till she succeeded in inspiring them with a horror of rapine and violence4 ,st4 ,francis would salute in a friendly manner the cattle in the pastures4 ,once1 seeing a lamb among the goats and cattle1 he was filled with pity1 and said to his brethren1 ,so was our sweet ,saviour in the midst of the ,pharisees and ,sadducees4 ,a merchant that happened along bought the lamb and gave it to ,st4 ,francis4 ,it was confided to some nuns1 who carefully tended it1 and of its wool spun and wove a garment for the saint1 who often kissed it tenderly and showed it to his friends4 ,going to ,rome1 ,st4 ,francis took the lamb with him and1 when he left1 gave it to a pious lady4 ,the lamb followed her everywhere1 even to church4 ,if she did not rise early enough in the morning1 he would strike his head against her bed till he roused her4 ,st4 ,francis would weep if he saw a lamb about to be killed1 recalling ,him who was led as a sheep to the slaughter1 and would sell his very garments to save it from death4 ,he loved the ant less than any other insect1 because it was so thoughtful for the morrow4 ,of the whole animal world1 he cared the most for birds1 who loved him too1 and at his death joyfully sang his triumphant entry into heaven4 ,the larks1 in particular1 assembled at an early hour on the roof of the cell where the dead saint lay1 with songs of extraordinary sweetness that lasted for several hours4 ,an infinite number of such examples could yet be cited1 but enough have been given to show how the animal world lays aside its ferocity in proportion as man returns to his primitive state of innocence4 ,this is quite in accordance with our idea of the millennium3 ,the wolf also shall dwell with the lamb1 and the leopard shall lie down with the kid1 and the calf1 and the young lion1 and the fatling together1 and a little child shall lead them4 ,if1 then1 sanctity brings man back to his true relations to the ,deity1 and restores him to his primitive relations with nature1 let us work our way back to ,eden by our purity1 fasts1 vigils1 and prayers4 ,,catholicity ,,and ,,pantheism4 ,,no4 ,,xi4 ,,relations ,,between ,,the ,,sublimative ,,moment ,,and ,,substantial ,,creation4 ,it will be the aim of this article to point out some consequences which result from the essence and properties of the supernatural term1 considered respectively to the term of substantial creation4 ,they go to establish the absolute supremacy of the supernatural term over substantial creation4 ,we shall give them in as many propositions4 #ast4 ,in the general plan of the cosmos1 the supernatural term in itself and in its application1 forming that part of the cosmos which may be called the supernatural order1 takes precedence of substantial creation1 or the natural order4 ,this proposition is easily proven4 ,the greater the intensity of perfection in a being1 the nobler is the being2 or1 in other words1 the greater amount of being a thing contains or exhibits1 the higher is the place which it occupies in the ordinate location and harmony of the cosmos4 ,the principle is too evident to need any proof1 and we assume it as granted4 ,now1 we have shown that the supernatural term in itself and in its application is by far more perfect than substantial creation2 because it is a higher and more perfect similitude of ,christ and of the ,trinity2 because it is the complement and the perfection of nature1 and enables it to be joined with the ,theanthropos1 and through him to be ushered into the society of the three divine persons1 communicating with their life1 and thus arriving at the palingenesiacal state4 ,consequently1 the supernatural in the cosmic plan must take precedence of substantial creation1 and in the intention and design of the creator must precede nature4 #b;d4 ,the supernatural is the end of substantial creation1 and third end of the exterior action of the infinite4 ,in a series of means co-ordinate with each other1 and depending one upon another in order to attain a primary object1 that which in force of the excellence and perfection of its nature precedes others1 is to be considered as end in respect to those means which follow next to it in dignity of nature2 otherwise the means could have no relation whatever with each other1 and the primary end could not be attained4 ,in a series of means co-ordination implies dependence1 and this dependence is established by the superiority of the one1 and inferiority of the other4 ,hence the superior means in the series becomes end respectively to inferior means in the same series4 ,now1 we have demonstrated that the supernatural term precedes nature in excellence and intensity of perfection2 it becomes1 therefore1 in the harmony of the cosmic plan1 the end of the substantial moment2 as the ,theanthropic moment is end in reference to the supernatural1 and as ,god's manifestation of his infinite excellence and perfections is the end of the ,theanthropos1 and thus the primary end of the cosmic plan is obtained4 ,all things are yours1 said ,st4 ,paul of those in whom the supernatural term is realized3 you are ,christ's2 ,christ is ,god's4 #c;d4 ,the supernatural term is the exemplar and type of substantial creation4 ,for it is the end which determines and shapes the nature of the means4 ,the creative intelligence of the infinite1 by contemplating the end which it has in view1 and the essential laws of being residing in his nature1 which is the ,being1 shapes and fashions mentally the nature and properties of the means4 ,hence it is evident that1 the supernatural term being the end of substantial creation1 it stands towards it as the exemplar and type to its copy4 #dth4 ,the supernatural term is the mediator between the ,theanthropos and substantial creation4 ,this last proposition is a consequence of the preceding ones4 ,for1 if the supernatural term precedes substantial creation in excellence and perfection of being1 if it is its end and its type1 it is evident that1 in the general order and harmony of the cosmos1 its natural place is between the ,theanthropos and substantial creation4 ,consequently1 it is mediator between them4 ,of course1 the intelligent reader will easily understand that this mediatorship is not one merely of place and location1 but a mediatorship of action2 since the terms here in question are all agents4 ,these four properties of the supernatural moment1 which1 we flatter ourselves1 have been demonstrated and put beyond the possibility of doubt1 will enable our readers to see the philosophy of various other truths held by ,catholicity1 and denied by rationalism1 ,pantheism1 and ,protestantism4 ,and1 first1 the possibility of miracles follows evidently from these principles4 ,a miracle is a sensible phenomenon superseding or contrary to the established laws of corporal creation4 ,a body left to itself by the ordinary law of gravitation should fall to the ground4 ,suppose it should hover between heaven and earth without any support1 it would present a phenomenon contrary to the natural law of bodies4 ,it would be what is called miracle1 from the word miror1 to wonder or to be amazed1 because our intellect is always astonished when it cannot see at once the cause of an effect4 ,the possibility of such phenomena contrary to the established laws of nature has been denied by ,pantheists and rationalists1 both for the same reason1 though each draw that reason from a different source4 ,the ,pantheist1 who admits that the cosmos is nothing but that primary indefinite something which is continually developing itself by a necessary interior movement1 denies the possibility of miracles on the ground that the development of the infinite being necessary1 and being performed according to the necessary laws of being1 the development must necessarily be uniform1 and the phenomena resulting from it always the same4 ,the rationalist1 though not admitting the germinal primary activity of ,pantheism1 asserts the absolute immutability of the laws of creation1 and consequently cannot concede the possibility of any contravention to the results of those laws1 without supposing their total overthrow4 ,we hold that the possibility of miracles follows clearly from the properties of the supernatural moment2 for1 if the supernatural moment precedes nature in force of its intrinsic excellence and perfection of being1 if it is the end and type of the natural order1 it is perfectly evident that the whole natural order is dependent upon and subject to the supernatural order by the law of hierarchy2 and consequently it is evident that the laws governing the sensible order are also dependent upon and subject to the supernatural order1 and must have been determined and fashioned in such a manner as to serve every purpose of that same order4 ,hence1 if the supernatural term1 in order to assert itself before created spirits1 to prove its own autonomy1 its necessity1 requires a phenomenon contrary to the established law of sensible creation1 those laws must necessarily give way before their hierarchical superior1 otherwise the whole order of the cosmos would be overthrown4 ,this consequence is absolutely inevitable2 and any one who has followed us in the demonstration of the intrinsic superiority of the supernatural term over substantial creation1 cannot fail to perceive it4 ,but to make it better understood we shall enter for a moment into the very heart of the question4 ,let us take1 as an example1 the law of gravitation4 ,why do bodies left to themselves fall to the ground8 ,the natural philosopher1 with a look of profound wisdom1 will answer at once1 because of the law of gravitation4 ,now1 if our philosopher claims to give no other answer but that which is within the sphere of his researches1 the answer is correct2 because his science of observation can carry him no further4 ,but if by the word gravitation he should pretend to give a satisfactory ultimate reason of the phenomenon of the fall of bodies1 his answer would make a metaphysician laugh4 ,the law of gravitation6 ,indeed6 ,but what is that law8 ,does it exist in the body1 or in ,god8 or has it an existence independent of both8 ,if it exists in the body1 how can it be a general law1 when each body is an individuum8 ,if it exist in ,god1 how is it broken or altered1 or destroyed1 when the phenomenon of a miracle affects only a particular body8 ,if it has an existence independent of both1 what is it8 ,is it a god1 or a ,platonic idea1 and1 if so1 whence does it derive the force to assert itself over ,god's creation8 ,these few questions1 and many more which we could bring forward1 show that to account for the fall of bodies by the law of gravitation1 is to give no particular or satisfactory reason for the phenomenon4 ,we have already given one theory1 the theory of the most profound metaphysicians of the world1 that no finite beings can act without the aid of ,god2 that ,god must really and effectively excite them to action1 aid them during the action until it is accomplished2 because he is necessarily the first and the universal cause4 ,therefore1 bodies as well as higher beings are absolutely dependent upon ,god for their action2 and that which natural philosophers call the law of gravitation1 or any other law1 such as attraction1 repulsion1 and so forth1 in itself is nothing more than the action of ,god upon bodies4 ,now1 ,god in acting in and upon bodies has certainly a plan and an order marked out in his mind1 according to which he acts in and directs them4 ,this order he has derived from the infinite laws of being1 which are his very essence1 and consequently1 in this sense1 that order is stable and immutable4 ,but it must be borne in mind that this order marked out in the mind of ,god1 according to which he acts in and directs bodies1 is not the whole order of the cosmos4 ,it is only a part1 a moment1 and the most inferior of all4 ,consequently1 it is an order subject to and dependent upon the order of the other and higher moment1 and upon the universal order of the cosmos4 ,hence the same divine essence1 the eternal model and type of everything1 at the same time that it marks out the order for the acting in and directing of bodies1 subjects it to the order of higher moments1 and to the cosmological1 universal order4 ,in the application1 therefore1 of this eternal order marked out by his infinite essence1 ,god acts in and directs bodies according to the stable and immutable order proper to this moment1 until an exception is necessary4 ,but when the order of higher moments and the universal order demand an exception1 the order of the direction of bodies1 being inferior1 must necessarily yield to the superior1 and the sensible order must1 so to speak1 be suspended for that occasion4 ,we have said1 so to speak1 because even then the sensible order is not altered or broken1 as rationalism imagines2 it is the application of the general sensible order to a particular body which is suspended4 ,it is not the objective order1 but the subjective particular realization of it1 which is superseded4 ,let us take as example the law so often mentioned4 ,the general order established in the mind of ,god with regard to acting in bodies is to make them gravitate toward the centre of the earth4 ,suppose an exception of this law becomes necessary to assert the supernatural order4 ,god1 upon that particular occasion1 does not apply the general law in a particular body1 but acts in it contrary to that law4 ,is the law of gravitation broken or altered in consequence of that exception8 ,if the law were an essential property of bodies1 a natural consequence of their essence1 it would be4 ,but the law in its general and objective essence exists in ,god only2 it does not exist in the body2 and consequently it cannot be altered by a suspension of its application in a given case4 ,were ,god to act otherwise than to admit such exceptions in the subjective application of the order of sensible creation1 he would go against reason1 and act contrary to his essence2 for in that case he would prefer a particular and inferior order to the general and superior order of the whole cosmos4 ,the true principles1 then1 in the present matter are the following3 #ast4 ,the laws according to which bodies act and are directed do not exist in bodies1 but are an order marked out in the mind of ,god as derived from his infinite essence4 #b;d4 ,this order is an element1 and an inferior one1 of the universal order of the whole cosmos1 and consequently1 by the law of hierarchy1 is subject to that same universal order4 #c;d4 ,this sensible order is always stable and permanent in itself and in its objective state1 but in its application to particular bodies is subject to variation when this variation is demanded by a superior order1 or by the universal order of the cosmos4 ,the reader will observe1 after what we have said1 how futile is the argument of rationalists that a miracle is impossible because the laws of bodies are immutable4 ,certainly1 if the laws exist in the bodies4 ,but the laws of bodies1 as we have said1 are nothing more than the order marked out in the mind of ,god1 according to which he acts in and directs them1 and1 this order being universal and objective1 is never changed or altered4 ,only its application in particular bodies on a particular occasion is not made1 or made in a contrary sense1 because such is the requirement of the universal order4 ,if this be kept in view1 every difficulty will vanish in reference to this matter2 for this is exactly that which prevents rationalists1 from understanding the possibility of miracles--their want of perception that it is ,god who acts in every single body4 ,they imagine a general principle1 as if it were self-existing1 which pervades all the bodies1 which ought to be destroyed to permit the exception4 ,now1 this is a mere phantom4 ,it is ,god1 we repeat it1 who applies the order marked in his mind in every single body1 which in his mind only is universal and objectively immutable1 but subjectively1 in its application1 it need not be constant1 except so long as no exception is required4 ,our natural philosophers of the rationalistic school imagine the law of bodies to be a sort of demigod1 stern and immutable1 particularly loth of and averse to being disturbed1 and consequently cannot see the possibility of a miracle4 ,the second truth which follows from the attributes of the supernatural moment1 is that prayer governs the universe4 ,prayer1 taken in its strictest acceptation1 is the universal mode of action of spirits elevated to the supernatural moment4 ,to understand this rightly1 it is necessary to observe that every moment of the action of ,god1 considered in its term1 is possessed of a particular mode of action resulting from and befitting its essence and attributes4 ,thus1 substantial creation1 or the whole aggregate of being included in this moment1 acts as it were by apprehension and volition4 ,in spiritual beings1 this manner of acting is strictly and properly so2 in inferior beings1 like the brutes1 it is less so1 but bears a great resemblance to it1 for the animal has apprehensive faculties1 though wanting in the power of generalization and abstraction1 and confined within the concrete and in the individual2 and he has also instincts and tendencies leading toward the object apprehended4 ,the vegetable kingdom acts according to the same manner1 though more materially2 for it apprehends the elements required for its growth from the earth and the atmosphere1 and1 assimilating them to itself by an interior force1 is able to develop itself4 ,every one is aware that the general laws of matter are those of attraction and repulsion1 which bear a resemblance1 though a faint one1 to the law of apprehension and volition4 ,now1 the particular mode of acting in persons elevated to the supernatural moment is by prayer1 which is composed of various elements according to various relations under which it is considered4 ,it may be considered in itself1 its essence and nature1 and in the persons to whom it has reference4 ,the persons are the infinite and the finite4 ,in itself1 prayer is divided into two moments--a deprecatory moment1 and a life-giving moment4 ,a deprecatory moment--because the effect of the prayer1 resting absolutely on the free will of the infinite1 cannot be claimed by the finite as a right1 but as an effect of an infinite1 goodness yielding to a supplication2 and in this sense it implies the following elements on the part of the finite3 #ast4 ,an acknowledgment1 theoretical and practical1 of the infinite as being the absolute and universal source of all good2 and of the absolute dependence of the finite upon the infinite in all things2 this acknowledgment arising in the finite from the consciousness and feeling of its finiteness both in the natural and the supernatural order4 #b;d4 ,a gravitation1 natural and supernatural1 on the part of this finite toward the infinite1 as the origin and the preserver of the being in both orders1 as the mover of its natural and supernatural faculties1 and as the final complement of both4 #c;d4 ,a cry to the infinite for the satisfaction of this aspiration4 #dth4 ,a firm and unshaken reliance of being satisfied in this aspiration1 founded both on the intrinsic goodness and on the personal promises of the infinite4 ,these four elements on the part of the finite are absolutely necessary to constitute a prayer in its deprecatory sense2 and they are either implicitly or explicitly to be found in every prayer4 ,the spirit who bows before the infinite must acknowledge theoretically and practically that ,god is the ,master and ,lord of all things1 the infinite eternal source of all being and all perfection2 he must acknowledge and be conscious freely and deliberately that his being comes from ,god1 and that that same divine action which created and elevated it must maintain it in existence1 aid it in the development of its faculties1 and bring it to its final completion4 ,he must freely and deliberately yearn after all this1 and have firm reliance that the infinite will maintain his being1 aid it in its growth1 and bring it to its full bloom in the palingenesia4 ,on the part of the infinite1 prayer in this same deprecatory sense implies an action of ,god existing and aiding the finite in producing the aforesaid four acts necessary to constitute a prayer4 ,if we regard prayer in its life-giving moment1 it implies two elements3 one on the part of the infinite1 the other on the part of the finite4 ,on the part of the infinite1 it implies a real actual and personal communication1 a giving of himself by a personal intercourse to the finite2 and1 on the part of the latter1 a personal apprehension of the infinite1 and an assimilation of and transformation into the infinite4 ,we cannot refrain here from quoting a beautiful page of a ,french writer in explanation of this last element3 ,when man's will1 lifted by an ardent desire1 succeeds in putting itself in contact with the supreme will1 the miracle of the divine intervention is accomplished4 ,prayer1 which renders ,god present to us1#ada is a kind of communion by which man feeds on grace1 and assimilates to himself that celestial aliment of the soul4 ,in that ineffable communication1 the divine will penetrates our will1 its action is mingled with our action to produce but one and the same indivisible work1 which belongs whole and entire to both2 wonderful union of grandeur and of lowliness1 of a power eternally fecund1 and of a created activity which is exhausted by its very duration1 of an incorruptible and regenerating element with the infirm and corruptible elements of our being2 union1 which believed in invariably1 though conceived in different manner by the savage tribes as well as by the most civilized nations1 has been under different forms1 and in spite of the errors which have obscured it1 the immortal belief of humanity4#adb ,now1 we maintain that prayer1 understood in all its comprehension1 besides the effect which it produces in its own natural sphere1 is also the hierarchical superior of the action of the whole substantial creation2 and that1 consequently1 the latter must yield to the former1 whenever they should happen to come in conflict with each other2 and thus1 under this respect1 it may be said that prayer governs the world4 ,this may be proven by two sorts of argument2 one as it were exterior1 the other intrinsic to the subject4 ,the first is drawn from the properties of the supernatural moment4 ,for1 if this moment is superior to substantial creation1 if it is the end and type of it1 every one can see that the mode of acting of elevated spirits--spirits in whom the supernatural moment is realized and concreted--must necessarily precede and be superior to the mode of action of substantial creation1 and that the latter must necessarily be subject to the former--unless we abolish and deny the universal law of hierarchy presiding and ruling over all the moments of the exterior action of ,god1 and founded on the intrinsic and respective value of beings4 ,actio sequitur esse is the old axiom of ontology4 ,if the being of the supernatural moment is superior to the being of substantial creation1 the mode of action of the first must also1 in force of that axiom1 be superior to the mode of action of the latter4 ,when1 therefore1 a natural law1 a law of substantial creation1 comes in opposition with a true prayer1 a prayer made with all the conditions which its nature requires1 the natural law must yield and give way to prayer4 ,the second argument is drawn from the essence of prayer as a life-giving agent4 ,what is prayer in this sense8 ,it is an actual communication of the finite with the infinite1 an actual participation of the infinite and his attributes2 it is a possession which the finite takes of the infinite1 the appropriation1 the assimilation of the infinite4 ,it is the finite transported and transformed into the infinite4 ,for in it the mind of the finite takes hold of the mind of the infinite1 and is1 as it were1 transformed into it2 the will and energy of the finite grasps the will and the almighty power of the infinite1 and is changed1 as it were1 into it2 the person of the finite is united to the person of the infinite1 and is assimilated to him4 ,now1 it is evident that prayer understood in this sense is no longer an act of the finite alone1 but an act of both the finite and the infinite2 it is the result of the energy of both4 ,its efficacy and energy therefore must be as superior to the energy of all substantial creation as the infinite is superior to the finite4 ,consequently1 it is evident that when a natural law pregnant with finite energy comes in conflict with a prayer impregnated1 so to speak1 with infinite energy1 the former must yield to the superior force of the latter4 ,prayer governs the world also in a sense more general than the one we have hitherto indicated for it4 ,the sum of all the actions of substantial creation has been so disposed1 and is so ruled and governed1 as to be always subject to the sum of all the actions of the supernatural moment1 and this for the same reasons developed above4 ,here it can be seen with how much reason those philosophers who call themselves rationalists sneer and wax indignant at the fact1 constant in time and place1 of the importance which mankind has attached to prayer for physical reasons1 as for rain1 for fair weather1 for a good harvest1 and the like4 ,they show evidently how far they are from understanding the sublime hierarchical harmony of the cosmos1 which the simple ones of the earth1 who have faith in ,god1 instinctively feel and acknowledge4 ,for if ,god did not create the cosmos at random without a plan or design1 he assuredly must have followed and maintained the necessary relations of things4 ,now1 if substantial creation and its mode of action is hierarchically--that is1 in comprehension of being--inferior to the supernatural term and its mode of action1 if the latter is the end and type of the former1 and if they are not to be kept apart1 but to be brought together into unity and harmony1 and must thus harmoniously act1 it is clear to the rudest understanding that the one mode of action must be subject to the other1 and that consequently1 when a prayer is in opposition with the realization of natural law1 the natural law must yield1 and the prayer must prevail4 ,nor will it do to say that if such were the case the natural order would no longer enjoy any stability or permanence1 because some prayer or other might come continually in opposition to it4 ,for the whole series of actions of substantial creation is marked out eternally in the mind of the infinite4 ,likewise the whole series of actions of the supernatural moment is marked out in the same mind2 they are brought together in beautiful harmony in the same divine intellect from all eternity4 ,god has foreseen when and how a prayer would require the suspension of the natural law1 and has willed and decreed it1 so that no suspension of natural law1 consequent upon a prayer1 can take place which has not been foreseen and arranged harmoniously from all eternity2 and if we could for a moment cast a glance into the mind of the infinite1 we should see an infinite series of actions of substantial creation2 an infinite series of actions of the supernatural moment2 all intertwined in a most harmonious whole1 and the different exceptions here and there only linking together the two orders1 putting them in bolder relief1 and enhancing the beauty and harmony of the whole cosmos4 ,the theory which we have been vindicating explains also a phenomenon so frequent and so common in the history of the ,catholic ,church--the saint who works miracles1 or the ,thaumaturgus4 ,a saint is one in whom a certain fulness of the supernatural term resides1 and hence a certain fulness of the particular mode of action belonging to that moment4 ,a saint can pray well2 therefore he can work miracles1 and does oftentimes4 ,protestantism has not only denied most of the miracles not recorded in the ,bible1 but has gone so far as to deny the possibility of such miracles ever occurring after the establishment and propagation of ,christianity1 on the plea that they are no longer necessary4 ,it was but a logical consequence of its doctrine of justification4 ,if man is not really made holy in his justification1 if he does not receive in his soul the term of the supernatural moment as really inherent in him1 it is clear he cannot have or possess the mode of action of that moment1 still less a certain fulness of it4 ,consequently1 neither is he elevated above substantial creation1 nor is his mode of action superior to the action of that same moment1 and therefore he cannot exercise a power and an efficacy which he has not4 ,in other words1 a man justified according to the ,protestant doctrine cannot be a saint intrinsically1 and cannot consequently pray4 ,and how could he work miracles8 ,it was natural to deny such possibility4 ,but endow a man with the supernatural term in a certain fulness1 and hence suppose him possessed of a fulness of its mode of action intrinsically superior in energy to the mode of action of substantial creation1 and you may suppose he is likely to exercise it1 and work miracles oftentimes4 ,as to the plea of necessity1 it is absolutely futile4 ,a miracle would be necessary even after the establishment of ,christianity in all times and places1 which1 by the bye1 has not been accomplished yet1 if for no other reason1 in order to assert and vindicate from time to time the existence and the supremacy of the supernatural over the natural4 ,the third truth emanating from the qualities of the supernatural moment is that those created persons in whom the term of that moment is realized are essentially mediators between the ,theanthropos and substantial creation4 ,the principle follows evidently from the fourth quality essentially belonging to the supernatural term1 that of being mediator between the other moments1 the hypostatic and the substantial4 ,for if the term of that moment in intensity of being and perfection hold a place between the other two moments1 it is evident that those in whom the moment is realized must hold the same middle place and be1 consequently1 mediators4 ,hence1 it appears how the ,catholic doctrine of the intercession1 and1 by logical consequence1 of the invocation1 of saints1 is a cosmological law1 as imperative as any other law of the cosmos4 ,for what does the word mediator mean8 ,limiting the question to location or space1 it signifies a thing placed or located between two others2 in a hierarchical sense1 confining the question to being and essence1 it expresses a thing in essence and nature inferior to one and superior to another2 in the same sense1 confining the question to action and development1 it exhibits a thing in its action and development inferior to the action and development of one and superior in the same to another4 ,the person1 therefore1 in whom the supernatural term is realized is mediator in the sense of being in essence1 nature1 attributes1 action1 and development1 superior to the same things of substantial creation1 and inferior to those of the ,theanthropos4 ,now1 as the cosmos is not governed by the law of hierarchy alone1 but also by the law of unity and communion1 and as these laws imply a real and effective union and communication of being and action between the terms of the cosmos1 it follows that the person in whom the supernatural term is concreted is in real and effective communication with the ,theanthropos1 as inferior1 and in real and effective communication1 as superior1 with substantial creation2 he is in communication with the former as subject and dependent1 with the latter as superior1 and with both as medium2 that is1 a recipient relatively to the ,theanthropos1 as transmitting what it receives from the ,theanthropos relatively to substantial creation2 both relations being exercised by the person elevated in every sense1 either as receiving from the ,theanthropos and transmitting to substantial creation1 or as representative of substantial creation before the ,theanthropos4 ,and as we are speaking of moral persons1 that is1 free1 intelligent agents1 in what can these relations consist but in this1 that elevated persons1 acting as mediums1 may intercede and obtain favors for created persons from the ,theanthropos1 and these may invoke their intercession in their behalf8 ,the doctrine1 therefore1 of the intercession and the invocation of saints is a cosmological law1 resulting from the law of hierarchy1 unity1 and communion1 and governing the relation of purely created persons with those elevated to the supernatural moment4 ,it must be here remarked that the mediatorship of persons elevated is not confined only to persons in their mere natural state1 but it extends also to persons elevated to the supernatural moment1 because the supernatural term admits of variety of degree1 some persons being endowed with a certain fulness of that moment1 some with much less4 ,those in whom the fulness is realized are hierarchically mediators between the ,theanthropos and other elevated spirits possessing a less amount of that term1 and can consequently intercede for the latter4 ,it must be remarked1 in the second place1 that the law governs the cosmos not only in its germinal state1 but also in its state of completion and perfection2 and we cannot possibly discover or imagine by what logical process ,protestantism1 which admits this law in the germinal and incipient state of the cosmos1 denies it to exist between persons elevated to the state of palingenesia and those who are yet in the germinal state4 ,this denial1 so far as we can see1 could be supported only by the supposition that as soon as an elevated person reaches its final development1 every tie of union1 every bond of intercourse1 is immediately broken asunder between him and other persons living yet in the germinal state of the cosmos4 ,but how false and absurd this supposition would be is evident to every one who at all understands the exterior works of ,god4 ,the cosmos being measured by time1 is essentially successive2 in other words1 all the elements of the cosmos cannot possibly reach their final completion at one and the same time1 the law of variety and hierarchy necessarily forbidding it4 ,it is absolutely necessary1 then1 that some elements should reach their final perfection first and some afterwards1 in proportion as they come to take place in the cosmos successively4 ,if1 therefore1 by one element of the cosmos reaching its final development all intercourse were to be broken between it and all other elements which have not reached so high a condition1 it would follow that the cosmos would never be one1 never in harmony1 until all had reached their final completion and the creation of more elements entirely ceased4 ,it would be a continual disorder and confusion until the end of the world4 ,now this is absurd1 since unity and harmony must always govern and adorn ,god's works4 ,nor can we see any intrinsic reason why it should be broken4 ,the only plea alleged by ,protestants in support of this suspension of all communion between the spirits in palingenesia and those living on earth1 is that there can be no possible means of communication between them4 ,they express this idea commonly by saying that the saints in heaven cannot hear our prayers4 ,how philosophical this plea is we leave it to the intelligent reader to determine4 ,suppose we had no direct answer to give to this plea1 the absolute necessity of the cosmos being one and harmonious would make a true philosopher infer that the infinite must have found a means whereby to keep up this communication1 though it might be unknown to us what that means actually is4 ,but the direct answer is at hand4 ,the ,word of ,god is essentially the life of the cosmos4 ,he is the type of all the essences1 of all the natures1 of all the personalities1 of all the acts composing the cosmos4 ,the cosmos1 in all these respects1 is reflected in the ,word4 ,all that was made in him was life4 7,st4 ,john47 ,now1 all elevated spirits are united to and live in the ,incarnate ,word4 ,the spirits or persons in the germinal state are united to his person by the supernatural essence and the supernatural faculties of intelligence and of will4 ,this forms the essential union between them and the ,theanthropos4 ,the spirits in the final state are united to him in the same substantial sense1 with the exception that their supernatural essence has reached its utmost completion1 their supernatural intelligence is changed into intuition1 and their supernatural will has immediate possession of ,god4 ,the consequence of these principles is that the spirits in the germinal state produce acts of invocation to the spirits in the final state1 and these acts are reflected or reproduced in the ,theanthropos as the type and the intelligible objective life of the cosmos4 ,the spirits in the final state see1 by intuition1 in the ,theanthropos all those acts of invocation of the spirits in the germinal state1 and thus come to know what the spirits on earth claim from them4 ,as orator and audience1 living in the same atmosphere1 can hold intercourse with each other1 because the words uttered by the orator are transmitted by the air to the ears of his audience1 so the spirits on earth and the spirits in heaven hold intercourse with each other1 because they live in the same medium4 ,the spirits on earth making acts of invocation to their brethren in heaven1 these acts are reflected or reproduced in the ,theanthropos1 and from him reverberate and reach the eyes of the spirits in heaven living in him1 and thus they come to the knowledge of the wants and prayers of their brethren on earth4 ,but why such interposition of persons when we could go directly to the ,theanthropos8 ,does this not detract from the mediatorship of ,christ8 ,why1 but because the cosmos must be one8 ,why1 but because all the elements of the cosmos must communicate with each other8 ,and how can this doctrine detract from the mediatorship of ,christ when he is made the source1 the origin1 the end of everything8 ,if ,catholic doctrine claimed this intercourse independently of the ,theanthropos1 it would certainly detract from his mediatorship4 ,but do we not establish and centre this mediatorship of the saint entirely in the ,theanthropos8 ,the last truth which follows from the essence of the supernatural term is what is called the worship of saints4 ,this truth is not only a cosmological law1 but an ontological principle1 since1 considered in its simplest and most ultimate acceptation1 it implies nothing more than the duty incumbent on every moral agent to acknowledge1 theoretically and practically1 the intrinsic value of being4 ,suppose a certain being is possessed of a hundred degrees of perfection1 so to speak1 ,i cannot1 without a flat contradiction to my intelligence1 which apprehends it1 deny or ignore it2 ,i cannot1 without a flat contradiction to my expansive faculty or will1 which is attracted by it1 fail to appreciate it practically4 ,now1 the worship of saints1 against which ,protestantism has written and said so much1 is founded entirely on that ontological principle4 ,the saint is possessed of a certain fulness of the supernatural term4 ,the supernatural intelligence of other elevated spirits apprehends this fulness1 and the supernatural will of the same spirits cannot fail to value it4 ,this theoretical and practical appreciation is esteem1 and when expressed outwardly is honor and praise4 ,by the ontological principle of recognizing the value of being1 therefore1 it is evident that the ,catholic theory of the worship of saints is not only theologically lawful1 but eminently philosophical4 ,protestantism1 in denying this worship1 follows the same principle without being aware of it4 ,it starts from its own doctrine of justification1 which consists1 as we have seen1 not in the interior cleansing of the soul from sin and in its elevation to the supernatural moment1 but in an external application to it of the merits of ,christ4 ,the example of the cloak is most appropriate4 ,suppose a man1 all filthy and loathsome2 cover him with a rich and splendid cloak1 so as to hide the filth and loathsomeness1 and you have an example of ,protestant justification4 ,it is all foreign1 outward1 unsubjective4 ,now1 apply the ontological principle of the value of being to a saint of this calibre1 and it is evident that you cannot esteem and value him because he is worth nothing subjectively1 and hence the denial of the worship of saints is a logical consequence of the ,protestant doctrine of justification1 and an application1 in a negative sense1 of the ontological principle of the value of beings4 ,on the contrary1 admit the ,catholic doctrine of justification1 whereby a man is not only cleansed from sin1 but elevated to a supernatural moment1 receiving as inherent in him a higher and nobler nature and higher and nobler faculties1 and it is evident that you must acknowledge this1 value1 esteem1 and honor it4 ,,footnotes3 #ada ,orig4 ,de ,orat4 #adb ,gerbet1 ,le ,dogme ,gnrateur de la ,pit ,catholique4 ,,sayings ,,of ,,the ,,fathers ,,of ,,the ,,desert4 ,so that there were in the mountain monasteries like tabernacles1 full of divine choirs of men singing1 reading1 praying2 and so great an ardor for fasting and watching had his 7,st4 ,antony's7 words enkindled in the minds of all that they labored with an avidity of hope and with unceasing zeal in works of mutual charity1 and in showing mercy to those who needed it1 and they seemed to inhabit a sort of heavenly country1 a city shut off from worldly conversation1 full of piety and justice4 ,who1 looking at such an army of monks--who1 beholding that manly and concordant company1 in which there was none to do harm1 no whisper of detraction1 but a multitude of abstinent men and an emulation of kind offices1 would not immediately break forth into the words3 ,how beautiful are thy tabernacles1 ,o ,jacob1 and thy tents1 ,o ,israel6 ,as woody valleys1 as watered gardens near the rivers1 as tabernacles which the ,lord hath pitched1 as cedars by the waterside 7,num4 xxiv4 #e1 #f78 99 99 99 99 99 ,the disciple of an aged and famous monk was once assailed by temptation4 ,and1 when the old man saw him struggling1 he said to him3 ,do you wish me to ask ,god to take away this trial from you8 ,but he answered3 ,i see and consider1 father1 that though ,i wrestle painfully1 yet out of this labor ,i bear fruit4 ,but ask this of ,god in thy prayers1 that he may give me patience to endure4 ,and his father said to him3 ,now ,i know1 my son1 that thou hast made great progress1 and surpassest me4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let no man1 when he has despised the world1 think that he has left anything great4--,from the ,life of blessed ,abbot ,antony1 by ,st4 ,athanasius4 ,,the ,,italian ,,guarantees ,,and ,,the ,,sovereign ,,pontiff4 ,after having been proposed by the government of ,italy1 recast by the ,chamber of ,deputies1 amended by the ,senate1 adopted by the ,chamber as amended1 and approved and signed by the ,king and his ministers1 the project of the guarantees for the ,sovereign ,pontiff's independence has become a part of the law of the land4 ,we are perfectly willing to believe that his majesty1 regarding this scheme as promising the fullest amount of freedom it was possible to obtain from his parliament for the ,head of the ,church1 signed it with a feeling of relief2 for if we are to credit the rumors1 more or less well founded1 one hears in ,florence and in ,rome1 broken tables and furniture overturned bore witness to the unwillingness of the supreme authority in the state to permit the violation of the ,papal territory or to accept the plbiscite of the so-called people of ,rome4 ,not so1 however1 was it with the legislators of the kingdom4 ,to them the ,papacy has been and is a huge incubus1 that disturbs their rest1 frightens them in their dreams1 and which can be got rid of in truth only by their waking up to a sense of what their real duty is4 ,their aim has been1 in dealing with it1 to yield up as little as possible of their ill-gotten power over the successor of ,st4 ,peter1 and to secure themselves as effectually as possible against the only power they ever feared--his spiritual weapons4 ,this is the criterion by which we should study these guarantees2 by the light of it we propose to examine them1 and to discuss their pretended advantages4 ,when the ,italian government1 hurried on by the spirit of revolution1 seized upon ,rome during the complications of last autumn that insured impunity for the moment to the act1 they found themselves face to face with the spiritual ruler of the whole ,catholic world1 and with the fixed convictions or invincible prejudices of two hundred millions of men1 who regarded the position in which the ,sovereign ,pontiff had been placed as not only against all law1 but also hurtful to their best interests4 ,how were they to deal with so delicate a question8 ,the situation of ,europe might for a time delay the solution1 but eventually there must be an account given and satisfaction rendered to the ,catholic world4 ,the cabinet hit on the only means it could hope to use with any appearance of success1 and the promises of the ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs1 ,sig4 ,visconti ,venosta1 served as a decent pretext to liberal governments not to interfere actively in the accommodation of things in ,italy4 ,these promises are contained in the despatches sent to different governments during last winter1 and published in the diplomatic documents laid before the various legislative bodies of ,europe during the past six months4 ,to do the minister justice1 he has stood out successfully against the extreme radical party in parliament that opposed most violently any idea of concessions such as he had designed for the independence of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 and his appeal to the loyalty of ,italy brought down the applause of the house1 and effectually destroyed the influence of his opponents4 ,still1 even if we attribute to any other feeling than fear of foreign intervention the measures adopted1 they are not for that reason intrinsically enhanced in value1 nor are they anything more than the most the ,italian government is capable or willing to do to protect the power of the ,pope4 ,that power1 be it well understood1 is in the eyes of the rulers of ,italy merely a spiritual power1 for the temporal1 they consider1 was annihilated by the cannon that beat down the walls on the #bjth of ,september1 #ahgj1 and by the plbiscite of the #b;d of ,october following4 ,how does this law of guarantees confirm the exercise of that power8 ,we shall see by referring to several of the articles1 not quoting the law at length1 as it has already appeared in the public journals4 ,article ,,ii4 says in the last clause3 ,the discussion of religious questions is entirely free4 ,article ,,iii4 says that the ,sovereign ,pontiff may have his guards without prejudice to the obligations and duties resulting from such guards1 from the existing laws of the kingdom of ,italy4 ,article ,,iv4 contemplates the possibility of the government taking upon themselves the expenses of the museums and library of the ,pontifical palaces4 ,article ,v4 says these museums1 library1 collections of art and of archology1 are inalienable4 ,article ,,viii4 forbids sequestration of papers merely spiritual in their character4 ,article ,,xiii4 declares that the ecclesiastical seminaries of ,rome1 and of the six suburban sees presided over by cardinals1 are to continue subject to the ,holy ,see1 without any interference on the part of the scholastic authorities of the kingdom4 ,article ,,xvi4 says3 ,the dispositions of the civil laws with regard to the creation and the manner of existence of ecclesiastical institutions1 and the alienation of their property1 remain in force4 ,article ,,xvii4 ,the recognition of the juridical effects of the spiritual and disciplinary acts1 as well as of any other act of the ecclesiastical authority1 belongs to the civil jurisdiction4 ,such acts1 however1 are void of effect if contrary to the law of the state or to public order1 or hurtful to the rights of private persons1 and are subject to the penal laws if they constitute a crime4 ,let us take a cursory glance at these cullings from the guarantees1 and see if they conflict at all with the spiritual power of the ,pontiff4 ,before the twentieth of ,september1 #ahgj1 the whole of the city of ,rome and the dependent provinces were presided over in spirituals by the ,pope1 and all of the inhabitants were ,catholics1 except a few ,jews1 treated with charity1 though not allowed to make proselytes4 ,by this decree the door is thrown open to every sect that chooses to come and try to proselytize the ,roman people4 ,they must see as clearly as we do that the last clause of ,article ,,ii4 deals the most powerful and insidious blow at the spiritual power of the ,pope in spiritual matters1 encouraging his people to spiritual defection1 or at least lessening him in their esteem as a spiritual teacher4 ,this is too evident to need further dwelling on1 and we pass to the next indictment4 ,the ,pope's guards are to protect him and execute his orders1 but inasmuch as they are not on this account freed from the obligations of ,italian citizens by the tenor of ,article ,,iii41 it is quite easy to understand how in the course of time elements of discord may arise2 and therefore1 in the use of his guards the ,pope must conform to the civil code of the kingdom of ,italy1 or take the consequences referred to further on4 ,articles ,,iv4 and ,v4 regard the library and museums of the ,vatican and of other palaces4 ,the original draught of the project declared these collections the property of the state4 ,the criticism it excited on this account brought about the modifications we have here1 which substitute inalienability for the asserted right of property1 without adverting to the fact that such a modification implies dominion in the one making it1 while there is contemplated a possible taking on themselves by the government of the expenses of these museums that certainly points to the same idea4 ,the ,v,i,i,ith ,article forbids the sequestration of papers and documents of the ecclesiastical authorities merely spiritual in their nature4 ,the inference is that any other documents not merely spiritual may be sequestrated2 and1 as doubts may arise1 who is to decide8 ,certainly not the church or the ,pope1 for he is the accused2 there is no umpire2 and a strong police force is at the beck of the ,italian government1 and the question will be solved readily4 ,the ,x,i,i,ith ,article1 regarding the ecclesiastical seminaries and colleges1 exempts them from the control of the scholastic authorities1 but1 with regard to their temporal concerns1 we are told in the ,x,v,ith ,article they must be subject to the civil jurisdiction4 ,we leave it to our practical men of ,america to say whether or not the man who holds the purse-strings and manages the funds has any influence on the people he pays or are paid through him4 ,in the case before us the ,italian civil authorities are those who pay1 having in many cases the full administration of the funds4 ,we feel tempted to refer to the case of the ,roman ,college1 the funds of which have been withheld since the first of ,january1 #ahga4 ,the first draught of ,article ,,xvii4 was too strong4 ,it said openly3 ,in case of conflict between the civil and ecclesiastical powers1 the supreme civil tribunal of the kingdom was to decide4 ,this was toned down to suit better rather tender susceptibilities4 ,the result we have in the clause quoted above1 which says the same thing in other words1 and in stronger terms1 if we look to the penal sanction referred to4 ,here is the whole pith of the matter4 ,as long as it is possible for us to get on without dispute1 say the government1 all well2 but the moment a question arises1 we must solve it4 ,moreover1 as the legislative authorities have made the law1 they can amend or alter it if they think proper1 and there is and can be no guarantee that they will not4 ,such are the disadvantages created by the vexed project1 which from the amount of discussion it has caused1 deserves the title of the ,pons ,asinorum of the ,italian parliament4 ,there are several points in this law which have some title to be looked on as advantages1 relatively to the condition in which the ,sovereign ,pontiff has been placed since the overthrow of his temporal sovereignty4 ,these are the inviolability of the person of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 the payment of the monthly sum of fifty thousand dollars1 the protection of the ,conclave as well as of the ,pontiff in the discharge of duty1 the immunity of ecclesiastics employed by him1 the postal and telegraphic arrangements1 and the abolition of the royal 'placet' and 'exequatur4' ,but it is to be remarked that1 on the first place1 with regard to some the dignity of the ,head of the ,church will not permit him to avail himself of them2 then with reference to others1 they are imperatively wrung from the ,italian government by the public opinion of foreign nations2 while1 lastly1 respecting others1 the government will always have it in their power to exercise a surveillance that renders the concessions more or less nugatory1 and in nowise satisfactory to the people of ,catholic and non-,catholic nations4 ,but independent of all the above reasons1 there are intrinsic motives that make any code of guarantees worth little more than the paper on which they are indited4 ,all are agreed that the ,head of the ,church must be independent2 the ,italian government acknowledges it1 and ,catholics and non-,catholics proclaim it throughout the world4 ,in what does this necessary independence consist8 ,it consists essentially in being free of undue influence from any source whatsoever4 ,now1 such freedom can be obtained only by restoring the ,pope to the condition in which he was prior to the year #ahfj4 ,for we can imagine the several other conditions in which the ,pope might be placed4 ,he may continue as he is at the present moment4 ,he may be the privileged citizen of a ,roman republic4 ,he may be the sovereign ruler of the city of ,rome under the protection of the ,italian government together with other governments throughout the world4 ,none of these conditions is a guarantee of his freedom4 ,in the first place1 we suppose him to be in the condition in which he is at the present moment4 ,the reasons we have given above1 the practical experience had of the protection given to the ,pope and those attached to him1 the seizure of the encyclical1 and other acts of which his eminence the ,cardinal ,secretary of ,state has complained publicly1 the subjection a salary paid by the ,italian government would bring with it1 and the general suspicion to which his acts are liable1 from the influence of the powerful government under which he lives--all make it impossible that this state of things should continue4 ,nor is it possible that the ,sovereign ,pontiff should be the privileged and protected member of a ,roman republic4 ,to tell the truth1 the present state of things is preferable to that4 ,republics1 and particularly a ,roman republic1 are too liable to commotion1 a mob is too easily excited to violence1 a demagogue is too likely to gain great influence over this city1 to make it at all advisable that the ,pontiff should have republicans for his neighbors4 ,a prince has duties to his people1 to his dynasty1 and to other nations that check him1 and make him keep order in his realm2 whereas the common people are restrained by no such consideration1 and a clamorous hostile demonstration1 with a stoppage of supplies1 would very probably be the answer to any act of the ,sovereign ,pontiff that did not meet with their approbation4 ,the vicissitudes of the days of ,cola di ,rienzi are there to show how incompatible with the mobile masses of a republic is the necessarily unbending firmness of a moral ruler4 ,not much happier than the foregoing is the idea proposed by the able deputy of the ,italian parliament1 ,signor ,toscanelli1 who would have ,rome a free city under the sovereign control of the ,sovereign ,pontiff and protected by the ,italian government4 ,it would1 practically speaking1 be impossible to eliminate all influence on the part of the government protecting and closely in material contact with the ,roman ,curia4 ,even supposing that the maintenance of the ,pope and his dependents did not come from that government1 it would not be advisable or satisfactory4 ,in this case1 the money for the support of the ecclesiastical authorities would have to come from foreign nations4 ,although this would save the ,sovereign ,pontiff from much of his subjection to the rulers of ,italy1 it would still leave him subject to influence of another kind very undesirable4 ,the point is a delicate one1 but we will treat it with all due consideration for those concerned4 ,in legislating for mankind1 you have no right to expect heroic actions1 and this more particularly if those actions pertain to the supernatural order4 ,this rule is to be applied to the ,sovereign ,pontiffs as to every one else4 ,to their great honor1 the ,sovereign ,pontiffs have stood nobly firm in the exercise of the duties of their exalted state2 many a one has shed his blood for the faith1 many a one has languished in chains for the good of his flock1 many a one has braved the fury of crowned tyrants for the safety and well-being of the church of ,christ4 ,but above all praise as their conduct has often been1 you have no right to put them in a position that requires the exercise of such heroic firmness4 ,now1 what is the condition of a ,pope dependent on the precarious contributions of foreign nations for his support8 ,it is one in which an external influence is continually at work to check him in the free and impartial discharge of his duty2 it is one in which he is continually forced to lay aside all human considerations of prudence and throw himself with fulness of faith on ,divine ,providence4 ,the position is a sublime one1 but for that very reason no man or body of men have any right to place him in it4 ,if he sees fit to condemn some cherished opinion in a nation1 the people cool in their devotion to him1 and as the contributions of which we speak are voluntary1 the disinclination to receive his decisions brings with it a disinclination to give spontaneously what had been so given before1 and the direct consequence of every pontifical act unacceptable is very likely to be a diminution in the funds that come in for the support of the ,pontiff2 in fact1 if we may be allowed the expression1 these contributions may be looked on as a kind of spiritual thermometer1 that by their rise or fall indicate the warmth or the coolness of feeling towards the ,pope4 ,in point of fact1 it is well known that not a few prophesied1 during the discussions of the question of the infallibility in the past year1 that the passing of the decree would bring about a decided falling off in the ,peter ,pence4 ,notwithstanding this1 the ,sovereign ,pontiff threw himself upon ,providence1 and his hope was not deceived4 ,to the honor of ,catholics throughout the world be it said1 the contributions of the ,peter ,pence of to-day exceed those of all other epochs1 and enable the ,holy ,father to administer to the most pressing wants of the flock over which he personally and directly presides4 ,the hand of ,providence is certainly here4 ,such manifestations of ,providence1 however1 as we have said1 no one has a right in legislating to look forward to1 and therefore it is absolutely necessary that the ,head of the ,church should be the sovereign of a small state1 large enough to save him from the necessity of tutelage1 and yielding a yearly revenue sufficient to maintain him and those he must have around him with the decorum due to his condition4 ,to this it may be objected1 that his subjects will be deprived of many advantages enjoyed by free nations4 ,we are very sceptical about these advantages2 the progress of ,rome under ,pius ,,ix4 has been solid and satisfactory2 and1 on the other hand1 the ,roman subjects of the ,pontiff will have many advantages to which other nations are often strangers3 the advantage of light taxation1 the advantage of laws repressing immorality1 the advantage of peace with its delightful arts1 the advantage of an enlightened protection of science and of the fine arts1 and then the great material advantage of seeing their city the resort of the cultivated and wealthy classes of all nations1 who flock to ,rome to see the successor of ,st4 ,peter1 and to enjoy the gorgeous and imposing ceremonial of the church4 ,for far less advantages than these we deprived the citizens of a portion of our country of the great privilege of their political franchise2 of all nations we should be the last to find fault with the infliction of a similar disqualification1 of much more apparent harm than real1 and which is compensated for an hundredfold4 ,and this we say all the more earnestly because1 in the case of ,rome1 it is not the welfare of a collection of states that is provided for1 but the peace and good order of all nations of the earth4 ,,the ,,rose4 ,is there any portion of mankind that has not inhaled the sweet perfume of this lovely flower8 ,from ,borneo to the ruins of the ,parthenon2 from ,kamschatka to ,bengal2 from the neighborhood of ,hudson's ,bay to the mountains of ,mexico2 from ,cairo to the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 it graces the palace and the chamber1 lavishes itself full-leaved on the processions of ,corpus ,christi1 and serves as a pretty plaything to the child1 who cracks the swollen petals on his innocent forehead4 ,of it the ,hebrews made their crowns1 and in their solemnities the high-priest wreathed it around his head4 ,when the ,queen of ,sheba visited ,solomon1 it is said1 she tried every means to assure herself not only of his superior wisdom1 but also of the quickness of his perception4 ,she placed before him one day two roses1 one artificial1 but so well made that she defied the king to distinguish the false one from the real4 ,he sent for a bee1 which naturally alighted on the true one1 and thus1 without approaching either1 was able to give his decision4 ,among the ,hebrews1 the bridegroom as well as the bride wore a crown of roses1 of myrtle1 or of olive4 ,mythology assigns to the rose the most illustrious origin4 ,at the moment when ,pallas came out of the brain of ,jupiter1 the earth produced the rose1 that delight might follow in the wake of wisdom4 ,white at first1 the poets have not quite agreed to what it owed its many-purpled hues4 ,we are told by some that the exquisite ,adonis was mortally wounded by a boar1 and that his flowing blood fell on the roses1 and colored them for ever4 ,according to others1 ,venus ran to protect him1 and the thorns and briers tore her lovely skin1 and the purple drops fell on a wild rose1 dyed it1 and consecrated it for ever in her honor4 ,such a circumstance was scarcely necessary to make so perfect a flower sacred to the goddess of beauty4 ,some authors say that in the midst of an ,olympian fte the goddess ,hebe spilled the embalmed vermilion nectar1 and that the white roses spread their petals to receive the perfume and the color4 ,mythology also relates that ,love presented to ,harpocrates1 the god of silence1 the flower that no one had ever seen1 and that consequently had never revealed anything4 ,hence came the custom of suspending a rose from the ceiling of the room where families assembled1 in order that discretion1 of which it was the symbol1 might become the guarantee of the sacred security of all their conversations4 ,sub rosa 7under the rose7 was a proverb that signified3 ,we can speak freely1 without suspicion4 ,venus and ,cupid were represented crowned with roses2 so1 also1 ,flora1 the goddess of flowers1 and ,comus1 who presided at festivities4 ,agla1 the youngest of the ,graces1 carried the rosebud in her hand1 the attribute of youth and beauty4 ,the ,graces1 the ,muses1 and ,bacchus also received their homage in crowns of roses2 their altars were hung with garlands1 and those good old servants the ,penates were sometimes decorated in like manner4 ,of all the flowers1 the rose was dedicated to the greatest number of divinities1 although nearly all of them had some plant especially sacred4 ,the opening hour of day sowed roses in ,aurora's path1 who at sight of her father the sun wept tears of joy over her favorite flowers4 ,so the poets of antiquity explain the drops of dew that tremble and scintillate on the roses in the morning light4 ,the rose designates the dawn2 and1 bathed with dew1 it is the emblem of filial piety4 ,peace is represented holding a rod of thorns with roses and olive branches1 and the muse ,erato1 when presiding over lyric poetry1 was always crowned with myrtle and the rose4 ,the appearance of ,christianity gave to the rose another origin1 and we cite the legend4 ,once1 a holy virgin of ,bethlehem1 falsely accused and calumniated1 was condemned to perish by fire4 ,she prayed to our ,lord1 beseeching him to come to her aid1 because he knew she was not guilty of what they reproached her with4 ,the fire went out immediately2 the burning fagots were transformed into red-rose bushes covered with flowers1 and those that were not lit into white ones4 ,these roses were the first ever seen1 and became from that time the flower of the martyrs4 ,the rose appeared at a very distant epoch as the emblem of the ,virgin2 it was particularly recognized as such by ,st4 ,dominic1 when he instituted the devotion of the rosary1 in direct allusion to the life of holy ,mary4 ,prayer appears always to have been symbolized by roses4 ,there is a story told of a servant who1 having to carry an immense amount of treasure belonging to his master through a wood1 was there awaited by a band of robbers4 ,on entering the forest1 he remembered that he had that morning omitted his ,ave ,marias1 so he knelt down to say them4 ,as he prayed1 the ,virgin placed a beautiful garland on his head1 to which at each ,ave she added a rose4 ,the brilliancy around him became intense1 and the whole wood was illuminated4 ,the good man knew nothing of his beautiful crown of roses1 but the robbers saw the vision and let him pass unharmed4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,divine ,,liturgy ,,of ,,st4 ,,john ,,chrysostom4 ,translated by ,h4 ,c4 ,romanoff4 ,london1 ,oxford1 and ,cambridge3 ,rivingtons4 #ahga4 ,this is a neat little book1 translated1 by a ,russian1 from the original ,greek4 ,the catechism contained in the front is so very ancient and ,catholic that it will be a difficult task indeed for those members of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in ,england and ,america who dream of union with the ,greek schism1 ever to reconcile it with the catechism that begins1 ,what is your name8 ,n4 or ,m4 ,there is a note at the bottom of page #gi1 to the effect that1 when the priest signs the elements and says the words1 ,and make this bread to be thy ,holy ,body1 and what is in this cup to be thy ,holy ,blood1 it is supposed that the consecration takes place1 or1 as the translator says1 transubstantiation4 ,this is an error invented by the modern ,greeks and introduced by one ,nicholas ,cabasilas1 contrary to the ,council of ,florence and to all ,catholic tradition4 ,for it is the universal teaching and belief that the consecration or transubstantiation takes place when the priest does what ,christ did1 and says the very same words that ,christ said3 ,this is my body2 this is my blood4 ,that is the form of the sacrament of the ,eucharist4 ,the ritualists object to the ,roman vestments on the ground that they are not of the ancient shape4 ,we would like them to look at page #ah1 and answer this question3 ,which is the more like the ancient vestment--the ,roman or the ,greek8 ,any candid man would answer that the former is4 ,the ,greek chasubles are cut away in front1 the ,roman at the sides4 ,however1 we hope that the day will soon come when these good people will learn that the essence of religion does not consist in the shape of a chasuble or the cut of a cope1 but rather in a childlike obedience to that ,infallible ,authority which is able to regulate matters of discipline and worship as well as to define matters of faith and morals4 ,,the ,,holy ,,communion1 ,,etc4 ,by ,hubert ,lebon4 ,translated from the ,french by ,m4 ,a4 ,garnett4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahga4 ,a delicious book for those who are favored with sensible devotion to the ,blessed ,sacrament1 while1 at the same time1 it is so solid that those who are less favored will find much of it very profitable4 ,,the ,,illustrated ,,catholic ,,sunday-,,school ,,library4 ,fourth ,series4 #f vols4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahga4 ,the contents of this series are as follows3 ,tales of ,catholic ,artists2 ,honor ,o',more's ,three ,homes2 ,sir lfric1 and other ,tales2 ,select ,tales for the ,young2 ,tales for the ,many2 and ,frederic ,wilmot4 ,these are very far removed from those tales1 selected at haphazard1 too often to be met with in libraries for the young which are juvenile but in name1 the compilers of which are apparently ignorant of the fact that as much depends on judicious selection as careful rejection4 ,in external appearance1 paper1 typography1 binding1 and illustration1 we have also displayed1 in miniature1 the distinguishing characteristic of the works issued by the ,publication ,society1 liberality of expenditure limited only by the suggestions of good taste4 ,but1 while thus equal in every respect to the preceding sets1 and coming1 too1 most opportunely just in time for the annual distributions1 there is to this series one great drawback which the reviewer may1 but our boys and girls certainly cannot1 overlook--it contains six volumes only2 each of the preceding sets contained twelve4 ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,dead4 ,by the ,rev4 ,anson ,west4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahga4 ,the only dead on whose state this work throws any light are those who1 like the author1 are dead to the grace of humility4 ,fathers1 councils1 creeds1 and decrees1 says he1 are of no account and of no authority in establishing the doctrines of divine truth--7,preface1 p4 ix47 ,we have ignored these1 he adds1 and have deferred to no one 7sic74 ,and so1 forsooth1 his own ipse dixit1 the complacent we deny with which he quashes an argument1 are of account and authority in establishing the doctrines of divine truth4 ,divine truth1 indeed6 ,what can he know of that1 entombed as he is in his own self-sufficiency8 ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,rev4 ,,oliver ,,plunket4 ,by the ,rev4 ,patrick ,moran1 ,d4,d4 #hvo1 pp4 #cif4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahga4 ,this abridged edition of the life1 sufferings1 and execution of the celebrated ,archbishop of ,armagh1 taken from the larger work of the same author published in ,ireland some years ago1 will be found1 from its intrinsic merits and portable form1 to be a favorite and popular book among the mass of ,american ,catholics4 ,though relating1 in a concise manner1 the leading facts in the life of that persecuted primate1 it is necessarily deficient in many of the features which made ,monsignor ,moran's original memoir so valuable an addition to the historical annals of the reign of the ,second ,charles of ,england4 ,the voluminous correspondence of ,dr4 ,plunket with the ,internunzio at ,brussels and the ,secretary of the ,propaganda2 his reports on the condition of ecclesiastical affairs in ,ireland from #afgj till within a short time of his death2 and the decrees of the general and provincial synods convoked by him1 all of which are very fully reproduced in the original book1 are totally or partially omitted in the compendium before us4 ,still1 we are glad to see an authentic account of the piety1 learning1 and heroism of the illustrious victim of ,protestant intolerance placed within the reach of all who reverence his memory1 and especially of those who feel proud in being able to call him their countryman4 ,,the ,,truce ,,of ,,god4 ,a ,tale of the ,eleventh ,century4 ,by ,george ,h4 ,miles4 #a vol41 #afmo4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 #ahga4 ,the contest between ,pope ,gregory ,,vii4 and ,henry ,,iv4 of ,germany forms the groundwork of this delightful story1 which abounds with interesting descriptions of feudal times1 and gives us1 with charming simplicity1 the details of the daily religious life of the people of those dark ages1 so luminous with the light of faith4 ,the character of the intrepid1 patient ,hildebrand is drawn with a skilful hand1 and reminds us that persecution has ever been the lot of the faithful ,vicar of ,christ4 ,the pleasing title of the book brings to our remembrance the fact that the church of ,god in those days sanctified to peace a portion of every week1 beginning at sunset on ,wednesday and continuing till ,monday morning4 ,all private warfare was forbidden during these days1 under pain of excommunication4 ,this precept mingles with the thread of the story1 which is both attractive and instructive1 leaving upon the mind and heart a most agreeable impression4 ,the mechanical portion of the book is beautifully executed1 and we are delighted to see that all the books got out this season by ,mr4 ,murphy are in the same elegant style4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,greece4 ,by ,professor ,dr4 ,ernst ,curtius4 ,translated by ,a4 ,w4 ,ward1 ,m4,a41 ,fellow of ,st4 ,peter's ,college1 ,cambridge1 and ,professor of ,history in ,owens ,college1 ,manchester4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner4 #ahga4 ,every scholar knows how learned ,germans write history4 ,dr4 ,curtius ranks with ,mommsen as a historian1 and his ,history of ,greece1 of which this volume is the first instalment1 is to be classed with the ,history of ,rome by the latter author4 ,we believe that it has the advantage over it of being complete1 and1 moreover1 its subject is even more interesting to students and men of letters4 ,it is brought out in a style of excellence similar to that of ,mommsen's ,history1 leaving nothing in that respect to be desired4 ,we hope that the demand for works of this kind may be sufficient to induce some one of our great publishing-houses to favor the public with a translation of ,leo's ,universal ,history1 which is the masterpiece of ,german historical works4 ,,martyrs ,,omitted ,,by ,,foxe3 ,being ,records of ,religious ,persecutions in the #afth and #agth ,centuries4 ,compiled by a ,member of the ,english ,church4 ,with a ,preface by the ,rev4 ,frederick ,g4 ,lee1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,vicar of ,all ,saints'1 ,lambeth4 ,london3 ,john ,hodges4 #ahgj4 ,this is a singular and a singularly interesting little volume4 ,it is ,anglican1 as the title shows2 yet1 strange to say1 it is made up of brief but well-written and affectionate memorials of ,more1 ,campion1 ,arundel1 ,plunket1 and a number of other illustrious martyrs of the ,catholic faith and the supremacy of the ,roman ,church in ,england and ,ireland4 ,it is a book which we can unhesitatingly recommend to ,catholics as well as ,protestants1 and which we should rejoice to see extensively circulated4 ,we cherish the most unbounded veneration for these heroic martyrs1 and ardently long for the time when they may be solemnly canonized by the authority of that ,holy ,see for whose rights they suffered torments and death4 ,the author has our thanks for his pious tribute to the sacred and holy memory of these blessed victims of ,protestant ,english cruelty4 ,may it help to bring ,england to a penitent recognition of their merits1 and bring a blessing from ,god to himself4 ,,the ,,american ,,annual ,,cyclop,,dia ,,and ,,register ,,of ,,important ,,events ,,of ,,the ,,year #ahgj4 ,vol4 ,x4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahga4 ,this volume of ,appleton's ,cyclopdia is certainly1 at least considered as a register of current events1 of unusual interest4 ,no recent year has witnessed events in ,europe of such importance as have occurred in #ahgj2 and the accounts given of them are sufficiently full4 ,of course they have been carefully prepared1 and are interesting from the nature of the case4 ,so far as we have noticed1 the proper scope of such a publication has been well observed1 plain statements of facts being given without comment or apparent prejudice4 ,the statement of the preface1 however1 that by the overthrow of the temporal sovereignty of the ,pope1 liberalism and authority have been brought to a final issue before the world1 is somewhat objectionable2 as is also1 and in a much higher degree1 the introduction of a portrait of the wretched man who1 unfortunately for himself as well as others1 is the nominal head of the ,italian kingdom1 for a frontispiece4 ,portraits are also given of two really distinguished and remarkable men1 ,generals ,von ,moltke and ,robert ,e4 ,lee4 ,the results of the ,united ,states census of #ahgj are given1 and full information as to the present condition and growth of each state4 ,the scientific information is on the whole valuable and accurate4 ,in the present intense activity of research in this field1 it is of course impossible to admit into a work of this kind everything of interest and importance1 and nothing besides1 and a better selection could hardly have been made4 ,the volume is very creditable to its able and enterprising publishers4 ,,wonders ,,of ,,european ,,art4 ,by ,louis ,viardot4 ,illustrated4 #a vol4 #afmo4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ahga4 ,we have so often spoken in praise of the volumes of this series1 known as ,the ,library of ,wonders1 that it is with regret we are compelled1 as in the case of the present volume1 to condemn any of them4 ,but such books as these need careful editing1 and in the volume before us this has evidently been neglected2 for on page #hh we find the idolatries of the ,catholic ,church1 as well as similar expressions elsewhere1 that unfit it for circulation amongst our ,catholic youth4 ,we would most respectfully suggest to the publishers a little more care in future volumes1 if they desire to have these books placed in ,catholic libraries1 or given as school and college premiums1 for both of which they are1 otherwise1 admirably adapted4 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society has in press1 and will soon publish3 ,the ,life of ,mother ,julia1 foundress of the ,sisters of ,notre ,dame4 ,familiar ,instructions on ,mortal ,prayer4 ,by the ,abb ,courbon4 ,translated from the ,french1 and edited by ,rev4 ,w4 ,t4 ,gordon1 of the ,oratory1 ,london4 ,light in ,darkness3 ,a ,treatise on the ,obscure ,night of the ,soul4 ,by ,rev4 ,a4 ,f4 ,hewit4 ,,the ,,illustrated ,,catholic ,,family ,,almanac ,,for #ahgb4 ,a ,life of ,mother ,margaret ,mary ,hallahan1 abridged4 ,a new edition of ,mylius's ,history of ,england1 continued down to the present day and adapted for schools4 ,gahan's ,church ,history1 a new edition1 continued down to the present time4 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society will also soon publish in one handsome volume ,the ,pictorial ,bible and ,church ,history ,stories1 being a compendious narrative of sacred history1 brought down to the present times of the church1 by ,rev4 ,henry ,formby4 ,it will be copiously illustrated from designs by the most eminent artists1 and will be sold at a price so as to place it within the reach of every ,catholic family in the ,united ,states4 ,we have just received from ,messrs4 ,murphy ,co4 an advance copy of ,patron ,saints1 by ,miss ,starr4 ,,books ,,received4 ,from ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,society1 ,new ,york3 ,a ,history of the ,christian ,councils2 from the ,original ,documents1 to the close of the ,council of ,nica1 ,a4,d4 #cbe4 ,by ,charles ,joseph ,hefele1 ,d4,d41 ,bishop of ,rottenburg1 etc4 ,translated from the ,german by ,w4 ,r4 ,clark1 ,m4,a4 ,oxon4 #a vol4 #hvo4--,the ,priest on the ,mission3 ,a ,course of ,lectures on ,missionary and ,parochial ,duties4 ,by ,frederick ,canon ,oakley1 ,m4,a4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,from ,p4 ,f4 ,,cunningham1 ,philadelphia3 ,the ,acts of the ,early ,martyrs4 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,m4 ,fastr1 ,s4,j4 ,first ,series and ,second ,series4 #b vols4 #abmo4 ,from ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,co41 ,philadelphia3 ,hesperia4 ,by ,cora ,l4 ,v4 ,tappan4--,thistledown4 ,by ,esmeralda ,boyle4 ,from ,,benziger ,,bros41 ,new ,york3 ,euchiridion ,sacerdotum ,curam ,animarum ,agentum4 ,compilatum a ,l4 ,b4 ,v4 ,m4 ,moczygemba4 ,from ,p4 ,o',,shea1 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,youth's ,hymn ,book2 containing hymns of the seasons and festivals of the year1 and an extensive collection of sacred melodies2 to which are added an easy ,mass1 ,vespers1 and ,mottets for ,benediction4 ,arranged1 with a special view to the wants of ,catholic schools1 by the ,christian ,brothers4 ,from ,,charles ,,scribner ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,common ,sense in the ,household3 ,a ,manual of ,practical ,housewifery4 ,by ,marion ,harland4 ,from ,p4 ,j4 ,,kenedy1 ,new ,york3 ,the ,life of ,st4 ,mary of ,egypt2 to which is added ,the ,life of ,st4 ,cecilia and ,the ,life of ,st4 ,bridget4 ,from ,,lee ,,shepard1 ,boston3 ,the ,model ,prayer3 ,a ,course of ,lectures on the ,lord's ,prayer4 ,by ,george ,c4 ,baldwin1 ,d4,d41 author of ,representative ,women1 etc4 ,from ,,roberts ,,bros41 ,boston3 ,ad ,clerum3 ,advice to a ,young ,preacher4 ,by ,jos4 ,parker1 ,d4,d41 author of ,ecce ,deus4 ,from ,j4 ,,murphy ,,co41 ,baltimore3 ,the ,child's ,prayer and ,hymn ,book1 for the use of ,catholic ,sunday-schools4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xiii41 ,no4 #gg4--;,,august1 #ahga4adc ,,infallibility4 ,we propose to treat this topic in a manner somewhat different from the ordinary one1 and which may seem indirect and circuitous4 ,we hope to come to the point more securely in this way than by the more direct road1 and to drive before us the whole body of outlying1 straggling difficulties and objections4 ,in particular1 we intend to place in a clear1 intelligible light the nature1 purport1 and ground of the recent definition of the ,council of the ,vatican1 which has made the infallibility of the ,roman ,pontiff an article of faith4 ,it is for this purpose that we have taken up the general topic of infallibility2 and the reason for discussing this general topic rather than the exclusive question of ,papal infallibility alone is1 that the latter cannot be properly explained except in its relation to the former4 ,the infallibility of the church is a more general and extensive idea than the infallibility of the ,pope4 ,in the order of time1 it was prior to it in the minds of the great mass of the faithful as a certain truth of the divine revelation1 and it was before it as an article of explicit ,catholic faith4 ,the precise point which many persons have not clearly understood has been1 how it could have been less clearly known and less explicitly believed by a number of good ,catholics before the ,council of the ,vatican than after it1 especially considering its very great practical importance4 ,they are puzzled to think that it was not an article of universal1 explicit faith always1 as much as the infallibility of the church4 ,or1 in few and plain words1 they do not understand how a council could define it as an article of faith which must be believed as a condition of ,catholic communion1 when it had not been always proposed as an article of faith1 with the obligation of believing and professing it1 to all the faithful everywhere4 ,if it is a new dogma1 how can it be a part of the old ,catholic faith handed down from the apostles1 and what authority has a council to create a new dogma8 ,if it is an old dogma1 how could the denial of its certain1 infallible truth have been tolerated1 and the judgment of a council make this denial now1 for the first time1 to become a heresy1 to which the penalty of an anathema is affixed8 ,the answer to these questions is plain enough to any one who has a moderate knowledge of the elements of theology4 ,no council can create a dogma which is new1 in the sense of being a new doctrine1 or a new revelation4 ,the new definitions of the ,council of the ,vatican are definitions of old truths1 old doctrines1 revealed by ,jesus ,christ and the apostles1 and contained in ,scripture and tradition4 ,but some of the truths proposed by these definitions1 although old doctrines1 and contained in the original deposit of faith1 are new dogmas in this sense1 that they are more explicit statements of truths implicitly contained in dogmas previously defined or declared1 and that they are now newly proposed under this more precise and extended form to the faithful1 as revealed doctrines1 with the obligation of receiving them as articles of faith4 ,the dogma of the infallibility of the ,roman ,pontiff was contained implicitly in the dogma of the infallibility of the church1 and in the dogma1 long since explicitly defined1 of the ,papal supremacy2 in ,scripture and tradition also2 and in the general teaching of the schools of theology1 in a more distinct and express form4 ,wherefore1 as we have said1 it is useful and important to show how it is contained in and related to the general principles of the essential constitution and infallibility of the church1 as well as to make an exposition of the specific proofs of its truth as a distinct doctrine from the ,scripture1 the fathers1 and the general teaching which has prevailed in the church4 ,in this way1 a ,catholic1 to whom new truths1 or truths less clearly and certainly known than others1 have been proposed as a part of the ,catholic faith by the ,council of the ,vatican1 will see that his ideas are not changed but enlarged1 and enlarged not by an addition of extrinsic matter1 but by the growth and development within his own mind of the faith which he already possessed in its integrity4 ,let us begin by defining and clearly comprehending the term infallibility4 ,it is a negative term in its literal meaning4 ,fallible means liable to err4 ,infallible means not liable to err2 and infallibility is the exemption from liability to error4 ,when we say that the church is infallible1 we say1 in strictness of meaning1 that the church is not liable to err4 ,her infallibility is some kind of immunity from error1 which is one of her essential notes4 ,this immunity from error evidently implies some sort of unerring possession of truth1 and therefore denotes a positive quality or prerogative1 as is frequently the case with terms of a negative form4 ,what it denotes in ,catholic theology we will explain more fully as we proceed4 ,the positive idea1 in which the general notion of infallibility has its foundation1 is one of the first principles not only of ,catholic theology1 but of all theology and philosophy4 ,the unerring and certain possession of some eternal and universal truths is1 and must be1 affirmed by all who profess that man has or can have the knowledge of ,god and of the relation of his own soul to him1 whether by reason or revelation2 that is1 by all except sceptics4 ,with sceptics we wish to have nothing to do1 for they are not entitled to be treated as rational beings4 ,every rational man will admit that there is such a thing as wisdom1 and that the wise man possesses it1 and therefore knows something in the order of rational truth4 ,st4 ,augustine has proved this in a most subtle and conclusive manner in his short treatise1 ,against the ,academicians1 the earliest of his published works1 written while he was preparing for baptism4 ,the wise man1 he proves1 cannot have the notion of probability or verisimilitude1 unless he has the idea of truth4 ,he knows1 at least1 that there is such a thing as truth1 otherwise he could not affirm in a reasonable manner that anything is probably in conformity with truth1 that is1 appears to be true1 or resembles truth1 which is the meaning of verisimilitude4 ,moreover1 every man is forced to admit the certain truth of a number of disjunctive propositions4 ,i am certain that the world is either one or not1 and if not one1 either a finite or an infinite number4 ,also1 that this world has its order1 from a merely physical law of nature1 or some higher power2 that it either is without beginning or end1 or else has a beginning and no end1 or had no beginning but will have an end1 and numberless other things of the same kind4#add ,in the same manner1 we may say3 ,either the visible world is an illusion or real2 either ,god exists or he does not exist2 ,christianity is either true or false2 either ,catholicity is genuine or counterfeit ,christianity2 either the existence of ,god1 the truth of the ,catholic religion1 the infallibility of the ,catholic ,church1 can be proved with certitude1 or they cannot be proved4 ,these disjunctive propositions can be multiplied indefinitely1 and they are only different examples of that principle of logic called the principle of contradiction1 which it is impossible for any one seriously and intelligently to deny or even to doubt4 ,reason1 therefore1 forces us to affirm that we know something with unerring certainty1 that is1 that the human intellect is at least to this limited extent exempt from liability to deception or error1 and1 so far1 infallible4 ,the only possible dispute in philosophy or theology relates to the subject and extent of infallibility4 ,what truths are known or knowable with infallible certitude1 and where is the infallibility seated which gives this certitude8 ,every man who affirms that ,god obliges the human conscience to give a firm and undoubting assent to certain truths1 and to obey certain moral rules1 must admit that he also gives the means of knowing with unerring certainty these truths and moral rules4 ,even the probabilist cannot escape this4 ,for he who would act safely on a probable conscience must have a reflex certainty that he does not sin in doing so4 ,if we are bound to assent to truth1 and to obey law1 of which we have only probable evidence1 and this obligation is certain1 we must know with certainty that we are subjectively acting in a right manner in giving our assent and obedience4 ,a philosopher who affirms that we have certain knowledge of this truth and this law is1 of course1 a more strict infallibilist than the other4 ,yet the principle is in common4 ,when a man affirms that ,god has made a positive revelation1 and that in his revelation he has disclosed truths and promulgated laws which he binds the conscience of every one to whom they are proposed to believe and obey1 he extends the principle of infallibility much further4 ,if ,i am to believe these truths1 especially such as are above reason1 with a firm1 undoubting assent1 and to be held bound to keep these laws1 especially such as are hard to keep1 the revelation must be made to my mind in such a manner as to give me certainty1 without any fear of error4 ,whoever admits this must assent also to the following disjunctive proposition3 ,either the revelation of ,god is made known to the individual mind through the medium of the ,catholic ,church1 or in some other way4 ,we are not concerned at present to prove the proposition that the revelation is made known through the church as a medium4 ,our argument is immediately directed to those who admit and believe it already4 ,therefore1 leaving aside all discussion with those who are not ,christians or not ,catholics1 we merely affirm1 as a consequence from what has been proved1 that the principle of infallibility1 so far as ,christian faith is concerned1 is seated in the church as the medium of divine revelation4 ,with us ,catholics it is unquestioned that the church is that visible society whose supreme head is the ,pope4 ,our only object of investigation is the nature1 extent1 and more precise seat of that infallibility which the church possesses as the depository of divine revelation1 and the medium of communicating it to individual minds4 ,the church is infallible4 ,to make more plain the meaning of this proposition1 let us go back once more to the etymology of the term infallible4 ,the ,latin word from which it is derived is fallo1 signifying deceive4 ,infallible signifies incapable of being deceived or deceiving4 ,the church1 as infallible1 cannot be deceived or deceive1 respecting that body of truth which has been deposited in her by the apostles1 and which they received from ,jesus ,christ and the ,holy ,spirit4 ,the positive and fundamental truth from which this negative statement of the inerrancy of the church is derived1 and which it protects1 is1 that the church1 as a visible1 organized society1 is the immediate recipient of a certain divine revelation1 and the medium of its transmission and communication4 ,this divine revelation must be accepted and believed with a firm assent1 excluding all doubt1 by each individual4 ,it is a revelation of dogmas and doctrines1 some of which are mysteries above reason1 and of laws which are strictly obligatory4 ,each individual must receive the faith and law from the church1 of which he is a member by baptism1 with unquestioning submission and obedience of the intellect and will4 ,but this entire1 unreserved faith and obedience could not be justly exacted1 unless the church were divinely enabled to impart pure1 unmixed truth1 and to prescribe pure1 unmixed holiness to her members1 and divinely secured from imparting or prescribing error or sin4 ,authority and obligation are correlative in nature and extent4 ,as is the obligation1 so is the authority4 ,if the obligation is universal and without reserve1 the authority is sovereign and supreme4 ,if the obligation requires an absolute1 undoubting assent of the mind1 and a divine faith1 the authority must be infallible4 ,whoever is bound to unconditional assent must be secured in immunity from error in believing4 ,whoever is authorized to command assent must be secured in immunity from error in teaching4 ,supreme and sovereign authority in teaching1 and absolute obedience in receiving what is taught1 require and exact1 as a necessary condition1 inerrancy in that society which is constituted on the principle of this authority and its correlative obedience4 ,the fundamental idea of the ,catholic ,church1 therefore1 contains in it that passive and active infallibility which belongs to the hierarchy and the faithful as composing one body under their head1 the ,roman ,pontiff4 ,wherever divine and ,catholic faith1 or certain knowledge derived from faith1 and the obligation of unreserved1 complete assent and obedience1 are found1 there is the passive infallibility of the church4 ,wherever supreme teaching authority is found1 commanding this obedience1 declaring or defining this faith1 or revealed doctrine1 or certain truth derived from and depending on it1 there is the church's active infallibility in exercise4 ,the influence of those gifts of the ,holy ,ghost by which the church is rendered infallible pervades the whole body of the church1 and manifests itself in the most multiform ways4 ,the church is living and immortal4 ,her life is divine and supernatural1 and its principle is faith4 ,the faith is1 therefore1 the principle of an immortal life1 and itself an immortal principle within the church4 ,like the principle of animal vitality1 it is found in every part of the organization1 but vitalizing each organ and member in a different way1 according to its function4 ,brain1 heart1 lungs1 and fingers are vitalized by the same principle1 although each one fulfils a special office4 ,so in the church1 the supreme head1 the hierarchy1 the laity1 are animated by the same divine principle of faith1 and concur in the general functions of the great organic unit1 but each in his own place and in a special office4 ,the result of their combined and complex action is the perpetuation of the divine revelation in all times and places until the end of the world4 ,we have to consider1 therefore1 a great many other constituent parts1 organs1 and members of the body of the church1 as well as the head1 in order to understand the relation which the head bears to them and they to it1 and the manner in which its special function influences and is influenced by the other functions4 ,we can do this only in a brief and imperfect manner in a short essay1 but we will endeavor to touch upon some of the principal parts of this great and extensive subject in a manner sufficient for our purpose4 ,the revelation which proceeded from the ,incarnate ,word of ,god was diffused1 in a great variety of ways1 by the apostles1 and committed to a great number of various channels for transmission through the coming ages4 ,they gave it to the faithful by their preaching1 they embodied it in the hierarchy1 in the sacraments1 in the creed1 in the liturgy1 in fasts and festivals1 in rites1 ceremonies1 and worship4 ,they taught it to their companions and successors in the episcopate in the most complete and thorough manner4 ,they committed it to writing1 in great part1 in their inspired scriptures1 and gave their sanction to other books written under divine inspiration by those who were not apostles4 ,to use a figure1 there are many great rivers by which the inspired and divine doctrines of the apostles flow through all parts of the world1 and through all the succeeding periods of time4 ,the great sources of these rivers are1 nevertheless1 but two3 ,scripture and tradition4 ,the ,holy ,scripture is infallible1 as well the ,old ,testament1 which is proposed anew to ,christians by the church1 as the ,new ,testament1 in which the clearer and more complete revelation is contained4 ,apostolic tradition is infallible1 and therefore ,catholic tradition1 which is an unerring transmission of it1 is also infallible4 ,the written and oral teaching of the apostles has come down to us by the numerous great rivers and the smaller numberless rivulets of ,catholic tradition1 irrigating the fields and gardens of the church1 and opening the way to intellectual communion between different countries and centuries4 ,these streams can be traced back to their sources by the student4 ,the single doctrines of faith and theology can be traced one by one1 and the whole body of doctrines1 as a complete system1 can be followed up1 through the expositions1 meditations1 and commentaries of saints1 doctors1 and fathers of the church1 to the ,holy ,scripture4 ,in the same way1 the student can go back to the original tradition4 ,he is not restricted to one line of argument or evidence1 for there are many converging lines1 each one more or less certain and sufficient by itself1 and all1 taken together1 irresistibly and overwhelmingly conclusive and convincing4 ,one who is not able to make an investigation of this kind may1 nevertheless1 be competent to understand the general and equally conclusive argument from prescription4 ,he may know enough of history to be aware that the principal doctrines of the faith were universally held in the tenth century1 still further back in the fifth1 and before that1 indefinitely1 without any record of a change1 or any adequate cause for such general consent1 except the teaching of the apostles4 ,not only are the ,scriptures and apostolic tradition infallible sources of doctrine which is unerringly transmitted1 but the general sense and belief of the faithful is also infallible4 ,the faithful have received from the beginning the teaching of the divine revelation by a supernatural sense1 a divine gift of faith1 so that the revelation has not remained merely extrinsically proposed to them1 but also received and appropriated by them1 in a living manner1 through the inward operation of the ,holy ,spirit in their minds4 ,this sense of the faithful is even one of the motives of the definitions made by popes and councils4 ,it was consulted by ,pius ,,ix4 when he was preparing to make his decree respecting the ,immaculate ,conception1 and it was recognized at the ,council of the ,vatican as expressed in the numerous petitions for the definition of papal infallibility4 ,the body of the faithful cannot lose the faith1 or any part of it1 or embrace any heresy as belonging to faith4 ,their unanimous consent in doctrine is an infallible evidence of the true faith in itself1 and a note of the true religion4 ,the body of the church is immortal in the life of faith1 and indefeasible in its supernatural existence1 and therefore infallible1 as well as the head4 ,it cannot separate from its head in doctrine4 ,the universal recognition of the ,pope by the church makes it infallibly certain that he is the true and legitimate ,pope1 and the universal acceptance of a council as cumenical makes it infallibly certain that it is a true council1 although it be certain also1 on other infallible motives1 that ,pope and council are legitimate4 ,the want of this universal recognition caused for many years the legitimacy of certain popes to be doubtful in a large part of ,christendom1 and of course made the authority of their decrees doubtful1 and would have made the authority of any council convoked by them as a general council also doubtful4 ,it was the unanimous agreement of the whole church in recognizing ,martin ,v4 as the true successor of ,st4 ,peter1 which gave to all the faithful certainty that he was their lawful head4 ,if a ,catholic had no other evidence that the dogmatic decree of ,pius ,,ix4 declaring the ,immaculate ,conception a doctrine of faith1 and the decrees of the ,vatican ,council defining the infallibility of the ,pope1 are valid and binding1 except the universal profession of the faithful that they believe these doctrines with a divine and ,catholic faith1 that alone would be sufficient to give him infallible certainty4 ,the infallibility of the church in this general sense1 which is an attribute of the whole body or visible society1 includes and exacts the infallibility of the teaching and ruling hierarchy in a special and particular sense1 which is also capable of an independent proof of its own4 ,the faithful are subject to the hierarchy and dependent on it for the sacraments1 for regulation1 and for instruction4 ,all that life which is diffused throughout the body must exist in a more immediate and intense action in its highest organs4 ,an infallible church cannot be subject to a fallible teaching authority4 ,the apostles were infallible witnesses1 teachers1 and judges1 in respect to the faith and everything connected with it1 as the original founders of the church under the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 by whom they were immediately commissioned4 ,the church was made infallible by participation with them1 as they were made infallible by participation with ,christ1 who was himself infallible as the ,son of ,god4 ,the authority of officially declaring the testimony of the church1 of teaching authoritatively its doctrine1 of judging in all controversies1 and of punishing all delinquents1 was left by the apostles to their successors the bishops2 and the special authority of ,st4 ,peter1 as the ,vicar of ,christ1 was transmitted by him to his successors in the ,see of ,rome4 ,in their prophetical office1 as the immediate organs of the revelation of the ,holy ,spirit1 they left no successors1 for when the faith and law of ,christ were once fully revealed1 the necessity of this office ceased4 ,but their official infallibility was1 of necessity1 perpetuated in that episcopal order which inherited the hierarchical dignity and authority of the ,apostolic ,college4 ,the church is infallible in teaching and judging1 as well as in keeping and professing the deposit of faith1 and accepting what is taught by lawful authority4 ,every ,catholic knows this to be a fundamental doctrine of the faith4 ,but it is the ,ecclesia ,docens1 the church or assembly of prelates1 which is meant in this proposition4 ,there is no infallibility in fathers1 doctors1 theologians1 priests1 or the faithful generally1 which is separate from or independent of the authority of the episcopate4 ,even bishops who separate from the unity of their order by revolting against its supreme chief1 lose all their authority4 ,no matter how many bishops1 priests1 and laymen separate from this unity1 their whole number is of no more account than if there were but one1 since they are totally cut off from the church4 ,tertullian1 ,apollinaris1 ,cranmer1 ,luther1 the whole mass of ,oriental schismatics and other seceders1 count for nothing4 ,those who revolt from the unity of the church lose the grace of faith1 and have no longer any share in the church's infallibility4 ,the consent of fathers1 doctors1 theologians1 and of the faithful is infallible1 because it represents ,catholic tradition1 which is itself a reflection or image of the authoritative teaching of the apostles and their successors4 ,there is no contradiction or dissension possible in truth1 but only in error4 ,in how may ways soever the truth infallibly manifests itself1 these various manifestations must always agree with each other4 ,in order that the official teaching and judgments of the episcopate may always agree with ,scripture1 tradition1 with each other1 with the teaching of fathers1 theologians1 doctors1 and the consent of the faithful1 they must be infallible4 ,all alike being infallible1 they must agree4 ,no individual1 or number of individuals1 therefore1 can be qualified to cite either ,scripture or tradition against the authority of the church1 any more than to cite the authority of one apostle against that of another apostle4 ,to do this1 is merely to oppose private judgment1 individual opinion1 to public1 official1 and authoritative judgment1 which is destructive of the very principle of authority and organization4 ,the supreme teacher and judge must decide in all doubtful and disputed cases1 without appeal1 what is the doctrine and law1 what is the sense of ,scripture1 the witness of tradition1 the doctrine of the fathers1 the common belief of the faithful4 ,from this final and decisive authority1 and the correlative obligation of obedience1 we derive another and most cogent proof1 that wherever sovereignty in the order of ideas or doctrinal supremacy resides in the church1 it must be there that the active infallibility of the church is principally seated4 ,a supreme and final judgment or decree must be an infallible judgment4 ,it is irretractible1 irreformable1 irreversible4 ,the church is committed to it1 and bound by it for ever1 and that by the law of ,god4 ,it must be1 therefore1 the absolute truth1 and whatever tribunal is qualified to pronounce it to be so1 and to exact unlimited assent and obedience from all the faithful1 must be infallible4 ,we must be careful1 however1 not to limit the authority to teach1 and to require outward obedience or even inward assent1 or the obligation of submission to authority1 to the sphere of infallible declarations and judgments4 ,in the natural order itself1 we are frequently bound in conscience to assent to things which are only probable1 and to act on the supposition that they are true4 ,probability is the only and the sufficient guide of life in most things4 ,self-evident and demonstrable truths1 and indubitable facts1 are comparatively few in number4 ,without a basis of certitude1 there would be no such thing as real versimilitude or probability4 ,but with that basis we can construct a great edifice of beliefs1 opinions1 and practical rules1 which have more or less of the firmness and stability of their foundation4 ,the probability of these beliefs is to a great extent extrinsic--that is1 derived from authority which in reason and conscience we are bound to respect4 ,it is reasonable1 and it is a duty1 to receive the instruction of parents1 teachers1 masters1 with docility2 to respect the authority of learned and wise men1 of tribunals1 and of the common sense of society4 ,in the supernatural order it is the same4 ,the authority of the ,holy ,scripture is not restricted to that portion of its teaching which the mind perceives with an absolute certitude4 ,there is a moral obligation on every student of the ,scripture to give its probable sense and meaning that inward assent which corresponds to the degree of probability which his mind and conscience apprehend1 and which may approach indefinitely near to certainty4 ,it is the same with tradition1 and with other sources of ,catholic doctrine1 such as the teaching of standard authors in dogmatic and moral theology1 the official instructions of confessors1 preachers1 and pastors of the church1 including those of councils and of the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,under this head are to be classed the decrees of the ,roman ,congregations1 excepting those cases in which the ,pope gives them a higher sanction than the one ordinarily given4 ,there is1 therefore1 a wide sphere in which an authority is exercised within the order of ideas which is legitimate1 and to which deference and obedience are due1 but which is not guaranteed to have a complete and perpetual immunity from all error4 ,we cannot say1 therefore1 that there cannot be any exercise of teaching authority in the church which is fallible1 but only that the church cannot be left without any authority except that which is fallible4 ,to a certain extent1 ,scripture and tradition may be ambiguous1 doubtful1 capable of being interpreted differently2 but we cannot be left altogether in doubt or uncertainty about their meaning4 ,catholic schools may have their differences about dogmatic or moral theology1 but they cannot be altogether divided and dissentient4 ,the common belief of the faithful may shade off insensibly1 so that it is difficult or impossible to draw a precise line between what is in itself pertaining to faith and that which is only opinion1 but it cannot be in all things indistinct and vague4 ,the confessor1 the pastor1 the bishop1 the theologian1 the father of the church1 may teach something which is erroneous1 but this liability to error cannot be universal4 ,the tribunals of the church1 even1 may be obliged to decide upon partial and incomplete evidence and knowledge of the cause1 and afterwards to annul their decisions1 as in the case of the heliocentric theory4 ,but these tribunals cannot be always and altogether without a higher and more certain rule to guide them4 ,there must be a supreme and sovereign authority in the church which is infallible1 and which can guide1 direct1 restrain1 and correct all inferior and fallible exercise of authority4 ,this sovereign authority is only exercised in the declaration and definition of doctrine in an irreversible and irreformable manner1 and with an obligation annexed of that assent which excludes even a hypothetical doubt1 or a right of ever withdrawing or modifying assent4 ,it is this authority which we say must be infallible4 ,and1 moreover1 it is impossible to conceive of the real existence of an authority of this kind which is not infallible4 ,the belief of the infallibility of the church was therefore contained1 from the first1 demonstrably1 in the belief of the supreme authority of the church4 ,moreover1 it has always been distinctly believed and taught1 as well as acted on1 in all ages1 and has been explicitly declared by the ,council of the ,vatican1 and1 so far as the ,pope is concerned1 defined in express terms4 ,this infallible and perpetual magistracy of the church is exercised in its ordinary way by the official teaching of the ,catholic episcopate1 whose supreme head is the ,pope1 and of the priests commissioned by them to teach4 ,it began before the ,new ,testament was written1 and continued for nearly three hundred years before any cumenical council was held4 ,it is a great mistake to fancy that either the ,scripture1 or the decrees of councils1 created the faith4 ,it existed before them1 and was apprehended with a vividness and distinctness perhaps surpassing anything which has been witnessed in later periods4 ,the solemn and special exercise of this magistracy is through the judgments and definitions of the ,holy ,see1 either with or without the concurrence of cumenical councils4 ,these solemn acts have had for their first object to express in definite terms what was always taught and believed as of the ,catholic faith1 and to condemn all opposite errors4 ,their second object has been to declare and define revealed truths contained in ,scripture and tradition1 but not proposed by the church as of ,catholic faith before their solemn definition4 ,their third object has been to define truths not revealed1 but so connected with or related to revealed truths1 that they are necessary to the protection of the faith and law of the church4 ,many of the judgments belonging to the last two classes1 also1 are negative in their form1 that is1 condemnations of heretical1 erroneous1 or otherwise censurable tenets and opinions4 ,the necessity for making these definitions has been so constant and frequent during the history of the church1 that the principal doctrines of the faith1 and a vast body of doctrine pertaining to or connected with it1 are distinctly and explicitly taught in the collection of the acts of the ,holy ,see and the cumenical councils4 ,it would be1 however1 a most grievous error to suppose that everything contained in ,scripture and tradition1 much less the whole body of truth which is capable of infallible definition1 has been exhausted1 or could be expressed in a certain definite number of propositions1 to which no addition could ever be made4 ,the fountain is inexhaustible4 ,and1 no matter how long time may last1 the church can still proceed to make new and more explicit elucidations and definitions of that complete and ,catholic body of truth which she has held and taught either explicitly or implicitly from the beginning4 ,the notion that the church is a merely mechanical medium1 for transmitting a definite and precise number of propositions of faith1 is wholly false4 ,it is the notion of a certain number of ,anglicans1 but wholly foreign to the true and ,catholic idea4 ,it is not only heterodox1 but rationally untenable and ridiculous4 ,equally so is the common ,protestant notion of a division among revealed truths into two classes1 the fundamental and non-fundamental1 in the sense in which those terms are used by ,protestant theologians4 ,undoubtedly1 there are mysteries and doctrines which are fundamental in the sense that they are at the basis of ,christianity1 and more necessary to be universally known and explicitly believed than any others4 ,and1 consequently1 there are other truths which belong to the superstructure1 to the minor and less principal parts of the system1 or to its finish and ornamentation4 ,but1 in the sense to which we have reference1 they are all equal4 ,that is1 there is the same obligation of believing any one revealed truth as any other1 because the authority of ,god is equally sovereign and majestic in each single instance4 ,we are bound to believe1 implicitly1 everything contained in the written and unwritten word of ,god4 ,whatever the church proposes as a revealed truth we are bound to believe explicitly as a part of the ,catholic faith1 as soon as we know it4 ,whatever else we know certainly to be contained in the word of ,god1 we are bound to believe by divine faith4 ,in regard to all that portion of revealed truth which is not thus clearly made known to us1 we are bound to submit our minds unreservedly to the decisions and judgments which the church may hereafter make1 and in the meantime to adhere to that which seems to be the truth4 ,a ,catholic must not only believe what the church now proposes to his belief1 but be ready to believe whatever she may hereafter propose4 ,and he must1 therefore1 be ready to give up any or all of his probable opinions so soon as they are condemned and proscribed by a competent authority4 ,moreover1 he must believe what the church teaches1 not simply or chiefly because he has convinced himself by his own investigations that her doctrines are really contained in the word of ,god1 but because the infallible authority of the church proposes them as revealed doctrines4 ,the latest decisions of the church have1 therefore1 the same authority as the earliest4 ,the ,council of the ,vatican is equally sacred with the ,council of ,trent1 and the ,council of ,trent with the ,first ,council of ,nica4 ,it is not necessary to prove to any tolerably instructed ,catholic that this is the only doctrine which has been recognized as orthodox1 or taught with the sanction of the hierarchy1 within the ,catholic communion4 ,it is found in all our catechisms and books of instruction1 and preached by all pastors4 ,it is an amazing fact that some ostensible converts to the church in ,england1 who have lately renounced their sworn allegiance to her authority1 have declared that they never understood this doctrine4 ,this only shows the depth of the ignorance of ,catholic doctrine which prevails among many of the most intelligent and educated ,protestants1 especially those of the ,anglican sect4 ,priests educated in the faith from their childhood1 cannot easily apprehend such ignorance in persons who apparently hold ,catholic doctrines and are attracted by ,catholic ceremonies4 ,they may1 therefore1 in some cases presuppose in their catechumens an understanding of the fundamental ,catholic principle which they have not1 and pass them in with a superficial instruction which leaves them as much ,protestants as they were before4 ,it is to be hoped that greater precaution will be used hereafter in this important matter4 ,it is also true that a number of nominal ,catholics1 and1 sad to say1 some priests1 a few of whom had stood in high repute1 have recently manifested to the world how utterly they had in their secret hearts thrown off the allegiance due to the authority of the church4 ,but these examples prove nothing4 ,it is as clear as the sun that the doctrine we have laid down is the doctrine of the ,catholic ,church4 ,it is the doctrine of ,bossuet as well as that of ,bellarmine1 of ,waterworth as well as of ,wiseman4 ,no other doctrine has ever been tolerated in the church1 and if any have held or taught any other1 at any time1 who have not been personally condemned and excommunicated1 they were still only pretended but not real members of the ,catholic communion4 ,a most signal manifestation of the universal faith of the church in this doctrine was made in the year #ahed4 ,the doctrine of the ,immaculate ,conception1 which ,st4 ,thomas and many other ,dominican writers had opposed without censure1 and which the ,holy ,see had strictly forbidden all theologians to call a dogma of ,catholic faith before the definition1 was then proclaimed as a dogma of faith by ,pius ,,ix4 with the applause of the whole body of bishops1 clergy1 and faithful4 ,another one has been made within the last year by a number of bishops1 priests1 and other ,catholics1 who have given up their opinions respecting the infallibility of the ,pope1 and have received that doctrine as a doctrine of faith1 simply upon the authority of the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,this remark brings us to a part1 and a very important part1 of our subject1 which we promised at the beginning of this article to treat of at its close1 and thus give a complete view of the doctrine of infallibility4 ,the definition of the ,council of the ,vatican1 by virtue of the foregoing principles1 furnishes every one of the faithful with an infallible motive for believing the infallibility of the ,pope as a dogma of faith1 and imposes the obligation of faith on his conscience4 ,the teaching of the universal episcopate1 in accordance with that definition1 furnishes another equally infallible motive4 ,and so does the universal belief of the faithful1 who receive and submit to that infallible definition of the council4 ,there is1 moreover1 such an abundance of proof from the ,scripture1 and the most conspicuous monuments of tradition1 of the doctrine in question1 that any person of ordinary education is capable of understanding enough of the evidence in the case to make a reasonable judgment1 and might have done so1 even before the case was decided4 ,the fact that a small number of theologians held a different opinion was really of no weight at any time1 considering the vastly preponderating weight of the judgment of all the saints1 the great majority of theologians1 and almost the entire body of the bishops4 ,whatever seeming probability the opinion of this small minority might have had in the minds of some having been totally destroyed by the judgment of the council1 the reasons from ,scripture and tradition gain now their full force and are seen in their true light4 ,but the purpose we have had in view1 and which we stated at the outset1 is not the exhibition of these specific proofs1 but the exposition of the relation of the new definition to the supremacy itself and the general doctrine of infallibility2 as well as an answer to the question1 how the infallibility of the ,pope could have remained so long without an express definition4 ,in the first place1 as to the supremacy4 ,the ,pope is1 by divine right1 supreme ruler1 supreme teacher1 and supreme judge over the universal church1 and over all its priests and members1 individually and collectively4 ,as supreme ruler1 he must be infallible2 not indeed in all his particular acts1 but in his principles and rules of government4 ,otherwise1 he might subvert the constitution of the church1 destroy morality1 oppress and depose the orthodox prelates1 promote heretics to the highest places1 and do in the ,catholic ,church what the schismatical ,eastern patriarchs have done1 and what ,cranmer did in ,england4 ,by the very supposition1 there would be no authority in the church to control him1 and all the prelates and faithful would be bound to obey him4 ,for1 if there is any authority in the church superior to the ,papal authority1 the supremacy is in that authority1 and not in the ,pope4 ,as supreme teacher1 he can instruct all ,christian bishops1 as well as laity1 in regard to the doctrine which they must believe1 and bind their consciences to submit to his teaching4 ,it follows from our entire foregoing argument that infallibility is necessary to the possession and exercise of such a power4 ,as supreme judge in questions of faith and morals1 his decision must be final and irreversible2 for there is no judge above him except our ,lord ,jesus ,christ himself4 ,but the final judgments which the whole ,catholic ,church is bound to accept must be infallible4 ,sovereignty1 or the possession of the plenitude of power1 when it extends over the realm of mind and conscience1 exacts infallibility4 ,and this has been most lucidly and conclusively proved1 during the recent controversies1 by ,archbishop ,dechamps1 ,dom ,guranger1 and various other able writers4 ,the infallibility of the ,pope is implicitly contained in and logically concluded from the infallibility of the church in general1 and of the teaching hierarchy in particular1 in substantially the same way as it is in the supremacy4 ,the church is essentially constituted by its fundamental principle1 which is that of organic unity under one visible head1 the successor of ,st4 ,peter4 ,the vital force of this organic unity is faith1 and1 as the body is infallible in faith1 and also governed by the head1 the head must be infallible in a higher and more immediate sense2 otherwise1 the body of the church would be liable either to become corrupt in faith by remaining united to a corrupted head1 or to cease to be a body by separating from its head4 ,if we take the church as represented by another similitude1 it is founded1 as a building1 on the ,rock of ,peter2 that is1 the ,roman ,church and the succession of ,roman pontiffs4 ,the foundation must be stable and immovable in faith1 if the structure resting upon it has this immovable stability4 ,so1 also1 the episcopal hierarchy1 whether dispersed or congregated in a general council1 must remain in communion of faith and doctrine with the ,roman ,church and ,pontiff4 ,the ,pope must sanction their decrees1 otherwise they are null and void4 ,those bishops who separate from the faith of the ,roman ,pontiff1 no matter how numerous they may be1 fall out of the communion of the church and forfeit their authority to teach4 ,evidently1 therefore1 if the teaching hierarchy is infallible1 the rule and authority which directs and governs it must be infallible4 ,if a pilot is placed on the flag-ship of a fleet which has to pass through a dangerous strait1 and orders are given to every ship to follow in his wake1 it is evident that the success of the passage depends on the unerring skill of the pilot4 ,a fallible head to an infallible hierarchy1 a fallible guide to an infallible church1 a fallible supreme teacher1 a fallible ,vicar of ,christ6 ,what a contradiction in terms6 ,who can believe that our ,lord ,jesus ,christ ever constituted his church upon such inconsistent principles8 ,the supremacy of the ,pope and the infallibility of the church plainly cannot coexist with each other in fact1 or be united into a coherent whole in logic1 without the infallibility of the ,pope as the term of union4 ,yet these two doctrines have always been the constitutive principles of the ,catholic ,church4 ,it is1 however1 still requisite to answer the question1 how any doctrine different from that defined by the ,council of the ,vatican could have existed and been tolerated so long among ,catholics1 and how the church could have postponed her definition to this late period4 ,when we say it is requisite1 we mean1 merely1 requisite in order to complete the explanation we promised to make4 ,we have no right to ask reasons of the church1 any more than of ,almighty ,god1 as a preliminary to our submission4 ,we are to take with unquestioning docility whatever instruction the church gives us4 ,yet1 we are permitted to make investigation of the truths of our religion1 in order to understand them better1 to confirm our belief1 and to be ready to answer objections4 ,therefore1 we reply to the question stated above1 first1 in general terms1 that the infallibility of the ,roman ,pontiff has always been held1 taught1 and acted on by the supreme authority itself1 and practically acknowledged by all good ,catholics2 and that its explicit definition was delayed until the necessity and expediency of such a definition was made clearly manifest1 and the fitting occasion furnished by the providence of ,god4 ,the argument will be made more clear if we substitute the term irreformable in the place of infallible4 ,all irreformable decrees are confessedly infallible1 and the question of law and fact is therefore precisely this3 whether the ,roman ,pontiffs have ever suffered their dogmatic decrees to be judicially revised by the bishops1 or to remain suspended as to their complete obligatory force1 until the express or tacit assent of the bishops had been manifested2 and whether the church has ever recognized any such right in the bishops4 ,so far as the ,popes are concerned1 it is enough to refer to the unquestionable fact that they have expressly prohibited appeals from the judgment of the ,holy ,see to an cumenical council1 from the time of ,celestine ,i4 in the fifth century4 ,martin ,v4 and ,pius ,,ii4 in the fifteenth century1 ,julius ,,ii4 and ,paul ,v4 in the sixteenth century1 renewed this prohibition4 ,clement ,,xi41 in the eighteenth century1 condemned the ,jansenists1 who had appealed from the ,bull ,unigenitus to a general council1 and pronounced sentence of excommunication upon all who promoted the appeal1 unless they abandoned it and subscribed to the ,unigenitus4 ,this sentence was a general one1 including all appeals from the ,holy ,see to an cumenical council4 ,it was accepted by the whole church1 a small party of ,jansenists only remaining contumacious1 and has been incorporated into the canon law4 ,moreover1 the ,holy ,see has always required the bishops to receive and promulgate without any judicial examination1 and without delay1 all its dogmatic judgments2 and they have submitted to this demand obediently1 even those who1 like ,bossuet1 have held ,gallican opinions4 ,the most illustrious and irrefragable proof of the doctrine of the universal episcopate on this point which could be given1 was really given at the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,the monition at the end of the constitution on faith1 which plainly declares the obligation of entire submission to the doctrinal decrees of the ,holy ,see1 was approved by the unanimous vote of all the fathers1 including those belonging to what was called the minority4 ,the ,popes have always claimed and exercised the office of supreme judges in matters of faith1 the episcopate and the whole church consenting and submitting1 and all dissidents being compelled to keep silence or incur excommunication4 ,the definition of the ,council of the ,vatican has not1 therefore1 conferred any new rights on the ,sovereign ,pontiff or enlarged their exercise4 ,it has only made an explicit statement that the rights always possessed and exercised by him are declared in the divine revelation to belong to him jure divino1 with the guarantee of infallibility in their exercise1 and proposed this statement to all the faithful with the obligation of receiving it as a part of the ,catholic faith4 ,it is not very difficult to give satisfactory reasons why this was not done before4 ,the church does not make definitions without a positive reason4 ,ordinarily1 she waits until the truth is denied or disputed4 ,before the ,council of ,constance1 or rather the period which immediately preceded that council1 the plenary authority of the ,pope had not been called in question except by open schismatics and heretics4 ,we have the authority of ,gerson1 the principal author of ,gallicanism1 for the assertion that any one who had advanced his doctrine of the subjection of the ,pope to the council before that time1 would have been universally condemned as a heretic4 ,the ,council of ,constance was a very irregular1 abnormal1 and imperfect council1 until the election of ,martin ,v4 near its close4 ,it was rather a congress or states-general of ,christendom than a council4 ,the residence of the popes at ,avignon and the subsequent division of ,catholic ,christendom into three obediences1 had put the pontifical authority in abeyance and diminished the moral force of the ,holy ,see4 ,the right and duty of putting an end to this state of things1 and bringing the whole church under the jurisdiction of one certain and lawful head1 had devolved by default upon the bishops1 aided by the influence and authority of the princes1 and the counsel of the principal theologians and priests of the time4 ,harrassed and distracted by the difficulties and dangers which beset the church1 a number of leading men whose spirit and intention were good1 and who were devoted to the preservation of ,catholic unity1 had fallen into the grievous mistake of seeking a remedy for existing and threatening disorders in a limitation of the sovereign authority of the ,vicar of ,christ4 ,martin ,v4 obviously did the only thing prudent or even possible for the moment1 in leaving the irregular and uncanonical decrees which they had passed to die of their own intrinsic weakness4 ,his successor1 ,eugenius ,,iv41 had too many open and contumacious rebels and schismatics to deal with1 to permit him to alienate those who had fallen into minor errors1 unawares1 by a formal condemnation4 ,at the ,council of ,florence1 the reconciliation of the ,greeks and other ,orientals to the ,holy ,see was the object of paramount importance4 ,at the ,fifth ,council of ,lateran and at the ,council of ,trent1 the fathers were absorbed by questions of far greater immediate necessity than that of ,gallicanism4 ,yet the ,council of ,lateran came very near defining the ,papal infallibility1 and the result of the ,council of ,trent was to strengthen the pontifical authority immensely1 as may be seen by reading the history of its final confirmation and promulgation1 and examining the bull of confirmation itself1 which effectually sweeps away every vestige of the irregular legislation of ,constance4 ,between the ,council of ,trent and the ,council of the ,vatican1 no other cumenical council intervened4 ,the ,gallican controversy1 as all know1 chiefly raged during the reign of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,the ,pope refrained from any formal condemnation of the ,gallican tenets1 although urged even by that monarch himself to terminate the controversy by a final judgment2 and1 although these opinions were held and advocated by a certain number of ,catholic prelates and theologians from that time until the ,council of the ,vatican1 they were never branded by any note of censure by the ,holy ,see4 ,it may seem surprising that such a patient and cautious method of dealing with errors which have at length been condemned as heretical should have been pursued2 but any one who knows the whole history of the matter must admire the supernatural wisdom of this course of conduct4 ,one motive1 doubtless1 for it1 was respect for ,bossuet4 ,but another and more powerful reason was that the ,holy ,see desired to gain a victory by the means of discussion and argument1 before reverting to the exercise of authority4 ,and again1 it is obvious at first sight that a far greater moral weight has been given to the final definition1 by the fact that the ,sovereign ,pontiffs have left the solemn and decisive deliberation and judgment of a matter which relates to their own highest and most sublime prerogative1 to the bishops of the church assembled in a general council4 ,it may appear strange to some that the church could tolerate an error even for a time4 ,but there is a great difference between those errors which subvert the foundation and rule of faith1 and those which only shake them a little4 ,the errors of the ,jansenists1 ,febronians1 and other rebels against the authority of the ,holy ,see1 were of the first class1 and were never tolerated4 ,but the ,gallicans of the school of ,bossuet recognized and practised the duty of obedience to the ,holy ,see4 ,their error lay rather in an illogical1 indistinct1 and imperfect conception of the supreme authority of the ,roman ,pontiff1 than in a denial of any of its attributes4 ,they admitted the right of the ,pope to issue dogmatic judgments1 and the obligation of bishops and the faithful to receive them with interior assent and obedience4 ,they acknowledged that these judgments became judgments of the ,catholic ,church1 and were made irreformable as soon as the assent of a majority of the bishops was even tacitly given4 ,as this assent has always been given1 not tacitly alone1 but by the most formal and express adhesion1 there has never been any practical divergence in doctrine between orthodox ,gallicans and the more consistent ,ultramontanes4 ,st4 ,augustine himself had said that it is sometimes the wisest course to tolerate for a time the errors of those who hold the faith firmly1 and err only by an imperfect knowledge and a confused conception of the truth4 ,the church has not hesitated or faltered in regard to her own principles1 or failed to act on them with full and distinct consciousness4 ,but it is not always necessary for her to propose them fully and completely as articles of divine and ,catholic faith to her children4 ,it is for the church1 guided1 illuminated1 governed1 and assisted by the ,holy ,spirit1 to judge of the time and manner in which she will unfold and display in all their brilliant majesty the treasures of her doctrine4 ,she has waited until the nineteenth century to encircle the brow of the ,queen of ,heaven with the coronet of her definition of the ,immaculate ,conception1 and to place in the tiara of the ,vicar of ,christ a new jewel by defining his infallibility4 ,from both these splendid acts1 in which her divine authority1 her irresistible power1 her infallible wisdom1 and her miraculous unity are manifested with the most radiant lustre1 incalculable blessings will flow in abundance upon her faithful children4 ,christ is honored in his ,mother and in his ,vicar4 ,the serpent's head is crushed anew4 ,faith triumphs in her new conquests4 ,the kingdom of ,god is strengthened and consolidated1 and the kingdom of ,satan is shaken to its foundations4 ,like the cathedral of ,cologne1 the superb edifice of theology approaches to its completion1 the new marble rises side by side with that which is dimmed by the dust of ages1 and new pinnacles are placed upon ancient foundations4 ,this temple is one whose builder and maker is not man but ,god1 whose designs are formed in eternity1 but realized gradually and successively in time4 ,from the foundation to the top-stone1 the massive solidity1 the symmetry and unity of plan1 the harmony of proportions1 the perfection of beauty1 which become more clearly evident with every century1 disclose the idea in the infinite mind of the ,supreme ,architect4 ,the ,catholic ,church has been designed and constructed by the same being who designed and constructed the universe4 ,as the solar system is unerring and unfailing in its movements1 prescribed to it by the immutable law of its ,creator1 so is the church unerring and unfailing by the law of its divine ,founder4 ,and as the sun can never cease to be the unfailing source of light and heat1 and the immovable centre of revolution1 while the solar system endures1 so the ,see of ,peter must remain the centre and the source of truth1 doctrine1 law1 unity1 and perpetual movement to the ,catholic ,church1 so long as time endures4 ,it is this unerring stability of the ,catholic ,church in the law prescribed by its founder1 ,jesus ,christ1 which is properly termed infallibility2 and1 since this stability is communicated to all the distant and dependent churches under her obedience by the ,roman ,church1 it is in the ,roman ,church that infallibility has its immovable seat and centre4 ,it is plain from the foregoing argument how false and flimsy is the pretence of ,dr4 ,dllinger1 ,m4 ,loyson1 and the other rebels against the ,council of the ,vatican1 that they have been excommunicated for adhering to the old ,catholic faith which they have always held4 ,all heretics have said the same thing1 except those who have openly averred that they reject the authority of the ,catholic ,church4 ,this is what the ,arians said1 and ,arius knew how to play the injured1 persecuted saint and prophet of ,god1 even better than ,m4 ,loyson4 ,the creed of ,nice is a new creed1 said the ,arians and ,semi-,arians4 ,so said the rebels against the ,councils of ,constantinople1 ,ephesus1 and ,chalcedon4 ,the little ,jansenist sect in ,holland calls itself the ,old ,catholic ,church1 and its members take the name of ,old ,catholics4 ,the allegation is palpably and ridiculously false4 ,the ,gallican opinions were never a part of the ,catholic doctrine4 ,the highest claim that could ever be made for them by their advocates was1 that they were probable opinions not condemned by the supreme authority4 ,the best theologians have condemned them as erroneous and proximate to heresy4 ,the ,holy ,see has never shown them the slightest favor1 but1 on the contrary1 has used all means1 except that of express condemnation1 to drive them out of seminaries1 to destroy their credit1 and to inculcate the true and sound doctrine4 ,they were tolerated errors4 ,while they were tolerated1 it was possible for good ,catholics1 and even learned men1 to hold them in good faith2 since good and learned men1 and even prelates1 are fallible interpreters of both ,scripture and tradition1 and may err in reasoning and judgment4 ,but their temporary toleration gave them no rights1 not even those which belong to received opinions of ,catholic schools of theology4 ,there were good reasons for a purely passive toleration for a time4 ,but none for the indefinite continuance of such toleration4 ,the silence of an cumenical council1 viewing all the events which had occurred during the past two centuries1 would have given the advocates of ,gallicanism a plausible pretext to claim for it a positive toleration1 a recognition of its real and solid probability4 ,moreover1 it was reviving under a new and more dangerous form2 numbers of good and loyal ,catholics were beginning to go astray after a so-called ,catholic liberalism1 and a clique of secret traitors was plotting a revolt against the ,holy ,see1 disguised under the ambiguities and reservations of ,gallicanism4 ,error1 though it may lie dormant and not show its dangerous character for a time1 sooner or later works out the conclusions contained in its premises4 ,gallicanism was an illogical doctrine1 containing implicitly the denial of the papal supremacy4 ,it was necessary1 therefore1 to condemn it1 and to define the truth4 ,those who gave up their opinions in obedience to the decree of the ,vatican acted like ,catholics1 and like reasonable and consistent men4 ,as ,catholics1 they were bound to obey a divine authority4 ,as reasonable men1 they were bound to abandon an opinion which they had embraced on merely probable grounds1 as soon as the certain truth was made known to them4 ,moreover1 the malcontents were taught from their childhood1 and some of them have themselves taught1 as authors and professors1 the infallibility of cumenical councils as a doctrine of the ,catholic faith4 ,they have renounced1 abjured1 and trampled on that faith1 by rebelling against the ,council of the ,vatican1 and bidding defiance to the authority of their bishops and of the ,pope4 ,they are justly excommunicated4 ,the anathema of the church has smitten them1 and they are doomed to wither and die1 and go into oblivion4 ,as for the ,catholic ,church and her docile children1 they have made a great act of faith which has had a most salutary effect already1 in strengthening the habit of divine faith1 and in illuminating the intellect with the knowledge of the truth4 ,its salutary effects in the future will be still greater4 ,there was never a time when the continuous and immediate exercise of the supreme teaching authority of the ,vicar of ,christ was so necessary and so easy as the present critical1 momentous period4 ,never a time when it was so necessary for all the faithful to place an absolute and boundless confidence in the chair of ,peter4 ,god has made known to all men1 as a truth of his divine revelation1 the infallibility of that chair1 and of his august ,vicar who sits in it4 ,this truth is equally certain with the greatest mysteries of the faith1 the ,trinity and the ,incarnation4 ,this chair of ,peter can neither be deceived nor deceive us1 for its doctrine rests on the veracity of the ,holy ,spirit1 the author of truth1 and in believing and obeying it we believe and obey ,almighty ,god4 ,,footnotes3 #adc ,entered1 according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahga1 by ,,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #add ,contra ,academicos1 lib4 iii4 #bc4 ,,the ,,true ,,harp4 ,soul of the ,bard6 stand up1 like thy harp's majestical pillar6 ,like its golden arch1 ,o heart6 in reverence bow thee and bend6 ,mind of the ,bard1 like the strings be manifold1 changeful1 responsive3 ,this is the harp ,god smites--the harp1 man's master and friend6 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,a ,,pilgrimage ,,to ,,cayla4#ade ,,cayla1 ,august #a1 #ahfg4 ,,my ,,dear ,,friend3 ,in pressing my hand for the last time1 when ,i left ,quebec two months ago1 you said1 ,do not fail to visit ,cayla4 ,i made you the promise1 and to-day ,i accomplish it4 ,it is from the chamber itself of ,eugnie de ,gurin that ,i write4 ,you who have such an avowed admiration for the sister of ,maurice1 with what rapture you will enjoy the minute details which ,i have to communicate6 ,how many times have we asked1 after having read the admirable ,journal of ,eugnie1 after having lived with her the life at ,cayla1 what had become of that domestic life which she described with such exquisite art1 and which she caused us to love so much8 ,who are now the actual inmates of that antique chteau8 ,if ,mimi1 sweet ,mimi1 is still living8 etc4 ,to all these questions ,i can to-day reply4 ,on my return to ,poitiers from a short visit to the little city of ,airvault1 the cradle of my ancestors1 ,i turned my steps toward ,toulouse1 where ,i arrived this morning4 ,the entire city was in a state of festivity1 the streets were all decorated1 and filled with pilgrims1 flags waved in every direction1 and the faades of the houses were hung with wreaths of flowers4 ,they were celebrating the last day of the grand ftes in honor of ,st4 ,germaine ,cousin4 ,the railroad which runs from ,toulouse to ,alby stops at ,gaillac1 and there branches off to the station of ,tessounires4 ,leaving ,alby to the right1 ,i came down to ,cahuzac about two o'clock4 ,the terminus is about half a league from the village4 ,i was obliged to make this little trip on foot1 in company with the mail-carrier1 who also took charge of my valise4 ,the landscape is hilly and abrupt1 and has a savage aspect4 ,the road winds through the valley1 rises and descends between the wooded mountains1 whence peep out here and there some white rocks which indicate a sterile soil4 ,at a turn in the road1 ,i perceived on an acclivity ,cahuzac1 whose name vibrates so pleasantly on the ears of ,eugnie4 ,from there a carriage conducted me in a few moments to ,andillac1 a village more than modest1 which appeared on my left1 with its poor little church1 where repose the tombs of ,maurice and ,eugnie1 where she came so often to pray1 to weep1 to hope1 to implore with many tears the salvation of her brother4 ,here the road turns off and climbs a hillside4 ,the guide pointed with his finger across the trees on the other side of the ravine to the ,chteau of ,cayla1 which rises isolated on a graceful eminence4 ',tis a spacious mansion of severe aspect4 ,nothing distinguishes it from ordinary structures1 except a little tower built on one of its angles1 which gives it a slightly feudal tinge4 ,notwithstanding the unobtrusiveness of this manor when seen in its landscape-framing1 the effect is laughing and picturesque1 thanks to the prestige of poetry1 that fairy enchantress who has touched every object in this domain with her golden ring4 ,here1 though the fairy is an angel1 it is ,eugnie4 ,the carriage crossed the ravine1 and followed the banks of the ,st4 ,usson1 a little stream which turns the parish mill4 ,it then began the steep ascent to ,cayla1 and finally stopped before the farm1 in the midst of a crowd of chickens1 who were cackling and disporting themselves1 in the sun1 on a litter of straw4 ,a servant came up at that moment from the rabbit-warren on the north side1 and politely invited me into the salon1 a pretty enough room1 opening on the terrace4 ,some furniture in modern style1 white curtains1 some wax fruit and flowers1 a few paintings on the walls1 a little picture of ,cayla and its surroundings1 on the table a handsome edition of the works of ,eugnie and ,maurice2 this last the most beautiful ornament of this home4 ,the door opened1 and a young lady with a distinguished air and dreamy expression entered4 ,it was ,caroline de ,gurin1 ,eugnie's niece1 that dear little ,caro whom she used to rock on her knees1 now married to ,m4 ,melchior ,mzuc1 of a noble and wealthy family of ,montpellier4 ,she was soon followed by another person1 much older but still sprightly1 dressed very humbly1 with an expression of extreme sweetness in her countenance1 and a modesty yet more lovely1 with marked features1 lit up by her bright eyes1 and a smile uniting extreme delicacy and benevolence4 ,i introduced myself as coming from ,america1 from ,canada1 attracted to this remote corner of ,france by the fame of ,eugnie4 ,has the reputation of our ,eugnie reached that far8 exclaimed ,marie de ,gurin1 for it was she4 ,from this moment the conversation did not languish1 fed1 as it was1 by the thousand nothings around which the halo of poetry has been thrown by the author of the ,journal4 ,just as ,i rose to take my leave1 ,m4 ,mzuc entered1 followed by ,madame de ,gurin1 the widow of ,erembert4 ,they had summoned ,m4 ,mzuc from the fields1 where he had been superintending his vinedressers4 ,he is a man in the strength of age1 an old officer in the army of ,algiers1 with a manly face1 energetic look1 amiable and impulsive character4 ,what6 exclaimed he4 ,you come all the way from ,america and as far as our mountains to visit us1 and already talk of leaving8 ,no1 no2 you must not think of such a thing4 ,you have not seen anything yet2 you must stay and visit the neighborhood1 and we will give you ,eugnie's room1 and you will find it just as it was at the time of the ,journal4 ,then1 here is my brother ,nrestan1 who has just returned from ,africa1 where he filled the office of officer of colonization2 he will entertain you about ,algiers1 and you can talk to him of ,canada4 ,oh6 very well1 said ,m4 ,nrestan1 shaking me cordially by the hand2 and ,i will begin at once by telling you that the best system of colonization that ,i know of1 ,i found in a book printed in ,canada which accidentally fell into my hands4 ,they all then urged me with so much politeness to stay that1 conquered by their kind persuasions1 ,i yielded to the pleasure of remaining4 ,while awaiting tea1 ,marie equipped herself without any ceremony in an old straw hat with a broad brim1 and invited me to take a walk and visit the environs4 ,we were already old acquaintances4 ,we went out by the door that opens on the terrace1 which rests on the crest of the ravine4 ,along the wall grew several pomegranate-trees1 and some jasmine in bloom1 from which ,maurice gathered a bouquet the day before his death4 ,he walked down here1 leaning on the arm of ,eugnie1 to warm in the bright sun his limbs already struck with the chill of death1 to bathe his panting breast in the pure warm morning air1 and to contemplate for the last time the beautiful sky of ,cayla4 ,some stone steps lead to the bottom of the ravine1 where the little stream runs along1 shaded by willows1 whose rippling has so often caused that amiable recluse to dream and sing in her little chamber4 ,here is the fountain of ,toul1 that is to say1 of the ,tile1 so-called from the huge tile which serves as a reservoir for the water from the rock4 ,we crossed the ,pontet which leads to the laundry1 where1 like the beautiful ,nausicaa of old1 ,eugnie came sometimes to wash her robes2 and which inspired these pretty reflections3 ,a day passed in drying one's linen leaves but little to say4 ,it is1 however1 pretty enough to spread out a nice white wash on the grass1 or to see it waving from the lines4 ,you can be1 if you wish1 either the ,nausicaa of ,homer1 or one of the princesses of the ,bible who washed the tunics of their brothers4 ,we have a laundry that you have not seen1 at the ,moulinasse1 large enough and full of water1 which embellishes this recess1 and attracts the birds1 who love the coolness to sing in4 ,i write you with clean hands1 having just returned from washing a dress in the stream4 ',tis delightful to wash1 and see the fish pass1 the little waves1 bits of grass1 and fallen flowers1 to follow this1 that1 and ,i know not what in the thread of the stream6 ,so many things are seen by the laundress who knows how to look in the course of the stream6 ',tis the bathing-place of the birds1 the mirror of heaven1 the image of life1 a hidden path1 a baptismal reservoir4 ,a few steps in the meadow1 a superb chestnut-tree1 three or four centuries old1 spreads its vast shade2 old sentinel of the chteau1 which has seen born and die the generations of ,de ,gurins4 ,the ridge of ,sept-,fonds winds through the trees as far as the top of the hill2 on the neighboring declivity is the little coppice of ,buis1 with its pretty little pathway1 full of shade and mystery1 and where ,eugnie had her little dog buried4 ,july #ast4--,he is dead1 my poor little dog4 ,i am so sad1 ,i have but little inclination to write4 ,july #b;d4--,i have just put ,bijou in the warren of the coppice1 among the flowers and birds4 ,i am going to plant a rose-bush there1 and call it the dog-rose4 ,i have kept his two little front paws1 which so often rested on my hands1 on my feet1 on my knees4 ,he was so nice1 so graceful when he lay down1 and in his caresses6 ,in the morning he used to come to the foot of my bed1 to lick my feet as ,i was getting up2 then went to give papa the same greeting4 ,we were his two favorites4 ,all this comes back to me now4 ,past objects go to the heart4 ,papa regrets him as much as ,i do2 he said he would have given ten sheep for this poor little dog4 ,alas6 everything must leave us1 or we must leave everything4 ,a letter just received has caused me another pang4 ,the affections of the heart differ like their objects4 ,what a difference the grief for ,bijou1 and that for a soul being lost1 or at least in danger of it6 ,o my ,god6 how frightful that is in the eyes of faith6 ,passing before the farm1 we cast a glance at the other side of the valley4 ,facing us1 this mass of green is the ,bois du ,pigimbert1 with the hamlet of ,pausadon1 where ,vialarette lived1 that poor woman whom ,marie and her sister used to visit4 ,more to the left1 on the heights1 is the village of ,mrix1 and below1 toward the north1 ,leutin1 where ,eugnie went so frequently to hear ,mass4 ,the road from the warren of the north skirts the base of the hill1 which extends itself in the rear of the old castle4 ,here1 as elsewhere1 all is full of souvenirs4 ,every tree has its history1 every stone a name4 ,here ,maurice played with his sisters among the branches of the ,treilhon1 that old vine-stalk which twines itself round the trunk of an oak-tree4 ,mimi smiled at the recollection of the slides they used to take down the side of the ravine4 ,she pointed out a little underwood of maples2 they were small trees about the thickness of one's arm1 and which have nothing in common with the king of our forests4 ,a sudden storm coming up obliged us to seek shelter in the mansion4 ,a few moments before1 the sky was serene and blue2 now all was obscured by clouds1 the rain came down in torrents1 and it began to thunder and lighten4 ,this southern sky always reminds me of a great child1 changing from smiles to tears with a wonderful facility4 ,at half-past seven1 supper was announced1 at which was served the excellent wine of ,cayla4 ,at the side of its father1 was little ,mzuc de ,gurin1 a child of eighteen months4 ,oh6 that ,eugnie could have caressed this child of ,caro's4 ,the evening passed delightfully2 anecdotes were told1 reminiscences of ,cayla1 of ,america1 of ,algeria1 and episodes related by ,m4 ,mzuc of the wars in ,africa1 in the mountains of ,kabylia4 ,mimi then brought us back to our present surroundings by relating some interesting details of the widow of ,maurice4 ,she returned from ,india after the death of her husband1 and died at ,bordeaux in #ahfa4 ,and the good ,m4 ,bories is still living1 but struck with a cruel malady1 and is but a mere wreck4 ,at bedtime ,i was conducted to my room4 ,a spiral staircase ascends to the principal story1 and leads into the great hall4 ,this is the stately and solemn apartment of the manor4 ,in it a vast fireplace1 whose mantel is sustained by caryatides in stone2 on either side are the figures of two cavaliers in their armor1 rudely sketched4 ,in former days these walls were covered with the armor of the seignors of this house2 this inlaid floor1 to-day so silent1 resounded to the footsteps of armed knights1 carrying on the points of their lances standards and pennons on which the ladies of the castle had embroidered the proud device of the sires of ,de ,gurin4 ,omni exceptione majores4 ,it was in this saloon1 now so deserted1 that they armed themselves to fight against the ,moors and the ferocious ,albigenses1 or where they donned their richest armor1 their brilliant helmets of finest steel1 and their gilded breast-plates1 to cross their lances in the tournament4 ,at the time of ,eugnie1 all this antique splendor had long since passed away4 ,here as elsewhere1 the ,revolution had reaped its harvest of destruction1 and the rich ,seignors de ,gurin were now1 said she1 only poor squires1 striving to keep the wolf from the door4 ,on the right side of the hall is a door opening into the chamber of ,mimi2 on the left1 one opening into that of ,maurice4 ,at the extreme end1 away back1 retired like a cell1 hidden like the nest of a bird1 is the little room of ,eugnie4 ,it is in this room1 and on her table1 that ,i am now writing to you1 surrounded by the same silence1 and lit by the same modest light of her lamp4 ,before me is her little chapel in miniature1 her crucifix1 her tagre of books4 ,nothing besides this1 neither ornaments nor luxury2 nothing except the most commonplace4 ,but these valueless nothings have become relics2 this little room a chapel1 this table an altar4 ',twas from this white and peaceful cage that the dove of ,cayla flew away to the land of dreams1 gathered the celestial flowers of poetry1 conversed with the angels1 and sang with her heart4 ,it is here that she prayed1 read1 wrote her ,journal1 and those admirable letters to ,louise de ,bayne1 ,madame de ,maistre1 and ,maurice2 'tis here that she wrote her heart's history1 that she lived1 that she died2 from here that she went to rejoin ,maurice4 ,i turned over the leaves of the ,journal1 and gave myself up to its fascinations1 where the least object1 an insect that flies1 a bird that sings1 a ray of light penetrating the blinds1 inspired her with those charming thoughts1 those poetical pages1 like a harmony of ,lamartine1 fine and profound as a passage of ,la ,rochefoucauld4 ,her thoughts take at times the most unexpected flights1 sublime transports1 like an elevation of ,bossuet's4 ,never perhaps has there been a more delicate organization1 a more susceptible imagination4 ,her soul was like an olian harp which vibrates to the slightest breath4 ,mlle4 de ,gurin wrote with a golden pen4 ,i would compare her to ,madame ,svign1 if ,madame ,svign was less frivolous4 ,the latter amuses and dazzles1 the former captivates and touches2 the one is as bright as a lark1 the other dreamy as a dove4 ,the first has more genius1 the second more soul4 ,there is more sentimentality in ,madame de ,svign1 in ,eugnie de ,gurin more sentiment4 ,the writings of one skim over the surface of the soul1 those of the other penetrate it4 ,we can admire ,madame de ,svign1 we love ,eugnie de ,gurin4 ,before me1 hanging to the framework of her library1 is a picture of ,st4 ,thrse de ,grard1 a present to her from the ,baroness de ,rivires4 ,i re-read the passage suggested by this little engraving1 those aspirations toward contemplative life1 which reveal such tender piety1 such deep and true devotion4 ,this pure heart turned naturally toward heaven1 like the mariner's needle1 which always points to the north4 ,she was of those souls1 said ,mgr4 ,mermillod1 who in the midst of our material cares hear the ,sursum ,corda of the ,holy ,church1 and who delight in these noble and holy aspirations4 ,we can make a church everywhere1 says she in some of her writings4 ,i open the window1 and1 like her1 ,i contemplate the beautiful night--the country half-buried in shadows1 the myriads of stars1 which1 like golden nails1 sustain the blue tapestry of heaven4 ,all is silence1 meditation1 mystery2 a single murmur1 that of the stream4 ,it sings for me1 as it formerly did for ,eugnie4 ,in looking back into the past1 ,i ask myself if ,i have ever spent a sweeter hour or experienced more vivid emotions4 ,adieu1 it is midnight4 ,expect soon a sequel to this letter4 ,to ,m4 ,l',,abb ,l41 ,quebec4 ,,paris1 ,august #i1 #ahfg4 444 ,at five o'clock in the morning1 ,i heard a knock at my door4 ,i was already up4 ,the previous evening ,i had made an arrangement with ,mlle4 de ,gurin to go to ,andillac1 where ,i wished to say ,mass1 and visit the graves of ,maurice and ,eugnie4 ,the cheerful aspect of nature seemed to echo the brightness of my thoughts4 ,the heights of ,mrix were bathed in the rosy hues of morning2 in the sky appeared the first golden threads of the sun2 in the plain the slight fragrance of the dew1 perfumed breezes1 and the warbling of the birds4 ,we saluted in passing the little cross where the brother and sister took such a tender adieu of each other1 where ,eugnie preserved so long the impression that the horse's foot made in the plastic soil4 ,one ,christmas ,eve1 going to midnight ,mass1 she gathered1 in her simple piety1 some branches covered with hoar-frost from the bushes which grow along this road1 which she wished to place before the ,blessed ,sacrament--a scene which she described with so much freshness and charming grace3 ,we all went to midnight ,mass1 papa in advance--the night was superb4 ,never had there been a more beautiful midnight1 so much so that papa put his head out from his mantle several times to look at the firmament4 ,the ground was covered with hoar-frost1 but we did not feel the cold1 and then the air was warmed in front of us by the torches which our servants carried to light the way4 ,it was charming1 ,i assure you1 and ,i only wish you could have been with us1 going to church along these roads bordered with little bushes1 as white as if they were all in bloom4 ,the hoar-frost makes beautiful flowers4 ,we saw a branch so lovely that we wished to make a bouquet for the ,blessed ,sacrament1 but it melted in our hand4 ,all flowers are short-lived4 ,i regretted my bouquet3 it was sad to see it melt1 and dissolve drop by drop4 ,going along1 ,mlle4 de ,gurin told me of the last sickness and death of her sister4 ,two years before1 her health became seriously affected2 it was in vain that the physician sent her to the waters of ,cauterets1 to seek the strength which would never more return4 ,she felt her end approaching2 but she did not tremble2 in her complete resignation1 there was no place for fear4 ,as she watched the span of life gradually diminish1 she seemed to fold within herself1 like the sensitive plant2 wrapped around her the mantle of holy recollection1 in which great souls envelope themselves at the approach of that supreme contemplation which she foresaw4 ,she talked but little1 prayed much1 and smiled rarely4 ,her little room had become the cell of a religious2 she lived there cloistered1 only leaving it to go to church4 ,prayer was her recreation1 the ,holy ,eucharist her food4 ,i wish to die after having received the holy communion1 said she a short time before her death4 ,they noticed that she looked often toward ,andillac1 where she was going so soon to dwell4 ,the swallow is compelled to fly away on the eve of winter2 the winter of death was approaching4 ,she took cold going to ,mass on the ,epiphany1 and returned home with a fever1 which increased rapidly4 ,inflammation of the lungs supervened1 which hurried her to the portal of death in a few days4 ,after having received the holy ,viaticum1 ,i can die now1 sighed she with a celestial smile4 ,adieu1 my dear ,marie6 ,and as she felt the tears tremble in her eyes1 at seeing her so overcome with grief1 she embraced her1 and said1 while turning her head away to conceal her emotion1 ,ah6 do not let us be sad6 as if she was afraid of weakening the generosity of her sacrifice4 ,such was the appointed end of ,mlle4 ,eugnie de ,gurin4 ,she died like a saint1 as the angels would die1 if they were not immortals1 said one of her friends4 ,we arrived at ,andillac4 ,mosou ,ritou--,m4 le ,cur--is he in the rectory8 asked ,mlle4 de ,gurin in patois of the old servant1 as she entered with the familiarity of an habitue4 ,m4 l',abb ,massol welcomed us cordially1 and conversed with me about a project which he had had in view for some time of rebuilding the church of ,andillac with the offerings of the admirers of ,eugnie de ,gurin4 ,the encouraging sympathy which he had received led him to hope that he would very soon be able to accomplish his purpose1 which will be the honor of the tomb of this pious young girl1 and her aureola by choice3 this was indeed the only glory that she desired4#adf ,the actual church of ,andillac is really nothing more than a ruin4 ,its tottering belfry1 roof falling in from age1 cracked and crumbling walls1 present the picture of desolation4 ,it is necessary to descend several steps in order to enter this other ,bethlehem1 whose sombre1 decayed1 and humid aspect sends a chill to the heart4 ,nothing less than the most ardent faith1 or ,eugnie's happy imagination1 could enable a person to breathe in what seems more like a charnel-house than a church1 or cause a ray of brightness and poetry to enter there4 ,i whispered to ,mlle4 ,gurin that ,i was going to say ,mass for the illustrious dead of her family2 and ,i had the happiness of giving the holy communion to the sister of ,eugnie4 ,a quarter of an hour passed in thanksgiving on the prie-dieu where she used to kneel left an impression never to be forgotten2 angel1 she conversed here with the angels1 with the ,spouse of virgins2 she unfolded here to the wind of eternity those wings of light which detached her every day more and more from the earth1 and which have finally transported her to the bosom of our ,lord4 ,on leaving the church1 ,mlle4 de ,gurin silently opened the gate of the cemetery4 ,i was face to face with the beloved graves4 ,the morning sunlight flooded this garden of the dead1 as if to remind me of that other invisible light which illumines the other shore of life that never fades4 ,a shaft of white marble1 the only monument in the cemetery1 marks the grave of ,maurice4 ,we read distinctly the mournful date1 ,july #ai1 #ahci4 ,at the side to the right is a simple wooden cross1 one of its arms supporting a crown of immortelles1 with this inscription enclosed in a medallion3 ,eugnie de ,gurin1 ,may #ca1 #ahdh4 ,in the rear were two iron crosses1 one of them marking the grave of ,m4 ,joseph de ,gurin1 ,eugnie's father1 and the other that of ,erembert4 ,they died a year apart1 #ahej and #ahea4 ,i remained a long time on my knees beside the grave of ,eugnie1 in the same place where1 overwhelmed by a nameless grief1 she wept torrents of tears1 where she probed that terrible mystery of death1 fathomless as her sorrow2 and whence she rose at last1 crushed for ever1 but resigned1 with this sublime cry of a ,christian1 ,let us throw our hearts into eternity6 ,she sleeps now by the side of that dear ,maurice for whom she often wept1 until the day when they will rise together never more to be separated4 ,before leaving1 ,mlle4 de ,gurin gathered a bouquet of roses and immortelles from her sister's grave1 placed it in my hands1 and went out1 without uttering a word4 ,adieu1 sweet and blessed ,eugnie6 ,the glory which you did not seek has sought you1 but the aureola which shines over your mausoleum need not alarm your modesty or your humility4 ,it is pure as your soul1 sweet as your nature1 religious as your thoughts1 benevolent as your life4 ,already it has illumined more than one soul1 and strengthened more than one heart4 ,it will do more3 it will rebuild this temple1 whence will arise in your honor the hymn of gratitude4 ,pertransiit benefaciendo6 ,on my return to ,cayla1 ,i thanked my kind hosts for their gracious hospitality1 commended myself to the prayers of ,marie1 the holy1 and resumed the route to ,toulouse4 ,i have brought you several souvenirs from ,cayla1 some drawings1 one of ,eugnie's autographs1 a few flowers1 and a bunch of immortelles1 which will be relics for you4 ,to ,m4 ,l',,abb ,l41 ,quebec4 ,,dates4 ,m4 ,joseph de ,gurin died in #ahea1 age #gj years4 ,madame ,joseph de ,gurin1 ne ,gertrude de ,fontenilles1 died in #ahai4 ,erembert1 born ,january1 #ahjc1 died ,december #af1 #ahej4 ,eugnie1 born ,january #be1 #ahje1 died ,may #ba1 #ahdh4 ,marie1 born ,august #cj1 #ahjf4 ,maurice1 born ,august #aj1 #ahah1 died ,july #ai1 #ahci4 ,,later4 ,december #bj1 #ahfi4 ,since my return to ,canada1 several pleasant little parcels have been sent me from ,cayla1 among them three different views of the chteau1 a map of the parish of ,andillac1 a photograph of the church1 and of the cemetery in which are the graves of ,maurice and ,eugnie1 the likenesses of ,maurice1 ,marie1 and ,caroline de ,gurin4 ,the only picture which exists of ,eugnie is a simple pen-and-ink sketch1 scarcely outlined1 which was sent me by the editor of ,eugnie's works1 ,m4 ,trbutien4 ,among these precious souvenirs from ,cayla1 ,i must also mention an unpublished letter from ,henry ,v41 ,count de ,chambord1 and another from ,cardinal de ,villecourt1 without counting those addressed to me by ,marie de ,gurin1 several of which would not do discredit to the collection of ,eugnie's4 ,i will only cite from one of them a short passage in which she alludes to our young ,canadian ,zouaves3 ,i am so edified to see the devotion of the ,canadians to our ,holy ,father the ,pope4 ,your young men leave for ,rome1 as did the crusaders of old1 for ,palestine1 at this word1 ,god wills it4 ,let us hope that this plenitude of generosity will not be without a happy result4 ,already they have given an example at ,mentana2 if necessary they will repeat it4444--,letter dated ,january #cj1 #ahfh4 ,,letter ,,from ,,henry ,v41 ,,count ,,de ,,chambord4 ,,frohsdorf1 ,june #ai1 #ahfd4 ,i recollect1 mademoiselle1 having read several years ago1 with much interest1 some remarkable extracts from the works of ,m4 ,maurice de ,gurin1 a young writer cut down in the flower of his age and talents4 ,i could not1 then1 fail to welcome with a peculiar satisfaction the book of ,mlle4 ,eugnie de ,gurin1 faithful mirror in which is so constantly reflected the twofold affection that filled her life--the love of ,god and her tenderness for her brother1 sweet lesson and touching example of that ardent1 lively1 and resigned faith which1 in the midst of the sorrows of this world1 only finds consolation in looking toward heaven1 where those whom we love here below1 separated from us in an instant by death1 are united again never more to be parted4 ,i must not defer any longer saying to you how much ,i appreciate this gift1 and1 above all1 the pious motive which prompted it--as well as the expressions of devotion and attachment with which it was accompanied1 in your name1 as well as in that of your sister-in-law4 ,to ,m4 ,trbutien and his daughter ,i beg you will also express my gratitude4 ,accept for yourself1 with many thanks1 the assurance of my very sincere sentiments4 ,,henri4 ,,to ,,mlle4 ,,marie ,,de ,,gu,,rin4 ,,footnotes3 #ade ,these letters1 from the pen of the well-known ,canadian writer1 ,m4 l',abb ,casgrain1 have been translated for ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 with the permission of the author4--,,translator',s ,,note4 #adf ,on my return to ,canada1 a small collection was taken up among the admirers of ,eugnie1 which amounted to five hundred francs1 and which has been sent to ,mlle4 de ,gurin4 ,his ,holiness ,pius ,,ix41 whom we count among the admirers of the virgin of ,cayla1 and designated by him in a letter as the blessed ,eugnie1 has deigned to accord his apostolic benediction1 and a plenary indulgence1 to all the benefactors of ,andillac4 ,their names are inscribed in the archives of the parish1 and the holy sacrifice of the ,mass is offered for them four times a year4 ,,sonnet4 ,,italian ,,unification ,,in #ahfa4 ,the land which ,improvisatore's throng ,with one light bound would freedom improvise1 ,freedom by ,england dragged from raging seas ,through centuries of wrestling right and wrong4 ,the gamesters crowned1 their loaded dice downflung1 ,divide their gains2#adg while--shamelessly at ease-- ,gold-spangled fortune1 tinselled to the knees1 ,runs on the tight rope of the state new-strung6 ,o liberty1 stern goddess1 sad and grave1 ,to whom are dear the hearts that watch and wait1 ,the hand laborious1 strenuous as the glaive1 ,the strong1 staid head1 the soul supreme o'er fate1 ,with what slow scorn thou turn'st1 incensed of mien1 ,from mimic freedom's operatic scene6 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,footnote3 #adg ,napoleon got ,nice and ,savoy2 ,victor ,emanuel1 the ,papal ,states4 ,every wise and religious man must desire that ,italy should be free4 ,the greatest enemy to true and permanent freedom is that false freedom which divorces itself from justice that it may wed itself to fortune4 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,two ,,years ,,after ,a heavy heart is a wonderful assistant in acquiring repose of manner1 it weighs so on the impulses and desires1 and thus keeps them in order--fortunately for ,mrs4 ,jane ,rowan4 ,on the whole1 she behaved very well in her new situation1 and did not fret herself nor the family too much4 ,by the gentleman of the house and his daughter she was not treated as a hired servant1 but as ,mr4 ,williams's sister might have been treated1 if he had had one to take charge of his establishment4 ,with the sister-in-law1 ,mrs4 ,bond1 and the servants1 it was otherwise4 ,the former was one of those persons who merit pity1 from the fact that they can never feel the delight of a generous emotion4 ,she worshipped the guinea's stamp1 but the preciousness of fine gold she knew not3 for her1 the guinea might as well have been made of copper4 ,if she had been born to a servile estate1 she would have remained there1 and adorned her position2 but she had been associated with persons of respectability and even of eminence4 ,the advantages of this association she showed in that the arrogance with which she treated her supposed inferiors was cold and quiet1 and her subservience to her acknowledged superiors had an air of personal fondness4 ,this woman's greatest fear was lest some one should marry her brother-in-law1 in consequence of which she labored incessantly to remove from him all dangerous acquaintances3 her second source of terror was that her niece might be captivated by some ineligible person1 and the result was that every hovering monsieur and professor who assisted in educating the young woman was watched as if he had been a pick-pocket4 ,helen ,williams used to complain bitterly to the housekeeper of this espionage1 and ,mrs4 ,bond used as strenuously to invoke the aid of the housekeeper in watching2 so that the unfortunate woman was between two fires1 and scorched pro and con4 ,but the great trial of her life was the servants4 ,over these potentates she was supposed to exercise some authority1 and for some of their doings she was held responsible2 but the fact was that they laughed her to scorn4 ,as to commanding them1 ,mrs4 ,rowan would as soon have thought of commanding the lancers or the cadets1 and indeed the lancers or the cadets would quite as soon have thought of obeying her4 ,but through all these mean annoyances1 thanks to sorrow1 the quieter1 she walked with a gentle patience which saved her from serious hurt4 ,happily1 the person on whom her fortunes most depended put her quite at ease in his regard4 ,mr4 ,williams was moderately kind1 not expressively polite1 and did not scruple to make her useful4 ,he had also certain habits which soothed her sense of inferiority1 since she did not consider them polite3 he reached across the table sometimes in a shocking manner to help himself1 he bolted his food when he was in haste1 he smoked a pipe in the sitting-room without asking leave1 and1 while smoking1 habitually assumed a position contrary to the apparent intention of nature1 by placing his feet higher than his head4 ,there were times when the housekeeper dared to think that she was almost as much a lady as ,mr4 ,williams was a gentleman4 ,but she liked him all the better for his deficiencies4 ,she liked him1 too1 for the interest he took in her son4 ,in the fall1 ,mr4 ,williams and ,major ,cleaveland had entered into partnership1 and enlarged their shipping interests1 and the former had said to ,mrs4 ,rowan of ,dick1 ,if the boy continues to do well1 we must give him a ship4 ,the mother's heart beat high4 ,in two years ,dick would come back1 and then perhaps ,mr4 ,williams would remember his promise4 ,that her son would deserve such favor she never doubted4 ,young ,mr4 ,rowan had the power of inspiring every one who knew him with entire confidence4 ,so the mother set herself to endure and count away the months to the coming home of her son4 ,the winter melted1 and spring came--six months nearer6 ,the summer glowed1 and grew chilly into autumn--only a year longer6 ,a second winter wore itself away--but six months left6 and what you can have back again in six months1 you touch already4 ,six months is only twenty-four weeks2 and1 while you are counting them1 the four have slipped away4 ,what signifies five months8 ,one sleeps through nearly a third of them1 which leaves three months of conscious waiting4 ,hearts do not count fractions4 ,three months--and now they begin to drag4 ,it is ,july1 and that month has so many days1 and the days have so many hours in them1 and the hours are so long4 ,you begin to fancy that heat dilates time as well as metals4 ,you say that it is just your luck that the only time in the year when two months in succession have thirty-one days should be precisely this time4 ,good-by to ,july6 ,i would have spoken you more courteously1 ,o month of ,csar6 had you not stood between my friend and me4 ,not ,csar's self may do that6 ,two months now2 but much may happen in that time3 kingdoms have been lost and won in less4 ,fade1 ,o summer flowers6 for ye can bloom again when love is dead4 ,hasten1 ,o fruitful autumn6 and bring the harvest long waited for4 ,the weeks grow less1 and only one is left2 but you dare not rejoice2 so much may happen in a week6 ,days roll round with an audible jar1 as if you heard the earth buzz on her axis1 and only one is left4 ,o ,god6 how much may happen in a day6 ,the pendulum swings entangled in your heart-strings1 the minutes march like armed men4 ,merciful ,father6 hearts have broken in a minute4 ,yes2 but hearts that were sinking have grown glad in a minute1 shall grow glad1 ,deo volente4 ,the terrible if that held his skeleton finger up before the face of your hope1 that drove sleep from your eyes1 that weighed upon you ceaselessly1 shall fade to a shadow1 and the shadow shall disappear in sunshine--,deo volente6 ,the sea was smooth--perhaps the prayers of the mother had smoothed it2 the sky was sunny--it may have been for that mother's sake2 and one blessed tide that came running up the harbor1 ripple after ripple falling on the shore like breathless messengers1 brought a ship in from the ,east with a precious freight for the owners1 and for ,mrs4 ,rowan a freight more precious than if the ship had been piled for her mast-high with gold4 ,a young man's handsome bronzed face looked eagerly through the rigging1 and saw a carriage drawn up close to the wharf1 a man standing beside the open door of it1 and a woman's pale face leaning out4 ,the pale face turned red as he looked1 and his mother's hands were stretched toward him4 ,o ,dick6 my own boy6 ,jump right in and go home with your mother1 said ,mr4 ,williams4 ,i want to see the captain4 ,and this reminds us that we are before our story4 ,several notable incidents had occurred in ,mrs4 ,rowan's life before that happy day4 ,one was that1 on the first of ,september1 just a month before1 ,mr4 ,williams had asked her to be his wife4 ,the two were sitting together after tea1 ,helen having gone to a concert with her aunt4 ,mrs4 ,rowan was hemming handkerchiefs for ,mr4 ,williams1 and thinking of ,dick1 wondering where he was and what he might be doing just at that moment1 and ,mr4 ,williams was glancing over the ,evening ,post1 and thinking of himself and his companion4 ,if the ,president of the ,united ,states1 at that time ,general ,taylor1 had sent ,daniel ,webster as his ambassador to invite ,mrs4 ,rowan to preside over the ,white ,house for him1 she could not have been more astonished4 ,there was nothing amazing in the manner of the proposal1 however4 ,mr4 ,williams had just been reading an editorial on the ,wilmot proviso1 and1 having finished it1 took his pipe from his mouth1 glanced across the table on which his elbow leaned1 and said quietly1 ,i've been thinking that we may as well get married1 as we shall probably always live together4 ,helen and ,dick will some time build nests of their own1 and they won't want either of us4 ,i shall treat you as well as ,i always have1 and ,i hope you will be satisfied with that1 and ,i shall do something for ,dick4 ,i'm rather in love with the fellow4 ,i really cannot see why you should object1 though ,i give you credit for being surprised4 ,if you had expected me to ask you1 ,i should have disappointed you4 ,suppose we should be married before ,dick gets home1 for a pleasant surprise for him6 ,mrs4 ,rowan had dropped her work1 and sat staring at ,mr4 ,williams1 to see if he were jesting4 ,i am in earnest1 he said4 ,how does the idea strike you8 ,it strikes me--she stammered faintly1 and stopped there4 ,so ,i perceive1 was the dry comment with which he put his pipe between his lips again4 ,take time4 ,don't be in a hurry to answer2 ,i am not a frantic lover of twenty4 ,mrs4 ,rowan sat with her hands clasped on the pile of handkerchiefs in her lap1 and tried to think4 ,it would be good for ,dick1 it would be better for ,dick1 it would be best for ,dick4 ,on ,dick's account1 she could not dream of refusing2 indeed1 she would not have presumed to refuse1 even had there been no ,dick in the case4 ,but1 for all that1 ,mr4 ,williams's last sentence rang in her ears1 and made her eyes fill4 ,once upon a time--so long ago6--she was young and pretty1 and then there was somebody handsomer1 better educated1 more talented than this man1 who was a frantic lover of twenty when he asked her to be his wife4 ,if she had known better then1 been more earnest and serious1 that blossom day of her life had borne good fruit1 perhaps1 instead of an apple of ,sodom1 and her husband might have been still living4 ,if she had loved him less weakly1 she might have saved him4 ,well8 said ,mr4 ,williams1 having given her ten minutes by the clock4 ,she started1 and came back to the present4 ,in the pain of the past she was momentarily strong4 ,i suppose you know best for yourself1 she said quietly2 and ,i have no objection for ,dick's sake4 ,mr4 ,williams had been a little afraid of a scene1 and her quiet and the tears in her eyes touched him4 ,i don't believe you will be sorry for it1 ,jane1 he said kindly4 ,i have heard that you have had one sad experience1 and ,i can promise you that you shall have nothing like that from me4 ,a slight shadow1 almost a frown1 passed over her face4 ,you are very kind1 she said in a cold voice4 ,but as to the past1 no one is to blame but me4 ,i stand by the man ,i married when ,i was a young girl4 ,i loved him then and always1 and ,i hope to meet him again4 ,he was too good for me4 ,all right6 replied the merchant cheerfully1 but with some surprise4 ,he had not thought that the widow possessed so much spirit4 ,we need not disagree about him4 ,we can enter into a partnership for the rest of our lives4 ,as to the other world1 ,i'll ask for no mortgages on that4 ,if you run away with ,mr4 ,rowan when we get there1 ,i won't run after you4 ,may be somebody else will be claiming me4 ,i'm satisfied1 if you are4 ,we are too old for sentiment4 ,so saying1 he turned again to the ,evening ,post1 and pursued his reading4 ,too old for sentiment6 ,she looked at him with eyes in which1 for a moment1 a high and shining wonder dilated4 ,why1 if ,richard had lived and prospered1 and she had made him happy1 she could have run to meet him with roses of joy in her cheeks1 though she were half a century old4 ,she could have been as watchful of his looks and tones1 as quick to tune her own by them1 as when she was a girl4 ,too old for sentiment6 ,well1 it takes all sorts of people to make a world1 she thought4 ,an hour of silence passed1 the woman sewing1 the man reading4 ,at ten o'clock ,mrs4 ,rowan rose to go to bed4 ,mr4 ,williams looked up4 ,let's see1 this is ,september first1 he said4 ,suppose we call in the parson about the tenth8 ,she stopped--she and her breath4 ,you know we need not bother about a bridal tour1 he said4 ,and ,i think we may as well keep our own counsel4 ,when it is all over1 ,i'll introduce you to ,mrs4 ,bond as a new sister-in-law4 ,don't be afraid3 ,i will make her keep the peace4 ,i am a justice1 you know4 ,very well1 said ,mrs4 ,rowan4 ,do as you like4 ,there was no more said that night2 but the next morning ,mr4 ,williams gave the widow a short lecture on the manner in which he wished her to conduct herself toward those about her4 ,you are too humble and yielding1 he said4 ,of course1 ,i do not expect you to change your character2 but1 recollect1 you have me to stand by you4 ,if ,sarah ,bond should annoy you1 stand your ground4 ,if the servants are impudent1 dismiss them4 ,if anything whatever happens displeasing to you1 tell me the minute ,i get home1 and ,i will set the matter right4 ,with that he went4 ,an hour after1 a carriage drew up at the door1 and a woman came into the house1 and asked to see ,mrs4 ,rowan4 ,she was a woman of middle age1 and looked nervous and worried4 ,i am ,miss ,bird1 ,miss ,clinton's companion1 she announced4 ,miss ,clinton wants to see you right away4 ,she has sent the carriage for you4 ,who is ,miss ,clinton8 ,mrs4 ,rowan asked2 and what does she want of me8 ,the companion looked at her in astonishment4 ,not know who ,miss ,clinton was6 ,but it must be true that she did not1 or she would not have presumed to ask the other question4 ,miss ,clinton is one of the first ladies in ,boston1 ,miss ,bird said1 with quite a grand air4 ,when you go to her1 she will probably tell you what she wants4 ,cannot she come to see me8 ,mrs4 ,rowan asked4 ,this last piece of assumption was from the future ,mrs4 ,williams1 not from ,mr4 ,williams's housekeeper4 ,why1 what can you be thinking of8 the woman cried4 ,miss ,clinton must be eighty years old1 if not ninety4 ,i am not sure but she is a hundred4 ,having ventured so much1 after a slight pause1 ,miss ,bird went on4 ,and she is like cider1 the older she grows1 the sourer she grows4 ,oh6 then1 ,i will go1 ,mrs4 ,rowan said at once4 ,i didn't know she was so old4 ,she did not hurry1 however4 ,she arrayed herself deliberately from head to foot1 and came down to find ,miss ,bird pacing the entry in a fever of impatience4 ,dear me6 do come6 exclaimed that frightened creature1 and unceremoniously pulled ,mrs4 ,rowan into the carriage4 ,drive for your life6 she called out then to the coachman4 ,is anything the matter with ,miss ,clinton8 inquired ,mrs4 ,rowan anxiously4 ,oh6 bless us6 sighed the companion4 ,something is always the matter with ,miss ,clinton when she has to wait4 ,they reached the house--a large1 old-fashioned one in a most respectable locality--entered1 and went up-stairs to a sunny parlor with windows looking into a garden4 ,the four walls of this room were entirely covered with pictures1 the central places being occupied by four portraits of a lady1 the same lady1 painted in different costumes1 and at different ages4 ,it was a handsome face1 not without signs of talent4 ,the original of these portraits sat in an arm-chair near one of the windows4 ,the silvery curls of a wig clustered about her wrinkled face1 a scarlet ,india shawl was wrapped around her tall1 upright form1 and her small hands glittered with rings4 ,on a table at her elbow were her hand-bell1 eye-glasses1 scent-bottle1 snuff-box1 and bonbonnire4 ,as the two entered the room1 the old lady snatched her glasses1 and put them up with a shaking hand4 ,so you have got here at last6 she cried out4 ,have you been taking ,mr4 ,what's-his-name's housekeeper a drive on the ,mill-dam1 ,bird8 ,i was obliged to wait for ,mrs4 ,rowan1 ,bird said meekly4 ,she will tell you4 ,i came as soon as ,i was ready1 ma'am1 interposed ,mrs4 ,rowan4 ,i did not want to take the trouble to come at all4 ,if you have no business with me1 ,i will go home again4 ,miss ,clinton turned and stared at the speaker1 noticing her for the first time4 ,i have business with you1 she said in a sharp voice1 after having looked the widow over deliberately4 ,come here6 ,bird1 bring a chair1 and then go out of the room4 ,bird obeyed4 ,i want to know about that ,yorke girl1 the old lady began1 when they were alone4 ,if you wish to befriend her1 you had better tell me all you know4 ,as for ,amy ,arnold1 she deserves to be poor4 ,i will not give her a dollar4 ,she was always a sentimental simpleton1 with her fine ideas4 ,not but fine ideas are good in their place3 ,i always had them1 but ,i had common sense too4 ,i kept my sentiments1 as ,i keep my rings and brooches1 for ornament2 that is the way sensible people do2 but she must pave the common way with hers4 ,fancy a girl with absolute beauty1 and money in expectation1 if she behaved herself1 marrying a poor artist because1 forsooth1 they had congenial souls6 ,congenial fiddlesticks6 ,if ,i had had the power1 ,i would have shut her up till she came to her senses4 ,i am thankful to be able to say that ,i did box her ears soundly4 ,fortunately1 the fellow died in a year1 and ,mr4 ,charles ,yorke took pity on her4 ,charles ,yorke is a respectable man1 but ,i am not fond of him4 ,i was fond of ,robert till he treated ,alice ,mills so4 ,though1 indeed1 it was an escape for ,alice2 for he would have broken her heart4 ,robert didn't know enough to love a plain woman4 ,the little ,pole knew how to make him behave himself4 ,i rather liked that girl1 and ,i would have done something for them if ,alice had not been my friend4 ,what is the child like8 ,tell me all about her4 ,the door opened4 ,i won't see anybody6 ,miss ,clinton screamed1 waving the servant away4 ,then1 as he was going1 she called him back4 ,who is it8 ,alice ,mills8 ,the very one ,i want6 ,show her in6 ,mrs4 ,rowan looked with eager interest at this visitor1 and saw a lady of medium size1 graceful figure1 and plain face4 ,was she plain1 though8 ,that was the first impression2 but when she had taken ,miss ,clinton's hand1 and kissed her cheek tenderly1 putting her other hand on the other cheek1 in a pretty1 caressing way1 and had asked sweetly of the old lady's health1 ,mrs4 ,rowan found her beautiful4 ,so still and gentle1 and yet so bright1 was she1 all harmony seemed to have entered the room with her4 ,even ,miss ,clinton's harsh face softened as she looked up at her with a gaze of fondness that had something imploring in it1 and clung to her hand a moment4 ,you have come in good time1 my dear1 she said then1 in a voice far gentler than she had spoken with before4 ,this is the person who had charge of ,robert ,yorke's daughter4 ,the lady had seated herself close to ,miss ,clinton's side1 with a hand still resting on the arm of her chair4 ,at this announcement she turned rather quickly1 but with instinctive courtesy1 and looked searchingly at ,mrs4 ,rowan4 ,then she went to take her hand4 ,i had a letter from ,edith to-day1 she said1 and she mentioned you very affectionately4 ,i thought when ,i read it that ,i would go to see you4 ,ahem6 coughed ,miss ,clinton harshly4 ,come here1 ,alice6 ,i have sent for ,mrs4 ,what's-her-name to tell us all about the child1 so you are saved the trouble of going to her4 ,mrs4 ,rowan's impulse had been to kiss the gentle hand that touched hers1 but this interruption checked her4 ,miss ,mills went back to her seat1 and the catechism began4 ,it was not a pleasant one4 ,more than once the widow thought that one of the first ladies in ,boston was a very rude and impudent old woman2 but for the sake of that sweet face1 which seemed to entreat her forbearance1 she answered civilly4 ,the questioning ended4 ,now you may go1 said ,miss ,clinton1 and1 turning her back on ,mrs4 ,rowan1 began to talk to her friend4 ,o my friend6 how can you8 exclaimed ,miss ,mills reproachfully4 ,you are so kind1 ,mrs4 ,rowan1 rising to take leave of her4 ,i am glad to have seen you4 ,mrs4 ,rowan's face was crimson4 ,what would ,dick say to see his mother so treated8 and what would ,mr4 ,williams say8 ,why1 ,alice1 she is that ,john ,williams's housekeeper1 the old woman said1 when ,mrs4 ,rowan had gone4 ,and what are you8 was the question which rose almost to the younger lady's indignant lips4 ,but she suppressed it1 and only showed her disapproval by sitting silent a moment4 ,did you expect me to get up and make a court courtesy8 pursued ,miss ,clinton4 ,why1 ,i wouldn't do that for you1 my dear4 ,and why should ,i not tell her to go8 ,i had no more to say to her1 and ,i dare say she was glad to get away4 ,if people fell in love with me as they do with you1 you soft creature6 then ,i might be sweeter with them2 but they hate me1 and so ,i can afford to be sincere4 ,it saves trouble1 besides4 ,if every one practised that sort of sincerity1 we should soon lapse into barbarism1 was the quiet reply4 ,if you only came here to lecture and scold me1 you had better have staid away1 the old woman cried1 beginning to tremble4 ,the other said nothing1 only sat and looked steadily at her4 ,with ,alice ,mills1 charity was a virtue1 not a weakness4 ,she beheld with pain and terror this woman1 whose whole life had been one of utter selfishness1 who was going down to the grave with no love in her heart for ,god nor her neighbor4 ,she knew that she was the only one who dared to speak the truth to ,miss ,clinton1 and therefore she dared not be silent4 ,she knew that she was the only one in whom the lonely old sinner believed1 or whom she could be influenced by2 and it was one of the prayerful studies of her life how best to use that power4 ,to yield to pity1 and refrain from reproof1 would be to encourage faults which had become habitual2 so1 instead of coaxing and soothing1 she only waited for submission1 not to herself1 but to right and justice4 ,the time for ,miss ,clinton's conversion was so short1 and the progress had been so slow1 this friend was almost tempted to despair4 ,final impenitence seemed to be written in those hard old eyes1 on that bitter old mouth4 ,miss ,clinton scolded1 then complained1 then bemoaned herself1 finally submitted4 ,you know1 ,alice1 ,i have got so in the habit of ordering people about1 and most people are so slavish1 ,i do not think1 she said1 wiping her eyes4 ,that was all her friend asked--a sense of having done wrong4 ,then came the time for soothing1 and for bright and cheerful talk4 ,after such a regimen1 it might reasonably be supposed that ,miss ,clinton would treat her next visitor with decent civility2 and the immediate happy result of the lesson was that for that day ,bird escaped further abuse4 ,when1 a fortnight later1 ,miss ,mills told the old lady that ,mr4 ,williams and ,mrs4 ,rowan were married1 ,miss ,clinton was astounded4 ,that accounts for her turning so red when ,i told her to go1 she said4 ,well1 well1 ,i must be polite to ,bird4 ,for anything ,i know1 she may be engaged to ,john ,c4 ,calhoun4 ,mr4 ,calhoun was one of the old lady's idols4 ,married his housekeeper6 she pursued dreamily4 ,what a potpourri society is becoming6 ,though now ,i think of it1 ,john ,williams came from nothing4 ,we all came from nothing1 dear1 said the other softly1 and soon we shall return to nothing4 ,yes1 ,mrs4 ,rowan was married1 and quite at home in her new character4 ,mrs4 ,bond had been met in open field1 challenged1 engaged1 and routed4 ,at present she was at home nursing her wounds2 but we may confidently expect that in time she will hand in her submission to the powers that be4 ,they were quite willing to wait3 their impatience was not devouring4 ,their minds were pleasantly occupied about this time by several things4 ,dick's return was the principal joyful event4 ,besides that1 ,major ,cleaveland was visiting them4 ,he had come up to superintend the refurnishing of his town-house for the reception of a bride4 ,his marriage was to take place in a week or two at ,seaton1 and his partner1 with his new wife and step-son1 were invited to go down and be present at the ceremony4 ,mrs4 ,rowan-,williams had hesitated very much about accepting the invitation1 but it was urged by the bridegroom-elect2 ,mr4 ,williams was disposed to go1 ,dick looked his desire to go1 ,edith had written a coaxing letter1 and even ,hester ,yorke had sent a very pretty note1 hoping that they would come4 ,so it was decided that they should go4 ,why should ,hester ,yorke's invitation be of special consequence1 does any one ask8 ,having been put off as long as was possible1 the truth must be told at last1 though with great dissatisfaction4 ,miss ,hester ,yorke is to be the bride4 ,instead of fixing his affections on ,melicent1 who was twenty years his junior1 or ,clara1 who was twenty two1 nothing would satisfy this man but ,hester1 the youngest1 and ,hester he won4 ,but it was a good while before he won the father and mother4 ,mr4 ,yorke consented first1 rather ungraciously1 but ,mrs4 ,yorke did not yield till the last minute1 and then only to her husband's solicitations4 ,if ,hester is satisfied to marry a man old enough to be her father1 he said1 we may as well consent4 ,the age is the only objection4 ,hester is satisfied now1 the mother said anxiously2 but she is only a child4 ,we do not know how it will be ten years hence1 when her character will be more developed4 ,she will then be twenty-eight1 and he fifty4 ,oh6 ,i have no patience with these ridiculous widowers6 ,and the lady wrung her hands4 ,you misjudge ,hester1 my dear1 the husband said4 ,she has developed all she ever will4 ,she is no pomegranate in the bud1 but a cherry fully ripened4 ,have you never observed that whatever is hers is always perfect in her eyes8 ,she is ready now to maintain to the world that this is the most beautiful house that ever was built2 that rat-holes are an advantage2 that our furniture is the more desirable for being worn2 that our roses are finer than any others1 our vines more graceful1 our birds more musical4 ,why1 my dear1 she thinks that ,i am a beauty6 ,a soft little laugh rippled over ,mrs4 ,yorke's lips4 ,so do ,i6 she said4 ,that is because you look at me with such beautiful eyes1 replied the gentleman gallantly4 ,it was not often that his personal appearance was complimented4 ,but1 to return3 ,hester will be the same to her husband4 ,once married to him1 she will be absolutely convinced that there is not to be found his equal4 ,i have no fear but that1 ten years hence1 if ,major ,cleaveland should be placed by the side of the most magnificent man on earth1 ,hester would maintain boldly that her husband was the superior4 ,no2 ,i anticipate no trouble for a long while4 ,the only disagreeable view ,i take is1 that when ,hester is fifty1 the golden middle age for a healthy woman1 she will be nursing a childish old man of seventy-four1 instead of having an equal friend and companion4 ,dear me6 exclaimed the wife1 ,i cannot possibly weep over what may happen thirty-two years hence4 ,and so the matter was settled2 and now the ,major was doing his utmost in honor of the event4 ,the house in ,seaton had been already put in perfect order1 and the house in town was now1 as we see1 being adorned4 ,they were to come there immediately1 after a quiet wedding at ,hester's home4 ,when ,major ,cleaveland returned to ,seaton1 a week after the wedding1 he carried two offerings from ,mrs4 ,rowan1 one for the bride-elect1 the other for ,edith4 ,hester's present was quite simple1 a package of photographic views taken in the city of ,peking1 and1 seen through a stereoscope1 almost as good as a visit to that city4 ,but ,dick's offering to ,edith was an extravagant one3 it was a ,maltese cross set with emeralds4 ,this gift created a warm discussion in the ,yorke family1 who were almost unanimous against ,edith's accepting it4 ,carl was especially indignant4 ,edith is almost a young lady1 he said2 and the fellow is presuming in sending her such a present4 ,if he does not know better1 he should be taught4 ,even ,mrs4 ,yorke was disposed to be strict4 ,but when they had all spoken1 it was found that ,edith had a voice4 ,they were in the sitting-room with ,major ,cleaveland1 who had just arrived1 and ,mrs4 ,yorke was in the centre of the group4 ,she had opened the box1 and held the cross up glittering against her white hand4 ,edith had not touched it4 ,she stood beside her aunt's chair1 and listened while the discussion went on4 ,her eyes were cast down1 and she seemed perfectly quiet2 but1 while she listened1 into her usually pale cheeks a color grew1 deepening from pink to a glowing crimson4 ,i shall not refuse ,dick's present1 she said decidedly1 when they came to a pause2 and as she spoke up went her eyelids4 ,finding that ,dick had no other friend but her1 that he had enemies1 perhaps1 that his feelings were not to be counted1 instantly she came to the rescue4 ,as her glance flashed swiftly around the circle1 it was as though a blade had been swung before their eyes4 ,but1 my dearest ,edith1 began ,melicent1 and then went over the whole argument again in her most suave and convincing manner4 ,i know it all1 ,edith replied firmly4 ,i know what people consider proper about presents2 but this is not a common case4 ,i would not take that cross from ,carl1 nor from any other gentleman4 ,but ,dick is like no one else to me1 and he shall not be hurt nor offended4 ,he took pains to get the present1 and thought a good deal about it1 and brought it over the ocean for me1 and was in hopes that ,i would be pleased2 and ,i will not disappoint him4 ,mrs4 ,yorke took the girl's hand affectionately1 the disputed jewel dropping in her lap4 ,i would not hurt his feelings for the world1 my love1 she said4 ,leave it all to me4 ,i will explain to him so that he cannot be offended4 ,aunt ,amy1 no one in the world can explain between ,dick ,rowan and me1 said ,edith1 withdrawing her hand4 ,you have been good to me1 all of you1 and ,i love you1 and will obey you when it is right4 ,but this isn't right3 it is only what people who know nothing about it think proper4 ,dick was good to me first of all4 ,mamma used to have him take care of me when ,i was a tiny little girl2 and1 after mamma died1 he did everything for me4 ,if ,i wanted anything1 he got it for me if he could2 and if ,i broke his playthings and tore his books1 he never scolded me4 ,i remember once ,i hit him with a stick1 and almost put his eye out2 and when ,i cried1 he kissed me and said1 ',i know you didn't mean to1 dear1' before his eye had stopped aching4 ,that was the way he always did4 ,and afterward1 when the children laughed at me1 because ,i was poor and queer1 and they threw mud and stones at me here in the streets of ,seaton1 ,dick fought them1 he alone against the whole4 ,and ,i never cried but he comforted me4 ,i could not tell all that he did for me1 though ,i should talk a week4 ,i won't turn him off now4 ,if he wanted to die for me1 ,i'd let him2 for it would be more than cruel to refuse4 ,so1 ,aunt ,amy1 please to give me the cross4 ,i am going to wear it always4 ,they were all silent at this first outbreak of her who had often won from ,carl the greeting of ,coriolanus to his wife1 ,my gracious silence1 hail6 ,no one had the heart to refuse any longer1 whatever might be the consequences of yielding4 ,edith took the chain1 and hung it about her neck1 looking down on the cross a moment as it rested on her bosom4 ,green means hope1 she said4 ,carl left the room4 ,no one else said anything4 ,her address had struck too near home4 ,they might forget the time when she had been poor and homeless1 but she was not obliged to2 and they could not in conscience quite disentangle her from her past4 ,dearest ,aunt ,amy1 do smile again6 ,edith entreated1 putting her arms around ,mrs4 ,yorke's neck4 ,you are not displeased with me6 ,don't you remember you told ,dick that ingratitude is the vice of slaves8 ,dear child1 you do as you will with me1 her aunt sighed2 and so the dispute ended4 ,one day of the next week1 as the steamer came ploughing up the ,narrows into ,seaton ,bay1 ,mrs4 ,williams and her son sat in a corner of the deck by themselves4 ,mr4 ,williams1 slightly sea-sick1 was below4 ,there were not many passengers that day1 and no one seemed to have recognized these two4 ,they sat leaning on the rail and looking off over the water4 ,it could scarcely be expected that they would not feel some emotion on such a return to their native town after such a departure1 and ,dick held his mother's trembling hand tight in his1 which1 indeed1 was scarcely steady4 ,a low1 sandy island lay before them1 and seemed to toss on the surface of the bay4 ,i wish ,i could go over there before we go home again1 the mother whispered1 looking up wistfully into her son's face4 ,no6 he answered4 ,we shall be commented on and watched sufficiently as it is4 ,let the dead past bury its dead4 ,it is a shame and disgrace4 ,i cannot have it dragged up again4 ,he spoke firmly1 and his mother was silenced4 ,she feared her son in his rare moods of sternness4 ,they awed her far more than his earlier passions had4 ,those she had understood1 and could soothe2 but now he was growing out of her knowledge4 ,besides1 she did not dream what an ordeal his meeting with ,edith's family was to be to him4 ,to her simplicity1 ,hester's invitation and ,edith's allowed intercourse with them seemed an entire adoption2 but he knew better4 ,on the whole1 it was a time above all when he least desired to be remembered of his father4 ,as they neared the wharf1 they saw ,major ,cleaveland standing there1 with a tall1 slim girl beside him4 ,she wore a black riding-cap and feather1 and a glimpse of scarlet petticoat showed as she gathered up her riding-skirt4 ,the disengaged hand was flung out with a quick welcoming gesture as she saw them1 and a flush went over her face4 ,mr4 ,rowan drew back to let ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,williams land first1 and waited till his mother had received the first greeting4 ,then he took ,edith's hand1 and looked down at her as she looked up at him4 ,her eyes sparkled1 and she breathed quickly with joy4 ,there was not1 he saw1 a cloud over the delight with which she met him4 ,dick1 she said ecstatically1 after a minute1 ,i think that you are perfectly splendid6 ,in the old times they had used each other's eyes for mirrors3 why not now8 ,you do6 said the young man1 tossing his head with a slight laugh4 ,thank you6 ,but you have grown1 she pursued1 contemplating him with great admiration4 ,and have not ,i grown tall8 ,she stood back blushingly to be inspected4 ,you're a pretty fair height1 ,dick said with an air of moderation4 ,come1 they're waiting for us4 ,is this your pony8 ,he lifted her to the saddle1 then stepped into the carriage1 and she rode alongside4 ,he looked at her1 and every nerve in him vibrated with triumph4 ,she wore his cross on her bosom6 ,they had not thought how much he had dared to mean by that4 ,if they let her take the cross1 they will let her take me1 he had said4 ,if the gift had been refused1 he would never have seen ,edith again4 ,it is most beautiful1 she said1 catching his glance4 ,i got ,father ,rasle to bless it1 and ,i wear it all the time4 ,presently ,edith began to take notice of ,mrs4 ,williams2 and as she looked1 her wonder grew4 ,mrs4 ,rowan had possessed only a wisp of faded hair3 ,mrs4 ,williams had a profuse and shining chevelure4 ,mrs4 ,rowan's teeth had been few and far between3 ,mrs4 ,williams's smile disclosed two unbroken and immaculate rows of ivory4 ,but for the lingering lines in the forehead1 and the kind eyes1 and the simple ways1 ,edith would scarcely have recognized her old friend4 ,it was time for an early dinner when they reached the house1 and ,edith was to stay all day1 and be hostess4 ,it had been agreed that1 under the circumstances1 no hospitable cares could be expected from their host4 ,his visitors were to use his house as a hotel1 and do quite as they pleased in it4 ,but in the afternoon1 ,major ,cleaveland insisted that ,mr4 ,rowan should go with him and call upon ,hester1 who wished to thank him without delay for the pretty present he had sent her4 ,dick would much have preferred remaining where he was2 but he went1 and was received with the utmost cordiality by all but ,carl1 who was not visible4 ,but ,carl came up in the evening to escort ,edith home1 and had then the honor of making ,mr4 ,rowan's acquaintance in a remarkably cool and ceremonious fashion4 ,mother thought you had better come home early1 ,edith1 because we must all be up early in the morning1 he said1 after a little very polite and very constrained talk4 ,besides1 he added1 with a slight smile1 ,i believe ,patrick does not allow his horse to be out after nine o'clock4 ,he lent him to me very grudgingly4 ,the night was one of perfect silence as the two rode homeward under the stars1 and they were not talkative4 ,scarcely a word was spoken till they had crossed the bridge1 and were riding up ,north ,street4 ,then ,edith spoke in a low voice3 ,are you tired1 ,carl8 ,no1 thank you4 ,are you8 ,no4 ,then there was silence for a while1 till ,edith began again3 ,carl1 do not you think that ,mrs4 ,williams is pleasant8 ,i did not observe1 he replied coolly4 ,i scarcely heard her speak4 ,i do not doubt that she is pleasant to you4 ,oh6 you talked with ,mr4 ,williams1 she said4 ,did you like him8 ,not particularly4 ,another silence4 ,they had turned from the public road1 and were being enclosed in the forest4 ,how did you like ,dick ,rowan1 ,carl8 ,the question came with a faint sense of strain in the voice1 and it was not answered immediately4 ,i hope you will not expect me to be as fond of him as you are1 he said presently4 ,he may be like a brother to you1 but to me he is a stranger4 ,but what do you think of him8 she persisted4 ,he is very handsome1 ,carl said in a quiet tone1 and he looks like an honest fellow4 ,i have no fault to find with him4 ,they turned up the avenue1 alighted1 and went up the steps together4 ,carl1 said ,edith wistfully1 are you troubled about anything8 ,what should trouble me1 child8 he asked1 with a touch of kindness in his voice4 ,i do not know1 she sighed4 ,then are you vexed with me about anything8 ,no1 ,edith1 he said1 ,i have no reason to be vexed with any one but myself4 ,good-night1 dear6 ,she echoed the good-night1 and went up-stairs1 not nearly so happy as she had expected to be that night4 ,the next morning the marriage took place4 ,for ,hester's sake we will say that the bride was lovely1 and the wedding a pretty one4 ,but we will not further celebrate ,major ,cleaveland's anachronistic nuptials4 ,the ,williamses were to leave town in the evening4 ,they dined at the ,yorkes'1 and went away immediately after dinner4 ,edith was to walk down to the hotel with him1 and stay there till the stage-coach should come for him4 ,and we will walk the very longest way1 ,dick1 she said4 ,i have hardly had a chance to speak to you yet4 ,we have plenty of time1 for they have to go up after their valises4 ,while ,edith ran up-stairs for her hat1 ,mr4 ,rowan took leave of the others1 and ,mrs4 ,yorke walked out into the portico with him4 ,the lady seemed to find difficulty in uttering something which she wished to say4 ,but when she heard her niece coming1 she spoke hastily4 ,mr4 ,rowan1 ,edith is but a child6 ,his face blushed up4 ,i do not forget that1 ,mrs4 ,yorke1 he said2 but also1 ,i do not forget that she is a child ,i have many a time carried in my arms4 ,a very headstrong young man6 thought ,mrs4 ,yorke1 as she watched the two go down the steps together4 ,they went up the road1 to strike into ,east ,street1 instead of down2 and as the road1 after passing the house1 ceased almost entirely1 they soon found themselves in a narrow forest track4 ,over their heads hung the splendid crimson and gold canopy of maples and beeches mingled1 and vines ran through every glowing tone from garnet-black up to rose-color1 or hung in deep purple masses4 ,the mountain-ash bent to offer its clusters of red berries1 and there was no tiniest shrub nor leaf but had its gala autumn dress4 ,a blue mist showed faintly through the long forest reaches1 and rich earth-odors rose on the moist air4 ,the immense conversation which was to have been held seemed to be forgotten2 scarcely a word was said till they came out into the eastern road4 ,then ,edith pointed across the way1 and said1 ,is it not lovely8 and they stopped a moment to look4 ,there was a tract of low swampy land there silvered over with mist1 that seemed scarcely to rise a foot above it4 ,through this mist showed a fine emerald-green thick with pink and purple blooms1 and over it swam a yellow-bird1 in smooth undulations1 as if it floated on a tide4 ,the two stood there for some time in silence1 till that picture was perfectly painted on the memory of each4 ,then they walked on into the village4 ,in a few minutes after they reached the hotel1 the coach came down from ,major ,cleaveland's with ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,williams in it1 the fare-wells were said1 and they were gone4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,a ,,despairing ,,chapter4 ,after all1 no person's story can be truly told without beginning at the creation of the world4 ,not that we would invoke ,darwinian aid1 or inquire into the family peculiarities of the sponge--,o philoprogenitive sponge6 ,nor would we intimate that the soul is as passive to circumstances as a rudderless ship to wind and wave1 but assert rather that it is like the steamer1 the great struggling creature1 with a will at heart4 ,but circumstances are strong1 even very old circumstances1 and our ancestors have a word to say1 not as to our final destination1 but as to the road by which we shall reach it4 ,coarser natures get their bent after the manner commemorated by the ,mohammedan legend3 some ,eblis of an ancestor spurned their clay with his foot when the angels had kneaded it1 and the dent is long in filling out2 but finer souls are strung like the wind-harp1 and from the long line-gale of ghosts preceding them is stretched now and then a viewless finger1 which sets vibrating some silent inherited chord4 ,is it a vanishing and perpetually recurring strain of a ,gregorian chant1 breaking awfully into the pauses of a godless life8 ,is it an airily riotous ,bacchic wreathing the slow minims of a choral8 ,catch up the strain and repeat it as you will1 all your life shall be a palimpsest with ,te ,deum laudamus written largely over the fading errors2 still the merit of good-will is not all your own4 ,or trip as your dutiful measure may1 tangled in that wild song2 the fault is not all yours4 ,many a ,cassius may claim indulgence on the score of some rash inherited humor4 ,does the reader perceive that we are trying to excuse somebody8 ,the truth is1 ,carl has disappointed us4 ,we meant him to be an exquisite and heroic creation1 perfect in every way2 and we had a right to expect that our intentions would be realized2 did not we make him ourself8 ,but just as the clay model was finished1 and we were complacently admiring it1 into our atelier stepped the grand antique mother1 ,nature4 ,she came with a sound of scornful sweet laughter1 which seemed to roll cloud-wise under her feet1 and curl up around the strong and supple form1 and wreathe the wide slope of her shoulders4 ,look you1 she said1 and pointed her finger1 a little shaken with merriment1 that is not the way ,i make men4 ,there are no muscles in those limbs1 there is no sight under that brow1 there is no live heart beating in that narrow chest4 ,you have left no chance for a soul to get into your manikin4 ,so saying1 she stretched her finger yet further1 and mockingly pushed it through the skull of our model2 then disappeared1 leaving all the air behind her tremulous with mirth4 ,let us hurry over the present of this ,carl with a hole in his head1 out of which all his ideal perfections are escaping1 but into which his true soul may some day enter4 ,outwardly he is studying law1 inwardly he is studying chaos4 ,what books ,mr4 ,griffeth gave him to read1 we know not2 but we do know that the sentences were like smooth1 strong fingers untying from him many of the restraints of his former education4 ,with ,theodore ,parker1 he could call the sacred ,scriptures the ,hebrew mythology1 and describe baptism as being ecclesiastically sprinkled with water2 and having got so far--,what1 said he1 is the use of ,mr4 ,theodore ,parker8 and so dropped him4 ,the conversations ,mr4 ,griffeth held with him we know little of1 but may presume that they were not profitable4 ,we only know that they were frequent4 ,the two were constantly together1 more constantly than suited ,mr4 ,yorke1 who lost faith in the minister4 ,he has no pity1 he said4 ,he seems to have studied theology only to see how many sins he can commit without losing his soul4 ,but this disapprobation of his step-father's had no effect on the young man1 who was perfectly infatuated with his new friend4 ,this quiet life of ,carl's had produced a mental stagnation1 from which arose all sorts of miasmata4 ,he dimly knew them as such1 but that did not prevent his breathing and poisoning himself with them4 ,perhaps he also suspected that ,mr4 ,griffeth's wings would melt off if he were exposed to a strong and searching light2 but the companionship was fascinating1 and ,carl fancied that he had found his like4 ,it was not so2 they were alike only as sharp six and flat seven are2 they had identical moods2 but ,carl stooped to where his new friend rose4 ,one of the fine things the young man learned was the use of opium4 ,it makes you feel like a god while it lasts1 says ,mr4 ,griffeth1 puts you into a perfectly ,olympian state4 ,but ,i warn you1 he added1 with a tardy touch of conscience1 it does not last long1 and from ,olympia you sink to ,hades4 ,and then1 says ,carl1 you go about as ,dante did1 with your hands folded under your mantle1 and people stand aside1 and whisper about you4 ,i will take the dark with the bright4 ,so saying1 he measured out the drops1 and drank them with the invocation3 ,come1 winged enchantment1 and bear me wherever thou wilt4 ,reader1 didst thou ever see one dear to thee made tipsy with liquor8 and dost thou remember the mingled pain1 and pity1 and contempt with which thou didst look on his abasement8 ,a man1 a king of the earth1 a brother of saints1 a friend of the ,crucified1 a child of the ,most ,high1 grovelling thus6 ,one comfort1 nature1 and not we1 made this man fall so4 ,o better comfort6 he is earning mountain-loads of self-contempt1 which shall one day be paid with interest4 ,only a few other items have we to record at this time4 ,the young ladies had made their proposed literary venture--,melicent with signal failure1 ,clara with partial success4 ,publishers had twenty-five different reasons1 each better than the last1 why a volume of ,european travels would not be at that particular time a fortunate venture1 and were unanimously unable to say at what future period the prospect would be brighter4 ,miss ,yorke was not entirely blind4 ,she perceived that her book was a failure1 and withdrew it4 ,whether she contemplated any other work1 her family did not know4 ,she maintained a profound silence on the subject4 ,they suspected1 however1 that she was studying out a novel4 ,clara's first story1 read with great applause to the family at home1 was modestly offered to a respectable second-class magazine1 and accepted1 with a request for more4 ,so ,miss ,clara occupies the proud position of being independent in the matter of pocket-money1 and an occasional benefactor to the others4 ,of more consequence to us is the fact that ,father ,rasle is now settled in ,seaton1 and building a church there4 ,something else is also being built in ,seaton--a ,native ,american society1 alias ,know-nothing4 ,this society excited much attention and enthusiasm1 especially in ,mr4 ,griffeth's congregation1 and among their friends4 ,all the young men joined it4 ,it seemed precisely to suit the genius of ,seaton4 ,against this party ,mr4 ,charles ,yorke fought with all his strength4 ,it was contrary to the spirit of the constitution1 he persisted2 it had nothing in common with the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,the views and aims of the party were narrow and bigoted1 and their leaders were ignorant demagogues4 ,but all that he gained by his denunciations was unpopularity1 and the party prospered yet more4 ,it had not only the young and the infidel for active members2 it had a sly encouragement from ,mr4 ,griffeth1 a cool approval from ,doctor ,martin1 and an earnest help from the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,conway1 the gentleman whom we left in a soiled state half-way from ,bragon to ,seaton4 ,he had preached the next ,sunday with acceptance to his congregation1 and was now settled among them4 ,we may remark that he has not yet forgiven ,mr4 ,griffeth the mistake about the pulpit1 nor will he be convinced that it was a mistake4 ,in consequence of this obduracy1 the two ministers live in a state of feud1 in which their congregations take part1 to the slight disedification of old-fashioned people4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,serial ,,literature ,,of ,,england4 ,considering the number of periodicals at present published in ,great ,britain1 the extent of their aggregate circulation1 and the range and variety of topics discussed in their pages1 their effect on the public mind of that country for good or evil can scarcely be overestimated4 ,a magazine holds a middle place between the legitimate literature of books and the ephemeral and generally ill-digested effusions of newspapers1 and appeals1 especially to the middle classes1 as it were1 in science1 taste1 and art4 ,business men who have not time to read long histories or elaborately compiled scientific works1 and indolent ones who have not industry enough to do so1 seek information or pleasure in perusing their periodicals1 while the traveller as he is hurried along over the ocean or the railroad1 and the overwrought student as he closes his ponderous folio or lays aside his pen1 alike find recreation and relief in the lighter and more mirthful contributions which1 judiciously dispersed1 usually grace the pages of our monthly and semi-monthly press4 ,books1 too1 of late have accumulated to such a fearful extent that the bibliographer finds it impossible to read even a moiety of them to ascertain their value1 and so is forced to form his opinion of them second-hand by accepting the dicta of the industrious reviewer1 whose decision1 when judiciously and intelligently given1 thus becomes of the utmost benefit to authors and readers4 ,of late years the number and variety of ,english magazines have greatly increased1 and we presume the patronage bestowed on them has kept pace with their growth4 ,we would be glad to be in a position to say that1 in liberality of spirit1 fairness and originality1 the improvement is equally apparent2 but such is not the case1 and in this respect forms a marked contrast to the progress which distinguishes a similar class of publications in this and some ,european countries4 ,propriety of expression and artistic construction of sentences1 which have always characterized the composition of ,english writers1 even of second or third order of ability1 remain1 but much of the force1 mental grasp1 and wide range of view1 as well as profound and exact knowledge1 which once distinguished their criticisms and essays1 are wanting4 ,we are aware that the generation of able men whose genius once illuminated the columns of ,blackwood1 ,fraser1 ,household ,words1 etc41 has passed away2 but why have they left us no literary heirs1 no worthy successors1 to fill their places and wield their trenchant pens8 ,has the ,english mind deteriorated1 or is it that ,english public taste has become so corrupted by the unwholesome sweets of the ,trollopes1 the ,braddons1 and like sensationalists1 that it rejects the salutary food presented it by more serious and natural writers8 ,we can hardly believe that this latter is the efficient cause2 for before the era of ,griffin1 ,dickens1 ,thackeray1 ,lever1 and many other favorite authors1 several of whose admirable novels and essays first reached the public through the magazines1 the taste of the masses was even more vitiated by the romances of the last century1 hundreds of which were sure to be found on the shelves of every circulating library in the country4 ,neither can we properly attribute this dearth of fame to a want of adequate pecuniary reward2 for we are assured that encouragement in this respect is sufficiently ample1 and1 compared with that of a generation ago1 might be called munificent4 ,we are1 therefore1 forced to the conclusion that there is an actual present deficiency of mentality among the majority of ,english writers--another indication1 perhaps1 of that decay of the ,anglo-,saxon race1 so-called1 in ,england which has been so long and so pertinaciously asserted by her rivals4 ,it is certainly true that the spirit of money-getting is more and more engrossing the attention of the people2 and1 while other and younger nations1 like ,russia1 ,germany1 and the ,united ,states1 are rapidly growing into immense proportions1 both artistic and literary as well as politically1 ,england1 wrapped up mentally in her own self-conceit1 as she is geographically shackled by the four seas1 is sinking into comparative provincialism4 ,the tone and temper of her writers when treating foreign subjects1 we submit1 amply prove this1 were all other evidence wanting4 ,their views of the affairs of other nations lack fairness1 amplitude1 and1 not unfrequently1 truthfulness1 and always seem like those of men who look upon the broad outer world through the wrong end of a spy-glass4 ,can anything be more unjust than the following passage1 which we find en passant in an article on ,france in the ,may number of ,blackwood8 ,there is1 however1 one cause of hopelessness as regards ,france1 and for the life of me ,i do not see how it is to be encountered4 ,here are the people who not only asserted that they were the politest and most civilized1 but the bravest and boldest in ,europe1 now exhibiting themselves not only as utterly degraded and debased1 but actually as destitute of courage as of morals4 ,apart from the want of generosity exhibited by the writer above in thus ungraciously stigmatizing an unfortunate ally1 his estimate of her condition is exceedingly unfair1 and1 as he professes in the article to have been a frequent visitor to her shores in bygone days1 we must attribute his obliquity to something else than ignorance4 ,in her recent struggle1 ,france showed nothing like cowardice2 but1 on the contrary1 her children1 veterans and recruits1 exhibited a courage and heroism worthy of her proudest days of military glory4 ,her signal and rapid overthrow was due to other causes than the want of bravery of her soldiers4 ,within the space of about two hundred days1 her badly organized1 poorly equipped1 and generally indifferently commanded troops fought seventeen pitched battles and one hundred and sixty-five general engagements against three-quarters of a million of the best disciplined troops in ,europe4 ,of the merits of the quarrel we have nothing to say1 but we feel assured that the troops of ,kaiser ,william would feel little complimented at being told that their splendid victories were gained over a demoralized and cowardly nation4 ,as to ,france being destitute of morals1 the contrary is the fact4 ,it is true that ,paris1 like ,london and other large centres of population1 contains much that is immoral and unholy2 but ,paris is no longer ,france1 and those best acquainted with the whole country allege that religion was never more securely enthroned in the hearts of the people1 nor her ministers so much respected1 as at the present moment4 ,american questions are treated by our transatlantic contemporaries in a manner somewhat different4 ,occasionally they speak of us in impartial and even complimentary terms1 but generally in a vein of lofty patronage1 such as an indulgent and much-enduring father might be supposed to use to his erring but not altogether godless offspring4 ,if we exhibit a leaning toward ,russia1 we are forthwith admonished to beware of encouraging despotism2 if we recall our ancient friendship with ,france1 we are likely to be reminded that with ,england we are the same in language1 blood1 and religion2 but1 if there is a treaty favorable to the mother-country to be concocted1 or a ,european coalition adverse to the interests of our mother aforesaid apprehended1 ,shakespeare1 ,milton1 and ,newton are resurrected and become our joint inheritance1 and ,great ,britain and the ,united ,states are instantly declared to be two1 and the only two1 free governments in the universe having a common interest and a common destiny4 ,occasionally this maternal surveillance is varied by an allusion to our social or topographical peculiarities1 really ludicrous from its very absurdity1 while it shows1 with all this assumption of superiority1 how very inaccurate is the knowledge of our kind relations4 ,in a late article on the destruction of the ancient forests1 a writer in the ,fortnightly ,review gravely protests against the further destruction of scenery unique in ,great ,britain1 and1 if represented in ,america at all1 but imperfectly represented by the oak openings of ,michigan4 ,now1 if an ,american were to talk of the extensive prairies of ,caermarthenshire or the picturesque mountains of ,kent1 his ignorance of the physical peculiarities of even those small subdivisions would be apt to evoke the severe censure of our ,london critics4 ,again1 in their reviews of ,american works1 the ,english magazines1 whether through design or from want of knowing better1 usually fall into serious error in respect to the constituent elements of our population4 ,they affect to regard the ,american mind simply as a mere emanation of that of ,england1 weakened1 it is true1 by time and distance1 but still worthy of some consideration4 ,how such a patent fallacy can be tolerated in that country1 our nearest ,european neighbor as we are her best customer1 is incomprehensible4 ,we have1 it is true1 generally adopted what was good in her civil polity at the time of the ,revolution1 and the majority of us speak her language as our native tongue2 but we are no more ,english than we are ,german1 ,irish1 ,french1 or ,spanish in our origin1 temperament1 habits of thought1 or development of genius4 ,we are all these combined1 as well as something more which only the free spirit of a republic can call into being1 and1 if modesty would permit us1 we could say with truthfulness that there is contained within that word ,american all the best elements of every ,european race4 ,the latest instance of this self-deception we recently noticed in ,saint ,paul's ,magazine1 in what was otherwise a very excellent notice of ,hawthorne's works4 ,but ,america has the advantage of the practical arguments of material prosperity and rapidly developing sthetic tastes on her side1 and is fast becoming indifferent to adverse criticism4 ,with less fortunate countries1 like ,ireland1 for instance1 the case is altogether different4 ,the ,english magazine writers1 when at a loss for an illustration or an awful example1 never hesitate to draw on the history or pretended history of the sister kingdom for the required materials4 ,we have before us some dozen periodicals published in ,london and ,edinburgh1 the majority of the articles in which are either on ,irish topics or contain allusions to the affairs of that unfortunate and misgoverned people1 and that1 too1 as it may be supposed1 in no very partial or eulogistic terms4 ,this unrelenting hostility to a weak nation1 while it may do very well for placemen and land-agents who live by the griefs and afflictions of others1 is unworthy the chivalrous spirit which should distinguish the true knight of the quill4 ,we fear1 however1 that ,burke's saying with regard to the chivalry of the middle ages is equally applicable to our own times1 and that the free lances of the ,english metropolis1 who will fight in any and every cause1 are more in demand than the earnest searchers after truth and the honest correctors of public morals4 ,we argue this from two facts3 ,it is not unusual for the same person to be employed in writing for two or more publications altogether opposed in aim and character2 and1 secondly1 from the total absence of anything like religious sentiment in nearly the entire periodical press1 if we except those published in the direct interests of ,protestantism1 and in those it degenerates into absolute bigotry4 ,we do not say that all the magazines are positively immoral1 but they certainly are negatively so1 and in this respect probably more dangerous to the well-being of society4 ,take their method of treating some late publications which have been much spoken of1 for example4 ,we find that ,darwin's elaborately nonsensical theory of the origin of the human race is handled with as much delicacy and seriousness as if the reviewers had grave doubts in their own minds as to whether their ancestors had or had not been monkeys1 or at least as if they considered it an open question not yet definitely settled2 while the blasphemies of ,renan1 instead of eliciting condemnation and reproof1 are carefully and quietly reproduced and laid before the reader with a gentle caution against their novelty4 ,still1 the prevailing tone of the ,english magazines can scarcely be said to be actively anti-,catholic or unchristian4 ,it partakes more of paganism in a modified form1 which1 while not openly violating the laws of society1 practically ignores the interference of ,providence in the affairs of men1 like the ,universalist preacher whose highest eulogy1 as pronounced by a friend1 was that he was perfectly neutral in politics and religion4 ,the short prose fiction sketches in which the ,english periodicals abound and which in artistic merit far excel ours1 are based on the same inamiable sentimentalism--a sort of polite indifferentism1 by which the heroes and heroines are made to walk through life unconscious that there is a ,being to whom the fall of a sparrow is not unknown1 and who directs the destiny of nations as well as individuals4 ,fiction1 if not the best1 is certainly a very effective medium of communicating correct ideas and pure morality to the young1 and1 while it should be read sparingly1 cannot in this age be altogether dispensed with2 and therefore it is that too much care cannot be taken to see that it is not only free from grossness1 but that it is actively and primarily permeated by the spirit of religion4 ,where this is not observed1 as we regret to find in the case of the ,english magazines1 mere style of composition1 felicity of diction1 and power of description count for nothing4 ,they are simply evidences of the perversion of the gifts of ,god1 which ought always and in all places to be used for the greater glory and honor of the ,giver4 ,,memoir ,,of ,,father ,,john ,,de ,,br,,beuf1 ,s4,j4 ,well acquainted as was ,father ,brbeuf1 from long study and intelligent observation1 with the character and customs of the ,hurons1 he knew thoroughly how to propitiate their favor and regain their respect4 ,his manly and courageous bearing during the prevalence of the fever1 and his undaunted coolness and fearlessness of death in the midst of the late persecution1 had won for him the admiration of all the nobler spirits in the tribe4 ,in ,december1 #afcg1 he gave a grand banquet1 to which were invited the chiefs and warriors of the country4 ,he there addressed his assembled guests on the necessity of embracing the true faith4 ,in ,january of the next year1 the head chief of the ,hurons1 or ,aondecho1 as he was called1 returned the compliment by giving a similar banquet1 to which ,father ,brbeuf was invited2 when he came to the banquet1 the chief presented him to the assembly1 not as a guest1 but as the host of the occasion1 addressing them thus3 ,not ,i1 but ,echon1 assembled you2 the object of the deliberation ,i know not2 but be it what it may1 it must1 ,i am convinced1 be of great moment ,let all then hearken attentively4 ,the ever-ready and zealous missionary then addressed the assembly on the same subject--the true faith4 ,he followed this up with another banquet in ,february1 where his address was followed by the evident but silent conviction of his hearers4 ,at its close1 the ,aondecho arose1 and exhorted his warriors and subjects to yield themselves to the counsels of the fathers4 ,the deep guttural expression of approval1 ho6 ho6 ho6 resounded on all sides1 and the grateful missionaries made their joyful thanksgiving by chanting the hymn of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,then1 with one acclaim1 the chiefs and warriors adopted ,father ,brbeuf into their tribe1 and created him one of the chiefs of the land--a dignity which invested him with the power of summoning assemblies of the people in his own cabin4 ,in the spring of #afch1 the fever began to disappear from the country4 ,now1 too1 the first ,christian marriage was solemnized4 ,the wife of ,joseph ,chiwattenwha had been baptized in ,march1 and the two were united together in holy matrimony by ,father ,brbeuf on ,st4 ,joseph's ,day4 ,peter ,tsiwendaentaha united with them in approaching the holy communion4 ,the public duties of the mission occupied the entire time of ,father ,brbeuf4 ,the abandonment of ,ihonitiria1 in consequence of the recent scourge1 caused ,fathers le ,mercier1 ,ragueneau1 ,garnier1 ,jogues1 ,pijart1 and ,chatelain to remove that mission to ,teananstaya1 the residence of ,louis de ,sainte ,foi4 ,but they felt great fears about that place1 since its chief had shortly before instigated the warriors to canvass the murder of the missionaries at ,ossossan4 ,but ,father ,brbeuf1 with characteristic courage and zeal1 went to the village1 and as a chief of the nation summoned a council of the chiefs and warriors4 ,the mission was formally announced on the spot1 and we shall soon see the fathers offering up the ,holy ,mass at ,teananstaya4 ,the year before1 an ,iroquois prisoner had received baptism there from the hands of ,father ,brbeuf2 and now nearly a hundred prisoners1 condemned to death1 were instructed and baptized by the missionaries on the eve of their execution4 ,about this time an entire tribe1 the ,wenrohronons1 abandoned by their allies1 the ,neutrals1 came and threw themselves upon the hospitality of the ,hurons4 ,they were wasting away from the effects of the recent plague1 and the fathers at ,ossossan rushed to their relief4 ,they nursed their sick1 instructed and baptized their dying1 many of whom expired with the waters of baptism fresh upon their brows4 ,the ,hurons themselves were moved in favor of a religion capable of producing such heroic examples2 and on the #aath of ,november1 ,st4 ,martin's ,day1 one entire family1 and the heads of two others1 were baptized in health4 ,on the ,feast of the ,immaculate ,conception1 others were converted and baptized1 numbering in all thirty2 so that at ,christmas there was assembled1 around that rude but holy altar in the wilderness1 a sincere and fervent little congregation of ,christians1 adoring and offering their gifts to the infant ,saviour4 ,the missionaries were now distributed in sets of four1 consisting of three of the earlier and one of the recently arrived fathers1 at the various points through the country where missions were located4 ,many new missions were opened1 and the flying visits to villages whose missions had been broken up by the persecution were renewed4 ,among the new missions now opened was the one already alluded to at ,teananstaya1 or ,st4 ,joseph's1 whose commencement on ,new ,year's ,day was cheered with fifty baptisms4 ,the indefatigable ,brbeuf was its founder1 and with him were associated ,father ,jogues1 whose ,indian name was ,ondesson1 and ,father ,ragueneau4 ,the most perfect system1 both as regards the internal regulation of the affairs of the mission-house and its inmates1 and the external labors of the fathers1 was introduced by ,father ,brbeuf1 which enabled them to perform an almost incredible amount of missionary labor4 ,among the natives1 an aged chief named ,ondehorrea1 who was now a ,christian1 was of great assistance to them in their labors4 ,he had once repulsed the fathers from his bed of illness1 and1 having called in the sorcerers1 he then rejected them1 and recalled the fathers1 who were at once at his side4 ,he was soon sufficiently instructed to be baptized1 and at the moment that the saving waters touched his forehead1 he arose suddenly in perfect health1 to the amazement of all4 ,he ever afterwards showed his sincerity as a ,christian1 and his gratitude to the fathers1 by remaining their constant friend and faithful assistant4 ,a curious affair now arose1 which will convey to us some idea of the trials with which those devoted missionaries had to contend4 ,a woman living in a little village near ,ossossan1 as she was passing along one night1 saw the moon fall upon her head1 and immediately change into a beautiful female1 holding a child in her arms4 ,the apparition declared herself to be the sovereign of that country and all the nations dwelling therein1 and required that her sovereign power should be acknowledged by each nation's making a present or offering4 ,the apparition designated the offering which each nation should bring1 not omitting the ,french1 who were required to present blue blankets4 ,the woman was taken ill1 and demanded that the order of the divinity should be complied with for her recovery4 ,a council was accordingly held at ,ossossan1 to which the missionaries were invited4 ,they attended1 and were bold enough to oppose so wicked a homage to a false deity4 ,but all was in vain1 for the whole country was in a ferment of excitement4 ,the most abominable orgies known to savage life were celebrated in honor of this new goddess1 and men were hurrying in all directions to procure the required presents4 ,soon all the offerings were collected together1 except the blue blankets of the ,french1 and the missionaries were called upon to do homage in the manner required of them4 ,they resolutely refused compliance with such a requisition1 and1 as may be well imagined1 they immediately became the objects of general indignation4 ,amid threats and imprecations1 and the glare of the uplifted tomahawk1 those courageous priests refused to let a blanket go from their cabin1 except upon condition of the immediate cessation of all that was going on1 and the dismissal of the woman4 ,these terms were rejected1 the orgies were continued1 and peril surrounded the fathers at every step2 still they could not be induced to yield the points4 ,fortunately for the missionaries1 however1 the apparition paid the woman another visit1 and released the ,french from the unholy tribute4 ,in ,september1 #afci1 new missionaries arrived4 ,unfortunately1 an ,indian in one of the canoes of their flotilla was infected with the small-pox1 and that disease was thus introduced into the country4 ,the malady began to spread with fearful rapidity1 and1 as usual1 the origin of this evil1 as of all others1 was attributed to the missionaries4 ,persecution was at once renewed1 the cross was violently dragged down from their houses1 their cabins were invaded1 their crucifixes torn from their persons1 one of them was cruelly beaten1 and all were threatened with death4 ,so great was their peril at one time that they calmly prepared themselves for martyrdom4 ,they were finally ordered peremptorily from the town4 ,in the midst of these persecutions1 the heart of ,father ,brbeuf was consoled with a vision3 the ,blessed ,virgin1 as the ,mother of ,sorrows1 came to console her son and to confirm his courage2 she appeared to him with her heart transfixed with swords4 ,at once his resolution was taken2 he remained at his post of danger and of care1 and continued his missionary labors4 ,in consequence of these repeated persecutions1 and the constant exposure of the fathers to the renewal of them by the malice of the medicine-men1 it was determined to erect a missionary residence apart from the villages and their vicious population1 which might prove a safe retreat for the fathers in time of trouble1 and a convenient place for instructing the catechumens and others well disposed to receive the faith4 ,during the years that ,father ,brbeuf was at ,ossossan1 displaying the most heroic zeal and disinterested charity1 he had met with the blackest ingratitude from the persons whom he had fed by depriving himself of nourishment1 and on one occasion he was ignominiously beaten in public4 ,the other fathers had suffered similar indignities and maltreatment4 ,while glorying1 like the saints1 in these sufferings for the sake of ,god and his church1 he yet saw the necessity1 for the sake of the mission1 of a separate residence4 ,it was this necessity that originated ,st4 ,mary's on the river ,wye4 ,in the various missions whose establishments we have mentioned1 there had been baptized up to the summer of #afdj about one thousand persons3 of these two hundred and sixty were infants1 and though some of them were restored to health1 by means apparently miraculous1 most of them went in baptismal purity to swell the ranks of the church triumphant in heaven4 ,it was about this time that ,father ,brbeuf ceased to be superior of the mission1 and was succeeded by ,father ,jerome ,lalemant4 ,the ,jesuit1 ever true to his institute1 passed from command to obedience with the gladness and alacrity known only to the humble soldiers of the cross4 ,his career as superior1 arduous and glorious1 was also abundant in fruit to the church4 ,he was indeed the father of the ,huron mission4 ,our eloquent ,bancroft1 in speaking of his and his companions' labors to introduce ,christianity among the aborigines of our continent1 says that ,st4 ,joseph's chapel1 wherein1 in the gaze of thronging crowds1 vespers and matins began to be chanted1 and the sacred bread was consecrated by solemn ,mass1 amazed the hereditary guardians of the council-fires of the ,huron tribes4 ,beautiful testimony of the equality of the human race6 the sacred wafer1 emblem of the divinity in man1 all that the church offered to the princes and nobles of the ,european world1 was shared with the humblest of the savage neophytes4 ,the hunter1 as he returned from his wild roamings1 was taught to hope for eternal rest2 the braves1 as they came from war1 were warned of the wrath that kindles against sinners a never-dying fire1 fiercer far than the fires of the ,mohawks2 and the idlers of the ,indian villages were told the exciting tale of the ,saviour's death for their redemption4 ,father ,brbeuf1 already the founder of so many missions1 now starts out with unabated ardor to open others4 ,accompanied by ,father ,chaumonot1 he advanced into the country of the ,neutrals1 naming the first town he entered ,all ,saints4 ,he pushed onward to the ,niagara1 to the residence of ,tsoharissen1 the chief whom all the ,neuter towns obeyed4 ,hither the calumnies of some hostile ,hurons had preceded him1 and represented ,echon as the most terrible of sorcerers4 ,the two missionaries were repulsed on all sides1 and in their retreat from place to place were pursued by the arrows of their enemies4 ,still they persevered1 and they succeeded in visiting eighteen towns1 preached the ,gospel in ten of them1 and announced for the first time the words of truth to at least three thousand souls4 ,during these labors1 the keen eye of ,brbeuf saw the importance to ,new ,france of an occupation of the ,niagara by missions and trading posts2 the travels of the missionaries would be greatly shortened1 the warlike ,iroquois restrained1 the ,hurons saved from a war of extermination1 and the whole interior continent opened to ,european civilization and the faith of ,christ4 ,the plan of ,father ,brbeuf received little attention at court3 a neglect which decided the fate of empires4 ,we cannot determine precisely how far ,father ,brbeuf advanced into the country2 only one town received the missionaries1 which they called ,st4 ,michael's4 ,they1 however1 approached as far into the ,iroquois country as was possible2 still ,bancroft says it is uncertain that he ever stood upon the territory of our republic4 ,but the hostile ,hurons1 not contented with the furious persecution they had raised against the fathers in their own country1 pursued them into their new mission4 ,two ,huron deputies soon arrived1 and proclaimed a tempting reward for such as would deliver the country from those devoted men4 ,while the council was engaged in debating the question of his expulsion or death1 ,father ,brbeuf was making his examen of conscience in the cabin where he lodged1 and suddenly he beheld a fearful spectre3 the figure held three darts1 which were successively hurled against him and his companion1 but were averted by an unseen hand4 ,presaging evil from the vision1 the two fathers made their confessions to each other1 and1 thus prepared to die1 they went to rest4 ,they afterward learned from their post1 who returned to the cabin late at night1 that the session of the council was long and stormy2 three times the young braves had insisted on butchering them on the spot1 but were restrained by the sachems4 ,but now1 such was the state of the feeling aroused against them1 that they could not advance a step in safety4 ,turned from every shelter1 and encountering death at every step1 they wandered as outcasts over the country4 ,believing that their longer continuance was only calculated to increase the savage hatred of the people against them1 and retard the introduction of the faith1 the fathers retreated to the ,neuter town which they had named ,all ,saints4 ,here they wintered and spent the time in instructing the people4 ,in the spring1 they advanced as far as ,teotongniatou1 or ,st4 ,williams1 where a charitable woman gave them a shelter4 ,while thus lingering1 ,father ,brbeuf arranged his ,huron dictionary to the ,neuter dialect1 in which he had made considerable progress in four months4 ,no sooner had the ameliorating influences of spring rendered travelling just possible1 even to such travellers as those who had been accustomed for years to brave every hardship1 than ,father ,brbeuf and his companions started on one of the most extraordinary journeys on record4 ,already spent with fatigues and privations1 and pursued by danger1 ,father ,brbeuf had to remain six days in the woods1 sleeping on the snow1 and without a covering or shed over his head4 ,the cold was so intense that the trees themselves did split with a noise like the crack of a rifle4 ,a special ,providence protected him1 for he exhibited no evidence that he had been cold or exposed4 ,loaded with the provisions which he was compelled to carry1 as there were no relays on the way1 he travelled two days across a lake of ice2 and while thus struggling onward1 his heart and eyes lifted up to heaven1 he fell upon the ice4 ,his portly frame gave such violence to his fall that he was unable to rise from the ice4 ,after a long time he was lifted up by one of his companions1 and then found that his extremities were palsied1 and he could not lift his feet from the ground4 ,besides1 his collar-bone was broken4 ,he bore the last in silence1 as it was not apparent4 ,this fact was only discovered two years later by the surgeon who attended him at ,quebec4 ,in vain his companions begged the privilege of drawing him the remaining thirty-six miles of the journey in a sled1 and at other times to assist him on the way2 he declined all their generous offers1 and labored onward1 scarcely able to drag one foot after the other4 ,it was thus he crossed the level country1 and when he came to the mountains1 he crept up on his hands and feet1 and allowed himself to slide down on the opposite side1 retarding his too rapid descent with his bruised and aching hands4 ,thus he completed his journey1 which for love of suffering1 patience1 and humility compares with some of the most heroic achievements recorded of the saints4 ,his companions went forward on other labors1 but ,father ,brbeuf1 while waiting for the next flotilla bound for ,quebec1 determined to take what he styled his repose--a repose busily spent in making important arrangements for the missions1 which his superior knowledge of everything relating to them enabled him alone to effect4 ,on the passage to ,three ,rivers1 ,father ,brbeuf was accompanied by ,sondatsaa1 an exemplary catechumen1 and a party chiefly ,christians or catechumens4 ,they arrived at ,three ,rivers after a narrow escape from the murderous blades of the ,mohawks1 who were lying in wait for them4 ,finding it impossible for ,fathers ,ragueneau and ,menard to reach their missions in ,huronia without a strong guard1 ,father ,brbeuf proceeded with ,father ,ragueneau and ,sondatsaa to ,sillery1 in order to obtain succor for them4 ,here1 moved by the entreaties of all1 and especially of ,sondatsaa himself1 and having completed his instruction1 ,father ,brbeuf consented to baptize that zealous convert4 ,the ceremony was performed at ,sillery1 on the #bgth of ,june1 with great pomp1 and in the presence of a concourse of ,indians4 ,the ,chevalier de ,montmagny was godfather to the convert1 who received the ,christian name of ,charles4 ,he now returned1 a ,christian1 to his own country1 bearing in his little flotilla the two fathers destined for the ,huron mission4 ,while ,father ,brbeuf was dwelling at ,sillery1 the next flotilla of ,hurons that came bore its usual freight of calumnies against ,echon4 ,they now accused him of being colleagued with the ,iroquois for the destruction of the ,hurons4 ,this renewal of calumny checked1 for a time1 his success2 but he continued his preparations and arrangements for the ,neuter mission and his endeavors to convert his persecutors to the faith4 ,he endeavored to persuade some of these ,hurons to remain and winter with him1 in order to receive instructions4 ,two of them1 who were left behind in the chase1 were induced to remain1 and ,father ,brbeuf1 after the usual instruction and probation1 had the consolation of receiving these into the one fold of the ,one ,shepherd4 ,he also succeeded in gaining a number of other ,huron converts4 ,father ,nimont1 struck with the happy results of his labors1 resolved to detain him another winter at ,sillery4 ,it was during this summer that ,father ,jogues came to ,sillery for supplies4 ,here these future martyrs met in the prosecution of their noble labors2 but soon the unconquerable ,brbeuf saw his saintly companion set forth on his perilous mission over the country infested by the ,iroquois1 to carry relief to the ,huron missionaries4 ,himself was soon to follow4 ,in the spring of #afdc1 ,father ,brbeuf proceeded to ,three ,rivers1 where he was cheered by tidings of ,father ,jogues4 ,that holy missionary1 in returning from ,sillery to bring succor to his companions in ,huronia1 had fallen a captive into the hands of the fierce ,iroquois1 and his fate was the object of intense anxiety4 ,father ,brbeuf now learned that he was still living4 ,the bold and generous ,brbeuf arranged with a ,huron1 who was going out1 to wait for letters to ,father ,jogues at ,fort ,richelieu2 the father1 bearing the letters1 penetrated as far as the fort1 but the courage of the ,huron messenger failed2 he had passed and was afraid to return1 and the ,jesuit was compelled to retrace his steps without succeeding in conveying a word of comfort and encouragement to his captive brother4 ,in the spring of #afdd1 ,father ,bressani also1 in endeavoring to reach ,huronia1 fell into the hands of the ,iroquois4 ,but the ,huron missionaries must be succored at every hazard1 and ,father ,brbeuf was now chosen for this perilous enterprise4 ,setting out in the summer1 with an escort of twenty soldiers given to him by the governor1 he reached the ,huron missions in safety on the #gth of ,september4 ,the ,huron mission had ever been the dearest object of ,father ,brbeuf's heart4 ,restored now to his chosen vineyard1 he devoted himself to the task of converting those tribes with a zeal and an energy worthy of his former glorious career4 ,year after year he continued his heroic labors2 and1 though our pen cannot follow him1 step by step1 through the trials1 sacrifices1 and exertions which his seraphic love inspired him to encounter1 they were recorded in minutest detail by angelic pens in heaven4 ,success crowned the efforts of ,father ,brbeuf and his companions4 ,persecution ceased1 and the whole country was becoming conquered to the faith4 ,in ,august1 #afdf1 ,father ,gabriel ,lalemant1 full of zeal and courage1 was joined with ,father ,brbeuf in the mission of ,st4 ,ignatius1 which embraced the town of ,st4 ,louis and some smaller villages4 ,by this time1 the horrid superstitions of the country had given way to the pure and holy rites of ,catholic worship1 and the cross1 so lately despised1 feared1 and hated1 had now become the object of love and veneration4 ,father ,bressani writes3 ,the faith had now made the conquest of the entire country4 ,we might say they were now ripe for heaven2 that naught was needed but the reaping-hook of death to lay the harvest up in the safe garner-house of paradise4 ,religion seemed at last the peaceful mistress of the land4 ,allusion has several times been made to the visions from on high which were mercifully sent to warn ,father ,brbeuf of danger impending1 or to sustain him under the extraordinary afflictions1 persecutions1 and sufferings which at times seemed to exceed even his remarkable powers of endurance4 ,some of these have already been described4 ,to the ,protestant and non-,catholic mind1 these miraculous communications to the saints are but the imaginings of morbid and diseased intellects4 ,parkman1 in his ,jesuits in ,north ,america1 relates the following visions of ,father ,brbeuf only to classify them as psychological phenomena3 ,it is1 he says1 scarcely necessary to add that signs and voices from another world1 visitations from hell and visions from heaven1 were incidents of no rare occurrence in the lives of these ardent apostles4 ,to ,brbeuf1 whose deep nature1 like a furnace white-hot1 glowed with the still intensity of his enthusiasm1 they were especially frequent4 ,demons1 in troops1 appeared before him1 sometimes in the guise of men1 sometimes as bears1 wolves1 or wild-cats4 ,he called on ,god1 and the apparitions vanished4 ,death1 like a skeleton1 sometimes menaced him2 and once1 as he faced it with an unquailing eye1 it fell powerless at his feet4 ,a demon1 in the form of a woman1 assailed him with the temptation which beset ,st4 ,benedict among the rocks of ,subiaco2 but ,brbeuf signed the cross1 and the infernal siren melted into air4 ,he saw the vision of a vast and gorgeous palace1 and a miraculous voice assured him that such was to be the reward of those who dwelt in savage hovels for the cause of ,god4 ,angels appeared to him1 and more than once ,st4 ,joseph and the ,virgin were visibly present before his sight4 ,once1 when he was among the ,neutral nation1 in the winter of #afdj1 he beheld the ominous apparition of a great cross slowly approaching from the quarter where lay the country of the ,iroquois4 ,he told the vision to his companions4 ',what was it like8 how large was it8' they eagerly demanded4 ',large enough1' replied the priest1 'to crucify us all4' ,to explain such phenomena is the province of psychology and not of history4 ,their occurrence is no matter of surprise1 and it would be superfluous to doubt that they were recounted in good faith and with a full belief in their reality4 ,in these enthusiasts we find striking examples of one of the morbid forces of human nature2 yet1 in candor1 let us do honor to what was genuine in them--that principle of self-abnegation which is the life of true religion1 and which is vital no less to the highest forms of heroism4 ,bancroft1 alluding to the same subject1 and to the life1 austerities1 and self-sacrifice of ,father ,brbeuf1 says3 ,the missionaries themselves possessed the weaknesses and the virtues of their order4 ,for fifteen years enduring the infinite labors and perils of the ,huron mission1 and exhibiting1 as it was said1 'an absolute pattern of every religious virtue1' ,jean de ,brbeuf1 respecting even the nod of his distant superiors1 bowed his mind and his judgment to obedience4 ,besides the assiduous fatigues of his office1 each day1 and sometimes twice in the day1 he applied to himself the lash2 beneath a bristling hair-shirt he wore an iron girdle1 armed on all sides with projecting points2 his fasts were frequent2 almost always his pious vigils continued deep into the night4 ,in vain did ,asmodeus assume for him the forms of earthly beauty2 his eye rested benignantly on visions of divine things4 ,once1 imparadised in a trance1 he beheld the ,mother of him whose cross he bore1 surrounded by a crowd of virgins1 in the beatitudes of heaven4 ,once1 as he himself has recorded1 while engaged in penance1 he saw ,christ unfold his arms to embrace him with the utmost love1 promising oblivion of his sins4 ,once1 late at night1 while praying in the silence1 he had a vision of an infinite number of crosses1 and1 with mighty heart1 he strove1 again and again1 to grasp them all4 ,often he saw the shapes of foul fiends1 now appearing as madmen1 now as raging beasts2 and often he beheld the image of death1 a bloodless form1 by the side of the stake1 struggling with bonds1 and at last falling1 as a harmless spectre1 at his feet4 ,having vowed to seek out suffering for the greater glory of ,god1 he renewed that vow every day1 at the moment of tasting the sacred wafer2 and as his cupidity for martyrdom grew into a passion1 he exclaimed1 ',what shall ,i render to thee1 ,jesus my ,lord1 for all thy benefits8 ,i will accept thy cup1 and invoke thy name3 and in sight of the ,eternal ,father and the ,holy ,spirit1 of the most holy ,mother of ,christ and ,st4 ,joseph1 before angels1 apostles1 and martyrs1 before ,st4 ,ignatius and ,francis ,xavier1 he made a vow never to decline an opportunity of martyrdom1 and never to receive the death-blow but with joy4 ,in the eye of ,catholic faith1 these visions and special revelations are but the fruits and blessings of a revealed and supernatural religion4 ,while they do not fall to the lot of us ordinary ,christians1 nor are they necessary helps in the little we accomplish for ,god and his church1 it is difficult to conceive how the saints and martyrs could have performed their sublime actions1 or met their cruel and unjust deaths for ,god's sake with a smile--sacrifices so far above and even repugnant to our nature--without the aid of these supernatural supports4 ,the dedication of himself to martyrdom1 and the heroic courage and joy with which he met his appalling fate1 could only be achieved in the bosom of a church believing in miracles1 and presenting to her children the crown of martyrdom as the highest reward attainable by man4 ,the visions of ,father ,brbeuf1 like other miracles1 depend wholly upon the evidence and circumstances by which they are supported to entitle them to belief4 ,it was not his habit to disclose them2 it was only when commanded by his superiors that he committed them to writing4 ,they thus rest upon his solemn written words1 and upon their perfect agreement in many instances with contemporaneous facts transpiring beyond his sight and knowledge4 ,to suppose him to have been deluded would be to contradict every quality of mind and character so universally attributed to him by all ,protestant historians4 ,father ,brbeuf's aspirations for the crown of martyrdom were prophetic of his appointed and glorious end4 ,but to him all historians have attributed the most practical views in relation to the ,indian missions1 and the coolest and wisest manner of dealing with them4 ,there was no mere sentimentality in his nature4 ,he addressed his powerful energies and resources to the actual conversion of the ,indians to ,christianity1 and we have seen how great were the results he achieved4 ,but now1 alas6 a dark cloud was seen gathering over the happy ,christian republic of the ,hurons4 ,already1 during the winter of #afdi1 the fierce ,iroquois hordes1 numbering upwards of one thousand1 had secretly passed over a space of six hundred miles of ,huron forests1 and on the sixteenth of ,march they appeared suddenly before the town of ,st4 ,ignatius1 while the chiefs and warriors were absent on the chase1 and the old men1 women1 and children were buried in sleep4 ,strongly as the place was fortified1 this overwhelming force carried it by storm1 and murdered its unsuspecting inhabitants4 ,three only escaped1 half-naked1 from the slaughter1 and gave the alarm to the village of ,st4 ,louis1 where the fathers were then laboring4 ,here preparations were at once made to offer a gallant but unequal resistance4 ,the women and children were sent over forty miles of ice and snow to seek a shelter in the cabins of the ,petuns4 ,the chiefs exhorted the fathers also to fly1 since they could not go to the war4 ,but ,father ,brbeuf1 with all the heroism of his great soul1 answered that there was something more necessary than fire and steel in such a crisis2 it was to have recourse to ,god and the sacraments1 which none could administer but they--that he and his companion1 the gentle ,lalemant1 would abandon them only in death4 ,the two fathers1 says ,father ,bressani1 now hurried from place to place1 exhorting all to prayer1 administering the sacraments of penance and baptism to the sick and the catechumens1 in a word1 confirming all in our holy faith4 ,the enemy in fact remained at the first fork only long enough to provide for the safe keeping of the prisoners and the safety of those left as a garrison to guard them4 ,after this they marched1 or rather rushed1 directly upon ,st4 ,louis4 ,here none were now left but the old and sick1 the missionaries1 and about a hundred braves to defend the place4 ,they held out for some time1 and even repulsed the enemy at the first assault1 with the loss of about thirty killed1 but the number of the assailants being incomparably greater1 they overcame all resistance1 and1 cutting down with their axes the palisades which defended the besieged1 were soon in possession of the town4 ,then putting all to fire and steel1 they consumed in their very town1 in their very cabins1 all the old1 sick1 and infirm who had been unable to save themselves by flight4 ,what contrasts the events of history present6 ,while this relentless slaughter was at its height1 and the worst passions of the fiercest of heathens were let loose1 the scene of blood1 fire1 and death was relieved by the presence of ,christian heroes the most gentle1 merciful1 and self-sacrificing4 ,they stood in the breach to the last stroke of the enemy1 encouraging the dying ,christians to fortitude and hope1 the wounded to patience1 and the prisoners to courage and perseverance in the faith4 ,the palisades of ,st4 ,louis finally were cut away4 ,the infuriate ,iroquois swept in1 and the whole surviving garrison1 warriors and priests1 were all made prisoners together4 ,the savages rejoiced especially at the capture of such a prisoner as ,father ,brbeuf1 whom they immediately showed signs of torturing1 when a generous ,oneida chief1 more magnanimous than the rest1 purchased him from his captors for a large price in wampum4 ,it seemed as though he was about to be deprived of his coveted crown2 but no6 the victors retracted their bargain1 and ,father ,brbeuf was again seized by his enemies4 ,he and ,father ,lalemant were stripped1 bound fast1 and cruelly beaten1 and their nails were torn out4 ,but lest some change in the tide of war should deprive them of their prisoners1 the latter were all sent1 closely bound and tightly secured1 to ,st4 ,ignatius4 ,here1 as they entered the town1 they were beaten and bruised by the rabble with sticks and clubs4 ,the large and conspicuous frame of ,father ,brbeuf attracted a double share of blows on his already bruised and lacerated head and body4 ,in the midst of these cruelties1 he was forgetful of himself1 and anxious only that his ,christian ,hurons1 who were now his fellow-prisoners1 should be encouraged and consoled in their extreme danger4 ,from the stake to which he had been tied1 beholding them assembled for the torture1 he lost sight completely of his own greater calamities and sufferings1 and thus he addressed them3 ,my children1 let us lift up our eyes to heaven in the worst of our torments2 let us remember that ,god beholdeth all we suffer1 and will soon be our reward exceeding great4 ,let us die in this faith1 and hope from his goodness the accomplishment of his promises4 ,i pity you more than myself1 but support manfully the little torment that yet remains4 ,it will end with our lives2 the glory which follows will have no end4 ,how great must have been his consolation when he heard their heroic answer1 a convincing proof that ,indians may be truly converted to ,christianity1 and possess the constancy to die in the faith4 ',tis well1 ,echon1 they cried1 our souls will be in heaven1 while our bodies suffer on earth2 entreat ,god to show us mercy2 we shall invoke him to our latest breath4 ,enraged at his exhortations and unflinching zeal1 even in death1 some ,hurons adopted by the ,iroquois rushed upon him and burned his flesh with a fire which they kindled near him1 they cut off his hands1 and while ,father ,lalemant's flesh was cut and punctured with awls and other sharp instruments1 and hot irons placed under his armpits1 they led him forth to torture and death before the eyes of ,father ,brbeuf1 in order to add to the agonies of the latter4 ,as ,father ,brbeuf continued to speak and to exhort his ,christians1 and to threaten the vengeance of heaven upon their persecutors1 they cut off his lower lip and nose1 and thrust a red-hot iron down his throat4 ,even after this1 when he saw his superior1 the gentle ,lalemant1 led out to death1 he called out to him with a broken voice in the words of ,st4 ,paul1 ,we are made a spectacle to the world1 to angels1 and to men4 ,throwing himself at ,father ,brbeuf's feet1 ,father ,lalemant was ruthlessly torn away1 and in a few moments he was enveloped in flames at the stake1 and his gentle soul preceded that of the intrepid ,brbeuf to heaven4 ,turning next upon ,father ,brbeuf1 they threw a collar of red-hot axes around his neck1 which seethed and burned their way into his flesh2 he stood1 in the midst of such agonies1 erect and motionless1 apparently insensible to pain1 intent only on vindicating the faith he had so long and faithfully announced4 ,his tormentors were awed by his constancy1 which seemed to them a proof that he was more than man4 ,but they again taxed their ingenuity for new tortures4 ,an apostate ,huron1 who had been a convert of ,father ,brbeuf in the ,huron mission1 and had since been adopted by the ,iroquois1 was the first to signalize the zeal of the renegade4 ,he proposed to pour hot water on the head of ,father ,brbeuf1 in return for the quantities of cold water he had poured on the heads of others in baptism4 ,the suggestion was received with fiendish joy1 and soon the kettle was swung4 ,while the water was boiling1 they added fresh cruelties to their victim's sufferings4 ,they crushed his mouth and jaw with huge stones1 thrust heated iron and stones into his wounds1 and with his own eyes he beheld them devour the slices of flesh which they cut from his legs and arms4 ,let us not cut short the appalling story2 for surely1 what a martyr bore a ,christian may have courage to ,three4'and bringing the scalding water from the caldron1 they poured it over his bruised head and lacerated body amidst shouts and imprecations1 and1 as they did so1 the high-priests of the occasion mockingly said to him3 ,we baptize you that you may be happy in heaven2 for nobody can be saved without a good baptism4 ,by this time ,father ,brbeuf's mouth and tongue could no longer articulate1 but even yet by his erect posture1 the struggling and brave expression of his almost expiring eye1 and even by his half-formed words1 he encouraged the ,christian captives to perseverance1 and endeavored to deter the savages from torturing them by threats of heaven's vengeance4 ,again cutting slices from his body and devouring them before his eyes1 they told him that his flesh was good4 ,some of the renegade ,hurons1 more fiendish than even the ,iroquois1 again mocked him by saying3 ,you told us that the more one suffers on earth1 the happier he is in heaven4 ,we wish to make you happy2 we torment you1 because we love you2 and you ought to thank us for it4 ,they next scalped him1 and even after this they poured the boiling water over his head1 repeating the torture three times2 they cut off his feet1 and splitting open his stalworth and generous chest1 they crowded around and drank with exultation the warm blood of the expiring hero4 ,his eye1 firm and expressive to the last1 was now dimmed in death1 and at last a chief tore out his noble and brave heart1 cut it into a thousand pieces1 and distributed it to the savage cannibals that crowded around to receive a share of so exalted and unconquerable a victim4 ,thus perished of earth1 while crowned of heaven1 the illustrious ,brbeuf1 the founder of the ,huron mission--its truest hero1 its greatest martyr4 ,the ,iroquois1 now glutted with carnage1 and apprehensive of the approach of a superior force1 retired to their own country4 ,the fathers from ,st4 ,mary's came to ,st4 ,ignatius to bestow the last honors upon the earthly remains of their martyred companions4 ,it was with difficulty they discovered their burned and mangled bodies among the mass of slain the victorious ,iroquois had left4 ,their precious remains were solemnly and sorrowfully carried to ,st4 ,mary's1 and affectionately and religiously interred4 ,a portion of ,father ,brbeuf's relics were subsequently carried to ,quebec4 ,a silver bust1 containing the head of the martyr1 was presented by his family to the ,canadian mission1 and is still reverently preserved by the convent of hospital nuns in that city4 ,so great was his reputation for sanctity that it became a familiar and pious practice in ,canada to invoke his intercession4 ,there are well-attested cases recorded of the wonderful intervention of heaven in favor of those who invoked his aid as a saint in heaven4 ,among the many virtues which adorned the life and character of ,father ,brbeuf may be particularly mentioned his ardent love of holy poverty and suffering1 his purity of soul1 his singleness of purpose1 his profound obedience and humility1 his zeal and courage1 his love of prayer and penitential austerities1 and his generous longing for the salvation of souls4 ,the character of ,brbeuf1 says ,bancroft1 was firm beyond every trial3 his virtue had been nursed in the familiar sight of death4 ,disciplined by twenty years' service in the wilderness work1 he wept bitterly for the sufferings of his converts1 but for himself he exulted in the prospect of martyrdom4 ,thus1 writes ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,shea in his ,history of the ,catholic ,missions1 about four o'clock in the afternoon1 after three hours of frightful torture1 expired ,john de ,brbeuf1 the real founder of the ,huron mission1 a man such as the ,catholic ,church alone can produce2 as a missionary1 unequalled for his zeal1 ability1 untiring exertion1 and steady perseverance2 as a servant of ,god1 one whose virtues the ,rota would pronounce heroic2 patient in toil1 hardship1 suffering1 and privation2 a man of prayer1 of deep and tender piety1 of inflamed love of ,god1 in whom and for whom he did and suffered all2 as a martyr1 one of the most glorious in our annals for the variety and atrocity of his torments4 ,he came of a noble race1 says ,parkman1 the same1 it is said1 from which sprang the ,english ,earls of ,arundel2 but never had the mailed barons of his line confronted a fate so appalling with so prodigious a constancy4 ,to the last he refused to flinch1 and his death was the astonishment of his murderers4 ,praise has become exhausted on such a subject4 ,would that we might hope for some national good from the sublime lesson he has taught us6 ,the red men are our brothers4 ,the most precious blood of a ,god-man was poured out for them as for us2 and ,god's martyrs have joyfully given their noble lives for their salvation4 ,might not a ,christian nation1 in its power and goodness1 yea1 in its justice1 save at least the poor remnant of them from further slaughter2 and say to the ever-ready and zealous missionaries of the ,catholic ,church3 ,go1 christianize and save our brothers2 we will not slay them more2 there is land enough for us and for them2 we confide them to your heroic charity4 ,we will protect you and them in the peace and good-will of the ,gospel4 ,go1 save our brothers8 ,,the ,,ancient ,,laws ,,of ,,ireland4 ,next to written and well-authenticated historical annals1 the clearest insight that can be afforded us of the civilization1 polity1 and social condition of the nations of antiquity is derived from the study of ancient laws and customs1 when their authenticity is guaranteed by existing contemporary authorities1 and they bear in themselves the intrinsic evidence of adaptability to time1 place1 and circumstance1 so easily recognized by the antiquarian and the philologist4 ,were it possible to conceive the total destruction of this republic with all its material monuments and historical literature1 nothing being left for posterity but our books of law1 the philosophical student a thousand years hence would be able to form a pretty correct and comprehensive idea of the state of society at present existing and of the nature of the institutions under which we have the good fortune to live4 ,from the large number of statutes regulating the intercourse of man and man1 he would deduce the fact that we were a commercial and ingenious people2 from our laws relating to real estate1 he would necessarily argue that its ownership was general and its transmission from one to another a matter of everyday occurrence2 and from the few restrictions imposed on its possession or sale1 that the facilities for its acquisition were comparatively easy and unrestricted2 while from the care that has been taken by our national and local legislatures to guard the life1 liberty1 and prosperity of the citizen1 he would naturally conclude that our right to the enjoyment of these inalienable rights formed the corner-stone of the edifice of our government4 ,in the same manner1 we of this century1 looking back to a country so old as ,ireland1 one of the most antique of the family of ,european nations1 by examining the laws framed in the early days of her dawning civilization1 can picture to ourselves1 even without the aid of history1 the genius of her inhabitants1 and form comparatively accurate opinions of how much or how little intelligence and natural sense of justice and the eternal fitness of things were exhibited by them in their efforts to regulate and organize society4 ,strange to say1 we are partly indebted for this opportunity to the ,english government1 never very generous in its patronage of ,irish interests1 though of course the principal credit is due to that noble band of ,irish scholars1 formerly headed by the late lamented ,o',curry1 ,petrie1 and ,o',donovan1 who by their antiquarian lore1 profound knowledge of their vernacular1 and untiring industry1 have reconstructed from the scattered and almost illegible manuscripts deposited in various libraries the body of the laws of ancient ,ireland1 and have presented them to the world in the language in which they were originally written1 with the elaborate glosses of after-years1 accompanied by an accurate ,english translation4 ,this long-desired work bears the appropriate and principal title of ,senchus ,mor1 or great law1 and contains all the laws that were enforced in ,ireland from the fifth to the seventeenth centuries1 if we except a small portion of the island which was occupied by the ,anglo-,norman colony from the invasion till the reign of ,james ,i4 ,that it was admirably adapted to the wants and dispositions of the people1 we can judge by the affection and tenacity with which the natives so long clung to it1 in despite of all the efforts of the invaders to induce them by force or fraud to adopt that of the conquerors1 and that it was more liberal and equitable than the harsh restrictions of the feudal system is proved from the alacrity of the ,anglo-,norman lords who resided without the pale in conforming to it in preference to their own enactments4 ,like most of her other blessings1 ,ireland owed the possession of this excellent and merciful code to the ,catholic ,church1 for it was in the eighth or ninth year of the ministration of her great apostle and at his instance that it was framed as we at present find it1 purified from all the grossness of paganism1 and freed from the uncertainty and doubt which always attach to mere tradition4 ,up to his time1 law in ,ireland had been administered at the discretion of ,brehons or judges1 and1 being preserved only in the poems of the bards and ollamhs 7professors71 was deficient in those essential qualities of all human legislation1 exactness and uniformity4 ,that there were learned and wise lawgivers in ,ireland before the introduction of ,christianity1 we know from history and from the introduction to and the text of the ,senchus itself1 in which frequent mention is made of decisions and writings1 but they were necessarily the exponents of that limited sense of justice which the human mind1 unaided by religion1 is capable of comprehending4 ,the propagation of the faith in ,europe created a complete and permanent revolution in the laws of each country successively visited with the light of the gospel1 and while the darkness of paganism vanished before it1 the municipal laws which upheld idolatry were either totally abrogated or modified so as to conform1 as much as possible1 to the benign spirit of the church4 ,the immediate occasion of the revision of the ,irish laws is stated to have been the deliberate murder of one of ,st4 ,patrick's servants by a relative of the reigning sovereign1 but the real cause1 no doubt1 was the desire of the saint to root out of the judicature of the people all traces of paganism as effectually as he had erased it from their hearts4 ,accordingly1 by virtue of his high office1 he summoned a convention of the learned men of the country1 a few years after his arrival1 and proceeded to execute his important reforms4 ,his principal assistants1 we are informed1 were ,laeghaire1 monarch of all ,ireland1 ,corc1 and ,dairi1 two subordinate kings1 whom we may suppose represented the temporal authority of the nation1 and without whose countenance and support it would have been difficult1 if not impossible1 to enforce the new code2 ,rossa1 ,dubhtach1 and ,fergus1 those poets and professors whose duty it had been to preserve and perpetuate the legal traditions of their race and the decisions of the ,brehons2 and two ecclesiastics1 ,saints ,benen and ,cairnech4 ,the former of these bishops1 afterward known by the name of ,benignus1 was one of ,st4 ,patrick's earliest and favorite converts1 and eventually his successor in the primatial see of ,armagh1 and the latter1 a ,briton from ,wales1 was remarkable alike for his piety and extensive learning4 ,thus sustained by the civil arm1 and assisted by the advice and knowledge of men well versed in the common and canon law1 the saint1 in addition to his other apostolic labors1 succeeded in leaving to the people he loved so well a harmonious and ,christian code1 the spirit of which1 like that of all his teachings1 sank deep in the popular heart1 and defied the efforts of time and the ruthlessness of man to eradicate it4 ,while this code remained the rule of guidance for the mass of the people1 it was sacredly preserved by the ,brehons1 who1 though not empowered to alter it in any respect1 added elaborate commentaries explanatory of its general or obscure provisions2 but when the country was divided into counties by the conquerors1 and their system took the place of the national one1 the manuscripts of the ancient laws were scattered through the country1 in ,england and on the ,continent1 whither they were brought by the exiles4 ,as early as #aghc1 ,edmund ,burke1 ever mindful of the fame of his native country1 suggested the propriety of collecting and publishing in ,english or ,latin those remarkable remnants of former greatness and wisdom1 but it was not till the year #aheb that the ,english government1 at the repeated solicitation of several distinguished and influential ,irish gentlemen1 consented to lend its aid to the great work1 which from its very magnitude was beyond the ability of any individual or voluntary association to accomplish4 ,in that year1 at the special instance of ,doctors ,todd and ,greaves1 both eminent ,protestant clergymen1 a commission was issued appointing them and several other well-known scholars to direct1 superintend1 and carry into effect the transcription and translation of the ancient laws of ,ireland1 and the preparation of the same for publication1 etc41 with power to employ proper persons to execute the work4 ,the persons selected by the commissioners were ,dr4 ,o',donovan and ,professor ,o',curry1 both thoroughly qualified to perform so momentous and laborious a labor1 and whose conscientious discharge of the duties so assigned them ended only at their much lamented deaths4 ,with the patience and zeal of true antiquarians1 they set about transcribing the various ,,mss4 relating to the old laws1 deciphering the half-obliterated characters of the earlier centuries1 and rendering the peculiar phraseology of the ,gaelic into modern ,english4 ,they were succeeded by ,w4 ,n4 ,hancock1 ,,ll4,d41 professor of jurisprudence in ,queen's ,college1 ,belfast1 and the ,rev4 ,thaddeus ,o',mahony1 professor of ,irish in the ,dublin ,university1 under whose auspices the two volumes already in print were prepared for publication1 having first received the sanction and approval of the commission4 ,with such endorsement1 we do not wonder that1 speaking of the authenticity of the ,senchus ,mor1 ,o',curry should have said in one of his admirable lectures on ,irish history1 ,i believe it will show that the recorded account of this great revision of the body of the laws of ,erin is as fully entitled to confidence as any other well-authenticated fact in ancient history4 ,the principal materials used by the distinguished translators are thus described in the preface to the first volume3 ,i4 ,a comparatively full copy among the manuscripts of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin4 ,h4 #c1 #ag4 ,,ii4 ,an extensive fragment of the first part1 #dcb1 of the ,harleian manuscripts in the ,british ,museum4 ,,iii4 ,a large fragment of the latter part among the manuscripts of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 ,h4 #b1 #ae4 ,,iv4 ,a fragment among the manuscripts of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 ,h4 #c1 #ah4 ,of the capacity of the gentlemen above-mentioned to faithfully transcribe and translate these valuable relics of past legislation there can be no doubt1 nor of the genuineness and authenticity of the records themselves4 ,they are not1 of course1 the originals as written in the fifth century1 but are accurate copies1 as far as they have been saved from destruction1 made centuries ago by the ,brehons and ollamhs1 and handed down by them from father to son1 for the ,brehon order was hereditary1 and from generation to generation1 until the beginning of the seventeenth century4 ,besides this1 by their peculiar wording and reference to contemporaneous events and opinions1 they bear the undoubted impress of great antiquity1 and of having been intended for the government of a primitive people1 who had little or no intercourse with the outside world4 ,we have thus before us for the first time a complete body of written fundamental laws1 collected and perfected over fourteen hundred years ago by a segregated and peculiar race1 occupying a remote part of ,europe1 the only part1 in fact1 of the civilized portion of that continent that never echoed to the tread of a ,roman soldier1 or bowed before the edicts of an imperial ,csar4 ,in reading over the laws of that unique and ancient people1 so unlike all we know of the ,roman and ,anglo-,saxon jurisprudence1 we find1 not without some regret1 we must confess1 that the halo of exalted virtue and unsullied purity with which the poetic fancy of subsequent historians and poets led them to surround their pagan ancestors1 vanishes like the mists of a summer morning1 but we discover also that the epithets1 barbarous1 ignorant1 and unlettered1 so freely bestowed on them by the venal scribes of the dominant race1 rest on no foundation whatever save on the malice or deficiency of knowledge of the ,anglo-,norman authors4 ,in truth1 the ,irish of the pagan era seem to have had nearly all the virtues and failings of their posterity of to-day1 the former being brought more actively into play under the influence of ,christianity1 and the latter repressed by the unlimited authority of the ,catholic ,church and the judicious regulations of the ,senchus4 ,we find this more particularly the case in studying the laws regulating the domestic relations of the family1 which1 being the unit of which society is but an aggregate1 is the most vital and important part of all human enactments4 ,ample provision is made for the mutual protection of husband and wife1 and the reciprocal rights and duties of parent and child are clearly and minutely defined2 but we observe with regret that much of this portion of the code is occupied with provisions for the distribution of property on the disagreement or separation of married people1 and for other domestic infelicities of a more criminal nature4 ,the prohibition of an offence in a statute does not necessarily imply the frequency of the commission of the crime itself2 but so much pains are taken to point out the rights and disabilities of persons cohabiting without the sanction of lawful wedlock that the conviction is forced upon us that they were not by any means unnecessary4 ,as an offset to this1 however1 we find that a lawful wife was treated with the greatest indulgence1 being in many ways the equal of her husband1 and in this respect the ,senchus presents a marked contrast to all the other ,european legislation of that time1 by which woman was held little better than a slave1 and generally at the mercy of her father or husband1 even in some instances to the taking of her life4 ,we feel certain that our strong-minded sisterhood who are so manfully battling for social and political equality will be gratified to learn that a portion of their principles1 at least1 were fully recognized fourteen centuries ago1 and for their edification we quote the following passage from the expressed wisdom of our ancestors3 ,in the connection of equal property1 if with equal land and cattle and household stuff1 and if their marriage state be equally free and lawful1 the wife in this case is called the wife of equal rank4 ,the contract made by either party is not a lawful contract without the consent of the other1 except in cases of contracts tending equally to the welfare of both2 such as the alliance of co-tillage with a lawful tribe when they 7the couple7 have not the means themselves of doing the work of ploughing2 the taking of land2 the collection of food2 the gathering for the festivals2 the buying of breeding-cattle2 the collecting of house-furniture2 the collecting of litters of pigs2 the buying of stacks and other necessaries4444 ,each of the two parties has the power to give refection and feast according to their respective dignity4 ,in case of separation1 adequate protection was thrown around the wife's rights of property4 ,if her property were equal to that of her husband at the time of marriage1 she took an equal moiety of the collective lands1 goods1 and chattels1 and1 in case of dairy produce and the proceeds of the loom1 two-thirds4 ,if the property had originally belonged wholly to the husband1 the wife was entitled to one-third on her separation1 and if it had been her own before marriage1 to two-thirds4 ,whether these provisions extended to their mutual claims after death1 we are not informed by the glossators1 but it is not improbable that they were1 thus creating estates not unlike the more modern dower and courtesy of the ,english law4 ,this equality of married persons was still further extended in the right of each to the disposal or guardianship of their offspring1 and in their authority to demand in return the assistance of their children in poverty or decrepitude4 ,the relations between parent and child were the subjects of careful and minute legislation4 ,the father was obliged to see that his daughter was educated in a manner becoming her rank1 and1 when at a marriageable age1 to procure her a husband of suitable means and family4 ,in return1 she was to give him one-third of her first marriage gift 7coibhche71 and a certain proportion of other gifts received after her nuptials4 ,should the father be dead1 his son1 succeeding him as heir1 was also obliged to assume the same responsibility1 and received from his sister a proper equivalent at her marriage4 ,the mother's duty to her son was similar to that of the father to his daughter1 he being required to assist her in her poverty or old age1 and in conjunction with the daughter to provide1 if necessary1 for both his parents1 an obligation imposed even on grandchildren4 ,that the father should especially have care of the daughter and the mother of the son is something very contrary to the modern ideas of domestic discipline1 but it doubtless1 in a primitive state of society1 had the advantage of equalizing the stronger and weaker elements of the family1 giving to the woman the benefit of manly protection1 and to the rougher masculine nature a gentler and more humanizing influence4 ,fosterage1 though not unknown in other countries1 was so general in ancient and medival ,ireland as to give it a character almost peculiar to that island4 ,it is known to have been of very ancient origin1 and to have originated in the natural relations that existed between the sept or tribe and its chief1 which was one of mutual rights and duties2 for1 observes the ,senchus1 every head defends its members1 if it be a goodly head1 of good deeds1 of good morals1 exempt1 affluent1 capable4 ,the body of every head is his tribe1 for there is no body without a head4 ,the head of every tribe1 according to the people1 should be the man of the tribe who is most experienced1 the most noble1 the most wealthy1 the wisest1 the most learned1 the most truly popular1 the most powerful to oppose1 the most steadfast to sue for profits and be sued for losses4 ,it will thus be easily understood1 particularly by the citizens of a republic1 that the authority of a chief1 thus qualified1 depended to a great extent on the affection and good-will of his constituents2 and1 in order to create more close relations between himself and them1 it was customary for him to send his children at an early age to be nursed and trained by some family of his sept4 ,the children thus placed under tutelage were regarded with equal1 if not greater1 affection by the foster-parents than their own4 ,the existence of this custom may still be traced in ,ireland1 and well-authenticated instances of the most self-sacrificing devotion on the part of the natural child of the foster-parent to his foster-brother or sister form the theme of many of our best ,irish stories and historical romances4 ,the foster-parent for the time being stood in the place of the actual parent1 and was obliged to feed1 clothe1 and educate the foster-child for a certain number of years1 males till they had attained the age of seventeen1 and females fourteen years1 and the children were expected in return to compensate1 succor1 and in some cases support their foster-parents1 as if they were their actual progenitors4 ,the statutes regulating fosterage occupy a large portion of the ,senchus1 so far as published1 and affords us a fuller and more accurate knowledge of the social habits and condition of the ,gaelic people in and before the fifth century than any other portion of the collection1 or even all the histories of ,ireland extant which profess to treat of that remote epoch4 ,fosterage1 we are told1 was of two sorts1 for affection and compensation4 ,when the latter1 the fosterage price was regulated according to the rank of the chief1 and varied from three cows in the case of the son of an ,og-,aire1 or lowest chief1 to thirty cows for the son of a king4 ,the services to be rendered for their payments1 being food1 raiment1 and education1 were proportioned to the amount1 and seem to have been the subject of much elaborate legislation1 not easily reconcilable to our modern notions4 ,for instance1 in the matter of food1 ,dr4 ,o',donovan renders a very ancient commentary on the first clause of the law of fosterage as follows3 ,what are their victuals8 ,they are all fed on stirabout2 but the materials of which it is made1 and the flavoring with it1 vary according to the rank of the parents of the children4 ,the children of the inferior grades are fed to bare sufficiency on stirabout made of oatmeal on buttermilk or water1 and it is taken with stale 7salt7 butter4 ,the sons of the chieftain grades are fed to satiety on stirabout made of barley-meal upon new milk1 taken with fresh butter4 ,the sons of kings are fed on stirabout made of wheaten meal upon new milk1 taken with honey4 ,according to one authority1 every foster-child should be provided with two suits of clothing1 in color and quality according to the rank of his father--blay1 yellow1 black1 and white colored clothes for the inferior grades1 red1 green1 and brown for the sons of chieftains1 and purple and blue for princes4 ,according to another1 the distinction of rank was indicated in the following manner3 ,satin and scarlet are for the son of the king of ,erin1 and silver on his scabbards1 and brass rings on his hurling-sticks2 and tin upon the scabbards of the sons of chieftains of the lower rank1 and brass rings upon their hurling sticks4444 ,and brooches of gold having crystal inserted in them with the sons of the king of ,erin and of the king of a province1 and brooches of silver with the sons of the king of a territory4 ,the course of instruction to be pursued by the foster-children was likewise regulated by the degree of the dignity of their parents4 ,the sons of the lower classes were to be employed in the herding of lambs1 and calves1 and kids1 and pigs1 and kiln-drying and combing1 and wood-cutting1 while the girls were expected to learn the use of the quern1 or hand-mill for grinding grain1 the useful household art of making bread1 and winnowing corn1 etc42 the young chieftains were to be taught horsemanship1 shooting1 swimming1 and chess-playing1 and their sisters1 sewing1 cutting-out1 and embroidery4 ,we have thus placed before us in all its simplicity1 and upon the best authority1 the modes of living prescribed for the youth of both sexes in ,ireland at the time of its conversion to ,christianity--a record valuable to the historian and the antiquarian1 dissipating alike the poetic imaginings of too partial ,celtic chroniclers and the voluntary misrepresentations of the ,anglo-,norman writers4 ,it may be objected that such limited views of education argued little for the civilization of the race who entertained them2 but when we recall the condition of ,western ,europe at the time the ,senchus was composed1 we may well be surprised at the sound sense and practical wisdom so often found in its pages4 ,nor must it be supposed that the labors of the child ended with the performance of the tasks thus assigned him4 ,there existed another and correlative species of tutelage called literary fosterage1 which is thus defined in the law of social connections3 ,the social connection that is considered between the foster-pupil and the literary foster-father is1 that the latter is to instruct him without reserve1 and to prepare him for his degree1 and to chastise him without severity1 and to feed and clothe him while he is learning his profession1 unless he obtains it from another person1 and from the school of ,fenius ,forsaidh onward this custom prevails2 and the foster-pupil is to assist his tutor in poverty and to assist him in his old age1 and the honor price of the degree for which he prepares him and all the gains of his art while he is learning it1 and the first earnings of his art after leaving the house of his tutor1 are to be given to the tutor4 ,in addition to this excellent and equitable plan of intellectual culture1 we also find in the law of tenures that the sons of tenants holding church lands were entitled to receive instruction from the holders of the benefices1 which1 we may presume1 were not necessarily altogether of a spiritual nature4 ,we thus find that fosterage constituted one of the most important elements of society1 and1 though much condemned by subsequent and partial writers1 contained within itself most of the duties and responsibilities which we now divide among corporations and individuals under different names4 ,the importance which ancient ,irish lawgivers seemed to attach to this crude but not altogether unsuccessful attempt to define the relations of parent and child1 employer and employed1 master and scholar--questions still raised in this enlightened age--is shown in the number of the statutory enactments originally made1 and the elaborate and critical glosses afterward appended to them1 the whole not unworthy the notice of the modern legislator4 ,the land tenure has always been a subject of doubt and difficulty in ,ireland1 and the laws of the ,senchus appear to us as little satisfactory and as hard to be understood as that recently passed in the ,british ,parliament under the supervision of ,mr4 ,gladstone4 ,it seems to us1 from the careful examination of the different statutes relating to it1 that each chief held the whole of the land of his tribe in his own name1 not1 however1 in his own right altogether1 but partly as trustee of his tribe1 and in this respect the ,irish system differs materially from the feudal1 which for centuries prevailed in all parts of ,europe1 except in the country of which we are writing4 ,the tenants were divided into two classes1 those who held by saerrath or daerrath1 terms for which we can find no equivalents in the ,english language4 ,the first class received from their chief1 upon taking the land1 and without security1 sufficient cattle to stock the same1 for which they were obliged to return an annual rental in kind1 or1 at the chief's option1 its value in personal service and labor1 such as working on his dun or rath1 and following him in his wars4 ,this species of tenure1 except in the case of those who held immediately from the king1 could at pleasure be turned into holding by daerrath1 by which the tenant gave security for the stock received1 and was exempt from personal and military service4 ,the rents and their manner and time of payment varied according to circumstances1 but always subject to the above restrictions1 and were1 of course1 the exclusive property of the landlord or chief for the time being4 ,the restrictions on the alienation of land1 or rather of the good-will of it--for in fact the fee did not rest in the individual1 but in the tribe as represented by its chief--were many and onerous1 including forfeiture and other penalties1 and were generally directed to the exclusion of members of neighboring or hostile tribes4 ,the agrarian portion of the ancient code1 in fact1 while far superior in point of liberality to that of many of the then existing nations1 resembled more the laws that govern our ,indian reservations than those of any enlightened country of the present day4 ,it was full of fatal and mischievous errors1 and to its baleful operation have been ascribed many of the evils which centuries before and after the ,anglo-,norman invasion afflicted ,ireland4 ,by jealously confining the occupancy of a certain district to one particular tribe or family1 it engendered a feeling of faction1 and what might be called parish patriotism1 which unfortunately have outlived the cause that gave them birth1 and1 by persisting in considering the tribal land as indivisible1 it destroyed that high sense of independence and spirit of enterprise which can only be felt and maintained by him who owns his own farm and calls no fellow-man master4 ,the laws relating to distress1 or the form of collecting claims1 such as debts1 tributes1 forfeitures1 etc41 are the least attractive and instructive portion of the work1 and for dense obscurity and incomprehensibleness can only be compared to our own ,code of procedure4 ,we gather1 however1 from them that all civil claims and damages for injuries were collectable by a short process of the seizure of the goods and chattels of the defendant1 and the retention of the same on the premises of the plaintiff1 or1 as in the case of cattle1 in the public pound4 ,after the expiration of a certain number of days1 if the defendant did not replevin his property or disprove his opponent's claim1 the goods became the absolute property of the creditor4 ,with a humanity1 however1 which many suppose to be the growth of our century1 the plaintiff should exhaust first the property upon the possession of which the subsistence of the defendant's family did not immediately depend1 and even some articles of primary necessity were altogether exempt from seizure4 ,imprisonment for debt1 however1 partially existed1 and1 when the debtor had no goods and did not belong to the class of freemen1 he was arrested and compelled to labor for the creditor until the demands of the latter were fully satisfied4 ,such1 in brief1 is a rsum of the laws contained in the two volumes of the ,senchus ,mor already published1 and which we hope soon to hear of occupying a position on the shelves of every library of reference in the country4 ,much yet remains of the ancient ,code of ,st4 ,patrick#adh to be given to the world before the entire work is completed1 and we are assured that this will be done at an early day1 and in as scholarly a manner as the portion before us4 ,we shall look eagerly for its appearance1 not for its practical value as a legal study1 but as a picture of a remote but interesting era and race1 and as an additional evidence of how much the world owes to the ,catholic ,church even in the civil and political affairs of life4 ,the science of true government has been a plant of slow but sure growth1 and1 while we enjoy so many of its fruits in our favored land1 we must not forget that the seeds were planted with so much suffering and labor by the apostolic men who have gone to their rest centuries ago4 ,,footnote3 #adh ,the ,senchus ,mor was sometimes known as ,cain ,patraic1 or ,patrick's ,law4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,an ,,algerine ,,locket4 ,i4 ,in the sunshine of a ,may morning stood an old gray house1 with a porch draped in woodbine and sweetbrier4 ,a mass of wisteria climbed to the very chimneys1 and on the lawn a bed of red and golden tulips swayed with the soft breeze4 ,a wren was building in an acacia and singing1 while a young girl watched his work and sang also1 trying with her fresh soprano voice to catch his melody4 ,the old house was the homestead of ,holly ,farm1 and the young girl was ,sybil ,vaughan1 the heroine of a very short story4 ,sybil looks charming in white1 thought ,miss ,mildred1 sitting at the window of the green parlor with her mending-basket beside her2 and the locket is quite becoming4 ,it was before the day when every one began to wear medallions1 and the one that hung by a quaint twisted chain from ,sybil's neck was a locket of rich enamel1 brought to her from ,algeria by a midshipman cousin1 and quite unlike our gewgaw from the ,palais ,royal4 ,as we have said1 ,miss ,mildred sat at the window of the green parlor1 raising her eyes now and then from her work to watch her pretty niece1 her adopted daughter4 ,during the seventy years of her life1 she had sat at that same window almost every morning since she was old enough to work a sampler1 or to read a paper in the ,spectator or a chapter of ,evelina to her mother and younger sisters4 ,in her girlhood1 ,holly ,farm had been a lonely place1 remote from town and village4 ,the trees1 now rising luxuriantly around the house1 were then1 like her1 in their youth1 and revealed whatever might be passing in the lane below the lawn4 ,at a period of life when young people gaze abroad in vague expectation of some wonderful arrival or event that shall alter the current of existence1 ,mildred ,vaughan had turned longing eyes toward this lawn hour after hour1 and she had thought her morning's watch well rewarded if the old doctor had trundled by in his high-topped chaise and nodded to her in friendly greeting4 ,with a capacity for painting that in these days of potichomania1 decalcomania1 and the rest would have passed for originality1 if not genius1 she had received one quarter's lessons in oil-painting1 and by dint of studying a few beautiful family portraits had acquired a keenness of perception that made her hunger for the world of art4 ,with an earnest love for books1 she had been obliged to devote her time to the care of her younger brothers and sisters4 ,and so1 out of her monotonous life1 she had brought into old age an exaggerated idea of the value of learning and luxury1 with a belief in possibilities and a regret for what might have been generally supposed to belong exclusively to youth4 ,this sounds more melancholy than it really was4 ,miss ,mildred had kept her ideal of happiness fresh and vivid1 and that is in itself a source of keen enjoyment4 ,and1 being a devout and trusting soul1 she had framed for herself a prayer out of the thwarted aspiration of her heart and mind3 ,i thank thee1 ,lord1 that there are joys so beautiful on earth1 and ,i thank thee that they are not for me4 ,thy will is dearer to me than the realization of any dream4 ,every one loved to come to ,miss ,mildred for sympathy4 ,she believed in the reality and the durability of their joy1 in the depth and in the cause of their grief4 ,she did not say to the mother who had lost her little baby1 ,he is saved from sorrow and sin4 ,she did not say to the young widow1 ,you have had the best part of life2 later come trial and vexation of spirit4 ,she knew that in bereavement the balm often enters with the sting2 that the stainless beauty of the thing we lose is our only earthly consolation for its loss4 ,a great change had come to ,holly ,farm since the time when the doctor's visit was an important event4 ,the sweep of meadow-land west of the house now served as camping-ground for the --th ,regiment1 ,massachusetts ,volunteers1 in which young ,henry ,vaughan held a second lieutenancy4 ,drumming and fifing1 the arrival of carriages full of gayly dressed people to visit the camp1 the music of the regimental band on moonlight evenings1 such was the course of daily life on green slopes which cattle and sheep had once possessed without dispute1 nibbling the grass and drinking from the river in all contentment4 ,indeed1 ,miss ,mildred's standard of events had so naturally changed in that course of seventy years that1 when the little white gate swung open1 and a young man in uniform walked across the lawn1 she merely said to herself3 ,that must be ,captain ,adair coming to see ,harry4 ,he walks better than any man ,i ever saw4 ,the maid's hanging out clothes2 ,i do hope ,sybil will have sense enough to come and speak to him instead of letting him knock4 ,sybil had the amount of sense requisite for the emergency4 ,she led the way into the green parlor1 and1 leaving ,captain ,adair with her aunt1 went to announce the arrival to her brother1 who was trying on his new uniform1 and blushed to be caught admiring the epaulettes before a mirror in the library4 ,there was no need of apology4 ,sybil was in full sympathy with the occasion1 and returned to the parlor feeling as proud of her brother's military outfit as he of the beauty of the sister leaning on his arm4 ,it was a pleasant meeting4 ,adair's frank and sympathetic manner had won its way through ,miss ,mildred's reserve2 and his familiarity with the world and its ways secured him an easy victory over his young lieutenant4 ,sybil was less impressionable than the other two4 ,her manners were gentle and courteous to all1 but it was not easy to penetrate her likes and dislikes1 or to find out their cause4 ,just a trifle uninteresting1 she was1 poor ,sybil1 like many nicely poised young persons before they have enjoyed or suffered keenly4 ,the very finish of her beauty1 of her lovely manners1 of her pleasant voice and accent1 left nothing to be desired--no suggestion of anything beyond4 ,but a soul so brave1 so pure and honest as hers deserved to be developed1 and the occasion for development came4 ,,ii4 ,,adair',s ,,letters ,,to ,,henry ,,alleyne4 ,,camp ,,everett1 ,may1 #ahfa4 ,i had an adventure yesterday that should have fallen to your lot1 my dear ,alleyne1 not to that of a prosaic dog like me4 ,hearing that my second lieutenant lived near the camp1 and that he could not enter upon his duties for a day or two1 ,i took it into my head to go and see what stuff he was made of1 for1 ,alleyne1 ,i am awfully interested in ,company ,b1 and in every creature connected with it4 ,how could ,i ever have lived in that bore of a city1 or slept within four walls1 or used a silver fork6 ,going off at half-cock1 as usual1 you say8 ,well1 perhaps that is better than never going off at all4 ,but to return to my story4 ,i went through a shady lane1 leading from the camp to ,vaughan's house4 7,vaughan is the second lieutenant and owner of the camping-ground47 ,as ,i drew near the gate1 ,i heard a woman's voice singing4 ,a little further on came a gap in the trees1 and ,i took a reconnoissance--such another ,i can never hope for during my military career4 ,a low-spreading stone house1 covered with vines1 stood among fine old trees4 ,great bunches of blue blossoms draped the walls1 and on the velvety lawn were clusters of brilliant flowers4 ,beneath a tree1 honor bright1 ,alleyne1 if ever angels do appear in white gowns with broad rose-colored sashes1 it was an angel that stood beneath that tree1 answering a bird with a voice as fresh1 an expression as natural as his own4 ,i stood there looking and listening--it was really very fascinating--until ,i suddenly remembered my errand4 ,then ,i pushed open the gate1 and1 walking across to the porch1 lifted the bright brass knocker4 ,but the rival of the wren1 without letting me wait the coming of some creature of baser clay1 came from among the trees1 and asked if ,i wished to see ,mr4 ,vaughan4 ,now1 ,i had wished to see ,mr4 ,vaughan1 and as it would not do to say on so short an acquaintance that my wishes were too completely satisfied by the vision before me to leave any want unfulfilled1 ,i stoutly declared that ,i did wish to see ,mr4 ,vaughan1 and that ,i was ,captain ,adair4 ,and then she showed your too susceptible friend into a summer parlor1 where the general effect was white and sea-green1 and where there were hanging-baskets of flowers surrounded by vines and soft moss1 and where an elderly lady in a lavender dress1 with white lawn apron and kerchief1 sat sewing1 and where portraits of rosy-fingered dames and periwigged gentlemen gazed on us from the walls and read our destinies--mine must have been too plainly legible on my ingenuous countenance4 ,and the old lady received me very courteously1 and the maiden went to find her brother1 and1 when the brother came1 he looked like his sister1 and surely never before was lieutenant greeted by his superior officer with such ineffable tenderness4 ,and we dined1 so far as ,i could judge1 off dishes of topaz and crystal1 heaped high with ambrosia1 and soon after dinner ,i returned to ,camp ,everett1 and met the colonel going his rounds4 ,you come from young ,vaughan's1 ,i see1 he said4 ,what impression did he make upon you8 ,charming1 highly delightful1 very promising1 ,i replied1 with a happy combination of diffidence and child-like openness of manner4 ,he gave me a look out of his shrewd old eyes4 ,so attractive a person will be an acquisition to the regiment1 he remarked1 and let me pass on to my tent4 ,i am half-asleep4 ,good-night6 ,,robert ,,adair4 ,,camp ,,everett1 ,june1 #ahfa4 ,things go on grandly at the camp1 and between ourselves the colonel has just said that ,company ,b is better disciplined than any other in the regiment--a compliment ,i'm very proud of1 coming1 as it does1 from an old ,west ,point martinet4 ,and now for the second part of my idyl4 ,every afternoon1 ,vaughan and ,i go up to his place and smoke awhile in the orchard4 ,then1 by accident--it is wonderful1 the unerring accuracy of accident at times--we appear at the east window of the green parlor1 and there are ,miss ,vaughan and her niece1 sewing or drawing1 and sometimes ,miss ,sybil sings1 to the accompaniment of a charming ,pleyel piano1 canzonets of ,haydn in a style as fine1 as pure1 as exquisite as the composition4 ,she--,sybil1 ,i mean--has never danced a ,german or heard ,faust6 ,duly shielded by the presence of aunt or brother1 she is sometimes taken to hear the ,nozze di ,figaro or to see ,hamlet1 or to some other unexceptionable afternoon entertainment4 ,i smile sometimes to see her absolute ignorance of life1 and wonder that1 in a village not twenty miles distant from a city where the world runs riot1 this being has sprung into womanhood1 unconscious of the existence of anything less spotless than herself4 ,this guarded life has given to her manners a certain high breeding that would keep one at a distance but for her kind1 frank nature4 ,no one can venture to fancy himself distinguished above others4 ,do you know what this makes me feel8 ,that hitherto1 and ,i am nearly twenty-five years old1 ,i have looked at women with a coxcomb's eyes4 ,any day1 any hour1 ,i feel ready to throw myself on her mercy1 but an instinct tells me that her love must be won by something better than professions4 ,when ,i have suffered in the cause she loves well enough to give her only brother to defend it1 then ,i will speak4 ,noblesse oblige--,i see that in a certain lofty sense this is the motto of her life1 and it shall be mine4 ,do you remember what our dear old philosopher used to say in the scientific school8 ,the better you begin1 the harder is the work before you4 ,and when we asked what he meant1 he only said1 ,noblesse oblige4 ,it is true1 whether the noblesse acts upon us in the form of intellectual strength or of spiritual gifts1 or in the old material sense of inherited rank4 ,except the hour spent at ,vaughan's each day1 and an occasional visit to my mother in town1 ,i am wrapped up in the affairs of ,company ,b4 ,the life here is to me most fascinating4 ,you would laugh to see me with a set of wooden soldiers before me on the little table in my tent1 studying manuvres1 extricating my company from the most astounding and unheard-of perplexities4 ,the progress of my lieutenants2 the health1 morals1 and immorals of the company2 the incapacity of our bugler to draw the faintest sound from his instrument--in short1 everything that indicates growth or decay of discipline in ,company ,b1 seems to me a matter of national importance4 ,one word more about ,miss ,sybil ,vaughan4 ,my mother has seen her1 and sympathizes with me4 ,when she came to visit the camp1 ,i took her to ,vaughan's house to rest4 ,as we left ,holly ,farm1 she gave a sigh of relief1 and said3 ,robert1 ,i feel as though ,i had stepped back half a century4 ,when ,i was a girl1 young ladies were like ,miss ,sybil ,vaughan4 ,one more last word4 ,in your letter you said1 with an air of superior wisdom1 plainly expressed in the tails of your letters3 ,you are in love4 ,of course ,i am1 and ,i should be a fool if ,i were not4 ,your friend1 ,,robert ,,adair4 ,,iii4 ,it was ,june still4 ,the laburnum path was all aglow with blossoms1 and the grape-walk1 just beyond1 made a shadowy retreat toward evening4 ,sybil was sitting there with her work lying on her lap4 ,she had not sewed three stitches4 ,why had not ,harry come as usual that afternoon to the east window to get his cup of black coffee8 ,why--,o dear6 there are so many whys in the case1 and never an answer anywhere4 ,why was there an indefinite air of bustle in the camp as she looked down on it from her bower8 ,why was there an undefined sense of stir in everything8 ,she watched the sun drop nearer and nearer to the distant hills4 ,the air was full of saffron light1 and heavy with the perfume of flowers4 ,nature was so new and fresh in her ,june loveliness2 and life was full of a promise of coming beauty1 as it had never been before to ,sybil in any other of her nineteen ,junes4 ,that sense of stir was in her own soul no less than in external nature4 ,there came the click of an iron heel upon the gravelled path4 ,sybil half-rose from the bench1 and then sank back again4 ,adair stood before her4 ,we are ordered off1 he said4 ,we go in an hour4 ,i've but one moment to stay1 for ,i promised ,harry to leave him time to come and say good-by4 ,in the white1 scared look on ,sybil's face he read the right to speak4 ,but it had all been so hurried1 she thought1 when he was gone4 ,oh6 for one of those minutes to return1 that she might express to him a tenth part of the joy and pain1 the hope and terror1 that filled her heart4 ,she could remember nothing clearly or in order1 and yet she would have given all the other memories of her happy life to recall each word as it was spoken4 ,he had asked her to give him something of her own1 a ring1 a glove1 a ribbon1 no matter what4 ,and she had taken from her neck the medallion1 and laid in it a little curl of her hair1 and given it to him2 and she had felt his hand upon her head1 and heard him say1 ,god keep my sweet1 innocent love6 ,and when she lifted her head he was gone1 and she had told him nothing4 ,it could not be a dream1 for on her left hand was the ring he placed there--one that she had seen him wear1 and thought too beautiful a jewel for a man to have1 but now she felt so glad that he had worn it4 ,he had said this was to be the guard of the wedding-ring that he would place there as soon as he could get a furlough to come home2 and she had said--yes1 thank ,god6 she did remember saying that1 at least--she had said that no one but himself should take off this ring or put another in its place2 yes1 thank ,god6 she had said it4 ,then ,harry had come1 too overjoyed at the news of her engagement to feel the pain of parting4 ,that memory was full of turmoil2 mixed1 too1 with self-reproach that all other emotion was so lost in her new joy or pain1 whichever it might be called1 that ,harry's going gave her no uneasiness4 ,the sun dropped behind the hills2 star after star pierced through the darkening blue4 ,stillness lay on the valley below1 so lately full of tramping horses1 and shouting men1 and shifting lights4 ,at last she heard her aunt's voice calling her1 and roused herself to go and tell her beautiful story1 old as the human race1 new as that very ,june evening4 ,she wondered that ,aunt ,mildred understood it all so well4 ,short-sighted ,sybil6 it was you who were beginning to understand ,miss ,mildred4 ,one ,august day1 when a sultry fog held the earth in bondage1 and scarlet geraniums blazed like red pools among the wilted grass1 ,miss ,mildred pushed open the little white gate1 and1 with that hurried step that in old age so poorly simulates speed1 hastened across the lawn4 ,she gave a quick glance into the two parlors which were vacant1 and then went up-stairs1 grasping nervously the low hand-rail4 ,in the upper hall she stopped1 and leaned against the balustrade to take breath1 and courage1 too4 ,then1 opening the door of ,sybil's room1 she stopped on the threshold to see her lying on the floor with a newspaper crushed in her hand4 ,a bulletin in the village post-office had told her all3 ,found dead on the field1 ,captain ,robert ,adair1 --th ,regt4 ,mass4 ,vols4 ,they lifted ,sybil up and laid her on her bed4 ,she did not strive nor cry1 but in that first grief it pleased ,god to measure her power of endurance4 ,it was not in victory that ,adair had fallen1 but in one of those engagements where1 humanly speaking1 life seems thrown away4 ,but such thoughts should not disturb the mourners cradled in the providence of ,god4 ,he chooses the time and the occasion1 and what is lost in the current of human events he gathers up and cherishes4 ,weeks passed away4 ,letters came--precious in their recognition of ,adair's high integrity1 his courage1 his compassion2 letters1 too1 from his mother1 far away in her summer home1 acknowledging ,sybil as one with her in love and bereavement4 ,but she lay1 white and listless1 on her bed1 taking little notice of anything except in the expression of gratitude4 ,harder than anything else for her aunt to bear was the pathos of ,sybil's resignation4 ,there came a soft afternoon1 early in ,september1 when for the first time ,sybil's easy-chair was placed in the open air1 under a striped awning that made an out-door room on the west side of ,holly ,farmhouse4 ,here she could be sheltered from the direct rays of the sun1 and yet enjoy the trees and flowers4 ,great velvet bees hid their heads buzzing in the freshly-opened cups of the day-lilies2 a hummingbird dipped his dainty beak into the sweet-peas1 and then flashed away to hide himself among the nasturtiums pouring in a golden stream over a broken tree-trunk on the lawn4 ,amid the glow of nature1 ,sybil looked very wan and frail4 ,she had begun to think a little now1 and her thoughts ran thus3 ,i am resigned to ,god's will4 ,i've not the shadow of a doubt that this is all right4 ,i am more than willing to die2 ,i am willing to live1 if only there is a thread to hold by--a stone1 a stick1 a straw to begin to build my life upon4 ,other women have borne this and lived4 ,i've seen them going about among their fellow-creatures1 talking1 smiling1 laughing1 when others talked1 and smiled1 and laughed4 ,i have no more sensibility than they4 ,what ,i have lost was perfect2 but what they had lost was perfect1 perhaps1 to them4 ,i don't rebel1 but ,i am dying of pain4 ,it goes on1 and on1 and on2 if it would stop but for ten minutes and let me take breath1 ,i think ,i could catch hold of something on earth and begin to live again4 ,there's that dear ,aunt ,mildred coming through the hall4 ,now1 ,i will give her a free1 happy smile1 and lighten her burden if ,i cannot lighten my own4 ,miss ,mildred held in her two hands a great vase of spreading golden-rod1 which she set down on the little garden-table4 ,just where she had placed it1 against a background of dark-green leaves1 it made so beautiful a picture that ,sybil uttered an exclamation of surprise and pleasure4 ,there was a delighted look on her aunt's sweet old face that made her think3 ,here is something to hold on by2 here is something to build on1 if only ,i am generous enough to try4 ,miss ,mildred arranged the cushions in ,sybil's chair1 and then took her hand very gently4 ,there is a man in the hall1 dear1 who brings you a little packet from ,virginia4 ,can you see him8 ,yes2 at once1 if you like4 ,please let him come out here4 ,i can talk to him better in the open air4 ,he came--a shy1 elderly man1 whom ,sybil remembered seeing once at the camp4 ,he stood awkwardly1 shifting his military hat from hand to hand1 till she asked him to sit down near her1 and said a few reassuring words4 ,then1 seeing that he was struggling to conquer his emotion1 she fixed her eyes on the vase of flowers1 trying to keep down the impatience struggling within her4 ,my name is ,abel1 lady1 he said1 at length4 ,may be you've heard the cap'n say as how ,i couldn't play the bugle1 at the camp below there4 ,the folks all said ,i couldn't learn1 ,i was so old and dull2 but he allus believed everybody was good for something1 he did4 ,sybil was leaning forward1 breathless to hear more4 ,i remember you1 she said4 ,oh6 do go on4 ,tell me everything--every little thing about it all4 ,wall1 you see1 lady1 my two boys they was all ,i had1 and they jined the regiment1 and ,i couldn't live without 'em2 and ,i was hale and strong1 and so ,i made bold for to jine1 too4 ,there was one place left in the regiment then--the bugler's place1 in ,company ,b--and ,i pled so hard1 the cap'n he said ,i might try4 ,and1 lady1 the plaguy thing used to seem to shut right up when ,i wanted to make it blow1 and the men used to laugh at me1 right out afore my boys4 ,and ,abner and ,john ,henry they felt kind o' cheap1 and they kept sayin' to me1 ',father1' they says1 'it makes us feel kind o' bad to hear you tryin' so hard and not learnin'2 don't you think you'd better give it up8' ,and says ,i1 ',no1 boys1' says ,i1 'while there's breath in my body1 ,i won't give it up till ,i've conquered that crittur4' ,and1 lady1 when the cap'n see me tryin' so hard and allus comin' to grief1 what does he do but he takes hold himself1 and he learns all them signals1 and he teaches on 'em to me4 ,and so ,i went to the war with my boys1 and ,i nursed ,john ,henry through a fever1 and ,i kept ,abner from fallin' into bad company2 and1 lady1 if ,i could have saved the cap'n's life by givin' my skin inch by inch1 ,i'd have done it2 but ,i couldn't4 ,so ,i just held his head against this old heart1 and let him breathe his life away4 ,and ,i laid him down on the sod as tender as if ,i'd been his mother4 ,may ,god reward you6 ,did he suffer much8 ,tears1 such as she had longed for1 were pouring from her eyes4 ,no1 lady2 he was gone before the surgeons came on to the field4 ,he lay quite still1 without a moan or sigh2 and1 now and then1 he'd say a word to me4 ,i was wounded1 too1 just below the knee4 ,i dropped down about six feet off from him2 and when the retreat came1 and ,i saw as how ,i was left behind with the cap'n1 didn't ,i praise the ,lord6 ,what did he say to you8 ,abel took a little packet from his breast1 and laid it in ,sybil's hand4 ,he says to me1 ',abel1' says he1 'when you can get a furlough honorable1' says he--'for you mustn't go when the country needs you bad--you take this locket' 7a-unhookin' it from his neck7 'to ,miss ,sybil ,vaughan--her that lives in the stone farmhouse above our old camp at ,holly ,farm--and you tell her as how the poor thing tried to save my life2 and she'll see it by the great dent in the gold made by a bullet4 ,and you tell her as how she's to open it herself1 and see what ,i put there4 ,and you tell her '--,i'm a ,methodist1 lady1 but ,i'll tell you word for word what he said4 ,yes1 word for word4 ',you tell her1' says he1 'how ,i pray that ,christ and his ,blessed ,mother may be her comfort as they are mine2 and tell her as how ,i've never let a thought enter my mind1 since we parted1 that she wouldn't have approved4 ,and tell her1' says he1 a-raisin' himself half-way up from the ground1 'you tell her ,i love her fond and true1 and that we shall meet in heaven when she's done the work on earth she is so fit to do4 ,and tell her to comfort my mother4 ,poor mother6' ,and then he put his arm round my neck1 and kind o' stroked my cheek1 and he says1 soft and low1 a few words1 and all ,i heard was1 ',receive my soul1' and then ,i kissed him1 and laid him down on the turf1 and his face was like as ,i think it will be in heaven at the great day4 ,and now ,i'm goin' to leave you1 lady1 'cos ,i know as how you want to be alone4 ,and1 with your leave1 ,i'll come again1 and tell you how we loved him1 and how we cried like babies round the ambulance that brought him to the camp2 and how there was scarce anything left to send home to his mother1 'cos he used to give his things away to the sick boys--blankets1 and money1 and shirts1 and all4 ,then ,abel took ,sybil's delicate hand reverently on his broad1 brown palm1 and kissed it4 ,lady1 he said1 you're the only thing ever ,i see that was fit to mate with him4 ,you will come again1 she said4 ,as you have no daughter1 and there must be many things needed to make you comfortable during your convalescence1 you will let me see to all that4 ,and you will let me replace the many things you must have lost or worn out during these hard three months8 ,she spoke beseechingly1 looking up into his face like a child pleading for a toy4 ,you shall just wind me round your finger like he did1 said ,abel4 ,i allus thought ,i'd got grit in me till ,i seen him1 and then it seemed as though ,i hadn't no will but his'n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sybil was alone with the little packet4 ,with trembling fingers she untied the string and removed the wrappings of paper4 ,there lay the medallion with its twisted chain4 ,she passionately kissed the battered enamel that had stood between him and death4 ,then she opened the locket4 ,with the silky1 yellow curl lay a little lock of dark-brown hair4 ,she was touching it tenderly1 wondering when he had placed it there for her consolation--whether just before the skirmish or soon after he left her--when a turn of the locket in the level rays of the sun showed two words scratched on the inner side with some rude instrument4 ,she looked closer1 and read3 ,noblesse ,oblige4 ,when ,miss ,mildred came to lead her into the house1 there was a change in her face that filled the gentle lady's heart with gratitude4 ,it was the look of courage that comes to those who recognize the claim of their high birth as the children of ,god4 ,,the ,,spirit ,,of ,,catholic ,,associations4 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,civilta ,,cattolica4 ,i4 ,all societies have aims1 more or less remote1 which they aspire to realize4 ,catholic societies have an object which they also strive to accomplish4 ,theirs is the victory of the church over the modern ,islamism1 the enemy of all religion and civilization1 commonly called the ,revolution4 ,this monster1 once obtaining control of the state1 fills nations with ruins1 and in its proud ferocity ever threatens new disorders and fresh streams of blood4 ,catholic associations1 in order to be victorious1 must pass over the dead body of this powerful enemy4 ,there is no other way4 ,the enterprise is difficult1 requires great courage1 absolute generosity1 and endurance capable of every trial4 ,but they will win the day2 they will yet sing the hymn of triumph2 for they march to the battle and fight it in the proper spirit3 that is1 the ,catholic spirit4 ,the victory will be theirs2 but only on conditions4 ,reason proves it4 ,the labor of a society must be proportioned to the end proposed1 as the force must be adequate to the effect intended4 ,it is impossible that an army can win a battle if the necessary discipline1 obedience to officers1 and courage be wanting4 ,so with ,catholic associations4 ,their object1 being a religious one1 a crusade which purposes to assure the triumph of ,catholic doctrines and institutions1 it is impossible for them to act with vigor1 to bear the fatigue1 stand the brunt of their adversaries' onslaught1 conquer their errors1 and subdue their forces1 unless they are moved1 animated1 and fortified by the spirit which is peculiar to ,catholic associations4 ,if they march to the combat with inadequate forces or lax discipline1 they will only become objects of derision to their enemies4 ,what is the spirit of ,catholic societies8 ,it is the spirit of faith4 ,sacred phalanxes of a religion whose foundation is faith2 restorers of principles that are derived from faith2 protectors of institutions based on faith--how can they do battle if their minds be not animated with the spirit of faith1 if their deliberations be not inspired with it2 if their works be not its visible effects8 ,yes2 the spirit of faith is the peculiar spirit of ,catholic associations2 it is their essence1 their qualifying property1 and the secret power which impels the ,catholic onward to the heroism of virtue4 ,give us ,catholic associations animated by a spirit of living1 fervid faith1 and great acts will not be slow in production4 ,examples of it may be seen in the immense and sublime temples erected when the spirit of faith burned in the breasts of our forefathers1 to whom it was only necessary to propose the plan in order to have it carried out2 and in those chivalrous bands of knights who armed themselves against ,mohammedan fury1 and fell pierced by numberless wounds on the ground given them to defend1 but never yielding an inch to the foe4 ,catholic associations imbued by a spirit like this need not fear the power of their adversaries1 nor heed their numbers4 ,faith in the conflict is the buckler which cannot be broken1 the shield which cannot be pierced1 the flag which counts as many victories as the battles fought under its folds4 ,let all the members of ,catholic associations march to the contest clothed in this armor1 and they will be invincible4 ,st4 ,paul advised this to the ,thessalonians and to the ,ephesians4 ,this also was the counsel of ,st4 ,john4#adi ,what more do we want8 ,does not ,st4 ,john tell us that faith and victory are synonymous terms8 ,for whatsoever is born of ,god overcometh the world3 and this is the victory which overcometh the world1 our faith4#aej ,,ii4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that this spirit of faith must not be a blind spirit1 or march to battle with uncertain steps4 ,associations actuated by such a spirit prosper slowly2 without purpose1 and consequently without success4 ,the reason is plain1 for it is certain that the more thoroughly influenced is a human mind by a motive1 the more earnestly will it strive to obtain an object4 ,it is1 therefore1 evident that the spirit of ,catholic associations must be an enlightened spirit1 thoroughly knowing what it wants4 ,the ,revolution--great mistress in the arts of hypocrisy1 great employer of every species of argument in its favor through the license of the press1 great seducer by the advantages which it proposes--if it does not always succeed in catching real ,catholics in its net1 at least sows such prejudices in the minds of some as will make them less hostile to its work or less earnest in the defence of ,catholicism1 which is another name for truth and justice4 ,this is the first danger to be shunned by ,catholic associations4 ,the ,catholic societies must not let themselves be seduced by the seductive monsters of the revolution4 ,the quality and natural goodness of the tree is not known so well by its leaves as by its fruit4 ,it is1 therefore1 necessary to go deeper than the mere extrinsic forms to penetrate the substance of the work done by the revolution4 ,oh6 how many motives to spur on to action would ,catholics find in such an investigation6 ,a rapid glance will convince them of this fact4 ,observe the religious order4 ,let the ,catholic associate consider1 in this regard1 a country in which the revolution has made progress4 ,he witnesses the most impious and most lamentable scenes2 the church deprived or curtailed of liberty1 insulted in her ministers1 attacked by literary barbarians1 by trammelling laws1 or infamous writings2 her destruction sworn1 ,christ impugned in his doctrines1 derided in his sacraments1 his divinity denied2 ,god excluded from laws1 banished from the school2 men grouped in hostility to him1 shouting1 in full daylight under the banner of the free-thinkers1 like a horde of savages1 ,there is no ,god6 ,pass to the social order4 ,here a new spectacle of grief is presented4 ,every effort is used to take away from the community its common belief and to plunge individuals into the vortex of incredulity2 a black cloud of practical errors1 moving over the nations1 abolishing the restraint of conscience1 rendering the populace the slaves of the vilest and most truculent passions2 the basis of all authority1 human and divine1 sapped2 the most powerful governments crumbling to dust1 and threatening to fall a prey either to perpetual anarchy or brutal tyranny4 ,consider the nature of the means employed4 ,what a sad view6 ,perpetual conspiracies1 shameless treasons1 frauds and deceptions1 lies and calumnies1 unmitigated oppression and violence4 ,furnished with these weapons1 the revolutionary bands war on ,god1 on ,christ1 and on his church4 ,the revolution1 like a shameless woman1 blushes not at its crimes1 but glories in its success4 ,consider the results4 ,every religious conviction blotted out1 the principles of morality annihilated or obscured1 authority destroyed1 and consequently a society springing up composed of men without certainty in regard to their end1 without any immutable law to restrain them1 without any bond of affection to unite them4 ,hence1 we have the unrestrained indulgence of the passions1 egotism the universal law1 force and cunning the only arms1 and mutual demolition the consequence4 ,the old ,french revolution proves it2 the modern one of ,paris confirms it4 ,the revolutionary ,guroult himself attests it in stating that the ,parisian insurrection is disorder1 destruction1 self-abandonment1 the putrid decomposition of a society without belief1 without compass ,or ideal4#aea ,the results of the revolution may be summed up in one phrase3 it makes men beasts1 and society bestial4 ,a ,catholic association which considers these effects of the revolution in the light of faith1 appreciating the means employed and the sad results1 cannot act remissly4 ,it is not possible2 it must rise in the name of the rights of ,god1 of ,christ1 of the church2 in the name of that religious belief which is attempted to be taken from the people1 and the principles of moral reason2 it must rise full of shame for society1 which tolerates such horrible abuses and crimes4 ,it will rise to repair these defects with gladness4 ,the spirit of faith1 strengthened by the motives proposed1 will spur it on in its efforts4 ,the ,catholic associations of ,germany are undoubtedly energetic2 so are those of ,austria2 but the secret of their force is found in the fact that the men who lead them are men of strong faith and of great prudence and intelligence4 ,this is evident from their congresses1 in their speeches and newspapers4 ,catholic associations in other lands would do well to imitate them4 ,,iii4 ,the motives just proposed are powerful1 but their source is disagreeable4 ,there are others more pleasant to consider4 ,among these latter is the nobility of the end proposed by ,catholic associations4 ,this is not1 as has been calumniously stated1 to revenge the defeat of a certain political order1 or to satisfy natural restlessness4 ,catholic associations1 vivified by the true spirit of faith1 do not stoop so low4 ,they aim at things far higher4 ,the name which they bear1 the rules which they profess to follow1 the works already accomplished where they have been established1 attest it4 ,their particular object is to drag men1 made slaves by the revolution1 out of the mire of incredulity and immorality into which false principles have plunged them4 ,they strive to re-establish society on the true bases of truth and justice1 to restore tranquillity to peoples disturbed by the passions of party and the fury of false teachers4 ,they aim to reclaim for ,god the obedience which is his due1 the honor which belongs to ,christ1 the rights taken from the church2 to give true liberty--the liberty of the ,gospel--to all2 to draw men away from the carnal happiness proposed to them by the revolution2 and to make them seek that beatitude which every rational ,christian should desire4 ,the revolution threatens everything--religion in society and among individuals2 the ,catholic associate declares himself their champion4 ,such is the noble aim of ,catholic associations2 hence the nobleness of the conflict in which they are engaged4 ,what is this conflict8 ,it is the struggle of truth against error1 of right against might1 of civilization against barbarism1 of duty to ,god1 ,christ1 and his church against impiety1 blasphemy1 and injustice4 ,the revolution means the renewal among men of the revolt of ,lucifer and his angels2 the ,catholic associations are the faithful cohorts of ,god and his ,christ4 ,their war-cry is that of ,st4 ,michael3 ,quis ut ,deus et ,christus ejus8 ,who is like to ,god and his ,christ8 ,this war-cry has been explicitly recommended in the ,new ,testament4 ,the words are given by ,st4 ,matthew1 ,st4 ,mark1 ,st4 ,luke1 and plainly referred to by ,st4 ,paul4 ,whoever1 says ,christ1 confesses me in the midst of this sinful and adulterous race1 whoever makes public profession of my doctrine1 will be recognized by me before the angels1 before the tribunal of my ,father in heaven4#aeb ,does not the present generation publicly boast of making a divorce between itself and ,god and ,christ8 ,giving loose rein to passion under the specious names of liberty of conscience and the preaching of licentious doctrines1 modern society is plunging into the abyss of iniquity4 ,hence1 the ,catholic associates must rise courageously in the midst of this generation1 confess ,christ openly1 publicly affirm his doctrines1 and defend them in the face of his enemies4 ,the ,catholic associates must revive the praises of ,christ2 to them are his divine promises addressed1 to them belong the irrevocable guarantees of being placed near the throne of his ,father4 ,combating bravely and bearing themselves like true champions of the religion of ,christ1 their fate is not and cannot be doubtful4 ,let the ,catholic associations1 therefore1 advance courageously to the fight1 bearing the banner of ,christ against the standard of the revolution4 ,humanity1 liberty1 progress1 light1 are written on the adverse flag1 but they are stolen words4 ,in the mouths of the revolutionists they are lies4 ,the flag of humanity is not that which destroys its rights1 but that which defends them2 nor of liberty1 that which makes men slaves of their passions instead of freeing them2 nor of progress1 that which has no aim1 but that which leads to something definite2 nor of light1 that which begets obscurity in the intellect1 destroying its most obvious principles1 but that which illuminates intelligence with divine revelation4 ,this latter is the banner of ,catholic associations1 consequently it is the flag of humanity1 of liberty1 of progress1 the standard of light4 ,,iv4 ,the forces of ,catholic associations must act in concert4 ,it is not enough that their members be vigorous and animated with an ardent faith4 ,there must be harmony of intelligence among them4 ,woe to the society whose members have different principles or contradictory plans6 ,like a machine whose wheels do not move harmoniously1 ruin will result4 ,there must be uniformity of principles and thorough harmony of intelligence if the ,catholic associates hope to obtain great successes4 ,harmony in generalities is easy2 but not so in particulars4 ,if you ask a ,catholic assembly what it wants1 all the members will reply1 ,the propagation and triumph of ,catholic principles4 ,but if you descend to particular enquiries1 you may meet difficulties that close the way to success2 disputes about fixed principles must therefore be eliminated from ,catholic associations4 ,these associations are in the first place essentially laic1 therefore it is not their business to decide questions of principle4 ,their aim is a practical one1 namely1 to annul the efforts of the revolution1 to introduce the principles of ,catholicity where they do not exist1 and strengthen them where they do4 ,it is not of their competence to determine them4 ,they are called ,catholic1 therefore1 in case of doubt1 they must recur to the teaching church and accept her decisions4 ,we repeat3 the ,catholic associations must keep within the bounds imposed by their very nature and title1 and then there will be no collision of views1 no wasting of precious time in useless disputes1 no schisms and separations2 but1 with all the force of a strong faith1 they will advance with dignity1 security1 and success in their undertakings4 ,in confirmation of this1 we quote an apposite passage from the discourse pronounced by his eminence1 ,cardinal ,schwarzenberg1 in the general congress of the ,catholic associations held at ,prague in #ahfj4 ,the object of ,catholic associations1 says the eminent prelate1 is to take measures to introduce and assist the teaching1 the principles1 the precepts1 and the desires of the church in the schools1 in the life of the citizen and of the family1 among merchants and men of business4 ,their duty is to support the teaching church by counsel and co-operation4 ,their duty is also to acknowledge with joyful mind the doctrines of the church1 to follow them1 defend and sustain them4 ,who does not admit the great good performed by the ,catholic associations of ,germany in the course of the few years during which they have been established8 ,and if we study the reason of their success1 we shall find it in the undisturbed harmony of their views4 ,the spirit of liberal ,catholicism tried to influence them1 but in vain4 ,their associates1 mindful of their title and of their duty to the pastors of the church1 and especially to the ,roman ,pontiff1 obey his instructions without subtle distinctions and commentaries1 and employ their talents properly in securing their prosperity4 ,an instance of their ,catholic zeal is found in the letter sent to the ,pope by the assembly held at ,innsbrck preparatory to the general congress of the ,german ,catholic societies in #ahfg4 ,in that letter we read as follows3 ,on the #ith1 #ajth1 and #aath of ,september1 with the consent and approval of the most reverend ,bishop of ,brixen1 the ,catholics of ,innsbrck1 the capital of the ,tyrol1 will be gathered together in order to defend courageously their religion as far as ,god and their strength will allow2 and1 the errors and lies of vain men being rejected1 such errors as your holiness has pointed out and condemned with fulness of authority in your encyclical letters1 in order also to take salutary counsel required by the character of the times and circumstances1 so as to promote the growth of ,catholic life and charity1 under the patronage of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary4 ,an immense war1 as you1 ,holy ,father1 have expressed it1 is waged against divine revelation1 against the ,catholic ,church1 against the apostolic see1 against good morals and ,christian charity1 the queen of all the virtues4 ,while this war rages1 every ,catholic becomes a soldier of ,christ2 but we cannot carry on a good and just war if we do not cling with all the ardor of our soul to the apostolic see1 fastened to that rock which ,god has placed in ,rome2 and if we are not helped and sustained by your supreme authority and your efficacious blessing2 wherefore1 we earnestly desire from our very inmost hearts to venerate1 follow1 and obey you1 the ,vicar of ,christ1 you1 the chief pastor of the whole flock of the ,lord1 you1 father of all the faithful4 ,this is the unanimous feeling of all those who will be assembled in ,september at ,innsbrck2 this is the universal desire2 and1 all animated by this thought1 ,god will defend the ,christian doctrine and ,christian charity4 ,let these be the sentiments of all ,catholic associations that may spring up2 let this be their programme and the foundation of their constitution4 ,the spirit of prompt submission to the teaching of the church should animate them4 ,this is a simple consequence of the first element of ,catholic life4 ,christ never said to any theologian1 erudite man1 learned historian1 or particular society1 ,be ye masters of the church1 and let her hear you2 but he did say so to the bishops and to the pope in the person of the apostles and of ,peter4 ,only one blinded by his own pride can deny this fundamental principle of the ,catholic religion4 ,the spirit of prompt obedience to lawful authority is the secret which alone will render ,catholic societies capable of success4 ,but harmony of intelligence is not the only means by which ,catholic associations can manifest their spirit4 ,there must be unity of feeling and co-ordination of will1 elements essential to every society4 ,v4 ,a ,catholic association which possesses the spirit of submission to the teaching church1 and possesses harmony of intelligence1 is on the right road1 and may hope to prosper in its undertakings4 ,but how often does it happen that a serious impediment1 an insurmountable barrier1 stops the progress of a brave legion and disappoints the well-founded hopes of victory6 ,here is a danger which the best-intentioned ,catholic association may encounter2 an obstruction1 an invincible barrier1 which may arise from the unexpected disagreement of wills4 ,agreement of wills is essential as well as harmony of intelligence4 ,it is evident that1 in order to maintain this agreement1 we must remove the causes which might disturb it4 ,there are two sources of discord2 one arising from the internal relations of a society4 ,the intellects may agree on the principles to be sustained1 and the wills consent as to the end proposed2 but the task is for the members to choose the same means and put them in practice4 ,here may arise the discord4 ,some project or design is proposed4 ,it is debated4 ,the dispute waxes warm4 ,hard words are interchanged4 ,the majority1 of course1 carry the project2 but the minority may disagree and refuse to co-operate in its execution4 ,hence disaffection1 schisms1 and secessions in the association4 ,what is the root of all these troubles8 ,it is1 in one word1 pride1 the root of all schisms4 ,one thinks himself more learned1 of greater rank or of more experience than the others1 therefore he will not be led by their judgment but by his own self-conceit4 ,the trouble is small in the beginning1 but it may produce disastrous results4 ,what is the remedy8 ,it is to bring to every discussion the true ,catholic spirit of abnegation and of sacrifice4 ,whims and prejudices must be laid aside for the sake of harmony and the noble cause to be defended4 ,our ,god is a ,god of peace1 not of commotion and disturbance4 ,the best plan is not always that suggested by our weak judgment4 ,provided the plan of the majority be a good one1 though it may not be the most perfect1 still1 for peace sake1 let us adopt it1 according to the advice of ,xavier1 that it is better to accept a unanimous plan1 though not the best1 rather than a perfect one which would cause dissensions among our brethren4 ,the second cause of dissensions may be in the external relations of the associates4 ,this would be the more dangerous1 because the occasion of it might be an apparent external good to be effected4 ,the will of the bishop or of the pastor may not agree with the desire of the society4 ,in a case of this kind1 if the society should act in spite of the episcopal will or opposed to it publicly1 a great scandal would happen in the diocese1 and the society would fall to pieces4 ,what is the remedy for such calamities8 ,the associates must have filial reverence and obedience for the pastors of the church4 ,then all difficulties will cease4 ,this is required by the very object of the association1 which is to aid the bishops in religious matters2 it is also required by the dignity of the bishops1 since the ,holy ,ghost has called them to be rulers in the church4 ,his holiness ,pius ,,ix4 clearly teaches that this should be the bearing of ,catholic societies toward their pastors1 in his answer to the ,catholics of ,innsbrck4 ,here we may quote what a bishop said in the general congress held to condemn the proceedings of the so-called ,german ,catholic liberals4 ,these gentlemen1 under the appearance of doing good1 had expressed their usual lamentations about the storms that threatened the church1 the danger to her future freedom1 unless the laity were allowed a greater influence in religious matters2 to deny them this influence1 as had been done so far1 would be to render them inert and careless about church matters4 ,such were the complaints--complaints of the discontented son who is trying to deprive his mother of complete control of the house--subtle revolutionary complaints against the authority of the hierarchy4 ,the ,bishop of ,brixen1 answering them1 said1 ,what kind of influence do laymen want in the church8 ,to control dogma8 ,they cannot4 ,discipline8 ,they cannot4 ,influence of the laity is too vague a conception1 and1 besides1 a useless one4 ,in order that it should produce benefits1 its limits should be determined1 its conditions explained4 ,but it is well known that the chief among them is faithful dependence on the teachings and authority of the church1 since the words of the apostle suit individuals as well as the whole church3 ',the just man lives by faith4' ,the life of the church requires nothing but what comes from faith4 ,hence1 when the church finds a layman who manifests his faith in his words and actions1 she honors him1 salutes him with joy as a co-operator not having belied the words of the apostle of love3 ,let us be co-workers of truth1 co-operators in propagating and strengthening it1 and in assuring its triumph4 ,in every age there have been many such men1 like our modern ,catholic associations1 and for this reason we protect them1 salute1 esteem them2 and the best proof of our love for them is that we have hastened to come to this solemn congress of lay associations1 assembled to defend ,catholic interests4 ,thus spoke the learned prelate4 ,in conclusion1 a ,catholic society must not touch on dogmatic subjects1 nor interfere in affairs pertaining to ecclesiastical discipline3 it should observe proper respect and obedience toward its bishops1 and then the bishops will aid1 bless and sustain it4 ,,vi4 ,the parts of a machine1 in order to act in concert1 must be united according to mechanical laws3 so associations must obey the laws of order4 ,they must have co-ordination of forces4 ,in this consists the peculiar advantage of association4 ,each one has its constitution and by-laws4 ,let it observe them1 adapting them to the wants and peculiarities of each nation4 ,the difficulty is really not in enacting laws for it1 but to keep them in vigor4 ,the associates must have the spirit of order4 ,then the execution of laws will be easy4 ,such a spirit will make each member mind his own position2 each officer act in his own sphere without infringing on the rights of others4 ,the object of the association being to act with united forces1 this purpose cannot be effected by a disorderly mass of individuals1 acknowledging no obedience to a local or general superior4 ,each particular society will become jealous of its neighbor1 unless all agree to obey implicitly a central committee4 ,private utility and individuality must be sacrificed to the public good2 jealousy1 self-love1 personal advantage1 these three causes that tend to disrupt the co-ordination of the common forces1 must be sacrificed to the common welfare1 and to the end for which the association was established1 as it is an elementary rule of order that the private must be sacrificed for the public good4 ,for this reason we consider that society best in which the strictest bonds are maintained between the members and the centre or head4 ,does not union make strength8 ,a necessary consequence is that the force is proportioned to the union4 ,baron ,stillfried1 a name dear to ,catholics by reason of his fervid zeal for religion1 rendering an account of what the ,confraternity of the ,archangel ,st4 ,michael1 founded in ,vienna in #ahfj1 had done1 confessed that1 owing to dissensions among the members1 and the consequent lack of union of forces1 the results had been relatively few4 ,on the contrary1 who does not admire the wonderful success obtained by the ,catholic ,casini of ,austria in favor of the pontifical cause1 owing to their unity of purpose and union of forces8 ,they obliged the president of the council to receive their complaints2 they obliged the chancellor of the empire to excuse himself2 they moved all the ,catholic populations to such a spirit of action in favor of religion1 tied down by the iniquitous laws of the revolution1 that all the journals of the secret societies bellowed and blasphemed like lunatics1 fearing the destruction of their nefarious designs4 ,the multiplicity of ,catholic interests gives rise to many associations differing according to the difference of their aims4 ,should this diversity have no common bond of union8 ,by no means4 ,some have for object matters of essential importance1 as1 for instance1 the freedom of the church1 her right to educate1 and the independence of her head4 ,in regard to these subjects1 all the associations should unite4 ,is it necessary to prove this8 ,is it not self-evident8 ,associations that would act differently would resemble those ,chinese troops which neglected the defence of the most important posts1 contenting themselves with guarding places of secondary importance4 ,catholic societies are not bands of conspirators1 they do not excite rebellions1 nor use violence or deceit to gain their purpose4 ,these arts are left to the revolutionists4 ,catholics need no weapons but truth and justice4 ,they must be ready to die for both4 ,but they must act legally1 they must not violate the civil order4 ,consequently1 they should never undertake a work without first being satisfied of its lawfulness4 ,in this way success is certain2 for in modern civil society public opinion rules4 ,if ,catholic societies defend religion1 who can object8 ,for public opinion must admit their right to do so1 provided they violate no laws of the state4 ,,vii4 ,but although legality is required for ,catholic associations1 they must not be timid or cowardly4 ,they must be brave and magnanimous4 ,christ teaches us to be magnanimous1 for he gave his blood and life for the love of truth and justice2 the martyrs in millions died for the same cause4 ,we must imitate them4 ,no difficulty or obstacle must balk the zeal of a ,catholic association4 ,no fatigue or danger or sacrifice must be too great for the ,catholic associate4 ,the soldier of ,christ must conquer difficulties4 ,the present conflict1 said ,monsignor de ,ketteler1 in the congress of the ,catholic associations of ,trves1 needs champions who1 for the love of ,christ1 dare expose themselves to the attacks of newspapers and demagogues1 to calumny and terms of contempt in parliament and from the rostrum4 ,the ,catholic spirit must be a self-sacrificing and a magnanimous one4 ,every associate must be a ,catholic before being a politician1 a ,catholic before being a man of letters1 a ,catholic above all things4 ,he must never be discouraged1 but persevere with generous constancy1 in spite of the attacks of enemies1 or the seeming want of success of many of his efforts4 ,let the ,catholic associates remember that they are fighting under the very eyes of ,god2 and that their struggles1 even though not always successful1 are a manifestation of their faith before men which will be rewarded in heaven4 ,,viii4 ,we say this on the supposition that the combined forces of the association should produce no result4 ,but this supposition is unfounded4 ,let the ,catholic association remain constant in its enterprise1 and it will make a new step to victory every day4 ,it may fail in this or that particular measure1 but the general cause will prosper4 ,we know that the heads of the secret societies speak in this way1 but they do so to deceive4 ,we do not1 for our words are founded on solid reasons4 ,the first is drawn from the nature of the two causes in conflict4 ,the revolution is the cause of error and injustice2 ,catholicism is the cause of truth and justice1 consequently the cause of ,catholicism is conformable to the nature of man1 formed for the true and the good1 while the cause of the revolution is in contradiction with man's nature4 ,how can any nature remain long in a state of contradiction with itself8 ,passion or ignorance may obscure for a time the human intelligence1 but when the contradiction is felt and known1 nature revolts against it with all its power1 and frees itself4 ,now1 as the associations in the interest of the ,catholic faith are striving to enlighten our intellect with the light of truth1 and to repress the force of passions by inculcating the love of virtue1 the necessary effect of such labor must be that the cause of the revolution will daily lose ground as the light of truth1 becoming more apparent1 shows the falsity of certain principles4 ,the more the ,catholic associations combine in illuminating the human intelligence and correcting the dormant moral sense of society1 the more will the ,catholic cause hasten towards triumph4 ,reason teaches this4 ,but revelation offers other proofs1 for it gives us the promises of ,christ4 ,these are expressed in those passages in which our ,lord likens his doctrines to the little leaven which leavens the whole mass2 and when he tells his apostles to trust in him1 the conqueror of the world4#aec ,let the ,catholic associations1 therefore1 advance in their work with confidence4 ,they have divine promises in their favor4 ,the false and iniquitous doctrines of the revolution will fall to the ground4 ,its efforts will be in vain1 its success only local or temporary2 for the friends of truth and of human rights will finally conquer4 ,the best instincts of human nature and the promises of faith are with them4 ,the ,holy ,ghost tells us by the pen of ,st4 ,paul that truth must conquer in the end1 speaking of the saints who triumphed over the powers of earth1 closed the mouths of lions1 were invincible in the combat1 and conquered their enemies4#aed ,the children of the revolution1 having a presentiment of their defeat by the new ,catholic associations1 have already cried ,to arms6 and in a thousand ways manifested their fear4 ,yes1 the victorious future belongs to the ,catholic associations4 ,let them1 therefore1 arise with courage grounded on the principles of faith1 strengthened by the noble motives of their enterprise4 ,harmony of intelligence1 the spirit of submission to the church1 agreement of wills1 with the spirit of sacrifice1 and of reverence for their pastors1 will make them serried battalions1 moving according to law1 with magnanimity1 constancy1 and confidence in ,god1 irresistible in their attacks4 ,let them fight on the battle-field of faith1 and the world will soon know that the proud pomp of the revolution and its thousand war-cries are founded only on falsehood and deceit4 ,,footnotes3 #adi #a ,thess4 v4 #h2 ,ephes4 vi4 #aa1 #ag4 #aej #a ,john v4 #d4 #aea ,bien ,public1 n4 #hb4 #aeb ,matt4 x4 #cb1 #cc2 ,mark viii4 #ch2 ,luke xii4 #h2 ,tim4 ii4 #ab4 #aec ,john xvi4 #cc2 ,matt4 xiii4 #cc2 ,john xvii4 #bj-bc4 #aed ,heb4 xi4 #cc1 #cd4 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,french4 ,,our ,,lady ,,of ,,lourdes4 ,,by ,,henri ,,lasserre4 ,,part ,,ninth4 ,i4 ,by reason of the events which we have narrated1 ,m4 ,massy no longer felt at home in this part of the earth4 ,the emperor did not fail to send him to the first prefecture which became vacant in the empire4 ,by a remarkable coincidence1 this prefecture proved to be that of ,grenoble4 ,baron ,massy left ,our ,lady of ,lourdes only to meet ,our ,lady of ,la ,salette4 ,jacomet also left the department1 and was appointed chief of police elsewhere4 ,re-established upon his chosen ground1 he contributed with great sagacity to the detection of some dangerous criminals who had baffled the efforts of his predecessor and the active search of the police4 ,the crime was a great robbery committed upon a railroad company1 and amounting to several hundred thousand francs4 ,this was the point of departure in his fortunes as a police agent1 his true vocation4 ,his remarkable ability1 appreciated by his superiors1 raised him to a higher place4 ,the procureur imprial1 ,m4 ,dutour1 was also speedily called to other functions4 ,m4 ,lacad still remained mayor1 and his shadow will yet appear once or twice in the latter pages of our story4 ,,ii4 ,although he had instituted the tribunal of examination towards the end of ,july1 still1 before permitting it to begin its work1 ,mgr4 ,laurence desired a more peaceful state of the public mind4 ,to wait1 he thought1 will not compromise ,god's work1 since he holds all time in his hands4 ,the issue proved that he was right4 ,for after the stormy discussions of the ,french press and the violent proceedings of ,baron ,massy1 the grotto finally became free1 and there was no longer fear of the scandal of seeing police agents arresting the episcopal commission on its way to the ,massabielle rocks in order to fulfil its duty1 and examine the traces of ,god's finger at the very place of the apparition4 ,on the #agth of ,november1 the commission went to ,lourdes4 ,they examined the seer4 ,bernadette1 says the procs-verbal of the secretary1 presented herself before us with great modesty1 and1 nevertheless1 with remarkable confidence4 ,she appeared calm and unembarrassed in the midst of the numerous assembly1 in presence of distinguished ecclesiastics1 whom she had never seen1 but of whose mission she had been made aware4 ,she described the apparitions1 the words of the ,blessed ,virgin1 the order given by ,mary to build a chapel in her honor1 the sudden breaking out of the fountain1 the name1 ,immaculate ,conception1 which the vision had given to itself4 ,she set forth all that was personal to herself in this supernatural drama with the grave certainty of a witness fully convinced1 and the humble candor of a child4 ,she answered every question1 and left no obscurity in the mind of those who interrogated her1 no longer in the name of man1 as ,jacomet had done1 but in the name of the ,catholic ,church4 ,our readers are already aware of the substance of her testimony4 ,we have1 in former pages1 narrated events in the order of their date4 ,the commission visited the ,massabielle rocks4 ,it beheld the great volume of the miraculous fountain4 ,it established1 by the testimony of the neighboring inhabitants1 that no spring existed there before the time when it broke forth in the presence of the multitudes under the hand of the ecstatic seer4 ,at ,lourdes and in other places they made studious inquiry into the miraculous cures worked by the water of the grotto4 ,in this delicate task there were two parts1 entirely distinct4 ,human testimony determined the facts themselves2 but their natural or supernatural character depended1 for the most part1 on the verdict of medical science4 ,the method followed by the tribunal was inspired by this twofold thought4 ,throughout the dioceses of ,lourdes1 ,auch1 and ,bayonne1 the commission summoned before it the subjects of these singular cures4 ,it cross-examined the minutest details of their sickness1 and their sudden or gradual restoration to health4 ,it brought in human science to put those technical questions of which theologians1 perhaps1 would not have thought4 ,it summoned the relations1 friends1 neighbors1 and other witnesses of the different phases of the event1 to confirm evidence4 ,having once come to a certainty of all details1 it submitted facts to the judgment of two eminent physicians admitted as colleagues4 ,these physicians were ,dr4 ,vergs1 superintendent of the baths at ,barges1 ,fellow of the ,medical ,faculty of ,montpellier1 and ,dr4 ,dozous1 who had already1 out of private interest1 given his attention to several of these strange incidents4 ,each physician gave in his report his personal opinion regarding the nature of the cure1 sometimes rejecting the miracle1 and attributing the cessation of disease to certain natural causes2 at other times declaring its utter inexplicability without the action of a supernatural power2 and1 lastly1 sometimes not arriving at any conclusion1 but remaining in doubt as to the true explanation4 ,thus prepared by the double knowledge of facts and the conclusion of science with respect to them1 the commission deliberated1 and finally pronounced its judgment to the bishop1 and submitted the evidence4 ,the commission had not and could not have any preconceived opinions4 ,believing on principle in the supernatural1 which is always to be met with in the history of the world1 it knew1 also1 that nothing so tends to discredit the true miracles of ,god as false prodigies worked by men4 ,equally indisposed to deny or affirm anything prematurely1 having no brief to sustain either for or against the miracle1 it was confined strictly to the task of examination and sought only the truth4 ,it appealed to every source of light and information1 and acted in full view of the public4 ,it was as open to unbelievers as to those who believed4 ,resolved to discard remorselessly all that was vague or uncertain1 and to accept only incontestable facts1 it rejected every declaration based upon hearsay4 ,it imposed two conditions upon every witness3 first1 to testify only to what came under personal knowledge and observation2 secondly1 to state under oath the truth1 the whole truth1 and nothing but the truth4 ,with such precautions and an organization so prudent and wise1 it would have been impossible for a false miracle to deceive the judgment of the commission4 ,it would have been impossible1 in the face of the hostile criticism of those who were bent upon combating and overthrowing every error and even the least exaggeration1 to sustain any doubtful assertion or the miraculous character of any doubtful fact4 ,if1 then1 true miracles1 imperfectly proved1 failed in obtaining the sanction of the commission1 it is absolutely certain that no false prodigy could stand before its searching examination4 ,whoever had the means of contesting any one of the miracles--not by vague and general theories1 but by facts and personal knowledge--was thereby summoned to appear against it4 ,not to do so was to give up the case1 and acknowledge that no formal or intelligible counter-evidence could be sustained4 ,when passions run high in the ardor of a long struggle1 parties do not let judgment go by default4 ,to refuse the combat is to accept defeat4 ,,iii4 ,during several months1 the episcopal commission visited the houses of those whom public notoriety designated as objects of the miraculous cures subjected to its examination4 ,it established the truth of many miracles4 ,several of them have already found a place in our history4 ,two were quite recent4 ,they had taken place shortly after the prefect had withdrawn his prohibition and the grotto had been reopened4 ,one was at ,nay1 the other at ,tartas4 ,although the recipients of these heavenly favors were mutually unacquainted1 a mysterious bond seemed to connect both events4 ,let us relate them in order as we have personally studied them1 and written down what we have heard under the impressions produced by the living testimony4 ,,iv4 ,in the town of ,nay1 where young ,henry ,busquet had been miraculously cured a few months before1 a certain widow1 named ,madeleine ,rizan1 was at the point of death4 ,her life had for twenty-four or twenty-five years been an unbroken series of pain and sorrow4 ,having been attacked by the cholera in #ahcb1 her left side had remained almost entirely paralyzed4 ,she was quite lame1 and could only move a few steps inside her house1 and that only by supporting herself against the walls or furniture4 ,two or three times a year1 in warm weather1 she was able to go to ,mass at the parish church of ,nay1 not far from her dwelling4 ,she was unable1 without assistance1 either to kneel or to rise4 ,one of her hands was totally palsied4 ,her general health had suffered no less than her limbs from this terrible scourge4 ,she frequently vomited blood1 and her stomach was unable to bear solid food4 ,beef-tea1 soup1 and coffee had1 however1 sufficed to keep up the flame of life1 ever flickering and unable to warm her feeble body4 ,she often suffered from icy chills4 ,the poor woman was always cold4 ,even in the heats of ,july and ,august1 she always wished to see fire in the grate1 and to have her arm-chair wheeled close to the hearth4 ,for the last sixteen or eighteen months1 her state had been much aggravated2 the paralysis of the left side had become total4 ,the same infirmity had begun to attack the right leg4 ,her paralyzed limbs were greatly swollen1 as happens in the case of dropsy4 ,madame ,rizan left her chair to take to her bed4 ,she could not move1 such was her weakness1 and they were obliged to turn her1 from time to time1 in her bed4 ,she was almost an inert mass4 ,sensibility was gone as well as motion4 ,where are my legs8 she used to inquire1 when any one came to move her4 ,her limbs were drawn together1 and she lay continually on one side in the form of a ,z4 ,two physicians had successively attended her4 ,doctor ,talamon had long since given her up as incurable1 and1 although he continued to visit her1 it was only as a friend4 ,he refused to prescribe any remedies1 saying that drugs and medicines would prove fatal1 or1 at best1 only enfeeble her system4 ,doctor ,subervielle1 at the repeated instance of ,madame ,rizan1 had prescribed some medicines1 and1 soon finding them utterly useless1 had also given up all hope4 ,although her paralyzed limbs had become insensible1 the sufferings which this unfortunate woman experienced from her stomach and head were terrible4 ,owing to her constantly cramped position1 she was afflicted by two painful sores--one in the hollow of her chest1 and the other on the back4 ,on her side1 in several places1 her skin1 chafed by the bed-clothes1 exposed the flesh1 naked and bleeding4 ,her death was at hand4 ,madame ,rizan had two children4 ,her daughter1 ,lubine1 lived with and took care of her with the greatest devotion4 ,her son1 ,romain ,rizan1 had a situation in a business-house at ,bordeaux4 ,when the last hope was gone1 and ,doctor ,subervielle declared that she had only a few hours to live1 they sent in haste for her son1 ,romain ,rizan4 ,he came1 embraced his mother1 and received her last blessing and farewell4 ,then1 obliged to leave by a message peremptorily recalling him--torn by the cruel tyranny of business from his mother's death-bed--he left her with the bitter conviction that he should never see her more4 ,the dying woman received extreme unction4 ,her agony went on amid excruciating sufferings4 ,my ,god6 she often murmured1 ,i pray thee to end my torments4 ,grant me to be healed or to die4 ,she sent to ask the ,sisters of the ,cross1 at ,igon1 where her own sister-in-law was superior1 to make a novena to ,our ,lady for her cure or death4 ,the sick woman also evinced a desire to drink some of the water of the grotto4 ,one of her neighbors1 ,madame ,nessans1 who was going to ,lourdes1 promised to fetch some of the water when she returned4 ,for some time past1 she had been watched day and night4 ,on ,saturday1 ,october #af1 a violent crisis heralded the near approach of her last moment4 ,she was continually spitting blood4 ,a livid hue spread over her worn features2 her eyes became glassy4 ,she no longer spoke1 except when forced by excessive pain4 ,o my ,god6 how ,i suffer6 ,o ,lord6 would that ,i might die6 ,her prayer will soon be granted1 said ,doctor ,subervielle as he left her4 ,she will die to-night1 or at least before the sun is fairly up4 ,there is only a little oil left in the lamp6 ,from time to time the door of her chamber opened4 ,friends1 neighbors1 and priests1 the ,abb ,dupont and the ,abb ,sanareus1 vicar of ,nay1 entered and softly inquired if she were still alive4 ,her friend and consoler1 the ,abb ,dupont1 could not restrain his tears as he left her4 ,before morning she will be dead1 and ,i shall see her again only in paradise1 he said4 ,night fell1 and solitude gradually took possession of the house4 ,kneeling before a statue of the ,blessed ,virgin1 ,lubine prayed without any earthly hope4 ,the silence was profound1 and broken only by the difficult breathing of the invalid4 ,it was nearly midnight4 ,my daughter6 cried the dying woman4 ,lubine arose and approached the bed4 ,what do you wish1 mother8 she asked1 taking her hand4 ,my dear child1 answered the dying mother1 in a strange voice that seemed to come from a heavy dream1 go to our friend ,madame ,nessans1 who was to have returned from ,lourdes1 this evening4 ,ask her for a glassful of the water from the grotto4 ,this water will cure me4 ,the ,blessed ,virgin wishes it4 ,dear mother1 answered ,lubine1 it is too late to go there4 ,i cannot leave you alone4 ,besides1 everybody is asleep at the house of ,madame ,nessans4 ,but ,i will go early in the morning4 ,let us wait1 then4 ,the invalid relapsed into silence4 ,the long night finally passed4 ,the joyous bells at last announced the day4 ,the morning ,angelus as it rose carried up to the ,virgin ,mother the prayers of earth1 and celebrated the eternal memory of her all-powerful maternity4 ,lubine hastened to ,madame ,nessans's1 and soon returned with a bottle of water from the grotto4 ,here1 mother6 ,drink6 and may the ,blessed ,virgin come to your help6 ,madame ,rizan raised the glass to her lips1 and swallowed a few mouthfuls4 ,o my daughter6 my daughter6 ,it is life that ,i am drinking6 ,here is life in this water6 ,bathe my face with it6 ,bathe my arms6 ,bathe my whole body with it6 ,trembling and almost beside herself1 ,lubine moistened a piece of linen with the miraculous water1 and bathed her mother's face4 ,i feel that ,i am cured6 she cried in a voice now clear and strong4 ,i feel that ,i am cured6 ,lubine meanwhile bathed with the wet linen the paralyzed and swollen limbs of the invalid4 ,trembling with mingled joy and terror1 she saw the enormous swelling disappear under the rapid movement of her hand1 and the stretched and shining skin reassume its natural appearance4 ,suddenly1 completely1 and without transition1 health and life revived beneath her touch4 ,it seems to me as if burning pimples were breaking out all over me4 ,it was1 doubtless1 the principle of disease leaving for ever under the influence of a superhuman will4 ,all this was over in a moment4 ,in a couple of minutes the body of ,madame ,rizan1 apparently in her agony1 bathed by her daughter1 recovered the fulness of strength4 ,i am cured6 perfectly cured6 cried the happy woman4 ,oh6 how good the ,blessed ,virgin is6 ,oh6 how powerful she is6 ,after the first burst of gratitude toward heaven1 the material appetites of earth made themselves keenly felt4 ,lubine1 dear ,lubine1 ,i am hungry4 ,i must have something to eat6 ,will you have some coffee1 some wine1 or some milk8 stammered her daughter1 confused by the suddenness and astounding character of the miracle4 ,i want to have meat and bread1 my daughter4 ,i have not tasted any for twenty-four years4 ,there happened to be some cold meat and some wine near at hand2 ,madame ,rizan partook of both4 ,and now1 said she1 ,i want to get up4 ,it is impossible1 mother1 said ,lubine1 hesitating to believe her eyes1 and fancying1 perhaps1 that cures which come directly from ,god are subject1 like other cures1 to the degrees and dangers of convalescence4 ,she feared to see the miracle vanish as suddenly as it had come4 ,madame ,rizan insisted and demanded her clothes4 ,they had been for many months carefully folded and packed in the wardrobe never to be worn again4 ,lubine left the room to find them4 ,soon she re-entered4 ,but as she crossed the threshold1 she uttered a loud cry1 and dropped the garment which she was bringing4 ,her mother had sprung out of bed1 during her absence1 and there she was1 before the mantelpiece1 where she kept a statue of the ,blessed ,virgin1 with clasped hands returning thanks to her all-powerful deliverer4 ,lubine1 as frightened as if she had beheld one risen from the dead1 was unable to help her mother to dress4 ,the latter1 however1 put on her clothes in an instant without any assistance1 and again knelt down before the sacred image4 ,it was about seven o'clock in the morning1 and the people were going to the early ,mass4 ,lubine's cry was heard in the street by the groups who were passing under the windows4 ,poor girl6 they said1 her mother is dead at last4 ,it was impossible for her to survive the night4 ,several entered the house to console and support ,lubine in this unspeakable affliction1 among others two sisters of the ,holy ,cross4 ,ah6 poor child1 your good mother is dead6 ,but you will certainly see her again in heaven6 ,they approached the young girl1 whom they beheld leaning against the half-opened door1 her face wearing a stupefied look4 ,she could scarcely answer them4 ,my mother is risen from the dead6 she answered1 in a voice choked by strong emotion4 ,she is raving1 thought the sisters1 as they passed by and entered the room1 followed by some persons who had come up-stairs with them4 ,lubine had spoken the truth4 ,madame ,rizan had left her bed4 ,there she was1 dressed and prostrated before the image of ,mary4 ,she arose1 and said3 ,i am cured6 ,let us all kneel down1 and thank the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,the news of this extraordinary event spread like lightning through the city4 ,all that day and the day after the house was full of people4 ,the crowd1 agitated and yet recollected1 pressed to visit the room into which a ray of the all-powerful goodness of ,god had penetrated4 ,everybody wished to see ,madame ,rizan1 to touch the body restored to life1 to convince his own eyes1 and grave upon his memory the details of this supernatural drama4 ,doctor ,subervielle acknowledged1 without hesitation1 the supernatural and divine character of this cure4 ,at ,bordeaux1 meanwhile1 ,romain ,rizan awaited in despair and anguish the fatal missive announcing his mother's death4 ,it was a great shock to him when1 one morning1 the postman brought him a letter addressed in the well-known hand of ,abb ,dupont4 ,i have lost my poor mother6 he said to a friend who had just come to visit him4 ,he burst into tears1 and dared not break the seal4 ,take courage in your misfortune4 ,have faith6 said his friend4 ,finally1 he opened the letter4 ,the first words which met his eyes were3 ,deo gratias6 ,alleluia6 ,rejoice1 my dear friend4 ,your mother is cured--completely cured4 ,the ,blessed ,virgin has restored her miraculously to health4 ,the ,abb ,dupont then went on to relate the divine manner in which ,madame ,rizan had found at the end of her agony life instead of death4 ,we may easily fancy the joy of the son and of his friend4 ,the latter was employed in a printing-house at ,bordeaux1 where was published the ,messager ,catholique4 ,give me that letter1 said he to ,romain4 ,the works of ,god ought to be made known1 and ,our ,lady of ,lourdes glorified4 ,partly by force1 and partly by entreaty1 he obtained the letter4 ,it was published a few days afterward in the ,messager ,catholique4 ,the happy son hastened to ,nay at the earliest moment4 ,as he arrived in the diligence1 a woman was waiting to greet him4 ,she ran swiftly to meet him1 and1 when he descended from the coach1 threw herself into his arms1 weeping with tenderness and joy4 ,it was his mother4 ,a few years afterward1 the author1 while searching out the details of his history1 went in person to verify the report of the episcopal commission4 ,he visited ,madame ,rizan1 whose perfect health and green old age excited his admiration4 ,although in her seventy-first year1 she has none of the infirmities which that age usually brings4 ,of her illness and terrible sufferings there remains not a trace2 and all who had formerly known her1 and whose testimony we gathered1 were yet stupefied at her extraordinary cure4#aee ,we wished to see ,doctor ,subervielle4 ,he had been dead some years4 ,but1 we asked a clergyman of ,nay1 who acted as our guide1 the invalid was attended by another physician1 ,doctor ,talamon1 was she not8 ,he is a very distinguished man1 replied our companion4 ,he was in the habit of visiting ,madame ,rizan1 not professionally1 but as a friend and neighbor4 ,but after her miraculous cure he ceased his visits1 and did not make his appearance for eight or ten months4 ,perhaps1 we rejoined1 he wished to avoid being questioned on the subject1 and being obliged to explain this extraordinary phenomenon1 which would certainly have been out of accord with his principles of medical philosophy8 ,i do not know how that may have been4 ,no matter2 ,i want to see him4 ,we knocked at his door4 ,doctor ,talamon is a tall and handsome old man1 with an expressive and intelligent countenance4 ,a remarkable forehead1 a crown of white locks1 a glance which betokens positive adherence to opinions1 a mouth varied in expression1 and on which a sceptical smile often plays--these are the features which strike one who approaches him4 ,we stated the object of our visit4 ,it is a long time1 he answered1 since all that happened1 and1 at the distance of ten or twelve years1 my memory supplies but a dim recollection of the matter about which you inquire2 besides1 ,i was not an eye-witness of it4 ,i did not see ,madame ,rizan for several months1 and1 consequently1 do not know by what conditions or agents1 or with what degree of speed or slowness1 her recovery was effected4 ,but1 doctor1 did you not have curiosity enough to investigate such an extraordinary event1 of which rumor must have instantly informed you1 especially in this place8 ,the fact is1 he answered1 ,i am an old physician4 ,i know that the laws of nature are never reversed1 and1 to tell you the truth1 ,i do not believe the least bit in miracles4 ,ah6 doctor1 you sin against the faith1 cried the abb who had accompanied me4 ,and ,i1 doctor1 do not accuse you of sinning against faith1 but ,i accuse you of sinning against the very principles of the science which you profess4 ,how1 pray1 and in what8 ,medicine is not a speculative1 but an empirical science4 ,experience is its law4 ,the observation of facts is its first and fundamental principle4 ,if you had been told that ,madame ,rizan had cured herself by washing with a decoction from some plant recently discovered on yonder mountain1 you would not have failed to ascertain the cure and to examine the plant1 and put the discovery on record4 ,it might have been as important as that of quinine in the last century4 ,you would have done the same if the cure had been produced by some new sulphurous or alkaline substance4 ,but1 now1 everybody is talking about a fountain of miraculous water1 and you have never yet been to see it4 ,forgetting that you are a physician1 that is to say1 a humble observer of facts1 you have refused to notice this1 as did the scientific academies which rejected steam and proscribed quinine on some quack principles of their own4 ,in medicine1 when fact contradicts a principle1 it means that the principle is wrong4 ,experience is the supreme judge4 ,and here1 doctor1 allow me to say that1 if you had not had some vague consciousness that what ,i am telling you is true1 you would have rushed to find out the truth1 and would have given yourself the pleasure of showing up the imposture of a miracle which was setting the whole neighborhood wild with excitement4 ,but this would have exposed you to the danger of being forced to surrender2 and you have acted like those party-slaves who will not listen to the arguments of their opponents4 ,you have listened to your philosophical prejudices1 and you have been false to the first law of medicine1 which is to face the study of facts--no matter of what nature--in order to derive instruction from them4 ,i speak freely1 doctor1 because ,i am aware of your great merits1 and that your keen intellect is capable of hearing the truth4 ,many physicians have refused to certify to facts of this nature1 for fear of having to brave the resentment of the faculty and the raillery of friends of their profession4 ,with regard to yourself1 doctor1 although your philosophy may have deceived you1 human respect has had nothing at all to do with your keeping aloof4 ,certainly not1 he replied1 but1 perhaps1 if ,i had placed myself at the point of view which you have indicated1 ,i might have done better by examining the matter4 ,v4 ,long before the occurrences at ,lourdes1 at an epoch when ,bernadette was not yet in the world1 in #ahdc1 during the month of ,april1 an honorable family of ,tartas in the ,landes was in a state of great anxiety4 ,the year before1 ,mlle4 ,adle de ,chariton had been married to ,m4 ,moreau de ,sazenay1 and now approached the term of her pregnancy4 ,the crisis of a first maternity is always alarming4 ,the medical men1 summoned in haste on the preliminary symptoms1 declared that the birth would be very difficult1 and did not conceal their fear of some danger4 ,no one is ignorant of the cruel anxiety of such a juncture4 ,the most poignant anguish is not for the poor wife who is prostrated upon her bed of pain1 and entirely absorbed in her physical sufferings4 ,it is the husband whose heart is now the prey of indescribable tortures4 ,they are of the age of vivid impressions2 they have entered upon a new life1 and begun to taste the joys of a union which ,god seems to have blessed2 they have passed a few months full of anticipations of the future4 ,the young couple have set them down1 so to speak1 side by side in a fairy pleasure-boat4 ,the river of life has carried them softly on amid banks of flowers4 ,suddenly1 without warning1 the shadow of death rises before them4 ,the heart of the husband1 expanded with hope for the child so soon to be born1 is crushed by terror for his wife1 who may be about to perish4 ,he hears her accents of pain4 ,how will the crisis end8 ,is it to be in joy or bereavement8 ,what is about to issue from that chamber8 ,will it be life or death8 ,what must we send for--a cradle or a coffin8 ,or--horrible contrast--will both be necessary8 ,or1 worse still1 shall two coffins be necessary8 ,human science is silent1 and hesitates to pronounce4 ,this anguish is frightful1 but especially for those who do not seek from ,god their strength and consolation4 ,but ,m4 ,moreau was a ,christian4 ,he knew that the thread of our existence is in the hands of a supreme ,master1 to whom we can always appeal from the doctors of science4 ,when man has passed sentence1 the ,king of heaven1 as well as other sovereigns1 holds the right of pardon4 ,the ,blessed ,virgin will1 perhaps1 vouchsafe to hear me1 thought the afflicted husband4 ,he addressed himself with confidence to the ,mother of ,christ4 ,the danger which had appeared so threatening disappeared as a cloud upon the horizon4 ,a little girl had just been born4 ,assuredly there was nothing extraordinary about this deliverance4 ,however alarming the danger might have appeared to ,m4 ,moreau himself1 the physicians had never given up hope4 ,the favorable issue of the crisis may have been something purely natural4 ,the heart of the husband and father1 however1 felt itself penetrated with gratitude to the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,his was not one of those rebellious souls which demands freedom from all doubt in order to escape acknowledging a favor4 ,what name are you going to give to your little girl8 he was asked4 ,she shall be called ,marie4 ,marie8 ,why1 that is the commonest name in the whole country4 ,the children of the laboring people1 the servants1 are all named ,marie4 ,besides1 ,marie ,moreau is out of all euphony4 ,the two m's and two r's would be intolerable6 ,a thousand reasons of equal validity were urged against him4 ,there was a general protest4 ,m4 ,moreau was very accessible1 and easily moved by others2 but in this instance he resisted all counsel and entreaty2 he braved all discontent1 and his tenacity was really extraordinary4 ,he did not allow himself to forget that1 in his distress1 he had invoked this sacred name1 or that it belonged to the ,queen of heaven4 ,she shall be called ,marie1 and ,i wish her to take the ,blessed ,virgin for a patroness4 ,and ,i tell you the truth1 this name will some day bring her a blessing4 ,everybody was astonished at this apparent obstinacy1 but it remained unshaken as that of ,zachary when he gave his son the name ,john4 ,vainly did they apply every means of attack2 there was no getting by this inflexible will4 ,the first-born of the family1 therefore1 took the name of ,marie4 ,the father1 moreover1 desired that she should be vowed for three years to dress in white1 the color of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,this1 too1 was done4 ,more than sixteen years had now passed since this episode4 ,a second daughter had been born1 she was called ,marthe4 ,mlle4 ,marie ,moreau was being educated at the ,convent of the ,sacred ,heart at ,bordeaux4 ,about the commencement of ,january1 #aheh1 she was attacked by a disease of the eyes1 which shortly obliged her to give up her studies4 ,she supposed at first that it was only a cold which would pass off as it had come2 but her hopes were deceived1 and her complaint assumed a most alarming character4 ,the physician in attendance judged it necessary to consult a distinguished oculist of ,bordeaux1 ,m4 ,bermont4 ,it was not a cold2 it was amaurosis4 ,her case is a very serious one1 said ,m4 ,bermont2 one of the eyes is entirely gone1 and the other in a very dangerous condition4 ,the parents were immediately notified4 ,her mother hastened to ,bordeaux1 and brought back her daughter1 in order that she might have at home that care1 treatment1 and perfect attention which the oculist had prescribed in order to save the eye which yet remained1 and which was so gravely affected that it could perceive objects only as through a mist4 ,the medicines1 baths1 and all the prescriptions of science proved useless4 ,spring and autumn passed without any change for the better4 ,indeed1 the deplorable condition of the invalid was daily aggravated4 ,total blindness was approaching4 ,m4 and ,madame ,moreau decided to take their child to ,paris1 in order to consult the great medical lights4 ,while engaged in hasty preparations for their journey1 fearing lest it might be too slow to escape the danger which threatened their child1 the postman brought them the weekly number of the ,messager ,catholique4 ,it was about the first of ,november1 and this number of the ,messager ,catholique happened to be precisely the one which contained the letter of ,abb ,dupont1 and the story of the miraculous cure of ,madame ,rizan1 of ,nay1 by means of water from the grotto4 ,m4 ,moreau opened it mechanically1 and his glance fell upon that divine history4 ,he turned pale as he read1 hope began to awaken in the heart of the desolate father1 and that soul1 or rather that heart1 was touched by a gleam of light4 ,there1 said he--there is the door at which we must knock4 ,it is evident1 he added1 with a simplicity whose actual words we delight to repeat1 that1 if the ,blessed ,virgin has really appeared at ,lourdes1 she must be interested in working miraculous cures to prove the truth of her apparitions4 ,and this is especially true at first before the event is not generally believed4444 ,let us be in a hurry1 then1 since in this case the first come are to be the first served4 ,my dearest wife and daughter1 we must address ourselves at once to ,our ,lady of ,lourdes4 ,sixteen years had not worn out the faith of ,m4 ,moreau4 ,a novena was resolved upon1 in which all the neighboring friends of the young girl were to be asked to join4 ,by a providential circumstance1 a priest of the city had in his possession a bottle of the water1 so that the novena could be commenced at once4 ,the parents1 in case of a cure1 bound themselves to make a pilgrimage to ,lourdes1 and to devote their daughter for a year to the colors of white and blue1 the colors of the ,blessed ,virgin1 which she had already worn for three years during her infancy4 ,the novena commenced on ,sunday evening1 the #hth of ,november4 ,must it be acknowledged8 ,the invalid had but little faith4 ,her mother dared not hope4 ,her father alone had that tranquil faith which the kind powers of heaven never resist4 ,all said the prayers together in ,m4 ,moreau's room1 before an image of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,the mother and her two daughters rose one after another to retire1 but the father remained on his knees4 ,he thought he was alone1 and his voice broke forth with a fervor which recalled his family1 who have given us the account1 and who never can forget that solemn moment without a tremor4 ,blessed ,virgin6 said the father--most blessed ,virgin ,mary6 you must cure my child4 ,yes1 indeed1 you are bound to do it4 ,it is an obligation which you cannot refuse to acknowledge4 ,remember1 ,o ,mary6 how1 in spite of everybody and against everybody1 ,i chose you for her patron4 ,remember what struggles ,i had to give her your sacred name4 ,can you1 ,holy ,virgin1 forget all this8 ,can you forget how ,i defended your glory and power against the vain reasons with which they surrounded me8 ,can you forget that ,i publicly placed this child under your protection1 telling everybody and repeating that your name would some day bring a blessing upon her8 ,can you be unmindful of all this8 ,are you not bound in honor--now that ,i am in misfortune1 now when ,i pray you for our child and yours--to come to our help and heal her malady8 ,are you going to allow her to become blind1 after the faith ,i have shown in you8 ,no6 no6 impossible6 ,you will cure her4 ,such were the sentiments which escaped in loud tones from the unhappy father1 as he appealed to the ,blessed ,virgin1 and1 as it were1 presenting a claim against her1 demanded payment4 ,it was ten o'clock at night4 ,the young girl1 before retiring1 dipped a linen bandage in the water of ,lourdes1 and1 placing it upon her eyes1 tied it behind her head4 ,her soul was agitated4 ,without having her father's faith1 she said to herself that1 after all1 the ,blessed ,virgin was perfectly able to cure her1 and that1 perhaps1 at the end of the novena she might recover her sight4 ,then doubt returned1 and it seemed as if a miracle ought not to be worked for her4 ,with all these thoughts revolving in her mind1 she could hardly lie still1 and it was very late before she fell asleep4 ,when morning came1 as soon as she awoke1 her first movement of hope and uneasy curiosity was to remove the bandage which covered her eyes4 ,she uttered a loud cry4 ,the room about her was filled with the light of the rising day4 ,she saw clearly1 exactly1 and distinctly4 ,the diseased eye had recovered its health1 and the eye which before was blind had been restored to sight4 ,marthe6 ,marthe6 she cried1 ,i see perfectly4 ,i am cured6 ,little ,marthe1 who slept in the same room1 sprang out of bed and ran to her sister4 ,she saw her eyes1 stripped of their bloody veil1 black and brilliant1 and sparkling with life and strength4 ,the little girl's heart at once turned toward her father and mother1 who had not yet shared in this joy4 ,papa6 mamma6 she cried4 ,marie beckoned her not to call them yet4 ,wait6 wait6 said she1 until ,i have tried if ,i can read4 ,give me a book4 ,the child took one from the table4 ,there6 said she4 ,marie opened the book1 and read with perfect ease as freely as any one ever has read4 ,the cure was complete1 radical1 absolute1 and the ,blessed ,virgin had not left her work half-done4 ,the father and mother hastened to the room4 ,papa1 mamma1 ,i can see--,i can read--,i am cured6 ,how can we describe the scene which followed8 ,our readers can understand it1 each for himself1 by entering into his own imagination4 ,the door of the house had not yet been opened4 ,the windows were closed1 and their transparent panes admitted only the early light of morning4 ,who1 then1 could have entered to join this family in the happiness of this sudden blessing8 ,and yet these ,christians felt instinctively that they were not alone1 and that a powerful being was invisibly in the midst of them4 ,the father and mother1 and little ,marthe1 fell on their knees2 ,marie1 who had not yet arisen1 clasped her hands2 and from these four breasts1 oppressed with gratitude and emotion1 went forth1 as a prayer of thanks1 the holy name of the ,mother of ,god3 ,o holy ,virgin ,mary6 ,our ,lady of ,lourdes6 ,what their other words were1 we know not2 but what their sentiments must have been1 any one can imagine by placing himself before this miraculous event1 which1 like a flash from the power of ,god1 had turned the affliction of a family into joy and happiness4 ,is it necessary to add that1 shortly afterward1 ,mlle4 ,marie ,moreau went with her parents to thank ,our ,lady of ,lourdes in the place of her apparition8 ,she left her colored dresses upon the altar1 and went away happy and proud of wearing the colors of the ,queen of virgins4 ,m4 ,moreau1 whose faith had formerly been so strong1 was wholly stupefied4 ,i thought1 said he1 that such favors were only granted to the saints2 how is it1 then1 that they descend upon miserable sinners like us8 ,these facts were witnessed by the entire population of ,tartas1 who shared in the affliction of one of their most respected families4 ,everybody in the city saw and can testify that the malady1 which had been considered desperate1 was completely healed at the beginning of the novena4 ,the superior of the ,convent of the ,sacred ,heart at ,bordeaux1 the one hundred and fifty pupils who were school-mates of ,mlle4 ,marie ,moreau1 the physicians of that institution1 have established her serious condition before the events which we have related1 and her total cure immediately afterward4 ,she returned to ,bordeaux1 where she remained two years to complete her studies4 ,the oculist ,bermont could not recover from his surprise at an event so entirely beyond his science4 ,we have read his declaration certifying to the state of the invalid1 and acknowledging the inability of medical treatment to produce such a cure1 which1 he observes1 has persisted and still holds4 ,as to the instantaneousness with which this cure has been wrought1 he adds1 it is a fact which incomparably surpasses the power of medical science4 ,in testimony of which ,i attach my signature4 ,,bermont4 ,this declaration1 dated ,february #hth1 #ahei1 is preserved at the bishop's residence at ,tarbes1 together with a great number of letters and testimonials from citizens of ,tartas1 among others that of the mayor of that city1 ,m4 ,desbord4 ,mlle4 ,marie continued to wear the colors of the ,blessed ,virgin up to the day of her marriage1 which took place after she had finished her studies and left the ,sacred ,heart4 ,on that day she went to ,lourdes and laid aside her maiden attire to put on her bridal robes4 ,she wished to give this dress of blue and white to another young girl1 also beloved by the ,blessed ,virgin1 ,bernadette4 ,this was the only present which ,bernadette ever accepted4 ,she wore for several years1 indeed until it was worn out1 this dress which recalled the loving power of the divine apparition at the grotto4 ,eleven years have since elapsed4 ,the favor accorded by the ,blessed ,virgin has not been withdrawn4 ,mlle4 ,moreau has always had most excellent and perfect sight2 never any relapse1 never the slightest indisposition4 ,excepting by suicide1 ingratitude1 or abuse of grace1 that which ,god has restored can never die4 ,resurgens jam non moritur4 ,mlle4 ,marie ,moreau is now called ,madame d',izaru de ,villefort1 and is the mother of three delightful children1 who have the finest eyes in the world4 ,although they are boys1 each bears in his baptismal name first the name of ,mary4 ,,vi4 ,miraculous cures were counted by hundreds4 ,it was impossible to verify them all4 ,the episcopal commission submitted thirty of them to most rigorous scrutiny4 ,the most severe strictness was shown in this examination1 and nothing was admitted as supernatural1 until it was absolutely impossible to call it anything else4 ,all cures which had not been almost instantaneous1 or which had been occupied by successive stages1 all these were rejected2 as also were all which had been obtained in conjunction with medical treatment1 however unavailing the latter might have been4 ,although the inefficacy of the remedies prescribed by science has been sufficiently demonstrated1 we cannot in this case in an exclusive manner attribute the cure to a supernatural virtue in the water of the grotto which was used at the same time4 ,so runs the report of the secretary of the commission4 ,moreover1 numerous spiritual favors1 singular graces1 unlooked-for conversions1 had been reported to the commission4 ,it is difficult to establish juridically events which have taken place in the closed recesses of the human soul and which escape the observation of all without4 ,although such facts1 such changes1 are often more wonderful than the restoration of a member or the healing of a physical disease1 the commission judged rightly when it decided that it ought not to include them in the solemn and public inquiry with which it had been charged by the bishop4 ,in the report to his grace1 the committee1 by agreement with the physicians1 divided the cures which had been examined into three categories1 with all the carefully gathered details and procs-verbaux1 signed by the persons cured and by numerous witnesses4 ,the first category included those cures which1 despite their striking and astonishing appearance1 were susceptible of a natural explanation4 ,these were six in number2 namely1 those of ,jeanne-,marie ,arqu1 the widow ,crozat1 ,blaise ,maumus1 a child of the ,lasbareilles of ,gez1 ,jeanne ,crassus1 ,arcizan-,avant1 ,jeanne ,pomis of ,loubajac4 ,the second list comprised cures which the commission felt inclined to attribute a supernatural character4 ,of this number were ,jean-,pierre ,malou1 ,jeanne-,marie ,dauber1 wife of a certain ,vendme1 ,bernarde ,soubies and ,pauline ,bordeaux of ,lourdes1 ,jean-,marie ,amar of ,beaucens1 ,marcelle ,peyregue of ,agos1 ,jeanne-,marie ,massot ,bordenave of ,arras1 ,jeanne ,gezma and ,auguste ,bordes of ,pontacq4 ,the greater number of these facts1 says the medical report1 possess all the conditions to cause them be admitted as supernatural4 ,it will1 perhaps1 be found that in excluding them we have acted with too much reserve and scrupulousness4 ,but far from complaining of this reproach1 we shall congratulate ourselves upon it1 since in these matters we are convinced that prudence demands severity4 ,under such circumstances1 a natural explanation1 although in itself utterly improbable1 seemed rigorously possible1 and this was sufficient to prevent the examiners from declaring a miracle4 ,the third class contained cures which presented an undeniable and evident supernatural character1 fifteen in number4 ,those of3 ,blaisette ,soupenne1 ,benoite ,cazeaux1 ,jeanne ,grassus married to ,crozat1 ,louis ,bourriette1 little ,justin ,bouhohorts1 ,fabian and ,suzanne ,baron of ,lourdes1 ,madame ,rizanand1 ,henry ,busquet of ,nay1 ,catherine ,latapie of ,loubajac1 ,madame ,lanou of ,bordres1 ,marianne ,garrot and ,denys ,bouchet of ,lamarque1 ,jean-,marie ,tambourn of ,st4 ,justin1 ,mlle4 ,marie ,moreau de ,sazenay of ,tartas1 ,paschaline ,abbadie of ,rabasteins1 all these were incontestably miraculous4 ,the maladies to which those favored by such sudden and startling cures were subject were of entirely different natures--we quote from the report of the commission4 ,they possessed the greatest variety of character4 ,some were the subjects of external1 others of internal pathology4 ,nevertheless1 these various diseases were all cured by a single simple element1 used either as a lotion or drink1 or sometimes in both ways4 ,in the natural and scientific order1 furthermore1 each remedy is used in a fixed and regular manner2 it has its special virtue proper to a given malady1 but is either inefficacious or hurtful in other cases4 ,it is not1 then1 by any property inherent in its composition that the ,massabielle water has been able to produce such numerous1 diverse1 and extraordinary cures1 and to extinguish at once diseases of different and opposite characters4 ,furthermore1 science has authoritatively declared1 after analysis1 that this water has no mineral or therapeutic qualities1 and chemically does not differ from other pure waters4 ,medical science1 having been consulted1 after mature and conscientious examination1 is not less decisive in its conclusions4 ,in glancing at the general appearance of these cures1 says the medical report1 one cannot fail to be struck by the ease1 the promptitude1 and instantaneous rapidity with which they spring from their producing cause2 from the violation and overthrow of all therapeutic laws and methods which takes place in their accomplishment2 from the contradictions offered by them to all the accepted axioms and cautions of science2 from that kind of disdain which sports with the chronic nature and long resistance of the disease2 from the concealed but real care with which all the circumstances are arranged and combined3 everything1 in short1 shows that the cures wrought belong to an order apart from the habitual course of nature4 ,such phenomena surpass the limits of the human intellect4 ,how1 indeed1 can it comprehend the opposition which exists3 ,between the simplicity of the means and the greatness of the result8 ,between the unity of the remedy and the variety of the diseases8 ,between the short time employed in the use of this remedy and the lengthy treatment indicated by science8 ,between the sudden efficacy of the former and the long-acknowledged inutility of the latter8 ,between the chronic nature of the diseases and the instantaneous character of the cure8 ,there is in all this a contingent force1 superior to any that spring from natural causes1 and1 consequently1 foreign to the water of which it has made use to show forth its power8 ,in view of so many carefully-collected and publicly-certified facts1 so striking in their nature2 in view1 moreover1 of the conscientious and thorough inquiry made by the commission1 together with the formal and united declarations of medicine and chemistry1 the bishop could no longer remain unconvinced4 ,nevertheless1 on account of that spirit of extreme prudence which we have before remarked1 ,monseigneur ,laurence1 before giving the solemn episcopal verdict in this matter1 demanded a still further guaranty of these miraculous cures--the proof of time4 ,he allowed three years to pass4 ,a second examination was then made4 ,the miraculous cures still held good4 ,no one appeared to retract former testimony or to contest any of the facts4 ,the works of him who rules over eternity had nothing to fear from the test of time4 ,after this overwhelming series of proofs and certainty1 ,monseigneur ,laurence at length pronounced the judgment which all had been awaiting4 ,we give below its general features4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnote3 #aee ,all the circumstances connected with this fact1 says the report of the physicians1 stamp it with a supernatural character4 ,it is impossible to escape from this conviction1 if one considers1 on one hand1 the chronic nature of the complaint which began in #ahcd2 the force of its engendering cause1 namely1 the cholera2 the permanence of some of its symptoms in a most important organ of life1 the stomach2 the fruitlessness of remedies applied by a competent physician1 ,m4 ,subervielle1 the gradual prostration of strength1 followed inevitably by dyspepsia1 and the enervation resulting from continual pain2 and1 on the other hand1 if one will couple with these circumstances the effect produced by natural water1 only once applied1 and the instantaneous character of the result4 ,p,,re ,,jacques ,,and ,,mademoiselle ,,adrienne4 ,a ,,sketch ,,after ,,the ,,blocus4 ,it was just five months since ,i had left it1 the bright1 proud ,babylon1 beautiful and brave and wicked1 clothed in scarlet and feasting sumptuously4 ,king ,chanticleer1 strutting on the ,boulevards1 was crowing loudly1 and the myriad tribe of the ,coq ,gaulois1 strutting up and down the city1 crowed loud and shrill in responsive chorus--petits crvs1 and petits mouchards1 and petits gamins1 and all that was petit in that grand1 foolish cityful of humanity4 ,bedlam was abroad1 singing and crowing and barking itself rabid1 and scaring away from ,babylon all that was not bedlam4 ,but there were many in ,babylon who were not afraid of the bedlam1 who believed that crowing would by-and-by translate itself into action1 into those seeds of desperate daring that none but madmen can accomplish1 and that1 when the bugle sounded1 these bragging1 swaggering maniacs would shoulder the musket1 and1 rushing to the fore1 save ,france or die for her4 ,no one saved her1 but many did rush to the fore1 and die for her4 ,they were not lunatics1 though1 at least not many of them4 ,the lunatics showed1 as they have often done before1 that there was method in their madness4 ,they cheered on the sane1 phlegmatic brethren to death and glory1 while they stayed prudently at home to keep up the spirits of the capital2 they were the spirit and soul of the defence1 the others were but the bone and muscle of it4 ,what is a body without a soul8 ,the frail arm of the flesh without the nerve and strength of the spirit8 ,pshaw6 ,if it were not for the crowing of ,king ,chanticleer1 there would have been no siege at all2 the whole concern would have collapsed in its cradle4 ,the story of that ,blocus has yet to be written4 ,of its outward and visible story1 many volumes1 and scores of volumes1 good and bad1 true and false1 have been already written4 ,but the inward story1 the arcana of the defence1 the exposition of that huge1 blundering machine that1 with its springs and levers1 and wheels within wheels1 snapped and broke and collapsed in the driver's hand1 all this is still untold4 ,the great ,pourquoi8 is still unanswered4 ,history will solve the riddle some day1 no doubt1 as it solves most riddles1 but before that time comes1 other1 grander problems of greater import to us will have been solved too1 and we shall care but little for the true story of the ,blocus4 ,yes1 monsieur1 said my concierge1 when we met and talked over the events that had passed since the first of ,september1 when ,i fled and left my goods and chattels to her care and the tender mercies of the ,prussians and the ,reds--yes1 monsieur1 it is very wonderful that one doesn't hear of anybody having died of cold1 though the winter was so terrible1 and the fuel so scarce4 ,it ran short almost from the beginning4 ,we had nothing but green sticks that couldn't be persuaded to burn and do our best4 ,i used to sit shivering in my bed1 while the petiots tried to warm themselves skipping in the porte-cochre1 or running up and down from the cintime till their little legs were dead beat4 ,o ,mon ,dieu6 je me rapellerai de cette guerre en tous les sens1 monsieur4 ,did many die from starvation1 ,i asked--many in this neighborhood that you knew8 ,not one1 monsieur6 ,not one of actual hunger1 though my belief is1 plenty of folks died of poison4 ,the bread we ate was worse than the want of it4 ,such an abomination1 made out of hay and bran and oats2 why1 monsieur1 a chiffonier's dog wouldn't have touched it in ,christian times4 ,how it kept body and soul together for any of us is more than ,i can understand4 ,and yet nobody died of want8 ,i repeated4 ,not that ,i heard of1 monsieur2 unless you count ,pre ,jacques as dead from starvation4 ,he disappeared one morning soon after he told ,mlle4 ,adrienne1 and nobody ever knew what became of him4 ,they said in the quartier that he went over to the ,prussians2 but they said that of better men than ,pre ,jacques1 and besides1 what would the ,prussians do with a poor old toqu like ,pre ,jacques1 ,i ask it of monsieur8 ,i was going to say that ,i fully agreed with her1 when we were both startled by a sudden uproar in the street round the corner4 ,we rushed out simultaneously from the porte-cochre1 where we were holding our confabulation1 to see what was the matter4 ,a crowd was collected in the middle of the ,rue ,billault1 and was vociferously cheering somebody or something4 ,as a matter of course1 the assembly being ,french1 there were counter-cheers2 hisses and cries of rengat6 ,vendu aux ,prussiens6 drle1 etc41 intermingling with more friendly exclamations4 ,bon ,dieu6 ce n'est done pas fini6 ,is the war going to begin again8 ,are we going to have a revolution8 demanded my concierge1 throwing up her hands to heaven and then wringing them in despair4 ,will the petiots never be able to eat their panade and build their little mud-pies in peace6 ,oh6 monsieur1 monsieur1 you are happy not to be a ,frenchman6 ,without in the least degree demurring to this last proposition1 ,i suggested that before giving up ,france as an utterly hopeless case1 we would do well to see what the row was about2 if indeed it were a row1 for the cheering1 as the crowd grew1 seemed to rise predominant above the hissing4 ,already reassured1 ,i advanced boldly toward the centre of disturbance1 my concierge following1 and keeping a tight grip of the skirts of my coat for greater security4 ,vive ,mlle4 ,adrienne6 ,donne la patte ,mlle4 ,adrienne6 ,vive le ,pre ,jacques6 ,the cries1 capped by peals of laughter which were suddenly drowned in the uproarious braying of a donkey1 reverberated through the street and deafened us as we drew near4 ,with a shout of laughter1 my concierge dropped my skirts1 and clapping her hands3 ,comment6 she cried1 she is alive1 then6 ,he did not eat her6 ,he did not sell her6 ,vive le ,pre ,jacques6 ,vive ,mlle4 ,adrienne6 ,those of my readers who have lived any time in the quartier of the ,champs ,elyses will recognize ,mlle4 ,adrienne as an old friend1 and rejoice to learn that1 thanks to the intelligent devotion of ,pre ,jacques1 she did not share the fate of her asinine sisterhood1 but has actually gone through the horrors of the siege of ,paris and lived to tell the tale4 ,those who have not the pleasure of her acquaintance will perhaps be glad to make it1 and to hear something of so remarkable a personage4 ,for years--,i am afraid to say how many1 but ten is certainly within the mark--,pre ,jacques's donkey has been a familiar object in the ,rue ,billault and the ,rue de ,berri1 and that part of the ,faubourg ,st4 ,honor and the ,champs ,elyses which includes those streets4 ,why ,pre ,jacques christened his ass ,mlle4 ,adrienne nobody knows4 ,some say1 out of vengeance against a certain blue-eyed ,adrienne who won his heart and broke it2 others say1 only love for a faithful ,adrienne who broke his heart by dying2 but this is pure conjecture2 ,pre ,jacques himself is reticent on the subject1 and1 when questioned once by a curious1 impertinent man1 he refused to explain himself further than by remarking1 ,que chacun avait son ide1 et que son ide lui1 c'etait ,mlle4 ,adrienne1 and having said this he took a lump of sugar from his pocket and presented it affectionately to his ide1 who munched it with evident satisfaction1 and acknowledged her sense of the attention by a long and uproarious bray4 ,voyons1 ,mlle4 ,adrienne6 ,calmons-nous6 said ,pre ,jacques in a tone of persuasive authority4 ,calmons-nous1 ma chrie6--the braying grew louder and louder--wilt thou be silent8 ,upl1 ,mlle4 ,adrienne6 ,ah1 les femmes1 les femmes6 ,toujours bavardes6 ,la-a-a-1 ,mlle4 ,adrienne6 ,this was the usual style of conversation between the two4 ,pre ,jacques presented lumps of sugar which were invariably recognized by a bray1 or1 more properly1 a series of brays1 such as no other donkey in ,france or ,navarre but herself could send forth2 and while it lasted ,pre ,jacques kept up a running commentary of remonstrance4 ,voyons1 ,mlle4 ,adrienne6 ,sapristi1 veux-tu te taire8 ,a-t-on jamais vu6 ,lotte1 veux-tu en fini-i-i-r6 ,though it was an old novelty in the quartier1 it seemed never to have lost its savor1 and as soon as ,pre ,jacques and his little cart1 full of apples1 or oranges1 or cauliflowers1 as the case might be1 were seen or heard at the further end of the street1 the gamins left off marbles and pitch-and-toss to bully and chaff ,pre ,jacques and greet his ide with a jocular ,bonjour1 ,mlle4 ,adrienne4 ,the tradesmen looked up from their weights and measures1 laughing1 as the pair went by4 ,when provisions began to run short during the ,blocus1 ,pre ,jacques grew uneasy1 not for himself1 but for ,mlle4 ,adrienne4 ,hard-hearted jesters advised him to fatten her up for the market2 ass-flesh was delicate and rarer than horse-flesh1 and fetched six francs a pound2 it was no small matter to turn six francs in these famine times1 when there were no more apples or cauliflowers to sell2 ,mlle4 ,adrienne was a burden now instead of a help to her master2 the little cart stood idle in the corner2 there was nothing to trundle1 and it was breaking his heart to see her growing thin for want of rations1 and to watch her spirits drooping for want of exercise and lumps of sugar4 ,for more than a fortnight ,pre ,jacques deprived himself of a morsel of the favorite dainty1 and doled out his last demikilog to her with miserly economy1 hoping always that the gates would be opened before she came to the last lump4 ,voyons1 ma fille6 ,pre ,jacques would say1 as she munched a bit half the usual size of the now precious bonbon4 ,cheer up1 ma bouriquette6 ,be reasonable1 ,mlle4 ,adrienne1 be reasonable1 and bear thy trials like an ass1 patiently and bravely1 not like a man1 grumbling and despairing4 ,paperlotte1 ,mlle4 ,adrienne6 if it were not for thee ,i should be out on the ramparts1 and send those coquins to the right-abouts myself4 ,les gredins6 they are not content with drilling our soldiers and starving our citizens1 but they must rob thee of thy bit of sugar1 my pretty one4 ,mille tonnerres6 if ,i had but their necks under my arm for one squeeze6 ,and1 entering into the grief and indignation of her master1 ,mlle4 ,adrienne would set up an agonized bray4 ,thus comforting one another1 the pair bore up through their trials4 ,but at last came the days of eating mice and rats1 and bread that a dog in good circumstances would have turned up its nose at a month ago1 and then ,pre ,jacques shook in his sabots4 ,he dared not show himself abroad with ,mlle4 ,adrienne1 and not only that1 but he lived in chronic terror of a raid being made on her at home4 ,the mischievous urchins who had amused themselves at the expense of his paternal feelings in days of comparative plenty1 gave him no peace or rest now that the wolf was really at the door4 ,requisitions were being made in private houses to see that no stores were hoarded up while the people outside were famishing4 ,one rich family1 who had prudently bought a couple of cows at the beginning of the ,blocus1 after vainly endeavoring to keep the fact a secret1 and surrounding the precious beasts with as much mystery and care as ever ,egyptian worshippers bestowed on the sacred ,isis1 were forced to give them up to the commonwealth4 ,this caused a great sensation in the quartier4 ,pre ,jacques was the first to hear it1 and the gamins improved the opportunity by declaring to him that the republic had issued a decree that all asses were to be seized next day1 all such as could not speak1 they added facetiously1 and there was to be a general slaughter of them1 a massacre des innocents1 the little brutes called it1 at the abattoir of the ,rue ,valois4 ,the fact of its being at the ,rue ,valois was a small mercy for which they reminded ,pre ,jacques to be duly grateful1 inasmuch as1 it being close at hand1 he might accompany ,mlle4 ,adrienne to the place of execution1 give her a parting kiss1 and hear her last bray of adieu4 ,at this cynical climax1 ,pre ,jacques started up in a rage1 and seizing his stick1 set to vigorously belaboring the diabolical young torturers1 who took to their heels1 yelling and screaming like frightened guinea-pigs1 while ,mlle4 ,adrienne1 who stood ruminating in a corner of the room1 opened a rattling volley of brays on the fugitives4 ,all that night ,pre ,jacques lay awake in terror4 ,every whistle of the wind1 every creak in the door1 every stir and sound1 set his heart thumping violently against his ribs2 every moment he was expecting the dreaded domiciliary visit4 ,what was he to do8 ,where was he to fly8 ,how was he to cheat the brigands and save ,mlle4 ,adrienne8 ,the night wore out1 and the dawn broke1 and the raid was still unaccomplished4 ,as soon as it was light1 ,pre ,jacques rose and dressed himself1 and sat down on a wooden stool close by ,mlle4 ,adrienne1 and pondered4 ,since her life had been in jeopardy1 he had removed her from her out-house in the court to his own private room on the ground-floor close by4 ,que me conseilles-tu1 ,mlle4 ,adrienne8 murmured the distracted parent1 speaking in a low tone1 impelled by the instinct that drives human beings to seek sympathy somewhere1 from a cat or a dog if they have no fellow-creature to appeal to1 ,pre ,jacques had contracted a habit of talking out loud to his dumb companion when they were alone1 and consulting her on any perplexing point4 ,suddenly a bright idea struck ,pre ,jacques2 he would go and consult ,mre ,richard4 ,mre ,richard lived in a neighboring court amidst a numerous family of birds of many species1 bullfinches1 canaries1 and linnets4 ,she had often suggested to ,pre ,jacques to adopt a little songster by way of cheering his lonely den1 and had once offered him a young ,german canary of her own bringing up4 ,it's as good as a baby for tricks and company1 and nothing so dear to keep1 urged ,mre ,richard4 ,but ,pre ,jacques had gratefully declined4 ,mlle4 ,adrienne is company enough for me1 he said1 and it might hurt her feelings if ,i took up with a bird now1 thanks to you all the same1 voisine4 ,to-day1 as he neared the house1 he looked in vain for the red and green cages that used to hang out au troisime on either side of ,mre ,richard's windows4 ,the birds were gone4 ,where8 ,pre ,jacques felt a sympathetic thrill of horror1 and with a heavy heart mounted the dark little stairs1 no longer merry with the sound of chirping from the tidy little room au troisime4 ,he refrained1 through delicate consideration for ,mre ,richard's feelings1 from asking questions1 but1 casting his eyes round the room1 he beheld the empty cages ranged in a row behind the door4 ,but ,mre ,richard had a donkey4 ,there was no comparison to be tolerated for a moment between it and ,mlle4 ,adrienne1 still their positions were identical1 and ,mre ,richard1 who was a wise woman1 would help him in his present difficulty1 and if she could not help him she would1 at any rate1 sympathize with him1 which was the next best thing to helping him4 ,but ,mre ,richard1 to his surprise1 had heard nothing of the impending raid on donkeys4 ,when he explained to her how the case stood1 instead of breaking out into lamentations1 she burst into a chuckling laugh4 ,pas possible6 ,bouriquette good to be eaten1 and the republic going to buy her1 and pay me six francs a pound for her6 ,pre ,jaques1 it's too good to be true1 declared the unnatural old ,harpagon4 ,pre ,jacques was unable to contain his indignation4 ,he vowed that rather than let her fall into the hands of the cannibals1 he would destroy ,mlle4 ,adrienne with his own hand2 he would kill any man in the republic1 from ,favre to ,gambetta1 who dared to lay a finger on her2 aye1 that he would1 if he were to swing for it the next hour6 ,pre ,jacques1 you are an imbecile1 observed ,mre ,richard1 taking a pinch of snuff2 you remind me of a story my bonhomme used to tell of two camarades of his that he met on their way to be hanged2 one of them didn't mind it1 and walked on quietly1 holding his tongue2 but the other didn't like it at all1 and kept howling and whining1 and making a tapage de diable4 ,at last the quiet one lost patience1 and turning round on the other1 ',eh grand btat1' he cried1 'si tu n'en veux pas1 n'en dgoute pas les autres6' ,pre ,jaques saw the point of the story1 and1 taking the hint1 stood up to go4 ,what did you do with the birds8 he demanded sternly1 as he was leaving the room4 ,sold four of them for three francs apiece1 and ate three of them1 and uncommonly good they were1 said the wretched woman1 with unblushing heartlessness4 ,monster6 groaned ,pre ,jacques1 and hurried from her presence4 ,all that day he and ,mlle4 ,adrienne stayed at home with their door and window barred and bolted2 but night came1 and the domiciliary visit was still a threat4 ,next day1 however1 the little door stood open as usual1 and ,pre ,jacques was to be seen hammering away at the dilapidated legs of a table that he was mending for a neighbor at the rate of twenty-five centimes a leg2 but ,mlle4 ,adrienne was not there4 ,had ,pre ,jacques put an end to his agony by actually killing her1 as he had threatened1 and so saved her from the ignoble fate of the shambles8 ,or had he1 haunted by the phantom of hunger which was now staring at him with its pale spectral eyes from the near background1 yielded to the old man's love of life1 and sold his friend to prolong it and escape himself from a ghastly death8 ,most people believed the latter alternative1 but nobody knew for certain4 ,when ,mlle4 ,adrienne's name was mentioned1 ,pre ,jacques would frown1 and give unmistakable signs of displeasure4 ,if the subject was pressed1 he would seize his stick1 and1 making a moulinet over his head with it1 prepare an expletive that the boldest never waited to receive4 ,one day he was caught crying bitterly in his now solitary home1 and muttering to himself between the sobs1 ,ma pauvre fille6 ,mlle4 ,adrienne6 ,je le suivrai bientt--ah les coquins1 les brigands1 les monstres6 ,this was looked upon as conclusive4 ,the monsters in question could only be the ,shylocks of the abattoir who had tempted him with blood-money for ,mlle4 ,adrienne4 ,when curiosity was thus far satisfied1 the gamins ceased to worry ,pre ,jacques2 the lonely old man became an object of pity to everybody1 even to the gamins themselves2 when they met him now they touched their caps1 with ,bonjour1 ,pre ,jacques6 and spared him the cruel jeer that had been their customary salutation of late3 ,mlle4 ,adrienne la casserole6 ,bon apptit1 ,pre ,jacques6 ,the days wore on1 and the weeks1 and the months4 ,paris1 wan and pale and hunger-stricken1 still held out4 ,winter had come1 and thrown its icy pall upon the city1 hiding her guilty front under innocent snow2 the nights were long and cold1 the dawn was desolate1 the tepid noon brought no warmth to the perishing1 fire-bound multitude4 ,no sign of succor came to them from without4 ,in vain they watched and waited1 persecuting time with hope4 ,the cannon kept up its sobbing recitative through the black silence of the night2 through the white stillness of the day4 ,hunger gnawed into their vitals1 till even hope1 weary with disappointment1 grew sick and died4 ,one morning1 the neighbors noticed ,pre ,jacques's door and window closed long after the hour when he was wont to be up and busy4 ,they knocked1 and1 getting no answer1 turned the handle of the door2 it was neither locked nor barred1 merely closed1 as if the master were within2 but he was not2 the little room was tenantless1 and almost entirely stripped2 the mattress and the scanty store of bed-clothes were gone2 the iron bedstead1 a table1 a stool1 and two cane chairs1 were the only sticks of furniture that remained2 the shelves were bare of the bright pewter tankards and platters that used to adorn them2 the gilt clock with its abortion of a ,pegasus bestrid by a grenadier1 which had been the glory of the chimney-piece1 had disappeared4 ,what did it all mean8 ,had the enemy made a raid on ,pre ,jacques and his property during the night1 and carried away the lot in a balloon8 ,great was the consternation1 and greater still the gossip of the little community1 when the mysterious event became known through the quartier4 ,what had become of ,pre ,jacques8 ,had he been kidnapped1 or had he been murdered1 or had he taken flight of his own accord1 and whither1 and why8 ,nothing transpired to throw any light on the mystery1 and the gossips1 tired of guessing1 soon ceased to think about it1 and1 like many another nine days' wonder1 ,pre ,jacques's disappearance died a natural death4 ,a day came at last when the mitrailleuse hushed its hideous shriek1 the cannon left off booming1 the wild beasts of war were silent4 ,paris cried1 ,merci6 and the gates were opened4 ,the city1 like a sick man healed of a palsy1 rose up1 and shook herself and rubbed her eyes1 and ate plentifully after her long fast4 ,many came back from the outposts who were wept over as dead4 ,there were strange meetings in many quartiers during those first days that followed the capitulation4 ,but no one brought any news of ,pre ,jacques4 ,there were too many interests nearer and dearer to think of1 and1 in the universal excitement of shame and vengeance and rare flashes of joy1 he and ,mlle4 ,adrienne were forgotten as if they had never been4 ,but when1 on the day of my return to ,paris1 my conversation with my concierge was interrupted by the cheering of the crowd in the ,rue ,billault1 and when the cause of the hubbub was made known1 the fact that both ,pre ,jacques and his ide were well remembered and1 as the newspapers put it1 universally esteemed by a large circle of friends and admirers1 was most emphatically attested4 ,nothing1 indeed1 could be more gratifying than the manner in which their resurrection was received4 ,the pair looked very much the worse for their sojourn in the other world1 wherever it was1 to which they had emigrated4 ,mlle4 ,adrienne's appearance was particularly affecting4 ,she was worn to skin and bone2 and certainly1 if ,pre ,jacques1 yielding to the pangs of hunger1 had sacrificed his ide to his life1 and taken her to the shambles1 she would not have fetched more than a brace of good rats1 or1 at best1 some ten francs1 from the inhuman butchers of the ,rue ,valois4 ,she dragged her legs1 and shook and stumbled as if the weight of her attenuated person were too much for them4 ,even her old enemies1 the gamins1 were moved to pity1 while ,pre ,jacques1 laughing and crying and apostrophizing ,mlle4 ,adrienne in his old familiar way1 cheered her on to their old home4 ,how she ever got there is as great a marvel as how she lived to be led there to-day2 for1 what between physical exhaustion and mental anxiety--for the crowd kept overpowering her with questions and caresses--and what between the well-meant but injudicious attentions of sundry little boys who kept stuffing unintermitting bits of straw and lumps of sugar into her mouth1 it is little short of a miracle that she did not choke and expire on the macadam of the ,rue ,billault4 ,many an ass has been lionized before1 and many a one will be so again4 ,it is a common enough sight in these days1 but never did hero or heroine of the tribe bear herself more becomingly on the trying occasion than ,mlle4 ,adrienne4 ,as to ,pre ,jacques1 he bore himself as well as he could1 trying hard to look dignified and unconscious1 while in his inmost heart he was bursting with pride4 ,while he and ,mlle4 ,adrienne ambled on side by side1 some facetious person remarked that ,pre ,jacques looked quite beside himself4 ,this1 indeed1 was a great day for him and his ass4 ,yet1 notwithstanding that his heart was moved within him and softened towards all men--nay1 towards all boys--he could not be induced to say a word as to where he had been1 or what he had done1 or how he and ,mlle4 ,adrienne had fared in the wilderness1 or what manner of wilderness it was1 or anything that could furnish the remotest clue to their existence since the day when they had separately disappeared off the horizon of the ,rue ,billault4 ,provisions were still too dear1 during the first fortnight after the capitulation1 to allow of ,pre ,jacques resuming his old trade of apples or cauliflowers2 besides1 ,mademoiselle ,adrienne wanted rest4 ,pauvre chrie6 il faut qu'elle se remette un peu de la vache enrage1 he remarked tenderly1 when his friends condoled with him on her forced inactivity4 ,he would not hear of hiring her out for work1 as some of them proposed4 ,mre ,richard came and offered a fabulous price for the loan of her for three days1 with a view to a stroke of business at the railway station1 where food was pouring in from ,london4 ,pre ,jacques shook his fist at the carnivorous old woman1 and warned her never to show her unnatural old face in his house again1 or it might be worse for her4 ,a ,,pie ,,ix4 ,le ,verbe crateur en paraissant sur terre ,erigea son glise1 auguste monument4 ,il appela ,simon du fameux nom de ,pierre ,et de son difice en fit le fondement3 ,des volonts du ,christ sacr dpositaire1 ,interprte et gardien du dernier ,testament ,pie inspir d'en haut et par l'glise entire ,en achve le dme et le couronnement4 ,pie obtient en ce jour 7glorieux privilge67 ,de rgner a l'gal du chef du saint collge4 ,des droits de l',eternal et de l'humanit ,contre l'erreur du jour dfenseur intrpide1 ,calme au sein des prils1 d'une main sre il guide ,la barque de ,cphas au port de ,vrit4 ,,new ,,york1 ,june #ag1 #ahga4 ,,the ,,secular ,,not ,,supreme4#aef ,dr4 ,bellows is the well-known pastor of ,all ,souls' ,church1 and editor of the ,liberal ,christian in this city1 a distinguished ,unitarian minister1 with some religious instincts and respectable literary pretensions4 ,as a student in college and the ,divinity ,school1 ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts1 he was full of promise1 and a great favorite of the late ,hon4 ,edward ,everett1 himself originally a ,unitarian minister and pastor of ,brattle ,street ,church1 ,boston4 ,the ,hon4 ,e4 ,p4 ,hurlbut was formerly one of the judges of the ,supreme ,court of this state1 a lawyer by profession1 with a passably clear head and a logical mind1 who knows1 if not the truth1 at least what he means1 and neither fears nor hesitates to say it4 ,his pamphlet1 as far as it goes1 expresses1 we doubt not1 his honest thought1 but his thought is the thought of a secularist1 who admits no order above the secular1 and holds that no religion not subordinate to and under the control of the civil power1 should be tolerated4 ,both he and ,dr4 ,bellows are from instinct and education hearty haters of the ,catholic ,church2 but while he is content to war against her from the point of view of pure secularism or no-religion1 that is1 atheism1 the reverend doctor seeks to clothe his hatred in a ,christian garb and to war against ,christ in the name of ,christ4 ,dr4 ,bellows1 as a ,liberal ,christian1 and though a ,protestant hardly allowed by his more rigid ,protestant countrymen to bear the ,christian name1 has a double battle to fight3 one1 against the ,evangelical movement1 at the head of which is ,mr4 ,justice ,strong1 of the ,supreme ,court1 to amend the constitution of the ,united ,states so as to make orthodox ,protestantism the official religion of the republic1 which would exclude him and his ,unitarian1 ,universalist1 and ,quaker brethren2 and the other1 against the admission of the equal rights of ,catholics with ,protestants before the ,american state4 ,catholics greatly trouble him1 and he hardly knows what to do with them4 ,according to the letter of the constitution of the ,union and of the several states1 unless ,new ,hampshire be an exception1 they are ,american citizens1 standing in all respects on a footing of perfect equality with any other class of citizens1 and have as much right to take part in public affairs1 and to seek to manage them in the interests of their religion1 as ,protestants have to take part in them in the interests of ,protestantism2 but this is very wrong1 and against the spirit of the constitution2 for the nation is a ,protestant nation1 the country was originally settled by and belongs to ,protestantism1 and ,catholics ought to understand that they are really here only by sufferance1 that they do not in reality stand in relation to public questions on a footing of equality with ,protestants1 and have really no right to exert any influence in regard to the public policy of the country not in accordance with the convictions of the ,protestant majority4 ,he tells us1 in the discourse before us and more distinctly still in the columns of the ,liberal ,christian1 not to aspire as citizens to equality with ,protestants as if we had as much right to the government as they have1 and warns us that if we do we shall be resisted even unto blood4 ,the occasion of his outpouring of wrath against ,catholics is that they have protested against being taxed for the support of a system of sectarian or godless schools1 to which they are forbidden in conscience to send their children1 and have demanded as their right either that the tax be remitted1 or that their proportion of the public schools be set off to them1 to be1 as to education and discipline1 under ,catholic control4 ,dr4 ,bellows allows that the ,catholic demand is just1 and that by making it a question at the polls they may finally obtain it2 but this is not to his mind1 for it would defeat the pet scheme of ,protestants for preventing the growth of ,catholicity in the country1 by detaching1 through the influence of the public schools1 their children from the faith of their parents4 ,yet as long as any religion1 even the reading of the ,bible1 is insisted on in the public schools1 what solid argument can be urged against the demand of ,catholics1 or what is to prevent ,catholic citizens from making it a political question and withholding their votes from the party that refuses to respect their rights of conscience and to do them justice8 ,dr4 ,bellows says that we cannot legally be prevented from doing so1 but1 if we do so1 it will be the worse for us2 for if we carry our religion to the polls the ,protestant people will1 as they should1 rise up against us and overwhelm us by their immense majority1 perhaps even exterminate us4 ,to prevent the possibility of collision1 the reverend doctor proposes a complete divorce of church and state4 ,he proposes to defeat the ,evangelicals on the one hand1 and the ,catholics on the other1 by separating totally religion and politics4 ,thus he says3 ,it is the vast importance of keeping the political and the religious movements and action of the people apart1 and in their own independent spheres1 that makes wise citizens1 alike on religious and on civil grounds1 look with alarm and jealousy on any endeavors1 on the part either of ,protestants or ,catholics1 to secure any special attention or support1 any partial or separate legislation or subsidies1 from either the national or the state governments4 ,i have already told you that ,protestants1 representing the great sects in this country1 are now laboring1 by movable conventions1 to mould public opinion in a way to give finally a theological character to the constitution4 ,in a much more pardonable spirit1 because in accordance with their historical antecedents1 their hereditary temper1 and their ecclesiastical logic1 the ,roman ,catholics in this country are1 in many states1 and every great city of the ,union1 using the tremendous power they possess as the make-weight of parties1 to turn the public treasure in a strong current into their own channels1 and thus secure an illegitimate support as a religious body4 ,it is not too much to guess that more than half of the ecclesiastical wealth of the ,roman ,catholic ,church in ,america1 against the wishes and convictions of a ,protestant country1 has been voted to it in lands and grants by municipalities and legislatures trading for ,irish votes4 ,the ,catholic ,church thus has a factitious prosperity and progress4 ,it is largely sustained by ,protestants--not on grounds of charity and toleration1 or from a sense of its usefulness 7that were well privately done71 but from low and unworthy political motives in both the great parties of the country4 ,now that ,roman ,catholics themselves should take advantage of their solidarity as a people and a church1 and of the power of their priesthood1 with all uninformed and some enlightened communicants1 to turn the political will into a machine for grinding their ecclesiastical grist1 is not unnatural1 nor wholly unpardonable4 ,but it is fearfully dangerous to them and to us4 ,their success--due to the sense of the ,protestant strength which thinks it can afford to blink their machinations1 or to the preoccupation of the public mind with the emulative business pursuits of the time1 or to the confidence which the ,american people seem to feel in the final and secure divorce of church and state--their unchecked success encourages them to bolder and more bold demands1 and accustoms the people to more careless and more perilous acquiescence in their claims4 ,the principle of authority in religion1 which has so many temperamental adherents in all countries2 the inherent love of pomp and show in worship1 strongest in the least educated2 a natural weariness of sectarian divisions1 commonest among lazy thinkers and stupid consciences--all these play into the hands of the ,romanists1 and they are making hay while the sun shines4 ,there are no reviews1 no newspapers in this country1 so bold and unqualified2 none so unscrupulous and so intensely zealous and partisan2 none so fearless and outspoken as the ,catholic journals4 ,they profess to despise ,protestant opposition2 they deride the feeble tactics of other ,christian sects2 they are more ultramontane1 more ,roman1 more ,papal1 than ,french1 ,german1 ,austrian1 ,bavarian1 ,italian believers2 they avow their purpose to make this a ,roman ,catholic country1 and they hope to live on the ,protestant enemy while they are converting him4 ,they often put their religious faith above their political obligation1 and1 as bishops and priests1 make it a duty to the church for their members to vote as ,catholics rather than as ,american citizens4 ,not what favors the peace1 prosperity1 and union of the nation1 but what favors their church1 is the supreme question for them at every election2 and ,american politicians1 for their predatory purposes1 have taught them this1 and are their leaders in it4 ,now1 as an ,american citizen1 ,i say nothing against the equality of the rights of the ,roman ,catholics and the ,protestants2 both may lawfully strive1 in their unpolitical spheres1 for the mastery1 and the law may not favor or disfavor either2 nor can anything be done to prevent ,roman ,catholics from using their votes as ,roman ,catholics1 if they please4 ,it is against the spirit1 but not against the letter of the constitution4 ,at any rate1 it cannot be helped2 only1 it may compel ,protestants to form parties and vote as ,protestants against ,roman ,catholic interests1 which would be a deplorable necessity1 and lead1 sooner or later1 through religious parties in politics1 to religious wars4 ,the way to avoid such a horrible possibility--alas1 such a threatening probability for the next generation--is at once to look with the utmost carefulness and the utmost disfavor upon every effort on the part of either ,protestants or ,catholics to mix up sectarian or theological or religious questions with national and state and city politics4 ,every appeal of a sect1 a denominational church1 or sectarian charity of any description1 to the general government1 or state or city governments1 for subsidies or favors1 should be at once discountenanced and forbidden by public opinion1 and made impossible by positive statute4 ,the ,protestant sects in this country should hasten to remove from their record any advantages whatsoever guaranteed to them by civil law to any partiality or sectarian distinction4 ,the most important privilege they enjoy by law in most of the states is the right of keeping the ,bible in the public schools4 ,it is a privilege associated with the tenderest and most sacred symbol of the ,protestant faith--the ,bible4 ,to exclude it from the public schools is to the religious affections of ,protestants like ,abraham's sacrifice of his only son4 ,when it was first proposed1 ,i felt horror-stricken1 and instinctively opposed it2 but ,i have thought long and anxiously upon the subject1 and have1 from pure logical necessity and consistency1 been obliged to change--nay1 reverse my opinion4 ,duty to the unsectarian character of our civil institutions demands that this exclusion should be made4 ,it will not be any disclaimer of the importance of the ,bible in the education of ,american youth1 but only a concession that we cannot carry on the religious with the secular education of ,american children1 at the public expense and in the public schools4 ,so long as ,protestant ,christians insist1 merely in the strength of their great majority1 upon maintaining the ,bible in the public schools1 they justify ,roman ,catholics in demanding that the public money for education shall be distributed to sects in proportion to the number of children they educate4 ,this goes far to break up the common-school system of this country1 and1 if carried out1 must ultimately tend to dissolve the ,union1 which morally depends upon the community of feeling and the homogeneity of culture produced by an unsectarian system of common schools4--,church and ,state1 pp4 #af-ai4 ,but this proposed remedy will prove worse than the disease4 ,the state divorced from the church1 wholly separated from religion1 is separated from morality2 and the state separated from morality1 that is1 from the moral order1 from natural justice inseparable from religion1 cannot stand1 and ought not to stand1 for it is incapable of performing a single one of its proper functions4 ,the church1 representing the spiritual1 and therefore the superior1 order1 is by its own nature and constitution as independent of the state as the soul is of the body2 and the state separated from the church1 or from religion and morality1 is like the body separated from the soul1 dead1 a putrid or putrefying corpse4 ,exclude your ,protestant ,bible and all direct and indirect religious instruction from your public schools1 and you would not render them a whit less objectionable to us than they are now1 for we object not less to purely secular schools than we do to sectarian schools4 ,we hold that children should be trained up in the way they should go1 so that when old they will not depart from it2 and the way in which they should go is not the way of pure secularism1 but the way enjoined by ,god our ,maker through his church4 ,god has in this life joined soul and body1 the spiritual and the secular1 together1 and what ,god has joined together we dare not put asunder4 ,there is only one of two things that can satisfy us3 either cease to tax us for the support of the public schools1 and leave the education of our children to us1 or give us our proportion of the public schools in which to educate them in our own religion4 ,we protest against the gross injustice of being taxed to educate the children of non-,catholics1 and being obliged in addition to support schools for our own children at our own expense1 or peril their souls4 ,we do not think ,dr4 ,bellows is aware of what he demands when he demands the complete divorce of church and state1 or the total separation of religion and politics4 ,the state divorced from the church is a godless state1 and politics totally separated from religion is simply political atheism1 and political atheism is simply power without justice1 force without law2 for there is no law without ,god1 the supreme and universal ,lawgiver4 ,man has no original and underived legislative power1 and one man has in and of himself no authority over another2 for all men by the law of nature are equal1 and have equal rights1 and among equals no one has the right to govern4 ,all governments based on political atheism1 or the assumption that politics are independent of religion1 rest on no foundation1 are usurpations1 tyrannies1 without right1 and can govern1 if at all1 only by might or sheer force4 ,to declare the government divorced from religion is to declare it emancipated from the law of ,god1 from all moral obligation1 and free to do whatever it pleases4 ,it has no duties1 and under it there are and can be no rights2 for rights and duties are in the moral order and inseparable from religion1 since the law of ,god is the basis of all rights and duties1 the foundation and guarantee of all morality4 ,the state1 divorced from religion1 would be bound to recognize and protect no rights of ,god or man1 not even those natural and inalienable rights of all men1 life1 liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness4 ,this is going further in the direction of absolutism than go the doctor's dear friends the ,turks1 whom he so warmly eulogizes in his letters from the ,east1 for even they hold the sultan is bound by the ,koran1 and forbidden to do anything it prohibits4 ,dr4 ,bellows1 doubtless1 has no intention of divorcing the state from morality1 and does not see that his proposition implies it4 ,he probably holds that morality is separable from religion1 for with him religion is simply sentiment or opinion2 but in this he falls into the common mistake of all ,liberal ,christians1 and of many ,protestants who regard ,liberal ,christians as no ,christians at all4 ,morality and religion are inseparable1 for morality is only the practical application in the several departments of life of the principles of religion4 ,without religion morality has no foundation1 nothing on which to rest1 is a baseless fabric1 an unreality4 ,deny ,god1 and you deny the moral law and the whole moral order1 all right1 all duty1 all human accountability4 ,the separation of all political questions from all religious questions1 which the reverend doctor demands1 is their separation from all moral questions1 and is the emancipation of the state from all right and all duty1 or the assertion of its unrestricted power to do whatever it pleases1 in total disregard of all moral and religious considerations4 ,is this the doctrine of a ,christian8 ,this surely is not the relation of church and state in ,america1 and derives no support from the ,american order of thought4 ,with us1 the state is instituted chiefly for the protection of the natural rights of man1 as we call them1 but really the rights of ,god1 since they are anterior to civil society1 are superior to it1 and not derived or derivable from it4 ,these rights it is the duty of civil society to protect and defend4 ,any acts of the political sovereign1 be that sovereign king or kaiser1 nobility or people1 contrary to these antecedent and superior rights are tyrannical and unjust1 are violences1 not laws1 and the common-law courts will not enforce them1 because contrary to the law of justice and forbidden by it4 ,the ,american state disclaims all authority over the religion of its citizens1 but at the same time acknowledges its obligation to respect in its own action1 and to protect and defend from external violence1 the religion which its citizens or any class of its citizens choose to adopt or adhere to for themselves4 ,it by no means asserts its independence of religion or its right to treat it with indifference1 but acknowledges its obligation to protect its citizens in the free and peaceable possession and enjoyment of the religion they prefer4 ,it goes further1 and affords religion the protection and assistance of the law in the possession and management of her temporalities1 her churches and temples1 lands and tenements1 funds and revenues for the support of public worship1 and various charitable or eleemosynary institutions4 ,all the protection and assistance the benefit of which every ,protestant denomination fully enjoys1 and even the ,catholic ,church in principle1 though not always in fact1 would be denied1 if the divorce ,dr4 ,bellows demands were granted1 and religion1 having no rights politicians are bound to respect1 would become the prey of lawless and godless power1 and religious liberty would be utterly annihilated1 as well as civil liberty itself1 which depends on it4 ,the chief pretence with ,dr4 ,bellows for urging the complete divorce of church and state1 is that ,catholics demand and receive subsidies from the state and city for their schools and several charitable institutions4 ,some such subsidies have been granted1 we admit1 but in far less proportion to ,catholics than they to ,protestants or non-,catholics4 ,the public schools are supported at the public expense1 by the school fund1 and a public tax1 of which ,catholics pay their share1 and these schools are simply sectarian or godless schools1 for the sole benefit of non-,catholics4 ,the subsidies conceded to a few of our schools do by no means place them on an equality with those of non-,catholics4 ,we by no means receive our share of the subsidies conceded4 ,the aids granted to our hospitals1 orphan asylums1 and reformatories are less liberal than those to similar non-,catholic institutions4 ,so long as the state subsidizes any institutions of the sort1 we claim to receive our proportion of them as our right4 ,if the state grant none to non-,catholics1 we shall demand none for ourselves4 ,we demand equality1 but we ask no special privileges or favors4 ,the outcry of the sectarian and secular press against us on this score is wholly unauthorized1 is cruel1 false1 and unjust4 ,it is part and parcel of that general system of falsification by which it is hoped to inflame popular passion and prejudice against ,catholics and their church4 ,underlying the whole of the doctrine of this discourse is the assumption of the supremacy of the secular order1 or that every ,american citizen is bound to subordinate his religion to his politics1 or divest himself of it whenever he acts on a political question4 ,this1 which is assumed and partially disguised in ,dr4 ,bellows1 is openly and frankly asserted and boldly maintained in ,judge ,hurlbut's pamphlet4 ,the judge talks much about theology1 theocracy1 etc41 subjects of which he knows less than he supposes1 and of course talks a great deal of nonsense1 as unbelievers generally do2 but he is quite clear and decided that the state should have the power to suppress any church or religious institution that is based on a theory or principle different from its own4 ,the theory of the ,american government is democratic1 and the government ought to have the power to suppress or exclude every church that is not democratically constituted4 ,religion should conform to politics1 not politics to religion4 ,the political law is above the religious1 and1 of course1 man is above ,god4 ,in order to be able to carry out this theory1 the learned judge proposes an important amendment to the constitution of the ,united ,states1 which shall on the one hand prohibit the several states from ever establishing any religion by law2 and1 on the other1 shall authorize ,congress to enact such laws as it may deem necessary to control or prevent the establishment or continuance of any foreign hierarchical power in this country founded on principles or dogmas antagonistic to republican institutions4 ,he says3 ,the following amendment is proposed to ,article ,i4 of the amendments to the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,the words in italics are proposed to be added to the present article3 ,,art4 ,i4 ,neither ,congress nor any state shall make any laws respecting an establishment of religion1 or prohibiting the free exercise thereof2 or abridging the freedom of speech1 or of the press2 or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances4 ,but ,congress may enact such laws as it shall deem necessary to control or prevent the establishment or continuance of any foreign hierarchical power in this country founded on principles or dogmas antagonistic to republican institutions4 ,it is assumed that there is nothing in the constitution1 as it stands1 which forbids a state from establishing a religion1 and that no power is conferred on ,congress by the constitution to forbid a foreign hierarchical establishment in the ,united ,states4 ,if such a power be needed1 then the proposed amendment is also necessary4--,secular ,view1 p4 #e4 ,this proposed amendment1 like iniquity1 lies unto itself1 for while it prohibits ,congress and the several states from making any law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof1 it gives to ,congress full power to control or prevent the establishment or the continuance--that is1 to prohibit--the free exercise by ,catholics of their religion1 under the flimsy pretence that it is a foreign hierarchy founded on anti-republican principles4 ,the hierarchy is an essential part of our religion1 and any denial of its freedom is the denial of the free exercise of his religion to every ,catholic1 and of the very principle of religious liberty itself1 which the constitution guarantees4 ,we of course deny that the ,catholic hierarchy is a foreign hierarchy or anti-republican1 for what is ,catholic is universal1 and what is universal is never and nowhere a foreigner2 but yet1 because its ,supreme ,pontiff does not reside personally in ,america1 and its power does not emanate from the ,american people1 ,protestants1 ,jews1 and infidels will hold that it is a foreign power1 and anti-republican4 ,the carnal ,jews held the ,hebrew religion to be a national religion1 and because the promised ,messiah came as a spiritual1 not as a temporal and national prince1 they rejected him4 ,infidels believe in no spiritual order1 and consequently in no ,catholic principle or authority2 ,protestants believe in no ,catholic hierarchy1 and hold that all authority in religious matters comes from ,god1 not through the hierarchy1 but through the faithful or the people1 and hence their ministers are called1 not sent4 ,it would be useless1 therefore1 to undertake to prove to one or another of these three classes that the ,catholic hierarchy is at home here1 in ,america1 as much so as at ,rome1 and1 since it holds not from the people1 that it is not founded on anti-republican or anti-democratic principles4 ,the only arguments we could use to prove it lie in an order of thought with which they are not familiar1 do not even recognize1 and to be appreciated demand a spiritual apprehension which1 though not above natural reason1 is quite too high for such confirmed secularists as ex-,judge ,hurlbut and his rationalistic brethren1 who have lost all conception1 not only of the supernatural order1 but of the supersensible1 the intelligible1 the universal reality above individual or particular existences4 ,for ,catholics there are two orders1 the secular and the spiritual4 ,the secular is bound by the limitations and conditions of time and place2 the spiritual is above and independent of all such conditions and limitations1 and is universal1 always and everywhere the same4 ,the ,catholic hierarchy represents in the secular and visible world1 in the affairs of individuals and nations1 this spiritual order1 on which the whole secular order depends1 and which1 therefore1 is an alien nowhere and at home everywhere4 ,the ,catholic hierarchy is supernatural1 not natural1 and1 therefore1 no more a foreigner in one nation than in another4 ,but it is only the ,catholic that can see and understand this2 it is too high and too intellectual for non-,catholics1 whose minds are turned earthward1 and have lost the habit of looking upward1 and to recover it must be touched by the quickening and elevating power of grace4 ,we must expect them1 therefore1 to vote the ,catholic hierarchy to be in this country a foreign hierarchy1 although it is nowhere national1 and is no more foreign here than is ,god himself4 ,the ,catholic hierarchy is not founded on democratic principles1 we grant1 but there is nothing in its principles or dogmas antagonistical to republican government1 if government at all2 but since it holds not from the people1 nor in any sense depends on them for its authority1 non-,catholics1 who recognize no power above the people1 will vote it anti-republican1 undemocratic1 antagonistical to the ,american system of government4 ,it is of no use to try to persuade them to the contrary1 or to allege that it is of the very essence and design of religion to assert the supremacy of an order which does not hold from the people1 and is above them both individually and collectively1 or to maintain in the direction and government of human affairs the supremacy of the law of ,god1 which all men and nations1 in both public and private matters1 are bound to obey1 and which none can disobey with impunity4 ,they will only reply that this is repugnant to the democratic tendencies of the age1 is contrary to the free and enlightened spirit of the nineteenth century1 denies the original1 absolute1 and underived sovereignty of the people1 and is manifestly a return to the theocratic principle which humanity rejects with horror4 ,to an argument of this sort there1 of course1 is no available answer4 ,the men who use it are impervious to logic or common sense1 for they either believe in no ,god1 or that ,god is altogether like one of themselves2 therefore1 in no respect above themselves4 ,it is very clear1 then1 if ,judge ,hurlbut's proposed amendment to the constitution were adopted1 it would be interpreted as giving to ,congress1 as the ,judge intends it should1 the power to suppress1 according to its discretion1 the ,catholic hierarchy1 and1 therefore1 the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 and that1 too1 notwithstanding the very amendment denies to ,congress the power to prohibit to any one the free exercise of his religion6 ,how true it is1 as the ,psalmist says1 ,iniquity hath lied to itself4 ,the enemies of the church1 who are necessarily the enemies of ,god1 and1 therefore1 of the truth1 are not able to frame an argument or a law against the church that does not contradict or belie itself2 yet are they1 in their own estimation1 the enlightened portion of mankind1 and ,catholics are weak1 besotted1 grovelling in ignorance and superstition4 ,there is little doubt that the amendment proposed by ,judge ,hurlbut would1 if adopted1 effect the object the ,evangelical sects are conspiring with ,jews and infidels to effect1 so far as human power can effect it--that is1 the suppression of the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 and it is a bolder1 more direct1 and honester way of coming at it than the fair-seeming but insidious amendment proposed by ,mr4 ,justice ,strong1 of the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states1 and his ,evangelical allies4 ,it is now well understood by non-,catholic leaders that the growth of the church cannot be prevented or retarded by arguments drawn from ,scripture or reason1 for both ,scripture and reason are found to be on her side1 and dead against them4 ,they see very clearly that if she is left free with an open field and fair play1 it is all over with her opponents4 ,they must then contrive in some way1 by some means or other1 to suppress the religious freedom and equality now guaranteed by our constitution and laws1 and bring the civil law or the physical power of the state to bear against the church and the freedom of ,catholics4 ,that it is a settled design on the part of the leading ,protestant sects to do this--and that they are aided by ,unitarians and ,universalists1 because they know that ,protestant orthodoxy would soon go by the board if the ,catholic ,church were suppressed2 by the ,jews1 because they hate ,christianity1 and know well that ,christianity and the ,catholic ,church stand or fall together2 and by unbelievers and secularists1 because they would abolish all religion1 and they feel that they cannot effect their purpose if the ,catholic ,church stands in their way--no one can seriously doubt4 ,we include the ,jews in this conspiracy1 for we have before us the report of a remarkable discourse delivered lately in the ,hebrew synagogue at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 by the ,rabbi ,lilienthal1 of ,cincinnati1 entitled ,first the ,state1 then the ,church1 which is directed almost wholly against the ,catholic ,church4 ,we make an extract from this discourse1 longer than we can well afford room for1 but our readers will thank us for it3 ,of all the questions which demand our serious consideration1 none is of more importance than the one1 ',shall the state or the church rule supreme8' ,all over ,europe1 this question is mooted at present1 and threatens to assume quite formidable proportions4 ,there is but one empire across the ocean in which this problem1 so far1 has been definitely settled by virtue of autocratic might and power4 ,it is ,russia4 ,when1 in the seventeenth century1 the ,patriarch of ,moscow had died1 and the metropolitans and archbishops of the ,greek ,church met for the purpose of filling the vacancy1 ,peter the ,great rushed with drawn sword into their meeting1 and1 throwing the same on the table1 exclaimed1 ',here is your patriarch4' ,since that time the ,czar is emperor and pope at once2 and1 very significantly1 the ',holy ,synod1' or the supreme ecclesiastical court of ,russia1 is presided over by a general1 the representative of the ,czar4 ,and hence the ,emperor ,nicholas used to say3 ,state and church are represented in me2 and the motto ruling the ,russian government was autocracy1 ,russian nationality1 and the ,greek ,church4 ,but everywhere else in ,europe this question agitates the old continent4 ,in ,great ,britain1 ,gladstone works for the enfranchisement of the church2 the ,thirty nine ,articles1 so renowned at ,oxford and ,cambridge1 are going to be abolished1 and ,high ,churchmen and ,dissenters prepare themselves for the final struggle4 ,italy1 so long priest-ridden1 has inscribed on her national banner the glorious words1 ',religious liberty1' and means to carry them out to the fullest extent1 in spite of all anathemas and excommunications4 ,spain1 though still timid and wavering1 has adopted the same policy4 ,austria has thrown off her concordat1 and inserted in her new constitution the same modern principle2 and the ,german ,empire has fully recognized the equality of all citizens1 without difference of creed or denomination1 before the courts and tribunals of resurrected and united ,germany4 ,but daily we hear of the demands of the clergy1 made in the interests of their church4 ,since the last cumenical ,council has proclaimed the new dogma of ,papal infallibility1 the bishops want to discharge all teachers and professors1 both at the theological seminaries and universities1 who are unwilling to subscribe to this new tenet of the ,roman ,church4 ,the ,archbishop of ,gnesen and ,posen even asked for the names of all those men who at the last election of members for the ,german ,parliament did not vote for those men he had proposed as candidates4 ,the government is now bound to interfere1 but nobody can tell how this coming conflict between church and state will be decided4 ,this is the aspect of the old continent4 ,what is the prospect in ,america1 in our glorious and ,god-blessed country8 ,of course1 religious liberty1 in the fullest sense of the word1 is the supreme law of the land4 ,it is the most precious gem in the diadem of our republic1 it is warranted and secured by our constitution4 ,the immortal signers of the ,declaration of ,independence2 those modern prophets and apostles of humanity2 those statesmen who thoroughly appreciated the bloody lessons of past history1 knew but too well what they were doing when they entirely separated church and state1 and ignored all sectarian sentiments in the inspired documents they bequeathed to their descendants4 ,the denominational peace that heretofore characterized the mighty and unequalled growth of the young republic bears testimony to their wisdom1 foresight1 and statesmanship4 ,but1 alas6 our horizon1 too1 begins to be clouded4 ,the harmony that heretofore prevailed between the various churches and denominations begins to be disturbed4 ,then we had in the last two years the conventions at ,pittsburg and ,philadelphia4 ,the men united there meant to insert ,god in our constitution1 as we have him already on our coins1 by the inscription1 ',in ,god we trust4' ,they intend to christianize our country1 against the clear and emphatic spirit and letter of the constitution4 ,and ,i must leave it to the learned judge of the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states who presided over those meetings1 to decide whether this future ,christian country hereafter shall be a ,catholic or a ,protestant country4 ,the ,roman ,catholic press and pulpit are not slow in answering this question4 ,with praiseworthy frankness and manliness they declare the intentions of their church4 ,father ,hecker says3 ',in fifteen years we will take this country and build our institutions over the grave of ,protestantism4444 ,there is1 ere long1 to be a state religion in this country1 and that state religion is to be ,roman ,catholic4' ,bishop ,o',connor1 of ,pittsburg1 says3 ',religious liberty is merely endured until the opposite can be carried into effect without peril to the ,catholic world4' ,the ,archbishop of ,st4 ,louis says3 ',if the ,catholics ever gain1 which they surely will1 an immense numerical majority1 religious freedom in this country will be at an end4' ,and the ,pope speaks of the 'delirium of toleration1 and asserts the right to punish criminals in the order of ideas4' ,this language is plain1 unequivocal1 and cannot be misinterpreted4 ,still1 ,i am not an alarmist4 ,i have too much faith in the sound common sense of the ,american people that they should barter away their political birthright for any theological or clerical controversy4 ,they are too much addicted to the policy of 'a second sober thought1' that1 after having first of all taught the human race the invaluable blessings of religious liberty1 they should discard them just now1 when the whole civilized world is imitating the glorious example set by our great and noble sires4 ,but1 'vigilance being the price of liberty1' in the face of this assertion it is not only right1 but an imperative duty1 to enlighten ourselves on this all-important subject1 so that we may take our choice1 and perform our duties as true1 loyal citizens and true1 loyal ,americans4 ,this is very much to the purpose1 and if it shows that the rabbi is no friend of ,protestant ,christianity1 it shows that his principal hostility is to the ,catholic ,church1 as the body and support of ,christianity4 ,he exults1 as well he may1 over the falling away from the church of the old ,catholic governments of ,europe1 for one of the chief instruments in effecting that apostasy has been precisely his ,hebrew brethren1 the great supporters of the anti-,catholic revolution of modern times2 and his slanders on the ,catholic ,church are in the very spirit of the ,evangelical ,alliance1 even to the false charges he brings against distinguished individual ,catholics4 ,the assertion that ,father ,hecker says1 ',in fifteen years we will take this country and build our institutions over the grave of ,protestantism1' as that other assertion1 ,there is or ought to be a state religion in this country1 and that state religion is to be ,roman ,catholic1' ,father ,hecker himself assures us1 is false4 ,he never did1 nor with his views ever could1 say anything of the sort4 ,bishop ,o',connor1 late of ,pittsburg1 never did and never could have said1 ,religious liberty is merely endured until the opposite can be carried into effect without peril to the ,catholic world4 ,we happen to know that his views were and are very different2 and if they were not1 he is too shrewd to commit the blunder of saying anything like what is falsely attributed to him1 or to disclose such an ulterior purpose4 ,we may say as much of the sentiment attributed to the ,archbishop of ,st4 ,louis4 ,the archbishop never uttered or entertained it4 ,something like what is ascribed to him was said1 many years ago1 by ,mr4 ,bakewell1 in ,the ,shepherd of the ,valley1 a paper published at ,st4 ,louis1 but he was assailed by the ,catholic press all over the country1 and1 if he did not retract it1 at least endeavored to explain it away1 and to show that he meant no such thing4 ,the archbishop never said it1 and was no more responsible for it than was the ,rabbi ,lilienthal himself4 ,no ,catholic prelate and no distinguished ,catholic layman even has ever proposed any amendment to the constitution in regard to the relations of church and state in this country1 or has expressed any wish to have the existing constitutional relations changed1 or in any respect modified4 ,the church is satisfied with them1 and only asks that they be faithfully observed4 ,she opposes the separation of church and state in the sense of releasing the state from all moral and religious obligations1 for that would imply the subjection of the church to the state1 and prove the grave of religious freedom and independence1 which she always and everywhere asserts with all her energy against kings1 emperors1 nobilities1 and peoples--against ,jew1 ,pagan1 ,mussulman1 schismatic1 and heretic1 and it is for this that they conspire against her and seek her destruction4 ,the rabbi says1 ,first the state1 then the church1 which is as absurd as to say1 ,first man1 then ,god4 ,the state represents simply a human authority1 while the church1 or the synagogue even1 represents--the first for the ,catholic1 the second for the ,jew--the sovereignty of ,god1 or the divine authority in human affairs1 and the rabbi in his doctrine is false alike to ,moses and to ,christ1 and as little of an orthodox ,jew as he is of a ,christian believer4 ,yet he agrees perfectly with ,judge ,hurlbut and ,dr4 ,bellows in asserting the supremacy of the state or secular order1 and the subordination of the spiritual order4 ,we do not know whether the rabbi means to approve or censure the assumption1 by ,peter the ,great1 of the headship of the ,russian ,church and his government of it by the sword2 but ,peter only acted on the principle1 ,first the state1 then the church1 and the slavery of the ,russian ,church to the state is only an inevitable consequence of that principle or maxim4 ,the ,russian ,church1 governed by the ,holy ,synod1 itself governed by the ,czar1 presents a lively image of the abject position religion would be compelled to hold in every country if the doctrine of the total separation of church and state1 and the independence and supremacy of the state1 advocated by one or another of the three men we are criticising1 were to prevail and to be embodied in the civil code4 ,but let this pass4 ,it is clear that the rabbi1 and therefore the ,jews1 so far as he represents them1 are to be included in the great conspiracy against the liberty and equality of ,catholics1 or religious liberty recognized and guaranteed by the ,american states4 ,catholics are to be put down and their church suppressed by the strong arm of power4 ,to prepare the ,american people for this proposed revolution in the ,american system1 this suppression of religious liberty1 a system of gross misrepresentation of ,catholic faith and practice1 of misstatements1 calumnious charges1 and downright lying respecting the church1 is resorted to and persisted in as it was by the reformers in the sixteenth century4 ,lie1 lie stoutly1 ,voltaire said1 though it was said long before him2 something will stick4 ,we do not like to say this1 but truth will not permit us to soften our statement or to use milder terms4 ,there is nothing too harsh or too false for the anti-,catholic press and the anti-,catholic preachers and lecturers to say of our holy religion1 and nothing can be more unlike the ,catholic ,church than their pretended representations of her--too unlike1 indeed1 even to be called caricatures1 for they catch not one of her features4 ,even when the anti-,catholic writers and speakers tell facts about ,catholics or in the history of the church1 they so tell them as to distort the truth and to produce the effect of falsehood1 or draw inferences from them wholly unwarranted4 ,we must1 then1 be excused if we sometimes call the systematic misrepresentation of our religion1 our church1 and ourselves by its true and expressive name1 even though it may seem harsh and impolite4 ,the batteries they discharge against the church are not to be silenced by bouquets of roses4 ,the public has become too well informed as to ,catholic doctrines and usages to permit the repetition1 with much effect1 of many of the old charges and calumnies4 ,only the very ignorant can be made to believe that the church is the ,babylonian sorceress who makes the nations drunk with the wine of her fornications2 that she is the mystery of iniquity2 that the ,pope is the man of sin1 or ,antichrist2 that our nunneries are brothels1 and their vaults are filled with the skeletons of murdered infants1 of which ,luther discoursed to his friends with so much unction in his ,tischreden over his pot of beer4 ,these things are a little out of date1 and do not gain the ready credence they once did4 ,the age is all for liberty1 for progress1 for enlightenment2 so the anti-,catholic tactics change to suit the times4 ,james ,i4 of ,england1 as did the politicians of ,france opposed to the ,ligue1 charged the church with being hostile to monarchy and the divine right of kings4 ,the charge now is that she is opposed to republicanism1 and denies the divine right of the people1 or1 more strictly1 of the demagogues4 ,she is said to be a spiritual despotism1 the foster-mother of ignorance and superstition1 the enemy of science and of progress1 of intelligence and liberty1 individual and social1 civil and religious4 ,her religious houses are dens of cruelty and tyranny1 and if she is permitted to continue and spread her peculiar institutions over this country1 ,american democracy will be destroyed1 and ,american liberty be but a memory1 etc41 etc4 ,the cry is not now1 the truth is in danger1 the ,gospel is in danger1 religion is in danger1 but the republic is in danger1 democracy is in danger1 liberty is in danger4 ,the church1 the moment she gets the power1 will1 it is argued1 abolish our political system1 establish a monarchy1 abolish religious liberty1 and cut the throats of all heretics and infidels1 or send them to the stake to be consumed in a fire of green wood1 as ,calvin did ,michael ,servetus4 ,and there are not wanting fools enough to believe it or dishonest men enough to pretend to believe it when they do not1 though it is evident that the republic is likely to pass away1 if things go on in the political world as they are now going1 and be succeeded by anarchy or a military despotism long before the majority of the people will cease to war against the church as anti-democratic4 ,but the point to be noted here is that all these charges assume the supremacy of the secular order1 and allege not that the church is false1 is not the church of ,god1 but that she is hostile to democracy or democratic institutions2 in other words1 that she does not conform to popular opinion1 for democracy is nothing but popular opinion erected into law4 ,now1 as we do not believe that popular opinion1 inconstant as the wind1 is infallible1 or that the secular order is supreme1 we are not sure that it would be a fatal objection to the church even if what is alleged against her were well founded4 ,the arguments against the church of this sort are drawn from too low a level to command any intelligent respect1 and they are all based on a false assumption4 ,politics are not higher than religion2 the state is not above the church2 the secular order is not above the spiritual2 and it is only atheism that can assert the contrary4 ,to a terrible extent1 the supremacy of the secular is the doctrine of our age and country2 but ,catholics hold it to be both false and dangerous1 as incompatible with the liberty and independence of religion1 with natural morality1 and even with the existence of natural society1 as it is with the sovereignty of ,god4 ,it is the doctrine of the ,european revolutionists and communists1 and is sapping the life and threatening the very existence of our ,american republicanism--has already reduced our government to be little else than an agency for promoting the private interests of business men1 bankers1 manufacturers1 and railroad corporations4 ,our elections are becoming a wretched farce1 for the monopolists govern the government1 let what party may succeed at the polls4 ,the ,state governments cannot control them1 and the ,general ,government just as little4 ,we will not so dishonor the church or insult religion as to undertake to refute these popular charges against her1 and to prove that her authority is not incompatible with the existence and salutary working of republican government4 ,the charges are addressed to ignorance and prejudice2 we take higher ground1 and maintain that civil society can no more dispense with the church1 than the body with the soul4 ,the secular is insufficient for itself1 and needs the informing life and vigor of the spiritual4 ,the political history of ,france since #afhb1 especially since #aghi1 proves it to all men who are capable of tracing effects to their causes4 ,there is no form of government more in need of the church than the republican1 founded on the modern doctrine of popular sovereignty1 and the maxim1 the majority must rule4 ,the habit of regarding power as emanating from the mass1 as derived from low to high1 tends itself to debase the mind1 to destroy that respect for law1 and that reverence for authority1 without which no government performs in a peaceable and orderly way its legitimate functions4 ,the ,american people see nothing divine1 nothing sacred and inviolable1 in their government2 they regard law as an emanation of their own will1 as their own creation1 and what creator can feel himself bound to reverence and obey his own creature8 ,we need the church to consecrate the government1 to give the law a spiritual sanction1 to create in us habits of reverence1 of submission1 and docility1 and to impress us with the conviction that civil obedience is a moral duty1 and that we must be loyal to legitimate authority for conscience' sake4 ,we need the church to teach us that in obeying the laws not repugnant to the divine law1 we are obeying not men1 which is slavery1 but ,god1 which is freedom1 and the very principle of all freedom4 ,we need her to create in us high and holy aspirations1 to produce in us those high and disinterested virtues1 without which civil government is impotent for good1 and powerful only for evil4 ,no man who believes not in the sovereignty of truth1 in the supremacy of right1 and feels it not his duty to obey it at all hazards1 has the temper demanded in a republic1 and only the church can create it4 ,a government built on interest1 however enlightened1 on sentiment1 however charming1 or public opinion1 however just1 is a house built on the sand4 ,it rests on nothing fixed and permanent1 is without stability or efficiency1 and tends always to fall and bury the people in its ruins4 ,we see this in our own political history4 ,it would be difficult to find a government more corrupt than ours1 that taxes the people more heavily1 or that does less for the public good1 the advantages we had at the start being taken into the account4 ,the good that has been done1 the great things accomplished1 have been accomplished by the people in spite of the government1 and our record as a nation can hardly put that of ,prussia or ,russia to shame4 ,we do not choose to dwell on this aspect of the case1 although much more might be said4 ,we love our country1 have been bred to love republicanism1 and have the success of the ,american experiment at heart4 ,the evils which the liberals charge to the union of church and state1 and hold the church responsible for1 spring1 as every impartial and intelligent student of history knows1 not from the union but from the separation of church and state1 and the unremitting efforts of the civil power to usurp the functions of the spiritual power1 and to make the church the accomplice of its policy4 ,the terrible struggles of the pope and emperor in the middle ages had this cause and no other4 ,the pope simply sought to maintain against the emperor the freedom and independence of the church1 the kingdom of ,god on earth1 that is1 true religious liberty4 ,it is to the partial1 in some countries the complete1 triumph of the secular over the spiritual1 that we must attribute the unsettled1 disorderly1 and revolutionary state of contemporary society throughout the civilized world1 the hatred or contempt of authority both divine and human1 the depression of religion1 the decline of intellectual greatness1 the substitution of opinion for faith1 a sickly sentimentalism for a manly and robust piety1 free-loveism or divorce ad libitum for ,christian marriage1 and the general abasement of character4 ,the evils are very real1 but the more perfect divorce of the state from the church would not cure or lessen1 but only aggravate and intensify them2 nay1 would to all human foresight render them incurable4 ,the state without religion or moral obligation is impotent to redress social evils or to elevate society1 and ,protestantism1 which holds from the people1 and depends for its very breath of life on popular opinion1 is no less impotent than the state4 ,protestantism1 having retained some elements of religion from the church1 may1 we readily concede1 do something to retard the fall of a nation that accepts it1 but when a ,protestant nation has once fallen1 become morally and politically corrupt1 rotten to the core1 it has no power to restore it2 for it has no principle of life to infuse into it above and beyond that which it already has4 ,resting on human authority1 holding from the nation or people1 its life is only the national life itself2 and1 of course1 when the national life grows weak1 its own life grows weak1 and when the national life is extinct1 its own life becomes extinct with it4 ,cut off from the church of ,god1 and therefore from ,him who is the way1 the truth1 and the life1 it cannot draw new supplies of life from the ,fountain of ,life itself1 with which to revive and reinvigorate the fallen nation4 ,this is wherefore there is no hope for our republic under ,protestantism4 ,there has been a sad falling-off in the virtue1 the honesty1 the integrity1 the chastity1 and public spirit of our people in the last fifty years4 ,the old habits formed under ,catholic discipline and influences are wearing out1 if not worn out2 intellectual culture may be more general1 though even that may be questioned1 but it is less generous1 thorough1 and profound2 meeting-houses may be increased in greater proportion than the population itself1 but theology is less studied--is less intellectual1 less scientific1 and is more superficial2 and religion has less hold on the conscience1 and less influence on life1 public1 private1 or domestic2 and we may say1 generally1 that in all save what belongs to the material order1 our republic has a downward tendency4 ,now1 since ,protestantism has nothing more or higher than the republic1 and no recuperative power1 how1 then1 can it possibly arrest this downward tendency and turn it upward1 and save the nation8 ,archimedes wanted something whereon to stand outside of the world in order to move it4 ,this ,protestantism has not1 for it rests on the world1 and has nothing above the world or outside of it1 and in fact is only the world itself4 ,to every one who understands the great law of mechanic force1 which has its analogue in the great principle of moral or spiritual dynamics1 it is clear that the hope of the republic is not and cannot be in ,protestantism1 and there is just as little in the civil order1 for that1 divorced from the church and without any moral obligation1 is precisely that which needs saving4 ,the union of the various ,protestant sects in one organic body1 if it were possible1 would avail nothing2 for the whole would be only the sum of the parts1 and the parts having no supermundane life1 the whole could have none4 ,hence we say that whatever hope there is for our republic is in the growth and predominance of the ,catholic ,church in the minds and hearts of the ,american people2 and there is a well-grounded hope for it only in the prospect that she may before it is too late become the church of the great majority4 ,the church has what ,archimedes wanted1 and ,protestantism has not--the whereon to stand outside and above the world4 ,she lives a life which is not derived from the life of the world1 and is in communion with the ,source of life itself1 whence she may be constantly drawing fresh supplies1 and infusing into the nation a life above the national life in its best estate1 and which1 infused into the nation1 becomes for it a recuperative energy1 and enables it to arrest its downward tendency1 and to ascend to a new and higher life4 ,it is not without a reason1 then1 founded in the nature of things1 that we tell our countrymen that ,protestantism may ruin the republic1 but cannot save it1 any more than it can the soul of the individual2 and that1 instead of crying out against the church like madmen1 as hostile to the republic1 they should rather turn their eyes toward her as their only source of help1 and learn that she can and will save the republic1 if they will only allow her to do it4 ,yet we urge not this as the motive for accepting the teaching of the church and submitting to her authority and discipline4 ,our ,lord says to us1 ,seek first the kingdom of ,god and his justice1 and all these things shall be added unto you1 but he does not bid us or permit us to seek the kingdom of ,god and his justice for the sake of these things1 or the adjicienda2 he forbids us to be solicitous for them1 since it is for them that the heathen are solicitous4 ,the only motive for a man to become a ,catholic1 to believe what she teaches and to do what she commands1 is that she is the kingdom of ,god on earth1 and that it is only in so doing that he can possess his justice1 please ,god1 or attain to eternal life4 ,christ did not come1 as a temporal prince1 to found--as the carnal ,jews1 misinterpreting the prophecies1 expected--an earthly kingdom1 or to create an earthly paradise2 but he came as a spiritual prince to establish the reign of his ,father on earth in all human affairs1 and over all men and nations1 and whatever temporal good is secured is not the end or reason of his kingdom1 but is simply incidental to it4 ,it is no reason why ,i should or should not be a ,catholic because the church favors or does not favor one or another particular theory or constitution of civil government1 but the fact that she does not favor a particular form of civil polity1 if it be a fact1 is sufficient reason why ,i should not favor it1 for it proves that such form is repugnant to the sovereignty of ,god and the supremacy of his law4 ,as a matter of fact1 however1 the church has never condemned any particular form of civil polity or erected one form or another into a ,catholic dogma1 and a man may be a monarchist1 a republican1 or a democrat1 as he pleases1 and at the same time be a good and irreproachable ,catholic1 if he hold the political power subordinate to the divine sovereignty4 ,the church is necessary to sustain a republican form of government1 but it is also necessary to sustain any other form1 as a wise1 just1 and efficient civil government4 ,the error of those we are combating is not in that they are democrats or anti-democrats1 but in holding that the state or secular order is sufficient for itself1 can stand of itself without the aid of religion or the church1 has no need of the spiritual1 and has in fact the right to brush religion aside as an impertinent intermeddler whenever it comes in its way1 or seeks to dictate or influence its policy4 ,this is a gross error1 condemned by all religion1 all philosophy1 and all experience4 ,it is the old epicurean error that excludes the divine authority from the direction or control of human affairs1 and in its delirium sings1 ,let the gods go to sleep up above us4 ,it is at bottom pure atheism1 nothing more1 nothing less4 ,it is a pure absurdity4 ,can the creation stand without the creator8 ,can the contingent subsist without the necessary8 ,can the body live and perform its functions without the soul which is its principle of life2 the dependent without that on which it depends8 ,in the whole history of the world1 you will not find an instance of a purely atheistical state1 or a state held to be completely divorced from the spiritual order4 ,there is no instance in all history of a state without some sort of religion1 even an established religion1 or religion which the state recognizes as its supreme law1 and does its best or worst to enforce4 ,we here1 as well as in ,england1 as well as at any time in any ,european country1 have an established religion which the law protects and enforces on all its citizens1 only it is a mutilated religion1 a religion without dogmas1 and called morality4 ,if not so1 whence is it the law punishes murder or arson1 and forbids polygamy1 or the promiscuous intercourse of the sexes8 ,even ,jacobins erect their jacobinism into a religion1 and make it obligatory on the state to persecute1 to exterminate all who dare oppose it4 ,have we not seen it despoil the ,holy ,see of its independence and possessions1 confiscate the goods of the church1 exile holy bishops from their sees and their country in ,italy1 and within a few weeks shoot down the ,archbishop of ,paris and a large number of priests and religious1 suspend public worship1 desecrate and plunder the churches1 and banish all religion but their jacobinism from the schools8 ,no state tolerates any religion hostile to its own established religion1 and the most intolerant and cruel persecutors in the world are precisely those who clamor loudest for religious liberty4 ,there is no such thing as a complete divorce of church and state practicable in any country on earth4 ,the only question is1 ,shall the state be informed and directed by the infallible and holy church of ,god1 or by the synagogue of ,satan8 ,no man who is at all competent to pass a judgment on the question but agrees with the ,syllabus in condemning not the distinction1 but the separation of church and state2 but the forms of the union of the two powers1 whose harmonious action is necessary to the normal state of society1 may vary according to circumstances4 ,in countries where the state refuses to recognize frankly and fully the freedom and independence of the spiritual order1 it may be necessary to regulate the relation of church and state by concordats2 in others1 where the state recognizes the independence of the spiritual order1 and holds itself bound to protect the rights of the religion adopted by its citizens1 as hitherto with us1 no concordats are necessary1 for the state does not claim any competence in spirituals4 ,in this country the relation between the two powers has1 with a few exceptions1 been satisfactory1 and the church has been free4 ,but there is on foot a formidable conspiracy against her freedom1 and it is beginning to be maintained pretty determinedly that the majority of the people1 being ,protestant1 and the people being the state1 have the right and the duty as the state to sustain ,protestantism1 and outlaw and suppress the church4 ,,footnote3 #aef #a4 ,church and ,state in ,america4 ,a ,discourse given at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 at the installation of ,rev4 ,frederic ,hinckley as ,pastor of the ,unitarian ,church1 ,january #be1 #ahga4 ,by ,rev4 ,henry ,w4 ,bellows1 ,d4,d4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c43 ,philp ,solomons4 #ahga4 #hvo1 pp4 #bb4 #b4 ,a ,secular ,view of ,religion in the ,state1 and of the ,bible in the ,public ,schools4 ,by ,e4 ,p4 ,hurlbut4 ,albany3 ,munsell4 #ahgj4 #hvo1 pp4 #ee4 ,,dramatic ,,moralists ,,in ,,spanish ,,america4 ,the truth is slowly dawning1 at least to curious minds1 that the people of the southern half of our ,new ,world have tastes not dissimilar to our own4 ,indeed1 they seek other arts than those of revolution1 and1 here and there1 have other stages and actors than those which represent the pronunciamiento1 with all its malicious bombast and insignificant sound and fury4 ,we can count poets1 novelists1 painters1 sculptors1 scientists in the ranks of the most distinguished men of our nearest sister republic4 ,cuba1 too1 rejoices in the genius of her philosophic scholar1 ,caballero de la ,luz1 and of her poets1 ,heredia and ,gertrudiz de ,avellaeda1 with the same spirit which ,mexico brings to her admiration of the scientific versatility of ,siguenza1 the quaint ideality of ,sor ,juana ,inez1 and the literary culture of ,carpio and ,pesado4 ,nevertheless1 such facts as these have aided but little in forming the common estimate of ,spanish-,american peoples1 who are to some of us scarcely more than a ,bedouin rabble fighting problematic wild-beasts in the shape of pronouncers1 and struggling through clouds of desert-dust and battle-smoke to the light of freedom4 ,that great rude reserve of race1 the ,indians1 without which the business of one-half the continent could not be carried on1 seems to be swept out of our moral consideration as with a broom2 yet we must think hopefully of a race which has produced an artist so extraordinary as ,cabrera and a ruler so enduring and persistent as ,juarez--hopefully1 at all events1 of their mere abilities1 if mother church does not teach us to look with a shrewder and kindlier eye upon their moral capabilities4 ,in more than one country of ,spanish ,america we find ,indians among presidents1 judges1 governors1 congressmen1 writers1 artists2 and this being the case1 historically or actually1 why should it be a matter of surprise that ,spanish ,america1 with whatever ,old ,world culture she may possess in union with native aptitude1 should have some claims upon our attention on the score of taste and intelligence8 ,part of these claims we propose to set forth4 ,the present writer has sat in the orderly theatres of ,vera ,cruz and ,mexico1 and seen performances substantially as good as those of our northern capitals4 ,the ,zarzuelas1 or operettas1 of ,barbieri and ,gatzambide were as pleasant in #ahfh-fi to their hearers in the southern republic as the ,french comic opera to ,new ,yorkers1 and nevertheless seemed decent and spirited2 besides1 the ,mexicans had the good fortune to enjoy ,gatzambide's personal direction of his ,zarzuelas1 and ,gatzambide 7now deceased7 was one of the most popular musicians of ,spain4 ,another celebrity the ,mexicans honored in the person of ,jos ,valero1 a gentlemanlike ,spanish actor1 whose superior in versatile genius as tragedian and comedian it would be difficult to find anywhere4 ,entertainments were plentiful in ,moctezuma's city1 though subsisting1 so to speak1 upon diminished rations4 ,round about all these flickering pleasures flowed the strange dark tide of ,mexican life--its ragged multitude1 its concealed miseries1 its settled and common melancholy1 not to be dissipated by any class of illusions1 not to be shaken off in a day1 or a year1 or any brief term of years4 ,nevertheless1 the misfortunes of a war-worn people found as tasteful and respectable a solace as their theatres could afford4 ,their scholars were even encouraged to revive and celebrate some ancient glories of the ,mexican stage2 and at the opening of a season they crowned the bust of one of the fathers of the ,spanish drama1 whom with reason they regard as among the greatest of the small band of very eminent ,mexicans4 ,this laurelled bust was but one of a number to be seen in the various theatres1 in several instances perpetuating the memory of ,mexico's own dramatic authors4 ,on the occasion referred to1 poems by well-known poets--and1 among the rest1 if the writer remembers correctly1 an eloquent composition by the highly-esteemed blind poet1 ,juan ,valle--preluded the revival of that celebrated comedy1 ,la ,verdad ,sospechosa1 or1 ,the ,truth ,suspected4 ,,juan ,,ruiz ,,de ,,alarcon4 ,the author of this play was ,alarcon1 that thoughtful writer who1 on the ,spanish stage1 ranks with ,lope1 ,calderon1 ,moreto1 and ,tirso4 ,strange as it may appear to those who doubt whether any good can come out of ,mexico1 he was born and bred in that mysterious country4 ,what his countrymen do not know of their great artist1 ,cabrera1 they are able to tell of their chief literary glory--namely1 the place and date of his baptism4 ,documents found in the royal university of ,mexico established the several facts that ,juan ,ruiz de ,alarcon y ,mendoza was baptized in that city on the #b;d day of ,october1 #aegb1 and received the grade of licentiate or lawyer from the university4 ,it was for some time asserted that he was born at ,tasco 7for whose church ,cabrera is said to have painted extraordinary works72 but ,chalco1 not far from the capital1 has also laid claim to the honor of his birth4 ,he is represented as short1 ugly1 and humpbacked4 ,to improve his fortunes1 he sought the literary life of ,madrid1 but his first efforts were deemed of little importance4 ,by the year #afba he had written eight acted comedies1 of which ,las ,paredes ,oyen 7,the ,walls ,hear7 is esteemed the best1 as also one of the finest in any language4 ,in spite of his physical imperfections his genius won him admirers1 socially as well as otherwise4 ,in #afbh1 he became clerk to the ,council of the ,indies1 and held his office till his death in #afci2 so that it seems our author was a contemporary of ,shakespeare1 ,webster1 ,jonson1 and other great lights of the ,english drama4 ,his comedies are lauded as forming a system of practical philosophy1 inasmuch as they give a delightful verification of the proverbial wisdom of his time1 and preach capital sermons from common texts4 ,luck and ,labor1 ,the ,world's ,favors1 ,no ,evil that does not come for ,good1 ,before you ,marry see what you are about1 ,the ,truth made ,suspicious1 are the suggestive titles of some of his dramas1 which appear to have lost nothing of their peculiar excellence by pointing morals4 ,it was ,alarcon who said3 ,to kill an enemy is argument ,of fearing him2 but to despise and spare him ,is greater chastisement1 for while he lives ,he is a witness of his own defeat4 ,he that kills1 victory abbreviates1 ,and he that pardons makes it the more great1 ,as meanwhile that the conquered lives ,the conqueror goes on conquering4 ,to give to comedy a conscience and a purpose is the distinguishing design of ,alarcon2 but1 while the public of ,madrid never failed to perceive the moral of his humor1 they could yet heartily laugh at the wit of his dialogues and the genuine comicality of his situations4 ,in his plays cool reason walked hand in hand with sentiment and pleasantry1 as they do in some of the most admired comedies of our own stage4 ,the delight with which the ,mexicans witnessed ,la ,verdad ,sospechosa proved that to ,alarcon belonged not merely the ingenuity by which men are amused1 but something of that magic by which their own wit and humor are excited4 ,alarcon could give logic to a whim1 a fancy1 or a passion4 ,in the ,prueba de las ,promesas his lover expostulates3 ,if ,beauty's faithful lover ,i have been1 ,esteeming though despised2 loving1 abhorred2 ,what law allows to thee1 what text approves ,that thou shouldst hate me because ,i do love thee8 ,an apology for woman made by a servant in ,todo es ,ventura 7,luck is ,everything7 may be translated thus3 ,what is it that we most condemn in maids8 ,inconstancy of mind8 ,we taught them so4 ,the love of money8 ,it's a thing in taste-- ,or let that righteous fellow throw a stone ,who is not guilty of the self-same fault4 ,of being easy8 ,well1 what must they do1 ,if no man perseveres and all get tired ,at the fourth day of trying8 ,of being hard8 ,why do we thus complain when we1 too1 all ,run to extremes8 ,if difficult our suit ,we hate it1 and if easy we despise4 ,in ,ganar ,amigos 7,to ,gain ,friends7 ,don ,fernando has killed the brother of ,don ,fadrique1 and seeks and obtains refuge with the latter1 who1 however1 does not know him4 ,don ,fadrique1 though at length made aware of the truth1 faithfully keeps the pledge he has given the slayer of his brother4 ,seeing this1 ,don ,fernando gratefully exclaims3 ,the earth whereon thou stand'st shall be my altar4 ,fadrique4 ,rise1 sir2 give me no thanks1 as do ,i not ,this deed for you1 but for my honor's self1 ,for ,i have plighted unto you my word4 ,in the comedy of ,mudarse por ,mejorarse 7,to ,change for the ,better2 or1 more literally1 to ,change in order to ,better ,one's ,self71 a certain ,don ,garcia1 who was to marry ,doa ,clara1 falls in love with her niece ,leonor2 whence this dialogue3 ,leonor4 ,is it1 perchance1 ,don ,garcia1 ,the custom in ,madrid to fall in love ,with niece and aunt at one and the same time8 ,garcia4 ,at least1 if so divine a niece comes there ,as you1 the custom is to leave the aunt4 ,leonor4 ,a bad one1 then4 ,garcia4 ,it is not to be called ,bad1 if such matter be the occasion4 ,leonor4 ,how can a reason be for changefulness8 ,garcia4 ,one's self to better is the best of reasons4 ,leonor4 ,well1 there's a law of constancy3 to what ,doth it oblige1 whereunto doth it reach1 ,if it be right one beauty to forswear ,for a greater8 ,constancy's not to love ,unchangeably the love more beautiful2 ,to love the best what firmness do we need8 ,he constant is who doth despise the more ,happy occasion4 ,garcia4 ,i confess1 sweet lady ,that's to be constant1 but it's to be foolish4 ,leonor4 ,then cannot you in one who'd be discreet ,have confidence1 as change is to be excused ,by gain of fairer subject8 ,garcia4 ,it is clear4 ,leonor4 ,well1 be it so2 and for ,i think thee1 sir1 ,a man judicious1 and thou leav'st my aunt ,to make thyself the better so by me1 ,pray do excuse me of thy love1 since must ,i give thy suit resistance till ,i know ,if ,i've another and a fairer niece4 ,the discreet ,leonor1 compromised by the entangling suit of ,don ,garcia1 is compelled to admit the attentions of a gallant and rich marquis1 with whom at last she falls in love4 ,the following passage explains the rest3 ,garcia4 ,how1 cruel one1 ,hast changed so soon8 ,leonor4 ,yes1 for the better4 ,mencia 7aside74 ,she gave't him1 then1 with his own flower4 ,garcia4 ,ungrateful1 is not thy disdain enough ,without the aggravation--making him1 ,the marquis1 better8 ,leonor4 ,wilt deny the improvement8 ,although in blood thou'rt equal1 yet between ,little and ample fortune1 and between ,your worship and your lordship--8 ,garcia4 ,yea1 ,i grant3 ,but what effect hast given thy words1 ,thy promise1 tyrant1 if thou hast all changed ,by taking better subject8 ,where's constancy ,if thou hast liked me only when thou couldst not ,better thyself8 ,she only constant is ,who doth despise the opportunity4 ,leonor4 ,i do confess to thee1 ,don ,garcia1 ,that's to be constant1 but it's to be foolish4 ,here is the retort courteous in its most charming humor4 ,the gallant grace and wit of these dialogues are evidence of the original art with which ,alarcon could make his comedy a study of life1 and compel his auditors to think somewhat after they ceased to laugh4 ,this is the function of eminent high comedy1 though we may not ask that it shall elaborate a severe or intrusive moral1 and though we admit its possession1 as in ,shakespeare1 of the liveliest poetic qualities4 ,another passage1 this time from the famous ,verdad ,sospechosa1 wherein ,don ,beltran reprimands his son1 ,don ,garcia1 for the vice of habitual lying1 will further elucidate the method of ,alarcon3 ,beltran4 ,are you a gentleman1 ,garcia8 ,garcia4 --,i believe ,i am your son4 ,beltran4 --,and is it1 then1 enough1 ,to be my son to be a gentleman8 ,garcia4 ,i think so1 sir4 ,beltran4 --,what a mistaken thought6 ,consists in acting like a gentleman ,to be one4 ,what gave birth to noble houses6 ,the illustrious deeds of their first authors1 sir4 ,without consideration of their births1 the deeds ,of humble men honored their heirs4 ',tis doing ,good or ill makes gentleman or villain4 ,garcia4 ,that deeds give nobleness ,i'll not deny1 ,but who will say birth does not also give it8 ,beltran4 ,well1 then1 if honor can be gained by him ,who was born without it1 is't not certain that1 ,vice versa1 he can lose it who was born ,with it8 ,garcia4 --',tis true4 ,beltran4 --,then if you basely act1 ,although my son1 no longer you will be ,a gentleman4 ,so if your habits shame ,you here in town1 an ancient crest will not ,signify1 nor noble ancestors serve4 ,what is't report says to me8 ,that your lies ,are all the talk of ,salamanca4 ,now1 ,if't affronts noble or plebeian but ,to tell him that he lies1 what is't to lie ,itself8 ,if honorless ,i live the while ,on him who gave the lie ,i take not full ,revenge--is your sword long enough or breast ,so stout that you esteem yourself all able ,to have revenge when all the city says ,you lie8 ,is't possible a man can have ,such abject thoughts that unto vice he can ,live subject without pleasure1 without gain8 ,a morbid pleasure have the sensual1 ,the power of money draws the covetous2 ,the taste of viands have the gluttonous2 ,a purpose and a pastime hath the gambler2 ,the homicide his hate1 the thief his aim2 ,fame with ambition cheers the warrior2 ,in short1 doth every vice some pleasure give ,or profit--but for lying1 what remains ,but infamy and contempt8 ,who could preach with more wit a brief sermon like this than ,alarcon8 ,it is no small honor to the dramatist born in ,mexico that the great ,corneille1 who1 if we may credit the biographers of ,alarcon1 partly translated and partly imitated ,la ,verdad ,sospechosa in his famous ,menteur1 could avow that he would give two of his best plays to have invented the happy argument of the ,spanish original4 ,molire and ,voltaire were also among the admirers of the ,spanish comedy1 which ,corneille at first judged to be the work of ,lope de ,vega4 ,of the general merits of ,alarcon1 the following estimate by his ,german critic1 ,schack1 which we find in a ,mexican notice of the dramatist1 will doubtless suffice3 ,happy in painting comic characters in order to chastise vice1 as in the invention and development of heroes to make virtue adorable2 rapid in action1 sober in ornament2 inferior to ,lope in tender respect of feminine creations1 to ,moreto in liveliest comedy1 to ,firso in travesty1 to ,calderon in grandeur and stage effect1 he excelled all of them in the variety and perfection of his figures1 in the tact of managing them1 in equality of style1 in carefulness of versification1 in correctness of language4 ,to this large and discriminating praise we may add ,george ,ticknor's comprehensive dictum3 ,on the whole1 he is to be ranked with the very best ,spanish dramatists during the best period of the ,national ,theatre4 ,,sor ,,juana ,,inez ,,de ,,la ,,cruz4 ,it would not be proper to dismiss from the list of ,spanish-,american dramatic writers ,sor ,juana ,inez de la ,cruz1 although the subjects to which this pious woman yielded her inventive imagination were mainly or wholly religious4 ,she wrote1 be it remembered1 in that remarkable seventeenth century when a muse of religion walked through the scenes of the stage as well as through the gardens of the convent4 ,then were the patriarchs and apostles1 the prophets and saints1 the chief personages of a peculiar drama2 and events and circumstances of the divine tragedy inspired such compositions as the ,loas and ,autos4 ,it is upon one of these latter compositions that her merit as a dramatic writer rests2 and we are glad to confirm in great part an opinion of her genius hitherto expressed by us1 by here recalling the judgment of that eminent ,european critic of ,spanish literature1 ,bouterwek1 the more especially as our own ,spanish scholar1 ,ticknor1 seems to have inflicted such ungracious disparagement upon the subject of our notice3 ,much as ,inez de la ,cruz was deficient in real cultivation1 says ,bouterwek1 her productions are eminently superior to the ordinary standard of female poetry4444 ,the poems of ,inez de la ,cruz breathe a sort of masculine spirit4 ,this poetic nun possessed more fancy and wit than sentimental enthusiasm1 and whenever she began to invent her creations were on a bold and great scale4 ,her poems are of very unequal merit1 and are all deficient in critical cultivation4 ,but in facility of invention and versification ,inez de la ,cruz was not inferior to ,lope de ,vega2 and yet she by no means courted literary fame4444 ,in her dramatic works the vigor of her imagination is particularly conspicuous4 ,the collection of her poems contains no comedies properly so-called1 but it comprises a series of boldly conceived preludes 7loas7 full of allegorical invention1 and it concludes with a long allegorical auto1 which is superior to any of the similar productions of ,lope de ,vega4 ,it is entitled ,el ,divino ,narciso1 a name by which the author designates the heavenly bridegroom4444 ,it would be impossible to give a brief and at the same time intelligible sketch of this extraordinary drama4 ,with regard to composition1 it is very unequal2 in some respects offending by its bad taste1 and in others charming by its boldness4 ,many of its scenes are so beautifully and romantically constructed that the reader is compelled to render homage to the genius of the poetess1 while at the same time he cannot but regret the pitch of extravagance to which ideas really poetic are carried4 ,there is one peculiarly fine scene1 in which human nature1 in the shape of a nymph1 seeks her beloved1 the real ,narcissus1 or the ,christian ,saviour4 ,the pastoral passage1 which in our notice of the writings of ,sor ,juana we laid before our readers1 would seem to justify the best praises of our literary historian1 ,bouterwek4 ,ticknor1 on the other hand1 speaks of her as a remarkable woman1 and not as a remarkable poetess2 and1 upon the whole1 our thanks for the appreciative reburnishing of the ancient fame of an ,american genius--which1 had it shone in ,massachusetts three hundred years ago1 would be deemed a very rare jewel among ,northern scholars--are due rather to the ,european ,bouterwek than the ,american ,ticknor4 ,the latter observes that she was born at ,guipuzcoa2 her ,mexican biographer says at ,san ,miguel de ,nepantla1 not far from the city of ,mexico1 one of whose convents she seems to have directed latterly4 ,time1 place1 the inferior standard of feminine culture1 and the prevalence of a false poetic school1 may account for ,sor ,juana's defects2 for the rest1 the issue 7a large one7 is between ,bouterwek and ,ticknor4 ,,edward ,,gorostiza4 ,after ,alarcon1 the principal lights of the actual ,mexican stage are ,gorostiza1 ,calderon1 and ,galvan2 and1 indeed1 whatever original triumph that stage has enjoyed is almost if not quite limited to these few excellent though not glorious names4 ,we cannot with propriety name that extraordinary woman1 ,sor ,juana ,inez de la ,cruz1 in the list of ,mexico's dramatists1 although1 along with other poetry1 she wrote some religious pieces in dramatic form4 ,nevertheless1 the credit which remains to the literature of the country1 after its few phenomenal names are omitted1 is not inappreciable4 ,concerning ,gorostiza1 ,madame ,calderon de la ,barca wrote3 ,don ,jos ,eduardo ,gorostiza1 a native of ,vera ,cruz1 is the son of a ,spanish officer1 and when very young went to ,spain1 where he was known politically as a liberal4 ,he was distinguished as a writer of theatrical pieces1 which have been and still are very popular4 ,one of his pieces which we saw the other evening at the theatre--,con ,tigo ,pan y ,cebolla 7,with ,thee1 ,bread and ,onions7--is delightful4 ,let us add to ,madame ,calderon's brief notice that ,gorostiza won the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the war against ,napoleon2 that in #ahbc1 while an exile from ,spain in ,london1 he wrote for the ,edinburgh ,review2 and that since then1 as minister to ,england and to the ,united ,states1 and as secretary of state and finance1 he has been eminent in the politics of his native land4 ,in #ahcf1 he was made intendant-general of the army1 and during the war between ,mexico and the ,united ,states took an active and heroic part in the defence of ,churubusco4 ,his efforts as a director of the poor-house1 as a friend of education1 and as the founder of a house of correction1 are also deemed worthy of record4 ,he died in #ahea1 at the age of sixty-two4 ,the best known of ,gorostiza's comedies are those called ,the ,intimate ,friend1 ,last ,year's ,fashions1 ,don ,dieguito1 and ,pardon for ,all1 the last being mentioned by his biographer as celebrated4 ,in the play of ,don ,dieguito1 which may serve as well as any other to exhibit the character of ,gorostiza's plots1 ,don ,anselmo1 a rich uncle1 sends his nephew and heir1 ,don ,dieguito1 to ,madrid to complete his education4 ,while there1 ,dieguito falls in love with ,doa ,adelaida1 whose father1 ,don ,cleto1 is a lawyer4 ,don ,anselmo goes to ,madrid to attend the wedding of his nephew1 but does not like the family of his son's fiance1 and1 accordingly1 he schemes to break off the match4 ,the mother1 ,doa ,maria1 sees from a worldly point of view the great advantage of her daughter's marriage with ,don ,dieguito4 ,but now ,anselmo tells her that he intends to marry1 which excites her fear that his nephew will inherit nothing from him4 ,she1 therefore1 proposes to her husband that ,doa ,adelaida shall marry the uncle1 ,anselmo1 instead of the nephew1 ,dieguito4 ,don ,simplicio1 a friend of ,don ,cleto1 endeavors to effect a general reconciliation of interests1 and bring about the marriage of the young couple2 but1 finding that father and mother alike wish to break off the match1 joins them in insulting the apparently hapless ,dieguito4 ,don ,anselmo at once perceives that his nephew has been fooled1 and that the family of his betrothed would be glad to cast off ,dieguito in order to capture his uncle's wealth4 ,he concludes1 therefore1 to make his exit on the very day of the proposed marriage1 taking with him his disenchanted nephew4 ,when the day arrives1 he announces that he has been ruined by the shipwreck of a vessel from ,vera ,cruz1 and that he is compelled to return to his old business of selling pork1 beans1 chocolate1 and sausages to make good his loss4 ,don ,dieguito1 though asked to return to his allegiance as a lover1 declares that he is no fool1 and prefers a wife who will not speculate at the expense of good faith1 but will look after her children4 ,as ,don ,anselmo has told the family of ,doa ,adelaida that his principal loss is in a cargo of chocolate1 that spirited young lady vows she will not drink chocolate again2 and the play ends in amusing recriminations4 ,,fernando ,,calderon4 ,the next of our dramatists1 ,fernando ,calderon1 was born in #ahji1 and died at the age of thirty-six1 having been a colonel1 a state legislator1 a magistrate1 and the secretary of the government of ,zacatecas1 as well as an industrious writer4 ,the most striking of his dramas are3 ,the ,tourney1 ,anne ,boleyn1 and ,the ,return of the ,crusader1 which1 says one of his admirers1 are full of noble and chivalrous sentiments and spirited action4 ,calderon's talent was nothing if not dramatic2 for even his lyrics1 and especially his ,soldier of ,liberty1 are characterized by a personal fire and animation4 ,his plays1 remarkable for warmth of sentiment1 and his poems1 chiefly lyrical1 gained for him not only in ,mexico1 but in other ,spanish-,american republics1 a degree of favor not often enjoyed by writers in the southern part of the ,new ,world4 ,one of his most admired passages is the soliloquy of ,isabella in ,the ,tourney3 ,and this is life4 ,seeing the sable bier ,profoundest cowardice the mortal moves1 ,when is the tomb the sole asylum where ,true peace abides4 ,where is the life that knows ,not weight of woe8 ,for ever in torment1 ,for ever in tears1 so runs our human fate ,from infancy unto decrepit age4 ,child1 man1 and most unfortunate womankind1 ,pursue the magic and illusory shade ,which they call happiness1 yet never find4 ,the gray-beard sad1 complaining of his age1 ,youth would enjoy2 but1 imbecile1 forgets ,the tortures that afflict his junior4 ,life is a fever1 a remediless fever1 ,it is a frenzy violent and mad4 ,alas6 its pleasures pass us like a flash1 ,whence follows gloom of soul with rain of tears ,yet ever springs desire and fervid hope ,to cheat our souls with what can never be4 ,care and vacuity1 and ephemeral joy4 ,these make themselves our poor reality4 ,so fades our youth1 and our declining life's ,a dismal light of undeception cast ,upon the narrow confines of the tomb4444 ,the black cloth 444 and the coffin miserable 444 ,thus darkly flows the tide of life4 ,alas6 ,my end draws near1 for which my spirit hopes1 ,as the wrecked sailor for a happy shore4 ,o cause of all my mourning my heart's balm1 ,not thou1 not even thou1 wouldst me console3 ,none grieve for one that is already dead4 ,albert6 ,albert6 shalt thou o'er my grave ,pour out thy tears until our patient souls ,unite within the pure eternity4 ,with good reason is this thoughtful and feeling soliloquy prized by ,calderon's countrymen1 whose vicissitudes have taught them peculiar sympathy with the tristful mood to which he lends expression4 ,the tone and style of the passage are tragic in a most dignified sense1 and reflect much credit upon ,mexican literature4 ,a supplement to the views of mortality and eternity set forth in ,the ,tourney is contained in a fragment written by ,calderon in #ahbe2 and as it may interest a ,northern public to know what a ,mexican poet thinks of the future state1 we extract from it these hopeful lines3 ,cold and coward spirits ,shun the thought of death ,with unbelieving fear1 ,vain-thinking that within the grave ,have love and joy their end4 ,dullards6 who believe not ,the eternity divine6 ,the disembodied spirit ,ascends to regions high ,of freedom and of bliss1 ,and love's sweet sentiment1 ,a seed sown in our souls1 ,doubt not ,god's hand doth guard it ,and lead it up to him4 ,the soul but breathes in love1 ,which is its essence and its food1 ,and without love would die4 ,,rodriguez ,,galvan4 ,more praiseworthy1 in some respects1 than any of the modern poets of ,mexico1 is ,rodriguez ,galvan1 the last of our trio of dramatists4 ,he died in #ahdb1 in his twenty-sixth year1 after having without social advantages acquired a high reputation as a lyrical and dramatic writer4 ,at eleven years1 says his biographer1 he was placed under the care of his uncle1 in a book-store at the capital1 and there his nightly studies made up for the impediments of his daily occupation1 and his happy disposition and love for work supplied the want of masters and fortune4 ,an epical fragment entitled ,the ,fallen ,angel1 and his poems1 ,the ,tomb1 and ,the ,girandole1 together with his dramas1 ,muoz and ,the ,viceroy's ,favorite1 are mentioned as the most noted of his productions4 ,a specimen of his dramatic style is the following piece of satire on the modern stage1 from ,el ,angel de la ,guarda3 ,let's think upon my comedy1 and on ,its plan4 ,hard1 cruel hard1 on all who are ,romantic4 ,here's a coxcomb come from ,rome ,or ,paris2 next1 an old man1 ignorant1 ,foolish1 his friend a most judicious fellow2 ,a fine romantic maid who weeps and shrieks ,in ,turkish2 then1 three hundred obscene gags ,to make the people laugh2 a prudish dame ,who speaks ,french badly4 ,here's the knot4 ,and the conclusion8 ,why1 a whistle from ,the second prompter4 --,or1 ,i will erect ,like to a gallows a cadaverous drama ,shock-full of hangings and adulteries1 ,in which the seven infants shall be shown ,the children of a king of ,acapulco4 ,this nauseous food ,i'll call a play-romance1 ,and ,i'll divide it into four square parts1 ,which further ,i'll divide in five full acts1 ,the scene in ,aragon1 the fifteenth century4 ,my sources shall be dramas of ,dumas ,and ,hugo1 the immoral ones of course4 ,what does it matter8 ,i translate them mine4 ,a stupid fellow comes out and drinks in ,half of a tub of poison--gives the rest ,straight to his maid1 because a vain old man ,comes with a trumpet-tongue to blow and blow ,in his poor ears4 ,the ignorant hind don't know ,for two hours whether he is dead or not1 ,and in the place of calling upon ,god ,he makes a long discourse4 ,this is the way ,they make our plays1 and in this age of taste ,calderon1 ,moreto1 ,alarcon1 ,lope1 ,are only mules2 and in the theatre ,their works shed slumber by the bucketful4 ,it would require1 perhaps1 an intimate knowledge of the ,mexican stage as it was thirty years ago to appreciate the special application of these lines2 but it is plain that the young dramatist conceived a genuine contempt for a bloodthirsty and iniquitous drama4 ,what1 then1 must a writer of his promise and aspirations have felt regarding that more bitter melodrama acted all round him8--what must any poet with a tolerable amount of contemplative wisdom have thought of that political madness of which ,mexico has been so long the victim8 ,certainly1 it robbed them1 as it robbed others1 of peace and recompense2 but war respects the stage even when it destroys better institutions1 and it is probable that the dramatic culture of ,mexico is as well preserved as any of which it can boast4 ,to ,galvan is ascribed the first effective production on the ,mexican stage of ,mexican subjects4 ,whether the following fable bears a more than ordinary social meaning1 we cannot say2 but it is an instance of the poet's lively manner3 ,,the ,,selfish ,,dog4 ,with pike and lantern at sundown1 ,a grim night-watchman of the town ,follows a lean dog as he flees ,by order of the high police1 ,who persecute the dogs and tramps1 ,and take up drinking1 murdering scamps1 ,but tolerate the robbers4 ,well1 ,what matter8 ,i've my tale to tell4 ,the starveling1 feeling insecure1 ,because a stranger1 poor1 demure1 ,said1 ,feet1 what do ,i want you for8 ,so1 in a princely courtyard door1 ,without ,good-day6 or e'en explaining1 ,i must go in because it's raining1 ,or sending up his card at all1 ,as etiquette requires on call1 ,or does not--really1 ,i don't know-- ,he rudely entered4 ,so ,i'd go ,myself4 ,but a cur thereabout ,barked hard at him1 ,get out6 get out6 ,this is a noble's palace1 sir1 ,a place not meet for starving cur4 ,our friend replies1 ,my fine-tailed brother1 ,but for this night-- ,no1 no6 says t'other4 ,i am pursued6 ,then leave this ground4 ,i'm dying with hunger4 ,wretched hound1 ,how can a fine1 superior person ,live tail to tail with a base cur's son8 ,and insult after insult giving1 ,he barks with fury past believing1 ,this high-born1 proud1 patrician growler1 ,and bullies the plebeian prowler4 ,well1 the sad creature1 turning tail1 ,escaped1 for wonder1 else would fail ,my story like a peacock shorn4 ,where now's my moral8 ,hark1 nor scorn3 ,soon after this a dog forlorn ,lost himself in the chase1 and met ,some wolves whose teeth were sharply set1 ,and quite prepared to munch and gobble him4 ,all sorts of fearful fancies trouble him1 ,when1 in this plight1 his eye sees plain in ,the kennel of the other canine4 ,lo1 what an accident6 ,but these ,accidents pass for verities ,and mightily the public please4 ,now the patrician barks for aid1 ,and t'other dog puts out his head1 ,but1 seeing 'tis the courtier1 ,he shuts the door1 that low-bred cur1 ,and growls3 ,stop there6 didst ever see ,a dog of noble family ,with a poor cur keep company8 ,with this the hungry wolves arrive ,and eat the grandee dog alive4 ,has the tale pleased you8 ,no8 ,and why8 ,i've spent an hour and half to try1 ,hunting up rhymes--so scarce in ,spanish4 ,some opulent fellow1 proud and clannish ,spelling through this little story 7,for reading's not a common glory ,among the magnates of the day71 ,will1 doubtless1 furiously say3 ,see what sad insipidity6 ,but some poor dog in misery ,will raise his head1 perhaps1 and sigh1 ,the simple fabulist don't lie4 ,now friend and critic both have ,i4 ,there is nothing in ,galvan's story except his way of telling it1 which is certainly vivacious2 but we esteem it for some flashes of satirical meaning cast upon a state of society of whose animal life the hungry dog is so commonplace an object4 ,not1 however1 in his plays1 which1 if we may credit his ,mexican critic1 sometimes reveal a certain immaturity1 did ,galvan find his very happiest expression4 ,he wrote the most touching and charming lyric which1 after much search1 we have been able to find in ,mexican literature4 ,it was1 we are led to think1 in #ahdb1 when1 as one of a legation extraordinary to ,south ,america1 he sailed for ,havana1 there to die of fever1 that he wrote the tender ,farewell to ,mexico which his countrymen love to repeat3 ,upon the deck with longing ,i watch the lonely main1 ,and on my fate ,i ponder ,and muse in doubt and pain ,to thee ,i yield my fortunes1 ,o ,holy ,maid above6 ,adieu1 my own dear country1 ,adieu1 thou land of love6 ,far in the western waters ,the red sun hides its light1 ,and now at last 'tis buried ,beneath the billows' might4 ,the roaring sea announces ,the weary day's decline3 ,adieu1 beloved country1 ,adieu1 thou land of mine6 ,,avella,,eda ,,and ,,milanes4 ,there is more of this excellent lyric1 but we let it pass in order to bring to a moment's attention a few of the most distinguished ,cuban and ,south ,american dramatic writers4 ,we nowhere discern the evidence of a luxurious dramatic growth among our tropical contemporaries2 but as1 in the most advanced and varied circles of our own literature1 the drama holds but an inferior modern regard1 we cannot deem this fact as peculiarly indicative4 ,almost chief among the writers of ,cuba is ,doa ,avellaeda1 to whom we owe the novels of ,sab1 the ,baroness of ,youx1 the ,american romance of ,guatimozin1 and the ,undine of the ,blue ,lake4 ,she wrote four dramas1 one of which1 her tragedy of ,alfonso ,munio1 is said to have made her famous4 ,for one of her poems she received a crown of gold laurels from the lyceum of ,madrid1 and her ,catholic devotion was signally manifested by her poem of the ,cross and her ,biblical drama of ,saul4 ,surely1 a most prolific1 industrious1 and vigorous writer was ,la ,avellaeda1 as her countrymen admiringly call her1 notwithstanding her ,isabellist attachments4 ,to the name of ,avellaeda let us add that of ,jos ,jacinto ,milanes as among the ornaments of ,cuban literature4 ,his drama of ,conde ,alarcos1 founded upon the celebrated ,spanish tradition of the name1 is noted by ,ticknor for its passionate energy4 ,milanes seemed to delight in the themes and scenes of his own country2 but his usefulness as a writer was cut short1 we are informed1 by a wasting infirmity4 ,,sanson1 ,,magarinos1 ,,and ,,marquez4 ,placido ,sanson1 ,magarinos ,cervantes1 and ,seor ,marquez are among the most conspicuous ,south ,american dramatists we can now call to mind4 ,magarinos ,cervantes was born in ,montevideo in #ahbe1 and1 besides the novels of ,caramuru and ,the ,star of the ,south1 has written the dramas of ,vasco ,nuez and the ,two ,passions1 besides the comedy of ,percances ,matrimoniales4 ,he was one of the principal editors of an artistic and scientific cyclopdia printed in ,madrid1 and was once described as the youngest and most productive of well-known ,south ,american writers4 ,sanson1 who was born in ,santa ,cruz de ,teneriffe1 #ahae1 has written ten or eleven dramas1 among them ,abenhamet and ,herman ,peraza1 and has been an exceedingly industrious editor and translator4 ,seor ,marquez1 who was noticed fifteen years ago as a young poet of ,lima1 but twenty-three years of age1 yet of exceeding promise1 was known as the author of a drama which derived its title from the beautiful legend of ,the ,flower of ,abel4 ,this flower of dramatic poetry1 as its warm admirers regard it1 contains a charming and even what we might call a religious moral4 ,one of the best known of its ,peruvian critics described it as among the most spiritual creations of the day2 a defense of innocence and charity in a heroic combat against the worldly selfishness which devours us2 and ,markham1 to whose good taste we are indebted for information respecting the ancient and modern literature of ,peru1 affirms that its plot is original and ingenious1 and that it is full of good passages4 ,abel1 the first victim of selfishness1 is described as the mysterious messenger of celestial compassion1 an angel of innocence4 ,the innocent daughter of a proud and aged veteran becomes the possessor of the angel's flower of ,abel--in other words1 the blossom of innocence4 ,this the heavenly visitor presents to her in a vision1 warning her never to lose nor abandon it1 nor let it leave its place in her bosom4 ,but1 eventually1 the fair girl loses the flower1 and wanders far and wide over the world in search of it1 passing through many dangers1 for she is unprotected and very beautiful4 ,at length1 she reaches her mother's grave1 and1 wearied and imploring1 falls at the feet of an image of the ,blessed ,virgin1 in whose hands she once more beholds her lost ,flower of ,abel4 ,prostrate before the altar of the ,queen of ,heaven1 the spirit of ,elena abandons the body1 and is conducted to the skies by ,abel1 who recovers the mysterious flower and the pure soul of the maiden4 ,reflecting that our own ,american dramatic literature can claim not many successful writers1 the portion of ,spanish ,america1 in respect to the dramatists we have described1 cannot be deemed contemptible4 ,we have much yet to learn of our sister republics1 painful though their problem be to democratic thinkers2 and we cannot look through a more necessary and suggestive medium than their literature to become acquainted with their moral capacities and possibilities4 ,,albertus ,,magnus ,,vindicated4 ,a most striking embellishment to the text of a literary article is a deep row of citations at the foot of the page4 ,the effect may be likened to that of a broad trimming of lace to articles of dress4 ,a lace of true point enhances the rich appearance of the costliest tissue1 and a common stuff may be so set off by a ,nottingham trimming as to attract the gaze of all who are passing4 ,if unable to distinguish the true from the false1 the gazer is astonished by the display4 ,struck by the deep trimming of an article that appeared in a recent number of the ,american ,journal of the ,medical ,sciences1 we examined it thoroughly from the beginning to the end4 ,after perusal1 we laid it down with a warm recollection of the speech of the country member in the ,wisconsin legislature1 who1 after listening to an eloquent oration filled with classical quotations1 arose1 and said3 ,mr4 ,speaker1 the honorable gentleman has roamed with ,romulus1 soaked with ,socrates1 ripped with ,euripides1 and canted with old ,cantharides1 but what has all that to do with the laws of ,wisconsin8 ,it would1 however1 be entirely out of place in us to call attention to this article1 were it not for a most extraordinary sentence which it contains1 and upon this we feel bound by many considerations1 amongst which our reverence for truth and love of propriety1 to make some observations4 ,the sentence referred to is as follows3 ,about the year #abdj1 at the solicitation of an inquisitive priest1 ,albertus ,magnus1 the ,bishop of ,ratisbon1 wrote a very unepiscopal work on the ,secrets of ,women4 ,it contains much prurient matter which will hardly bear translation1 and yet was deemed worthy of a commentary by so devout an ecclesiastic as ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas4#aeg ,in this sentence1 in which two great and good men are thus spoken of1 we maintain that there are at least three glaring misstatements3 the first1 that the work ,de ,secretis ,mulierum was written by the ,bishop of ,ratisbon1 ,albertus ,magnus1 about the year #abdj2 the second1 that ,albertus ,magnus wrote the work--positive affirmation of that fact1 as if there were no doubt of its authenticity2 and the third1 that ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas ever wrote a commentary on it4 ,first ,misstatement4--,that the work was written about the year #abdj1 by ,albertus ,magnus1 ,bishop of ,ratisbon1 and therefore that it was the production of a bishop1 although very unepiscopal in its nature4 ,we premise a short sketch of his life1 compiled from the ,protestant ,cave 7,historia ,literaria1 ,sculum ,scholasticum1 #abfj73 ,albertus1 surnamed the ,great1 a ,german1 was born in the year #abje4 ,he studied at ,padua4 ,in the year #abba1 he joined the ,friar ,preachers4 ,he was considered the greatest theologian1 philosopher1 and mathematician of his day4 ,he excelled especially in mathematics4 ,in the year #abcf1 on the death of the general of the order1 he governed the same for two years as vicar4 ,he afterward became provincial of his order in ,germany1 fixing his residence at ,cologne1 where also he taught with great applause4 ,in the beginning of the year #abfj1 he was appointed ,bishop of ,ratisbon by ,alexander ,,iv41 and was obliged1 against his will1 to undertake that responsibility4 ,he held the same for only three years1 when1 wearied out by its duties1 he resigned the dignity1 and returned to his beloved monastery of ,cologne1 where he spent his old age in the delights of study4 ,he died in the year #abhj4 ,such is the substance of ,cave's biography4 ,although there is some doubt as to the date of his birth1 all agree that he was made bishop in the year #abfj1 and that during that time he had enough to do in the affairs of his diocese4 ,the work in question1 written about the year #abdj1 cannot1 therefore1 be rightly styled unepiscopal4 ,besides1 all the editions that attribute the work to ,albertus say that it was written by him whilst stopping in ,paris4 ,thus1 in the notes added by some unknown author to the editions of #afja and #afcg these words are found3 ,ego ,albertus morans ,parisiis--,i1 ,albert1 staying in ,paris4 ,the first words of the text are1 ,dilecto sibi1 etc4 ,as a bishop1 we have no record of his ever having been in ,paris1 much less stopping there for a time4 ,as a very old man1 it is said that he made the journey once more from ,cologne4 ,after resigning his episcopate1 he always lived and taught at ,cologne4 ,we may therefore1 with justice1 put down the word unepiscopal as inaccurate4 ,second ,misstatement4--,the positive affirmation of the fact that ,albertus ,magnus was the author of the work on the ,secrets of ,women4 ,admitting that our examination has not been as exhaustive as it might1 owing to the want of facility in consulting many authorities we should have desired to1 what we shall produce we hope will be sufficient to place beyond doubt this one fact1 that1 if the work is not wholly to be rejected as that of ,albertus ,magnus1 it must at least be granted that it is very doubtful4 ,our opinion is that it is wholly supposititious4 ,we have not found a single authority which does not admit that it is doubtful whether ,albertus ,magnus was the author of it2 and the vast majority of critics and several intrinsic arguments prove that his name1 as the famous one of the age1 was affixed to it to give it notoriety4 ,these propositions we will now substantiate by negative and positive arguments1 some extrinsic and others intrinsic1 drawn from the character of the author and of the writing in question4 ,all admit that the authenticity of the work is called in question4 ,we have consulted at least eighteen distinct authorities in matters of bibliography1 and have not found one making the positive affirmation of the fact2 and some of our authorities1 as1 for instance1 ,cave and ,fabricius1 refer to every critic of note up to their time 7,cave to no less than three hundred and seventy-two authors74 ,almost all positively deny that the work belongs to ,albertus ,magnus4 ,some make no mention of it at all when speaking of his life and labors4 ,others say in general that many writings have been ascribed to ,albertus1 in order to give them notoriety1 which1 however1 must be rejected as supposititious4 ,thus1 the ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 art4 ,albert1 vol4 i41 p4 #aga1 says3 ,a detailed list of ,albert's works1 the genuineness of many of which it is impossible to determine1 is to be found in the ,scriptores ,ord4 ,prdicatorum of ,qutif and ,echard4 ,moreri1 in his grand ,dictionnaire ,historique1 has nothing at all about the book1 and yet he speaks at length of ,albertus and his works4 ,appleton's ,american ,encyclopdia makes no mention of it2 neither does ,hallam1 who would not have passed by such a book1 for he speaks expressly of ,albertus's influence on medical studies4 ,the ,regensburg ,universal ,realen ,encyclopedie1 edition #ahej1 art4 ,albertus ,magnus1 says3 ,sehr viele ,schrifter wurden ihm spter flschlich beigelegt--,very many works were at a later period falsely ascribed to him4 ,these authorities are1 however1 purely negative4 ,we shall now bring forward the positive proofs for the same fact3 a4 ,critics4 b4 ,brunet4 c4 ,encyclopdias4 d4 ,historians4 e4 ,biographies4 f4 ,editions4 a4 ,critics4--,it will be enough to bring forward ,fabricius1 ,boyle1 and ,cave1 all unexceptionable authorities4 ,fabricius1 ,lipsiensis ,professor1 ,bibliotheca ,latina medi et infim tatis1 after referring to all the subjects treated of in the twenty-one folio volumes of the ,lyons edition1 the only complete one ever published1 speaks of the works which must be rejected1 and among them he places ,liber de ,secretis ,secretorum1 sive de ,secretis ,mulierum1 spe editus sed suppositus ,alberto1 qui plus simplici vice in eo citatur--,the book on the ,secret of ,secrets1 or on the ,secrets of ,women1 often published but fathered on ,albertus1 who is more than once quoted in it4 ,boyle certainly will not be accused of any partiality for the great ,catholic doctors of scholasticism4 ,in a long article on ,albertus ,magnus1 he has these words3 ,i shall particularly mention some falsities that have been reported about him4 ,it has been said that he delivered women1 and it was taken very ill that a man of his profession should do the office of a midwife4 ,the ground of this story is that there was a book under the name of ,albertus ,magnus1 containing several instructions for midwives1 and so much knowledge of their art that it seemed he could not have been so well skilled in that trade if he had not exercised it4 ,but the apologists of ,albertus maintained that he is not the author of that book1 nor of that ,de ,secretis ,mulierum4 ,he here refers to a note in which he explains as follows3 ,the book ,de ,secretis ,mulierum1 wrongfully ascribed to ,albertus1 is the work of one of his disciples1 who is called ,henricus de ,saxonia1 with whose name it has been printed more than once4 ,here are ,simler's words3 ',henricus de ,saxonia1 ,alberti ,magni discipuli1 liber de ,secretis ,mulierum impressus ,august1' ,a4,d4 #adih1 per ,antonium ,surg42 and in the ,catalogue of ,thuanus's ,library you will find1 ',henrici de ,saxonia1 de ,secretis ,mulierum1 de virtutibus herbarum1 lapidum quorumdam animalium aliorumque1 #abmo1 ,francof41 #afae4' ,it is plain that ,albertus's name1 more famous than that of ,henry1 gave occasion to that supposition4 ,thus far ,boyle4 ,cave in his ,historia ,literaria makes no mention of the work as belonging to ,albertus4 b4 ,brunet1 the great authority on books and editions1 in his ,manuel du ,libraire1 says3 ,de ,secretis ,mulierum1 opus #adgh1 in #do1 premire dition de cet ouvrage1 mal--propos attribu ,albert-le-grand--,de ,secretis ,mulierum1 #adgh1 #dto1 first edition of this work1 wrongfully attributed to ,albert the ,great4 c4 ,encyclopdias4--,edinburgh ,encyclopdia1 conducted by ,david ,brewster1 edition of #ahcb1 art4 ,albertus ,magnus3 ,the treatise ,de ,secretis ,mulierum1 etc41 generally ascribed to him1 was written by one of his disciples1 ,henricus de ,saxonia4 ,penny ,encyclopdia1 ,london1 #ahcc3 ,there are also collections of supposed secrets which have erroneously been published under his name2 among others1 one ,de ,secretis ,mulierum et ,natur1 printed at ,amsterdam1 in #afee1 which is believed to have been written by one of his disciples4 ,chambers's ,encyclopdia rejects the work also as supposititious4 d4 ,historians4--,natalis ,alexander1 ,hist4 ,ecc41 ,sculum ,,xiii41 on ,albertus ,magnus1 concludes his notice thus3 ,liber ,de ,mirabilibus vanitate et superstitione refertus1 ,alberto ,magno suppositus est1 inquit ,debrio1 ,disquisitionum ,magicarum1 cap4 #c4 ,librum ,de ,secretis ,mulierum nec ipsius est nec docti cujuspiam esse censuerunt ,medici ,lovanienses1 ut refert ,molanus in ,bibliotheca ,sacra--,the book ,de ,mirabilibus1 filled with nonsense and superstition1 has been falsely ascribed to ,albertus ,magnus1 says ,debrio in his work ,essays on ,magic1 cap4 #c4 ,the ,medical ,faculty of the ,university of ,louvain gave as their opinion that the book ,de ,secretis ,mulierum is not his nor that of any learned man1 as ,molanus relates in his ,bibliotheca ,sacra4 ,raynoldus1 in his ,cronaca1 the great continuation of the ,annals of ,baronius1 under the year #abfj1 paragraph #aeth1 says3 ,hic vero lectorem diligenter monitum velim plura passim ,alberti ,magni nomine scripta circumferri1 qu ab ipso nunquam emanasse exploratum est2 cum magica superstitione sint fdata1 sed ad conciliandum rei vel frivol vel scelest auctoritatem1 piissimi et sapientis viri nomine subornati simplicibus obtruduntur--,we wish here particularly to warn the reader that there are many writings extant attributed to ,albertus ,magnus1 which1 it is clear1 never emanated from his pen2 for they are filled with magical superstition2 but to gain some authority for a trifling or wicked work1 they are palmed off on the ignorant under the name of a most pious and learned man4 ,prof4 ,hefele1 the ,german historian1 in an article on ,albertus ,magnus in ,wetzer and ,welte's ,kirchen-,lexicon1 concludes thus3 ,dem ,albertus sind viele ,bcher unterschoben worden1 z4 ,b4 ,de ,alchymia und ,de ,secretis ,mulierum1 u4 dgl4--,many books have been fathered on ,albert1 e4g4 ,de ,alchymia and ,de ,secretis ,mulierum1 etc4 ,cantri1 the ,italian historian1 in his ,universal ,history1 expresses the same opinion in his chapter on the ,natural and ,occult ,sciences4 e4 ,biographies4--,feller1 in his ,biographie ,universelle1 says3 ,enfin1 on a lui attribu de ridicules recueils des ,secrets1 auquels il n'a pas eu la moindre part4 ,on y trouve mme des indcences et des recherches aussi vaines que peu dignes d'une religeux--,finally1 a ridiculous collection of ,secrets have been attributed to him1 with which he had nothing to do4 ,even obscene things are found in this collection1 and investigations as frivolous as they are unworthy of a religious4 ,the ,french and ,german biographies consulted by us agree in this same opinion4 f4 ,editions4--,dr4 ,atkinson1 in his ,medical ,biography1 mentions all the editions of the work from the first in #adgh to #agfj4 ,the first edition1 #adgh1 is without the name of the place in which it was printed2 and of it we have seen the judgment of ,brunet4 ,the editions of #adhj and #adha are without the name of either printer or place4 ,the edition of #adhd1 ,august1 comes out with ,henry of ,saxony as its author4 ,those of #adhh and #adih also4 ,the earliest editions1 therefore1 cannot be quoted as making ,albertus the author of the work4 ,it was only the editions of #afjj and those which followed that ascribed the work to ,albertus1 and they were almost all printed in ,germany or ,holland4 ,does it not look as if party spirit had much to do with these editions8 ,the only complete edition of the works of ,albertus is that of the ,rev4 ,a4 ,p4 ,peter ,jammy1 ,s4,t4,d41 in twenty-one folio volumes1 printed at ,lyons1 #afea4 ,this edition contains no mention of the book4 ,in the authorities thus far quoted1 we have studiously avoided bringing forward any but those which are universally admitted as standard4 ,but even should the extrinsic testimony thus far given not have been all on our side1 we think the intrinsic evidence would be quite sufficient to settle the question4 ,to this point we will now briefly direct attention4 ,these intrinsic arguments are drawn from the work itself and from the well-known character of ,albertus ,magnus4 ,the book or document was written somewhere about the year #abdj or #abej1 and was first printed in the year #adgh4 ,its composition shows evidently that it was intended only for the person to whom it was directed2 that it was merely a letter to a friend in answer to an obscure question proposed by him2 in fine1 that it was not a treatise intended for preservation1 but merely a familiar correspondence on the part of the writer to satisfy1 as far as he was able1 the inquiries of his friend4 ,naud1 the critic1 makes use of these two proofs to show that ,albertus could not have written the work4 ,first1 ,albertus did not name himself in the beginning of the work4 ,he who commented upon it affirmed without any proof that ,albertus was its author4 ,the text begins with these words3 ,delecto sibi in ,christo socio et amico1 etc4--,to his beloved companion and friend in ,christ4 ,in the notes added to the edition of #afja and #afcg these words have been placed as a title3 ,ego ,albertus morans ,parisiis--,i1 ,albert1 staying in ,paris4 ,the title has been affixed gratuitously and arbitrarily4 ,the work is therefore anonymous4 ,second1 ,albertus could not have written it1 for his own authority is often made use of4 ,we must remember that the document in question was only a letter from one friend to another2 and it certainly would be strange for a man to quote his own well-known works at any time1 much less in a familiar correspondence4 ,if he introduced them at all1 it would be in some such form as this3 as you will find in my work on1 etc4 ,the author of this letter quotes ,albertus's authority at least five times4 ,we have verified the following in the edition of #afcg1 ,argentorati3 ,page #di3 ,that this may be understood1 we must note that there are four states of the moon1 according to ,albertus in his treatise ,de ,statu ,solis et ,lun4 ,page #fi1 showing the impossibility of a universal deluge1 the author says3 ,and we must know that these things are not imaginary1 because ,albertus1 on the ,action and ,effect of ,lightning1 mentions1 etc4 ,page #ig1 ,for ,albertus mentions just as1 etc4 ,page #aji1 ,as ,albertus says in his book on1 etc4 ,we do not argue from the fact of the authority of ,albertus being used to prove that he could not have been the author1 but from the manner in which that authority is introduced4 ,the reader will judge for himself if our inference be correct4 ,but to us the convincing proof of the falsity of the work is to be drawn from the character of ,albertus himself and the subject matter of the work4 ,the testimony of antiquity has brought him down to us as venerable for his piety and goodness as he was illustrious for learning4 ,he was truly a good man4 ,he was really an exceedingly learned man4 ,the work ascribed to him could have been written by neither a good man nor even a moderately well-educated man4 ,there are principles laid down in it which contradict the first ideas of morality and inculcate unbridled license4 ,and shall the well-known works on morality of the great doctor not be allowed to cry out in his defence8 ,shall we say that he has not only glaringly contradicted himself1 but become the open advocate of immorality8 ,when the illustrious ,protestant critic ,cave tells us that ,albertus was considered the greatest theologian1 philosopher1 and mathematician of his day1 he does but re-echo the voice of each past generation2 and shall we say that he could have written the work in question1 so full of nonsense and superstition1 and contrasting so strongly with his other writings8 ,is not the opinion of the ,medical ,faculty of the ,university of ,louvain more just when they maintain that the work ,de ,secretis ,mulierum is neither that of ,albertus nor indeed of any learned man at all8 ,these few reflections should be enough to settle the matter4 ,we could bring forward other and far more convincing reasons in vindication of this great doctor2 but from what has been said1 we think we are justified in placing the positive affirmation of the writer ascribing the work to ,albertus ,magnus as a glaring misstatement--as blot number two4 ,the third misstatement was that ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas wrote a commentary on it4 ,we challenge the writer to bring a single authority to prove that fact4 ,we never heard or saw anything about it before4 ,none of the great standard critics ever hint at it2 so1 not to lose patience1 we affirm that it is the most glaring misstatement made--blot number three1 in almost as many lines4 ,the reader might here naturally ask1 ,where1 then1 did the writer obtain any information on which to base his so positive statements1 so injurious to the characters of two justly celebrated benefactors of the human race8 ,we have met with but one phrase which could have suggested the lines in question1 and they are taken from a writer who should not be brought forward as authority in a matter of criticism2 for the scurrilous1 filthy1 and flippant manner in which he speaks of authors and books renders him unworthy of an answer4 ,this author is ,dr4 ,james ,atkinson1 who published a ,medical ,biography1 one volume1 ,a and ,b1 ,london1 #ahcd4 ,after admitting that the authorship of the book ,de ,secretis ,mulierum is a contested matter1 he has these words3 ,it may be a question whether the editions 7of which ,i have one in ,gothic characters7 of this ,libellus de ,secretis ,mulierum were not originally written by ,albertus1 and published with a commentary 7which is annexed to it in my edition7 by ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas 7although usually 'non est inventus'7 or ,henricus de ,saxonia4 ,is it possible8 ,the character of the author ,atkinson1 as manifested in his work1 and these words themselves1 are a sufficient answer to any proof to be drawn from his authority4 ,we must say candidly that these are the only words we could find even to suggest the remarkable lines we have quoted in the beginning of this article2 and we conclude that we might have hoped for the sincerity of ,atkinson in one who shows that1 if he has tried to read much1 he has read neither wisely nor well4 ,,footnote3 #aeg ,the citation is from ,medical ,bibliography4 ,by ,james ,atkinson4 ,london4 #ahed4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,a ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,christian ,,councils4 ,from the ,original ,documents1 to the close of the ,council of ,nica1 ,a4,d4 #cbe4 ,by ,charles ,joseph ,hefele1 ,d4,d41 ,bishop of ,rottenburg1 formerly ,professor of ,theology in the ,university of ,tbingen4 ,translated from the ,german1 and edited by ,william ,r4 ,clark1 ,m4,a4 ,oxon41 ,prebendary of ,wells and ,vicar of ,taunton4 ,edinburgh3 ,t4 ,t4 ,clark1 #ch ,george ,street4 #ahga4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,house1 #i ,warren ,street4 ,the merits of ,dr4 ,hefele's great but still unfinished work are well known and universally appreciated4 ,certain portions of it rise to the excellence of a masterpiece1 and really exhibit a genius almost1 if not quite1 equal to that which is shown in the ,athanasius of ,mhler and the ,history of the ,arians by ,dr4 ,newman4 ,we refer especially to the parts treating of the ,arian and semi-,arian controversies1 and of the history of the ,council of ,constance1 with the other synods preceding and connected with it4 ,we cannot1 however1 consider the work of ,dr4 ,hefele as faultless4 ,in our opinion1 he has signally failed in his treatment of the celebrated cases of ,liberius and ,honorius4 ,in the present volume there are1 as it appears to us1 two manifest errors in regard both to fact and doctrine4 ,the first one is found in the statement that confirmation by a schismatical or heretical bishop is invalid1 and was judged to be so by ,pope ,stephen and the bishops of his time4 ,the second is the assertion that the baptism of the ,paulianists was rejected because of the heresy professed by them1 and not because they had vitiated the baptismal formula4 ,it is strange that so learned a professor could not see that1 if baptism in the name of the ,trinity was made invalid by the fact that the ,paulianists understood by the terms ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost something different from the true1 ,catholic sense of the church1 the baptism of the ,arians1 and of all sorts of ,unitarians1 would be made invalid by the same reason4 ,almost all ,german authors have a tone and an air as if everything has to be proved from the beginning anew1 and this proof sharply criticised by an infidel professor in the next room4 ,dr4 ,hefele has this air about him whenever he writes about the constitutive principles of the ,catholic ,church1 and only loses it when he has fairly plunged into his subject and become carried away by it4 ,there is1 moreover1 a perceptible1 though not very deep1 tinge of what we may call ante-,vatican theology in the introduction1 although one passage has been corrected by the author since the council4 ,the learned and illustrious author was always animated by an orthodox and pious spirit1 which he has manifested by a truly apostolic exercise of his episcopal authority in sustaining and enforcing the decisions of the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,notwithstanding the accidental defects of his great work1 it is a monument not merely of ecclesiastical learning1 but of sound ,catholic doctrine1 in which the supremacy of the ,holy ,see1 and the justice of its cause as against all heretics1 schismatics1 and rebels1 are maintained with victorious logic and overwhelming evidence4 ,its critical character makes it especially valuable for those who are studying the history and constitution of the church1 and we are1 therefore1 sincerely glad that one volume has been translated into ,english and published1 and can only hope that the others may follow4 ,the translation has been made by a ,protestant dignitary and published by a ,protestant firm1 as the title at the head of this notice has already informed our readers4 ,this seems rather odd4 ,we are glad to see a taste for works like this arising in the educated world1 but can scarcely understand what could induce a ,protestant1 sincerely and firmly attached to his own doctrine1 to promote their circulation4 ,the author's motives are1 however1 his own affair1 and the affair of his own ecclesiastical connection4 ,we have only to criticise the manner in which he has done his work1 and for that we are bound to accord him great praise4 ,most judiciously1 and to our very great satisfaction1 he has refrained from giving us his own opinions in prefaces or notes1 and has left ,bishop ,hefele in the state in which he found him of pure1 unadulterated text4 ,the translation is undoubtedly substantially correct1 and1 so far as we have seen1 exact and accurate in detail1 while at the same time it is smooth1 readable ,english4 ,we have noticed only one mistranslation1 and that is one which is wholly indefensible4 ,this is the substitution of ,,roman ,,catholic for ,,catholic4 ,we protest against this alteration of ,bishop ,hefele's language1 and condemn it as contrary to literary honesty1 and a real falsification of the text4 ,the volume is admirably printed1 and is for sale at ,the ,catholic ,publication ,house1 and we most cordially recommend it to the attention of all students of ecclesiastical history who are unable to read the work in ,german or ,french4 ,,the ,,priest ,,on ,,the ,,mission4 ,a ,course of ,lectures on ,missionary and ,parochial ,duties4 ,by ,frederick1 ,canon ,oakeley1 etc4 ,london3 ,longmans ,co4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,street4 #ahga4 ,whoever has the happiness of knowing ,canon ,oakeley will think he sees him and hears him talking when he reads this book4 ,canon ,oakeley was well known many years ago as a ,fellow of ,balliol ,college1 ,oxford1 and one of the most distinguished of the brilliant band of converts from that university4 ,as a ,catholic priest1 he has been one of the most laborious and successful among the parochial clergy of ,london4 ,his long experience and eminently practical mind make him unusually well fitted for writing a work like the present4 ,it is full of admirable directions and suggestions1 among which those on preaching especially attracted our attention4 ,canon ,oakeley's very remarkable merits as a writer are too well known to need our commendation4 ,the style of the present volume is well worthy of the venerable author's best days1 and makes the book delightful reading4 ,we think it is one which even the most experienced pastors will find useful and interesting1 and which will be found to be of the highest value to young clergymen and ecclesiastical students4 ,,catholic ,,hymns ,,and ,,canticles1 ,,together ,,with ,a ,,complete ,,sodality ,,manual4 ,by ,rev4 ,alfred ,young4 ,sixth edition4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,house4 #ahga4 ,father ,young's hymn-book1 well known to many of our schools and confraternities for the past eight years1 is now enlarged by the addition of twenty-four hymns to its first edition4 ,the best thing we can say of the collection is that1 of the one hundred and thirty-one hymns which it contains1 not more than half a dozen are beyond the capacity or unsuited to the tastes of the youth for whom it was designed4 ,the majority of the melodies are original1 and not to be found in any other book of the kind4 ,every season and festival of the year is represented by a choice selection of appropriate hymns1 and the present edition is enriched with the popular congregational hymns sung in the church of the ,paulists during ,lent1 and at the meetings of their ,rosary and ,christian ,doctrine ,societies4 ,we have no hesitation in saying that it is the most complete and satisfactory hymn-book for our schools and sodalities that has been issued in the ,english language4 ,,american ,,religion4 ,by ,john ,weiss4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahga4 ,precisely what it was that ,mr4 ,weiss proposed to himself in writing the series of essays which he dignifies by the title of ,american ,religion1 we do not find it easy to say4 ,he is one of those more unhappy admirers of ,mr4 ,emerson who1 in paying him the ready tribute of a more or less perfect imitation of the style of his speech and the manner of his thought1 have so far beggared themselves as to leave their readers in doubt as to what their own thinking and their own statement might have been1 had they in fact retained that individuality the rights of which it seems now only a part of their imitation to assert4 ,mr4 ,emerson's style1 which is the fit expression of the character of his mind1 and in its way perfection1 has the unfortunate peculiarity of being so mannered that the least of his disciples can successfully1 and apparently unconsciously1 travesty it4 ,just what it was1 therefore1 that ,mr4 ,weiss had in his mind concerning the new religion which he desires to see adapted to the supposed needs of ,america1 we do not know2 but through the fog in which his readers are perforce doomed to flounder1 it seems as if he believes that the three thousand miles of sea-water which lie between his native land and the ,old ,world were a sufficient layer of regeneration for those born on the hither side of it4 ,the sense of sin1 the need of an atonement1 the efficacy of prayer1 are effete ideas which have served their purpose in the past1 but which an ,american citizen is better without4 ,why should ,yankee ,doodle1 who1 as all the world knows1 is the latest and fullest expression of what ,mr4 ,weiss likes to call the ,divine ,immanence1 bewail sins which are after all either purely imaginary or the result of a defective organization for which he is not to blame2 or think himself in need of a mediator with an offended ,god1 when the real truth is that he has only to step up to the nearest square inch of looking-glass to behold the ,divinity in himself and settle all outlying accounts by word of mouth8 ,perhaps we do ,mr4 ,weiss an injustice1 and1 in the twelve essays which form this volume1 he may have embodied more and better ideas than the only one which a tolerably attentive reading has enabled us to gather from them4 ,but to us his book seems likely to be as barren of suggestion to those who would willingly agree with him as it is to ourselves4 ,its prevailing cloudiness is here and there broken in upon by a sort of inane audacity of expression when he refers to our ,lord and his miracles2 but otherwise it offers an unbroken uniformity of platitude4 ,it betrays1 too1 an amusing ignorance of all modes of thought alien to either the orthodoxy or the rationalism of ,new ,england1 the provincialism of which is in very pretty keeping with the significant title which ,mr4 ,weiss has chosen for his work4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xiii41 ,no4 #gh4--,,september1 #ahga4aeh ,,the ,,reformation ,,not ,,conservative4#aei ,dr4 ,krauth is a man highly esteemed in his own denomination1 and1 though neither very original nor profound1 is a man of more than ordinary ability and learning1 well versed in ,lutheran theology1 and1 we presume1 a trustworthy representative of it as contained in the ,lutheran symbolical books1 and held by the more conservative members of the ,lutheran ,church--a church1 or sect rather1 of growing importance in our country1 in consequence of the large migration hither from ,germany and the north of ,europe1 and in some respects the most respectable of all the churches or sects born of the ,protestant ,reformation1 or1 rather1 the ,protestant revolt and rebellion against the church of ,god4 ,yet he will excuse us if we refuse to follow him step by step in his exposition of the ,lutheran theology1 for all that is true in it we have in the teaching of the ,catholic ,church1 without the errors and falsehoods ,luther mingled with it4 ,it were a waste of time to study it1 unless we were called upon to refute it in detail1 which we are not4 ,that there is much that is true mingled with much more that is false in ,lutheran theology1 we do not dispute1 and we readily admit that ,dr4 ,krauth means to hold1 and in his way does hold1 most of the fundamental principles1 if not dogmas1 of ,christianity2 but this is no more than we might say of any other system of false theology1 or of any heathen religion or superstition1 ancient or modern1 civilized or barbarous4 ,there is no pagan religion1 if we analyze it and trace it to its fountain1 in which we cannot detect most1 if not all1 of the great primary truths of the ,christian religion1 or the great principles which underlie the dogmas and precepts of the ,catholic ,church1 and which could have been obtained only from the revelation made by ,god himself to our first parents before their expulsion from the garden4 ,yet what avails the truth false religion conceals1 mingled as it is with the errors that turn it into a lie8 ,it serves1 whether with the lettered and polished ,greek and ,roman or the rude1 outlying barbarian1 only as the basis of barbarous superstitions1 cruel1 licentious1 and idolatrous rites1 and moral abominations4 ,the fundamental ideas or principles of civilized society are retained in the memory of the most barbarous nations and tribes1 yet are they none the less barbarous for that4 ,they lack order1 subordination2 neither their intelligence nor their will is disciplined and subjected to law2 and their appetites and passions1 unrestrained and untamed1 introduce disorder into every department of life1 and compel intelligence and will1 reason itself1 to enter their ignoble service1 and as abject slaves to do their bidding4 ,civilization introduces the element of order1 establishes the reign of law in the individual1 in the family1 in the state1 in society1 which is not possible without a religion true enough to enlighten the intellect1 and powerful enough over conscience to restrain the passions within their proper bounds1 and to bend the will to submission4 ,all ,protestant sects hold much of truth1 but1 like the heathen religions1 they hold it in disorder1 out of its normal relations and connections1 out of its unity and catholicity1 and consequently no one of them is strong enough to recover the element of order1 and re-establish and maintain the reign of law in any of the several departments of life1 spiritual or secular2 for the very essence of both consists in rejecting catholicity1 the only source of order4 ,we therefore make no account of the principles1 truths1 or even ,catholic dogmas retained by the various ,protestant churches or sects from ,catholic tradition4 ,held as they are out of unity1 out of their normal relations1 and mingled with all sorts of errors and fancies1 they lose their virtue1 become the basis of false religion and false morality1 pervert instead of enlightening reason1 and mislead1 weaken1 and finally destroy conscience4 ,they are insufficient to preserve faith and the worship of ,god1 and naturally tend to revive in a lettered nation the polished heathenism of ,greece and ,rome4 ,their impotence is seen in the prevailing disorder in the whole ,protestant world1 and especially in the singular delusion of modern society1 that the loss of ,catholic truth1 ,catholic authority1 of spirituality1 is a progress in light1 liberty1 religion1 and civilization--a delusion which counts the revolutions1 the civil commotions1 the wars between the people and the government1 between class and class1 and capital and labor1 the insurrections and terrible social disorders of the last century and the present1 only as so many evidences of the marvellous advance of the modern world in freedom1 intelligence1 religion1 and ,christian morals4 ,is not this the delusion that goeth before and leadeth to destruction8 ,dr4 ,krauth has not advanced so far1 or rather descended so low1 as have some of his ,protestant brethren4 ,he has strong conservative instincts1 and still retains a conviction that order is necessary1 and that without religious faith and conscience order is not possible4 ,he has a dim perception of the truth1 that unless there is something in religion fixed1 permanent1 and authoritative1 even religion cannot meet the exigencies of society or the needs of the soul2 but1 a child of the ,reformation1 and jealous of the honor of his parentage1 he thinks it necessary to maintain that1 if religion must be fixed and permanent1 it must at the same time be progressive2 authoritative1 and yet subject to the faithful1 who have the right to resist or alter it at will4 ,hence he tells us1 page viii41 ,the church problem is to attain a ,protestant ,catholicity1 or a ,catholic ,protestantism1 and seeks to establish for ,lutheranism the character of being a conservative reformation4 ,the learned doctor may be a very suitable professor of theology in a ,lutheran theological seminary1 or a proper professor of intellectual and moral philosophy in the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 but he seems either not to have mastered the categories or to have forgotten them4 ,contradictory predicates cannot be affirmed of the same subject4 ,the ,lutheran ,reformation and conservatism belong to different categories4 ,that only can be a conservative reform of the church that is effected by the church herself or by her authority1 and which leaves her authority and constitution intact1 by no means the case with the ,lutheran ,reformation1 which was a total subversion of the constitution of the church and the denial of her authority4 ,in the sense of the author1 conservative reformation implies a contradiction in terms4 ,logicians1 at least those we have had for masters1 tell us that of contradictories one must be false4 ,if there were ever two terms each the contradictory of the other1 they are ,catholic and ,protestant4 ,one cannot be a ,catholic without denying ,protestantism1 or a ,protestant without denying ,catholicity4 ,protestant ,catholicity or ,catholic ,protestantism is as plainly a contradiction in terms as a square circle or a circular square4 ,if ,catholicity is true1 ,protestantism is false1 for it is simply the denial of ,catholicity2 and if the ,protestant denial of ,catholicity is true or warranted1 then is there nothing catholic1 no catholicity1 and consequently no catholic ,protestantism4 ,dr4 ,krauth has1 we doubt not1 a truth floating before his mind's eye1 but he fails to grasp it1 or to consider to what it is applicable4 ,the history of ,christianity1 he says1 page vii41 in common with all genuine history1 moves under the influence of two generic ideas3 the conservative1 which desires to secure the present by fidelity to the results of the past2 the progressive1 which looks out in hope to a better future4 ,reformation is the great harmonizer of the true principles4 ,corresponding with conservatism1 reformation1 and progress1 are the three generic types of ,christianity2 and under these genera all the species are but shades1 modifications1 or combinations1 as all hues arise from three primary colors4 ,conservatism without progress produces the ,romish and ,greek type of the church2 progress without conservatism runs into revolution1 radicalism1 and sectarianism2 reformation is antithetical to both--to passive persistence in wrong or passive endurance of it1 and to revolution as a mode of relieving wrong4 ,that is1 reformation preserves its subject while correcting its aberrations1 and effects its progress without its destruction1 which1 if the subject is corruptible and reformable1 and the reform is effected by the proper authorities and by the proper means1 is no doubt true2 and in this case reformation would stand opposed alike to immobility and revolution or destruction4 ,but is the learned and able professor aware of what he does when he assumes that ,christianity is corruptible and reformable1 that it is or can be the subject either of corruption or of reformation8 ,intentionally or not1 by so assuming1 he places it in the category of human institutions1 or natural productions1 left to the action of the natural laws or of second causes1 and withdraws it from the direct and immediate government and protection of ,god4 ,not otherwise could its history be subject to the laws that govern the movement of all genuine history1 be either perfectible or corruptible1 or ever stand in need of being reformed1 or of intrinsically advancing4 ,christianity itself is a revelation from ,god1 the expression of his eternal reason and will1 and therefore his law1 which like himself is perfect and unalterable4 ,the terms the professor applies1 can apply1 then1 only to men's views1 theories1 or judgments of ,christianity1 not to ,christianity itself1 either as a doctrine or an institution1 either as the faith to be believed1 or as the law to be obeyed--a fact which1 in the judgment of some1 ,dr4 ,newman's theory of development overlooks ,christianity embodied in the church is the kingdom of ,god on earth1 founded immediately by the ,incarnate ,word to manifest the divine love and mercy in the redemption and salvation of souls1 and to introduce and maintain the authority of ,god and the supremacy of his law in human affairs4 ,it is not an abstraction1 and did not come into the world as a naked idea1 as ,guizot maintains1 nor is it left to men's wisdom and virtue to embody it2 but it came into the world embodied in an institution1 concreted in the church1 which the blessed apostle assures us is the body of ,christ1 who is himself ,christianity1 since he says1 ,i am the way1 the truth1 and the life4 ,neither as the end nor as the divine institution1 neither as the law nor as the authority to keep1 declare1 and apply it1 then is the church imperfect1 therefore progressive or corruptible1 and therefore reformable4 ,this is the ,catholic doctrine1 which must be retained by ,protestantism if ,protestantism is to be ,catholic4 ,the learned professor either overlooks or virtually denies the divine origin1 character1 and authority of the church1 or else he supposes that the divine founder failed to adapt his means to his end1 and left his work incomplete1 imperfect1 to be finished by men4 ,from first to last1 he treats the church not as the kingdom of ,god on earth1 but as an institution formed by men to realize or embody their conceptions or views of his kingdom1 its principles1 laws1 and authority4 ,he thus makes it a human institution1 subject to all the vicissitudes of time and space4 ,as men can never embody in their institutions the entire kingdom of ,god1 the church must be progressive2 as whatever is defective may be corrupted by the errors and corruptions of the faithful1 as what is subject to growth must also be subject to decay1 the church may from time to time become corrupt1 and men must be free1 as she has need1 to reform her4 ,this manifestly supposes the church is not divine1 but simply an attempt1 as is every false religion of men1 to realize or embody their variable conceptions of the divine4 ,if this were not the professor's view1 he could not talk of conservatism1 progress1 and reformation in connection with ,christianity1 nor the correspondence of these with the three generic types of ,christianity1 for these terms are inapplicable to anything divine and perfect1 and can be logically applied only to what is imperfect and human1 to what is perfectible1 corruptible1 and reformable4 ,as there is but one ,god1 one ,christ1 the mediator of ,god and men1 there can be but one ,christianity1 and that must be catholic1 one and the same in all times and places4 ,to suppose three generic types of ,christianity is as absurd as to suppose three ,christs or three ,gods1 generically distinguished one from another1 that is--three ,christs or three ,gods of three different types or genera4 ,supposing the professor understands at all the meaning of the scholastic terms he uses1 it is clear that he understands by ,christianity the history of which moves under the influence of two generic ideas--nothing divine1 nothing fixed1 permanent1 and immutable1 the law alike for intellect and will1 but the views and theories or judgments which men form of the works of ,god1 his word1 his law1 or his kingdom4 ,christianity resolved into these may1 we concede1 not improperly be arranged under the three heads of conservatism1 progress1 and reformation1 but never ,christianity as the truth to be believed and obeyed4 ,we do not1 however1 blame the ,lutheran professor for his mistake2 for1 assuming his position as a ,protestant to be at all tenable1 he could not avoid it1 since ,protestants have no other ,christianity4 ,they have only their views or judgments of ,christianity1 not ,christianity itself as the objective reality4 ,there is progress by ,christianity2 and that is one great purpose for which it is instituted2 but none in ,christianity1 because it is divine and perfect from the beginning4 ,there may be reformation in individuals1 nations1 and society1 for these are all corruptible1 but none of ,christianity itself1 either as the creed or as the body of ,christ1 for it is indefectible1 above and independent of men and nations1 and therefore neither corruptible nor reformable by them4 ,not being corruptible or capable of deterioration1 the term conservative1 however applicable it may be to states and empires in the natural order or to human institutions and laws subject to the natural laws1 has no application to ,christianity or the kingdom of ,christ1 which is supernatural1 under the direct and immediate government and protection of ,god1 an eternal and therefore an ever-present kingdom1 universal and unalterable1 and not subject to the natural laws of growth and decay4 ,dr4 ,krauth forgets the law of mechanics1 that there is no motion without a mover at rest4 ,the movable cannot originate motion1 nor the progressive be the cause of progress1 or corruption purify and reform itself4 ,if ,christianity or the church were itself movable1 or in itself progressive1 it could effect no progress in men or nations1 individuals or society2 and if it could ever become itself corrupt1 it could be no principle of reform in the world1 or in any department of life4 ,the office of ,christianity is to maintain on earth amidst all the vicissitudes of this world the immutable divine order1 to recover men from the effects of the fall1 to elevate them above the world1 above their natural powers1 and to carry them forward1 their will consenting and concurring1 to a blissful and indissoluble union with ,god as their supreme good1 as their last end or final cause4 ,how could it fulfil this office and effect its divine purpose1 if not itself free from all the changes1 alterations1 and accidents of time and space8 ,does not the learned professor of theology perceive that its very efficiency depends on its independence1 immovableness1 and immutability8 ,then the conceptions of conservatism1 progress1 and reformation cannot be applied to the church of ,god1 any more than to ,god himself1 and are applicable only to what is human connected with her4 ,in applying these ideas to her1 the professor1 as every ,protestant is obliged to do in principle at least1 divests her of her divinity1 of her supernatural origin and office1 and places her in the natural and human order1 and subjects her to the laws which govern the history of all men and nations deprived of the supernatural and remaining under the ordinary providence of ,god manifested through second causes4 ,the professor's doctrine places ,christianity in the same category with all pagan and false religions1 and subjects it to the same laws to which they are subjected4 ,this being the case1 ,dr4 ,krauth1 who is a genuine ,lutheran1 has no right to call ,luther's ,reformation a conservative ,reformation4 ,it may or may not be conservative in relation to some other ,protestant church or sect1 but in relation to the church of ,god1 or to ,christianity as the word or the law of ,god1 it is not conservative1 but undeniably destructive2 for it subverts the very idea and principle on which the church as the kingdom of ,god on earth is founded and sustained4 ,the church on the principles of ,luther's reformation is subject to the authority of men and nations1 and1 instead of teaching and governing them1 is taught and governed by them1 and instead of elevating and perfecting them1 they perfect1 corrupt1 or reform it4 ,this is manifestly a radical denial1 a subversion of the church of ,god1 of ,christ's kingdom on earth if it means anything more than a temperance society or a social club4 ,in this respect1 the principle of the ,lutheran reformation was the common principle of all the ,protestant reformers1 as we may see in the fact that ,protestantism1 under any or all of its multitudinous forms1 wherever not restrained by influences foreign to itself1 tends incessantly to eliminate the supernatural1 and to run into pure rationalism or naturalism4 ,how absurd1 then1 to talk of ,protestant ,catholicity1 or of ,catholic ,protestantism6 ,the two ideas are as mutually repellent as are ,christ and ,belial4 ,the church has1 indeed1 her human side1 and on that side she may at times be corrupt and in need of reform1 that is to say1 the heavenly treasure is received in earthen vessels1 and those earthen vessels1 though unable to corrupt or sully the divine treasure itself1 may be unclean and impure themselves4 ,churchmen may become relaxed in their virtue and neglect to maintain sound doctrine and necessary discipline1 and leave the people to suffer for the want of proper spiritual nourishment and care1 even to fall into errors and vices more in accordance with the heathenism of their ancestors than with the faith and sanctity of the ,christian4 ,moreover1 in a world where all changes under the very eye of the spectator1 and new forms of error and vice are constantly springing up1 the disciplinary canons of the church1 and those which regulate the relations of secular society with the spiritual1 good and adequate when first enacted1 may become insufficient or impracticable in view of the changes always going on in everything human1 and fail to repress the growing evil of the times and to maintain the necessary discipline both of clerics and laics1 and therefore need amending1 or to be aided by new and additional canons4 ,in this legislative and administrative office of the church1 not in her dogmas1 precepts1 constitution1 or authority1 which1 as expressing the eternal reason and will of ,god1 are unalterable1 reforms are not only permissible but often necessary4 ,the councils1 general1 national1 provincial1 and diocesan1 have always had for their only object to assist the ,papacy in suppressing errors against faith in enforcing discipline1 maintaining ,christian morality1 and promoting the purity and sanctity of the ,christian community4 ,we do not deny that reforms of this sort were needed at the epoch of the ,protestant revolt and rebellion1 and the ,holy ,council of ,trent was convoked and held for the very purpose of effecting such as were needed1 as well as for the purpose of condemning the doctrinal errors of the reformers2 but we cannot concede that they were more especially needed at that epoch1 than they had been at almost any time previous1 since the conversion of the barbarians that overthrew the ,roman empire1 and of their pagan brethren that remained in the old homesteads4 ,long1 severe1 and continuous had been the struggle of the church to tame1 humanize1 and christianize these fierce and indocile barbarians1 especially those who remained beyond the frontiers of the empire1 and to whom the ,roman name never ceased to be hateful1 as it is even to this day with the bulk of the northern ,germanic races4 ,the evils which for eight centuries had grown out of the intractable and rebellious spirit of these races in their old homes1 and their perpetual tendency to relapse into the paganism of their ancestors1 and which had so tried the faith and patience of the church1 had been in a great measure overcome before the opening of the sixteenth century1 and their morals and manners brought into close conformity with the ,christian ideal4 ,the church1 through her supreme pontiffs and saintly bishops1 zealous and hard-working priests and religious1 had struggled successfully against them2 and was even getting the better of the polished ,greek and ,roman heathenism1 partially revived in the so-called ,revival of ,letters1 or the ,renaissance1 and was pursuing1 never more steadily or more successfully1 her work of evangelization and civilization2 and we can point to no period in her history since the conversion of ,clovis1 king of the ,franks1 the missionary labors of ,st4 ,columbanus and his colonies of ,irish monks in ,eastern ,gaul and ,italy1 and of ,st4 ,boniface and his ,anglo-,saxon companions and successors in central ,germany and the ,netherlands1 when reforms were less necessary1 or the bonds of discipline were less relaxed1 than at the epoch of the rise of ,protestantism4 ,but1 granting that reforms of this sort were especially needed in the sixteenth century1 who had the right1 on conservative and orderly principles1 to propose or to effect them8 ,certainly not private individuals on their own authority1 except so far as it concerned their own personal faith and morals1 but to the ecclesiastical authorities of the time1 as we see in the ,holy ,council of ,trent4 ,reforms1 even if needed and proper in themselves1 if attempted by unauthorized individuals on their own responsibility1 and carried out without1 and especially in opposition to1 the supreme authority of the church1 are irregular1 disorderly1 and unlawful4 ,a reform attempted and effected in church or state by unauthorized persons1 and especially against the constituted authorities of either1 is unquestionably an attempt at revolution1 if words have any meaning4 ,now1 was ,luther's reformation effected by the church herself1 or by persons authorized by her to institute and carry it on8 ,was it done by the existing authorities of the church in accordance with her constitution and laws1 or was it done in opposition to her positive prohibition1 and in most cases by violence and armed force against her8 ,there is no question as to the fact4 ,luther had no authority or commission from the church to attempt and carry out the reforms or changes he declared to be necessary2 and1 in laboring to effect them1 he proceeded not only without her authority1 but against it1 just as he does who conspires to overthrow the state or to subvert the constitution and laws of his country4 ,luther1 then1 was not a conservative reformer1 but a decided revolutionist1 a radical1 a sectarian1 a destructive1 and ,dr4 ,krauth counts too much on the ignorance or credulity of his readers in expecting them to accept ,lutheranism as conservative reformation4 ,a conservative reformation1 as distinguished from or opposed to revolution1 is a legal1 constitutional reformation1 effected under the proper authorities and by constitutional and legal means4 ,dr4 ,krauth himself would despise us or laugh at us if we should concede that such was ,luther's reformation4 ,it was effected by persons unauthorized to reform the church1 against her constitution and laws existing at the time1 and to which they themselves owed strict fidelity and unreserved obedience4 ,they were conspirators against lawful authority1 against their spiritual sovereign1 and their pretended reform was a revolt1 a rebellion1 and1 as far as successful1 a revolution4 ,it is idle to deny it1 or to attempt to defend ,luther and his associates on legal and constitutional principles4 ,the reform or movement he attempted was without and against law1 against the constitution and canons of the church1 and was condemned and prohibited by the supreme spiritual authority4 ,this is undeniable1 and ,dr4 ,krauth knows it as well as we do1 and yet he has the hardihood to call it a conservative reformation6 ,but the ,protestant pretence is that ,luther and his associates acted in obedience to a higher authority than that of popes and councils1 and were justified in what they did by the written word of ,god and ,christian antiquity4 ,an appeal of this sort1 on ,protestant principles1 from the decisions of a ,protestant sect1 might be entertained1 but not on ,catholic principles from the decision of the ,catholic ,church1 for she is herself1 at all times and places1 the supreme authority for declaring the sense of the written as well as of the unwritten word1 for declaring and applying the divine law1 whether naturally or supernaturally promulgated1 and for judging what is or is not according to ,christian antiquity4 ,their appeal was irregular1 revolutionary even1 and absurd and not to be entertained for a moment4 ,she authorized no appeal of the sort1 and the appeal could have been only from her judgment to their own1 which at the lowest is as high authority as theirs at the highest4 ,luther and his associates did not appeal to a higher law or authority against the popes and councils1 but to a lower1 as ,dllinger has done in asking permission to appeal from the judgment of a general council1 to that of a national or rather a provincial council4 ,the appeal to ,christian antiquity was equally unavailable1 for it was only setting up their private judgment against the judgment of the supreme court4 ,the church denied that she had departed from the primitive church1 and her denial was sufficient to rebut their assertion4 ,in no case1 then1 did they or could they appeal to or act on a higher law or authority than hers4 ,they opposed and could oppose to her judgment1 rendered by popes and councils1 of the law or word of ,god1 written or unwritten1 or of ,christian antiquity1 only their own judgment1 which at the best was no better than hers at the worst4 ,the simple fact is1 there is no defence of the so-called ,reformation on catholic1 church1 or conservative principles4 ,it sought to reform the faith1 and to change the very constitution of the church1 and wherever it was successful1 it proved to be the subversion of the church1 and the destruction of her faith1 her authority1 and her worship4 ,dr4 ,krauth says that this was not originally intended by the reformers1 and that they had in the beginning no clear views1 or fixed and determined plan of reform1 but were carried forward by the logic of their principles and events to lengths which they did not foresee1 and from which they would at first have recoiled4 ,but this only proves that they were no divinely illumined and ,god-commissioned reformers1 that they knew not what manner of spirit they were of1 that they took a leap in the dark1 and followed a blind impulse4 ,if the spirit they obeyed1 or the principle to which they yielded1 led them or pushed them step by step in the way of destruction1 to the total denial of the authority of the church1 or to transfer it from the pope and hierarchy to ,csar or the laity1 which we know was universally the fact1 it is clear proof that the spirit or principle of the ,reformation was radical1 revolutionary1 destructive1 not conservative4 ,that conservative men among ,protestants abhor the radicalism and sectarianism which the whole history of the ,protestant world proves to be the natural and inevitable result of the principles and tendencies of the so-called ,reformation1 we are far from denying2 but whatever of resistance is offered in the ,protestant world to these results is due not to ,protestantism itself1 but either to ,catholic reminiscences and the natural good sense of individuals1 to the control of religious matters assumed by the civil government1 which really has no authority in spirituals1 or to the presence and constant teaching of the ,catholic ,church4 ,what is bred in the bones will out in the flesh4 ,everywhere the ,protestant spirit1 the ,protestant tendency1 is to remove farther and farther from ,catholicity1 to eliminate more and more of ,catholic dogma1 ,catholic tradition1 ,catholic precepts1 and to approach nearer and nearer to no-churchism1 to the rejection of all authority in spiritual matters1 and the reduction of the whole supernatural order to the natural4 ,faith in the ,protestant mind is only a probable opinion1 sometimes fanatically held indeed1 and enforced by power1 but none the less a mere opinion for that4 ,the conception of religion as a divine institution1 of the church as a living organism1 as a teaching and governing body1 as the kingdom of ,god1 placed in the world as the medium of divine grace and of the divine government in human affairs1 is really entertained by no class of ,protestants1 but disdainfully rejected by all as spiritual despotism1 ,romish usurpation1 or ,popish superstition4 ,it is useless to say that this is a departure from or an abuse of the principle of the ,protestant ,reformation4 ,it is no such thing2 it is only the logical development of the radical and revolutionary principles which the reformers themselves avowed and acted on1 and which carried them to lengths which1 in the outset1 they did not dream of1 and from which ,dr4 ,krauth says truly they would1 had they foreseen them1 have shrunk with horror4 ,we do not find that ,lutheranism1 when left by the civil magistracy to itself1 and suffered to follow unchecked its own inherent law1 is any more conservative or less radical in its developments and tendency than ,calvinism or ,anglicanism1 that prolific mother of sects1 or any other form of ,protestantism4 ,every revolution must run its course and reach its goal1 unless checked or restrained by a power or influences foreign to itself1 and really antagonistic to it4 ,the reformers rejected the idea of the church as a kingdom or governing body1 or as a divine institution for the instruction and government of men1 and substituted for it1 in imitation of the ,arabian impostor1 a book which1 without the authority of the church to declare its sense1 is a dead book1 save as quickened by the intelligence or understanding of its readers4 ,their followers discovered in the course of time that the book in itself is immobile and voiceless1 and has no practical authority for the understanding or the will1 and they cast it off1 some1 like ,george ,fox and his followers1 for a pretended interior or spiritual illumination1 the reality of which they can prove neither to themselves nor to others2 but the larger part1 for natural reason1 history1 erudition1 and the judgment of learned or soi-disant learned men4 ,their work has gone on till1 with the more advanced party1 all divine authority is rejected1 and as man has and can have in his own right no authority over man1 reason itself has given way1 objective truth is denied1 and truth and falsehood1 right and wrong1 it is gravely maintained1 are only what each man for himself holds them to be4 ,the utmost anarchy and confusion in the intellectual and moral world have been reached in individuals and sects said to have advanced views4 ,such have been the results of ,dr4 ,krauth's conservative reformation in the spiritual order1 in ,christianity or the church4 ,it introduced the revolutionary principle1 the principle of individualism1 of private judgment1 and insubordination into the religious order1 and1 as a necessary consequence1 it has introduced the same principle into the political and social order1 which depends on religion1 and cannot subsist without it4 ,hence1 the great and damning charge against the church in our day is that by her unchangeableness1 her immovable doctrines1 her influence on the minds and hearts1 and hold on the consciences of the faithful1 she is the great supporter of law and order--despots and despotism1 in the language of the liberal journals--and the chief obstacle to the enlightenment and progress of society1 in the same language2 but radicalism and revolution in ours4 ,hence1 the whole movement party in our times1 with which universal ,protestantism sympathizes and is closely allied1 is moved by hostility to the church1 especially the ,papacy4 ,hence1 it and the ,protestant journals of the ,old ,world and the ,new are unable to restrain their rage at the declaration of the ,papal supremacy and infallibility by the ,council of the ,vatican1 or their exultation at the invasion of the ,states of the ,church1 their annexation to the ,subalpine kingdom1 and the spoliation of the ,holy ,father by the so-called ,king of ,italy4 ,why do we see all this1 but because the revolutionary principle1 which the reformers asserted in the church1 is identically the principle defended by the political radicals and revolutionists8 ,having thrown off the law of ,god1 rejected the authority of the church1 and put the faithful in the place of the pope and hierarchy1 what could hinder the movement party from applying the same subversive principle to the political and social order8 ,the right to revolutionize the church1 and to place the flock above the shepherd1 involves the right to revolutionize the state1 and the assertion of the right of the governed to resist and depose their governors at will1 or at the dictation of self-styled political and social reformers4 ,protestantism has never favored liberty1 as it claims1 and which it is impotent either to found or to sustain2 but its claims to be the founder and chief supporter of modern liberalism1 which results naturally and necessarily from the fundamental principle of the reformers1 that of the right of the people to resist and depose the prelates placed over them1 cannot be contested4 ,if no man is bound1 against his own judgment and will1 to obey the law of ,god1 how can any one be bound in conscience to obey the law of the state8 and if the people may subvert the constitution of the church1 and trample on her divine authority1 why may they not subvert the constitution of the republic1 and trample under foot the human authority of the civil magistrate1 whether he be called king or president8 ,it is to ,protestantism we owe the liberalistic doctrine of the sacred right of insurrection1 or of revolution assumed to be inherent in and persistent in every people1 or any section of any people1 and which justifies ,mazzini and the secret societies in laboring to bring about in every state of ,europe an internal conflict and bloody war between the people and their governments4 ,it deserves the full credit of having asserted and acted on the principle1 and we hold it responsible for the consequences of its subversive application2 for it is only the application in the political and social order of the principle on which the reformers acted1 and all ,protestants act1 in the religious order against the church of ,god4 ,the principle of revolution1 asserted and acted on as a ,christian principle by the reformers1 has not been inoperative1 or remained barren of results1 on being transferred to modern political and civil society4 ,if the reformation1 by drawing off men's attention and affections from the spiritual order1 and fixing them on the material order1 has promoted a marvellous progress in mechanical inventions and the applications of science to the industrial and productive arts1 it has at the same time undermined the whole political order1 shaken every civil government to its foundation1 and1 in fact1 revolutionized nearly every modern state4 ,it has loosened the bonds of society1 destroyed the ,christian family1 erected disobedience into a principle1 a virtue even1 and reduced authority to an empty name4 ,it has taught the people to be discontented with their lot1 filled them with an insane desire for change1 made them greedy of novelties1 and stirred them up to a chronic war with their rulers4 ,everywhere we meet the revolutionary spirit1 and there is not a government in ,europe that has any strong hold on the consciences of the governed1 or that can sustain itself except by its army4 ,even ,russia1 where the people are most attached to their emperor1 is covered over with a network of secret societies1 which are so many conspiracies against government1 laboring night and day to revolutionize the empire4 ,prussia1 which has just succeeded in absorbing the greater part of ,germany1 and is flushed with her recent triumph over the ,french empire and the improvised ,french republic1 may seem to be strong and stable2 but she has the affections of the people in no part of ,germany1 which she has recently annexed or confederated under her headship1 and the new empire is pervaded in all directions by the revolutionary spirit to which it owes its existence1 and which may be strong enough to resist its power1 and reduce the ill-compacted body to its original elements to-morrow4 ,we need not speak of ,austria2 she may become hereafter once more a power in ,europe1 but she is now nothing4 ,voltairianism1 and the spirit generated by the ,reformation1 have prostrated her1 and sunk her so low that no one deigns to do her reverence4 ,in ,england the government itself seems penetrated with the revolutionary spirit1 or at least believes that spirit is so strong in the people that it is unsafe to resist it1 and that it is necessary to make large and continual concessions to it4 ,it is a maxim with the liberals and most ,english and ,american statesmen1 or politicians rather1 for our age has no statesmen1 that a government is strengthened by timely and large concessions to popular demands4 ,the government is undoubtedly strengthened by just laws and wise administration1 but in our times1 when the old respect for authority has gone1 and governments have little or no hold on consciences1 there is no government existing strong enough to make concessions to popular demands1 or to the clamors of the governed1 without endangering its power1 and even its existence4 ,the ,holy ,father1 ,pius ,,ix41 in the beginning of his pontificate1 tried the experiment1 and was soon driven from his throne1 and found safety only in flight and exile4 ,napoleon ,,iii4 tried it in ,january of last year1 was driven by his people into a war for which he was unprepared1 met with disasters1 was defeated and taken prisoner1 declared deposed and his empire at an end by a ,parisian mob1 before the end of ,september of the same year4 ,the policy of concession is a ruinous policy2 one concession leads to the demand for another and a larger concession1 and each concession strengthens the disaffected1 and weakens the power of authority to resist4 ,but ,england has adopted the policy1 is fully committed to it1 as she is to many false and ruinous maxims1 and it will go hard but she yields to her democracy1 and reaps in her own fields the fruits of the liberalism and revolutionism which she has1 especially when under ,whig influence1 so industriously sown broadcast throughout ,europe4 ,we need not speak of our own country4 ,everybody knows its intense devotion to popular sovereignty1 its hatred of authority1 and its warm sympathy--in words at least--with every insurrection or uprising of the people1 or any portion of the people1 to overthrow the established authority1 whether in church or state1 they can hear of1 without any inquiry into the right or wrong of the case4 ,the insurrection or revolutionary party1 it is assumed1 is always in the right4 ,there is no more intensely ,protestant people on the globe than the ,american1 and none more deeply imbued with the revolutionary spirit1 in which it is pretended our own institutions originated1 and which nearly the whole ,american press mistake for the spirit of liberty1 and cherish as the ,american spirit4 ,what will come of it1 time will not be slow in revealing4 ,but ,france1 so long the leader of modern civilization1 and which she has so long led in a false direction1 shows better than any other nation the workings of the revolutionary spirit introduced by the ,reformers4 ,she1 indeed1 repelled1 after some hesitation and a severe struggle1 the ,reformation in the religious order2 but through the indomitable energy of the princely ,guises and their brave ,lorraine supporters1 whom every ,french historian and publicist since takes delight in denouncing1 she was retained in the communion of the church2 but with ,henry ,,iv4 the parti politique came into power1 and ,protestantism was adopted and acted on in the political order4 ,on more occasions than one1 ,france became the diplomatic and even the armed defender of the ,reformation against the ,catholic sovereigns of ,europe4 ,she was the first ,christian power to form an alliance with the ,grand ,turk1 against whom ,luther declared to be against the will of ,god for his followers to fight1 even in defence of ,christendom2 she aided the ,low ,countries in their rebellion against ,catholic ,spain1 ,protestant ,sweden1 and ,northern ,germany in their effort to crush ,catholic ,austria1 and protestantize all ,germany2 and saw1 without an effort to save her1 ,catholic ,poland struck from the list of nations4 ,twice has she with armed force dragged the ,holy ,father from his throne1 and secularized and appropriated the ,states of the ,church1 and set the example which the ,italian ,liberals have but too faithfully followed4 ,rarely1 if ever1 has she since the sixteenth century1 by her foreign policy1 consulted the interests of the church any further than they happened to be coincident with her own4 ,in an evil hour1 she forgot the principles which made the glory of the ,french sovereigns1 and on which ,christendom was reconstructed after the downfall of the ,roman ,empire of the ,west1 and severed her politics from her religion4 ,at first asserting with the reformers and the ,lutheran princes the independence of the secular order of the spiritual1 afterwards the superiority of the secular power1 and finally the sovereignty of the people or the governed in face of their governers1 as the reformers asserted the sovereignty of the faithful in face of the pope and hierarchy1 she made her world-famous revolution of #aghi1 inaugurated the mob1 and has been weltering in anarchy and groaning under despotism ever since4 ,the accession of ,henry ,,iv41 the beau ideal of a king with the ,french people1 marks a compromise between ,catholicity and ,protestantism1 by which it was tacitly agreed that ,france should in religion profess the ,catholic faith and observe the ,catholic worship1 while in politics1 both at home and abroad1 she should be ,protestant1 and independent of the spiritual authority4 ,it was hoped the compromise would secure her both worlds1 but it has caused her to lose both1 at least this world as every one may now see4 ,it is worse than idle to attempt to deny the solidarity of the ,french revolution with ,luther's rebellion2 both rest on the same principle and tend to the same end2 and it is the position and influence of ,france as the leader of the civilized world1 that has given to the revolutionary principle its popularity1 diffused it through all modern nations1 and made it the ,weltgeist1 or spirit of the age4 ,the socialistic insurrection in ,paris1 and which we fear is only scotched1 not killed1 is only the logical development of '#ic1 as '#ic was of '#hi1 and '#hi of ,luther's revolt against the church in the sixteenth century4 ,its success would be only the full realization in church and state1 in religion and society1 of what ,dr4 ,krauth calls the conservative reformation4 ,the communists deny the right of property1 indeed1 but not more than did ,protestants in despoiling the church and sacrilegiously confiscating the possessions of religious houses and the goods of the clergy4 ,no more consistent and thoroughgoing ,protestants has the world seen than these ,french socialists or communists1 who treat property as theft and ,god as a despot4 ,we do not exult in the downfall of ,france1 in which there are so many good ,catholics and has always been so much to love and admire1 any more than1 had we lived then1 we should have exulted in the downfall of the ,roman ,empire before the invasion of the barbarians4 ,like that downfall1 it is the breaking up of ,christendom1 and leaves the ,holy ,father without a single ,christian power to defend his rights or the liberty of the ,holy ,see2 but it deprives ,protestantism of its most efficient supporter and its great popularizer1 and all the more efficient because nominally ,catholic4 ,it is not ,catholic but ,protestant and liberal ,france that has fallen4 ,the ,bonapartes never represented ,catholic ,france1 but the principles of #aghi--that is1 the revolution which created them1 and which they sought to use or retain as they judged expedient for their own interests4 ,in the last ,napoleon's defeat we see the defeat1 we wish we could say the final defeat1 of the revolution4 ,yet so terrible a disaster occurring so suddenly to so great a nation1 we think must prove the turning-point in the life and tendencies of the nations of ,europe1 and pave the way for the reconstruction of ,christendom on its old basis of the mutual concord and co-operation of the two powers4 ,we think it must lead the nations to pause and reflect on the career civilization has for three centuries been running1 and open their eyes to the folly and madness of attempting to found permanent political and social order1 or authority and liberty1 on the revolutionary principle of the ,reformation or of #aghi4 ,we look for a powerful reaction at no distant date against the revolution in favor of the church and her divine authority4 ,it is sometimes necessary to make men despair of the earth in order to turn their attention to heaven4 ,but to conclude3 we have wished to show ,dr4 ,krauth that the ,reformation in any or all its phases1 in its principle and in its effects1 in church and state is decidedly revolutionary4 ,he as a ,protestant has not been able to see and set forth the truth2 bound by his office and position to defend the ,reformation1 he has considered what it must have been if defensible1 not what it actually was1 and has given us his ideal of the ,reformation1 not the ,reformation itself4 ,if it does not1 he reasons1 maintain all ,catholic principles and doctrines it is indefensible2 but if it concedes that these principles and doctrines1 were held in their purity and integrity in their unity and catholicity1 by the church ,luther warred against1 what need was there of it8 ,our good doctor must then assume that they were not so held1 that the church had erred both in faith and practice1 and that the ,reformation simply restored the faith1 purified practice1 re-established discipline1 freed the mind from undue shackles1 and opened the way for the free and orderly progress of the word4 ,all very fine2 only there does not happen to be a word of truth in it4 ,besides1 if it were so1 it would only prove that the church had failed1 therefore that ,christianity had failed1 and that ,christ was not equal to the work he undertook4 ,if ,christ is true1 there must always be the true church somewhere1 for she is indefectible as he is indefectible4 ,if the church in communion with the ,see of ,rome had become corrupt and false1 as the reformers alleged1 then some other existing body was the true church1 and ,luther and his associates1 in order to be in the true church1 should have ascertained and joined it--a thing which it is well known they did not do1 for they joined no other church or organic body1 but set furiously at work to pull down the old church which had hitherto sheltered them and to build a new one for themselves on its ruins4 ,we grant the ,reformation should have been conservative in order to be defensible1 but it was not so1 it was radical and subversive4 ,it rejected the ,papacy1 the hierarchy1 the church herself as a visible institution1 as a teaching and governing body1 and asserted the liberty of the faithful to teach and govern their prelates and pastors4 ,it is the common principle of all ,protestant denominations that the church is constituted by the faithful1 holds from them1 and the pastor is called not sent4 ,this1 we need not say1 is the subversion of all church authority1 of the kingdom of ,god founded by our ,lord himself1 and ruling from above instead of from below4 ,it reduces religion from law to opinion or personal conviction1 without light or authority for conscience4 ,this principle1 applied to politics1 is the subversion of the state1 overthrows all government1 and leaves every man free to do what is right in his own eyes4 ,it transfers power from the governors to the governed1 and allows the government no powers not held from their assent1 which is simply to make it no government at all4 ,it has been so applied1 and the effect is seen especially in ,france1 which1 since her revolution of '#hi1 has had no settled government1 but has alternated1 as she alternates to-day1 between the mob and the despot1 anarchy and military despotism4 ,we so apply it1 theoretically1 in this country2 and in the recent civil war the ,north was able to fight for the preservation of the ,union only by pocketing for a time its principles and forswearing its logic4 ,the logic was on the side of the ,south2 the force was on the side of the ,north2 on which side was the right or the wrong1 it is not our province to decide4 ,we will only add that we do not agree at all with journals that speak of the issues which led to the war as being decided by it4 ,war may make it inexpedient to revive them1 but the only issue it ever does or can decide is1 on which side is1 for the time1 the superior force4 ,we deny not the right of the people to resist the prince who makes himself a tyrant1 if declared to be such and judicially deposed by the competent authority1 but we do deny their right1 for any cause whatever1 to conspire against or to resist the legitimate government in the legal exercise of its constitutional powers4 ,we recognize the sovereignty of the people in the sense that1 if a case occurs in which they are without any government1 they have the right1 in concert with the spiritual power1 to institute or reconstitute government in such way and in such form as they judge wisest and best2 but we utterly deny that they remain sovereign1 otherwise than in the government1 when once they have constituted it1 or that the government1 when constituted1 holds from them and is responsible to their will outside of the constitution2 for that would make the government a mere agent of the people and revocable at their will1 which is tantamount to no government at all4 ,the doctrine of the demagogues and their journals we are not able to accept2 it deprives the people collectively of all government1 and leaves individuals and minorities no government to protect and defend them from the ungoverned will and passions of the majority for the time4 ,we accept and maintain loyally1 and to the best of our ability1 the constitution of our country as originally understood and intended1 not indeed as the best constitution for every people1 but because it is the best for us1 and1 above all1 because it is for us the law4 ,in itself considered1 there is no necessary discord between it and ,catholicity1 but as it is interpreted by the liberal and sectarian journals1 that are doing their best to revolutionize it1 and is beginning to be interpreted by no small portion of the ,american people1 or as interpreted by the ,protestant principle1 so widely diffused among us1 and in the sense of ,european liberalism or ,jacobinism1 we do not accept it1 or hold it to be any government at all1 or as capable of performing any of the proper functions of government2 and if it continues to be interpreted by the revolutionary principle of ,protestantism1 it is sure to fail--to lose itself either in the supremacy of the mob or in military despotism--and doom us1 like unhappy ,france1 to alternate between them1 with the mob uppermost to-day1 and the despot to-morrow4 ,protestantism1 like the heathen barbarisms which ,catholicity subdued1 lacks the element of order1 because it rejects authority1 and is necessarily incompetent to maintain real liberty or civilized society4 ,hence it is we so often say1 that if the ,american ,republic is to be sustained and preserved at all1 it must be by the rejection of the principle of the ,reformation1 and the acceptance of the ,catholic principle by the ,american people4 ,protestantism can preserve neither liberty from running into license or lawlessness1 nor authority from running into despotism4 ,if ,dr4 ,krauth wants conservatism without immobility1 and progress without revolution or radicalism1 as it seems he does1 he must cease to look for what he wants in the ,lutheran1 ,calvinistic1 ,anglican1 or any other ,protestant reformation1 and turn his thoughts and his hopes to that church which converted pagan ,rome1 christianized and civilized his own barbarian ancestors1 founded the ,christendom of the middle ages1 and labored so assiduously1 unweariedly1 perseveringly1 and successfully to save souls1 and to advance civilization and the interests of human society1 from the conversion of the pagan ,franks in the fifth century down to the beginning of the sixteenth century1 and which still survives and teaches and governs1 in spite of all the effort of reformers1 revolutionists1 men1 and devils to cover her with disgrace1 to belie her character1 and to sweep her from the face of the earth4 ,she not only converted the pagan barbarians1 but she recovered even the barbarian nations and tribes1 as the ,goths1 ,vandals1 and ,burgundians1 that had fallen into the ,arian heresy1 which like all heresy is a compromise between ,christianity and heathenism1 and even reconverted the ,alemanni1 ,frieslanders1 and others who had once embraced the ,gospel1 but had subsequently returned to their idols and heathen superstitions4 ,god is with her as of old1 and lives1 teaches1 and governs in her as in the beginning2 and she is as able to convert the heathen to-day1 to reconvert the relapsed1 and to recover the heretical1 as she was in the days of ,st4 ,remi1 ,st4 ,amand1 ,st4 ,patrick1 ,st4 ,austin1 ,st4 ,columbanus1 ,st4 ,willebrod1 or ,st4 ,boniface4 ,she is the kingdom of ,god1 and like him she cannot grow old1 decay1 or die4 ,never had her ,supreme ,pontiff a stronger hold on the consciences1 the love and affections of the faithful throughout the world1 than he has at this moment1 when despoiled of all his temporalities and abandoned by all earthly powers1 nor ever were her pastors and prelates more submissive and devoted to their chief4 ,never did she more fully prove that she is under the protection of ,god1 as his immaculate spouse1 than now when held up to the scorn and derision of a heretical and unbelieving world4 ,dead she is not1 but living4 ,let our learned ,lutheran professor remove the film from his eyes1 and look at her in her simple grandeur1 her unadorned majesty1 and see how mean and contemptible1 compared with her1 are all the so-called churches1 sects1 and combinations arrayed against her1 spitting blasphemy at her1 and in their satanic malice trying to sully her purity or dim the glory that crowns her4 ,say what you will1 ,protestantism is a petty affair1 and it is one of the mysteries of this life how a man of the learning1 intelligence1 apparent sincerity1 and good sense of ,dr4 ,krauth can write an octavo volume of eight hundred closely printed pages in defence of the ,protestant ,reformation4 ,,footnotes3 #aeh ,entered1 according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahga1 by ,,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #aei ,the ,conservative ,reformation and its ,theology2 as ,represented in the ,augsburg ,confession1 and in the ,history and ,literature of the ,evangelical ,lutheran ,church4 ,by ,charles ,v4 ,krauth1 ,d4,d41 ,norton ,professor of ,theology in the ,evangelical ,lutheran ,theological ,seminary1 and ,professor of ,intellectual and ,moral ,philosophy in the ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahga4 #hvo1 pp4 #hjj4 ,,genzano ,,and ,,frascati4 ,what is interesting to visitors in ,rome1 and indeed in all ,italy1 is not merely their stay in certain known localities1 or their sight-seeing within a certain beaten track2 it is also the casual observation of less famous and more intimate scenes1 and the residence in less crowded and more attractive1 because more peculiar1 neighborhoods4 ,the curious festival1 more carnivalesque than religious1 that takes place every ,sunday in ,august in the ,piazza ,narona1 in ,rome1 and during which pedestrians and carriage-goers wade and splash through a shallow1 artificial lake1 produced by the regulated overflowing of the centre-fountain1 is a sight unfamiliar to strangers and tourists1 yet none the less a very characteristic sport1 and interesting especially to such as view ,rome chiefly in a historic and antiquarian light4 ,again1 the ,ottobrate1 a species of christianized bacchanalia1 an innocent merry-making answering in some sort to our dear old familiar gathering of ,harvest ,home1 is a thing more often heard of than witnessed by flying visitors to the ,eternal ,city4 ,in ,october1 also1 the ,holy ,father visits different convents1 and a few ladies not unfrequently procure the privilege1 through friends at court1 of following in his train1 and thus gaining admittance to strictly enclosed nunneries1 and being present at touching little ceremonies performed very simply by the ,pope himself in the poor1 plain chapels of these voluntary prisoners of love4 ,sometimes he says a few words of encouragement and advice2 sometimes he gives benediction while the untutored choir of nuns sing some simple hymn2 sometimes he assembles the community1 and gives them his solemn blessing4 ,there are the ,celestines 7so-called from their blue veil beneath the black one71 whose convent is in a retired street not far from ,st4 ,john ,lateran1 and whose enclosure does not necessitate a grating1 but compels them to wear their veils down while speaking to strangers1 and not to advance further than the threshold of the inner house-door1 while their visitor stands without the line1 yet face to face with them4 ,there are the ,dominicanesses1 near the ,piazza ,trajana1 at ,san ,domenico e ,sisto1 whose profession is impressively accompanied by the heart-stirring ceremony of prostration beneath a funeral pall1 while the choir sing the solemn dirge of the ,de ,profundis4 ,when these nuns take the habit and first become novices1 they are asked1 at a certain part of the service1 whether they choose the crown of thorns or the wreath of roses1 both of which lie before them on a table4 ,of course there is but one answer1 but1 the ceremony over1 the rose1 or bridal wreath1 replaces for the day the coronal of thorns4 ,there is a convent of a very severe order1 called the ,sepolte-,vive1 or buried alive1 whose rule is almost inhumanly severe1 and has never received absolute confirmation from the ,holy ,see1 but only toleration1 or permission1 for such as feel themselves drawn to such appalling austerities4 ,they dig their own graves1 and wear fetters on the wrist1 and1 when in fault1 no matter how slight1 a placard on their backs indicating their peculiar failing4 ,when news is brought to the superioress of the death of a parent or relation of any one of the sisters1 the bereaved one is not told of her loss1 but it is announced that one among us has lost a member of her family2 and ,masses are offered for the departed without any further mention of him or her4 ,again1 there is a ,carmelite convent in ,rome1 ,i forget where1 in which a miraculous crucifix has been preserved for about fifty years--a strange image1 which seems instinct with life and expression1 seems to speak to and look at you1 fascinates the gaze1 and stirs the least impressionable heart4 ,it is not much spoken of even in ,rome1 that city where marvels are no longer marvels1 and where miracles are more credible than business negotiations elsewhere2 but it is enough that in one of these ,papal ,october visits to convents1 two persons of calm judgment1 both ,english1 both converts1 and one the sister of an eloquent and gifted ,anglican divine1 saw it1 and declared that there was something about it far beyond the common run of even skilfully carved and elaborately chiselled masterpieces4 ,to pass from convents to hospitals1 the sight during the evenings of ,holy ,week at the ,trinit de ,pellegrini is something not less interesting than the oft-recounted glories of the ,sistine ,chapel and the thrilling rubrics of the ,pontifical ,high ,mass at ,st4 ,peter's shrine4 ,rome is still1 in this century1 a real centre of pilgrimage2 and what could be a greater proof of the truth of the faith she teaches than this apparently incredible fact--this anachronism in the eyes of our enlightened progressists8 ,men and women1 chiefly from the rural and mountainous districts of ,italy1 but also from ,hungary1 and ,germany1 and faithful ,poland1 come begging their arduous way1 in simple faith and fervent love1 perfectly undisturbed by doubts they have never heard discussed1 by the spirit of the age they have never dreamt of as being in antagonism with the spirit of the church1 by the childish and wilful gropings after religious reconstruction which they1 if they knew of them1 would call madness1 and pity as such4 ,they come with their strange tattered costumes1 all incrusted with dirt1 and embroidered into perplexing patterns with accumulation of unheeded dust1 and knock at the door of this gigantic hospital1 where they find a real home and a ready welcome4 ,other men and women1 chiefly of the higher classes1 and1 like the pilgrims1 of divers nationalities1 come to tend them and offer them literally the same services ,abraham offered to the voyager-angels when they stopped1 travel-stained and foot-sore1 at the entrance of his tent4 ,in an upper hall are laid tables laden with abundant and wholesome food1 of which a portion is reserved by each wanderer for the morrow's breakfast1 and the disposition of which1 from personal observation1 ,i know to be as follows3 a small loaf of bread sliced in the middle1 and meat and sauce crammed as tight as possible between the two halves thus making a substantial but somewhat ungainly sandwich4 ,in a large room on the lower floor are placed benches against the wall1 with a foot-board running along them1 on which are rows of basins1 with the necessary adjuncts of soap and towels4 ,the washing of the pilgrims' feet is by no means a sinecure1 or a graceful make-believe at biblical courtesies4 ,it is a very real and slightly unpalatable business2 but the grievance is far more the short time allowed to each person than the washing itself4 ,the unfortunate feet of the weary pilgrims are more refreshed than thoroughly cleaned by one layer of soap2 and it is to be wished that the time allotted could be sufficiently extended to allow the work to be well done1 since it is attempted at all4 ,the self-denial of those who undertake this most praiseworthy and medival charity must be enhanced by the fact that many tourists come to see this done1 as a part of their ,holy ,week programme1 and1 being mostly curious and carping critics of ,english or ,american origin1 their comments are more sarcastic than encouraging4 ,here are wildernesses of dormitories1 into which the pilgrims file in slow procession after supper1 singing litanies and hymns4 ,let any other country point to such a palace of ,christian charity1 to such a freely supported and admirably managed institution1 and then it may have claim to talk of progressive civilization6 ,but instead of this1 what do we see but poor-laws1 that treat ,god's poor as animals1 and the state in which ,god himself chose to be born1 and live1 and die1 as a crime and a moral shame4 ,till when1 ,o ,lord1 till when8 ,on ,christmas night1 another beautiful scene takes place in the female prison1 on the ,piazza di ,termini1 opposite the baths of ,aurelian1 between the railway station and the church of the ,cistercians1 ,santa ,maria degli ,loyoli4 ,yet there is nothing to describe1 no gorgeous ritual1 no impressive assemblage1 no pageant to take the eye and divide the attention4 ,four whitewashed walls1 an orderly throng of uniformly dressed women1 a few hymns1 in which the voices of the nuns1 in whose charge the prisoners are1 lead and predominate2 a plain altar1 an unpretending ,presepio1 or representation of the stable of ,bethlehem1 and that is all4 ,well6 what is there to say about this8 ,no correspondent could fill a column with these details2 yet they fill the heart of ,god1 and make the heart of his sinless ,mother glad1 as she looks down on the repentant woman whose welfare is so dear to her in whom there is found no spot nor stain of guilt4 ,and this is very different1 no doubt1 from the splendidly illuminated altar in ,san ,luigi de ,francesi1 where the lighted tapers are pyramidally ranged in dazzling tiers of shining amber brightness1 and where the fragrance of incense struggles hard not to be overpowered by the sweetness of the hot-house plants blooming in clusters around the steps and communion rails4 ,very different1 too1 from the artistic and elaborate ,presepio at ,sant' ,andrea della ,valle1 where a veritable stage seems miraculously poised over the altar1 and where all manner of wonderful details of ,eastern scenery1 somewhat mixed with prevailing ,western conceptions and incongruities concerning the ,orient1 are displayed on a magnificent scale for the edification of the peasantry flocking into ,rome from all sides4 ,very different1 again1 from the solemn ritual of ,santa ,maria ,maggiore 7though that has been for many years discontinued1 on account of the abuses of which it was the unhappy occasion71 the ceremonies that renewed most vividly the scene of the angels' announcement1 and the pastoral welcome1 on the moon-brightened plains round the stable of ,bethlehem1 the splendor of decoration gathered about the precious relic of the rude crib1 whose straw1 still preserved in this church1 is now more glorious by far than conqueror's coat-of-mail or emperor's robe of ermine4 ,but what of this difference1 after all8 ,earth's costliness of display is earthly still1 earth's poverty and nakedness is almost divine1 because1 whenever earth became the scene of any of ,god's choicest wonders1 it was always in a state of destitution1 which he ordained beforehand as a mystical preparation4 ,god fashioned ,adam out of common clay1 and ,eve from a bare rib2 his own birth was in a stable1 cold and forlorn1 his life in an obscure artisan's shop1 littered with common dust1 filled with coarse tools2 his death was on a common gibbet1 on a bare mountain4 ,common animals1 domestic drudges1 and beasts of burden surrounded him at the dawn of his being2 common criminals1 rough men1 coarse-minded gazers1 were around him in his last hour4 ,the only time he rode in any state1 it was upon an ass1 not a fancy war-steed with trappings of oriental magnificence1 not even a stately mule1 such as became later on a recognized and legitimate bearer of great dignitaries4 ,the first men who welcomed him on earth were shepherds2 the last who spoke to him were fishermen4 ,but it is hardly necessary to say more on a theme so well known and so much canvassed2 yet it is not unappropriate to the frame of mind which this picture of the midnight ,mass in the prison induces and fosters4 ,and just as it would be good for any ,christian country to be able to show a hospital as well managed as the ,pilgrim's ,home we have glanced at1 so would it be even better could any one of the nations of ,europe point to prisons where repentance is taught by the rule of the ,gospel and not by the regulations of a board of magistrates1 and where confinement for one species of offence is not turned into a school of graduation for worse offences still4 ,the reader will forgive this roundabout introduction to the two beautiful reminiscences of which this paper is the subject1 for these are both among the class of events described at the beginning as less famous1 but more attractive because more peculiar4 ,one of them is of a private and purely personal nature1 the other of a public sort1 but rarer than reminiscences of ,rome usually are4 ,there is a village about twenty miles from ,rome1 and two beyond ,albano1 the name of which is ,genzano1 and belongs1 ,i believe1 to the ,chigi family1 as does ,laricia with its wild woods of chestnuts4 ,it is an ordinary hamlet1 with its church standing on a height to which two side straggling streets lead up1 and the front of which is pretty well hidden by the block of irregular houses that divide the road-ways4 ,for many generations this village had been famous for its ,corpus ,christi procession1 and the peculiar way in which the procession's track was more carpeted than strewn with flowers4 ,strangers used to flock to see the floral festival1 and ,hans ,andersen1 in his ,improvisatore1 once gave the most vivid and picturesque account of it4 ,perhaps every one has not read this description1 and few in this country at least have seen the procession4 ,in #ahdh1 the custom was discontinued1 owing to the unsettled state of the country1 and the tendency of the ,carbonari to make disturbances at any popular gathering or demonstration1 especially of a religious kind4 ,in #ahfd1 things being somewhat more stable under the protection of ,french troops and the promise of non-intervention on the part of the ,king of ,italy1 the festival of the ,infiorata1 as it is called1 was again announced1 and all ,rome hurried to see it4 ,it took place in the evening4 ,no description can do it justice1 especially as its beauty was enhanced by that most hopelessly indescribable of circumstances--the loveliness of a southern summer's day4 ,albano looked from its puny heights over the wide plain that stretches to ,ostia and the sea1 covered with dusky gray-green olive-yards2 the blue hills1 where the chestnuts grow and overshadow the ruddy wealth of wild mountain strawberries beneath1 rose like cupolas in the evening sky1 that was alive with summer lightnings2 the bright red and blue costumes of the peasant women1 with their little tents of spotless linen squarely poised upon their heads1 and their massive chains of gold and coral vying with their wonderful sword-shaped hair-pins for quaintness and for richness1 stood out in picturesque relief against the dark background of the common-looking dwellings2 through the bustle and clatter of an ,italian crowd1 there could yet be discerned the hush and stillness so familiar to our ,northern hearts1 so congenial to our idea of ,sabbaths and church festivals2 the noise seemed a distant hum1 the whole scene a vision2 and over it all1 the spirit of faith that made it what it was1 not a mere idle show to awake idle people1 but a living gathering of living and believing souls1 offering nature's purest gifts in their virgin integrity to the ,god of love1 to ,ges ,sacramentato1 as the ,italians so ingeniously and touchingly say4 ,both streets leading up to the church were paved with flowers1 in thick layers1 symmetrically portioned out with squares corresponding to the width of the houses on either side of the road4 ,patterns of great delicacy were produced by these flowers1 scattered into petals as they were1 and no leaves nor stems carelessly appearing anywhere4 ,here1 on one large space1 were pictured the arms of the ,chigi family1 there1 the arms of the bishop of the diocese1 further still1 those of the ,holy ,see4 ,in the centre of one of the streets1 the grand compartment was taken up by a colored representation of an altar with candles and a monstrance1 and the white ,host within4 ,a little lower down was a tiny fountain1 more like a squirt than anything else1 concealed in a mound of soft flower-petals4 ,patterns of geometrical figures1 of ,persian carpets1 of fanciful monograms1 filled up the many squares1 while all along the sides1 and supported by stakes1 ran a low festoon of box-wreaths1 guarding the flower-carpet from the feet of the eager crowd4 ,from above1 from the many balconies and terraces1 and from the roofs of the tall1 old-fashioned houses1 the people look down and gaze upon this wonderful tapestry1 more elaborate and incomparably more beautiful than the choicest produce of the looms of ,genoa1 and ,lyons1 and the ,gobelins--more precious and more fair than the silken hangings woven of old by the hands of queens and sovereign princesses4 ,and this is all for an hour6 ,in a few moments1 the procession and the following multitude will have passed over the floral tapestry1 and every trace of its beauty will be gone4 ,but why not8 ,its beauty is consecrated1 and1 when it has ministered to the greater glory of ,god1 its mission will be over4 ,every one knows the incident in the life of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 when1 walking across a muddy road with his imperious and capricious sovereign1 ,elizabeth of ,england1 the gallant courtier's velvet cloak1 costly though it was1 was not deemed too rich for a woman's footstool1 and doubtless the graceful homage was considered as very little beyond an absolute necessity of courtesy4 ,and shall this display of rarest loveliness and natural treasures1 called the ,infiorata1 be thought of otherwise than as a cloak thrown beneath the weary feet of the pilgrim ,saviour8 ,our ,lord walks through many lands1 and the way of men's hearts is very rugged here1 very treacherous there1 very uneven everywhere4 ,let him pause here for a moment1 as he rests his feet on the carpet or cloak spread for him1 and let him find in a few faithful hearts a path ready prepared for him1 as fragrant and as beautiful as this floral via sacra4 ,the procession leaves the church by one of the two diverging roads1 and returns by the other4 ,it is a regular ,italian procession1 somewhat grotesque in our eyes1 unaccustomed to some little peculiarities1 such as winged angels represented by children in scanty robes of tinselled muslin1 and golden paper kites flying from their shoulders1 but on the whole it is edifying in its very artlessness4 ,there are many monks1 walking two-and-two1 and bearing lighted tapers2 children in companies and sodalities with gaudy banners and streamers1 priests in black and white1 and cross-bearers and thurifers1 and1 lastly1 the swaying canopy under which is borne the ,lord of nature4 ,while each person in the procession winds his way among the flower patterns1 and carefully spares the perfection of the design as much as possible1 the priest1 on the contrary1 carries the ,blessed ,sacrament right over in the centre of the broad path1 and the crowd pour after him in heaving masses1 leaving the track behind them strewn with remnants of box and olive borders and blended heaps of crushed flower-petals4 ,and so the sacred pageant is over4 ,the sky is getting cloudy1 and thunder-drops of almost tropic rain are falling noisily to the earth2 people hurry home1 but long before ,albano is reached the storm is already furious1 and bursts over the darkening plain4 ,many are detained at the inns of the white village whose gallerie of elm and ilex are so famous round ,rome4 ,by the bye1 these gallerie lead from ,albano to the neighboring village of ,frascati1 an archiepiscopal see1 and once the retreat of the ,cardinal of ,york1 the last of the ,stuarts4 ,he himself1 with his unfortunate brother1 is buried in ,st4 ,peter's2 but in the village church of which he was titular archbishop is a tablet to his memory1 recounting his many virtues1 and the love and veneration in which his flock ever held him4 ,frascati is the scene of the second reminiscence ,i have once before spoken of2 one more domestic and more intimate than the last1 and very interesting as being the record of an unusual favor shown to a foreigner by the ,holy ,father1 ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 ,there are a great many villas around ,frascati1 and one of the prettiest as well as most historical is the ,villa ,falconieri1 the whilom abode of ,santa ,juliana ,falconieri1 to whom a chapel is dedicated in the house4 ,the grounds are1 as in most ,italian villas1 very badly kept 7according to ,northern ideas71 but in their wildness more beautiful than the trimmest garden of ,old or ,new ,england4 ,a winding1 steep road1 bordered with box1 leads to the mansion1 whose wide marble chambers re-echo the few footsteps they ever bear1 and whose best preserved ornaments are some marble busts and old frescoes4 ,to the front stretches a lawn dotted with ,spanish chestnut-trees1 and beyond lies an alley of hoary and gigantic cypresses that seem the enchanted genii of perpetual silence4 ,there is a peculiar odor about cypress-trees which can never be forgotten by one who has been much among these groves of living columns2 and it is a well-known fact that the charm inherent in a familiar odor is one of the strongest that exists4 ,not only in this alley1 a mile long1 leading up through a maze of thickets to the ruins of ,tusculum1 but also in a weird quadrangle planted round a stone-coped pond1 do these trees stand in their stern and sad majesty4 ,here1 again1 is silence1 reigning undisputed2 the grand path is grassy with weeds2 the little cones drop into it and are never swept away2 the brown branches of the trees fall upon it in autumn1 and remain there till they decay into the soil2 the water is stagnant1 and the artificial rock-work in the centre of the pond is neglected and overgrown with crops of worthless yet not unlovely weeds4 ,a landscape gardener would form and draw out a new map of these mismanaged acres2 a painter would shout for joy at this picturesque frame for a historical love-scene1 and would transfer the whole to his canvas1 adding only1 according to his fancy1 the pale moon silvering the mysterious trees1 or the setting sun1 in its amethyst radiance1 throwing golden arrows through the glorious openings of the cypress grove4 ,this villa of ,santa ,juliana ,falconieri was once let1 now many1 many years ago1 to an ,englishman1 a recent convert1 and a well-known and zealous defender of his newly adopted faith4 ,he was not unfrequently a guest at the neighboring monastery of ,camaldoli1 a beautiful hermitage embosomed in the woods1 and where the white-robed monks follow a strict and ascetic rule1 very different from the lives of hypocritical holiness that ,protestants and liberators would make us believe is the present type of monastic perfection4 ,one day1 when the temporary owner of the ,villa ,falconieri was dining at the ,camaldolese convent1 the ,holy ,father1 whose summer residence is close by1 at a little village called ,castel ,gandolfo1 overlooking the classic ,lake ,nemi1 came with his retinue to visit the monks4 ,he also stayed to dinner1 which in ,italy and among religious is in the middle of the day1 and1 the visit over1 he spontaneously proposed to his ,english friend to make another halt at his house4 ,a message was sent down in haste to prepare the villa1 and so few were the servants there that it was not before the cavalcade of the ,pope was at the head of the cypress alley that the end nearest the house was swept and cleaned4 ,the wife and little daughter were ready to welcome the ,holy ,father1 as his host introduced him into the pretty1 picturesque dwelling4 ,a throne had been temporarily arranged at the further end of the drawing-room1 and a square of gold-edged velvet placed at the feet4 ,the ,noble ,guard1 part of the ,pontifical retinue1 took their places around the room1 seemingly a living wall1 and other ecclesiastical attendants grouped themselves in various corners4 ,this was an honor seldom bestowed on any but ,roman princes1 and then very sparingly1 so that it was all the more a distinguished mark of personal friendship on the part of the good and fatherly ,pope toward his ,english child4 ,not long before1 those three1 the father and mother and little daughter1 had knelt before the ,pope1 and the parents had resolved and promised to embrace outwardly the religion they inwardly believed2 the child had unknowingly played with its father's sword1 and prattled1 as unconscious little ones do1 in the midst of these grave events4 ,now1 the child was not forgotten either1 and the ,holy ,father kept it near his throne1 and bestowed especial attention upon it1 even while he conversed with the steadfast and happy parents4 ,by-and-by1 the ,noble ,guard were dismissed1 and bivouacked outside the house1 under the chestnut-trees1 till it was dark4 ,then lanterns were hung on the branches and on the tall gates1 and a regular illumination took place4 ,when the ,pope left1 torches were carried around him and his cortge1 all through the woods that cover the ground between ,frascati and ,castel ,gandolfo4 ,a tablet was put up in the vestibule or atrium of the villa1 with the permission of the owner of the property1 in commemoration of this signal honor conferred upon a stranger4 ,these details are only a part of the many-sided recollections of this day1 but1 such as they are1 they come from the lips of an eye-witness1 and we are not conscious that they are in any degree exaggerated4 ,nearly twelve years after this memorable visit1 the villa was revisited by some of the persons who had been its temporary occupants during that occurrence1 and it was found to be in exactly the same state as before2 the dark cypress alley and the quadrangle1 the chestnut-shaded lawn and deserted-looking house1 showing no sign of the lapse of time4 ,the former owner1 however--a ,cardinal ,falconieri1 ,i believe--was dead1 and the property was disputed by two or three noble families4 ,the chapel of ,santa ,juliana stood open to the terrace1 accessible from the outside as well as from the narrow inner passage connecting it with the house2 and on one side of its tiny walls was the picture of the saint's death-bed1 representing the miraculous communion by way of viaticum1 when the blessed sacrament sank into her breast because her sickness was of such a nature as to prevent her from receiving it into her mouth4 ,below the picture is a long explanation of this fact1 and a sort of laudatory epitaph in the saint's honor4 ,the villa ,aldobrandini occupies one of the most prominent positions in ,frascati1 and commands attention from its tiers of stone fountains1 raised amphitheatre-like one over the other up the face of the hill1 and arranged so as to let an artificial waterfall spring down the giant staircase4 ,another notable building of this village is the white-walled ,capuchin convent1 a nest among the trees and rocks1 where the little chapel is railed off by heavy gates from the poor vestibule1 and where lived once a very good and eloquent monk1 ,padre ,silvestro4 ,he too1 like the old cardinal1 died within the years that followed the visit of the ,pope to the ,villa ,falconieri1 but his kindness to little children and his well-known powers of language alike cause him to live for ever in the heart and memory of those whose happiness it was to know him4 ,he always seemed to the writer the very type of ,manzoni's renowned ,padre ,cristofaro1 one of the noblest creatures of that author's world-famed romance1 ,i ,promessi ,sposi4 ,and with this mention of him and his quiet convent--which is now1 perhaps1 a desecrated stable or barrack--let us close this little sketch of a well-remembered and beloved spot1 endeared to us by many happy hours spent among its hills and woods1 and by the memory of one of ,god's best and purest creatures1 one worthy of more gratitude1 more love1 and more appreciation than our poor heart was ever able to render her4 ,to her1 once our guide on earth1 now our guardian1 we trust1 in heaven1 do we dedicate these few mementoes of our happy companionship in a land whose beauty she always taught us to look upon as the chosen appanage of the ,vicar of ,christ1 and the ,jerusalem of the new law4 ,,sonnet4 ,,st4 ,,francis ,,and ,,st4 ,,dominic4 ,francis and ,dominic1 the marvels twain ,of those fair ages faith inspired and ruled1 ,when ,christendom1 alike by darkness schooled ,and light1 served ,god1 and spurned the secular chain4 ,strong brother-saints of ,italy and ,spain1 ,the nations1 ,christian once1 whose love hath cooled1 ,the sects pride-blind1 the sophists sense-befooled1 ,your child-like1 ,god-like lowliness disdain6 ,but ye your task fulfilled6 ,all love the one1 ,christ's lover1 burning with seraphic fire2 ,all light the other1 from the cherub choir ,missioned1 a clouded world's re-risen sun2 ,warriors of ,god6 for centuries three at bay ,those crowned lusts ye kept that gore his church to-day4 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,rome--,convent of ,st4 ,buonaventura4 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,polemics ,,and ,,the ,,weather4 ,it is trite to say that error is most dangerous when mingled with truth2 but never was this saying more applicable than in the case of the ,native ,american or ,know-,nothing party4 ,america for ,americans was not all a cry of bigotry and exclusion3 the hospitality and freedom of the nation had been abused1 and a reform was needed4 ,but1 unfortunately1 it was possible to make the question a religious one4 ,the fact that the greater part of the crime in cities is committed by foreigners1 and that the majority of foreigners in the country are at least nominally ,catholic1 could easily1 by a lame syllogism1 be turned against the church4 ,but what matter how lame the syllogism1 when prejudice props it on the one side and malice on the other8 ,beside this1 the masses of any people crave an occasional popular commotion to vary the monotony of a peaceful national existence1 and nothing else offered at the time4 ,the advent of this party was1 therefore1 propos4 ,how it used its power1 we all know4 ,it was1 indeed1 less a party than an army1 for its measures were violent1 invasive1 and illegal4 ,its street-preachers1 from ,gavazzi downward1 its pulpit-preachers1 who countenanced their brethren of the mob by more decent but not less malicious attacks1 its floods of foul literature penetrating to every nook and corner of the land1 duping and inflaming the ignorant while it filled the pockets of irresponsible writers1 editors1 and publishers--the canaille de la littrature1 as ,voltaire called such--its mobs and riots1 its churches destroyed and clergymen maltreated1 its committee of ,massachusetts legislators1 senators1 and volunteers invading and insulting a community of defenceless women1 all are matter of history4 ,the spectacle was a strange and revolting one1 and it was one which the country is not likely to see repeated with the same results2 for it is incredible that ,american ,catholics would ever again submit to such a persecution4 ,it is more probable that1 should we once more find our liberties threatened and our sacred places desecrated1 there will be ,thirty thousand ,cornish men ,to see the reason why4 ,in this movement1 the ambitious town of ,seaton was not to be left behind2 but certain circumstances conspired to check for a while any great demonstration4 ,the utter peacefulness of ,father ,rasle1 and the undeniably good influence he exercised over his flock1 gave no pretext for overt attack1 and the fact that he was prospering and had built a church could only be cited as dangerous indications4 ,besides1 ,edith ,yorke was1 quite unconsciously1 a shield to the church in her native town4 ,her uncle's family assumed steadily that no person who hoped for any countenance from them would say or do anything offensive to her4 ,this assumption on the part of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,yorke would not have had so much effect1 but their children were more powerful4 ,carl was the idol and hero of the young ladies of the town1 and not for worlds would one of them have seen directed to her that flashing gaze with which he regarded any person who even remotely reflected on his cousin ,edith4 ,it did not take much to freeze that beautiful1 laughing face of his when ,edith was in question4 ,melicent also had a fair1 and ,clara a large1 share of the gallantry of the town1 and the former could disconcert by her haughtiness1 the latter scathe by her passion1 any offender against the family dignity4 ,major ,cleaveland was also a powerful ally4 ,edith was to him an object of romantic admiration4 ,he insisted that she ought to have a title1 and used playfully to call her ,milady and the ,little ,countess1 and to say that1 though he did not like the ,catholic religion for himself or his family1 he liked it for her4 ,i naturally associate the thought of her1 he said1 with incense1 and lighted altars1 and dim1 rich aisles4 ,and he quoted3 ,why1 a stranger1 when he sees her ,in the street even1 smileth stilly1 ,just as you would at a lily4 ,and should any artist paint her1 ,he would paint her1 unaware1 ,with a halo round her hair4 ,evidently1 ,major ,cleaveland would not countenance anything likely to insult the dignity or hurt the feelings of this radiant maiden2 and ,major ,cleaveland's countenance was of consequence in the town of ,seaton4 ,edith and ,edith's religion had yet another protector in ,mr4 ,griffeth4 ,this gentleman was by far the most popular minister in town1 and drew to himself all the explosive elements there4 ,his manner of speaking was lively and theatrical1 the matter amusing4 ,those progressive spirits found it delightful to have a pastor who1 when he did condescend to draw from the ,bible1 took piquant texts1 such as1 ,ephraim is as a cake that is half-baked4 ,it provoked a smile1 and that was what they wanted4 ,mr4 ,george ,mac,donald had not then been heard of2 but ,mr4 ,griffeth already amused his hearers by holding up for their derision old granny judgment4 ,do not believe1 he said1 that ,god gives all the pain1 and the devil all the pleasure4 ,indeed1 ,i do not insist on your believing that there is any devil whatever4 ,all this was charming to his hearers1 so charming that they did not absolutely require him to abuse ,catholicism4 ,once only a member of his congregation gave him a hint on the subject1 but the minister's answer was ready3 ,i do not like to say the same things which everybody else is saying4 ,if you wish to hear anti-,catholic sermons1 go to ,brothers ,martin and ,conway3 they will satisfy you4 ,i do not suppose that my silence on the subject will be interpreted as a leaning toward the ,church of ,rome4 ,no1 sir6 the gentleman answered dryly4 ,it is more likely to be looked on as a leaning toward the house of ,yorke4 ,mr4 ,griffeth colored1 but did not deny the soft impeachment4 ,it would have been useless to deny it1 for his partiality to the family was evident1 though to which member of it his especial regard was directed1 was not so easy to say4 ,well for him that it was not1 or he would not1 perhaps1 have been forgiven4 ,so ,edith stood1 surrounded by a guard of devoted hearts1 between the church and harm4 ,the physical and mental growth of this girl was fair to see4 ,it was like the slow1 sweet unfolding of a rose from the bud1 with its baby lip pushed through the green to the rich and gracious beauty of the bursting flower4 ,that morning look which belongs to the eyes of ingenuous youth still shed its calm1 clear lustre over hers2 her hair had darkened in tint1 so as to be no longer a shadowed gold1 but a gilded shadow2 and she shot up like a young palm-tree1 slender1 but with the rounded1 vigorous strength of an ,atalanta4 ,she had that perfect health which makes mere existence a delight1 and she was perfectly happy1 for all her wants were satisfied1 and all her wishes were winged with hope4 ,friends she took as a matter of course4 ,she did not think much about them1 but loved them quietly1 as people do who never wanted for friends4 ,it is need or the fear of losing which develops intensity of affection4 ,what she did think of was3 ,how does the wind blow and the sun shine8 ,what are the names of those worlds in the sky1 and how do they move8 ,how does the seed sprout and grow1 and what makes the flower unfold8 ,where do the birds go when they disappear in winter1 and how do they know when to return8 ,how does the snow-flake gather itself into a star-shape1 and what shapes and colors the rainbow8 ,her interest took in also another subject kindred to these3 ,what distant people live on the earth8 ,what do their eyes see8 ,how do they live8 ,how do they speak8 ,her mother's native land having been far away1 made all far-away lands seem fair to her2 and customs and speech different from those she had known did not repel1 but attracted4 ,by some happy providence in her nature or her education1 or in both1 the girl's curiosity and love of the marvellous and beautiful took this direction1 and therefore her delights did not wither like weeds when childhood passed3 they grew for ever4 ,but what was best in ,edith ,yorke's growth was that she began to perceive the glories of the church of ,god1 and1 as her knowledge touched here and there at remote points1 to guess at the grandeur1 the symmetry1 and the perfect finish of the whole structure4 ,she had been ashamed of her religion1 even while she clung to it1 because all the professors of it whom she knew were poor and ignorant1 and because she had seen it mocked by a higher class4 ,she soon learned that all ,catholics were not like those she saw1 and that some of the noblest of earth1 persons excelling in rank1 wealth1 learning1 and virtue1 had been devoted children of the church4 ,it was a mean reason for being better satisfied with it1 but it was better than no reason1 and it led upward4 ,what was it that these people found to love and reverence8 ,she looked to see1 and1 seeing1 she also loved and reverenced1 not because the great did1 not because any one else did1 but because what she saw was worthy of such homage4 ,once attaining this elevation1 it was easy for a nature like hers to be entirely and enthusiastically on the side of ,god1 and to find a beauty and delight in the fact that had before repelled her1 to rejoice that the poor and the ignorant1 as well as the rich and the learned1 had a place in the arms of this bountiful ,mother1 and that1 while human science built a laborious track on which to crawl toward the heart of ,god1 simple human love flew straight there1 as the bird flies to its nest4 ,father ,rasle instructed her thoroughly1 particularly in controversy4 ,she must be able not only to defend herself when attacked1 but to attack1 if necessary4 ,as yet1 of either attack or defence she had had no need to think4 ,that there was strife in the world1 she almost forgot4 ,the memory of all that had been miserable in her past life became as a dream1 or was only real enough to keep fresh her love and gratitude toward her early friends1 and to bar all intercourse between her and the village people4 ,she saw them only when they came to her uncle's house4 ,her life was simple--books1 music1 and drawing1 a little gardening1 and a good deal of riding on horseback4 ,major ,cleaveland had given her a beautiful saddle-horse1 and ,carl was her teacher and constant companion in these rides4 ,mrs4 ,yorke1 gentle soul6 would have fainted with terror had she seen the reckless manner in which these two flew over the ground when they were out of her sight4 ,you have had no exercise till your cheeks grow red1 ,carl would say2 and at that challenge ,edith would chirrup to her prancing ,thistledown1 and they were off on the wings of the wind4 ,thus cloistered and fostered1 she grew up strong1 sweet1 and happy1 and with the glance of her clear eyes kept back yet a while many a shaft that would have been aimed at the church4 ,one marksman1 however1 was not dazzled by her4 ,mr4 ,conway cried aloud1 sparing not4 ,denunciation was this man's forte1 and he improved the occasion4 ,it was about this time that ,miss ,clara ,yorke commented on the astringent qualities of the gentleman's character4 ,why1 mamma1 ,hester ,cleaveland said1 he had even the impudence to come to my house1 and exhort me1 and to say that we were all in danger from the influence of ,father ,rasle and ,edith4 ,i got up at that1 and said that1 since he had taken the liberty to speak to me in such a manner of my own family1 ,i should not scruple to excuse myself from any further conversation with him then or in future4 ,and ,i made him one of my most splendid bows1 and left him alone2 didn't ,i1 you beautiful creature8 ,this question was addressed to a lovely1 gray-eyed infant that lay in the speaker's lap1 and was followed by a long and interesting conversation between the two1 the young mother furnishing both questions and answers1 and in that delightful intercourse quite forgetting ,mr4 ,conway and his impudence4 ,what were all the crabbed old ministers in the world in comparison to mamma's own baby8 ,nothing at all6 ,come1 ,melicent1 and see how intelligent his expression is when ,i speak to him4 ,he looks right in my face4 ,i do not see how he could well help it1 if he looks anywhere1 since your face is within an inch of his nose1 remarks ,melicent dryly4 ,hester had at this time been a year married1 and was triumphantly1 we must own1 a little selfishly happy4 ,there was not in her nature a particle of malice1 but she lacked that sensitive and delicate regard for the feelings of others less favored than herself1 which makes unselfish persons cautious not to display too much their own superior advantages4 ,as her father had predicted1 ,major ,cleaveland was to her the most wonderful man in the world1 and as to ,major ,cleaveland's youngest son1 words could not express his perfections4 ,their house was1 in some occult way1 finer than any other house whatever1 their furniture had a charm of its own1 their horses had peculiar qualities which rendered them more valuable than you would think1 their very bread and butter had an uncommon flavor which distinguished it from the bread and butter of less fortunate mortals4 ,the ,cleavelands remained in ,seaton the first winter after this baby's birth1 greatly to the joy of ,hester's family4 ,the winters passed rather heavily for them1 and it was a pleasant break in their daily life to see ,hester's horses turn into the avenue1 with a great jingling of sleigh-bells1 and ,hester's pretty face smiling out from her furs behind them4 ,even ,clara1 absorbed as she was in the glorious work of putting the last finishing touches to her first novel--a novel actually accepted by a publisher1 and to be brought out in the spring--even this inspired person would start up at that cheery sound1 and run down-stairs to chat with her sister1 and embrace her nephew1 if he were of the party4 ,but there were times when no one could come to them1 and they could not go out1 but were as close prisoners as though walls of stone had been built up around them4 ,one might as well have been in the ,bastile as in a solitary country-house in one of those old-fashioned1 down-east snow-storms4 ,one could see them gather on winter days in a steady purple bank about the horizon1 waiting there with leaden patience for a day or two1 perhaps1 till all their forces should come up1 or till the air should moderate enough for a fall4 ,there would be no visible clouds1 but a gradual thickening of the air1 the blue losing its brilliancy under the gray film1 a flake sidling down now and then in so reluctant a manner that it seemed every moment on the point of going up again4 ,another follows1 and another1 they coquette with the earth1 seem to talk the matter over in the air1 finally1 with a good deal of hesitation1 one after another settles1 and presently the storm comes on steadily1 and what was a fairy star of whiteness becomes a thin white veil1 then an inch-deep of swan's-down1 then a pile that clogs the feet of men and beasts1 and the wheels or runners of carriages1 then an alabaster prison4 ,it is possible to be in a state of desolation under such circumstances1 and it is possible not to be3 that depends on the people1 and on the mood they are in4 ,some groan over the trial2 some1 scarcely less agreeable1 sit down and endure it with a most depressing patience2 some shut the world out1 and invent expedients to forget what sort of world it is2 others1 wider of mind and heart and clearer of sight1 take the storm as it comes1 and see all the enchantment of it4 ,in that vast lily-flower that has curled down over them1 and shut them in for a time1 they find a honey that sparkles like wine4 ,lean out and catch a flake as it falls2 it is a star1 a flower1 a fairy dumb-bell1 a cross1 a globe1 always a wonder4 ,think1 then1 of the lavish millions of them6 ,one whom nature holds close to her heart has sung the snow-storm3 ,every pine1 and fir1 and hemlock1 ,wore ermine too dear for an earl2 ,and the poorest twig on the elm-tree ,was ridged inch-deep with pearl4 ,one such snow in ,seaton fell all day quietly1 and all night1 with a rising wind1 and the next morning they woke in chaos4 ,there was no up and down out of doors1 but only a roundabout4 ,there was a whirl1 and a whiteness that dimmed off into grayness2 there were no fences nor posts2 a ghost of a pyramid stood where the barn had been2 what had been trees were white giants coming toward them1 apparently4 ,they opened their windows to brush away the snow that piled up on the sill1 and were blinded and baffled2 they opened their doors to go out1 and a solid ,parian barrier was laid across the step1 knee-high2 they tried to shovel a path1 and an angry wind and a myriad of little hands filled it in again4 ,patrick and ,carl made a desperate effort to reach the village1 and1 after struggling as far as the avenue gate1 were glad to get back to the house without being suffocated4 ,at the door they found ,edith catching snow-flakes to look at the shapes of them1 and watching with wonder and delight certain thin1 sharp drifts that a breath would have shaken from their airy poise1 but which the wild wind never stirred even to a tremor4 ,if one could only see the shapes of the wind6 she said4 ,or is it1 ,carl1 that the shape of the snow is the shape of the wind8 ,clara shook the snow from her brother's coat1 and slyly dropped a snow-ball down his back2 even ,melicent forgot her dignity so far as to sit down in a bank1 which enthroned her very prettily4 ,carl thereupon called her ,mrs4 ,odin1 and ,melicent smiled involuntarily at the idea of being ,mrs4 ,anybody4 ,the mother and father1 standing side by side1 watched them smilingly from the window1 and remembered how they used to play in the snow when they were children1 and felt young again for a brief moment4 ,but the spectres of rheumatism and sore-throat stand between me and all that folderol now1 ,mr4 ,yorke says1 with a half-sigh4 ,yes1 dear2 but it is pretty to look at1 says the wife cheerfully4 ,and we elders have the fire1 which is more beautiful yet4 ,they pile wood on the fire4 ,it blazes up1 and reddens all the dusky room1 and presently ,mrs4 ,yorke wraps a scarlet mantle about her1 and goes1 with a little shiver1 almost to the door1 and calls out in the sweetest little bird-call3 ,come in1 children1 come in6 ,you'll take cold4 ,mother looks and sounds like an oriole in there1 says ,carl4 ,come1 girls6 ,they all come in with very red cheeks and bright eyes1 ,edith running to show her aunt a large star-flake before it melts4 ,mrs4 ,yorke1 bending to examine it1 breathes on it1 and it changes instantly to a spot of water on ,edith's dark-blue sleeve4 ,the two young ,pattens1 who have developed into clever scapegraces1 are pushing each other into drifts at the back-door1 and pretending not to hear ,betsey's stern calls to them to come to their work4 ,when she appears at the door with her hands all ready to administer summary chastisement1 they elude her with the skill of practised gymnasts or of children used to dodging blows1 run under her very elbows into the kitchen1 and are busily and gravely employed by the time she has turned about and come back4 ,patrick sets his face resolutely toward the barn1 where are certain quadrupeds to be cared for1 and flounders as if he were himself a quadruped1 and becomes a lessening speck1 only the head visible1 and finally1 when they begin to think that he is lost1 triumphantly pushes the barn-door open1 and is greeted by a neigh from the horse1 a shake of the head from the cow1 and a welcoming cackle from the hens4 ,that evening they had music4 ,melicent played brilliantly1 and ,clara sang them an elfish old song3 ',wha patters sae late at our gyle-window8' ',mither1 it's the cauld sleet4' ',come in1 come in1' quoth the canny gude-wife1 ',an' warm thae frozen feet4' ,when it came time for prayers1 ,mr4 ,yorke read that exquisite chapter in ,job wherein ,god speaks of the incomprehensible mysteries of power and wisdom hidden in the things that he has made4 ,carl1 finding himself bored1 leaned back in his chair1 and clasped his hands over the top of his head4 ,the leaning back brought within his range of vision the fold of a dark-blue gown1 the toe of a small shoe1 and a pair of lovely folded hands4 ,he turned his face a little1 and looked at ,edith1 who had drawn her chair near his1 and as he looked his face softened1 and he unconsciously changed his careless position to one more respectful4 ,he saw her profile1 with the lustrous eyes steady as she listened1 and so uplifted as to show their full size4 ,the firelight played over her quiet face1 and made shine a curve or two of the large braid of hair wound round her head4 ,when ,mr4 ,yorke read3 ,hast thou entered into the store-houses of the snow1 or hast thou beheld the treasures of the hail8 etc41 she glanced at ,carl1 and smiled4 ,she had known that he was looking at her1 and was pleased that he should4 ,carl had a particularly pleasant way of looking at his cousin which she felt as a flower may feel the sun4 ,it was as though they were talking together without words1 and he knew her thoughts without the trouble of speech4 ,when the reading was over1 ,edith said good-night to each one1 kissed her aunt on both cheeks1 and went up to her chamber4 ,the last good-night was to ,carl1 who opened the door for her4 ,he has beautiful manners1 she said to herself as she went up-stairs4 ,he says so much without speaking a word4 ,he seemed to say good-night1 but he did not speak4 ,i think that1 when we go to heaven1 we shall all talk in that silent way4 ,how odd that ,carl and ,i should begin now6 ,she wrapped a shawl about her1 and stood before her crucifix1 looking at it1 and recollecting herself before saying her prayers4 ,when ,i am going to speak to ,carl or to ,dick1 or to any one1 ,i think of him4 ,if ,i were going to speak to a king1 ,i should think of nothing else1 and my heart would beat quickly4 ,i am going to speak to the ,one who makes kings4 ,she bowed her head with a calm reverence4 ,but that was not what she wanted4 ,her heart craved emotion4 ,i am going to speak to the ,son of ,god4 ,he was poor1 he was despised and rejected4 ,when ,i was the poorest1 ,i had my little attic to sleep in1 but he had not where to lay his head4 ,o dear ,lord6 it was pitiful4 ,i will never1 never turn you out in the cold6 ,when ,melicent softly entered her room1 next to ,edith's1 and stopped a moment1 hesitating whether to speak to her cousin1 she heard her breathe out as she laid her head upon the pillow1 ,in the name of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 ,i lie down to sleep6 ,melicent stole noiselessly away from the door4 ,she could not address any trivial word1 even any word of common affection1 to one who had just lain down to sleep in the name of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,it made sleep seem awful and sacred as well as sweet4 ,it made guardian angels seem possible1 even necessary4 ,how beautiful the ,catholic religion is in some of its forms6 she thought1 and1 after a moment1 knelt1 and said a short prayer that she also might be guarded during the night1 and that the ,lord would not refuse to let her also rest in his name4 ,she felt a sense of safety in having her cousin near1 and the door of ,edith's chamber seemed to her like the door of a shrine4 ,the next morning when they waked1 the windows were all of a glitter with sunshine1 and wrought over by the artisans of frostland with samples of every landscape under the sun--cliffs with climbing spruce-trees1 silvery-sanded deserts with palms1 an infinite variety4 ,the sky was a dazzling clearness4 ,the earth was like a stormy sea that had suddenly been enchanted into a motionless and ineffable whiteness2 the wave curled over1 with the spray all ready to slide down its back2 the hollows were arrested in their sinking1 the ripples frozen in their dimpling4 ,then when evening came there was a grand display of northern lights1 that pitched their tents of shifting rose and gold1 with flags flying1 and armies marching1 and stained the snow with airy blood4 ,carl stood in the cupola with ,edith and ,clara clinging to him1 both a little uneasy1 and told them stories of ,thor1 ,odin1 the ,bifrost bridge1 and ,valhalla4 ,what they saw was the ,scandinavian gods carousing1 he said2 or1 no1 it was a repetition of that fierce battle of olden time1 when1 at night1 spectators saw the dead arise from the field1 float up into the air1 and fight their battle over again in the sky1 that wild legend that ,kaulbach painted on canvas4 ,carl1 ,edith said hesitatingly1 ,i think that the truth is more beautiful than any legend4 ,but we do not know the truth about northern lights1 he replied1 taking a scientific view of the matter4 ,she hesitated a moment4 ,she was not used to speaking of what came nearest to her heart4 ,but ,father ,rasle had given her a charge3 ,whenever you have a chance to say anything beautiful about ,god1 say it4 ,that is your duty4 ,we know that ,god made them1 she faltered4 ,oh6 that spoils the poetry of it6 ,carl exclaimed involuntarily4 ,pardon me6 but to speak of ,god is to remind me of long1 sanctimonious faces and disagreeable ways1 and of a frowning on everything graceful and grand and beautiful4 ,it isn't right6 she said eagerly1 forgetting herself2 for it is ,god who has made everything grand and beautiful and graceful4 ,when you see a fine picture1 or a piece of statuary1 or read a good book1 you think of the artist1 and admire him4 ,reading a play1 the other day1 you said1 ',what a soul ,shakespeare had6' and ,i heard you say once that ,michael ,angelo was a god2 and last night1 when ,melicent played a sonata you liked1 you exclaimed1 ',that glorious ,beethoven6' ,why not say1 ',that great ,god6' when you see the northern lights8 ,besides1 ,god made ,beethoven1 and ,michael ,angelo1 and ,shakespeare1 and taught them everything they knew4 ,i do really think1 ,carl1 that the truth is more beautiful than any legend4 ,why isn't it as fine to say1 ',the ,god of glory thundereth1' as to talk about ,jove throwing thunderbolts8 ,i don't see anything very admirable in ,jove4 ,and why isn't it as sublime for the sun to hang and shine1 and the world to go whirling about it1 because ,god told them to1 as for ,phbus to drive the chariot of the sun up the ,east8 ,she turned her face1 rosy with earnestness and northern lights1 and looked at him with her shining eyes4 ,why1 ,edith1 he said1 you're going to be a poet6 ,she shook her head1 and hung it a little bashfully4 ,no1 ,i am not4 ,but ,king ,david was a poet4 ,and so the matter dropped4 ,but ,edith had spoken her word for ,god1 and may be it had not been entirely lost4 ,perhaps we may be allowed here to say a word in defence of the weather as a subject of conversation4 ,the assertion that ,americans1 and especially ,new ,englanders1 commence all acquaintanceships and all social conversations with an atmospheric exordium1 has become classical1 and to mention that on any given occasion the weather was the subject of conversation is to intend to be facetious4 ,but let us question the good sense of this mockery4 ,are not the countless phases of the many-sided weather as noble1 as beautiful1 as profitable1 and as harmless topics of conversation as ninety-nine out of a hundred things which people do talk about8 ,is a dull or a wicked speech1 a dull or a wicked book1 a fashion1 a horse1 your neighbor's character1 a caucus1 a candidate1 even a song1 or a bit of weather on canvas1 a finer topic8 ,ah1 the weather6--skies of infinite changes1 inexhaustible palette in which the painter's imagination dips its brush2 calms1 nature holding her breath2 winds1 the nearest to spirit of any created thing2 clouds1 the aerial chemists of light2 showers1 overflowing spray from fountains suspended in air2 rains1 the asperges of the skies2 fogs1 filmy veils which all the king's men cannot tear aside2 droughts1 continents in a fever2 cold1 the horror of nature1 at which the small streams stiffen and die1 the mountains whiten to ghosts1 and even iron shrinks2 heat1 nature's angel of the resurrection blowing through the golden sunshine1 and calling the flowers out of their graves1 and bringing the birds from afar--would that all the bad1 the uncharitable1 the silly1 the cold1 the complaining talk that on this earth vexes the ear of heaven could be changed to sweet and harmless talk of the infinitely-varying weather1 and of him who planned its variety6 ,after this protest and aspiration1 it can be said of the ,yorkes1 without any intention of reflecting on their intelligence1 that the weather had a good deal to do with their entertainment1 from the spring round through the circle of flowers and snows1 till beside the melting drift they found the first ,may-flowers making their rosy act of faith in the coming summer4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,carl ,,sees ,,himself ,,in ,a ,,glass ,,darkly4 ,the summer we are thinking of was #ahea1 and in the ,june of it ,edith had her sixteenth birthday duly celebrated by the family1 and ,clara published her first book1 an event of still greater consequence to them4 ,in the ,june of this year1 also1 the ,hon4 ,mr4 ,blank came down to delight and instruct the voters of ,seaton4 ,mr4 ,yorke was highly pleased by this announcement4 ,he had known the gentleman in ,boston1 and thought him eloquent4 ,it would be pleasant to see and hear a man of note once more4 ,come to think of it1 ,amy1 he said1 we have been buried here four years1 seeing nobody outside of the town4 ,it will be truly refreshing4 ,we must have him here to dinner or tea1 and we must all go to hear the address4 ,it is to be in a tent on the fair-grounds4 ,mr4 ,yorke was quite bright and interested4 ,he had been living in seclusion long enough to appreciate the value of a little excitement4 ,he called on ,mr4 ,blank at his hotel1 the evening of his arrival1 and had a very cordial and agreeable half-hour1 talking chiefly of personal matters1 and old friends4 ,two or three other gentlemen who were paying their respects to the senator withdrew after a few minutes1 to ,mr4 ,yorke's satisfaction4 ,they were persons whom he did not at all like4 ,i am worn out1 ,mr4 ,blank said1 leaning back in his chair1 and poising his heels on the back of another chair4 ,i have made forty speeches in thirty days4 ,but it pays4 ,the excitement is immense4 ,mr4 ,yorke was rather ashamed to ask what particular issue created this excitement and palaver4 ,the truth was1 he was a little behind the times4 ,his four years had been years of vegetation1 and he scarcely knew what his old friends were about4 ,he had been so much engaged in filling up the maw of his avenues1 coaxing exotics to bloom for the first time in his gardens1 and reading novels--actually reading novels--that he was politically in the position of a man who had had a four years' sleep4 ,he was mortified and astonished to realize at this moment that he had been going over the ,waverley novels again1 when he should have been reading the papers and keeping the state of the nation in view4 ,his embarrassment was relieved by a loud shout that rose from a crowd collected in front of the hotel4 ,the gentleman for whom this applause was intended took no notice of it1 except by an impatient shake of the head4 ,he sipped a little from a tumbler at his elbow1 and calmly lighted a cigar4 ,the shouting ceased1 and the ,seaton band--not the cast-iron band this time--broke out in their finest style4 ,confound them6 ejaculated the senator4 ,do they think ,i want to hear their noise8 ,i am tired of ,dodworth's and the ,germanians2 but this6 ,why1 it's all trombones4 ,the music ceased1 and the shout went up again4 ,they will have me out1 groaned the hero of the hour4 ,i've a great mind to be taken sick4 ,couldn't you go out and say ,i'm sick8 ,no1 sir1 ,mr4 ,yorke said decisively1 ,i could not4 ,well1 couldn't you go out and make a speech for me8 ,you're about my build4 ,it's easy4 ,i could say it in my sleep4 ,honored--free and intelligent people--your beautiful town--glorious cause1 etc4 ,fill it in as you like4 ,mr4 ,yorke laughed4 ,i'm about half your build1 and my voice is as much like yours as a crow's is like a nightingale's4 ,go along4 ,when you've embarked in this sort of thing1 you must take the consequences4 ,as another and still more imperative call came up1 the honorable gentleman rose with a yawn1 and the two stepped out into the balcony4 ,my dear friends1 began the speaker in silvery-clear tones1 words fail me to express the feelings which move my heart when ,i listen to this generous welcome4 7,applause47 ,well for you that they do1 parenthesized ,mr4 ,yorke4 ,your approval honors you more than it does me1 resumed the senator4 ,for what am ,i but the mouthpiece by which you speak1 as the thunder-cloud speaks by the lightning8 ,the mass of the people gather the truth1 and it is their fire which informs the leader1 and incites him to utter it forth4 ,they are the-- 7,immense applause47 ,the idiots6 exclaimed the orator4 ,they have broken into my best paragraph where it can't be mended4 ,i must wind up4 ,the fame of your town has reached me1 he went on4 ,i have heard of it as a place where freedom is not only loved1 but adored1 where oppression is not only hated1 but trampled on2 and to-day1 when ,i drove over the distant hills1 and saw the white spires of your churches rising out of the forests1 they seemed to me like warning fingers pointing heavenward1 as though the genius of the place bade me remember that the angelic hosts were witnessing if ,i and if you were faithful to the sacred trust placed in our keeping4 7,tempests of applause74 ,that always takes1 remarked the senator to his companion4 ,spires are trumps4 ,my friends1 to-night ,i am but a voice to you1 but to-morrow we shall meet face to face4 ,let not a man be missing4 ,seaton expects every voter to do his duty4 ,again ,i thank you for your kind welcome1 and wish you one and all good-night4 ,what do they think a man is made of when they call him out to speak in a fog thick enough to slice and butter8 grumbled the orator1 getting into his chamber again1 and dropping the curtain between him and a second burst of music from the band4 ,mr4 ,yorke raised his eyebrows slightly1 and pursed out his under-lip4 ,what glorious things have you heard of ,seaton1 and where8 he inquired4 ,i was not aware that it was famous4 ,the senator finished the contents of his tumbler1 and wiped his moustache carefully4 ,i have heard that it is an infernally rowdyish little hole1 he answered4 ,i didn't care about coming here1 but it was in my stumping programme4 ,mr4 ,yorke took leave1 and went homeward very soberly4 ,he was disappointed and depressed1 and nature seemed to sympathize with his mood4 ,the road was muddy1 and in the thick fog and darkness he could scarcely see the path at the side of it4 ,when he turned into the private way that led to his own house1 the trees crowded about1 dripping1 uncomfortable1 and threatening1 as if they had met to impeach the clerk of the weather1 and concert measures for the putting down of this ,scotch mist that was presuming to befog a free1 enlightened ,new ,england forest4 ,when he reached the gate1 ,mr4 ,yorke leaned on it a moment4 ,oh6 for the laws of the ,locrians6 he exclaimed4 ,charles1 is that you8 asked a soft voice near4 ,why1 ,amy6 returned the gentleman1 starting4 ,i was looking for you1 ,mrs4 ,yorke explained1 taking her husband's arm4 ,i hate to have you come up this road alone4 ,her thin dress was damp1 her hands cold1 her heart fluttering4 ,she had been walking up and down the avenue for the last hour1 listening for her husband's step4 ,how did she know what might happen to him8 ,the people were violent1 and he was uncompromising and bold4 ,oh6 why had she consented to return to that place where her youth had been blighted8 ,no good had ever come to her there1 nothing but sorrow4 ,o woman1 woman6 how you do torment yourself6 ,mr4 ,yorke ejaculated4 ,you will have it that we are in danger4 ,you will have it that we are being hanged1 drawn1 and quartered1 if we are ten minutes beyond the time4 ,would you rather we should care nothing about you8 his wife asked tremulously4 ,no1 dear1 he answered2 for ,i know that your fears are in proportion to your loving4 ,the next day ,mr4 ,yorke and his daughters went to hear the address4 ,edith remained at home with her aunt1 who never went into a crowd4 ,the road1 the tent1 and all about it were full of people4 ,the enthusiasm was immense4 ,when the speaker appeared1 the audience stood up1 the men shouting1 the women waving their handkerchiefs--what for it would be hard to say4 ,probably they did not know themselves1 unless they meant to express thus their admiration for success4 ,for this man was the very embodiment of worldly success4 ,wealth and honors had come to him1 not unsought1 but without toil1 and with little deserving4 ,success showed forth from his smooth1 handsome face with its bright eyes and ready smile1 even from the plump white hand1 at whose wave thousands of voters said yea or nay4 ,his expression was one of pleasant excitement and self-complacency1 such as a man like him may naturally feel in such circumstances4 ,he was a fluent speaker1 had a musical voice1 and a graceful manner4 ,mr4 ,yorke listened to his exordium with great and anxious interest1 and1 as from generalities the orator gradually became more specific1 his face darkened4 ,it was1 in fact1 nothing more than a ,know-,nothing tirade1 with the usual appeal to the passions instead of the reason1 and the old hackneyed abuse of the clergy4 ,mr4 ,yorke rose like a tiger4 ,come1 girls1 he said quite audibly4 ,i can't listen to any more of this trash4 ,his daughters followed him quietly2 but1 their seats being prominent1 they could not get out without exciting attention1 and the first to see them was the speaker4 ,he faltered a little in his speech1 and a faint color rose to his face2 but he recovered himself immediately1 and waved his hand to stop the hisses that were beginning to rise4 ,but he felt the defection4 ,he knew well that he was a politician1 not a statesman1 and he would rather have had ,mr4 ,yorke's countenance than that of any ten other men present4 ,mr4 ,yorke did not dine with the senator that day as he had promised to4 ,when ,i made the engagement1 ,i did not know that you had become a wire-puller1 he wrote briefly1 in making his excuse4 ,mr4 ,blank's face paled slightly as he read the note1 but he crushed it carelessly the moment after4 ,charles ,yorke was always a hunker1 he remarked4 ,carl1 ,i want you to print a leader from me1 this week1 ,mr4 ,yorke said to his son that evening4 ,we have not said that ,carl1 having finished his law-studies1 instead of practising1 had undertaken the editorship of the ,seaton ,herald4 ,i am afraid1 sir1 the young man replied1 that1 if you print your leaders in the ,herald1 you will have to pay the expenses of the paper1 and insure the office against fire and mobs4 ,at present the circulation is very small1 and ,i dare not say a word against the party in power4 ,this paper was not1 indeed1 a very prosperous sheet2 for the editor could not lower himself to the majority of the people1 and they could not raise themselves to him4 ,his politics were too little violent1 his tone too gentlemanly1 his literary items and extracts too pure and high in tone4 ,major ,cleaveland and ,hester were taking tea at the homestead1 and1 when after tea ,edith went up-stairs to read a letter she had just received from ,dick ,rowan1 there was quite a warm discussion of the events of the day4 ,after all1 ,mr4 ,blank is a strong speaker1 ,major ,cleaveland said4 ,a strong speaker6 exclaimed his father-in-law4 ,he is rank1 sir6 ,the ladies interposed a little4 ,i'm not a ,know-,nothing1 ,hester's husband said2 but neither do ,i condemn them4 ,their charges are not all false4 ,the ,catholic party proclaim their theory1 which is very fine1 and say nothing about the abuses which creep into their practice2 their enemies denounce the abuses1 and give them no credit for their principles4 ,i think that the gist of the trouble is this3 neither party will distinguish between the church and the clergy4 ,when the body of ,catholics will check their priests the minute they step out of their province or abuse their power1 and when non-,catholics learn not to condemn a religion for the sins of individual professors1 then we shall have peace4 ,the ladies and ,carl went out into the garden1 and left the two gentlemen to their discussion4 ,i often wonder1 ,carl1 that you express no opinion on these subjects1 his mother said4 ,you must have opinions4 ,i almost wish1 sometimes1 that you would argue4 ,which side do you wish me to prove8 he inquired listlessly4 ,i can prove either4 ,she sighed4 ,how you do need rousing6 ,he put his arm around her as they walked up and down the piazza4 ,my opinion is1 little mother1 he said1 that opinions are a bore4 ,who wants to be always listening to what other people think on subjects8 ,not one thought in a milliard is worth putting into words4 ,i am sick of words1 of gabble1 of inanities4 ,yes1 my son1 she said gently4 ,but one expects a man to give his opinion once for all on religious questions4 ,it is not a religious question1 mother3 it is a question of religions1 the young man replied with a sort of impatience4 ,there is no greater bore than that same question4 ,why does not each person believe what suits him1 and hold his tongue about it1 and let every other do the same8 ,but truth6 but truth6 said the mother4 ,carl shrugged his shoulders4 ,everybody thinks he has it shut up in his cranium4 ,what6 you renounce religion8 she exclaimed4 ,not at all1 he said4 ,they are so many spiritual gymnasiums where people exercise their souls4 ,they are very pretty and amiable for women1 and for men who need them2 but there are those who do not need them4 ,carl1 you break my heart6 his mother cried out1 gazing through tears into her son's face4 ,the boyish look had gone out of it4 ,there were weariness and sadness in it1 and hardness1 too4 ,carl was in a bitter mood that day1 but he tried to soothe the pain he had given4 ,i'll do anything1 he said laughingly4 ,i'll turn ,catholic4 ,i'll go to hear ,john ,conway4 ,i'll read the ,dairyman's ,daughter4 ,i'll teach a ,sunday-school class4 ,edith came smiling out through the door4 ,such a nice letter from ,dick6 she said1 giving it to her aunt4 ,and see1 ,carl1 here is a little handful of sand from the ,sahara1 and here is an orange-blossom from ,sorrento4 ,it looks quite fresh4 ,dick ,rowan had that delightful way which so few letter-writing travellers know of making their descriptions more vivid by sending some illustrations of them4 ,writing from the south1 he would say1 ,while you are in the midst of snow1 there is a rose-tree in bloom outside my window4 ,here is one of the buds4 ,he had emancipated himself from the letter-writers1 and succeeded perfectly in his own way4 ,the next afternoon ,mrs4 ,yorke sent for ,mr4 ,griffeth1 and saw him alone4 ,what have you done to ,carl8 she exclaimed4 ,are you making an infidel of him8 ,the minister1 confounded1 tried to excuse ,carl and defend himself4 ,the interview was not a pleasant one1 and ,mr4 ,griffeth was glad when it was over4 ,he went out into the sitting-room where ,melicent and ,clara sat2 but their constrained manners did not encourage him to stay long4 ,they suspected the subject of the conversation he had been holding with their mother4 ,edith sat on the piazza outside1 studying4 ,her person was not in sight as he looked from the window1 but a flutter of drapery on the breeze betrayed her presence4 ,mr4 ,griffeth merely bowed to the sisters in passing1 and went out on to the piazza4 ,edith sat in a low chair with a book of ,german ballads on her knees4 ,by her side were a grammar and dictionary4 ,she was translating1 watching thought after thought emerge from that imperfectly-known language1 as stars emerge from the mists of heaven4 ,she glanced at the minister with a smile that was less for him than for the stanza she had just completed4 ,salve6 he exclaimed1 bowing lowly4 ,i am translating a song from the ,german1 ,edith said4 ,is not translating delightful8 ,it is like digging for gold1 and finding it4 ,i have just got a thought out whole4 ,the song was that beautiful one which has been rendered3 ,the fight is done3 and1 far away1 ,the thundering noise of battle dies2 ,while homeward1 glad1 ,i wend my way1 ,to meet the sunlight of her eyes4 ,edith was looking very lovely4 ,the vines curtaining the end of the piazza where she sat shut her into a green nook to which only the finest sprinkle of sunshine could penetrate4 ,the light1 moving shadows flecked her white gown1 and all the floor of the piazza about her1 ,making a quiet image of disquiet1 and a flickering in her hair4 ,carl1 who was always dressing her out in some fanciful way1 had fastened a drooping bunch of white lilies in her braids1 and the petals1 lying against her neck and cheek1 showed the difference between silver-white and rose-white4 ,her beaming face made a light in the place4 ,mr4 ,griffeth1 stooping to see the poem1 laid his hand on the book she held1 and she released it so suddenly that it had nearly fallen to the floor4 ,it is beautiful1 he said1 reading it aloud4 ,can you not fancy yourself that golden-haired lady1 and that some warrior is coming home to lay his honors at your feet and claim his reward8 ,edith looked away quickly1 and let the air take the brightness of her face4 ,he gazed steadily at her1 and wondered for whom the brightness was1 or if it were only a girl's vague romance4 ,i like soldiers1 she said after a moment1 and1 though quiet1 there seemed a slight stateliness in her manner4 ,my grandfather was a soldier all his life1 and was as used to a sword as ,i am to a fan4 ,mamma said that one of his mottoes was1 ',never reckon the forces of an enemy till after the victory4' ,it was written in one of her letters to papa4 ,if ,i were a man1 ,i should wish to be a soldier4 ,i also am a soldier2 ,i fight the devil1 the minister said1 with a slight1 bitter laugh4 ,do you conquer him8 she asked simply1 but with the faintest little mocking smile4 ,mr4 ,griffeth ignored the question4 ,you have golden hair1 like the lady of the song1 he said hastily4 ,if ,i were a soldier1 ,edith1 and came home to you from battle1 would you welcome me as that lady did her lover8 ,he touched her hair with his hand as he spoke4 ,a bright crimson color swept over her face1 and she stood up instantly1 drawing away from him1 her eyes sparkling4 ,edith ,yorke's innocence was not of that kind which is divorced from dignity and delicacy1 and smiles at freedoms from everybody4 ,pardon me6 the minister stammered1 and at the same moment1 to complete his discomfiture1 perceived that the curtain to the window directly behind them had been drawn aside1 and that ,mrs4 ,yorke stood there1 flushed and haughty1 with a look in her eyes which he had never seen there before4 ,his case was desperate1 he knew1 but he made an effort to recover4 ,i forgot myself1 he said2 but ,i assure you ,i meant no harm4 ,what harm could you have meant1 sir8 said the lady1 drawing herself up4 ,it was not an easy question to answer4 ,you have probably made the mistake of supposing that the young ladies in my family are as free in their manners as those in some other families you may know4 ,it is a mistake4 ,i have taken care that their education shall second and confirm what is always the impulse of a refined nature3 to regard such freedoms as offences when coming from any one but the one chosen to receive all favors4 ,mr4 ,griffeth might apologize1 and the apology be civilly received1 but1 when he walked away from that house1 he felt that he would not be welcomed in it again4 ,and so the church in ,seaton lost a friend and found an enemy4 ,the next ,sunday the most bitter anti-,catholic sermon of the season was preached from the ,universalist pulpit4 ,a few weeks after came a peremptory letter from ,miss ,clinton4 ,she wanted ,carl to come up to see her4 ,what was he burying himself in the country for8 ,was he raising turnips8 ,was he going to marry some freckled dairy-maid8 ,if he was1 she did not wish to set eyes on him4 ,what did they mean by leaving her to die alone1 without a relative near her8 ,it was unnatural6 ,it was a shame6 ,let ,carl come at once4 ,if he pleased her1 she would provide for him4 ,miss ,clinton's promises were not very trustworthy in this respect1 for she had successively endowed and disinherited every one of her relatives and friends4 ,but that was no reason why her request should be refused4 ,she was a lonely old woman1 and ,carl must go to her4 ,he consented rather reluctantly1 protesting that he would only stay a week4 ,but1 when he got there1 it was not so easy to tear himself away4 ,a newspaper to edit8 cried the old lady4 ,what signifies a newspaper in a little country town8 ,nobody ever reads it4 ,not when ,i edit it8 says ,carl with a laugh4 ,he found the old lady amusing4 ,no1 not even then1 ,master ,vanity1 she replies4 ,stay here1 ,carl4 ,it is miserable to be left alone so4 ,i sha'n't keep you very long4 ,you shall have any room you choose1 and money enough to be respectable1 and you may smoke from morning to night4 ,there is only one thing you may not do4 ,i won't have a dog in this house1 for two reasons3 he might go mad1 and he might worry my cat4 ,will you stay8 ,old people live longer when they have young ones about them2 and1 besides1 ,i'm lonely4 ,bird torments me4 ,she hints religion1 and reads the ,bible when she thinks ,i don't see her4 ,i know she is searching out texts that she thinks will fit my case4 ,i am getting old1 ,carl1 and ,i forget a little the arguments against all this superstition4 ,they are true1 but ,i forget them2 and sometimes in the night1 or when ,i feel nervous1 the nonsensical religious stories ,i have heard come up and frighten me1 and ,i have nothing to oppose to them4 ,alice torments me1 too4 ,she is so sure1 she looks so much1 she goes about with her religion just like a little child holding its mother's hand1 while ,i am sure of nothing1 and have nothing to lean on but this stick--holding out a cane in her shaking hand4 ,it must be comfortable to believe so1 she went on1 after two or three gasping breaths4 ,i envy the fools who can4 ,but ,i can't4 ,my head is too clear for that4 ,and ,i want you here1 ,carl1 to remind me of the arguments that ,i forget1 and to talk to me when ,i am nervous4 ,they tell me that you are a free-thinker1 and ,i know that you are clever4 ,stay1 for ,god's sake6 ,i suppose there may be a ,god4 ,carl shrank from the wild appeal in that frightened old face2 shrank yet more from the horrible task assigned him4 ,unbelief1 as he had contemplated it1 looked gallant1 noble1 and aspiring2 but this unbelief seemed like a glimpse into that perdition which he had denied4 ,in this old scoffer he felt as if contemplating a distorted image of himself4 ,it was as if he had been asked to commit a crime1 a sacrilege4 ,there was such a crime as sacrilege1 he saw4 ,but he could not refuse to stay4 ,perhaps it would be better for us both to look for arguments against than for our theories1 he said gravely4 ,anything1 so that he did not leave her1 she insisted4 ,indeed1 she wanted his masculine strength more than anything else4 ,every one about feared her1 or was tenderly careful of her1 but this young man had already more than once good-naturedly scouted her notions4 ,he was one to be fearless and tell the truth1 and she felt safe with him4 ,besides1 he was a man1 and clever1 and it would not hurt her pride to be influenced by him4 ,if her insensible and selfish heart felt no longer the necessity of loving1 it still felt the equally feminine necessity of submission and sacrifice4 ,already in the bottom of her heart was a faint hope that ,carl might insist on having a dog in the house1 and that she might show her dawning fondness for him by consenting--a greater concession than she had ever yet made in her life4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,a ,,rival ,,for ,,edith4 ,dick ,rowan came home in the spring of '#eb to begin a new life4 ,in the first place1 he was to have a ship of his own4 ,mr4 ,williams had a beautiful ship almost ready to launch1 and he was to be the master of it4 ,he was to name it1 too1 that had been promised him2 but what name he meant to bestow was as yet a secret to all but himself4 ,what could it be but the ,edith ,yorke8 ,he had other matters to settle1 too2 he must become a ,catholic4 ,he had promised ,edith that he would1 if1 on reading1 he found he could do so conscientiously4 ,he had read a good deal1 more than he liked1 indeed1 and saw nothing to object to4 ,besides1 the fact that it was ,edith's religion and the religion of his father's boyhood was a strong argument in its favor4 ,there was one other affair to settle1 the thought of which made the color drop out of his cheeks1 and his heart rise in excited throbs4 ,he had studied it over and over during this last voyage1 and his mind was made up4 ,edith was almost seventeen years old1 and he meant to speak to her4 ,she must know now1 if she ever would1 whether she was willing to be his wife4 ,perhaps something said to him by ,captain ,cary had hastened his decision4 ,the captain had seen what his studies were1 and been vexed by them4 ,you are going too far1 ,dick1 he expostulated4 ,a man never should change his religion for a girl's sake4 ,she won't like you any the better for it4 ,besides1 ,dick1 ,i can't help saying it1 you are making a fool of yourself4 ,she will marry ,carl ,yorke4 ,dick stared1 reddened1 then grew pale4 ,i think not1 he said decidedly4 ,don't say that again1 captain4 ,the first thing to be attended to1 then1 was his religion4 ,he must be a ,catholic when he met ,edith4 ,besides1 if religion gives strength1 he would feel better prepared to put his fortune to the test4 ,he went1 therefore1 to a clergyman immediately4 ,i do not wish to read any more1 sir1 he said4 ,i do not like the way in which learned men prove their arguments to be true4 ,it is too ingenious4 ,it always seems to me that the other side could be just as well proved1 if one were clever enough4 ,i am willing to believe whatever is true4 ,i cannot swear to any doctrine1 except the existence of a ,god and the divinity of ,christ4 ,those two truths ,i would stand by with my life4 ,for the rest1 ,i can only say that ,i place my mind and heart passively in the hands of ,god1 and ask him to direct them4 ,i can do no more1 except to say that1 if ,i do not believe1 neither do ,i disbelieve anything that has been proposed to me4 ,perhaps my head isn't a very good one2 ,i dare say it is not4 ,i certainly do not like subtleties4 ,it seems to me that all necessary truth may be known and believed by a very ordinary intellect with very moderate study4 ,what ,i want in religion is what ,i find in the faces of some of the poor people whom ,i see here at ,mass in the early morning1 and ,i don't believe they got that out of books1 or got it themselves in any way4 ,you are right1 the priest said4 ,what you saw in their faces was faith1 a pure gift of ,god4 ,but you believe baptism to be necessary to salvation8 ,i am inclined to think so1 but not sure1 was the reply4 ,if ,i were sure1 then ,i should already have faith1 which is what ,i come to ask for4 ,if it is necessary1 ,i wish for it4 ,the priest mused4 ,this was not a very fervent penitent certainly2 but he was a sincere one1 and in his fine1 earnest face the father read a latent fervor and power of strong conviction which would be all the more precious when aroused4 ,dick mistook the father's silence for hesitation1 and his real impatience broke out4 ,i am uneasy1 sir1 he said2 ,i wish to be one thing or another4 ,the priest looked at him4 ,what do you mean8 ,dick paused a minute1 resting his head on his hand1 then raised his bright1 clear eyes4 ,what ,i say to a priest goes no further8 he said interrogatively4 ,your confidence is safe with me4 ,edith said that ,i should tell you everything1 ,dick muttered1 half to himself1 and for a moment his dreamy eyes seemed to contemplate the picture his mind held of her saying so4 ,a smile just stirred his lips1 and he went on4 ,i was born an outlaw1 sir4 ,the conventionalities which keep many people straight had nothing to do with me4 ,then ,i like adventure1 and am hard to frighten4 ,i have been about1 and seen all sorts of people believing all sorts of things1 and one sort was as good as another1 as far as ,i could see4 ,the effect of this is1 of course1 to make one liberal2 but such a liberality1 if a man has not a settled religious belief1 unhinges the principles4 ,there have been times when ,i have thought that it wasn't much matter what ,i did4 ,i had half a mind to run away with ,edith1 and turn privateer4 ,who is this ,edith8 ,she is a little ,catholic girl who was brought up with me1 sir4 ,i'm going to ask her to marry me1 and ,i think she will4 ,she is the only person in the world whom ,i depend on1 or who has any influence over me4 ,i believe in her4 ,she is as true as steel4 ,and she believes in me4 ,i can't fail her1 sir4 ,that thought has kept me from harm so far4 ,it is a poor reason for being a ,catholic1 the father said in a dissatisfied tone4 ,it is a weak hold on virtue when your motive is an affection like this4 ,the young man smiled with a sudden recollection4 ,when we were at ,st4 ,michael's1 last winter1 there was a great storm1 and a vessel was wrecked close to the coast4 ,we went down to the shore to see1 but nothing could be done4 ,one man swam to or was washed to a little rock not far from the shore4 ,there he lay clinging1 with the waves breaking over him4 ,he couldn't have held on long1 and we could not get to him any way4 ,but ,captain ,cary brought out a big bow and arrow of his that always reminded me of ,ulysses'1 for no one but the captain1 ,i believe1 could bend it1 and1 in a lull of the wind1 he shot a little cord over to the man1 and the man drew it out4 ,hope revived his strength1 ,i suppose1 and it seemed as if the tempest waited for him4 ,we tied a rope to the cord1 and a larger rope to that1 and he drew it out1 and tied it to the rock1 and we saved him4 ,the priest smiled4 ,very true4 ,we rise1 we are saved sometimes by degrees1 and this little hold may be tied to a stronger4 ,go out into the church1 and make the prayer of the blind man1 ',lord1 that ,i may receive my sight4' ,to-morrow morning ,i will baptize you4 ,i find you sufficiently instructed4 ,that evening ,dick made a request of the priest4 ,when men were to be knighted1 in olden times1 he said1 they used to keep a vigil in the church4 ,now1 if by baptism ,i am to be made fit to enter heaven at once1 changed from a child of the devil to a child of ,god1 why1 it is worth thinking about4 ,it is a great thing to happen in a man's life1 and it happens but once4 ,i would like to keep a vigil in the church4 ,i could think there better than anywhere else4 ,the priest hesitated4 ,he hardly knew what to think of this mingled coldness and fervor4 ,besides1 the young man added1 you say that ,christ is there bodily4 ,i would like to watch with him one night4 ,it seems to me wrong to leave him alone there now1 when he is to do so much for me to-morrow4 ,the priest consented4 ,but do not fancy that the ,lord is alone1 though his earthly children forsake him1 he said4 ,doubtless the place is crowded with angels and archangels4 ,dick gazed steadfastly at the priest1 and for a moment lost himself4 ,then1 perhaps1 he began hesitatingly1 but broke off there4 ,no1 if he had preferred the company of angels1 he would have remained in heaven1 he said4 ,it will be no intrusion4 ,he comes here to be with man4 ,night came on1 the church was locked1 and all was dark save a small golden flame that burned suspended in air4 ,a watcher sat far back in one of the seats1 but after a while drew nearer1 still sitting1 not kneeling4 ,the whole place was full of silence and a sense of waiting4 ,in the shade1 the stations hung unseen1 but not unfelt4 ,he had seen them that day1 and they spoke through the dark1 ,here he fell6 ,here he was struck6 ,here he was nailed to the cross6 ,there was in this darkness and silence such a vacuum of the earthly1 that the heavenly seemed to break through the thin wall of sense and flow around the soul4 ,when the priest came in at daybreak1 he found his penitent prostrate before the altar4 ,after ,mass was over1 the baptism took place4 ,the father was struck by the countenance of his convert4 ,it wore a rapt and exalted expression1 and he appeared to see nothing of what was visibly before his eyes4 ,god bless you6 he said to ,dick on going out of the church4 ,come to see me4 ,and for a while try to think of ,god entirely1 and not of ,miss ,edith ,yorke4 ,sir1 said ,dick quietly1 ,i have thought of ,edith ,yorke but once since ,i entered the church last night2 and then it was as though the ,blessed ,virgin put her aside and stood in her place4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,a ,,page ,,of ,,the ,,past ,,and ,a ,,shadow ,,of ,,the ,,future4 ,it is1 perhaps1 hardly to be believed1 in this new country whose mental geology grows and changes so quickly that one stratum of thought and of circumstances is gone even before one has had time to analyze it--it is1 perhaps1 hardly to be believed that the shadow of the penal laws in the mother-country should still cloud with lingering touches the reminiscences of a yet unfaded life4 ,young people whose ideas and education belong to this century can still remember one of those priests of old--one of those silent champions--whom the ,english law made outcasts from their kind1 and fair game for their enemies4 ,such a one was ,james ,duckett1 the pastor of a scattered flock that covered the plain of ,gresham1 of historic memory1 to the fort of ,edgehill1 the last standpoint of the lost cause of the ,stuarts4 ,the way in which his retreat was discovered1 by a party of ,catholics from one of the large country-houses of ,gloucestershire1 was very amusing as well as interesting4 ,they were returning from a picnic at a charming old ,tudor manor-house1 one of the seats of the ,marquis of ,northampton1 by name ,compton-,wyniatts1 and where the family tradition asserts a portion of the ,royalist army to have lain hidden the eve of the terrible battle of ,edgehill4 ,the house is full of holes and hiding-places1 sliding-panels1 and trap-doors1 great ghostly chambers1 and funereal beds1 not to mention the vast cobwebbed garrets which the soldiers are alleged to have occupied4 ,it has a very deserted appearance1 and1 indeed1 its owner hardly ever lives there2 but it is picturesque in inverse ratio of its desolation4 ,just outside the front courtyard is the lawn1 shaded by chestnut-trees1 and here the picnic took place4 ,returning home1 and passing through the hamlet of ,brailes1 two miles from ,compton-,wyniatts1 the party observed some curious things lying on the roadside hedges4 ,upon examination1 they proved to be ecclesiastical vestments1 and evidently genuine ,catholic property1 ritualism being as yet unknown in the country districts of ,england4 ,it turned out that they belonged to ,mr4 ,duckett1 and the whole party repaired to ,mr4 ,duckett's house4 ,this was a cottage in a little garden1 with a hay-field between it and the old parish church1 ,protestant now1 but once the only home these costly vestments should have known4 ,there was the old man1 the priest of the past1 in the homely peasant garb1 now abandoned by the peasants themselves1 in coarse blue woollen stockings and a snuff-colored coat1 and leather garters at the knee4 ,huge-buckled shoes were on his feet1 and a thickly-folded neckcloth was wound stiffly round his throat4 ,i saw him myself1 later on1 when the existence of this living relic of the penal days was better known among the county circle4 ,the lower room of his cottage1 stone-flagged and bare1 was a little school where a few children were taught catechism and reading2 the upper rooms were reached by a steep wooden staircase outside the house4 ,here was a large upper chamber1 furnished1 and this was the chapel4 ,it was as cold1 and bare1 and poor as it could well be2 the roughest workmanship was displayed in the altar1 the rails1 and the benches4 ,the raftered and thatched roof that was immediately above was broken and untrustworthy1 and the rain of the last thunder-shower had discolored both it and the floor below4 ,the small sacristy1 off the chapel1 was in the same state of decay and dilapidation2 hence the damage done to the vestments that had been put out in the sun to dry4 ,mr4 ,duckett had treasures here that many modern churches might1 and with reason1 have envied4 ,the vestments--especially a white cope and a gold-embroidered chasuble--were very rich and beautiful1 and such as must have been1 no doubt1 a gift from some persecuted ,catholic family to the persecuted temple of ,god4 ,but1 better still1 there was a small leaden chalice1 said to have been used by many of the martyrs of ,tyburn1 by special permission given in consideration of the difficulty of obtaining gold and silver vessels for sacred purposes1 and of the probable sacrilege and spoliation the known existence of such vessels would provoke4 ,and1 among other things1 there was also a little bell1 wide and round1 like a low-crowned hat1 and four little clappers inside1 making a sweet chime when the bell was shaken4 ,this was afterwards copied by the modern artificers of ,birmingham1 but they could not transmit to their copy the mellow1 time-harmonized tone of the original4 ,in ,mr4 ,duckett's sitting-room1 a small1 unpretending1 and homely nook1 was the portrait of his revered and beloved patron1 ,bishop ,bishop1 in ,mr4 ,duckett's youth the only and supreme ecclesiastical authority in ,england4 ,the priest was an old man now1 seventy-five or thereabouts1 but his heart was true yet to his friend and patron1 whose praises he was never tired of repeating4 ,he told1 also1 how1 although parishes had been formed around him and churches had grown up at his side1 yet once his duties carried him on midnight rides and to distances of forty or fifty miles1 for a sick-call or a promised and occasional ,mass at some one of the many places that claimed his care4 ,broadway1 a village at the foot of the ,coteswold ,hills1 just at the edge of the fruitful plain or vale of ,gresham1 was one of these stations1 and now1 as for many long years past1 there stands in its midst the ,passionist ,monastery of ,st4 ,saviour1 the novitiate house for the province of ,great ,britain4 ,two hundred ,catholics and a spacious church1 model schools under government inspection1 and confraternities of many kinds1 have turned the far-off hamlet1 where a few stray and hunted ,catholics were hidden1 into a very centre of religion for twenty miles around4 ,wordnorton1 the hunting-box of the ,duc d',aumale1 and ,chipping-,campden1 a thriving little mission on the opposite ridge of the ,coteswold1 are both served from the monastery at ,broadway2 and so great is the personal ascendency of the monks1 and so universal their popularity1 that they need not fear the letter of the law1 and do often contravene it by walking abroad in their monastic habit4 ,here is one of the changes that have occurred in the straggling field of ,mr4 ,duckett's early labors2 and1 while all this is happening around him1 the calm old man waits for his summons in the same homely and unobtrusive dress he has sanctified by his daily work in the vineyard of ,christ4 ,it is said1 and ,i believe with truth--at least1 ,i hope so--that the monastic garb of all religious orders was originally modelled on the coarse habiliments of the poorest and simplest of mankind--the shepherds and husbandmen of the hard-working rural districts4 ,if so1 it suggests a very beautiful and a very happy thought1 and brings before our eyes the many parables in which ,god's church is likened to a field1 a vineyard1 an orchard1 a garden4 ,tillers of the soil and sowers of the grain1 reapers of the harvest and fosterers of the vine1 are priests and deacons1 bishops and monks2 and all through sacred history runs this touching parallel4 ,nowhere is religion without her crown of nature's weaving3 the blossoming rod and the sceptre of ,christ's jurisdiction are one4 ,and so1 to return to our friend1 the priest and pastor of a forgotten and happily buried age of persecution1 ,god's voice called him in time1 and among the many who daily wait in the temple's outer court he was chosen to blossom forth in a higher life1 and to wear his robe of glory in a nobler place than that where he had clothed himself like the poor and the unnoticed1 and only wore by stealth the sacred garments of his priesthood4 ,he died in the year #ahff1 if ,i mistake not1 and his place was filled by a young man1 newly ordained1 as if to bear witness how suddenly one state of things had died away and another had come in its stead1 but also1 perchance1 to point out to us--too secure in our present safety--that as quickly as freedom had followed persecution1 so we should be ever ready to see persecution follow freedom4 ,and in these days1 surely1 we dare not think such a past as that of ,english religious intolerance so far from us as that it should never draw near us again1 and renew itself in many shapes of tyranny and horror4 ,and this1 not only in ,england1 where religious persecution may suddenly emerge from the apparent extreme of religious indifference1 and where it may be carried on1 some day1 on members of all ,christian communities1 no longer in the name of a state church or a general catechism1 but in the name of rabid hatred to a ,creator1 ,god1 and senseless chafing against any constituted authority--not only1 ,i say1 may this happen in ,england1 but in other lands1 ,eastern and ,western1 old and new4 ,we see it to-day in red-handed ,france and ,judas-tongued ,italy2 we may see it elsewhere to-morrow4 ,persecution is an instinct of the brute2 what is not after its own kind1 it has no desire to spare4 ,the prevailing systems of philosophy--if we may so degrade the word whose first meaning is love of wisdom--tend to the apotheosis of the brute1 and the negation and indignant repudiation of anything in man above the brute4 ,when this task shall be completed1 and man educated into the right usage of his newly-discovered nature1 what are we to expect but persecution in one form or another from the new lords of the creation1 the new monarchs of the system of materialistic supremacy8 ,there is a new and subtle alchemy running through the so-called moral world1 the ,areopagus of modern thinkers4 ,of old1 all things might be resolved into component parts1 of which gold was infallibly one2 now1 all men must be resolved into perishable parts1 of which each one is stamped with the brand of the brute4 ,it is a sad contrast1 and no doubt it would be needless to define which of the two is the more harmful theory4 ,let us pass now from the life of the hidden pastor of an obscure village to an incident1 perhaps hardly better known1 in the career of one of the apostles of a great and glorious city1 the same whose comeliness has been so cruelly brought low1 and whose desolation at this moment reminds one too forcibly of the plaint of the prophet ,jeremiah over doomed ,jerusalem4 ,the ,pre de ,ravignan1 whose name is a household word in ,france1 and whose influence over the young men of his day was something all but miraculous1 was summoned one night to attend a sick-call4 ,a carriage was in attendance2 the two men who had come for him represented the case as of the greatest urgency1 but refused to take him with them unless he suffered himself to be blindfolded4 ,after briefly hesitating1 he complied with this strange request4 ,the times were dangerous1 revolution was hovering like a storm over the state1 secret societies were in ever-watchful and almost infallibly secure fermentation4 ,he himself was a well-known man1 a representative man1 one whose voice was ever raised uncompromisingly against the foes of law and order--one whose life was every day exposed1 in consequence of his grand fearlessness of conscience1 to the machinations of hidden and treacherous enemies4 ,a less suspicious man might have feared a snare in this strange condition of blindfolding a priest called to a death-bed1 but the blood of the old race of gentilhommes that was fast disappearing1 added to the courage of the consecrated line of ,god's ministers that never disappears1 made the ,jesuit strong in this hour of peril1 and he forgot himself to think only of the sinking soul to whose aid he was summoned4 ,he took the holy oils and the viaticum with him1 and left the house in the ,rue de ,svres in the carriage that was waiting at the door4 ,they drove off rapidly2 his companions pulled down the blinds1 and effectually shut out any daylight that might straggle in4 ,the motion of the vehicle1 however1 and the many sudden jerks it gave1 indicated turnings and corners as being constantly doubled1 and even suggested the not unlikely idea that this was done on purpose1 with the object of confusing the priest's recollection4 ,the two men preserved a dead silence all the time4 ,at last the carriage stopped2 the door was opened1 the ,pre de ,ravignan helped out1 and conducted up a wide staircase2 doors were opened and shut1 and then the bandage was taken from his eyes1 and he found himself in a large anteroom1 handsomely and massively furnished4 ,in the end room of this suite of apartments1 you will find the person who requires your ministry1 said one of his guides4 ,he passed room after room with the windows darkened1 and rich furniture giving a sumptuous air to the large and airy saloons1 but order reigned everywhere4 ,he saw neither sign of confusion nor heard any sound of sorrow1 nothing to indicate the presence of death or mortal sickness4 ,he began to fear that in truth he had been snared by secret enemies1 and that it was his own death he had to expect as the dnouement of this solemn masquerade4 ,the last door was reached2 a curtain hung across the entrance1 and the chamber was darkened4 ,one lamp burned in the furthest recess4 ,he looked in vain for signs of sickness2 there were none4 ,the room was a drawing-room1 and was furnished much like the rest4 ,but soon a form rose to meet him1 coming slowly from the luxurious lounge near the solitary lamp4 ,it was that of a young man1 very handsome1 and fashionably dressed4 ,he looked pale and anxious1 and his hands trembled slightly as he moved4 ,yet sick to death he certainly was not4 ,was this his executioner1 or some part of the ghastly pageant of his own coming doom8 ,the priest paused1 and the young stranger said1 in eager1 hollow tones3 ,mon pre1 it is for me that you are here4 ,i am going to die4 ,i shall be dead within twenty-four hours1 but ,i obtained this favor that ,i might first make my peace with ,god4 ,my son1 what does this mean8 asked the priest4 ,you are not ill6 ,no2 yet ,i shall not see to-morrow's sunset4 ,i dare say no more4 ,i must make my confession4 ,an hour went by2 the solemn mysteries that pass unseen and undreamt-of by the careless world soothed and comforted the doomed man4 ,we know nothing further1 nor can we ever know aught concerning this dread interview on the very threshold of invisible death2 but1 the priest's duty done1 the young man craved his blessing and his prayers1 and took an agonizing farewell of the last human being who was to show him mercy and promise him forgiveness4 ,reluctantly1 sorrowfully1 the priest parted from the victim1 and wended his way through the splendid rooms1 whose beauty now seemed so baleful1 as though it were but the refinement and gloss of cruelty1 the gay mask that hid the torture-chamber4 ,at the door of the anteroom1 the same silent guides were watching his return1 and1 again blindfolding him1 led him out of the gates that closed on such strange mysteries1 and hid from view such appalling possibilities of horror4 ,how many might there have been of these human holocausts1 immolated in silence1 perchance without the gracious respite allowed this one victim6 ,how many might there have been1 perhaps priests1 beguiled by a lure such as he had thought his own carrying-off to be1 and never allowed to go forth again1 as he was being providentially helped to do6 ,and what other crimes besides silent murder might have taken place in that mysterious and seemingly demon-guarded house6 ,these and other thoughts not unlike them must have pressed painfully on his overstrung mind1 as with the same precautions1 turnings1 doublings1 and joltings the ,pre de ,ravignan was driven back to the house of his order1 the sinister guides in whose hands his life had helplessly and inevitably lain for several hours preserving yet that impenetrable silence and seemingly respectful behavior1 which in themselves were enough to shake the courage of most men4 ,the house was all astir4 ,every one had been anxious for the safe return of the superior from his mysterious and perilous errand2 for perilous they had intuitively felt it to be1 and had indeed once attempted at first to follow the carriage4 ,this1 however1 had been cleverly frustrated by the well-instructed driver4 ,search was made next day by the secret police for any house answering the only description the priest could imperfectly give2 inquiries were instituted concerning the disappearance of any person answering the minute description given by the confessor of his young penitent2 but although the police swore that they knew every house1 and could put their finger upon every individual in ,paris1 yet not a single trace could be discovered of anything unusual having taken place in the city4 ,and there the mystery remained and was forgotten1 and came to be related only as a tale of dread and wonder1 and was only known to few4 ,even so the secret organization itself1 for nothing but vagueness surrounded its palpable though ever-invisible existence1 and some believed that the parti prtre invented stories of its horrors1 and others thought they exaggerated the importance of its influence4 ,then came '#dh1 with its wild volcanic outburst all over ,europe1 and under the name of freedom a modern ,vehmgericht convulsed and tortured the civilized world4 ,those who had pooh-poohed its existence or underrated its strength were the first to crouch before its explosive power4 ,persecution began again1 for we all know the story of revolutions1 and how the final court of appeal was always death4 ,what mattered it that the persecutors handled the axe1 the guillotine1 or the rifle1 instead of the scourges1 the fasces1 the swords of the ,roman lictors8 ,amphitheatres there were1 and wild beasts to tear the ,christians in pieces1 although the former were called public squares1 and streets1 and gardens1 and the wild beasts were hideous human forms4 ,one ,archbishop of ,paris in '#dh was shot down--perhaps by chance1 but who can tell save only ,god8--on the barricades1 as he was trying to quiet the infuriate rabble2 another ,archbishop of ,paris followed him in '#ga1 more foully murdered in shear demoniac wantonness1 because order and authority were represented in his person1 and because to be a child of ,god was a burning reproach offered to the godless and soulless ,commune4 ,thus1 two ages of persecution join hands within a short half-century1 and in one life1 yet in its prime1 two figures are prominently and personally interwoven3 the old peasant priest who almost dreaded to have the sanctuary lamps lighted for fear of attracting unwelcome notice1 so imbued was he with the idea that before the law a ,catholic must need be a criminal2 and the intrepid ,jesuit1 having secret dangers in the fulfilment of his ministry1 and knowing full well that1 before the self-styled law of lawless liberty1 to be a priest is to be nothing better than a dog4 ,some talk lightly of these things that are passing as of mere ebullitions that cannot fail to be quelled2 but where is the power to quell1 the power to charm these serpents1 to humanize these savages8 ,gone from the kings of the earth1 who have abjured the aid of religion1 who have expelled her from the schools and colleges1 and repudiated her offices in the most solemn and tender relations of life4 ,gone from the philosophers of this century1 who control the thoughts of millions by pandering freely to their passions1 and whose first axiom is that everything that is natural is right4 ,gone from the timid politicians1 whose precarious object is1 not the happy and steady consolidation and progress of the state1 but the maintenance of themselves and their creatures in office1 and the increase of their hoarded fortunes4 ,gone1 too1 from the poets and artists1 who should clothe truth and religion in dignified and attractive forms1 but whose dearest aim is but to court popularity by encouraging vice4 ,gone1 in a word1 from all whose mission it is to raise and guide the people1 simply because they find it more profitable to grovel with and follow them4 ,and religion stands this day as our divine ,lord stood centuries ago in the ,garden of ,gethsemani1 with lukewarm and timid disciples in numbers1 and with a ,judas striving with honeyed words to betray her4 ,the sword she may not use1 nor any earthly weapon2 for1 if ,god would have it so1 could he not send her twelve legions of angels8 ,but no2 she stands as he stood1 unarmed2 and when she preached with the voice of princes and commanded through the mouth of statesmen1 no one attacked her1 even as the ,jews did not apprehend ,jesus when he taught openly in the synagogue4 ,but when worldly power was taken away1 when concordats were broken1 when heresy rose up in her midst1 the enemies of the church fell upon her1 and in their onslaught tore up kingdoms by the root and trampled order in the dust4 ,the crushed ones look to her--they shall look upon him they have pierced--imploringly1 but they had tied her hands1 they had crippled her in the days of their triumph1 and the deluge breaks over them and annihilates them1 while it tosses the church on its turbid waves1 and at each angry toss only lifts the ,ark of the ,covenant safer and higher toward heaven4 ,we may be only at the beginning of a scathing trial3 we may be almost at its end4 ,we have seen the blood of the martyrs flow once more2 we have seen '#ga rival '#ic1 and the ,mazas ,prison reflect the ,massacre des ,carmes2 elsewhere we see the spectre of blood not yet let loose1 but hiding impatiently behind the spirit of sacrilege and spoliation4 ,perhaps this is the hour before the dawn2 perhaps only the first watch of the night4 ,but let us not think that the nineteenth century bears a charmed life1 and that we dwellers in it have a prescriptive right to a safe and easy-going existence4 ,we must be for the church1 in her1 with her of her2 be hers in spirit and in truth1 not merely pause and hesitate at the threshold1 or linger within the outer courts4 ,this is the hour of conversions1 for the next may be the hour of martyrdom4 ,and above all1 it is the hour for sound philosophy1 that will lead us firmly by the hand into the haven of faith1 and show us that1 to be a good citizen1 one has need to be a perfect ,christian4 ,truth is one2 and just as water will rise to its own level1 so all particles of truth will lead to the fountain of truth4 ,the church has solved all problems1 and fulfilled all yearnings1 and realized all ideals long ago2 and while men are seeking what they severally want1 the church has offered it to thousands of their forefathers before they themselves were ever born to seek it4 ,,sancta ,,dei ,,genitrix4 ,mother of ,god6 ,my ,queen is simply this4 ,for this elected1 the eternal ,mind ,conceived her in its infinite abyss-- ,with the ,god-man co-type of human kind4 ,and she1 when came the wondrous hour assigned1 ,conceiving her ,conceiver1 girt him round1 ,and held in her ,immaculate womb confined ,that ,essence whom the heavens cannot bound6 ,then brought him forth1 her little one1 her own2 ,and fed her suckling at her maiden breast-- ,the only pillow of his earthly rest1 ,and still for evermore his dearest throne ,o ,lady6 what the worship faith allows8 ,the ,eternal calls thee ,daughter1 ,mother1 ,spouse6 ,,liquefaction ,,of ,,the ,,blood ,,of ,,st4 ,,januarius4 ,on the nineteenth day of ,september1 there will be gathered together from five to eight thousand persons in the grand cathedral of ,naples1 to witness again an occurrence which1 though it has been witnessed thousands of times already1 never fails to fill the beholder with astonishment and awe4 ,perhaps one-half of the crowd may be from the city of ,naples itself4 ,a large portion comes from other parts of ,italy4 ,many are from ,austria1 ,illyria1 ,hungary1 ,bavaria1 and ,prussia1 ,russia1 ,england1 ,france1 and ,spain4 ,some are from the ,western hemisphere4 ,and ,moors1 ,egyptians1 ,arabs1 and ,turks1 ever travelling along the shores of the ,mediterranean1 are here1 too1 raising their turbaned heads among these thousands in the cathedral1 as intent and as filled with emotion as any around them4 ,the greater part of that crowd believe that they are witnesses of a deed done by the direct will and power of ,god--a miracle2 and very naturally their hearts are filled with awe and devotion4 ,others1 again1 are in doubt what to believe on the point2 but they have come to see1 and to see exactly for themselves what really does occur4 ,others1 again1 are sure beforehand that it is all a trick4 ,they will spare no pains to detect the fraud4 ,what is it they are all assembled to see8 ,the large cathedral in which they stand fronts on a little square to the north4 ,at the southern extremity is placed the grand sanctuary and high altar1 with a large and rich basement chapel underneath4 ,on either side of the church above1 there are1 as is usual in ,italian churches1 small side chapels and altars2 but about the middle of the western side a large archway gives admission to a very large chapel--to-day the centre of attraction4 ,we might call it a small church4 ,the ,neapolitans name it the ,tesoro4 ,it is cruciform1 and a well-proportioned dome rises above the intersection of its nave and transept4 ,towards its western extremity1 and opposite the crowded archway or entrance from the cathedral1 stands its elevated high altar2 six other altars occupy the transept and sides4 ,the main altar stands about five feet forward1 out from the solid stone wall of the building4 ,behind that altar1 in the massive masonry of the wall1 is a double closet1 closed by strong metal doors1 and secured by four locks4 ,from this closet1 at nine ,a4,m41 is first taken out a metal life-sized bust1 held to contain what remains of the bones of the head of ,st4 ,januarius1 bishop and martyr1 who was put to death in the year #cje4 ,this bust is placed on the main altar1 at the ,gospel end4 ,next1 an old and tarnished silver case is brought out from the other side of the same closet4 ,all eyes scrutinize it4 ,the front and the back of it1 or1 rather1 both faces of it1 for they are alike1 are of heavy glass1 securely fastened to the silver frame4 ,looking through these plates of glass1 the interior of the case is seen to contain two antique ,roman vials of glass1 held securely in their places above and below by rude masses of soldering1 black with age4 ,the vials are of different patterns1 both very common in the museums of ,roman antiquities4 ,the smaller one is empty1 save some patches of stain or pellicle adhering to the interior of its sides4 ,the other one1 which might hold a gill and a half1 is seen to contain a dark-colored solid substance1 occupying about four-fifths of the space within the vial4 ,this substance is held to be a portion of the blood of the same martyred saint1 gathered by the ,christians when he was decapitated1 and ever since carefully preserved4 ,ordinarily it is hard and solid1 as it well may be fifteen hundred and sixty-odd years after being shed4 ,the case1 or reliquary1 as it is properly called1 is borne to the main altar1 and a priest holds it midway between the middle of the altar and the bust1 that is1 about a foot from the latter4 ,prayers are said2 hymns1 psalms1 and litanies are recited by the clergy kneeling near4 ,meanwhile1 from time to time the priest moves the reliquary from side to side1 that he may see whether the expected change of the substance within the vial has taken place or not2 and he presents it to the bystanders crowded around him on the steps of the altar1 that each one in succession may reverently kiss it and closely scrutinize its condition4 ,at length1 after a greater or smaller lapse of time1 perhaps in a few minutes1 perhaps only after several hours1 perhaps after many hours1 the solid mass within the vial becomes liquid--perhaps instantaneously1 perhaps rapidly1 at times more slowly and gradually1 several hours elapsing before the change becomes complete4 ,sometimes only a portion of the mass becomes liquid1 the remaining portion floating as a still hard lump in the liquid portion4 ,this change is what is known as the liquefaction of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius1 and is what these thousands have crowded the ,tesoro chapel and the cathedral to witness4 ,illustration3 ,,reliquary ,,containing ,,the ,,vials ,,of ,,the ,,blood ,,of ,,st4 ,,januarius ,,at ,,naples4 ,,scale--,nearly one-half natural size4 ,a1 ,a1 ,dark and rough masses of soldering holding the vials in place4 ,b1 ,b1 ,stains or pellicles of the blood on the interior of the smaller vial4 ,it has occurred repeatedly each year for centuries back4 ,it occurs in public under the eyes of thousands4 ,accounts of it were written by learned men and by travellers before the invention of printing4 ,in these latter centuries1 accounts of it have been published in ,latin1 in ,italian1 in ,polish1 in ,english1 ,french1 ,german1 and ,spanish--we presume1 in every language of ,europe4 ,some are written by devout believers in the miracle2 some by candid but perplexed witnesses1 who examined for themselves and are afraid to come to a conclusion2 while others that we have seen are filled with such mistakes1 both as to persons and events and to established regulations1 that we felt the writers had themselves seen little or nothing4 ,they had merely got a hint from one and a suggestion from another1 and had filled out the remainder from the storehouse of their own imagination4 ,we are privileged to insert a full account1 written by an ,american eye-witness in #ahfd4 ,we are unwilling to abbreviate it too much1 although the reader will find in it thoughts we have already expressed or may hereafter have to dwell on3 ,i had for years determined that1 if ever ,i had a chance1 ,i would go to ,naples to see myself the celebrated miracle4 ,this year gave me the desired opportunity1 and ,i would not neglect it4 ,leaving ,rome by railway1 on ,september #ag1 ,i reached ,naples that evening1 and early the next morning went to the cathedral to introduce myself1 to say ,mass1 and to take a preparatory look4 ,the cathedral is an immense semi-,gothic building1 dedicated to the ,blessed ,virgin1 to ,st4 ,januarius1 and to other patron saints of the city4 ,st4 ,januarius1 a native of ,naples1 was ,bishop of ,benevento 7a city some thirty miles1 inland71 and was apprehended in the days of persecution under ,diocletian1 held in prison1 exposed to the wild beasts without harm1 and finally beheaded near ,puzzuoli1 about five miles from ,naples1 in the year #cje4 ,his head and body were taken by the ,christians1 and transported--probably by night1 certainly in secrecy--across the bay to the southern shore1 and were entombed1 between ,mount ,vesuvius and the sea1 on the farm of a ,christian called ,marcian4 ,it was the custom of the ,christians to gather1 as far as they possibly could1 the blood shed by their martyrs1 and1 placing a portion of it in glass vials1 to deposit such vials in the tombs4 ,in the catacombs at ,rome such vials in a niche are the surest sign that a martyr was there deposited4 ,you can still see some of them1 or fragments of them1 in the opened vaults or niches of the catacombs4 ,the vials within have a thin1 dark-reddish crust1 showing still where the blood reached in the glass4 ,a few years ago1 a chemical analysis of a portion of such crust or pellicle1 made by direction of his ,holiness1 fully confirmed this historical and traditional statement of its origin4 ,such vials are also to be seen in multitudes in the ,vatican and other ,christian museums1 and in the churches to which the remains of the martyrs have been transferred4 ,as ,st4 ,januarius was a prominent ,christian1 and as his martyrdom attracted the earnest attention of all1 we may and should naturally suppose that his case was no exception1 and that a portion of the blood was gathered in his case1 and1 as usual1 that the vials containing it were deposited with the body in the tomb4 ,in the year #che1 peace having been fully restored1 and ,christian churches built1 and things quieted1 the remains of ,st4 ,januarius were solemnly transferred from their original resting-place to ,naples1 and were placed in a church or chapel dedicated to him1 and situated just outside the city walls4 ,san ,gennaro extra muros still stands1 though1 of course1 the first building has been replaced by a second1 a third1 ,i believe by a fourth church4 ,here1 henceforth1 near their martyr and patron saint1 the ,neapolitan ,christians wished to be buried4 ,and when an oath was to be taken with the most binding force and obligation1 it was administered and taken before the altar where lay enshrined the remains of this great ,neapolitan saint4 ,in course of time--it is not precisely known when1 or by what archbishop--the head of ,st4 ,januarius and the ampull or vials containing his blood were transferred into the city1 and placed in some church--probably in the cathedral1 where we know that1 eight hundred years ago1 they were carefully and reverently preserved in the cathedral1 ,tesoro or treasury1 as they called the strong1 vaulted chamber of stone in which the relics of the saints were safely kept4 ,the body of the saint was left in the church extra muros4 ,it was afterwards taken to ,benevento1 thence to ,monte ,vergine1 and in #adig was transferred to ,naples1 and now lies under the principal altar of the subterranean crypt or basement chapel1 beneath the sanctuary of the cathedral4 ,the cathedral itself is1 as ,i said1 a large semi-,gothic building1 over three hundred feet long and one hundred and twenty wide1 lofty1 well-proportioned1 and filled with columns1 frescoes1 marbles1 statuary1 paintings1 and gilding1 very bright and very clean4 ,it fronts on a small square to the north4 ,the sanctuary is at the southern end4 ,in the west side of the building is a large1 open archway1 about thirty feet broad and forty feet high1 with a lofty open-work railing of bronzed metal1 and of very artistic design4 ,a folding-door in this railing1 of the same material1 opens twelve feet wide to usher you into another good-sized church or chapel1 called the new ,tesoro or chapel of ,st4 ,januarius1 commenced in #afjh1 by the city1 in special honor of the saint1 and in fulfilment of a vow1 and consecrated in #afdf4 ,it is nearly in the form of a ,greek cross1 over a hundred feet from east to west1 and about eighty from north to south4 ,the arms are about forty feet wide1 and at their intersection a cupola rises to over a hundred feet above the level of the floor4 ,it is said this chapel cost half a million of dollars4 ,if so1 the city fathers got the full worth of their money in rich marbles1 in mosaics1 frescoes1 bronze and marble statues1 and in every sort of finest decorations4 ,there is a complete service for this chapel1 entirely distinct from and independent of that of the cathedral proper--a dean1 twelve chaplains1 other minor assistants as needed1 and a thoroughly supplied sacristy4 ,in this ,tesoro chapel are no less than seven altars2 the main one1 to the west1 opposite the entrance from the church1 another grand one1 and two subsidiary ones on either side of the chapel4 ,there is also a fine organ4 ,the main altar stands about five feet forward from the rear wall of the building1 leaving thus a commodious passage-way between them4 ,in the massive stone wall itself1 to the rear of the main altar1 are two armories1 adjoining each other4 ,in one of them1 that to the south1 the relic of the head of ,st4 ,januarius is kept2 in the other1 to the north1 are preserved the vials containing his blood4 ,these armories1 which ,i might call a double armory1 are in the solid masonry1 and are closed by strong gilt metal doors1 about thirty inches broad and fifty inches high1 each secured by an upper and a lower lock4 ,so much ,i saw at this visit in the cathedral and in the chapel4 ,the afternoon ,i devoted to a visit to ,puzzuoli1 and the scene of the martyrdom of ,st4 ,januarius and his six companions4 ,on the way1 we stopped to look at and enter the reputed tomb of ,virgil1 and we passed through the grotto of ,posilippo4 ,as the carriage rolled on over the smooth macadamized road1 the ,bay of ,naples stretched away on our left in all its beauty1 smiling and rippling in the ,september breeze1 just as it did on the day they were beheaded4 ,before us was ,puzzuoli1 once the beautiful summer resort and watering-place for the richest nobles of ancient ,rome1 often graced by the presence of the emperor himself1 and still a place of pretension4 ,on our right1 hills and vineyards and olive groves stood now as they stood then4 ,the palaces and houses which the saint looked on are all gone2 but their solid stone foundation walls have not perished1 and other houses of more modern aspect rise on them4 ,the mineral springs at the foot of the hills are still the same1 and in the same repute2 and hundreds are still going to them1 or meet us returning after their baths4 ,here and there1 alongside our smooth modern road1 we see patches of the old ,roman pavement1 large1 irregularly-shaped slabs of hard stone1 lying now much less evenly than they did when senators1 and consuls1 and prefects1 and ,roman nobles loved to walk along this road1 to enjoy the beautiful scene1 and to drink in the healthful evening breezes that came to them over the ,mediterranean4 ,we reached ,puzzuoli1 and its narrow1 crooked streets soon led us to the summit of a knoll or spur of the hills1 now a little back of the modern city4 ,here the ancients had placed their amphitheatre4 ,its remains are still well preserved4 ,the galleries for the dignitaries1 the seats for the spectators--it could hold #ae1jjj at least--the arena1 where the gladiators fought and fell1 and where wild beasts tore each other or destroyed their human victims1 are all still to be easily recognized4 ,we entered a cellar or masonry chamber under the lofty seats4 ,here the victims were kept until the hour came for thrusting them forth into the arena in the centre4 ,it is now a chapel1 with a single plain altar1 at which ,mass is celebrated from time to time4 ,a votive lamp hangs down from the arched masonry above ,the walls are plain and void of ornament4 ,the place needs little decoration4 ,who can kneel there1 and not feel his heart swell as he remembers ,st4 ,januarius and his companions kneeling and praying1 and awaiting their summons8 ,it came1 and they were led forth4 ,we went1 too1 to the arena4 ,here they stood1 sustained by the constancy of faith4 ,there is the seat aloft of the prefect and his attendants and officers1 who condemned these ,christians to death by the wild beasts1 and have come to look on the bloody drama4 ,there1 all around1 rising backwards1 row above row1 are the seats1 filled then by thousands hoarsely screaming1 ,the ,christians to the lions6 ,to their voices answered the angry growls and roars of lions and panthers1 shut in their dens beneath--those recesses in the masonry below the lowest1 the front rank of seats4 ,for one or two days past the beasts have been deprived of their food1 that they might be more furious and eager for the tragedy4 ,excited by the clamor1 maddened by hunger1 frenzied1 too1 perhaps by the sight of the victims1 whom they could see through the bars of their doors--for perhaps they had already had experience of such feasts--the beasts walked impatiently from end to end of their small prisons1 glared and growled through the bars1 or impatiently strove to tear them down4 ,the prefect gives the signal3 the multitude is hushed in silent expectation4 ,the servitors hurry forward to the edge of the seats above1 and with cords and pulleys are lifting upwards the heavy doors in their grooves4 ,the iron grates against the stone as it mounts4 ,soon out from below into the arena leap the ravenous wild beasts4 ,they rush on1 each one intent on seizing a victim4 ,they crouch1 as is their nature1 for a final spring1 fastening their glaring eyes on the martyrs2 but they spring not4 ,the eye loses its glare2 the stiffened mane and bristling hair become smooth1 and1 with moans almost of affection1 they draw themselves gently over the sand up to the martyrs1 and fawn on them and lick their feet4 ,there will be no bloody tragedy here to-day4 ,god vouchsafes to the prefect ,timotheus and to these multitudes another proof of the saintly character and heavenly authority of these men whom they would slay4 ,some1 we may hope1 were awed1 and believed1 and returned to their homes with hearts yielding to the grace of ,god2 but not so the prefect1 nor the majority of that crowd4 ,sorcery6 ,witchcraft6 ,chaldean superstition6 they cried4 ,away with the dangerous magicians6 ,if they can do this1 what can they not do8 ,who is safe8 ,slay them at once6 ,the prefect ordered them to be led out to the top of a neighboring hill1 and to be beheaded on its summit in the sight of all and as a warning to all4 ,we followed the steep and narrow old ,roman road up which they must have walked4 ,the rains have not yet washed away all of the old ,roman pavement4 ,vines and olive-trees and flowers of richest hues shade it and beautify it now1 and were not wanting to it in those days of imperial luxury4 ,to our martyrs it was the road to heaven4 ,no earthly beauty could cheer them as they were cheered by ,christian faith and the firm hopes of quickly reaching a blessed immortality4 ,we reached the spot of execution1 the level top of a knoll1 overlooking some part of the city1 the beautiful bay1 ,puzzuoli1 and much of the neighboring country4 ,a little church stands here now1 served by a small community of ,capuchins1 who hold the faith of the martyrs1 and try to imitate their virtues2 who seek first the kingdom of heaven and its righteousness1 and hope that1 like the martyrs they honor1 they may pass from this consecrated spot to the abode of bliss4 ,here the saint and his six companions were beheaded4 ,the ,capuchins showed us in the church a stone1 now inserted in the wall and carefully preserved1 said to have been stained by his blood1 and still to show the stains4 ,they said1 too1 that1 when the blood of ,st4 ,januarius liquefies in ,naples1 these stains grow moist and assume a brighter reddish color4 ,this ,i had no opportunity of verifying4 ,here1 too1 we might almost guess the route down the precipitous sides of the hill to the waters of the bay1 almost under our feet1 by which that night the ,christians bore the body of the saint to their boat4 ,across the bay1 five or six miles off1 we could see the houses of ,torre dell' ,annunziata1 near where they landed with it4 ,a little back lay the farm of the ,christian where they entombed it4 ,a ,benedictine monastery from the sixth century marked the spot4444 ,as you may well suppose1 night overtook us before we got back to ,naples4 ,the next morning1 ,i went to the cathedral again4 ,it was the #aith of ,september1 the festival proper of the saint--the day of his martyrdom and entrance into heaven4 ,the exposition of his relics1 during which the liquefaction usually occurs1 commences at nine ,a4,m4 ,i was at the door of the chapel at half-past eight4 ,i found the chapel already crammed and jammed4 ,still1 way was made for me somehow4 ,i went to the sacristy1 and was then conducted back to the chapel1 and into the space behind the main altar1 in front of the armories1 to await the hour appointed4 ,of course1 the crowd could not yet enter the sanctuary of the main altar1 much less pass behind the altar4 ,only five or six privileged persons were there4 ,mass was being celebrated at the altar itself4 ,that over1 we sat and waited1 and ,i asked questions on the all-absorbing subject4 ,since the building and opening of this new ,tesoro chapel--that is1 since ,a4,d4 #afdf--the relics are in the keeping of the ,archbishop of ,naples and the city authorities conjointly4 ,everything is regulated by the long and minute agreement then entered into by all parties4 ,i said each door of the armories has two locks4 ,the archbishop keeps the key of one1 the city authorities the key of the other4 ,the armories cannot be approached except through the open chapel1 and cannot be opened1 save by violence1 unless both parties are present with their keys4 ,i was patiently waiting for nine o'clock to strike4 ,our number was increasing4 ,at last there joined us behind the altar a tall1 thin1 gentlemanly man1 all in black1 about forty-five years of age4 ,he was introduced to me as ,count ,c----1 the delegate to-day on the part of the city4 ,he bore a large red velvet purse or bag1 with gold cords and braiding1 very rich in its workmanship4 ,opening its mouth1 he drew forth two good-sized1 long-handled antique keys with complicated wards4 ,they were connected by a steel chain1 strong and light1 about fifteen inches in length4 ,the cardinal1 ,riario ,sforza1 is absent in ,rome1 driven into exile by ,victor ,emmanuel's government2 but before leaving he gave his keys in charge to one of the chief ecclesiastics of the city in his stead4 ,accordingly1 a canon of the cathedral soon appeared1 bearing another red velvet bag1 something like the first1 but not so rich1 and1 moreover1 somewhat faded4 ,he1 too1 took out of his bag two good-sized1 long-handled keys1 equally antique in their look and complicated in their wards1 and similarly connected by a steel chain4 ,count ,c---- inserted one of his keys in the lower lock of the armory to the south1 and turned it4 ,we heard the bolt shoot back4 ,the pious-looking canon was short1 and the upper lock was rather high1 so they placed some portable steps in position4 ,he ascended them1 and inserted one of his keys in the upper lock4 ,that bolt shot back1 too2 and he swung the heavy metal door open4 ,we looked into the interior of the armory1 about two feet wide1 three and a-half or four feet high1 and sixteen or twenty inches deep1 in the masonry of the wall4 ,it was lined with slabs of white marble1 and a scarlet silk curtain hung down towards the front4 ,a thick metal partition divided it from the other armory4 ,one of the chaplains of the ,tesoro then mounted the steps1 and took out from the armory a life-sized bust of ,st4 ,januarius1 of silver gilt4 ,a mitre on the head of it1 and a short cope which had been put on the shoulders1 designated his episcopal character4 ,in the head of this bust are contained the relics of the head of the saint4 ,we know precisely when this bust was made2 for in the spring of #acjf an entry was made in the account-books of ,charles of ,anjou1 then sovereign of ,naples1 stating how much silver and how much gold from the king's treasury had been given to a certain artificer as materials1 and how much money was paid to him for his workmanship1 in making this very bust4 ,in making it1 he modelled the features after a very ancient bust of the saint1 still existing in ,puzzuoli4 ,in the archiepiscopal diary1 relative to ,st4 ,januarius1 under the date #acth ,september1 #affj1 there is a long account stating that1 it being perceived that the relics inside this bust had become somehow displaced--as well they might after #cee years--the cardinal archbishop1 on that day1 in the presence of all requisite witnesses1 had the bust opened by a goldsmith2 himself reverently took out the relics1 and held them in his hands until the goldsmith had repaired the damage2 that his eminence then reverently replaced the relics1 properly sealed1 and had the bust closed as before1 and in all this carefully observed the prescriptions of canon law4 ,since then1 everything has been untouched4 ,four other chaplains1 with torches1 attended the chaplain whom ,i saw take out this bust1 and it was borne in procession round to the front of the altar1 and deposited on the altar itself1 just where the missal would stand when the ,gospel is read4 ,they then returned to the armory4 ,count ,c---- with his second key unlocked the lower lock of the other--the northern armory4 ,the little canon again mounted the steps1 unlocked the upper one1 and swung back the metal door4 ,we looked into the armory3 it was just the fellow of the first--size1 marble lining1 red silk curtain1 and all4 ,the same chaplain then1 as before1 took out the reliquary containing the ampull or vials of the blood4 ,i will describe it4 ,conceive a bar or thick plate of silver1 about two and a-half inches wide and about sixteen inches long1 to be bent until it forms a ring or circle of about five inches diameter4 ,let a circular plate of glass of the requisite diameter be inserted and firmly fastened to the edge of the silver ring on one side1 and a similar plate of glass be also inserted and firmly fastened to the other edge4 ,you will thus have1 as it were1 the centre-piece of an ostensory1 five inches across and two and one-half inches through1 with a silver rim1 and glass plates forming the front and rear4 ,on the top1 let there be a little ornamental scroll-work1 cherubs and their wings1 and a central stem rising upward1 and bearing an oval crown three inches by two inches1 and above that a small elegantly-worked silver crucifix4 ,below the circular rim1 attach a round1 hollow bar of silver1 about one inch in diameter and three inches long4 ,it will serve as a stem to hold the reliquary by1 or as a foot which may be inserted into an opening fitted to receive it4 ,the reliquary may thus be kept upright1 whether it be placed on a stand on the altar or put away in its armory4 ,this reliquary is strong and plain1 with very little ornamentation on the silver1 but that1 they say1 in very good style4 ,inside this frame1 or case1 or reliquary1 between the front and rear glass1 and perfectly visible through them1 stand two ampull or vials of glass1 both fastened to the silver rim at top and at bottom by rough1 irregular masses of dark soldering4 ,they are held to be the identical glass vials in which a portion of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius was poured at the time of his martyrdom1 which were laid in his tomb1 and1 in #che1 were brought with his body to ,naples1 and which have ever since been carefully and reverently preserved4 ,they are of the old ,roman patterns and material4 ,one may see hundreds of just such vials in the museums of ,naples and ,rome4 ,one of them is long and narrow1 like a modern vial1 yet not so even and symmetrical4 ,the neck1 too1 does not narrow in the manner of modern vials4 ,a fillet runs three or four times round it just below the neck4 ,perhaps it was an ornament2 more probably it was intended by the maker to prevent the little vial from slipping when held between the fingers4 ,the other ampulla or vial is of a different pattern4 ,its height is the same2 the neck is a little higher up1 and is encircled by a single fillet of an undulating curvature4 ,the lower portion swells out until it is two inches in diameter1 and the vial would hold1 ,i judge1 about a gill and a-half4 ,in the interior of the first ampulla1 ,i saw two patches resembling the pellicle which ,i had seen1 at ,rome1 left on the inner surface of the glass vases after the martyrs' blood originally contained in them had entirely evaporated or passed away4 ,the other vial1 ,,the ,,ampulla1 contains a substance ordinarily hard1 dark1 with a reddish or purple hue1 and filling ordinarily three-fourths of the space within the vial1 perhaps a little more4 ,this substance is held to be a portion of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius1 still retained in this vial1 in which it was originally placed on ,september #ai1 ,a4,d4 #cje4 ,in this description of the reliquary and the ampull1 ,i have1 of course1 summed up the result of all the careful and scrutinizing observations which ,i had the opportunity of making4 ,i have not been able to learn when this silver reliquary or case was made4 ,no entry is found settling the point1 as in the case of the bust4 ,the style of ornamentation on the silver case and on the crown would indicate about the same epoch of art4 ,but ,i am inclined to think it the earlier made of the two4 ,charles of ,anjou showed himself to be too liberal in the matter of the bust to be suspected of being a niggard in preparing the reliquary1 and those coming after him would have felt bound to be guided by the example of his liberality4 ,it was probably made some time before the year #acjj1 possibly even by ,roger1 ,king of ,sicily1 who visited ,naples about ,a4,d4 #aadj4 ,but to go back4 ,as the chaplain took the reliquary out from the armory1 he examined it1 and said1 ,e duro e pieno--,it is hard and full4 ,in fact1 the larger vial1 as he showed the reliquary round to each one of the eight or ten persons behind the altar1 and as ,i most clearly saw it1 was filled to the very top1 ,i could not be mistaken in that2 but whether the contents were liquid or solid1 ,i really could not tell4 ,for the very fulness prevented any change being visible1 at least to my eyes1 in that uniformly dark mass1 even if the contents were liquid1 although the reliquary was moved freely from side to side1 held horizontally1 or even reversed4 ,after we had each one venerated and fully examined the reliquary1 the canon1 with his attendants bearing torches1 bore it in procession to the front of the altar1 and showed it aloft to the people4 ,i followed immediately behind1 and ascended the steps of the altar with them4 ,on the platform in front of the altar1 we were four3 #a4 ,the chaplain1 holding the reliquary in his hands by the stem ,i have spoken of4 ,he stood facing the altar1 or leaning over it1 between the middle and the ,gospel end1 where now stood the bust4 #b4 ,in front of the bust1 and close to the first chaplain1 on his left1 stood a second chaplain1 bearing a lighted taper in a silver hand candlestick4 ,he would sometimes hold this in such a position1 eight or ten inches off from the reliquary and behind it1 that the light from it would shine on the interior1 so that the observer would not be troubled by the reflection of the ordinary light from the surface of the plate of glass next to him4 #c4 ,count ,c----1 the city delegate1 stood at the right of the first chaplain1 and1 therefore1 in front of the middle of the altar4 ,it is his sworn duty not to lose sight of the precious reliquary from the moment the doors of the armory are opened at nine ,a4,m41 until it is replaced there1 and duly locked up1 about half an hour after sunset4 ,he cannot retire from his post at any time1 unless his place is supplied by an alternate delegate1 who has been chosen1 and who1 ,i was told1 had promised to come by #aa ,a4,m4 #d4 ,next to ,count ,c----1 ,i stood1 or rather knelt1 until the people crowded so on me that ,i positively had not room to continue in that position4 ,the people1 now that the ,mass had been over for twenty minutes or so1 had entered the sanctuary1 or had been introduced into it4 ,they completely filled the space within the rails2 they stood crowded on the steps2 they even invaded the platform itself1 not a very large one1 forcing the attendant chaplains1 who had borne the torches in the procession1 and who now remained to join with the two chaplains at the altar in the prayers1 to retire somewhat1 and kneel in a group1 off at the end of the altar2 forced the count and myself of necessity to stand2 and just left a little room for the two chaplains to turn in1 barely sufficient4 ,as ,i stood up1 ,i could see the crowd4 ,the chapel was filled2 there are1 you know1 no pews or seats in ,italian churches2 all were standing as closely as possible together4 ,the sanctuaries of the side chapels were equally crowded2 men stood on the steps and platforms of their altars2 the very bases of the columns were turned to account to afford a lofty standing room4 ,and such a crowd6 ,earnest1 intensest curiosity was marked on every face4 ,the way it mingled with awe and devotion was at times rather ludicrous4 ,hands were clasped in prayer1 and heads were bowed1 and the lips were reciting something most devoutly2 when up the head would be almost jerked1 eye-glasses1 spectacles1 and1 a little further off1 opera-glasses and lorgnettes would be levelled at the reliquary for a minute or two2 and then down with them1 and again at the prayers4 ,there were ,frenchmen1 ,germans1 ,englishmen1 ,spaniards1 and ,americans2 strangers of every nation4 ,and these had made their way1 of course1 closest to the altar2 at least they predominated in my vicinity4 ,in the body of the chapel1 the ,neapolitans and ,italians stood4 ,the crowd reached to the railing under the grand archway1 and beyond that filled the west aisle of the cathedral church1 and stretched across the nave and the east aisle to the chapels opposite4 ,the last stood nearly eighty yards off4 ,these ,neapolitans1 too full of faith and brimful of devotion on this day1 and always exceedingly demonstrative in their manner1 gave full way to their feelings1 and were praying aloud or nearly so4 ,the common people of ,naples have a habit of modulating their voices while speaking1 running up and down the gamut in a way quite novel to us4 ,you heard those tones1 not inharmonious1 from the thousands who were praying in various pitches4 ,some were in groups1 chanting or half-singing the litanies2 some groups were reciting the rosary devoutly2 others united in the acts of faith1 hope1 and charity2 and still others in prayers and hymns appropriate for this occasion1 and in their own ,neapolitan dialect4 ,to me it seemed a perfect ,babel4 ,but no one could for an instant look on them1 and doubt the earnestness of their faith and the intensity of their devotion4 ,my attention was soon drawn to one group1 or rather line1 of a score of elderly women1 from #ej to #hj years of age1 strung along outside the sanctuary railing1 from the centre door of it to the ,gospel end4 ,they all joined in one chorus4 ,they all spoke so loudly1 their tones were so earnest and modulated1 and their position made them so prominent1 that ,i asked who they were4 ,i was told they were the ancient matrons of certain families in ,naples who have ever claimed to be the blood-relatives of the saint2 and1 by right of prescription and usage1 they occupy that position along the altar-rails on occasions of the exposition of the relics4 ,they were evidently poor1 very poor4 ,it touched me to see here a dignity of descent claimed and recognized far beyond that based on wealth or worldly position--a dignity which nobles might crave in vain1 and yet from which their poverty and daily drudgery do not debar these simple souls4 ,i said they were old4 ,among them and close to them stood younger women and girls1 other members1 ,i presume1 of their families1 who at present prayed in lower tones1 inaudible1 or1 at least1 not noticeable1 in the crowd of subdued voices ,when they become grandmothers1 ,i presume they will take more prominent positions1 and feel privileged to pitch their voices in shriller tones4 ,i thought at first there was one exception4 ,i heard a clear1 bell-like1 treble voice1 which generally led their chorus of litanies or prayers1 and which never seemed to tire4 ,but ,i was mistaken in the supposition4 ,i at last traced the voice4 ,it was that of an elderly woman who will scarcely see sixty again4 ,she stood in the line1 tall1 thin1 emaciated4 ,her brow was lofty2 her eyes clear1 and blazing with animation2 her cheeks sunken in1 not a tooth left2 and1 as she spoke1 her broad chin seemed to work up and down a full inch4 ,she wore a clean1 old1 faded calico gown1 without any starch in it2 and around her head was wound1 like a turban1 a bright1 stiffened1 red and yellow bandanna1 reminding me somewhat of the respectable colored maumas ,i had seen in the ,south4 ,her voice was clear and sweet1 and she made free use of it4 ,others might tire1 or rest1 or suspend their clamorous prayers for a while2 but she1 no1 she never tired1 and her voice was ever heard among the rest1 like a clear trumpet stop in a full organ4 ,it was delightful1 at last1 to watch her occasionally1 as she kept her eyes fixed on the bust of the saint on the altar1 and every feature of her countenance kept changing to express the sense of her words4 ,were she not in church1 her hands and arms and whole body1 ,i am sure1 would have joined in the movements4 ,as it was1 she confined herself to bowing her head1 or turning it slowly from side to side1 yet always keeping her eyes fixed on the altar4 ,i had seen1 many times1 earnest1 silent1 tearful prayer4 ,here ,i witnessed equally earnest1 noisy prayer4 ,i might come to like it1 but only after some time and after many trials4 ,while this universal hubbub of prayer was filling the church1 the chaplain1 still holding the reliquary in his hands by the stem beneath1 bent over the altar1 and1 with the other chaplains and those of the bystanders who joined in1 recited the ,miserere and other psalms1 and the ,athanasian ,creed1 and various prayers4 ,his face glowed with the intensity of his feelings4 ,he kept his eyes earnestly fixed on the reliquary1 from time to time moving it over from side to side1 and examining it4 ,sometimes he rubbed the glass face1 front or rear1 as necessary1 with his white pocket-handkerchief1 that he might see more clearly the interior4 ,sometimes the other chaplain held the candle in a proper position to aid his inspection4 ,in about five minutes1 he turned round with the reliquary to the people1 and held it up1 with the candle behind it1 that all might see4 ,he let those near look as scrutinizingly as they wished1 reached it to each one of the ten or fifteen on the platform and upper steps to kiss it1 and1 if they chose1 as1 of course1 they did1 to examine it1 at six or ten inches distance4 ,he then turned to the altar as before1 and the litany of the saints was recited1 with some other prayers4 ,in about five minutes more1 he again turned towards the people1 and gave the immediate bystanders another opportunity to examine the reliquary closely as before4 ,then again to the altar for other psalms1 hymns1 and prayers4 ,this alternation of prayers at the altar1 holding the reliquary near the bust1 and of presentations of it to the bystanders and the crowd1 every five minutes or so1 continued for over half an hour4 ,but no change was visible4 ,once he left the altar1 and making his way--,i could not imagine how--into the crowd outside the sanctuary in the body of the chapel1 gave to those to the right and left of his route a similar opportunity4 ,on another occasion1 he went down again2 but this time he turned to the right1 and went along the line of relatives4 ,how their fervor increased1 how their demonstrations became more energetic1 their words more rapid1 their chorus fuller1 their voices louder and shriller6 ,he came back2 but still no change4 ,the alternations continued as before4 ,at last1 a little after ten o'clock1 ,i saw a change4 ,i think ,i was the very first to perceive it4 ,on all the previous times and up to this1 the ampulla or vial was perfectly full1 as ,i had seen it when first taken out of the armory4 ,i now noticed a faint streak of light between the substance in the vial and the top1 or1 rather1 the mass of solder into which the top of the vial entered4 ,i was sure it had not been there before4 ,i could scarcely see it now4 ,this time1 as on several other occasions1 the chaplain came twice or thrice around the ring of immediate bystanders1 those at first in front courteously giving way that others might in turn come forward4 ,but ,i1 of course1 retained my place4 ,as he came round the second time1 and approached me again--,i was within the line or semi-circle--,i saw that the streak of light was now clear and unmistakable4 ,it caught the eye of an earnest little ,frenchman who1 for the last half-hour1 had been pressing against me1 at times rather inconveniently4 ,he burst right out3 ,don't you see the light in it8 ,it is changing6 ,it is liquefying6 ,the chaplain now looked at it attentively1 moved it from side to side a little1 rubbed the glasses with his white handkerchief1 looked again1 but went round the circle of bystanders a third time4 ,again he examined it4 ,by this time the streak of light had become half an inch broad4 ,he moved the reliquary from side to side slowly4 ,we saw the vacancy now left above yield and follow his motions1 just as the air-bubble does in a spirit-level1 clearly showing the contents of the vial to be now perfectly liquid4 ,some looked on in silent awe2 some shed tears2 some cried out1 ,miracolo6 miracolo6 ,the chaplain waved his white handkerchief in signal that it really was so4 ,rose-leaves in quantities were thrown up from the crowd outside the sanctuary1 and rained down on us4 ,a dozen little birds that had been held captive in the baskets with the roses were liberated1 and rose circling upwards to the windows of the dome4 ,the grand organ burst out in the ,te ,deum4 ,the vast crowd with one voice took up the hymn1 almost drowning the full tones of the instrument4 ,the bells of the cathedral tower1 in full chimes1 sent the announcement over the city1 and the hills and valleys around1 and over the quiet waters of the beautiful bay4 ,all the bells of the other churches of ,naples chimed in1 and quickly the cannons of the ,castle of ,sant' ,elmo joined in the chorus with a grand national salute4 ,meanwhile1 hundreds were approaching the altar to see with their own eyes that the blood was liquid1 and to venerate the relics4 ,another chaplain now relieved the first1 and continued to present the reliquary to those who were crowding up4 ,i still retained my position4 ,the blood continued to diminish in volume1 until it sank so as to be a full half-inch below the neck of the vial4 ,it was perfectly liquid1 and1 when the reliquary was turned or inclined1 it ran off the up-raised sides of the ampulla at once leaving no more trace behind than would so much water4 ,after half an hour or so1 the bust and the reliquary were carried in procession out from the chapel into the cathedral4 ,the procession moved down the western aisle towards the doors of the church1 turned into the grand nave1 and advanced up to the sanctuary4 ,the bust was placed on the high altar1 and the canons of the cathedral replaced the chaplains of the ,tesoro chapel in the duty of presenting the reliquary to the people1 as they approached in undiminished numbers to venerate and inspect it4 ,at eleven1 ,i said ,mass at the altar where ,i had witnessed the liquefaction4 ,after the ,mass1 ,i went into the church1 and spent another half-hour there4 ,thousands pouring in from the streets were still flowing in a constant stream towards the high altar4 ,a little after twelve1 ,i left4444 ,next morning1 ,i said ,mass again on the same altar at eight ,a4,m41 and before nine o'clock was again at the doors of the armories4 ,count ,c---- came punctually with his bag of keys4 ,so did the little canon on the part of the archbishop4 ,i was told that the sacred relics had remained exposed all day1 after ,i left1 on the high altar of the cathedral1 the blood remaining liquid all the time2 and that1 about dark1 they had1 according to rule1 been brought back to the ,tesoro chapel1 and had been locked up1 as usual1 for the night1 in the armories4 ,this morning1 they were to be again brought out4 ,count ,c---- and the canon used their keys just as yesterday4 ,the bust was taken out1 and carried in procession to the front of the altar1 as before4 ,then the other armory was opened1 and the reliquary was taken out by the chaplain4 ,it is hard1 and at its ordinary level1 he said1 and showed it to us4 ,the blood now stood in the ampulla1 not1 as yesterday1 filling it1 but reaching only to about an inch below the neck1 leaving about one-fourth of the space within unoccupied4 ,it was certainly solid and hard2 for he turned the reliquary to one side and the other without its moving at all4 ,he even held the reliquary upside down1 and the blood remained a firm and unmoved mass1 attached to the bottom of the now up-turned ampulla4 ,it was carried to the altar4 ,we stationed ourselves just as yesterday4 ,the sanctuary was filled with visitors1 but not so crowded as on the former occasion4 ,the chapel1 too1 was not so densely jammed4 ,none were forced to stand out in the church for want of room4 ,the relatives were at their post1 and prayed just as before2 but the miracle having occurred on the feast itself1 they were satisfied that it would occur1 as a matter of course1 each day of the exposition throughout the octave4 ,at least1 so ,i read their countenances1 which were less nervously anxious than yesterday4 ,the chaplain commenced the ,miserere1 the ,deus tuorum militum1 and sundry prayers1 the clergy joining in4 ,every five minutes or so1 he turned to show the reliquary to the people1 especially1 of course1 to those immediately around the altar4 ,in just sixteen minutes after we had reached the altar1 the first symptom of the coming change showed itself4 ,as the chaplain held the reliquary for a moment completely reversed1 and steady in that position1 ,i noticed that the surface of the blood within the ampulla1 now1 as he held it1 underneath1 showed a tendency to sag downwards1 as if it were softening4 ,soon again1 ,i saw that around the edge1 where it touched the glass1 it had changed color1 and was of a brighter red than in the middle1 and seemed very soft1 almost liquid4 ,in fact1 as he would incline the reliquary to one side or another1 the entire mass within began soon gradually to slide down and occupy the lowest position4 ,still1 though soft1 it was thick1 and could scarcely be called liquid4 ,then1 in two or three minutes more1 it became still softer1 until it was quite liquid1 with a lump1 nevertheless1 which seemed to remain hard and to float in the liquid portion4 ,to-day1 as the glass was moved1 the liquid would run off1 of course4 ,but1 whereas yesterday it left the glass quite clear and clean1 as water would do1 now1 on the contrary1 it left a reddish thick tinge behind1 which only slowly sank down into the general mass4 ,after a while1 too1 the blood seemed to froth1 or show bubbles on its surface--to boil1 as the ,italians say4 ,i remained over half an hour more to see it1 and ,i noticed that at the end of that time the lump had disappeared1 and all was quite liquid4 ,the frothing continued4 ,after this1 ,i was invited to go into the sacristy1 where they showed me the superb ecclesiastical vestments belonging to the chapel--the mitres1 necklaces1 chalices1 ciboriums1 ostensories1 and other rich jewelry--in great part1 the gifts of emperors1 kings1 and other nobles and wealthy ones1 who1 for centuries past1 have given them as offerings to this sanctuary on occasion of their visits4 ,finally1 ,i had to tear myself away4 ,returning for a few moments to the chapel1 ,i found the crowds still approaching the altar to examine and to venerate the relics4 ,reluctantly ,i left the cathedral1 and in a few hours a railway-train was bearing me fast and far away from ,naples4 ,i have thus1 my dear ,s----1 set forth minutely and at length what ,i saw4 ,they say that in the liquid blood one may still sometimes see a small fragment of straw floating about4 ,if so1 it must have been taken up with the blood when it was gathered at the execution of the saint1 and must have glided unperceived into the ampulla when the blood was poured into it that day4 ,a young friend with me thought he caught a glimpse of it4 ,his eyesight is keen1 which1 you know1 mine is not4 ,anyhow1 ,i did not see it4 ,i need not tell you of various other little points of which the ,neapolitans speak1 as ,i had no opportunity of testing them or verifying them myself4 ,i have told you1 simply and straightforwardly1 what fell under my own experience4 ,our readers will not regret the length of this account of the liquefaction1 so full and minute in the details4 ,the letter from which we extract it was written immediately after the visit of the writer to ,naples1 from notes made at the time1 and while the impressions left on his memory were still fresh4 ,it was not necessary1 in a letter like that we have made use of1 to enter on the discussion of mooted points of archology4 ,the writer simply sets forth the opinions which1 after more or less of examination1 he felt inclined to adopt4 ,we say here that there is a difference among writers as to the year in which the body of ,st4 ,januarius was transferred from the original sepulchre to the church of ,san ,gennaro extra muros1 and there is still a graver difference as to the precise place of the original tomb4 ,some have held that the execution took place on a more elevated spot on the same hill which the letter mentions--about a quarter of a mile distant from the church of the ,capuchins--and that this church marks not the site of the execution1 as the letter holds with the ,neapolitan archologists1 but the site of the first temporary interment1 from which the body was borne to ,naples1 twelve or fifteen years later than the year assigned above4 ,these are minor points1 on which we may let antiquaries argue at pleasure4 ,in another article1 we purpose to examine the character of the fact of the liquefaction of the blood of ,st4 ,januarius1 according to exact records of its history for several centuries back4 ,for the present1 we close with the latest account of its occurrence which has fallen under our eye4 ,the ,pall ,mall ,budget1 of ,may #bf last1 has the following3 ,the blood of ,st4 ,januarius seems to have been lately in a more perturbed state1 if possible1 than ever4 ,the ,libert ,cattolica of ,naples gives an account of some unusual appearances presented by this relic1 on the #fth inst41 one of the annual occasions on which the holy martyr is honored in the cathedral of ,naples4 ,on the day in question1 ,saturday1 ,may #f1 at a quarter-past four ,p4,m41 the reliquary being brought out of its tabernacle1 where it had remained since the #afth of last ,december--the feast of the patronage--it was found partly liquid1 as when laid up4 ,it continued in the same state during the procession 7from the cathedral to the church of ,st4 ,clara71 and1 after thirteen minutes of prayers1 the sign of the miracle was given1 the portion which had remained hard being perceptibly still more dissolved1 so as to show that the miracle had taken place4 ,gradually1 during the kissing of the reliquary by the congregation at ,st4 ,clara1 it became entirely dissolved4 ,on its return to the cathedral1 contrary to what had taken place during the last few years1 it was found to be completely hardened4 ,when carried into the chapel of the ,tesoro1 it dissolved anew1 and now entirely1 yet remaining thick and glutinous2 and in that state was laid up1 about ten ,p4,m4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,lucas ,,garcia4 ,,from ,,the ,,spanish ,,of ,,fernan ,,caballero4 ,in an age when all impressions are effaced by the double hammer of civilization and incredulity1 it is touching and beautiful to see a people preserve a stable character and immutable beliefs4 ,i4 ,eastward from ,jerez1 in the direction of the ,sierra de ,ronda1 which rises in a succession of terraces1 as if to form a suitable pedestal for the rightly named ,san ,cristbal1 lie the extensive ,llanos de ,caulina4 ,a bare and uniform road drags itself for two leagues through the palmettoes1 and makes a halt at the foot of the first elevation1 where a lazy rivulet widens in the sun1 and1 stagnating in summer1 changes its waters into mire4 ,on the right is seen the castle of ,malgarejo1 one of the few ,moorish edifices that time and his faithful auxiliary in the work of destruction1 ignorance1 have left standing4 ,time makes ruins1 groups them1 crowns them with garlands1 and adorns them with verdure1 as if he desired to have them for places of recreation and rest2 but the barbarian ignorance gives no quarter--his only delight is in dust2 his place of repose1 the desert waste2 his end1 nothingness4 ,the angles of the castle are flanked by four large towers4 ,these1 as well as the walls of the whole enclosure1 are surmounted by well-formed turrets1 perfect still1 and without notch or break in their beautiful uniformity4 ,the castle took its name of ,malgarejo from a knight of ,jerez1 by whom its reduction was accomplished in a manner so curious1 that we cannot resist the inclination to relate it1 for the benefit of those who are unacquainted with the tales of partisan exploits that abound in the annals of ,jerez4 ,in the beginning of the thirteenth century1 a hundred and fifty ,moors1 with their families1 occupied the castle4 ,they went clothed in white1 according to the custom of their nation1 and mounted gray horses4 ,shut up as they were1 they procured their subsistence by foraging the country at night1 and carrying to their stronghold whatever booty they could seize4 ,malgarejo resolved to get possession of this formidable place4 ,it was surrounded1 at that time1 by a wide moat4 ,this moat--opened by the ,moors for their protection1 and afterward serving them for a sepulchre--no longer exists4 ,the ,christian cavalier had a slave that was a most accomplished horseman1 and to him he promised liberty if he would swear to devote himself to the proposed undertaking4 ,the slave1 agreeing1 was entrusted by his master with a mare of singular agility1 and was directed to train her to leap a ditch1 which was to be enlarged1 by degrees1 to the width of the one that surrounded the ,saracen castle4 ,this being accomplished1 ,malgarejo called together his followers1 disguised them as ,moors1 caused them to cover their horses with white cloths1 and1 one night1 when the garrison had sallied out upon a raid1 approached the fortress4 ,those within1 taking his host for the one they were expecting1 viewed its approach without suspicion4 ,when the ,christians came nearer1 they saw their mistake1 and would have raised the bridge1 but the slave of ,malgarejo had already leaped the moat1 and cut the cords1 so that it could not be lifted2 and the ,jerezanos made themselves masters of the castle4 ,the sight of this stronghold1 over which the destroyer ,time has passed leaving as little trace as would the footstep of a bird1 transports the beholder to the past with such vividness of illusion1 that he is surprised not to see the pennon of the half-moon fluttering above its towers1 and misses a snowy turban from behind every one of its turrets4 ,no fitter place could be found for the representation of a fight or of a tournament between ,moors and ,christians4 ,the road to ,arcos leaves on its left the sleeping stream and the dead fortress1 within whose precinct1 like ants in a skeleton1 laborers plying the tools of peaceful husbandry are moving4 ,ascending this first step of the mountain1 the traveller crosses other plains1 covered as far as the eye can see with rich harvests1 and1 finding no nearer inn or stopping-place1 takes his siesta at the grange of ,la ,peuela1 formerly the property of the ,carthusian fathers--an order so pious1 so severe1 so worthy and respected1 that the country folk still ask each other1 ,and was there indeed a power that could1 and a hand that would dare to touch such men and such things8 ,as the country rises1 it covers itself with olive groves1 as if it would shelter white and ancient ,arcos in the pride with which she preserves her title of city1 her venerable privileges1 and her state parchments1 in spite of decline1 or1 better said1 in spite of her still life1 in the midst of the progress that waits upon the march of time--a progress at once gentle1 deliberate1 and spontaneous4 ,true to the guerilla traits of her ,moorish founders1 ,arcos appears to the traveller1 wearied with the ascent1 alternately advancing and retiring1 until1 passing between two high rocks1 he enters unexpectedly into a city so beautiful for situation as to astonish and delight even those who are rarely moved by the charms of nature or the enchantments of the picturesque4 ,one afternoon1 in the year #ahdj or thereabout1 a crowd of people might have been seen entering a poor-looking house in the barrier of ,san ,francisco4 ,from this house they had carried1 on the previous day1 the body of one who had been its mistress1 and the neighbors were now uniting for the condolement required by the rigorous etiquette which is observed by the people1 and which manifests the instinctive courtesy and dignity that distinguish them4 ,for all etiquette and all ceremonial are founded upon these bases1 and are not the ridiculous and superficial things1 either in public or private life1 that the revolutionary spirit of the age1 and the anxiety to escape from every rein1 material and moral1 would make us believe4 ,ceremonial and etiquette1 in the right acceptation of the words1 are external conduct1 disposed so as to give worship to things divine1 consideration and respect to things human4 ,on entering the house1 the women assembled in the parlor of the mourner's habitation4#afj ,opposite this room was another1 which had been lent by a neighbor for the accommodation of the men4 ,upon a mat in the middle of the apartment first mentioned was extended a handkerchief1 into which each person1 as he entered1 threw one or two copper coins1 destined for the stipend of the ,mass of ,san ,bernardino4 ,this custom is observed not only among the poor1 but also among those who are well-to-do1 for this ,mass must be owed to charity4 ,let sceptics and rationalists explain this as best suits them4 ,we look upon it as an act of humility1 joined to the desire of uniting many suffrages4 ,and although we may be more impressed with terrestrial honors1 such as a splendid funeral1 a showy catafalque1 and a proud mausoleum1 the fervent petition of the heart1 the coin given in charity1 the prayers of the church1 are better suffrages for heaven4 ,in a corner of the room1 upon a low chair1 was the principal mourner1 a little girl of eight years4 ,wearied with weeping for her mother1 and with remaining so long in one position1 she had leaned her head against the back of the chair1 and fallen asleep--for sleep is a lover of children1 and hastens to their relief whenever they suffer in body or spirit4 ,poor ,lucia1 said one of the mourners1 a kinswoman of the deceased1 glancing at the child1 how she will miss her mother6 ,this was the thorn that poor ,ana carried to the grave fastened in her heart1 observed a neighbor4 ,but1 asked another1 of what did she die8 ,only the ground that covers her knows what ailed her1 answered the relative1 for ,ana did not complain4 ,if she had not been so thin1 you might have drunk her2 as yellow as a waxen flower1 and so weak that a shadow could have knocked her down1 no one would have thought that she was on her way to ,holyfield4 ,she died of a broken heart6 exclaimed an energetic-looking young matron2 all the world knows it2 and because we have an alcalde that is afraid to strap his breeches to the work and cast out of town with the devil's sling these trulls of strangers who come among us to set up drinking-houses1 and chouse married men1 to their perdition and the ruins of their families6 ,yes1 yes1 the alcaldes have eyes of fishes for all these things1 said the relative of the deceased1 just as they have owls' eyes for some others4 ,but they'll get their pay1 woman2 for though ,god consents1 'tis not for ever6 ,yes1 answered the first--consents to the death of the good1 and lets the bad live1 and crow on4 ,god reserves the justice of heaven for himself4 ,the rod of earthly justice he puts into the hands of men2 and a fine account they'll have to give of the way they use it6 ,i'd like to break the one our alcalde carries upon his shoulders6 ,neighbor1 said an old woman1 you are more hasty than a spark from the forge2 you attack like the bulls1 with eyes shut4 ,think whom you are speaking of2 and bear in mind that 'evil wounds heal1 but evil fame kills4' ,poor ,ana was never well after her last confinement4 ,death does not come without a pretext3 the summer pulled her down1 and ,september finished her2 for 'from friar to friar1#afa ,god be our guard6' ,of course1 ,aunt ,maria1 retorted the young woman1 it's quite proper for you1 because you are aunt to ,juan ,garcia1 and cousin to the alcalde1 to say so2 for 'with reason or without it1 aid us ,god and our kin4' ,but ,i tell you that my ,jos is not to set his foot inside of ,la ,leona's#afb gin-shop2 and ,i'll see that he don't6 ,a man may be as honest as ,job1 but in 'the house of the soap-maker he that doesn't fall slips4' ,and say what you please1 you who are a widow1 with the coolness of age in your veins1 ,i shall not go back of what ,i have said4 ',he that jumps straight1 falls on his feet1' and ,i say1 and resay it3 they ought to flay alive the good-for-nothing calamary of a she-sergeant1 with her sentry-box figure1 and face darker than an oil-skin1 so full of pock-marks that it looks as if she had fallen into a bed of chick-peas1 and more hair on her lip than a grenadier6 ,remember the proverb1 ',salute the bearded woman at a distance6' ,and her children1 said the mourner--little imps that she keeps so greasy and neglected6 ,they look like a nest of calamaries4 ,but she thinks them little suns1 added another4 ,ya6 exclaimed the first who had spoken2 said the black beetle to her young ones1 ',come hither1 my flowers6' and the owl calls hers 'drops of gold4' ,who ever saw such a thing1 sirs1 she continued1 growing excited--who ever saw anything so wicked as to dupe a married man1 the father of children1 ruin him1 pull down his house1 and murder his wife by inches6 ,and this is known and permitted6 ,i tell you1 such a thing sinks deep6 ,yes1 it is worse than stabbing with a knife1 exclaimed one woman4 ,it cries to ,god6 added another4 ,it is a scandal of the monstrous kind1 proceeded the first4 ,poor ,ana1 though ,i did not see much of her1 ,i loved her well4 ,almond-paste is not milder than she was1 and as meek and free from malice as a sheep in the hands of the butcher4 ,o men6 men6 ,there is a curse on them that pull their clothes on over their feet2 and that is the reason our dear ,lord would not wear breeches1 but always dressed in a tunic4 ,come1 daughter1 said ,aunt ,maria1 nothing is mended by malediction1 nor by spitting out the quinine4 ,let us pray for the soul of the departed1 for that is what will really benefit her4 ,these words were the signal for complete silence4 ,aunt ,maria took her rosary1 the rest following her example1 and1 after saying the act of contrition and a solemn credo1 proceeded to recite the rosary of souls1 repeating three times after the ,paternoster1 and instead of the ,hail ,mary1 ,o ,lord1 by thy infinite mercy1 the others answering in chorus1 ,grant to the souls of the faithful departed peace and glory4 ,nothing was now heard in the mourning room of the women but the grave murmur of the prayers and suppressed sighs of pity and sorrow4 ,the other parlor presented a very different spectacle4 ,the widower1 serene as a glass of water1 and cool as a fresh lettuce1 now that the day of the burial had passed1 considered himself dispensed from the attitude of mourning1 and smoked1 listening and talking to all1 just as usual1 as if death had entered his house and departed without leaving either trace or impression of his awful presence4 ,the indifferent ones followed his example1 so that1 had not all worn cloaks1 no one would have supposed that this was a condolement1 a tribute of love and respect to a life that had ended1 and of sympathy with an overwhelming sorrow4 ,the only figure that appeared to be in harmony with the object of the reunion was that of a boy thirteen years old1 the son of the deceased1 who sat near his father with his elbows resting on his knees1 and his face buried in his hands1 weeping inconsolably4 ,what kind of day has it been8 asked the widower4 ,unhealthy1 answered one4 ,and the sky8 ,patched2 ,i think the rain is not far off4 ,there was fog this morning1 and 'fog is the rain's sponsor and the sun's neighbor4' ,the wind will soon sweep the cobwebs from the sky1 said a third1 for it blows from sunset side4 ,the rain is shyer than sixpences4 ,no matter1 answered the first1 last year it did not rain till ,all ,saints2 and a better year1 or another of the same piece1 hasn't been seen since the creation4 ,laborers1 farmers1 and tenants all got tired of gathering1 and had more than enough--the barley1 in particular1 grew so thick that you couldn't set a spade between the blades4 ,the month of ,january is the key of the year4 ,if the sky does not open in ,january1 there will be no harvest4 ,hola6 ,uncle ,bartolo6 all exclaimed1 as a small1 vigorous old man entered the apartment4 ,where do you hail from8 where have you been ever since we missed you from here8 ,uncle ,bartolo1 after offering to the mourner the usual condolences1 seated himself1 and1 turning toward his interrogators1 replied3 ,where do ,i come from8 ,the district of ,doana1 without varying from the most direct line4 ,since the ,french war ended1 and ,i took the road1 ,i have been water-carrier#afc to the ,you ,sirs4#afd ,they have them there in ,doana of all complexions--legitimate1 grafted1 cross-breed1 and supposititious1 even ,english4 ,caballeros6 ,deliver us2 but those ,swiss of the ,french are the ones6 ,stout fellows2 very white2 very ruddy2 very fair-haired1 and very puffy4 ,but as to spirit1 they have no more than they drink2 and grace1 they have not any4 ,they carry their arms like the sleeves of a capote1 and set their feet down like pestles4 ,whenever ,i saw those feet that resembled jabeques1#afe ,i used to say to myself1 ',a good foot and good ear ,signs of a good beast are4' ,for talking1 they make use of a kind of jargon that1 in my opinion1 they themselves don't understand4 ,these parleys that ,i don't comprehend displease me1 for ,i never know whether ,i am being bought or sold4 ,there was one--the size of a tunny-fish--they called ,don ',turo4#aff ,he fell to me4 ,to see him blowing and sweating over those sands made one pity him1 for a league finishes them2 the sun offends them2 the heat makes them weak1 and dissolves them entirely4 ,that platter face would persist in doing everything contrariwise1 as they do it in his country4 ,once he took it into his head to use my clasp-knife to eat with1 and cut himself4 ,with that he got out a medicine-chest as big as a surgeon's4 ',go along6' said ,i to myself1 'a spider bit me1 and ,i bound the wound up in a sheet4' ,he was as hard-headed as a corner4 ,another time he made up his mind that he ought to shoot a partridge1 and1 though ,i told him it was against the law to shoot partridges at that season1 he fired1 and would have fired if his father had stood before the mouth of his gun4 ,he fired and killed an urraca4#afg ',sir1' said ,i1 'what has your honor done8' ,says he to me1 ',killed the partridge4' ',why1 sir1 it isn't a partridge1 it's an urraca4' ',it's all right1' said the big bungler1 quite composedly4 ',but it is not right1' answered ,i2 'the killing of urracas is prohibited4' ',and who prohibits it8' he asked1 putting on his face of a lion4 ',i have my license1 that cost me three thousand reals4' ',but1 sir1 that is for large game--you understand8 ,the urracas mustn't be killed4 ,you comprehend8' ,says he to me1 ',in this country of ,santsima ,mara'--for1 as ,i have told you already1 he said everything reversed1 as they do in his--'in this country there's no end of privileges1 and do the very urracas have them8' ,that question was so foolish1 or else meant to be ironical1 that ,i didn't care to set him right2 so ,i told him1 ',yes1 privileges that were granted to them in very ancient times1 by ,doa ,urraca herself4' ,he took out a blank-book and wrote that down4 ',let the ball roll1' said ,i in my jacket1 'it isn't my business to stop it4' ,but1 ,uncle ,bartolo1 why may they not kill urracas in the district8 asked a young man4 ,because they are the ones that planted the pine woods1 answered ,uncle ,bartolo4 ,oh6 none of that6 you are not talking to platter-face1 replied the youth4 ,so ,i perceive1 since his swallow for novelties was too big2 and you--for a blockhead of those who believe only what they see--haven't any4 ,nevertheless1 sir1 that the urracas do plant the pines is a truth as evident as a house4 ,they open the ripe cones1 and pick out the seeds for food4 ,being very saving birds1 they bury those that they can't eat2 and1 being very brainless ones1 they forget all about it and never go back to look for them2 and the seeds sprout4 ,if it were not true1 why would the dukes prohibit the killing of urracas1 when they are thicker in the district than sparrows on a threshing-floor8 ,therefore1 ,alonso1 no one may say1 ',this camel can't enter the eye of my needle'2 for1 of two silly birds1 the one that always keeps his bill shut is more silly than the one that has his always open4 ,but you were a dunce from the beginning2 and1 as you grow older1 you are gaining upon ,blas1 that ate horse-beans4 ,and at night1 uncle1 what did those people do with themselves there in the province8 asked the listeners4 ,the ,englishmen ate and drank1 for their honors are made hollow1 in order that they may always be putting things into their mouths4 ,that is the reason they are so fat and big4 ,platter-face told me one day--with an air as if ,god had just revealed it to him--that ,i was able to go so long without getting tired because ,i was lean2 and that he would give a thousand dollars1 or some such sum1 to be as lean as ,i4 ,i answered--shouting to make him understand better--',your worship has only to eat gazpacho#afh to dry up your flesh1 and raw onions and garlic to sharpen your senses4 ,and the ,spaniards--how did they pass the evenings1 ,uncle ,bartolo8 ,the ,spaniards8 ,talking through the very stitches of their garments2 bawling till you would have thought they were echoes3 and quarrelling about things of the government4 ,for1 nowadays1 everybody wants to know everything himself1 and to command3 the very beetles set up their tails and complain of a cough4 ,i tell you1 sirs1 there are no more such ,spaniards as there were in the time of the ,french war4 ,we were as one man then1 and all of one mind4 ,now there are moderates and extremists4 ,i1 who am an extremist only when it concerns my gun1 my wife1 and my children1 could wish the devil would fly away with so much gab4 ,it made me want to say to them3 ',gentlemen1 where there is less tongue1 count on more judgment1' and 'so much grass chokes the wheat4' ,one night1 one of the ,you ,sirs called me1 and wanted to know if ,i was in the war against ,napoleon4 ',yes1 sir1' ,i answered1 ',i was a guerilla4' ',well1 then1' said he1 'you just come here1 for ,i am going to read you the will he made4' ,what6 did that man make a will1 ,uncle ,bartolo8 asked some of the oldest of the listeners4 ,yes1 and before he died1 it is supposed4 ',but1 your worship1' ,i asked1 'what had that kingdom-thief to give away8 ,did they not then make him throw up everything he had taken8' ,the ,you ,sir had an open book1 and began to read4 ,gentlemen1 that soccarron1#afi in his will1 went on distributing everything1 his goods1 his arms1 his body1 and his heart4 ,i was perplexed4 ',well1 what do you think of it1 uncle8' said his honor1 when he had ended4 ',sir1' ,i answered1 'from what ,i can see1 that unbeliever thought of everything2 but neither in his life nor in his death did he remember his soul4' ,why did you join the guerillas1 ,uncle ,bartolo8 asked one of the company4 ,what a question6 exclaimed the guerilla1 looking at the one who had asked it1 and weaving himself backwards and forwards with much composure4 ',he that asks does not err1' ,uncle ,bartolo4 ,yes1 but this is a case of ',he that asks does not err1 and ,i ask if they bury the dead with the deceased8' ,what ,i mean is1 when did you leave your house1 and how did you happen to fall in with the partida8#agj ,ya6 those are other questions1 ,lopez4 ,some ,french horsemen came here--they call them colaseros 7cuirassiers7--my wife was more afraid of them than of a contagion1 and every time she heard the clarionets1 she would say to me1 in a fright1 ',they are sounding the charge4' ',no1 wife1' ,i would tell her1 'they are sounding the premonition4' ,one day the cornet--they used to call him ,trompi--came in tipsy1 and insulted my wife4 ,i1 who was not afraid of any three that might come1 and never stopped to think of consequences1 said to him1 ',out of here1 little soul of a pitcher1 and ,barabbas cut a slice from you6' ,with that he drew his sword1 and would have cut me1 but ,i snatched my knife1 and finished him at once2 and then1 catching up mantle and blanket1 took the wind for the mountains4 ,i stopped in ,benamahoma with the ,padre ,lovillo--and there you have it all4 ,the ,padre ,lovillo was the captain of the partida8 questioned a youth4 ,yes1 the ,padre ,lovillo4 ,candela6 ,that was a man you could call a man6 ,no talker--not he2 but the words he used were few and good4 ,if any one wanted to brag of his doings1 he would say1 ',let them be seen1 not heard4 ,you understand1 cackler8 ,stabs with steel1 not with the tongue2 balls of lead1 not of wind4' ,sirs1 that man was ready for everything1 as you would have declared with two tongues if you had had them4 ,when we were going to attack the ,french1 he used to say1 ',listen1 sons1 our fathers died for their country1 and we are not to be less than they4' ,then1 drawing his sword1 he would shout1 ',now let us see who has pluck6' and charge like another ,santiago1#aga and we after him1 as if he had led us to ,paris in ,france4 ,we felt neither hunger nor weariness2 it was a fight without drum or trumpet1 but it made the ,frenchmen shiver4 ,they named us the ',briganes#agb of the ,black ,mountain1' and were more afraid of us than of the trained soldiery4 ,don ',turo1 who knew that ,i had been a brigan1 called me into the parlor one evening1 and1 when he had squeezed himself into a chair1 told me to sit down4 ,i began to wonder where all these ,masses were going to end4#agc ,surely1 ,i thought1 he cannot want me to clean his gun6 ,but ,i waited for the mountain to bring forth1 and presently he asked me to explain the trafica#agd of guerilla fighting4 ,when ,i saw him come out with that ladder1 ,i got angry1 and told him1 ',no2' that my pronouncing was very bad1 and his understanding worse4 ,but all the others insisted1 and1 not to seem disobliging1 ,i repeated a very good and well-versed poem1 that was going the rounds then4 ,and what was it about1 ,uncle ,bartolo8 ,it relates a conversation between ,malapart#age and that ,indian1 ,munr1 ,duke of ,ver4#agf ,go on1 uncle1 say it1 exclaimed all present4 ,the following romance1 which the old guerilla recited1 was very popular at that time among the people4 ,it owes its humor to the fact that neither its unlettered composer1 nor those who recited it1 had any suspicion that they were giving a caricature4 ,they considered it a simple and probable account of what would take place between ,napoleon and ,murat when they saw their last troops vanquished4 ,even the conclusion is in no way inconsistent with their ideas of the antecedents and characters of the personages3 ,nap4 ,how is this1 friend ,munr6 ,why are you here again8 ,why have you left your capital8 ,what sent you out of ,spain8 ,speak on1 and don't delay2 ,we have no time to spare2 ,tell me1 in terms exact1 ,what has happened there4 ,mur4 ,easy1 sir1 if you please2 ,sire1 do not press me so2 ,only let me get breath1 ,i'll tell you what ,i know4 ,but1 first1 send for a chair1 ,that some rest we may take ,while ,i tell you the tale1 ,for1 indeed1 my legs ache4 ,nap4 ,right1 for you have grown fat1 ,and glad am ,i to see ,proof that the airs of ,spain ,so well with you agree4 ,mur4 ,sire1 you are mistaken2 ,but let the matter go1 ,for things of more account ,your majesty should know4 ,and1 come to what must come1 ,without any more ado-- ,for1 believe me or not1 sire1 ,all ,i tell you is true4 ,nap4 ,why1 what has happened now8 ,good ,heavens1 man1 speak out6 ,what have you seen in ,spain ,to put you so about8 ,mur4 ,great ,emperor of ,france1 ,your force has been in vain2 ,nor did flatteries avail-- ,you cannot conquer ,spain4 ,no notice will they take ,of your promises of pay1 ,and peace1 and rank to all1 ,and bull-fights every day4 ,nap4 ,but1 my soldiers1 do not they ,in the mountains still remain8 ,mur4 ,yes1 captives they remain ,with their general1 ,dupon1 ,and the eagles of ,france2 ,and every sword and gun ,might as well be a distaff1 ,for ,castaos and his men ,have settled their account4 ,nap4 ,peste6 ,because you tell it1 ,the tale ,i must believe2 ,from another ,i would not ,a word of it receive4 ,no doubt1 in ,zaragoza ,our cause has better speed1 ,in humbling them at last ,we surely must succeed4 ,mur4 ,all your force is useless2 ,the knaves will not submit4 ,if you wish to lose ,france1 ,and make an end of it1 ,send it to ,zaragoza1 ,it will find a bloody tomb1 ,and remain there1 buried1 ,until the ,day of ,doom4 ,nap4 ,can nothing1 then1 be done ,with those troops of ,arragon8 ,mur4 ,we have none that on them ,will venture to advance4 ,nap4 ,but ,moncey's triumphant ,in the kingdom of ,valence8 ,mur4 ,sire1 he has dropped his ears1 ,and slunk away1 ashamed2 ,those ,valencians have a way ,their enemies to tame4 ,they mount on swiftest steeds1 ,and1 running a swift career1 ,unhorse the astonished foe ,before he is aware4 ,nap4 ,it seems1 then1 that maxims1 ,and lying1 and caution ,have failed in that country2 ,but who had a notion ,that ,spain would be equal ,to ,france in a contest8 ,we now can do nothing ,but send for ,funest4#agg ,mur4 ,and how can he get here1 ,when the ,portuguese men1 ,with the ,spaniards united1 ,have him closely shut in1 ,with sentinels stationed8 ,no help can avail him1 ,for surrender he must1 ,when eatables fail him4 ,the best thing to do1 is ,to yield to their clamor1 ,and give back the king ,that ,spaniards all honor4 ,perhaps1 sire1 if--with him ,appeased and delighted-- ,they will let our troops go1 ,your throne may be righted2 ,for upset it they will ,at the rate they are making1 ,and cut off your head1 ,and from me be taking ,my fine dukedom of ,ver2 ,or1 if we escape1 sire1 ,the fate ,i am dreading4 ,we'll have to sweep chimneys ,again for a living4 ,i've forgotten the trade1 ,and lost my dexterity2 ,but you1 who were master1 ,would mount with celerity4 ,nap4 ,only a pitiful knave ,such memories would renew4 ,mur4 ,well1 sire1 if that don't suit1 ,i've another thing in view2 ,we'll seek a brighter sphere1 ,and a foreign city find1 ,where through the streets we'll rove1 ,crying ,sci-i-issors to gri-ind4 ,and which did he do1 uncle8 asked one--sweep chimneys or grind scissors8 ,he sweep chimneys6 exclaimed ,uncle ,bartolo4 ,such people always fall into feather-beds6 ,they carried him to ,st4 ,helena--beyond ,gibraltar--where he had it quite comfortable till he died raving1 after the devil had helped him to make that will4 ,here comes ,uncle ,cohete1 said a man who sat by the window4 ,make him a sign to come in1 said the person nearest him1 in a low tone4 ,uncle ,cohete was a simple1 good old man1 who acted the merry-andrew for the purpose of obtaining alms for a religious house of which he was demandante4#agh ,he could mimic to perfection the songs of all birds2 the near and distant barking of the dog1 the mewing of the cat2 and so excelled in imitating the peculiar hiss and crackling of a kite in the air1 as to have obtained the nickname of cohete 7kite71 by which he was known4 ,he had1 besides1 a stock of simple verses1 ballads1 riddles1 and odd scraps of humor1 which he would repeat with inimitable expression and drollery4 ,the sources from which he drew his supplies could not be told4 ,this1 he had learned in a town on the ,llanura2 that1 in a village of the ,sierra2 another at the fireside of the manse4 ,but1 in his mimicry of the birds1 they themselves had been the teachers1 aided by unusual flexibility of organs1 and great patience and perseverance on the part of the disciple4 ,for1 in all branches--whether important or insignificant--perseverance yields great results4 ,it having been intimated to ,uncle ,cohete that the company wished him to tell something diverting1 he began by saying ,the ,commandments of the ,rich ,man and the ,poor ,man--a collection of ironical precepts1 which enjoyed great popularity at that time--as follows3 ,the commandments of the rich man1 nowadays1 are five1 namely3 ,the first4 ,thou shalt have no end of money4 ,the second4 ,thou shalt despise all the rest of the world4 ,the third4 ,thou shalt eat good beef and good mutton4 ,the fourth4 ,thou shalt eat flesh on ,good ,friday4 ,the fifth4 ,thou shalt drink both white wine and red4 ,these commandments are included in two3 ,let all be for me1 and nothing for you4 ,the commandments of the poor man are five1 namely3 ,the first4 ,thou shalt never have any money4 ,the second4 ,thou shalt be despised by all the world4 ,the third4 ,thou shalt eat neither beef nor mutton4 ,the fourth4 ,thou shalt fast1 even if it be not ,good ,friday4 ,the fifth4 ,thou shalt taste neither the white wine nor the red4 ,these commandments are included in two3 ,scratch thyself1 and bear everything for the love of ,god4 ,uncle1 did not the son of ,roba-,santos#agi who is heaping money1 give you an alms8 asked one4 ,no1 he gave me nothing1 answered ,uncle ,cohete4 ,like father1 like son1 said ,uncle ,bartolo4 ,next year1 uncle1 you will get a pile1 for 'when the fields have1 the saints have4' ,uncle ,cohete1 take these two coppers1 and tell us ,the ,commandments of the ,new ,law1 said the man who had called him in3 ,the commandments of the new law are ten1 namely3 ,the first4 ,let there be no money in ,spain4 ,the second4 ,let the world turn upside-down4 ,the third4 ,let every one play gentleman4 ,the fourth4 ,let not a single copper come from ,america4 ,the fifth4 ,let there be no end of drafting4 ,the sixth4 ,let the new law come from abroad4 ,the seventh4 ,let there be fewer people that are not wanted4 ,the eighth4 ,let them distribute biscuits in ,navarra4 ,the ninth4 ,let every one look out for himself4 ,the tenth4 ,let all be at variance4 ,these commandments are included in two3 ,some say yes1 and others say no4 ,tell us a riddle1 uncle4 ,fifty ladies and five gallants3 the fifty ask fowl2 the five ask bread1 said the old man1 of whom nature1 and the kind of life he led1 had made the personification of ready and good-humored obedience4 ,the ,rosary6 ,i knew that1 said a little boy4 ,tell another4 ,the mantle of ,lady ,leonor ,sinks in the river1 but covers the shore4 ,we give it up1 uncle4 ,it is the snow1 gentlemen4 ,at this moment they were interrupted by the ringing of the sunset bell1 and1 all rising1 stood with uncovered heads4 ,will you recite the prayer1 ,uncle ,bartolo1 said the widower4 ,uncle ,bartolo repeated the ,angelus1 adding a ,paternoster for the deceased4 ,and now the grief of the sobbing child in the corner broke forth in bitter crying4 ,stop that1 ,lucas6 said his father4 ,you have been going on in that way1 hic6 hic6 like an old woman1 for two days4 ,you ought to have gone into the women's room4 ,let me hear you crying again6 ,you understand8 ,let me tell you1 ,juan ,garcia1 said ,uncle ,bartolo1 that you are the first man ,i ever heard rebuke the tears of a son for his mother6 ,you see me1 with my years1 my beard1 and my guerilla life2 well1 ,i remember mine1 and weep for her still6 ,but1 uncle1 'frown1 and frown again1 of a bad son makes a good one4' ,lucas here is a regular ,marcia ,fernandez1#ahj brought up in the folds of his mother's skirts4 ,i must teach him that men resist1 and do not allow themselves to be overcome by tribulations4 ,uncle ,bartolo shook his head4 ,time and not ointment will cure the patient4 ,if you had died1 his mother would not have been the one to rebuke your son for the tears he shed over you4 99 99 99 99 99 ,juan ,garcia continued his former life1 abandoning himself with more liberty to the wicked woman of whom the friends of his dead wife had spoken at the condolement4 ,she was called ,la ,leona in allusion to her native island of ,leon1 where she had married a sergeant1 who was afterward sent to serve in ,america4 ,like all bad women1 ,la ,leona was much worse than men of the same class1 inasmuch as1 in the subtle organization of woman1 the delicacy that is given to her for good turns into a refinement of evil1 and her instinctive penetration into malignant sagacity4 ,not satisfied with having attracted to herself ,juan ,garcia1 who possessed a small patrimony1 ,la ,leona1 impelled by the bitter envy which a lost woman feels toward one who is honest1 undertook to render him indifferent to his wife1 and succeeded not only in this1 but also in causing him to ill-treat and abandon her4 ,juan ,garcia was a weak man1 easily subjugated by those who knew how to obtain an influence over him1 and1 by way of compensating himself for this complaisance1 very obstinate and overbearing in his treatment of others4 ,by degrees1 it came to pass that his mistress would not receive him with favor unless he brought her1 as an offering1 the relation of some act of coldness or cruelty to the victim whose only crime was that of affording1 by her right1 and by her silent and prudent endurance1 the most patent condemnation of the conduct of these two1 a condemnation all the more ignominious because of the great purity of manners which prevails in country places4 ,and in order to gain our assertion credit with those who are disposed to accuse us of partiality for the country people1 we hasten to say that this purity may naturally be attributed to the wholesome influence of labor1 which1 in putting indolence to flight1 puts to flight with it the vices it generates1 and to the blessed poverty1 which1 being without the means of satisfying them1 hinders their birth4 ,having convinced utilitarians with these reasons1 we will add to them others of our own2 namely1 the salutary ideas of morality and rooted principles of honor that many centuries of ,catholicism have fixed in the hearts of these people--principles renewed1 in each successive generation1 by the unchanging zeal that is the property of religion1 and that never wearies or grows lukewarm4 ,like all other general rules1 the above has its exceptions4 ,juan ,garcia furnished one4 ,his unkindness1 united with the grief and shame his conduct caused her1 had certainly hastened the death of poor ,ana1 whose last act of affection as a wife1 and duty as a ,christian1 had been to forgive him4 ,alas6 the soul of the husband was so deeply mired that even this saintly death could awaken in it neither pity nor remorse4 ,not that he was utterly perverse1 but his eyes1 like those of many another in this world of error1 were covered by one of those veils which must fall on the day of ,god's judgment1 when the light of truth will be the first punishment that awaits the willingly blind4 ,his boy and girl remained orphaned and neglected1 and would have been entirely forsaken but for that active charity which makes women constitute themselves fervent protectors of the helpless and severe judges of the wrong-doer4 ,the wives of ,juan's neighbors took care of the children1 and obliged him to feed and clothe them1 freely casting in his face his evil conduct1 while1 with imperturbable coolness1 they prescribed to him his obligations4 ,ah charity6--some proclaim and others comprehend thee2 some would guide thee1 and thou guidest others6 ,why art thou not found in the palaces that philanthropy builds for thee8 ,why dost thou appear in all thy brightness in the dwellings of the poor1 delighting thyself with the widow's farthing8 ,it is because thou wilt be queen and not a slave6 ,the children could not be consoled for the death of their mother4 ,isolated as they were1 all the sentiments of their hearts became converted into love for each other1 and sorrow for their loss4 ,lucas1 however1 who was five years older than his sister1 did his best to enliven and distract her4 ,don't cry so1 ,lucia1 he said to her one night1 not long after the condolement4 ,mother will not come back for crying1 and you make me cry4 ,what shall ,i do to amuse you8 ,the child made no answer4 ,shall ,i sing you a romance8 ,lucia inclined her head in token of assent1 and the boy sang in his clear1 sweet voice the following ballad3 ,holy ,saviour of ,la ,luz1 ,teach a child's tongue how to tell ,a thing that happened in ,seville1 ,right1 and worthily1 and well4 ,of a mother who lived there1 ,and two daughters that she had2 ,one was humble1 mild1 and good1 ,the other one was proud and bad4 ,they marry with two brothers1 ,who are brothers but in name-- ,under the same roof nurtured1 ,but in nothing else the same4 ,the younger sells his portion1 ,and loses the whole in play2 ,the elder follows the plough1 ,and works in his field all day4 ,then the younger dies1 and leaves ,his wife1 all alone and poor2 ,her children weep for bread1 ,and she seeks her sister's door1 ,praying1 ,in ,god's name1 sister1 ,and for his sweet ,mother's sake1 ,give my little children bread1 ,and his word in payment take4 ,go1 ,mary1 cries the sister1 ,beggar1 take yourself away6 ,was my lot better than yours ,upon our wedding-day8 ,weeping and broken-hearted1 ,the poor mother turns again2 ,to know her cause of sorrow ,the neighbors ask in vain4 ,of the parlor of her house ,she had made a room for prayer ,to our ,lady of the ,beads3 ,and now she enters there1 ,and1 with her little children1 ,before the altar falls ,of our sweet princess ,mary1 ,and on her name she calls4 ,now1 homeward in the evening ,the good brother turns his feet2 ,finds table spread and waiting1 ,and he sits him down to eat4 ,he takes a loaf and breaks it1 ,but throws it away again1 ,for blood runs out of the bread1 ,on his hand he sees the stain4 ,then he takes and breaks another1 ,but still the red blood falls-- ,oh6 what is this8 astonished1 ,to his trembling wife he calls4 ,tell me1 ,i say6 what is it8 ,for to tell she is afraid3 ,in vain to me1 this morning4 ,for bread my sister prayed6 ,and she that1 without pity1 ,to a sister refuses bread1 ,to ,god's ,mother doth refuse it1 ,then the angry husband said4 ,six loaves the young man gathered1 ,and in haste to the abode ,of his sister and her children ,he straightway took the road4 ,the window-shutters were closed1 ,and locked were windows and doors2 ,but the gleam of many lights ,shone out through the apertures-- ,shone on six angels of ,god1 ,all kneeling upon the floor ,round six bodies of mother and children ,that would never hunger more4 ,farewell1 my soul's dear sister1 ,and sweet nephews of my heart6 ,though gold ,i have1 and plenty1 ,i would gladly give my part ,for yours in the blessed country ,where sorrow is all forgot1 ,and the labor of life exchanged ,for the eternal better lot6 ,and did she let her sister starve to death8 asked the child1 her eyes refilling from her already surcharged heart4 ,yes1 yes2 she was a good-for-nothing2 but don't cry1 ,lucia1 a story isn't a thing that ever happened4 ,if it had never happened1 they would not have put it in the romance1 said the little girl4 ,they made it up1 replied ,lucas4 ,don't you believe it1 dear4 ,when ,i am a man and can earn1 the least piece of bread ,i may have1 ,i must divide with my heart's little sister4 ,you know that before mother died she put you in my care1 and ,i made her a promise never to forsake you4 ,and will you keep it8 ,so may ,god give me his glory6 ,and if you ever forget it1 ,i am to sing you this romance1 to put you in mind of what you say now4 ,that is so2 you must learn it4 ,and the boy set himself to teach his sister the romance4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnotes3 #afj ,a house sometimes contains two or three suites of apartments for distinct families4 ,each one forms a habitation4 #afa #bhth of ,august1 ,st4 ,augustine2 #dth of ,october1 ,st4 ,francis4 #afb ,la ,leona1 the lioness4 #afc ,azacan1 water-carrier1 said of a servant or very laborious person4 #afd ,los ,usias1 the ,you ,sirs4 ,that is to say1 grand folks that must be treated to the ,usted 7you71 instead of the tu 7thou7 of common people4 #afe ,jabeque1 a clumsy three-masted vessel used in the ,mediterranean4 #aff ,arturo4 #afg ,magpie4 #afh ,a common dish on the tables of the country people4 #afi ,offscouring4 #agj ,partisans1 or party4 #aga ,the patron of ,spain4 #agb ,brigands4 #agc ,to have misgivings as to the result of anything4 #agd ,tactica1 tactics4 #age ,mala1 bad2 parte1 part2 name given by the ,spanish soldiers to ,bonaparte4 #agf ,murat1 ,duke of ,berg4 #agg ,funesto4 ,nickname given by the ,spanish soldiers to ,junot4 #agh ,one who asks alms for charitable purposes4 #agi ,rob the saints4 #ahj ,a girl-boy4 ,,the ,,good ,,gerard ,,of ,,cologne4 ,,by ,,rudolf ,,of ,,ems1 ,,vassal ,,at ,,montfort 7,,thirteenth ,,century74 ,,compiled ,,after ,,the ,,german ,,of ,,carl ,,simrock4 ,i4 ,in the new cathedral at ,magdeburg the bells were ringing for the first time4 ,a large crowd gathered to witness the consecration of the church1 founded and richly endowed by the ,emperor ,otto the ,great4 ,he went up the aisle before all the people1 not1 as was then the custom1 to lay down gifts at the new altar of ,god1 but1 with erect brow1 he stood1 and thus he spoke3 ,there is no gift in my hand for thee1 ,o ,lord2 but when ,i lift up my eyes1 whatever ,i behold around me is my gift to thee6 ,this church ,i built for the glory of thy name1 and ,i endowed it and made it so great that the sons of kings think it an honor to bow to its prince-bishop1 and serve him4 ,the heathen that troubled thy people1 see ,i conquered them with my strong arm--the ,wends1 the ,sarbs1 and the ,hungarians1 they bowed their heads to my sword1 and their knees to thy glory2 and ,i made thy name great in all the pagan lands1 and erected churches and bishoprics to thy honor4 ,and now show me to-day1 ,o my ,lord1 that thou hast seen my foot going in thy path1 thou1 who wilt give glory from heaven to him who spreads thy glory on earth4 ,thus the emperor spoke before all the people4 ,and lo6 a voice sounded from heaven as the voice of an angel in anger1 and it spoke with a voice like thunder rolling in the mountains3 ,otto1 king on earth1 see1 the ,king in heaven had put a chair by his side for thee to sit upon it1 and thou hast despised it in thy vanity2 he had prepared for thee a crown of glory1 and thou hast taken the crown of pride that made angels fall4 ,he has heard with little pleasure the thoughts of thy heart1 that asks for the highest place4 ,know1 that place is for him who most serves ,god in humility and purity of heart2 that is1 for the good ,gerard1 the merchant in ,cologne1 whose name is written in the book of life4 ,and now go and learn from him what is agreeable to ,god1 and then confess that thy glory is vain and thy doing but little4 ,but know1 that not readily will he speak to thee2 well would he lay down his life rather than let the fame of his righteousness sound up to ,god by words from his own mouth4 ,when ,otto had heard this1 he bowed his head in shame and was humbled4 ,he mounted his good horse1 and with three of his knights rode over to ,cologne4 ,among the citizens who came to greet their emperor in the vast hall1 ,otto saw one1 a tall man with a long white beard and the step of a youth2 and when he asked the bishop who sat by his side who that man was1 he received in answer3 ,that is the good ,gerard1 the richest merchant in ,cologne4 ,then the emperor spoke to all the assembled people3 ,i came here to ask your advice1 as ,i am in great need of it4 ,but ,i was counselled1 and even commanded1 not to speak but to one of you1 and for that one ,i choose thee1 ,o ,gerard6 ,thou seemest to me rich in wisdom and experience4 ,and ,gerard answered1 bowing before the emperor3 ,shall ,i go alone to give my advice1 while there are so many worthier ones here8 ,but all the people said3 ,o king6 thy choice is good2 there is no one in this hall his equal in wisdom4 ,so the emperor took ,gerard by the hand1 and led him to a chamber near by1 and locked the door after him1 and they sat down on one couch1 ,gerard by ,otto's side4 ,then ,otto said3 ,gerard1 it was to see thee that ,i came here2 pray tell me1 how did it happen that the name ',good' was given to thee8 ,i would fain like to know4 ,o great king6 answered ,gerard1 ,i do not know myself what that means2 there are so many ,gerards here2 people only gave me that name to distinguish me from them4 ,gerard1 thou art deceiving me6 the emperor called out2 but ,gerard answered3 ,oh6 no1 great king1 ,i should deceive thee if ,i spoke otherwise4 ,never did ,i merit that name1 and it was often a burden to me2 because1 while the world called me 'the ,good1' it reminded me how seldom ,i did what pleased ,god4 ,often do ,i send the poor man away with a mean gift1 whilst ,god gives me riches2 ,i give him sour beer and black bread1 ,i give him an old gown1 whilst many a new one ,i had1 and would not have missed them4 ,i always have liked to go to church where the service was shortest1 and when ,i had once prayed with my whole soul1 ,i thought that would do for half a year4 ,therefore1 ,o king6 do not ask me what ,i have done to deserve that high name4 ,the emperor said3 ,gerard1 thou must give me a better answer1 for ,i have sure knowledge that thou hast done a great deed for ,god's sake1 and ,i came to hear the account of it from thy own mouth2 therefore speak6 ,oh6 spare me1 called out the good man1 spare me1 most gracious king6 ,but ,otto replied3 ,no1 no6 thou only awakenest my impatience1 and ,i tell thee thou must yield to me at the end1 if even much against thy will6 ,then prayed the good man in his heart3 ,o ,god6 look at thy servant6 ,my king is angry with me1 and ,i cannot resist him any longer4 ,so if ,i reckon with thee1 ,o ,lord6 and praise myself for the little good ,i ever did1 do not thou turn away thy grace from me1 for what ,i say1 ,i do it much against my will4 ,and presently he threw himself at the emperor's feet1 saying3 ,ten thousand pounds of silver ,i have in my cellar1 take it and spare me the answer6 ,gerard1 said the rich emperor1 ,i thought thou wert wiser4 ,such a speech only excites my curiosity4 ,and ,i will tell thee1 thou canst reveal me everything1 and it will be no sin to thee--so ,i swear before ,god4 ,then the good ,gerard said1 arising from his knees1 and sitting down3 ,god knows my heart2 he knows that1 when ,i do now as my king commands me to do1 my heart is full of grief1 and vanity is far from it4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,good ,,gerard',s ,,story4 ,when my father died1 he left no small fortune to me1 his only heir4 ,but as ,i was a merchant1 ,i thought to double and double again my possessions1 and cause my son to be called 'the rich ,gerard1' as his fathers had been called before him4 ,so ,i left him such fortune as would be full enough for him1 and took all the rest1 fifty thousand pounds of silver1 and carried it to my ship1 together with food for three years' voyage4 ,experienced sailors were in my pay1 and my clerk was with me1 to write my accounts and read my prayers4 ,so ,i went to ,russia1 where ,i found sables in profusion1 and to ,prussia's rich amber strand1 and from there1 by the ,sea of the ,middle1 to the ,east1 and there ,i took in exchange silk and woven goods from ,damax and ,ninive2 and well ,i thought a threefold gain should be mine4 ,then my heart began to long for wife and child1 and with great joy ,i told the mariners to turn the ship homeward4 ,but a storm arose1 and water and wind were fighting for twelve days and twelve nights1 and threw my ship to an unknown land1 where a beach gave us shelter4 ,when the sun shone again1 and the sky looked clear1 ,i saw villages and hamlets and fertile fields as far as my eyes could reach1 and near the sea a large city with pinnacles and high walls4 ,we went to the port1 and ,i found it full of merchandise1 a rich and stately place1 not unlike the old ,cologne4 ,i went on land1 for ,i saw the governor of the city coming to view the goods in the port1 and many a knight and vassal rode by his side2 and ,i thought to go up to him and ask his protection4 ,but when ,i came near him1 he approached me with a quick step1 and1 greeting me with his hand1 he thus spake3 ',welcome the first one who comes to my market6 ,thou art my guest1 stranger6 ,i see thou comest from far off1 perhaps from the land of the ,christians1 who seldom come here1 in false fear that ,i would harm them4 ,but be of good cheer6 ,i do not harm the merchant1 nor need ,i covet his goods1 for my land is rich1 and all the gold and precious stones that it has in its mountains are mine1 and the pearls in the sea1 and many a rich vessel that the storm throws on our coast4' ,well was ,i astonished at such a greeting2 but ,i accepted gladly2 and the governor1 ,stranamur by name1 gave me the best house1 and took care of me that nothing might harm me4 ,again and again did he show me his love1 and soon friendship and confidence reigned between us4 ,presently1 he wanted me to show him the treasures of my ship1 and ,i let it be done readily4 ,i saw him wonder at their splendor1 and with good cheer he said3 ',gerard1 ,i tell thee1 thou hast brought riches to this land so great that nobody can buy them4 ,but ,i will show thee my treasure now1 and then1 if it so please thee1 we will exchange2 for in this land my treasure is of no value1 while in the land of the ,christians it might bring thee at least a twentyfold gain4' ,and ,i answered3 ',to seek gain is the merchant's duty4 ,i did show thee my treasure2 now let me see thine4' ,then my host led me by the hand to a hall1 and as ,i entered with a cheerful mind1 hoping to behold the riches of ,india1 gold and spices1 ,i found the place all empty of joy and filled with but misery4 ,twelve young knights were lying here in chains so heavy that their weight pulled them down to the low couches1 and1 though grief and want had disfigured their beauty1 ,i saw they were of noble blood and sons of high lords1 born to govern the world4 ,then my host beckoned me to the next hall1 where ,i found again twelve knights in chains1 but old and pale1 with venerable figure1 and hair and beard silver-white4 ,then my host led me away by the hand to the third hall1 and said3 ',behold my most precious goods6' ,well1 ,i found there goods great in riches and beauty1 for fifteen lovely maidens were what he called the precious merchandise4 ,and my heart pained me as ,i beheld them1 for their loveliness and gentle mind shone amid the prison walls like stars in the night2 and ,i saw one like their queen1 a moon among the stars4 ,but ,stranamur led me away and said3 ',thou didst behold my goods2 shall we exchange8 ,thou mayest easily get a rich ransom for each of them1 more than one hundred thousand pounds of silver4 ,in ,england they were born2 ,william1 their king1 sent them over to ,norway to bring him home his bride1 ,king ,reinemund's daughter1 ,irene1 whom thou hast seen4 ,coming home1 a storm threw them on my coast1 and so they were mine by right1 for after the custom of this land the strand is mine4 ,and ,i offer these knights to thee1 together with the fifteen maidens1 that thou mayest give me the treasures ,i saw on thy ship4' ,i had good reason to be astonished at such an offer1 for ,i saw clearly it would be giving my goods for mere blanks1 and so ,i asked the governor to let me please consider till the next morning4 ,and when ,i came to my house ,i sat down thinking1 and though my heart told me to help the prisoners in their misery1 there was a voice in my mind saying3 ',do not give away the earnings of thy life for a mere idea'2 and well would ,i have passed that night without coming to an end1 if ,god in his goodness and grace had not given his advice in my heart4 ,for ,i fell asleep1 and in my sleep ,i heard a voice of ,god's angel1 who spoke to me these words3 ',awake1 ,gerard1 ,god's anger is calling thee6 ,did he not say in his mercy1 ,what thou givest to the poorest of my brethren1 thou givest unto me8 ,what thou givest to the needy ones1 thou lendest to the ,lord2 and doubt in him is great sin to thee6' ,then ,i awoke and fell on my knees1 and thanked ,god that he had given me shame and repentance in my heart1 and humbled me so as to save me from sin4 ,the next morning my host met me at the gate1 and with anxiety he asked what it was my wish to do4 ,and ,i answered3 ',i am willing to make exchange with thee1 ,o ,stranamur6 if thou allowest me one thing3 give back to the prisoners their ship and all they brought on it1 and give them food and mariners1 and whatever they need to go home4' ,and the governor answered3 ',dost thou think me a thief1 ,o ,gerard8 ,i thought1 friend1 thou knewest me better4 ,not one penny's worth will ,i keep from the prisoners1 and theirs shall be whatever is needed for a safe and speedy voyage4' ,after that he gave me his hand1 and we changed thus mine and thine4 ,then the prisoners were told of what had happened1 and they were clothed as became them1 and refreshed1 and when they beheld me1 their thanks and tears were such that my eyes overflowed1 even against my will4 ,and ,i saw the women's great beauty1 and ,irene their queen1 and though the earthly crown was taken from her1 there was the crown of beauty and loveliness on her brow4 ,then my clerk read prayers1 and we went to sea2 the right wind blew in our sails1 and bore us quickly outward4 ,when we came near the coast of ,england1 ,i spoke to the knights3 ',tell me1 who of you were born in ,england1 that they may go on their way home now4' ,and they answered3 ',from ,norway only came ,queen ,irene with two of her maidens2 all the rest of us were born in ,england4' ,i said to the knights3 ',go home1 then1 with my blessings1 noble lords6 and if ,i did what pleased you1 think of me with a friendly heart4 ,let ,king ,william know1 and also ,reinemund of ,norway1 that ,queen ,irene is in my house and under my protection1 and that ,i am ready and willing to give her up whenever they claim her4 ,when ,i send my messengers to you1 pay them back1 ,o knights6 what ,i left for your sake in the strange land of the heathen1 if it so is convenient to you4 ,then they thanked me so that ,i had to hide from their embraces2 and we parted with many tears2 and they went their way1 ,i mine4 ,soon ,i was home again4 ,my wife and son welcomed me gladly and with thanksgivings1 and after ,i had told them all1 they led ,irene to my house4 ,and ,queen ,irene lived in my house like one of us for many a month1 and my wife loved her1 and all the women of my household and friendship1 and she taught them many a fine art1 such as to embroider with gold and thread of silver and pearl4 ,and ,god gave his blessing to my trade1 and ,i prospered4 ,but every day1 ,irene's loveliness grew more lovely1 and when ,i saw her so gentle and smiling1 ,i forgot my losses1 and my joy was greater than seventy-fold gain would have made it4 ,so passed a year1 and no message came from ,reinemund1 nor from ,william1 the ,king of ,england1 and ,i beheld with sorrow that my queen's mind was grieved1 though she hid her tears from our eyes4 ,that ,i took to my heart1 and said to myself1 ',i bought our sweet queen free from great pain1 and now ,i must see her in greater grief4 ,there is no one here kindred to her1 and1 when ,i am gone1 who is there to be her friend and protector8 ,king ,william is dead1 and so is ,reinemund1 the ,king of ,norway1 and ,irene1 their queen1 will die of grief for them6 ,therefore ,i spoke to her one day1 and ,i asked her to listen graciously1 and then ,i said thus3 ',thou must know1 ,o queen6 that there is nothing that gives me so much trouble than the thought what one day shall become of thee when ,i am no more4 ,it is clear now1 sorry as ,i am for it1 that thy friends are dead1 therefore1 ,i think it our duty to counsel wisely what is best for thy future1 ,o queen6 ,as he is considered a wise man who tries to forget what fortune took from him1 so ,i advise thee1 ,o my daughter6 to choose for a husband one from among my family1 that is1 my son1 as whose wife honor and ample fortune will not be wanting to thee4' ,at that1 ,irene answered and spoke to me3 ',o dear father6 ,i know me no better adviser than thee in this world2 so ,i will do whatever pleases thee4 ,only let me wait one year longer2 if till then no tidings have come from any friends and kindred1 thy wish shall be mine6' ,but the year was soon past1 and no tidings had reached us1 neither from ,england nor from ,norway2 and so ,irene the queen was to be the merchant's wife4 ,i ordered the wedding to be prepared with the greatest splendor1 and my mind's only thought was to boast with my riches2 and ,i asked to the feast many a rich merchant1 and nobles and dukes1 and our prince the bishop4 ,so when ,pentecost came1 that was to be the day of the wedding1 the bishop stood up before the altar1 and eleven noble squires knelt down before him1 and the twelfth one1 who was ,gerard my son1 and the bishop blessed their swords1 and they arose as noble lords and knights4 ,my eye rested on him1 and ,i saw he was happy2 he broke his lance in honor of his bride2 he watched for the bell that should call him again to the altar of ,god1 there to receive ,irene as his wife3 what could there be to make his happiness greater and to hinder him from drinking the cup of bliss8 ,but lo1 ,i beheld one standing far aside1 a stranger with a pale face and his eyes full of tears2 he gazed at ,irene1 my daughter1 and he shuddered1 and his arm was around a column that he might not fall4 ,he was a young man of great beauty1 and his skin was fine and white1 but his beard gray1 and his dress that of a beggar4 ,as ,i saw him so full of woe and tears1 ,i went up to him1 and ,i asked him the cause of his grief1 that perhaps ,i might give help and make joy and happiness come back to his mind4 ,but he would not speak4 ,at last1 as ,i pressed him very much1 he said to me these words3 ',such as thou doest see me here with my hair gray before the time1 ,i am ,william1 ,king of ,england4 ,i went to sea to meet my bride coming from ,norway1 where ,i had sent twelve maidens and twenty-four knights to escort her over to me4 ,but a storm arose and threw my ship against the rocks while ,i was already in sight of them1 the tempest carried me to the shore and ,i was thus saved1 but not a word ,i ever heard of the knights1 or the maidens1 or of ,irene my bride1 the ,king of ,norway's daughter4 ,for years and years ,i have wandered about in search of her1 with my heart full of despair and my hair and beard gray1 till at last ,i found her to-day1 the bride of another man4 ,what shall ,i tell thee more8 ,my soul and body are hers whom ,i love1 and for her sake ,i will now give them up into death6' ,when ,i heard these words from my guest1 him who destroyed all my joys1 ,i said unto him3 ',the ,lord has done great things2 honor and fortune he might still give thee back2 wait here awhile1 and be of good cheer6' ,and ,i sent my valet to him1 to attend to all his needs and wants1 but ,i went to my prince the bishop and told him the wonder ,god had shown to us1 and asked him to help me with my son ,gerard and teach him a ,christian's duty4 ,so ,i called my son away from the side of his bride1 and after he had heard the tale1 so full of marvel1 the bishop asked him3 ',wilt thou then separate1 ,gerard1 what before ,god is united8' ,then he answered us1 and he said3 ',what do you think of me8 ,shall ,i give up my love and happiness and rest and peace8' ,but the bishop spoke3 ',yes1 my son1 thou shalt6' ,and my child began to cry at these words1 and ,i cried with him1 and he put his arms around my neck and said1 ',my father1 then let it be so6' and my heart felt joy at these words4 ,shall ,i tell thee what my heart felt when ,i saw ,king ,william greet his bride8 ,i am old as thou art1 ,o emperor6 but ,i know not without jealousy thou wouldst have beheld it4 ,and in my heart ,i thanked the ,god of goodness who had given so wise counsel in my mind that my blessings now were greater than what gold or silver could ever have bought for me4 ,after that ,i filled my ship and took them over to ,england1 and great was the joy of the four-and-twenty knights on beholding their king and queen1 and of the whole people1 and great were their thanks to me1 and only with great pain could ,i hinder them from bestowing all their riches on me1 and making me a prince and a great man among them4 ,but ,i will not repeat to thee all they meant to do to me1 and the praises they gave me2 for ,god knows1 in all my life ,i cannot deserve them4 ,and when ,i came home1 the people made much of me1 and called me 'the good'2 though thou knowest now1 as well as ,i do1 that ,i am not good4 ,it was only by the angel's voice that my doubts were taken1 from me2 ,i was full of fear to lose my goods1 and weak4 ,besides1 ,i am a sinner and am proud and vain1 so that ,i have been praising myself before thee1 ,o emperor6 while1 couldst thou see my heart1 many a fault thou wouldst observe within4 ,,iii4 ,before ,gerard had finished speaking1 the emperor's heart grew large within him and made his eyes overflow2 for tears are a blessing which ,god sends from heaven4 ,he felt shame and repentance1 and these two re-created his heart1 and his mind was healed from all false glory4 ,and he said3 ,gerard1 ,i tell thee1 better a good deal than silence is what thou hast made known to me2 for my heart was sick with vainglory1 and pride overgrew the good deed4 ,i had built a great house to the ,lord1 and the thought of that poisoned my heart1 so that it asked for reward4 ,but what ,i asked has turned against me as a punishment1 for no heart is pure that seeks for glory only4 ,when ,i then praised myself at my good deed1 ,god sent me to thee to learn true humility and charity4 ,truly thou art good2 for thy heart was not moved by the praise of this world4 ,thou hast given thy goods for poor prisoners1 thou hast taken the wife from thy son1 and refused the riches of ,england in humility and charity1 only for the sake of the ,lord thy ,god4 ,well1 my ride to thee has brought me benefit4 ,but thou1 ,o ,gerard6 pray the ,lord to have mercy upon him that prides in vainglory2 pray for thy emperor to our ,god in heaven4 ,,egyptian ,,civilization ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,most ,,recent ,,discoveries4 ,,from ,,the ,,correspondant4 ,,preliminary ,,observations ,,on ,,the ,,antiquity ,,of ,,egyptian ,,civilization4 ,the most striking fact respecting the ,egyptian monarchy is its antiquity4 ,forty centuries look down upon you from these pyramids1 were the sublime words of ,bonaparte2 but they do not express enough4 ,the progress of archological science shows that the reign of the ,pharaohs began more than three thousand years before ,christ4 ,m4 ,bunsen gives the date as #dbde ,b4,c41 and ,m4 ,mariette #ejjd1 but with some qualifications that should be mentioned4 ,egyptian chronology1 says he1 presents difficulties which no one1 as yet1 has surmounted4444 ,to all dates before the time of ,psammetichus ,i4 7#ffe ,b4,c471 it is impossible to give anything but approximations1 which become more and more uncertain as we recede4444 ,this uncertainty increases in proportion as we go back from the present age2 so that1 according to the methods of computation1 there may be two thousand years' difference in assigning the date of the ,egyptian monarchy4#aha ,while fully admitting the reasonable qualifications of the learned director of the ,egyptian antiquities1 it is no less certain1 from the discoveries already made1 that the reign of the ,pharaohs extends back about thirty centuries before the ,christian era4 ,another characteristic of this ancient nation1 which is no less remarkable1 is that it manifests all the signs of civilization from the beginning4 ,it is a phenomenon worthy of the most serious attention1 says ,champollion-,figeac1 that ,egypt possessed in those remote ages all the civil1 religious1 and military institutions indispensable to the prosperity of a great nation1 and all the enjoyments resulting from the perfection of the arts1 the advantages assured by the authority of the civil and religious laws1 the culture of the sciences1 and a profound sentiment of the dignity and destination of man4#ahb ,egyptian civilization manifests itself to us fully developed from the earliest ages1 and succeeding ones1 however numerous1 taught it little more1#ahc says ,m4 ,mariette4 ,what is most extraordinary about this mysterious civilization is that it had no infancy4444 ,egypt1 in this respect as in so many others1 is an exception to the laws to which the ,indo-,european and ,semitic races have accustomed us4 ,it does not begin with myths1 heroic exploits1 and barbarism4#ahd ,the author we have just quoted sought in vain1 with all his mind and learning1 for the cause of this strange phenomenon4 ,egypt1 says he1 is another ,china1 mature and almost decrepit from its birth1 and in its monuments and history there is something at once childlike and old4 ,this ingenious explanation excites a smile1 but not conviction4 ,rather than admit revelation--that is to say1 the intervention of the divine agency in the creation of man and the formation of primitive nations--many learned men of our day prefer to take refuge in the most singular and inadmissible theories4 ,according to them1 human society must commence with myths and barbarism1 and man himself with the savage nature of the brutes4 ,but they are forced to acknowledge that ,egypt is a decided exception to this theory4 ,the gigantic labors of the ,suez ,canal in removing the immense accumulations of sand1 so often amassed as if to preserve the past history of the world1 have not revealed a single vestige of uncivilized men who1 before the deluge1 were scattered over the rest of the earth4#ahe ,to resolve the problem of ancient ,egyptian civilization1 we propose an explanation more conformable to the traditions and the dignity of the human race4 ,it is true1 this explanation is not new1 for it was evident to the sages of pagan times a long time before it was fully unfolded by ,christian philosophers4 ,socrates taught that the ancients1 better than we and nearer the gods1 had transmitted by tradition the sublime knowledge they had received from them4 ,plato adds that the earliest of mankind1 issuing from the hands of the gods1 must have known them as well as we know our own fathers1 and that it is truly impossible not to believe the testimony of the children of the gods4 ,what the wise men of ,greece perceived through the thick veil of paganism1 we behold clearly by the light of ,christianity and the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,it seems to us a simple thing to believe that the ,egyptian nation1 the first founded1 not many centuries after the deluge1 must have been organized according to the principles of the national law of which the descendants of ,noah had not yet lost the tradition4 ,if we believe in the truth of the ,scriptural accounts1 says an illustrious promoter of social reforms in ,england1#ahf we must also believe that when the families descended from ,ham and ,japheth began their long migrations1 they bore with them the religious traditions they possessed in common with the children of ,shem4 ,as to those who will not accept the testimony of the book which1 to give it the most unpretending of its august titles1 is the most ancient and most venerable document of human history1 we could reply that the reasoning still remains the same4 ,the progress of ethnological and philological researches furnishes us with evident proofs of a continued migration of the ,touranian and ,aryan races towards the north and west from places necessarily undefined1 but certainly from the vicinity of the nomad patriarchs4 ,on the other hand1 nothing shows that their traditions have a different source from that given in the ,book of ,genesis--the three divisions of ,noah's family4 ,if1 then1 everything seems to demonstrate the intimate connection of these primitive races with the ,semitic tribes1 how could the descendants of ,ham and ,japheth have left behind the irreligious traditions when1 for the first time1 they left their brethren8 ,the descendants of ,ham1 ancestors of the first ,egyptians1 doubtless preserved1 with their religious traditions1 the moral principles that guarantee the existence and perpetuity of domestic life1 and the notions of the arts indispensable to its comfort4 ,with the human race1 says ,bossuet1 ,noah preserved the arts2 not only those necessary to life which man knew from the beginning1 but those subsequently invented4 ,the first arts which man learned1 apparently from his ,creator1 were agriculture1 the duties of pastoral life1 the fabrication of clothing1 and perhaps the construction of habitations4 ,therefore we do not see the rudiments of these arts in the ,east1 in those regions whence the human race was dispersed4 ,this is why everything springs from those lands1 always inhabited1 where the fundamental arts remained4 ,the knowledge of ,god and memories of creation are there preserved4#ahg ,the ruins of the ,tower of ,babel still show to what a degree of advancement the art of building had arrived1 and the details given us in the ,bible about the construction of the ark display an amount of nautical knowledge which must have been transmitted to the skilful boatmen of the ,nile and the bold navigators of ancient ,phnicia4 ,we will not extend these preliminary observations1 which we think throw sufficient light on the origin of ,egyptian civilization1 the incontestable antiquity of which is as enigmatical as that of the ,sphynx to the astonished eyes of the modern dipus4 ,a truly learned man1 who shows himself by his confrences in the ,rue ,bonaparte thoroughly conversant with the discoveries of contemporaneous ,egyptology1 and who is not ashamed to seek light from revelation as well as from science1 has resolved the problem in the following terms3 ,there is not1 in the first ages of the ,egyptian monarchy1 the least trace of the rude beginnings of a nation in its infancy4 ,indeed1 we should not forget that this country never passed through the savage state1 and that1 if the truths revealed to the patriarchs were adulterated by the race of ,ham1 they still retained sufficient light not to remain satisfied with material enjoyments alone4#ahh ,let us now endeavor to penetrate1 by the light of these principles1 as far as we can into the labyrinth of ,egyptian antiquities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,book ,,first4 ,,the ,,social ,,organization4 ,i4 ,,domestic ,,regulations4 ,the institutions which are the safeguards of family life and of property are essential to society and the perpetuity of a nation1 and these foundations of the social life seem to have been as firmly established among the ancient ,egyptians as their own pyramids4 ,the sacredness of the family tie was the result of unity of marriage and respect to parents1 and its perpetuity was assured by the rights of primogeniture1 which were universally admitted from the royal family down to that of the most humble laborer4 ,this was the fundamental principle of family life and of society4 ,therefore we see ,pharaoh in the ,holy ,scriptures resist all the plagues ,god sent upon ,egypt for the deliverance of the ,israelites2 but when the first-born of the ,egyptians were smitten in one night1 the king yielded at once1 for the whole nation felt that a blow had been given to the very source of its existence4 ,the ,egyptian monuments of every age prove that the paternal authority was universally regarded with great respect4 ,on a great number of stel collected by ,m4 ,mariette in the museum of ,boulak are these words3 ,oblation in honor of the head of the house4 7,here follows the name47 ,the religious laws of ,egypt obliged families on certain days in the year to present offerings to deceased parents4 ,one stela1 consecrated to the memory of ,entef1 who lived at the beginning of the twelfth dynasty1 is only a representation of one of these festivals4 ,entef is seated beside his wife4 ,his sons and daughters present themselves before him4 ,some are saying the prescribed prayers2 others bringing food and perfumes4 ,the last scene depicted is interesting from the variety of representations4 ,besides parts of animals already sacrificed1 the servants are bringing live animals4#ahi ,we may judge of the sentiments of the ancient ,egyptians with regard to paternal authority by the following passages from an ancient document1 the authenticity of which has never been contested3 ,the son who receives his father's advice will live to be old4 ,beloved by ,god is obedience4 ,disobedience is hated by ,god4 ,the obedience of a son to his father is a joy1444 he is beloved by his father1 and his renown is on the lips of the living who walk the earth4 ,the rebellious son sees knowledge in ignorance1 and virtue in vice2 he daily commits all kinds of frauds with impunity1 and lives thereby as if he were dead4 ,what wise men consider death is his daily life4 ,he keeps on his way laden with maledictions4 ,a son docile in the service of ,god will be happy in consequence of his obedience4444#aij ,we cannot help recognizing in this precious document the moral ideas of primitive times1 the tradition of which is so faithfully preserved in the ,bible4 ,the fourth precept of the ,decalogue is found here almost literally3 ,honor thy father and thy mother1 that thou mayest be long-lived upon the land4 ,upon a mortuary stela described by ,m4 ,mariette in his ,notice du ,muse de ,boulaq 7,no4 #dd1 p4 #gb71 ,ma1 the defunct1 is seen receiving the homage of the members of his family4 ,one of the sons of ,ma is called ,men-,nefer4 ,for some unknown reason1 his name is erased from the list of the family1 and1 in fact1 his whole image is hammered down4 ,another son likewise incurred this mark of infamy1 which is only given to the proper name of the personage4 ,respect to parents naturally leads to that for the aged4 ,the ,egyptians have this custom in common with the ,lacedmonians1 says ,herodotus2 young men1 when they meet their elders1 turn aside for them to pass2 at their approach they rise from their seats4 ,the obligations of parents towards their children were strictly enjoined in ancient ,egypt1 as is evident from a curious passage from ,diodorus1 which1 at the same time1 shows how the manners and laws favored the fecundity of marriage1 the only source of a robust and numerous population3 ,parents are obliged to rear all their offspring in order to increase the population1 which is regarded as the chief source of the prosperity of a kingdom4444 ,they provide for the support of their children at little expense1 and with incredible frugality4 ,they give them very simple food3 the stems of the papyrus which can be roasted1 roots and stems of palustrine plants1 sometimes raw1 sometimes boiled and roasted1 and as all children go unshod in that temperate climate1 the parents do not estimate the expense of a child before the age of puberty to be more than twenty drachm 7a little less than twenty francs74 ,the children of the common people are taught the trade of their parents1 which they are to practise for life1 as we have remarked4 ,those who are initiated into the arts are alone charged with teaching others to read4 ,so simple and natural a system of education must have singularly favored the fruitfulness of marriage among the masses1 and the number of children was not less among the aristocracy4 ,we see from the simplest monuments1 where the funeral honors rendered to the head of a family by all his children are painted on a wood panel1 or sculptured on a slab of calcareous stone1 that their number1 including both sexes1 amounted to eight or a dozen1 or even more1 and the more elaborate monuments1 indicating distinguished families and the upper classes1 render the same testimony as to the large number of children in each family--as in the sculpture at ,thebes1 which gives a list of nine male children of ,rameses ,meiamoun1 and a greater number of daughters4 ,in this respect the ancient ,egyptian nation differed from people of modern times4#aia ,the inequality that weighed so heavily upon woman among ancient nations is not found in ,egypt4 ,women1 on the contrary1 says ,m4 ,mariette1 held a prominent position in a family4 ,the rights they inherited were not absorbed in those of their husbands1 and they were transmitted intact to their children4 ,at certain epochs1 the family monuments often named the mother to the exclusion of the father4 ,in the inscriptions of the ancient empire1 conjugal affection is frequently expressed in a delicate and touching manner4 ,and it has been remarked1 and with reason1 that the women who played a great rle in the history of the ancient dynasties enjoyed in private life a liberty of action quite foreign to the manners of most ,oriental nations4#aib ,it is by the social position of woman1 says ,m4 de ,bonald1 that we can always determine the nature of the political institutions of a people4 ,in ,egypt1 where we find the type of the social organization1 the law submitted the husband to his wife in honor of ,isis1 which means that this dependence was inspired by religion and morals1 rather than commanded by law4 ,neither divorce nor polygamy was known there4#aic ,the elevated condition of woman in ,egypt is attested by the monuments1 which show her sharing with her husband in the direction of the family4#aid ,champollion-,figeac has given us curious details respecting the private customs of wealthy families1 the garb and toilet of the women and children1 and the peculiar characteristics of the ,egyptian race3 ,the head was habitually uncovered2 the hair curled or plaited2 a woollen mantle was sometimes worn over the tunic1 and laid aside when they entered the temples4 ,the women1 besides the tunic1 wore ample vestments of linen or cotton1 with large sleeves1 plain or striped1 white1 or of some uniform color4 ,their hair was artistically arranged4 ,their heads were ornamented with bandeaux1 and their ears and hands with rings4 ,a light slipper was worn on the feet4 ,they went out with uncovered faces1 accompanied by some of the numerous female servants of the house4 ,dressed also in ample robes of striped cloth1 these servants had their hair braided and hanging down over the shoulders4 ,they also wore a large apron1 like their dress1 with no jewels or other ornaments1 and held themselves in a respectful posture in the presence of the lady of the house4 ,girls issuing from childhood were dressed like their mothers1 with the exception of the ornaments of the head1 and children of both sexes wore ear-rings as their only ornament 7or dress7 for the first five or six years4 ,they were a fine race1 tall in stature1 generally somewhat slender1 and long-lived1 as is proved by the sepulchral inscriptions of those over eighty years of age4 ,but exceptions to these general statements are found among the ,egyptians as among other nations4 ,we only make a general statement of the principal features of their physical nature1 according to the monuments1 in accord with historical accounts4 ,herodotus1 who saw ,egypt before its complete decadence1 declares that1 next to the ,lybians1 the ,egyptians were the healthiest of people4 ,the great number of mummies of men and women which have been opened corroborate this testimony4#aie ,bossuet1 in his ,discours sur l',histoire universelle1 gives a bold sketch of the physiognomy of the ,egyptians1 and shows the result of their manly training3 ,these wise ,egyptians1 says he1 studied the regimen that produces solid minds1 robust bodies1 fruitful women1 and vigorous children4 ,consequently1 the people increased in number and strength4 ,the country was naturally healthy1 but philosophy taught them that nature wishes to be aided4 ,there is an art of forming the body as well as the mind4#aif ,this art1 which we have lost through our indifference1 was well known to the ancients1 and ,egypt acquired it4 ,for this laudable end1 the inhabitants had recourse to exercise and frugality4444 ,races on foot1 horseback1 and in chariots were practised with admirable skill in ,egypt4 ,there were not finer horsemen in the world than the ,egyptians4 ,when ,diodorus tells us they rejected wrestling as giving a dangerous and factitious strength1 he had reference to the excessive feats of the athletes1 which ,greece herself1 though she crowned the victorious wrestler in her games1 disapproved of as unsuitable for free persons2 and ,diodorus himself informs us that the ,mercury of the ,egyptians invented the rules as well as the art of forming the body4 ,we must similarly modify the statement of the same author respecting music4 ,that which the ,egyptians despised1 according to him1 as tending to lessen courage1 was doubtless soft1 effeminate music1 which only excites to pleasure and false tenderness4 ,for the ,egyptians1 so far from despising music of an elevated character1 whose noble accords exalt the mind and heart1 ascribed its invention1 according to ,diodorus himself1 to their ,mercury1 as well as the gravest of musical instruments4#aig ,among the varied exercises which formed a part of the military education1 and are sculptured on the numerous monuments1 are found complete gymnastic rules4 ,nothing could be more varied than the attitudes and positions of the wrestlers1 attacking1 defending themselves1 receding and advancing by turns1 bending down or turning over1 rising up again1 and triumphing over the opponents by dint of strength1 art1 and skill4 ,in these exercises the wrestlers only wore a large girdle1 that supported and favored their efforts4 ,a fortunate discovery by ,m4 ,mariette enables us to complete the portrait of the ,egyptian race4 ,a statue found in the ,necropolis of ,sakkarah1 near ,memphis1 represents a person standing wearing a plain wig1#aih the arms close to the body4 ,he is walking1 with the left leg advanced4 ,this fine monument1 says ,m4 ,mariette1 is at once a perfect model of the ,fellah of the middle provinces of ,egypt and a specimen of the works of art in the ancient kingdom4 ,the person represented is tall and slender1 with a small hand1 the eyes wide open1 the nose short and full1 the lips somewhat thick1 but pleasant in expression1 and the cheeks plump4 ,the breadth of the shoulders is remarkable4 ,the breast is full1 but1 like the race itself1 the hips are small1 and the lean and muscular limbs seem formed for racing4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,classification ,,of ,,the ,,people4 ,the ,egyptians1 the first to organize a truly civilized society1 were divided into distinct classes1 in which the occupations of the different families were hereditary4 ,the two dominant classes were the sacerdotal and military4 ,inferior to them were the agriculturists1 shepherds1 merchants1 artisans1 and boatmen1 on whom devolved the cultivation of the land1 the care of the flocks1 commerce1 the trades1 the means of communication and transportation on the ,nile1 and the canals that covered the land4#aii ,to understand the strength and permanence of this organization1 we must revert to its origin4 ,the social institutions of ancient nations in the beginning depended essentially on the family--the foundation of all society4 ,the children were naturally inclined to follow the occupations of their parents4 ,the necessity of providing for their own livelihood as soon as they were able1 and the facility of working under the direction of their fathers1 induced them to embrace the occupation to which they had been accustomed from infancy4 ,it was thus that not only agriculture1 but all the arts1 trades1 and sciences1 became hereditary in the family4 ,once having a means of subsistence1 it was natural to endeavor to preserve it4 ,identity of interests drew together those who followed the same trades1 which led to the formation of corporations united by ties of blood and similarity of pursuits4 ,the ,egyptians were probably the first nation to systematically apply these principles4 ,they were not allowed1 says ,bossuet1 to be useless to the country4 ,the law assigned every one his employment1 which was transmitted from father to son4 ,they could not have two professions1 or change the one they had2 but then every employment was honored4 ,there must be some pursuits and some people of a more elevated condition1 as eyes are needed in the body1 but their brilliancy does not make them despise the feet or the baser parts4 ,thus1 among the ,egyptians1 the priests and warriors were particularly honored2 but all trades1 even the lowest1 were esteemed4 ,it was considered culpable to despise citizens whose labors1 whatever they might be1 contributed to the public welfare4 ,by this means all the arts were brought to perfection4 ,the honor which tended to develop them was everywhere manifested1 and that was done better to which they had been accustomed and in which they had been experienced from childhood4 ,but there was one pursuit common to all--the study of the civil laws and the requirements of religion4 ,ignorance of religion and of the regulations of the land was inexcusable in any rank4 ,each profession had its own district4 ,no inconvenience resulted from this1 as the country was not extensive1 and with so much system the indolent had nowhere to hide themselves4#bjj ,we recognize the genius of ,bossuet in the clear outlines he has drawn of the plan of organized labor1 suited to the state of things1 as well as the fundamental principles of all society4 ,the respect for family life and tradition1 the maintenance of social harmony and the grades of society1 the protection of honored labor1 are all remembered in this admirable sketch of the political economy of the ancient ,egyptians4 ,but we must not1 nevertheless1 conclude that professions were rigorously hereditary and the castes unchangeable4 ,ampre proves the contrary by means of the sepulchral inscriptions discovered in the tombs contemporary with the ancient dynasties4 ,they show1 in fact1 that a great number of marriages were contracted between persons of different classes4 ,what destroys the hypotheses of exclusive professions1 says that learned academician1 to which each family1 and consequently each caste1 was supposed to be devoted1 is1 finding one member of a family in the sacerdotal state1 another pursuing the military life1 and the remainder engaged in some civil profession4#bja ,it is true the monuments1 a funereal distinction of the upper classes1 never mention the laborer or the artisan2 but it is reasonable to believe that1 among a people so regularly organized1 the different classes were governed by the same laws and customs4 ,in large families1 like those of primitive times generally1 liberty of vocation easily harmonized with hereditary professions4 ,one alone--that of the swineherd--was rigorously hereditary4 ,those who pursued this employment were obliged to marry among themselves1 on account of the invincible repugnance felt for the unclean animals they had charge of4 ,herodotus says the ,egyptian swineherd alone1 of all the nation1 could not enter into any temple in the country4 ,no one would marry their daughters or give their children to them in marriage4 ,they could only marry among themselves4 ,,iii4 ,,division ,,of ,,landed ,,property4 ,the law concerning the landed property contributed no less than the hereditary professions to preserve a distinction of classes and the social gradations4 ,all the land1 says ,diodorus1 speaking of the institutions of ancient ,egypt1 is divided into three parts4 ,the first and largest belongs to the priesthood1 who are greatly respected by the native population on account of their religious functions as well as for their thorough education4 ,their revenues are expended for the sacrifices1 the maintenance of their subordinates1 and their own wants4 ,the ,egyptians think the religious ceremonies should not be changed1 that they should always be performed by the same functionaries1 and that these sovereign counsellors should be above want4 ,in fact1 the priests are the chief counsellors of the king1 whom they aid by their labors1 their advice1 and their knowledge4 ,by means of astrology and the inspection of the sacrificial victims1 they foretell the future1 and they relate useful examples of deeds taken from the sacred books4 ,it is not here as in ,greece1 where a single man or woman has charge of the sacerdotal functions4 ,in ,egypt1 those who are occupied in the sacrifices and conduct the worship of the gods are numerous1 and they transmit their profession to their descendants4 ,they are exempted from taxes1 and they rank next to the king in position and privileges4 ,the second part of the land belongs to the king1 the revenues of which are employed for the expenses of war and the maintenance of the court4 ,the king rewards merit from his own income1 without having recourse to the purse of any private individual4 ,the remaining portion of the land belongs to the soldiers and all those who are under command of the military leaders4 ,strongly attached to their country1 on account of the wealth they possess1 they brave all the dangers of war to defend it4 ,it is1 in fact1 absurd to entrust the safety of a nation to men who have no interest in the common welfare4 ,what is especially remarkable1 the soldiers1 living thus at their ease1 increase the population to such a degree that the government is able to dispense with foreign troops4 ,and the children1 encouraged by the example of their fathers1 eagerly embrace the military life1 and are invincible by their bravery and experience4#bjb ,diodorus1 as is known1 was a contemporary of ,julius ,csar and ,augustus4 ,in addition to what ,diodorus says of the military class1 we will add the following extracts from ,herodotus3 ,twelve acres of excellent land were given1 under the first kings1 to each head of a family4 7,he is speaking of the same class47 ,and a little further on3 ,each soldier possesses twelve acres of land1 exempt from taxation4 ,this distribution of the landed property is similar to that in ,france in feudal times1 and which still exists1 to a degree1 in ,england1 where the clergy and aristocracy possess the greater part of the land4 ,the two first classes were exempt from taxation1 but the priests were at all the expense of public worship1 and1 although the royal treasury provided for the expenses of war1 the soldiers evidently had to provide1 not only their own supplies1 and equipment1 but also for the expenses of military organization2 and1 like our ancient noblesse1 they alone had the glorious privilege of paying a tribute of blood4 ,we have not a sufficiently clear knowledge of ,egyptian civilization to state the law of succession with certainty1 or how the preservation of the patrimony of each family was preserved4 ,modern publicists1 confounding stability with immovableness1 have thought the power of bequeathing property did not exist under the ancient laws of the ,east4 ,this opinion seems incompatible with the nature of the paternal authority1 which was carried to a sovereign degree in the families of primitive times4 ,does not the ,bible represent the patriarch ,jacob on his death-bed disinheriting ,reuben1 the oldest of his twelve sons1 and giving his inheritance to ,judah8 ,and this scene1 so well related in ,holy ,scripture1 took place in ,egypt itself4 ,it is true1 the descendants of ,abraham had preserved the traditions of the patriarchal life more perfectly than the ,egyptians1 but the latter1 as we have seen1 also professed great respect for the paternal authority1 the rights of which must have harmonized with the requirements of the principle of hereditary professions4 ,a passage from ,diodorus seems to decide the question in this sense3 ,the legislator regarded property as belonging to those who had acquired it by their labor1 by transmission1 or by gift4 ,however this may be1 it is certain that all the land1 according to ,herodotus and ,diodorus1 belonged originally to the king1 the priesthood1 and the military class4 ,this division of the landed property must have greatly contributed to the stability which is so distinctive a characteristic of the ,egyptian nation4 ,the hereditary transmission of the land in the sacerdotal and military classes effectually assured a solid basis for their preponderance1 and at the same time guaranteed the independence and dignity of the aristocratic classes4 ,they were thus fully enabled to second the king in the government1 administration1 and defence of the country4 ,,iv4 ,,organization ,,of ,,labor4 ,ancient ,egypt1 from an agricultural point of view1 is in some respects worthy of attention4 ,certain modern writers have supposed the members of the military class cultivated their own lands1 as the legionaries of ancient ,rome1 but this supposition is irreconcilable with the testimony of the ancient historians who visited ,egypt4 ,herodotus says they were not allowed to practise any mechanical art1 but were skilled in the art of war1 which they transmit from father to son4 ,this point is settled by the following passage from ,diodorus3 ,the agriculturists pass their lives in cultivating the lands1 which are leased them at a moderate price by the king1 priests1 and warriors4 ,as to the sacerdotal class1 absorbed in the religious observances1 the administration1 the study of the laws and the sciences1 it was impossible for its members to engage in the cultivation of the land1 which1 as we have seen1 they leased4 ,notwithstanding great research1 no information has been obtained about the economic condition of the agricultural class4 ,we only know1 from the extract quoted from ,diodorus1 that the land was leased at a moderate price4 ,the stability which prevailed in ,egypt1 and the principle of hereditary professions1 induce us to believe that private estates generally had a kind of entail1 so the same family of husbandmen lived from generation to generation on the same land4 ,this principle of stability was eminently favorable to the moral and material welfare of the family1 as well as to the progress of agriculture4 ,reared from childhood amid rural occupations1 they acquired more experience in them than any other nation4 ,they perfectly understood the nature of the soil1 the art of irrigation1 and the time for sowing and harvesting1 a knowledge they acquired partly from their ancestors and partly by their own experience4 ,the same observation may be applied to the shepherds1 who inherited the care of their flocks1 and passed their whole lives in rearing them2 thus perfecting the knowledge acquired from their fathers4 ,the other industrial classes were no less prosperous4 ,they also inherited their occupations4 ,a celebrated publicist states that the ,egyptian artisans held no property4#bjc ,to prove the truth of such an assertion1 it must be shown that they were reduced to a state of slavery3 which is formally contradicted by ,diodorus1 as we shall see presently1 and it is not confirmed by any of the recently discovered monuments4 ,it may be safely affirmed that the artisans of ancient ,egypt1 with the exception of those attached to the temples or public works1 had a complete right over their trades and the fruit of their labors4 ,the possession of land was denied them1 but there is reason to believe they could own their dwellings and the little gardens that surrounded them4 ,champollion-,figeac1 who rivalled his brother in the sciences and the profound knowledge of the arts and pursuits of ancient ,egypt1 represents the people of that country with their plates of glazed earthenware1 their rush-baskets1 and their shoes of papyrus4 ,the lower classes1 says he in another place1 generally wore a short linen tunic called a calasiris1 confined by a girdle around the hips1 and sometimes with short sleeves trimmed with fringe at the end4 ,v4 ,,social ,,condition ,,of ,,the ,,laboring ,,classes4 ,notwithstanding the light which the wonderful discoveries of modern science have thrown on the history of ancient ,egypt1 we still lack precise information respecting the internal organization of the corporations occupied in manual labor4 ,we only know from ,diodorus that they belonged to the class of citizens--that is1 they were free men4 ,there are in the kingdom1 says he1 after having spoken of the two dominant classes1 three classes of citizens3 shepherds1 husbandmen1 and artisans4 ,labor among the ancients was not always a mark of servitude4 ,in retracing the origin of the ancient nations1 as far as the light of history diffuses its rays1 we find agriculture and the industrial pursuits carried on everywhere by free labor4 ,the monarchical and aristocratical government contributed not a little to the maintenance of stability in the artisan families1 by preserving them from the fruitless agitations into which the working-classes are fatally drawn under democratic governments4 ,diodorus shows this admirably in the following passage1 to which we invite the attention of the reader3 ,it must be considered that the arts have greatly developed among the ,egyptians1 and arrived at a high degree of perfection4 ,it is the only country in which a workman is not permitted to fill any public office1 or employ himself in any other way than that assigned him by law or by inheritance4 ,by this restriction1 the workman is not diverted from his occupations either by the jealousy of his masters#bjd or by political affairs4 ,among other nations1 on the contrary1 the artisan is almost wholly absorbed in the idea of making a fortune1 some by agriculture1 others through commerce1 and some carry on several trades at once4 ,and in democratic countries1 most of them frequent the popular assemblies and increase disorder by selling their votes1 whereas an ,egyptian artisan who should take a part in public affairs1 or worked at several trades at once1 would incur a large fine4 ,such are the social divisions and political constitutions the ancient ,egyptians transmitted from father to son4 ,what a contrast between the artisan of the old ,greek republics1 frequenting public assemblies and extending disorder by selling their votes1 and the workman of the ,egyptian monarchy1 peacefully pursuing the occupation of his fathers1 happy and contented amid political agitations which must have been very rare under a rgime in which traditional customs were religiously observed6 ,thus1 with the exception of enforced labor on the public works1 we are not unwilling to admit the fidelity of the picture ,champollion-,figeac has drawn of the condition of the laboring classes in ancient ,egypt3 ,the extraordinary fertility of the soil1 the beneficent climate1 the wise laws perfected by experience and sanctioned by time1 the active and benevolent administration1 constantly occupied in promoting and sustaining public order in the country as well as the city1 the inevitable influence of religion upon a people naturally religious and impressionable--the most religious of men1 according to ,herodotus--allow us to believe that the masses in ancient ,egypt were happy1 and that1 occupied and laborious1 modest in their manners and wishes1 they found in labor a source of durable pleasure4 ,by this wise social organization1 which kept each one in his place1 the artisan remained faithfully devoted to his pursuits1 as the husbandman to his labor4 ,they both fully enjoyed the stability so necessary to success4 ,but1 as we shall see1 the liberty and well-being of the workmen of all classes were affected by the frightful labors imposed on them in the public works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,book ,,second4 ,,the ,,political1 ,,legal1 ,,and ,,administrative ,,institutions4 ,i4 ,,royalty4 ,the keystone of the social edifice in the ancient kingdom of ,egypt may be regarded as royalty4 ,the crown was hereditary in the male line in the order of primogeniture--brother succeeding to brother without surviving children4 ,in case of no son1 the daughter succeeded her father1 and he whom she espoused was the queen's husband1 but not the king4 ,the king1 through the different members of his family1 presided in all the branches of the government and public administration1 thus giving perfect unity and complete monarchical power4 ,in fact1 says ,champollion1 the dignities of the different orders were reserved for the king's sons by the laws of the country4 ,the oldest son of ,sesostris bore the titles of ,fan-bearer of the king's left hand1 ,royal ,secretary1 ,basilico-grammatist1 and ,commander-in-chief of the ,army4 ,the second son was also ,fan-bearer of the king's left hand1 ,royal ,secretary1 and ,commander-in-chief of the ,royal ,guard4 ,the third son added to the two first titles that of ,commander-in-chief of the ,cavalry4 ,the same qualifications were also given to other princes1 and seem to have belonged to all the royal generations1 as well as several sacerdotal and civil titles1 such as prophets 7a class of priests7 of different gods1 high-priest of ,ammon1 and supreme head of different civil functions4 ,thus the king concentrated in his family the most important offices in the army1 the civil administration1 and the priesthood4 ,finally1 the better to consecrate the principle that all power and dignity had their source in the throne1 the principal leaders in the army and administration received the title of the king's cousin1 relative1 or friend4#bje ,such was the real nature of the royal power in the eyes of ancient ,egypt4 ,the ,egyptians were generally considered the most grateful of men toward their benefactors4 ,they considered the best guarantee of society to be a reciprocal interchange of services and gratitude4 ,it is true1 men are more inclined to be useful to others when a real benefit is to be derived from the gratitude of the obliged4 ,it was from these motives the ,egyptians respected and adored their kings as if they were gods4 ,the sovereign authority1 divinely conferred1 according to their belief1 with will and power to diffuse benefits1 was to them a godlike attribute4#bjf ,while giving the consecration of a divine character to the royal authority1 the wise legislators of old ,egypt did not the less take the precautions1 suggested by a profound knowledge of human nature1 of restricting the monarchical power within just limits1 of inspiring the king with virtuous inclinations1 and of preventing him from evil-doing4 ,in the first place1 the kings of ,egypt did not lead as free and independent a life as the kings of other nations4 ,they could not act according to their own will4 ,everything was regulated by law1 not only their public1 but their daily private life4 ,they were served1 not by bondsmen or slaves1 but by the sons of the chief priests1 reared with the greatest care1 and more than twenty years of age4 ,the king1 thus served day and night by real models of virtue1 would never be countenanced in any blamable action4 ,for a sovereign would not be worse than any other man if he had not around him those who flattered his desires4 ,the precise duties of the king for every hour of the day and night were fixed by law1 and not left to his own inclinations4 ,his first act in the morning was to read the letters sent from every direction1 that he might be thoroughly informed of all that had occurred in the kingdom1 and act in consequence4 ,then1 after bathing1 putting on magnificent garments1 and assuming the insignia of royalty1 he offered a sacrifice to the gods4 ,the victims were led to the altar2 the high-priest1 according to custom1 stood near the king1 and1 in presence of the people1 prayed the gods aloud to preserve the king in health and all other blessings as long as he fulfilled the laws4 ,at the same time1 the high-priest was obliged to enumerate the virtues of the king1 and dwell on his piety towards the gods and his meekness towards man1 representing him as temperate1 just1 magnanimous1 opposed to lying1 loving to do good1 the complete master of his passions1 inflicting on the guilty the least punishment merited1 and recompensing good actions beyond their value4 ,after the addition of similar praises1 the priest ended by an imprecation against all faults committed through ignorance2 for the king1 being irresponsible1 imputed all his faults to his ministers and counsellors1 on whom was invoked the merited chastisement4 ,the high-priest acted thus in order to inspire the king with a fear of the gods1 and habituate him to a pious and exemplary life1 not by a bitter exhortation1 but by attractive praises of the practice of virtue4 ,finally1 the king inspected the entrails of the victim1 and declared the favorable auspices4 ,the hierogrammatist read some sentences and useful accounts of celebrated men from the sacred books1 that the sovereign might select an example by which to regulate his actions4 ,there was a fixed time not only for audiences1 but for exercise1 the bath1 and1 in short1 for every act of life4 ,the king was accustomed to live on simple food4 ,he was allowed veal and goose for meat4 ,he could only drink a certain quantity of wine that would neither produce repletion nor intoxication4 ,in a word1 the prescribed regimen was so regular that it might be supposed ordained not by legislators1 but by the best physicians1 aiming only at the preservation of health4 ,it seems strange for a king not to be at liberty to choose his daily food1 and still more so that he could not pronounce a judgment or take a decision1 or punish any one through passion or caprice1 or any other unjust reason1 but be forced to act according to the laws fixed for each particular case4 ,as it was an established custom1 the king could not take offence1 and he was not discontented with his lot4 ,on the contrary1 he considered his a very happy life1 while other men1 abandoned without restraint to their natural passions1 were exposed to many inconveniences and dangers4 ,he thought himself fortunate in often seeing other men violate their consciences by persisting in bad designs1 influenced by love1 hatred1 or some other passion1 while he himself1 emulous of living after the example of the wisest of men1 could only fall into venial errors4 ,animated with such just sentiments1 the king conciliated the affection of his people as that of his family4 ,not only the priesthood1 but all the ,egyptian nation were less solicitous about their own families and possessions than about the safety of the king4#bjg ,all the kings mentioned followed this political rgime for a long time1 and led a happy life under these laws4 ,besides1 they conquered many nations1 acquired great wealth1 adorned the country with wonderful works and monuments1 and the cities with rich and varied ornaments4#bjh ,we have thought proper to quote this long passage from ,diodorus1 because it clearly shows how the ,egyptians regarded the duties and attributes of royalty4 ,a limited knowledge of their sentiments makes us feel that ,diodorus must have faithfully described the regulations maintained by the priests from the beginning of this ancient monarchy4 ,until the latest times1 that is1 till the ,roman conquest1 the prince1 called to the throne by his birth1 was enthroned and consecrated in a general assembly of the priesthood convoked at ,memphis1 in order to observe the legal ceremonies prescribed for the coronation4#bji ,when we examine the sacerdotal order1 the influence it exercised over the king1 in keeping him within the limits of moderation and justice1 will be perceived4 ,the veneration of the ,egyptians for their kings led them from the first to render them divine honors4 ,egypt1 says ,m4 ,mariette1 had a genuine worship for its kings1 whom they styled beneficent gods1 and regarded as the ',sons of the ,sun4' ,the ureus 7the asp7 ornamented the brows of all the kings4 ,it is also found adorning the foreheads of some of the gods4 ',the asp does not grow old1' says ,plutarch 7,isis and ,osiris71 'and1 though without organs of locomotion1 it moves with great facility4' ,the ,egyptians considered it as the emblem of the eternal youth of the sun and its course in the heavens4 ,the sentiment of loyalty was carried so far among the ,egyptians that it was considered a duty to obey their kings even in the caprices of their fantasy and pride4 ,they respected those who were bad while they lived1 reserving the right of judging them after their death4 ,what took place at the death of their kings was not one of the least proofs of their attachment to them1 for the honors rendered to the dead are an incontestable proof of sincerity of affection4 ,when one of the kings died1 all the inhabitants mourned1 rent their garments1 closed the temples1 abstained from sacrifices1 and celebrated no festivals for seventy-two days4 ,every one passed the prescribed number of days in affliction and mourning1 as for the death of a cherished child4 ,during this time preparations were made for a magnificent funeral1 and on the last day they placed the chest containing the body of the deceased at the entrance of the tomb4 ,they then proceeded1 according to the law1 to pass judgment on all the king had done during his life4 ,every one had the right of making his accusation4 ,the priests pronounced a panegyric1 relating the praiseworthy deeds of the king4 ,thousands of auditors applauded it if the king's life had been without reproach2 if otherwise1 they expressed their disapproval by murmurs4 ,many kings1 through the opposition of the people1 were deprived of suitable burial4 ,this led their successors to deal justly1 not only for reasons already mentioned1 but for fear their bodies might be treated ignominiously after death1 and their memory be for ever cursed4#baj ,there are still to be seen in ,egypt1 says ,champollion-,figeac1 testimonies significant of this custom4 ,the names of some sovereigns are carefully effaced from the monuments they had erected during their reign4 ,they are carefully hammered down even on their tombs4 ,among the names of the kings thus condemned after death1 ,champollion mentions that of ,pharaoh ,mandoui1 of the eighteenth dynasty4 ,wherever this name stood1 on all representations of the king1 or on the edifices he had erected1 it is carefully effaced and hammered1 though expressed by the image of the god ,mandou1 whose name he bore4 ,the systematic suppression of this king's name on all the public monuments can only be explained as the result of one of those severe judgments passed by the ,egyptian nation upon wicked kings after their death4#baa ,there was in ,egypt1 says ,bossuet1 a kind of judgment1 quite extraordinary1 which no one escaped4444 ,this custom of judging kings after their death appeared so sacred to the people of ,god1 that they always practised it4 ,we see in the ,scriptures that wicked kings were deprived of burial among their ancestors1 and we learn from ,josephus that this custom was still kept up in the time of the ,asmoneans4 ,it led kings to remember that1 if above human judgment during their lives1 they must be subjected thereto when death reduced them to the level of ordinary mortals4#bab ,notwithstanding so many wise precautions1 the kings of ,egypt did not always pursue the course so clearly marked out by the national traditions and the interests of the nation4 ,more than one ,pharaoh1 intoxicated by sovereign authority1 made his subjects experience the heavy hand of tyranny4 ,the numerous changes of dynasties 7thirty-one are reckoned before the conquest by ,alexander the ,great7 also show that the nation more than once succeeded in overthrowing the despotic government of those that abused their power4 ,but1 through all changes of dynasties1 and in spite of the struggles of rival families1 the ,egyptians always remained faithful to the monarchical principle1 indissolubly attached to its institutions1 customs1 and manners4 ,at no time1 says ,herodotus1 have the ,egyptians been able to live without kings4 ,,footnotes3 #aha ,mariette1 ,notice des principaux ,monuments exposs dans les ,galeries provisoires du ,muse d',antiquits ,egyptiennes de ,s4 ,a4 le ,vice-,roi1 ,boulaq4 ,alexandrie4 #ahfd4 ,it may be well to remark here that the antiquity of the ,egyptian nation is by no means irreconcilable with the ,septuagint1 as ,mgr4 ,meignan shows in his learned work on ,le ,monde primitif1 pp4 #afd and #aea4 ,paris4 #ahfi4 ,palm4 #ahb ,egypt ancienne1 by ,champollion-,figeac4 ,paris4 #ahei4 #ahc ,aperu de l',histoire d',egypte depuis les ,temps les plus reculs jusqu' la ,conqute ,musulmane4 ,by ,auguste ,mariette-,bey1 ,director of the ,company for the ,preservation of ,egyptian ,antiquities4 ,alexandria4 #ahfd4 #ahd ,e4 ,renan4 ,les ,antiquits et les ,fouilles d',egypte 7,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 for ,april #a1 #ahfe74 #ahe ,h4 ,dufresne1 ,moniteur ,officiel for ,july #b1 #ahfg4 #ahf ,gladstone4 #ahg ,bossuet1 ,discours sur l',histoire universelle4 #ahh ,robiau1 ,histoire ancienne du ,peuple de l',orient1 p4 #hc4 #ahi ,mariette1 ,notice des principaux ,monuments du ,muse d',antiquits ,egyptiennes ,boulaq1 ,p4 #ge4 #aij ,little moral treatise by ,phtah-,hotep1 who lived in the reign of ,assa-,tatkera1 the last king but one of the fifth dynasty--partly translated by ,m4 ,chabas in the ,revue ,archol41 xxix41 first series4 #aia ,champollion-,figeac1 ,egypte ancienne1 #agc4 #aib ,robiau1 ,histoire anc4 des ,peuples de l',orient4 #aic ,de ,bonald1 ,thorie du ,pouvoir1 vol4 i4 p4 #bec4 #aid ,champollion-,figeac4 #aie ,champollion-,figeac1 ,egypte ancienne1 p4 #agc4 #aif ,diodorus4 #aig ,bossuet1 ,discours sur l',histoire univ4 ,the passage from ,diodorus which inspired the sagacious reflections of the illustrious ,bishop of ,meaux is this3 ,wrestling and music are not allowed to be taught1 for1 according to the ,egyptian belief1 the daily exercise of the body gives young men not health1 but a transient strength which is prejudicial4 ,as to music1 it is considered not only useless1 but injurious1 as rendering the mind of man effeminate4 #aih ,the large wigs so often found on the monuments of the ancient monarchy1 worn by both sexes1 like the turban1 were a preservative against the ardor of the sun's rays4 #aii ,herodotus2 ,diodorus ,siculus4 #bjj ,bossuet1 ,histoire universelle4 #bja ,des ,castes et de la ,transmission hrditaire des ,professions dans l'ancienne ,egypte3 a memoir published in the ,journal gnral de l',instruction publique1 and in ,vol4 ,x4 of the ,revue ,archologique4 ,ampre proves by this learned tude that there were no castes among the ancient ,egyptians in the strict sense of that word1 as it is used in ,india1 for example4 ,he very satisfactorily explains how a slight inexactness in the histories of ,herodotus and ,diodorus respecting hereditary transmission in the class of priests and warriors1 sufficed to found on this inheritance of pursuits and the separation of classes in ,egypt1 a theory that ended by becoming completely erroneous4 ,m4 ,egger1 in speaking of hereditary professions1 says3 ,it is known that every degree of the social scale in ancient ,egypt rested on this foundation4 ,it was for a long time believed1 according to ,herodotus and ,diodorus1 that the ,egyptian castes were absolutely exclusive2 but an interesting memoir by ,j4 ,j4 ,ampre 7#ahdh7 proves the contrary1 and scientific discoveries daily confirm the truth of his observations4 7,bulletin de la ,socit d' ,economie ,sociale1 ,june1 #ahfh47 #bjb ,diodorus4 ,with the exception of certain fabulous relations1 easily recognized by their mythological character1 we consider as perfectly credible the interesting details ,diodorus has left concerning the manners1 laws1 and institutions of ancient ,egypt4 ,he had visited that country himself1 and did not depend on the testimony of others4 ,we give1 says he1 the facts we have carefully examined1 which are preserved in the records of the ,egyptian priesthood4 ,after stating that he visited that country under ,ptolemy1 son of ,lagus1 during the #ahjth ,olympiad1 he adds3 ,during our travels in ,egypt we had intercourse with many priests1 and conversed with a great number of ,ethiopian envoys4 ,after carefully collecting all the information we could find on the subject1 and examining the accounts of historians1 we have only admitted into our narration facts generally received4 ,lib4 iii4 #bjc ,m4 ,troplong4 #bjd ,probably superintendents is meant4 #bje ,champollion-,figeac4 #bjf ,diodorus4 #bjg ,the ritual of the dead puts the following beautiful words into the mouth of the deceased1 when he justifies himself before the tribunal of ,osiris3 ,i have spoken ill neither of the king nor my own father4 #bjh ,diodorus4 #bji ,decree of #aif ,b4,c41 found on the ,rosetta ,stone4 #baj ,diodorus4 #baa ,it could also be explained as the effect of a reaction which often accompanies a change of dynasty4 ,m4 ,f4 ,lenormant regards this judgment of kings as a mere fable4 ,the king when dead1 says he1 was as much of a god as when living4 ,doubtless1 but the ,csars were also during their lives raised to the rank of divinities1 which did not prevent the ,romans from killing several4 ,we see no difficulty in admitting the explicit testimony of ,diodorus1 corroborated by the opinion of ,champollion the ,younger as well as his brother4 #bab ,bossuet1 ,histoire univ41 ii4 #agg4 ,the ,israelites probably borrowed this custom from the ,egyptians4 ,,mr4 ,,carlyle ,,and ,p,,re ,,bouhours4 ,crying injustice and endless heartburnings are caused in social life by the falsehoods which malicious or foolish people shelter under the familiar quotation rubric1 said he or said she4 ,for these we may charitably and to some extent allow uncertainty of human memory to go in extenuation4 ,rising above the circle of cackling gossip1 we know that1 out of a dozen witnesses solemnly adjured to testify as to words spoken in simultaneous hearing of all the twelve1 it is rare to find any three of them agreeing as to the precise form of locution used1 even where they accord as to meaning and signification of the phrase they report4 ,we pass from the spoken to the written word1 and are struck with the fact that1 even in literature and in history1 the too common neglect of conscientious accuracy of citations1 in accepting them at second hand or from a questionable source1 is the fruitful cause of wrong judgment of events1 false estimate of men1 and uncharitableness without end4 ,if it is sought to hold a man responsible for opinions which he has deliberately written and printed1 he is in justice to be held answerable solely by his own record1 neither more nor less4 ,no occasion is there here for conflicting testimony4 ,if arraigned for those opinions1 let the accusation run--ipsissimis verbis--with what he has written4 ,otherwise1 flaw fatal will be found1 and indictment sternly quashed4 ,scripta manent--his opinions are recorded1 and no subsequent version may be heard from him to vary the obligation therein assumed4 ,neither1 therefore1 in justice1 shall you admit adverse parol testimony in guise of unfriendly gloss or explanation to hold him responsible for more than he has advanced or assumed4 ,with swift instinct1 we all mistrust reported verbal utterances made by a man whose prejudice or whose passion evidently colors his memory and stimulates his imagination4 ,and1 although the excuse of mistake or misunderstanding is not admissible where the repetition or citation of printed words is concerned1 yet1 when a writer is quoted in the spirit of ridicule1 blame1 or sarcasm1 it should suffice to put the reader on inquiry4 ,before he adopts and thereby vouches for the attributed phrase1 let him look well to it that the text is not tampered with1 and that the passage1 as given1 be not modified--not to say changed--by omission or addition4 ,a mere comma too much or too little1 as we well know1 may make sad havoc with a sentence1 and turn truth into falsehood4 ,old authors1 and even some few careful writers down to the present day1 show their appreciation of this responsibility in quotation by intrenching themselves behind an apud in cases where1 from any cause1 they are unable to verify the correctness of the passage cited2 thus throwing the burden of proof on the reporter named by them4 ,a remarkable instance of the neglect of some such precautions as are here mentioned may be found in a somewhat familiar citation made--and1 we may add1 made celebrated--by no less a literary authority than ,mr4 ,carlyle4 ,it occurs in one of his most admirable productions1 entitled ,the ,state of ,german ,literature4 ,this essay1 which originally appeared1 in #ahbg1 as an article in the ,edinburgh ,review1 is rich in literary research and vigorous thought4 ,it is valuable not only for what it says concerning ,german literature1 but concerning all literature1 and is most generally enjoyed and best remembered by reason of its eloquent pillorying and remorseless flagellation of one ,pre ,bouhours1 who1 as ,mr4 ,carlyle informs us1 propounded to himself the pregnant question3 ,si un ,allemand peut avoir de l'esprit8 ,indignantly the great ,scotch essayist thus bursts out upon the unfortunate ,frenchman3 ,had the ,pre ,bouhours bethought him of what country ,kepler and ,leibnitz were born1 or who it was that gave to mankind the three great elements of modern civilization1 gunpowder1 printing1 and the ,protestant religion1 it might have thrown light on his inquiry4 ,had he known the ,niebelungen-,lied1 and where ,reinecke-,fuchs1 and ,faust1 and the ,ship of ,fools1 and four-fifths of all the popular mythology1 humor1 and romance to be found in ,europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries1 took its rise2 had he read a page or two of ,ulrich ,hutten1 ,opitz1 ,paul ,flemming1 ,logan1 or even ,lobenstein and ,hoffmanswaldau1 all of whom had already lived and written even in his day2 had the ,pre ,bouhours taken this trouble1 who knows but he might have found1 with whatever amazement1 that a ,german could actually have a little esprit1 or1 perhaps1 even something better8 ,no such trouble was requisite for the ,pre ,bouhours4 ,motion in vacuo is well known to be speedier and surer than through a resisting medium1 especially to imponderable bodies2 and so the light ,jesuit1 unimpeded by facts or principles of any kind1 failed not to reach his conclusions2 and1 in a comfortable frame of mind1 to decide negatively that a ,german could not have any literary talent4 ,now1 if ,pre ,bouhours really said what is here attributed to him1 this fulmination1 all obvious as it is1 cannot be looked upon as unprovoked1 and we may listen with sense of satisfied justice to the dreadful sentence pronounced upon him1 which is substantially that1 incarcerated in the immortal amber of this one untimely joke1 the helpless ,jesuit be doomed therein to live2 for the blessing of full oblivion is denied him1 and so he hangs suspended to his own noose1 over the dusky pool which he struggles toward1 but for a great while will not reach4 ,to these remarks ,mr4 ,carlyle adds the very sensible reflection3 ,for surely the pleasure of despising1 at all times and in itself a dangerous luxury1 is much safer after the toil of examining than before it4 ,this condemnation and sentence are based on a detached phrase separated from its contexts1 and ,mr4 ,carlyle fails to tell us in what connection or in what work was made the unfortunate speech for which the ,french writer is thus beaten with many stripes4 ,might it not be that1 read in its proper relation1 his words signify something very different from the interpretation placed upon them as here severed8 ,so true is this that what ,pre ,bouhours really wrote has a very different signification4 ,investigation demonstrates this and more1 and shows that ,pre ,bouhours not only did not mean to express what is here attributed to him1 but that he did not even use the words thus thrust upon him as his own4 ,indeed1 the ill-used ,bouhours is introduced and dispatched so very summarily1 that the reader of the ,edinburgh essay scarcely obtains more than a glance of a literary criminal rapidly judged and sent to swift execution4 ,let us see for a moment what manner of man this ,bouhours appeared to the people of his day and generation4 ,as then known1 he was a writer of high reputation 7hors ligne7 and the author of several works1 some of which are still read and republished4 ,we find certain of his books on the shelves of our largest ,american libraries1 and a few days since1 in looking casually through a catalogue of publications made 7#ahfi7 at the ,armenian convent in ,venice1 an interesting spot well known to ,american travellers1 we noted two editions of ,bouhours's ,christian ,meditations1 one in ,french and one in a ,turkish translation4 ,bouhours is also the author of a ,french translation of the entire ,new ,testament1 which is remarkable for its fidelity and its purity of diction4 ,it is the version adopted by ,lallemant in his ,reflections on the ,new ,testament4 ,he also wrote ,remarks and ,doubts concerning the ,french ,language1 and ,ingenious ,thoughts of the ,fathers4 ,his ,manire de bien ,penser is held by the best critics to contain much that evinces acuteness and delicacy of discrimination4 ,bouhours was always quoted and referred to by his contemporaries with deference4 ,his ,life of ,st4 ,francis ,xavier was found worthy of an ,english translation by no less a celebrity than the ,english poet ,dryden2 and ,la ,harpe1 who is openly unfriendly to ,bouhours1 says of him1 ,c'tait un homme lettr qui savait l',italien et l',espagnol4 ,the passage incorrectly cited by ,mr4 ,carlyle occurs in ,les ,entretiens a',ariste et d',eugne1 a small duodecimo volume published in #afga4 ,these ,entretiens or conversations are supposed to be held by two gentlemen of literary taste1 who discuss a variety of subjects pertaining to polite literature4 ,one of these topics is the ,french language1 which is assumed to be the best of all modern languages1 possessing1 as it does1 the secret of uniting conciseness with clearness1 and purity with politeness4 ,on this question of his native tongue1 the patriotism of ,pre ,bouhours hurries him into terms of excessive praise4 ,the ,french language1 in his opinion1 combines every excellence4 ,the ,spanish he characterizes as a noisy torrent flooding its banks and overspreading the country2 the ,italian1 as a gentle rivulet2 the ,french1 a majestic stream that never quits its level4 ,the ,spanish1 again1 he compares to a proud beauty1 bold in demeanor and splendid in attire2 the ,italian1 to a painted coquette1 ever ornamented for effect2 the ,french1 to a modest1 agreeable lady1 who1 if apparently prudish1 is neither uncivil nor repulsive4 ,then1 he adds1 our own pronunciation is the most natural and pleasing4 ,patriotism of so warm a character as this1 after elevating ,french language and literature so freely at the expense of the ,spanish and ,italian1 would hardly be likely to rate the ,german very high4 ,accordingly1 in view of the great preponderance of heavy though learned disquisition over that branch of ,german literature which might be classed as polished and witty1 ,pre ,bouhours did really propose the question1 ,,si ,,un ,,allemand ,,peut ,,etre ,,bel ,,esprit8 --a proposition very far from identical with that which is attributed to him by ,mr4 ,carlyle1 namely3 ,,si ,,un ,,allemand ,,peut ,,avoir ,,de ,l',,esprit8 ,the variation simply being that ,bouhours did not1 as here alleged1 decide negatively that a ,german could not have any literary talent1 but queried if a ,german could be a wit4 ,truly a distinction with a difference4 ,hallam1 seldom incorrect in such matters1 presents the matter fairly in stating that the ,pre ,bouhours proposed the question whether a ,german can by the nature of things possess any wit4 ,the misrepresentation made is a serious one1 and the citation as corrected deprives ,mr4 ,carlyle's thunder of its noise1 and extracts from his sarcasm all its sting4 ,we believe it was ,thackeray who said that1 notwithstanding his profound respect and deep veneration for the twelve apostles1 they really were not the sort of persons he should care to invite to a festive dinner party4 ,pre ,bouhours would doubtless1 as readily as ,mr4 ,carlyle1 concede to ,kepler and ,leibnitz all the merit the most enthusiastic ,german could claim for these great men as shining lights of science1 but would hardly credit them with the ability to write the ,xenien or edit the ,kladderadatsch4 ,when ,bouhours published his ,entretiens1 it is very certain that1 if ,german literature shone in wit1 the fact was not known west of the ,rhine4 ,indeed1 ,mr4 ,carlyle himself1 a few paragraphs further on1 unconsciously records the fullest vindication of ,pre ,bouhours4 ,with a patriotism quite as fervent as that of his victim1 he informs us that centuries ago translations from the ,german were comparatively frequent in ,england1 but to support this statement can only cite ,luther's ,table ,talk and ,jacob ,boehme4 ,enumeration most scant and melancholy6 ,the essayist then goes on to say3 ,in the next century1 indeed1 translation ceased2 but then it was1 in a great measure1 because there was little worth translating4 ,the horrors of the ,thirty ,years' ,war had desolated the country2 ,french influence1 extending from the courts of princes to the closets of the learned1 lay like a baleful incubus over the far nobler ruins of ,germany2 and all free nationality vanished from its literature1 or was heard only in faint tones1 which lived in the hearts of the people1 but could not reach with any effect to the ears of foreigners4 ,but as though not satisfied with a general statement which should justify ,pre ,bouhours1 ,mr4 ,carlyle continues until he makes the justification clear in terms and specific by dates1 telling us3 ,from the time of ,opitz and ,flemming to that of ,klopstock and ,lessing1 that is1 from the early part of the seventeenth to the middle of the eighteenth century1 they the ,germans had scarcely any literature known abroad1 or deserving to be known4 ,now1 ,dominic ,bouhours1 born in ,paris1 #afbh1 asked the famous question1 ,si un ,allemand peut tre bel esprit8 in #afga1 and died in #agjb4 ,thus his earthly career was comprised precisely within the period specified by ,mr4 ,carlyle as that during which the ,germans were without not only belles-lettres1 but any literature whatever deserving to be known4 ,but1 going back to the middle ages1 ,mr4 ,carlyle1 strangely enough holds ,bouhours responsible1 because of his want of familiarity with the ,niebelungen-,lied1 ,reinecke-,fuchs1 and other monuments of early ,german literature4 ,had he known the ,niebelungen-,lied is asked mockingly4 ,this is hardly just1 when we reflect that no one better than ,mr4 ,carlyle knows that ,germany of the ,bouhours period was itself1 in the main1 ignorant of and profoundly indifferent to the merits of these remarkable productions4 ,only long years afterward1 following on ages of oblivion as to their very existence in their own country1 were they brought to light1 and it is principally owing to the exertions of the comparatively new ,romantic school that modern ,germany has been made acquainted with the ,niebelungen-,lied and other great middle-age poems4 ,it is true that ,bodmer in ,switzerland first put a portion of the ,niebelungen 7,chrimhilde's ,revenge7 in print1 in #ageg2 but1 as ,mr4 ,carlyle has elsewhere informed us1 it was ,august ,wilhelm ,schlegel who succeeded in awakening something like a universal popular feeling on the subject1 and he refers to this and the like poems as manuscripts that for ages have lain dormant1 and now come from their archives into public view1 a phenomenon unexpected till of late--stating that the ,niebelungen is welcomed as a precious national possession--recovered after six centuries of neglect4 ,from which it would appear that1 at his peril1 ,bouhours1 in #afga1 must be familiar with a precious national possession of the ,germans1 which they themselves1 before and after that period1 treated with centuries of neglect4 ,being a ,jesuit1 it is1 of course1 eminently proper1 according to a time-honored custom in ,english literature1 that he should be made responsible for everything--the ,spanish ,inquisition and ,original ,sin included4 ,mr4 ,carlyle patriotically closes his eyes to ,english ignorance and indifference touching ,german literature1 even when claiming for ,great ,britain only a lesser density of ignorance concerning it than afflicted ,france4 ,writing as late as #ahbg1 he fairly admits that the literature and character of ,germany are still very generally unknown to us1 or1 what is worse1 misknown1 that its false and tawdry ware reached ,england before the chaste and truly excellent1 and that ,kotzebue's insanity spread faster by some fifty years than ,lessing's wisdom4 ,and the ,british ignorance1 it is admitted1 is not confined to ,german literature4 ,for what more do we know--thus ,mr4 ,carlyle clinches the question--of recent ,spanish or ,italian literature than of ,german2 of ,grossi and ,manzoni1 of ,campomanos or ,jovellanos1 than of ,tieck and ,richter8 ,really1 when we contemplate the enlightened ,englishman of #ahbg thus held up to our gaze1 how can we withhold from the abused ,frenchman of #afga our profound admiration8 ,now1 if1 on reflection1 ,mr4 ,carlyle estimates the imputation on ,german literature of a lack of wit and humor as a serious offence--if he considers actionable and punishable ,father ,bouhours's query1 ,,si ,,un ,,allemand ,,peut ,,etre ,,bel ,,esprit8 he need not go back two centuries for a criminal of whom to make an example4 ,we have in custody for him one of this century--of this decade--nay1 of this very year4 ,he is a living culprit1 and1 moreover1 a distinguished one4 ,here is a copy of the words in which he offends1 and1 if we are not mistaken1 he may be found in ,mr4 ,carlyle's bailiwick3 ,there is1 perhaps1 no nation where the general standard of wit and humor is so low as with the ,germans--no other people at least are so easily entertained with indifferent jokes 7,saturday ,review1 ,london1 ,march #ah1 #ahga74 ,,our ,,lady ,,of ,,lourdes4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,henri ,,lasserre4 ,,part ,,ix4 ,,vii4 ,,pastoral ,,letter ,,of ,,the ,,bishop ,,of ,,tarbes1 ,,giving ,,his ,,decision ,,regarding ,,the ,,apparitions ,,which ,,took ,,place ,,at ,,the ,,grotto ,,of ,,lourdes4 ,,bertrand-,,severe ,,laurence1 by the divine mercy1 and the favor of the ,apostolic ,see1 ,bishop of ,tarbes1 ,assistant at the ,pontifical ,throne1 etc4 ,to the clergy and faithful of our diocese1 health and benediction in our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,beloved co-laborers and most dear brethren3 ,in all epochs of humanity1 marvellous communications have taken place between earth and heaven4 ,at the commencement of the world1 the ,lord appeared to our first parents to reproach them with their disobedience4 ,during the ages which succeeded1 we see him conversing with the patriarchs and prophets4 ,the ,old ,testament is often nothing more than a history of the heavenly apparitions with which the children of ,israel were favored4 ,these favors did not cease with the ,mosaic law2 on the contrary1 they became1 under the law of grace1 more striking1 more numerous4 ,in the infancy of the church1 those times of bloody persecution1 the ,christians received visits from ,jesus ,christ and the angels1 who came1 sometimes1 to reveal to them secrets of the future or to deliver them from their chains2 at other times1 to strengthen them for combat4 ,thus it was1 according to a judicious writer1 that ,god encouraged those illustrious confessors of the faith1 when the powers of earth united to strangle in its cradle that truth which was to save the world4 ,these manifestations from the other world were not the exclusive lot of the first centuries of ,christianity4 ,history attests that they have been continued from age to age1 for the glory of religion and the edification of the faithful4 ,among these heavenly apparitions1 those of the ,blessed ,virgin occupy a prominent place1 and have been an abundant source of blessing to the world4 ,as the traveller journeys over that part of the earth which has been the home of ,christianity1 he everywhere meets temples consecrated to the ,mother of ,god2 and many of them owe their origin to an apparition of the ,queen of heaven4 ,we already possess one of these blessed sanctuaries1 founded four centuries ago1 on account of revelations made to a young shepherdess1 where thousands of pilgrims repair yearly to kneel before the throne of the glorious ,virgin ,mother ,mary to implore her for special favors4#bac ,thanks be to ,god ,almighty6--for1 among the treasures of his infinite bounty1 he has reserved for us another favor4 ,he desires that1 in our diocese of ,tarbes1 a new sanctuary should rise to the glory of ,mary4 ,and what instrument has he made use of to communicate his merciful designs8 ,one which would be the very weakest in the eyes of the world--a child of fourteen years1 ,bernadette ,soubirous1 one of the daughters of a poor family of ,lourdes4 ,here the bishop gives a summary of the apparitions4 ,the reader is aware of them already4 ,mgr4 ,laurence then proceeds to discuss the facts3 ,such1 in substance1 he further continues1 is the account we ourselves heard from ,bernadette1 before the commissioners assembled to re-examine the affair4 ,thus1 this young girl has seen a being calling herself the ,immaculate ,conception1 who1 although appearing in human form1 was neither seen nor heard by any of the numerous spectators present at the scene4 ,it was consequently some kind of a supernatural being4 ,what is to be thought of such an event8 ,you are well aware1 dearly beloved brethren1 that the church exercises a wise deliberation in determining supernatural facts1 and that she demands certain proof before admitting them to be divine4 ,since the original fall1 man has been liable to many errors1 particularly in this matter4 ,if not led astray by his reason1 now weakened1 he has suffered himself to become the dupe of the evil one4 ,who does not know that the devil sometimes transforms himself into an angel of light1 in order to draw us into his snares8 ,thus the beloved disciple warns us not to believe every spirit1 but to try the spirits if they come from ,god4 ,this trial we have made4 ,the event of which we are treating has been1 for four years1 the object of our solicitude2 we have followed it throughout its various phases4 ,we have consulted the commission1 made up of pious1 learned1 and experienced priests1 who have examined facts1 questioned the little girl1 weighed and deliberated concerning all4 ,we have1 also1 invoked the authority of science1 and remain firmly convinced that the apparition was supernatural and divine1 and1 consequently1 that what ,bernadette saw was really and truly the ,most ,blessed ,virgin ,mary4 ,our conviction is based upon the testimony of ,bernadette1 but1 more especially1 upon the events which have transpired1 and which can be explained only by supposing some heavenly intervention4 ,the testimony of the little girl affords all the security that can be desired4 ,her sincerity cannot be doubted4 ,no one who comes in contact with her can fail to admire her childish simplicity1 candor1 and modesty4 ,while everybody is engaged in discussing these marvels1 she keeps silence2 she speaks only when questioned1 and then relates everything without affectation1 and with touching ingenuousness4 ,she returns unhesitating1 clear1 and precise answers to the questions which are put to her1 and conveys the impression of most perfect conviction of what she says4 ,though subjected to rude trials1 she has never been shaken by threats4 ,the most generous offers she has rejected with perfect disinterestedness4 ,always perfectly consistent1 she has maintained her original statements throughout the numberless examinations she has undergone1 without adding or withdrawing anything4 ,the sincerity of ,bernadette is1 therefore1 incontestable4 ,we may add1 it is uncontested4 ,those who have opposed her have rendered her this homage at least4 ,but1 admitting that she has not intended to deceive others1 has she not been herself deceived8 ,has she not imagined that she saw something where nothing1 in fact1 existed8 ,has she not been the victim of a hallucination8 ,the good sense displayed in her answers reveals an accurate mind1 a quiet imagination1 and a sound judgment1 surpassing her age4 ,her religious sentiments have never possessed the character of enthusiasm2 nothing has been remarked about the young girl indicating intellectual disorder1 or any eccentricity of character1 any alteration of the senses or morbid affection which predispose her to imaginations of this kind4 ,she has had this vision1 not once1 but eighteen times2 then1 it has appeared suddenly1 when nothing could have prepared her for what was about to take place2 and1 during the fortnight when she daily expected it1 she saw nothing for two days1 though placed in circumstances entirely similar to those of the previous occasion4 ,but what took place during the time of these apparitions8 ,a complete transformation was effected in ,bernadette herself4 ,her countenance assumed a new expression1 her features were lit up2 she saw things which she had never seen before1 and heard a language which she does not ordinarily understand1 but of which she preserved the memory4 ,these combined circumstances do not admit the possibility of hallucination4 ,the little girl has really seen and heard a being who calls herself the ,immaculate ,conception2 and1 since we cannot explain this phenomenon naturally1 we are forced to attribute it to a supernatural cause4 ,the testimony of ,bernadette derives additional force1 its confirmation1 we should say1 from the wonderful events which have accompanied it throughout4 ,if the tree is to be judged by its fruits1 we can certainly say that the apparition described by the little girl is supernatural and divine4 ,for it has produced supernatural and divine effects4 ,what1 then1 has happened1 dearly beloved8 ,scarcely was the apparition made known1 when the news spread with the rapidity of lightning4 ,it was known that ,bernadette was to visit the grotto daily for a fortnight4 ,the whole land is astir4 ,streams of people flow to the place of apparition4 ,they await1 with religious impatience1 the solemn hour4 ,and when the girl appears1 rapt and absorbed in the object of her ecstasy1 the witnesses of this prodigy1 moved and softened1 are melted in a sentiment of admiration and prayer4 ,the apparitions have now ceased1 but the throng continues4 ,pilgrims come from distant lands4 ,every age and rank and condition is to be seen kneeling before the grotto4 ,what sentiment moves these countless visitors8 ,ah6 they come to the grotto to implore the special help of the ,immaculate ,mary4 ,they prove by their recollected mien that they breathe the divine atmosphere which surrounds these hallowed rocks1 already become famous4 ,christian souls are strengthened in virtue2 men frozen up by indifference are brought back to the practice of religion2 hardened sinners are reconciled to ,god when ,our ,lady of ,lourdes has been invoked in their behalf4 ,these wonders of grace1 which are complete and lasting1 can have no author save ,god4 ,do they not strikingly confirm the truth of the apparitions8 ,if we now pass from effects wrought for the salvation of souls to those which concern the healing of bodily ills1 how many prodigies must we not recount8 ,our readers have not forgotten the breaking forth of the spring1 at which ,bernadette drank and washed1 before the assembled crowds4 ,it will be superfluous to repeat these details4 ,the bishop continues3 ,sick persons have made use of the water1 and not without success4 ,many1 whose diseases have resisted most energetic treatment1 have suddenly recovered health4 ,these extraordinary cures have been noised abroad4 ,invalids from all quarters have sent for this ,massabielle water1 when unable to transport themselves to the grotto4 ,how many infirm have been cured1 how many afflicted families have been consoled6 ,if we wished to call for their testimony1 countless voices would be lifted up in acknowledgment of the sovereign efficacy of this water4 ,we cannot here enumerate all the favors obtained2 but what we are obliged to say1 is1 that the ,massabielle water has cured desperate invalids who had been declared incurable4 ,these cures have been worked by the use of water devoid of any healing properties1 according to the acknowledgments of skilful chemists1 after rigorous analysis4 ,some cures have been wrought instantaneously1 others after using the water twice or thrice as a drink or lotion4 ,moreover1 these cures are permanent4 ,what power has wrought them8 ,some organic power8 ,science answers negatively4 ,they are1 therefore1 the work of ,god4 ,but1 they refer to the apparitions2 these are their source2 these have inspired the sick people with confidence4 ,hence1 there is an intimate connection between the cures and the apparitions4 ,the apparition is divine1 because the cures bear the seal of divine power4 ,but that which comes from ,god is true2 and1 therefore1 the apparition which ,bernadette saw and heard1 and which gave itself the name of the ,immaculate ,conception1 is the ,blessed ,virgin herself4 ,well may we cry out3 ,the finger of ,god is here6 ,digitus ,dei est hic4 ,how1 then1 can any one fail to admire the economy of divine ,providence8 ,at the end of the year #ahed1 the immortal ,pius ,,ix4 proclaimed the dogma of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,the whole earth re-echoed the words of its supreme pastor2 ,catholic hearts trembled with joy1 and everywhere the glorious privilege of ,mary was celebrated by ftes1 which will ever remain graven in the memory of those who witnessed them4 ,and1 behold1 three years afterward1 the ,blessed ,virgin appears to one of our children1 and says3 ,i am the ,immaculate ,conception3 here will ,i have a chapel built in my honor4 ,does she not seem to desire to consecrate by this monument the infallible oracle of ,st4 ,peter8 ,where will she have this monument erected8 ,at the foot of our own ,pyrenees1 where many strangers meet from all parts of the world to seek health at our waters4 ,may we not say that she invites the faithful of all nations to come and honor her in the new temple which shall be built to her8 ,citizens of ,lourdes1 rejoice6 ,the august ,mary condescends to cast upon you her merciful eyes4 ,she desires to build beside your walls a sanctuary stored with blessings4 ,thank her for this token of predilection2 and1 since she lavishes her motherly tenderness upon you1 show yourselves her children by imitating her virtues1 and by a fixed attachment to religion4 ,it is with joy that we acknowledge the fruits of salvation which the apparition has already caused to spring up abundantly among you4 ,eye-witnesses of the events at the grotto and their happy results1 your confidence has been as great as your conviction has been strong4 ,we have ever admired your prudence and docility in following our counsels of obedience and submission to the civil authority1 when for some weeks you were hindered from visiting the grotto1 and were forced to restrain in your own hearts the sentiments inspired by what you had there beheld during the fortnight of the apparitions4 ,and you1 our well-beloved children1 open your hearts to hope4 ,a new era of grace and benediction has dawned upon you2 you are called to share in what has been promised to all4 ,in your prayers and canticles1 henceforth1 you will mingle the name of ,our ,lady of ,lourdes with the blessed titles of ,our ,lady of ,garaison1 of ,poeylan1 of ,has1 and of ,pitat4 ,from these sanctuaries the ,immaculate ,virgin will watch over you1 and cover you with the shield of her protection4 ,yes1 beloved co-laborers and dearest brethren1 if1 with hearts full of confidence1 we fix our glance upon this ',star of the ,sea1' we shall pass without fear of shipwreck through the tempests of life1 and arrive safely in the haven of eternal bliss4 ,,wherefore3 ,having consulted with our venerable brethren1 the dignitaries1 canons1 and chapter of our cathedral church2 ,the holy name of ,god having been invoked2 following the rules laid down by ,benedict ,,xiv41 in his work on ,beatification and ,canonization of ,saints1 for discerning true and false apparitions2 seeing the favorable report of the commission charged with the examination of the apparition at the grotto of ,lourdes1 and the facts connected with it2 ,seeing the written testimony of the medical doctors1 whom we have consulted in reference to the numerous cures obtained by use of water from this grotto2 ,considering1 in the first place1 that the fact of the apparition1 whether in regard to the effects produced upon her who saw it1 or its other extraordinary results1 cannot be explained by natural means2 ,considering1 secondly1 that the cause cannot be other than divine1 by reason of the effects which have followed its operation1 such as the conversion of sinners and derogation from the fixed laws of nature1 namely1 miraculous cures1 which can only come from him who is the author of grace and nature2 ,considering1 finally1 that our own conviction is strengthened by the immense and spontaneous concourse of the faithful1 which has never ceased at the grotto since the first apparitions1 and whose only object is to implore favors or return thanks for those which have been already obtained2 ,in response to the just impatience of our venerable chapter1 of the clergy and laity of our diocese1 and of so many pious souls who have long been calling upon the ecclesiastical authority for a decision which prudence has caused us hitherto to refrain from giving2 ,desiring1 also1 to satisfy the wishes of several of our colleagues in the episcopate1 and of many distinguished strangers to our diocese2 ,having invoked the light of the ,holy ,ghost1 and the assistance of the ,blessed ,virgin1 ,,we ,,have ,,declared1 ,,and ,,hereby ,,declare ,,as ,,follows3 ,art4 #a4 ,we1 decide that the ,immaculate ,mary1 the ,mother of ,god1 really did appear to ,bernadette ,soubirous1 on the eleventh of ,february1 #aheh1 and on several days following1 altogether eighteen times1 in the ,massabielle ,grotto1 near the town of ,lourdes2 that this apparition has every guarantee of truth1 and that the faithful have solid reason for believing it to be certain4 ,we submit ourselves humbly to the judgment of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 to whom belongs the government of the universal church4 ,art4 #b4 ,we authorize in our diocese the worship of ,our ,lady of the ,grotto of ,lourdes2 but we prohibit any particular prayers1 any canticle1 any book of devotion1 to be published on this subject without our written approbation4 ,art4 #c4 ,in conformity with the desire of the ,blessed ,virgin1 several times expressed during her apparitions1 we propose to build a shrine on the site of the grotto1 which has now become the property of the ,bishop of ,tarbes4 ,this edifice1 on account of its steep and rocky foundation1 will require great labor and expense4 ,we need1 therefore1 to carry out our design1 the assistance of the priests and faithful of our own diocese1 of our country1 ,france1 and also from abroad4 ,we appeal to all generous hearts1 and particularly to all persons of every country who are devoted to the worship of the ,immaculate ,virgin ,mary4 ,art4 #d4 ,we address with confidence all institutions of either sex consecrated to the education of youth1 to the congregations of the ',children of ,mary1' to the confraternities of the ,blessed ,virgin1 and other pious societies of our own diocese1 and throughout ,france4 ,this1 our pastoral1 shall be read and published in all the churches1 chapels1 seminaries1 colleges1 and hospices of our diocese on the ,sunday following its reception4 ,given at ,tarbes1 in our episcopal palace1 under our seal and signature1 and the counter-signature of our secretary1 ,january #ah1 #ahfb1 being the feast of the ,chair of ,st4 ,peter at ,rome4 ,,bertrand-,,sre41 ,bishop of ,tarbes4 ,by order1 ,,fourcade1 ,canon-,secretary4 ,,viii4 ,in the name of his see1 or1 rather1 in that of the church1 ,mgr4 ,laurence purchased from the town of ,lourdes the grotto and the surrounding lands1 and the whole group of ,massabielle rocks4 ,m4 ,lacad was still mayor4 ,he it was who proposed to the municipal council to cede to the church1 the bride of ,christ1 those places which had been consecrated for ever by the appearance of his heavenly ,mother4 ,he1 also1 signed the deed of transfer4 ,m4 ,rouland authorized the sale1 and also the erection of a church in perpetual memory of the apparition of the ,blessed ,virgin to ,bernadette ,soubirous1 in memory of the fountain and the numberless miracles which had attested the heavenly visions4 ,while the vast temple dedicated to the ,immaculate ,conception was slowly rising1 stone upon stone1 ,our ,lady of ,lourdes continued to shower blessings and graces upon her clients4 ,at ,paris and ,bordeaux1 in ,perigord1 ,brittany1 and ,anjou1 amid solitary and rural scenes and in the heart of popular cities1 ,our ,lady of ,lourdes was invoked1 and answered with unquestionable signs of her power and goodness4 ,before closing our recital and presenting the picture of things as they now exist1 let us narrate two of these divine histories4 ,one of them forms an episode in the life of the writer of these pages which nothing can ever efface from his memory4 ,we give it as we wrote it down nearly seven years ago4 ,,part ,x4 ,i4 ,during my whole life1 ,i had always enjoyed the blessing of good sight4 ,i was able to distinguish objects at a great distance1 and also to read with ease when my book was close to my eyes4 ,i never suffered the least weakness of sight after whole nights passed in study4 ,i often wondered and rejoiced at the strength and clearness of my vision4 ,thus1 it was a great surprise and a cruel disenchantment when in ,june and ,july1 #ahfb1 ,i felt my eyesight becoming gradually weak1 unable to work at night1 and1 finally1 incapable of any use1 so that ,i was obliged to give up altogether reading and writing4 ,if ,i chanced to pick up a book1 after reading three or four lines1 sometimes at the first glance1 ,i felt such weakness in the upper part of my eyes as to render it impossible to continue4 ,i consulted several physicians1 and principally the two famous oculists1 ,desmares and ,giraud-,teulon4 ,the remedies prescribed by them were of little or no avail4 ,after a slight rest1 and a treatment principally composed of iron1 ,i had a slight respite1 and once read during a considerable portion of the afternoon4 ,but1 the following day1 ,i relapsed into my former condition4 ,then ,i began to try local remedies1 applications of cold water on the ball of the eye1 cupping on the neck1 a general hydropathic treatment1 and alcoholic lotions around the eyes4 ,sometimes ,i experienced a slight relief from the weariness which generally oppressed them1 but this was only for a moment4 ,in short1 my disease assumed all the appearances of a chronic and incurable malady4 ,according to advice1 ,i condemned my eyes to absolute repose4 ,not content with putting on blue eye-glasses1 ,i had left ,paris1 and was living in the country with my mother1 at ,coux1 on the banks of the ,dordogne4 ,i had taken with me a young person1 who acted as my secretary1 writing at my dictation1 and who read to me the books which ,i wished to consult4 ,september had arrived4 ,this state had lasted for three months4 ,i began to be seriously alarmed4 ,i felt a gloomy foreboding which ,i dared not communicate to any one4 ,my family shared the same apprehensions1 but likewise shrank from manifesting them4 ,we were both convinced that my sight was gone1 but both sought to reassure one another1 and to conceal our mutual anxiety4 ,i had a most intimate friend1 in whom ,i had confided from boyhood all my joys and sorrows4 ,i dictated to my secretary a letter to him1 in which ,i described my sad condition1 and the fears which ,i had for the future4 ,the friend of whom ,i speak is a ,protestant1 as is also his wife4 ,this twofold circumstance requires to be mentioned4 ,grave reasons prevent me from giving his name4 ,we shall call him ,m4 de ----4 ,he answered my letter a few days afterward4 ,his letter reached me on the fifteenth of ,september1 and surprised me greatly4 ,i transcribe it here1 without changing a word3 ,,my ,,dear ,,friend3 ,your few lines gave me great pleasure2 but1 as ,i have told you before1 ,i long to hear from you in your own handwriting4 ,a few days ago1 as ,i returned from ,cauterets1 ,i passed through ,lourdes 7in the neighborhood of ,tarbes74 ,i visited the famous grotto1 and heard about the extraordinary things that have been taking place there1 and the cures produced by the waters in cases of diseased eyes4 ,i earnestly recommend you to try it4 ,if ,i were like you1 a believing ,catholic1 and laboring under any illness1 ,i would certainly try this chance4 ,if it be true that invalids have been suddenly cured1 perhaps your name may swell the number4 ,if it be not true1 where is the risk8 ,i may add that ,i am personally interested in this matter4 ,if the experiment succeeds1 what an important fact for me to face6 ,i would be in the presence of a miraculous event1 or1 at any rate1 an event whose principal witness would be above all suspicion4 ,it appears1 he added in post-script1 that it is not necessary to go to ,lourdes itself to take the water there1 since you can have it sent4 ,it is only necessary to ask the cur of ,lourdes2 he will forward it without delay4 ,certain conditions have to be fulfilled of which ,i am not perfectly informed1 but of which the cur of ,lourdes will tell you4 ,ask him also to send you the little pamphlet by the vicar-general of ,tarbes1 which gives an account of the miracles that have been most thoroughly proved4 ,this letter of my friend was well calculated to fill me with astonishment4 ,his was an exact1 positive1 and at the same time a lofty mind1 not at all liable to the illusions of enthusiasm1 and1 besides1 he was a ,protestant4 ,such a piece of advice coming from him1 in such an urgent manner1 filled me with amazement4 ,however1 ,i resolved not to follow it4 ,it seems to me1 ,i replied1 that ,i am to-day a little better4 ,if this improvement continues1 ,i shall not have need of your proposed and extraordinary remedy1 for which1 besides1 ,i have not1 perhaps1 the necessary faith4 ,and here1 ,i must confess1 not without a blush1 the secret motives of my resistance4 ,whatever ,i may have said1 it was not faith which was lacking2 and1 although ignorant of particulars concerning the water of ,lourdes1 except through the impertinent remarks of certain ill-disposed journals1 ,i was certain that the power of ,god could be manifested by cures here as well as elsewhere4 ,i will say more3 ,i had a secret presentiment that if ,i tried this water1 springing1 as some said1 in consequence of an apparition of the ,blessed ,virgin1 ,i should be cured4 ,but1 to tell the simple truth1 ,i feared the responsibility of such a favor4 ,if the doctor cures you1 ,i said to myself1 every account is squared as soon as you have handed him his fee4 ,you will be in the same condition as everybody else4 ,but if ,god cures you by a special act of his providence1 it will be quite another affair1 and you will have to amend your life and become a saint4 ,if ,god gives you back those eyes of yours with his own hands1 how can you ever let them rest upon objects which draw you away from him8 ,god will demand his fee2 and it will amount to more than the doctor's4 ,you must give up this and that bad habit1 you must acquire such and such virtues1 and others that you know nothing of4 ,how will you do all this8 ,ah6 this is too hard6 ,and my miserable heart1 fearing its own weakness1 nevertheless resisted the grace of ,god4 ,thus it was ,i rebelled against the counsel given me to have recourse to this miraculous intervention--against that counsel which ,providence1 ever hidden in its ways1 sent me by two ,protestants1 two heretics1 outside the church4 ,but my struggles and resistance were vain4 ,an interior voice told me that the hand of man was powerless to cure me1 and that the ,master whom ,i had offended would return me my sight1 and lead me to a new life1 if ,i would make up my mind to use it well4 ,meanwhile1 my condition was either stationary or slowly becoming worse4 ,in the early part of ,october1 ,i was obliged to go to ,paris4 ,by an unlooked-for chance1 ,m4 de ---- and his wife were there at the same time4 ,my first visit was to them4 ,my friend was staying at his sister's1 ,madame ,p----1 who lived1 together with her husband1 in ,paris4 ,and how are your eyes8 asked ,madame de ---- as soon as ,i had entered the parlor4 ,they are always in the same condition2 ,i begin to fear that they are gone4 ,but why have you not tried the remedy that ,i proposed8 ,i have a strange hope that you will be cured4 ,pshaw6 ,i replied2 ,i confess that1 without precisely denying or showing myself hostile1 ,i have but little faith in this water and apparition4 ,it is perfectly possible1 ,i admit2 but as ,i have not examined the matter1 ,i neither assert nor contest2 ,i wash my hands of the whole affair1 and do not intend to have anything to do with it4 ,you have no valid objections1 he answered4 ,according to your religious principles1 you are bound to believe at least the possibility of such things4 ,very well1 then1 what is to prevent you from making a trial8 ,what is it going to cost you8 ,it can't do you any harm1 for it is nothing but natural water4 ,now1 since you believe in miracles and in your religion1 it seems to me that you ought to be moved by two ,protestants2 and ,i frankly confess that1 if you are cured1 it will be a terrible argument against me4 ,madame de ---- joined her entreaties to those of her husband4 ,m4 and ,madame ,p----1 who are ,catholics1 insisted as warmly4 ,i was driven to my last entrenchments4 ,well1 said ,i at last1 let me tell you the whole truth4 ,i do not lack faith1 but ,i am full of weaknesses1 faults1 and a thousand miseries which are entwined with the most sensitive fibres of my nature4 ,now1 a miracle would lay upon me the obligation of giving up everything and trying to become a saint2 and ,i do not feel equal to the responsibility4 ,if ,god cures me1 how do ,i know what he will ask of me8 ,but if the doctor succeeds1 we can settle the matter with money4 ,you think this is disgraceful1 ,i know2 but it is nothing but the truth4 ,you have supposed that my faith has been wavering4 ,you have thought that ,i feared lest the miracle should not succeed4 ,it is not so4 ,i should be only afraid that it might succeed4 ,my friends vainly tried to convince me that ,i was exaggerating the responsibility of which ,i spoke4 ,you are none the less obliged to seek after virtue now than if the miracle had been already worked1 said ,m4 de ----4 ,besides1 supposing the physician does cure you1 it will be none the less a favor from ,god2 and you will have just the same reasons for struggling against your faults and passions4 ,this did not seem to me perfectly true2 and the logical mind of ,m4 de ---- probably admitted as much to itself2 but he was bent upon calming my apprehensions and inducing me to follow his advice4 ,vainly did ,i endeavor to combat the pressing earnestness of my host and his wife1 and my friends4 ,i ended by promising to do whatever they desired4 ,as soon as ,i get a secretary1 ,i will write to ,lourdes2 but it is too late at this hour of the day4 ,but ,i will do1 will ,i not8 answered my friend4 ,very well1 said ,i1 come and breakfast with me to-morrow at the ,caf de ,foy4 ,i will dictate the letter after breakfast4 ,why not do it now8 ,we will save one day4 ,paper and ink were at hand4 ,i dictated a letter to the cur of ,lourdes4 ,it was posted that evening4 ,the next day1 ,m4 de ---- came to see me4 ,my dear friend1 he said1 since the die is cast1 and you are going to try this experiment1 you ought to go seriously to work1 and fulfil the conditions which are required in order to make a success4 ,you must pray4 ,you will have to go to confession1 and put your mind in the proper state4 ,you know that all this is a prime necessity4 ,you are right1 ,i replied2 ,i will do as you say4 ,but you must acknowledge that you are a queer ,protestant4 ,the tables are turned2 to-day you are preaching to me my own faith and religion1 and ,i own the contrast is not much to my advantage4 ,i am a man of science1 he answered4 ,it is perfectly natural that ,i should wish to see all the conditions carried out1 since we have agreed to try an experiment4 ,i should act in this manner if we were dealing with physics or chemistry4 ,i confess1 to my shame1 ,i did not prepare myself as my friend had so wisely advised me4 ,i was in a very poor spiritual condition2 my soul was distracted and turned to evil4 ,i recognized the necessity of throwing myself at the feet of ,god2 but1 as ,i had not been guilty of gross and brutal sins1 against which nature reacts with such violence1 ,i delayed from day to day4 ,man is more rebellious against the sacrament of penance while he is being tempted1 than after he has been crushed and humbled by the sight of his crime4 ,it is more difficult to combat and resist than to ask for mercy after defeat4 ,who does not know this8 ,a week passed in this manner4 ,m4 and ,mme4 de ---- inquired daily if ,i had heard any news of the miraculous water1 or any word from the cur of ,lourdes4 ,finally1 ,i received a note from him to the effect that the water had been forwarded by rail1 and would shortly reach me4 ,we awaited its arrival with great eagerness2 but1 strange to say1 my ,protestant friends were much more impatient than ,i4 ,the state of my eyes continued the same4 ,it was absolutely impossible for me to read or write4 ,one morning1 ,friday1 ,october #aj1 #ahfb1 ,i was waiting for ,m4 de ---- in the ,orleans ,gallery at the ,palais ,royal4 ,we breakfasted together4 ,as ,i had come to the place of meeting some time in advance of him1 ,i employed myself in looking about the shops and reading the list of new books in front of ,dentu's library4 ,this was enough to weary my eyes4 ,they had become so weak that ,i could not let them rest upon the largest signs without feeling them overpowered by lassitude4 ,this little circumstance made me quite sad1 as it showed me the extent of my malady4 ,in the afternoon ,i dictated three letters to ,de ----1 and1 at four o'clock1 having left him1 returned to my lodgings4 ,as ,i was going up-stairs1 the porter called to me4 ,a little box has come for you from the railroad4 ,i entered his store-room eagerly4 ,there was a small pine box1 bearing my name and address on one end1 and on the other these words1 doubtless intended for the custom-house officials1 ,natural ,water4 ,it was from ,lourdes4 ,i felt greatly excited2 but did not betray any emotion4 ,very well1 said ,i to the porter1 ,i will take it in a few moments2 ,i will return shortly4 ,i stepped out again into the street4 ,this matter is becoming serious1 ,i said to myself4 ,de ---- is right2 ,i must prepare myself4 ,in my present state1 ,i have no right to ask ,god to work a miracle4 ,i must set to work to heal my own soul before ,i can ask him to heal my body4 ,reflecting on these considerations1 ,i directed my steps toward the house of my confessor1 the ,abb ,ferrand de ,missol1 who lived quite near me4 ,i felt certain of finding him in1 for it was ,friday1 and he is always at home on that day4 ,so indeed he was upon this occasion4 ,but several persons were waiting to see him1 whose turn would naturally come before mine4 ,some member of his family had just arrived on an unexpected visit4 ,his servant informed me of all this1 and asked me to call again in the evening about seven o'clock4 ,i resigned myself to my lot4 ,as ,i came to the street-door1 ,i paused for an instant4 ,i wavered between the desire of paying a visit which ,i had greatly at heart and the thought of returning home to pray4 ,i was very much inclined to the distraction1 but finally the good inspiration carried the day1 and ,i returned toward the ,rue ,seine4 ,i took from the porter the little box1 to which was attached a notice of the apparition at ,lourdes1 and1 with both in my hand1 ,i hastened up-stairs4 ,on reaching my room1 ,i knelt down at my bedside and prayed1 all unworthy as ,i was to turn my eyes toward heaven4 ,then ,i arose4 ,on entering1 ,i had placed the little box and the pamphlet upon the mantelpiece4 ,i gazed a moment upon the little case which contained the mysterious water1 and it seemed to me that some great event was about to transpire in this lonely chamber4 ,i feared to touch with impure hands the wood which contained this hallowed water1 and yet1 on the other hand1 ,i felt a lively desire to open it at once1 and not wait until after ,i had been to confession4 ,this indecision lasted for a few moments1 and ended with this prayer3 ,o my ,god6 ,i am a wretched sinner1 unworthy of raising my voice to you1 or of touching that which you have blessed4 ,but this very excess of misery ought to excite your compassion4 ,my ,god1 ,i come to you and to the ,most ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 full of faith and reliance upon you1 and from the depths ,i cry to you4 ,this evening ,i will confess my sins to your minister1 but my faith will not suffer me to wait4 ,pardon me1 ,lord1 and heal me4 ,and you1 ,o ,mother of ,mercy6 come to the help of your unhappy child6 ,and1 feeling strengthened by my prayer1 ,i opened the box4 ,it contained a bottle of pure water4 ,i uncorked it1 poured some of the water into a glass1 and took a napkin from the drawer4 ,these commonplace preparations1 which ,i made with care1 were accompanied by a secret solemnity1 the memory of which still haunts me4 ,in that room ,i was not alone4 ,god was there certainly2 and the ,blessed ,virgin1 whom ,i had invoked1 was also there4 ,ardent faith inflamed my soul4 ,when all was ready1 ,i knelt down again4 ,o ,blessed ,virgin ,mary6 ,i cried in a loud voice1 heal my physical and spiritual blindness4 ,saying these words1 with a heart full of confidence1 ,i bathed successively both eyes and my forehead with the napkin which ,i had dipped in the water4 ,this did not occupy more than half a minute4 ,judge of my astonishment--,i had almost said my terror6 ,scarcely had ,i touched my eyes and forehead with the miraculous water than ,i felt myself cured1 at once1 without transition1 with a suddenness which ,i can compare only to lightning4 ,strange contradiction of human nature6 ,a moment before ,i had trusted my faith1 which promised me a cure2 now1 ,i could not believe my senses1 which assured me that the cure had been worked4 ,no6 ,i did not believe my senses4 ,in spite of the startling effect which had been wrought upon me1 ,i committed the fault of which ,moses was guilty1 and struck the rock twice4 ,i continued to bathe my eyes and forehead1 not daring to open them1 not daring to verify my cure4 ,at the end of ten minutes1 however1 the strength which ,i felt in my eyes1 and the absence of all heaviness1 left no chance for doubt4 ,i am cured6 ,so saying1 ,i snatched up a book4 ,no1 said ,i1 that is not the book for me to be reading at this moment4 ,then ,i took from the mantelpiece the ,account of the ,apparitions at ,lourdes4 ,i read a hundred and four pages without stopping or feeling the least fatigue4 ,twenty minutes before1 ,i could not have read three lines4 ,indeed1 if ,i stopped at the hundred-and-fourth page1 it was only because it was thirty-five minutes past five o'clock1 and at this hour in ,october it is almost dark in ,paris4 ,when ,i laid aside my book1 the gas was being lighted in the shops of the street in which ,i lived4 ,that evening1 ,i made my confession to the ,abb ,ferrand1 and acquainted him with the great gift which ,i had received from the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,although in no degree prepared1 he wished me to go to communion the next day1 to thank ,god for such an extraordinary favor1 and to strengthen the good resolutions which it had caused to spring up in my soul4 ,m4 and ,mme4 de ---- were1 as one may imagine1 greatly moved by this event1 in which ,providence had assigned them so direct a part4 ,what did they think of it8 ,what reflections were suggested to their minds8 ,what took place in the depth of their hearts8 ,that secret belongs only to them and to ,god4 ,what little ,i have been able to make out1 ,i am not at liberty to publish4 ,be this as it may1 ,i know my friend's nature4 ,i left him to his own thoughts1 without urging him to the conclusion4 ,i knew1 and still know1 that ,god has his own time and his own ways4 ,his action was so manifest throughout the whole affair that ,i did not wish to interfere1 although my friends have never been ignorant of my desire to see them enter the only church which contains ,god in his fulness4 ,i regret not being able to consider these two beings--so dear to me--as receiving from the reaction of the miracle of which ,i had been the object the first shocks which truth gives to those whom it seeks to conquer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,seven years have now passed since my miraculous cure4 ,my sight is excellent4 ,neither reading nor hard work1 even when kept up late at night1 wearies my eyes4 ,god grant me never to use them save in the cause of right4 ,,footnote3 #bac ,notre ,dame de ,garaison4 ,,america',s ,,obligations ,,to ,,france4 ,the woes and crimes of unhappy ,france have attracted the mixed regards of the world2 it has become an agreeable and timely diversion to look away from the distressing picture1 to find whatever there is of compensation in the glories and virtues of her past2 and the occasion is thus created to review our own obligations as a nation to this now stricken and humbled ,european power1 and to determine how much we are indebted to ,france for our own independence and liberty4 ,another interest is added to the occasion in the fact that this part of our history has been but scantily told1 and that1 as the writer is persuaded1 our national vanity1 notoriously accumulated as it is about everything belonging to the ,revolutionary period1 has hitherto prevented a fair and full confession of the obligations referred to--has diminished the story1 if not actually misrepresented it4 ,but it is a mistaken vanity1 the very opposite of a manly pride4 ,a sentiment of the illustrious ,lafayette fits in here4 ,a citizen of both ,france and ,america1 he stood between the two1 and spoke happily for each1 saying3 ,comme un ,franais1 dont le cur brle de patriotisme1 je me rjouis du rle que la ,france a jou1 et de l'alliance qu'elle a fait4 ,comme ,americain1 je reconnais l'obligation1 et je crois qu'en cela consiste la vraie dignit4 ,the severe truth of history and the constraints of true dignity alike compel the statement1 that but for the ,french interposition the cause of the ,american colonists was likely to be lost2 at least1 that our independence would not have been obtained when it was1 and as completely as it was1 but for the succors of ,france4 ,and this proposition1 the writer thinks1 may be made out from a summary view of the history of the period1 yet calling attention to some facts that do not appear hitherto to have been calculated4 ,accustomed as we are1 in looking back upon the history of our ,revolutionary struggle1 to dwell upon its last signal triumphs1 and naturally disposed to measure the preceding events by the conclusion1 it is difficult for us of this day to realize how narrowly it avoided defeat1 and in what extremity it at one time hesitated4 ,in the winter of #aghj1 and at a time when the aid of ,france was most urgently implored1 the ,american cause was almost at its last gasp4 ,many of its leaders had secretly despaired of it1 and found it difficult to impose upon the public the countenance of hope4 ,in a private letter1 ,mr4 ,madison wrote3 ,how a total dissolution of the army can be prevented in the course of the winter #aghj-agha is1 for any resources now in prospect1 utterly inexplicable4 ,there was no money to pay the troops2 and the fact was that the war was no longer kept up but by ill-digested and dilatory expedients4 ,meanwhile1 the fate of arms accumulated against the colonists1 and the fortunes of the field were as bad as the embarrassments of the interior administration4 ,the more ,southern ,states appeared to be already lost by the irruptions of the enemy upon an indefensible coast2 and the whole army of ,general ,greene was soon to be in full retreat before ,lord ,cornwallis through the ,state of ,north ,carolina4 ,the two great wants of the colonists1 and which had become vital1 were money and a fleet4 ,the sinews of war were nearly spent4 ,the paper money of ,congress was fast becoming worthless2 the resource to specific requisitions was a mere indirection as long as the states supplied them by paper emissions of their own2 and of this resource it was prophesied in ,congress that what was intended for our relief will only hasten our destruction4 ,the want of a counterpoise to the naval power of ,england was the main point of the military situation4 ,here was a fatal weakness2 and events had progressed far enough to show that the hope of a decisive field anywhere in the colonies depended upon their maintaining a naval superiority in the ,american seas4 ,in weighing the chances of the war1 the configuration of the ,american territory is to be studied2 and how vulnerable it was from the water had already been proved by the events of the war4 ,at the time of the ,revolution1 the breadth of the ,american settlements from the ,penobscot to the ,altamaha did not average more than a hundred miles from the sea-line4 ,this jagged strip of territory1 traversed by estuaries and navigable streams1 was so accessible to the enemy's vessels1 that his navy might be considered as constantly equivalent to a second army operating on the flank of that engaged on shore4 ,wherever ,washington might move1 this apparition would cling to him--his flank constantly threatened1 and every movement he made on land compelled to calculate the possibility of a counter-movement by the ,english fleet that hovered on the coast1 and might develop an attack with greater expedition than he could change his front to meet it4 ,it was the thorn in his side4 ,when the baffled ,american commander spoke of retiring into the mountains of ,virginia for a last desperate stand1 it was not a rhetorical flourish1 as it has generally been accounted1 but a true military appreciation of the situation--the necessity of a barrier against the naval power of the enemy4 ,if that barrier could be made on the water by the interposition of a fleet1 then he would be 7what he had not hitherto been7 free to operate on the land1 and make there a field that might be decisive4 ,but the element of any such strategic combination was naval supremacy1 and1 until that was obtained1 he could only hope at best for a desultory warfare1 with constant exposure to a risk that he could neither meet nor avoid4 ,now1 the two vital wants of ,america--a foreign loan and a naval armament--were those which were precisely supplied by ,france4 ,a foreign loan of specie1 to the amount of twenty-five millions of livres1 was asked of his ,most ,christian ,majesty2 and ,franklin1 reinforced by ,col4 ,laurens1 was instructed to impress the ,french king and his ministers with the especial need of a demonstration against the naval power of ,england4 ,the succors were granted1 and were beyond the expectations of the colonists4 ,in ,july1 #aghj1 the first ,french expedition1 under the command of the ,count ,rochambeau1 landed at ,newport4 ,and from that moment a new hope commenced for ,america1 and a new inspiration was to bring to sudden buoyancy a sinking cause4 ,the ,french force1 however1 was held inoperative for some time for the want of a sufficient navy to co-operate2 and to this end the supplications of ,congress to the ,french monarch had been redoubled4 ,the expedition of ,rochambeau consisted of five thousand men4 ,it was to be reinforced by a fleet from the ,west ,indies2 but the orders had miscarried2 and it was more than a year later when the second instalment of ,french aid was made available1 and the conditions realized which fixed the last field of the war1 and secured that final victory to which the ,french aids1 by land and by water1 were each indispensable4 ,to this second aid reference will be made in its order4 ,usually1 a foreign contingent is not the best of the military material which a country may afford4 ,the hireling and the adventurer enter largely into its composition1 and its standard of service is low and suspicious4 ,but this common imputation could not be cast on the expeditionary corps under ,rochambeau4 ,it was of the flower of the ,french army1 and nobility did not disdain the service of the infant ,republic4 ,the illustrious ,lafayette stood by himself1 being a volunteer1 and independent of the action of the royal forces4 ,the ,marquis1 as ,washington never failed to punctiliously call him1 won all hearts in ,america2 and1 though accused by ,thomas ,jefferson1 who1 however1 was habitually envious1 of having a canine thirst for popularity1 there is good reason to believe that he was actuated by a solid attachment to liberty and inspired by generous motives4 ,anyhow1 he was destined1 as we shall see1 to perform one of the most brilliant and critical services of the ,revolution4 ,the ,count ,rochambeau was never popular in ,america2 his manners were haughty1 and he had a military exclusiveness2 but he was an excellent soldier1 and at one time he gave a striking example of his deference to republican principles in submitting to be arrested1 in a group of his officers1 at the hands of a petty county constable1 on the complaint of a ,new ,england farmer for some acts of petty trespass on his fields6 ,in his command1 landed at ,newport1 there were names already illustrious in ,france1 or destined to become so4 ,of such names were the ,chevalier de ,chastellux1 performing the duties of major-general in the expeditionary corps1 an encyclopdist and the friend of ,voltaire2 ,berthier1 afterwards risen from the rank of an under-officer to be a marshal of ,france and minister of war2 the ,count de ,sgur1 celebrated in literary as well as military life2 the ,duke de ,lauzun1 afterwards a general of the ,french ,republic2 the ,count de ,dillon1 who1 a few years later1 met a tragic fate at the hands of the ,revolutionary party in ,france2 ,pichegru1 then a private in the ranks of the artillery2 ,matthieu ,dumas1 subsequently a peer of ,france2 ,aubert-,dubayet1 afterwards minister of war under the ,french ,republic2 the ,prince de ,broglie1 afterwards field-marshal1 and one of the victims of the ,revolutionary tribunal of #agid1 etc4 ,of the character of the soldiers we have some pleasant and vivid contemporary testimony4 ,the idea which the sturdy ,american colonist1 the backwoodsman with his ,tower musket1 had formed in advance of the ,french soldier1 was not altogether a complimentary one4 ,it was generally a caricature1 popular at that day1 of a dapper1 ill-contrived individual who made ridiculous mistakes in the ,english language1 ate frogs1 memorable in the lampoon of ,hogarth as toasting one of the amphibious at the end of a rapier1 and had but the one virtue to make amends for his eccentricities--a courage that was unquestionable1 though grotesque and physically inefficient4 ,the picture was dispelled at the sight of ,rochambeau's veterans--men who equalled in stature and in strength the best that ,england could display1 who were inured to hardship and fatigue such as were scarcely supported by the green backwoodsman1 and who marched hundreds of miles with an order and steadiness that never failed to be admirable4 ,mr4 ,madison1 who saw these troops file through ,philadelphia1 after the fatigues of a march from the banks of the ,hudson ,river1 thus testifies his impressions of the spectacle3 ,nothing can exceed the appearance of this specimen which our ally has sent us of his army1 whether we regard the figure of the men or the exactness of their discipline4 ,such was the brilliancy and the solid worth of the first contributions of ,france to her feeble ally4 ,to estimate the motives and spirit of such aids1 what influences ranged an old and brilliant monarchy by the side of an infant ,republic branded with rebellion1 and intertwined flags so opposite1 it will be well to review the relations of the parties to an alliance so strange and exceptional4 ,france had no interests to cultivate in ,america1 no objects of ambition to secure in a quarter of the world from which she had deliberately withdrawn4 ,her flag had not appeared there since the ,treaty of ,paris in #agef1 and her subsequent cession to ,spain of her possessions on the ,mississippi left her1 for the present1 disembarrassed of all territorial claims and interests in ,america4 ,she had no reason for any affection for the ,english colonists now asserting their independence2 they were the sons of those who had fought against her2 the traditions of the colonial wars in ,america were yet fresh4 ,on the side of the rebel colonists themselves1 there was a suspicion of ,france--at least1 no disposition to expect any generosity from her in the struggle that was to ensue4 ,so little was that part expected which she did eventually take in the ,american ,revolution1 that ,patrick ,henry 7incredible as the fact may appear to those who have read only eulogiums on this person7 actually retreated at the last from the ,declaration of ,independence1 from fear of ,france and her co-operation to subdue the colonies4 ,in a letter to ,john ,adams1 written five days after the ,virginia ,convention had adopted the famous resolution of the #aeth ,may1 #aggf1 for independence1 he dwells upon the apprehension that ,france might be seduced to take sides against the colonies by an offer from ,england to divide the territories of ,america between them4 ,it was an unworthy suspicion2 but ,mr4 ,henry1 who had but little originality1 and was a characteristic retailer of popular impressions1 was probably in this imputation upon ,france the echo of a thought common at the time4 ,no grounds of sympathy were yet apparent between ,france and the struggling colonists2 nothing1 as far as the men of #aggf should see1 but recollections of old animosity and present causes for distrust4 ,even the sympathy of religion1 which has proved such a fruitful source of international friendships and alliances1 where there have been no other points of coincidence1 was wanting2 instead of it1 a sharp antagonism was the fact4 ,protestant ,america1 many parts of it yet fresh with the persecution of ,catholics1 had no reason to expect favors from ,catholic ,france4 ,indeed1 when those favors were given1 there was some discontented and ungrateful outcry that it was a design upon the religion of the colonists2 so deeply sown was the distrust of ,france4 ,there were those to object that ,congress had attended a ,mass1 and that the municipal authorities of ,boston had1 on some occasion1 walked in a ,catholic procession4 ,the traitor1 ,benedict ,arnold1 in casting about for reasons to defend his treason1 could find none more plausible1 or1 in his estimation1 more likely to be received1 than that the ,french alliance was about to betray the religion of the colonists1 and that he1 therefore1 had determined to take refuge in ,protestant ,england6 ,such an appeal to popular prejudice was doubtless extravagant1 even more so than that of ,patrick ,henry accusing ,france2 but both show the extent of estrangement and suspicion which ,france had to overcome before she could convince ,america of her friendship and generosity4 ,and1 unfortunately1 as we shall presently painfully see1 such suspicion was never entirely overcome1 but was to remain to disfigure the last page of the history of the ,revolution1 and to attach to it a story of permanent disgrace to ,america4 ,when the colonies implored the aid of ,france1 through an address of ,congress in ,november1 #aghj1 the appeal showed an extremity and temper of the colonists which suggested that almost any price would be paid for the necessary succors4 ,how far the ,french monarch might have availed himself of the necessities of his suppliant ally1 had he been selfish enough to make these the measure of his demands1 is a conjecture almost illimitable4 ,to purchase the aid of ,spain1 the ,american ,congress had been willing to retract former resolutions1 and to offer the almost priceless boon of the exclusive navigation of the ,mississippi2 and it was only the fatuity and blindness of that power that had prevented the fatal concession4 ,was the aid of ,france worth less8 and was the temper of concession not to be practised upon by herself8 ,it has been usual to give a very summary and cold explanation of the aids which ,france furnished the ,american cause1 by pointing out its effect to cripple her powerful and hereditary foe1 ,england2 thus detracting from the generosity of the contribution1 and representing it as a mere move on the diplomatic chess-board which the ,french monarch could not do otherwise than make4 ,but this detraction does not hold good4 ,admitting the full force of the reasons which it imputes to ,france1 there is much in her alliance with ,america that is yet left unexplained2 and there are circumstances which make it one of the most peculiar and unique examples of generosity recorded in history4 ,it has not been unusual for powerful nations to assist the weak on no other ground of sympathy than having a foe in common2 but it has seldom been the case that such aid has been rendered without the powerful ally exacting terms for her own contribution1 and turning to her own advantage the necessities she has been called upon to aid4 ,england herself had afforded a precedent for the price of such concessions4 ,she had asked of the ,united ,provinces1 for the price of her support against ,spain1 that all her expenses should be repaid1 and that the towns and fortresses of ,holland should be held by her as pledges for the conditions of the alliance4 ,france would have been sustained by historical example1 and by moral right1 in exacting very important concessions for her aid of the ,american cause in circumstances in which that aid was deemed vital for the success of a struggle that already bordered on despair4 ,she asked nothing4 ,she gave an army and a fleet1 and bore all the expenses of both armaments4 ,she advanced money and replenished the almost empty treasury of her ally4 ,and she yet enlarged the generosity of her alliance by devoting her arms1 not only to a common operation1 but pledging at the outset the indispensable conclusion of her exertions in the independence of ,america and the territorial integrity of the ,states4 ,in the ,treaty of #aggh1 the direct and essential end of the alliance was declared to be the liberty1 sovereignty1 and independence1 absolute and unlimited1 of the ,united ,states4 ,the arms of ,france were thus given directly to a cause of republican liberty rather than merely involved in a diplomatic complication4 ,what reasons could have induced this apparent excess of generosity1 this singular spectacle of the ancient monarchy of the ,franks taking sides with the infant republic of the ,anglo-,saxon colonists of ,america8 ,the explanation is that the ,french aid was a contribution of the people of ,france rather than that of its crown4 ,it sprung out of the popular heart rather than the grace of a kind and munificent monarch2 and it has this circumstance of a tender and imperishable souvenir to the ,american people4 ,it was a free love-offering1 the first dedication of their cause in the sympathies of the world4 ,that republican sentiment which a few years later in ,france sprang into such fierce life1 was already deeply harbored in the hearts of her people2 and the movement of the ,american colonists gave it an opportunity of comparatively safe expression2 while all the romance of such a sentiment found abundant material in the circumstances of the struggle1 the distance of the theatre1 its scenery bordered by savage life1 the novelty of a people whose history was entirely unique1 and whose simplicity of manners suggested comparisons with classical antiquity4 ,the enthusiasm of the ,french mind seized every attractive circumstance of the occasion4 ,it was entitled the crusade of the eighteenth century4 ,again1 it was adorned with recollections more antique1 and it was said that the ,republic of ,plato had at last found realization in the midst of a people whose exclusive situation had been a school for virtues hitherto unknown1 and was to afford an experiment that had until then lingered in the speculations of philosophy and the dreams of poetry4 ,the simplicity of ,american manners was taken as a charming contrast to the court splendors of ,paris and ,versailles4 ,it was not only ,franklin's cotton stockings1 but every peculiarity of the ,american citizen became a picturesque study and the symbol of a new political life4 ,the memoirs of the ,count de ,sgur are among the contemporary testimonies of the rage in the ,french capital for everything ,american2 and we are specially told of cet air antique qui semblant transporter tout-a-coup dans nos murs1 au milieu de la civilisation amollie et servile au dix-huitime sicle1 quelques sages contemporans de ,platon1 on des republicains du temps de ,caton et de ,fabius6 ,of the operations of the allied arms1 our space only affords such a sketch as may give some general idea of the extent and value of the ,french aid4 ,washington had at first proposed1 on the arrival of ,rochambeau1 to attempt the repossession of ,new ,york ,city1 and to crush there the main body of the ,british army4 ,but the failure to arrive of the naval forces expected from ,brest and the ,west ,indies disconcerted the plan2 and events were preparing another theatre for the final catastrophe4 ,the ,british post and army in ,virginia became the objective point of the allied arms4 ,the long-expected ,french fleet was at last assured2 it was to make its appearance in the ,chesapeake2 and ,washington prepared to move his army from the banks of the ,hudson to the distant scene of co-operation4 ,from a temporary observatory on the heights near ,newburg1 the anxious commander watched his army crossing the blue stream2 and as he mounted his horse1 to put himself at the head of a march that was to toil over many hundreds of miles to find a last and effulgent field1 far away in ,virginia1 he wrung the hand of a ,french officer who stood in the group around him1 as expressing the new hope that had dawned in his face1 and repledging the alliance that was to win its realization4 ,and now ensued a combination of circumstances1 in each one of which the ,french arms determined a crisis1 and displayed a dramatic spectacle4 ,lafayette1 the boy in ,cornwallis's estimation1 the tutelary genius of ,american independence1 as he has been designated by a ,virginian historian and statesman 7,william ,c4 ,rives71 was sent forward to ,virginia1 to hold in check there the haughty enemy4 ,washington had given to this young ,frenchman supreme command of the operations in ,virginia4 ,he justified a trust which the pride of the state might possibly resent1 in his own estimate of the qualities of the noble foreigner4 ,in a private letter to a ,congressman of ,virginia 7,jones7 he wrote3 ,the ,marquis possesses uncommon military talents2 is of a quick and sound judgment2 persevering and enterprising without rashness2 and1 besides these1 he is of a very conciliating temper1 and perfectly sober--which are qualities that rarely combine in the same person4 ,and were ,i to add that some men will gain as much experience in the course of three or four years as some others will in ten or a dozen1 you cannot deny the fact1 and attack me upon that ground4 ,lafayette was elevated over the heads of both ,general ,wayne and the ,baron de ,steuben4 ,when the ,frenchman came to the defence of ,virginia1 she was well-nigh conquered4 ,she was open in every direction to the enterprise of the invader4 ,her public men were recreant1 and under the suspicion of cowardice4 ,one of her most faithful censors has recorded the delinquency of the times4 ,in a letter dated the #fth ,november1 #aghj1 ,judge ,pendleton wrote3 ,we had no ,house of ,delegates on ,saturday last1 which1 with our empty treasury1 are circumstances unfavorable at this juncture4 ,mr4 ,henry has resigned his seat in ,congress2 and ,i hear ,mr4 ,jones intends it4 ,it is also said the governor intends to resign4 ,it is a little cowardly to quit our posts in a bustling time4 ,the city of ,richmond1 for which was to be reserved in history stains beyond any other ,american city1 was ready to submit tamely to another occupation4 ,the fact is1 painful as the confession may be to the ,virginian of to-day--offending the pride of a state that has almost invidiously claimed her part in the ,revolution--,virginia had grown reluctant in the war1 and disposed to have recourse to unworthy expedients4 ,she had been prominent in ,congress to recommend the surrender of the navigation of the ,mississippi in order to buy the alliance of ,spain4 ,she had twice proposed a dictatorship2 and now1 when ,cornwallis was advancing1 and ,mr4 ,jefferson was resigning the governorship1 and suspicion1 as we have seen1 had fallen on other leaders in the bustling times1 no less a person than ,richard ,henry ,lee1 then in retirement at ,westmoreland1 was willing to surrender the liberties of ,virginia to a dictator as the only resource of safety6 ,now1 the state had nothing between her and the public enemy than the twelve hundred bayonets of ,lafayette4 ,the address and skill of the young ,frenchman saved the ,old ,dominion from a subjection that would1 otherwise1 have been complete1 as far as the swift arms of ,cornwallis could have overrun the state4 ,lafayette had retired to the ,rapidan as the imposing and triumphant army of ,cornwallis advanced on ,richmond4 ,here1 joined by the ,pennsylvania troops under ,general ,wayne and a body of riflemen from the western part of ,virginia1 he was able to retrace his steps1 and to press ,cornwallis's retreat towards the ,chesapeake4 ,extricating himself from an unequal engagement at ,jamestown1 he moved up the river1 and reposed at ,malvern ,hill--since celebrated as a refuge in a greater contest of arms4 ,subsequently1 at ,williamsburg1 he was joined by the allied forces under ,washington and ,rochambeau--and then commenced the combination that was to compass ,cornwallis1 and to constitute the last splendid scene of the war4 ,it was a broad scene4 ,on the #cjth of ,august1 #agha1 twenty-eight line-of-battle ships1 bearing the flag of ,france1 rode on the beautiful expanse of the ,chesapeake4 ,they had come from the ,west ,indies4 ,eight other ships suddenly appeared from the opposite point of the compass3 the ,french squadron from ,rhode ,island1 which had entered the ,chesapeake1 in spite of the efforts of the ,english admirals to intercept it4 ,the ,ville de ,paris1 the flag-ship of the ,french admiral1 had held in council the great actors of the drama--,washington1 ,rochambeau1 and the ,count de ,grasse2 and it only remained to draw the lines1 by sea and land1 around the despairing enemy4 ,the splendid fleet of ,france was the barrier between ,cornwallis and the succors that ,sir ,henry ,clinton had promised from ,new ,york4 ,it was the element of victory--the apparition of a new hope risen from the seas4 ,on the other wing of the scene floated the flags of ,washington and ,rochambeau4 ,on the land were the splendid armies of ,france side by side with the militia of the young republic1 and almost as numerous as the soldiers1 a vast concourse of country people1 watching the sublime wonders of a bombardment that laced the night skies1 and enchanted by the music of the ,french timbrel1 an instrument then unknown in ,america4 ,three ,french commands1 those of the ,count ,rochambeau1 the ,marquis de ,lafayette1 and the ,marquis de ,saint-,simon1 stood on the field of ,yorktown4 ,in this circle1 made possible only by the links of the ,french aid1 went down the flag of ,cornwallis and the hopes of ,england4 ,it was a memorable scene1 and one which brought into strong relief the assistance of our ally4 ,in a letter to ,general ,washington from ,mr4 ,jefferson1 who had just retired from the gubernatorial chair of ,virginia1 the distinguished patriot1 after offering his congratulations1 justly wrote3 ,if in the minds of any1 the motives of gratitude to our good allies were not sufficiently apparent1 the part they have borne in this action must amply evince them4 ,at the height of its emotions of joy and gratitude1 ,congress promised a monument for the scene4 ,it was resolved that it would cause to be erected at ,york1 in ,virginia1 a marble column1 adorned with emblems of the alliance between the ,united ,states and his ,most ,christian ,majesty1 and inscribed with a succinct narrative4 ,the pledge to this day remains unfulfilled2 and no monument testifies our early and imperishable obligations to ,france1 except such as may yet exist in the hearts of our people4 ,here1 with the illumination of ,yorktown1 we would willingly conclude the history of the ,franco-,american alliance4 ,but there is a sequel not to be omitted--a painful story that belongs yet to the justice of history4 ,in the negotiations for peace that followed ,yorktown1 the ,american ,congress1 new and timorous in diplomacy1 betook itself to a refuge1 the shallowness of which is especially conspicuous in diplomacy--that of supposing wisdom in a multitude of counsellors4 ,it constituted no less than five commissioners to treat at ,paris4 ,the selections were ill2 and in some instances the worst that could have been made4 ,of the five1 ,mr4 ,jefferson did not attend4 ,mr4 ,adams was personally distasteful to the ,french government4 ,how far ,mr4 ,henry ,laurens might be suspected of undue deference to ,england might have been judged from his famous ,tower letter1 the cringing humiliations of which had opened the doors of his prison2 and it is said that when this letter was divulged to ,congress it would have recalled his commission1 had there not been doubts of the authenticity of the document1 so extraordinary was its tone4 ,but it is justice to add that the subsequent conduct of ,mr4 ,laurens repelled the charge of partiality for ,england2 however1 the ,french ,government may have had reason to be displeased at his antecedents4 ,mr4 ,jay was of a suspicious temper1 an intrigant rather than a diplomatist2 illustrating precisely that lowest notion of diplomacy1 that it is essentially a game of deceptions--a part that can be performed only with a false face4 ,happily1 the world has outlived this degrading idea of a really august office1 and has come to question why deception should be considered more necessary in diplomacy than in any other branch of public service4 ,indeed1 there is room in diplomacy for the exercise of the highest abilities1 an arena for the busiest and most exacting competitions of intellectual skill1 without calling into requisition the weapons of chicanery and fraud4 ,there is no political service that more strongly than the office of the diplomatist tests that sum of powers which the world calls character3 the clear1 strong purpose1 with its quick and happy selection of opportunities1 the instinct1 the tact1 and the decisiveness which hold the secret of what is greatness in history1 rather than any amount of learned accomplishments or any training of the intellectual closet4 ,the diplomatist must be quick1 yet strong and unremitting2 he must have unbounded confidence in himself1 without the weakness of vanity2 he must be patient1 yet not dilatory2 thoroughly imbued with the true spirit of the ,french proverb1 that he who learns to wait is master of his fortune4 ,he must have the faculty of putting things in the strongest possible light--that best and rarest of rhetorical talents1 the power of statement4 ,he must have a nice sense of opportunities2 the delicate touch with the iron will2 he must practise what ,byron numbered among the cardinal virtues1 tact2 of all men he must wear that excellent motto1 suaviter in modo1 fortiter in re4 ,here1 surely1 is a theatre for many virtues and abilities1 without calling to aid the mask and sinister weapons of professional deceit4 ,the greatest diplomatist of modern times1 the unequalled ,bismarck1 is said to be remarkable for the bluntness and directness that have overcome by the very surprises of openness the chicanery of his opponents4 ,the robustness of his dealings with the finesse of the old traditional school of ,european diplomacy reminds one of the duel in ,peter ,simple4 ,a sturdy ,englishman engages a master of fence1 and while the latter practises the most scientific attitude and has his rapier poised according to the figures of the science1 he is infinitely surprised to have it seized in mid-air by the naked hand of his antagonist1 and himself run through the body4 ,not secundum artum1 but a most efficient way of concluding the combat4 ,of the open and best school of diplomacy1 ,franklin at the ,french court was a fair representative1 the very opposite of ,jay4 ,the philosopher of ,pennsylvania has never been justly measured as a diplomatist2 he had been successful beyond all other ,american envoys2 he was now the ,bismarck of the diplomatic collection at ,paris1 although he unhappily gave way to the leadership of ,jay4 ,in the negotiations for peace that ensued1 ,mr4 ,jay1 leading more or less willingly the other commissioners1 was soon over head and ears in an intrigue with the ,english ministry2 acting on that lowest supposition of tyroism in diplomacy--that the other party must necessarily design a fraud1 and that a counter-fraud must be prepared to meet it4 ,congress had instructed that there should be made the most candid and confidential communications upon all subjects to the ministers of our generous ally1 the ,king of ,france2 and it took occasion to give a remarkable expression of gratitude to ,france1 its resolutions declaring how much we rely on his majesty's influence for effectual support in everything that may be necessary to the present security or future prosperity of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,mr4 ,jay1 who had taken the lead in the negotiations1 willingly followed by ,adams1 dragging in ,franklin1 and resisted to some extent by ,laurens proceeded deliberately to violate these instructions4 ,he had conceived the suspicion that ,france was secretly hostile to an early acknowledgment of the independence of ,america1 and wished to postpone it until she had extorted objects of her own from the dependence of her ally4 ,it is now known that this suspicion was wholly imaginary4 ,but ,mr4 ,jay and his colleagues acted upon it1 and were twisted around the fingers of the ,english ministry to the extent of treating with them1 without giving the ,french government knowledge of the steps and progress of the negotiation1 thus contributing to the adroit purpose of ,england to sow distrust in the alliance that had humbled her4 ,while the ,american commissioners were professing to the ,french minister that negotiations were yet at a distance1 they had actually signed the provisional articles of a treaty of peace with the crown of ,great ,britain4 ,worse than this1 they had agreed to a secret article1 which stipulated a more favorable northern boundary for ,florida1 in the event of its conquest by the arms of ,great ,britain1 than if it should remain in the possession of ,spain at the termination of the war4 ,spain was at that time an ally of ,france2 and so it may be imagined how the latter would be embarrassed by this secret article1 and how ,england might meditate in it an advantage in disturbing the understanding of ,france and ,america4 ,mr4 ,jay1 unconscious that he had been made a catspaw of ,british diplomacy1 felicitated himself that he had made an excellent bargain and done an acute thing2 possessed as he was with that fatuity of all deceivers1 that omits to calculate the time when the deception must necessarily become known4 ,when the game that had been played upon its ally became known to ,congress1 it plunged that body into the most painful embarrassment4 ,mr4 ,madison1 in his diary of the proceedings of ,congress1 thus records its impressions3 ,the separate and secret manner in which our ministers had proceeded with respect to ,france1 and the confidential manner with respect to the ,british ministers1 affected different members of ,congress differently4 ,many of the most judicious members thought they had all been in some measure ensnared by the dexterity of the ,british minister1 and particularly disapproved of the conduct of ,mr4 ,jay in submitting to the enemy his jealousy of the ,french1 without even the knowledge of ,dr4 ,franklin1 and of the unguarded manner in which he1 ,mr4 ,adams1 and ,dr4 ,franklin had given1 in writing1 sentiments unfriendly to our ally1 and serving as weapons for the insidious policy of the enemy4 ,the separate article was most offensive1 being considered as obtained by ,great ,britain1 not for the sake of the territory ceded to her1 but as a means of disuniting the ,united ,states and ,france1 as inconsistent with the spirit of the alliance1 and as a dishonorable departure from the candor1 rectitude1 and plain dealing professed by ,congress4 ,congress did not extricate itself from the dilemma2 it could not do it4 ,suppression of what had been done could not be continued2 still less was it possible to make explanations to ,france2 the only thing to do was to say nothing1 and to let the painful exposure work itself out4 ,the ,king of ,france had acted with an openness and an attention to his allies1 the contrasts of which made the exposure one of great bitterness and shame4 ,the ,count de ,vergennes had assured the ,american commissioners3 ,the king has been resolved that all his allies should be satisfied1 being determined to continue the war1 whatever advantages may be offered to him1 if ,england is disposed to wrong any of them4 ,now1 when the articles were brought into council to be signed1 the ,french monarch could not be other than surprised and indignant4 ,he put royal restraint upon his speech2 but he could not forbear saying1 with a bluntness that must have bruised ,american pride1 and staggered the self-felicitations of ,mr4 ,jay1 that he did not think he had such allies to deal with4 ,the court of ,france sustained the insult with dignity1 and yet with evidence of a deep sense of wrong4 ,when inquiry was made whether expostulations would be made to the ,american ,congress1 the reply of ,m4 ,marbois was heroic3 ,a great nation1 he answered1 does not complain2 but it feels and remembers4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,church ,,in ,,geneva4 ,i4 ,in order to understand the events which have lately taken place in ,geneva1 and those that are preparing there1 it is necessary to cast a general glance over the past and present state of the ,catholic religion in that little commonwealth4 ,most people know what ,geneva was prior to the ,french ,revolution3 an independent state1 separate from the ,swiss ,cantons1 reduced by ,calvinism to an aristocratic theocracy1 and shorn of those ancient democratic franchises which it had enjoyed before breaking away from ,rome4 ,the dominant principle in its customs and legislation was fear and hatred of the proscribed worship4 ,a minute and jealous care was taken to repress the expansion of ,catholicism--one exhibition of which was seen in the strict closing of the city gates on the grand festivals of the church1 and the fine of ten crowns imposed on those who held intercourse with the ,bishop of ,annecy on the occasion of his pastoral visits4 ,under these circumstances1 only a small number of ,catholics clung with heroic constancy to the ancient faith1 and secretly practised their religious duties in the recesses of their houses4 ,there were in #agei but two hundred and twenty-seven ,catholics in ,geneva--and in this number even ,voltaire and his hangers-on were included4 ,it was the ,french ,revolution that forced open the gates1 up to that period so carefully closed1 of this ,protestant ,rome4 ,geneva became under the ,empire a ,french department1 and the ,catholic religion in the persons of the imperial functionaries was officially recognized4 ,permission to erect a church was granted2 but this first move toward a less hostile attitude was not taken without the bitterest opposition from the old ,protestant party4 ,in the remodelling of ,europe1 after ,napoleon's downfall1 it was found desirable to provide against the absorption of ,geneva by uniting it to the ,swiss ,confederation2 but in order to overcome the difficulties of geographical position1 and make such an acquisition of territory acceptable to ,berne1 it became necessary to join to ,geneva certain strips of land from the ,catholic districts of ,gex and ,savoy4 ,the ,genevans1 who looked with dread upon this annexation1 strove to assure in any case their own supremacy1 but the ,catholics found defenders in diplomatic circles1 and their cause was protected by the several treaties of ,paris1 ,vienna1 and ,turin 7#ahad-ahaf74 ,in virtue of these1 all civil and political rights were guaranteed to the new citizens1 the ,catholic religion was recognized1 its exercise in ,geneva permitted1 religious freedom solemnly pledged to the annexed populations1 and the expenses of their public worship assumed by the state4 ,at this period the ,catholics were not over a third of the whole canton2 but they rapidly increased1 less1 indeed1 through conversions than by immigration4 ,in #ahcd1 there were #be1jjj ,protestants and #ah1jjj ,catholics4 ,what was the attitude of the ,genevan government then8 ,power was still in the hands of the old ,protestant aristocracy--the strongest and only organized party1 and a singular admixture of good qualities and defects4 ,the patrician of ,geneva was1 indeed1 a strange and now fast-disappearing type4 ,living in his old town surrounded by ramparts1 and in his old society even more stringently closed1 clad in sombre colors1 speaking little and laughing less1 vain1 stiff in his manners1 with a stony cast of countenance1 he was devoid of generous sympathy and largeness of heart1 without1 however1 being altogether incapable of a certain pecuniary liberality2 benign to his clients1 implacable to rivals1 marking out in everything a conventional line1 and merciless to the one who should cross it2 a man of letters1 but an enemy to literary liberty1 the friend of order1 respecting traditions1 an ardent patriot1 but of a narrow and exclusive patriotism1 he was attached more to his caste and party than to his country4 ,often sincerely pious1 this ,genevan gentleman of the old school was sometimes a hypocrite and ,pharisee2 a formalist himself1 he was quick to cast the first stone at the transgressors of the law4 ,but what was strongest in this class of men was the ,protestant sentiment in its most odious and intolerant shape4 ,having seen with displeasure the annexation of the ,catholic districts1 and agreed very unwillingly to the religious liberty insured by treaty1 this party found it hard to extinguish its traditional spirit of bigotry4 ,every movement of vitality on the part of ,catholics excited distrust1 and looked like a revolt2 and proceeding to open acts1 it struck successively at the liberty of instruction1 the freedom of the pulpit1 and the right of endowment4 ,the attempt to enforce civil marriage failed only when ,sardinia threatened to intervene4 ,catholics were eyed with disfavor1 and of the thousand servants of the government1 only fifty-nine belonged to their creed4 ,finally1 if ,protestants were obliged to endure the official existence of the ,roman ,church1 it seemed to them quite proper to try and make it a state affair4 ,they obtained from the ,pope in #ahai the transfer of jurisdiction over ,geneva from the ,archbishop of ,chambry to the ,bishop of ,lausanne--their secret object being to subject the ,catholic clergy to the direct influence of government1 through the dependence on the state to which the bishops of ,switzerland had long been accustomed1 and in particular by using the conciliatory and somewhat weak character of ,monseigneur de ,lausanne4 ,in fact1 an agreement was drawn up with the bishop1 by which the civil power was permitted to interfere in the nomination of pastors1 exact from them an oath1 publish and circulate episcopal charges4 ,soon after1 a law made the placet obligatory for all documents emanating from the diocesan or papal authorities4 ,a few official honors and some pecuniary advantages were the only compensation made to ,catholics for the prejudice done their liberty4 ,these1 however1 struggled perseveringly against all exertions to enthrall them1 and continued in spite of every difficulty to increase and gain strength4 ,this success they owed chiefly to their courageous pastor1 the ,abb ,vuarin1 an admirable man for a conflict1 as his friend ,lamennais used to say of him3 one whose indefatigable industry1 fearlessness1 and devotion to duty made every sacrifice light4 ,he travelled ,europe in the interests of his flock1 and ,turin1 ,berne1 ,paris1 ,munich1 ,rome1 heard him defend their cause4 ,he had friends in all places1 and corresponded with popes1 kings1 and the great men of his day2 and1 during the continual hostilities which he carried on against ,protestants1 wrote some severe things1 for the most part anonymously1 but other times under his own name1 wherein the only subject of regret is too great fieriness and irony4 ,he used to watch the ballot-boxes while reciting his breviary1 which drew from ,m4 de ,maistre the remark1 ,when ,i see his way of working1 it recalls the success of the apostles4 ,m4 ,vuarin had said1 ,a priest who is named pastor at ,geneva should go1 should remain1 and should end there2 and1 true to his own word1 he died there1 parish priest1 in #ahdc1 having been appointed under the ,empire4 ,before his time1 it was only now and then that a cassock ventured to appear in ,geneva3 at his funeral1 two bishops1 two hundred priests1 and thousands of ,catholic laymen defiled through the streets of the old ,protestant city4 ,it turned out1 however1 that ,catholic progress only irritated the intolerant spirit of opposition1 and at the centennial jubilee of the ,reformation1 in #ahce1 the inflamed passions of the multitude broke out in insults and deeds of violence against the faith of the minority4 ,the ,protestant ,union1 a sort of secret society1 was formed to sustain and encourage exclusivism and anti-,catholic feelings2 and when a collective address1 signed by the clergy of ,geneva1 denounced the movement to the bishop1 the council of state1 in retaliation1 refused to admit the nomination of any priest who should not have expressed regret for appending his name to the paper4 ,at ,m4 ,vuarin's death1 ,geneva was for several years deprived of the ministrations of his successor1 ,m4 ,marilley1 who had been arrested by the public officers and conducted to the frontier4 ,such1 in #ahdf1 was the position of the church3 misunderstood in her spirit1 the full measure of her rights withheld1 strong only in the energy of her defenders4 ,then a political change took place1 which considerably modified the situation4 ,in the plain on the other side of the ,rhone1 facing the steep hill whereon are the dwellings of the ,genevan aristocracy1 along which are drawn out the narrow streets of the old town1 and on the summit of which rise the city hall and ,st4 ,peter's church--that ,acropolis of ,calvinism--extends the democratic and laboring suburb of ,saint ,gervais4 ,here for several years a work had been going on whose gravity the ruling class of ,geneva did not comprehend4 ,a radical and demagogical party1 intimately connected with the revolutionists of other countries1 was being organized4 ,its newspapers1 pamphlets1 and the affair of ,young ,italy in #ahcf revealed its boldness and vigorous action4 ,on the occasion of the ,sonderbund disturbances in #ahdf1 the radicals got excited1 the ,faubourg ,st4 ,gervais rose in tumult1 and after a sanguinary struggle the conservatives were put down1 the old town was occupied by the victorious workmen1 and the power of the state passed into the hands of the leaders of the insurrection--,m4 ,fazy and his friends4 ,the extinction of the ancient oligarchy was known to be their object4 ,catholics had kept aloof from this conflict1 feeling little sympathy with the revolutionary passions of the radicals1 whose pretext1 moreover1 for rising had been the aid extended by the ,genevan government to their co-religionists of the ,sonderbund4 ,but when once in power1 the new party1 more astute than its predecessor1 understood the importance of the ,catholic element when it came to a question of votes4 ,m4 ,fazy1 although ultra in politics1 had no religious prejudices1 and1 neither ,catholic nor ,protestant1 all he cared for was to bring about the ruin of the ,calvinist aristocracy4 ,in so much 7as the ,bishop of ,lausanne observed in #ahdi71 he was acting to the advantage of ,catholics4 ,after the radicals had destroyed the ramparts of the old town1 ,geneva began rapidly to change appearance3 entirely new quarters were soon laid out1 strangers came in large numbers1 and the ,catholic population visibly increased with the immigration4 ,in #ahej1 the canton counted #cd1bab ,protestants and #bi1gfd ,catholics2 ten years later1 the figures stood #db1jii of the latter to #dj1jfi of the former4 ,the radicals had the good sense also to respect the liberty of ,catholics2 they gave them ground to build another church on1 and in the central part of the new districts1 hard by the railway-station1 a ,gothic edifice1 which people used to call the cathedral-citadel--the temple of liberty--was erected4 ,thus little by little the two classes were drawn together1 despite so many profound differences4 ,the conservatives themselves contributed to this1 for the concessions to ,catholics were their chief point of opposition2 and in the next electoral campaign they took for rallying-cry1 ,fazy sold to the papists4 ,thereupon it became a necessity1 if ,catholics would keep their rights1 to vote with the radicals2 they did so in #ahee1 and the conservatives were utterly defeated4 ,things remained in this state until #ahfj1 the government continuing to respect ,catholic liberty2 the bishop also was allowed to return to ,geneva1 and ,fazy ably defended him against the narrow prejudices of a few friends4 ,when the church of ,our ,lady was finished1 the consecration sermon was preached by the eloquent mouth of the man who to-day exercises over the faithful of ,geneva1 although with different qualities1 the influence that ,m4 ,vuarin once had4 ,this was the ,abb ,mermillod4 ,untrammelled by attachments either to person or party1 clever1 firm1 yet pacific1 uniting to the authority of virtue all the charms of talent and character1 his liberal ideas no one could gainsay1 and his devotion to the church the ,holy ,father has on more than one occasion publicly recognized4 ,nevertheless1 if the rule of the radicals was in some respects profitable to ,catholics1 it was baneful to them on more than one account4 ,the sources of moral and intellectual corruption were multiplied in the canton2 freemasonry received the same concessions as religion2 the professorships in the academy were bestowed upon the enemies of every form of ,christianity2 and all the while an active proselytism was spreading immoral sentiments and infidelity among the people4 ,in this state of affairs1 the opposition daily waxed stronger1 and after fifteen years of administration1 the radicals were defeated 7#ahfa7 by the conservatives1 rejuvenated and transformed into an independent party4 ,,ii4 ,the party that now came in was no longer the same old purely aristocratic one of former times2 it had allies among the democrats4 ,a popular society1 known as ,the ,string1 established in the very centre of the working ,quartier de ,saint ,gervais1 furnished it with brawny arms and clubs to repel at the polls the violence which the radicals had initiated4 ,from #ahfa to #ahfd1 the independents gained ground rapidly1 and the bloody riots that disturbed ,geneva in the last-named year only served to assure their success4 ,it may be asked1 ,what did the ,catholics do during this political change8 ,they could not aspire to rule3 they were forced to choose between the ,protestant haters of their faith and the radical indifferentists who treated all religions alike--one might say with equal contempt--but which had at least the merit of respecting liberty of conscience4 ,a handful of ,catholics1 disgusted with the subversive doctrines of the radicals1 sought alliance with the independents2 but the mass remained liege to their first protectors4 ,some of the leaders1 too1 of that party belonged to ,catholic families1 and were1 nominally1 ,catholics themselves2 whereas all the chief men of the independents were ,protestants4 ,at this period1 a great event in the ,catholic life of ,geneva took place4 ,pius ,,ix4 in #ahfd raised the ,abb ,mermillod to the episcopal dignity2 only by a prudent reserve he did not immediately confer upon him the title of bishop of that city1 but of ,hebron in partibus infidelium4 ,in order not to encounter too many obstacles at the outset1 the authorities of the canton were not officially notified of the fact1 which was brought to their knowledge indirectly4 ,the independents affected to ignore the new arrangement1 and consider ,mgr4 ,mermillod as only the vicar-general of ,bishop ,marilley4 ,whenever he spoke as a prelate1 they showed themselves surprised and angry4 ,the radicals1 on their part1 saw the establishment of an episcopal see with the same unconcern as they had witnessed the erection of the cathedral4 ,and yet a few were provoked2 they were principally leaders from the ,catholic ranks1 who foresaw the blow their influence would receive from such a quarter4 ,on the other hand1 ,mgr4 ,mermillod's ,european reputation flattered the self-love of the ,genevans1 thus lessening political and religious repugnances2 while his amenity1 conciliatory spirit1 the irresistible seduction of his ways1 his political prudence1 which caused him to avoid the entanglements of party strife1 helped to surmount many obstacles4 ,a question of great importance to ,catholics soon came up4 ,in #ahae1 when parts of ,savoy and the ,pays-de-,gex were annexed1 although the religious liberty of the new-comers had been diplomatically secured1 ,geneva reserved to her own sons1 under the modest designation rights of property1 burghership1 and district residence1 the enjoyment of considerable wealth coming from old foundations1 and destined particularly for hospitals and other charitable institutions4 ,the new-comers had no share in the distribution of these funds3 hence arose the distinction in the community of elder and younger brothers4 ,about the year #ahff1 a motion was put forward to abolish this privilege of the ancient citizens1 and to induce the new ones to renounce the treaty stipulations in their favor and come under the common law4 ,the project fell through at the time1 but was finally adopted in #ahfh4 ,the ,catholics took a liberal and generous stand4 ,they might regret the international engagements to respect their religious liberty2 they could loudly complain that by a provision of the bill the independents endowed the ,protestant ,church with a part of this appropriation1 consequently securing it against loss in the event of a separation between church and state1 whereas nothing was set apart to defray the expenses of ,catholic worship2 nevertheless1 the great majority voted to let it pass4 ,god grant that they may not have been deceived6 ,if they had been organized into a political party1 they could and they should have had inserted some similar allowance in their favor4 ,for all this1 the ,catholics1 while they continued to make rapid progress1 assumed an attitude of moderation and straightforward liberality4 ,mgr4 ,mermillod openly declared1 ,the ,catholics have not the preponderance1 or the means of obtaining it2 they do not think of it1 they cannot have it1 they do not desire it4 ,they have no privileges to petition for1 but all more than ever must love our native ,switzerland1 which turns now her eyes upon us1 and must cling to our institutions and to that liberty which they secure us4 ,the bishop's adversaries could not find fault with him1 and the ,revue des ,deux ,mondes was obliged1 however unwillingly and tardily1 to acknowledge his liberal tone4 ,and yet this attitude of ,catholics and their progress only excited greater distrust and hatred4 ,the society of ,the ,string raised in its manifestoes the phantom of ultramontanism1 the press insulted them1 and they were threatened in their rights of association1 of burial1 of instruction1 and of preaching4 ,it is principally at ,carouge that they have had to suffer4 ,this place is under the influence of certain so-called ,catholic radicals1 who in truth are more anti-,catholic than the ,protestants themselves4 ,when these people attack the church1 the independents support them2 sometimes1 however1 the latter have known how to maintain an at least apparent neutrality4 ,it is chiefly in view of the eventual re-establishment of the bishopric of ,geneva that anti-,catholic prejudices are manifested4 ,the ,protestants understand that ,hebron is only a first step1 and they recoil at the idea of having at ,geneva itself a ,bishop of ,geneva4 ,several times already the question has been discussed in the council of state1 and the opponents of the church seek in ,gallican and ,josephine traditions1 in the text of treaties1 everywhere1 for reasons to deny to ,catholics the right of having a bishop4 ,common sense1 equity1 treaties1 all is against them1 but prejudice prevails4 ,the ,catholics on their side are determined that they shall have their own bishop1 and this to-day is the great dispute between them and the ,protestants4 ,mgr4 ,mermillod acts in all these troubles more like an apostle than a politician4 ,he is right4 ,he believes in his mission2 and1 without being able exactly to point out the course which ,providence will keep1 he is convinced that the church will prosper in ,geneva4 ,may his hope be realized6 ,at any rate1 the ,genevan ,catholics are fortunate to have such a bishop4 ,to conclude1 their present situation is a critical one4 ,it is fraught with dangers and yet full of hope4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,patron ,,saints4 ,by ,eliza ,allen ,starr4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahga4 ,this is an uncommonly interesting and readable book4 ,lives of saints1 especially of such as those who form its subject1 ought1 of course1 always to be interesting to ,catholics1 and even to others2 but1 unfortunately1 the abundance of facts which are often put in a small space1 and the dry and sometimes unsystematic way in which they are presented1 make them usually1 perhaps1 unattractive to any except those who wish to make what is called spiritual reading1 and put them1 if not entirely beyond the reach of children1 at least much less useful to them than they might be made1 and than they have been made in the present work4 ,the aim of the author has been to bring out the lives of the servants of ,god in their true light1 as something more wonderful than any fairy tales or fictions1 as1 indeed1 they are2 to satisfy the natural desire of the young for the marvellous with what is not only wonderful but admirable1 and to supply the place of fiction--to some extent1 at least--with truth4 ,and in order that they may answer this end1 they are told in an attractive and conversational way1 with occasional digressions and episodes1 and the style is such that1 instead of searching about for the most interesting of the lives to begin with1 one begins at once wherever he may happen to open1 and keeps on till it is more than time to leave off4 ,for1 though these sketches seem to have been intended principally for children and young people1 there can be no one who will not be pleased with them or who is too far advanced and well informed to profit by them4 ,there are twelve illustrations4 ,the book is well printed and elegantly bound4 ,,never ,,forgotten2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,home ,,of ,,the ,,lost ,,child4 ,by ,cecilia ,mary ,caddell4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 #ahga4 ,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,details of the self-denying lives of those who devote themselves to works of charity1 under the rules of a religious order1 are always interesting to the earnest ,catholic4 ,in this attractive volume1 we have a touching record of the devoted lives of the ,sisters of the ,good ,shepherd1 woven with the story of one who came to them dead in sin1 but was brought to life1 faith1 and peace1 by the blessing of ,god on their unfailing efforts4 ,there is no charity that calls more urgently in these times for the countenance and help of pious souls living in the world than this twofold task undertaken by these good sisters--the raising of fallen women to lives of purity1 and providing a place of refuge from temptation for destitute young girls4 ,all other efforts to reform abandoned women seem to bring forth but little fruit1 while the nuns of the ,good ,shepherd1 both in this country and abroad1 have been instrumental in rescuing a vast number from lives of infamy1 and bringing them to true penance4 ,this volume is interesting and instructive1 and cannot fail to impress the reader with its truthfulness4 ,may our dear ,lord1 through its pages1 excite in many souls asking for work in his vineyard1 the desire to assist in bringing back these lost sheep to his fold6 ,,the ,,catechism ,,illustrated ,,by ,,passages ,,from ,,the ,,holy ,,scriptures4 ,compiled by the ,rev4 ,john ,b4 ,bagshawe1 ,missionary ,rector of ,st4 ,elizabeth's1 ,richmond1 ,england4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahga4 ,this compilation is intended1 says the author1 in his preface1 to assist our children in acquiring a better knowledge of ,holy ,scripture4 ,but it will also prove useful and suggestive to those who have to teach children1 even should the latter not use it themselves4 ,its plan is very simple and good1 the most appropriate passages of ,scripture being selected in illustration of the successive questions and answers of the catechism1 and appended to them1 the text being in one column and the illustrations in a parallel one4 ,such a plan is1 of course1 very difficult to carry out with perfect success1 and the author does not claim to have always made absolutely the most appropriate selection2 but one would be very foolish not to duly appreciate what is good where perfection is evidently next to impossible4 ,an appendix is added1 with references to the principal texts quoted1 which can be used independently4 ,,the ,,holy ,,exercise ,,of ,,the ,,presence ,,of ,,god4 ,in three parts4 ,translated from the ,french of ,t4 ,f4 ,vaubert1 of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,st4 ,louis3 ,p4 ,fox1 ,publisher1 ,no4 #ad ,south ,fifth ,street4 #ahga4 ,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,this is a beautiful little book1 and contains a great deal in a very small space4 ,its purpose is sufficiently explained by its title3 to make ,christians practically familiar with1 and constantly attentive to1 the presence of ,god1 surely one of the greatest of all means of sanctification1 and one specially necessary in this age and country1 in which there is such a tendency to distraction and useless occupation of mind4 ,the translation is good1 and the type clear4 ,a ,,brief ,,historical ,,sketch ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,church ,,on ,,long ,,island4 ,by ,patrick ,mulrenan1 ,professor of ,rhetoric1 etc41 etc41 etc41 etc41 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahga4 ,truly this is a world of disappointments4 ,when this book1 handsomely bound and printed in bold type on delicately tinted paper1 was placed before us1 and upon reading the numerous titles of honor which the author1 with more frankness than modesty1 had appended to his name1 we hastily came to the conclusion that the ,catholic ,church on ,long ,island had at last found a worthy and erudite historian4 ,alas for the vanity of human hopes6 ,ere we had perused a dozen of its hundred and thirty pages1 we discovered that the brilliant and costly setting1 which we fondly hoped contained a literary gem beyond price1 enclosed nothing but a paltry imitation in paste4 ,our chagrin was the greater on account of the importance of the subject1 affording1 as it does1 many salient points of interest that deserve to be perpetuated in something like good language and in proper method2 but candor compels us to say that this book seems more like a scrap-book1 made up of slip-shod newspaper paragraphs unartistically retouched and strung together4 ,and then the reckless scattering of polyglot adjectives1 the continuous recurrence of the same words and forms of expression1 the forgetfulness of facts within the knowledge of most of the school children of ,brooklyn1 and the inexcusable ignoring of the simplest rules of grammar1 which characterize this production1 are1 we venture to affirm1 unparalleled in the history of modern book-making4 ,the last chapter1 however1 surpasses all the others in verbosity4 ,in thus coming before the public as the historian of the ,catholics of ,long ,island1 the author seems to have forgotten that the art of book-writing can only be learned by years of patient study1 and that the high-sounding phrases which would do well enough for a class of young students are altogether out of place in the pages of a book intended to be placed in the libraries of our most intelligent citizens4 ,literary vanity is generally a harmless and sometimes an amusing weakness1 but1 when gratified at the expense of serious subjects1 it deserves neither encouragement nor the charity of our silence4 ,,the ,,historical ,,reader4 ,by ,john ,j4 ,anderson1 ,a4,m4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #edd4 ,new ,york3 ,clark ,maynard4 #ahga4 ,this work1 compiled for the use of schools1 has many merits and some grave defects4 ,the task of culling from the best writers choice passages descriptive of striking historical incidents is one that requires much judgment and experience for its proper performance2 while the difficulty of avoiding even the appearance of national prejudice or religious bias is almost insurmountable4 ,most of us have our favorite authors1 whose merits we are apt to exaggerate1 and whose peculiar views we too often accept without much investigation4 ,professor ,anderson is not free from this weakness1 though1 as a rule1 his selections are made with discretion and fairness4 ,milton's eulogy on ,cromwell is one of the exceptions1 for we hold it not good that our children should be taught to reverence the memory of that monstrosity whose hands were so repeatedly imbrued in innocent blood4 ,froude's ,coronation of ,anne ,boleyn is another1 for1 as the readers of ,the ,catholic ,world well know1 very little dependence can be placed on the historical veracity of that gentleman4 ,but the most serious mistake of the compiler lies in the fact that only ,american1 ,english1 ,scotch1 and ,french history1 with a few passages from ancient authors1 is presented2 ,ireland1 ,spain1 ,germany1 and other ,european countries being completely ignored4 ,taking into account the vast number of children ,of ,german and ,irish descent in our public and private schools1 who ought1 we think1 to be taught something of the history of their ancestors1 we should expect that at least one-half of this book would be devoted to extracts from the historians of these races1 whose writings are now as accessible to compilers of history as those of any other nationality4 ,of ,spain1 the discoverer and first colonizer of the ,new ,world1 we have not a word2 and ,italy1 the birthplace of ,christopher ,columbus and ,amerigo ,vespucci1 the cradle of modern art and poetry1 is altogether overlooked4 ,in this respect1 therefore1 ,the ,historical ,reader is sadly deficient in universality and completeness4 ,the ,vocabulary attached will be found useful1 and the ,biographical ,index would be more interesting if the writer had used his adjectives less generously1 and more reliable if he had not insisted on calling ,burke a ,british statesman and ,goldsmith an ,english writer4 ,a ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,kingdom ,,of ,,kerry4 ,by ,m4 ,f4 ,cusack4 ,boston3 ,p4 ,donahoe4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co4 #ahga4 #hvo1 pp4 #eab4 ,this latest contribution to the historical literature of ,ireland is in every respect worthy the genius and industry of the accomplished author of ,the ,illustrated ,history of ,ireland1 and other works of an historical and biographical character4 ,hitherto the remote county of ,kerry has been known to tourists and artists for the beautiful scenery of the ,killarney ,lakes1 and to the general reader only as the home of the great orator and politician ,o',connell2 for the meagre and antiquated history of the county by ,smith has long since passed into oblivion1 and can scarcely be found in any of those receptacles for worn-out authors1 called second-hand book stores4 ,it remained for ,miss ,cusack 7,sister ,mary ,frances ,clare71 who1 of all contemporary ,irish writers1 seems most imbued with a passionate desire to produce and reproduce incidents illustrative of the past glories and sufferings of her native country1 to undertake the task of writing a history of this1 in many respects1 the most interesting of the thirty-two counties of ,ireland1 and it must be confessed that1 considering the unpromising and limited nature of the subject1 she has performed it with wonderful accuracy and success4 ,the large and handsome volume before us1 as a local history1 may be considered a complete narrative of every event connected with ,kerry1 from the very earliest period of the traditional epoch down to the close of the seventeenth century1 with occasional glances at the affairs of adjacent counties1 when necessarily connected with those of her favorite locality4 ,several1 and not the least attractive of the chapters to a scientific student1 are devoted to the geology1 topography1 and archology of ,kerry and other kindred topics1 in the preparation of which the author has been assisted by some of the best scholars in ,ireland1 whose readiness in thus contributing the result of long years of study and experience not only does credit to their generosity and gallantry1 but demonstrates that ,miss ,cusack's patriotic and charitable efforts are fully appreciated by those who know her well and are best fitted to appreciate the value of her labors4 ,the appendix1 which is very full1 will be found particularly interesting to such of our readers as derive their descent from the ancient ,kerry families1 containing1 as it does1 a minute and doubtless correct pedigrees of the ,o',connors1 ,o',donoghues1 ,o',connells1 ,o',mahonys1 ,mc,carthys1 and other septs whose names are indelibly associated with the history and topography of the county4 ,the illustrations of local scenery are passable1 we have seen better1 but the letterpress is excellent1 and the whole mechanical execution of the work is worthy of the subject1 and very creditable to the taste and enterprise of the publishers4 ,,manual ,,of ,,geometrical ,,and ,,infinitesimal ,,analysis4 ,by ,b4 ,sestini1 ,s4,j41 author of ,analytical ,geometry1 ,elementary ,geometry1 and a ,treatise on ,algebra2 ,professor of ,mathematics in ,woodstock ,college4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 #ahga4 ,we leave it to the reader1 says ,father ,sestini in his preface1 which1 by the way1 corresponds to the book in shortness1 to judge whether1 without detriment to lucidity1 our efforts to combine comprehensiveness with brevity and exactness have been successful4 ,it seems to us that they have4 ,it is impossible to understand analytical geometry and the calculus1 the principles of which are developed in this work1 without patient thought and application of mind2 diffuse explanations may be written1 no doubt1 which will enable an ordinary student to master the actual text of his lesson1 but they will not be likely to set his mind to working on its own account2 and the discovery of the meaning of a sentence which seems obscure1 but is only so from the student's want of mental exercise in these matters1 is of more real service1 and at the same time gives more pleasure1 than the most copious elucidations4 ,to use these is like taking a light into a dark place2 it shows clearly what is immediately around1 but does not allow the pupils of the eyes to expand4 ,and without a similar development of the mathematical faculty1 which is probably really more common than is generally supposed1 needing only proper exercise to bring it out1 the study of the science will be comparatively fruitless1 and a mere labor instead of a pleasure4 ,it is1 of course1 possible to carry this principle too far1 and make a book which will be incomprehensible without profuse oral explanations1 which will equally prevent a profitable exercise of the mind4 ,the author seems to have carried it just far enough4 ,no one to whom the study of the higher mathematics will be profitable at all can find a better work to set him upon the track and give him a grasp of the subject than ,f4 ,sestini's manual4 ,the expert also1 as well as the student1 will be pleased with the neatness of its execution1 both in the mathematical and in the ordinary sense4 ,,vermont ,,historical ,,gazetteer4 ,a ,magazine embracing a ,digest of the ,history of each ,town1 ,civil1 ,educational1 ,religious1 ,geological1 and ,literary4 ,edited by ,abby ,maria ,hemenway1 compiler of the ,poets and ,poetry of ,vermont4 ,burlington4 #ahgj4 ,new ,england is the home of ,american local history1 for1 of the works devoted to the annals of cities1 counties1 and towns1 there are more relating to ,new ,england than to all other parts of the ,united ,states2 and outside of ,new ,england limits the cultivation of local history is1 in many cases1 due to natives of that division4 ,miss ,hemenway has done good service by her gazetteer1 which is really a general local history of the ,green ,mountain ,state4 ,known favorably already1 she has succeeded in obtaining the hearty co-operation of gentlemen and ladies in all parts of the state1 and she thus gives the history of each county in turn4 ,the history of each church is given by some one connected with it1 and full justice done to all4 ,in some local histories1 the prejudice of the author sometimes leads him to ignore all but his own church1 or give only such notices as he cannot avoid4 ,we have in our eye a ,history of ,elizabeth1 ,new ,jersey1 by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hatfield1 in which other denominations than his own are very slightingly treated4 ,there are three ,catholic churches1 a ,benedictine convent1 a ,house of ,sisters of ,charity1 and an orphan asylum in the place1 yet the reverend author sums up their history in five lines1 and quotes as his authority for their annals the ,city ,directory4 ,if any institution1 church1 or author fails to receive due space in the ,vermont ,historical ,gazetteer1 it is not the fault of ,miss ,hemenway1 who has labored most indefatigably to extract their history1 and given them wherein to lay it before the world1 impartially allowing each to give their own version of affairs4 ,her work is1 of course1 not of equal merit2 but it contains many articles of far more than local interest and value4 ,her state owes her a debt of thanks2 and in her plan and scheme of the work1 as well as in her untiring industry1 she sets an example that may well be imitated in other states4 ,,history ,,of ,,florida1 ,,from ,,its ,,discovery ,,by ,,ponce ,,de ,,leon1 ,,in #aeab1 ,,to ,,the ,,close ,,of ,,the ,,florida ,,war1 ,,in #ahdb4 ,by ,george ,r4 ,fairbanks4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahga4 ,mr4 ,fairbanks is not unknown as an author1 and this little volume1 handsomely issued by an eminent publishing-house1 would seem to be a welcome addition1 as furnishing1 in a compendious form1 the romantic annals of the oldest settled1 though not the oldest1 state in the ,union4 ,we regret to say that we regret the appearance of the work4 ,there is such abundance of material accessible to the ordinary student1 even without entering upon the vast manuscript material which the late ,buckingham ,smith spent his life in delving1 that exactness is of the utmost necessity4 ,mr4 ,fairbanks evidently quotes his ,spanish authors at second-hand1 and must be unfamiliar with the ,spanish language4 ,no one at all conversant with it would quote ,cabeza de ,vaca1 as he repeatedly does1 under the name of ,de ,vaca4 ,cabeza de ,vaca is the family name1 meaning ,head of ,cow--an odd name1 but with its analogy in our ,whitehead1 ,mulford 7mule-ford71 ,armstrong1 etc4 ,to quote him as ,of ,cow is like citing one of the ,english names as ,head1 ,ford1 or ,strong4 ,quoting ,garcelasso as ,l',inca also betrays ignorance4 ,the ,spanish article is ,el1 while the elevation of ,menendez ,marques to the ,marquis de ,menendez is equal to ,puss in ,boots1 who made marquises offhand4 ,it is not surprising1 then1 to find the period from #aefh to #agbb embraced in #cd pages1 and in those only four references to ,barcia1 and these not all correct1 though in the #bbh pages given by the ,spanish historian of ,florida to that period much interesting matter might have been found4 ,nor is his acquaintance with the works that have appeared in ,english such as we should expect4 ,the later portion of the history seems more within his grasp2 but without entering into too great detail1 we miss any reference to ,farmer's account of the siege of ,pensacola4 ,much of the space in the earlier portion is devoted to the ,french colony and its bloody extinction by ,menendez1 and to ,gourgues's attack4 ,in this matter he does not treat the matter as ,sparks did years ago1 or ,parkman recently4 ,by all these writers1 moreover1 some points are overlooked4 ,the piratical character of the ,french cruisers1 who1 after the ,reformation1 made religion a cloak for their murders and piracy2 the object in selecting ,florida1 which was to form a base for operations against ,spanish commerce2 the long-settled determination of the ,spanish crown to root out any colony planted in ,florida1 upon the most plausible pretext the occasion would give2 the overt acts of piracy of the new ,french colony in ,florida2 and1 finally1 the critical position of both parties1 neither of whom1 in case of victory1 would have dared to keep any of the enemy as prisoners4 ,he takes the ,de ,gourgues account as the ,french give it1 and1 with them1 multiplies forts at ,san ,mateo2 but we must confess that there are discrepancies in it which have always excited our distrust1 although the story is accepted generally by ,french ,catholic writers4 ,,pink ,,and ,,white ,,tyranny4 ,a ,society ,novel4 ,by ,mrs4 ,harriet ,b4 ,stowe4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 ,mrs4 ,stowe has given us in this volume1 with her usual distinctness of purpose1 a true picture1 not overdrawn1 of fashionable life as displayed at our popular watering-places and in many of our fashionable homes4 ,the author's views1 so pronounced on all subjects1 are generally given with characteristic energy and earnestness1 if not always with discrimination4 ,so graphic are her descriptions that the reader can see the places she describes1 and has a clear insight into the hearts of her characters4 ,it is well that one whose writings are always so extensively read should show up the corrupt condition of manners and morals that prevail in what is technically called high life1 and in this book ,mrs4 ,stowe has given an interesting and lifelike picture of the everyday well-known scandals that are sapping the very foundation of our existence as a nation4 ,it is hardly just1 however1 to put all the folly1 all the extravagance1 and all the sin of our demoralized belles and beauty to the credit of ,france2 poor ,france has enough of her own to bear4 ,french morals1 ,french manners1 ,french novels1 ,french literature1 and even the ,french language are put down in this volume as the source of all in the morals of this country that is not pure and elevating4 ,the root of the trouble lies nearer home1 and spreads far back to the childhood of these vain men and women1 when they were taught that to enjoy themselves was the great end for which they were made4 ,have a jolly time in life1 honestly if you can1 but have the jolly time any way1 is the chief lesson given to the children and young persons belonging to the world of to-day2 and this peoples our places of public resort with the fast and the shameless4 ,a poetic picture of ,new ,england life is ,mrs4 ,stowe's specialty1 and refined1 cultivated1 quiet ,springdale is refreshing after the flirtations and assignations of the watering-places4 ,we find in these pages a just and charming tribute to the ,irish character as wife and mother2 while the author's views of marriage are in accordance with the teachings of the ,catholic ,church1 and it is no small merit in the book that it strongly advocates the doctrine1 one with one exclusively1 and for ever4 ,,the ,,life ,,and ,,revelations ,,of ,,saint ,,gertrude4 ,by the author of ,st4 ,francis and the ,franciscans1 etc4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 ,boston2 ,p4 ,donahoe4 #ahga4 ,this is another of the ,kenmare series of books for spiritual reading4 ,it needs no other recommendation4 ,the profit to be derived from a devout reading of the revelations of this great saint is inestimable4 ,they cannot fail to have a lasting influence on the mind that opens itself to their teaching4 ,if some may object that such a book as this is too medival for the nineteenth century1 we answer that there are plenty of chosen souls who look back to the middle ages as the millennium of the ,church1 when earth was nearest heaven4 ,,st4 ,,peter3 ,,his ,,name ,,and ,,his ,,office4 ,by ,thomas ,w4 ,allies1 ,m4,a41 ,author of ,the ,see of ,st4 ,peter the ,rock of the ,church1 and other ,works4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #bii4 ,london3 ,r4 ,washbourne2 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahga4 ,this work1 partly drawn from the ,commentary on the ,prerogatives of ,st4 ,peter1 ,prince of the ,apostles1 of ,passaglia1 and partly the composition of the learned author1 was first published in #aheb1 and elicited the highest encomiums from the most learned portion of the ,christian world4 ,its republication at this time1 when so much is said1 and so little is actually known1 by persons not ,catholics1 of the apostolic succession1 and the divine power vested in the visible head of the church1 is exceedingly well timed4 ,the book1 though small in compass1 contains not only all the leading incidents of ,st4 ,peter's life1 but irrefutable proofs of his holy mission and supremacy in the church4 ,those who have any doubts of the primacy of the ,see of ,rome1 or who wish to satisfy themselves as to the extent of the power delegated to our ,holy ,father1 should give ,mr4 ,allies's book a careful and serious perusal4 ,,golden ,,words2 ,,or1 ,,maxims ,,of ,,the ,,cross4 ,by ,f4 ,h4 ,hamilton1 ,m4,a4 #a vol4 pp4 #gh4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co42 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,this beautifully printed little book is1 as the author candidly confesses1 made up mainly from selections made from the writings of the celebrated ,thomas ,kempis4 ,to say this is to pronounce the highest eulogy that can be expressed1 for we believe there is no person who claims to be ,christian1 and who has read ,the ,following of ,christ1 but admits that1 of all the uninspired writers1 its author is foremost in wisdom1 piety1 and practical illustration4 ,though in large1 clear type1 this work is so judiciously condensed that any person can carry it in his pocket1 and thus have it at all times for reference and edification4 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society has just published new editions of ,gahan's ,history of the ,catholic ,church and ,mylius's ,history of ,england4 ,both works are continued down to the present time4 ,the ,society also publishes a new and improved edition of ,fleury's ,historical ,catechism1 revised1 corrected1 and edited by ,rev4 ,henry ,formby4 ,this excellent work is intended as a class-book for schools1 and1 if ordered in quantities1 the ,society is prepared to furnish it at an extraordinarily low price4 ,the ,society has also in the hands of the binder ,fr4 ,formby's ,pictorial ,bible and ,church ,history ,stories4 ,this work ought to be introduced into our schools4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham1 ,philadelphia1 has in press ,cineas1 a story of the time of ,nero1 the burning of ,rome by that tyrant1 and the destruction of ,jerusalem4 ,mr4 ,donahoe1 ,boston1 announces as in press a ,compendium of ,irish ,history1 ,ned ,rusheen1 and ,the ,spouse of ,christ--all by ,sister ,mary ,francis ,clare2 also1 ,the ,monks of the ,west1 by ,montalembert2 a ,life of ,pius ,,ix41 and ,ballads of ,irish ,chivalry1 etc41 by ,r4 ,d4 ,joyce4 ,messrs4 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co41 ,baltimore1 announce as in press ,mary ,benedicta and the ,pearl of ,antioch4 ,messrs4 ,murphy ,co41 ,baltimore1 have just completed their ,church ,registers1 comprising ,baptism1 ,matrimony1 ,confirmation1 ,interments1 etc4--in all1 three ,latin ,registers and four ,church ,records1 uniformly bound and put up in neat boxes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,mistake ,,corrected4--,mr4 ,robert ,a4 ,bakewell desires us to correct a statement which was made in our last number1 in the article ,the ,secular not ,supreme1 respecting the views formerly expressed by that gentleman in ,the ,shepherd of the ,valley1 on the subject discussed in the aforesaid article4 ,mr4 ,bakewell has frequently contradicted a misquotation and misinterpretation of his language by secular and sectarian papers1 which has made him say that ,catholics1 if they ever became a large majority of the people of this country1 would suppress religious liberty4 ,what he really did say was that1 in the event supposed1 they would1 in accordance with ,catholic principles1 restrain by law the teaching of those errors which are subversive of natural religion and morality4 ,mr4 ,bakewell states1 also1 that he has never retracted the views which he expressed in his published writings on this subject1 and says that they were impugned by two only of the ,catholic newspapers at the time4 ,,books ,,received4 ,from ,,george ,,routledge ,,sons1 ,new ,york3 ,the ,coolie3 ,his ,rights and ,wrongs1 #a vol4 paper4 ,from ,,longmans1 ,,green ,,co41 ,london3 ,ignatius ,loyola and the ,early ,jesuits4 ,by ,stewart ,rose1 #a vol4 #hvo1 pp4 #edh4 ,from ,r4 ,,washbourne1 ,london3 ,the ,men and ,women of the ,english ,reformation1 from the ,days of ,wolsey to the ,death of ,cranmer4 ,papal and ,anti-,papal ,notables4 ,by ,s4 ,h4 ,burke1 author of ,the ,monastic ,houses of ,england4 ,vol4 #a4 ,from ,,burns1 ,,oates ,,co41 ,london3 ,the ,life of ,st4 ,ignatius ,loyola4 ,by ,father ,genelli1 of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,translated from the ,german of ,m4 ,charles ,sainte-,foi1 and rendered from the ,french by the ,rev4 ,thomas ,meyrick1 ,s4,j4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #ceg4--,of ,adoration in ,spirit and ,truth4 ,written in ,four ,books4 ,by ,john ,eusebius ,neremberg1 ,s4,j41 native of ,madrid1 and translated into ,english by ,r4 ,s41 ,s4,j41 in which is disclosed the pith and marrow of a spiritual life of ,christ's imitation1 and mystical theology2 extracted out of the ,holy ,fathers1 and greatest masters of spirit1 ,diadochus1 ,dorotheus1 ,climachus1 ,rusbrochius1 ,suso1 ,thaulerus1 a ,kempis1 ,gerson2 and not a little both pious and effectual is superadded4 ,with a preface by ,rev4 ,peter ,galloway1 ,s4,j4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #dch4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,underscores surround italicized words2 ,equal signs surround bold4 ,obvious typographical errors were repaired1 but legimate archaic spellings were retained 7for example1 villany1 villanous1 stalworth1 reconnoissance1 idyl1 etc47 ,to ,be ,continued on ,p4 #dab1 #dgf1 #eda1 and #fah were missing from the original1 and were added to alert the reader to continuations4 ,p4 #ea-ed1 in the article on ,sor ,juana ,ines ,de ,la ,cruz1 the ,spanish stanzas and their ,english translations were in opposite columns4 ,for ease of reading in multiple formats1 each ,english stanza has been indented below its ,spanish original4 ,p4 #fcc1 ,memoir of ,father ,john de ,brbeuf3 what a martyr bore a ,christian may have courage to ,three4'and bringing the scalding water from the caldron--there appears to be text missing between courage to and ,three in the original publication4 ,unable to determine what that text would be4