,transcrib]'s note3 ,boldface text is enclos$ 9 equals signs2 italiciz$ text is enclos$ 9 und]scores4 ,o!r notes w be f\nd at ! end ( ?is e,book4 ,,kant',s ,,critique ,,( ,,judgem5t ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,london ,,bombay ,,calcutta ,,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,bo/on ,,*icago ,,dallas ,,san ,,francisco ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,toronto ,,kant',s ,,critique ,,( ,,judgem5t ,,translat$ ,,) ,,introduction ,,& ,,notes ,,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,b]n>d1 ,d4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,,bi%op ,,( ,,ossory ,,sometime ,,fell[ ,,( ,,tr9ity ,,college1 ,,& ,,ar*bi%op ,,k+',s ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,div9ity ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,dubl9 ,,second ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,/reet1 ,,london #aiad ,,copyright ,fir/ ,edition #ahib ,second ,edition #aiad ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,editor',s ,,introduction xi ,,preface #a ,,introduction #g ,i4 ,( ! division ( ,philosophy #g ,,ii4 ,( ! realm ( ,philosophy 9 g5]al #aa ,,iii4 ,( ! ,critique ( ,judgem5t z a means ( comb9+ ! two p>ts ( ,philosophy into a :ole #ad ,,iv4 ,( ,judgem5t z a faculty legislat+ a priori #ag ,v4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! =mal purposiv5ess ( nature is a transc5d5tal pr9ciple ( ,judgem5t #bj ,,vi4 ,( ! comb9ation ( ! feel+ ( pleasure ) ! concept ( ! purposiv5ess ( nature #bg ,,vii4 ,( ! ae/hetical repres5tation ( ! purposiv5ess ( nature #cj ,,viii4 ,( ! logical repres5tation ( ! purposiv5ess ( nature #ce ,,ix4 ,( ! connexion ( ! legislation ( ,und]/&+ ) t ( ,reason by means ( ! ,judgem5t #ci ,,fir/ ,,"p4--,,critique ,,( ,,! ,,ae/hetical ,,judgem5t #dc ,fir/ ,division4--,analytic ( ! ,ae/hetical ,judgem5t #de ,fir/ ,book4--,analytic ( ! ,beautiful #de ,fir/ ,mom5t ( ! judgem5t ( ta/e1 accord+ to quality #de #a4 ,! judgem5t ( ta/e is ae/hetical #de #b4 ,! satisfaction :i* det]m9es ! judgem5t ( ta/e is dis9t]e/$ #df #c4 ,! satisfaction 9 ! pleasant is b\nd up ) int]e/ #dh #d4 ,! satisfaction 9 ! good is b\nd up ) int]e/ #ej #e4 ,comp>ison ( ! ?ree specifically diff]5t k9ds ( satisfaction #ec ,second ,mom5t ( ! judgem5t ( ta/e1 viz4 accord+ to quantity #ee #f4 ,! ,beautiful is t :i* ap>t f concepts is repres5t$ z ! object ( a univ]sal satisfaction #ee #g4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,beautiful ) ! ,pleasant & ! ,good by means ( ! above *>act]i/ic #eg #h4 ,! univ]sality ( ! satisfaction is repres5t$ 9 a judgem5t ( ,ta/e only z subjective #ei #i4 ,inve/igation ( ! "q :e!r 9 a judgem5t ( ta/e ! feel+ ( pleasure prec$es or foll[s ! judg+ ( ! object #fc ,?ird ,mom5t ( judgem5ts ( ta/e accord+ to ! relation ( ! purposes :i* are br\ght into consid]ation !re9 #fg #aj4 ,( purposiv5ess 9 g5]al #fg #aa4 ,! judgem5t ( ta/e has no?+ at its basis b ! =m ( ! purposiv5ess ( an object 7or ( its mode ( repres5tation7 #fi #ab4 ,! judgem5t ( ta/e re/s on a priori gr\nds #gj #ac4 ,! pure judgem5t ( ta/e is indep5d5t ( *>m & emotion #gb #ad4 ,elucidation by means ( examples #gc #ae4 ,! judgem5t ( ta/e is q indep5d5t ( ! concept ( p]fection #gg #af4 ,! judgem5t ( ta/e1 by :i* an object is decl>$ to be beautiful "u ! condition ( a def9ite concept1 is n pure #ha #ag4 ,( ! ,ideal ( ,beauty #hd ,f\r? ,mom5t ( ! judgem5t ( ta/e1 accord+ to ! modality ( ! satisfaction 9 ! object #ia #ah4 ,:at ! modality 9 a judgem5t ( ta/e is #ia #ai4 ,! subjective necessity :i* we ascribe to ! judgem5t ( ta/e is condition$ #ib #bj4 ,! condition ( necessity :i* a judgem5t ( ta/e ass]ts is ! ,idea ( a common s5se #ib #ba4 ,h we gr\nd = presuppos+ a common s5se8 #ic #bb4 ,! necessity ( ! univ]sal agreem5t t is ?\ght 9 a judgem5t ( ta/e is a subjective necessity1 :i* is repres5t$ z objective "u ! presupposition ( a common s5se #id ,g5]al rem>k on ! fir/ section ( ! ,analytic #if ,second ,book4--,analytic ( ! ,sublime #aja #bc4 ,transition f ! faculty :i* judges ( ! ,beautiful to t :i* judges ( ! ,sublime #aja #bd4 ,( ! divisions ( an inve/igation into ! feel+ ( ! ,sublime #aje ,a4--,( ! ,ma!matically ,sublime #ajf #be4 ,explanation ( ! t]m 8,sublime0 #ajf #bf4 ,( t e/imation ( ! magnitude ( natural ?+s :i* is requisite = ! ,idea ( ! ,sublime #aaj #bg4 ,( ! quality ( ! satisfaction 9 our judgem5ts ^u ! ,sublime #aai ,b4--,( ! ,dynamically ,sublime 9 ,nature #abc #bh4 ,( ,nature reg>d$ z ,might #abc #bi4 ,( ! modality ( ! judgem5t ^u ! sublime 9 nature #acj ,g5]al rem>k ^u ! exposition ( ! ae/hetical reflective ,judgem5t #acb ,d$uction ( pure ae/hetical judgem5ts #aej #cj4 ,! ,d$uction ( ae/hetical judgem5ts on ! objects ( nature mu/ n be direct$ to :at we call ,sublime 9 nature1 b only to ! ,beautiful #aej #ca4 ,( ! me?od ( d$uction ( judgem5ts ( ta/e #aeb #cb4 ,fir/ peculi>ity ( ! judgem5t ( ta/e #aed #cc4 ,second peculi>ity ( ! judgem5t ( ta/e #aeg #cd4 ,!re is no objective pr9ciple ( ta/e possible #aei #ce4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,ta/e is ! subjective pr9ciple ( ,judgem5t 9 g5]al #afa #cf4 ,( ! problem ( a ,d$uction ( judgem5ts ( ,ta/e #afb #cg4 ,:at is prop]ly ass]t$ a priori ( an object 9 a judgem5t ( ta/e #afd #ch4 ,d$uction ( judgem5ts ( ta/e #afe #ci4 ,( ! communicability ( a s5sation #afg #dj4 ,( ta/e z a k9d ( s5sus communis #afi #da4 ,( ! empirical int]e/ 9 ! ,beautiful #agc #db4 ,( ! intellectual int]e/ 9 ! ,beautiful #agf #dc4 ,( ,art 9 g5]al #ahc #dd4 ,( beautiful ,art #ahe #de4 ,beautiful art is an art 9 s f> z x seems l nature #ahg #df4 ,beautiful art is ! art ( g5ius #ahh #dg4 ,elucidation & confirmation ( ! above explanation ( ,g5ius #aij #dh4 ,( ! relation ( ,g5ius to ,ta/e #aic #di4 ,( ! faculties ( ! m9d t con/itute ,g5ius #aig #ej4 ,( ! comb9ation ( ,ta/e ) ,g5ius 9 ! products ( beautiful ,art #bje #ea4 ,( ! division ( ! beautiful arts #bjf #eb4 ,( ! comb9ation ( beautiful arts 9 "o & ! same product #bad #ec4 ,comp>ison ( ! respective ae/hetical wor? ( ! beautiful arts #bae #ed4 ,rem>k #bbj ,second ,division4--,dialectic ( ! ,ae/hetical ,judgem5t #bbi #ee4 #bbi #ef4 ,repres5tation ( ! ant9omy ( ,ta/e #bcj #eg4 ,solution ( ! ant9omy ( ,ta/e #bca #eh4 ,( ! ,idealism ( ! purposiv5ess ( bo? ,nature & ,art z ! unique pr9ciple ( ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t #bda #ei4 ,( ,beauty z ! symbol ( ,morality #bdh #fj4 ,app5dix3--,( ! me?od ( ,ta/e #bec ,,second ,,"p4--,,critique ,,( ,,! ,,teleological ,,judgem5t #beg #fa4 ,( ! objective purposiv5ess ( ,nature #bei ,fir/ ,division4--,analytic ( ! ,teleological ,judgem5t #bfb #fb4 ,( ! objective purposiv5ess :i* is m]ely =mal z di/+ui%$ f t :i* is mat]ial #bfb #fc4 ,( ! relative1 z di/+ui%$ f ! inn]1 purposiv5ess ( nature #bfh #fd4 ,( ! peculi> "* ( ?+s z natural purposes #bgb #fe4 ,?+s reg>d$ z natural purposes are organis$ be+s #bge #ff4 ,( ! pr9ciple ( judg+ ( int]nal purposiv5ess 9 organis$ be+s #bhj #fg4 ,( ! pr9ciple ( ! teleological judg+ ( nature 9 g5]al z a sy/em ( purposes #bhb #fh4 ,( ! pr9ciple ( ,teleology z int]nal pr9ciple ( natural sci5ce #bhg ,second ,division4--,dialectic ( ! ,teleological ,judgem5t #bib #fi4 ,:at is an ant9omy ( ! ,judgem5t8 #bib #gj4 ,repres5tation ( ?is ant9omy #bic #ga4 ,prelim9>y to ! solution ( ! above ant9omy #bif #gb4 ,( ! diff]5t sy/ems :i* deal ) ! purposiv5ess ( ,nature #bih #gc4 ,none ( ! above sy/ems give :at !y pret5d #cjb #gd4 ,! reason t we _c treat ! concept ( a ,te*nic ( nature dogmatically is ! fact t a natural purpose is inexplicable #cjf #ge4 ,! concept ( an objective purposiv5ess ( nature is a critical pr9ciple ( ,reason = ! reflective ,judgem5t #cji #gf4 ,rem>k #cac #gg4 ,( ! peculi>ity ( ! human ,und]/&+1 by means ( :i* ! concept ( a natural purpose is possible #cai #gh4 ,( ! union ( ! pr9ciple ( ! univ]sal me*anism ( matt] ) ! teleological pr9ciple 9 ! ,te*nic ( nature #cbf ,app5dix4--,me?odology ( ! ,teleological ,judgem5t #ccd #gi4 ,:e!r ,teleology mu/ be treat$ z if x belong$ to ! doctr9e ( nature #ccd #hj4 ,( ! necess>y subord9ation ( ! me*anical to ! teleological pr9ciple 9 ! explanation ( a ?+ z a natural purpose #ccf #ha4 ,( ! association ( me*anism ) ! teleological pr9ciple 9 ! explanation ( a natural purpose z a natural product #cdb #hb4 ,( ! teleological sy/em 9 ! ext]nal relations ( organis$ be+s #cdf #hc4 ,( ! ultimate purpose ( nature z a teleological sy/em #ceb #hd4 ,( ! f9al purpose ( ! exi/5ce ( a _w1 i4e4 ( creation itself #cei #he4 ,( ,physico-!ology #cfb #hf4 ,( ,e?ico-!ology #cgj #hg4 ,( ! moral pro( ( ! ,be+ ( ,god #cgg #hh4 ,limitation ( ! validity ( ! moral pro( #chd #hi4 ,( ! use ( ! moral argum5t #cib #ij4 ,( ! k9d ( belief 9 a teleological pro( ( ! ,be+ ( ,god #cie #ia4 ,( ! k9d ( belief produc$ by a practical fai? #djc ,g5]al rem>k on ,teleology #dad ,,editor',s ,,introduction ,!re are n want+ indications t public int]e/ 9 ! ,critical ,philosophy has be5 quick5$ ( rec5t days 9 ^! c\ntries1 z well z 9 ,am]ica4 ,to light5 ! toil ( p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! wild]ness ( ,kant's long s5t5ces1 ! ,engli% /ud5t has n[ _m aids1 :i* ^? :o began _! /udies fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s ago did n enjoy4 ,translations1 p>aphrases1 criticisms1 h be5 publi%$ 9 consid]able numb]s2 s t if x is n yet true t 8he :o runs may read10 x may at lea/ be said t a pati5t /ud5t ( ord9>y indu/ry & intellig5ce has 8 way made pla9 be=e him4 ,& yet ! v numb] ( aids is dang]\s4 ,:atev] may be ! value ( %ort & easy h&books 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce1 x is c]ta9 t no man w become a philosoph]1 no man w ev5 acquire a satisfactory k ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 )\t p]sonal & prolong$ /udy ( ! ipsissima v]ba ( ! great ma/]s ( human ?\ght4 8,above all10 said ,s*op5hau]1 8my tru?-seek+ "y fri5ds1 bew>e ( lett+ our pr(essors tell y :at is conta9$ 9 ! ,critique ( ! ,pure ,reason02 & ! advice has n become less :olesome ) ! lapse ( ye>s4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t _m p]sons h n suffici5t famili>ity ) ,g]man to enable !m to /udy ,g]man ,philosophy 9 ! orig9al ) ease1 makes translations an educational necessity2 & ?is translation ( ,kant's ,critique ( ! faculty ( ,judgem5t has be5 und]tak5 9 ! hope t x may promote a m g5]al /udy ( t ma/]piece4 ,if any read] wi%es to foll[ ,s*op5hau]'s advice1 he has only to omit ! :ole ( ?is prefatory matt] & proce$ at once to ! ,au?or's labori\s ,introduction4 ,x is some:at surpris+ t ! ,critique ( ,judgem5t has nev] yet be5 made accessible to ! ,engli% read]4 ,dr4 ,watson has inde$ translat$ a few select$ passages1 s also has ,dr4 ,caird 9 8 valuable acc\nt ( ! ,kantian philosophy1 & ,i h f\nd _! r5d]+s ( consid]able s]vice2 b ! space devot$ by bo? writ]s to ! ,critique ( ,judgem5t is v small 9 comp>ison ) t giv5 to ! ,critiques ( ,pure & ,practical ,reason4 ,& yet ! "w is n an unimportant "o4 ,kant himself reg>d$ x z ! cop+-/one ( 8 critical edifice2 x ev5 =m$ ! po9t ( dep>ture = 8 successors1 ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1 9 ! con/ruction ( _! respective sy/ems4 ,possibly ! reason ( its comp>ative neglect lies 9 its repulsive /yle4 ,kant 0 nev] c>eful ( /yle1 & 9 8 lat] ye>s he became m & m en?rall$ by ^? te*nicalities & ref9$ di/9ctions :i* det] s _m f ! ,critical ,philosophy ev5 9 its e>li] sections4 ,^! 8symmetrical ar*itectonic amusem5ts10 z ,s*op5hau] call$ !m1 encumb] e page ( ,kant's lat] writ+s1 & !y are a con/ant s\rce ( emb>rassm5t to 8 unhappy translator4 ,=1 z e translator kn[s1 no s+le ^w 9 "o language exactly cov]s any s+le ^w 9 ano!r2 & yet if ,kant's di/9ctions are to be pres]v$ x is necess>y to select ) m or less arbitr>9ess ,engli% equival5ts = ,g]man te*nical t]ms1 & reta9 !m all ?r\gh4 ,in/ances ( ?is w be giv5 lat] on2 ,i only rem>k "h on ! fact t ,kant's besett+ s9 ( ov]-te*nicality is especially conspicu\s 9 ?is treatise4 ,ano!r fault--an old fault ( ,kant--app>5t aft] read+ ev5 a few pages1 is t repetitions are v frequ5t ( ! same ?\ght 9 b slightly v>i$ language4 ,argum5ts are repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 until !y become q we>isome2 & !n :5 ! read]'s att5tion has flagg$1 & he is glanc+ cursorily d[n ! page1 "s important new po9t is introduc$ )\t emphasis1 z if ! au?or 7 really anxi\s to keep 8 mean+ to himself at all haz>ds4 ,a book writt5 9 su* fa%ion r>ely attracts a wide circle ( read]s4 ,& yet1 n only did ,goe! ?9k highly ( x1 b x receiv$ a l>ge measure ( att5tion 9 ,france z well z 9 ,g]many on its fir/ appe>ance4 ,orig9ally publi%$ at ,b]l9 9 #agij1 a ,second ,edition 0 call$ = 9 #agic2 & a ,fr5* translation 0 made by ,imh(f 9 #agif4 ,o!r ,fr5* v]sions are ^? by ,k]atry & ,weyl& 9 #ahbc1 & by ,b>ni 9 #ahdf4 ,?is la/ ,i h _h be=e me :ile p]=m+ my task1 b ,i h n f\nd x ( mu* s]vice2 ! old] ,fr5* translations ,i h n se54 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! ,fr5* v]sions1 :5 tak5 9 connexion ) ! abs5ce until v rec5tly ( any sy/ematic acc\nt ( ! ,critique ( ,judgem5t 9 ,engli%1 may be p]haps expla9$ by ! lively int]e/ t 0 tak5 on ! ,cont95t 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,art 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury2 :]eas sci5tific /udies on ?is subject receiv$ little att5tion 9 ,engl& dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,! /ud5t ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason w rememb] h[ closely1 9 8 ,transc5d5tal ,logic1 ,kant foll[s ! l9es ( ! ord9>y logic ( ! s*ools4 ,he f9ds 8 :ole plan ready made = him1 z x 72 & he proce$s to "w out ! metaphysical pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! process ( syllogi/ic reason+4 ,& z !re are ?ree propositions 9 e syllogism1 he po9ts out t1 9 correspond5ce ) ?is triplicity1 ! high] faculties ( ! s\l may be reg>d$ z ?reefold4 ,! ,und]/&+ or ! faculty ( concepts gives u our major premise1 z x supplies u 9 ! fir/ in/ance ) a g5]al notion4 ,by means ( ! ,judgem5t we see t a p>ticul> case comes "u ! g5]al rule1 & by ! ,reason we draw our conclusion4 ,^!1 z ?ree di/9ct movem5ts 9 ! process ( reason+1 are reg>d$ by ,kant z indicat+ ?ree di/9ct faculties1 ) :i* ! ,analytic ( ,concepts1 ! ,analytic ( ,pr9ciples1 & ! ,dialectic are respectively conc]n$4 ,! full significance ( ?is important classification does n seem1 h[ev]1 to h occurr$ to ,kant at ! "t1 z we may see f ! ord] 9 :i* he wrote 8 great books4#a ,! fir/ problem :i* arre/s ! att5tion ( all mod]n philosoph]s is1 ( c\rse1 ! problem ( k1 its conditions & its prop] objects4 ,& 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason ?is is discuss$1 & ! conclusion is rea*$ t nature z ph5om5on is ! only object ( :i* we c hope to acquire any exact k4 ,b x is app>5t t !re are o!r problems :i* m]it consid]ation2 a complete philosophy includes practice z well z !ory2 x has to d n only ) logic1 b ) life4 ,& ?us ! ,critique ( ,practical ,reason 0 writt51 9 :i* is unfold$ ! doctr9e ( man's fre$om /&+ 9 %>p contra/ ) ! necessity ( natural law4 ,"h1 !n1 x seems at fir/ sight z if we _h cov]$ ! :ole field ( human activity4 ,= we h inve/igat$ ! s\rces ( k1 & at ! same "t h po9t$ out ! conditions ( practical life1 & h se5 t ! laws ( fre$om are j z true 9 _! own sph]e z are ! laws ( nature4 ,b z we reflect on our m5tal /ates we f9d t "h no prop] acc\nt has be5 giv5 ( ! ph5om5a ( feel+1 :i* play s l>ge a "p 9 exp]i5ce4 ,& ?is ,kant saw be=e he _h proce$$ v f> ) ! ,critique ( ,practical ,reason2 & 9 consequ5ce he adopt$ a ?reefold classification ( ! high] m5tal faculties bas$ on t giv5 by previ\s psy*ologi/s4 ,k1 feel+1 desire1 ^! are ! ?ree ultimate modes ( consci\sness1 ( :i* ! second has n yet be5 describ$4 ,& :5 we comp>e ?is ) ! =m] triple division :i* we took up f ! ,ari/otelian logic1 we see t ! p>allelism is significant4 ,und]/&+ is p> excell5ce ! faculty ( k1 & ,reason ! faculty ( desire 7^! po9ts are develop$ 9 ,kant's fir/ two ,critiques74 ,& ?is sugge/s t ! ,judgem5t corresponds to ! feel+ ( pleasure & pa92 x occupies a position int]m$iate betwe5 ,und]/&+ & ,reason1 j z1 r\ghly speak+1 ! feel+ ( pleasure is int]m$iate betwe5 our p]ception ( an object & our desire to possess x4 ,& s ! ,critique ( ,judgem5t completes ! :ole und]tak+ ( criticism2 its endeav\r is to %[ t !re are a priori pr9ciples at ! basis ( ,judgem5t j z !re are 9 ! case ( ,und]/&+ & ( ,reason2 t ^! pr9ciples1 l ! pr9ciples ( ,reason1 are n con/itutive b only regulative ( exp]i5ce1 i4e4 t !y d n tea* u any?+ positive ab\t ! *>act]i/ics ( objects1 b only indicate ! conditions "u :i* we f9d x necess>y to view !m2 & la/ly1 t we are ?us furni%$ ) an a priori philosophy ( pleasure4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple und]ly+ ! proc$ure ( ! ,judgem5t is se5 to be t ( ! purposiv5ess ( ,nature2 nature is ev]y:]e adapt$ to ends or purposes1 & ?us con/itutes a 1 a well-ord]$ :ole4 ,by ?is means1 nature is reg>d$ by u z if its p>ticul> empirical laws 7 n isolat$ & disp>ate1 b connect$ & 9 relation1 d]iv+ _! unity 9 seem+ div]sity f an intellig5ce :i* is at ! s\rce ( nature4 ,x is only by ! assumption ( su* a pr9ciple t we c con/rue nature to ourselves2 & ! pr9ciple is !n said to be a transc5d5tal condition ( ! ex]cise ( our judg+ faculty1 b valid only = ! reflective1 n = ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t4 ,x gives u pleasure to view nature 9 ?is way2 j z ! contemplation ( *aos w\ld be pa9ful4 ,b ?is purposiv5ess may be only =mal & subjective1 or real & objective4 ,9 "s cases ! purposiv5ess resides 9 ! felt h>mony & accordance ( ! =m ( ! object ) ! cognitive faculties2 9 o!rs ! =m ( ! object is judg$ to h>monise ) ! purpose 9 view 9 its exi/5ce4 ,t is to say1 9 ! "o case we judge ! =m ( ! object to be purposive1 z 9 ! case ( a fl[]1 b c\ld n expla9 any purpose s]v$ by x2 9 ! o!r case we h a def9ite notion ( :at x is adapt$ =4 ,9 ! =m] case ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t is br\ght to be>1 9 ! latt] ! teleological2 & x ?us appe>s t ! ,critique ( ,judgem5t has two ma9 divisions2 x treats fir/ ( ! philosophy ( ,ta/e1 ! ,beautiful & ! ,sublime 9 ,nature2 & secondly1 ( ! ,teleology ( nature's work+4 ,x is a curi\s lit]>y p>allel t ,/4 ,augu/9e h9ts 7,confessions iv4 #ae7 t he _h writt5 a book1 ,de ,pul*ro et pto1 9 :i* ^! app>5tly di/9ct topics 7 comb9$2 8pul*rum esse1 quod p] se ipsum2 aptum1 autem1 quod ad aliquid accommodatum dec]et40 ,a beautiful object has no purpose ext]nal to itself & ! obs]v]2 b a useful object s]ves fur!r ends4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 may be br\ght "u ! high] category ( ?+s t are reckon$ purposive by ! ,judgem5t4 ,we h "h !n1 9 ! fir/ place1 a basis = an a priori ,philosophy ( ,ta/e2 & ,kant works out its details ) great elaboration4 ,he borr[$ little f ! writ+s ( 8 pr$ecessors1 b /ruck out1 z 0 ev] 8 plan1 a l9e ( 8 own4 ,he quotes ) approval f ,burke's ,treatise on ! ,sublime & ,beautiful1 :i* 0 accessible to him 9 a ,g]man translation2 b is c>eful to rem>k t x is z psy*ology1 n z philosophy1 t ,burke's "w has value4 ,he may h read 9 addition ,hut*eson's ,inquiry :i* _h also be5 translat$ into ,g]man2 & he 0 complete ma/] ( ,hume's op9ions4 ,( o!r writ]s on ,beauty1 he only names ,batteux & ,less+4 ,batteux 0 a ,fr5* writ] ( repute :o _h attempt$ a tw(old arrangem5t ( ! ,arts z !y may be br\ght "u ,space & "u ,"t respectively1 a mode ( classification :i* w\ld naturally appeal to ,kant4 ,he does n seem1 h[ev]1 to h read ! anci5t text-book on ! subject1 ,ari/otle's ,poetics1 ! pr9ciples ( :i* ,less+ decl>$ to be z c]ta9 z ,euclid4 ,foll[+ ! guid+ ?read ( ! categories1 he decl>es t ! ae/hetical judgem5t ab\t ,beauty is accord+ to quality dis9t]e/$2 a po9t :i* _h be5 laid d[n by su* diff]5t writ]s z ,hut*eson & ,moses ,m5delssohn4 ,z to quantity1 ! judgem5t ab\t beauty gives univ]sal satisfaction1 al?\gh x is bas$ on no def9ite concept4 ,! univ]sality is only subjective2 b /ill x is !re4 ,! maxim ,trahit sua quemque voluptas does n apply to ! pleasure af=d$ by a pure judgem5t ab\t beauty4 ,z to relation1 ! *>act]i/ic ( ! object call$ beautiful is t x betrays a purposiv5ess )\t def9ite purpose4 ,! pleasure is a priori1 indep5d5t on ! "o h& ( ! *>ms ( s5se or ! emotions ( m]e feel+1 z ,w9ckelmann _h already decl>$2 & on ! o!r h& is a pleasure q di/9ct f t tak5 :i* we feel :5 view+ p]fection1 ) :i* ,wolff & ,baumg>t5 _h id5tifi$ x4 ,by 8 di/9ction betwe5 free & dep5d5t beauty1 :i* we also f9d 9 ! pages ( ,hut*eson1 ,kant fur!r develops 8 doctr9e ( ! fre$om ( ! pure judgem5t ( ta/e f ! ?raldom ( concepts4 ,f9ally1 ! satisfaction af=d$ by ! contemplation ( a beautiful object is a necess>y satisfaction4 ,?is necessity is n1 to be sure1 !oretical l ! necessity atta*+ to ! ,law ( ,causality2 nor is x a practical necessity z is ! ne$ to assume ! ,moral ,law z ! guid+ pr9ciple ( conduct4 ,b x may be call$ exempl>y2 t is1 we may set up our satisfaction 9 a beautiful picture z sett+ an example to be foll[$ by o!rs4 ,x is pla91 h[ev]1 t ?is c only be assum$ "u c]ta9 presuppositions4 ,we mu/ presuppose ! idea ( a s5sus communis or common s5se 9 :i* all m5 %>e4 ,z k admits ( be+ communicat$ to o!rs1 s also does ! feel+ = beauty4 ,= ! relation betwe5 ! cognitive faculties requisite = ,ta/e is also requisite = ,intellig5ce or s\nd ,und]/&+1 & z we always presuppose ! latt] to be ! same 9 o!rs z 9 ourselves1 s may we presuppose ! =m]4 ,! analysis ( ! ,sublime :i* foll[s t ( ! ,beautiful is int]e/+ & pr(\nd2 inde$ ,s*op5hau] reg>d$ x z ! be/ "p ( ! ,critique ( ! ,ae/hetical ,judgem5t4 ,! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( our judgem5ts ab\t ! ,sublime are simil> to ^? already laid d[n 9 ! case ( ! ,beautiful2 b !re are m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! two cases4 ,if ! pleasure tak5 9 beauty arises f a feel+ ( ! purposiv5ess ( ! object 9 its relation to ! subject1 t 9 sublimity r expresses a purposiv5ess ( ! subject 9 respect ( ! object4 ,no?+ 9 nature is sublime2 & ! sublimity really resides 9 ! m9d & !re alone4 ,inde$1 z true ,beauty is f\nd1 prop]ly speak+1 only 9 beauty ( =m1 ! idea ( sublimity is excit$ r by ^? objects :i* are =mless & exhibit a violation ( purpose4 ,a di/9ction n ne$$ 9 ! case ( ! ,beautiful becomes necess>y :5 we proce$ to fur!r analyse ! ,sublime4 ,= 9 ae/hetical judgem5ts ab\t ! ,beautiful ! m9d is 9 re/ful contemplation2 b 9 ! case ( ! ,sublime a m5tal movem5t is excit$ 7pp4 #aje & #abj74 ,?is movem5t1 z x is pleas+1 mu/ involve a purposiv5ess 9 ! h>mony ( ! m5tal p[]s2 & ! purposiv5ess may be ei!r 9 ref]5ce to ! faculty ( cognition or to t ( desire4 ,9 ! =m] case ! sublime is call$ ! ,ma!matically ,sublime--! sublime ( m]e magnitude--! absolutely great2 9 ! latt] x is ! sublime ( p[]1 ! ,dynamically ,sublime4 ,giob]ti1 an ,italian writ] on ! philosophy ( ,ta/e1 has pu%$ ?is di/9ction s f> z to f9d 9 x an explanation ( ! relation betwe5 ,beauty & ,sublimity4 8,! dynamical ,sublime10 he says1 8creates ! ,beautiful2 ! ma!matical ,sublime conta9s x10 a rem>k ) :i* probably ,kant w\ld h no qu>rel4 ,9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 we f9d t ! feel+ ( ! ,sublime awak5s 9 u a feel+ ( ! sup]s5sible de/9ation ( man4 8,! v capacity ( conceiv+ ! sublime10 he tells u1 8indicates a m5tal faculty t f> surpasses e /&>d ( s5se40 ,& to expla9 ! necessity belong+ to our judgem5ts ab\t ! sublime1 ,kant po9ts out t z we f9d ourselves compell$ to po/ulate a s5sus communis to acc\nt = ! agreem5t ( m5 9 _! appreciation ( beautiful objects1 s ! pr9ciple und]ly+ _! cons5t 9 judg+ ( ! sublime is 8! presupposition ( ! moral feel+ 9 man40 ,! feel+ ( ! sublimity ( our own moral de/9ation is ! necess>y pr]equisite = =m+ su* judgem5ts4 ,! connexion betwe5 ,beauty & ,goodness involv$ to a ,greek 9 ! d\ble s5se ( ! ^w is develop$ by ,kant ) ke5 insight4 ,to feel int]e/ 9 ! beauty ( ,nature he reg>ds z a m>k ( a moral disposition1 ?\gh he w n admit t ! same inf]5ce may be drawn z to ! "* ( ! art connoisseur 7 #db74 ,b x is specially ) ref]5ce to ! connexion betwe5 ! capacity = appreciat+ ! ,sublime1 & ! moral feel+1 t ! orig9ality ( ,kant's treatm5t becomes app>5t4 ,! objects ( nature1 he cont9ues1 :i* we call sublime1 inspire u ) a feel+ ( pa9 r ?an ( pleasure2 z ,lucretius has x-- ,me qua$am div9a voluptas ,p]cipit atque horror4 ,b ?is 8horror0 mu/ n inspire actual fe>4 ,z no extrane\s *>m mu/ m+le ) ! satisfaction felt 9 a beautiful object1 if ! judgem5t ab\t beauty is to rema9 pure2 s 9 ! case ( ! sublime we mu/ n be afraid ( ! object :i* yet 9 c]ta9 aspects is fe>ful4 ,?is conception ( ! feel+s ( sublimity excit$ by ! lonel9ess ( an ,alp9e peak or ! gr&eur ( an e>?quake is n[ a famili> "o2 b x 0 n s 9 ,kant's day4 ,switz]l& _h n !n become ! recreation-gr\nd ( ,europe2 & ?\gh natural beauty 0 a famili> topic ) poets & pa9t]s x 0 n g5]ally recognis$ t ta/e has also to d ) ! sublime4 ,de ,saussure's ,travels1 ,hall]'s poem ,die ,alp51 & ?is "w ( ,kant's m>k ! beg9n+ ( a new epo* 9 our ways ( look+ at ! sublime & t]rible aspects ( ,nature4 ,& x is n a little rem>kable t ! man :o c\ld write ?us feel+ly ab\t ! emotions inspir$ by gr& & savage sc5]y1 _h nev] se5 a m\nta9 9 8 life4 ,! p[] & ! insight ( 8 obs]vations "h are 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! pov]ty ( "s ( 8 rem>ks ab\t ! *>act]i/ics ( beauty4 ,= in/ance1 he puts =w>d ! curi\s doctr9e t col\r 9 a picture is only an extrane\s *>m1 & does n really add to ! beauty ( ! =m del9eat$1 nay r di/racts ! m9d f x4 ,8 criticisms on ?is po9t1 if s\nd1 w\ld make ,flaxman a tru] arti/ ?an ,titian or ,paolo ,v]onese4 ,b inde$ 8 discussion ( ,pa9t+ or ,music is n v appreciative2 he 01 to ! end1 a creature ( pure ,reason4 ,^u ! analysis he gives ( ! ,arts1 little ne$ be said "h4 ,f9e ,art is reg>d$ z ! ,art ( ,g5ius1 8t innate m5tal disposition ?r\gh :i* ,nature gives ! rule to ,art0 7 #df74 ,art diff]s f ,sci5ce 9 ! abs5ce ( def9ite concepts 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/4 ,x ?us happ5s t ! great arti/ c r>ely communicate 8 me?ods2 inde$ he _c expla9 !m ev5 to himself4 ,poeta nascitur1 non fit2 & ! same is true 9 e =m ( f9e art4 ,g5ius is1 9 %ort1 ! faculty ( pres5t+ ae/hetical ,ideas2 an ae/hetical ,idea be+ an intuition ( ! ,imag9ation1 to :i* no concept is adequate4 ,& x is by ! excitation ( su* ineffable ,ideas t a great "w ( art affects u4 ,z ,bacon tells u1 8t is ! be/ "p ( ,beauty :i* a picture _c express2 no1 nor ! fir/ sight ( ! eye40 ,?is *>act]i/ic ( ! arti/ic g5ius has be5 not$ by all :o h ?\ght ^u art2 m is pres5t 9 its productions ?an c be p]fectly express$ 9 language4 ,z ,pl9y said ( ,timan?us ! pa9t] ( ,iphig5ia1 8,9 omnibus ejus op]ibus intelligitur plus sup] quam p+itur40 ,b ?is g5ius requires to be kept 9 *eck by ta/e2 q 9 ! _s ( ! ( ! be/ ,greek art1 ,kant rem>ks t if 9 a "w ( art "s feature mu/ be sacrific$1 x is bett] to lose some?+ ( g5ius ?an to violate ! canons ( ta/e4 ,x is 9 ?is self-ma/]y t 8! sanity ( true g5ius0 expresses itself4 ,! ma9 "q ) :i* ! ,critique ( ,judgem5t is conc]n$ is1 ( c\rse1 ! "q z to ! purposiv5ess1 ! ,zweckmssigkeit1 exhibit$ by nature4 ,t nature appe>s to be full ( purpose is m]e matt] ( fact4 ,x displays purposiv5ess 9 respect ( our faculties ( cognition1 9 ^? ( its ph5om5a :i* we designate beautiful4 ,& also 9 its organic products we obs]ve me?ods ( op]ation :i* we c only expla9 by describ+ !m z processes 9 :i* means are us$ to accompli% c]ta9 ends1 z processes t are purposive4 ,9 our obs]vation ( natural ph5om5a1 z ,kuno ,fis*] puts x1 we judge _! =ms ae/hetically1 & _! life teleologically4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ k9d ( ,zweckmssigkeit1 t :i* is ohne ,zweck--! purposiv5ess ( a beautiful object :i* does n seem to be direct$ to any ext]nal end--!re are two ways 9 :i* we may acc\nt = x4 ,we may ei!r say t x 0 actually design$ to be beautiful by ! ,supreme ,=ce beh9d ,nature1 or we may say t purposiv5ess is n really resid5t 9 nature1 b t our p]ception ( x is due to ! subjective ne$s ( our judg+ faculty4 ,we h to contemplate beautiful objects z if !y 7 purposive1 b !y may n be s 9 reality4 ,& ?is latt] ideali/ic doctr9e is :at ,kant falls back ^u4 ,he appeals 9 support ( x1 to ! ph5om5a ( cry/allisation 7pp4 #bdc sqq471 9 :i* _m v beautiful =ms seem to be produc$ by m]ely me*anical processes4 ,! beauty ( a rock cry/al is app>5tly produc$ )\t any =e?\ght on ! "p ( nature1 & he urges t we are n ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ dogmatically t any laws di/9ct f ^? ( me*anism are ne$$ to acc\nt = beauty 9 o!r cases4 ,me*anism c d s mu*2 may x n d all8 ,& he br+s =w>d z a consid]ation :i* ought to settle ! "q1 ! fact t 9 judg+ ( beauty 8we inv>iably seek its gauge 9 ourselves a priori02 we d n le>n f nature1 b f ourselves1 :at we are to f9d beautiful4 ,mr4 ,k5n$y 9 8 ,donnellan ,lectures has "h po9t$ out sev]al weak spots 9 ,kant's arm\r4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! fact t we seek ! gauge ( beauty 9 our own m9d 8may be %[n f 8 own def9ition to be a necess>y result ( ! v nature ( beauty40#b ,= ,kant tells u t ! ae/hetical judgem5t ab\t beauty always involves 8a ref]5ce ( ! repres5tation to ! subject02 & ?is applies equally to judgem5ts ab\t ! beautiful 9 ,art & ! beautiful 9 ,nature4 ,b no "o c\ld ma9ta9 t f ?is def9ition x foll[s t we are n compell$ to po/ulate design 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/ :o pa9ts a beautiful picture4 ,& ?us z ! fact t 8we always seek ! gauge ( beauty0 9 ourselves does n d away ) ! belief 9 a design+ m9d :5 we are contemplat+ works ( art1 x _c be said to exclude ! belief 9 a ,ma/] ,h& :i* m\ld$ ! =ms ( ,nature4 ,z ,cic]o has x1 nature is 8non artificiosa solum1 s$ plane artifex40 ,b ! cog5cy ( ?is reason+1 = ! details ( :i* ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ,mr4 ,k5n$y's pages1 becomes m app>5t :5 we reflect on t second =m ( purposiv5ess1 viz4 adaptation to def9ite ends1 ) :i* we meet 9 ! ph5om5a ( organic life4 ,if we wat*1 e4g4 ! gr[? ( a tree we p]ceive t its v>i\s p>ts are n isolat$ & unconnect$1 b t on ! contr>y !y are only possible by ref]5ce to ! idea ( ! :ole4 ,ea* limb affects e o!r1 & is reciprocally affect$ by x2 9 %ort 89 su* a product ( nature e "p n only exi/s by means ( ! o!r p>ts1 b is ?\ght z exi/+ = ! sake ( ! o!rs & ! :ole0 7p4 #bgg74 ,! op]ations ( nature 9 organis$ bodies seem to be ( an entirely diff]5t "* f m]e me*anical processes2 we _c con/rue !m to ourselves except "u ! hypo!sis t nature 9 !m is work+ t[>ds a design$ end4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 nature's 8,te*nic0 or purposive op]ation1 & nature's ,me*anism is fundam5tal = ! explanation ( natural law4 ,! language ( biology eloqu5tly %[s ! impossibility ( elim9at+ at lea/ ! idea ( purpose f our inve/igations into ! ph5om5a ( life1 gr[?1 & reproduction4 ,& ,kant dismisses ) scant respect t *eap & easy philosophy :i* w\ld fa9 d5y ! di/9ctiv5ess ( nature's purposive op]ation4 ,a doctr9e1 l t ( ,epicurus1 9 :i* e natural ph5om5on is reg>d$ z ! result ( ! bl9d drift+ ( atoms 9 accordance ) purely me*anical laws1 really expla9s no?+1 & lea/ ( all expla9s t illusion 9 our teleological judgem5ts :i* leads u to assume purpose :]e really !re is none4 ,x has be5 urg$ by ,kir*mann & o!rs t ?is di/9ction betwe5 ,te*nic & ,me*anism1 on :i* ,kant lays s mu* /ress1 has be5 disprov$ by ! progress ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,! doctr9es1 usually associat$ ) ! "n ( ,d>w91 ( ,natural ,selection & ,survival ( ! ,fitte/1 q suffici5tly expla91 x is said1 on me*anical pr9ciples ! semblance ( purpose ) :i* nature mocks u4 ,! pres5ce ( ord] is n due to any purpose beh9d ! natural op]ation1 b to ! inevitable disappe>ance ( ! disord]ly4 ,x w\ld be absurd1 ( c\rse1 to claim = ,kant t he anticipat$ ! ,d>w9ian doctr9es ( developm5t2 & yet passages are n want+ 9 8 writ+s 9 :i* he takes a view ( ! cont9uity ( species ) :i* mod]n sci5ce w\ld h little fault to f9d4 8,nature organises itself & its organis$ products 9 e species1 no d\bt aft] "o g5]al patt]n b yet ) suitable deviations1 :i* self-pres]vation dem&s accord+ to circum/ances0 7p4 #bgi74 8,! analogy ( =ms1 :i* ) all _! diff]5ces seem to h be5 produc$ accord+ to a common orig9al type1 /r5g!ns our suspicions ( an actual relation%ip betwe5 !m 9 _! production f a common p>5t1 ?r\gh ! gradual approximation ( "o animal g5us to ano!r--f ^? 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( purposes seems to be be/ au!nticat$1 i4e4 f man1 d[n to ! polype & aga9 f ?is d[n to mosses & li*5s1 & f9ally to crude matt]4 ,& s ! :ole ,te*nic ( nature1 :i* is s incompreh5sible to u 9 organis$ be+s t we believe ourselves compell$ to ?9k a diff]5t pr9ciple = x1 seems to be d]iv$ f matt] & its p[]s accord+ to me*anical laws 7l ^? by :i* x works 9 ! =mation ( cry/als70 7p4 #ccg74 ,su* a !ory he calls 8a d>+ v5ture ( reason10 & its co9cid5ces ) mod]n sci5ce are real & /rik+4 ,b he is c>eful to add t su* a !ory1 ev5 if e/abli%$1 w\ld n elim9ate purpose f ! univ]se2 x w\ld inde$ sugge/ t c]ta9 special processes hav+ ! semblance ( purpose may be elucidat$ on me*anical pr9ciples1 b on ! :ole1 purposive op]ation on ! "p ( ,"m ,nature x w\ld /ill be ne$ful to assume 7p4 #cch74 8,no f9ite ,reason c hope to und]/& ! production ( ev5 a blade ( grass by m]e me*anical causes0 7p4 #cbf74 8,x is absurd to hope t ano!r ,newton w arise 9 ! future :o %all make compreh5sible by u ! production ( a blade ( grass accord+ to natural laws :i* no design has ord]$0 7p4 #cab74 ,crude mat]ialism ?us af=d+ no explanation ( ! purposiv5ess 9 nature1 we g on to ask :at o!r !ories are logically possible4 ,we may dismiss at once ! doctr9e ( ,hylozoism1 accord+ to :i* ! purposes 9 nature are expla9$ 9 ref]5ce to a _w-s\l1 :i* is ! inn] pr9ciple ( ! mat]ial univ]se & con/itutes its life4 ,= su* a doctr9e is self-contradictory1 inasmu* z lifelessness1 in]tia1 is ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( matt]1 & to talk ( liv+ matt] is absurd 7p4 #cjd74 ,a mu* m plausible sy/em is t ( ,sp9oza1 :o aim$ at e/abli%+ ! ideality ( ! pr9ciple ( natural purposes4 ,he reg>d$ ! _w :ole z a complex ( manifold det]m9ations inh]+ 9 a s+le simple sub/ance2 & ?us r$uc$ our concepts ( ! purposive 9 nature to our own consci\sness ( exi/+ 9 an all-embrac+ ,be+4 ,b on reflection we see t ?is does n s mu* expla9 z expla9 away ! purposiv5ess ( nature2 x gives u an unity ( inh]5ce 9 "o ,sub/ance1 b n an unity ( causal dep5d5ce on "o ,sub/ance 7p4 #cjc74 ,& ?is latt] w\ld be necess>y 9 ord] to expla9 ! unity ( purpose :i* nature exhibits 9 its ph5om5al work+4 ,sp9ozism1 !re=e1 does n give :at x pret5ds to give2 x puts u (f ) a vague & unfruitful unity ( gr\nd1 :5 :at we seek is a unity t %all itself conta9 ! causes ( ! diff]5ces manife/ 9 nature4 ,we h left !n z ! only rema9+ possible doctr9e1 ,!ism1 :i* repres5ts natural purposes z produc$ 9 accordance ) ! ,w & ,design ( an ,intellig5t ,au?or & ,gov]nor ( ,nature4 ,?is !ory is1 9 ! fir/ place1 8sup]ior to all o!r gr\nds ( explanation0 7p4 #cje71 = x gives a full solution ( ! problem be=e u & enables u to ma9ta9 ! reality ( ! ,zweckmssigkeit ( nature4 8,teleology f9ds ! consummation ( its inve/igations only 9 ,!ology0 7p4 #caa74 ,to repres5t ! _w & ! natural purposes !re9 z produc$ by an intellig5t ,cause is 8completely satisfactory f e human po9t ( view = bo? ! speculative & practical use ( our ,reason0 7p4 #cab74 ,?us ! contemplation ( natural purposes1 i4e4 ! common ,argum5t f ,design1 enables u to rea* a highe/ ,und]/&+ z ,cause ( ! _w 89 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( ! reflective ,judgem5t1 i4e4 9 accordance ) ! con/itution ( our human faculty ( cognition0 7p4 #daf74 ,x is 9 ?is qualify+ clause t ,kant's negative attitude 9 respect ( ,!ism betrays itself4 ,he reg>ds x z a necess>y assumption = ! guidance ( sci5tific inve/igation1 no less ?an = ! practical ne$s ( morals2 b he does n admit t we c claim = x objective validity4 ,9 ! language ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 ! ,idea ( ,god furni%es a regulative1 n a con/itutive pr9ciple ( ,reason2 or z he pref]s to put x 9 ! pres5t "w1 x is valid only = ! reflective1 n = ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t4 ,we are n ju/ifi$1 ,kant ma9ta9s1 9 ass]t+ dogmatically t ,god exi/s2 !re is only p]mitt$ to u ! limit$ =mula 8,we _c o!rwise conceive ! purposiv5ess :i* mu/ lie at ! basis ( our cognition ( ! int]nal possibility ( _m natural ?+s1 ?an by repres5t+ x & ! _w 9 g5]al z produc$ by an intellig5t cause1 i4e4 a ,god0 7p4 #cab74 ,we ask !n1 :5ce arises ?is impossibility ( objective /atem5t8 ,x is 9 ! true ,kantian _s to ass]t t no syn!tical proposition c be made ) ref]5ce to :at lies above & beh9d ! _w ( s5se2 b !re is a difficulty 9 c>ry+ out ?is pr9ciple into details4 ,kant's refusal to inf] a design+ ,h& beh9d ! app>5t ord] ( nature is bas$1 he tells u1 on ! fact t ! concept ( a 8natural purpose0 is "o t _c be ju/ifi$ to ! speculative ,reason4 ,= all we "k x may only indicate our way ( look+ at ?+s1 & may po9t to no correspond+ objective reality4 ,t we are =c$ by ! limit$ nature ( our faculties to view nature z work+ t[>ds ends1 z purposive1 does n prove t x is really s4 ,we _c ju/ify su* pret5d$ insight into :at is beh9d ! veil4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t precisely simil> argum5ts might be urg$ aga9/ our affirmation ( purpose1 design1 w1 z ! spr+ ( ! actions ( o!r human be+s4#c ,= let u consid] :y x is t1 m9d be+ assum$ z ! basis ( our own individual consci\sness1 we g on to attribute m9ds ( l "* to o!r m54 ,we see t ! ext]nal behavi\r ( o!r m5 is simil> to our own1 & t ! mo/ reasonable way ( acc\nt+ = su* behavi\r is to suppose t !y h m9ds l ourselves1 t !y are possess$ ( an active & spontane\sly en]gis+ faculty1 :i* is ! seat ( _! p]sonality4 ,b x is in/ructive to obs]ve t nei!r on ,kantian pr9ciples nor on any o!r c we demon/rate ?is2 to cross ! *asm :i* sep>ates "o man's p]sonality f ano!r's requires a v5ture ( fai? j z emphatically z any !ological =mula4 ,i c by no means prove to ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t t ! complex ( s5sations :i* ,i con/antly exp]i5ce1 & :i* ,i call ! ,prime ,m9i/]1 is any?+ m ?an a well-ord]$ ma*9e4 ,x is improbable t ?is is ! case--highly improbable2 b ! falsity ( su* an hypo!sis _c be prov$ 9 ! same way t we w\ld prove ! falsity ( ! ass]tion t two & two make five4 ,b !n ?\gh ! hypo!sis _c be ?us rul$ out ( c\rt by demon/ration ( its absurdity1 x is n ! simple/ hypo!sis1 nor is x t "o :i* be/ acc\nts = ! facts4 ,! assumption1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! m5 :om ,i meet e day h m9ds l my own1 p]fectly acc\nts = all ! facts1 & is a v simple assumption4 ,x m]ely ext5ds by induction ! sph]e ( a =ce :i* ,i already "k to exi/4 ,or 9 o!r words1 crude mat]ialism n giv+ me an intellig5t acc\nt ( my own individual consci\sness1 ,i recognise m9d1 1 z a v]a causa1 z some?+ :i* really does produce effects 9 ! field ( exp]i5ce1 & :i* !re=e ,i may legitimately put =w>d z ! cause ( ^? actions ( o!r m5 :i* ext]nally s mu* resemble my own4 ,b1 z has be5 said be=e1 ?is argum5t1 ?\gh entirely conv9c+ to any sane p]son1 is n demon/rative2 9 ,kantian language & on ,kantian pr9ciples ! reason+ "h us$ w\ld seem to be valid only = ! reflective & n = ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t4 ,if ! pr9ciple ( design or consci\s adaptation ( means to ends be n a con/itutive pr9ciple ( exp]i5ce1 b only a regulative pr9ciple introduc$ to acc\nt = ! facts1 :at "r h we to put x =w>d dogmatically z af=d+ an explanation ( ! actions ( o!r human be+s8 ,x _c be said t ,kant's attempt$ answ] to su* a def5ce ( ! ,design ,argum5t is q conclusive4 ,9 #ij ( ! ,me?odology 7p4 #cii7 he pleads t ?\gh x is p]fectly legitimate to argue by analogy f our own m9ds to ! m9ds ( o!r m51--nay fur!r1 al?\gh we may conclude f ^? actions ( ! l[] animals :i* display plan1 t !y are n1 z ,desc>tes alleg$1 m]e ma*9es--yet x is n legitimate to conclude f ! app>5t pres5ce ( design 9 ! op]ations ( nature t a consci\s m9d directs ^? op]ations4 ,=1 he argues1 t 9 comp>+ ! actions ( m5 & ! l[] animals1 or 9 comp>+ ! actions ( "o man ) ^? ( ano!r1 we are n press+ our analogy beyond ! limits ( exp]i5ce4 ,m5 & bea/s alike are f9ite liv+ be+s1 subject to ! limitations ( f9ite exi/5ce2 & h5ce ! law :i* gov]ns ! "o s]ies ( op]ations may be reg>d$ by analogy z suffici5tly expla9+ ! o!r s]ies4 ,b ! p[] at ! basis ( ,nature is utt]ly above def9ition or compreh5sion1 & we are go+ beyond our legitimate prov9ce if we v5ture to ascribe to x a mode ( op]ation ) :i* we are only conv]sant 9 ! case ( be+s subject to ! conditions ( space & "t4 ,he urges 9 %ort t :5 speak+ ab\t man & 8 m9d we ?or\ghly und]/& :at we are talk+ ab\t2 b 9 speak+ ( ! ,m9d ( ,deity we are deal+ ) some?+ ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce1 & ( :i* !re=e we h no "r to pr$icate any?+4 ,b x is app>5t t1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 ev5 :5 we inf] ! exi/5ce ( ano!r f9ite m9d f c]ta9 obs]v$ op]ations1 we are mak+ an inf]5ce ab\t some?+ :i* is z my/]i\s an x z any?+ c be4 ,m9d is n a ?+ t is subject to ! laws & conditions ( ! _w ( s5se2 x is 89 ! _w b n ( ! _w40 ,& s to inf] ! exi/5ce ( ! m9d ( any individual except myself is a q diff]5t k9d ( inf]5ce f t by :i*1 = example1 we inf] ! pres5ce ( an electro-magnet 9 a giv5 field4 ,! action ( ! latt] we und]/& to a l>ge ext5t2 b we d n und]/& ! action ( m9d1 :i* yet we "k f daily exp]i5ce ( ourselves does produce effects 9 ! ph5om5al _w1 (t5 p]man5t & important effects4 ,briefly1 ! action ( m9d ^u matt] 7to use ! ord9>y phraseology = ! sake ( cle>ness7 is--we may assume = our pres5t purpose--an e/abli%$ fact4 ,h5ce ! causality ( m9d is a v]a causa2 we br+ x 9 to acc\nt = ! actions ( o!r human be+s1 & by precisely ! same process ( reason+ we invoke x to expla9 ! op]ations ( nature4 ,& x is altoge!r beside ! po9t to urge1 z ,kant does incessantly1 t 9 ! latt] case ! intellig5ce inf]r$ is inf9ite2 9 ! =m] only f9ite4 ,all t ! ,design ,argum5t und]takes to prove is t m9d lies at ! basis ( nature4 ,x is q beyond its prov9ce to say :e!r ?is m9d is f9ite or inf9ite2 & ?us ,kant's criticisms on p4 #cfd are some:at wide ( ! m>k4 ,!re is always a difficulty 9 any argum5t :i* tries to e/abli% ! op]ation ( m9d any:]e1 = m9d _c be se5 or t\*$ or felt2 b ! difficulty is n peculi> to t p>ticul> =m ( argum5t ) :i* !ological int]e/s are involv$4 ,! real plausibility ( ?is objection arises f a vague idea1 (t5 pres5t to u :5 we speak ( inf9ite wisdom or inf9ite intellig5ce1 namely t ! epi!t inf9ite 9 "s way alt]s ! mean+ ( ! attributes to :i* x is appli$4 ,b ! tru? is t ! ^w inf9ite1 :5 appli$ to wisdom or k or any o!r intellectual or moral quality1 c only prop]ly h ref]5ce to ! numb] ( acts ( wisdom or k t we suppose to h be5 p]=m$4 ,! only s5se 9 :i* we h any "r to speak ( inf9ite wisdom is t x is t :i* p]=ms an inf9ite numb] ( wise acts4 ,& s :5 we speak ( inf9ite intellig5ce1 we h n ! slighte/ w>rant1 ei!r 9 logic or 9 common s5se1 = suppos+ t su* intellig5ce is n simil> 9 k9d to t f9ite intellig5ce :i* we "k 9 man4 ,to und]/& ,kant's attitude fully1 we mu/ also take into consid]ation ! great weight t he atta*es to ! ,moral ,argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,! positive side ( 8 tea*+ on ,!ism is summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce 7p4 #chh73 8,= ! !oretical reflective ,judgem5t physical ,teleology suffici5tly proves f ! purposes ( ,nature an intellig5t _w-cause2 = ! practical ,judgem5t moral ,teleology e/abli%es x by ! concept ( a f9al purpose1 :i* x is =c$ to ascribe to creation40 ,t side ( 8 sy/em :i* is ak9 to ,agno/icism f9ds expression 9 8 det]m9$ refusal to admit any?+ m ?an ?is4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,god is = him a 8?+ ( fai?02 & is n a fact ( k1 /rictly s call$4 8,fai?0 he holds 7p4 #dji7 8is ! moral attitude ( ,reason z to belief 9 t :i* is unatta9able by !oretical cognition4 ,x is !re=e ! con/ant pr9ciple ( ! m9d to assume z true t :i* x is necess>y to presuppose z condition ( ! possibility ( ! highe/ moral f9al purpose40 ,z he says else:]e 7,introduction to ,logic1 ix4 p4 #fj71 8,t man is morally unbeliev+ :o does n accept t :i*1 ?\gh impossible to "k1 is morally necess>y to suppose40 ,& z f> z he goes a ,!i/ may agree ) him1 & he has done yeoman's s]vice to ,!ism by 8 insi/5ce on ! absolute impossibility ( any o!r work+ hypo!sis z an explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,b ,i h endeav\r$ to indicate at :at po9ts he does n seem to me to h gone z f> z ev5 8 own decl>$ pr9ciples w\ld ju/ify him 9 go+4 ,if ! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,m9d be a 8?+ ( fai?10 ?is may ) equal ju/ice be said ( ! f9ite m9ds ( ! m5 all ar\nd u2 & 8 attempt to %[ t ! argum5t f analogy is "h )\t f\ndation is n conv9c+4 ,kant1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,critique ( ,judgem5t is sadly fett]$ by ! *a9s t he himself _h =g$1 & frequ5tly *afes "u ! re/ra9ts !y impose4 ,he indicates m ?an once a po9t ( view high] ?an t ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 f :i* ! ph5om5a ( life & m9d may be contemplat$4 ,he _h already h9t$ 9 t "w t ! sup]s5sible sub/rate ( ! ego & ! non-ego might be id5tical4 8,bo? k9ds ( objects diff] f ea* o!r1 n int]nally1 b only s f> z ! "o appe>s ext]nal to ! o!r2 possibly :at is at ! basis ( ph5om5al matt] z a ?+ 9 itself may n be s het]og5e\s aft] all z we imag9e40#d ,?is hypo!sis :i* rema9s a b>e undevelop$ possibility 9 ! e>li] "w is put =w>d z a positive doctr9e 9 ! ,critique ( ,judgem5t4 8,!re mu/10 says ,kant1 8be a gr\nd ( ! unity ( ! sup]s5sible1 :i* lies at ! basis ( nature1 ) t :i* ! concept ( fre$om practically conta9s0 7,introduction1 p4 #ac74 ,t is to say1 he ma9ta9s t to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( organic life & ! purposiv5ess ( nature we mu/ hold t ! _w ( s5se is n disp>ate f & oppos$ to ! _w ( ?\ght1 b t nature is ! developm5t ( fre$om4 ,! connexion ( nature & fre$om is sugge/$ by1 nay is involv$ 91 ! notion ( natural adaptation2 & al?\gh we c arrive at no k ( ! sup]s5sible sub/rate ( bo?1 yet su* a common gr\nd !re mu/ be4 ,?is pr9ciple is ! />t+-po9t ( ! sy/ems :i* foll[$ t ( ,kant2 & ! philosophy ( lat] ,idealism is little m ?an a developm5t ( ! pr9ciple 9 its consequ5ces4 ,he approa*es ! same doctr9e by a diff]5t pa? 9 ! ,critique ( ! ,teleological ,judgem5t 7 #gg71 :]e he argues t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! me*anical & ! teleological work+ ( nature1 ^u :i* s mu* /ress has be5 ju/ly laid1 dep5ds = its validity ^u ! peculi> "* ( our ,und]/&+4 ,:5 we give :at may be call$ a me*anical elucidation ( any natural ph5om5on1 we beg9 ) its p>ts1 & f :at we "k ( !m we expla9 ! :ole4 ,b 9 ! case ( c]ta9 objects1 e4g4 organis$ bodies1 ?is _c be done4 ,9 _! case we c only acc\nt = ! p>ts by a ref]5ce to ! :ole4 ,n[1 7 x possible = u to p]ceive a :ole be=e its p>ts & d]ive ! latt] f ! =m]1#e !n an organism w\ld be capable ( be+ und]/ood & w\ld be an object ( k 9 ! /ricte/ s5se4 ,b our ,und]/&+ is n able to d ?is1 & its inadequacy = su* a task leads u to conceive ! possibility ( an ,und]/&+1 n discursive l ours1 b intuitive1 = :i* k ( ! :ole w\ld prec$e t ( ! p>ts4 8,x is at lea/ possible to consid] ! mat]ial _w z m]e ph5om5on1 & to ?9k z its sub/rate some?+ l a ?+ 9 itself 7:i* is n ph5om5on71 & to atta* to ?is a correspond+ intellectual intuition4 ,?us !re w\ld be1 al?\gh incognisable by u1 a sup]s5sible real gr\nd = nature1 to :i* we ourselves belong0 7p4 #cbe74 ,h5ce1 al?\gh ,me*anism & ,te*nic mu/ n be confus$ & mu/ ev] /& side by side 9 our sci5tific inve/igation ( natural law1 yet mu/ !y be reg>d$ z coalesc+ 9 a s+le high] pr9ciple incognisable by u4 ,! gr\nd ( union is 8! sup]s5sible sub/rate ( nature ( :i* we c det]m9e no?+ positively1 except t x is ! be+ 9 itself ( :i* we m]ely "k ! ph5om5on40 ,?us1 !n1 x appe>s t ! :ole =ce ( ,kant's ma9 argum5t has proce$$ ^u an assumption1 viz4 ! p]man5t opposition betwe5 ,s5se & ,und]/&+1 :i* ! progress ( ! argum5t has %[n to be uns\nd4 8,kant seems10 says ,goe!1#f 8to h wov5 a c]ta9 elem5t ( irony into 8 me?od4 ,=1 :ile at "o "t he seem$ to be b5t on limit+ our faculties ( k 9 ! n>r[e/ way1 at ano!r "t he po9t$1 z x 7 ) a side ge/ure1 beyond ! limits :i* he himself _h drawn40 ,! fact ( adaptation ( means to ends obs]vable 9 nature seems to break d[n ! b>ri] betwe5 ,nature & ,fre$om2 & if we once rel9qui% ! di/9ction betwe5 ,me*anism & ,te*nic 9 ! op]ations ( nature we are l$ to ! ,idea ( an absolute ,be+1 :o manife/s ,himself by action :i*1 ?\gh necess>y1 is yet ! outcome ( p]fect fre$om4 ,kant1 h[ev]1 ?\gh he approa*es su* a position m ?an once1 c nev] be said to h ris5 to x4 ,he deprecates unceas+ly ! attempt to comb9e pr9ciples ( nature ) ! pr9ciples ( fre$om z a task beyond ! mode/ capacity ( human reason2 & :ile /r5u\sly insi/+ on ! practical =ce ( ! ,moral ,argum5t = ! ,be+ ( ,god1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! witness ( man's consci5ce1 w n admit t x c 9 any way be reg>d$ z /r5g!n+ ! !oretical argum5ts adduc$ by ,teleology4 ,! two l9es ( pro(1 he holds1 are q di/9ct2 & no?+ b confusion & intellectual disa/] c result f ! ef=t to comb9e !m4 ,! moral pro( /&s by itself1 & x ne$s no su* crut*es z ! argum5t f ,design c (f]4 ,b1 z ,mr4 ,k5n$y has po9t$ out 9 8 acute criticism#g ( ! ,kantian doctr9e ( ,!ism1 x w\ld n be possible to comb9e a !oretical disbelief 9 ,god ) a frank acceptance ( ! practical belief ( ,8 exi/5ce borne 9 ^u u by ! ,moral ,law4 ,kant himself admits ?is3 8,a dogmatical unbelief10 he says 7p4 #daa71 8_c subsi/ toge!r ) a moral maxim dom9ant 9 ! m5tal attitude40 ,t is1 ?\gh ! !oretical argum5t be incomplete1 we _c reject ! conclusion to :i* x leads1 = ?is is confirm$ by ! moral necessities ( consci5ce4 ,kant's position1 !n1 seems to come to ?is1 t ?\gh he nev] d\bts ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 he has v grave d\bts t ,he c be !oretically kn[n by man4 ,t ,he is1 is c]ta92 :at ,he is1 we _c det]m9e4 ,x is a position n dissimil> to curr5t ,agno/ic doctr9es2 & z long z ! anti!sis betwe5 ,s5se & ,und]/&+1 betwe5 ,matt] & ,m9d1 is insi/$ ^u z express+ a real & abid+ tru?1 ,kant's reason+ c h>dly be refut$ ) complet5ess4 ,no d\bt x may be urg$ t s9ce ! practical & !oretical argum5ts bo? arrive at ! same conclusion1 ! cog5cy ( our reason+ 9 ! latt] %\ld confirm our tru/ 9 ! =m]4 ,b true conclusions may sometimes seem to foll[ f q insuffici5t premises2 & ,kant is ?us ju/ifi$ 9 dem&+ t ea* argum5t %all be submitt$ to indep5d5t te/s4 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ above t he has n treat$ ! !oretical l9e ( reason+ q fairly1 & t he has und]e/imat$ its =ce2 b its value z an argum5t is n increas$ by %[+ t ano!r entirely diff]5t process ( ?\ght leads to ! same result4 ,& t ! witness ( consci5ce af=ds ! mo/ p[]ful & conv9c+ argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,be+1 ! s\rce ( law z ( love1 is a simple matt] ( exp]i5ce4 ,induction1 syllogism1 analogy1 d n really g5]ate belief 9 ,god1 ?\gh !y may s]ve to ju/ify to reason a fai? t we already possess4 ,! poet has ! tru? ( x3 ,w] ,gott ni*t fhlt 9 si* und all5 ,leb5skreis51 ,dem w]det ,ihr ,ihn ni*t beweis5 mit ,beweis54 99 99 99 99 99 ,i give at ! end ( ?is ,introduction a ,gloss>y ( ! *ief philosophical t]ms us$ by ,kant2 ,i h tri$ to r5d] !m by ! same ,engli% equival5ts all ?r\gh ! "w1 9 ord] to pres]ve1 z f> z may be1 ! exactness ( expression 9 ! orig9al4 ,i am consci\s t ?is makes ! translation clumsy 9 _m places1 b h ?\ght x be/ to sacrifice elegance to precision4 ,?is c\rse is ! m necess>y to adopt1 z ,kant _c be und]/ood unless 8 nice v]bal di/9ctions be att5d$ to4 ,?us real means q a diff]5t ?+ f wirkli*2 ,hang f ,neigung2 ,rhrung f ,affekt or ,leid5s*aft2 ,ans*auung f ,empf9dung or ,wahrnehmung2 ,endzweck f letzt] ,zweck2 ,idee f ,vor/ellung2 ,eig5s*aft f ,attribut or ,bes*aff5heit2 ,s*ranke f ,gr5ze2 b]r$5 f b]zeug51 etc4 ,i am n satisfi$ ) 8gratification0 & 8grief0 z ! ,engli% equival5ts = ,v]gng5 & ,s*m]z2 b x is necess>y to di/+ui% ^! words f ,lu/ & ,unlu/1 & 8m5tal pleasure10 8m5tal pa910 :i* w\ld ne>ly hit ! s5se1 are awkw>d4 ,aga91 ! con/ant r5d]+ ( s*n by beautiful involves ! expression 8beautiful art0 in/ead ( ! m usual phrase 8f9e art40 ,purposive is an ugly ^w1 b x has come into use lately2 & its employm5t enables u to pres]ve ! connexion betwe5 ,zweck & zweckmssig4 ,i h pr9t$ ,judgem5t ) a capital lett] :5 x signifies ! faculty1 ) a small initial :5 x signifies ! act1 ( judg+4 ,& 9 l mann] ,i di/+ui% ,objekt f ,geg5/&1 by pr9t+ ! ^w 8,object10 :5 x repres5ts ! =m]1 ) a l>ge initial4 ,! text ,i h foll[$ is1 9 ! ma91 t pr9t$ by ,h>t5/e92 b occasionally ,ros5kranz pres]ves ! bett] read+4 ,all important v>iants betwe5 ! ,fir/ & ,second ,editions h be5 indicat$ at ! foot ( ! page4 ,a few notes h be5 add$1 :i* are enclos$ 9 squ>e brackets1 to di/+ui% !m f ^? :i* =m$ "p ( ! orig9al "w4 ,i h 9 g5]al quot$ ,kant's ,introduction to ,logic & ,critique ( ,practical ,reason 9 ,dr4 ,abbott's translations4 ,my be/ ?anks are due to ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,k5n$y & ,mr4 ,f4 ,purs] = mu* valuable aid dur+ ! passage ( ?is translation ?r\gh ! press4 ,& ,i am "u ev5 great] obligations to ,mr4 ,mahaffy1 :o 0 good en\gh to read ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! pro(2 by 8 acute & le>n$ criticisms _m errors h be5 avoid$4 ,o!rs ,i h no d\bt /ill rema91 b = ^! ,i mu/ be acc\nt$ alone responsible4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,b]n>d4 ,,tr9ity ,,college1 ,,dubl91 ,may #bd1 #ahib4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m ?an tw5ty-"o ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ?is ,translation 0 publi%$1 & dur+ t "t mu* has be5 writt51 bo? 9 ,g]many & 9 ,engl&1 on ! subject ( ,kant's ,critique ( ,judgem5t4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! ,g]man text has be5 critically det]m9$ by ! lab\rs ( ,pr(essor ,w9delb&1 ^: f9e edition =ms ! fif? volume ( ,kant's ,collect$ ,works z issu$ by ! ,royal ,prussian ,academy ( ,sci5ces 7,b]l91 #aijh74 ,x w be indisp5sable to future /ud5ts4 ,an excell5t acc\nt ( ! significance1 9 ! ,kantian sy/em1 ( ! ,ur!ilskraft1 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,c4 ,macmillan1 appe>$ 9 #aiab2 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,m]$i? has publi%$ rec5tly an ,engli% edition ( ! ,critique ( ,ae/hetical ,judgem5t1 ) notes & essays1 deal+ ) ! philosophy ( art1 :i* goes ov] ! gr\nd v fully4 ,"s critics ( my fir/ edition took exception to ! clums9ess ( ! ^w 8repres5tation0 z ! equival5t ( ,vor/ellung1 b ,i h made no *ange 9 ?is respect1 z x seems to me 7& s f> z ,i h obs]v$ to o!rs :o h work$ on ! ,critique ( ,judgem5t71 t x is necess>y to pres]ve 9 ,engli% ! relation betwe5 ! n\n ,vor/ellung & ! v]b vor/ell51 if ,kant's reason+ is to be exhibit$ cle>ly4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 ab&on$ ! attempt to pres]ve ! ^w ,kritik 9 ,engli%1 & h replac$ x by ,critique or criticism1 ?r\gh\t4 ,! o!r *anges t h be5 made are m]e corrections or em5dations ( faulty or obscure r5d]+s1 ) a few additional notes4 ,i h left my orig9al ,introduction z x 0 writt5 9 #ahib1 )\t attempt+ any fre% exam9ation ( ! problems t ,kant set himself4 ,,john ,,ossory4 ,,! ,,palace1 ,,kilk5ny1 ,janu>y #f1 #aiad4 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,kant',s ,,philosophical ,,t]ms ,absi*t2 design4 ,a*tung2 respect4 ,affekt2 affection4 ,ang5ehm2 pleasant4 ,ans*auung2 intuition4 ,attribut2 attribute4 ,aufklrung2 enlight5m5t4 ,begehr2 desire4 ,begriff2 concept4 ,bes*aff5heit2 con/itution or *>act]i/ic4 ,be/imm52 to det]m9e4 ,d>/ell52 to pres5t4 ,dase92 pres5ce or be+4 ,eig5s*aft2 prop]ty4 ,empf9dung2 s5sation4 ,endzweck2 f9al purpose4 ,erk5ntniss2 cognition or k4 ,erklrung2 explanation4 ,ers*e9ung2 ph5om5on4 ,exi/5z2 exi/5ce4 ,frwahrhalt52 belief4 ,gebiet2 realm4 ,gefhl2 feel+4 ,geg5/&2 object4 ,gei/2 _s4 ,g5iess52 enjoym5t4 ,ges*ickli*keit2 skill4 ,ges*mack2 ,ta/e4 ,gesetzmssigkeit2 con=mity to law4 ,gewalt2 dom9ion or au?ority4 ,glaube2 fai?4 ,gr5ze2 b\nd4 ,grundsatz2 fundam5tal proposition or pr9ciple4 ,hang2 prop5sion4 ,idee2 ,idea4 ,leid5s*aft2 passion4 ,letzt] ,zweck2 ultimate purpose4 ,lu/2 pleasure4 ,me952 op9ion4 ,neigung2 incl9ation4 ,objekt2 ,object4 ,pr9zip2 pr9ciple4 ,real2 real4 ,rei*2 k+dom4 ,reiz2 *>m4 ,rhrung2 emotion4 ,s*e92 illusion4 ,s*m]z2 grief4 ,s*n2 beautiful4 ,s*ranke2 limit4 ,s*wrm]ei2 fanaticism4 ,seele2 s\l4 ,ueb]r$52 to p]suade4 ,ueb]s*wngli*2 transc5d5t4 ,ueb]zeug52 to conv9ce4 ,unlu/2 pa94 ,ur!il2 judgem5t4 ,ur!ilskraft2 ,judgem5t4 ,v]b9dung2 comb9ation4 ,v]gng52 gratification4 ,v]knpfung2 connexion4 ,v]mg52 faculty4 ,v]nunft2 ,reason4 ,v]nnftelei2 sophi/ry or subtlety4 ,v]/&2 ,und]/&+4 ,vor/ellung2 repres5tation4 ,wahrnehmung2 p]ception4 ,wes52 be+4 ,willkhr2 elective w4 ,wirkli*2 actual4 ,wohlgefall52 satisfaction4 ,zufri$5heit2 cont5tm5t4 ,zweck2 purpose4 ,zweckmssig2 purposive4 ,zweckv]b9dung2 purposive comb9ation1 etc4 ,,preface ,we may call ! faculty ( cognition f pr9ciples a priori1 pure ,reason1 & ! inquiry into its possibility & b\nds g5]ally ! ,critique ( pure ,reason1 al?\gh by ?is faculty we only und]/& ,reason 9 its !oretical employm5t1 z x appe>s "u t "n 9 ! =m] "w2 )\t wi%+ to inquire into its faculty1 z practical ,reason1 accord+ to its special pr9ciples4 ,t ,critique goes m]ely into our faculty ( kn[+ ?+s a priori1 & busies itself !re=e only ) ! cognitive faculty to ! exclusion ( ! feel+ ( pleasure & pa9 & ! faculty ( desire2 & ( ! cognitive faculties x only conc]ns itself ) ,und]/&+1 accord+ to its pr9ciples a priori1 to ! exclusion ( ,judgem5t & ,reason 7z faculties alike belong+ to !oretical cognition71 because x is f\nd 9 ! sequel t no o!r cognitive faculty b ! ,und]/&+ c furni% con/itutive pr9ciples ( cognition a priori4 ,! ,critique1 !n1 :i* sifts !m all1 z reg>ds ! %>e :i* ea* ( ! o!r faculties might pret5d to h 9 ! cle> possession ( k f its own peculi> root1 leaves no?+ b :at ! ,und]/&+ prescribes a priori z law = nature z ! complex ( ph5om5a 7^: =m also is giv5 a priori74 ,x relegates all o!r pure concepts "u ,ideas1 :i* are transc5d5t = our !oretical faculty ( cognition1 b are n !re=e useless or to be disp5s$ )4 ,= !y s]ve z regulative pr9ciples2 p>tly to *eck ! dang]\s pret5sions ( ,und]/&+1 z if 7because x c furni% a priori ! conditions ( ! possibility ( all ?+s :i* x c "k7 x _h !reby conf9$ )9 ^! b\nds ! possibility ( all ?+s 9 g5]al2 & p>tly to lead x to ! consid]ation ( nature accord+ to a pr9ciple ( complet5ess1 al?\gh x c nev] atta9 to ?is1 & ?us to fur!r ! f9al design ( all k4 ,x 0 !n prop]ly ! ,und]/&+ :i* has its special realm 9 ! cognitive faculty1 s f> z x conta9s con/itutive pr9ciples ( cognition a priori1 :i* by ! ,critique1 compreh5sively call$ ! ,critique ( pure ,reason1 0 to be plac$ 9 c]ta9 & sole possession#h aga9/ all o!r competitors4 ,& s also to ,reason1 :i* conta9s con/itutive pr9ciples a priori n[h]e except simply 9 respect ( ! faculty ( desire1 %\ld be assign$ its place 9 ! ,critique ( practical ,reason4 ,:e!r n[ ! ,judgem5t1 :i* 9 ! ord] ( our cognitive faculties =ms a m$iat+ l9k betwe5 ,und]/&+ & ,reason1 has also pr9ciples a priori = itself2 :e!r ^! are con/itutive or m]ely regulative 7?us indicat+ no special realm72 & :e!r !y give a rule a priori to ! feel+ ( pleasure & pa91 z ! m$iat+ l9k betwe5 ! cognitive faculty & ! faculty ( desire 7j z ! ,und]/&+ prescribes laws a priori to ! fir/1 ,reason to ! second72 ^! are ! que/ions ) :i* ! pres5t ,critique ( ,judgem5t is conc]n$4 ,a ,critique ( pure ,reason1 i4e4 ( our faculty ( judg+ a priori accord+ to pr9ciples1 w\ld be incomplete1 if ! ,judgem5t1 :i* z a cognitive faculty also makes claim to su* pr9ciples1 7 n treat$ z a p>ticul> "p ( x2 al?\gh its pr9ciples 9 a sy/em ( pure ,philosophy ne$ =m no p>ticul> "p betwe5 ! !oretical & ! practical1 b c be annex$ :5 ne$ful to "o or bo? z occasion requires4 ,= if su* a sy/em is "o day to be complet$ "u ! g5]al "n ( ,metaphysic 7:i* x is possible to a*ieve q completely1 & :i* is supremely important = ! use ( ,reason 9 e ref]5ce71 ! soil = ! edifice mu/ be explor$ by ,criticism z deep d[n z ! f\ndation ( ! faculty ( pr9ciples indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce1 9 ord] t x may s9k 9 no "p1 = ?is w\ld inevitably br+ ab\t ! d[nfall ( ! :ole4 ,we c easily inf] f ! nature ( ! ,judgem5t 7^: "r use is s necess>ily & s univ]sally requisite1 t by ! "n ( s\nd ,und]/&+ no?+ else b ?is faculty is meant71 t x mu/ be att5d$ ) great difficulties to f9d a pr9ciple peculi> to x2 7"s su* x mu/ conta9 a priori 9 itself1 = o!rwise x w\ld n be set ap>t by ! commone/ ,criticism z a special cognitive faculty74 ,?is pr9ciple mu/ n be d]iv$ a priori f concepts1 = ^! belong to ! ,und]/&+1 & ,judgem5t is only conc]n$ ) _! application4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 furni% ( itself a concept1 ?r\gh :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 no ?+ is cognis$1 b :i* only s]ves z a rule1 ?\gh n an objective "o to :i* x c adapt its judgem5t2 because = ?is latt] ano!r faculty ( ,judgem5t w\ld be requisite1 9 ord] to be able to di/+ui% :e!r any giv5 case is or is n ! case = ! rule4 ,?is p]plexity ab\t a pr9ciple 7:e!r x is subjective or objective7 pres5ts itself ma9ly 9 ^? judgem5ts t we call ae/hetical1 :i* conc]n ! ,beautiful & ! ,sublime ( ,nature or ( ,art4 ,&1 nev]!less1 ! critical inve/igation ( a pr9ciple ( ,judgem5t 9 ^! is ! mo/ important "p 9 a ,critique ( ?is faculty4 ,= al?\gh !y d n by !mselves contribute to ! k ( ?+s1 yet !y belong to ! cognitive faculty alone1 & po9t to an imm$iate ref]5ce ( ?is faculty to ! feel+ ( pleasure or pa9 accord+ to "s pr9ciple a priori2 )\t confus+ ?is ) :at may be ! det]m9+ gr\nd ( ! faculty ( desire1 :i* has its pr9ciples a priori 9 concepts ( ,reason4--,9 ! logical judg+ ( nature1 exp]i5ce exhibits a con=mity to law 9 ?+s1 to ! und]/&+ or to ! explanation ( :i* ! g5]al concept ( ! s5sible does n atta92 "h ! ,judgem5t c only d]ive f itself a pr9ciple ( ! ref]5ce ( ! natural ?+ to ! unkn[able sup]s5sible 7a pr9ciple :i* x mu/ only use f its own po9t ( view = ! cognition ( nature74 ,& s1 ?\gh 9 ?is case su* a pr9ciple a priori c & mu/ be appli$ to ! cognition ( ! be+s ( ! _w1 & op5s out at ! same "t prospects :i* are advantage\s = ! practical ,reason1 yet x has no imm$iate ref]5ce to ! feel+ ( pleasure & pa94 ,b ?is ref]5ce is precisely ! puzzle 9 ! pr9ciple ( ,judgem5t1 :i* r5d]s a special section = ?is faculty necess>y 9 ! ,critique2 s9ce ! logical judg+ accord+ to concepts 7f :i* an imm$iate inf]5ce c nev] be drawn to ! feel+ ( pleasure & pa97 along ) _! critical limitation1 has at all ev5ts be5 capable ( be+ app5d$ to ! !oretical "p ( ,philosophy4 ,! exam9ation ( ! faculty ( ta/e1 z ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t1 is n "h plann$ 9 ref]5ce to ! =mation or ! culture ( ta/e 7= ?is w take its c\rse 9 ! future z 9 ! pa/ )\t any su* inve/igations71 b m]ely 9 a transc5d5tal po9t ( view4 ,h5ce1 ,i tru/ t z reg>ds ! defici5cy ( ! =m] purpose x w be judg$ ) indulg5ce1 ?\gh 9 ! latt] po9t ( view x mu/ be prep>$ = ! sev]e/ scrut9y4 ,b ,i hope t ! great difficulty ( solv+ a problem s involv$ by nature may s]ve z excuse = "s h>dly avoidable obscurity 9 its solution1 if only x be cle>ly e/abli%$ t ! pr9ciple is correctly /at$4 ,i grant t ! mode ( d]iv+ ! ph5om5a ( ! ,judgem5t f x has n all ! cle>ness :i* might be rightly dem&$ else:]e1 viz4 9 ! case ( cognition accord+ to concepts2 b ,i believe t ,i h atta9$ to x 9 ! second "p ( ?is "w4 ,"h !n ,i end my :ole critical und]tak+4 ,i %all proce$ )\t delay to ! doctr9al "p 9 ord] to pr(it1 z f> z is possible1 by ! m fav\rable mom5ts ( my increas+ ye>s4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ?is "p !re w be no special section = ! ,judgem5t1 because 9 respect ( ?is faculty ,criticism s]ves in/ead ( ,!ory2 b1 accord+ to ! division ( ,philosophy 7& also ( pure ,philosophy7 into !oretical & practical1 ! ,metaphysic ( ,nature & ( ,morals w complete ! und]tak+4 ,,introduction ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,division ,,( ,,philosophy ,we proce$ q correctly if1 z usual1 we divide ,philosophy1 z conta9+ ! pr9ciples ( ! rational cognition ( ?+s by means ( concepts 7n m]ely1 z logic does1 pr9ciples ( ! =m ( ?\ght 9 g5]al )\t di/9ction ( ,objects71 into !oretical & practical4 ,b !n ! concepts1 :i* furni% _! ,object to ! pr9ciples ( ?is rational cognition1 mu/ be specifically di/9ct2 o!rwise !y w\ld n ju/ify a division1 :i* always presupposes a contra/ betwe5 ! pr9ciples ( ! rational cognition belong+ to ! diff]5t p>ts ( a sci5ce4 ,n[ !re are only two k9ds ( concepts1 & ^! admit z _m di/9ct pr9ciples ( ! possibility ( _! objects1 viz4 natural concepts & ! concept ( fre$om4 ,! =m] r5d] possible !oretical cognition accord+ to pr9ciples a priori2 ! latt] 9 respect ( ?is !oretical cognition only supplies 9 itself a negative pr9ciple 7t ( m]e contra/71 b on ! o!r h& x furni%es fundam5tal propositions :i* ext5d ! sph]e ( ! det]m9ation ( ! w & are !re=e call$ practical4 ,?us ,philosophy is correctly divid$ into two p>ts1 q di/9ct 9 _! pr9ciples2 ! !oretical "p or ,natural ,philosophy1 & ! practical "p or ,moral ,philosophy 7= t is ! "n giv5 to ! practical legislation ( ,reason 9 accordance ) ! concept ( fre$om74 ,b up to ! pres5t a gross misuse ( ^! expressions has prevail$1 bo? 9 ! division ( ! diff]5t pr9ciples & consequ5tly also ( ,philosophy itself4 ,= :at is practical accord+ to natural concepts has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! practical accord+ to ! concept ( fre$om2 & s ) ! l titles1 #8!oretical' & #8practical' ,philosophy1 a division has be5 made1 by :i* 9 fact no?+ has be5 divid$ 7= bo? p>ts might 9 su* case h pr9ciples ( ! same k9d74 ,! w1 reg>d$ z ! faculty ( desire1 is 79 ?is view7 "o ( ! _m natural causes 9 ! _w1 viz4 t cause :i* acts 9 accordance ) concepts4 ,all t is repres5t$ z possible 7or necess>y7 by means ( a w is call$ practically possible 7or necess>y72 z di/+ui%$ f ! physical possibility or necessity ( an effect1 ^: cause is n det]m9$ to causality by concepts 7b 9 lifeless matt] by me*anism & 9 animals by in/9ct74 ,"h1 9 respect ( ! practical1 x is left undet]m9$ :e!r ! concept :i* gives ! rule to ! causality ( ! w1 is a natural concept or a concept ( fre$om4 ,b ! la/ di/9ction is ess5tial4 ,= if ! concept :i* det]m9es ! causality is a natural concept1 !n ! pr9ciples are te*nically practical2 :]eas1 if x is a concept ( fre$om !y are morally practical4 ,& z ! division ( a rational sci5ce dep5ds on ! di/9ction betwe5 objects ^: cognition ne$s di/9ct pr9ciples1 ! =m] w belong to !oretical ,philosophy 7doctr9e ( ,nature71 b ! latt] alone w con/itute ! second "p1 viz4 practical ,philosophy 7doctr9e ( ,morals74 ,all te*nically practical rules 7i4e4 ! rules ( art & skill g5]ally1 or ( prud5ce reg>d$ z skill 9 ex]cis+ an influ5ce ov] m5 & _! wills71 s f> z _! pr9ciples re/ on concepts1 mu/ be reckon$ only z coroll>ies to !oretical ,philosophy4 ,= !y conc]n only ! possibility ( ?+s accord+ to natural concepts1 to :i* belong n only ! means :i* are to be met ) 9 nature1 b also ! w itself 7z a faculty ( desire & consequ5tly a natural faculty71 s f> z x c be det]m9$ con=mably to ^! rules by natural motives4 ,h[ev]1 practical rules ( ?is k9d are n call$ laws 7l physical laws71 b only precepts2 because ! w does n /& m]ely "u ! natural concept1 b also "u ! concept ( fre$om1 9 relation to :i* its pr9ciples are call$ laws4 ,^! ) _! consequ5ces alone con/itute ! second or practical "p ( ,philosophy4 ,! solution ( ! problems ( pure geometry does n belong to a p>ticul> "p ( ! sci5ce2 m5suration does n des]ve ! "n ( practical1 9 contra/ to pure1 geometry1 z a second "p ( geometry 9 g5]al2 & j z little ought ! me*anical or *emical art ( exp]im5t or obs]vation to be reckon$ z a practical "p ( ! doctr9e ( ,nature4 ,j z little1 9 f9e1 ought h\sekeep+1 f>m+1 /atesman%ip1 ! art ( conv]sation1 ! prescrib+ ( diet1 ! univ]sal doctr9e ( happ9ess itself1 or ! curb+ ( ! incl9ations & *eck+ ( ! affections = ! sake ( happ9ess1 to be reckon$ z practical ,philosophy1 or tak5 to con/itute ! second "p ( ,philosophy 9 g5]al4 ,= all ^! conta9 only rules ( skill 7& are consequ5tly only te*nically practical7 = br++ ab\t an effect t is possible accord+ to ! natural concepts ( causes & effects1 :i*1 s9ce !y belong to !oretical ,philosophy1 are subject to ^? precepts z m]e coroll>ies f x 7viz4 natural sci5ce71 & c !re=e claim no place 9 a special ,philosophy call$ practical4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! morally practical precepts1 :i* are altoge!r bas$ on ! concept ( fre$om to ! complete exclusion ( ! natural det]m9+ gr\nds ( ! w1 con/itute a q special class4 ,^!1 l ! rules :i* nature obeys1 are call$ simply laws1 b !y d n1 l !m1 re/ on s5su\s conditions b on a sup]s5sible pr9ciple2 & accord+ly !y require = !mselves a q diff]5t "p ( ,philosophy1 call$ practical1 correspond+ to its !oretical "p4 ,we h5ce see t a complex ( practical precepts giv5 by ,philosophy does n con/itute a di/9ct "p ( ,philosophy1 z oppos$ to ! !oretical "p1 because ^! precepts are practical2 = !y might be t1 ev5 if _! pr9ciples 7 d]iv$ altoge!r f ! !oretical cognition ( nature 7z te*nically practical rules74 ,a di/9ct bran* ( ,philosophy is con/itut$ only if _! pr9ciple1 z x is n borr[$ f ! natural concept1 :i* is always s5su\sly condition$1 re/s on ! sup]s5sible1 :i* alone makes ! concept ( fre$om cognisable by =mal laws4 ,^! precepts are !n morally practical1 i4e4 n m]ely precepts or rules 9 ?is or t aspect1 b1 )\t any prec$+ ref]5ce to purposes & designs1 are laws4 ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,realm ,,( ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,g5]al ,s f> z our concepts h a priori application1 s f> ext5ds ! use ( our cognitive faculty accord+ to pr9ciples1 & ) x ,philosophy4 ,b ! complex ( all objects1 to :i* ^? concepts are ref]r$1 9 ord] to br+ ab\t a k ( !m :]e x is possible1 may be subdivid$ accord+ to ! adequacy or inadequacy ( our cognitive faculty to ?is design4 ,concepts1 s f> z !y are ref]r$ to objects1 indep5d5tly ( ! possibility or impossibility ( ! cognition ( ^! objects1 h _! field :i* is det]m9$ m]ely accord+ to ! relation t _! ,object has to our cognitive faculty 9 g5]al4 ,! "p ( ?is field 9 :i* k is possible = u is a gr\nd or t]ritory 7t]ritorium7 = ^! concepts & ! requisite cognitive faculty4 ,! "p ( ?is t]ritory1 :]e !y are legislative1 is ! realm 7ditio7 ( ^! concepts & ( ! correspond+ cognitive faculties4 ,empirical concepts h1 !re=e1 _! t]ritory 9 nature1 z ! complex ( all objects ( s5se1 b no realm1 only a dwell+-place 7domicilium72 = ?\gh !y are produc$ 9 con=mity to law !y are n legislative1 b ! rules bas$ on !m are empirical & consequ5tly cont+5t4 ,our :ole cognitive faculty has two realms1 t ( natural concepts & t ( ! concept ( fre$om2 = ?r\gh bo? x is legislative a priori4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 ,philosophy is divid$ into !oretical & practical4 ,b ! t]ritory to :i* its realm ext5ds & 9 :i* its legislation is ex]cis$1 is always only ! complex ( objects ( all possible exp]i5ce1 s long z !y are tak5 = no?+ m ?an m]e ph5om5a2 = o!rwise no legislation ( ! ,und]/&+ 9 respect ( !m is conceivable4 ,legislation ?r\gh natural concepts is c>ri$ on by means ( ! ,und]/&+ & is !oretical4 ,legislation ?r\gh ! concept ( fre$om is c>ri$ on by ! ,reason & is m]ely practical4 ,x is only 9 ! practical sph]e t ! ,reason c be legislative2 9 respect ( !oretical cognition 7( nature7 x c m]ely 7z acqua9t$ ) law by ! ,und]/&+7 d$uce f giv5 laws consequ5ces :i* always rema9 )9 ! limits ( nature4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ,reason is n always !re=e legislative1 :]e !re are practical rules1 = !y may be only te*nically practical4 ,und]/&+ & ,reason ex]cise1 !re=e1 two di/9ct legislations 9 reg>d to "o & ! same t]ritory ( exp]i5ce1 )\t prejudice to ea* o!r4 ,! concept ( fre$om z little di/urbs ! legislation ( nature1 z ! natural concept influ5ces ! legislation ?r\gh ! =m]4--,! possibility ( at lea/ ?9k+ )\t contradiction ! co-exi/5ce ( bo? legislations1 & ( ! correspond+ faculties 9 ! same subject1 has be5 %[n 9 ! ,critique ( pure ,reason2 = x annull$ ! objections on ! o!r side by expos+ ! dialectical illusion :i* !y conta94 ,^! two diff]5t realms !n d n limit ea* o!r 9 _! legislation1 ?\gh !y p]petually d s 9 ! _w ( s5se4 ,t !y d n con/itute "o realm1 arises f ?is1 t ! natural concept repres5ts its objects 9 intuition1 n z ?+s 9 !mselves1 b z m]e ph5om5a2 ! concept ( fre$om1 on ! o!r h&1 repres5ts 9 its ,object a ?+ 9 itself1 b n 9 intuition4 ,h5ce1 nei!r ( !m c furni% a !oretical k ( its ,object 7or ev5 ( ! ?9k+ subject7 z a ?+ 9 itself2 ?is w\ld be ! sup]s5sible1 ! ,idea ( :i* we mu/ inde$ make ! basis ( ! possibility ( all ^! objects ( exp]i5ce1 b :i* we c nev] ext5d or elevate into a cognition4 ,!re is1 !n1 an unb\nd$ b also inaccessible field = our :ole cognitive faculty--! field ( ! sup]s5sible--:]e9 we f9d no t]ritory1 &1 !re=e1 c h 9 x1 = !oretical cognition1 no realm ei!r = concepts ( ,und]/&+ or ,reason4 ,?is field we mu/ inde$ occupy ) ,ideas on behalf ( ! !oretical z well z ! practical use ( ,reason1 b we c supply to !m 9 ref]5ce to ! laws aris+ f ! concept ( fre$om no o!r ?an practical reality1 by :i* our !oretical cognition is n ext5d$ 9 ! slighte/ degree t[>ds ! sup]s5sible4 ,n[ ev5 if an immeasurable gulf is fix$ betwe5 ! s5sible realm ( ! concept ( nature & ! sup]s5sible realm ( ! concept ( fre$om1 s t no transition is possible f ! fir/ to ! second 7by means ( ! !oretical use ( ,reason71 j z if !y 7 two diff]5t worlds ( :i* ! fir/ c\ld h no influ5ce ^u ! second1 yet ! second is meant to h an influ5ce ^u ! fir/4 ,! concept ( fre$om is meant to actualise 9 ! _w ( s5se ! purpose propos$ by its laws1 & consequ5tly nature mu/ be s ?\ght t ! con=mity to law ( its =m1 at lea/ h>monises ) ! possibility ( ! purposes to be effect$ 9 x accord+ to laws ( fre$om4--,!re mu/1 !re=e1 be a gr\nd ( ! unity ( ! sup]s5sible1 :i* lies at ! basis ( nature1 ) t :i* ! concept ( fre$om practically conta9s2 & ! concept ( ?is gr\nd1 al?\gh x does n atta9 ei!r !oretically or practically to a k ( ! same1 & h5ce has no peculi> realm1 nev]!less makes possible ! transition f ! mode ( ?\ght accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ! "o to t accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ! o!r4 ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,critique ,,( ,,judgem5t ,,z ,a ,,means ,,( ,,comb9+ ,,! ,,two ,,p>ts ,,( ,,philosophy ,,into ,a ,,:ole4 ,! ,critique ( ! cognitive faculties1 z reg>ds :at !y c furni% a priori1 has prop]ly speak+ no realm 9 respect ( ,objects1 because x is n a doctr9e1 b only has to inve/igate :e!r & h[1 9 accordance ) ! /ate ( ^! faculties1 a doctr9e is possible by _! means4 ,its field ext5ds to all _! pret5sions1 9 ord] to conf9e !m )9 _! legitimate b\nds4 ,b :at _c ent] into ! division ( ,philosophy may yet ent]1 z a *ief "p1 into ! ,critique ( ! pure faculty ( cognition 9 g5]al1 viz4 if x conta9s pr9ciples :i* are available nei!r = !oretical nor = practical use4 ,! natural concepts1 :i* conta9 ! gr\nd ( all !oretical k a priori1 re/ on ! legislation ( ! ,und]/&+4--,! concept ( fre$om1 :i* conta9s ! gr\nd ( all s5su\sly-uncondition$ practical precepts a priori1 re/s on ! legislation ( ! ,reason4 ,bo? faculties1 !re=e1 besides be+ capable ( application z reg>ds _! logical =m to pr9ciples ( :atev] orig91 h also z reg>ds _! cont5t1 _! special legislations above :i* !re is no o!r 7a priori72 & h5ce ! division ( ,philosophy into !oretical & practical is ju/ifi$4 ,b 9 ! family ( ! high] cognitive faculties !re is a middle t]m betwe5 ! ,und]/&+ & ! ,reason4 ,?is is ! ,judgem5t1 ( :i* we h cause = suppos+ accord+ to analogy t x may conta9 9 itself1 if n a special legislation1 yet a special pr9ciple ( its own to be s\ght accord+ to laws1 ?\gh m]ely subjective a priori4 ,?is pr9ciple1 ev5 if x h no field ( objects z its realm1 yet may h some:]e a t]ritory ) a c]ta9 "*1 = :i* no o!r pr9ciple c be valid4 ,b besides 7to judge by analogy7 !re is a new gr\nd = br++ ! ,judgem5t into connexion ) ano!r arrangem5t ( our repres5tative faculties1 :i* seems to be ( ev5 great] importance ?an t ( its relation%ip ) ! family ( ! cognitive faculties4 ,= all faculties or capacities ( ! s\l c be r$uc$ to ?ree1 :i* _c be any fur!r d]iv$ f "o common gr\nd3 ! faculty ( k1 ! feel+ ( pleasure & pa91 & ! faculty ( desire4#i ,= ! faculty ( k ! ,und]/&+ is alone legislative1 if 7z mu/ happ5 :5 x is consid]$ by itself )\t confusion ) ! faculty ( desire7 ?is faculty is ref]r$ to nature z ! faculty ( !oretical k2 = 9 respect ( nature 7z ph5om5on7 x is alone possible = u to give laws by means ( natural concepts a priori1 i4e4 by pure concepts ( ,und]/&+4--,= ! faculty ( desire1 z a high] faculty accord+ to ! concept ( fre$om1 ! ,reason 79 :i* alone ?is concept has a place7 is alone a priori legislative4--,n[ betwe5 ! faculties ( k & desire !re is ! feel+ ( pleasure1 j z ! ,judgem5t is int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,und]/&+ & ! ,reason4 ,we may !re=e suppose provisionally t ! ,judgem5t likewise conta9s 9 itself an a priori pr9ciple4 ,& z pleasure or pa9 is necess>ily comb9$ ) ! faculty ( desire 7ei!r prec$+ ?is pr9ciple z 9 ! l[] desires1 or foll[+ x z 9 ! high]1 :5 ! desire is det]m9$ by ! moral law71 we may also suppose t ! ,judgem5t w br+ ab\t a transition f ! pure faculty ( k1 ! realm ( natural concepts1 to ! realm ( ! concept ( fre$om1 j z 9 its logical use x makes possible ! transition f ,und]/&+ to ,reason4 ,al?\gh1 !n1 ,philosophy c be divid$ only into two ma9 p>ts1 ! !oretical & ! practical1 & al?\gh all t we may be able to say ( ! special pr9ciples ( ,judgem5t mu/ be c\nt$ z belong+ 9 x to ! !oretical "p1 i4e4 to rational cognition 9 accordance ) natural concepts2 yet ! ,critique ( pure ,reason1 :i* mu/ decide all ?is1 z reg>ds ! possibility ( ! sy/em be=e und]tak+ x1 consi/s ( ?ree p>ts2 ! ,critique ( pure ,und]/&+1 ( pure ,judgem5t1 & ( pure ,reason1 :i* faculties are call$ pure because !y are legislative a priori4 ,,iv4 ,,( ,,judgem5t ,,z ,a ,,faculty ,,legislat+ ,a ,,priori ,judgem5t 9 g5]al is ! faculty ( ?9k+ ! p>ticul> z conta9$ "u ! ,univ]sal4 ,if ! univ]sal 7! rule1 ! pr9ciple1 ! law7 be giv51 ! ,judgem5t :i* subsumes ! p>ticul> "u x 7ev5 if1 z transc5d5tal ,judgem5t1 x furni%es a priori1 ! conditions 9 con=mity ) :i* subsumption "u t univ]sal is alone possible7 is det]m9ant4 ,b if only ! p>ticul> be giv5 = :i* ! univ]sal has to be f\nd1 ! ,judgem5t is m]ely reflective4 ,! det]m9ant ,judgem5t only subsumes "u univ]sal transc5d5tal laws giv5 by ! ,und]/&+2 ! law is m>k$ out = x1 a priori1 & x has !re=e no ne$ to seek a law = itself 9 ord] to be able to subord9ate ! p>ticul> 9 nature to ! univ]sal4--,b ! =ms ( nature are s manifold1 & !re are s _m modifications ( ! univ]sal transc5d5tal natural concepts left undet]m9$ by ! laws giv51 a priori1 by ! pure ,und]/&+1--because ^! only conc]n ! possibility ( a nature 9 g5]al 7z an object ( s5se71--t !re mu/ be laws = ^! =ms also4 ,^!1 z empirical1 may be cont+5t f ! po9t ( view ( our ,und]/&+1 & yet1 if !y are to be call$ laws 7z ! concept ( a nature requires71 !y mu/ be reg>d$ z necess>y 9 virtue ( a pr9ciple ( ! unity ( ! manifold1 ?\gh x be unkn[n to u4--,! reflective ,judgem5t1 :i* is oblig$ to asc5d f ! p>ticul> 9 nature to ! univ]sal1 requires on t acc\nt a pr9ciple t x _c borr[ f exp]i5ce1 because its function is to e/abli% ! unity ( all empirical pr9ciples "u high] ones1 & h5ce to e/abli% ! possibility ( _! sy/ematic subord9ation4 ,su* a transc5d5tal pr9ciple1 !n1 ! reflective ,judgem5t c only give z a law f & to itself4 ,x _c d]ive x f outside 7because !n x w\ld be ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t72 nor c x prescribe x to nature1 because reflection ^u ! laws ( nature adju/s itself by nature1 & n nature by ! conditions accord+ to :i* we attempt to arrive at a concept ( x :i* is q cont+5t 9 respect ( ^!4 ,?is pr9ciple c be no o!r ?an ! foll[+3 ,z univ]sal laws ( nature h _! gr\nd 9 our ,und]/&+1 :i* prescribes !m to nature 7al?\gh only accord+ to ! univ]sal concept ( x z nature72 s p>ticul> empirical laws1 9 respect ( :at is 9 !m left undet]m9$ by ^! univ]sal laws1 mu/ be consid]$ 9 accordance ) su* a unity z !y w\ld h if an ,und]/&+ 7al?\gh n our ,und]/&+7 _h furni%$ !m to our cognitive faculties1 s z to make possible a sy/em ( exp]i5ce accord+ to p>ticul> laws ( nature4 ,n z if1 9 ?is way1 su* an ,und]/&+ mu/ be assum$ z actual 7= x is only our reflective ,judgem5t to :i* ?is ,idea s]ves z a pr9ciple--= reflect+1 n = det]m9+72 b ?is faculty ?us gives a law only to itself & n to nature4 ,n[ ! concept ( an ,object1 s f> z x conta9s ! gr\nd ( ! actuality ( ?is ,object1 is ! purpose2 & ! agreem5t ( a ?+ ) t con/itution ( ?+s1 :i* is only possible accord+ to purposes1 is call$ ! purposiv5ess ( its =m4 ,?us ! pr9ciple ( ,judgem5t1 9 respect ( ! =m ( ?+s ( nature "u empirical laws g5]ally1 is ! purposiv5ess ( nature 9 its manifoldness4 ,t is1 nature is repres5t$ by means ( ?is concept1 z if an ,und]/&+ conta9$ ! gr\nd ( ! unity ( ! manifold ( its empirical laws4 ,! purposiv5ess ( nature is !re=e a p>ticul> concept1 a priori1 :i* has its orig9 solely 9 ! reflective ,judgem5t4 ,= we _c ascribe to natural products any?+ l a ref]5ce ( nature 9 !m to purposes2 we c only use ?is concept to reflect ^u su* products 9 respect ( ! connexion ( ph5om5a :i* is giv5 9 nature accord+ to empirical laws4 ,?is concept is also q diff]5t f practical purposiv5ess 79 human art or 9 morals71 ?\gh x is c]ta9ly ?\ght accord+ to ! analogy ( ^! la/4 ,v4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,=mal ,,purposiv5ess ,,( ,,nature ,,is ,a ,,transc5d5tal ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,judgem5t4 ,a transc5d5tal pr9ciple is "o by means ( :i* is repres5t$1 a priori1 ! univ]sal condition "u :i* alone ?+s c be 9 g5]al ,objects ( our cognition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a pr9ciple is call$ metaphysical if x repres5ts ! a priori condition "u :i* alone ,objects1 ^: concept mu/ be empirically giv51 c be fur!r det]m9$ a priori4 ,?us ! pr9ciple ( ! cognition ( bodies z sub/ances1 & z *angeable sub/ances1 is transc5d5tal1 if !reby x is ass]t$ t _! *anges mu/ h a cause2 x is metaphysical if x ass]ts t _! *anges mu/ h an ext]nal cause4 ,= 9 ! =m] case bodies ne$ only be ?\ght by means ( ontological pr$icates 7pure concepts ( ,und]/&+71 e4g4 sub/ance1 9 ord] to cognise ! proposition a priori2 b 9 ! latt] case ! empirical concept ( a body 7z a movable ?+ 9 space7 mu/ lie at ! basis ( ! proposition1 al?\gh once ?is basis has be5 laid d[n1 x may be se5 completely a priori t ?is latt] pr$icate 7motion only by ext]nal causes7 belongs to body4--,?us1 z ,i %all pres5tly %[1 ! pr9ciple ( ! purposiv5ess ( nature 79 ! manifoldness ( its empirical laws7 is a transc5d5tal pr9ciple4 ,= ! concept ( ,objects1 s f> z !y are ?\ght z /&+ "u ?is pr9ciple1 is only ! pure concept ( objects ( possible empirical cognition 9 g5]al & conta9s no?+ empirical4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pr9ciple ( practical purposiv5ess1 :i* mu/ be ?\ght 9 ! ,idea ( ! det]m9ation ( a free w1 is a metaphysical pr9ciple2 because ! concept ( a faculty ( desire z a w mu/ be giv5 empirically 7i4e4 does n belong to transc5d5tal pr$icates74 ,bo? pr9ciples are1 h[ev]1 n empirical1 b a priori2 because = ! comb9ation ( ! pr$icate ) ! empirical concept ( ! subject ( _! judgem5ts no fur!r exp]i5ce is ne$$1 b x c be appreh5d$ completely a priori4 ,t ! concept ( a purposiv5ess ( nature belongs to transc5d5tal pr9ciples c be suffici5tly se5 f ! maxims ( ! ,judgem5t1 :i* lie at ! basis ( ! inve/igation ( nature a priori1 & yet d n g fur!r ?an ! possibility ( exp]i5ce1 & consequ5tly ( ! cognition ( nature--n inde$ nature 9 g5]al1 b nature z det]m9$ ?r\gh a v>iety ( p>ticul> laws4 ,^! maxims pres5t !mselves 9 ! c\rse ( ?is sci5ce (t5 en\gh1 ?\gh 9 a scatt]$ way1 z s5t5ces ( metaphysical wisdom1 ^: necessity we _c demon/rate f concepts4 8,nature takes ! %orte/ way 7lex p>simoniae72 at ! same "t x makes no leaps1 ei!r 9 ! c\rse ( its *anges or 9 ! juxtaposition ( specifically diff]5t =ms 7lex cont9ui 9 natura72 its great v>iety 9 empirical laws is yet unity "u a few pr9ciples 7pr9cipia praet] necessitatem non sunt multiplic&a710 etc4 ,if we propose to set =? ! orig9 ( ^! fundam5tal propositions & try to d s by ! psy*ological me?od1 we violate _! s5se4 ,= !y d n tell u :at happ5s1 i4e4 by :at rule our cognitive p[]s actually op]ate1 & h[ we judge1 b h[ we ought to judge2 & ?is logical objective necessity does n em]ge if ! pr9ciples are m]ely empirical4 ,h5ce t purposiv5ess ( nature = our cognitive faculties & _! use1 :i* is pla9ly app>5t f !m1 is a transc5d5tal pr9ciple ( judgem5ts1 & ne$s !re=e also a ,transc5d5tal ,d$uction1 by means ( :i* ! gr\nd = s judg+ mu/ be s\ght 9 ! s\rces ( cognition a priori4 ,we f9d 9 ! gr\nds ( ! possibility ( an exp]i5ce 9 ! v fir/ place some?+ necess>y1 viz4 ! univ]sal laws )\t :i* nature 9 g5]al 7z an object ( s5se7 _c be ?\ght2 & ^! re/ ^u ! ,categories1 appli$ to ! =mal conditions ( all intuition possible = u1 s f> z x is also giv5 a priori4 ,n[ "u ^! laws ! ,judgem5t is det]m9ant1 = x has no?+ to d b to subsume "u giv5 laws4 ,= example1 ! ,und]/&+ says t e *ange has its cause 7univ]sal law ( nature72 ! transc5d5tal ,judgem5t has no?+ fur!r to d ?an to supply a priori ! condition ( subsumption "u ! concept ( ! ,und]/&+ plac$ be=e x1 i4e4 ! succession 9 "t ( ! det]m9ations ( "o & ! same ?+4 ,= nature 9 g5]al 7z an object ( possible exp]i5ce7 t law is cognis$ z absolutely necess>y4--,b n[ ! objects ( empirical cognition are det]m9$ 9 _m o!r ways ?an by t =mal "t-condition1 or1 at lea/ z f> z we c judge a priori1 are det]m9able4 ,h5ce specifically diff]5t natures c be causes 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( ways1 z well z 9 virtue ( :at !y h 9 common z belong+ to nature 9 g5]al2 & ea* ( ^! modes mu/ 79 accordance ) ! concept ( a cause 9 g5]al7 h its rule1 :i* is a law & !re=e br+s necessity ) x1 al?\gh we d n at all compreh5d ?is necessity1 9 virtue ( ! con/itution & ! limitations ( our cognitive faculties4 ,we mu/ !re=e ?9k 9 nature1 9 respect ( its m]ely empirical laws1 a possibility ( inf9itely v>i\s empirical laws1 :i* are1 z f> z our insight goes1 cont+5t 7_c be cognis$ a priori71 & 9 respect ( :i* we judge nature1 accord+ to empirical laws & ! possibility ( ! unity ( exp]i5ce 7z a sy/em accord+ to empirical laws71 to be cont+5t4 ,b su* a unity mu/ be necess>ily presuppos$ & assum$1 = o!rwise !re w\ld be no ?or\ghgo+ connexion ( empirical cognitions 9 a :ole ( exp]i5ce4 ,! univ]sal laws ( nature no d\bt furni% su* a connexion ( ?+s accord+ to _! k9d z ?+s ( nature 9 g5]al1 b n specifically1 z su* p>ticul> be+s ( nature4 ,h5ce ! ,judgem5t mu/ assume = its special use ?is pr9ciple a priori1 t :at 9 ! p>ticul> 7empirical7 laws ( nature is f ! human po9t ( view cont+5t1 yet conta9s a unity ( law 9 ! comb9ation ( its manifold into an exp]i5ce possible 9 itself--a unity n inde$ to be fa?om$ by u1 b yet ?9kable4 ,consequ5tly z ! unity ( law 9 a comb9ation1 :i* we cognise z cont+5t 9 itself1 al?\gh 9 con=mity ) a necess>y design 7a ne$7 ( ,und]/&+1 is repres5t$ z ! purposiv5ess ( ,objects 7"h ( nature72 s mu/ ! ,judgem5t1 :i* 9 respect ( ?+s "u possible 7n yet discov]$7 empirical laws is m]ely reflection1 ?9k ( nature 9 respect ( ! latt] accord+ to a pr9ciple ( purposiv5ess = our cognitive faculty1 :i* !n is express$ 9 ! above maxims ( ! ,judgem5t4 ,?is transc5d5tal concept ( a purposiv5ess ( nature is nei!r a natural concept nor a concept ( fre$om1 because x ascribes no?+ to ! ,object 7( nature71 b only repres5ts ! peculi> way 9 :i* we mu/ proce$ 9 reflection ^u ! objects ( nature 9 ref]5ce to a ?or\ghly connect$ exp]i5ce1 & is consequ5tly a subjective pr9ciple 7maxim7 ( ! ,judgem5t4 ,h5ce1 z if x 7 a lucky *ance fav\r+ our design1 we are rejoic$ 7prop]ly speak+1 reliev$ ( a want71 if we meet ) su* sy/ematic unity "u m]ely empirical laws2 al?\gh we mu/ necess>ily assume t !re is su* a unity )\t our compreh5d+ x or be+ able to prove x4 ,9 ord] to conv9ce ourselves ( ! correctness ( ?is ,d$uction ( ! concept be=e u1 & ! necessity ( assum+ x z a transc5d5tal pr9ciple ( cognition1 j consid] ! magnitude ( ! problem4 ,! problem1 :i* lies a priori 9 our ,und]/&+1 is to make a connect$ exp]i5ce out ( giv5 p]ceptions ( a nature conta9+ at all ev5ts an inf9ite v>iety ( empirical laws4 ,! ,und]/&+ is1 no d\bt1 9 possession a priori ( univ]sal laws ( nature1 )\t :i* nature c\ld n be an object ( exp]i5ce2 b x ne$s 9 addition a c]ta9 ord] ( nature 9 its p>ticul> rules1 :i* c only be empirically kn[n & :i* are1 z reg>ds ! ,und]/&+1 cont+5t4 ,^! rules1 )\t :i* we c\ld n proce$ f ! univ]sal analogy ( a possible exp]i5ce 9 g5]al to ! p>ticul>1 mu/ be ?\ght by x z laws 7i4e4 z necess>y71 = o!rwise !y w\ld n con/itute an ord] ( nature2 al?\gh _! necessity c nev] be cognis$ or compreh5d$ by x4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ! ,und]/&+ c det]m9e no?+ a priori 9 respect ( ,objects1 x mu/1 9 ord] to trace out ^! empirical s-call$ laws1 place at ! basis ( all reflection ^u ,objects an a priori pr9ciple1 viz4 t a cognisable ord] ( nature is possible 9 accordance ) ^! laws4 ,! foll[+ propositions express "s su* pr9ciple4 ,!re is 9 nature a subord9ation ( g5]a & species compreh5sible by u4 ,ea* "o approximates to "s o!r accord+ to a common pr9ciple1 s t a transition f "o to ano!r & s on to a high] g5us may be possible4 ,?\gh x seems at ! outset unavoidable = our ,und]/&+ to assume diff]5t k9ds ( causality = ! specific diff]5ces ( natural op]ations1 yet ^! diff]5t k9ds may /& "u a small numb] ( pr9ciples1 ) ! inve/igation ( :i* we h to busy ourselves4 ,?is h>mony ( nature ) our cognitive faculty is presuppos$ a priori by ! ,judgem5t1 on behalf ( its reflection ^u nature 9 accordance ) its empirical laws2 :il/ ! ,und]/&+ at ! same "t cognises x objectively z cont+5t1 & x is only ! ,judgem5t t ascribes x to nature z a tranc5d5tal purposiv5ess 79 relation to ! cognitive faculty ( ! subject74 ,= )\t ?is presupposition we %\ld h no ord] ( nature 9 accordance ) empirical laws1 & consequ5tly no guid+ ?read = an exp]i5ce ord]$ by ^! 9 all _! v>iety1 or = an inve/igation ( !m4 ,= x might easily be ?\ght t1 9 spite ( all ! uni=mity ( natural ?+s accord+ to ! univ]sal laws1 )\t :i* we %\ld n h ! =m ( an empirical cognition 9 g5]al1 ! specific v>iety ( ! empirical laws ( nature includ+ _! effects might yet be s great1 t x w\ld be impossible = our ,und]/&+1 to detect 9 nature a compreh5sible ord]2 to divide its products into g5]a & species1 s z to use ! pr9ciples :i* expla9 & make intelligible "o = ! explanation & compreh5sion ( ano!r2 or out ( su* confus$ mat]ial 7/rictly we %\ld say1 s inf9itely v>i\s & n to be measur$ by our faculty ( compreh5sion7 to make a connect$ exp]i5ce4 ,! ,judgem5t has !re=e also 9 itself a pr9ciple a priori ( ! possibility ( nature1 b only 9 a subjective aspect2 by :i* x prescribes1 n to nature 7autonomy71 b to itself 7heautonomy7 a law = its reflection ^u nature4 ,?is we might call ! law ( ! specification ( nature 9 respect ( its empirical laws4 ,! ,judgem5t does n cognise ?is a priori 9 nature1 b assumes x on behalf ( a natural ord] cognisable by our ,und]/&+ 9 ! division :i* x makes ( ! univ]sal laws ( nature :5 x wi%es to subord9ate to ^! ! v>iety ( p>ticul> laws4 ,if !n we say t nature specifies its univ]sal laws accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( purposiv5ess = our cognitive faculty1 i4e4 9 accordance ) ! necess>y bus9ess ( ! human ,und]/&+ ( f9d+ ! univ]sal = ! p>ticul> :i* p]ception (f]s x1 & aga9 ( f9d+ connexion = ! div]se 7:i* h[ev] is a univ]sal = ea* species7 9 ! unity ( a pr9ciple1--we ?us nei!r prescribe to nature a law1 nor d we le>n "o f x by obs]vation 7al?\gh su* a pr9ciple may be confirm$ by ?is means74 ,= x is n a pr9ciple ( ! det]m9ant b m]ely ( ! reflective ,judgem5t4 ,we only require t1 be nature dispos$ z x may z reg>ds its univ]sal laws1 inve/igation into its empirical laws may be c>ri$ on 9 accordance ) t pr9ciple & ! maxims f\nd$ !reon1 because x is only s f> z t holds t we c make any progress ) ! use ( our ,und]/&+ 9 exp]i5ce1 or ga9 k4 ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,comb9ation ,,( ,,! ,,feel+ ,,( ,,pleasure ,,) ,,! ,,concept ,,( ,,! ,,purposiv5ess ,,( ,,nature4 ,! ?\ght h>mony ( nature 9 ! v>iety ( its p>ticul> laws ) our ne$ ( f9d+ univ]sality ( pr9ciples = x1 mu/ be judg$ z cont+5t 9 respect ( our insight1 b yet at ! same "t z indisp5sable = ! ne$s ( our ,und]/&+1 & consequ5tly z a purposiv5ess by :i* nature is h>monis$ ) our design1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has only k = its aim4 ,! univ]sal laws ( ! ,und]/&+1 :i* are at ! same "t laws ( nature1 are j z necess>y 7al?\gh aris+ f spontaneity7 z ! mat]ial laws ( motion4 ,_! production presupposes no design on ! "p ( our cognitive faculty1 because x is only by means ( !m t we1 9 ! fir/ place1 atta9 a concept ( :at ! cognition ( ?+s 7( nature7 is1 & attribute !m necess>ily to nature z ,object ( our cognition 9 g5]al4 ,b1 s f> z we c see1 x is cont+5t t ! ord] ( nature accord+ to its p>ticul> laws1 9 all its v>iety & het]og5eity possibly at lea/ transc5d+ our compreh5sion1 %\ld be actually con=mable to ^! laws4 ,! discov]y ( ?is ord] is ! bus9ess ( ! ,und]/&+ :i* is design$ly borne t[>ds a necess>y purpose1 viz4 ! br++ ( unity ( pr9ciples into nature1 :i* purpose !n ! ,judgem5t mu/ ascribe to nature1 because ! ,und]/&+ _c "h prescribe any law to x4 ,! atta9m5t ( t design is b\nd up ) ! feel+ ( pleasure1 & s9ce ! condition ( ?is atta9m5t is a repres5tation a priori1--z "h a pr9ciple = ! reflective ,judgem5t 9 g5]al1--!re=e ! feel+ ( pleasure is det]m9$ by a gr\nd a priori & valid = e man1 & t m]ely by ! ref]5ce ( ! ,object to ! cognitive faculty1 ! concept ( purposiv5ess "h n hav+ ! lea/ ref]5ce to ! faculty ( desire4 ,x is ?us q di/+ui%$ f all practical purposiv5ess ( nature4 ,9 fact1 al?\gh f ! agreem5t ( p]ceptions ) laws 9 accordance ) univ]sal natural concepts 7! categories71 we d n & _c f9d 9 ourselves ! slighte/ effect ^u ! feel+ ( pleasure1 because ! ,und]/&+ necess>ily proce$s accord+ to its nature )\t any design2 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ! discov]y t two or m empirical het]og5e\s laws ( nature may be comb9$ "u "o pr9ciple compreh5d+ !m bo?1 is ! gr\nd ( a v m>k$ pleasure1 (t5 ev5 ( an admiration1 :i* does n cease1 ?\gh we may be already q famili> ) ! objects ( x4 ,we no long] f9d1 x is true1 any m>k$ pleasure 9 ! compreh5sibility ( nature & 9 ! unity ( its divisions into g5]a & species1 :]eby are possible all empirical concepts1 ?r\gh :i* we cognise x accord+ to its p>ticul> laws4 ,b ?is pleasure has c]ta9ly be5 pres5t at "o "t1 & x is only because ! commone/ exp]i5ce w\ld be impossible )\t x t x is gradually conf\nd$ ) m]e cognition & no long] arre/s p>ticul> att5tion4 ,!re is !n some?+ 9 our judgem5ts ^u nature :i* makes u att5tive to its purposiv5ess = our ,und]/&+--an endeav\r to br+1 :]e possible1 its dissimil> laws "u high] ones1 ?\gh /ill always empirical--& ?us1 if successful1 makes u feel pleasure 9 t h>mony ( ^! ) our cognitive faculty1 :i* h>mony we reg>d z m]ely cont+5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a repres5tation ( nature w\ld altoge!r displease1 by :i* x %\ld be =etold to u t 9 ! smalle/ inve/igation beyond ! commone/ exp]i5ce we %\ld meet ) a het]og5eity ( its laws1 :i* w\ld make ! union ( its p>ticul> laws "u univ]sal empirical laws impossible = our ,und]/&+4 ,= ?is w\ld contradict ! pr9ciple ( ! subjectively-purposive specification ( nature 9 its g5]a1 & also ( our reflective ,judgem5t 9 respect ( su* pr9ciple4 ,?is presupposition ( ! ,judgem5t is1 h[ev]1 at ! same "t s indet]m9ate z to h[ f> t ideal purposiv5ess ( nature = our cognitive faculty %\ld be ext5d$1 t if we 7 told t a deep] or wid] k ( nature d]iv$ f obs]vation mu/ lead at la/ to a v>iety ( laws1 :i* no human ,und]/&+ c\ld r$uce to a pr9ciple1 we %\ld at once acquiesce4 ,b /ill we m gladly li/5 to "o :o (f]s hope t ! m we "k nature int]nally1 & c comp>e x ) ext]nal memb]s n[ unkn[n to u1 ! m simple %all we f9d x 9 its pr9ciples1 & t ! fur!r our exp]i5ce rea*es ! m uni=m %all we f9d x amid ! app>5t het]og5eity ( its empirical laws4 ,= x is a m&ate ( our ,judgem5t to proce$ accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! h>mony ( nature ) our cognitive faculty s f> z t rea*es1 )\t decid+ 7because x is n ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t :i* gives u ?is rule7 :e!r or n x is b\nd$ any:]e4 ,= al?\gh 9 respect ( ! rational use ( our cognitive faculty we c det]m9e su* b\nds1 ?is is n possible 9 ! empirical field4 ,,vii4 ,,( ,,! ,,ae/hetical ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,! ,,purposiv5ess ,,( ,,nature4 ,t :i* 9 ! repres5tation ( an ,object is m]ely subjective1 i4e4 :i* decides its ref]5ce to ! subject1 n to ! object1 is its ae/hetical "*2 b t :i* s]ves or c be us$ = ! det]m9ation ( ! object 7= cognition71 is its logical validity4 ,9 ! cognition ( an object ( s5se bo? ref]5ces pres5t !mselves4 ,9 ! s5se-repres5tation ( ext]nal ?+s ! quality ( space :]e9 we intuite !m is ! m]ely subjective elem5t ( my repres5tation 7by :i* x rema9s undecid$ :at !y may be 9 !mselves z ,objects71 on acc\nt ( :i* ref]5ce ! object is ?\ght !reby m]ely z ph5om5on4 ,b space1 not)/&+ its m]ely subjective quality1 is at ! same "t an +r$i5t 9 ! cognition ( ?+s z ph5om5a4 ,s5sation1 aga9 7i4e4 ext]nal s5sation71 expresses ! m]ely subjective elem5t ( our repres5tations ( ext]nal ?+s1 b x is also ! prop] mat]ial 7reale7 ( !m 7by :i* some?+ exi/+ is giv571 j z space is ! m]e =m a priori ( ! possibility ( _! intuition4 ,nev]!less1 h[ev]1 s5sation is also employ$ 9 ! cognition ( ext]nal ,objects4 ,b ! subjective elem5t 9 a repres5tation :i* _c be an +r$i5t ( cognition1 is ! pleasure or pa9 :i* is b\nd up ) x2 = ?r\gh x ,i cognise no?+ 9 ! object ( ! repres5tation1 al?\gh x may be ! effect ( "s cognition4 ,n[ ! purposiv5ess ( a ?+1 s f> z x is repres5t$ 9 p]ception1 is no *>act]i/ic ( ! ,object itself 7= su* _c be p]ceiv$71 al?\gh x may be inf]r$ f a cognition ( ?+s4 ,! purposiv5ess1 !re=e1 :i* prec$es ! cognition ( an ,object1 & :i*1 ev5 )\t our wi%+ to use ! repres5tation ( x = cognition1 is1 at ! same "t1 imm$iately b\nd up ) x1 is t subjective elem5t :i* _c be an +r$i5t 9 cognition4 ,h5ce ! object is only call$ purposive1 :5 its repres5tation is imm$iately comb9$ ) ! feel+ ( pleasure2 & ?is v repres5tation is an ae/hetical repres5tation ( purposiv5ess4--,! only "q is :e!r !re is1 9 g5]al1 su* a repres5tation ( purposiv5ess4 ,if pleasure is b\nd up ) ! m]e appreh5sion 7appreh5sio7 ( ! =m ( an object ( intuition1 )\t ref]5ce to a concept = a def9ite cognition1 !n ! repres5tation is !reby n ref]r$ to ! ,object1 b simply to ! subject2 & ! pleasure c express no?+ else ?an its h>mony ) ! cognitive faculties :i* come into play 9 ! reflective ,judgem5t1 & s f> z !y are 9 play2 & h5ce c only express a subjective =mal purposiv5ess ( ! ,object4 ,= t appreh5sion ( =ms 9 ! ,imag9ation c nev] take place )\t ! reflective ,judgem5t1 ?\gh undesign$ly1 at lea/ comp>+ !m ) its faculty ( ref]r+ intuitions to concepts4 ,if n[ 9 ?is comp>ison ! ,imag9ation 7z ! faculty ( a priori intuitions7 is plac$ by means ( a giv5 repres5tation undesign$ly 9 agreem5t ) ! ,und]/&+1 z ! faculty ( concepts1 & ?us a feel+ ( pleasure is ar\s$1 ! object mu/ !n be reg>d$ z purposive = ! reflective ,judgem5t4 ,su* a judgem5t is an ae/hetical judgem5t ^u ! purposiv5ess ( ! ,object1 :i* does n base itself ^u any pres5t concept ( ! object1 nor does x furni% any su*4 ,9 ! case ( an object ^: =m 7n ! matt] ( its repres5tation1 z s5sation71 9 ! m]e reflection ^u x 7)\t ref]5ce to any concept to be obta9$ ( x71 is judg$ z ! gr\nd ( a pleasure 9 ! repres5tation ( su* an ,object1 ?is pleasure is judg$ z b\nd up ) ! repres5tation necess>ily2 &1 consequ5tly1 n only = ! subject :i* appreh5ds ?is =m1 b = e judg+ be+ 9 g5]al4 ,! object is !n call$ beautiful2 & ! faculty ( judg+ by means ( su* a pleasure 7&1 consequ5tly1 ) univ]sal validity7 is call$ ,ta/e4 ,= s9ce ! gr\nd ( ! pleasure is plac$ m]ely 9 ! =m ( ! object = reflection 9 g5]al--&1 consequ5tly1 9 no s5sation ( ! object1 & also )\t ref]5ce to any concept :i* any:]e involves design--x is only ! con=mity to law 9 ! empirical use ( ! ,judgem5t 9 g5]al 7unity ( ! ,imag9ation ) ! ,und]/&+7 9 ! subject1 ) :i* ! repres5tation ( ! ,object 9 reflection1 ^: conditions are univ]sally valid a priori1 h>monises4 ,& s9ce ?is h>mony ( ! object ) ! faculties ( ! subject is cont+5t1 x br+s ab\t ! repres5tation ( its purposiv5ess 9 respect ( ! cognitive faculties ( ! subject4 ,"h n[ is a pleasure1 :i*1 l all pleasure or pa9 t is n produc$ ?r\gh ! concept ( fre$om 7i4e4 ?r\gh ! prec$+ det]m9ation ( ! high] faculties ( desire by pure ,reason71 c nev] be compreh5d$ f concepts1 z necess>ily b\nd up ) ! repres5tation ( an object4 ,x mu/ always be cognis$ z comb9$ ) ?is only by means ( reflective p]ception2 &1 consequ5tly1 l all empirical judgem5ts1 x c decl>e no objective necessity & lay claim to no a priori validity4 ,b ! judgem5t ( ta/e also claims1 z e o!r empirical judgem5t does1 to be valid = e "o2 & 9 spite ( its inn] cont+5cy ?is is always possible4 ,! /range & irregul> ?+ is t x is n an empirical concept1 b a feel+ ( pleasure 7consequ5tly n a concept at all71 :i* by ! judgem5t ( ta/e is attribut$ to e "o1--j z if x 7 a pr$icate b\nd up ) ! cognition ( ! ,object--& :i* is connect$ ) ! repres5tation !re(4 ,a s+ul> judgem5t ( exp]i5ce1 e4g41 :5 we p]ceive a moveable drop ( wat] 9 an ice-cry/al1 may ju/ly claim t e "o else %\ld f9d x ! same2 because we h =m$ ?is judgem5t1 accord+ to ! univ]sal conditions ( ! det]m9ant faculty ( ,judgem5t1 "u ! laws ( a possible exp]i5ce 9 g5]al4 ,j 9 ! same way he :o feels pleasure 9 ! m]e reflection ^u ! =m ( an object )\t respect to any concept1 al?\gh ?is judgem5t be empirical & s+ul>1 ju/ly claims ! agreem5t ( e "o2 because ! gr\nd ( ?is pleasure is f\nd 9 ! univ]sal1 al?\gh subjective1 condition ( reflective judgem5ts1 viz41 ! purposive h>mony ( an object 7:e!r a product ( nature or ( art7 ) ! mutual relations ( ! cognitive faculties 7! ,imag9ation & ! ,und]/&+71 a h>mony :i* is requisite = e empirical cognition4 ,! pleasure1 !re=e1 9 ! judgem5t ( ta/e is dep5d5t on an empirical repres5tation1 & _c be b\nd up a priori ) any concept 7we _c det]m9e a priori :at object is or is n accord+ to ta/e2 t we mu/ f9d out by exp]im5t74 ,b ! pleasure is ! det]m9+ gr\nd ( ?is judgem5t only because we are consci\s t x re/s m]ely on reflection & on ! univ]sal ?\gh only subjective conditions ( ! h>mony ( t reflection ) ! cognition ( ,objects 9 g5]al1 = :i* ! =m ( ! ,object is purposive4 ,?us ! reason :y judgem5ts ( ta/e accord+ to _! possibility are subject$ to a ,critique is t !y presuppose a pr9ciple a priori1 al?\gh ?is pr9ciple is nei!r "o ( cognition = ! ,und]/&+ nor ( practice = ! ,w1 & !re=e is n 9 any way det]m9ant a priori4 ,susceptibility to pleasure f reflection ^u ! =ms ( ?+s 7( ,nature z well z ( ,art71 indicates n only a purposiv5ess ( ! ,objects 9 relation to ! reflective ,judgem5t1 con=mably to ! concept ( nature 9 ! subject2 b also conv]sely a purposiv5ess ( ! subject 9 respect ( ! objects accord+ to _! =m or ev5 _! =mlessness1 9 virtue ( ! concept ( fre$om4 ,h5ce ! ae/hetical judgem5t is n only relat$ z a judgem5t ( ta/e to ! beautiful1 b also z spr++ f a spiritual feel+ is relat$ to ! sublime2 & ?us ! ,critique ( ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t mu/ be divid$ into two correspond+ sections4 ,,viii4 ,,( ,,! ,,logical ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,! ,,purposiv5ess ,,( ,,nature ,purposiv5ess may be repres5t$ 9 an object giv5 9 exp]i5ce on a m]ely subjective gr\nd1 z ! h>mony ( its =m1--9 ! appreh5sion 7appreh5sio7 ( x prior to any concept1--) ! cognitive faculties1 9 ord] to unite ! intuition ) concepts = a cognition g5]ally4 ,or x may be repres5t$ objectively z ! h>mony ( ! =m ( ! object ) ! possibility ( ! ?+ itself1 accord+ to a concept ( x :i* prec$es & conta9s ! gr\nd ( ?is =m4 ,we h se5 t ! repres5tation ( purposiv5ess ( ! fir/ k9d re/s on ! imm$iate pleasure 9 ! =m ( ! object 9 ! m]e reflection ^u x4 ,b ! repres5tation ( purposiv5ess ( ! second k9d1 s9ce x ref]s ! =m ( ! ,object1 n to ! cognitive faculties ( ! subject 9 ! appreh5sion ( x1 b to a def9ite cognition ( ! object "u a giv5 concept1 has no?+ to d ) a feel+ ( pleasure 9 ?+s1 b only ) ! ,und]/&+ 9 its judgem5t ^u !m4 ,if ! concept ( an object is giv51 ! bus9ess ( ! ,judgem5t 9 ! use ( ! concept = cognition consi/s 9 pres5tation 7exhibitio71 i4e4 9 sett+ a correspond+ intuition beside ! concept4 ,?is may take place ei!r ?r\gh our own ,imag9ation1 z 9 ,art :5 we realise a preconceiv$ concept ( an object :i* is a purpose ( ours2 or ?r\gh ,nature 9 its ,te*nic 7z 9 organis$ bodies7 :5 we supply to x our concept ( its purpose 9 ord] to judge ( its products4 ,9 ! latt] case x is n m]ely ! purposiv5ess ( nature 9 ! =m ( ! ?+ t is repres5t$1 b ?is its product is repres5t$ z a natural purpose4--,al?\gh our concept ( a subjective purposiv5ess ( nature 9 its =ms accord+ to empirical laws is n a concept ( ! ,object1 b only a pr9ciple ( ! ,judgem5t = furni%+ itself ) concepts amid ! imm5se v>iety ( nature 7& ?us be+ able to asc]ta9 its own position71 yet we ?us ascribe to nature z x 7 a reg>d to our cognitive faculty accord+ to ! analogy ( purpose4 ,?us we c reg>d natural beauty z ! pres5tation ( ! concept ( ! =mal 7m]ely subjective7 purposiv5ess1 & natural purposes z ! pres5tation ( ! concept ( a real 7objective7 purposiv5ess4 ,! =m] ( ^! we judge ( by ,ta/e 7ae/hetically1 by ! m$ium ( ! feel+ ( pleasure71 ! latt] by ,und]/&+ & ,reason 7logically1 accord+ to concepts74 ,on ?is is bas$ ! division ( ! ,critique ( ,judgem5t into ! ,critique ( ae/hetical & ( teleological ,judgem5t4 ,by ! fir/ we und]/& ! faculty ( judg+ ( ! =mal purposiv5ess 7o!rwise call$ subjective7 ( ,nature by means ( ! feel+ ( pleasure or pa92 by ! second ! faculty ( judg+ its real 7objective7 purposiv5ess by means ( ,und]/&+ & ,reason4 ,9 a ,critique ( ,judgem5t ! "p conta9+ ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t is ess5tial1 because ?is alone conta9s a pr9ciple :i* ! ,judgem5t places q a priori at ! basis ( its reflection ^u nature2 viz41 ! pr9ciple ( a =mal purposiv5ess ( nature1 accord+ to its p>ticul> 7empirical7 laws1 = our cognitive faculty1 )\t :i* ! ,und]/&+ c\ld n f9d itself 9 nature4 ,on ! o!r h& no reason a priori c\ld be specifi$1--& ev5 ! possibility ( a reason w\ld n be app>5t f ! concept ( nature z an object ( exp]i5ce :e!r g5]al or p>ticul>1--:y !re %\ld be objective purposes ( nature1 i4e4 ?+s :i* are only possible z natural purposes2 b ! ,judgem5t1 )\t conta9+ su* a pr9ciple a priori 9 itself1 9 giv5 cases 7( c]ta9 products71 9 ord] to make use ( ! concept ( purposes on behalf ( ,reason1 w\ld only conta9 ! rule accord+ to :i* t transc5d5tal pr9ciple has already prep>$ ! ,und]/&+ to apply to nature ! concept ( a purpose 7at lea/ z reg>ds its =m74 ,b ! transc5d5tal pr9ciple :i* repres5ts a purposiv5ess ( nature 79 subjective ref]5ce to our cognitive faculty7 9 ! =m ( a ?+ z a pr9ciple by :i* we judge ( nature1 leaves x q undet]m9$ :]e & 9 :at cases ,i h to judge ( a product accord+ to a pr9ciple ( purposiv5ess1 & n r accord+ to univ]sal natural laws4 ,x leaves x to ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t to decide by ta/e ! h>mony ( ?is product 7( its =m7 ) our cognitive faculty 7s f> z ?is decision re/s n on any agreem5t ) concepts b on feel+74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,judgem5t teleologically employ$ furni%es conditions det]m9ately "u :i* some?+ 7e4g4 an organis$ body7 is to be judg$ accord+ to ! ,idea ( a purpose ( nature2 b x c adduce no fundam5tal proposition f ! concept ( nature z an object ( exp]i5ce au?oris+ x to ascribe to nature a priori a ref]5ce to purposes1 or ev5 indet]m9ately to assume ?is ( su* products 9 actual exp]i5ce4 ,! reason ( ?is is t we mu/ h _m p>ticul> exp]i5ces1 & consid] !m "u ! unity ( _! pr9ciple1 9 ord] to be able to cognise1 ev5 empirically1 objective purposiv5ess 9 a c]ta9 object4--,! ae/hetical ,judgem5t is !re=e a special faculty = judg+ ( ?+s accord+ to a rule1 b n accord+ to concepts4 ,! teleological ,judgem5t is n a special faculty1 b only ! reflective ,judgem5t 9 g5]al1 s f> z x proce$s1 z x always does 9 !oretical cognition1 accord+ to concepts2 b 9 respect ( c]ta9 objects ( nature accord+ to special pr9ciples1 viz41 ( a m]ely reflective ,judgem5t1 & n ( a ,judgem5t t det]m9es ,objects4 ,?us z reg>ds its application x belongs to ! !oretical "p ( ,philosophy2 & on acc\nt ( its special pr9ciples :i* are n det]m9ant1 z !y mu/ be 9 ,doctr9e1 x mu/ con/itute a special "p ( ! ,critique4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t contributes no?+ t[>ds ! k ( its objects1 & ?us mu/ be reckon$ z belong+ to ! criticism ( ! judg+ subject & its cognitive faculties1 only s f> z !y are susceptible ( a priori pr9ciples1 ( :atev] o!r use 7!oretical or practical7 !y may be4 ,?is is ! propa$eutic ( all ,philosophy4 ,,ix4 ,,( ,,! ,,connexion ,,( ,,! ,,legislation ,,( ,,und]/&+ ,,) ,,t ,,( ,,reason ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,! ,,judgem5t ,! ,und]/&+ legislates a priori = nature z an ,object ( s5se--= a !oretical k ( x 9 a possible exp]i5ce4 ,reason legislates a priori = fre$om & its peculi> casuality2 z ! sup]s5sible 9 ! subject1 = an uncondition$ practical k4 ,! realm ( ! natural concept "u ! "o legislation & t ( ! concept ( fre$om "u ! o!r are entirely remov$ f all mutual influ5ce :i* !y might h on "o ano!r 7ea* accord+ to its fundam5tal laws7 by ! great gulf t sep>ates ! sup]s5sible f ph5om5a4 ,! concept ( fre$om det]m9es no?+ 9 respect ( ! !oretical cognition ( nature2 & ! natural concept det]m9es no?+ 9 respect ( ! practical laws ( fre$om4 ,s f> !n x is n possible to ?r[ a bridge f ! "o realm to ! o!r4 ,b al?\gh ! det]m9+ gr\nds ( causality accord+ to ! concept ( fre$om 7& ! practical rules :i* x conta9s7 are n resid5t 9 nature1 & ! s5sible _c det]m9e ! sup]s5sible 9 ! subject1 yet ?is is possible conv]sely 7n1 to be sure1 9 respect ( ! cognition ( nature1 b z reg>ds ! effects ( ! sup]s5sible ^u ! s5sible74 ,?is 9 fact is involv$ 9 ! concept ( a causality ?r\gh fre$om1 ! effect ( :i* is to take place 9 ! _w accord+ to its =mal laws4 ,! ^w cause1 ( c\rse1 :5 us$ ( ! sup]s5sible only signifies ! gr\nd :i* det]m9es ! causality ( natural ?+s to an effect 9 accordance ) _! prop] natural laws1 al?\gh h>moni\sly ) ! =mal pr9ciple ( ! laws ( ,reason4 ,al?\gh ! possibility ( ?is _c be compreh5d$1 yet ! objection ( a contradiction alleg$ to be f\nd 9 x c be suffici5tly answ]$4#aj--,! effect 9 accordance ) ! concept ( fre$om is ! f9al purpose :i* 7or its ph5om5on 9 ! _w ( s5se7 ought to exi/2 & ! condition ( ! possibility ( ?is is presuppos$ 9 nature 79 ! nature ( ! subject z a s5sible be+1 t is1 z man74 ,! ,judgem5t presupposes ?is a priori & )\t ref]5ce to ! practical2 & ?us furni%es ! m$iat+ concept betwe5 ! concepts ( nature & t ( fre$om4 ,x makes possible ! transition f ! con=mity to law 9 accordance ) ! =m] to ! f9al purpose 9 accordance ) ! latt]1 & ?is by ! concept ( a purposiv5ess ( nature4 ,= ?us is cognis$ ! possibility ( ! f9al purpose :i* alone c be actualis$ 9 nature 9 h>mony ) its laws4 ,! ,und]/&+ by ! possibility ( its a priori laws = nature1 gives a pro( t nature is only cognis$ by u z ph5om5on2 & implies at ! same "t t x has a sup]s5sible sub/rate1 ?\gh x leaves ?is q undet]m9$4 ,! ,judgem5t by its a priori pr9ciple = ! judg+ ( nature accord+ to its possible p>ticul> laws1 makes ! sup]s5sible sub/rate 7bo? 9 u & )\t u7 det]m9able by means ( ! intellectual faculty4 ,b ! ,reason by its practical a priori law det]m9es x2 & ?us ! ,judgem5t makes possible ! transition f ! realm ( ! concept ( nature to t ( ! concept ( fre$om4 ,z reg>ds ! faculties ( ! s\l 9 g5]al1 9 _! high] aspect1 z conta9+ an autonomy2 ! ,und]/&+ is t :i* conta9s ! con/itutive pr9ciples a priori = ! cognitive faculty 7! !oretical cognition ( nature74 ,= ! feel+ ( pleasure & pa9 !re is ! ,judgem5t1 indep5d5tly ( concepts & s5sations :i* relate to ! det]m9ation ( ! faculty ( desire & c ?us be imm$iately practical4 ,= ! faculty ( desire !re is ! ,reason :i* is practical )\t ! m$iation ( any pleasure :atev]4 ,x det]m9es = ! faculty ( desire1 z a sup]ior faculty1 ! f9al purpose :i* c>ries ) x ! pure intellectual satisfaction 9 ! ,object4--,! concept =m$ by ,judgem5t ( a purposiv5ess ( nature belongs to natural concepts1 b only z a regulative pr9ciple ( ! cognitive faculty2 al?\gh ! ae/hetical judgem5t ^u c]ta9 objects 7( ,nature or ,art7 :i* occasions x is1 9 respect ( ! feel+ ( pleasure or pa91 a con/itutive pr9ciple4 ,! spontaneity 9 ! play ( ! cognitive faculties1 ! h>mony ( :i* conta9s ! gr\nd ( ?is pleasure1 makes ! above concept ( ! purposiv5ess ( nature fit to be ! m$iat+ l9k betwe5 ! realm ( ! natural concept & t ( ! concept ( fre$om 9 its effects2 :il/ at ! same "t x promotes ! s5sibility ( ! m9d = moral feel+4--,! foll[+ table may facilitate ! review ( all ! high] faculties accord+ to _! sy/ematic unity4#aa ,all ! faculties ( ! m9d ,cognitive faculties4 ,faculties ( desire4 ,feel+ ( pleasure & pa94 ,cognitive faculties ,und]/&+4 ,judgem5t4 ,reason4 ,a priori pr9ciples ,con=mity to law4 ,purposiv5ess4 ,f9al purpose4 ,application to ,nature4 ,art4 ,fre$om4 ,,! ,,critique ,,( ,,judgem5t ,,"p ,i ,,critique ,,( ,,! ,,ae/hetical ,,judgem5t ,,fir/ ,,division ,,analytic ,,( ,,! ,,ae/hetical ,,judgem5t ,,fir/ ,,book ,,analytic ,,( ,,! ,,beautiful ,,fir/ ,,mom5t ,,( ,,! ,,judgem5t ,,( ,,ta/e#ab ,,accord+ ,,to ,,quality #a4 ,! judgem5t ( ta/e is ae/hetical ,9 ord] to decide :e!r any?+ is beautiful or n1 we ref] ! repres5tation1 n by ! ,und]/&+ to ! ,object = cognition b1 by ! ,imag9ation 7p]haps 9 conjunction ) ! ,und]/&+7 to ! subject1 & its feel+ ( pleasure or pa94 ,! judgem5t ( ta/e is !re=e n a judgem5t ( cognition1 & is consequ5tly n logical b ae/hetical1 by :i* we und]/& t ^: det]m9+ gr\nd c be no o!r ?an subjective4 ,e ref]5ce ( repres5tations1 ev5 t ( s5sations1 may be objective 7& !n x signifies ! real 9 an empirical repres5tation72 save only ! ref]5ce to ! feel+ ( pleasure & pa91 by :i* no?+ 9 ! ,object is signifi$1 b ?r\gh :i* !re is a feel+ 9 ! subject1 z x is affect$ by ! repres5tation4 ,to appreh5d a regul>1 purposive build+ by means ( "o's cognitive faculty 7:e!r 9 a cle> or a confus$ way ( repres5tation7 is some?+ q diff]5t f be+ consci\s ( ?is repres5tation z connect$ ) ! s5sation ( satisfaction4 ,"h ! repres5tation is altoge!r ref]r$ to ! subject & to its feel+ ( life1 "u ! "n ( ! feel+ ( pleasure or pa94 ,?is e/abli%es a q sep>ate faculty ( di/9ction & ( judgem5t1 add+ no?+ to cognition1 b only comp>+ ! giv5 repres5tation 9 ! subject ) ! :ole faculty ( repres5tations1 ( :i* ! m9d is consci\s 9 ! feel+ ( its /ate4 ,giv5 repres5tations 9 a judgem5t c be empirical 7consequ5tly1 ae/hetical72 b ! judgem5t :i* is =m$ by means ( !m is logical1 provid$ !y are ref]r$ 9 ! judgem5t to ! ,object4 ,conv]sely1 if ! giv5 repres5tations are rational1 b are ref]r$ 9 a judgem5t simply to ! subject 7to its feel+71 ! judgem5t is s f> always ae/hetical4 #b4 ,! satisfaction :i* det]m9es ! judgem5t ( ta/e is dis9t]e/$ ,! satisfaction :i* we comb9e ) ! repres5tation ( ! exi/5ce ( an object is call$ int]e/4 ,su* satisfaction always has ref]5ce to ! faculty ( desire1 ei!r z its det]m9+ gr\nd or z necess>ily connect$ ) its det]m9+ gr\nd4 ,n[ :5 ! "q is if a ?+ is beautiful1 we d n want to "k :e!r any?+ dep5ds or c dep5d on ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+ ei!r = myself or = any "o else1 b h[ we judge x by m]e obs]vation 7intuition or reflection74 ,if any "o asks me if ,i f9d t palace beautiful :i* ,i see be=e me1 ,i may answ]3 ,i d n l ?+s ( t k9d :i* are made m]ely to be />$ at4 ,or ,i c answ] l t ,iroquois sa*em :o 0 pleas$ 9 ,p>is by no?+ m ?an by ! cook-%ops4 ,or aga9 aft] ! mann] ( ,r\sseau ,i may rebuke ! vanity ( ! great :o wa/e ! sweat ( ! p on su* sup]flu\s ?+s4 ,9 f9e ,i c\ld easily conv9ce myself t if ,i f\nd myself on an un9habit$ isl& )\t ! hope ( ev] aga9 com+ among m51 & c\ld conjure up j su* a spl5did build+ by my m]e wi%1 ,i %\ld n ev5 give myself ! tr\ble if ,i _h a suffici5tly com=table hut4 ,?is may all be admitt$ & approv$2 b we are n n[ talk+ ( ?is4 ,we wi% only to "k if ?is m]e repres5tation ( ! object is accompani$ 9 me ) satisfaction1 h[ev] indiff]5t ,i may be z reg>ds ! exi/5ce ( ! object ( ?is repres5tation4 ,we easily see t 9 say+ x is beautiful & 9 %[+ t ,i h ta/e1 ,i am conc]n$1 n ) t 9 :i* ,i dep5d on ! exi/5ce ( ! object1 b ) t :i* ,i make out ( ?is repres5tation 9 myself4 ,e "o mu/ admit t a judgem5t ab\t beauty1 9 :i* ! lea/ int]e/ m+les1 is v p>tial & is n a pure judgem5t ( ta/e4 ,we mu/ n be 9 ! lea/ prejudic$ 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+s1 b be q indiff]5t 9 ?is respect1 9 ord] to play ! judge 9 ?+s ( ta/e4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 bett] elucidate ?is proposition1 :i* is ( capital importance1 ?an by contra/+ ! pure dis9t]e/$#ac satisfaction 9 judgem5ts ( ta/e1 ) t :i* is b\nd up ) an int]e/1 especially if we c at ! same "t be c]ta9 t !re are no o!r k9ds ( int]e/ ?an ^? :i* are n[ to be specifi$4 #c4 ,! satisfaction 9 ! ,,pleasant is b\nd up ) int]e/ ,t :i* pleases ! s5ses 9 s5sation is ,,pleasant4 ,"h ! opportunity pres5ts itself ( c5sur+ a v common confusion ( ! d\ble s5se :i* ! ^w s5sation c h1 & ( call+ att5tion to x4 ,all satisfaction 7x is said or ?\ght7 is itself s5sation 7( a pleasure74 ,consequ5tly ev]y?+ t pleases is pleasant because x pleases 7& accord+ to its diff]5t degrees or its relations to o!r pleasant s5sations x is agreeable1 lovely1 delightful1 enjoyable1 etc474 ,b if ?is be admitt$1 !n impressions ( ,s5se :i* det]m9e ! incl9ation1 fundam5tal propositions ( ,reason :i* det]m9e ! ,w1 m]e reflective =ms ( intuition :i* det]m9e ! ,judgem5t1 are q ! same1 z reg>ds ! effect ^u ! feel+ ( pleasure4 ,= ?is w\ld be pleasantness 9 ! s5sation ( "o's /ate1 & s9ce 9 ! end all ! op]ations ( our faculties mu/ issue 9 ! practical & unite 9 x z _! goal1 we c\ld suppose no o!r way ( e/imat+ ?+s & _! wor? ?an t :i* consi/s 9 ! gratification t !y promise4 ,x is ( no consequ5ce at all h[ ?is is atta9$1 & s9ce !n ! *oice ( means alone c\ld make a diff]5ce1 m5 c\ld inde$ blame "o ano!r = /upidity & indiscretion1 b nev] = bas5ess & wick$ness4 ,= all1 ea* accord+ to 8 own way ( see+ ?+s1 seek "o goal1 t is1 gratification4 ,if a det]m9ation ( ! feel+ ( pleasure or pa9 is call$ s5sation1 ?is expression signifies some?+ q diff]5t f :at ,i mean :5 ,i call ! repres5tation ( a ?+ 7by s5se1 z a receptivity belong+ to ! cognitive faculty7 s5sation4 ,= 9 ! latt] case ! repres5tation is ref]r$ to ! ,object1 9 ! =m] simply to ! subject1 & is available = no cognition :atev]1 n ev5 = t by :i* ! subject cognises itself4 ,9 ! above elucidation we und]/& by ! ^w s5sation1 an objective repres5tation ( s5se2 & 9 ord] to avoid mis9t]pretation1 we %all call t1 :i* mu/ always rema9 m]ely subjective & c con/itute absolutely no repres5tation ( an object1 by ! ord9>y t]m 8feel+40 ,! gre5 col\r ( ! mead[s belongs to objective s5sation1 z a p]ception ( an object ( s5se2 ! pleasantness ( ?is belongs to subjective s5sation by :i* no object is repres5t$1 i4e4 to feel+1 by :i* ! object is consid]$ z an ,object ( satisfaction 7:i* does n furni% a cognition ( x74 ,n[ t a judgem5t ab\t an object1 by :i* ,i describe x z pleasant1 expresses an int]e/ 9 x1 is pla9 f ! fact t by s5sation x excites a desire = objects ( t k9d2 consequ5tly ! satisfaction presupposes n ! m]e judgem5t ab\t x1 b ! relation ( its exi/5ce to my /ate1 s f> z ?is is affect$ by su* an ,object4 ,h5ce we d n m]ely say ( ! pleasant1 x pleases2 b1 x gratifies4 ,i give to x no m]e approval1 b incl9ation is ar\s$ by x2 & 9 ! case ( :at is pleasant 9 ! mo/ lively fa%ion1 !re is no judgem5t at all ^u ! "* ( ! ,object1 = ^? :o always lay !mselves out only = enjoym5t 7= t is ! ^w describ+ int5se gratification7 w\ld fa9 disp5se ) all judgem5t4 #d4 ,! satisfaction 9 ! ,,good is b\nd up ) int]e/ ,:atev] by means ( ,reason pleases ?r\gh ! m]e concept is ,,good4 ,t :i* pleases only z a means we call good = some?+ 7! useful72 b t :i* pleases = itself is good 9 itself4 ,9 bo? !re is always involv$ ! concept ( a purpose1 & consequ5tly ! relation ( ,reason to ! 7at lea/ possible7 volition1 & ?us a satisfaction 9 ! pres5ce ( an ,object or an action1 i4e4 "s k9d ( int]e/4 ,9 ord] to f9d any?+ good1 ,i mu/ always "k :at sort ( a ?+ ! object ought to be1 i4e4 ,i mu/ h a concept ( x4 ,b !re is no ne$ ( ?is1 to f9d a ?+ beautiful4 ,fl[]s1 free del9eations1 outl9es int]tw9$ ) "o ano!r )\t design & call$ foliage1 h no mean+1 dep5d on no def9ite concept1 & yet !y please4 ,! satisfaction 9 ! beautiful mu/ dep5d on ! reflection ^u an object1 lead+ to any concept 7h[ev] indef9ite72 & x is ?us di/+ui%$ f ! pleasant :i* re/s entirely ^u s5sation4 ,x is true1 ! ,pleasant seems 9 _m cases to be ! same z ! ,good4 ,?us p are accu/om$ to say t all gratification 7especially if x la/s7 is good 9 itself2 :i* is v mu* ! same z to say t la/+ pleasure & ! good are ! same4 ,b we c soon see t ?is is m]ely a confusion ( words2 = ! concepts :i* prop]ly belong to ^! expressions c 9 no way be int]*ang$4 ,! pleasant1 :i*1 z su*1 repres5ts ! object simply 9 relation to ,s5se1 mu/ fir/ be br\ght by ! concept ( a purpose "u pr9ciples ( ,reason1 9 ord] to call x good1 z an object ( ! ,w4 ,b t !re is involv$ a q diff]5t relation to satisfaction 9 call+ t :i* gratifies at ! same "t good1 may be se5 f ! fact t 9 ! case ( ! good ! "q always is1 :e!r x is m$iately or imm$iately good 7useful or good 9 itself72 b on ! contr>y 9 ! case ( ! pleasant !re c be no "q ab\t ?is at all1 = ! ^w always signifies some?+ :i* pleases imm$iately4 7,! same is applicable to :at ,i call beautiful47 ,ev5 9 common spee* m5 di/+ui% ! ,pleasant f ! ,good4 ,( a di% :i* /imulates ! ta/e by spices & o!r condim5ts we say unhesitat+ly t x is pleasant1 ?\gh x is at ! same "t admitt$ n to be good2 = ?\gh x imm$iately delights ! s5ses1 yet m$iately1 i4e4 consid]$ by ,reason :i* looks to ! aft] results1 x displeases4 ,ev5 9 ! judg+ ( heal? we may notice ?is di/9ction4 ,x is imm$iately pleasant to e "o possess+ x 7at lea/ negatively1 i4e4 z ! abs5ce ( all bodily pa9s74 ,b 9 ord] to say t x is good1 x mu/ be consid]$ by ,reason ) ref]5ce to purposes2 viz4 t x is a /ate :i* makes u fit = all our bus9ess4 ,f9ally 9 respect ( happ9ess e "o believes himself entitl$ to describe ! greate/ sum ( ! pleasantnesses ( life 7z reg>ds bo? _! numb] & _! duration7 z a true1 ev5 z ! highe/1 good4 ,h[ev] ,reason is oppos$ to ?is4 ,pleasantness is enjoym5t4 ,& if we 7 conc]n$ ) ?is alone1 x w\ld be fooli% to be scrupul\s z reg>ds ! means :i* procure x = u1 or to c>e :e!r x is obta9$ passively by ! b\nty ( nature or by our own activity & "w4 ,b ,reason c nev] be p]suad$ t ! exi/5ce ( a man :o m]ely lives = enjoym5t 7h[ev] busy he may be 9 ?is po9t ( view71 has a wor? 9 itself2 ev5 if he at ! same "t is conducive z a means to ! be/ enjoym5t ( o!rs1 & %>es 9 all _! gratifications by sympa?y4 ,only :at he does1 )\t ref]5ce to enjoym5t1 9 full fre$om & indep5d5tly ( :at nature c procure = him passively1 gives an absolute#ad wor? to 8 be+1 z ! exi/5ce ( a p]son2 & happ9ess1 ) ! :ole abundance ( its pleasures1 is f> f be+ an uncondition$ good4#ae ,h[ev]1 not)/&+ all ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! pleasant & ! good1 !y bo? agree 9 ?is t !y are always b\nd up ) an int]e/ 9 _! object4 ,?is is true n only ( ! pleasant7 #c71 & ! m$iate good 7! useful7 :i* is pleas+ z a means t[>ds pleasantness some:]e1 b also ( t :i* is good absolutely & 9 e aspect1 viz4 moral good1 :i* br+s ) x ! highe/ int]e/4 ,= ! good is ! ,object ( w 7i4e4 ( a faculty ( desire det]m9$ by ,reason74 ,b to w some?+1 & to h a satisfaction 9 its exi/5ce1 i4e4 to take an int]e/ 9 x1 are id5tical4 #e4 ,comp>ison ( ! ?ree specifically diff]5t k9ds ( satisfaction ,! pleasant & ! good h bo? a ref]5ce to ! faculty ( desire2 & !y br+ ) !m--! =m] a satisfaction pa?ologically condition$ 7by impulses1 /imuli7--! latt] a pure practical satisfaction1 :i* is det]m9$ n m]ely by ! repres5tation ( ! object1 b also by ! repres5t$ connexion ( ! subject ) ! exi/5ce ( ! object4 ,x is n m]ely ! object t pleases1 b also its exi/5ce4#af ,on ! o!r h&1 ! judgem5t ( ta/e is m]ely contemplative2 i4e4 x is a judgem5t :i*1 indiff]5t z reg>ds ! be+ ( an object1 comp>es its "* ) ! feel+ ( pleasure & pa94 ,b ?is contemplation itself is n direct$ to concepts2 = ! judgem5t ( ta/e is n a cognitive judgem5t 7ei!r !oretical or practical71 & ?us is n bas$ on concepts1 nor has x concepts z its purpose4 ,! ,pleasant1 ! ,beautiful1 & ! ,good1 designate !n1 ?ree diff]5t relations ( repres5tations to ! feel+ ( pleasure & pa91 9 ref]5ce to :i* we di/+ui% f ea* o!r objects or me?ods ( repres5t+ !m4 ,& ! expressions correspond+ to ea*1 by :i* we m>k our complac5cy 9 !m1 are n ! same4 ,t :i* ,,gratifies a man is call$ pleasant2 t :i* m]ely ,,pleases him is beautiful2 t :i* is ,,e/eem$ or approv$#ag by him1 i4e4 t to :i* he accords an objective wor?1 is good4 ,pleasantness conc]ns irrational animals also2 b ,beauty only conc]ns m51 i4e4 animal1 b /ill rational1 be+s--n m]ely qu rational 7e4g4 spirits71 b qu animal also2 & ! ,good conc]ns e rational be+ 9 g5]al4 ,?is is a proposition :i* c only be completely e/abli%$ & expla9$ 9 ! sequel4 ,we may say t ( all ^! ?ree k9ds ( satisfaction1 t ( ta/e 9 ! ,beautiful is alone a dis9t]e/$ & free satisfaction2 = no int]e/1 ei!r ( ,s5se or ( ,reason1 "h =ces our ass5t4 ,h5ce we may say ( satisfaction t x is relat$ 9 ! ?ree a=esaid cases to incl9ation1 to fav\r1 or to respect4 ,n[ fav\r is ! only free satisfaction4 ,an object ( incl9ation1 & "o t is propos$ to our desire by a law ( ,reason1 leave u no fre$om 9 =m+ = ourselves any:]e an object ( pleasure4 ,all int]e/ presupposes or g5]ates a want2 &1 z ! det]m9+ gr\nd ( ass5t1 x leaves ! judgem5t ab\t ! object no long] free4 ,z reg>ds ! int]e/ ( incl9ation 9 ! case ( ! ,pleasant1 e "o says t hung] is ! be/ sauce1 & ev]y?+ t is eatable is reli%$ by p ) a heal?y appetite2 & ?us a satisfaction ( ?is sort does n indicate *oice direct$ by ta/e4 ,x is only :5 ! want is appeas$ t we c di/+ui% :i* ( _m m5 has or has n ta/e4 ,9 ! same way !re may be mann]s 7conduct7 )\t virtue1 polit5ess )\t goodwill1 decorum )\t mode/y1 etc4 ,= :]e ! moral law speaks !re is no long]1 objectively1 a free *oice z reg>ds :at is to be done2 & to display ta/e 9 its fulfilm5t 7or 9 judg+ ( ano!r's fulfilm5t ( x7 is some?+ q diff]5t f manife/+ ! moral attitude ( ?\ght4 ,= ?is involves a comm& & g5]ates a want1 :il/ moral ta/e only plays ) ! objects ( satisfaction1 )\t atta*+ itself to "o ( !m4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,beautiful ,,result+ ,,f ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mom5t ,ta/e is ! faculty ( judg+ ( an object or a me?od ( repres5t+ x by an entirely dis9t]e/$ satisfaction or dissatisfaction4 ,! object ( su* satisfaction is call$ beautiful4#ah ,,second ,,mom5t ,,( ,,! ,,judgem5t ,,( ,,ta/e1 ,,viz4 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,quantity #f4 ,! beautiful is t :i* ap>t f concepts is repres5t$ z ! object ( a univ]sal satisfaction ,?is explanation ( ! beautiful c be d]iv$ f ! prec$+ explanation ( x z ! object ( an entirely dis9t]e/$ satisfaction4 ,= ! fact ( :i* e "o is consci\s1 t ! satisfaction is = him q dis9t]e/$1 implies 9 8 judgem5t a gr\nd ( satisfaction = e "o4 ,= s9ce x does n re/ on any incl9ation ( ! subject 7nor ^u any o!r prem$itat$ int]e/71 b s9ce he :o judges feels himself q free z reg>ds ! satisfaction :i* he atta*es to ! object1 he _c f9d ! gr\nd ( ?is satisfaction 9 any private conditions connect$ ) 8 own subject2 & h5ce x mu/ be reg>d$ z gr\nd$ on :at he c presuppose 9 e o!r man4 ,consequ5tly he mu/ believe t he has reason = attribut+ a simil> satisfaction to e "o4 ,he w !re=e speak ( ! beautiful1 z if beauty 7 a *>act]i/ic ( ! object & ! judgem5t logical 7con/itut+ a cognition ( ! ,object by means ( concepts ( x72 al?\gh x is only ae/hetical & involves m]ely a ref]5ce ( ! repres5tation ( ! object to ! subject4 ,= x has ?is simil>ity to a logical judgem5t t we c presuppose its validity = e "o4 ,b ?is univ]sality _c arise f concepts2 = f concepts !re is no transition to ! feel+ ( pleasure or pa9 7except 9 pure practical laws1 :i* br+ an int]e/ ) !m su* z is n b\nd up ) ! pure judgem5t ( ta/e74 ,consequ5tly ! judgem5t ( ta/e1 accompani$ ) ! consci\sness ( sep>ation f all int]e/1 mu/ claim validity = e "o1 )\t ?is univ]sality dep5d+ on ,objects4 ,t is1 !re mu/ be b\nd up ) x a title to subjective univ]sality4 #g4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,beautiful ) ! ,pleasant & ! ,good by means ( ! above *>act]i/ic ,z reg>ds ! ,pleasant e "o is cont5t t 8 judgem5t1 :i* he bases ^u private feel+1 & by :i* he says ( an object t x pleases him1 %\ld be limit$ m]ely to 8 own p]son4 ,?us he is q cont5t$ t if he says 8,can>y w9e is pleasant10 ano!r man may correct 8 expression & rem9d him t he ought to say 8,x is pleasant to me40 ,& ?is is ! case n only z reg>ds ! ta/e ( ! tongue1 ! palate1 & ! ?roat1 b = :atev] is pleasant to any "o's eyes & e>s4 ,to "o violet col\r is s(t & lovely1 to ano!r x is fad$ & dead4 ,"o man likes ! tone ( w9d in/rum5ts1 ano!r t ( /r+s4 ,to /rive "h ) ! design ( reprov+ z incorrect ano!r man's judgem5t :i* is diff]5t f our own1 z if ! judgem5ts 7 logically oppos$1 w\ld be folly4 ,z reg>ds ! pleasant !re=e ! fundam5tal proposition is valid1 e "o has 8 own ta/e 7! ta/e ( ,s5se74 ,! case is q diff]5t ) ! ,beautiful4 ,x w\ld 7on ! contr>y7 be laughable if a man :o imag9$ any?+ to 8 own ta/e1 ?\ght to ju/ify himself by say+3 8,?is object 7! h\se we see1 ! coat t p]son we>s1 ! conc]t we he>1 ! poem submitt$ to our judgem5t7 is beautiful = me40 ,= he mu/ n call x beautiful if x m]ely pleases himself4 ,_m ?+s may h = him *>m & pleasantness2 no "o tr\bles himself at t2 b if he gives out any?+ z beautiful1 he supposes 9 o!rs ! same satisfaction--he judges n m]ely = himself1 b = e "o1 & speaks ( beauty z if x 7 a prop]ty ( ?+s4 ,h5ce he says 8! ?+ is beautiful02 & he does n c\nt on ! agreem5t ( o!rs ) ?is 8 judgem5t ( satisfaction1 because he has f\nd ?is agreem5t sev]al times be=e1 b he dem&s x ( !m4 ,he blames !m if !y judge o!rwise & he d5ies !m ta/e1 :i* he nev]!less requires f !m4 ,"h !n we _c say t ea* man has 8 own p>ticul> ta/e4 ,= ?is w\ld be z mu* z to say t !re is no ta/e :atev]2 i4e4 no ae/hetical judgem5t1 :i* c make a rightful claim ^u e "o's ass5t4 ,at ! same "t we f9d z reg>ds ! ,pleasant t !re is an agreem5t among m5 9 _! judgem5ts ^u x1 9 reg>d to :i* we d5y ,ta/e to "s & attribute x to o!rs2 by ?is n mean+ "o ( our organic s5ses1 b a faculty ( judg+ 9 respect ( ! pleasant g5]ally4 ,?us we say ( a man :o kn[s h[ to ent]ta9 8 gue/s ) pleasures 7( enjoym5t = all ! s5ses71 s t !y are all pleas$1 8he has ta/e40 ,b "h ! univ]sality is only tak5 comp>atively2 & !re em]ge rules :i* are only g5]al 7l all empirical ones71 & n univ]sal2 :i* latt] ! judgem5t ( ,ta/e ^u ! beautiful und]takes or lays claim to4 ,x is a judgem5t 9 ref]5ce to sociability1 s f> z ?is re/s on empirical rules4 ,9 respect ( ! ,good x is true t judgem5ts make rightful claim to validity = e "o2 b ! ,good is repres5t$ only by means ( a concept z ! ,object ( a univ]sal satisfaction1 :i* is ! case nei!r ) ! ,pleasant nor ) ! ,beautiful4 #h4 ,! univ]sality ( ! satisfaction is repres5t$ 9 a judgem5t ( ,ta/e only z subjective ,?is p>ticul> det]m9ation ( ! univ]sality ( an ae/hetical judgem5t1 :i* is to be met ) 9 a judgem5t ( ta/e1 is notewor?y1 n inde$ = ! logician1 b = ! transc5d5tal philosoph]4 ,x requires no small tr\ble to discov] its orig91 b we ?us detect a prop]ty ( our cognitive faculty :i* )\t ?is analysis w\ld rema9 unkn[n4 ,fir/1 we mu/ be fully conv9c$ ( ! fact t 9 a judgem5t ( ta/e 7ab\t ! ,beautiful7 ! satisfaction 9 ! object is imput$ to e "o1 )\t be+ bas$ on a concept 7= !n x w\ld be ! ,good74 ,fur!r1 ?is claim to univ]sal validity s ess5tially belongs to a judgem5t by :i* we describe any?+ z beautiful1 t if ?is 7 n ?\ght 9 x1 x w\ld nev] come into our ?\ghts to use ! expression at all1 b ev]y?+ :i* pleases )\t a concept w\ld be c\nt$ z pleasant4 ,9 respect ( ! latt] e "o has 8 own op9ion2 & no "o assumes1 9 ano!r1 agreem5t ) 8 judgem5t ( ta/e1 :i* is always ! case 9 a judgem5t ( ta/e ab\t beauty4 ,i may call ! fir/ ! ta/e ( ,s5se1 ! second ! ta/e ( ,reflection2 s f> z ! fir/ lays d[n m]e private judgem5ts1 & ! second judgem5ts suppos$ to be g5]ally valid 7public71 b 9 bo? cases ae/hetical 7n practical7 judgem5ts ab\t an object m]ely 9 respect ( ! relation ( its repres5tation to ! feel+ ( pleasure & pa94 ,n[ "h is some?+ /range4 ,z reg>ds ! ta/e ( ,s5se n only does exp]i5ce %[ t its judgem5t 7( pleasure or pa9 connect$ ) any?+7 is n valid univ]sally1 b e "o is cont5t n to impute agreem5t ) x to o!rs 7al?\gh actually !re is (t5 f\nd a v ext5d$ concurr5ce 9 ^! judgem5ts74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ta/e ( ,reflection has its claim to ! univ]sal validity ( its judgem5ts 7ab\t ! beautiful7 reject$ (t5 en\gh1 z exp]i5ce tea*es2 al?\gh x may f9d x possible 7z x actually does7 to repres5t judgem5ts :i* c dem& ?is univ]sal agreem5t4 ,9 fact = ea* ( its judgem5ts ( ta/e x imputes ?is to e "o1 )\t ! p]sons t judge disput+ z to ! possibility ( su* a claim2 al?\gh 9 p>ticul> cases !y _c agree z to ! correct application ( ?is faculty4 ,"h we mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 rem>k t a univ]sality :i* does n re/ on concepts ( ,objects 7n ev5 on empirical ones7 is n logical b ae/hetical1 i4e4 x involves no objective quantity ( ! judgem5t b only t :i* is subjective4 ,= ?is ,i use ! expression g5]al validity :i* signifies ! validity ( ! ref]5ce ( a repres5tation1 n to ! cognitive faculty b1 to ! feel+ ( pleasure & pa9 = e subject4 7,we c avail ourselves also ( ! same expression = ! logical quantity ( ! judgem5t1 if only we prefix objective to 8univ]sal validity10 to di/+ui% x f t :i* is m]ely subjective & ae/hetical47 ,a judgem5t ) objective univ]sal validity is also always valid subjectively2 i4e4 if ! judgem5t holds = ev]y?+ conta9$ "u a giv5 concept1 x holds also = e "o :o repres5ts an object by means ( ?is concept4 ,b f a subjective univ]sal validity1 i4e4 ae/hetical & re/+ on no concept1 we _c inf] t :i* is logical2 because t k9d ( judgem5t does n ext5d to ! ,object4 ,h5ce ! ae/hetical univ]sality :i* is ascrib$ to a judgem5t mu/ be ( a p>ticul> k9d1 because x does n unite ! pr$icate ( beauty ) ! concept ( ! ,object1 consid]$ 9 its :ole logical sph]e1 & yet ext5ds x to ! :ole sph]e ( judg+ p]sons4 ,9 respect ( logical quantity all judgem5ts ( ta/e are s+ul> judgem5ts4 ,= because ,i mu/ ref] ! object imm$iately to my feel+ ( pleasure & pa91 & t n by means ( concepts1 !y _c h ! quantity ( objective g5]ally valid judgem5ts4 ,nev]!less if ! s+ul> repres5tation ( ! ,object ( ! judgem5t ( ta/e 9 accordance ) ! conditions det]m9+ ! latt]1 7 trans=m$ by comp>ison into a concept1 a logically univ]sal judgem5t c\ld result !refrom4 ,e4g4 ,i describe by a judgem5t ( ta/e ! rose1 t ,i see1 z beautiful4 ,b ! judgem5t :i* results f ! comp>ison ( sev]al s+ul> judgem5ts1 8,roses 9 g5]al are beautiful0 is no long] describ$ simply z ae/hetical1 b z a logical judgem5t bas$ on an ae/hetical "o4 ,aga9 ! judgem5t 8,! rose is pleasant0 7to smell7 is1 al?\gh ae/hetical & s+ul>1 n a judgem5t ( ,ta/e b ( ,s5se4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! =m] by ! fact t ! judgem5t ( ,ta/e c>ries ) x an ae/hetical quantity ( univ]sality1 i4e4 ( validity = e "o2 :i* _c be f\nd 9 a judgem5t ab\t ! ,pleasant4 ,x is only judgem5ts ab\t ! ,good :i*--al?\gh !y also det]m9e satisfaction 9 an object1--h logical & n m]ely ae/hetical univ]sality2 = !y are valid ( ! ,object1 z cognitive ( x1 & ?us are valid = e "o4 ,if we judge ,objects m]ely accord+ to concepts1 !n all repres5tation ( beauty is lo/4 ,?us !re c be no rule accord+ to :i* any "o is to be =c$ to recognise any?+ z beautiful4 ,we _c press ^u o!rs by ! aid ( any reasons or fundam5tal propositions our judgem5t t a coat1 a h\se1 or a fl[] is beautiful4 ,we wi% to submit ! ,object to our own eyes1 z if ! satisfaction 9 x dep5d$ on s5sation2 & yet if we !n call ! object beautiful1 we believe t we speak ) a univ]sal voice1 & we claim ! ass5t ( e "o1 al?\gh on ! contr>y all private s5sation c only decide = ! obs]v] himself & 8 satisfaction4 ,we may see n[ t 9 ! judgem5t ( ta/e no?+ is po/ulat$ b su* a univ]sal voice1 9 respect ( ! satisfaction )\t ! int]v5tion ( concepts2 & ?us ! possibility ( an ae/hetical judgem5t t c1 at ! same "t1 be reg>d$ z valid = e "o4 ,! judgem5t ( ta/e itself does n po/ulate ! agreem5t ( e "o 7= t c only be done by a logically univ]sal judgem5t because x c adduce reasons72 x only imputes ?is agreem5t to e "o1 z a case ( ! rule 9 respect ( :i* x expects1 n confirmation by concepts1 b ass5t f o!rs4 ,! univ]sal voice is1 !re=e1 only an ,idea 7we d n yet inquire ^u :at x re/s74 ,x may be unc]ta9 :e!r or n ! man1 :o believes t he is lay+ d[n a judgem5t ( ta/e1 is1 z a matt] ( fact1 judg+ 9 con=mity ) t ,idea2 b t he ref]s 8 judgem5t !reto1 &1 consequ5tly1 t x is int5d$ to be a judgem5t ( ta/e1 he ann\nces by ! expression 8beauty40 ,he c be q c]ta9 ( ?is = himself by ! m]e consci\sness ( ! sep>ation ( ev]y?+ belong+ to ! ,pleasant & ! ,good f ! satisfaction :i* is left2 & ?is is all = :i* he promises himself ! agreem5t ( e "o--a claim :i* w\ld be ju/ifiable "u ^! conditions1 provid$ only he did n (t5 make mi/akes1 & ?us lay d[n an errone\s judgem5t ( ta/e4 #i4 ,inve/igation ( ! "q :e!r 9 ! judgem5t ( ta/e ! feel+ ( pleasure prec$es or foll[s ! judg+ ( ! object ,! solution ( ?is "q is ! key to ! ,critique ( ,ta/e1 & s is wor?y ( all att5tion4 ,if ! pleasure 9 ! giv5 object prec$es1 & x is only its univ]sal communicability t is to be ackn[l$g$ 9 ! judgem5t ( ta/e ab\t ! repres5tation ( ! object1 !re w\ld be a contradiction4 ,= su* pleasure w\ld be no?+ diff]5t f ! m]e pleasantness 9 ! s5sation1 & s 9 accordance ) its nature c\ld h only private validity1 because x is imm$iately dep5d5t on ! repres5tation ?r\gh :i* ! object is giv54 ,h5ce1 x is ! univ]sal capability ( communication ( ! m5tal /ate 9 ! giv5 repres5tation :i*1 z ! subjective condition ( ! judgem5t ( ta/e1 mu/ be fundam5tal1 & mu/ h ! pleasure 9 ! object z its consequ5t4 ,b no?+ c be univ]sally communicat$ except cognition & repres5tation1 s f> z x belongs to cognition4 ,= x is only ?us t ?is latt] c be objective2 & only ?r\gh ?is has x a univ]sal po9t ( ref]5ce1 ) :i* ! repres5tative p[] ( e "o is compell$ to h>monise4 ,if ! det]m9+ gr\nd ( our judgem5t z to ?is univ]sal communicability ( ! repres5tation is to be m]ely subjective1 i4e4 is conceiv$ indep5d5tly ( any concept ( ! object1 x c be no?+ else ?an ! /ate ( m9d1 :i* is to be met ) 9 ! relation ( our repres5tative p[]s to ea* o!r1 s f> z !y ref] a giv5 repres5tation to cognition 9 g5]al4 ,! cognitive p[]s1 :i* are involv$ by ?is repres5tation1 are "h 9 free play1 because no def9ite concept limits !m to a p>ticul>#ai rule ( cognition4 ,h5ce1 ! /ate ( m9d 9 ?is repres5tation mu/ be a feel+ ( ! free play ( ! repres5tative p[]s 9 a giv5 repres5tation ) ref]5ce to a cognition 9 g5]al4 ,n[ a repres5tation by :i* an object is giv51 t is to become a cognition 9 g5]al1 requires ,imag9ation1 = ! ga!r+ toge!r ! manifold ( intuition1 & ,und]/&+1 = ! unity ( ! concept unit+ ! repres5tations4 ,?is /ate ( free play ( ! cognitive faculties 9 a repres5tation by :i* an object is giv51 mu/ be univ]sally communicable2 because cognition1 z ! det]m9ation ( ! ,object ) :i* giv5 repres5tations 79 :atev] subject7 are to agree1 is ! only k9d ( repres5tation :i* is valid = e "o4 ,! subjective univ]sal communicability ( ! mode ( repres5tation 9 a judgem5t ( ta/e1 s9ce x is to be possible )\t presuppos+ a def9ite concept1 c ref] to no?+ else ?an ! /ate ( m9d 9 ! free play ( ! ,imag9ation & ! ,und]/&+ 7s f> z !y agree ) ea* o!r1 z is requisite = cognition 9 g5]al74 ,we are consci\s t ?is subjective relation1 suitable = cognition 9 g5]al1 mu/ be valid = e "o1 & ?us mu/ be univ]sally communicable1 j z if x 7 a def9ite cognition1 re/+ always on t relation z its subjective condition4 ,?is m]ely subjective 7ae/hetical7 judg+ ( ! object1 or ( ! repres5tation by :i* x is giv51 prec$es ! pleasure 9 x1 & is ! gr\nd ( ?is pleasure 9 ! h>mony ( ! cognitive faculties2 b on ! univ]sality ( ! subjective conditions = judg+ ( objects is alone bas$ ! univ]sal subjective validity ( ! satisfaction b\nd up by u ) ! repres5tation ( ! object t we call beautiful4 ,! p[] ( communicat+ "o's /ate ( m9d1 ev5 ?\gh only 9 respect ( ! cognitive faculties1 c>ries a pleasure ) x1 z we c easily %[ f ! natural prop5sion ( man t[>ds sociability 7empirical & psy*ological74 ,b ?is is n en\gh = our design4 ,! pleasure t we feel is1 9 a judgem5t ( ta/e1 necess>ily imput$ by u to e "o else2 z if1 :5 we call a ?+ beautiful1 x is to be reg>d$ z a *>act]i/ic ( ! object :i* is det]m9$ 9 x accord+ to concepts2 ?\gh beauty1 )\t a ref]5ce to ! feel+ ( ! subject1 is no?+ by itself4 ,b we mu/ res]ve ! exam9ation ( ?is "q until we h answ]$ ano!r1 viz4 8,if & h[ ae/hetical judgem5ts are possible a priori80 ,we n[ occupy ourselves ) ! easi] "q1 9 :at way we are consci\s ( a mutual subjective h>mony ( ! cognitive p[]s ) "o ano!r 9 ! judgem5t ( ta/e2 is x ae/hetically by m]e int]nal s5se & s5sation8 or is x intellectually by ! consci\sness ( our design$ activity1 by :i* we br+ !m into play8 ,if ! giv5 repres5tation1 :i* occasions ! judgem5t ( ta/e1 7 a concept unit+ ,und]/&+ & ,imag9ation 9 ! judg+ ( ! object1 into a cognition ( ! ,object1 ! consci\sness ( ?is relation w\ld be intellectual 7z 9 ! objective s*ematism ( ! ,judgem5t ( :i* ! ,critique#bj treats74 ,b !n ! judgem5t w\ld n be laid d[n 9 ref]5ce to pleasure & pa91 & consequ5tly w\ld n be a judgem5t ( ta/e4 ,b ! judgem5t ( ta/e1 indep5d5tly ( concepts1 det]m9es ! ,object 9 respect ( satisfaction & ( ! pr$icate ( beauty4 ,!re=e t subjective unity ( relation c only make itself kn[n by means ( s5sation4 ,! excitem5t ( bo? faculties 7,imag9ation & ,und]/&+7 to indet]m9ate1 b yet1 ?r\gh ! /imulus ( ! giv5 s5sation1 h>moni\s activity1 viz4 t :i* belongs to cognition 9 g5]al1 is ! s5sation ^: univ]sal communicability is po/ulat$ by ! judgem5t ( ta/e4 ,an objective relation c only be ?\ght1 b yet1 s f> z x is subjective accord+ to its conditions1 c be felt 9 its effect on ! m9d2 &1 ( a relation bas$ on no concept 7l ! relation ( ! repres5tative p[]s to a cognitive faculty 9 g5]al71 no o!r consci\sness is possible ?an t ?r\gh ! s5sation ( ! effect1 :i* consi/s 9 ! m lively play ( bo? m5tal p[]s 7! ,imag9ation & ! ,und]/&+7 :5 animat$ by mutual agreem5t4 ,a repres5tation :i*1 z s+ul> & ap>t f comp>ison ) o!rs1 yet has an agreem5t ) ! conditions ( univ]sality :i* x is ! bus9ess ( ! ,und]/&+ to supply1 br+s ! cognitive faculties into t proportionate accord :i* we require = all cognition1 & s reg>d z hold+ = e "o :o is det]m9$ to judge by means ( ,und]/&+ & ,s5se 9 comb9ation 7i4e4 = e man74 ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,beautiful ,,result+ ,,f ,,! ,,second ,,mom5t ,! beautiful is t :i* pleases univ]sally1 )\t a concept4 ,,?ird ,,mom5t ,,( ,,judgem5ts ,,( ,,ta/e1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,purposes ,,:i* ,,are ,,br\ght ,,into ,,consid]ation ,,!re94 #aj4 ,( purposiv5ess 9 g5]al ,if we wi% to expla9 :at a purpose is accord+ to its transc5d5tal det]m9ations 7)\t presuppos+ any?+ empirical l ! feel+ ( pleasure7 we say t ! purpose is ! object ( a concept1 9 s f> z ! concept is reg>d$ z ! cause ( ! object 7! real gr\nd ( its possibility72 & ! causality ( a concept 9 respect ( its ,object is its purposiv5ess 7=ma f9alis74 ,:]e !n n m]ely ! cognition ( an object1 b ! object itself 7its =m & exi/5ce7 is ?\ght z an effect only possible by means ( ! concept ( ?is latt]1 !re we ?9k a purpose4 ,! repres5tation ( ! effect is "h ! det]m9+ gr\nd ( its cause & prec$es x4 ,! consci\sness ( ! causality ( a repres5tation1 = ma9ta9+ ! subject 9 ! same /ate1 may "h g5]ally d5ote :at we call pleasure2 :ile on ! o!r h& pa9 is t repres5tation :i* conta9s ! gr\nd ( ! det]m9ation ( ! /ate ( repres5tations into _! opposite ( re/ra9+ or remov+ !m#ba4 ,! faculty ( desire1 s f> z x is det]m9able only ?r\gh concepts1 i4e4 to act 9 con=mity ) ! repres5tation ( a purpose1 w\ld be ! ,w4 ,b an ,object1 or a /ate ( m9d1 or ev5 an action1 is call$ purposive1 al?\gh its possibility does n necess>ily presuppose ! repres5tation ( a purpose1 m]ely because its possibility c be expla9$ & conceiv$ by u only s f> z we assume = its gr\nd a causality accord+ to purposes1 i4e4 a w :i* w\ld h s dispos$ x accord+ to ! repres5tation ( a c]ta9 rule4 ,!re c be1 !n1 purposiv5ess )\t#bb purpose1 s f> z we d n place ! causes ( ?is =m 9 a w1 b yet c only make ! explanation ( its possibility intelligible to ourselves by d]iv+ x f a w4 ,aga91 we are n always =c$ to reg>d :at we obs]ve 79 respect ( its possibility7 f ! po9t ( view ( ,reason4 ,?us we c at lea/ obs]ve a purposiv5ess accord+ to =m1 )\t bas+ x on a purpose 7z ! mat]ial ( ! nexus f9alis71 & we c notice x 9 objects1 al?\gh only by reflection4 #aa4 ,! judgem5t ( ta/e has no?+ at its basis b ! =m ( ! purposiv5ess ( an object 7or ( its mode ( repres5tation7 ,e purpose1 if x be reg>d$ z a gr\nd ( satisfaction1 always c>ries ) x an int]e/--z ! det]m9+ gr\nd ( ! judgem5t--ab\t ! object ( pleasure4 ,!re=e no subjective purpose c lie at ! basis ( ! judgem5t ( ta/e4 ,b nei!r c ! judgem5t ( ta/e be det]m9$ by any repres5tation ( an objective purpose1 i4e4 ( ! possibility ( ! object itself 9 accordance ) pr9ciples ( purposive comb9ation1 & consequ5tly x c be det]m9$ by no concept ( ! good2 because x is an ae/hetical & n a cognitive judgem5t4 ,x !re=e has to d ) no concept ( ! "* & int]nal or ext]nal possibility ( ! object by means ( ?is or t cause1 b m]ely ) ! relation ( ! repres5tative p[]s to "o ano!r1 s f> z !y are det]m9$ by a repres5tation4 ,n[ ?is relation 9 ! det]m9ation ( an object z beautiful is b\nd up ) ! feel+ ( pleasure1 :i* is decl>$ by ! judgem5t ( ta/e to be valid = e "o2 h5ce a pleasantness1 accompany+ ! repres5tation1 c z little conta9 ! det]m9+ gr\nd ( ! judgem5t z ! repres5tation ( ! p]fection ( ! object & ! concept ( ! good c4 ,!re=e x c be no?+ else ?an ! subjective purposiv5ess 9 ! repres5tation ( an object )\t any purpose 7ei!r objective or subjective72 & ?us x is ! m]e =m ( purposiv5ess 9 ! repres5tation by :i* an object is giv5 to u1 s f> z we are consci\s ( x1 :i* con/itutes ! satisfaction t we )\t a concept judge to be univ]sally communicable2 &1 consequ5tly1 ?is is ! det]m9+ gr\nd ( ! judgem5t ( ta/e4 #ab4 ,! judgem5t ( ta/e re/s on a priori gr\nds ,to e/abli% a priori ! connexion ( ! feel+ ( a pleasure or pa9 z an effect1 ) any repres5tation :atev] 7s5sation or concept7 z its cause1 is absolutely impossible2 = t w\ld be a p>ticul>#bc causal relation :i* 7) objects ( exp]i5ce7 c always only be cognis$ a po/]iori1 & ?r\gh ! m$ium ( exp]i5ce itself4 ,we actually h1 inde$1 9 ! ,critique ( practical ,reason1 d]iv$ f univ]sal moral concepts a priori ! feel+ ( respect 7z a special & peculi> modification ( feel+ :i* w n /rictly correspond ei!r to ! pleasure or ! pa9 t we get f empirical objects74 ,b !re we c\ld g beyond ! b\nds ( exp]i5ce & call 9 a causality :i* re/$ on a sup]s5sible attribute ( ! subject1 viz4 fre$om4 ,& ev5 !re1 prop]ly speak+1 x 0 n ?is feel+ :i* we d]iv$ f ! ,idea ( ! moral z cause1 b m]ely ! det]m9ation ( ! w4 ,b ! /ate ( m9d :i* accompanies any det]m9ation ( ! w is 9 itself a feel+ ( pleasure & id5tical ) x1 & !re=e does n foll[ f x z its effect4 ,?is la/ mu/ only be assum$ if ! concept ( ! moral z a good prec$e ! det]m9ation ( ! w by ! law2 = 9 t case ! pleasure t is b\nd up ) ! concept c\ld n be d]iv$ f x z f a m]e cognition4 ,n[ ! case is simil> ) ! pleasure 9 ae/hetical judgem5ts1 only t "h x is m]ely contemplative & does n br+ ab\t an int]e/ 9 ! ,object1 :i* on ! o!r h& 9 ! moral judgem5t x is practical4#bd ,! consci\sness ( ! m]e =mal purposiv5ess 9 ! play ( ! subject's cognitive p[]s1 9 a repres5tation ?r\gh :i* an object is giv51 is ! pleasure itself2 because x conta9s a det]m9+ gr\nd ( ! activity ( ! subject 9 respect ( ! excitem5t ( its cognitive p[]s1 & !re=e an inn] causality 7:i* is purposive7 9 respect ( cognition 9 g5]al )\t h[ev] be+ limit$ to any def9ite cognition2 & consequ5tly conta9s a m]e =m ( ! subjective purposiv5ess ( a repres5tation 9 an ae/hetical judgem5t4 ,?is pleasure is 9 no way practical1 nei!r l t aris+ f ! pa?ological gr\nd ( pleasantness1 nor t f ! intellectual gr\nd ( ! repres5t$ good4 ,b yet x involves causality1 viz4 ( ma9ta9+ ! /ate ( ! repres5tation itself1 & ! ex]cise ( ! cognitive p[]s )\t fur!r design4 ,we l+] ov] ! contemplation ( ! beautiful1 because ?is contemplation /r5g!ns & reproduces itself1 :i* is analog\s to 7?\gh n ( ! same k9d z7 t l+]+ :i* takes place :5 a physical *>m 9 ! repres5tation ( ! object repeat$ly ar\ses ! att5tion1 ! m9d be+ passive4 #ac4 ,! pure judgem5t ( ta/e is indep5d5t ( *>m & emotion ,e int]e/ spoils ! judgem5t ( ta/e & takes f its imp>tiality1 especially if ! purposiv5ess is n1 z ) ! int]e/ ( ,reason1 plac$ be=e ! feel+ ( pleasure b gr\nd$ on x4 ,?is la/ always happ5s 9 an ae/hetical judgem5t ^u any?+ s f> z x gratifies or grieves u4 ,h5ce judgem5ts s affect$ c lay no claim at all to a univ]sally valid satisfaction1 or at lea/ s mu* ! less claim1 9 proportion z !re are s5sations ( ?is sort among ! det]m9+ gr\nds ( ta/e4 ,t ta/e is /ill b>b>ic :i* ne$s a mixture ( *>ms & emotions 9 ord] t !re may be satisfaction1 & /ill m s if x make ^! ! measure ( its ass5t4 ,nev]!less *>ms are (t5 n only tak5 acc\nt ( 9 ! case ( beauty 7:i* prop]ly speak+ ought m]ely to be conc]n$ ) =m7 z contributory to ! ae/hetical univ]sal satisfaction2 b !y are pass$ (f z 9 !mselves beauties1 & ?us ! matt] ( satisfaction is sub/itut$ = ! =m4 ,?is misconception1 h[ev]1 l s _m o!rs :i* h some?+ true at _! basis1 may be remov$ by a c>eful def9ition ( ^! concepts4 ,a judgem5t ( ta/e on :i* *>m & emotion h no influ5ce 7al?\gh !y may be b\nd up ) ! satisfaction 9 ! beautiful71--:i* !re=e has z its det]m9+ gr\nd m]ely ! purposiv5ess ( ! =m1--is a pure judgem5t ( ta/e4 #ad4 ,elucidation by means ( examples ,ae/hetical judgem5ts c be divid$ j l !oretical 7logical7 judgem5ts into empirical & pure4 ,! fir/ ass]t pleasantness or unpleasantness2 ! second ass]t ! beauty ( an object or ( ! mann] ( repres5t+ x4 ,! =m] are judgem5ts ( ,s5se 7mat]ial ae/hetical judgem5ts72 ! latt] z =mal#be are alone /rictly judgem5ts ( ,ta/e4 ,a judgem5t ( ta/e is !re=e pure1 only s f> z no m]ely empirical satisfaction is m+l$ ) its det]m9+ gr\nd4 ,b ?is always happ5s if *>m or emotion h any %>e 9 ! judgem5t by :i* any?+ is to be describ$ z beautiful4 ,n[ "h _m objections pres5t !mselves1 :i* fallaci\sly put =w>d *>m n m]ely z a necess>y +r$i5t ( beauty1 b z alone suffici5t to ju/ify a ?+'s be+ call$ beautiful4 ,a m]e col\r1 e4g4 ! gre5 ( a grass plot1 a m]e tone 7z di/+ui%$ f s\nd & noise7 l t ( a viol91 are by mo/ p describ$ z beautiful 9 !mselves2 al?\gh bo? seem to h at _! basis m]ely ! matt] ( repres5tations1 viz4 simply s5sation1 & !re=e only des]ve to be call$ pleasant4 ,b we mu/ at ! same "t rem>k t ! s5sations ( col\rs & ( tone h a "r to be reg>d$ z beautiful only 9 s f> z !y are pure4 ,?is is a det]m9ation :i* conc]ns _! =m1 & is ! only elem5t ( ^! repres5tations :i* admits ) c]ta9ty ( univ]sal communicability2 = we _c assume t ! quality ( s5sations is ! same 9 all subjects1 & we c h>dly say t ! pleasantness ( "o col\r or ! tone ( "o musical in/rum5t is judg$ pref]able to t ( ano!r 9 ! same#bf way by e "o4 ,if we assume ) ,eul] t col\rs are iso*ron\s vibrations 7pulsus7 ( ! ae!r1 z s\nds are ( ! air 9 a /ate ( di/urbance1 &1--:at is mo/ important1--t ! m9d n only p]ceives by s5se ! effect ( ^! 9 excit+ ! organ1 b also p]ceives by reflection ! regul> play ( impressions 7& ?us ! =m ( ! comb9ation ( diff]5t repres5tations7 :i* ,i /ill d n d\bt#bg--!n col\rs & tone _c be reckon$ z m]e s5sations1 b z ! =mal det]m9ation ( ! unity ( a manifold ( s5sations1 & ?us z beauties 9 !mselves4 ,b 8pure0 9 a simple mode ( s5sation means t its uni=mity is tr\bl$ & int]rupt$ by no =eign s5sation1 & x belongs m]ely to ! =m2 because "h we c ab/ract f ! quality ( t mode ( s5sation 7ab/ract f ! col\rs & tone1 if any1 :i* x repres5ts74 ,h5ce all simple col\rs1 s f> z !y are pure1 are reg>d$ z beautiful2 composite col\rs h n ?is advantage1 because1 z !y are n simple1 we h no /&>d = judg+ :e!r !y %\ld be call$ pure or n4 ,b z reg>ds ! beauty attribut$ to ! object on acc\nt ( its =m1 to suppose x to be capable ( augm5tation ?r\gh ! *>m ( ! object is a common error1 & "o v prejudicial to g5u9e1 uncorrupt$1 well-f\nd$ ta/e4 ,we c d\btless add ^! *>ms to beauty1 9 ord] to int]e/ ! m9d by ! repres5tation ( ! object1 ap>t f ! b>e satisfaction receiv$2 & ?us !y may s]ve z a recomm5dation ( ta/e & its cultivation1 especially :5 x is yet crude & unex]cis$4 ,b !y actually d injury to ! judgem5t ( ta/e if !y draw att5tion to !mselves z ! gr\nds = judg+ ( beauty4 ,s f> are !y f add+ to beauty t !y mu/ only be admitt$ by indulg5ce z ali5s2 & provid$ always t !y d n di/urb ! beautiful =m1 9 cases :5 ta/e is yet weak & untra9$4 ,9 pa9t+1 sculpture1 & 9 all ! =mative arts--9 ar*itecture1 & horticulture1 s f> z !y are beautiful arts--! del9eation is ! ess5tial ?+2 & "h x is n :at gratifies 9 s5sation b :at pleases by means ( its =m t is fundam5tal = ta/e4 ,! col\rs :i* light up ! sket* belong to ! *>m2 !y may inde$ enliv5#bh ! object = s5sation1 b !y _c make x wor?y ( contemplation & beautiful4 ,9 mo/ cases !y are r limit$ by ! requirem5ts ( ! beautiful =m2 & ev5 :]e *>m is p]missible x is ennobl$ solely by ?is4 ,e =m ( ! objects ( s5se 7bo? ( ext]nal s5se & also m$iately ( int]nal7 is ei!r figure or play4 ,9 ! latt] case x is ei!r play ( figures 79 space1 viz4 pantomime & danc+71 or ! m]e play ( s5sations 79 "t74 ,! *>m ( col\rs or ( ! pleasant tones ( an in/rum5t may be add$2 b ! del9eation 9 ! fir/ case & ! composition 9 ! second con/itute ! prop] object ( ! pure judgem5t ( ta/e4 ,to say t ! purity ( col\rs & ( tones1 or _! v>iety & contra/1 seems to add to beauty1 does n mean t !y supply a homog5e\s addition to our satisfaction 9 ! =m because !y are pleasant 9 !mselves2 b !y d s1 because !y make ! =m m exactly1 def9itely1 & completely1 intuitible1 & besides by _! *>m excite ! repres5tation1 :il/ !y#bi awak5 & fix our att5tion on ! object itself4 ,ev5 :at we call ornam5ts p>]ga#bi1 i4e4 ^? ?+s :i* d n belong to ! complete repres5tation ( ! object int]nally z elem5ts b only ext]nally z complem5ts1 & :i* augm5t ! satisfaction ( ta/e1 d s only by _! =m2 z = example ! frames ( pictures1#bi or ! drap]ies ( /atues or ! colonnades ( palaces4 ,b if ! ornam5t does n itself consi/ 9 beautiful =m1 & if x is us$ z a gold5 frame is us$1 m]ely to recomm5d ! pa9t+ by its *>m1 x is !n call$ f9]y & injures g5u9e beauty4 ,emotion1 i4e4 a s5sation 9 :i* pleasantness is produc$ by means ( a mom5t>y *eck+ & a consequ5t m p[]ful outfl[ ( ! vital =ce1 does n belong at all to beauty4 ,b sublimity ) :i* ! feel+ ( emotion is b\nd up#bi requires a diff]5t /&>d ( judgem5t f t :i* is at ! f\ndation ( ta/e2 & ?us a pure judgem5t ( ta/e has = its det]m9+ gr\nd nei!r *>m nor emotion1 9 a ^w1 no s5sation z ! mat]ial ( ! ae/hetical judgem5t4 #ae4 ,! judgem5t ( ta/e is q indep5d5t ( ! concept ( p]fection ,objective purposiv5ess c only be cognis$ by means ( ! ref]5ce ( ! manifold to a def9ite purpose1 & !re=e only ?r\gh a concept4 ,f ?is alone x is pla9 t ! ,beautiful1 ! judg+ ( :i* has at its basis a m]ely =mal purposiv5ess1 i4e4 a purposiv5ess )\t purpose1 is q indep5d5t ( ! concept ( ! ,good2 because ! latt] presupposes an objective purposiv5ess1 i4e4 ! ref]5ce ( ! object to a def9ite purpose4 ,objective purposiv5ess is ei!r ext]nal1 i4e4 ! utility1 or int]nal1 i4e4 ! p]fection ( ! object4 ,t ! satisfaction 9 an object1 on acc\nt ( :i* we call x beautiful1 _c re/ on ! repres5tation ( its utility1 is suffici5tly obvi\s f ! two prec$+ sections2 because 9 t case x w\ld n be an imm$iate satisfaction 9 ! object1 :i* is ! ess5tial condition ( a judgem5t ab\t beauty4 ,b objective int]nal purposiv5ess1 i4e4 p]fection1 comes ne>] to ! pr$icate ( beauty2 & x has be5 reg>d$ by celebrat$ philosoph]s#cj z ! same z beauty1 ) ! proviso1 if x is ?\ght 9 a confus$ way4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance 9 a ,critique ( ,ta/e to decide :e!r beauty c ?us actually be resolv$ into ! concept ( p]fection4 ,to judge ( objective purposiv5ess we always ne$ n only ! concept ( a purpose1 b 7if t purposiv5ess is n to be ext]nal utility b int]nal7 ! concept ( an int]nal purpose :i* %all conta9 ! gr\nd ( ! int]nal possibility ( ! object4 ,n[ z a purpose 9 g5]al is t ^: concept c be reg>d$ z ! gr\nd ( ! possibility ( ! object itself2 s1 9 ord] to repres5t objective purposiv5ess 9 a ?+1 ! concept ( :at sort ( ?+ x is to be mu/ come fir/4 ,! agreem5t ( ! manifold 9 x ) ?is concept 7:i* furni%es ! rule = comb9+ ! manifold7 is ! qualitative p]fection ( ! ?+4 ,q diff]5t f ?is is quantitative p]fection1 ! complet5ess ( a ?+ aft] its k9d1 :i* is a m]e concept ( magnitude 7( totality74#ca ,9 ?is :at ! ?+ ought to be is conceiv$ z already det]m9$1 & x is only ask$ if x has all its requisites4 ,! =mal elem5t 9 ! repres5tation ( a ?+1 i4e4 ! agreem5t ( ! manifold ) a unity 7x be+ undet]m9$ :at ?is ought to be71 gives to cognition no objective purposiv5ess :atev]4 ,= s9ce ab/raction is made ( ?is unity z purpose 7:at ! ?+ ought to be71 no?+ rema9s b ! subjective purposiv5ess ( ! repres5tations 9 ! m9d ( ! intuit+ subject4 ,& ?is1 al?\gh x furni%es a c]ta9 purposiv5ess ( ! repres5tative /ate ( ! subject1 & s a facility ( appreh5d+ a giv5 =m by ! ,imag9ation1 yet furni%es no p]fection ( an ,object1 s9ce ! ,object is n "h conceiv$ by means ( ! concept ( a purpose4 ,= example1 if 9 a =e/ ,i come across a plot ( sw>d1 r\nd :i* trees /& 9 a circle1 & d n !n repres5t to myself a purpose1 viz4 t x is int5d$ to s]ve = c\ntry dances1 n ! lea/ concept ( p]fection is furni%$ by ! m]e =m4 ,b to repres5t to oneself a =mal objective purposiv5ess )\t purpose1 i4e4 ! m]e =m ( a p]fection 7)\t any matt] & )\t ! concept ( t ) :i* x is accordant1 ev5 if x 7 m]ely ! ,idea ( con=mity to law 9 g5]al#cb7 is a v]itable contradiction4 ,n[ ! judgem5t ( ta/e is an ae/hetical judgem5t1 i4e4 su* z re/s on subjective gr\nds1 ! det]m9+ gr\nd ( :i* _c be a concept1 & consequ5tly _c be ! concept ( a def9ite purpose4 ,!re=e 9 beauty1 reg>d$ z a =mal subjective purposiv5ess1 !re is 9 no way ?\ght a p]fection ( ! object1 z a w\ld-be =mal purposiv5ess1 :i* yet is objective4 ,& ?us to di/+ui% betwe5 ! concepts ( ! ,beautiful & ! ,good1 z if !y 7 only diff]5t 9 logical =m1 ! fir/ be+ a confus$1 ! second a cle> concept ( p]fection1 b id5tical 9 cont5t & orig91 is q fallaci\s4 ,= !n !re w\ld be no specific diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 b a judgem5t ( ta/e w\ld be z mu* a cognitive judgem5t z ! judgem5t by :i* a ?+ is describ$ z good2 j z :5 ! ord9>y man says t fraud is unju/ he bases 8 judgem5t on confus$ gr\nds1 :il/ ! philosoph] bases x on cle> gr\nds1 b bo? on id5tical pr9ciples ( ,reason4 ,i h already1 h[ev]1 said t an ae/hetical judgem5t is unique ( its k9d1 & gives absolutely no cognition 7n ev5 a confus$ cognition7 ( ! ,object2 ?is is only suppli$ by a logical judgem5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 x simply ref]s ! repres5tation1 by :i* an ,object is giv51 to ! subject2 & br+s to our notice no *>act]i/ic ( ! object1 b only ! purposive =m 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! repres5tative p[]s :i* are occupy+ !mselves !re)4 ,! judgem5t is call$ ae/hetical j because its det]m9+ gr\nd is n a concept1 b ! feel+ 7( int]nal s5se7 ( t h>mony 9 ! play ( ! m5tal p[]s1 s f> z x c be felt 9 s5sation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we wi% to call confus$ concepts & ! objective judgem5t bas$ on !m1 ae/hetical1 we %all h an ,und]/&+ judg+ s5sibly or a ,s5se repres5t+ its ,objects by means ( concepts bo? ( :i* are contradictory4#cc ,! faculty ( concepts1 be !y confus$ or cle>1 is ! ,und]/&+2 & al?\gh ,und]/&+ has to d ) ! judgem5t ( ta/e1 z an ae/hetical judgem5t 7z x has ) all judgem5ts71 yet x has to d ) x n z a faculty by :i* an object is cognis$1 b z ! faculty :i* det]m9es ! judgem5t & its repres5tation 7)\t any concept7 9 accordance ) its relation to ! subject & ! subject's int]nal feel+1 9 s f> z ?is judgem5t may be possible 9 accordance ) a univ]sal rule4 #af4 ,! judgem5t ( ta/e1 by :i* an object is decl>$ to be beautiful "u ! condition ( a def9ite concept1 is n pure ,!re are two k9ds ( beauty2 free beauty 7pul*ritudo vaga7 or m]ely dep5d5t beauty 7pul*ritudo adha]5s74 ,! fir/ presupposes no concept ( :at ! object ought to be2 ! second does presuppose su* a concept & ! p]fection ( ! object 9 accordance !re)4 ,! fir/ is call$ ! 7self-subsi/5t7 beauty ( ?is or t ?+2 ! second1 z dep5d5t ^u a concept 7condition$ beauty71 is ascrib$ to ,objects :i* come "u ! concept ( a p>ticul> purpose4 ,fl[]s are free natural beauties4 ,h>dly any "o b a botani/ kn[s :at sort ( a ?+ a fl[] ought to be2 & ev5 he1 ?\gh recognis+ 9 ! fl[] ! reproductive organ ( ! plant1 pays no reg>d to ?is natural purpose if he is pass+ judgem5t on ! fl[] by ,ta/e4 ,!re is !n at ! basis ( ?is judgem5t no p]fection ( any k9d1 no int]nal purposiv5ess1 to :i* ! collection ( ! manifold is ref]r$4 ,_m birds 7su* z ! p>rot1 ! humm+ bird1 ! bird ( p>adise71 & _m sea %ells are beauties 9 !mselves1 :i* d n belong to any object det]m9$ 9 respect ( its purpose by concepts1 b please freely & 9 !mselves4 ,s also del9eations la grecque1 foliage = bord]s or wall-pap]s1 mean no?+ 9 !mselves2 !y repres5t no?+--no ,object "u a def9ite concept1--& are free beauties4 ,we c ref] to ! same class :at are call$ 9 music phantasies 7i4e4 pieces )\t any !me71 & 9 fact all music )\t words4 ,9 ! judg+ ( a free beauty 7accord+ to ! m]e =m7 ! judgem5t ( ta/e is pure4 ,!re is presuppos$ no concept ( any purpose1 = :i* ! manifold %\ld s]ve ! giv5 ,object1 & :i* !re=e is to be repres5t$ !re94 ,by su* a concept ! fre$om ( ! ,imag9ation :i* disports itself 9 ! contemplation ( ! figure w\ld be only limit$4 ,b human beauty 7i4e4 ( a man1 a woman1 or a *ild71 ! beauty ( a horse1 or a build+ 7be x *ur*1 palace1 ars5al1 or summ]-h\se7 presupposes a concept ( ! purpose :i* det]m9es :at ! ?+ is to be1 & consequ5tly a concept ( its p]fection2 x is !re=e adh]5t beauty4 ,n[ z ! comb9ation ( ! ,pleasant 79 s5sation7 ) ,beauty1 :i* prop]ly is only conc]n$ ) =m1 is a h9drance to ! purity ( ! judgem5t ( ta/e2 s also is its purity injur$ by ! comb9ation ) ,beauty ( ! ,good 7viz4 t manifold :i* is good = ! ?+ itself 9 accordance ) its purpose74 ,we c\ld add mu* to a build+ :i* w\ld imm$iately please ! eye1 if only x 7 n to be a *ur*4 ,we c\ld adorn a figure ) all k9ds ( spirals & light b regul> l9es1 z ! ,new ,zeal&]s d ) _! tattoo+1 if only x 7 n ! figure ( a human be+4 ,& aga9 ?is c\ld h mu* f9] features & a m pleas+ & g5tle ca/ ( c\nt5ance provid$ x 7 n int5d$ to repres5t a man1 mu* less a w>rior4 ,n[ ! satisfaction 9 ! manifold ( a ?+ 9 ref]5ce to ! int]nal purpose :i* det]m9es its possibility is a satisfaction gr\nd$ on a concept2 b ! satisfaction 9 beauty is su* z presupposes no concept1 b is imm$iately b\nd up ) ! repres5tation ?r\gh :i* ! object is giv5 7n ?r\gh :i* x is ?\ght74 ,if n[ ! judgem5t ( ,ta/e 9 respect ( ! beauty ( a ?+ is made dep5d5t on ! purpose 9 its manifold1 l a judgem5t ( ,reason1 & ?us limit$1 x is no long] a free & pure judgem5t ( ,ta/e4 ,x is true t ta/e ga9s by ?is comb9ation ( ae/hetical ) intellectual satisfaction1 inasmu* z x becomes fix$2 & ?\gh x is n univ]sal1 yet 9 respect to c]ta9 purposively det]m9$ ,objects x becomes possible to prescribe rules = x4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are n rules ( ta/e1 b m]ely rules = ! unification ( ,ta/e ) ,reason1 i4e4 ( ! ,beautiful ) ! ,good1 by :i* ! =m] becomes available z an in/rum5t ( design 9 respect ( ! latt]4 ,?us ! tone ( m9d :i* is self-ma9ta9+ & ( subjective univ]sal validity is subord9at$ to ! way ( ?9k+ :i* c be ma9ta9$ only by pa9ful resolve1 b is ( objective univ]sal validity4 ,prop]ly speak+1 h[ev]1 p]fection ga9s no?+ by beauty or beauty by p]fection2 b1 :5 we comp>e ! repres5tation by :i* an object is giv5 to u ) ! ,object 7z reg>ds :at x ought to be7 by means ( a concept1 we _c avoid consid]+ along ) x ! s5sation 9 ! subject4 ,& ?us :5 bo? /ates ( m9d are 9 h>mony our :ole faculty ( repres5tative p[] ga9s4 ,a judgem5t ( ta/e1 !n1 9 respect ( an object ) a def9ite int]nal purpose1 c only be pure1 if ei!r ! p]son judg+ has no concept ( ?is purpose1 or else ab/racts f x 9 8 judgem5t4 ,su* a p]son1 al?\gh =m+ an accurate judgem5t ( ta/e 9 judg+ ( ! object z free beauty1 w\ld yet by ano!r :o consid]s ! beauty 9 x only z a dep5d5t attribute 7:o looks to ! purpose ( ! object7 be blam$1 & accus$ ( false ta/e2 al?\gh bo? are "r 9 _! own way1 ! "o 9 ref]5ce to :at he has be=e 8 eyes1 ! o!r 9 ref]5ce to :at he has 9 8 ?\ght4 ,by means ( ?is di/9ction we c settle _m disputes ab\t beauty betwe5 judges ( ta/e2 by %[+ t ! "o is speak+ ( free1 ! o!r ( dep5d5t1 beauty1--t ! fir/ is mak+ a pure1 ! second an appli$1 judgem5t ( ta/e4 #ag4 ,( ! ,ideal ( beauty ,!re c be no objective rule ( ta/e :i* %all det]m9e by means ( concepts :at is beautiful4 ,= e judgem5t f ?is s\rce is ae/hetical2 i4e4 ! feel+ ( ! subject1 & n a concept ( ! ,object1 is its det]m9+ gr\nd4 ,to seek = a pr9ciple ( ta/e :i* %all furni%1 by means ( def9ite concepts1 a univ]sal crit]ion ( ! beautiful1 is fruitless tr\ble2 because :at is s\ght is impossible & self-contradictory4 ,! univ]sal communicability ( s5sation 7satisfaction or dissatisfaction7 )\t ! aid ( a concept--! agreem5t1 z f> z is possible1 ( all times & peoples z reg>ds ?is feel+ 9 ! repres5tation ( c]ta9 objects--?is is ! empirical crit]ion1 al?\gh weak & h>dly suffic+ = probability1 ( ! d]ivation ( a ta/e1 ?us confirm$ by examples1 f ! deep-ly+ gr\nds ( agreem5t common to all m51 9 judg+ ( ! =ms "u :i* objects are giv5 to !m4 ,h5ce1 we consid] "s products ( ta/e z exempl>y4 ,n t ta/e c be acquir$ by imitat+ o!rs2 = x mu/ be an orig9al faculty4 ,he :o imitates a model %[s1 no d\bt1 9 s f> z he atta9s to x1 skill2 b only %[s ta/e 9 s f> z he c judge ( ?is model itself4#cd ,x foll[s f h5ce t ! highe/ model1 ! ar*etype ( ta/e1 is a m]e ,idea1 :i* e "o mu/ produce 9 himself2 & accord+ to :i* he mu/ judge e ,object ( ta/e1 e example ( judgem5t by ta/e1 & ev5 ! ta/e ( e "o4 ,idea prop]ly means a rational concept1 & ,ideal ! repres5tation ( an individual be+1 reg>d$ z adequate to an ,idea4#ce ,h5ce t ar*etype ( ta/e1 :i* c]ta9ly re/s on ! indet]m9ate ,idea t ,reason has ( a maximum1 b :i* _c be repres5t$ by concepts1 b only 9 an individual pres5tation1 is bett] call$ ! ,ideal ( ! beautiful4 ,al?\gh we are n 9 possession ( ?is1 we yet /rive to produce x 9 ourselves4 ,b x c only be an ,ideal ( ! ,imag9ation1 because x re/s on a pres5tation & n on concepts1 & ! ,imag9ation is ! faculty ( pres5tation4--,h[ d we arrive at su* an ,ideal ( beauty8 ,a priori1 or empirically8 ,moreov]1 :at species ( ! beautiful is susceptible ( an ,ideal8 ,fir/1 x is well to rem>k t ! beauty = :i* an ,ideal is to be s\ght _c be vague beauty1 b is fix$ by a concept ( objective purposiv5ess2 & ?us x _c app]ta9 to ! ,object ( a q pure judgem5t ( ta/e1 b to t ( a judgem5t ( ta/e :i* is 9 "p intellectual4 ,t is1 9 :atev] gr\nds ( judgem5t an ,ideal is to be f\nd1 an ,idea ( ,reason 9 accordance ) def9ite concepts mu/ lie at its basis2 :i* det]m9es a priori ! purpose on :i* ! int]nal possibility ( ! object re/s4 ,an ,ideal ( beautiful fl[]s1 ( a beautiful piece ( furniture1 ( a beautiful view1 is inconceivable4 ,b nei!r c an ,ideal be repres5t$ ( a beauty dep5d5t on def9ite purposes1 e4g4 ( a beautiful dwell+-h\se1 a beautiful tree1 a beautiful g>d51 etc42 presumably because _! purpose is n suffici5tly det]m9$ & fix$ by ! concept1 & ?us ! purposiv5ess is ne>ly z free z 9 ! case ( vague beauty4 ,! only be+ :i* has ! purpose ( its exi/5ce 9 itself is man1 :o c det]m9e 8 purposes by ,reason2 or1 :]e he mu/ receive !m f ext]nal p]ception1 yet c comp>e !m ) ess5tial & univ]sal purposes1 & c judge ?is _! accordance ae/hetically4 ,?is man is1 !n1 alone ( all objects 9 ! _w1 susceptible ( an ,ideal ( beauty2 z x is only humanity 9 8 p]son1 z an intellig5ce1 t is susceptible ( ! ,ideal ( p]fection4 ,b !re are "h two elem5ts4 ,fir/1 !re is ! ae/hetical normal ,idea1 :i* is an individual intuition 7( ! ,imag9ation71 repres5t+ ! /&>d ( our judgem5t ^u man z a ?+ belong+ to a p>ticul> animal species4 ,secondly1 !re is ! rational ,idea :i* makes ! purposes ( humanity1 s f> z !y _c be s5sibly repres5t$1 ! pr9ciple = judg+ ( a figure ?r\gh :i*1 z _! ph5om5al effect1 ^? purposes are reveal$4 ,! normal ,idea ( ! figure ( an animal ( a p>ticul> race mu/ take its elem5ts f exp]i5ce4 ,b ! greate/ purposiv5ess 9 ! con/ruction ( ! figure1 t w\ld be available = ! univ]sal /&>d ( ae/hetical judgem5t ^u ea* individual ( ?is species--! image :i* is z x 7 design$ly at ! basis ( nature's ,te*nic1 to :i* only ! :ole race & n any isolat$ individual is adequate--?is lies m]ely 9 ! ,idea ( ! judg+ subject4 ,& ?is1 ) its proportions1 z an ae/hetical ,idea1 c be completely pres5t$ 9 concreto 9 a model4 ,9 ord] to make intelligible 9 "s measure 7= :o c extract h] :ole secret f nature87 h[ ?is comes to pass1 we %all attempt a psy*ological explanation4 ,we mu/ rem>k t1 9 a way q incompreh5sible by u1 ! ,imag9ation c n only recall1 on occasion1 ! signs = concepts long pa/1 b c also reproduce ! image ( ! figure ( ! object out ( an unspeakable numb] ( objects ( diff]5t k9ds or ev5 ( ! same k9d4 ,fur!r1 if ! m9d is conc]n$ ) comp>isons1 ! ,imag9ation c1 9 all probability1 actually ?\gh unconsci\sly let "o image glide into ano!r1 & ?us by ! concurr5ce ( sev]al ( ! same k9d come by an av]age1 :i* s]ves z ! common measure ( all4 ,e "o has se5 a ?\s& full-gr[n m54 ,n[ if y wi% to judge ( _! normal size1 e/imat+ x by means ( comp>ison1 ! ,imag9ation 7z ,i ?9k7 all[s a great numb] ( images 7p]haps ! :ole ?\s&7 to fall on "o ano!r4 ,if ,i am all[$ to apply "h ! analogy ( optical pres5tation1 x is 9 ! space :]e mo/ ( !m are comb9$ & inside ! cont\r1 :]e ! place is illum9at$ ) ! mo/ vivid col\rs1 t ! av]age size is cognisable2 :i*1 bo? 9 height & bread?1 is equally f> remov$ f ! extreme b\nds ( ! greate/ & smalle/ /ature4 ,& ?is is ! /ature ( a beautiful man4 7,we c\ld arrive at ! same ?+ me*anically1 by add+ toge!r all ?\s& magnitudes1 heights1 bread?s1 & ?icknesses1 & divid+ ! sum by a ?\s&4 ,b ! ,imag9ation does ?is by means ( a dynamical effect1 :i* arises f ! v>i\s impressions ( su* figures on ! organ ( int]nal s5se47 ,if n[ 9 a simil> way = ?is av]age man we seek ! av]age head1 = ?is head ! av]age nose1 etc41 su* figure is at ! basis ( ! normal ,idea 9 ! c\ntry :]e ! comp>ison is in/itut$4 ,?us necess>ily "u ^! empirical conditions a negro mu/ h a diff]5t normal ,idea ( ! beauty ( ! human figure f a :ite man1 a ,*9aman a diff]5t normal ,idea f a ,european1 etc4 ,& ! same is ! case ) ! model ( a beautiful horse or dog 7( a c]ta9 bre$74--,?is normal ,idea is n d]iv$ f proportions got f exp]i5ce & reg>d$ z def9ite rules2 b 9 accordance ) x rules = judg+ become 9 ! fir/ in/ance possible4 ,x is ! image = ! :ole race1 :i* floats among all ! v>i\sly diff]5t intuitions ( individuals1 :i* nature takes z ar*etype 9 h] productions ( ! same species1 b :i* seems n to be fully rea*$ 9 any individual case4 ,x is by no means ! :ole ar*etype ( beauty 9 ! race1 b only ! =m con/itut+ ! indisp5sable condition ( all beauty1 & ?us m]ely correctness 9 ! m5tal pres5tation ( ! race4 ,x is1 l ! celebrat$ ,doryphorus ( ,polycletus1#cf ! rule 7,myron's#cg ,c[ might also be us$ ?us = its k9d74 ,x c !re=e conta9 no?+ specifically *>act]i/ic1 = o!rwise x w\ld n be ! normal ,idea = ! race4 ,its pres5tation pleases1 n by its beauty1 b m]ely because x contradicts no condition1 "u :i* alone a ?+ ( ?is k9d c be beautiful4 ,! pres5tation is m]ely correct4#ch ,we mu/ yet di/+ui% ! normal ,idea ( ! beautiful f ! ,ideal1 :i* latt]1 on gr\nds already alleg$1 we c only expect 9 ! human figure4 ,9 ?is ! ,ideal consi/s 9 ! expression ( ! moral1 )\t :i* ! object w\ld n please univ]sally & ?us positively 7n m]ely negatively 9 a correct pres5tation74 ,! visible expression ( moral ,ideas t rule m5 inw>dly1 c inde$ only be got f exp]i5ce2 b to make its connexion ) all :i* our ,reason unites ) ! morally good 9 ! ,idea ( ! highe/ purposiv5ess1--goodness ( he>t1 purity1 /r5g?1 peace1 etc41--visible z x 7 9 bodily manife/ation 7z ! effect ( t :i* is int]nal71 requires a union ( pure ,ideas ( ,reason ) great imag9ative p[]1 ev5 9 him :o wi%es to judge ( x1 /ill m 9 him :o wi%es to pres5t x4 ,! correctness ( su* an ,ideal ( beauty is %[n by its p]mitt+ no s5sible *>m to m+le ) ! satisfaction 9 ! ,object & yet all[+ u to take a great int]e/ !re94 ,?is %[s t a judgem5t 9 accordance ) su* a /&>d c nev] be purely ae/hetical1 & t a judgem5t 9 accordance ) an ,ideal ( beauty is n a m]e judgem5t ( ta/e4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,beautiful ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,?is ,,?ird ,,mom5t ,beauty is ! =m ( ! purposiv5ess ( an object1 s f> z ?is is p]ceiv$ 9 x )\t any repres5tation ( a purpose4#ci ,,f\r? ,,mom5t ,,( ,,! ,,judgem5t ,,( ,,ta/e1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,modality ,,( ,,! ,,satisfaction ,,9 ,,! ,,object #ah4 ,:at ! modality 9 a judgem5t ( ta/e is ,i c say ( e repres5tation t x is at lea/ possible t 7z a cognition7 x %\ld be b\nd up ) a pleasure4 ,( a repres5tation t ,i call pleasant ,i say t x actually excites pleasure 9 me4 ,b ! beautiful we ?9k z hav+ a necess>y ref]5ce to satisfaction4 ,n[ ?is necessity is ( a peculi> k9d4 ,x is n a !oretical objective necessity2 9 :i* case x w\ld be cognis$ a priori t e "o w feel ?is satisfaction 9 ! object call$ beautiful by me4 ,x is n a practical necessity2 9 :i* case1 by concepts ( a pure rational w s]v+ z a rule = freely act+ be+s1 ! satisfaction is ! necess>y result ( an objective law & only indicates t we absolutely 7)\t any fur!r design7 ought to act 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,b ! necessity :i* is ?\ght 9 an ae/hetical judgem5t c only be call$ exempl>y2 i4e4 a necessity ( ! ass5t ( all to a judgem5t :i* is reg>d$ z ! example ( a univ]sal rule t we _c /ate4 ,s9ce an ae/hetical judgem5t is n an objective cognitive judgem5t1 ?is necessity _c be d]iv$ f def9ite concepts1 & is !re=e n apodictic4 ,/ill less c x be inf]r$ f ! univ]sality ( exp]i5ce 7( a complete agreem5t ( judgem5ts z to ! beauty ( a c]ta9 object74 ,= n only w\ld exp]i5ce h>dly furni% suffici5tly num]\s v\*]s = ?is2 b also1 on empirical judgem5ts we c base no concept ( ! necessity ( ^! judgem5ts4 #ai4 ,! subjective necessity1 :i* we ascribe to ! judgem5t ( ta/e1 is condition$ ,! judgem5t ( ta/e requires ! agreem5t ( e "o2 & he :o describes any?+ z beautiful claims t e "o ought to give 8 approval to ! object 9 "q & also describe x z beautiful4 ,! ought 9 ! ae/hetical judgem5t is !re=e pron\nc$ 9 accordance ) all ! data :i* are requir$ = judg+ & yet is only condition$4 ,we ask = ! agreem5t ( e "o else1 because we h = x a gr\nd t is common to all2 & we c\ld c\nt on ?is agreem5t1 provid$ we 7 always sure t ! case 0 correctly subsum$ "u t gr\nd z rule ( ass5t4 #bj4 ,! condition ( necessity :i* a judgem5t ( ta/e ass]ts is ! ,idea ( a common s5se ,if judgem5ts ( ta/e 7l cognitive judgem5ts7 _h a def9ite objective pr9ciple1 !n ! p]son :o lays !m d[n 9 accordance ) ?is latt] w\ld claim an uncondition$ necessity = 8 judgem5t4 ,if !y 7 devoid ( all pr9ciple1 l ^? ( ! m]e ta/e ( s5se1 we w\ld n all[ !m 9 ?\ght any necessity :atev]4 ,h5ce !y mu/ h a subjective pr9ciple :i* det]m9es :at pleases or displeases only by feel+ & n by concepts1 b yet ) univ]sal validity4 ,b su* a pr9ciple c\ld only be reg>d$ z a common s5se1 :i* is ess5tially diff]5t f common ,und]/&+ :i* p sometimes call common ,s5se 7s5sus communis72 = ! latt] does n judge by feel+ b always by concepts1 al?\gh ord9>ily only z by obscurely repres5t$ pr9ciples4 ,h5ce x is only "u ! presupposition t !re is a common s5se 7by :i* we d n und]/& an ext]nal s5se1 b ! effect result+ f ! free play ( our cognitive p[]s7--x is only "u ?is presupposition1 ,i say1 t ! judgem5t ( ta/e c be laid d[n4 #ba4 ,h we gr\nd = presuppos+ a common s5se8 ,cognitions & judgem5ts mu/1 along ) ! conviction t accompanies !m1 admit ( univ]sal communicability2 = o!rwise !re w\ld be no h>mony betwe5 !m & ! ,object1 & !y w\ld be collectively a m]e subjective play ( ! repres5tative p[]s1 exactly z scepticism w\ld h x4 ,b if cognitions are to admit ( communicability1 s mu/ also ! /ate ( m9d1--i4e4 ! accordance ( ! cognitive p[]s ) a cognition g5]ally1 & t proportion ( !m :i* is suitable = a repres5tation 7by :i* an object is giv5 to u7 9 ord] t a cognition may be made out ( x--admit ( univ]sal communicability4 ,= )\t ?is z ! subjective condition ( cognition1 k z an effect c\ld n arise4 ,?is actually always takes place :5 a giv5 object by means ( ,s5se excites ! ,imag9ation to collect ! manifold1 & ! ,imag9ation 9 its turn excites ! ,und]/&+ to br+ ab\t a unity ( ?is collective process 9 concepts4 ,b ?is accordance ( ! cognitive p[]s has a diff]5t proportion accord+ to ! v>iety ( ! ,objects :i* are giv54 ,h[ev]1 x mu/ be su* t ?is int]nal relation1 by :i* "o m5tal faculty is excit$ by ano!r1 %all be g5]ally ! mo/ b5eficial = bo? faculties 9 respect ( cognition 7( giv5 objects72 & ?is accordance c only be det]m9$ by feel+ 7n accord+ to concepts74 ,s9ce n[ ?is accordance itself mu/ admit ( univ]sal communicability1 & consequ5tly also our feel+ ( x 79 a giv5 repres5tation71 & s9ce ! univ]sal communicability ( a feel+ presupposes a common s5se1 we h gr\nds = assum+ ?is latt]4 ,& ?is common s5se is assum$ )\t rely+ on psy*ological obs]vations1 b simply z ! necess>y condition ( ! univ]sal communicability ( our k1 :i* is presuppos$ 9 e ,logic & 9 e pr9ciple ( k t is n sceptical4 #bb4 ,! necessity ( ! univ]sal agreem5t t is ?\ght 9 a judgem5t ( ta/e is a subjective necessity1 :i* is repres5t$ z objective "u ! presupposition ( a common s5se ,9 all judgem5ts by :i* we describe any?+ z beautiful1 we all[ no "o to be ( ano!r op9ion2 )\t h[ev] gr\nd+ our judgem5t on concepts b only on our feel+1 :i* we !re=e place at its basis n z a private1 b z a communal feel+4#dj ,n[ ?is common s5se _c be gr\nd$ on exp]i5ce2 = x aims at ju/ify+ judgem5ts :i* conta9 an ought4 ,x does n say t e "o w agree ) my judgem5t1 b t he ought4 ,& s common s5se1 z an example ( ^: judgem5t ,i "h put =w>d my judgem5t ( ta/e & on acc\nt ( :i* ,i attribute to ! latt] an exempl>y validity1 is a m]e ideal norm1 "u ! supposition ( :i* ,i h a "r to make into a rule = e "o a judgem5t t accords !re)1 z well z ! satisfaction 9 an ,object express$ 9 su* judgem5t4 ,= ! pr9ciple1 :i* conc]ns ! agreem5t ( diff]5t judg+ p]sons1 al?\gh only subjective1 is yet assum$ z subjectively univ]sal 7an ,idea necess>y = e "o72 & ?us c claim univ]sal ass5t 7z if x 7 objective7 provid$ we are sure t we h correctly subsum$ ! p>ticul>s "u x4 ,?is indet]m9ate norm ( a common s5se is actually presuppos$ by u2 z is %[n by our claim to lay d[n judgem5ts ( ta/e4 ,:e!r !re is 9 fact su* a common s5se1 z a con/itutive pr9ciple ( ! possibility ( exp]i5ce1 or :e!r a yet high] pr9ciple ( ,reason makes x only into a regulative pr9ciple = produc+ 9 u a common s5se = high] purposes3 :e!r !re=e ,ta/e is an orig9al & natural faculty1 or only ! ,idea ( an artificial "o yet to be acquir$1 s t a judgem5t ( ta/e ) its assumption ( a univ]sal ass5t 9 fact1 is only a requirem5t ( ,reason = produc+ su* h>mony ( s5tim5t2 :e!r ! 8ought10 i4e4 ! objective necessity ( ! conflu5ce ( ! feel+ ( any "o man ) t ( e o!r1 only signifies ! possibility ( arriv+ at ?is accord1 & ! judgem5t ( ta/e only af=ds an example ( ! application ( ?is pr9ciple3 ^! que/ions we h nei!r ! wi% nor ! p[] to inve/igate z yet2 we h n[ only to resolve ! faculty ( ta/e into its elem5ts 9 ord] to unite !m at la/ 9 ! ,idea ( a common s5se4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,beautiful ,,result+ ,,f ,,! ,,f\r? ,,mom5t ,! beautiful is t :i* )\t any concept is cognis$ z ! object ( a necess>y satisfaction4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>k ,,on ,,! ,,fir/ ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,analytic ,if we seek ! result ( ! prec$+ analysis we f9d t ev]y?+ runs up into ?is concept ( ,ta/e1 t x is a faculty = judg+ an object 9 ref]5ce to ! ,imag9ation's free con=mity to law4 ,n[ if 9 ! judgem5t ( ta/e ! ,imag9ation mu/ be consid]$ 9 its fre$om1 x is 9 ! fir/ place n reg>d$ z reproductive1 z x is subject to ! laws ( association1 b z productive & spontane\s 7z ! au?or ( arbitr>y =ms ( possible intuition74 ,& al?\gh 9 ! appreh5sion ( a giv5 object ( s5se x is ti$ to a def9ite =m ( ?is ,object1 & s f> has no free play 7su* z t ( poetry7 yet x may readily be conceiv$ t ! object c furni% x ) su* a =m conta9+ a collection ( ! manifold1 z ! ,imag9ation itself1 if x 7 left free1 w\ld project 9 accordance ) ! con=mity to law ( ! ,und]/&+ 9 g5]al4 ,b t ! imag9ative p[] %\ld be free & yet ( itself con=m$ to law1 i4e4 br++ autonomy ) x1 is a contradiction4 ,! ,und]/&+ alone gives ! law4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ,imag9ation is compell$ to proce$ accord+ to a def9ite law1 its product 9 respect ( =m is det]m9$ by concepts z to :at x ought to be4 ,b !n1 z is above %[n1 ! satisfaction is n t 9 ! ,beautiful1 b 9 ! ,good 79 p]fection1 at any rate 9 m]e =mal p]fection72 & ! judgem5t is n a judgem5t ( ta/e4 ,h5ce x is a con=mity to law )\t a law2 & a subjective agreem5t ( ! ,imag9ation & ,und]/&+1--)\t su* an objective agreem5t z !re is :5 ! repres5tation is ref]r$ to a def9ite concept ( an object1--c subsi/ along ) ! free con=mity to law ( ! ,und]/&+ 7:i* is also call$ purposiv5ess )\t purpose7 & ) ! peculi> feature ( a judgem5t ( ta/e4 ,n[ geometrically regul> figures1 su* z a circle1 a squ>e1 a cube1 etc41 are commonly adduc$ by critics ( ta/e z ! simple/ & mo/ indisputable examples ( beauty2 & yet !y are call$ regul>1 because we c only repres5t !m by reg>d+ !m z m]e pres5tations ( a def9ite concept :i* prescribes ! rule = ! figure 7accord+ to :i* alone x is possible74 ,"o ( ^! two mu/ be wrong1 ei!r t judgem5t ( ! critic :i* ascribes beauty to ! said figures1 or ours1 :i* reg>ds purposiv5ess ap>t f a concept z requisite = beauty4 ,h>dly any "o w say t a man mu/ h ta/e 9 ord] t he %\ld f9d m satisfaction 9 a circle ?an 9 a scrawl$ outl9e1 9 an equilat]al & equiangul> quadrilat]al ?an 9 "o :i* is oblique1 irregul>1 & z x 7 de=m$1 = ?is belongs to ! ord9>y ,und]/&+ & is n ,ta/e at all4 ,:]e1 e4g4 our design is to judge ( ! size ( an area1 or to make intelligible ! relation ( ! p>ts ( x1 :5 divid$1 to "o ano!r & to ! :ole1 !n regul> figures & ^? ( ! simple/ k9d are ne$$1 & ! satisfaction does n re/ imm$iately on ! aspect ( ! figure1 b on its availability = all k9ds ( possible designs4 ,a room ^: walls =m oblique angles1 or a p>t]re ( ?is k9d1 ev5 e violation ( symmetry 9 ! figure ( animals 7e4g4 be+ "o-ey$71 ( build+s1 or ( fl[] b$s1 displeases1 because x contradicts ! purpose ( ! ?+1 n only practically 9 respect ( a def9ite use ( x1 b also :5 we pass judgem5t on x z reg>ds any possible design4 ,?is is n ! case 9 ! judgem5t ( ta/e1 :i* :5 pure comb9es satisfaction or dissatisfaction1--)\t any ref]5ce to its use or to a purpose1--) ! m]e consid]ation ( ! object4 ,! regul>ity :i* leads to ! concept ( an object is inde$ ! indisp5sable condition 7conditio s9e qua non7 = grasp+ ! object 9 a s+le repres5tation & det]m9+ ! manifold 9 its =m4 ,?is det]m9ation is a purpose 9 respect ( cognition1 & 9 ref]5ce to ?is x is always b\nd up ) satisfaction 7:i* accompanies ! execution ( e1 ev5 problematical1 design74 ,!re is "h1 h[ev]1 m]ely ! approval ( ! solution satisfy+ a problem1 & n a free & indef9ite purposive ent]ta9m5t ( ! m5tal p[]s ) :at we call beautiful1 :]e ! ,und]/&+ is at ! s]vice ( ,imag9ation & n vice v]sa4 ,9 a ?+ t is only possible by means ( design1--a build+1 or ev5 an animal1--! regul>ity consi/+ 9 symmetry mu/ express ! unity ( ! intuition t accompanies ! concept ( purpose1 & ?is regul>ity belongs to cognition4 ,b :]e only a free play ( ! repres5tative p[]s 7"u ! condition1 h[ev]1 t ! ,und]/&+ is to suff] no %ock !reby7 is to be kept up1 9 pleasure g>d5s1 room decorations1 all k9ds ( ta/eful furniture1 etc41 regul>ity t %[s con/ra9t is avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,?us 9 ! ,engli% ta/e 9 g>d5s1 or 9 biz>re ta/e 9 furniture1 ! fre$om ( ! ,imag9ation is pu%$ almo/ ne> to ! grotesque1 & 9 ?is sep>ation f e con/ra9t ( rule we h ! case1 :]e ta/e c display its greate/ p]fection 9 ! ent]prises ( ! ,imag9ation4 ,all /iff regul>ity 7su* z approximates to ma!matical regul>ity7 has some?+ 9 x repugnant to ta/e2 = our ent]ta9m5t 9 ! contemplation ( x la/s = no l5g? ( "t1 b x r1 9 s f> z x has n expressly 9 view cognition or a def9ite practical purpose1 produces we>9ess4 ,on ! o!r h& t ) :i* ,imag9ation c play 9 an un/udi$ & purposive mann] is always new to u1 & "o does n get tir$ ( look+ at x4 ,m>sd5 9 8 description ( ,sumatra makes ! rem>k t ! free beauties ( nature surr\nd ! spectator ev]y:]e & ?us lose _! attraction = him4#da ,on ! o!r h& a pepp]-g>d51 :]e ! /akes on :i* ?is plant tw9es itself =m p>allel r[s1 _h mu* attractiv5ess = him1 if he met ) x 9 ! middle ( a =e/4 ,& h5ce he inf]s t wild beauty1 app>5tly irregul>1 only pleases z a v>iation f ! regul> beauty ( :i* "o has se5 en\gh4 ,b he ne$ only h made ! exp]im5t ( sp5d+ "o day 9 a pepp]-g>d51 to h be5 conv9c$ t1 once ! ,und]/&+1 by ! aid ( ?is regul>ity1 has put itself 9 accord ) ! ord] t x always ne$s1 ! object w n ent]ta9 = long1--nay r x w impose a burd5some con/ra9t ^u ! ,imag9ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 nature1 :i* !re is prodigal 9 its v>iety ev5 to luxuriance1 t is subject$ to no con/ra9t ( artificial rules1 c supply con/ant food = ta/e4--,ev5 ! song ( birds1 :i* we c br+ "u no musical rule1 seems to h m fre$om1 & !re=e m = ta/e1 ?an a song ( a human be+ :i* is produc$ 9 accordance ) all ! rules ( music2 = we v mu* soon] we>y ( ! latt]1 if x is repeat$ (t5 & at l5g?4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we probably confuse our p>ticipation 9 ! mir? ( a little creature t we love1 ) ! beauty ( its song2 = if ?is 7 exactly imitat$ by man 7z sometimes ! notes ( ! night+ale are7#db x w\ld seem to our e> q devoid ( ta/e4 ,aga91 beautiful objects are to be di/+ui%$ f beautiful views ( objects 7:i* (t5 on acc\nt ( _! di/ance _c be cle>ly recognis$74 ,9 ! latt] case ta/e appe>s n s mu* 9 :at ! ,imag9ation appreh5ds 9 ?is field1 z 9 ! impulse x ?us gets to fiction1 i4e4 9 ! peculi> fancies ) :i* ! m9d ent]ta9s itself1 :il/ x is cont9ually be+ ar\s$ by ! v>iety :i* /rikes ! eye4 ,an illu/ration is af=d$1 e4g4 by ! sight ( ! *ang+ %apes ( a fire on ! he>? or ( a rippl+ brook2 nei!r ( ^! has beauty1 b !y br+ ) !m a *>m = ! ,imag9ation1 because !y ent]ta9 x 9 free play4 ,,second ,,book ,,analytic ,,( ,,! ,,sublime #bc4 ,transition f ! faculty :i* judges ( ! ,beautiful to t :i* judges ( ! ,sublime ,! ,beautiful & ! ,sublime agree 9 ?is1 t bo? please 9 !mselves4 ,fur!r1 nei!r presupposes a judgem5t ( s5se nor a judgem5t logically det]m9$1 b a judgem5t ( reflection4 ,consequ5tly ! satisfaction belong+ to !m does n dep5d on a s5sation1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,pleasant1 nor on a def9ite concept1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,good2 b x is nev]!less ref]r$ to concepts al?\gh indet]m9ate ones4 ,& s ! satisfaction is connect$ ) ! m]e pres5tation ( ! object or ) ! faculty ( pres5tation2 s t 9 ! case ( a giv5 intuition ?is faculty or ! ,imag9ation is consid]$ z 9 agreem5t ) ! faculty ( concepts ( ,und]/&+ or ,reason 79 its fur!rance ( ^! latt]74 ,h5ce bo? k9ds ( judgem5ts are s+ul>1 & yet ann\nce !mselves z univ]sally valid = e subject2 al?\gh !y lay claim m]ely to ! feel+ ( pleasure & n to any k ( ! object4 ,b !re are also rem>kable diff]5ces betwe5 ! two4 ,! ,beautiful 9 nature is connect$ ) ! =m ( ! object1 :i* consi/s 9 hav+ b\nd>ies4 ,! ,sublime1 on ! o!r h&1 is to be f\nd 9 a =mless object1 s f> z 9 x or by occasion ( x b\ndlessness is repres5t$1 & yet its totality is also pres5t to ?\ght4 ,?us ! ,beautiful seems to be reg>d$ z ! pres5tation ( an indef9ite concept ( ,und]/&+2 ! ,sublime z t ( a l concept ( ,reason4 ,!re=e ! satisfaction 9 ! "o case is b\nd up ) ! repres5tation ( quality1 9 ! o!r ) t ( quantity4 ,& ! latt] satisfaction is q diff]5t 9 k9d f ! =m]1 = ?is ! ,beautiful#dc directly br+s ) x a feel+ ( ! fur!rance ( life1 & ?us is compatible ) *>ms & ) ! play ( ! ,imag9ation4 ,b ! o!r ! feel+ ( ! ,sublime#dc is a pleasure t arises only indirectly2 viz4 x is produc$ by ! feel+ ( a mom5t>y *eck+ ( ! vital p[]s & a consequ5t /rong] outfl[ ( !m1 s t x seems to be reg>d$ z emotion1--n play1 b e>ne/ 9 ! ex]cise ( ! ,imag9ation4--,h5ce x is incompatible ) *>ms2 & z ! m9d is n m]ely attract$ by ! object b is ev] be+ alt]nately repell$1 ! satisfaction 9 ! sublime does n s mu* involve a positive pleasure z admiration or respect1 :i* r des]ves to be call$ negative pleasure4 ,b ! inn] & mo/ important di/9ction betwe5 ! ,sublime & ,beautiful is1 c]ta9ly1 z foll[s4 7,"h1 z we are entitl$ to d1 we only br+ "u consid]ation 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! sublime 9 natural ,objects2 = ! sublime ( ,art is always limit$ by ! conditions ( agreem5t ) ,nature47 ,natural beauty 7:i* is self-subsi/+7 br+s ) x a purposiv5ess 9 its =m by :i* ! object seems to be1 z x 71 pre-adapt$ to our ,judgem5t1 & ?us con/itutes 9 itself an object ( satisfaction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t :i* excites 9 u1 )\t any reason+ ab\t x1 b 9 ! m]e appreh5sion ( x1 ! feel+ ( ! sublime1 may appe> z reg>ds its =m to violate purpose 9 respect ( ! ,judgem5t1 to be unsuit$ to our pres5tative faculty1 &1 z x 71 to d viol5ce to ! ,imag9ation2 & yet x is judg$ to be only ! m sublime4 ,n[ f ?is we may see t 9 g5]al we express ourselves incorrectly if we call any object ( nature sublime1 al?\gh we c q correctly call _m objects ( nature beautiful4 ,= h[ c t be m>k$ by an expression ( approval1 :i* is appreh5d$ 9 itself z be+ a violation ( purpose8 ,all t we c say is t ! object is fit = ! pres5tation ( a sublimity :i* c be f\nd 9 ! m9d2 = no s5sible =m c conta9 ! sublime prop]ly s-call$4 ,?is conc]ns only ,ideas ( ! ,reason1 :i*1 al?\gh no adequate pres5tation is possible = !m1 by ?is inadequacy t admits ( s5sible pres5tation1 are ar\s$ & summon$ into ! m9d4 ,?us ! wide ocean1 agitat$ by ! /orm1 _c be call$ sublime4 ,its aspect is horrible2 & ! m9d mu/ be already fill$ ) manifold ,ideas if x is to be det]m9$ by su* an intuition to a feel+ itself sublime1 z x is incit$ to ab&on s5sibility & to busy itself ) ,ideas t involve high] purposiv5ess4 ,self-subsi/+ natural beauty discov]s to u a ,te*nic ( nature1 :i* repres5ts x z a sy/em 9 accordance ) laws1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* we d n f9d 9 ! :ole ( our faculty ( ,und]/&+4 ,t pr9ciple is ! pr9ciple ( purposiv5ess1 9 respect ( ! use ( our ,judgem5t 9 reg>d to ph5om5a2 :i* requires t ^! mu/ n be judg$ z m]ely belong+ to nature 9 its purposeless me*anism1 b also z belong+ to some?+ analog\s to art4 ,x1 !re=e1 actually ext5ds1 n inde$ our cognition ( natural ,objects1 b our concept ( nature2 :i* is n[ n reg>d$ z m]e me*anism b z art4 ,?is leads to pr(\nd inve/igations z to ! possibility ( su* a =m4 ,b 9 :at we are accu/om$ to call sublime !re is no?+ at all t leads to p>ticul> objective pr9ciples & =ms ( nature correspond+ to !m2 s f> f x t = ! mo/ "p nature excites ! ,ideas ( ! sublime 9 its *aos or 9 its wilde/ & mo/ irregul> disord] & desolation1 provid$ size & might are p]ceiv$4 ,h5ce1 we see t ! concept ( ! ,sublime is n ne>ly s important or ri* 9 consequ5ces z ! concept ( ! ,beautiful2 & t 9 g5]al x displays no?+ purposive 9 nature itself1 b only 9 t possible use ( our intuitions ( x by :i* !re is produc$ 9 u a feel+ ( a purposiv5ess q indep5d5t ( nature4 ,we mu/ seek a gr\nd ext]nal to ourselves = ! ,beautiful ( nature2 b seek x = ! ,sublime m]ely 9 ourselves & 9 our attitude ( ?\ght :i* introduces sublimity into ! repres5tation ( nature4 ,?is is a v ne$ful prelim9>y rem>k1 :i* q sep>ates ! ,ideas ( ! sublime f t ( a purposiv5ess ( nature1 & makes ! !ory ( ! sublime a m]e app5dix to ! ae/hetical judg+ ( t purposiv5ess2 because by means ( x no p>ticul> =m is repres5t$ 9 nature1 b !re is only develop$ a purposive use :i* ! ,imag9ation makes ( its repres5tation4 #bd4 ,( ! divisions ( an inve/igation into ! feel+ ( ! sublime ,z reg>ds ! division ( ! mom5ts ( ! ae/hetical judg+ ( objects 9 ref]5ce to ! feel+ ( ! sublime1 ! ,analytic c proce$ accord+ to ! same pr9ciple z 0 adapt$ 9 ! analysis ( judgem5ts ( ta/e4 ,= z an act ( ! ae/hetical reflective ,judgem5t1 ! satisfaction 9 ! ,sublime mu/ be repres5t$ j z 9 ! case ( ! ,beautiful1--accord+ to quantity z univ]sally valid1 accord+ to quality z devoid ( int]e/1 accord+ to relation z subjective purposiv5ess1 & accord+ to modality z necess>y4 ,& s ! me?od "h w n div]ge f t ( ! prec$+ section2 unless1 inde$1 we c\nt x a diff]5ce t 9 ! case :]e ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t is conc]n$ ) ! =m ( ! ,object we began ) ! inve/igation ( its quality1 b "h1 9 view ( ! =mlessness :i* may belong to :at we call sublime1 we %all beg9 ) quantity1 z ! fir/ mom5t ( ! ae/hetical judgem5t z to ! sublime4 ,! reason = ?is may be se5 f ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,b ! analysis ( ! ,sublime involves a division n ne$$ 9 ! case ( ! ,beautiful1 viz4 a division into ! ma!matically & ! dynamically sublime4 ,= ! feel+ ( ! ,sublime br+s ) x z its *>act]i/ic feature a movem5t ( ! m9d b\nd up ) ! judg+ ( ! object1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! ,beautiful ta/e presupposes & ma9ta9s ! m9d 9 re/ful contemplation4 ,n[ ?is movem5t ought to be judg$ z subjectively purposive 7because ! sublime pleases u71 & ?us x is ref]r$ ?r\gh ! ,imag9ation ei!r to ! faculty ( cognition or ( desire4 ,9 ei!r ref]5ce ! purposiv5ess ( ! giv5 repres5tation ought to be judg$ only 9 respect ( ?is faculty 7)\t purpose or int]e/72 b 9 ! fir/ case x is ascrib$ to ! ,object z a ma!matical det]m9ation ( ! ,imag9ation1 9 ! second z dynamical4 ,& h5ce we h ?is tw(old way ( repres5t+ ! sublime4 ,a4--,,( ,,! ,,ma!matically ,,sublime #be4 ,explanation ( ! t]m 8sublime0 ,we call t sublime :i* is absolutely great4 ,b to be great1 & to be a great some?+ are q diff]5t concepts 7magnitudo & quantitas74 ,9 l mann] to say simply 7simplicit]7 t any?+ is great is q diff]5t f say+ t x is absolutely great 7absolute1 non comp>ative magnum74 ,! latt] is :at is great beyond all comp>ison4--,:at n[ is meant by ! expression t any?+ is great or small or ( m$ium size8 ,x is n a pure concept ( ,und]/&+ t is ?us signifi$2 /ill less is x an intuition ( ,s5se1 & j z little is x a concept ( ,reason1 because x br+s ) x no pr9ciple ( cognition4 ,x mu/ !re=e be a concept ( ,judgem5t or d]iv$ f "o2 & a subjective purposiv5ess ( ! repres5tation 9 ref]5ce to ! ,judgem5t mu/ lie at its basis4 ,t any?+ is a magnitude 7quantum7 may be cognis$ f ! ?+ itself1 )\t any comp>ison ( x ) o!r ?+s2 viz4 if !re is a multiplicity ( ! homog5e\s con/itut+ "o ?+4 ,b to cognise h[ great x is always requires "s o!r magnitude z a measure4 ,b because ! judg+ ( magnitude dep5ds n m]ely on multiplicity 7numb]71 b also on ! magnitude ( ! unit 7! measure71 & s9ce1 to judge ( ! magnitude ( ?is latt] aga9 requires ano!r z measure ) :i* x may be comp>$1 we see t ! det]m9ation ( ! magnitude ( ph5om5a c supply no absolute concept :atev] ( magnitude1 b only a comp>ative "o4 ,if n[ ,i say simply t any?+ is great1 x appe>s t ,i h no comp>ison 9 view1 at lea/ none ) an objective measure2 because x is ?us n det]m9$ at all h[ great ! object is4 ,b al?\gh ! /&>d ( comp>ison is m]ely subjective1 yet ! judgem5t none ! less claims univ]sal ass5t2 8?is man is beautiful10 & 8he is tall10 are judgem5ts n limit$ m]ely to ! judg+ subject1 b1 l !oretical judgem5ts1 dem&+ ! ass5t ( e "o4 ,9 a judgem5t by :i* any?+ is designat$ simply z great1 x is n m]ely meant t ! object has a magnitude1 b t ?is magnitude is sup]ior to t ( _m o!r objects ( ! same k9d1 )\t1 h[ev]1 any exact det]m9ation ( ?is sup]iority4 ,?us !re is always at ! basis ( our judgem5t a /&>d :i* we assume z ! same = e "o2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is n available = any logical 7ma!matically def9ite7 judg+ ( magnitude1 b only = ae/hetical judg+ ( ! same1 because x is a m]ely subjective /&>d ly+ at ! basis ( ! reflective judgem5t ^u magnitude4 ,x may be empirical1 z1 e4g4 ! av]age size ( ! m5 kn[n to u1 ( animals ( a c]ta9 k9d1 trees1 h\ses1 m\nta9s1 etc4 ,or x may be a /&>d giv5 a priori1 :i* ?r\gh ! defects ( ! judg+ subject is limit$ by ! subjective conditions ( pres5tation 9 concreto2 z1 e4g4 9 ! practical sph]e1 ! greatness ( a c]ta9 virtue1 or ( ! public lib]ty & ju/ice 9 a c\ntry2 or1 9 ! !oretical sph]e1 ! greatness ( ! accuracy or ! inaccuracy ( an obs]vation or measurem5t t has be5 made1 etc4 ,"h x is rem>kable t1 al?\gh we h no int]e/ :atev] 9 an ,object1--i4e4 its exi/5ce is indiff]5t to u1--yet its m]e size1 ev5 if x is consid]$ z =mless1 may br+ a satisfaction ) x t is univ]sally communicable1 & t consequ5tly involves ! consci\sness ( a subjective purposiv5ess 9 ! use ( our cognitive faculty4 ,?is is n inde$ a satisfaction 9 ! ,object 7because x may be =mless71 z 9 ! case ( ! ,beautiful1 9 :i* ! reflective ,judgem5t f9ds itself purposively det]m9$ 9 ref]5ce to cognition 9 g5]al2 b a satisfaction 9 ! ext5sion ( ! ,imag9ation by itself4 ,if 7"u ! above limitation7 we say simply ( an object 8x is great10 ?is is no ma!matically def9ite judgem5t b a m]e judgem5t ( reflection ^u ! repres5tation ( x1 :i* is subjectively purposive = a c]ta9 use ( our cognitive p[]s 9 ! e/imation ( magnitude2 & we always !n b9d up ) ! repres5tation a k9d ( respect1 z also a k9d ( contempt = :at we simply call 8small40 ,fur!r1 ! judg+ ( ?+s z great or small ext5ds to ev]y?+1 ev5 to all _! *>act]i/ics2 ?us we describe beauty z great or small4 ,! reason ( ?is is to be s\ght 9 ! fact t :atev] we pres5t 9 intuition accord+ to ! precept ( ! ,judgem5t 7& ?us repres5t ae/hetically7 is always a ph5om5on & ?us a quantum4 ,b if we call any?+ n only great1 b absolutely great 9 e po9t ( view 7great beyond all comp>ison71 i4e4 sublime1 we soon see t x is n p]missible to seek = an adequate /&>d ( ?is outside itself1 b m]ely 9 itself4 ,x is a magnitude :i* is l itself alone4 ,x foll[s h5ce t ! sublime is n to be s\ght 9 ! ?+s ( nature1 b only 9 our ,ideas2 b 9 :i* ( !m x lies mu/ be res]v$ = ! ,d$uction4 ,! =ego+ explanation c be ?us express$3 ! sublime is t 9 comp>ison ) :i* ev]y?+ else is small4 ,"h we easily see t no?+ c be giv5 9 nature1 h[ev] great x is judg$ by u to be1 :i* c\ld n if consid]$ 9 ano!r relation be r$uc$ to ! inf9itely small2 & conv]sely !re is no?+ s small1 :i* does n admit ( ext5sion by our ,imag9ation to ! greatness ( a _w1 if comp>$ ) /ill small] /&>ds4 ,telescopes h furni%$ u ) abundant mat]ial = mak+ ! fir/ rem>k1 microscopes = ! second4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 :i* c be an object ( ! s5ses1 is1 consid]$ on ?is basis1 to be call$ sublime4 ,b because !re is 9 our ,imag9ation a /riv+ t[>ds inf9ite progress1 & 9 our ,reason a claim = absolute totality1 reg>d$ z a real ,idea1 !re=e ?is v inadequat5ess = t ,idea 9 our faculty = e/imat+ ! magnitude ( ?+s ( s5se1 excites 9 u ! feel+ ( a sup]s5sible faculty4 ,& x is n ! object ( s5se1 b ! use :i* ! ,judgem5t naturally makes ( c]ta9 objects on behalf ( ?is latt] feel+1 t is absolutely great2 & 9 comp>ison e o!r use is small4 ,consequ5tly x is ! /ate ( m9d produc$ by a c]ta9 repres5tation ) :i* ! reflective ,judgem5t is occupi$1 & n ! ,object1 t is to be call$ sublime4 ,we may !re=e app5d to ! prec$+ =mulas expla9+ ! sublime ?is o!r3 ! sublime is t1 ! m]e ability to ?9k :i*1 %[s a faculty ( ! m9d surpass+ e /&>d ( ,s5se4 #bf4 ,( t e/imation ( ! magnitude ( natural ?+s :i* is requisite = ! ,idea ( ! ,sublime ,! e/imation ( magnitude by means ( concepts ( numb] 7or _! signs 9 ,algebra7 is ma!matical2 b t 9 m]e intuition 7by ! measurem5t ( ! eye7 is ae/hetical4 ,n[ we c come by def9ite concepts ( h[ great a ?+ is1 only#dd by numb]s1 ( :i* ! unit is ! measure 7at all ev5ts by s]ies ( numb]s progress+ to inf9ity72 & s f> all logical e/imation ( magnitude is ma!matical4 ,b s9ce ! magnitude ( ! measure mu/ !n be assum$ kn[n1 & ?is aga9 is only to be e/imat$ ma!matically by means ( numb]s1--! unit ( :i* mu/ be ano!r small] measure1--we c nev] h a fir/ or fundam5tal measure1 & !re=e c nev] h a def9ite concept ( a giv5 magnitude4 ,s ! e/imation ( ! magnitude ( ! fundam5tal measure mu/ consi/ 9 ?is1 t we c imm$iately appreh5d x 9 intuition & use x by ! ,imag9ation = ! pres5tation ( concepts ( numb]4 ,t is1 all e/imation ( ! magnitude ( ! objects ( nature is 9 ! end ae/hetical 7i4e4 subjectively & n objectively det]m9$74 ,n[ = ! ma!matical e/imation ( magnitude !re is1 inde$1 no maximum 7= ! p[] ( numb]s ext5ds to inf9ity72 b = its ae/hetical e/imation !re is always a maximum1 & ( ?is ,i say t if x is judg$ z ! absolute measure ?an :i* no great] is possible subjectively 7= ! judg+ subject71 x br+s ) x ! ,idea ( ! sublime & produces t emotion :i* no ma!matical e/imation ( its magnitude by means ( numb]s c br+ ab\t 7except s f> z ! ae/hetical fundam5tal measure rema9s vividly 9 ! ,imag9ation74 ,= ! =m] only pres5ts relative magnitude by means ( comp>ison ) o!rs ( ! same k9d2 b ! latt] pres5ts magnitude absolutely1 s f> z ! m9d c grasp x 9 an intuition4 ,9 receiv+ a quantum into ! ,imag9ation by intuition1 9 ord] to be able to use x = a measure or z a unit = ! e/imation ( magnitude by means ( numb]s1 !re are two op]ations ( ! ,imag9ation involv$3 appreh5sion 7appreh5sio7 & compreh5sion 7compreh5sio ae/hetica74 ,z to appreh5sion !re is no difficulty1 = x c g on ad inf9itum2 b compreh5sion becomes h>d] ! fur!r appreh5sion advances1 & soon atta9s to its maximum1 viz4 ! ae/hetically greate/ fundam5tal measure = ! e/imation ( magnitude4 ,= :5 appreh5sion has gone s f> t ! p>tial repres5tations ( s5su\s intuition at fir/ appreh5d$ beg9 to vani% 9 ! ,imag9ation1 :il/ ?is ev] proce$s to ! appreh5sion ( o!rs1 !n x loses z mu* on ! "o side z x ga9s on ! o!r2 & 9 compreh5sion !re is a maximum beyond :i* x _c g4 ,h5ce c be expla9$ :at ,sav>y#de rem>ks 9 8 acc\nt ( ,egypt1 viz4 t we mu/ keep f go+ v ne> ! ,pyramids j z mu* z we keep f go+ too f> f !m1 9 ord] to get ! full emotional effect f _! size4 ,= if we are too f> away1 ! p>ts to be appreh5d$ 7! /ones ly+ "o ov] ! o!r7 are only obscurely repres5t$1 & ! repres5tation ( !m produces no effect ^u ! ae/hetical judgem5t ( ! subject4 ,b if we are v ne>1 ! eye requires "s "t to complete ! appreh5sion ( ! ti]s f ! bottom up to ! apex2 & !n ! fir/ ti]s are always p>tly =gott5 be=e ! ,imag9ation has tak5 9 ! la/1 & s ! compreh5sion ( !m is nev] complete4--,! same ?+ may suffici5tly expla9 ! bewild]m5t or1 z x 71 p]plexity :i*1 x is said1 seizes ! spectator on 8 fir/ entrance into ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome4 ,= !re is "h a feel+ ( ! inadequacy ( 8 ,imag9ation = pres5t+ ! ,ideas ( a :ole1 :]e9 ! ,imag9ation rea*es its maximum1 &1 9 /riv+ to surpass x1 s9ks back into itself1 by :i*1 h[ev]1 a k9d ( emotional satisfaction is produc$4 ,i d n wi% to speak z yet ( ! gr\nd ( ?is satisfaction1 :i* is b\nd up ) a repres5tation f :i* we %\ld lea/ ( all expect x1 viz4 a repres5tation :i* lets u rem>k its inadequacy & consequ5tly its subjective want ( purposiv5ess = ! ,judgem5t 9 ! e/imation ( magnitude4 ,i only rem>k t if ! ae/hetical judgem5t is pure 7i4e4 m+l$ ) no teleological judgem5t or judgem5t ( ,reason7 & is to be giv5 z a completely suitable example ( ! ,critique ( ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t1 we mu/ n exhibit ! sublime 9 products ( art 7e4g4 build+s1 pill>s1 etc47 :]e human purpose det]m9es ! =m z well z ! size2 nor yet 9 ?+s ( nature ! concepts ( :i* br+ ) !m a def9ite purpose 7e4g4 animals ) a kn[n natural de/9ation72 b 9 rude nature 7& 9 ?is only 9 s f> z x does n br+ ) x any *>m or emotion produc$ by actual dang]7 m]ely z conta9+ magnitude4 ,= 9 ?is k9d ( repres5tation nature conta9s no?+ mon/r\s 7ei!r magnific5t or horrible72 ! magnitude t is appreh5d$ may be increas$ z mu* z y wi% provid$ x c be compreh5d$ 9 a :ole by ! ,imag9ation4 ,an object is mon/r\s if by its size x de/roys ! purpose :i* con/itutes ! concept ( x4 ,b ! m]e pres5tation ( a concept is call$ colossal1 :i* is almo/ too great = any pres5tation 7bord]+ on ! relatively mon/r\s72 because ! purpose ( ! pres5tation ( a concept is made h>d] to realise by ! intuition ( ! object be+ almo/ too great = our faculty ( appreh5sion4--,a pure judgem5t ^u ! sublime mu/1 h[ev]1 h no purpose ( ! ,object z its det]m9+ gr\nd1 if x is to be ae/hetical & n mix$ up ) any judgem5t ( ,und]/&+ or ,reason4 99 99 99 99 99 ,because ev]y?+ :i* is to give dis9t]e/$ pleasure to ! m]ely reflective ,judgem5t mu/ br+ ) ! repres5tation ( x1 subjective &1 z subjective1 univ]sally valid purposiv5ess--al?\gh no purposiv5ess ( ! =m ( ! object lies 7z 9 ! case ( ! ,beautiful7 at ! gr\nd ( ! judgem5t--! "q arises 8:at is ?is subjective purposiv5ess80 ,& h[ does x come to be prescrib$ z ! norm by :i* a gr\nd = univ]sally valid satisfaction is suppli$ 9 ! m]e e/imation ( magnitude1 ev5 9 t :i* is =c$ up to ! po9t :]e our faculty ( ,imag9ation is inadequate = ! pres5tation ( ! concept ( magnitude8 ,9 ! process ( comb9ation requisite = ! e/imation ( magnitude1 ! ,imag9ation proce$s ( itself to inf9ity )\t any?+ h9d]+ x2 b ! ,und]/&+ guides x by means ( concepts ( numb]1 = :i* ! ,imag9ation mu/ furni% ! s*ema4 ,& 9 ?is proc$ure1 z belong+ to ! logical e/imation ( magnitude1 !re is inde$ some?+ objectively purposive1--9 accordance ) ! concept ( a purpose 7z all measurem5t is71--b no?+ purposive & pleas+ = ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t4 ,!re is also 9 ?is design$ purposiv5ess no?+ :i* w\ld =ce u to pu% ! magnitude ( ! measure1 & consequ5tly ! compreh5sion ( ! manifold 9 an intuition1 to ! b\nds ( ! faculty ( ,imag9ation1 or z f> z ev] ?is c rea* 9 its pres5tations4 ,= 9 ! e/imation ( magnitude by ! ,und]/&+ 7,ari?metic7 we only g to a c]ta9 po9t :e!r we pu% ! compreh5sion ( ! units up to ! numb] #aj 7z 9 ! decimal scale7 or only up to #d 7z 9 ! quat]n>y scale72 ! fur!r production ( magnitude proce$s by comb9ation or1 if ! quantum is giv5 9 intuition1 by appreh5sion1 b m]ely by way ( progression 7n ( compreh5sion7 9 accordance ) an assum$ pr9ciple ( progression4 ,9 ?is ma!matical e/imation ( magnitude ! ,und]/&+ is equally s]v$ & cont5t$ :e!r ! ,imag9ation *ooses = unit a magnitude t we c take 9 9 a glance1 e4g4 a foot or rod1 or a ,g]man mile or ev5 ! e>?'s diamet]1--( :i* ! appreh5sion is inde$ possible1 b n ! compreh5sion 9 an intuition ( ! ,imag9ation 7n possible by compreh5sio ae/hetica1 al?\gh q possible by compreh5sio logica 9 a concept ( numb]74 ,9 bo? cases ! logical e/imation ( magnitude goes on )\t h9drance to inf9ity4 ,b n[ ! m9d li/5s to ! voice ( ,reason :i*1 = e giv5 magnitude1--ev5 = ^? t c nev] be entirely appreh5d$1 al?\gh 79 s5sible repres5tation7 !y are judg$ z entirely giv51--requires totality4 ,reason consequ5tly desires compreh5sion 9 "o intuition1 & s ! pres5tation ( all ^! memb]s ( a progressively increas+ s]ies4 ,x does n ev5 exempt ! inf9ite 7space & pa/ "t7 f ?is requirem5t2 x r r5d]s x unavoidable to ?9k ! inf9ite 79 ! judgem5t ( common ,reason7 z entirely giv5 7accord+ to its totality74 ,b ! inf9ite is absolutely 7n m]ely comp>atively7 great4 ,comp>$ ) x ev]y?+ else 7( ! same k9d ( magnitudes7 is small4 ,& :at is mo/ important is t to be able only to ?9k x z a :ole indicates a faculty ( m9d :i* surpasses e /&>d ( ,s5se4 ,= to repres5t x s5sibly w\ld require a compreh5sion hav+ = unit a /&>d be>+ a def9ite relation1 expressible 9 numb]s1 to ! inf9ite2 :i* is impossible4 ,nev]!less1 ! b>e capability ( ?9k+ ?is inf9ite )\t contradiction requires 9 ! human m9d a faculty itself sup]s5sible4 ,= x is only by means ( ?is faculty & its ,idea ( a n\m5on1--:i* admits ( no intuition1 b :i* yet s]ves z ! sub/rate = ! intuition ( ! _w1 z a m]e ph5om5on1--t ! inf9ite ( ! _w ( s5se1 9 ! pure intellectual e/imation ( magnitude1 c be completely compreh5d$ "u a concept1 al?\gh 9 ! ma!matical e/imation ( magnitude by means ( concepts ( numb] x c nev] be completely ?\ght4 ,! faculty ( be+ able to ?9k ! inf9ite ( sup]s5sible intuition z giv5 79 its intelligible sub/rate71 surpasses e /&>d ( s5sibility1 & is great beyond all comp>ison ev5 ) ! faculty ( ma!matical e/imation2 n ( c\rse 9 a !oretical po9t ( view & on behalf ( ! cognitive faculty1 b z an ext5sion ( ! m9d :i* feels itself able 9 ano!r 7practical7 po9t ( view to g beyond ! limit ( s5sibility4 ,nature is !re=e sublime 9 ^? ( its ph5om5a1 ^: intuition br+s ) x ! ,idea ( _! inf9ity4 ,?is la/ c only come by ! inadequacy ( ! greate/ ef=t ( our ,imag9ation to e/imate ! magnitude ( an object4 ,b n[ 9 ma!matical e/imation ( magnitude ! ,imag9ation is equal to provid+ a suffici5t measure = e object2 because ! num]ical concepts ( ! ,und]/&+1 by means ( progression1 c make any measure adequate to any giv5 magnitude4 ,!re=e x mu/ be ! ae/hetical e/imation ( magnitude 9 :i* x is felt t ! ef=t t[>ds compreh5sion surpasses ! p[] ( ! ,imag9ation to grasp 9 a :ole ( intuition ! progressive appreh5sion2 & at ! same "t is p]ceiv$ ! inadequacy ( ?is faculty1 unb\nd$ 9 its progress1 = grasp+ & us+1 = ! e/imation ( magnitude1 a fundam5tal measure :i* c\ld be made available by ! ,und]/&+ ) little tr\ble4 ,n[ ! prop] un*angeable fundam5tal measure ( nature is its absolute :ole2 :i*1 reg>d+ nature z a ph5om5on1 w\ld be inf9ity compreh5d$4 ,b s9ce ?is fundam5tal measure is a self-contradictory concept 7on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( ! absolute totality ( an endless progress71 t magnitude ( a natural ,object1 on :i* ! ,imag9ation fruitlessly sp5ds its :ole faculty ( compreh5sion1 mu/ c>ry our concept ( nature to a sup]s5sible sub/rate 7:i* lies at its basis & also at ! basis ( our faculty ( ?\ght74 ,z ?is1 h[ev]1 is great beyond all /&>ds ( s5se1 x makes u judge z sublime1 n s mu* ! object1 z our own /ate ( m9d 9 ! e/imation ( x4 ,!re=e1 j z ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t 9 judg+ ! ,beautiful ref]s ! ,imag9ation 9 its free play to ! ,und]/&+1 9 ord] to h>monise x ) ! concepts ( ! latt] 9 g5]al 7)\t any det]m9ation ( !m72 s does ! same faculty :5 judg+ a ?+ z ,sublime ref] itself to ! ,reason 9 ord] t x may subjectively be 9 accordance ) its ,ideas 7no matt] :at !y are73--i4e4 t x may produce a /ate ( m9d con=mable to !m & compatible ) t br\ght ab\t by ! influ5ce ( def9ite 7practical7 ,ideas ^u feel+4 ,we h5ce see also t true sublimity mu/ be s\ght only 9 ! m9d ( ! subject judg+1 n 9 ! natural ,object1 ! judgem5t ^u :i* occasions ?is /ate4 ,:o w\ld call sublime1 e4g4 %apeless m\nta9 masses pil$ 9 wild disord] ^u ea* o!r ) _! pyramids ( ice1 or ! gloomy rag+ sea8 ,b ! m9d feels itself elevat$ 9 its own judgem5t if1 :ile contemplat+ !m )\t any ref]5ce to _! =m1 & ab&on+ itself to ! ,imag9ation & to ! ,reason--:i* al?\gh plac$ 9 comb9ation ) ! ,imag9ation )\t any def9ite purpose1 m]ely ext5ds x--x yet f9ds ! :ole p[] ( ! ,imag9ation inadequate to its ,ideas4 ,examples ( ! ma!matically ,sublime ( nature 9 m]e intuition are all ! cases 9 :i* we are giv51 n s mu* a l>g] num]ical concept z a l>ge unit = ! measure ( ! ,imag9ation 7= %ort5+ ! num]ical s]ies74 ,a tree1 ! height ( :i* we e/imate ) ref]5ce to ! height ( a man1 at all ev5ts gives a /&>d = a m\nta92 & if ?is 7 a mile high1 x w\ld s]ve z unit = ! numb] expressive ( ! e>?'s diamet]1 s t ! latt] might be made intuitible4 ,! e>?'s diamet] w\ld supply a unit = ! kn[n planet>y sy/em2 ?is aga9 = ! ,milky ,way2 & ! immeasurable numb] ( milky way sy/ems call$ nebulae1--:i* presumably con/itute a sy/em ( ! same k9d among !mselves--lets u expect no b\nds "h4 ,n[ ! ,sublime 9 ! ae/hetical judg+ ( an immeasurable :ole l ?is lies n s mu* 9 ! greatness ( ! numb] ( units1 z 9 ! fact t 9 our progress we ev] arrive at yet great] units4 ,to ?is ! sy/ematic division ( ! univ]se contributes1 :i* repres5ts e magnitude 9 nature z small 9 its turn2 & repres5ts our ,imag9ation ) its entire fre$om f b\nds1 & ) x ,nature1 z a m]e no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! ,ideas ( ,reason1 if x is s\ght to furni% a pres5tation :i* %all be adequate to !m4 #bg4 ,( ! quality ( ! satisfaction 9 our judgem5ts ^u ! ,sublime ,! feel+ ( our incapacity to atta9 to an ,idea1 :i* is a law = u1 is ,,respect4 ,n[ ! ,idea ( ! compreh5sion ( e ph5om5on t c be giv5 u 9 ! intuition ( a :ole1 is an ,idea prescrib$ to u by a law ( ,reason1 :i* recognises no o!r measure1 def9ite1 valid = e "o1 & inv>iable1 ?an ! absolute :ole4 ,b our ,imag9ation1 ev5 9 its greate/ ef=ts1 9 respect ( t compreh5sion1 :i* we expect f x1 ( a giv5 object 9 a :ole ( intuition 7& ?us ) ref]5ce to ! pres5tation ( ! ,idea ( ,reason71 exhibits its own limits & inadequacy2 al?\gh at ! same "t x %[s t its de/9ation is to make itself adequate to ?is ,idea reg>d$ z a law4 ,!re=e ! feel+ ( ! ,sublime 9 nature is respect = our own de/9ation1 :i* by a c]ta9 subreption we attribute to an ,object ( nature 7conv]sion ( respect = ! ,idea ( humanity 9 our own subject into respect = ! ,object74 ,?is makes intuitively evid5t ! sup]iority ( ! rational det]m9ation ( our cognitive faculties to ! greate/ faculty ( our ,s5sibility4 ,! feel+ ( ! ,sublime is !re=e a feel+ ( pa91 aris+ f ! want ( accordance betwe5 ! ae/hetical e/imation ( magnitude =m$ by ! ,imag9ation & ! e/imation ( ! same =m$ by ,reason4 ,!re is at ! same "t a pleasure ?us excit$1 aris+ f ! correspond5ce ) rational ,ideas ( ?is v judgem5t ( ! inadequacy ( our greate/ faculty ( ,s5se2 9 s f> z x is a law = u to /rive aft] ^! ,ideas4 ,9 fact x is = u a law 7( ,reason71 & belongs to our de/9ation1 to e/imate z small1 9 comp>ison ) ,ideas ( ,reason1 ev]y?+ :i* nature1 reg>d$ z an object ( ,s5se1 conta9s t is great = u2 & t :i* ar\ses 9 u ! feel+ ( ?is sup]s5sible de/9ation agrees ) t law4 ,n[ ! greate/ ef=t ( ! ,imag9ation 9 ! pres5tation ( ! unit = ! e/imation ( magnitude indicates a ref]5ce to some?+ absolutely great2 & consequ5tly a ref]5ce to ! law ( ,reason1 :i* bids u take ?is alone z ! supreme measure ( magnitude4 ,!re=e ! inn] p]ception ( ! inadequacy ( all s5sible /&>ds = rational e/imation ( magnitude indicates a correspond5ce ) rational laws2 x involves a pa91 :i* ar\ses 9 u ! feel+ ( our sup]s5sible de/9ation1 accord+ to :i* x is purposive & !re=e pleasurable to f9d e /&>d ( ,s5sibility inadequate to ! ,ideas ( ,und]/&+4 ,! m9d feels itself mov$ 9 ! repres5tation ( ! ,sublime 9 nature2 :il/ 9 ae/hetical judgem5ts ab\t ! ,beautiful x is 9 re/ful contemplation4 ,?is movem5t may 7especially 9 its beg9n+s7 be comp>$ to a vibration1 i4e4 to a quickly alt]nat+ attraction t[>ds1 & repulsion f1 ! same ,object4 ,! transc5d5t 7t[>ds :i* ! ,imag9ation is impell$ 9 its appreh5sion ( intuition7 is = ! ,imag9ation l an abyss 9 :i* x fe>s to lose itself2 b = ! rational ,idea ( ! sup]s5sible x is n transc5d5t b 9 con=mity ) law to br+ ab\t su* an ef=t ( ! ,imag9ation1 & consequ5tly "h !re is ! same am\nt ( attraction z !re 0 ( repulsion = ! m]e ,s5sibility4 ,b ! judgem5t itself always rema9s 9 ?is case only ae/hetical1 because--)\t hav+ any det]m9ate concept ( ! ,object at its basis--x m]ely repres5ts ! subjective play ( ! m5tal p[]s 7,imag9ation & ,reason7 z h>moni\s ?r\gh _! v contra/4 ,= j z ,imag9ation & ,und]/&+1 9 judg+ ( ! ,beautiful1 g5]ate a subjective purposiv5ess ( ! m5tal p[]s by means ( _! h>mony1 s "h#df ,imag9ation & ,reason d s by means ( _! conflict4 ,t is1 !y br+ ab\t a feel+ t we possess pure self-subsi/5t ,reason1 or a faculty = ! e/imation ( magnitude1 ^: pre-em95ce c be made intuitively evid5t only by ! inadequacy ( t faculty ,imag9ation :i* is itself unb\nd$ 9 ! pres5tation ( magnitudes 7( s5sible objects74 ,! measurem5t ( a space 7reg>d$ z appreh5sion7 is at ! same "t a description ( x1 & ?us an objective movem5t 9 ! act ( ,imag9ation & a progress4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! compreh5sion ( ! manifold 9 ! unity1--n ( ?\ght b ( intuition1--& consequ5tly ! compreh5sion ( ! successively appreh5d$ elem5ts 9 "o glance1 is a regress1 :i* annihilates ! condition ( "t 9 ?is progress ( ! ,imag9ation & makes coexi/5ce intuitible4#dg ,x is !re=e 7s9ce ! "t-s]ies is a condition ( ! int]nal s5se & ( an intuition7 a subjective movem5t ( ! ,imag9ation1 by :i* x does viol5ce to ! int]nal s5se2 ?is mu/ be ! m noticeable1 ! great] ! quantum is :i* ! ,imag9ation compreh5ds 9 "o intuition4 ,! ef=t1 !re=e1 to receive 9 "o s+le intuition a measure = magnitudes t requires an appreciable "t to appreh5d1 is a k9d ( repres5tation1 :i*1 subjectively consid]$1 is contr>y to purpose3 b objectively1 z requisite = ! e/imation ( magnitude1 x is purposive4 ,?us t v viol5ce :i* is done to ! subject ?r\gh ! ,imag9ation is judg$ z purposive 9 ref]5ce to ! :ole det]m9ation ( ! m9d4 ,! quality ( ! feel+ ( ! ,sublime is t x is a feel+ ( pa9 9 ref]5ce to ! faculty by :i* we judge ae/hetically ( an object1 :i* pa91 h[ev]1 is repres5t$ at ! same "t z purposive4 ,?is is possible ?r\gh ! fact t ! v incapacity 9 "q discov]s ! consci\sness ( an unlimit$ faculty ( ! same subject1 & t ! m9d c only judge ( ! latt] ae/hetically by means ( ! =m]4 ,9 ! logical e/imation ( magnitude ! impossibility ( ev] arriv+ at absolute totality1 by means ( ! progress ( ! measurem5t ( ?+s ( ! s5sible _w 9 "t & space1 0 cognis$ z objective1 i4e4 z an impossibility ( ?9k+ ! inf9ite z entirely giv52 & n z m]ely subjective or t !re 0 only an incapacity to grasp x4 ,= !re we h n to d ) ! degree ( compreh5sion 9 an intuition1 reg>d$ z a measure1 b ev]y?+ dep5ds on a concept ( numb]4 ,b 9 ae/hetical e/imation ( magnitude ! concept ( numb] mu/ disappe> or be *ang$1 & ! compreh5sion ( ! ,imag9ation 9 ref]5ce to ! unit ( measure 7?us avoid+ ! concepts ( a law ( ! successive production ( concepts ( magnitude7 is alone purposive = x4--,if n[ a magnitude almo/ rea*es ! limit ( our faculty ( compreh5sion 9 an intuition1 & yet ! ,imag9ation is invit$ by means ( num]ical magnitudes 79 respect ( :i* we are consci\s t our faculty is unb\nd$7 to ae/hetical compreh5sion 9 a great] unit1 !n we m5tally feel ourselves conf9$ ae/hetically )9 b\nds4 ,b nev]!less ! pa9 9 reg>d to ! necess>y ext5sion ( ! ,imag9ation = accordance ) t :i* is unb\nd$ 9 our faculty ( ,reason1 viz4 ! ,idea ( ! absolute :ole1 & consequ5tly ! v unpurposiv5ess ( ! faculty ( ,imag9ation = rational ,ideas & ! ar\s+ ( !m1 are repres5t$ z purposive4 ,?us x is t ! ae/hetical judgem5t itself is subjectively purposive = ! ,reason z ! s\rce ( ,ideas1 i4e4 z ! s\rce ( an intellectual compreh5sion = :i* all ae/hetical compreh5sion is small2 & !re accompanies ! reception ( an object z sublime a pleasure1 :i* is only possible ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a pa94 ,b4--,,( ,,! ,,dynamically ,,sublime ,,9 ,,nature #bh4 ,( ,nature reg>d$ z ,might ,might is t :i* is sup]ior to great h9drances4 ,x is call$ dom9ion if x is sup]ior to ! resi/ance ( t :i* itself possesses might4 ,nature consid]$ 9 an ae/hetical judgem5t z might t has no dom9ion ov] u1 is dynamically sublime4 ,if nature is to be judg$ by u z dynamically sublime1 x mu/ be repres5t$ z excit+ fe> 7al?\gh x is n true conv]sely t e object :i* excites fe> is reg>d$ 9 our ae/hetical judgem5t z sublime74 ,= 9 ae/hetical judgem5ts 7)\t ! aid ( concepts7 sup]iority to h9drances c only be judg$ accord+ to ! greatness ( ! resi/ance4 ,n[ t :i* we are driv5 to resi/ is an evil1 &1 if we d n f9d our faculties a mat* = x1 is an object ( fe>4 ,h5ce nature c be reg>d$ by ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t z might1 & consequ5tly z dynamically sublime1 only s f> z x is consid]$ an object ( fe>4 ,b we c reg>d an object z fe>ful1 )\t be+ afraid ( x2 viz4 if we judge ( x 9 su* a way t we m]ely ?9k a case 9 :i* we w\ld wi% to resi/ x1 & yet 9 :i* all resi/ance w\ld be altoge!r va94 ,?us ! virtu\s man fe>s ,god )\t be+ afraid ( ,him2 because to wi% to resi/ ,him & ,8 comm&m5ts1 he ?9ks is a case z to :i* he ne$ n be anxi\s4 ,b 9 e su* case t he ?9ks z n impossible1 he cognises ,him z fe>ful4 ,he :o fe>s c =m no judgem5t ab\t ! ,sublime 9 nature2 j z he :o is s$uc$ by incl9ation & appetite c =m no judgem5t ab\t ! ,beautiful4 ,! =m] flies f ! sight ( an object :i* inspires him ) awe2 & x is impossible to f9d satisfaction 9 a t]ror t is s]i\sly felt4 ,h5ce ! pleasurabl5ess aris+ f ! cessation ( an uneas9ess is a /ate ( joy4 ,b ?is1 on acc\nt ( ! deliv]ance f dang] :i* is involv$1 is a /ate ( joy conjo9$ ) ! resolve n to expose ourselves to ! dang] aga92 we _c will+ly look back ^u our s5sations ( dang]1 mu* less seek ! occasion = !m aga94 ,bold1 ov]hang+1 & z x 7 ?reat5+1 rocks2 cl\ds pil$ up 9 ! sky1 mov+ ) lightn+ fla%es & ?und] peals2 volcanoes 9 all _! viol5ce ( de/ruction2 hurricanes ) _! track ( deva/ation2 ! b\ndless ocean 9 a /ate ( tumult2 ! l(ty wat]fall ( a mighty riv]1 & su* l2 ^! exhibit our faculty ( resi/ance z insignificantly small 9 comp>ison ) _! might4 ,b ! sight ( !m is ! m attractive1 ! m fe>ful x is1 provid$ only t we are 9 security2 & we readily call ^! objects sublime1 because !y raise ! en]gies ( ! s\l above _! accu/om$ height1 & discov] 9 u a faculty ( resi/ance ( a q diff]5t k9d1 :i* gives u c\rage to measure ourselves aga9/ ! app>5t almight9ess ( nature4 ,n[1 9 ! imm5sity ( nature1 & 9 ! inadequacy ( our faculties = adopt+ a /&>d proportionate to ! ae/hetical e/imation ( ! magnitude ( its realm1 we f9d our own limitation2 al?\gh at ! same "t 9 our rational faculty we f9d a diff]5t1 non-s5su\s /&>d1 :i* has t inf9ity itself "u x z a unit1 & 9 comp>ison ) :i* ev]y?+ 9 nature is small4 ,?us 9 our m9d we f9d a sup]iority to nature ev5 9 its imm5sity4 ,& s also ! irresi/ibility ( its might1 :ile mak+ u recognise our own physical#dh impot5ce1 consid]$ z be+s ( nature1 discloses to u a faculty ( judg+ indep5d5tly (1 & a sup]iority ov]1 nature2 on :i* is bas$ a k9d ( self-pres]vation1 entirely diff]5t f t :i* c be attack$ & br\ght into dang] by ext]nal nature4 ,?us1 humanity 9 our p]son rema9s unhumiliat$1 ?\gh ! individual might h to submit to ?is dom9ion4 ,9 ?is way nature is n judg$ to be sublime 9 our ae/hetical judgem5ts1 9 s f> z x excites fe>2 b because x calls up t p[] 9 u 7:i* is n nature7 ( reg>d+ z small ! ?+s ab\t :i* we are solicit\s 7goods1 heal?1 & life71 & ( reg>d+ its might 7to :i* we are no d\bt subject$ 9 respect ( ^! ?+s71 z nev]!less )\t any dom9ion ov] u & our p]sonality to :i* we mu/ b[ :]e our highe/ fundam5tal propositions1 & _! ass]tion or ab&onm5t1 are conc]n$4 ,!re=e nature is "h call$ sublime m]ely because x elevates ! ,imag9ation to a pres5tation ( ^? cases 9 :i* ! m9d c make felt ! prop] sublimity ( its de/9ation1 9 comp>ison ) nature itself4 ,?is e/imation ( ourselves loses no?+ ?r\gh ! fact t we mu/ reg>d ourselves z safe 9 ord] to feel ?is inspirit+ satisfaction2 & t h5ce1 z !re is no s]i\sness 9 ! dang]1 !re might be also 7z might seem to be ! case7 j z little s]i\sness 9 ! sublimity ( our spiritual faculty4 ,= ! satisfaction "h conc]ns only ! de/9ation ( our faculty :i* discloses itself 9 su* a case1 s f> z ! t5d5cy to ?is de/9ation lies 9 our nature1 :il/ its developm5t & ex]cise rema9 incumb5t & obligatory4 ,& 9 ?is !re is tru?1 h[ev] consci\s ! man may be ( 8 pres5t actual p[]lessness1 :5 he /ret*es 8 reflection s f>4 ,no d\bt ?is pr9ciple seems to be too f>-fet*$ & too subtly reason$1 & consequ5tly seems to g beyond ! scope ( an ae/hetical judgem5t2 b obs]vation ( m5 proves ! opposite1 & %[s t x may lie at ! root ( ! mo/ ord9>y judgem5ts1 al?\gh we are n always consci\s ( x4 ,= :at is t :i* is1 ev5 to ! savage1 an object ( ! greate/ admiration8 ,x is a man :o %r9ks f no?+1 :o fe>s no?+1 & !re=e does n yield to dang]1 b r goes to face x vigor\sly ) ! fulle/ delib]ation4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ highly civilis$ /ate ?is peculi> v5]ation = ! soldi] rema9s1 ?\gh only "u ! condition t he exhibit all ! virtues ( peace1 g5tl5ess1 compassion1 & ev5 a becom+ c>e = 8 own p]son2 because ev5 by ^! x is recognis$ t 8 m9d is unsubdu$ by dang]4 ,h5ce :atev] disputes !re may be ab\t ! sup]iority ( ! respect :i* is to be accord$ !m1 9 ! comp>ison ( a /atesman & a g5]al1 ! ae/hetical judgem5t decides = ! latt]4 ,w> itself1 if x is c>ri$ on ) ord] & ) a sacr$ respect = ! rights ( citiz5s1 has some?+ sublime 9 x1 & makes ! disposition ( ! p :o c>ry x on ?us1 only ! m sublime1 ! m num]\s are ! dang]s to :i* !y are expos$1 & 9 respect ( :i* !y behave ) c\rage4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a long peace g5]ally br+s ab\t a pr$om9ant comm]cial _s1 & along ) x1 l[ selfi%ness1 c[>dice1 & effem9acy1 & debases ! disposition ( ! p4#di ,x appe>s to conflict ) ?is solution ( ! concept ( ! sublime1 s f> z sublimity is ascrib$ to might1 t we are accu/om$ to repres5t ,god z pres5t+ ,himself 9 ,8 wra? & yet 9 ,8 sublimity1 9 ! tempe/1 ! /orm1 ! e>?quake1 etc42 & t x w\ld be fooli% & crim9al to imag9e a sup]iority ( our m9ds ov] ^! works ( ,81 &1 z x seems1 ev5 ov] ! designs ( su* might4 ,h5ce x w\ld appe> t no feel+ ( ! sublimity ( our own nature1 b r subjection1 abasem5t1 & a feel+ ( complete p[]lessness1 is a fitt+ /ate ( m9d be=e ! manife/ation ( su* an object1 & ?is is g5]ally b\nd up ) ! ,idea ( x dur+ natural ph5om5a ( ?is k9d4 ,g5]ally 9 religion1 pro/ration1 adoration ) b5t head1 ) contrite1 anxi\s demean\r & voice1 seems to be ! only fitt+ behavi\r 9 pres5ce ( ! ,godhead2 & h5ce mo/ peoples h adopt$ & /ill obs]ve x4 ,b ?is /ate ( m9d is f> f be+ necess>ily b\nd up ) ! ,idea ( ! sublimity ( a religion & its object4 ,! man :o is actually afraid1 because he f9ds reasons = fe> 9 himself1 :il/ consci\s by 8 culpable disposition ( (f5d+ aga9/ a ,might ^: w is irresi/ible & at ! same "t j1 is n 9 ! frame ( m9d = admir+ ! div9e greatness4 ,= ?is a mood ( calm contemplation & a q free judgem5t are ne$$4 ,only if he is consci\s ( an upright disposition pleas+ to ,god d ^? op]ations ( might s]ve to awak5 9 him ! ,idea ( ! sublimity ( ?is ,be+1 = !n he recognises 9 himself a sublimity ( disposition con=mable to ,8 w2 & ?us he is rais$ above ! fe> ( su* op]ations ( nature1 :i* he no long] reg>ds z outbur/s ( ,8 wra?4 ,ev5 humility1 9 ! %ape ( a /]n judgem5t ^u 8 own faults1--:i* o!rwise1 ) a consci\sness ( good int5tions1 c\ld be easily palliat$ f ! frailty ( human nature1--is a sublime /ate ( m9d1 consi/+ 9 a volunt>y subjection ( himself to ! pa9 ( remorse1 9 ord] t its causes may be gradually remov$4 ,9 ?is way religion is ess5tially di/+ui%$ f sup]/ition4 ,! latt] e/abli%es 9 ! m9d1 n rev]5ce = ! ,sublime1 b fe> & appreh5sion ( ! all-p[]ful ,be+ to ^: w ! t]rifi$ man sees himself subject1 )\t accord+ ,him any high e/eem4 ,f ?is no?+ c arise b a seek+ ( fav\r1 & flatt]y1 in/ead ( a religion :i* consi/s 9 a good life4#ej ,sublimity1 !re=e1 does n reside 9 any?+ ( nature1 b only 9 our m9d1 9 s f> z we c become consci\s t we are sup]ior to nature )91 & !re=e also to nature )\t u 7s f> z x influ5ces u74 ,ev]y?+ t excites ?is feel+ 9 u1 e4g4 ! might ( nature :i* calls =? our =ces1 is call$ !n 7al?\gh improp]ly7 sublime4 ,only by suppos+ ?is ,idea 9 ourselves1 & 9 ref]5ce to x1 are we capable ( atta9+ to ! ,idea ( ! sublimity ( t ,be+1 :i* produces respect 9 u1 n m]ely by ! might t x displays 9 nature1 b r by means ( ! faculty :i* resides 9 u ( judg+ x fe>lessly & ( reg>d+ our de/9ation z sublime 9 respect ( x4 #bi4 ,( ! modality ( ! judgem5t ^u ! sublime 9 nature ,!re are numb]less beautiful ?+s 9 nature ab\t :i* we c assume & ev5 expect1 )\t be+ f> mi/ak51 ! h>mony ( e "o's judgem5t ) our own4 ,b 9 respect ( our judgem5t ^u ! sublime 9 nature1 we _c promise ourselves s easily ! accordance ( o!rs4 ,= a f> great] culture1 z well ( ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t z ( ! cognitive faculties :i* lie at its basis1 seems requisite 9 ord] to be able to pass judgem5t on ?is pre-em95t quality ( natural objects4 ,t ! m9d be attun$ to feel ! sublime po/ulates a susceptibility ( ! m9d = ,ideas4 ,= 9 ! v inadequacy ( nature to ^! latt]1 & ?us only by presuppos+ !m & by /ra9+ ! ,imag9ation to use nature z a s*ema = !m1 is to be f\nd t :i* is t]rible to s5sibility & yet is attractive4 ,x is attractive because ,reason ex]ts a dom9ion ov] s5sibility 9 ord] to ext5d x 9 con=mity ) its own realm 7! practical7 & to make x look out into ! ,inf9ite1 :i* is = x an abyss4 ,9 fact1 )\t developm5t ( moral ,ideas1 t :i* we1 prep>$ by culture1 call sublime1 pres5ts itself to ! un$ucat$ man m]ely z t]rible4 ,9 ! indications ( ! dom9ion ( nature 9 de/ruction1 & 9 ! great scale ( its might1 9 comp>ison ) :i* 8 own is a vani%+ quantity1 he w only see ! mis]y1 dang]1 & di/ress :i* surr\nd ! man :o is expos$ to x4 ,s ! good1 & inde$ intellig5t1 ,savoy>d peasant 7z ,h]r von ,saussure#ea relates7 unhesitat+ly call$ all lov]s ( sn[-m\nta9s fools4 ,& :o kn[s1 :e!r he w\ld h be5 s completely wrong1 if ,saussure _h und]tak5 ! dang] to :i* he expos$ himself m]ely1 z mo/ travell]s d1 f amateur curiosity1 or t he might be able to give a pa!tic acc\nt ( !m8 ,b 8 design 0 ! in/ruction ( m52 & ?is excell5t man gave ! read]s ( 8 ,travels1 s\l-/irr+ s5sations su* z he himself _h1 into ! b>ga94 ,b al?\gh ! judgem5t ^u ! ,sublime 9 nature ne$s culture 7m ?an ! judgem5t ^u ! ,beautiful71 x is n !re=e prim>ily produc$ by culture & introduc$ 9 a m]ely conv5tional way into society4 ,r has x root 9 human nature1 ev5 9 t :i*1 alike ) common ,und]/&+1 we c impute to & expect ( e "o1 viz4 9 ! t5d5cy to ! feel+ = 7practical7 ,ideas1 i4e4 to ! moral feel+4 ,h]eon is bas$ ! necessity ( t agreem5t ( ! judgem5t ( o!rs ab\t ! sublime ) our own :i* we include 9 ! latt]4 ,= j z we *>ge ) want ( ta/e ! man :o is indiff]5t :5 pass+ judgem5t ^u an object ( nature t we reg>d z beautiful2 s we say ( him :o rema9s unmov$ 9 ! pres5ce ( t :i* we judge to be sublime1 he has no feel+4 ,b we claim bo? f e man1 & we presuppose !m 9 him if he has any culture at all2 only ) ! diff]5ce1 t we expect ! =m] directly ( e "o1 because 9 x ! ,judgem5t ref]s ! ,imag9ation m]ely to ! ,und]/&+1 ! faculty ( concepts2 b ! latt]1 because 9 x ! ,imag9ation is relat$ to ! ,reason1 ! faculty ( ,ideas1 only "u a subjective presupposition 7:i*1 h[ev]1 we believe we are au?oris$ 9 imput+ to e "o71 viz4 ! presupposition ( ! moral feel+ 9 man4#eb ,?us x is t we ascribe necessity to ?is ae/hetical judgem5t also4 ,9 ?is modality ( ae/hetical judgem5ts1 viz4 9 ! necessity claim$ = !m1 lies an important mom5t ( ! ,critique ( ,judgem5t4 ,= x enables u to recognise 9 !m an a priori pr9ciple1 & raises !m out ( empirical psy*ology1 9 :i* o!rwise !y w\ld rema9 buri$ among/ ! feel+s ( gratification & grief 7only ) ! unmean+ addition ( be+ call$ f9] feel+s74 ,?us x enables u too to place ! ,judgem5t among ^? faculties t h a priori pr9ciples at _! basis1 & s to br+ x into ,transc5d5tal ,philosophy4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>k ,,^u ,,! ,,exposition ,,( ,,! ,,ae/hetical ,,reflective ,,judgem5t ,9 ref]5ce to ! feel+ ( pleasure an object is to be classifi$ z ei!r pleasant1 or beautiful1 or sublime1 or good 7absolutely71 7jucundum1 pul*rum1 sublime1 hone/um74 ,! pleasant1 z motive ( desire1 is always ( "o & ! same k9d1 no matt] :5ce x comes & h[ev] specifically diff]5t ! repres5tation 7( s5se1 & s5sation objectively consid]$7 may be4 ,h5ce 9 judg+ its influ5ce on ! m9d1 acc\nt is tak5 only ( ! numb] ( its *>ms 7simultane\s & successive71 & s only ( ! mass1 z x 71 ( ! pleasant s5sation2 & ?is c be made intelligible only by quantity4 ,x has no ref]5ce to culture1 b belongs to m]e enjoym5t4--,on ! o!r h&1 ! beautiful requires ! repres5tation ( a c]ta9 quality ( ! ,object1 t c be made intelligible & r$uc$ to concepts 7al?\gh x is n s r$uc$ 9 an ae/hetical judgem5t72 & x cultivates u1 9 t x tea*es u to att5d to ! purposiv5ess 9 ! feel+ ( pleasure4--,! sublime consi/s m]ely 9 ! relation by :i* ! s5sible 9 ! repres5tation ( nature is judg$ available = a possible sup]s5sible use4--,! absolutely good1 subjectively judg$ accord+ to ! feel+ t x inspires 7! ,object ( ! moral feel+71 z capable ( det]m9+ ! p[]s ( ! subject ?r\gh ! repres5tation ( an absolutely compell+ law1 is specially di/+ui%$ by ! modality ( a necessity t re/s a priori ^u concepts4 ,?is necessity involves n m]ely a claim1 b a comm& = ! ass5t ( e "o1 & belongs 9 itself to ! pure intellectual1 r ?an to ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t2 & is by a det]m9ant & n a m]e reflective judgem5t ascrib$ n to ,nature b to ,fre$om4 ,b ! det]m9ability ( ! subject by means ( ?is ,idea1 & especially ( a subject t c feel h9drances 9 s5sibility1 & at ! same "t its sup]iority to !m by _! subjugation involv+ a modification ( its /ate--i4e4 ! moral feel+1--is yet s f> cognate to ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t & its =mal conditions t x c s]ve to repres5t ! con=mity to law ( action f duty z ae/hetical1 i4e4 z sublime or ev5 z beautiful1 )\t los+ its purity4 ,?is w\ld n be s1 if we 7 to put x 9 natural comb9ation ) ! feel+ ( ! pleasant4 ,if we take ! result ( ! =ego+ exposition ( ! two k9ds ( ae/hetical judgem5ts1 !re arise !refrom ! foll[+ %ort explanations3 ,! ,beautiful is :at pleases 9 ! m]e judgem5t 7& !re=e n by ! m$ium ( s5sation 9 accordance ) a concept ( ! ,und]/&+74 ,x foll[s at once f ?is t x mu/ please ap>t f all int]e/4 ,! ,sublime is :at pleases imm$iately ?r\gh its opposition to ! int]e/ ( s5se4 ,bo?1 z explanations ( ae/hetical univ]sally valid judg+1 are ref]r$ to subjective gr\nds2 9 ! "o case to gr\nds ( s5sibility1 9 fav\r ( ! contemplative ,und]/&+2 9 ! o!r case 9 opposition to s5sibility1 b on behalf ( ! purposes ( practical ,reason4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 unit$ 9 ! same subject1 are purposive 9 ref]5ce to ! moral feel+4 ,! ,beautiful prep>es u to love dis9t]e/$ly some?+1 ev5 nature itself2 ! ,sublime prep>es u to e/eem some?+ highly ev5 9 opposition to our own 7s5sible7 int]e/4 ,we may describe ! ,sublime ?us3 x is an object 7( nature7 ! repres5tation ( :i* det]m9es ! m9d to ?9k ! unatta9ability ( nature reg>d$ z a pres5tation ( ,ideas4 ,lit]ally tak5 & logically consid]$1 ,ideas _c be pres5t$4 ,b if we ext5d our empirical repres5tative faculty 7ma!matically or dynamically7 to ! intuition ( nature1 ,reason inevitably int]v5es1 z ! faculty express+ ! indep5d5ce ( absolute totality1#ec & g5]ates ! ef=t ( ! m9d1 va9 ?\gh x be1 to make ! repres5tation ( ! s5ses adequate to ?is4 ,?is ef=t1--& ! feel+ ( ! unatta9ability ( ! ,idea by means ( ! ,imag9ation1--is itself a pres5tation ( ! subjective purposiv5ess ( our m9d 9 ! employm5t ( ! ,imag9ation = its sup]s5sible de/9ation2 & =ces u1 subjectively1 to ?9k nature itself 9 its totality z a pres5tation ( some?+ sup]s5sible1 )\t be+ able objectively to arrive at ?is pres5tation4 ,= we soon see t nature 9 space & "t entirely lacks ! uncondition$1 &1 consequ5tly1 t absolute magnitude1 :i* yet is desir$ by ! mo/ ord9>y ,reason4 ,x is by ?is t we are rem9d$ t we only h to d ) nature z ph5om5on1 & t x mu/ be reg>d$ z ! m]e pres5tation ( a nature 9 itself 7( :i* ,reason has ! ,idea74 ,b ?is ,idea ( ! sup]s5sible1 :i* we c no fur!r det]m9e1--s t we _c "k b only ?9k nature z its pres5tation1--is awak5$ 9 u by means ( an object1 ^: ae/hetical appreciation /ra9s ! ,imag9ation to its utmo/ b\nds1 :e!r ( ext5sion 7ma!matical7 or ( its might ov] ! m9d 7dynamical74 ,& ?is judgem5t is bas$ ^u a feel+ ( ! m9d's de/9ation1 :i* entirely surpasses ! realm ( ! =m] 7i4e4 ^u ! moral feel+71 9 respect ( :i* ! repres5tation ( ! object is judg$ z subjectively purposive4 ,9 fact1 a feel+ = ! ,sublime 9 nature _c well be ?\ght )\t comb9+ !re) a m5tal disposition :i* is ak9 to ! ,moral4 ,& al?\gh ! imm$iate pleasure 9 ! ,beautiful ( nature likewise presupposes & cultivates a c]ta9 lib]ality 9 our m5tal attitude1 i4e4 a satisfaction indep5d5t ( m]e s5sible enjoym5t1 yet fre$om is ?us repres5t$ z 9 play r ?an 9 t law-direct$ occupation :i* is ! g5u9e *>act]i/ic ( human morality1 9 :i* ,reason mu/ ex]cise dom9ion ov] ,s5sibility4 ,b 9 ae/hetical judgem5ts ^u ! ,sublime ?is dom9ion is repres5t$ z ex]cis$ by ! ,imag9ation1 reg>d$ z an in/rum5t ( ,reason4 ,! satisfaction 9 ! ,sublime ( nature is !n only negative 7:il/ t 9 ! ,beautiful is positive72 viz4 a feel+ t ! ,imag9ation is depriv+ itself ( its fre$om1 :ile x is purposively det]m9$ accord+ to a diff]5t law f t ( its empirical employm5t4 ,x ?us acquires an ext5sion & a might great] ?an x sacrifices1--! gr\nd ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is conceal$ f itself2 :il/ yet x feels ! sacrifice or ! deprivation &1 at ! same "t1 ! cause to :i* x is subject$4 ,a/oni%m5t1 t bord]s ^u t]ror1 ! dread & ! holy awe :i* seizes ! obs]v] at ! sight ( m\nta9 peaks re>+ !mselves to heav51 deep *asms & /reams rag+ !re91 deep-%ad[$ solitudes t dispose "o to melan*oly m$itations--?is1 9 ! safety 9 :i* we "k ourselves to be1 is n actual fe>1 b only an attempt to feel fe> by ! aid ( ! ,imag9ation2 t we may feel ! might ( ?is faculty 9 comb9+ ) ! m9d's repose ! m5tal movem5t !reby excit$1 & be+ ?us sup]ior to int]nal nature1--& !re=e to ext]nal1--s f> z ?is c h any influ5ce on our feel+ ( well-be+4 ,= ! ,imag9ation by ! laws ( ,association makes our /ate ( cont5tm5t dep5d5t on physical causes2 b x also1 by ! pr9ciples ( ! ,s*ematism ( ! ,judgem5t 7be+ s f>1 !re=e1 rank$ "u fre$om71 is ! in/rum5t ( ,reason & its ,ideas1 &1 z su*1 has might to ma9ta9 our indep5d5ce ( natural influ5ces1 to reg>d z small :at 9 ref]5ce to !m is great1 & s to place ! absolutely great only 9 ! prop] de/9ation ( ! subject4 ,! rais+ ( ?is reflection ( ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t s z to be adequate to ,reason 7?\gh )\t a def9ite concept ( ,reason7 repres5ts ! object z subjectively purposive1 ev5 by ! objective want ( accordance betwe5 ! ,imag9ation 9 its greate/ ext5sion & ! ,reason 7z ! faculty ( ,ideas74 ,we mu/ "h1 g5]ally1 att5d to :at has be5 already not$1 t 9 ! ,transc5d5tal ,ae/hetic ( ,judgem5t we mu/ speak solely ( pure ae/hetical judgem5ts2 consequ5tly our examples are n to be tak5 f su* beautiful or sublime objects ( ,nature z presuppose ! concept ( a purpose4 ,=1 if s1 ! purposiv5ess w\ld be ei!r teleological1 or w\ld be bas$ on m]e s5sations ( an object 7gratification or grief72 & ?us w\ld be 9 ! =m] case n ae/hetical1 9 ! latt] n m]ely =mal4 ,if !n we call ! sight ( ! />ry heav5 sublime1 we mu/ n place at ! basis ( our judgem5t concepts ( worlds inhabit$ by rational be+s1 & reg>d ! bright po9ts1 ) :i* we see ! space above u fill$1 z _! suns mov+ 9 circles purposively fix$ ) ref]5ce to !m2 b we mu/ reg>d x1 j z we see x1 z a di/ant1 all-embrac+ vault4 ,only "u su* a repres5tation c we range t sublimity :i* a pure ae/hetical judgem5t ascribes to ?is object4 ,& 9 ! same way1 if we are to call ! sight ( ! ocean sublime1 we mu/ n ?9k ( x z we ord9>ily d1 end[$ z we are ) all k9ds ( k 7n conta9$1 h[ev]1 9 ! imm$iate intuition74 ,= example1 we sometimes ?9k ( ! ocean z a va/ k+dom ( aquatic creatures2 or z ! great s\rce ( ^? vap\rs t fill ! air ) cl\ds = ! b5efit ( ! l&2 or aga9 z an elem5t :i*1 ?\gh divid+ cont95ts f ea* o!r1 yet promotes ! greate/ communication betwe5 !m3 b ^! furni% m]ely teleological judgem5ts4 ,to call ! ocean sublime we mu/ reg>d x z poets d1 m]ely by :at /rikes ! eye2 if x is at re/1 z a cle> mirror ( wat] only b\nd$ by ! heav52 if x is re/less1 z an abyss ?reat5+ to ov]:elm ev]y?+4 ,! l is to be said ( ! ,sublime & ,beautiful 9 ! human figure4 ,we mu/ n reg>d z ! det]m9+ gr\nds ( our judgem5t ! concepts ( ! purposes :i* all our limbs s]ve1 & we mu/ n all[ ?is co9cid5ce to influ5ce our ae/hetical judgem5t 7= !n x w\ld no long] be pure72 al?\gh x is c]ta9ly a necess>y condition ( ae/hetical satisfaction t !re %\ld be no conflict betwe5 !m4 ,ae/hetical purposiv5ess is ! con=mity to law ( ! ,judgem5t 9 its fre$om4 ,! satisfaction 9 ! object dep5ds on ! relation 9 :i* we wi% to place ! ,imag9ation2 always provid$ t x by itself ent]ta9s ! m9d 9 free occupation4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! judgem5t be det]m9$ by any?+ else1--:e!r s5sation or concept1--al?\gh x may be con=mable to law1 x _c be ! act ( a free ,judgem5t4 ,if !n we speak ( intellectual beauty or sublimity1 ^! expressions are1 fir/1 n q accurate1 because beauty & sublimity are ae/hetical modes ( repres5tation1 :i* w\ld n be f\nd 9 u at all if we 7 pure intellig5ces 7or ev5 reg>d$ ourselves z su* 9 ?\ght74 ,secondly1 al?\gh bo?1 z objects ( an intellectual 7moral7 satisfaction1 are s f> compatible ) ae/hetical satisfaction t !y re/ ^u no int]e/1 yet !y are difficult to unite ) x1 because !y are meant to produce an int]e/4 ,?is1 if its pres5tation is to h>monise ) ! satisfaction 9 ! ae/hetical judgem5t1 c\ld only arise by means ( a s5sible int]e/ t we comb9e ) x 9 ! pres5tation2 & ?us damage w\ld be done to ! intellectual purposiv5ess1 & x w\ld lose its purity4 ,! object ( a pure & uncondition$ intellectual satisfaction is ! ,moral ,law 9 t might :i* x ex]cises 9 u ov] all m5tal motives t prec$e x4 ,?is might only makes itself ae/hetically kn[n to u ?r\gh sacrifices 7:i* caus+ a feel+ ( deprivation1 ?\gh on behalf ( int]nal fre$om1 9 return discloses 9 u an unfa?omable dep? ( ?is sup]s5sible faculty1 ) consequ5ces ext5d+ beyond our k572 ?us ! satisfaction on ! ae/hetical side 79 relation to s5sibility7 is negative1 i4e4 aga9/ ?is int]e/1 b reg>d$ f ! intellectual side x is positive & comb9$ ) an int]e/4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! intellectual1 9 itself purposive1 7moral7 good1 ae/hetically judg$1 mu/ be repres5t$ z sublime r ?an beautiful1 s t x r awak5s ! feel+ ( respect 7:i* disda9s *>m7 ?an t ( love & famili> incl9ation2 = human nature does n atta* itself to ?is good spontane\sly1 b only by ! au?ority :i* ,reason ex]cises ov] ,s5sibility4 ,conv]sely also1 t :i* we call sublime 9 nature1 :e!r ext]nal or int]nal 7e4g4 c]ta9 affections71 is only repres5t$ z a might 9 ! m9d to ov]come c]ta9#ed h9drances ( ! ,s5sibility by means ( moral fundam5tal propositions1 & only ?us does x int]e/4 ,i w dwell a mom5t on ?is latt] po9t4 ,! ,idea ( ! ,good conjo9$ ) affection is call$ en?usiasm4 ,?is /ate ( m9d seems to be sublime1 to ! ext5t t we commonly ass]t t no?+ great c\ld be done )\t x4 ,n[ e affection#ee is bl9d1 ei!r 9 ! *oice ( its purpose1 or1 if ?is be suppli$ by ,reason1 9 its accompli%m5t2 = x is a m5tal movem5t :i* makes x impossible to ex]cise a free delib]ation ab\t fundam5tal propositions s z to det]m9e ourselves !reby4 ,x c !re=e 9 no way des]ve ! approval ( ! ,reason4 ,nev]!less1 ae/hetically1 en?usiasm is sublime1 because x is a t5sion ( =ces produc$ by ,ideas1 :i* give an impulse to ! m9d1 t op]ates f> m p[]fully & la/+ly ?an ! impulse aris+ f s5sible repres5tations4 ,b 7:i* seems /range7 ! abs5ce ( affection 7apa!ia1 phlegma 9 significatu bono7 9 a m9d t vigor\sly foll[s its unalt]able pr9ciples is sublime1 & 9 a f> pref]able way1 because x has also on its side ! satisfaction ( pure ,reason4#ef ,x is only a m5tal /ate ( ?is k9d t is call$ noble2 & ?is expression is subsequ5tly appli$ to ?+s1 e4g4 a build+1 a g>m5t1 lit]>y /yle1 bodily pres5ce1 etc41 :5 ^! d n s mu* ar\se a/oni%m5t 7! affection produc$ by ! repres5tation ( novelty exce$+ our expectations71 z admiration 7a/oni%m5t t does n cease :5 ! novelty disappe>s72 & ?is is ! case :5 ,ideas agree 9 _! pres5tation undesign$ly & artlessly ) ! ae/hetical satisfaction4 ,e affection ( ! ,,/r5u\s k9d 7viz4 t excites ! consci\sness ( our p[] to ov]come e ob/acle--animi /r5ui7 is ae/hetically sublime1 e4g4 wra?1 ev5 despair 7i4e4 ! despair ( indignation1 n ( fa9!>t$ness74 ,b affections ( ! ,,languid k9d 7:i* make ! v ef=t ( resi/ance an object ( pa9--animum languidum7 h no?+ noble 9 !mselves1 b !y may be reckon$ "u ! s5su\sly beautiful4 ,emotions1 :i* may rise to ! /r5g? ( affections1 are v diff]5t4 ,we h bo? spirit$ & t5d] emotions4 ,! latt]1 if !y rise to ! height ( affections1 are wor?less2 ! prop5sity to !m is call$ s5tim5tality4 ,a sympa!tic grief t w n admit ( consolation1 or "o ref]r+ to imag9>y evils to :i* we delib]ately surr5d] ourselves--be+ deceiv$ by fancy--z if !y 7 actual1 indicates & produces a t5d]1#eg ?\gh weak1 s\l--:i* %[s a beautiful side & :i* c be call$ fanciful1 ?\gh n en?usia/ic4 ,romances1 lacrymose plays1 %all[ moral precepts1 :i* toy ) 7falsely7 s-call$ moral dispositions1 b 9 fact make ! he>t languid1 ins5sible to ! sev]e precept ( duty1 & incapable ( all respect = ! wor? ( humanity 9 our own p]son1 & = ! rights ( m5 7a v diff]5t ?+ f _! happ9ess71 & 9 g5]al incapable ( all /eady pr9ciple2 ev5 a religi\s disc\rse1#eh :i* recomm5ds a cr++1 abject seek+ ( fav\r & +ratiation ( ourselves1 :i* proposes ! ab&onm5t ( all confid5ce 9 our own faculties 9 opposition to ! evil )9 u1 in/ead ( a /urdy resolution to endeav\r to ov]come our incl9ations by means ( ^? p[]s :i* ) all our frailty yet rema9 to u2 t false humility :i* sets ! only way ( pleas+ ! ,supreme ,be+ 9 self-depreciation1 9 :9+ hypocritical rep5tance & 9 a m]e passive /ate ( m9d--^! are n compatible ) any frame ( m9d t c be c\nt$ beautiful1 /ill less ) "o :i* is to be c\nt$ sublime4 ,b ev5 /ormy movem5ts ( m9d :i* may be connect$ "u ! "n ( edification ) ,ideas ( religion1 or--z m]ely belong+ to culture--) ,ideas conta9+ a social int]e/1 c 9 no way1 h[ev] !y /ra9 ! ,imag9ation1 lay claim to ! hon\r ( be+ sublime pres5tations1 unless !y leave aft] !m a m5tal mood :i*1 al?\gh only indirectly1 has influ5ce ^u ! m9d's consci\sness ( its /r5g?1 & its resolution 9 ref]5ce to t :i* involves pure intellectual purposiv5ess 7! sup]s5sible74 ,= o!rwise all ^! emotions belong only to motion1 :i* "o w\ld fa9 enjoy = ! sake ( heal?4 ,! pleasant exhau/ion1 consequ5t ^u su* di/urbance produc$ by ! play ( ! affections1 is an enjoym5t ( our well-be+ aris+ f ! re/or$ equilibrium ( ! v>i\s vital =ces4 ,?is 9 ! end am\nts to ! same ?+ z t /ate :i* ,ea/]n voluptu>ies f9d s delightful1 :5 !y get _! bodies z x 7 knead$ & all _! muscles & jo9ts s(tly press$ & b5t2 only t 9 ?is case ! motive pr9ciple is = ! mo/ "p ext]nal1 9 ! o!r case x is altoge!r int]nal4 ,_m a man believes himself to be edifi$ by a s]mon1 :5 inde$ !re is no edification at all 7no sy/em ( good maxims72 or to be improv$ by a trag$y1 :5 he is only glad at 8 ennui be+ happily dispell$4 ,s ! ,sublime mu/ always h ref]5ce to ! disposition1 i4e4 to ! maxims :i* furni% to ! intellectual "p & to ! ,ideas ( ,reason a sup]iority ov] s5sibility4 ,we ne$ n fe> t ! feel+ ( ! sublime w lose by s ab/ract a mode ( pres5tation1--:i* is q negative 9 respect ( :at is s5sible1--= ! ,imag9ation1 al?\gh x f9ds no?+ beyond ! s5sible to :i* x c atta* itself1 yet feels itself unb\nd$ by ?is removal ( its limitations2 & ?us t v ab/raction is a pres5tation ( ! ,inf9ite1 :i* c be no?+ b a m]e negative pres5tation1 b :i* yet exp&s ! s\l4 ,p]haps !re is no sublim] passage 9 ! ,jewi% ,law ?an ! comm&1 ,?\ %alt n make to ?yself any grav5 image1 nor ! lik5ess ( any?+ :i* is 9 heav5 or on ! e>? or "u ! e>?1 etc4 ,?is comm& alone c expla9 ! en?usiasm t ! ,jewi% p 9 _! moral p]iod felt = _! religion1 :5 !y comp>$ !mselves ) o!r peoples2 or expla9 ! pride :i* ,mahomm$anism inspires4 ,! same is true ( ! moral law & ( ! t5d5cy to morality 9 u4 ,x is q errone\s to fe> t if we deprive ?is t5d5cy ( all t c recomm5d x to s5se x w only involve a cold lifeless ass5t & no mov+ =ce or emotion4 ,x is q ! o!r way1 = :]e ! s5ses see no?+ m be=e !m1 & ! unmi/akable & indelible ,idea ( morality rema9s1 x w\ld be r necess>y to mod]ate ! impetus ( an unb\nd$ ,imag9ation1 to prev5t x f ris+ to en?usiasm1 ?an ?r\gh fe> ( ! p[]lessness ( ^! ,ideas to seek aid = !m 9 images & *ildi% ritual4 ,?us gov]nm5ts h will+ly all[$ religion to be abundantly provid$ ) ! latt] accessories2 & seek+ !reby to relieve _! subjects ( tr\ble1 !y h also s\ght to deprive !m ( ! faculty ( ext5d+ _! spiritual p[]s beyond ! limits t are arbitr>ily assign$ to !m1 & by means ( :i* !y c be ! m easily treat$ z m]e passive#ei be+s4 ,?is pure1 elevat+1 m]ely negative pres5tation ( morality br+s ) x1 on ! o!r h&1 no dang] ( fanaticism1 :i* is a delusion t we c w ourselves to see some?+ beyond all b\nds ( s5sibility1 i4e4 to dream 9 accordance ) fundam5tal propositions 7or to g mad ) ,reason72 & ?is is s j because ?is pres5tation is m]ely negative4 ,= ! inscrutabl5ess ( ! ,idea ( ,fre$om q cuts x (f f any positive pres5tation2 b ! moral law is 9 itself suffici5tly & orig9ally det]m9ant 9 u1 s t x does n p]mit u to ca/ a glance at any gr\nd ( det]m9ation ext]nal to itself4 ,if en?usiasm is comp>able to madness1 fanaticism is comp>able to monomania2 ( :i* ! latt] is lea/ ( all compatible ) ! sublime1 because 9 its detail x is ridicul\s4 ,9 en?usiasm1 reg>d$ z an affection1 ! ,imag9ation is )\t bridle2 9 fanaticism1 reg>d$ z an invet]ate1 brood+ passion1 x is )\t rule4 ,! fir/ is a transitory accid5t :i* sometimes befalls ! s\nde/ ,und]/&+2 ! second is a disease :i* unsettles x4 ,simplicity 7purposiv5ess )\t art7 is z x 7 ! /yle ( ,nature 9 ! sublime1 & s also ( ,morality :i* is a second 7sup]s5sible7 nature2 ( :i* we only "k ! laws )\t be+ able to rea* by intuition t sup]s5sible faculty 9 ourselves :i* conta9s ! gr\nd ( ! legislation4 ,n[ ! satisfaction 9 ! ,beautiful1 l t 9 ! ,sublime1 is n alone di/+ui%able f o!r ae/hetical judgem5ts by its univ]sal communicability1 b also because1 ?r\gh ?is v prop]ty1 x acquires an int]e/ 9 ref]5ce to society 79 :i* ?is communication is possible74 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 rem>k t sep>ation f all society is reg>d$ z sublime1 if x re/s ^u ,ideas t ov]look all s5sible int]e/4 ,to be suffici5t = oneself1 & consequ5tly to h no ne$ ( society1 )\t at ! same "t be+ unsociable1 i4e4 )\t fly+ f x1 is some?+ bord]+ on ! sublime2 z is any disp5s+ ) wants4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to fly f m5 f misan?ropy1 because we be> ill-w to !m1 or f an?ropophoby 7%yness71 because we fe> !m z foes1 is p>tly hateful1 p>tly contemptible4 ,!re is inde$ a misan?ropy 7v improp]ly s-call$71 ! t5d5cy to :i* frequ5tly appe>s ) old age 9 _m "r-?9k+ m52 :i* is philan?ropic en\gh z f> z goodwill to m5 is conc]n$1 b :i* ?r\gh long & sad exp]i5ce is f> remov$ f satisfaction ) m54 ,evid5ce ( ?is is af=d$ by ! prop5sity to solitude1 ! fanta/ic wi% = a seclud$ c\ntry seat1 or 79 ! case ( "y p]sons7 by ! dream ( ! happ9ess ( pass+ "o's life ) a little family ^u "s isl& unkn[n to ! re/ ( ! _w2 a dream ( :i* /ory-tell]s or writ]s ( ,rob9sonades "k h[ to make good use4 ,falsehood1 +ratitude1 inju/ice1 ! *ildi%ness ( ! purposes reg>d$ by ourselves z important & great1 9 ! pursuit ( :i* m5 inflict ^u ea* o!r all imag9able evils1 are s contradictory to ! ,idea ( :at m5 might be if !y w\ld1 & conflict s ) our lively wi% to see !m bett]1 t1 9 ord] t we may n hate !m 7s9ce we _c love !m71 ! r5unciation ( all social joys seems b a small sacrifice4 ,?is sadness--n ! sadness 7( :i* sympa?y is ! cause7 = ! evils :i* fate br+s ^u o!rs1--b = ^? ?+s :i* m5 d to "o ano!r 7:i* dep5ds ^u an antipa?y 9 fundam5tal propositions71 is sublime1 because x re/s ^u ,ideas1 :il/ ! =m] c only c\nt z beautiful4--,! brilliant & ?or\gh ,saussure1#fj 9 8 acc\nt ( 8 ,alp9e travels1 says ( "o ( ! ,savoy m\nta9s1 call$ ,bonhomme1 8,!re reigns !re a c]ta9 insipid sadness40 ,he !re=e recognis$ an int]e/+ sadness1 t ! sight ( a solitude might inspire1 to :i* m5 might wi% to transport !mselves t !y might nei!r he> nor exp]i5ce any m ( ! _w2 :i*1 h[ev]1 w\ld n be q s inhospitable t x w\ld (f] only an extremely pa9ful retreat4--,i make ?is rem>k solely ) ! design ( indicat+ aga9 t ev5 depression 7n deject$ sadness7 may be c\nt$ among ! /urdy affections1 if x has its gr\nd 9 moral ,ideas4 ,b if x is gr\nd$ on sympa?y &1 z su*1 is amiable1 x belongs m]ely to ! languid affections4 ,i make ?is rem>k to call att5tion to ! /ate ( m9d :i* is sublime only 9 ! fir/ case4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we c n[ comp>e ! above ,transc5d5tal ,exposition ( ae/hetical judgem5ts ) ! ,physiological work$ out by ,burke & by _m cle>-head$ m5 among u1 9 ord] to see :i!r a m]ely empirical exposition ( ! ,sublime & ,beautiful leads4 ,burke1 :o des]ves to be reg>d$ z ! mo/ important au?or :o adopts ?is mode ( treatm5t1 inf]s by ?is me?od 8t ! feel+ ( ! ,sublime re/s on ! impulse t[>ds self-pres]vation & on fe>1 i4e4 on a pa91 :i* n go+ s f> z actually to d]ange ! p>ts ( ! body1 produces movem5ts :i*1 s9ce !y purify ! f9] or gross] vessels ( dang]\s or tr\blesome /oppages1 are capable ( excit+ pleasant s5sations2 n inde$ pleasure1 b a k9d ( satisfy+ horror1 a c]ta9 tranquillity t+$ ) t]ror40#fa ,! ,beautiful1 :i* he f\nd$ on love 7:i* he wi%es to keep q sep>ate f desire71 he r$uces to 8! relax+1 slack5+1 & en]vat+ ( ! fibres ( ! body1 & a consequ5t weak5+1 languor1 & exhau/ion1 a fa9t+1 dissolv+1 & melt+ away = enjoym5t40#fb ,& he confirms ?is explanation n only by cases 9 :i* ! ,imag9ation 9 comb9ation ) ! ,und]/&+ c excite 9 u ! feel+ ( ! ,beautiful or ( ! ,sublime1 b by cases 9 :i* x is comb9$ ) s5sation4--,z psy*ological obs]vations1 ^! analyses ( ! ph5om5a ( our m9d are exce$+ly beautiful1 & af=d ri* mat]ial = ! fav\rite inve/igations ( empirical an?ropology4 ,x is also n to be d5i$ t all repres5tations 9 u1 :e!r1 objectively view$1 !y are m]ely s5sible or are q intellectual1 may yet subjectively be unit$ to gratification or grief1 h[ev] imp]ceptible ei!r may be2 because !y all affect ! feel+ ( life1 & none ( !m1 s f> z x is a modification ( ! subject1 c be indiff]5t4 ,& s1 z ,epicurus ma9ta9$1 all gratification or grief may ultimately be corporeal1 :e!r x arises f ! repres5tations ( ! ,imag9ation or ! ,und]/&+2 because life )\t a feel+ ( bodily organs w\ld be m]ely a consci\sness ( exi/5ce1 )\t any feel+ ( well-be+ or ! rev]se1 i4e4 ( ! fur!r+ or ! *eck+ ( ! vital p[]s4 ,= ! m9d is by itself alone life 7! pr9ciple ( life71 & h9drances or fur!rances mu/ be s\ght outside x & yet 9 ! man1 consequ5tly 9 union ) 8 body4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we place ! satisfaction 9 ! object altoge!r 9 ! fact t x gratifies u by *>m or emotion1 we mu/ n assume t any o!r man agrees ) ! ae/hetical judgem5t :i* we pass2 = z to ^! ea* "o rightly consults 8 own individual s5sibility4 ,b 9 t case all c5sor%ip ( ta/e w\ld disappe>1 except inde$ ! example af=d$ by ! accid5tal agreem5t ( o!rs 9 _! judgem5ts 7 reg>d$ z comm&+ our ass5t2 & ?is pr9ciple we %\ld probably resi/1 & %\ld appeal to ! natural "r ( subject+ ! judgem5t1 :i* re/s on ! imm$iate feel+ ( our own well-be+1 to our own s5se & n to t ( any o!r man4 ,if !n ! judgem5t ( ta/e is n to be valid m]ely egoi/ically1 b accord+ to its inn] nature1--i4e4 on acc\nt ( itself & n on acc\nt ( ! examples t o!rs give ( _! ta/e1--to be necess>ily valid plurali/ically1 if we reg>d x z a judgem5t :i* may exact ! adhesion ( e "o2 !n !re mu/ lie at its basis "s a priori pr9ciple 7:e!r objective or subjective7 to :i* we c nev] atta9 by seek+ out ! empirical laws ( m5tal *anges4 ,= ^! only enable u to "k h[ we judge1 b d n prescribe to u h[ we ought to judge4 ,!y d n supply an uncondition$ comm&1#fc su* z judgem5ts ( ta/e presuppose1 inasmu* z !y require t ! satisfaction be imm$iately connect$ ) ! repres5tation4 ,?us ! empirical exposition ( ae/hetical judgem5ts may be a beg9n+ ( a collection ( mat]ials = a high] inve/igation2 b a transc5d5tal discussion ( ?is faculty is also possible1 & is an ess5tial "p ( ! ,critique ( ,ta/e4 ,= if x _h n a priori pr9ciples1 x c\ld n possibly pass s5t5ce on ! judgem5ts ( o!rs1 & x c\ld n approve or blame !m ) any appe>ance ( "r4 ,! rema9+ "p ( ! ,analytic ( ! ,ae/hetical ,judgem5t conta9s fir/ ! ,,d$uction ,,( ,,pure#fd ,,ae/hetical ,,judgem5ts #cj4 ,! ,d$uction ( ae/hetical judgem5ts on ! objects ( nature mu/ n be direct$ to :at we call ,sublime 9 nature1 b only to ! ,beautiful4 ,! claim ( an ae/hetical judgem5t to univ]sal validity = e subject requires1 z a judgem5t re/+ on "s a priori pr9ciple1 a ,d$uction 7or legitimatis+ ( its pret5sions7 9 addition to its ,exposition2 if x is conc]n$ ) satisfaction or dissatisfaction 9 ! =m ( ! ,object4 ,( ?is k9d are judgem5ts ( ta/e ab\t ! ,beautiful 9 ,nature4 ,= 9 t case ! purposiv5ess has its gr\nd 9 ! ,object & 9 its figure1 al?\gh x does n indicate ! ref]5ce ( ?is to o!r objects accord+ to concepts 7= a cognitive judgem5t71 b m]ely has to d 9 g5]al ) ! appreh5sion ( ?is =m1 s f> z x %[s itself con=mable 9 ! m9d to ! faculty ( concepts & to t ( _! pres5tation 7:i* is id5tical ) t ( appreh5sion74 ,we c ?us1 9 respect ( ! ,beautiful 9 nature1 sugge/ _m que/ions t\*+ ! cause ( ?is purposiv5ess ( _! =ms1 e4g4 to expla9 :y nature has scatt]$ abroad beauty ) su* pr(usion1 ev5 9 ! dep? ( ! ocean1 :]e ! human eye 7= :i* alone t purposiv5ess exi/s7 b seldom p5etrates4 ,b ! ,sublime 9 nature--if we are pass+ ^u x a pure ae/hetical judgem5t1 n mix$ up ) any concepts ( p]fection or objective purposiv5ess1 9 :i* case x w\ld be a teleological judgem5t--may be reg>d$ z q =mless or devoid ( figure1 & yet z ! object ( a pure satisfaction2 & x may display a subjective purposiv5ess 9 ! giv5 repres5tation4 ,& we ask if1 = an ae/hetical judgem5t ( ?is k9d1--ov] & above ! ,exposition ( :at is ?\ght 9 x1--a ,d$uction also ( its claim to any 7subjective7 a priori pr9ciple may be dem&$8 ,to :i* we may answ] t ! ,sublime 9 nature is improp]ly s call$1 & t prop]ly speak+ ! ^w %\ld only be appli$ to a /ate ( m9d1 or r to its f\ndation 9 human nature4 ,! appreh5sion ( an o!rwise =mless & unpurposive object gives m]ely ! occasion1 ?r\gh :i* we become consci\s ( su* a /ate2 ! object is ?us employ$ z subjectively purposive1 b is n judg$ z su* 9 itself & on acc\nt ( its =m 7x is1 z x 71 a species f9alis accepta1 non data74 ,h5ce our ,exposition ( judgem5ts conc]n+ ! ,sublime 9 nature 0 at ! same "t _! ,d$uction4 ,= :5 we analys$ ! reflection ( ! ,judgem5t 9 su* acts1 we f\nd 9 !m a purposive relation ( ! cognitive faculties1 :i* mu/ be ascrib$ ultimately to ! faculty ( purposes 7! w71 & h5ce is itself purposive a priori4 ,?is !n imm$iately involves ! ,d$uction1 i4e4 ! ju/ification ( ! claim ( su* a judgem5t to univ]sal & necess>y validity4 ,we %all !re=e only h to seek = ! d$uction ( judgem5ts ( ,ta/e1 i4e4 ( judgem5ts ab\t ! ,beauty ( natural ?+s2 we %all ?us treat satisfactorily ! problem ) :i* ! :ole faculty ( ae/hetical ,judgem5t is conc]n$4 #ca4 ,( ! me?od ( d$uction ( judgem5ts ( ,ta/e ,a ,d$uction1 i4e4 ! gu>antee ( ! legitimacy ( a class ( judgem5ts1 is only obligatory if ! judgem5t lays claim to necessity4 ,?is x does1 if x dem&s ev5 subjective univ]sality or ! agreem5t ( e "o1 al?\gh x is n a judgem5t ( cognition b only "o ( pleasure or pa9 9 a giv5 object2 i4e4 x assumes a subjective purposiv5ess ?or\ghly valid = e "o1 :i* mu/ n be bas$ on any concept ( ! ?+1 because ! judgem5t is "o ( ta/e4 ,we h be=e u 9 ! latt] case no cognitive judgem5t--nei!r a !oretical "o bas$ on ! concept ( a ,nature 9 g5]al =m$ by ! ,und]/&+1 nor a 7pure7 practical "o bas$ on ! ,idea ( ,fre$om1 z giv5 a priori by ,reason4 ,!re=e we h to ju/ify a priori ! validity nei!r ( a judgem5t :i* repres5ts :at a ?+ is1 nor ( "o :i* prescribes t ,i ought to d some?+ 9 ord] to produce x4 ,we h m]ely to prove = ! ,judgem5t g5]ally ! univ]sal validity ( a s+ul> judgem5t t expresses ! subjective purposiv5ess ( an empirical repres5tation ( ! =m ( an object2 9 ord] to expla9 h[ x is possible t a ?+ c please 9 ! m]e act ( judg+ x 7)\t s5sation or concept71 & h[ ! satisfaction ( "o man c be proclaim$ z a rule = e o!r2 j z ! act ( judg+ ( an object = ! sake ( a cognition 9 g5]al has univ]sal rules4 ,if n[ ?is univ]sal validity is n to be bas$ on any collect+ ( ! suffrages ( o!rs1 or on any que/ion+ ( !m z to ! k9d ( s5sations !y h1 b is to re/1 z x 71 on an autonomy ( ! judg+ subject 9 respect ( ! feel+ ( pleasure 79 ! giv5 repres5tation71 i4e4 on 8 own ta/e1 & yet is n to be d]iv$ f concepts2 !n a judgem5t l ?is--su* z ! judgem5t ( ta/e is1 9 fact--has a tw(old logical peculi>ity4 ,fir/1 !re is its a priori univ]sal validity1 :i* is n a logical univ]sality 9 accordance ) concepts1 b ! univ]sality ( a s+ul> judgem5t4 ,secondly1 x has a necessity 7:i* mu/ always re/ on a priori gr\nds71 :i* h[ev] does n dep5d on any a priori gr\nds ( pro(1 ?r\gh ! repres5tation ( :i* ! ass5t t e "o conc$es to ! judgem5t ( ta/e c\ld be exact$4 ,! solution ( ^! logical peculi>ities1 :]e9 a judgem5t ( ta/e is diff]5t f all cognitive judgem5ts--if we at ! outset ab/ract f all cont5t1 viz4 f ! feel+ ( pleasure1 & m]ely comp>e ! ae/hetical =m ) ! =m ( objective judgem5ts z logic prescribes x--is suffici5t by itself = ! d$uction ( ?is s+ul> faculty4 ,we %all !n repres5t & elucidate by examples ^! *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( ta/e4 #cb4 ,fir/ peculi>ity ( ! judgem5t ( ,ta/e ,! judgem5t ( ta/e det]m9es its object 9 respect ( satisfaction 79 its beauty7 ) an accompany+ claim = ! ass5t ( e "o1 j z if x 7 objective4 ,to say t 8?is fl[] is beautiful0 is ! same z to ass]t its prop] claim to satisfy e "o4 ,by ! pleasantness ( its smell x has no su* claim4 ,a smell :i* "o man enjoys gives ano!r a heada*e4 ,n[ :at are we to presume f ?is except t beauty is to be reg>d$ z a prop]ty ( ! fl[] itself1 :i* does n accommodate itself to any div]sity ( p]sons or ( _! s5sitive organs1 b to :i* ^! mu/ accommodate !mselves if !y are to pass any judgem5t ^u x8 ,& yet ?is is n s4 ,= a judgem5t ( ta/e consi/s 9 call+ a ?+ beautiful j because ( t *>act]i/ic 9 respect ( :i* x accommodates itself to our mode ( appreh5sion4 ,moreov]1 x is requir$ ( e judgem5t :i* is to prove ! ta/e ( ! subject1 t ! subject %all judge by himself1 )\t ne$+ to grope ab\t empirically among ! judgem5ts ( o!rs1 & acqua9t himself previ\sly z to _! satisfaction or dissatisfaction ) ! same object2 ?us 8 judgem5t %\ld be pron\nc$ a priori1 & n be a m]e imitation because ! ?+ actually gives univ]sal pleasure4 ,"o w\ld ?9k1 h[ev]1 t an a priori judgem5t mu/ conta9 a concept ( ! ,object1 = ! cognition ( :i* x conta9s ! pr9ciple2 b ! judgem5t ( ta/e is n bas$ ^u concepts at all1 & is 9 g5]al n a cognitive b an ae/hetical judgem5t4 ,?us a "y poet does n p]mit himself to be dissuad$ f 8 conviction t 8 poem is beautiful1 by ! judgem5t ( ! public or ( 8 fri5ds2 & if he gives e> to !m he does s1 n because he n[ judges diff]5tly1 b because1 al?\gh 79 reg>d to him7 ! :ole public has false ta/e1 9 8 desire = applause he f9ds reason = accommodat+ himself to ! common error 7ev5 aga9/ 8 judgem5t74 ,x is only at a lat] "t1 :5 8 ,judgem5t has be5 %>p5$ by ex]cise1 t he volunt>ily dep>ts f 8 =m] judgem5ts2 j z he proce$s ) ^? ( 8 judgem5ts :i* re/ ^u ,reason4 ,ta/e m]ely#fe claims autonomy4 ,to make ! judgem5ts ( o!rs ! det]m9+ gr\nds ( 8 own w\ld be het]onomy4 ,t we1 & rightly1 recomm5d ! works ( ! anci5ts z models & call _! au?ors classical1 ?us =m+ among writ]s a k9d ( noble class :o give laws to ! p by _! example1 seems to indicate a po/]iori s\rces ( ta/e1 & to contradict ! autonomy ( ta/e 9 e subject4 ,b we might j z well say t ! old ma!maticians1--:o are reg>d$ up to ! pres5t day z supply+ models n easily to be disp5s$ ) = ! supreme pr(undity & elegance ( _! syn!tical me?ods1--prove t our ,reason is only imitative1 & t we h n ! faculty ( produc+ f x 9 comb9ation ) intuition rigid pro(s by means ( ! con/ruction ( concepts4#ff ,!re is no use ( our p[]s1 h[ev] free1 no use ( ,reason itself 7:i* mu/ create all its judgem5ts a priori f common s\rces7 :i* w\ld n give rise to faulty attempts1 if e subject _h always to beg9 anew f ! rude basis ( 8 natural /ate1 & if o!rs _h n prec$$ him ) _! attempts4 ,n t ^! make m]e imitators ( ^? :o come aft] !m1 b r by _! proc$ure !y put o!rs on ! track ( seek+ 9 !mselves pr9ciples & s ( pursu+ _! own c\rse1 (t5 a bett] "o4 ,ev5 9 religion--:]e c]ta9ly e "o has to d]ive ! rule ( 8 conduct f himself1 because he rema9s responsible = x & _c %ift ! blame ( 8 transgressions ^u o!rs1 :e!r 8 tea*]s or 8 pr$ecessors--!re is nev] z mu* accompli%$ by means ( univ]sal precepts1 ei!r obta9$ f prie/s or philosoph]s or got f oneself1 z by means ( an example ( virtue or hol9ess :i*1 exhibit$ 9 hi/ory1 does n disp5se ) ! autonomy ( virtue bas$ on ! prop] & orig9al ,idea ( morality 7a priori71 or *ange x into a me*anical imitation4 ,foll[+1 involv+ some?+ prec$5t1 n 8imitation10 is ! "r expression = all influ5ce t ! products ( an exempl>y au?or may h ^u o!rs4 ,& ?is only means t we draw f ! same s\rces z our pr$ecessor did1 & le>n f him only ! way to avail ourselves ( !m4 ,b ( all faculties & tal5ts ,ta/e1 because its judgem5t is n det]m9able by concepts & precepts1 is j t "o :i* mo/ ne$s examples ( :at has 9 ! progress ( culture receiv$ ! longe/ approval2 t x may n become aga9 uncivilis$ & return to ! crud5ess ( its fir/ essays4 #cc4 ,second peculi>ity ( ! judgem5t ( ,ta/e ,! judgem5t ( ta/e is n det]m9able by gr\nds ( pro(1 j z if x 7 m]ely subjective4 ,if a man1 9 ! fir/ place1 does n f9d a build+1 a prospect1 or a poem beautiful1 a hundr$ voices all highly prais+ x w n =ce 8 inmo/ agreem5t4 ,he may inde$ feign t x pleases him 9 ord] t he may n be reg>d$ z devoid ( ta/e2 he may ev5 beg9 to d\bt :e!r he has =m$ 8 ta/e on a k ( a suffici5t numb] ( objects ( a c]ta9 k9d 7j z "o1 :o believes t he recognises 9 ! di/ance z a =e/1 some?+ :i* all o!rs reg>d z a t[n1 d\bts ! judgem5t ( 8 own sight74 ,b he cle>ly sees t ! agreem5t ( o!rs gives no valid pro( ( ! judgem5t ab\t beauty4 ,o!rs might p]haps see & obs]ve = him2 & :at _m h se5 9 "o way1 al?\gh he believes t he has se5 x diff]5tly1 might s]ve him z an adequate gr\nd ( pro( ( a !oretical & consequ5tly logical judgem5t4 ,b t a ?+ has pleas$ o!rs c\ld nev] s]ve z ! basis ( an ae/hetical judgem5t4 ,a judgem5t ( o!rs :i* is unfav\rable to ours may inde$ rightly make u scrut9ise our own ) c>e1 b x c nev] conv9ce u ( its incorrectness4 ,!re is !re=e no empirical gr\nd ( pro( :i* w\ld =ce a judgem5t ( ta/e ^u any "o4 ,/ill less1 9 ! second place1 c an a priori pro( det]m9e accord+ to def9ite rules a judgem5t ab\t beauty4 ,if a man reads me a poem ( 8 or br+s me to a play1 :i* does n aft] all suit my ta/e1 he may br+ =w>d 9 pro( ( ! beauty ( 8 poem ,batteux#fg or ,less+ or /ill m anci5t & fam\s critics ( ta/e1 & all ! rules laid d[n by !m2 c]ta9 passages :i* displease me may agree v well ) rules ( beauty 7z !y h be5 put =? by ^! writ]s & are univ]sally recognis$73 b ,i /op my e>s1 ,i w li/5 to no argum5ts & no reason+2 & ,i w r assume t ^! rules ( ! critics are false1 or at lea/ t !y d n apply to ! case 9 "q1 ?an admit t my judgem5t %\ld be det]m9$ by gr\nds ( pro( a priori4 ,= x is to be a judgem5t ( ,ta/e & n ( ,und]/&+ or ,reason4 ,x seems t ?is is "o ( ! *ief reasons :y ?is ae/hetical faculty ( judgem5t has be5 giv5 ! "n ( ,ta/e4 ,= ?\gh a man enum]ate to me all ! +r$i5ts ( a di%1 & rem>k t ea* is sep>ately pleasant to me & fur!r extol ) ju/ice ! :olesom5ess ( ?is p>ticul> food--yet am ,i deaf to all ^! reasons2 ,i try ! di% ) my tongue & my palate1 & !reaft] 7& n accord+ to univ]sal pr9ciples7 d ,i pass my judgem5t4 ,9 fact ! judgem5t ( ,ta/e always takes ! =m ( a s+ul> judgem5t ab\t an ,object4 ,! ,und]/&+ c =m a univ]sal judgem5t by comp>+ ! ,object 9 po9t ( ! satisfaction x af=ds ) ! judgem5t ( o!rs ^u x3 e4g4 8all tulips are beautiful40 ,b !n ?is is n a judgem5t ( ta/e b a logical judgem5t1 :i* takes ! relation ( an ,object to ta/e z ! pr$icate ( ?+s ( a c]ta9 species4 ,t judgem5t1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ,i f9d an individual giv5 tulip beautiful1 i4e4 9 :i* ,i f9d my satisfaction 9 x to be univ]sally valid1 is alone a judgem5t ( ta/e4 ,its peculi>ity consi/s 9 ! fact t1 al?\gh x has m]ely subjective validity1 x claims ! ass5t ( all subjects1 exactly z x w\ld d if x 7 an objective judgem5t re/+ on gr\nds ( k1 t c\ld be e/abli%$ by a pro(4 #cd4 ,!re is no objective pr9ciple ( ,ta/e possible ,by a pr9ciple ( ta/e ,i mean a pr9ciple "u ! condition ( :i* we c\ld subsume ! concept ( an object & ?us inf] by means ( a syllogism t ! object is beautiful4 ,b t is absolutely impossible4 ,= ,i mu/ feel ! pleasure imm$iately 9 ! repres5tation ( ! object1 & ( t ,i c be p]suad$ by no gr\nds ( pro( :atev]4 ,al?\gh1 z ,hume says1#fh all critics c reason m plausibly ?an cooks1 yet ! same fate awaits !m4 ,!y _c expect ! det]m9+ gr\nd ( _! judgem5t to be d]iv$ f ! =ce ( ! pro(s1 b only f ! reflection ( ! subject ^u its own prop] /ate 7( pleasure or pa971 all precepts & rules be+ reject$4 ,b al?\gh critics c & ought to pursue _! reason+s s t our judgem5ts ( ta/e may be correct$ & ext5d$1 x is n ) a view to set =? ! det]m9+ gr\nd ( ?is k9d ( ae/hetical judgem5ts 9 a univ]sally applicable =mula1 :i* is impossible2 b r to inve/igate ! cognitive faculties & _! ex]cise 9 ^! judgem5ts1 & to expla9 by examples ! reciprocal subjective purposiv5ess1 ! =m ( :i*1 z has be5 %[n above1 9 a giv5 repres5tation1 con/itutes ! beauty ( ! object4 ,!re=e ! ,critique ( ,ta/e is only subjective z reg>ds ! repres5tation ?r\gh :i* an ,object is giv5 to u2 viz4 x is ! art or sci5ce ( r$uc+ to rules ! reciprocal relation betwe5 ! ,und]/&+ & ! ,imag9ation 9 ! giv5 repres5tation 7)\t ref]5ce to any prec$+ s5sation or concept74 ,t is1 x is ! art or sci5ce ( r$uc+ to rules _! accordance or discordance1 & ( det]m9+ !m ) reg>d to _! conditions4 ,x is an art1 if x only %[s ?is by examples2 x is a sci5ce if x d]ives ! possibility ( su* judgem5ts f ! nature ( ^! faculties1 z cognitive faculties 9 g5]al4 ,we h "h1 9 ,transc5d5tal ,criticism1 only to d ) ! latt]4 ,x %\ld develop & ju/ify ! subjective pr9ciple ( ta/e1 z an a priori pr9ciple ( ! ,judgem5t4 ,?is ,critique1 z an art1 m]ely seeks to apply1 9 ! judg+ ( objects1 ! physiological 7"h psy*ological71 & !re=e empirical rules1 accord+ to :i* ta/e actually proce$s 7)\t tak+ any acc\nt ( _! possibility72 & x criticises ! products ( beautiful art j z1 reg>d$ z a sci5ce1 x criticises ! faculty by :i* !y are judg$4 #ce4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,ta/e is ! subjective pr9ciple ( ,judgem5t 9 g5]al ,! judgem5t ( ta/e is di/+ui%$ f a logical judgem5t 9 ?is1 t ! latt] subsumes a repres5tation "u ! concept ( ! ,object1 :ile ! =m] does n subsume x "u any concept2 because o!rwise ! necess>y univ]sal agreem5t 9 ^! judgem5ts w\ld be capable ( be+ en=c$ by pro(s4 ,nev]!less x is l ! latt] 9 ?is1 t x claims univ]sality & necessity1 ?\gh n accord+ to concepts ( ! ,object1 & consequ5tly a m]ely subjective necessity4 ,n[1 because ! concepts 9 a judgem5t con/itute its cont5t 7:at belongs to ! cognition ( ! ,object71 b ! judgem5t ( ta/e is n det]m9able by concepts1 x is bas$ only on ! subjective =mal condition ( a judgem5t 9 g5]al4 ,! subjective condition ( all judgem5ts is ! faculty ( ,judgem5t itself4 ,?is :5 us$ ) ref]5ce to a repres5tation by :i* an object is giv51 requires ! accordance ( two repres5tative p[]s3 viz4 ,imag9ation 7= ! intuition & compreh5sion ( ! manifold7 & ,und]/&+ 7= ! concept z a repres5tation ( ! unity ( ?is compreh5sion74 ,n[ because no concept ( ! ,object lies "h at ! basis ( ! judgem5t1 x c only consi/ 9 ! subsumption ( ! ,imag9ation itself 79 ! case ( a repres5tation by :i* an object is giv57 "u ! conditions t ! ,und]/&+ requires to pass f intuition to concepts4 ,t is1 because ! fre$om ( ! ,imag9ation consi/s 9 ! fact t x s*ematises )\t any concept1 ! judgem5t ( ta/e mu/ re/ on a m]e s5sation ( ! reciprocal activity ( ! ,imag9ation 9 its fre$om & ! ,und]/&+ ) its con=mity to law4 ,x mu/ !re=e re/ on a feel+1 :i* makes u judge ! object by ! purposiv5ess ( ! repres5tation 7by :i* an object is giv57 9 respect ( ! fur!rance ( ! cognitive faculty 9 its free play4 ,ta/e1 !n1 z subjective ,judgem5t1 conta9s a pr9ciple ( subsumption1 n ( intuitions "u concepts1 b ( ! faculty ( intuitions or pres5tations 7i4e4 ! ,imag9ation7 "u ! faculty ( ! concepts 7i4e4 ! ,und]/&+72 s f> z ! =m] 9 its fre$om h>monises ) ! latt] 9 its con=mity to law4 ,9 ord] to discov] ?is gr\nd ( legitimacy by a ,d$uction ( ! judgem5ts ( ta/e we c only take z a clue ! =mal peculi>ities ( ?is k9d ( judgem5ts1 & consequ5tly c only consid] _! logical =m4 #cf4 ,( ! problem ( a ,d$uction ( judgem5ts ( ,ta/e ,! concept ( an ,object 9 g5]al c imm$iately be comb9$ ) ! p]ception ( an object1 conta9+ its empirical pr$icates1 s z to =m a cognitive judgem5t2 & x is ?us t a judgem5t ( exp]i5ce is produc$4#fi ,at ! basis ( ?is lie a priori concepts ( ! syn!tical unity ( ! manifold ( intuition1 by :i* ! manifold is ?\ght z ! det]m9ation ( an ,object4 ,^! concepts 7! ,categories7 require a ,d$uction1 :i* is giv5 9 ! ,critique ( pure ,reason2 & by x we c get ! solution ( ! problem1 h[ are syn!tical a priori cognitive judgem5ts possible8 ,?is problem conc]ns !n ! a priori pr9ciples ( ! pure ,und]/&+ & its !oretical judgem5ts4 ,b ) a p]ception !re c also be comb9$ a feel+ ( pleasure 7or pa97 & a satisfaction1 t accompanies ! repres5tation ( ! ,object & s]ves in/ead ( its pr$icate2 ?us !re c result an ae/hetical non-cognitive judgem5t4 ,at ! basis ( su* a judgem5t--if x is n a m]e judgem5t ( s5sation b a =mal judgem5t ( reflection1 :i* imputes ! same satisfaction necess>ily to e "o1--mu/ lie "s a priori pr9ciple2 :i* may be m]ely subjective 7if an objective "o %\ld prove impossible = judgem5ts ( ?is k9d71 b also z su* may ne$ a ,d$uction1 t we may !reby compreh5d h[ an ae/hetical judgem5t c lay claim to necessity4 ,on ?is is f\nd$ ! problem ) :i* we are n[ occupi$1 h[ are judgem5ts ( ta/e possible8 ,?is problem !n has to d ) ! a priori pr9ciples ( ! pure faculty ( ,judgem5t 9 ae/hetical judgem5ts2 i4e4 judgem5ts 9 :i* x has n 7z 9 !oretical ones7 m]ely to subsume "u objective concepts ( ,und]/&+1 & 9 :i* x is subject to a law1 b 9 :i* x is1 itself1 subjectively1 bo? object & law4 ,?is problem !n may be ?us repres5t$3 h[ is a judgem5t possible1 9 :i* m]ely f our own feel+ ( pleasure 9 an object1 indep5d5tly ( its concept1 we judge t ?is pleasure atta*es to ! repres5tation ( ! same ,object 9 e o!r subject1 & t a priori )\t wait+ = ! accordance ( o!rs8 ,x is easy to see t judgem5ts ( ta/e are syn!tical1 because !y g beyond ! concept & ev5 beyond ! intuition ( ! ,object1 & add to t intuition z pr$icate some?+ t is n a cognition1 viz4 a feel+ ( pleasure 7or pa974 ,al?\gh ! pr$icate 7( ! p]sonal pleasure b\nd up ) ! repres5tation7 is empirical1 nev]!less1 z conc]ns ! requir$ ass5t ( e "o ! judgem5ts are a priori1 or desire to be reg>d$ z su*2 & ?is is already involv$ 9 ! expressions ( ?is claim4 ,?us ?is problem ( ! ,critique ( ,judgem5t belongs to ! g5]al problem ( transc5d5tal philosophy1 h[ are syn!tical a priori judgem5ts possible8 #cg4 ,:at is prop]ly ass]t$ a priori ( an object 9 a judgem5t ( ,ta/e ,t ! repres5tation ( an object is imm$iately b\nd up ) pleasure c only be int]nally p]ceiv$1 & if we did n wi% to indicate any?+ m ?an ?is x w\ld give a m]ely empirical judgem5t4 ,= ,i _c comb9e a def9ite feel+ 7( pleasure or pa97 ) any repres5tation except :]e !re is at bottom an a priori pr9ciple 9 ! ,reason det]m9+ ! ,w4 ,9 t case ! pleasure 79 ! moral feel+7 is ! consequ5ce ( ! pr9ciple1 b _c be comp>$ ) ! pleasure 9 ta/e1 because x requires a def9ite concept ( a law2 & ! latt] pleasure1 on ! contr>y1 mu/ be b\nd up ) ! m]e act ( judg+1 prior to all concepts4 ,h5ce also all judgem5ts ( ta/e are s+ul> judgem5ts1 because !y d n comb9e _! pr$icate ( satisfaction ) a concept1 b ) a giv5 individual empirical repres5tation4 ,& s x is n ! pleasure1 b ! univ]sal validity ( ?is pleasure1 p]ceiv$ z m5tally b\nd up ) ! m]e judgem5t ^u an object1 :i* is repres5t$ a priori 9 a judgem5t ( ta/e z a univ]sal rule = ! ,judgem5t & valid = e "o4 ,x is an empirical judgem5t to say t ,i p]ceive & judge an object ) pleasure4 ,b x is an a priori judgem5t to say t ,i f9d x beautiful1 i4e4 ,i attribute ?is satisfaction necess>ily to e "o4 #ch4 ,d$uction ( judgem5ts ( ,ta/e ,if x be admitt$ t 9 a pure judgem5t ( ta/e ! satisfaction 9 ! object is comb9$ ) ! m]e act ( judg+ its =m1 x is no?+ else ?an its subjective purposiv5ess = ! ,judgem5t :i* we feel to be m5tally comb9$ ) ! repres5tation ( ! object4 ,! ,judgem5t1 z reg>ds ! =mal rules ( its action1 ap>t f all matt] 7:e!r s5sation or concept71 c only be direct$ to ! subjective conditions ( its employm5t 9 g5]al 7x is appli$#gj nei!r to a p>ticul> mode ( s5se nor to a p>ticul> concept ( ! ,und]/&+72 & consequ5tly to t subjective elem5t :i* we c presuppose 9 all m5 7z requisite = possible cognition 9 g5]al74 ,?us ! agreem5t ( a repres5tation ) ^! conditions ( ! ,judgem5t mu/ be capable ( be+ assum$ z valid a priori = e "o4 ,i4e4 we may rightly impute to e "o ! pleasure or ! subjective purposiv5ess ( ! repres5tation = ! relation betwe5 ! cognitive faculties 9 ! act ( judg+ a s5sible object 9 g5]al4#ga ,rem>k ,?is ,d$uction is ?us easy1 because x has no ne$ to ju/ify ! objective reality ( any concept1 = ,beauty is n a concept ( ! ,object & ! judgem5t ( ta/e is n cognitive4 ,x only ma9ta9s t we are ju/ifi$ 9 presuppos+ univ]sally 9 e man ^? subjective conditions ( ! ,judgem5t :i* we f9d 9 ourselves2 & fur!r1 t we h rightly subsum$ ! giv5 ,object "u ^! conditions4 ,! latt] has inde$ unavoidable difficulties :i* d n beset ! logical ,judgem5t4 ,!re we subsume "u concepts1 b 9 ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t "u a m]ely s5sible relation betwe5 ! ,imag9ation & ,und]/&+ mutually h>monis+ 9 ! repres5tation ( ! =m ( ! ,object1--9 :i* case ! subsumption may easily be fallaci\s4 ,yet ! legitimacy ( ! claim ( ! ,judgem5t 9 c\nt+ ^u univ]sal ass5t is n ?us annull$2 x r$uces itself m]ely to ! correctness ( ! pr9ciple ( judg+ validly = e "o f subjective gr\nds4 ,= z to ! difficulty or d\bt conc]n+ ! correctness ( ! subsumption "u t pr9ciple1 x makes ! legitimacy ( ! claim ( an ae/hetical judgem5t 9 g5]al to su* validity & ! pr9ciple ( ! same1 z little d\btful1 z ! l faulty 7?\gh nei!r s commonly nor readily faulty7 subsumption ( ! logical ,judgem5t "u its pr9ciple c make ! latt]1 an objective pr9ciple1 d\btful4 ,b if ! "q 7 to be1 h[ is x possible to assume nature a priori to be a complex ( objects ( ta/e8 ?is problem has ref]5ce to ,teleology1 because x mu/ be reg>d$ z a purpose ( nature ess5tially belong+ to its concept to exhibit =ms t are purposive = our ,judgem5t4 ,b ! correctness ( ?is latt] assumption is v d\btful1 :]eas ! efficacy ( natural beauties is pat5t to exp]i5ce4 #ci4 ,( ! communicability ( a ,s5sation ,if s5sation1 z ! real 9 p]ception1 is relat$ to k1 x is call$ s5sation ( ! s5ses2 & its specific quality may be repres5t$ z g5]ally communicable 9 a uni=m way1 if we assume t e "o has s5ses l our own4 ,b ?is _c at all be presuppos$ ( any s+le s5sation4 ,to a man :o is defici5t 9 ! s5se ( smell1 ?is k9d ( s5sation _c be communicat$2 & ev5 if x is n :olly defici5t1 we _c be c]ta9 t he gets exactly ! same s5sation f a fl[] t we h4 ,b ev5 m mu/ we repres5t m5 z diff]+ 9 respect ( ! pleasantness or unpleasantness involv$ 9 ! s5sation f ! same object ( s5se2 & x is absolutely n to be requir$ t e man %\ld take pleasure 9 ! same objects4 ,pleasure ( ?is k9d1 because x comes into ! m9d ?r\gh ! s5ses1 9 respect ( :i* !re=e we are passive1 we may call ! pleasure ( enjoym5t4 ,satisfaction 9 an action because ( its moral "* is on ! o!r h& n ! pleasure ( enjoym5t1 b ( spontaneity & its accordance ) ! ,idea ( its de/9ation4 ,b ?is feel+1 call$ moral1 requires concepts1 & pres5ts n free purposiv5ess1 b purposiv5ess t is con=mable to law2 x !re=e admits ( be+ univ]sally communicat$ only by means ( ,reason1 &1 if ! pleasure is to be homog5e\s = e "o1 by v def9ite practical concepts ( ,reason4 ,pleasure 9 ! ,sublime 9 nature1 reg>d$ z a pleasure ( rational contemplation1 also makes claim to univ]sal p>ticipation2 b x presupposes1 besides1 a diff]5t feel+1 viz4 t ( our sup]s5sible de/9ation1 :i*1 h[ev] obscurely1 has a moral f\ndation4 ,b t o!r m5 w take acc\nt ( x1 & w f9d a satisfaction 9 ! consid]ation ( ! wild greatness ( nature 7t c]ta9ly _c be ascrib$ to its aspect1 :i* is r t]rify+71 ,i am n absolutely ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+4 ,nev]!less1 9 consid]ation ( ! fact t on e suitable occasion reg>d %\ld be _h to ^! moral dispositions1 ,i c impute su* satisfaction to e man1 b only by means ( ! moral law :i* on its side aga9 is bas$ on concepts ( ,reason4 ,on ! contr>y1 pleasure 9 ! ,beautiful is nei!r a pleasure ( enjoym5t nor ( a law-abid+ activity1 nor ev5 ( rational contemplation 9 accordance ) ,ideas1 b ( m]e reflection4 ,)\t hav+ z rule any purpose or fundam5tal proposition1 ?is pleasure accompanies ! ord9>y appreh5sion ( an object by ! ,imag9ation1 z faculty ( intuition1 9 relation ) ! ,und]/&+1 z faculty ( concepts1 by means ( a proc$ure ( ! ,judgem5t :i* x mu/ also ex]cise on behalf ( ! commone/ exp]i5ce2 only t 9 ! latt] case x is 9 ord] to p]ceive an empirical objective concept1 9 ! =m] case 79 ae/hetical judgem5ts7 m]ely to p]ceive ! accordance ( ! repres5tation ) ! h>moni\s 7subjectively purposive7 activity ( bo? cognitive faculties 9 _! fre$om1 i4e4 to feel ) pleasure ! m5tal /ate produc$ by ! repres5tation4 ,?is pleasure mu/ necess>ily dep5d = e "o on ! same conditions1 = !y are subjective conditions ( ! possibility ( a cognition 9 g5]al2 & ! proportion betwe5 ^! cognitive faculties requisite = ,ta/e is also requisite = t ord9>y s\nd ,und]/&+ :i* we h to presuppose 9 e "o4 ,!re=e he :o judges ) ta/e 7if only he does n g a/ray 9 ?is act ( consci\sness & mi/ake matt] = =m or *>m = beauty7 may impute to e "o subjective purposiv5ess1 i4e4 8 satisfaction 9 ! ,object1 & may assume 8 feel+ to be univ]sally communicable & t )\t ! m$iation ( concepts4 #dj4 ,( ,ta/e z a k9d ( s5sus communis ,we (t5 give to ! ,judgem5t1 if we are consid]+ ! result r ?an ! act ( its reflection1 ! "n ( a s5se1 & we speak ( a s5se ( tru?1 or ( a s5se ( decorum1 ( ju/ice1 etc4 ,& yet we "k1 or at lea/ we ought to "k1 t ^! concepts _c h _! place 9 ,s5se1 & fur!r1 t ,s5se has n ! lea/ capacity = express+ univ]sal rules2 b t no repres5tation ( tru?1 fitness1 beauty1 or ju/ice1 & s =?1 c\ld come into our ?\ghts if we c\ld n rise beyond ,s5se to high] faculties ( cognition4 ,! common ,und]/&+ ( m51 :i*1 z ! m]e s\nd 7n yet cultivat$7 ,und]/&+1 we reg>d z ! lea/ to be expect$ f any "o claim+ ! "n ( man1 has !re=e ! d\btful hon\r ( be+ giv5 ! "n ( common s5se 7s5sus communis72 & 9 su* a way t by ! "n common 7n m]ely 9 our language1 :]e ! ^w actually has a d\ble signification1 b 9 _m o!rs7 we und]/& vulg>1 t :i* is ev]y:]e met )1 ! possession ( :i* indicates absolutely no m]it or sup]iority4 ,b "u ! s5sus communis we mu/ include ! ,idea ( a communal s5se1 i4e4 ( a faculty ( judgem5t1 :i* 9 its reflection takes acc\nt 7a priori7 ( ! mode ( repres5tation ( all o!r m5 9 ?\ght2 9 ord] z x 7 to comp>e its judgem5t ) ! collective ,reason ( humanity1 & ?us to escape ! illusion aris+ f ! private conditions t c\ld be s easily tak5 = objective1 :i* w\ld injuri\sly affect ! judgem5t4 ,?is is done by comp>+ our judgem5t ) ! possible r ?an ! actual judgem5ts ( o!rs1 & by putt+ ourselves 9 ! place ( any o!r man1 by ab/ract+ f ! limitations :i* cont+5tly atta* to our own judgem5t4 ,?is1 aga91 is br\ght ab\t by leav+ aside z mu* z possible ! matt] ( our repres5tative /ate1 i4e4 s5sation1 & simply hav+ respect to ! =mal peculi>ities ( our repres5tation or repres5tative /ate4 ,n[ ?is op]ation ( reflection seems p]haps too artificial to be attribut$ to ! faculty call$ common s5se2 b x only appe>s s1 :5 express$ 9 ab/ract =mulae4 ,9 itself !re is no?+ m natural ?an to ab/ract f *>m or emotion if we are seek+ a judgem5t t is to s]ve z a univ]sal rule4 ,! foll[+ ,maxims ( common human ,und]/&+ d n prop]ly come 9 "h1 z p>ts ( ! ,critique ( ,ta/e2 b yet !y may s]ve to elucidate its fundam5tal propositions4 ,!y are3 #a to ?9k = oneself2 #b to put ourselves 9 ?\ght 9 ! place ( e "o else2 #c always to ?9k consi/5tly4 ,! fir/ is ! maxim ( unprejudic$ ?\ght2 ! second ( enl>g$ ?\ght2 ! ?ird ( consecutive ?\ght4#gb ,! fir/ is ! maxim ( a ,reason nev] passive4 ,! t5d5cy to su* passivity1 & !re=e to het]onomy ( ! ,reason1 is call$ prejudice2 & ! greate/ prejudice ( all is to repres5t nature z n subject to ! rules t ! ,und]/&+ places at its basis by means ( its own ess5tial law1 i4e4 is sup]/ition4 ,deliv]ance f sup]/ition is call$ enlight5m5t2#gc because al?\gh ?is "n belongs to deliv]ance f prejudices 9 g5]al1 yet sup]/ition specially 79 s5su em95ti7 des]ves to be call$ a prejudice4 ,= ! bl9dness 9 :i* sup]/ition places u1 :i* x ev5 imposes on u z an obligation1 makes ! ne$ ( be+ guid$ by o!rs1 & ! consequ5t passive /ate ( our ,reason1 peculi>ly noticeable4 ,z reg>ds ! second maxim ( ! m9d1 we are o!rwise wont to call him limit$ 7born1 ! opposite ( enl>g$7 ^: tal5ts atta9 to no great use 7especially z reg>ds int5sity74 ,b "h we are n speak+ ( ! faculty ( cognition1 b ( ! mode ( ?\ght :i* makes a purposive use !re(4 ,h[ev] small may be ! area or ! degree to :i* a man's natural gifts rea*1 yet x indicates a man ( enl>g$ ?\ght if he disreg>ds ! subjective private conditions ( 8 own judgem5t1 by :i* s _m o!rs are conf9$1 & reflects ^u x f a univ]sal /&po9t 7:i* he c only det]m9e by plac+ himself at ! /&po9t ( o!rs74 ,! ?ird maxim1 viz4 t ( consecutive ?\ght1 is ! mo/ difficult to atta91 & c only be atta9$ by ! comb9ation ( bo? ! =m]1 & aft] ! con/ant obs]vance ( !m has gr[n into a habit4 ,we may say t ! fir/ ( ^! maxims is ! maxim ( ,und]/&+1 ! second ( ,judgem5t1 & ! ?ird ( ,reason4 ,i take up aga9 ! ?reads int]rupt$ by ?is digression1 & ,i say t ,ta/e c be call$ s5sus communis ) m ju/ice ?an s\nd ,und]/&+ c2 & t ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t r ?an ! intellectual may be> ! "n ( a communal s5se1#gd if we are will+ to use ! ^w 8s5se0 ( an effect ( m]e reflection ^u ! m9d3 = !n we und]/& by s5se ! feel+ ( pleasure4 ,we c\ld ev5 def9e ,ta/e z ! faculty ( judg+ ( t :i* makes univ]sally communicable1 )\t ! m$iation ( a concept1 our feel+ 9 a giv5 repres5tation4 ,! skill t m5 h 9 communicat+ _! ?\ghts requires also a relation betwe5 ! ,imag9ation & ! ,und]/&+ 9 ord] to associate intuitions ) concepts1 & concepts aga9 ) ^? concepts1 :i* !n comb9e 9 a cognition4 ,b 9 t case ! agreem5t ( ! two m5tal p[]s is accord+ to law1 "u ! con/ra9t ( def9ite concepts4 ,only :]e ! ,imag9ation 9 its fre$om awak5s ! ,und]/&+1 & is put by x into regul> play )\t ! aid ( concepts1 does ! repres5tation communicate itself n z a ?\ght b z an int]nal feel+ ( a purposive /ate ( ! m9d4 ,ta/e is !n ! faculty ( judg+ a priori ( ! communicability ( feel+s t are b\nd up ) a giv5 repres5tation 7)\t ! m$iation ( a concept74 ,if we c\ld assume t ! m]e univ]sal communicability ( a feel+ mu/ c>ry 9 itself an int]e/ = u ) x 7:i*1 h[ev]1 we are n ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ f ! "* ( a m]ely reflective ,judgem5t71 we %\ld be able to expla9 :y ! feel+ 9 ! judgem5t ( ta/e comes to be imput$ to e "o1 s to speak1 z a duty4 #da4 ,( ! empirical int]e/ 9 ! ,beautiful ,t ! judgem5t ( ta/e by :i* some?+ is decl>$ beautiful mu/ h no int]e/ z its det]m9+ gr\nd has be5 suffici5tly e/abli%$ above4 ,b x does n foll[ t aft] x has be5 giv5 z a pure ae/hetical judgem5t1 no int]e/ c be comb9$ ) x4 ,?is comb9ation1 h[ev]1 c only be indirect1 i4e4 ta/e mu/ fir/ ( all be repres5t$ z comb9$ ) some?+ else1 9 ord] t we may unite ) ! satisfaction ( m]e reflection ^u an object a pleasure 9 its exi/5ce 7z t :]e9 all int]e/ consi/s74 ,= "h also 9 ae/hetical judgem5ts :at we say 9 cognitive judgem5ts 7( ?+s 9 g5]al7 is valid2 a posse ad esse non valet consequ5tia4 ,?is some?+ else may be empirical1 viz4 an incl9ation prop] to human nature1 or intellectual1 z ! prop]ty ( ! ,w ( be+ capable ( a priori det]m9ation by ,reason4 ,bo? ^! involve a satisfaction 9 ! pres5ce ( an ,object1 & s c lay ! f\ndation = an int]e/ 9 :at has by itself pleas$ )\t ref]5ce to any int]e/ :atev]4 ,empirically ! ,beautiful int]e/s only 9 society4 ,if we admit ! impulse to society z natural to man1 & 8 fitness = x1 & 8 prop5sion t[>ds x1 i4e4 sociability1 z a requisite = man z a be+ de/9$ = society1 & s z a prop]ty belong+ to humanity1 we _c escape f reg>d+ ta/e z a faculty = judg+ ev]y?+ 9 respect ( :i* we c communicate our feel+ to all o!r m51 & s z a means ( fur!r+ t :i* e "o's natural incl9ation desires4 ,a man ab&on$ by himself on a des]t isl& w\ld adorn nei!r 8 hut nor 8 p]son2 nor w\ld he seek = fl[]s1 /ill less w\ld he plant !m1 9 ord] to adorn himself !re)4 ,x is only 9 society t x occurs to him to be n m]ely a man1 b a ref9$ man aft] 8 k9d 7! beg9n+ ( civilisation74 ,= su* d we judge him to be :o is bo? incl9$ & apt to communicate 8 pleasure to o!rs1 & :o is n cont5t$ ) an ,object if he _c feel satisfaction 9 x 9 common ) o!rs4 ,aga91 e "o expects & requires f e "o else ?is ref]5ce to univ]sal communication ( pleasure1 z x 7 f an orig9al compact dictat$ by humanity itself4 ,?us1 d\btless1 9 ! beg9n+ only ^? ?+s :i* attract$ ! s5ses1 e4g4 col\rs = pa9t+ oneself 7r\c\ among ! ,c>abs & c9nab> among ! ,iroquois71 fl[]s1 mussel %ells1 beautiful fea!rs1 etc41--b 9 "t beautiful =ms also 7e4g4 9 _! canoes1 & clo!s1 etc471 :i* br+ ) !m no gratification1 or satisfaction ( enjoym5t--7 important 9 society1 & 7 comb9$ ) great int]e/4 ,until at la/ civilisation1 hav+ rea*$ its highe/ po9t1 makes out ( ?is almo/ ! ma9 bus9ess ( ref9$ incl9ation2 & s5sations are only reg>d$ z ( wor? 9 s f> z !y c be univ]sally communicat$4 ,"h1 al?\gh ! pleasure :i* e "o has 9 su* an object is inconsid]able & 9 itself )\t any m>k$ int]e/1 yet ! ,idea ( its univ]sal communicability increases its wor? 9 an almo/ inf9ite degree4 ,b ?is int]e/ t indirectly atta*es to ! ,beautiful ?r\gh our incl9ation to society1 & consequ5tly is empirical1 is ( no importance = u "h2 because we h only to look to :at may h a ref]5ce1 al?\gh only indirectly1 to ! judgem5t ( ta/e a priori4 ,= if ev5 9 ?is =m an int]e/ b\nd up !re) %\ld discov] itself1 ta/e w\ld discov] a transition ( our judg+ faculty f s5se-enjoym5t to moral feel+2 & s n only w\ld we be ! bett] guid$ 9 employ+ ta/e purposively1 b !re w\ld be ?us pres5t$ a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( ! human faculties a priori1 on :i* all legislation mu/ dep5d4 ,we c only say ?us mu* ab\t ! empirical int]e/ 9 objects ( ta/e & 9 ta/e itself4 ,s9ce x is subs]vi5t to incl9ation1 h[ev] ref9$ ! latt] may be1 x may easily be conf\nd$ ) all ! incl9ations & passions1 :i* atta9 _! greate/ v>iety & highe/ degree 9 society2 & ! int]e/ 9 ! ,beautiful1 if x is gr\nd$ !reon1 c only furni% a v ambigu\s transition f ! ,pleasant to ! ,good4 ,b :e!r ?is c or _c be fur!r$ by ta/e1 tak5 9 its purity1 is :at we n[ h to inve/igate4 #db4 ,( ! intellectual int]e/ 9 ! ,beautiful ,) ! be/ int5tions ^? p]sons :o ref] all activities1 to :i* _! inn] natural dispositions impel m51 to ! f9al purpose ( humanity1 viz4 ! morally good1 h reg>d$ ! tak+ an int]e/ 9 ! ,beautiful 9 g5]al z a m>k ( good moral "*4 ,b x is n )\t reason t !y h be5 contradict$ by o!rs :o rely on exp]i5ce2 = ?is %[s t connoisseurs 9 ta/e1 n only (t5 b g5]ally1 are giv5 up to idle1 caprici\s1 & mis*iev\s passions1 & t !y c\ld p]haps make less claim ?an o!rs to any pre-em95t atta*m5t to moral pr9ciples4 ,?us x w\ld seem t ! feel+ = ! ,beautiful is n only 7z actually is ! case7 specifically diff]5t f ! ,moral feel+2 b t ! int]e/ :i* c be b\nd up ) x is h>dly compatible ) moral int]e/1 & c]ta9ly has no inn] aff9ity !re)4 ,n[ ,i admit at once t ! int]e/ 9 ! ,beautiful ( ,art 7"u :i* ,i include ! artificial use ( natural beauties = adornm5t & s = vanity7 furni%es no pro( :atev] ( a disposition atta*$ to ! morally good or ev5 incl9$ !reto4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ,i ma9ta9 t to take an imm$iate int]e/ 9 ! ,beauty ( ,nature 7n m]ely to h ta/e 9 judg+ x7 is always a m>k ( a good s\l2 & t :5 ?is int]e/ is habitual x at lea/ indicates a frame ( m9d fav\rable to ! moral feel+1 if x is volunt>ily b\nd up ) ! contemplation ( nature4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ,i "h speak /rictly ( ! beautiful =ms ( ,nature1 & ,i set aside ! *>ms1 t %e is wont to comb9e s abundantly ) !m2 because1 ?\gh ! int]e/ 9 ! latt] is inde$ imm$iate1 x is only empirical4 ,he :o by himself 7& )\t any design ( communicat+ 8 obs]vations to o!rs7 reg>ds ! beautiful figure ( a wild fl[]1 a bird1 an insect1 etc41 ) admiration & love--:o w\ld n will+ly miss x 9 ,nature1 al?\gh x may br+ him "s hurt1 :o /ill less wants any advantage f x--he takes an imm$iate & also an intellectual int]e/ 9 ! beauty ( ,nature4 ,i4e4 x is n m]ely ! =m ( ! product ( nature :i* pleases him1 b its v pres5ce pleases him1 ! *>ms ( s5se hav+ no %>e 9 ?is pleasure & no purpose :atev] be+ comb9$ ) x4 ,b x is notewor?y t if we secretly deceiv$ ?is lov] ( ! beautiful by plant+ 9 ! gr\nd artificial fl[]s 7:i* c be manufactur$ exactly l natural ones71 or by plac+ artificially c>v$ birds on ! b\ghs ( trees1 & he discov]$ ! deceit1 ! imm$iate int]e/ t he previ\sly took 9 !m w\ld disappe> at once2 ?\gh1 p]haps1 a diff]5t int]e/1 viz4 ! int]e/ ( vanity 9 adorn+ 8 *amb] ) !m = ! eyes ( o!rs1 w\ld take its place4 ,?is ?\ght !n mu/ accompany our intuition & reflection on beauty1 viz4 t nature has produc$ x2 & on ?is alone is bas$ ! imm$iate int]e/ t we take 9 x4 ,o!rwise1 !re rema9s a m]e judgem5t ( ta/e1 ei!r devoid ( all int]e/1 or b\nd up ) a m$iate int]e/1 viz4 9 t x has ref]5ce to society2 :i* latt] int]e/ furni%es no c]ta9 indications ( a morally good disposition4 ,?is sup]iority ( natural to artificial beauty 9 t x alone ar\ses an imm$iate int]e/1 al?\gh z reg>ds =m ! fir/ may be surpass$ by ! second1 h>monises ) ! ref9$ & well-gr\nd$ habit ( ?\ght ( all m5 :o h cultivat$ _! moral feel+4 ,if a man :o has ta/e en\gh to judge ( ! products ( beautiful ,art ) ! greate/ accuracy & ref9em5t will+ly leaves a *amb] :]e are to be f\nd ^? beauties t m9i/] to vanity or to any social joys1 & turns to ! beautiful 9 ,nature 9 ord] to f9d1 z x 71 delight = 8 _s 9 a tra9 ( ?\ght t he c nev] completely evolve1 we w reg>d ?is *oice ( 8 ) v5]ation1 & attribute to him a beautiful s\l1 to :i* no connoisseur or lov] ( ,art c lay claim on acc\nt ( ! int]e/ he takes 9 8 arti/ic objects4--,:at n[ is ! diff]5ce 9 our e/imation ( ^! two diff]5t k9ds ( ,objects1 :i* 9 ! judgem5t ( m]e ta/e x is h>d to comp>e 9 po9t ( sup]iority8 ,we h a faculty ( m]e ae/hetical ,judgem5t by :i* we judge =ms )\t ! aid ( concepts1 & f9d a satisfaction 9 ?is m]e act ( judgem5t2 ?is we make into a rule = e "o1 )\t ?is judgem5t ei!r be+ bas$ on or produc+ any int]e/4--,on ! o!r h&1 we h also a faculty ( intellectual ,judgem5t :i* det]m9es an a priori satisfaction = ! m]e =ms ( practical maxims 7s f> z !y are 9 !mselves qualifi$ = univ]sal legislation72 ?is we make into a law = e "o1 )\t our judgem5t be+ bas$ on any int]e/ :atev]1 ?\gh 9 ?is case x produces su* an int]e/4 ,! pleasure or pa9 9 ! =m] judgem5t is call$ t ( ta/e1 9 ! latt]1 t ( moral feel+4 ,b x also int]e/s ,reason t ! ,ideas 7= :i* 9 moral feel+ x ar\ses an imm$iate int]e/7 %\ld h objective reality2 i4e4 t nature %\ld at lea/ %[ a trace or give an indication t x conta9s 9 itself "s gr\nd = assum+ a regul> agreem5t ( its products ) our entirely dis9t]e/$ satisfaction 7:i* we recognise a priori z a law = e "o1 )\t be+ able to base x ^u pro(s74 ,h5ce ,reason mu/ take an int]e/ 9 e expression on ! "p ( nature ( an agreem5t ( ?is k9d4 ,consequ5tly1 ! m9d _c pond] ^u ! beauty ( ,nature )\t f9d+ itself at ! same "t int]e/$ !re94 ,b ?is int]e/ is ak9 to moral1 & he :o takes su* an int]e/ 9 ! beauties ( nature c d s only 9 s f> z he previ\sly has firmly e/abli%$ 8 int]e/ 9 ! morally good4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! beauty ( ,nature int]e/s a man imm$iately we h reason = attribut+ to him1 at lea/1 a basis = a good moral disposition4 ,x w be said t ?is acc\nt ( ae/hetical judgem5ts1 z ak9 to ! moral feel+1 seems f> too /udi$ to be reg>d$ z ! true int]pretation ( t ciph] ?r\gh :i* ,nature speaks to u figuratively 9 h] beautiful =ms4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?is imm$iate int]e/ 9 ! beautiful is actually n common2 b is peculi> to ^? ^: m5tal disposition ei!r has already be5 cultivat$ 9 ! direction ( ! good or is em95tly susceptible ( su* cultivation4 ,9 t case ! analogy betwe5 ! pure judgem5t ( ta/e :i*1 indep5d5tly ( any int]e/1 causes u to feel a satisfaction1 & also repres5ts x a priori z suitable to humanity 9 g5]al1 & ! moral judgem5t t does ! same ?+ f concepts )\t any cle>1 subtle1 & prem$itat$ reflection--?is analogy leads to a simil> imm$iate int]e/ 9 ! objects ( ! =m] z 9 ^? ( ! latt]2 only t 9 ! "o case ! int]e/ is free1 9 ! o!r x is bas$ on objective laws4 ,to ?is is to be add$ our admiration = ,nature1 :i* displays itself 9 its beautiful products z ,art1 n m]ely by *ance1 b z x 7 design$ly1 9 accordance ) a regul> arrangem5t1 & z purposiv5ess )\t purpose4 ,?is latt]1 z we nev] meet ) x outside ourselves1 we naturally seek 9 ourselves2 &1 9 fact1 9 t :i* con/itutes ! ultimate purpose ( our be+1 viz4 our moral de/9ation4 7,( ?is "q z to ! gr\nd ( ! possibility ( su* natural purposiv5ess we %all fir/ speak 9 ! ,teleology47 ,x is easy to expla9 :y ! satisfaction 9 ! pure ae/hetical judgem5t 9 ! case ( beautiful ,art is n comb9$ ) an imm$iate int]e/ z x is 9 ! case ( beautiful ,nature4 ,= ! =m] is ei!r su* an imitation ( ! latt] t x rea*es ! po9t ( deception & !n produces ! same effect z natural beauty 7= :i* x is tak572 or x is an art obvi\sly direct$ design$ly to our satisfaction4 ,9 ! latt] case ! satisfaction 9 ! product w\ld1 x is true1 be br\ght ab\t imm$iately by ta/e1 b x w\ld be only a m$iate int]e/ 9 ! cause ly+ at its root1 viz4 an art t c only int]e/ by means ( its purpose & nev] 9 itself4 ,x w1 p]haps1 be said t ?is is also ! case1 if an ,object ( nature int]e/s u by its beauty only s f> z x is associat$ ) a moral ,idea4 ,b x is n ! ,object itself :i* imm$iately int]e/s u1 b its "* 9 virtue ( :i* x is qualifi$ = su* association1 :i* !re=e ess5tially belongs to x4 ,! *>ms 9 beautiful ,nature1 :i* are s (t5 f\nd1 z x 71 bl5d$ ) beautiful =ms1 may be ref]r$ to modifications ei!r ( light 7col\rs7 or ( s\nd 7tones74 ,= ^! are ! only s5sations t imply n m]ely a s5sible feel+ b also reflection ^u ! =m ( ^! modifications ( ,s5se2 & ?us !y involve 9 !mselves z x 7 a language by :i* nature speaks to u1 :i* ?us seems to h a high] s5se4 ,?us ! :ite col\r ( lilies seems to det]m9e ! m9d to ,ideas ( innoc5ce2 & ! sev5 col\rs 9 ord] f ! r$ to ! violet seem to sugge/ ! ,ideas ( 7#a7 ,sublimity1 7#b7 ,intrepidity1 7#c7 ,c&\r1 7#d7 ,fri5dl9ess1 7#e7 ,mode/y1 7#f7 ,con/ancy1 7#g7 ,t5d]ness4 ,! song ( birds proclaims gladsom5ess & cont5tm5t ) exi/5ce4 ,at lea/ s we int]pret nature1 :e!r x h ?is design or n4 ,b ! int]e/ :i* we "h take 9 beauty has only to d ) ! beauty ( ,nature2 x vani%es altoge!r z soon z we notice t we are deceiv$ & t x is only ,art--vani%es s completely t ta/e c no long] f9d ! ?+ beautiful or sight f9d x *>m+4 ,:at is m highly prais$ by poets ?an ! bewit*+ & beautiful note ( ! night+ale 9 a lonely copse on a /ill summ] ev5+ by ! s(t light ( ! moon8 ,& yet we h in/ances ( a m]ry ho/1 :]e no su* song/] 0 to be f\nd1 deceiv+ to _! great cont5tm5t ! gue/s :o 7 /ay+ ) him to enjoy ! c\ntry air1 by hid+ 9 a bu% a mis*iev\s boy :o knew h[ to produce ?is s\nd exactly l nature 7by means ( a re$ or a tube 9 8 m\?74 ,b z soon z we are aw>e t x is a *eat1 no "o w rema9 long li/5+ to ! song :i* be=e 0 c\nt$ s *>m+4 ,& x is j ! same ) ! songs ( all o!r birds4 ,x mu/ be ,nature or be reg>d$ z ,nature1 if we are to take an imm$iate int]e/ 9 ! ,beautiful z su*2 & /ill m is ?is ! case if we c require t o!rs %\ld take an int]e/ 9 x too4 ,?is happ5s z a matt] ( fact :5 we reg>d z co>se & ignoble ! m5tal attitude ( ^? p]sons :o h no feel+ = beautiful ,nature 7= ?us we describe a susceptibility to int]e/ 9 its contemplation71 & :o conf9e !mselves to eat+ & dr9k+--to ! m]e enjoym5ts ( s5se4 #dc4 ,( ,art 9 g5]al 7#a74 ,art is di/+ui%$ f ,nature1 z do+ 7fac]e7 is di/+ui%$ f act+ or work+ g5]ally 7ag]e71 & z ! product or result ( ! =m] is di/+ui%$ z "w 7opus7 f ! work+ 7effectus7 ( ! latt]4 ,by "r we ought only to describe z ,art1 production ?r\gh fre$om1 i4e4 ?r\gh a w t places ,reason at ! basis ( its actions4 ,= al?\gh we l to call ! product ( bees 7regul>ly built cells ( wax7 a "w ( art1 ?is is only by way ( analogy3 z soon z we feel t ?is "w ( !irs is bas$ on no prop] rational delib]ation1 we say t x is a product ( ,nature 7( in/9ct71 & z ,art only ascribe x to _! ,creator4 ,if1 z sometimes happ5s1 9 se>*+ ?r\gh a bog we come ^u a bit ( %ap$ wood1 we d n say3 ?is is a product ( ,nature1 b1 ( ,art4 ,its produc+ cause has conceiv$ a purpose to :i* ! bit ( wood owes its =m4 ,else:]e too we %\ld see art 9 ev]y?+ :i* is made s t a repres5tation ( x 9 its cause mu/ h prec$$ its actuality 7z ev5 9 ! case ( ! bees71 ?\gh ! effect c\ld n h be5 ?\ght by ! cause4 ,b if we call any?+ absolutely a "w ( art 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f a natural effect1 we always und]/& by t a "w ( man4 7#b74 ,art reg>d$ z human skill diff]s f sci5ce 7z c f "k7 z a practical faculty does f a !oretical1 z ,te*nic does f ,!ory 7z m5suration f geometry74 ,& s :at we c d1 z soon z we m]ely "k :at ought to be done & !re=e are suffici5tly cognisant ( ! desir$ effect1 is n call$ ,art4 ,only t :i* a man1 ev5 if he kn[s x completely1 may n !re=e h ! skill to accompli%1 belongs to ,art4 ,camp]#ge describes v exactly h[ ! be/ %oes mu/ be made1 b he c]ta9ly c\ld n make "o4#gf 7#c74 ,art also diff]s f h&icraft2 ! fir/ is call$ free1 ! o!r may be call$ m]c5>y4 ,we reg>d ! fir/ z if x c\ld only prove purposive z play1 i4e4 z occupation t is pleasant 9 itself4 ,b ! second is reg>d$ z if x c\ld only be compulsorily impos$ ^u "o z "w1 i4e4 z occupation :i* is unpleasant 7a tr\ble7 9 itself1 & :i* is only attractive on acc\nt ( its effect 7e4g4 ! wage74 ,:e!r or n 9 ! grad$ li/ ( ! pr(essions we ought to c\nt wat*mak]s z arti/s1 b smi?s only z h&icraftsm51 w\ld require ano!r po9t ( view f :i* to judge ?an t :i* we are "h tak+ up2 viz4 we %\ld h to consid] ! proportion ( tal5ts :i* mu/ be assum$ requisite 9 ^! sev]al occupations4 ,:e!r or n1 aga91 "u ! s-call$ sev5 free arts "s may be includ$ :i* ought to be class$ z sci5ces1 & _m t are ak9 r to h&icraft1 ,i %all n "h discuss4 ,b x is n inexp$i5t to recall t 9 all free arts !re is yet requisite some?+ compulsory1 or1 z x is call$1 me*anism1 )\t :i* ! _s1 :i* mu/ be free 9 art & :i* alone inspires ! "w1 w\ld h no body & w\ld evaporate altoge!r2 e4g4 9 poetry !re mu/ be an accuracy & weal? ( language1 & also prosody & metre4 ,x is n inexp$i5t1 ,i say1 to recall ?is1 = _m mod]n educators believe t ! be/ way to produce a free art is to remove x f all con/ra9t1 & ?us to *ange x f "w into m]e play4 #dd4 ,( beautiful ,art ,!re is no ,sci5ce ( ! ,beautiful1 b only a ,critique ( x2 & !re is no su* ?+ z beautiful ,sci5ce1 b only beautiful ,art4 ,= z reg>ds ! fir/ po9t1 if x c\ld be decid$ sci5tifically1 i4e4 by pro(s1 :e!r a ?+ 0 to be reg>d$ z beautiful or n1 ! judgem5t ^u beauty w\ld belong to sci5ce & w\ld n be a judgem5t ( ta/e4 ,& z f> z ! second po9t is conc]n$1 a sci5ce :i* %\ld be beautiful z su* is a non5tity4 ,= if 9 su* a sci5ce we 7 to ask = gr\nds & pro(s1 we w\ld be put (f ) ta/eful phrases 7bon-mots74--,! s\rce ( ! common expression1 beautiful sci5ce1 is )\t d\bt no?+ else ?an ?is1 z x has be5 rightly rem>k$1 t = beautiful art 9 its entire complet5ess mu* sci5ce is requisite2 e4g4 a k ( anci5t languages1 a le>n$ famili>ity ) classical au?ors1 hi/ory1 a k ( antiquities1 etc4 ,& h5ce ^! hi/orical sci5ces1 because !y =m ! necess>y prep>ation & basis = beautiful art1 & also p>tly because "u !m is includ$ ! k ( ! products ( beautiful art 7rhetoric & poetry71 h come to be call$ beautiful sci5ces by a confusion ( words4 ,if art :i* is adequate to ! cognition ( a possible object p]=ms ! actions requisite !re=e m]ely 9 ord] to make x actual1 x is me*anical art2 b if x has = its imm$iate design ! feel+ ( pleasure1 x is call$ ae/hetical art4 ,?is is aga9 ei!r pleasant or beautiful4 ,x is ! fir/1 if its purpose is t ! pleasure %\ld accompany ! repres5tations ( ! object reg>d$ z m]e s5sations2 x is ! second if !y are reg>d$ z modes ( cognition4 ,pleasant arts are ^? t are direct$ m]ely to enjoym5t4 ,( ?is class are all ^? *>m+ arts t c gratify a company at table2 e4g4 ! art ( tell+ /ories 9 an ent]ta9+ way1 ( />t+ ! company 9 frank & lively conv]sation1 ( rais+ !m by je/ & laugh to a c]ta9 pit* ( m]rim5t2#gg :51 z p say1 !re may be a great deal ( gossip at ! fea/1 b no "o w be answ]able = :at he says1 because !y are only conc]n$ ) mom5t>y ent]ta9m5t1 & n ) any p]man5t mat]ial = reflection or subsequ5t discussion4 7,among ^! are also to be reckon$ ! way ( arrang+ ! table = enjoym5t1 &1 at great fea/s1 ! managem5t ( ! music4 ,?is latt] is a wond]ful ?+4 ,x is meant to dispose to gaiety ! m9ds ( ! gue/s1 reg>d$ solely z a pleasant noise1 )\t any "o pay+ ! lea/ att5tion to its composition2 & x fav\rs ! free conv]sation ( ea* ) 8 neighb\r47 ,aga91 to ?is class belong all games :i* br+ ) !m no fur!r int]e/ ?an t ( mak+ ! "t pass imp]ceptibly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 beautiful art is a mode ( repres5tation :i* is purposive = itself1 & :i*1 al?\gh devoid ( def9ite purpose1 yet fur!rs ! culture ( ! m5tal p[]s 9 ref]5ce to social communication4 ,! univ]sal communicability ( a pleasure c>ries ) x 9 its v concept t ! pleasure is n "o ( enjoym5t1 f m]e s5sation1 b mu/ be d]iv$ f reflection2 & ?us ae/hetical art1 z ! art ( beauty1 has = /&>d ! reflective ,judgem5t & n s5sation4 #de4 ,beautiful ,art is an art1 9 s f> z x seems l nature ,9 a product ( beautiful art we mu/ become consci\s t x is ,art & n ,nature2 b yet ! purposiv5ess 9 its =m mu/ seem to be z free f all con/ra9t ( arbitr>y rules z if x 7 a product ( m]e nature4 ,on ?is feel+ ( fre$om 9 ! play ( our cognitive faculties1 :i* mu/ at ! same "t be purposive1 re/s t pleasure :i* alone is univ]sally communicable1 )\t be+ bas$ on concepts4 ,nature is beautiful because x looks l ,art2 & ,art c only be call$ beautiful if we are consci\s ( x z ,art :ile yet x looks l ,nature4 ,= :e!r we are deal+ ) natural or ) artificial beauty we c say g5]ally3 ,t is beautiful :i* pleases 9 ! m]e act ( judg+ x 7n 9 ! s5sation ( x1 or by means ( a concept74 ,n[ art has always a def9ite design ( produc+ some?+4 ,b if ?is some?+ 7 b>e s5sation 7some?+ m]ely subjective71 :i* is to be accompani$ ) pleasure1 ! product w\ld please 9 ! act ( judgem5t only by m$iation ( s5sible feel+4 ,& aga91 if ! design 7 direct$ t[>ds ! production ( a def9ite ,object1 !n1 if ?is 7 atta9$ by art1 ! ,object w\ld only please by means ( concepts4 ,b 9 bo? cases ! art w\ld n please 9 ! m]e act ( judg+2 i4e4 x w\ld n please z beautiful1 b z me*anical4 ,h5ce ! purposiv5ess 9 ! product ( beautiful art1 al?\gh x is design$1 mu/ n seem to be design$2 i4e4 beautiful art mu/ look l nature1 al?\gh we are consci\s ( x z art4 ,b a product ( art appe>s l nature :51 al?\gh its agreem5t ) ! rules1 accord+ to :i* alone ! product c become :at x ought to be1 is punctili\sly obs]v$1 yet ?is is n pa9fully app>5t2 ! =m ( ! s*ools does n obtrude itself#gh--;x %[s no trace ( ! rule hav+ be5 be=e ! eyes ( ! arti/ & hav+ fett]$ 8 m5tal p[]s4 #df4 ,beautiful ,art is ! art ( g5ius ,g5ius is ! tal5t 7or natural gift7 :i* gives ! rule to ,art4 ,s9ce tal5t1 z ! innate productive faculty ( ! arti/1 belongs itself to ,nature1 we may express ! matt] ?us3 ,g5ius is ! innate m5tal disposition 7+5ium7 ?r\gh :i* ,nature gives ! rule to ,art4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ?is def9ition1 :e!r x is m]ely arbitr>y or :e!r x is adequate to ! concept t we are accu/om$ to comb9e ) ! ^w g5ius 7:i* is to be exam9$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs71 we c prove already be=eh& t accord+ to ! signification ( ! ^w "h adopt$1 beautiful arts mu/ necess>ily be consid]$ z arts ( g5ius4 ,= e art presupposes rules by means ( :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance a product1 if x is to be call$ arti/ic1 is repres5t$ z possible4 ,b ! concept ( beautiful art does n p]mit ! judgem5t ^u ! beauty ( a product to be d]iv$ f any rule1 :i* has a concept z its det]m9+ gr\nd1 & !re=e has at its basis a concept ( ! way 9 :i* ! product is possible4 ,!re=e1 beautiful art _c itself devise ! rule accord+ to :i* x c br+ ab\t its product4 ,b s9ce at ! same "t a product c nev] be call$ ,art )\t "s prec$5t rule1 ,nature 9 ! subject mu/ 7by ! h>mony ( its faculties7 give ! rule to ,art2 i4e4 beautiful ,art is only possible z a product ( ,g5ius4 ,we ?us see 7#a7 t g5ius is a tal5t = produc+ t = :i* no def9ite rule c be giv52 x is n a m]e aptitude = :at c be le>nt by a rule4 ,h5ce orig9ality mu/ be its fir/ prop]ty4 7#b7 ,b s9ce x also c produce orig9al nons5se1 its products mu/ be models1 i4e4 exempl>y2 & !y consequ5tly ought n to spr+ f imitation1 b mu/ s]ve z a /&>d or rule ( judgem5t = o!rs4 7#c7 ,x _c describe or indicate sci5tifically h[ x br+s ab\t its products1 b x gives ! rule j z nature does4 ,h5ce ! au?or ( a product = :i* he is indebt$ to 8 g5ius does n himself "k h[ he has come by 8 ,ideas2 & he has n ! p[] to devise ! l at pleasure or 9 accordance ) a plan1 & to communicate x to o!rs 9 precepts t w enable !m to produce simil> products4 7,h5ce x is probable t ! ^w g5ius is d]iv$ f g5ius1 t peculi> guid+ & gu>dian _s giv5 to a man at 8 bir?1 f ^: sugge/ion ^! orig9al ,ideas proce$47 7#d7 ,nature by ! m$ium ( g5ius does n prescribe rules to ,sci5ce1 b to ,art2 & to x only 9 s f> z x is to be beautiful ,art4 #dg4 ,elucidation & confirmation ( ! above explanation ( ,g5ius ,e "o is agre$ t g5ius is entirely oppos$ to ! _s ( imitation4 ,n[ s9ce le>n+ is no?+ b imitation1 x foll[s t ! greate/ ability & tea*abl5ess 7capacity7 reg>d$ qu tea*abl5ess1 _c avail = g5ius4 ,ev5 if a man ?9ks or inv5ts = himself1 & does n m]ely take 9 :at o!rs h taught1 ev5 if he discov]s _m ?+s 9 art & sci5ce1 ?is is n ! "r gr\nd = call+ su* a 7p]haps great7 head1 a g5ius 7z oppos$ to him :o because he c only le>n & imitate is call$ a %all[-pate74 ,= ev5 ^! ?+s c\ld be le>n$1 !y lie 9 ! natural pa? ( him :o inve/igates & reflects accord+ to rules2 & !y d n diff] specifically f :at c be acquir$ by indu/ry ?r\gh imitation4 ,?us we c readily le>n all t ,newton has set =? 9 8 immortal "w on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy1 h[ev] great a head 0 requir$ to discov] x2 b we _c le>n to write spirit$ poetry1 h[ev] express may be ! precepts ( ! art & h[ev] excell5t its models4 ,! reason is t ,newton c\ld make all 8 /eps1 f ! fir/ elem5ts ( geometry to 8 own great & pr(\nd discov]ies1 intuitively pla9 & def9ite z reg>ds consequ5ce1 n only to himself b to e "o else4 ,b a ,hom] or a ,wiel& _c %[ h[ 8 ,ideas1 s ri* 9 fancy & yet s full ( ?\ght1 come toge!r 9 8 head1 simply because he does n "k & !re=e _c tea* o!rs4 ,9 ,sci5ce !n ! greate/ discov]] only diff]s 9 degree f 8 labori\s imitator & pupil2 b he diff]s specifically f him :om ,nature has gift$ = beautiful ,art4 ,& 9 ?is !re is no depreciation ( ^? great m5 to :om ! human race owes s mu* gratitude1 z comp>$ ) nature's fav\rites 9 respect ( ! tal5t = beautiful art4 ,= 9 ! fact t ! =m] tal5t is direct$ to ! ev]-advanc+ great] p]fection ( k & e advantage dep5d+ on x1 & at ! same "t to ! imp>t+ ?is same k to o!rs--9 ?is x has a great sup]iority ov] ! tal5t ( ^? :o des]ve ! hon\r ( be+ call$ g5iuses4 ,= art /&s /ill at a c]ta9 po9t2 a b\nd>y is set to x beyond :i* x _c g1 :i* presumably has be5 rea*$ long ago & _c be ext5d$ fur!r4 ,aga91 arti/ic skill _c be communicat$2 x is imp>t$ to e arti/ imm$iately by ! h& ( nature2 & s x dies ) him1 until nature end[s ano!r 9 ! same way1 s t he only ne$s an example 9 ord] to put 9 op]ation 9 a simil> fa%ion ! tal5t ( :i* he is consci\s4 ,if n[ x is a natural gift :i* mu/ prescribe its rule to art 7z beautiful art71 ( :at k9d is ?is rule8 ,x _c be r$uc$ to a =mula & s]ve z a precept1 = !n ! judgem5t ^u ! beautiful w\ld be det]m9able accord+ to concepts2 b ! rule mu/ be ab/ract$ f ! fact1 i4e4 f ! product1 on :i* o!rs may try _! own tal5t by us+ x z a model1 n to be copi$ b to be imitat$4 ,h[ ?is is possible is h>d to expla94 ,! ,ideas ( ! arti/ excite l ,ideas 9 8 pupils if nature has end[$ !m ) a l proportion ( _! m5tal p[]s4 ,h5ce models ( beautiful art are ! only means ( h&+ d[n ^! ,ideas to po/]ity4 ,?is _c be done by m]e descriptions1 especially n 9 ! case ( ! arts ( spee*1 & 9 ?is latt] classical models are only to be _h 9 ! old dead languages1 n[ pres]v$ only z 8! le>n$ languages40 ,al?\gh me*anical & beautiful art are v diff]5t1 ! fir/ be+ a m]e art ( indu/ry & le>n+ & ! second ( g5ius1 yet !re is no beautiful art 9 :i* !re is n a me*anical elem5t t c be compreh5d$ by rules & foll[$ accord+ly1 & 9 :i* !re=e !re mu/ be some?+ s*ola/ic z an ess5tial condition4 ,= 9 e art "s purpose mu/ be conceiv$2 o!rwise we c\ld n ascribe ! product to art at all1 & x w\ld be a m]e product ( *ance4 ,b 9 ord] to accompli% a purpose1 def9ite rules f :i* we _c disp5se ourselves are requisite4 ,n[ s9ce ! orig9ality ( ! tal5t con/itutes an ess5tial 7?\gh n ! only7 elem5t 9 ! "* ( g5ius1 %all[ heads believe t !y _c bett] %[ !mselves to be full-bl[n g5iuses ?an by ?r[+ (f ! con/ra9t ( all rules2 !y believe1 9 effect1 t "o c\ld make a brav] %[ on ! back ( a wild horse ?an on ! back ( a tra9$ animal4 ,g5ius c only furni% ri* mat]ial = products ( beautiful art2 its execution & its =m require tal5t cultivat$ 9 ! s*ools1 9 ord] to make su* a use ( ?is mat]ial z w /& exam9ation by ! ,judgem5t4 ,b x is q ridicul\s = a man to speak & decide l a g5ius 9 ?+s :i* require ! mo/ c>eful inve/igation by ,reason4 ,"o does n "k :e!r to laugh m at ! impo/or :o spreads su* a mi/ r\nd him t we _c cle>ly use our ,judgem5t & s use our ,imag9ation ! m1 or at ! public :i* navely imag9es t 8 inability to cognise cle>ly & to compreh5d ! ma/]piece be=e him arises f new tru?s cr[d+ 9 on him 9 su* abundance t details 7duly weigh$ def9itions & accurate exam9ation ( fundam5tal propositions7 seem b clumsy "w4 #dh4 ,( ! relation ( ,g5ius to ,ta/e ,= judg+ ( beautiful objects z su*1 ta/e is requisite2 b = beautiful art1 i4e4 = ! production ( su* objects1 g5ius is requisite4 ,if we consid] g5ius z ! tal5t = beautiful art 7:i* ! special mean+ ( ! ^w implies7 & 9 ?is po9t ( view analyse x into ! faculties :i* mu/ concur to con/itute su* a tal5t1 x is necess>y 9 ! fir/ in/ance to det]m9e exactly ! diff]5ce betwe5 natural beauty1 ! judg+ ( :i* requires only ,ta/e1 & artificial beauty1 ^: possibility 7to :i* ref]5ce mu/ be made 9 judg+ su* an object7 requires ,g5ius4 ,a natural beauty is a beautiful ?+2 artificial beauty is a beautiful repres5tation ( a ?+4 ,9 ord] to judge ( a natural beauty z su* ,i ne$ n h be=eh& a concept ( :at sort ( ?+ ! object is to be2 i4e4 ,i ne$ n "k its mat]ial purposiv5ess 7! purpose71 b its m]e =m pleases by itself 9 ! act ( judg+ x )\t any k ( ! purpose4 ,b if ! object is giv5 z a product ( art1 & z su* is to be decl>$ beautiful1 !n1 because art always supposes a purpose 9 ! cause 7& its causality71 !re mu/ be at bottom 9 ! fir/ in/ance a concept ( :at ! ?+ is to be4 ,& z ! agreem5t ( ! manifold 9 a ?+ ) its inn] de/9ation1 its purpose1 con/itutes ! p]fection ( ! ?+1 x foll[s t 9 judg+ ( artificial beauty ! p]fection ( ! ?+ mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt2 b 9 judg+ ( natural beauty 7z su*7 !re is no "q at all ab\t ?is4--,x is true t 9 judg+ ( objects ( nature1 especially objects end[$ ) life1 e4g4 a man or a horse1 _! objective purposiv5ess also is commonly tak5 into consid]ation 9 judg+ ( _! beauty2 b !n ! judgem5t is no long] purely ae/hetical1 i4e4 a m]e judgem5t ( ta/e4 ,nature is no long] judg$ inasmu* z x appe>s l art1 b 9 s f> z x is actual 7al?\gh sup]human7 art2 & ! teleological judgem5t s]ves z ! basis & condition ( ! ae/hetical1 z a condition to :i* ! latt] mu/ h respect4 ,9 su* a case1 e4g4 if x is said 8t is a beautiful woman10 we ?9k no?+ else ?an ?is3 nature repres5ts 9 h] figure ! purposes 9 view 9 ! %ape ( a woman's figure4 ,= we mu/ look beyond ! m]e =m to a concept1 if ! object is to be ?\ght 9 su* a way by means ( a logically condition$ ae/hetical judgem5t4 ,beautiful art %[s its sup]iority 9 ?is1 t x describes z beautiful ?+s :i* may be 9 nature ugly or displeas+4#gi ,! ,furies1 diseases1 ! deva/ations ( w>1 etc41 may ev5 reg>d$ z calamit\s1#hj be describ$ z v beautiful1 & ev5 repres5t$ 9 a picture4 ,!re is only "o k9d ( ugl9ess :i* _c be repres5t$ 9 accordance ) nature1 )\t de/roy+ all ae/hetical satisfaction & consequ5tly artificial beauty2 viz4 t :i* excites disgu/4 ,= 9 ?is peculi> s5sation1 :i* re/s on m]e imag9ation1 ! object is repres5t$ z x 7 obtrud+ itself = our enjoym5t :ile we /rive aga9/ x ) all our might4 ,& ! arti/ic repres5tation ( ! object is no long] di/+ui%$ f ! nature ( ! object itself 9 our s5sation1 & ?us x is impossible t x c be reg>d$ z beautiful4 ,! art ( sculpture aga91 because 9 its products art is almo/ int]*angeable ) nature1 excludes f its creations ! imm$iate repres5tation ( ugly objects2 e4g4 x repres5ts dea? by a beautiful g5ius1 ! w>like _s by ,m>s1 & p]mits all su* ?+s to be repres5t$ only by an allegory or attribute#ha t has a pleas+ effect1 & ?us only indirectly by ! aid ( ! int]pretation ( ,reason1 & n = ! m]e ae/hetical ,judgem5t4 ,s mu* = ! beautiful repres5tation ( an object1 :i* is prop]ly only ! =m ( ! pres5tation ( a concept1 & ! means by :i* ! latt] is communicat$ univ]sally4--,b to give ?is =m to ! product ( beautiful art1 m]e ta/e is requisite4 ,by ta/e1 aft] he has ex]cis$ & correct$ x by manifold examples f art or nature1 ! arti/ *ecks 8 "w2 & aft] _m1 (t5 toilsome1 attempts to cont5t ta/e he f9ds ! =m :i* satisfies him4 ,h5ce ?is =m is n1 z x 71 a ?+ ( inspiration or ! result ( a free sw+ ( ! m5tal p[]s1 b ( a sl[ & ev5 pa9ful process ( improvem5t1 by :i* he seeks to r5d] x adequate to 8 ?\ght1 )\t detrim5t to ! fre$om ( ! play ( 8 p[]s4 ,b ta/e is m]ely a judg+ & n a productive faculty2 & :at is appropriate to x is n !re=e a "w ( beautiful art4 ,x may be only a product belong+ to useful & me*anical art or ev5 to sci5ce1 produc$ accord+ to def9ite rules t c be le>n$ & mu/ be exactly foll[$4 ,b ! pleas+ =m t is giv5 to x is only ! vehicle ( communication1 & a mode1 z x 71 ( pres5t+ x1 9 respect ( :i* we rema9 free to a c]ta9 ext5t1 al?\gh x is comb9$ ) a def9ite purpose4 ,?us we desire t table appo9tm5ts1 a moral treatise1 ev5 a s]mon1 %\ld h 9 !mselves ?is =m ( beautiful art1 )\t x seem+ to be s\ght3 b we d n !re=e call ^! ?+s works ( beautiful art4 ,"u ! latt] class are reckon$ a poem1 a piece ( music1 a picture gall]y1 etc42 & 9 "s w\ld-be works ( beautiful art we f9d g5ius )\t ta/e1 :ile 9 o!rs we f9d ta/e )\t g5ius4 #di4 ,( ! faculties ( ! m9d t con/itute ,g5ius ,we say ( c]ta9 products ( :i* we expect t !y %\ld at lea/ 9 "p appe> z beautiful art1 !y are )\t _s#hb2 al?\gh we f9d no?+ to blame 9 !m on ! score ( ta/e4 ,a poem may be v neat & elegant1 b )\t _s4 ,a hi/ory may be exact & well arrang$1 b )\t _s4 ,a fe/al disc\rse may be solid & at ! same "t elaborate1 b )\t _s4 ,conv]sation is (t5 n devoid ( ent]ta9m5t1 b yet )\t _s3 ev5 ( a woman we say t %e is pretty1 an agreeable talk]1 & c\rte\s1 b )\t _s4 ,:at !n d we mean by _s8 ,_s1 9 an ae/hetical s5se1 is ! "n giv5 to ! animat+ pr9ciple ( ! m9d4 ,b t :]eby ?is pr9ciple animates ! s\l1 ! mat]ial :i* x applies to t purpose1 is t :i* puts ! m5tal p[]s purposively into sw+1 i4e4 into su* a play z ma9ta9s itself & /r5g!ns ! m5tal p[]s 9 _! ex]cise4 ,n[ ,i ma9ta9 t ?is pr9ciple is no o!r ?an ! faculty ( pres5t+ ae/hetical ,ideas4 ,& by an ae/hetical ,idea ,i und]/& t repres5tation ( ! ,imag9ation :i* occasions mu* ?\ght1 )\t1 h[ev]1 any def9ite ?\ght1 i4e4 any concept1 be+ capable ( be+ adequate to x2 x consequ5tly _c be completely compass$ & made intelligible by language4--,we easily see t x is ! c\nt]p>t 7p5dant7 ( a rational ,idea1 :i* conv]sely is a concept to :i* no intuition 7or repres5tation ( ! ,imag9ation7 c be adequate4 ,! ,imag9ation 7z a productive faculty ( cognition7 is v p[]ful 9 creat+ ano!r nature1 z x 71 out ( ! mat]ial t actual nature gives x4 ,we ent]ta9 ourselves ) x :5 exp]i5ce proves too commonplace1 & by x we rem\ld exp]i5ce1 always inde$ 9 accordance ) analogical laws1 b yet also 9 accordance ) pr9ciples :i* occupy a high] place 9 ,reason 7laws too :i* are j z natural to u z ^? by :i* ,und]/&+ compreh5ds empirical nature74 ,?us we feel our fre$om f ! law ( association 7:i* atta*es to ! empirical employm5t ( ,imag9ation71 s t ! mat]ial :i* we borr[ f nature 9 accordance ) ?is law c be work$ up into some?+ diff]5t :i* surpasses nature4 ,su* repres5tations ( ! ,imag9ation we may call ,ideas1 p>tly because !y at lea/ /rive aft] some?+ :i* lies beyond ! b\nds ( exp]i5ce1 & s seek to approximate to a pres5tation ( concepts ( ,reason 7intellectual ,ideas71 ?us giv+ to ! latt] ! appe>ance ( objective reality1--b especially because no concept c be fully adequate to !m z int]nal intuitions4 ,! poet v5tures to realise to s5se1 rational ,ideas ( invisible be+s1 ! k+dom ( ! bless$1 hell1 et]nity1 creation1 etc42 or ev5 if he deals ) ?+s ( :i* !re are examples 9 exp]i5ce1--e4g4 dea?1 envy & all vices1 also love1 fame1 & ! l1--he tries1 by means ( ,imag9ation1 :i* emulates ! play ( ,reason 9 its que/ aft] a maximum1 to g beyond ! limits ( exp]i5ce & to pres5t !m to ,s5se ) a complet5ess ( :i* !re is no example 9 nature4 ,x is1 prop]ly speak+1 9 ! art ( ! poet1 t ! faculty ( ae/hetical ,ideas c manife/ itself 9 its full measure4 ,b ?is faculty1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is prop]ly only a tal5t 7( ! ,imag9ation74 ,if n[ we place "u a concept a repres5tation ( ! ,imag9ation belong+ to its pres5tation1 b :i* occasions solely by itself m ?\ght ?an c ev] be compreh5d$ 9 a def9ite concept1 & :i* !re=e enl>ges ae/hetically ! concept itself 9 an unb\nd$ fa%ion1--! ,imag9ation is "h creative1 & x br+s ! faculty ( intellectual ,ideas 7! ,reason7 into movem5t2 i4e4 a movem5t1 occasion$ by a repres5tation1 t[>ds m ?\ght 7?\gh belong+1 no d\bt1 to ! concept ( ! object7 ?an c be grasp$ 9 ! repres5tation or made cle>4 ,^? =ms :i* d n con/itute ! pres5tation ( a giv5 concept itself b only1 z approximate repres5tations ( ! ,imag9ation1 express ! consequ5ces b\nd up ) x & its relation%ip to o!r concepts1 are call$ 7ae/hetical7 attributes ( an object1 ^: concept z a rational ,idea _c be adequately pres5t$4 ,?us ,jupit]'s eagle ) ! lightn+ 9 its claws is an attribute ( ! mighty k+ ( heav51 z ! peacock is ( its magnific5t que54 ,!y d n1 l logical attributes1 repres5t :at lies 9 our concepts ( ! sublimity & maje/y ( creation1 b some?+ diff]5t1 :i* gives occasion to ! ,imag9ation to spread itself ov] a numb] ( k9dr$ repres5tations1 t ar\se m ?\ght ?an c be express$ 9 a concept det]m9$ by words4 ,!y furni% an ae/hetical ,idea1 :i* = t rational ,idea takes ! place ( logical pres5tation2 & ?us z _! prop] (fice !y enliv5 ! m9d by op5+ out to x ! prospect into an illimitable field ( k9dr$ repres5tations4 ,b beautiful art does ?is n only 9 ! case ( pa9t+ or sculpture 79 :i* ! t]m 8attribute0 is commonly employ$73 poetry & rhetoric also get ! _s t animates _! works simply f ! ae/hetical attributes ( ! object1 :i* accompany ! logical & /imulate ! ,imag9ation1 s t x ?9ks m by _! aid1 al?\gh 9 an undevelop$ way1 ?an c\ld be compreh5d$ 9 a concept & !re=e 9 a def9ite =m ( words4-- ,= ! sake ( brevity ,i mu/ limit myself to a few examples only4 ,:5 ! great ,k+#hc 9 "o ( 8 poems expresses himself z foll[s3 8,oui1 f9issons sans tr\ble et m\rons sans regrets1 ,en laissant l'univ]s combl de nos bi5faits4 ,a9si l'a/re du j\r au b\t de sa c>rire1 ,rp& sur l'horizon une d\ce lumire2 ,et les d]ni]s rayons qu'il d>de dans les airs1 ,sont les d]ni]s s\pirs qu'il donne l'univ]s20 he quick5s 8 rational ,idea ( a cosmopolitan disposition at ! end ( life by an attribute :i* ! ,imag9ation 79 rememb]+ all ! pleasures ( a beautiful summ] day t are recall$ at its close by a s]5e ev5+7 associates ) t repres5tation1 & :i* excites a numb] ( s5sations & second>y repres5tations = :i* no expression is f\nd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an intellectual concept may s]ve conv]sely z an attribute = a repres5tation ( s5se & s c quick5 ?is latt] by means ( ! ,idea ( ! sup]s5sible2 b only by ! ae/hetical elem5t1 t subjectively atta*es to ! concept ( ! latt]1 be+ "h employ$4 ,?us1 = example1 a c]ta9 poet#hd says1 9 8 description ( a beautiful morn+3 8,! sun arose ,z calm f virtue spr+s40 ,! consci\sness ( virtue1 ev5 if "o only places oneself 9 ?\ght 9 ! position ( a virtu\s man1 diffuses 9 ! m9d a multitude ( sublime & re/ful feel+s & a b\ndless prospect ( a joyful future1 to :i* no expression measur$ by a def9ite concept completely atta9s4#he ,9 a ^w ! ae/hetical ,idea is a repres5tation ( ! ,imag9ation associat$ ) a giv5 concept1 :i* is b\nd up ) su* a multiplicity ( p>tial repres5tations 9 its free employm5t1 t = x no expression m>k+ a def9ite concept c be f\nd2 & su* a repres5tation1 !re=e1 adds to a concept mu* ineffable ?\ght1 ! feel+ ( :i* quick5s ! cognitive faculties1 & ) language1 :i* is ! m]e lett]1 b9ds up _s also4 ,! m5tal p[]s1 !re=e1 ^: union 79 a c]ta9 relation7 con/itutes g5ius are ,imag9ation & ,und]/&+4 ,9 ! employm5t ( ! ,imag9ation = cognition x submits to ! con/ra9t ( ! ,und]/&+ & is subject to ! limitation ( be+ con=mable to ! concept ( ! latt]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 an ae/hetical po9t ( view x is free to furni% uns\ght1 ov] & above t agreem5t ) a concept1 abundance ( undevelop$ mat]ial = ! ,und]/&+2 to :i* ! ,und]/&+ paid no reg>d 9 its concept1 b :i* x applies1 ?\gh n objectively = cognition1 yet subjectively to quick5 ! cognitive p[]s & !re=e also indirectly to cognitions4 ,?us g5ius prop]ly consi/s 9 ! happy relation betwe5 ^! faculties1 :i* no sci5ce c tea* & no indu/ry c le>n1 by :i* ,ideas are f\nd = a giv5 concept2 & on ! o!r h&1 we ?us f9d = ^! ,ideas ! expression1 by means ( :i* ! subjective /ate ( m9d br\ght ab\t by !m1 z an accompanim5t ( ! concept1 c be communicat$ to o!rs4 ,! latt] tal5t is prop]ly speak+ :at is call$ _s2 = to express ! ineffable elem5t 9 ! /ate ( m9d impli$ by a c]ta9 repres5tation & to make x univ]sally communicable--:e!r ! expression be 9 spee* or pa9t+ or /atu>y--?is requires a faculty ( seiz+ ! quickly pass+ play ( ,imag9ation & ( unify+ x 9 a concept 7:i* is ev5 on t acc\nt orig9al & discloses a new rule t c\ld n h be5 inf]r$ f any prec$+ pr9ciples or examples71 t c be communicat$ )\t any con/ra9t ( rules4#hf 99 99 99 99 99 ,if aft] ?is analysis we look back to ! explanation giv5 above ( :at is call$ g5ius1 we f9d3 fir/1 t x is a tal5t = ,art1 n = ,sci5ce1 9 :i* cle>ly kn[n rules mu/ g be=eh& & det]m9e ! proc$ure4 ,secondly1 z an arti/ic tal5t x presupposes a def9ite concept ( ! product1 z ! purpose1 & !re=e ,und]/&+2 b x also presupposes a repres5tation 7al?\gh an indet]m9ate "o7 ( ! mat]ial1 i4e4 ( ! intuition1 = ! pres5tm5t ( ?is concept2 &1 !re=e1 a relation betwe5 ! ,imag9ation & ! ,und]/&+4 ,?irdly1 x %[s itself n s mu* 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! propos$ purpose 9 a pres5tm5t ( a def9ite concept1 z 9 ! enunciation or expression ( ae/hetical ,ideas1 :i* conta9 abundant mat]ial = t v design2 & consequ5tly x repres5ts ! ,imag9ation z free f all guidance ( rules & yet z purposive 9 ref]5ce to ! pres5tm5t ( ! giv5 concept4 ,f9ally1 9 ! f\r? place1 ! uns\ght undesign$ subjective purposiv5ess 9 ! free accordance ( ! ,imag9ation ) ! legality ( ! ,und]/&+ presupposes su* a proportion & disposition ( ^! faculties z no foll[+ ( rules1 :e!r ( sci5ce or ( me*anical imitation1 c br+ ab\t1 b :i* only ! nature ( ! subject c produce4 ,9 accordance ) ^! suppositions g5ius is ! exempl>y orig9ality ( ! natural gifts ( a subject 9 ! free employm5t ( 8 cognitive faculties4 ,9 ?is way ! product ( a g5ius 7z reg>ds :at is to be ascrib$ to g5ius & n to possible le>n+ or s*ool+7 is an example1 n to be imitat$ 7= !n t :i* 9 x is g5ius & con/itutes ! _s ( ! "w w\ld be lo/71 b to be foll[$1 by ano!r g5ius2 :om x awak5s to a feel+ ( 8 own orig9ality & :om x /irs s to ex]cise 8 art 9 fre$om f ! con/ra9t ( rules1 t !reby a new rule is ga9$ = art1 & ?us 8 tal5t %[s itself to be exempl>y4 ,b because a g5ius is a fav\rite ( nature & mu/ be reg>d$ by u z a r>e ph5om5on1 8 example produces = o!r good heads a s*ool1 i4e4 a me?odical sy/em ( tea*+ accord+ to rules1 s f> z ^! c be d]iv$ f ! peculi>ities ( ! products ( 8 _s4 ,= su* p]sons beautiful art is s f> imitation1 to :i* nature ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a g5ius suppli$ ! rule4 ,b ?is imitation becomes a m]e ap+1 if ! s*ol> copies ev]y?+ d[n to ! de=mities1 :i* ! g5ius mu/ h let pass only because he c\ld n well remove !m )\t weak5+ 8 ,idea4 ,?is m5tal *>act]i/ic is m]itori\s only 9 ! case ( a g5ius4 ,a c]ta9 audacity 9 expression--& 9 g5]al _m a dep>ture f common rules--becomes him well1 b x is 9 no way wor?y ( imitation2 x always rema9s a fault 9 itself :i* we mu/ seek to remove1 ?\gh ! g5ius is z x 7 privileg$ to commit x1 because ! inimitable ru% ( 8 _s w\ld suff] f ov]-anxi\s c>efulness4 ,mann]ism is ano!r k9d ( ap+1 viz4 ( m]e peculi>ity 7orig9ality7 9 g5]al2 by :i* a man sep>ates himself z f> z possible f imitators1 )\t h[ev] possess+ ! tal5t to be at ! same "t exempl>y4--,!re are inde$ 9 g5]al two ways 7modi7 9 :i* su* a man may put toge!r 8 notions ( express+ himself2 ! "o is call$ a mann] 7modus ae/heticus71 ! o!r a me?od 7modus logicus74 ,!y diff] 9 ?is1 t ! =m] has no o!r /&>d ?an ! feel+ ( unity 9 ! pres5tm5t1 b ! latt] foll[s def9ite pr9ciples2 h5ce ! =m] alone avails = beautiful art4 ,b an arti/ic product is said to %[ mann]ism only :5 ! exposition ( ! arti/'s ,idea is f\nd$ on its v s+ul>ity1 & is n made appropriate to ! ,idea itself4 ,! o/5tati\s 7prcieux71 contort$1 & affect$ mann]1 adopt$ to diff]5tiate oneself f ord9>y p]sons 7?\gh devoid ( _s7 is l ! behavi\r ( a man ( :om we say1 t he he>s himself talk1 or :o /&s & moves ab\t z if he 7 on a /age 9 ord] to be />$ at2 ?is always betrays a bungl]4 #ej4 ,( ! comb9ation ( ,ta/e ) ,g5ius 9 ! products ( beautiful ,art ,to ask :e!r x is m important = ! ?+s ( beautiful art t ,g5ius or ,ta/e %\ld be display$1 is ! same z to ask :e!r 9 x m dep5ds on ,imag9ation or on ,judgem5t4 ,n[1 s9ce 9 respect ( ! fir/ an art is r said to be full ( _s1 b only des]ves to be call$ a beautiful art on acc\nt ( ! second2 ?is latt] is at lea/1 z its indisp5sable condition 7conditio s9e qua non71 ! mo/ important ?+ to :i* "o has to look 9 ! judg+ ( art z beautiful art4 ,abundance & orig9ality ( ,ideas are less necess>y to beauty ?an ! accordance ( ! ,imag9ation 9 its fre$om ) ! con=mity to law ( ! ,und]/&+4 ,= all ! abundance ( ! =m] produces 9 lawless fre$om no?+ b nons5se2 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,judgem5t is ! faculty by :i* x is adju/$ to ! ,und]/&+4 ,ta/e1 l ! ,judgem5t 9 g5]al1 is ! discipl9e 7or tra9+7 ( ,g5ius2 x clips its w+s closely1 & makes x cultur$ & poli%$2 b1 at ! same "t1 x gives guidance z to :]e & h[ f> x may ext5d itself1 if x is to rema9 purposive4 ,& :ile x br+s cle>ness & ord] into ! multitude ( ! ?\ghts1 x makes ! ,ideas susceptible ( be+ p]man5tly &1 at ! same "t1 univ]sally ass5t$ to1 & capable ( be+ foll[$ by o!rs1 & ( an ev]-progressive culture4 ,if1 !n1 9 ! conflict ( ^! two prop]ties 9 a product some?+ mu/ be sacrific$1 x %\ld be r on ! side ( g5ius2 & ! ,judgem5t1 :i* 9 ! ?+s ( beautiful art gives its decision f its own prop] pr9ciples1 w r sacrifice ! fre$om & weal? ( ! ,imag9ation ?an p]mit any?+ prejudicial to ! ,und]/&+4 ,= beautiful art1 !re=e1 ,imag9ation1 ,und]/&+1 ,_s1 & ,ta/e are requisite4#hg #ea4 ,( ! division ( ! beautiful arts ,we may describe beauty 9 g5]al 7:e!r natural or artificial7 z ! expression ( ae/hetical ,ideas2 only t 9 beautiful ,art ?is ,idea mu/ be occasion$ by a concept ( ! ,object2 :il/ 9 beautiful ,nature ! m]e reflection ^u a giv5 intuition1 )\t any concept ( :at ! object is to be1 is suffici5t = ! awak5+ & communicat+ ( ! ,idea ( :i* t ,object is reg>d$ z ! expression4 ,if1 !n1 we wi% to make a division ( ! beautiful arts1 we _c *oose a m conv5i5t pr9ciple1 at lea/ t5tatively1 ?an ! analogy ( art ) ! mode ( expression ( :i* m5 avail !mselves 9 spee*1 9 ord] to communicate to "o ano!r z p]fectly z possible n m]ely _! concepts b also _! s5sations4#hh--,?is is done by ^w1 deportm5t1 & tone 7articulation1 ge/iculation1 & modulation74 ,x is only by ! comb9ation ( ^! ?ree k9ds ( expression t communication betwe5 ! speak] & 8 he>]s c be complete4 ,= ?us ?\ght1 intuition1 & s5sation are transmitt$ to o!rs simultane\sly & conjo9tly4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 only ?ree k9ds ( beautiful arts2 ! arts ( spee*1 ! =mative arts1 & ! art ( ! play ( s5sations 7z ext]nal s5sible impressions74 ,we may also arrange a division by di*otomy2 ?us beautiful art may be divid$ into ! art ( expression ( ?\ghts & ( intuitions2 & ^! fur!r subdivid$ 9 accordance ) _! =m or _! matt] 7s5sation74 ,b ?is w\ld appe> to be too ab/ract1 & n s accordant ) ord9>y concepts4 7#a7 ,! arts ( ,,spee* are rhetoric & poetry4 ,rhetoric is ! art ( c>ry+ on a s]i\s bus9ess ( ! ,und]/&+ z if x 7 a free play ( ! ,imag9ation2 poetry1 ! art ( conduct+ a free play ( ! ,imag9ation z if x 7 a s]i\s bus9ess ( ! ,und]/&+4 ,! orator1 !n1 promises a s]i\s bus9ess1 & 9 ord] to ent]ta9 8 audi5ce conducts x z if x 7 a m]e play ) ,ideas4 ,! poet m]ely promises an ent]ta9+ play ) ,ideas1 & yet x has ! same effect ^u ! ,und]/&+ z if he _h only int5d$ to c>ry on its bus9ess4 ,! comb9ation & h>mony ( bo? cognitive faculties1 ,s5sibility & ,und]/&+1 :i* _c disp5se ) "o ano!r1 b :i* yet _c well be unit$ )\t con/ra9t & mutual prejudice1 mu/ appe> to be undesign$ & s to be br\ght ab\t by !mselves3 o!rwise x is n beautiful art4 ,h5ce1 all t is /udi$ & anxi\s mu/ be avoid$ 9 x1 = beautiful art mu/ be free art 9 a d\ble s5se4 ,x is n a "w l t ( a tradesman1 ! magnitude ( :i* c be judg$1 exact$1 or paid =1 accord+ to a def9ite /&>d2 & aga91 ?\gh ! m9d is occupi$1 /ill x feels itself cont5t$ & /imulat$1 )\t look+ to any o!r purpose 7indep5d5tly ( rew>d47 ,! orator !re=e gives some?+ :i* he does n promise1 viz4 an ent]ta9+ play ( ! ,imag9ation2 b he also fails to supply :at he did promise1 :i* is inde$ 8 ann\nc$ bus9ess1 viz4 ! purposive occupation ( ! ,und]/&+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! poet promises little & ann\nces a m]e play ) ,ideas2 b he supplies some?+ :i* is wor? occupy+ ourselves )1 because he provides 9 ?is play food = ! ,und]/&+1 & by ! aid ( ,imag9ation gives life to 8 concepts4 ,?us ! orator on ! :ole gives less1 ! poet m1 ?an he promises4#hi 7#b7 ,! ,,=mative arts1 or ^? by :i* expression is f\nd = ,ideas 9 s5sible intuition 7n by repres5tations ( m]e ,imag9ation t are ar\s$ by words71 are ei!r arts ( s5sible tru? or ( s5sible illusion4 ,! =m] is call$ ,pla/ic1 ! latt] ,pa9t+4 ,bo? express ,ideas by figures 9 space2 ! =m] makes figures cognisable by two s5ses1 sight & t\* 7al?\gh n by ! latt] z f> z beauty is conc]n$72 ! latt] only by "o1 ! fir/ ( ^!4 ,! ae/hetical ,idea 7! ar*etype or orig9al image7 is fundam5tal = bo? 9 ! ,imag9ation1 b ! figure :i* expresses ?is 7! ectype or copy7 is ei!r giv5 9 its bodily ext5sion 7z ! object itself exi/s71 or z x pa9ts itself on ! eye 7accord+ to its appe>ance :5 project$ on a flat surface74 ,9 ! fir/ case#ij ! condition giv5 to reflection may be ei!r ! ref]5ce to an actual purpose or only ! semblance ( x4 ,to ,pla/ic1 ! fir/ k9d ( beautiful =mative ,art1 belong ,sculpture & ,ar*itecture4 ,! fir/ pres5ts corporeally concepts ( ?+s1 z !y might h exi/$ 9 nature 7?\gh z beautiful art x has reg>d to ae/hetical purposiv5ess74 ,! second is ! art ( pres5t+ concepts ( ?+s t are possible only ?r\gh ,art1 & ^: =m has = its det]m9+ gr\nd n nature b an arbitr>y purpose1 ) ! view ( pres5t+ !m ) ae/hetical purposiv5ess4 ,9 ! latt] ! *ief po9t is a c]ta9 use ( ! arti/ic object1 by :i* condition ! ae/hetical ,ideas are limit$4 ,9 ! =m] ! ma9 design is ! m]e expression ( ae/hetical ,ideas4 ,?us /atues ( m51 gods1 animals1 etc41 are ( ! fir/ k9d2 b temples1 spl5did build+s = public assemblies1 ev5 dwell+-h\ses1 triumphal ar*es1 columns1 mausoleums1 & ! l1 erect$ 9 hon\rable remembrance1 belong to ,ar*itecture4 ,inde$ all h\se furniture 7uphol/]]'s "w & su* l ?+s :i* are = use7 may be reckon$ "u ?is art2 because ! suitability ( a product = a c]ta9 use is ! ess5tial ?+ 9 an ar*itectural "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a m]e piece ( sculpture1 :i* is simply made = %[ & :i* is to please 9 itself1 is z a corporeal pres5tation a m]e imitation ( nature1 ?\gh ) a ref]5ce to ae/hetical ,ideas2 9 x s5sible tru? is n to be c>ri$ s f> t ! product ceases to look l art & looks l a product ( ! elective w4 ,pa9t+1 z ! second k9d ( =mative art1 :i* pres5ts a s5sible illusion artificially comb9$ ) ,ideas1 ,i w\ld divide into ! art ( ! beautiful depict+ ( nature & t ( ! beautiful arrangem5t ( its products4 ,! fir/ is pa9t+ prop]1 ! second is ! art ( l&scape g>d5+4 ,! fir/ gives only ! illusory appe>ance ( corporeal ext5sion2 ! second gives ?is 9 accordance ) tru?1 b only ! appe>ance ( utility & availabl5ess = o!r purposes ?an ! m]e play ( ! ,imag9ation 9 ! contemplation ( its =ms4#ia ,?is latt] is no?+ else ?an ! ornam5tation ( ! soil ) a v>iety ( ^? ?+s 7grasses1 fl[]s1 %rubs1 trees1 ev5 ponds1 hillocks1 & dells7 :i* nature pres5ts to an obs]v]1 only arrang$ diff]5tly & 9 con=mity ) c]ta9 ,ideas4 ,b1 aga91 ! beautiful arrangem5t ( corporeal ?+s is only app>5t to ! eye1 l pa9t+2 ! s5se ( t\* _c supply any intuitive pres5tation ( su* a =m4 ,"u pa9t+ 9 ! wide s5se ,i w\ld reckon ! decoration ( rooms by ! aid ( tape/ry1 bric-a-brac1 & all beautiful furniture :i* is m]ely available to be look$ at2 & ! same may be said ( ! art ( ta/eful dress+ 7) r+s1 snuff-boxes1 etc474 ,= a b$ ( v>i\s fl[]s1 a room fill$ ) v>i\s ornam5ts 7includ+ "u ?is head ev5 ladies' f9]y71 make at a fte a k9d ( picture2 :i*1 l pictures prop]ly s-call$ 7t are n int5d$ to tea* ei!r hi/ory or natural sci5ce71 has 9 view m]ely ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! ,imag9ation 9 free play ) ,ideas1 & ! occupation ( ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t )\t any def9ite purpose4 ,! detail$ "w 9 all ?is decoration may be q di/9ct 9 ! diff]5t cases & may require v diff]5t arti/s2 b ! judgem5t ( ta/e ^u :atev] is beautiful 9 ^! v>i\s arts is always det]m9$ 9 ! same way3 viz4 x only judges ! =ms 7)\t any ref]5ce to a purpose7 z !y pres5t !mselves to ! eye ei!r s+ly or 9 comb9ation1 accord+ to ! effect !y produce ^u ! ,imag9ation4--,b t =mative art may be comp>$ 7by analogy7 ) deportm5t 9 spee* is ju/ifi$ by ! fact t ! _s ( ! arti/ supplies by ^! figures a bodily expression to 8 ?\ght & its mode1 & makes ! ?+ itself z x 7 speak 9 mimic language4 ,?is is a v common play ( our fancy1 :i* attributes to lifeless ?+s a _s suitable to _! =m by :i* !y speak to u4 7#c7 ,! art ( ! ,,beautiful ,,play ,,( ,,s5sations 7ext]nally /imulat$71 :i* admits at ! same "t ( univ]sal communication1 c be conc]n$ ) no?+ else ?an ! proportion ( ! diff]5t degrees ( ! disposition 7t5sion7 ( ! s5se1 to :i* ! s5sation belongs1 i4e4 ) its tone4 ,9 ?is f>-rea*+ signification ( ! ^w x may be divid$ into ! arti/ic play ( ! s5sations ( he>+ & sight1 i4e4 into ,music & ! ,art ( col\r4--,x is notewor?y t ^! two s5ses1 besides _! susceptibility = impressions s f> z ^! are ne$$ to ga9 concepts ( ext]nal objects1 are also capable ( a peculi> s5sation b\nd up !re)1 ( :i* we _c /rictly decide :e!r x is bas$ on s5se or reflection4 ,?is susceptibility may sometimes be want+1 al?\gh 9 o!r respects ! s5se1 z reg>ds its use = ! cognition ( ,objects1 is n at all defici5t b is peculi>ly f9e4 ,t is1 we _c say ) c]ta9ty :e!r col\rs or tones 7s\nds7 are m]ely pleasant s5sations or :e!r !y =m 9 !mselves a beautiful play ( s5sations1 & z su* br+ ) !m 9 ae/hetical judgem5t a satisfaction 9 _! =m4 ,if we ?9k ( ! velocity ( ! vibrations ( light1 or 9 ! second case ( ! air1 :i* probably f> surpasses all our faculty ( judg+ imm$iately 9 p]ception ! "t int]val betwe5 !m1 we mu/ believe t x is only ! effect ( ^! vibrations ^u ! ela/ic p>ts ( our body t is felt1 b t ! "t int]val betwe5 !m is n rem>k$ or br\ght into judgem5t2 & ?us t only pleasantness & n beauty ( composition is b\nd up ) col\rs & tones4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 fir/1 we ?9k ( ! ma!matical elem5t :i* enables u to pron\nce on ! proportion betwe5 ^! oscillations 9 music & ?us to judge ( !m2 & by analogy ) :i* we easily may judge ( ! di/9ctions betwe5 col\rs4 ,secondly1 we recall in/ances 7al?\gh !y are r>e7 ( m5 :o ) ! be/ sight 9 ! _w _c di/+ui% col\rs1 & ) ! %>pe/ he>+ _c di/+ui% tones2 :il/ = ^? :o c d ?is ! p]ception ( an alt]$ quality 7n m]ely ( ! degree ( s5sation7 9 ! diff]5t int5sities 9 ! scale ( col\rs & tones is def9ite2 & fur!r1 ! v numb] ( ^! is fix$ by intelligible diff]5ces4 ,?us we may be compell$ to see t bo? k9ds ( s5sations are to be reg>d$ n z m]e s5sible impressions1 b z ! effects ( a judgem5t pass$ ^u ! =m 9 ! play ( div]s s5sations4 ,! diff]5ce 9 our def9ition1 accord+ z we adopt ! "o or ! o!r op9ion 9 judg+ ( ! gr\nds ( ,music1 w\ld be j ?is3 ei!r1 z we h done1 we mu/ expla9 x z ! beautiful play ( s5sations 7( he>+71 or else z a play ( pleasant s5sations4 ,accord+ to ! =m] mode ( explanation music is repres5t$ altoge!r z a beautiful art2 accord+ to ! latt]1 z a pleasant art 7at lea/ 9 "p74 #eb4 ,( ! comb9ation ( beautiful arts 9 "o & ! same product ,rhetoric may be comb9$ ) a pictorial pres5tation ( its subjects & objects 9 a !atrical piece2 poetry may be comb9$ ) music 9 a song1 & ?is aga9 ) pictorial 7!atrical7 pres5tation 9 an op]a2 ! play ( s5sations 9 music may be comb9$ ) ! play ( figures 9 ! dance1 & s on4 ,ev5 ! pres5tation ( ! sublime1 s f> z x belongs to beautiful art1 may comb9e ) beauty 9 a trag$y 9 v]se1 9 a didactic poem1 9 an oratorio2 & 9 ^! comb9ations beautiful art is yet m arti/ic4 ,:e!r x is also m beautiful may 9 "s ( ^! cases be d\bt$ 7s9ce s _m diff]5t k9ds ( satisfaction cross "o ano!r74 ,yet 9 all beautiful art ! ess5tial ?+ is ! =m1 :i* is purposive z reg>ds our obs]vation & judgem5t1 :]e ! pleasure is at ! same "t cultivation & disposes ! _s to ,ideas1 & consequ5tly makes x susceptible ( /ill m ( su* pleasure & ent]ta9m5t4 ,! ess5tial elem5t is n ! matt] ( s5sation 7*>m or emotion71 :i* has only to d ) enjoym5t2 ?is leaves beh9d no?+ 9 ! ,idea1 & x makes ! _s dull1 ! object gradually di/a/eful1 & ! m9d1 on acc\nt ( its consci\sness ( a disposition t conflicts ) purpose 9 ! judgem5t ( ,reason1 discont5t$ ) itself & peevi%4 ,if ! beautiful arts are n br\ght into m or less close comb9ation ) moral ,ideas1 :i* alone br+ ) !m a self-suffic+ satisfaction1 ?is latt] fate mu/ ultimately be !irs4 ,!y !n s]ve only z a di/raction1 ( :i* we are ! m 9 ne$ ! m we avail ourselves ( !m to disp]se ! discont5t ( ! m9d ) itself2 s t we ?us r5d] ourselves ev] m useless & ev] m discont5t$4 ,! beauties ( nature are g5]ally ( mo/ b5efit 9 ?is po9t ( view1 if we are e>ly accu/om$ to obs]ve1 appreciate1 & admire !m4 #ec4 ,comp>ison ( ! respective ae/hetical wor? ( ! beautiful arts ,( all ! arts poetry 7:i* owes its orig9 almo/ entirely to g5ius & w lea/ be guid$ by precept or example7 ma9ta9s ! fir/ rank4 ,x exp&s ! m9d by sett+ ! ,imag9ation at lib]ty2 & by (f]+ )9 ! limits ( a giv5 concept amid ! unb\nd$ v>iety ( possible =ms accordant !re)1 t :i* unites ! pres5tm5t ( ?is concept ) a weal? ( ?\ght1 to :i* no v]bal expression is completely adequate2 & s ris+ ae/hetically to ,ideas4 ,x /r5g!ns ! m9d by mak+ x feel its faculty--free1 spontane\s & indep5d5t ( natural det]m9ation--( consid]+ & judg+ nature z a ph5om5on 9 accordance ) aspects :i* x does n pres5t 9 exp]i5ce ei!r = ,s5se or ,und]/&+1 & !re=e ( us+ x on behalf (1 & z a sort ( s*ema =1 ! sup]s5sible4 ,x plays ) illusion1 :i* x produces at pleasure1 b )\t deceiv+ by x2 = x decl>es its ex]cise to be m]e play1 :i* h[ev] c be purposively us$ by ! ,und]/&+4--,rhetoric1 9 s f> z ?is means ! art ( p]suasion1 i4e4 ( deceiv+ by a beautiful %[ 7ars oratoria71 & n m]e elegance ( spee* 7eloqu5ce & /yle71 is a ,dialectic1 :i* borr[s f poetry only s mu* z is ne$ful to w9 m9ds to ! side ( ! orator be=e !y h =m$ a judgem5t1 & to deprive !m ( _! fre$om2 x _c !re=e be recomm5d$ ei!r = ! law c\rts or = ! pulpit4 ,= if we are deal+ ) civil law1 ) ! rights ( individual p]sons1 or ) la/+ in/ruction & det]m9ation ( p's m9ds to an accurate k & a consci5ti\s obs]vance ( _! duty1 x is unwor?y ( s important a bus9ess to all[ a trace ( any exub]ance ( wit & imag9ation to appe>1 & /ill less any trace ( ! art ( talk+ p ov] & ( captivat+ !m = ! advantage ( any *ance p]son4 ,= al?\gh ?is art may sometimes be direct$ to legitimate & praisewor?y designs1 x becomes objectionable1 :5 9 ?is way maxims & dispositions are spoil$ 9 a subjective po9t ( view1 ?\gh ! action may objectively be lawful4 ,x is n en\gh to d :at is "r2 we %\ld practise x solely on ! gr\nd t x is "r4 ,aga91 ! m]e concept ( ?is species ( matt]s ( human conc]n1 :5 cle> & comb9$ ) a lively pres5tation ( x 9 examples1 )\t any (f5ce aga9/ ! rules ( euphony ( spee* or propriety ( expression1 has by itself = ,ideas ( ,reason 7:i* collectively con/itute eloqu5ce71 suffici5t influ5ce ^u human m9ds2 s t x is n ne$ful to add ! ma*9]y ( p]suasion1 :i*1 s9ce x c be us$ equally well to beautify or to hide vice & error1 _c q lull ! secret suspicion t "o is be+ artfully ov]rea*$4 ,9 poetry ev]y?+ proce$s ) hone/y & c&\r4 ,x decl>es itself to be a m]e ent]ta9+ play ( ! ,imag9ation1 :i* wi%es to proce$ z reg>ds =m 9 h>mony ) ! laws ( ! ,und]/&+2 & x does n desire to /eal ^u & ensn>e ! ,und]/&+ by ! aid ( s5sible pres5tation4#ib ,aft] poetry1 if we are to deal ) *>m & m5tal movem5t1 ,i w\ld place t art :i* comes ne>e/ to ! art ( spee* & c v naturally be unit$ ) x1 viz4 ! art ( tone4 ,= al?\gh x speaks by means ( m]e s5sations )\t concepts1 & s does n1 l poetry1 leave any?+ ov] = reflection1 x yet moves ! m9d 9 a great] v>iety ( ways & m int5sely1 al?\gh only transitorily4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 r enjoym5t ?an culture 7! play ( ?\ght t is incid5tally excit$ by its means is m]ely ! effect ( a k9d ( me*anical association72 & 9 ! judgem5t ( ,reason x has less wor? ?an any o!r ( ! beautiful arts4 ,h5ce1 l all enjoym5t1 x desires con/ant *ange1 & does n be> frequ5t repetition )\t produc+ we>9ess4 ,its *>m1 :i* admits ( univ]sal communication1 appe>s to re/ on ?is1 t e expression ( spee* has 9 its context a tone appropriate to ! s5se4 ,?is tone indicates m or less an affection ( ! speak]1 & produces x also 9 ! he>]2 :i* affection excites 9 its turn 9 ! he>] ! ,idea t is express$ 9 spee* by ! tone 9 "q4 ,?us z modulation is z x 7 a univ]sal language ( s5sations intelligible to e man1 ! art ( tone employs x by itself alone 9 its full =ce1 viz4 z a language ( ! affections1 & ?us communicates univ]sally accord+ to ! laws ( association ! ae/hetical ,ideas naturally comb9$ !re)4 ,n[ ^! ae/hetical ,ideas are n concepts or det]m9ate ?\ghts4 ,h5ce ! =m ( ! composition ( ^! s5sations 7h>mony & melody7 only s]ves in/ead ( ! =m ( language1 by means ( _! proportionate accordance1 to express ! ae/hetical ,idea ( a connect$ :ole ( an unspeakable weal? ( ?\ght1 correspond+ to a c]ta9 !me :i* produces ! dom9at+ affection 9 ! piece4 ,?is c be br\ght ma!matically "u c]ta9 rules1 because x re/s 9 ! case ( tones on ! relation betwe5 ! numb] ( vibrations ( ! air 9 ! same "t1 s f> z ^! tones are comb9$ simultane\sly or successively4 ,to ?is ma!matical =m1 al?\gh n repres5t$ by det]m9ate concepts1 alone atta*es ! satisfaction t unites ! m]e reflection ^u su* a numb] ( concomitant or consecutive s5sations ) ?is _! play1 z a condition ( its beauty valid = e man4 ,x is ?is alone :i* p]mits ,ta/e to claim 9 advance a rightful au?ority ov] e "o's judgem5t4 ,b 9 ! *>m & m5tal movem5t produc$ by ,music1 ,ma!matic has c]ta9ly n ! slighte/ %>e4 ,x is only ! indisp5sable condition 7conditio s9e qua non7 ( t proportion ( ! impressions 9 _! comb9ation & 9 _! alt]nation by :i* x becomes possible to ga!r !m toge!r & prev5t !m f de/roy+ "o ano!r1 & to h>monise !m s z to produce a cont9ual movem5t & animation ( ! m9d1 by means ( affections consonant !re)1 & ?us a delightful p]sonal enjoym5t4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we e/imate ! wor? ( ! ,beautiful ,arts by ! culture !y supply to ! m9d1 & take z a /&>d ! expansion ( ! faculties :i* mu/ concur 9 ! ,judgem5t = cognition1 ,music w h ! l[e/ place among !m 7z x has p]haps ! highe/ among ^? arts :i* are valu$ = _! pleasantness71 because x m]ely plays ) s5sations4 ,! =mative arts are f> be=e x 9 ?is po9t ( view2 = 9 putt+ ! ,imag9ation 9 a free play1 :i* is also accordant ) ! ,und]/&+1 !y at ! same "t c>ry on a s]i\s bus9ess4 ,?is !y d by produc+ a product t s]ves = concepts z a p]man5t self-comm5datory vehicle = promot+ _! union ) s5sibility & ?us1 z x 71 ! urbanity ( ! high] cognitive p[]s4 ,^! two species ( art take q diff]5t c\rses2 ! fir/ proce$s f s5sations to indet]m9ate ,ideas1 ! second f det]m9ate ,ideas to s5sations4 ,! latt] produce p]man5t1 ! =m] only transitory impressions4 ,! ,imag9ation c recall ! "o & ent]ta9 itself pleasantly !re)2 b ! o!r ei!r vani% entirely1 or if !y are recall$ involunt>ily by ! ,imag9ation !y are r we>isome ?an pleasant4#ic ,besides1 !re atta*es to ,music a c]ta9 want ( urbanity f ! fact t1 *iefly f ! "* ( its in/rum5ts1 x ext5ds its influ5ce fur!r ?an is desir$ 79 ! neighb\rhood71 & s z x 7 obtrudes itself1 & does viol5ce to ! fre$om ( o!rs :o are n ( ! musical company4 ,! ,arts :i* appeal to ! eyes d n d ?is2 = we ne$ only turn our eyes away1 if we wi% to avoid be+ impress$4 ,! case ( music is almo/ l t ( ! delight d]iv$ f a smell t diffuses itself widely4 ,! man :o pulls 8 p]fum$ h&k]*ief out ( 8 pocket attracts ! att5tion ( all r\nd him1 ev5 aga9/ _! w1 & he =ces !m1 if !y are to brea! at all1 to enjoy ! sc5t2 h5ce ?is habit has gone out ( fa%ion4#id ,among ! =mative arts ,i w\ld give ! palm to pa9t+2 p>tly because z ! art ( del9eation x lies at ! root ( all ! o!r =mative arts1 & p>tly because x c p5etrate mu* fur!r into ! region ( ,ideas1 & c ext5d ! field ( intuition 9 con=mity ) !m fur!r ?an ! o!rs c4 #ed4 ,rem>k ,z we h (t5 %[n1 !re is an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 :at satisfies simply 9 ! act ( judg+ x1 & t :i* gratifies 7pleases 9 s5sation74 ,we _c ascribe ! latt] to e "o1 z we c ! =m]4 ,gratification 7! causes ( :i* may ev5 be situate 9 ,ideas7 appe>s always to consi/ 9 a feel+ ( ! fur!rance ( ! :ole life ( ! man1 & consequ5tly1 also ( 8 bodily well-be+1 i4e4 8 heal?2 s t ,epicurus1 :o gave out t all gratification 0 at bottom bodily s5sation1 may1 p]haps1 n h be5 wrong1 b only misund]/ood himself :5 he reckon$ intellectual & ev5 practical satisfaction "u gratification4 ,if we h ?is di/9ction 9 view we c expla9 h[ a gratification may dissatisfy ! man :o s5sibly feels x 7e4g4 ! joy ( a ne$y b well-mean+ man at becom+ ! heir ( an affectionate b p5uri\s fa!r72 or h[ a deep grief may satisfy ! p]son exp]i5c+ x 7! sorr[ ( a wid[ at ! dea? ( h] excell5t husb&72 or h[ a gratification c 9 addition satisfy 7z 9 ! sci5ces t we pursue72 or h[ a grief 7e4g4 hatr$1 envy1 rev5ge7 c moreov] dissatisfy4 ,! satisfaction or dissatisfaction "h dep5ds on ,reason1 & is ! same z approbation or disapprobation2 b gratification & grief c only re/ on ! feel+ or prospect ( a possible 7on :atev] gr\nds7 well-be+ or its opposite4 ,all *ang+ free play ( s5sations 7t h no design at _! basis7 gratifies1 because x promotes ! feel+ ( heal?4 ,9 ! judgem5t ( ,reason we may or may n h any satisfaction 9 its object or ev5 9 ?is gratification2 & ?is latt] may rise to ! height ( an affection1 al?\gh we take no int]e/ 9 ! object1 at lea/ none t is proportionate to ! degree ( ! affection4 ,we may subdivide ?is free play ( s5sations into ! play ( =tune games ( *ance1 ! play ( tone music1 & ! play ( ?\ght wit4 ,! fir/ requires an int]e/1 :e!r ( vanity or ( selfi%ness2 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n ne>ly s great z ! int]e/ t atta*es to ! way 9 :i* we are /riv+ to procure x4 ,! second requires m]ely ! *ange ( s5sations1 all ( :i* h a relation to affection1 ?\gh !y h n ! degree ( affection1 & excite ae/hetical ,ideas4 ,! ?ird spr+s m]ely f ! *ange ( repres5tations 9 ! ,judgem5t2 by x1 inde$1 no ?\ght t br+s an int]e/ ) x is produc$1 b yet ! m9d is animat$ !reby4 ,h[ mu* gratification games mu/ af=d1 )\t any necessity ( plac+ at _! basis an int]e/$ design1 all our ev5+ p>ties %[2 = h>dly any ( !m c be c>ri$ on )\t a game4 ,b ! affections ( hope1 fe>1 joy1 wra?1 scorn1 are put 9 play by !m1 alt]nat+ e mom5t2 & !y are s vivid t by !m1 z by a k9d ( int]nal motion1 all ! vital processes ( ! body seem to be promot$1 z is %[n by ! m5tal vivacity excit$ by !m1 al?\gh no?+ is ga9$ or le>nt !reby4 ,b z ! beautiful does n ent] into games ( *ance1 we w "h set !m aside4 ,on ! o!r h&1 music & t :i* excites laught] are two diff]5t k9ds ( play ) ae/hetical ,ideas1 or ) repres5tations ( ! ,und]/&+ ?r\gh :i* ultimately no?+ is ?\ght2 & yet !y c give lively gratification m]ely by _! *anges4 ,?us we recognise pretty cle>ly t ! animation 9 bo? cases is m]ely bodily1 al?\gh x is excit$ by ,ideas ( ! m9d2 & t ! feel+ ( heal? produc$ by a motion ( ! inte/9es correspond+ to ! play 9 "q makes up t :ole gratification ( a gay p>ty1 :i* is reg>d$ z s ref9$ & s spiritual4 ,x is n ! judg+ ! h>mony 9 tones or sallies ( wit1--:i* s]ves only 9 comb9ation ) _! beauty z a necess>y vehicle1--b ! fur!rance ( ! vital bodily processes1 ! affection t moves ! inte/9es & ! diaphragm1 9 a ^w1 ! feel+ ( heal? 7:i* )\t su* inducem5ts "o does n feel7 t makes up ! gratification felt by u2 s t we c ?us rea* ! body ?r\gh ! s\l & use ! latt] z ! physician ( ! =m]4 ,9 music ?is play proce$s f bodily s5sations to ae/hetical ,ideas 7! ,objects ( our affections71 & !n f ^! back aga9 to ! body ) r$\bl$ =ce4 ,9 ! case ( jokes 7! art ( :i*1 j l music1 %\ld r be reckon$ z pleasant ?an beautiful7 ! play beg9s ) ! ?\ghts :i* toge!r occupy ! body1 s f> z !y admit ( s5sible expression2 & z ! ,und]/&+ /ops sudd5ly %ort at ?is pres5tm5t1 9 :i* x does n f9d :at x expect$1 we feel ! effect ( ?is slack5+ 9 ! body by ! oscillation ( ! organs1 :i* promotes ! re/oration ( equilibrium & has a fav\rable influ5ce ^u heal?4 ,9 ev]y?+ t is to excite a lively convulsive laugh !re mu/ be some?+ absurd 79 :i* ! ,und]/&+1 !re=e1 c f9d no satisfaction74 ,laught] is an affection aris+ f ! sudd5 trans=mation ( a /ra9$ expectation into no?+4#ie ,?is trans=mation1 :i* is c]ta9ly n enjoyable by ! ,und]/&+1 yet indirectly gives x v active enjoym5t = a mom5t4 ,!re=e its cause mu/ consi/ 9 ! influ5ce ( ! repres5tation ^u ! body1 & ! reflex effect ( ?is ^u ! m9d2 n1 inde$1 ?r\gh ! repres5tation be+ objectively an object ( gratification#if 7= h[ c\ld a delusive expectation gratify871 b simply ?r\gh x z a m]e play ( repres5tations br++ ab\t an equilibrium ( ! vital p[]s 9 ! body4 ,suppose ?is /ory to be told3 ,an ,indian at ! table ( an ,engli%man 9 ,surat1 :5 he saw a bottle ( ale op5$ & all ! be] turn$ into fro? & ov]fl[+1 te/ifi$ 8 great a/oni%m5t ) _m exclamations4 ,:5 ! ,engli%man ask$ him1 8,:at is !re 9 ?is to a/oni% y s mu*80 he answ]$1 8,i am n at all a/oni%$ t x %\ld fl[ out1 b ,i d wond] h[ y ev] got x 940 ,at ?is /ory we laugh1 & x gives u he>ty pleasure2 n because we deem ourselves clev]] ?an ?is ignorant man1 or because ( any?+ else 9 x t we note z satisfactory to ! ,und]/&+1 b because our expectation 0 /ra9$ = a "t & !n 0 sudd5ly dissipat$ into no?+4 ,aga93 ,! heir ( a ri* relative wi%$ to arrange = an impos+ fun]al1 b he lam5t$ t he c\ld n prop]ly succe$2 8=0 7said he7 8! m money ,i give my m\rn]s to look sad1 ! m *e]ful !y look60#ig ,:5 we he> ?is /ory we laugh l\d1 & ! reason is t an expectation is sudd5ly trans=m$ into no?+4 ,we mu/ note well t x does n trans=m itself into ! positive opposite ( an expect$ object--= !n !re w\ld /ill be some?+1 :i* might ev5 be a cause ( grief--b x mu/ be trans=m$ into no?+4 ,= if a man ar\ses great expectations 9 u :5 tell+ a /ory1 & at ! end we see its falsehood imm$iately1 x displeases u2 e4g4 ! /ory ( ! p ^: hair 9 consequ5ce ( great grief turn$ gray 9 "o night4 ,b if a wag1 to repair ! effect ( ?is /ory1 describes v circum/antially ! grief ( ! m]*ant return+ f ,india to ,europe ) all 8 weal? 9 m]*&ise :o 0 =c$ to ?r[ x ov]bo>d 9 a heavy /orm1 & :o griev$ !reat s mu* t 8 wig turn$ gray ! same night--we laugh & x gives u gratification4 ,= we treat our own mi/ake 9 ! case ( an object o!rwise indiff]5t to u1 or r ! ,idea :i* we are foll[+ out1 z we treat a ball :i* we knock to & fro = a "t1 ?\gh our only s]i\s int5tion is to seize x & hold x fa/4 ,x is n ! m]e rebuff ( a li> or a simpleton t ar\ses our gratification2 = ! latt] /ory told ) assum$ s]i\sness w\ld set a :ole company 9 a ro> ( laught]1 :ile ! =m] w\ld ord9>ily n be reg>d$ z wor? att5d+ to4 ,x is rem>kable t 9 all su* cases ! je/ mu/ conta9 some?+ t is capable ( deceiv+ = a mom5t4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! illusion is dissipat$1 ! m9d turns back to try x once aga91 & ?us ?r\gh a rapidly alt]nat+ t5sion & relaxation x is j]k$ back & put into a /ate ( oscillation4 ,?is1 because ! /ra9 on ! cord z x 7 is sudd5ly 7& n gradually7 relax$1 mu/ occasion a m5tal movem5t1 & an inn] bodily movem5t h>monis+ !re)1 :i* cont9ues involunt>ily & fatigues1 ev5 :ile *e]+ u 7! effects ( a motion conducive to heal?74 ,= if we admit t ) all our ?\ghts is h>monically comb9$ a movem5t 9 ! organs ( ! body1 we %all easily compreh5d h[ to ?is sudd5 transposition ( ! m9d1 n[ to "o n[ to ano!r /&po9t 9 ord] to contemplate its object1 may correspond an alt]nat+ t5sion & relaxation ( ! ela/ic portions ( our inte/9es1 :i* communicates itself to ! diaphragm 7l t :i* tickli% p feel74 ,9 connexion ) ?is ! lungs expel ! air at rapidly succe$+ int]vals1 & ?us br+ ab\t a movem5t b5eficial to heal?2 :i* alone1 & n :at prec$es x 9 ! m9d1 is ! prop] cause ( ! gratification 9 a ?\ght t at bottom repres5ts no?+4--,voltaire said t heav5 _h giv5 u two ?+s to c\nt]balance ! _m mis]ies ( life1 hope & sleep4#ih ,he c\ld h add$ laught]1 if ! means ( excit+ x 9 reasonable m5 7 only z easily atta9able1 & ! requisite wit or orig9ality ( hum\r 7 n s r>e1 z ! tal5t is common ( imag9+ ?+s :i* break "o's head1 z my/ic dream]s d1 or :i* break "o's neck1 z y\r g5ius does1 or :i* break "o's he>t1 z s5tim5tal romance-writ]s 7& ev5 morali/s ( ! same kidney7 d4 ,we may !re=e1 z x seems to me1 readily conc$e to ,epicurus t all gratification1 ev5 t :i* is occasion$ ?r\gh concepts1 excit$ by ae/hetical ,ideas1 is animal1 i4e4 bodily s5sation2 )\t ! lea/ prejudice to ! spiritual feel+ ( respect = moral ,ideas1 :i* is n gratification at all b an e/eem = self 7= humanity 9 u71 t raises u above ! ne$ ( gratification1 & ev5 )\t ! slighte/ prejudice to ! less noble feel+ ( ta/e4 ,we f9d a comb9ation ( ^! two la/ 9 naivet1 :i* is ! break+ out ( ! s9c]ity orig9ally natural to humanity 9 opposition to t art ( dissimulation :i* has become a second nature4 ,we laugh at ! simplicity t does n und]/& h[ to dissemble2 & yet we are delight$ ) ! simplicity ( ! nature :i* ?w>ts t art4 ,we look = ! commonplace mann] ( artificial utt]ance devis$ ) =esight to make a fair %[2 & behold6 x is ! unspoil$ innoc5t nature :i* we d n expect to f9d1 & :i* he :o displays x did n ?9k ( disclos+4 ,t ! fair b false %[ :i* g5]ally has s mu* influ5ce ^u our judgem5t is "h sudd5ly trans=m$ into no?+1 s t1 z x 71 ! rogue 9 u is laid b>e1 produces a movem5t ( ! m9d 9 two opposite directions1 :i* gives a :olesome %ock to ! body4 ,b ! fact t some?+ inf9itely bett] ?an all assum$ mann]1 viz4 purity ( disposition 7or at lea/ ! t5d5cy !reto71 is n q ext+ui%$ yet 9 human nature1 bl5ds s]i\sness & high e/eem ) ?is play ( ! ,judgem5t4 ,b because x is only a transitory ph5om5on & ! veil ( dissimulation is soon drawn ov] x aga91 !re is m+l$ !re) a compassion :i* is an emotion ( t5d]ness2 ?is1 z play1 readily admits ( comb9ation ) a good-he>t$ laugh1 & ord9>ily is actually s comb9$1 & )al is wont to comp5sate him :o supplies its mat]ial = ! emb>rassm5t :i* results f n yet be+ wise aft] ! mann] ( m54--,an art t is to be naive is ?us a contradiction2 b ! repres5tation ( naivet 9 a fictiti\s p]sonage is q possible1 & is a beautiful ?\gh a r>e art4 ,naivet mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) op5-he>t$ simplicity1 :i* does n artificially spoil nature solely because x does n und]/& ! art ( social int]c\rse4 ,! humor\s mann] aga9 may be classifi$ z t :i*1 z exhil>at+ u1 is ne> ak9 to ! gratification t proce$s f laught]2 & belongs to ! orig9ality ( _s1 b n to ! tal5t ( beautiful art4 ,hum\r 9 ! good s5se means ! tal5t ( be+ able volunt>ily to put oneself into a c]ta9 m5tal disposition1 9 :i* ev]y?+ is judg$ q diff]5tly f ! ord9>y me?od 7rev]s$1 9 fact71 & yet 9 accordance ) c]ta9 rational pr9ciples 9 su* a frame ( m9d4 ,he :o is involunt>ily subject to su* mutations is call$ a man ( hum\rs launis*2 b he :o c assume !m volunt>ily & purposively 7on behalf ( a lively pres5tm5t br\ght ab\t by ! aid ( a contra/ t excites a laugh7--he & 8 mann] ( spee* are call$ humor\s launigt4 ,?is mann]1 h[ev]1 belongs r to pleasant ?an to beautiful art1 because ! object ( ! latt] mu/ always exhibit intr9sic wor?1 & h5ce requires a c]ta9 s]i\sness 9 ! pres5tation1 z ta/e does 9 ! act ( judgem5t4 ,,second ,,division ,,dialectic ,,( ,,! ,,ae/hetical ,,judgem5t #ee ,a faculty ( ,judgem5t t is to be dialectical mu/ 9 ! fir/ place be rationalis+1 i4e4 its judgem5ts mu/ claim univ]sality#ii & t a priori2 = x is 9 ! opposition ( su* judgem5ts t ,dialectic consi/s4 ,h5ce ! incompatibility ( ae/hetical judgem5ts ( ,s5se 7ab\t ! pleasant & ! unpleasant7 is n dialectical4 ,& aga91 ! conflict betwe5 judgem5ts ( ,ta/e1 s f> z ea* man dep5ds m]ely on 8 own ta/e1 =ms no ,dialectic ( ta/e2 because no "o proposes to make 8 own judgem5t a univ]sal rule4 ,!re rema9s !re=e no o!r concept ( a ,dialectic :i* has to d ) ta/e ?an t ( a ,dialectic ( ! ,critique ( ta/e 7n ( ta/e itself7 9 respect ( its pr9ciples2 = "h concepts t contradict "o ano!r 7z to ! gr\nd ( ! possibility ( judgem5ts ( ta/e 9 g5]al7 naturally & unavoidably pres5t !mselves4 ,! transc5d5tal ,critique ( ta/e w !re=e conta9 a "p :i* c be> ! "n ( a ,dialectic ( ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t1 only if & s f> z !re is f\nd an ant9omy ( ! pr9ciples ( ?is faculty :i* r5d]s its con=mity to law1 & consequ5tly also its int]nal possibility1 d\btful4 #ef4 ,repres5tation ( ! ant9omy ( ,ta/e ,! fir/ commonplace ( ta/e is conta9$ 9 ! proposition1 ) :i* e ta/eless p]son proposes to avoid blame3 e "o has 8 own ta/e4 ,t is z mu* z to say t ! det]m9+ gr\nd ( ?is judgem5t is m]ely subjective 7gratification or grief71 & t ! judgem5t has no "r to ! necess>y ass5t ( o!rs4 ,! second commonplace invok$ ev5 by ^? :o admit = judgem5ts ( ta/e ! "r to speak ) validity = e "o is3 !re is no disput+ ab\t ta/e4 ,t is z mu* z to say t ! det]m9+ gr\nd ( a judgem5t ( ta/e may inde$ be objective1 b t x _c be r$uc$ to def9ite concepts1 & t consequ5tly ab\t ! judgem5t itself no?+ c be decid$ by pro(s1 al?\gh mu* may rightly be conte/$4 ,= conte/+ qu>rell+ & disput+ controv]sy are d\btless ! same 9 ?is1 t by means ( ! mutual opposition ( judgem5ts !y seek to produce _! accordance2 b diff]5t 9 t ! latt] hopes to br+ ?is ab\t accord+ to def9ite concepts z det]m9+ gr\nds1 & consequ5tly assumes objective concepts z gr\nds ( ! judgem5t4 ,b :]e ?is is reg>d$ z impracticable1 controv]sy is reg>d$ z alike impracticable4 ,we easily see t betwe5 ^! two commonplaces !re is a proposition want+1 :i*1 ?\gh x has n pass$ into a prov]b1 is yet famili> to e "o1 viz4 !re may be a qu>rel ab\t ta/e 7al?\gh !re c be no controv]sy74 ,b ?is proposition involves ! contradictory ( ! =m] "o4 ,= :]ev] qu>rell+ is p]missible1 !re mu/ be a hope ( mutual reconciliation2 & consequ5tly we c c\nt on gr\nds ( our judgem5t t h n m]ely private validity1 & !re=e are n m]ely subjective4 ,& to ?is ! proposition1 e "o has 8 own ta/e1 is directly oppos$4 ,!re em]ges !re=e 9 respect ( ! pr9ciple ( ta/e ! foll[+ ,ant9omy3-- 7#a7 ,!sis4 ,! judgem5t ( ta/e is n bas$ ^u concepts2 = o!rwise x w\ld admit ( controv]sy 7w\ld be det]m9able by pro(s74 7#b7 ,anti!sis4 ,! judgem5t ( ta/e is bas$ on concepts2 = o!rwise1 despite its div]sity1 we c\ld n qu>rel ab\t x 7we c\ld n claim = our judgem5t ! necess>y ass5t ( o!rs74 #eg4 ,solution ( ! ant9omy ( ,ta/e ,!re is no possibility ( remov+ ! conflict betwe5 ^! pr9ciples t und]lie e judgem5t ( ta/e 7:i* are no?+ else ?an ! two peculi>ities ( ! judgem5t ( ta/e exhibit$ above 9 ! ,analytic71 except by %[+ t ! concept to :i* we ref] ! ,object 9 ?is k9d ( judgem5t is n tak5 9 ! same s5se 9 bo? maxims ( ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t4 ,?is tw(old s5se or tw(old po9t ( view is necess>y to our transc5d5tal ,judgem5t2 b also ! illusion :i* arises f ! confusion ( "o ) ! o!r is natural & unavoidable4 ,! judgem5t ( ta/e mu/ ref] to "s concept2 o!rwise x c\ld make absolutely no claim to be necess>ily valid = e "o4 ,b x is n !re=e capable ( be+ prov$ f a concept2 because a concept may be ei!r det]m9able or 9 itself undet]m9$ & undet]m9able4 ,! concepts ( ! ,und]/&+ are ( ! =m] k9d2 !y are det]m9able ?r\gh pr$icates ( s5sible intuition :i* c correspond to !m4 ,b ! transc5d5tal rational concept ( ! sup]s5sible1 :i* lies at ! basis ( all s5sible intuition1 is ( ! latt] k9d1 & !re=e _c be !oretically det]m9$ fur!r4 ,n[ ! judgem5t ( ta/e is appli$ to objects ( ,s5se1 b n ) a view ( det]m9+ a concept ( !m = ! ,und]/&+2 = x is n a cognitive judgem5t4 ,x is ?us only a private judgem5t1 9 :i* a s+ul> repres5tation intuitively p]ceiv$ is ref]r$ to ! feel+ ( pleasure2 & s f> w\ld be limit$ z reg>ds its validity to ! individual judg+4 ,! object is = me an object ( satisfaction2 by o!rs x may be reg>d$ q diff]5tly--e "o has 8 own ta/e4 ,nev]!less !re is und\bt$ly conta9$ 9 ! judgem5t ( ta/e a wid] ref]5ce ( ! repres5tation ( ! ,object 7z well z ( ! subject71 :]eon we base an ext5sion ( judgem5ts ( ?is k9d z necess>y = e "o4 ,at ! basis ( ?is !re mu/ necess>ily be a concept some:]e2 ?\gh a concept :i* _c be det]m9$ ?r\gh intuition4 ,b ?r\gh a concept ( ?is sort we "k no?+1 & consequ5tly x c supply no pro( = ! judgem5t ( ta/e4 ,su* a concept is ! m]e pure rational concept ( ! sup]s5sible :i* und]lies ! object 7& also ! subject judg+ x71 reg>d$ z an ,object ( s5se & ?us z ph5om5on4#ajj ,= if we d n admit su* a ref]5ce1 ! claim ( ! judgem5t ( ta/e to univ]sal validity w\ld n hold good4 ,if ! concept on :i* x is bas$ 7 only a m]e confus$ concept ( ! ,und]/&+1 l t ( p]fection1 ) :i* we c\ld br+ ! s5sible intuition ( ! ,beautiful into correspond5ce1 x w\ld be at lea/ possible 9 itself to base ! judgem5t ( ta/e on pro(s2 :i* contradicts ! !sis4 ,b all contradiction disappe>s if ,i say3 ! judgem5t ( ta/e is bas$ on a concept 7viz4 ! concept ( ! g5]al gr\nd ( ! subjective purposiv5ess ( nature = ! ,judgem5t72 f :i*1 h[ev]1 no?+ c be kn[n & prov$ 9 respect ( ! ,object1 because x is 9 itself undet]m9able & useless = k4 ,yet at ! same "t & on t v acc\nt ! judgem5t has validity = e "o 7?\gh ( c\rse = ea* only z a s+ul> judgem5t imm$iately accompany+ 8 intuition72 because its det]m9+ gr\nd lies p]haps 9 ! concept ( t :i* may be reg>d$ z ! sup]s5sible sub/rate ( humanity4 ,! solution ( an ant9omy only dep5ds on ! possibility ( %[+ t two app>5tly contradictory propositions d n contradict "o ano!r 9 fact1 b t !y may be consi/5t2 al?\gh ! explanation ( ! possibility ( _! concept may transc5d our cognitive faculties4 ,t ?is illusion is natural & unavoidable by human ,reason1 & also :y x is s1 & rema9s s1 al?\gh x ceases to deceive aft] ! analysis ( ! app>5t contradiction1 may be ?us expla9$4 ,9 ! two contradictory judgem5ts we take ! concept1 on :i* ! univ]sal validity ( a judgem5t mu/ be bas$1 9 ! same s5se2 & yet we apply to x two opposite pr$icates4 ,9 ! ,!sis we mean t ! judgem5t ( ta/e is n bas$ ^u det]m9ate concepts2 & 9 ! ,anti!sis t ! judgem5t ( ta/e is bas$ ^u a concept1 b an indet]m9ate "o 7viz4 ( ! sup]s5sible sub/rate ( ph5om5a74 ,betwe5 ^! two !re is no contradiction4 ,we c d no?+ m ?an remove ?is conflict betwe5 ! claims & c\nt]-claims ( ta/e4 ,x is absolutely impossible to give a def9ite objective pr9ciple ( ta/e1 9 accordance ) :i* its judgem5ts c\ld be d]iv$1 exam9$1 & e/abli%$2 = !n ! judgem5t w\ld n be "o ( ta/e at all4 ,! subjective pr9ciple1 viz4 ! indef9ite ,idea ( ! sup]s5sible 9 u1 c only be put =w>d z ! sole key to ! puzzle ( ?is faculty ^: s\rces are hidd5 f u3 x c be made no fur!r intelligible4 ,! prop] concept ( ta/e1 t is ( a m]ely reflective ae/hetical ,judgem5t1 lies at ! basis ( ! ant9omy "h exhibit$ & adju/$4 ,?us ! two app>5tly contradictory pr9ciples are reconcil$--bo? c be true2 :i* is suffici5t4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we assume1 z "s d1 pleasantness z ! det]m9+ gr\nd ( ta/e 7on acc\nt ( ! s+ul>ity ( ! repres5tation :i* lies at ! basis ( ! judgem5t ( ta/e71 or1 z o!rs w h x1 ! pr9ciple ( p]fection 7on acc\nt ( ! univ]sality ( ! same71 & settle ! def9ition ( ta/e accord+ly2 !n !re arises an ant9omy :i* x is absolutely impossible to adju/ except by %[+ t bo? ! contr>y 7?\gh n contradictory7 propositions are false4 ,& ?is w\ld prove t ! concept on :i* !y are bas$ is self-contradictory4 ,h5ce we see t ! removal ( ! ant9omy ( ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t takes a c\rse simil> to t pursu$ by ! ,critique 9 ! solution ( ! ant9omies ( pure !oretical ,reason4 ,& ?us "h1 z also 9 ! ,critique ( practical ,reason1 ! ant9omies =ce u aga9/ our w to look beyond ! s5sible & to seek 9 ! sup]s5sible ! po9t ( union = all our a priori faculties2 because no o!r exp$i5t is left to make our ,reason h>moni\s ) itself4 ,rem>k ,i4 ,z we s (t5 f9d occasion 9 ,transc5d5tal ,philosophy = di/+ui%+ ,ideas f concepts ( ! ,und]/&+1 x may be ( use to introduce te*nical t]ms to correspond to ?is di/9ction4 ,i believe t no "o w object if ,i propose "s4--,9 ! mo/ univ]sal signification ( ! ^w1 ,ideas are repres5tations ref]r$ to an object1 accord+ to a c]ta9 7subjective or objective7 pr9ciple1 b s t !y c nev] become a cognition ( x4 ,!y are ei!r ref]r$ to an intuition1 accord+ to a m]ely subjective pr9ciple ( ! mutual h>mony ( ! cognitive p[]s 7! ,imag9ation & ! ,und]/&+71 & !y are !n call$ ae/hetical2 or !y are ref]r$ to a concept accord+ to an objective pr9ciple1 al?\gh !y c nev] furni% a cognition ( ! object & are call$ rational ,ideas4 ,9 ! latt] case ! concept is a transc5d5t "o1 :i* is diff]5t f a concept ( ! ,und]/&+1 to :i* an adequately correspond+ exp]i5ce c always be suppli$1 & :i* !re=e is call$ imman5t4 ,an ae/hetical ,idea _c become a cognition1 because x is an intuition 7( ! ,imag9ation7 = :i* an adequate concept c nev] be f\nd4 ,a rational ,idea c nev] become a cognition1 because x involves a concept 7( ! sup]s5sible71 correspond+ to :i* an intuition c nev] be giv54 ,n[ ,i believe we might call ! ae/hetical ,idea an inexponible repres5tation ( ! ,imag9ation1 & a rational ,idea an indemon/rable concept ( ,reason4 ,x is assum$ ( bo? t !y are n g5]at$ )\t gr\nds1 b 7accord+ to ! above explanation ( an ,idea 9 g5]al7 9 con=mity ) c]ta9 pr9ciples ( ! cognitive faculties to :i* !y belong 7subjective pr9ciples 9 ! "o case1 objective 9 ! o!r74 ,concepts ( ! ,und]/&+ mu/1 z su*1 always be demon/rable if by demon/ration we und]/&1 z 9 anatomy1 m]ely pres5tation2#aja i4e4 ! object correspond+ to !m mu/ always be capable ( be+ giv5 9 intuition 7pure or empirical72 = ?us alone c\ld !y become cognitions4 ,! concept ( magnitude c be giv5 a priori 9 ! intuition ( space1 e4g4 ( a "r l9e1 etc42 ! concept ( cause 9 imp5etrability1 9 ! collision ( bodies1 etc4 ,consequ5tly bo? c be au!nticat$ by means ( an empirical intuition1 i4e4 ! ?\ght ( !m c be prov$ 7demon/rat$1 v]ifi$7 by an example2 & ?is mu/ be possible1 = o!rwise we %\ld n be c]ta9 t ! concept 0 n empty1 i4e4 devoid ( any ,object4 ,9 ,logic we ord9>ily use ! expressions demon/rable or indemon/rable only 9 respect ( propositions1 b ^! might be bett] designat$ by ! titles respectively ( m$iately & imm$iately c]ta9 propositions2 = pure ,philosophy has also propositions ( bo? k9ds1 i4e4 true propositions1 "s ( :i* are susceptible ( pro( & o!rs n4 ,x c1 z philosophy1 prove !m on a priori gr\nds1 b x _c demon/rate !m2 unless we wi% to dep>t entirely f ! prop] mean+ ( ?is ^w1 accord+ to :i* to demon/rate 7o/5d]e1 exhib]e7 is equival5t to pres5t+ a concept 9 intuition 7:e!r 9 pro( or m]ely 9 def9ition74 ,if ! intuition is a priori ?is is call$ con/ruction2 b if x is empirical1 !n ! ,object is display$ by means ( :i* objective reality is assur$ to ! concept4 ,?us we say ( an anatomi/ t he demon/rates ! human eye1 if by a dissection ( ?is organ he makes intuitively evid5t ! concept :i* he has previ\sly treat$ discursively4 ,x h5ce foll[s t ! rational concept ( ! sup]s5sible sub/rate ( all ph5om5a 9 g5]al1 or ev5 ( t :i* mu/ be plac$ at ! basis ( our arbitr>y w 9 respect ( ! moral law1 viz4 ( transc5d5tal fre$om1 is already1 9 k9d1 an indemon/rable concept & a rational ,idea2 :ile virtue is s1 9 degree4 ,= !re c be giv5 9 exp]i5ce1 z reg>ds its quality1 absolutely no?+ correspond+ to ! =m]2 :]eas 9 ! latt] case no empirical product atta9s to ! degree ( t causality1 :i* ! rational ,idea prescribes z ! rule4 ,z 9 a rational ,idea ! ,imag9ation ) its intuitions does n atta9 to ! giv5 concept1 s 9 an ae/hetical ,idea ! ,und]/&+ by its concepts nev] atta9s completely to t int]nal intuition :i* ! ,imag9ation b9ds up ) a giv5 repres5tation4 ,s9ce1 n[1 to r$uce a repres5tation ( ! ,imag9ation to concepts is ! same ?+ z to exp\nd x1 ! ae/hetical ,idea may be call$ an inexponible repres5tation ( ! ,imag9ation 79 its free play74 ,i %all h occasion 9 ! sequel to say some?+ m ( ,ideas ( ?is k9d2 n[ ,i only note t bo? k9ds ( ,ideas1 rational & ae/hetical1 mu/ h _! pr9ciples2 & mu/ h !m 9 ,reason--! "o 9 ! objective1 ! o!r 9 ! subjective pr9ciples ( its employm5t4 ,we c consequ5tly expla9 g5ius z ! faculty ( ae/hetical ,ideas2 by :i* at ! same "t is %[n ! reason :y 9 ! products ( g5ius x is ! nature 7( ! subject7 & n a prem$itat$ purpose t gives ! rule to ! art 7( ! production ( ! beautiful74 ,= s9ce ! beautiful mu/ n be judg$ by concepts1 b by ! purposive attun+ ( ! ,imag9ation to agreem5t ) ! faculty ( concepts 9 g5]al1 x _c be rule & precept :i* c s]ve z ! subjective /&>d ( t ae/hetical b uncondition$ purposiv5ess 9 beautiful art1 t c rightly claim to please e "o4 ,x c only be t 9 ! subject :i* is nature & _c be br\ght "u rules or concepts1 i4e4 ! sup]s5sible sub/rate ( all 8 faculties 7to :i* no concept ( ! ,und]/&+ ext5ds71 & consequ5tly t ) respect to :i* x is ! f9al purpose giv5 by ! intelligible "p ( our nature to h>monise all our cognitive faculties4 ,?us alone is x possible t !re %\ld be a priori at ! basis ( ?is purposiv5ess1 = :i* we c prescribe no objective pr9ciple1 a pr9ciple subjective & yet ( univ]sal validity4 ,rem>k ,,ii4 ,! foll[+ important rem>k occurs "h3 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( ,ant9omies ( pure ,reason1 :i*1 h[ev]1 all agree 9 ?is1 t !y compel u to give up ! o!rwise v natural hypo!sis t objects ( s5se are ?+s 9 !mselves1 & =ce u to reg>d !m m]ely z ph5om5a1 & to supply to !m an intelligible sub/rate 7some?+ sup]s5sible ( :i* ! concept is only an ,idea1 & supplies no prop] k74 ,)\t su* ant9omies ,reason c\ld nev] decide ^u accept+ a pr9ciple n>r[+ s mu* ! field ( its speculation1 & c\ld nev] br+ itself to sacrifices by :i* s _m o!rwise brilliant hopes mu/ disappe>4 ,= ev5 n[ :51 by way ( comp5sation = ^! losses1 a great] field 9 a practical aspect op5s out be=e x1 x appe>s n to be able )\t grief to "p f ^? hopes1 & dis5gage itself f its old atta*m5t4 ,t !re are ?ree k9ds ( ant9omies has its gr\nd 9 ?is1 t !re are ?ree cognitive faculties1--,und]/&+1 ,judgem5t1 & ,reason2 ( :i* ea* 7z a sup]ior cognitive faculty7 mu/ h its a priori pr9ciples4 ,= ,reason1 9 s f> z x judges ( ^! pr9ciples & _! use1 inexorably requires1 9 respect ( !m all1 ! uncondition$ = ! giv5 condition$2 & ?is c nev] be f\nd if we consid] ! s5sible z belong+ to ?+s 9 !mselves1 & d n r supply to x1 z m]e ph5om5on1 some?+ sup]s5sible 7! intelligible sub/rate ( nature bo? ext]nal & int]nal7 z ! reality 9 itself ,sa*e an si* selb/4 ,!re are !n3 7#a7 ,= ! cognitive faculty an ant9omy ( ,reason 9 respect ( ! !oretical employm5t ( ! ,und]/&+ ext5d$ to ! uncondition$2 7#b7 = ! feel+ ( pleasure & pa9 an ant9omy ( ,reason 9 respect ( ! ae/hetical employm5t ( ! ,judgem5t2 & 7#c7 = ! faculty ( desire an ant9omy 9 respect ( ! practical employm5t ( ! self-legislative ,reason2 s f> z all ^! faculties h _! sup]ior pr9ciples a priori1 &1 9 con=mity ) an inevitable requirem5t ( ,reason1 mu/ judge & be able to det]m9e _! ,object1 unconditionally accord+ to ^? pr9ciples4 ,z = ! two ant9omies ( ! !oretical & practical employm5t ( ! sup]ior cognitive faculties1 we h already %[n _! unavoidabl5ess1 if judgem5ts ( ?is k9d are n ref]r$ to a sup]s5sible sub/rate ( ! giv5 ,objects1 z ph5om5a2 & also ! possibility ( _! solution1 z soon z ?is is done4 ,& z = ! ant9omies 9 ! employm5t ( ! ,judgem5t1 9 con=mity ) ! requirem5ts ( ,reason1 & _! solution :i* is "h giv51 !re are only two ways ( avoid+ !m4 ,ei!r3 we mu/ d5y t any a priori pr9ciple lies at ! basis ( ! ae/hetical judgem5t ( ta/e2 we mu/ ma9ta9 t all claim to necess>y univ]sal agreem5t is a gr\ndless & va9 fancy1 & t a judgem5t ( ta/e only des]ves to be reg>d$ z correct because x happ5s t _m p agree ab\t x2 & ?is1 n because we assume an a priori pr9ciple beh9d ?is agreem5t1 b because 7z 9 ! ta/e ( ! palate7 ( ! cont+5t simil> organisation ( ! diff]5t subjects4 ,or3 we mu/ assume t ! judgem5t ( ta/e is really a disguis$ judgem5t ( ,reason ^u ! p]fection discov]$ 9 a ?+ & ! ref]5ce ( ! manifold 9 x to a purpose1 & is consequ5tly only call$ ae/hetical on acc\nt ( ! confusion "h atta*+ to our reflection1 al?\gh x is at bottom teleological4 ,9 ! latt] case we c\ld decl>e ! solution ( ! ant9omies by means ( transc5d5tal ,ideas to be ne$less & )\t po9t1 & ?us c\ld h>monise ^! laws ( ta/e ) ,objects ( s5se1 n z m]e ph5om5a b z ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,b we h %[n 9 sev]al places 9 ! exposition ( judgem5ts ( ta/e h[ little ei!r ( ^! exp$i5ts w satisfy4 ,h[ev]1 if x be grant$ t our d$uction at lea/ proce$s by ! "r me?od1 al?\gh x be n yet pla9 en\gh 9 all its p>ts1 ?ree ,ideas manife/ !mselves4 ,fir/1 !re is ! ,idea ( ! sup]s5sible 9 g5]al1 )\t any fur!r det]m9ation ( x1 z ! sub/rate ( nature4 ,secondly1 !re is ! ,idea ( ! same z ! pr9ciple ( ! subjective purposiv5ess ( nature = our cognitive faculty4 ,& ?irdly1 !re is ! ,idea ( ! same z ! pr9ciple ( ! purposes ( fre$om1 & ( ! agreem5t ( fre$om ) its purposes 9 ! moral sph]e4 #eh4 ,( ! ,idealism ( ! purposiv5ess ( bo? ,nature & ,art z ! unique pr9ciple ( ! ae/hetical ,judgem5t ,to beg9 )1 we c ei!r place ! pr9ciple ( ta/e 9 ! fact t x always judges 9 accordance ) gr\nds :i* are empirical & !re=e are only giv5 a po/]iori by s5se1 or conc$e t x judges on a priori gr\nds4 ,! =m] w\ld be ! empiricism ( ! ,critique ( ,ta/e2 ! latt] its rationalism4 ,accord+ to ! =m] ! ,object ( our satisfaction w\ld n diff] f ! pleasant2 accord+ to ! latt]1 if ! judgem5t re/s on def9ite concepts1 x w\ld n diff] f ! good4 ,?us all beauty w\ld be bani%$ f ! _w1 & only a p>ticul> "n1 express+ p]haps a c]ta9 m+l+ ( ! two above-nam$ k9ds ( satisfaction1 w\ld rema9 9 its place4 ,b we h %[n t !re are also a priori gr\nds ( satisfaction :i* c subsi/ along ) ! pr9ciple ( rationalism1 al?\gh !y _c be compreh5d$ 9 def9ite concepts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! rationalism ( ! pr9ciple ( ta/e is ei!r t ( ! realism ( ! purposiv5ess1 or ( its idealism4 ,because a judgem5t ( ta/e is n a cognitive judgem5t1 & beauty is n a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,object1 consid]$ 9 itself1 ! rationalism ( ! pr9ciple ( ta/e c nev] be plac$ 9 ! fact t ! purposiv5ess 9 ?is judgem5t is ?\ght z objective1 i4e4 t ! judgem5t !oretically1 & !re=e also logically 7al?\gh only 9 a confus$ way71 ref]s to ! p]fection ( ! ,object4 ,x only ref]s ae/hetically to ! agreem5t ( ! repres5tation ( ! ,object 9 ! ,imag9ation ) ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ,judgem5t 9 g5]al 9 ! subject4 ,consequ5tly1 ev5 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( rationalism1 ! judgem5t ( ta/e & ! di/9ction betwe5 its realism & idealism c only be settl$ ?us4 ,ei!r 9 ! fir/ case1 ?is subjective purposiv5ess is assum$ z an actual 7design$7 purpose ( nature 7or art7 h>monis+ ) our ,judgem5t2 or1 9 ! second case1 z a purposive h>mony ) ! ne$s ( ,judgem5t1 9 respect ( nature & its =ms produc$ accord+ to p>ticul> laws1 :i* %[s itself1 )\t purpose1 spontane\sly1 & cont+5tly4 ,! beautiful =mations 9 ! k+dom ( organis$ nature speak l\dly = ! realism ( ! ae/hetical purposiv5ess ( nature2 s9ce we might assume t beh9d ! production ( ! beautiful !re is an ,idea ( ! beautiful 9 ! produc+ cause1 viz4 a purpose 9 respect ( our ,imag9ation4 ,fl[]s1 blossoms1 ev5 ! %apes ( entire plants2 ! elegance ( animal =mations ( all k9ds1 unne$$ = _! prop] use1 b1 z x 71 select$ = our ta/e2 especially ! *>m+ v>iety s satisfy+ to ! eye & ! h>moni\s arrangem5t ( col\rs 79 ! pheasant1 9 %ell-fi%1 9 insects1 ev5 9 ! commone/ fl[]s71 :i*1 z x only conc]ns ! surface & n ! figure ( ^! creations 7?\gh p]haps requisite 9 reg>d ( _! int]nal purposes71 seems to be entirely design$ = ext]nal inspection2 ^! ?+s give great weight to t mode ( explanation :i* assumes actual purposes ( nature = our ae/hetical ,judgem5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 n only is ,reason oppos$ to ?is assumption 9 its maxims1 :i* bid u always avoid z f> z possible unnecess>y multiplication ( pr9ciples2 b nature ev]y:]e %[s 9 its free =mations mu* me*anical t5d5cy to ! productions ( =ms :i* seem1 z x 71 to be made = ! ae/hetical ex]cise ( our ,judgem5t1 )\t af=d+ ! lea/ gr\nd = ! supposition t !re is ne$ ( any?+ m ?an its me*anism1 m]ely z nature1 accord+ to :i*1 )\t any ,idea ly+ at _! root1 !y c be purposive = our judgem5t4 ,b ,i und]/& by free =mations ( nature ^? :]eby f a fluid at re/1 ?r\gh ! volatilisation or sep>ation ( a portion ( its con/itu5ts 7sometimes m]ely ( caloric71 ! rema9d] 9 becom+ solid assumes a def9ite %ape or tissue 7figure or texture71 :i* is diff]5t accord+ to ! specific diff]5ce ( ! mat]ial1 b 9 ! same mat]ial is con/ant4 ,"h x is always presuppos$ t we are speak+ ( a p]fect fluid1 i4e4 t ! mat]ial 9 x is completely dissolv$1 & t x is n a m]e m$ley ( solid p>ticles 9 a /ate ( susp5sion4 ,=mation1 !n1 takes place by a %oot+ toge!r1 i4e4 by a sudd5 solidification1 n by a gradual transition f ! fluid to ! solid /ate1 b all at once by a saltus2 :i* transition is also call$ cry/allisation4 ,! commone/ example ( ?is k9d ( =mation is ! freez+ ( wat]1 :]e fir/ icicles are produc$1 :i* comb9e at angles ( #fj1 :ile o!rs atta* !mselves to ea* v]tex1 until x all becomes ice2 & s t1 :ile ?is is go+ on1 ! wat] does n gradually become visc\s1 b is z p]fectly fluid z if its temp]ature 7 f> high]1 al?\gh x is absolutely ice-cold4 ,! matt] t dis5gages itself1 :i* is dissipat$ sudd5ly at ! mom5t ( solidification1 is a consid]able quantum ( caloric1 ! disappe>ance ( :i*1 z x 0 only requir$ = pres]v+ fluidity1 leaves ! new ice n 9 ! lea/ cold] ?an ! wat] :i* %ortly be=e 0 fluid4 ,_m salts1 & also rocks1 ( a cry/all9e figure1 are produc$ ?us f a species ( e>? dissolv$ 9 wat]1 we d n exactly "k h[4 ,?us are =m$ ! gl&ul> configurations ( _m m9]als1 ! cubical sulphide ( lead1 ! ruby silv] ore1 etc41 9 all probability 9 wat] & by ! %oot+ toge!r ( p>ticles1 z !y become =c$ by "s cause to disp5se ) ?is vehicle & to unite 9 def9ite ext]nal %apes4 ,b also all k9ds ( matt]1 :i* h be5 kept 9 a fluid /ate by heat1 & h become solid by cool+1 %[ int]nally1 :5 fractur$1 a def9ite texture4 ,?is makes u judge t if _! own weight or ! di/urbance ( ! air _h n prev5t$ x1 !y w\ld also h exhibit$ on ! out] surface _! specifically peculi> %apes4 ,?is has be5 obs]v$ 9 "s metals on _! inn] surface1 :i* h be5 h>d5$ ext]nally by fusion b are fluid 9 ! int]ior1 by ! draw+ (f ! int]nal fluid & ! consequ5t undi/urb$ cry/allisation ( ! rema9d]4 ,_m ( ^! m9]al cry/allisations1 su* z sp>s1 hematite1 arragonite1 etc41 (t5 pres5t beautiful %apes1 ! l ( :i* art c only conceive2 & ! halo 9 ! cav]n ( ,antip>os#ajb is m]ely produc$ by wat] trickl+ d[n /rata ( gypsum4 ,! fluid /ate is1 to all appe>ance1 old] ?an ! solid /ate1 & plants z well z animal bodies are fa%ion$ out ( fluid nutritive matt]1 s f> z ?is =ms itself 9 a /ate ( re/4 ,?is la/ ( c\rse prim>ily comb9es & =ms itself 9 fre$om accord+ to a c]ta9 orig9al disposition direct$ t[>ds purposes 7:i*1 z w be %[n 9 ,"p ,,ii41 mu/ n be judg$ ae/hetically b teleologically accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( realism71 b also p]haps 9 con=mity ) ! univ]sal law ( ! aff9ity ( mat]ials4 ,aga91 ! wat]y fluids dissolv$ 9 an atmosph]e t is a mixture ( diff]5t gases1 if !y sep>ate f ! latt] on acc\nt ( cool+1 produce sn[ figures1 :i* 9 correspond5ce ) ! "* ( ! special mixture ( gases1 (t5 seem v arti/ic & are extremely beautiful4 ,s1 )\t detract+ f ! teleological pr9ciple by :i* we judge ( organisation1 we may well ?9k t ! beauty ( fl[]s1 ( ! plumage ( birds1 or ( %ell-fi%1 bo? 9 %ape & col\r1 may be ascrib$ to nature & its faculty ( produc+ =ms 9 an ae/hetically purposive way1 9 its fre$om1 )\t p>ticul> purposes adapt$ !reto1 accord+ to *emical laws by ! arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial requisite = ! organisation 9 "q4 ,b :at %[s ! pr9ciple ( ! ,ideality ( ! purposiv5ess 9 ! beauty ( nature1 z t :i* we always place at ! basis ( an ae/hetical judgem5t1 & :i* all[s u to employ1 z a gr\nd ( explanation = our repres5tative faculty1 no realism ( purpose1 is ! fact t 9 judg+ beauty we inv>iably seek its gauge 9 ourselves a priori1 & t our ae/hetical ,judgem5t is itself legislative 9 respect ( ! judgem5t :e!r any?+ is beautiful or n4 ,?is c\ld n be1 on ! assumption ( ! ,realism ( ! purposiv5ess ( nature2 because 9 t case we mu/ h le>n$ f nature :at we ought to f9d beautiful1 & ! ae/hetical judgem5t w\ld be subject$ to empirical pr9ciples4 ,= 9 su* an act ( judg+ ! important po9t is n1 :at nature is1 or ev51 z a purpose1 is 9 relation to u1 b h[ we take x4 ,!re w\ld be an objective purposiv5ess 9 nature if x _h fa%ion$ its =ms = our satisfaction2 & n a subjective purposiv5ess :i* dep5d$ ^u ! play ( ! ,imag9ation 9 its fre$om1 :]e x is we :o receive nature ) fav\r1 n nature :i* %[s u fav\r4 ,! prop]ty ( nature t gives u occasion to p]ceive ! inn] purposiv5ess 9 ! relation ( our m5tal faculties 9 judg+ c]ta9 ( its products--a purposiv5ess :i* is to be expla9$ on sup]s5sible gr\nds z necess>y & univ]sal--_c be a natural purpose or be judg$ by u z su*2 = o!rwise ! judgem5t h]eby det]m9$ w\ld n be free1 & w\ld h at its basis het]onomy1 & n1 z beseems a judgem5t ( ta/e1 autonomy4 ,9 beautiful ,art ! pr9ciple ( ! ,idealism ( purposiv5ess is /ill cle>]4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! beautiful 9 ,nature1 an ae/hetical ,realism ( ?is purposiv5ess _c be p]ceiv$ by s5sations 7= !n ! art w\ld be only pleasant1 n beautiful74 ,b t ! satisfaction produc$ by ae/hetical ,ideas mu/ n dep5d on ! atta9m5t ( def9ite purposes 7z 9 me*anically design$ art71 & t consequ5tly1 9 ! v rationalism ( ! pr9ciple1 ! ideality ( ! purposes & n _! reality mu/ be fundam5tal1 appe>s f ! fact t beautiful ,art1 z su*1 mu/ n be consid]$ z a product ( ,und]/&+ & ,sci5ce1 b ( ,g5ius1 & !re=e mu/ get its rule ?r\gh ae/hetical ,ideas1 :i* are ess5tially diff]5t f rational ,ideas ( def9ite purposes4 ,j z ! ideality ( ! objects ( s5se z ph5om5a is ! only way ( expla9+ ! possibility ( _! =ms be+ susceptible ( a priori det]m9ation1 s ! idealism ( purposiv5ess1 9 judg+ ! beautiful 9 nature & art1 is ! only hypo!sis "u :i* ,criticism c expla9 ! possibility ( a judgem5t ( ta/e :i* dem&s a priori validity = e "o 7)\t gr\nd+ on concepts ! purposiv5ess t is repres5t$ 9 ! ,object74 #ei4 ,( ,beauty z ! symbol ( ,morality ,intuitions are always requir$ to e/abli% ! reality ( our concepts4 ,if ! concepts are empirical1 ! intuitions are call$ examples4 ,if !y are pure concepts ( ,und]/&+1 ! intuitions are call$ s*emata4 ,if we desire to e/abli% ! objective reality ( rational concepts1 i4e4 ( ,ideas1 on behalf ( !oretical cognition1 !n we are ask+ = some?+ impossible1 because absolutely no intuition c be giv5 :i* %all be adequate to !m4 ,all hypotyposis 7pres5tation1 subjectio sub adspectum71 or s5sible illu/ration1 is tw(old4 ,x is ei!r s*ematical1 :5 to a concept compreh5d$ by ! ,und]/&+ ! correspond+ intuition is giv5 a priori2 or x is symbolical4 ,9 ! latt] case to a concept only ?9kable by ! ,reason1 to :i* no s5sible intuition c be adequate1 an intuition is suppli$ ) :i* accords a proc$ure ( ! ,judgem5t analog\s to :at x obs]ves 9 s*ematism3 x accords ) x1 t is1 9 respect ( ! rule ( ?is proc$ure m]ely1 n ( ! intuition itself2 consequ5tly 9 respect ( ! =m ( reflection m]ely1 & n ( its cont5t4 ,!re is a use ( ! ^w symbolical t has be5 adopt$ by mod]n logicians1 :i* is mislead+ & incorrect1 i4e4 to speak ( ! symbolical mode ( repres5tation z if x 7 oppos$ to ! intuitive2 = ! symbolical is only a mode ( ! intuitive4 ,! latt] 7! intuitive71 t is1 may be divid$ into ! s*ematical & ! symbolical modes ( repres5tation4 ,bo? are hypotyposes1 i4e4 pres5tations 7exhibitiones72 n m]e *>act]isations1 or designations ( concepts by accompany+ s5sible signs :i* conta9 no?+ belong+ to ! intuition ( ! ,object1 & only s]ve z a means = reproduc+ ! concepts1 accord+ to ! law ( association ( ! ,imag9ation1 & consequ5tly 9 a subjective po9t ( view4 ,^! are ei!r words1 or visible 7algebraical1 ev5 mimetical7 signs1 z m]e expressions = concepts4#ajc ,all intuitions1 :i* we supply to concepts a priori1 are !re=e ei!r s*emata or symbols1 ( :i* ! =m] conta9 direct1 ! latt] indirect1 pres5tations ( ! concept4 ,! =m] d ?is demon/ratively2 ! latt] by means ( an analogy 7= :i* we avail ourselves ev5 ( empirical intuitions7 9 :i* ! ,judgem5t ex]cises a d\ble function2 fir/ apply+ ! concept to ! object ( a s5sible intuition1 & !n apply+ ! m]e rule ( ! reflection made ^u t intuition to a q diff]5t object ( :i* ! fir/ is only ! symbol4 ,?us a mon>*ical /ate is repres5t$ by a liv+ body1 if x is gov]n$ by national laws1 & by a m]e ma*9e 7l a h&-mill7 if gov]n$ by an individual absolute w2 b 9 bo? cases only symbolically4 ,= betwe5 a despotic /ate & a h&-mill !re is1 to be sure1 no simil>ity2 b !re is a simil>ity 9 ! rules accord+ to :i* we reflect ^u ^! two ?+s & _! causality4 ,?is matt] has n be5 suffici5tly analys$ hi!rto1 = x des]ves a deep] inve/igation2 b ?is is n ! place to l+] ov] x4 ,our language i4e4 ,g]man is full ( indirect pres5tations ( ?is sort1 9 :i* ! expression does n conta9 ! prop] s*ema = ! concept1 b m]ely a symbol = reflection4 ,?us ! words gr\nd 7support1 basis71 to dep5d 7to be held up f above71 to fl[ f some?+ 7in/ead (1 to foll[71 sub/ance 7z ,locke expresses x1 ! support ( accid5ts71 & c\ntless o!rs1 are n s*ematical b symbolical hypotyposes & expressions = concepts1 n by means ( a direct intuition1 b only by analogy ) x1 i4e4 by ! transf]5ce ( reflection ^u an object ( intuition to a q diff]5t concept to :i* p]haps an intuition c nev] directly correspond4 ,if we are to give ! "n ( cognition to a m]e mode ( repres5tation 7:i* is q p]missible if ! latt] is n a pr9ciple ( ! !oretical det]m9ation ( :at an object is 9 itself1 b ( ! practical det]m9ation ( :at ! ,idea ( x %\ld be = u & = its purposive use71 !n all our k ( ,god is m]ely symbolical2 & he :o reg>ds x z s*ematical1 along ) ! prop]ties ( ,und]/&+1 ,w1 etc41 :i* only e/abli% _! objective reality 9 be+s ( ?is _w1 falls into ,an?ropomorphism1 j z he :o gives up e intuitive elem5t falls into ,deism1 by :i* no?+ at all is cognis$1 n ev5 9 a practical po9t ( view4 ,n[ ,i say ! ,beautiful is ! symbol ( ! morally ,good1 & t x is only 9 ?is respect 7a ref]5ce :i* is natural to e man & :i* e man po/ulates 9 o!rs z a duty7 t x gives pleasure ) a claim = ! agreem5t ( e "o else4 ,by ?is ! m9d is made consci\s ( a c]ta9 ennoblem5t & elevation above ! m]e s5sibility to pleasure receiv$ ?r\gh s5se1 & ! wor? ( o!rs is e/imat$ 9 accordance ) a l maxim ( _! ,judgem5t4 ,t is ! intelligible1 to :i*1 z po9t$ out 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 ,ta/e looks2 ) :i* our high] cognitive faculties are 9 accord2 & )\t :i* a d[nright contradiction w\ld arise betwe5 _! nature & ! claims made by ta/e4 ,9 ?is faculty ! ,judgem5t does n see itself1 z 9 empirical judg+1 subject$ to a het]onomy ( empirical laws2 x gives ! law to itself 9 respect ( ! objects ( s pure a satisfaction1 j z ! ,reason does 9 respect ( ! faculty ( desire4 ,h5ce1 bo? on acc\nt ( ?is inn] possibility 9 ! subject & ( ! ext]nal possibility ( a nature t agrees ) x1 x f9ds itself to be ref]r$ to some?+ )9 ! subject z well z )\t him1 some?+ :i* is nei!r nature nor fre$om1 b :i* yet is connect$ ) ! sup]s5sible gr\nd ( ! latt]4 ,9 ?is sup]s5sible gr\nd1 !re=e1 ! !oretical faculty is b\nd toge!r 9 unity ) ! practical1 9 a way :i* ?\gh common is yet unkn[n4 ,we %all indicate "s po9ts ( ?is analogy1 :ile at ! same "t we %all note ! diff]5ces4 7#a7 ,! beautiful pleases imm$iately 7b only 9 reflective intuition1 n1 l morality1 9 its concept74 7#b7 ,x pleases ap>t f any int]e/ 7! morally good is inde$ necess>ily b\nd up ) an int]e/1 ?\gh n ) "o :i* prec$es ! judgem5t ^u ! satisfaction1 b ) "o :i* is fir/ ( all produc$ by x74 7#c7 ,! fre$om ( ! ,imag9ation 7& !re=e ( ! s5sibility ( our faculty7 is repres5t$ 9 judg+ ! beautiful z h>moni\s ) ! con=mity to law ( ! ,und]/&+ 79 ! moral judgem5t ! fre$om ( ! w is ?\ght z ! h>mony ( ! latt] ) itself accord+ to univ]sal laws ( ,reason74 7#d7 ,! subjective pr9ciple 9 judg+ ! beautiful is repres5t$ z univ]sal1 i4e4 z valid = e man1 ?\gh n cognisable ?r\gh any univ]sal concept4 7,! objective pr9ciple ( morality is also exp\nd$ z univ]sal1 i4e4 = e subject & = e action ( ! same subject1 & ?us z cognisable by means ( a univ]sal concept74 ,h5ce ! moral judgem5t is n only susceptible ( def9ite con/itutive pr9ciples1 b is possible only by gr\nd+ its maxims on ^! 9 _! univ]sality4 ,a ref]5ce to ?is analogy is usual ev5 ) ! common ,und]/&+ ( m51 & we (t5 describe beautiful objects ( nature or art by names t seem to put a moral appreciation at _! basis4 ,we call build+s or trees maje/ic & magnific5t1 l&scapes laugh+ & gay2 ev5 col\rs are call$ innoc5t1 mode/1 t5d]1 because !y excite s5sations :i* h some?+ analog\s to ! consci\sness ( ! /ate ( m9d br\ght ab\t by moral judgem5ts4 ,ta/e makes possible ! transition1 )\t any viol5t leap1 f ! *>m ( ,s5se to habitual moral int]e/2 = x repres5ts ! ,imag9ation 9 its fre$om z capable ( purposive det]m9ation = ! ,und]/&+1 & s tea*es u to f9d ev5 9 objects ( s5se a free satisfaction ap>t f any *>m ( s5se4 ,,app5dix #fj4 ,( ! me?od ( ,ta/e ,! division ( a ,critique into ,elem5tology & ,me?odology1 z prep>atory to sci5ce1 is n applicable to ! ,critique ( ta/e1 because !re nei!r is nor c be a sci5ce ( ! ,beautiful1 & ! judgem5t ( ta/e is n det]m9able by means ( pr9ciples4 ,z = ! sci5tific elem5t 9 e art1 :i* reg>ds tru? 9 ! pres5tation ( its ,object1 ?is is inde$ ! indisp5sable condition 7conditio s9e qua non7 ( beautiful art1 b n beautiful art itself4 ,!re is !re=e = beautiful art only a mann] 7modus71 n a me?od ( tea*+ 7me?odus74 ,! ma/] mu/ %[ :at ! pupil is to d & h[ he is to d x2 & ! univ]sal rules1 "u :i* at la/ he br+s 8 proc$ure1 s]ve r = br++ ! ma9 po9ts back to 8 remembrance :5 occasion requires1 ?an = prescrib+ !m to him4 ,nev]!less reg>d mu/ be _h "h to a c]ta9 ideal1 :i* art mu/ h be=e its eyes1 al?\gh x _c be completely atta9$ 9 practice4 ,x is only ?r\gh excit+ ! ,imag9ation ( ! pupil to accordance ) a giv5 concept1 by mak+ him note ! inadequacy ( ! expression = ! ,idea1 to :i* ! concept itself does n atta9 because x is an ae/hetical ,idea1 & by sev]e criticism1 t he c be prev5t$ f tak+ ! examples set be=e him z types & models = imitation1 to be subject$ to no high] /&>d or indep5d5t judgem5t4 ,x is ?us t g5ius1 & ) x ! fre$om ( ! ,imag9ation1 is /ifl$ by its v con=mity to law2 & )\t ^! no beautiful art1 & n ev5 an accurately judg+ individual ta/e1 is possible4 ,! propa$eutic to all beautiful art1 reg>d$ 9 ! highe/ degree ( its p]fection1 seems to lie1 n 9 precepts1 b 9 ! culture ( ! m5tal p[]s by means ( ^? elem5ts ( k call$ humaniora1 probably because humanity on ! "o side indicates ! univ]sal feel+ ( sympa?y1 & on ! o!r ! faculty ( be+ able to communicate univ]sally our inmo/ feel+s4 ,= ^! prop]ties tak5 toge!r con/itute ! *>act]i/ic social _s#ajd ( humanity by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f ! limitations ( animal life4 ,! age & peoples1 9 :i* ! impulse t[>ds a law-abid+ social life1 by :i* a p becomes a p]man5t community1 cont5d$ ) ! great difficulties pres5t$ by ! difficult problem ( unit+ fre$om 7& !re=e equality also7 ) compulsion 7r ( respect & submission f a s5se ( duty ?an ( fe>7--su* an age & su* a p naturally fir/ f\nd out ! art ( reciprocal communication ( ,ideas betwe5 ! cultivat$ & uncultivat$ classes & ?us discov]$ h[ to h>monise ! l>ge-m9d$ness & ref9em5t ( ! =m] ) ! natural simplicity & orig9ality ( ! latt]4 ,9 ?is way !y fir/ f\nd t mean betwe5 ! high] culture & simple nature :i* furni%es t true /&>d = ta/e z a s5se common to all m5 :i* no univ]sal rules c supply4 ,) difficulty w a lat] age disp5se ) ^? models1 because x w be always f>!r f nature2 & 9 f9e1 )\t hav+ p]man5t examples be=e x1 a concept w h>dly be possible1 9 "o & ! same p1 ( ! happy union ( ! law-abid+ con/ra9t ( ! highe/ culture ) ! =ce & tru? ( free nature :i* feels its own prop] wor?4 ,n[ ta/e is at bottom a faculty = judg+ ( ! s5sible illu/ration ( moral ,ideas 7by means ( a c]ta9 analogy involv$ 9 our reflection ^u bo? ^!72 & x is f ?is faculty also & f ! great] susceptibility gr\nd$ !reon = ! feel+ aris+ f ! latt] 7call$ moral feel+71 t ! pleasure is d]iv$ :i* ta/e reg>ds z valid = mank9d 9 g5]al & n m]ely = ! private feel+ ( ea*4 ,h5ce x appe>s pla9 t ! true propa$eutic = ! f\ndation ( ta/e is ! developm5t ( moral ,ideas & ! culture ( ! moral feel+2 because x is only :5 s5sibility is br\ght into agreem5t ) ?is t g5u9e ta/e c assume a def9ite inv>iable =m4 ,,! ,,critique ,,( ,,judgem5t ,,"p ,,ii ,,critique ,,( ,,! ,,teleological ,,judgem5t #fa4 ,( ! objective purposiv5ess ( ,nature ,we h on transc5d5tal pr9ciples good gr\nd to assume a subjective purposiv5ess 9 nature1 9 its p>ticul> laws1 9 ref]5ce to its compreh5sibility by human ,judgem5t & to ! possibility ( ! connexion ( p>ticul> exp]i5ces 9 a sy/em4 ,?is may be expect$ z possible 9 _m products ( nature1 :i*1 z if !y 7 devis$ q specially = our ,judgem5t1 conta9 a specific =m con=mable !reto2 :i* ?r\gh _! manifoldness & unity s]ve at once to /r5g!n & to su/a9 ! m5tal p[]s 7t come into play 9 ! employm5t ( ?is faculty72 & to :i* !re=e we give ! "n ( beautiful =ms4 ,b t ! ?+s ( nature s]ve "o ano!r z means to purposes1 & t _! possibility is only completely intelligible ?r\gh ?is k9d ( causality--= ?is we h absolutely no gr\nd 9 ! univ]sal ,idea ( nature1 z ! complex ( ! objects ( s5se4 ,9 ! above-m5tion$ case1 ! repres5tation ( ?+s1 because x is some?+ 9 ourselves1 c be q well ?\ght a priori z suitable & useful = ! int]nally purposive det]m9ation ( our cognitive faculties2 b t purposes1 :i* nei!r are our own nor belong to nature 7= we d n reg>d nature z an intellig5t be+71 c\ld or %\ld con/itute a p>ticul> k9d ( causality1 at lea/ a q special con=mity to law1--?is we h absolutely no a priori reason = presum+4 ,yet m1 exp]i5ce itself _c prove to u ! actuality ( ?is2 !re mu/ !n h prec$$ a rationalis+ subtlety :i* only sportively introduces ! concept ( purpose into ! nature ( ?+s1 b :i* does n d]ive x f ,objects or f _! empirical cognition4 ,to ?is latt] x is ( m s]vice to make nature compreh5sible accord+ to analogy ) ! subjective gr\nd ( ! connexion ( our repres5tations1 ?an to cognise x f objective gr\nds4 ,fur!r1 objective purposiv5ess1 z a pr9ciple ( ! possibility ( ?+s ( nature1 is s f> remov$ f necess>y connexion ) ! concept ( nature1 t x is mu* (t5] precisely t ^u :i* "o relies to prove ! cont+5cy ( nature & ( its =m4 ,:51 e4g4 we adduce ! /ructure ( a bird1 ! holl[ness ( its bones1 ! disposition ( its w+s = motion & ( its tail = /e]+1 etc41 we say t all ?is is cont+5t 9 ! highe/ degree accord+ to ! m]e nexus effectivus ( nature1 )\t call+ 9 ! aid ( a p>ticul> k9d ( causality1 namely t ( purpose 7nexus f9alis74 ,9 o!r words1 nature1 consid]$ z m]e me*anism1 c\ld h produc$ its =ms 9 a ?\s& o!r ways )\t /umbl+ ^u ! unity :i* is 9 accordance ) su* a pr9ciple4 ,x is n 9 ! concept ( nature b q ap>t f x t we c hope to f9d ! lea/ gr\nd a priori = ?is4 ,nev]!less ! teleological act ( judgem5t is rightly br\ght to be>1 at lea/ problematically1 ^u ! inve/igation ( nature2 b only 9 ord] to br+ x "u pr9ciples ( obs]vation & inquiry accord+ to ! analogy ) ! causality ( purpose1 )\t any pret5ce to expla9 x !reby4 ,x belongs !re=e to ! reflective & n to ! det]m9ant judgem5t4 ,! concept ( comb9ations & =ms ( nature 9 accordance ) purposes is !n at lea/ "o pr9ciple m = br++ its ph5om5a "u rules :]e ! laws ( simply me*anical causality d n suffice4 ,= we br+ 9 a teleological gr\nd1 :]e we attribute causality 9 respect ( an ,object to ! concept ( an ,object1 z if x 7 to be f\nd 9 nature 7n 9 ourselves72 or r :5 we repres5t to ourselves ! possibility ( ! ,object aft] ! analogy ( t causality :i* we exp]i5ce 9 ourselves1 & consequ5tly ?9k nature te*nically z ?r\gh a special faculty4 ,if we did n ascribe to x su* a me?od ( action1 its causality w\ld h to be repres5t$ z bl9d me*anism4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 we supply to nature causes act+ design$ly1 & consequ5tly place at its basis teleology1 n m]ely z a regulative pr9ciple = ! m]e judg+ ( ph5om5a1 to :i* nature c be ?\ght z subject 9 its p>ticul> laws1 b z a con/itutive pr9ciple ( ! d]ivation ( its products f _! causes2 !n w\ld ! concept ( a natural purpose no long] belong to ! reflective b to ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t4 ,!n1 9 fact1 x w\ld n belong specially to ! ,judgem5t 7l ! concept ( beauty reg>d$ z =mal subjective purposiv5ess71 b z a rational concept x w\ld introduce into natural sci5ce a new causality1 :i* we only borr[ f ourselves & ascribe to o!r be+s1 )\t mean+ to assume !m to be ( ! same k9d ) ourselves4 ,,fir/ ,,division ,,analytic ,,( ,,! ,,teleological ,,judgem5t #fb4 ,( ! objective purposiv5ess :i* is m]ely =mal z di/+ui%$ f t :i* is mat]ial ,all geometrical figures drawn on a pr9ciple display a manifold1 (t admir$1 objective purposiv5ess2 i4e4 9 ref]5ce to _! usefulness = ! solution ( sev]al problems by a s+le pr9ciple1 or ( ! same problem 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( ways4 ,! purposiv5ess is "h obvi\sly objective & intellectual1 n m]ely subjective & ae/hetical4 ,= x expresses ! suitability ( ! figure = ! production ( _m int5d$ figures1 & is cognis$ ?r\gh ,reason4 ,b ?is purposiv5ess does n make ! concept ( ! object itself possible1 i4e4 x is n reg>d$ z possible m]ely ) ref]5ce to ?is use4 ,9 s simple a figure z ! circle lies ! key to ! solution ( a multitude ( problems1 ea* ( :i* w\ld dem& v>i\s appliances2 :]eas ! solution results ( itself1 z x 71 z "o ( ! inf9ite numb] ( elegant prop]ties ( ?is figure4 ,are we1 = example1 ask$ to con/ruct a triangle1 be+ giv5 ! base & v]tical angle8 ,! problem is indet]m9ate1 i4e4 x c be solv$ 9 an inf9ite numb] ( ways4 ,b ! circle embraces !m altoge!r z ! geometrical locus ( ! v]tices ( triangles satisfy+ ! giv5 conditions4 ,aga91 suppose t two l9es are to cut "o ano!r s t ! rectangle "u ! segm5ts ( ! "o %\ld be equal to ! rectangle "u ! segm5ts ( ! o!r2 ! solution ( ! problem f ?is po9t ( view pres5ts mu* difficulty4 ,b all *ords int]sect+ inside a circle divide "o ano!r 9 ?is proportion4 ,o!r curv$ l9es sugge/ o!r purposive solutions ( :i* no?+ 0 ?\ght 9 ! rule t furni%$ _! con/ruction4 ,all conic sections 9 !mselves & :5 comp>$ ) "o ano!r are fruitful 9 pr9ciples = ! solution ( a numb] ( possible problems1 h[ev] simple is ! def9ition :i* det]m9es _! concept4--,x is a true joy to see ! zeal ) :i* ! old geomet]s inve/igat$ ! prop]ties ( l9es ( ?is class1 )\t all[+ !mselves to be l$ a/ray by ! que/ions ( n>r[-m9d$ p]sons1 z to :at use ?is k w\ld be4 ,?us !y work$ out ! prop]ties ( ! p>abola )\t kn[+ ! law ( gravitation1 :i* w\ld h sugge/$ to !m its application to ! trajectory ( heavy bodies 7= ! motion ( a heavy body c be se5 to be p>allel to ! curve ( a p>abola74 ,aga91 !y f\nd out ! prop]ties ( an ellipse )\t surmis+ t any ( ! heav5ly bodies _h weight1 & )\t kn[+ ! law ( =ce at diff]5t di/ances f ! po9t ( attraction1 :i* causes x to describe ?is curve 9 free motion4 ,:ile !y ?us unconsci\sly work$ = ! sci5ce ( ! future1 !y delight$ !mselves ) a purposiv5ess 9 ! ess5tial be+ ( ?+s :i* yet !y 7 able to pres5t completely a priori 9 its necessity4 ,plato1 himself ma/] ( ?is sci5ce1 h9t$ at su* an orig9al con/itution ( ?+s 9 ! discov]y ( :i* we c disp5se ) all exp]i5ce1 & at ! p[] ( ! m9d to produce f its sup]s5sible pr9ciple ! h>mony ( be+s 7:]e ! prop]ties ( numb] come 91 ) :i* ! m9d plays 9 music74 ,?is he t\*es ^u 9 ! inspiration t rais$ him above ! concepts ( exp]i5ce to ,ideas1 :i* seem to him to be explicable only ?r\gh an intellectual aff9ity ) ! orig9 ( all be+s4 ,no wond] t he bani%$ f 8 s*ool ! man :o 0 ignorant ( geometry1 s9ce he ?\ght he c\ld d]ive f pure intuition1 :i* has its home 9 ! human _s1 t :i* ,anaxagoras drew f empirical objects & _! purposive comb9ation4 ,= 9 ! v necessity ( t :i* is purposive1 & is con/itut$ j z if x 7 design$ly int5d$ = our use1--b at ! same "t seems to belong orig9ally to ! be+ ( ?+s )\t any ref]5ce to our use--lies ! gr\nd ( our great admiration ( nature1 & t n s mu* ext]nal z 9 our own ,reason4 ,x is surely excusable t ?is admiration %\ld ?r\gh misund]/&+ gradually rise to ! height ( fanaticism4 ,b ?is intellectual purposiv5ess1 al?\gh no d\bt objective 7n subjective l ae/hetical purposiv5ess71 is 9 ref]5ce to its possibility m]ely =mal 7n real74 ,x c only be conceiv$ z purposiv5ess 9 g5]al )\t any def9ite purpose be+ assum$ z its basis1 & consequ5tly )\t teleology be+ ne$$ = x4 ,! figure ( a circle is an intuition :i* is det]m9$ by means ( ! ,und]/&+ accord+ to a pr9ciple4 ,! unity ( ?is pr9ciple :i* ,i arbitr>ily assume & use z fundam5tal concept1 appli$ to a =m ( intuition 7space7 :i* is met ) 9 myself z a repres5tation & yet a priori1 r5d]s intelligible ! unity ( _m rules result+ f ! con/ruction ( t concept1 :i* are purposive = _m possible designs4 ,b ?is purposiv5ess does n imply a purpose or any o!r gr\nd :atev]4 ,x is q diff]5t if ,i meet ) ord] & regul>ity 9 complexes ( ?+s1 ext]nal to myself1 enclos$ )9 c]ta9 b\nd>ies2 z1 e4g4 9 a g>d51 ! ord] & regul>ity ( ! trees1 fl[]-b$s1 & walks4 ,^! ,i _c expect to d]ive a priori f my b\nd+ ( space made aft] a rule ( my own2 = ?is ord] & regul>ity are exi/+ ?+s :i* mu/ be giv5 empirically 9 ord] to be kn[n1 & n a m]e repres5tation 9 myself det]m9$ a priori accord+ to a pr9ciple4 ,s !n ! latt] 7empirical7 purposiv5ess1 z real1 is dep5d5t on ! concept ( a purpose4 ,b ! gr\nd ( admiration = a p]ceiv$ purposiv5ess1 al?\gh x be 9 ! be+ ( ?+s 7s f> z _! concepts c be con/ruct$71 may v well be se51 & se5 to be legitimate4 ,! manifold rules ^: unity 7d]iv$ f a pr9ciple7 excites admiration1 are all syn!tical & d n foll[ f ! concept ( ! ,object1 e4g4 ( a circle2 b require ?is ,object to be giv5 9 intuition4 ,h5ce ?is unity gets ! appe>ance ( hav+ empirically an ext]nal basis ( rules di/9ct f our repres5tative faculty2 z if !re=e ! correspond5ce ( ! ,object to t ne$ ( rules :i* is prop] to ! ,und]/&+ 7 cont+5t 9 itself1 & !re=e only possible by means ( a purpose expressly direct$ !reto4 ,n[ because ?is h>mony1 not)/&+ all ?is purposiv5ess1 is n cognis$ empirically b a priori1 x %\ld br+ u ( itself to ?is po9t--t space1 ?r\gh ^: det]m9ation 7by means ( ! ,imag9ation1 9 accordance ) a concept7 ! ,object is alone possible1 is n a *>act]i/ic ( ?+s ext]nal to me1 b a m]e mode ( repres5tation 9 myself4 ,h5ce1 9 ! figure :i* ,i draw 9 con=mity ) a concept1 i4e4 9 my own mode ( repres5t+ t :i* is giv5 to me ext]nally1 :atev] x may be 9 itself1 x is ,i t introduce ! purposiv5ess2 ,i get no empirical in/ruction f ! ,object ab\t ! purposiv5ess1 & s ,i require 9 x no p>ticul> purpose ext]nal to myself4 ,b because ?is consid]ation already calls = a critical employm5t ( ,reason1 & consequ5tly _c be involv$ 9 ! judg+ ( ! ,object accord+ to its prop]ties2 s ?is latt] judg+ sugge/s to me imm$iately no?+ b ! unification ( het]og5e\s rules 7ev5 accord+ to _! v div]sity7 9 a pr9ciple4 ,?is pr9ciple1 )\t requir+ any p>ticul> a priori basis ext]nal to my concept1 or inde$1 g5]ally speak+1 to my repres5tation1 is yet cognis$ a priori by me z true4 ,n[ wond] is a %ock ( ! m9d aris+ f ! incompatibility ( a repres5tation1 & ! rule giv5 by its means1 ) ! pr9ciples already ly+ at its basis2 :i* provokes a d\bt z to :e!r we h rightly se5 or rightly judg$4 ,admiration1 h[ev]1 is wond] :i* ev] recurs1 despite ! disappe>ance ( ?is d\bt4 ,consequ5tly ! latt] is a q natural effect ( t obs]v$ purposiv5ess 9 ! be+ ( ?+s 7z ph5om5a74 ,x _c inde$ be c5sur$1 :il/ ! unification ( ! =m ( s5sible intuition 7space7--) ! faculty ( concepts 7! ,und]/&+7--is inexplicable to u2 & t n only on acc\nt ( ! union be+ j ( ! k9d t x is1 b because x is enl>g+ = ! m9d to surmise ! exi/5ce ( some?+ ly+ outside our s5sible repres5tations 9 :i*1 al?\gh unkn[n to u1 ! ultimate gr\nd ( t agreem5t may be met )4 ,we are1 x is true1 n necessitat$ to cognise ?is if we h only to d a priori ) ! =mal purposiv5ess ( our repres5tations2 b ! fact t we are compell$ to look out beyond x inspires at ! same "t an admiration = ! object t impels u !reto4 ,we are accu/om$ to speak ( ! above-m5tion$ prop]ties ( geometrical figures or ( numb]s z beautiful1 on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 a priori purposiv5ess !y h = all k9ds ( cognitive uses1 ?is purposiv5ess be+ q unexpect$ on acc\nt ( ! simplicity ( ! con/ruction4 ,we speak1 e4g4 ( ?is or t beautiful prop]ty ( ! circle1 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 ?is or t way4 ,b !re is no ae/hetical act ( judgem5t ?r\gh :i* we f9d x purposive1 no act ( judgem5t )\t a concept :i* r5d]s noticeable a m]e subjective purposiv5ess 9 ! free play ( our cognitive faculties2 b an intellectual act accord+ to concepts :i* enables u cle>ly to cognise an objective purposiv5ess1 i4e4 availabl5ess = all k9ds ( 7inf9itely manifold7 purposes4 ,we mu/ r call ?is relative p]fection ?an a beauty ( ! ma!matical figure4 ,to speak ?us ( an intellectual beauty _c 9 g5]al be p]missible2 = o!rwise ! ^w beauty w\ld lose all det]m9ate significance1 or ! intellectual satisfaction all sup]iority ov] ! s5sible4 ,we %\ld r call a demon/ration ( su* prop]ties beautiful1 because ?r\gh x ! ,und]/&+ z ! faculty ( concepts1 & ! ,imag9ation z ! faculty ( pres5t+ !m1 feel !mselves /r5g!n$ a priori4 7,?is1 :5 view$ 9 connexion ) ! precision introduc$ by ,reason1 is spok5 ( z elegant47 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! satisfaction1 al?\gh x is bas$ on concepts1 is subjective2 :ile p]fection br+s ) itself an objective satisfaction4 #fc4 ,( ! relative1 z di/+ui%$ f ! inn]1 purposiv5ess ( nature ,exp]i5ce leads our ,judgem5t to ! concept ( an objective & mat]ial purposiv5ess1 i4e4 to ! concept ( a purpose ( nature1 only :5#aje we h to judge ( a relation ( cause to effect :i* we f9d ourselves able to appreh5d z legitimate only by presuppos+ ! ,idea ( ! effect ( ! causality ( ! cause z ! fundam5tal condition1 9 ! cause1 ( ! possibility ( ! effect4 ,?is c take place 9 two ways4 ,we may reg>d ! effect directly z an art product1 or only z mat]ial = ! art ( o!r possible natural be+s2 9 o!r words1 ei!r z a purpose or z a means t[>ds ! purposive employm5t ( o!r causes4 ,?is latt] purposiv5ess is call$ utility 7= man7 or m]e advantage 7= o!r creatures71 & is m]ely relative2 :ile ! =m] is an inn] purposiv5ess ( ! natural be+4 ,= example1 riv]s br+ d[n ) !m all k9ds ( e>? s]viceable = ! gr[? ( plants :i* sometimes is deposit$ inl&1 (t5 also at _! m\?s4 ,! tide br+s ?is mud to _m coa/s ov] ! l& or deposits x on ! %ore2 & s1 m especially if m5 give _! aid s t ! ebb %all n c>ry x back aga91 ! fruit-be>+ l& increases 9 area1 & ! vegetable k+dom ga9s ! place :i* =m]ly 0 ! habitation ( fi% & %ells4 ,9 ?is way has nature itself br\ght ab\t mo/ ( ! ext5sions ( ! l&1 & /ill cont9ues to d s1 al?\gh v sl[ly4--,n[ ! "q is :e!r ?is is to be judg$ a purpose ( nature1 because x conta9s utility = m54 ,we _c put x d[n to ! acc\nt ( ! vegetable k+dom1 because j z mu* is subtract$ f sea-life z is add$ to l&-life4 ,or1 to give an example ( ! advantage\sness ( c]ta9 natural ?+s z means = o!r creatures 7if we suppose !m to be means71 no soil is m suitable to p9e trees ?an a s&y soil4 ,n[ ! deep sea1 be=e x )drew f ! l&1 left beh9d l>ge tracts ( s& 9 our nor!rn regions1 s t on ?is soil1 s unfav\rable = all cultivation1 widely ext5d$ p9e =e/s 7 enabl$ to gr[1 = ! unreason+ de/ruction ( :i* we frequ5tly blame our ance/ors4 ,we may ask if ?is orig9al deposit ( tracts ( s& 0 a purpose ( nature = ! b5efit ( ! possible p9e =e/s8 ,s mu* is cle>1 t if we reg>d ?is z a purpose ( nature1 we mu/ also reg>d ! s& z a relative purpose1 9 ref]5ce to :i* ! ocean /r& & its )drawal 7 means3 = 9 ! s]ies ( ! mutually subord9at$ memb]s ( a purposive comb9ation1 e memb] mu/ be reg>d$ z a purpose 7?\gh n z a f9al purpose71 to :i* its proximate cause is ! means4 ,s too if cattle1 %eep1 horses1 etc41 are to exi/1 !re mu/ be grass on ! e>?1 b !re mu/ also be sal9e plants 9 ! des]t if camels are to ?rive2 & aga9 ^! & o!r h]bivor\s animals mu/ be met ) 9 numb]s if !re are to be wolves1 tig]s1 & lions4 ,consequ5tly ! objective purposiv5ess1 :i* is bas$ ^u advantage1 is n an objective purposiv5ess ( ?+s 9 !mselves2 z if ! s& c\ld n be conceiv$ = itself z an effect ( a cause1 viz4 ! sea1 )\t attribut+ to ! latt] a purpose1 & reg>d+ ! effect1 namely1 ! s&1 z a "w ( art4 ,x is a m]ely relative purposiv5ess cont+5t ^u ! ?+ to :i* x is ascrib$2 & al?\gh 9 ! examples we h cit$1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( grass are to be judg$ z 9 !mselves organis$ products ( nature1 & consequ5tly z artificial1 yet are !y to be reg>d$1 9 ref]5ce to ! bea/s :i* fe$ ^u !m1 z m]e raw mat]ial4 ,b above all1 ?\gh man1 ?r\gh ! fre$om ( 8 causality1 f9ds c]ta9 natural ?+s ( advantage = 8 designs--designs (t5 fooli%1 su* z us+ ! v>iegat$ plumage ( birds to adorn 8 clo!s1 or col\r$ e>?s & ! juices ( plants = pa9t+ 8 face2 (t5 aga9 reasonable z :5 ! horse is us$ = rid+1 ! ox or 7z 9 ,m9orca7 ! ass or pig = pl\gh+--yet we _c ev5 "h assume a relative natural purpose4 ,= 8 ,reason kn[s h[ to give ?+s a con=mity ) 8 own arbitr>y fancies = :i* he 0 n at all pr$e/9$ by nature4 ,only1 if we assume t m5 are to live ^u ! e>?1 !n ! means mu/ be !re )\t :i* !y c\ld n exi/ z animals1 & ev5 z rational animals 79 h[ev] l[ a degree ( rationality72 & !reupon ^? natural ?+s1 :i* are indisp5sable 9 ?is reg>d1 mu/ be consid]$ z natural purposes4 ,we c h5ce easily see t ext]nal purposiv5ess 7advantage ( "o ?+ 9 respect ( o!rs7 c be reg>d$ z an ext]nal natural purpose only "u ! condition1 t ! exi/5ce ( t be+1 to :i* x is imm$iately or di/antly advantage\s1 is 9 itself a purpose ( nature4 ,s9ce t c nev] be completely det]m9$ by m]e contemplation ( nature1 x foll[s t relative purposiv5ess1 al?\gh x hypo!tically gives indications ( natural purposes1 yet ju/ifies no absolute teleological judgem5t4 ,sn[ 9 cold c\ntries protects ! crops f ! fro/2 x makes human int]c\rse easi] 7by means ( sleighs74 ,! ,lapl&] f9ds 9 8 c\ntry animals by ^: aid ?is int]c\rse is br\ght ab\t1 i4e4 re9de]1 :o f9d suffici5t su/5ance 9 a dry moss :i* !y h to scrat* out = !mselves f "u ! sn[1 & :o are easily tam$ & readily p]mit !mselves to be depriv$ ( t fre$om 9 :i* !y c\ld h rema9$ if !y *ose4 ,= o!r p 9 ! same froz5 regions m>9e animals af=d ri* /ores2 9 addition to ! food & clo?+ :i* are ?us suppli$1 & ! wood :i* is float$ 9 by ! sea to _! dwell+s1 ^! m>9e animals provide mat]ial = fuel by :i* _! huts are w>m$4 ,"h is a wond]ful concurr5ce ( _m ref]5ces ( nature to "o purpose2 & all ?is applies to ! cases ( ! ,gre5l&]1 ! ,lapp1 ! ,samoy$e1 ! inhabitant ( ,yakutsk1 etc4 ,b !n we d n see :y1 g5]ally1 m5 mu/ live !re at all4 ,!re=e to say t vap\r falls out ( ! atmosph]e 9 ! =m ( sn[1 t ! sea has its curr5ts :i* float d[n wood t has gr[n 9 w>m] l&s1 & t !re are 9 x great sea mon/]s fill$ ) oil1 because ! idea ( advantage = c]ta9 poor creatures is fundam5tal = ! cause :i* collects all ^! natural products1 w\ld be a v v5turesome & arbitr>y judgem5t4 ,= ev5 if !re 7 none ( ?is natural utility1 we %\ld miss no?+ z reg>ds ! adequat5ess ( natural causes to nature's con/itution2 mu* m ev5 to desire su* a t5d5cy 91 & to attribute su* a purpose to1 nature w\ld be ! "p ( a presumptu\s & inconsid]ate fancy4 ,= inde$ x might be obs]v$ t x c\ld only h be5 ! greate/ unsociability among m5 :i* ?us scatt]$ !m into su* inhospitable regions4 #fd4 ,( ! peculi> "* ( ?+s z natural purposes ,9 ord] to see t a ?+ is only possible z a purpose1 t is1 to be =c$ to seek ! causality ( its orig9 n 9 ! me*anism ( nature b 9 a cause ^: faculty ( action is det]m9$ ?r\gh concepts1 x is requisite t its =m be n possible accord+ to m]e natural laws1 i4e4 laws :i* c be cognis$ by u ?r\gh ! ,und]/&+ alone :5 appli$ to objects ( ,s5se2 b t ev5 ! empirical k ( x z reg>ds its cause & effect presupposes concepts ( ,reason4 ,?is cont+5cy ( its =m 9 all empirical natural laws 9 ref]5ce to ,reason af=ds a gr\nd = reg>d+ its causality z possible only ?r\gh ,reason4 ,= ,reason1 :i* mu/ cognise ! necessity ( e =m ( a natural product 9 ord] to compreh5d ev5 ! conditions ( its g5esis1 _c assume su* natural necessity 9 t p>ticul> giv5 =m4 ,! causality ( its orig9 is !n ref]r$ to ! faculty ( act+ 9 accordance ) purposes 7a w72 & ! ,object :i* c only ?us be repres5t$ z possible is repres5t$ z a purpose4 ,if 9 a seem+ly un9habit$ c\ntry a man p]ceiv$ a geometrical figure1 say a regul> hexagon1 inscrib$ on ! s&1 8 reflection busi$ ) su* a concept w\ld attribute1 al?\gh obscurely1 ! unity 9 ! pr9ciple ( its g5esis to ,reason1 & consequ5tly w\ld n reg>d z a gr\nd ( ! possibility ( su* a %ape ! s&1 or ! neighb\r+ sea1 or ! w9ds1 or bea/s ) famili> footpr9ts1 or any o!r irrational cause4 ,= ! *ance aga9/ meet+ ) su* a concept1 :i* is only possible ?r\gh ,reason1 w\ld seem s inf9itely great1 t x w\ld be j z if !re 7 no natural law1 no cause 9 ! m]e me*anical work+ ( nature capable ( produc+ x2 b z if only ! concept ( su* an ,object1 z a concept :i* ,reason alone c supply & ) :i* x c comp>e ! ?+1 c\ld conta9 ! causality = su* an effect4 ,?is !n w\ld be reg>d$ z a purpose1 b z a product ( art1 n z a natural purpose 7ve/igium hom9is video74#ajf ,b 9 ord] to reg>d a ?+ cognis$ z a natural product z a purpose also--consequ5tly z a natural purpose1 if ?is is n a contradiction--some?+ m is requir$4 ,i w\ld say provisionally3 a ?+ exi/s z a natural purpose1 if x is al?\gh 9 a d\ble s5se#ajg bo? cause & effect ( itself4 ,= h]e9 lies a causality ! l ( :i* _c be comb9$ ) ! m]e concept ( a nature )\t attribut+ to x a purpose2 x c c]ta9ly be ?\ght )\t contradiction1 b _c be compreh5d$4 ,we %all elucidate ! det]m9ation ( ?is ,idea ( a natural purpose by an example1 be=e we analyse x completely4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a tree g5]ates ano!r tree accord+ to a kn[n natural law4 ,b ! tree produc$ is ( ! same g5us2 & s x produces itself g5]ically4 ,on ! "o h&1 z effect x is cont9ually self-produc$2 on ! o!r h&1 z cause x cont9ually produces itself1 & s p]petuates itself g5]ically4 ,secondly1 a tree produces itself z an individual4 ,?is k9d ( effect no d\bt we call gr[?2 b x is q diff]5t f any increase accord+ to me*anical laws1 & is to be reckon$ z g5]ation1 ?\gh "u ano!r "n4 ,! matt] t ! tree incorporates x previ\sly works up into a specifically peculi> quality1 :i* natural me*anism ext]nal to x _c supply2 & ?us x develops itself by aid ( a mat]ial :i*1 z comp\nd$1 is its own product4 ,no d\bt1 z reg>ds ! con/itu5ts got f nature )\t1 x mu/ only be reg>d$ z an educt2 b yet 9 ! sep>ation & recomb9ation ( ?is raw mat]ial we see su* an orig9ality 9 ! sep>at+ & =mative faculty ( ?is k9d ( natural be+1 z is inf9itely beyond ! rea* ( art1 if ! attempt is made to recon/ruct su* vegetable products out ( elem5ts obta9$ by _! dissection or mat]ial suppli$ by nature = _! su/5ance4 ,?irdly1 ea* "p ( a tree g5]ates itself 9 su* a way t ! ma9t5ance ( any "o "p dep5ds reciprocally on ! ma9t5ance ( ! re/4 ,a bud ( "o tree engraft$ on ! twig ( ano!r produces 9 ! ali5 /ock a plant ( its own k9d1 & s also a scion engraft$ on a =eign /em4 ,h5ce we may reg>d ea* twig or leaf ( ! same tree z m]ely engraft$ or inoculat$ into x1 & s z an indep5d5t tree atta*$ to ano!r & p>asitically n\ri%$ by x4 ,at ! same "t1 :ile ! leaves are products ( ! tree !y also 9 turn give support to x2 = ! repeat$ defoliation ( a tree kills x1 & its gr[? ?us dep5ds on ! action ( ! leaves ^u ! /em4 ,! self-help ( nature 9 case ( injury 9 ! vegetable creation1 :5 ! want ( a "p t is necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( its neighb\rs is suppli$ by ! rema9+ p>ts2 & ! abortions or mal=mations 9 gr[?1 9 :i* c]ta9 p>ts1 on acc\nt ( casual defects or h9drances1 =m !mselves 9 a new way to ma9ta9 :at exi/s1 & s produce an anomal\s creature1 ,i %all only m5tion 9 pass+1 ?\gh !y are among ! mo/ wond]ful prop]ties ( organis$ creatures4 #fe4 ,?+s reg>d$ z natural purposes are organis$ be+s ,accord+ to ! "* alleg$ 9 ! prec$+ section1 a ?+1 :i*1 ?\gh a natural product1 is to be cognis$ z only possible z a natural purpose1 mu/ be> itself alt]nately z cause & z effect4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a some:at inexact & indet]m9ate expression :i* ne$s d]ivation f a det]m9ate concept4 ,causal comb9ation z ?\ght m]ely by ! ,und]/&+ is a connexion con/itut+ an ev]-progressive s]ies 7( causes & effects72 & ?+s :i* z effects presuppose o!rs z causes _c be reciprocally at ! same "t causes ( ^!4 ,?is sort ( causal comb9ation we call t ( effective causes 7nexus effectivus74 ,b on ! o!r h&1 a causal comb9ation accord+ to a concept ( ,reason 7( purposes7 c also be ?\ght1 :i* reg>d$ z a s]ies w\ld lead ei!r =w>ds or backw>ds2 9 ?is ! ?+ t has be5 call$ ! effect may ) equal propriety be t]m$ ! cause ( t ( :i* x is ! effect4 ,9 ! practical dep>tm5t ( human art we easily f9d connexions su* z ?is2 e4g4 a h\se1 no d\bt1 is ! cause ( ! money receiv$ = r5t1 b also conv]sely ! repres5tation ( ?is possible income 0 ! cause ( build+ ! h\se4 ,su* a causal connexion we call t ( f9al causes 7nexus f9alis74 ,we may p]haps suitably "n ! fir/ ! connexion ( real causes1 ! second ( ^? :i* are ideal2 because f ?is nom5clature x is at once compreh5d$ t !re c be no m ?an ^! two k9ds ( causality4 ,= a ?+ to be a natural purpose 9 ! fir/ place x is requisite t its p>ts 7z reg>ds _! be+ & _! =m7 are only possible ?r\gh _! ref]5ce to ! :ole4 ,= ! ?+ itself is a purpose & s is compreh5d$ "u a concept or an ,idea :i* mu/ det]m9e a priori all t is to be conta9$ 9 x4 ,b s f> z a ?+ is only ?\ght z possible 9 ?is way1 x is a m]e "w ( art2 i4e4 a product ( "o rational cause di/9ct f ! matt] 7( ! p>ts71 ^: causality 79 ! collection & comb9ation ( ! p>ts7 is det]m9$ ?r\gh its ,idea ( a :ole possible by _! means 7& consequ5tly n ?r\gh ext]nal nature74 ,b if a ?+ z a natural product is to involve 9 itself & 9 its int]nal possibility a ref]5ce to purposes1--i4e4 to be possible only z a natural purpose1 & )\t ! causality ( ! concepts ( rational be+s ext]nal to itself1--!n x is requisite secondly t its p>ts %\ld s comb9e 9 ! unity ( a :ole t !y are reciprocally cause & effect ( ea* o!r's =m4 ,only 9 ?is way c ! ,idea ( ! :ole conv]sely 7reciprocally7 det]m9e ! =m & comb9ation ( all ! p>ts2 n inde$ z cause--= !n x w\ld be an artificial product--b z ! gr\nd ( cognition1 = him :o is judg+ x1 ( ! sy/ematic unity & comb9ation ( all ! manifold conta9$ 9 ! giv5 mat]ial4 ,= a body !n :i* is to be judg$ 9 itself & its int]nal possibility z a natural purpose1 x is requisite t its p>ts mutually dep5d ^u ea* o!r bo? z to _! =m & _! comb9ation1 & s produce a :ole by _! own causality2 :ile conv]sely ! concept ( ! :ole may be reg>d$ z its cause accord+ to a pr9ciple 79 a be+ possess+ a causality accord+ to concepts adequate to su* a product74 ,9 ?is case !n ! connexion ( effective causes may be judg$ z an effect ?r\gh f9al causes4 ,9 su* a product ( nature e "p n only exi/s by means ( ! o!r p>ts1 b is ?\ght z exi/+ = ! sake ( ! o!rs & ! :ole1 t is z an 7organic7 in/rum5t4 ,?us1 h[ev]1 x might be an artificial in/rum5t1 & s might be repres5t$ only z a purpose t is possible 9 g5]al2 b also its p>ts are all organs reciprocally produc+ ea* o!r4 ,?is c nev] be ! case ) artificial in/rum5ts1 b only ) nature :i* supplies all ! mat]ial = in/rum5ts 7ev5 = ^? ( art74 ,only a product ( su* a k9d c be call$ a natural purpose1 & ?is because x is an organis$ & self-organis+ be+4 ,9 a wat* "o "p is ! in/rum5t = mov+ ! o!r p>ts1 b ! :eel is n ! effective cause ( ! production ( ! o!rs2 no d\bt "o "p is = ! sake ( ! o!rs1 b x does n exi/ by _! means4 ,9 ?is case ! produc+ cause ( ! p>ts & ( _! =m is n conta9$ 9 ! nature 7( ! mat]ial71 b is ext]nal to x 9 a be+ :i* c produce effects accord+ to ,ideas ( a :ole possible by means ( its causality4 ,h5ce a wat* :eel does n produce o!r :eels1 /ill less does "o wat* produce o!r wat*es1 utilis+ 7organis+7 =eign mat]ial = t purpose2 h5ce x does n replace ( itself p>ts ( :i* x has be5 depriv$1 nor does x make good :at is lack+ 9 a fir/ =mation by ! addition ( ! miss+ p>ts1 nor if x has gone out ( ord] does x repair itself--all ( :i*1 on ! contr>y1 we may expect f organis$ nature4--,an organis$ be+ is !n n a m]e ma*9e1 = t has m]ely mov+ p[]1 b x possesses 9 itself =mative p[] ( a self-propagat+ k9d :i* x communicates to its mat]ials ?\gh !y h x n ( !mselves2 x organises !m1 9 fact1 & ?is _c be expla9$ by ! m]e me*anical faculty ( motion4 ,we say ( nature & its faculty 9 organis$ products f> too little if we describe x z an analogon ( art2 = ?is sugge/s an artific] 7a rational be+7 ext]nal to x4 ,mu* r does x organise itself & its organis$ products 9 e species1 no d\bt aft] "o g5]al patt]n b yet ) suitable deviations1 :i* self-pres]vation dem&s accord+ to circum/ances4 ,we p]haps approa* ne>] to ?is inscrutable prop]ty1 if we describe x z an analogon ( life2 b !n we mu/ ei!r end[ matt]1 z m]e matt]1 ) a prop]ty :i* contradicts its v be+ 7hylozoism71 or associate !re) an ali5 pr9ciple /&+ 9 communion ) x 7a s\l74 ,b 9 ! latt] case we mu/1 if su* a product is to be a natural product1 ei!r presuppose organis$ matt] z ! in/rum5t ( t s\l1 :i* does n make ! s\l a :it m compreh5sible2 or reg>d ! s\l z artific] ( ?is /ructure & s remove ! product f 7corporeal7 nature4 ,to speak /rictly1 !n1 ! organisation ( nature has 9 x no?+ analog\s to any causality we "k4#ajh ,beauty 9 nature c be rightly describ$ z an analogon ( art1 because x is ascrib$ to objects only 9 ref]5ce to reflection ^u _! ext]nal aspect1 & consequ5tly only on acc\nt ( ! =m ( _! ext]nal surface4 ,b int]nal natural p]fection1 z x belongs to ^? ?+s :i* are only possible z natural purposes1 & are !re=e call$ organis$ be+s1 is n analog\s to any physical1 i4e4 natural1 faculty kn[n to u2 nay ev51 reg>d+ ourselves z1 9 ! wide/ s5se1 belong+ to nature1 x is n ev5 ?9kable or explicable by means ( any exactly fitt+ analogy to human art4 ,! concept ( a ?+ z 9 itself a natural purpose is !re=e no con/itutive concept ( ,und]/&+ or ( ,reason1 b x c s]ve z a regulative concept = ! reflective ,judgem5t1 to guide our inve/igation ab\t objects ( ?is k9d by a di/ant analogy ) our own causality accord+ to purposes g5]ally1 & 9 our m$itations ^u _! ultimate gr\nd4 ,?is latt] use1 h[ev]1 is n 9 ref]5ce to ! k ( nature or ( its orig9al gr\nd1 b r to our own practical faculty ( ,reason1 9 analogy ) :i* we consid]$ ! cause ( t purposiv5ess4 ,organis$ be+s are !n ! only be+s 9 nature :i*1 consid]$ 9 !mselves & ap>t f any relation to o!r ?+s1 c be ?\ght z possible only z purposes ( nature4 ,h5ce !y fir/ af=d objective reality to ! concept ( a purpose ( nature1 z di/+ui%$ f a practical purpose2 & s !y give to ! sci5ce ( nature ! basis = a teleology1 i4e4 a mode ( judgem5t ab\t natural ,objects accord+ to a special pr9ciple :i* o!rwise we %\ld 9 no way be ju/ifi$ 9 introduc+ 7because we _c see a priori ! possibility ( ?is k9d ( causality74 #ff4 ,( ! pr9ciple ( judg+ ( int]nal purposiv5ess 9 organis$ be+s ,?is pr9ciple1 :i* is at ! same "t a def9ition1 is z foll[s3 ,an organis$ product ( nature is "o 9 :i* e "p is reciprocally purpose1 end & means4 ,9 x no?+ is va91 )\t purpose1 or to be ascrib$ to a bl9d me*anism ( nature4 ,?is pr9ciple1 z reg>ds its occasion1 is d\btless d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 viz4 f t me?odis$ exp]i5ce call$ obs]vation2 b on acc\nt ( ! univ]sality & necessity :i* x ascribes to su* purposiv5ess x _c re/ solely on empirical gr\nds1 b mu/ h at its basis an a priori pr9ciple1 al?\gh x be m]ely regulative & ^! purposes lie only 9 ! idea ( ! judg+ subject & n 9 an effective cause4 ,we may !re=e describe ! a=esaid pr9ciple z a maxim = judg+ ( ! int]nal purposiv5ess ( organis$ be+s4 ,x is an ackn[l$g$ fact t ! dissectors ( plants & animals1 9 ord] to inve/igate _! /ructure & to f9d out ! reasons1 :y & = :at end su* p>ts1 su* a disposition & comb9ation ( p>ts1 & j su* an int]nal =m h be5 giv5 !m1 assume z indisputably necess>y ! maxim t no?+ 9 su* a creature is va92 j z !y lay d[n z ! fundam5tal proposition ( ! univ]sal sci5ce ( nature1 t no?+ happ5s by *ance4 ,9 fact1 !y c z little free !mselves f ?is teleological proposition z f ! univ]sal physical proposition2 = z )\t ! latt] we %\ld h no exp]i5ce at all1 s )\t ! =m] we %\ld h no guid+ ?read = ! obs]vation ( a species ( natural ?+s :i* we h ?\ght teleologically "u ! concept ( natural purposes4 ,n[ ?is concept br+s ! ,reason into a q diff]5t ord] ( ?+s f t ( a m]e me*anism ( nature1 :i* is no long] satisfy+ "h4 ,an ,idea is to be ! gr\nd ( ! possibility ( ! natural product4 ,b because ?is is an absolute unity ( repres5tation1 in/ead ( ! mat]ial be+ a plurality ( ?+s t c supply by itself no def9ite unity ( composition1--if t unity ( ! ,idea is to s]ve at all z ! a priori gr\nd ( det]m9ation ( a natural law ( ! causality ( su* a =m ( composition1--! purpose ( nature mu/ be ext5d$ to ev]y?+ includ$ 9 its product4 ,= if we once ref] action ( ?is sort on ! :ole to any sup]s5sible gr\nd ( det]m9ation beyond ! bl9d me*anism ( nature1 we mu/ judge ( x altoge!r accord+ to ?is pr9ciple2 & we h !n no reason to reg>d ! =m ( su* a ?+ z p>tly dep5d5t on me*anism--= by su* mix+ up ( disp>ate pr9ciples no c]ta9 rule ( judg+ w\ld be left4 ,= example1 x may be t 9 an animal body _m p>ts c be conceiv$ z concretions accord+ to m]e me*anical laws 7z ! hide1 ! bones1 ! hair74 ,& yet ! cause :i* br+s toge!r ! requir$ matt]1 modifies x1 =ms x1 & puts x 9 its appropriate place1 mu/ always be judg$ ( teleologically2 s t "h ev]y?+ mu/ be consid]$ z organis$1 & ev]y?+ aga9 9 a c]ta9 relation to ! ?+ itself is an organ4 #fg4 ,( ! pr9ciple ( ! teleological judg+ ( nature 9 g5]al z a sy/em ( purposes ,we h already said above t ! ext]nal purposiv5ess ( natural ?+s af=ds no suffici5t w>rant = us+ !m z purposes ( nature 9 ord] to expla9 _! pres5ce1 & = reg>d+ _! cont+5tly purposive effects z ! gr\nds ( _! pres5ce accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( f9al causes4 ,?us we _c take = natural purposes1 riv]s because !y promote int]c\rse among inl& peoples1 m\nta9s because !y conta9 ! s\rces ( ! riv]s & = _! ma9t5ance 9 ra9less seasons h a /ore ( sn[1 or ! slope ( ! l& :i* c>ries away ! wat] & leaves ! c\ntry dry2 because al?\gh ?is %ape ( ! e>?'s surface be v necess>y = ! orig9 & ma9t5ance ( ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 x has no?+ 9 itself = ! possibility ( :i* we are =c$ to assume a causality accord+ to purposes4 ,! same is true ( plants :i* man uses = 8 ne$s or 8 pleasures2 ( bea/s1 ! camel1 ! ox1 ! horse1 dog1 etc41 :i* are indisp5sable to him z well = food z because !y are us$ 9 8 s]vice 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,9 ! case ( ?+s :i* we h no reason = reg>d+ 9 !mselves z purposes1 su* ext]nal relation c only be hypo!tically judg$ z purposive4 ,to judge ( a ?+ z a natural purpose on acc\nt ( its int]nal =m is some?+ v diff]5t f tak+ ! exi/5ce ( t ?+ to be a purpose ( nature4 ,= ! latt] ass]tion we require n m]ely ! concept ( a possible purpose1 b ! k ( ! f9al purpose 7scopus7 ( nature4 ,b ?is requires a ref]5ce ( su* k to some?+ sup]s5sible f> transc5d+ all our teleological k ( nature1 = ! purpose ( ! exi/5ce (#aji nature mu/ itself be s\ght beyond nature4 ,! int]nal =m ( a m]e blade ( grass is suffici5t to %[ t = our human faculty ( judgem5t its orig9 is possible only accord+ to ! rule ( purposes4 ,b if we *ange our po9t ( view & look to ! use :i* o!r natural be+s make ( x1 ab&on ! consid]ation ( its int]nal organisation & only look to its ext]nally purposive ref]5ces1 we %all arrive at no categorical purpose2 all ?is purposive ref]5ce re/s on an ev] m di/ant condition1 :i*1 z uncondition$ 7! pres5ce ( a ?+ z f9al purpose71 lies q outside ! physico-teleological view ( ! _w4 ,= example1 grass is ne$ful = ! ox1 :i* aga9 is ne$ful = man z a means ( exi/5ce1 b !n we d n see :y x is necess>y t m5 %\ld exi/ 7a "q ?is1 :i* we %all n f9d s easy to answ] if we sometimes ca/ our ?\ghts on ! ,new ,holl&]s or ! inhabitants ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego74 ,s conceiv$1 ! ?+ is n ev5 a natural purpose1 = nei!r x 7nor its :ole g5us7 is to be reg>d$ z a natural product4 ,h5ce x is only s f> z matt] is organis$ t x necess>ily c>ries ) x ! concept ( a natural purpose1 because ?is its specific =m is at ! same "t a product ( nature4 ,b ?is concept leads necess>ily to ! ,idea ( collective nature z a sy/em 9 accordance ) ! rule ( purposes1 to :i* ,idea all ! me*anism ( nature mu/ be subord9at$ accord+ to pr9ciples ( ,reason 7at lea/ 9 ord] to inve/igate natural ph5om5a !re974 ,! pr9ciple ( ,reason belongs to x only z a subjective pr9ciple or a maxim3 viz4 ev]y?+ 9 ! ,_w is "s way good = some?+2 no?+ is va9 9 x4 ,by ! example t nature gives u 9 its organic products we are ju/ifi$1 nay call$ ^u1 to expect ( x & ( its laws no?+ t is n purposive on ! :ole4 ,x is pla9 t ?is is n a pr9ciple = ! det]m9ant b only = ! reflective ,judgem5t2 t x is regulative & n con/itutive2 & t we d]ive f x a clue by :i* we consid] natural ?+s 9 ref]5ce to an already giv5 gr\nd ( det]m9ation accord+ to a new law-abid+ ord]2 & ext5d our natural sci5ce accord+ to a diff]5t pr9ciple1 viz4 t ( f9al causes1 b yet )\t prejudice to ! pr9ciple ( me*anical causality4 ,fur!rmore1 x is 9 no wise ?us decid$1 :e!r any?+ ( :i* we judge by ?is pr9ciple1 is a design$ purpose ( nature2 :e!r ! grass is = ! ox or ! %eep1 or :e!r ^! & ! o!r ?+s ( nature are "h = m54 ,x is well also f ?is side to consid] ! ?+s :i* are unpleasant to u & are contr>y to purpose 9 p>ticul> ref]5ces4 ,?us1 = example1 we c say3 ,! v]m9 t torm5t m5 9 _! clo!s1 _! hair1 or _! b$s1 may be1 accord+ to a wise appo9tm5t ( nature1 a motive to cleanl9ess :i* is 9 itself an important means = ! pres]vation ( heal?4 ,or aga9 ! mosquitoes & o!r /++ insects t make ! wild]nesses ( ,am]ica s oppressive to ! savages1 may be s _m goads to activity = ^! primitive m51 induc+ !m to dra9 ! m>%es & br+ light into ! =e/s :i* int]cept e brea? ( air1 & 9 ?is way1 z well z by cultivat+ ! soil1 to make _! habitations m heal?y4 ,! same ?+1 :i* appe>s to m5 contradictory to nature 9 its inn] organisation1 if view$ 9 ?is light gives an ent]ta9+1 sometimes an in/ructive1 outlook into a teleological ord] ( ?+s1 to :i*1 )\t su* a pr9ciple1 m]e physical obs]vation w\ld n lead u by itself4 ,?us "s p]sons reg>d ! tapeworm z giv5 to ! m5 or animals 9 :om x resides1 z a k9d ( set-(f = "s defect 9 _! vital organs2 n[ ,i w\ld ask if dreams 7)\t :i* we nev] sleep1 ?\gh we seldom rememb] !m7 may n be a purposive ord9ance ( nature8 ,= dur+ ! relaxation ( all ! mov+ p[]s ( ! body1 !y s]ve to excite int]nally ! vital organs by ! m$ium ( ! ,imag9ation & its great activity 7:i* 9 ?is /ate g5]ally rises to ! height ( affection74 ,dur+ sleep ! ,imag9ation commonly is m actively at play :5 ! /oma* is ov]load$1 9 :i* case ?is excitem5t is ! m necess>y4 ,consequ5tly1 !n1 )\t ?is int]nal p[] ( motion & ?is fatigu+ unre/1 on acc\nt ( :i* we compla9 ab\t our dreams 7?\gh 9 fact !y are r rem$ial71 sleep ev5 9 a s\nd /ate ( heal? w\ld be a complete ext9ction ( life4 ,also ! beauty ( nature1 i4e4 its connexion ) ! free play ( our cognitive faculties 9 appreh5d+ & judg+ ( its appe>ance1 c be reg>d$ z a k9d ( objective purposiv5ess ( nature 9 its :ole cont5t z a sy/em ( :i* man is a memb]2 if once ! teleological judg+ ( ! same by means ( ! natural purposes :i* organis$ be+s sugge/ to u1 has ju/ifi$ = u ! ,idea ( a great sy/em ( purposes ( nature4 ,we c reg>d x z a fav\r#aaj :i* nature has felt = u1 t 9 addition to :at is useful x has s pr(usely disp5s$ beauty & *>m2 & we c !re=e love x1 z well z reg>d x ) respect on acc\nt ( its imm5sity1 & feel ourselves ennobl$ by su* reg>d2 j z if nature _h e/abli%$ & adorn$ its spl5did !atre precisely ) ?is view4 ,we %all say only "o ?+ m 9 ?is p>agraph4 ,if we h once discov]$ 9 nature a faculty ( br++ =? products t c only be ?\ght by u 9 accordance ) ! concept ( f9al causes1 we g fur!r /ill4 ,we v5ture to judge t ?+s belong to a sy/em ( purposes1 :i* yet d n 7ei!r 9 !mselves or 9 _! purposive relations7 necessitate our seek+ = any pr9ciple ( _! possibility beyond ! me*anism ( causes work+ bl9dly4 ,= ! fir/ ,idea1 z conc]ns its gr\nd1 already br+s u beyond ! _w ( s5se2 s9ce ! unity ( ! sup]s5sible pr9ciple mu/ be reg>d$ z valid 9 ?is way n m]ely = c]ta9 species ( natural be+s1 b = ! :ole ( nature z a sy/em4 #fh4 ,( ! pr9ciple ( ,teleology z int]nal pr9ciple ( natural sci5ce ,! pr9ciples ( a sci5ce are ei!r int]nal to x & are !n call$ dome/ic 7pr9cipia dome/ica71 or are bas$ on concepts t c only f9d _! place outside x & s are =eign pr9ciples 7p]egr9a74 ,sci5ces t conta9 ! latt]1 place at ! basis ( _! doctr9es auxili>y propositions 7lemmata71 i4e4 !y borr[ "s concept1 & ) x a gr\nd ( arrangem5t1 f ano!r sci5ce4 ,e sci5ce is 9 itself a sy/em1 & x is n en\gh 9 x to build 9 accordance ) pr9ciples & ?us to employ a te*nical proc$ure1 b we mu/ g to "w ) x ar*itectonically1 z a build+ subsi/+ = itself2 we mu/ n treat x z an additional w+ or "p ( ano!r build+1 b z a :ole 9 itself1 al?\gh we may subsequ5tly make a passage f x into t o!r or conv]sely4 ,if !n we introduce into ! context ( natural sci5ce ! concept ( ,god 9 ord] to expla9 ! purposiv5ess 9 nature1 & subsequ5tly use ?is purposiv5ess to prove t !re is a ,god1 !re is no int]nal consi/5cy 9 ei!r sci5ce i4e4 ei!r 9 natural sci5ce or !ology2 & a delusive circle br+s !m bo? into unc]ta9ty1 because !y h all[$ _! b\nd>ies to ov]lap4 ,! expression1 a purpose ( nature1 already suffici5tly prev5ts ! confusion ( mix+ up natural sci5ce & ! occasion t x gives = judg+ teleologically ( its objects1 ) ! consid]ation ( ,god1 & s ( a !ological d]ivation ( !m4 ,we mu/ n reg>d x z insignificant1 if "o int]*anges ?is expression ) t ( a div9e purpose 9 ! ord]+ ( nature1 or gives out ! latt] z m suitable & prop] = a pi\s s\l1 because x mu/ come 9 ! end to d]iv+ ^! purposive =ms 9 nature f a wise au?or ( ! _w4 ,on ! contr>y1 we mu/ c>efully & mode/ly limit ourselves to ! expression1 a purpose ( nature1 :i* ass]ts exactly z mu* z we "k4 ,be=e we ask aft] ! cause ( nature itself1 we f9d 9 nature1 & 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t1 products ( ! same k9d :i* are develop$ 9 x accord+ to kn[n empirical laws1 9 accordance ) :i* natural sci5ce mu/ judge ( its objects1 &1 consequ5tly1 mu/ seek 9 nature _! causality accord+ to ! rule ( purposes4 ,s !n x mu/ n transgress its b\nds 9 ord] to introduce into itself z a dome/ic pr9ciple t1 to ^: concept no exp]i5ce c be comm5surate1 ^u :i* we are only entitl$ to v5ture aft] ! completion ( natural sci5ce4 ,natural *>act]i/ics :i* demon/rate !mselves a priori1 & consequ5tly admit ( insight into _! possibility f univ]sal pr9ciples )\t any admixture ( exp]i5ce1 al?\gh !y c>ry ) !m a te*nical purposiv5ess1 yet _c1 because !y are absolutely necess>y1 be ref]r$ to ! ,teleology ( nature1 z to a me?od belong+ to ,physic = solv+ its problems4 ,ari?metical or geometrical analogies1 z well z univ]sal me*anical laws1--h[ev] /range & admirable may seem to u ! union ( diff]5t rules1 q indep5d5t ( "o ano!r accord+ to all appe>ance1 9 a s+le pr9ciple1--possess on t acc\nt no claim to be teleological gr\nds ( explanation 9 ,physic4 ,ev5 if !y des]ve to be br\ght into consid]ation 9 ! univ]sal !ory ( ! purposiv5ess ( ?+s ( nature1 yet !y belong to ano!r sci5ce1 i4e4 ,metaphysic1 & con/itute no int]nal pr9ciple ( natural sci5ce2 z ) ! empirical laws ( natural purposes 9 organis$ be+s1 x is n only p]missible b unavoidable to use ! teleological mode ( judg+ z a pr9ciple ( ! doctr9e ( nature 9 reg>d to a p>ticul> class ( its objects4 ,s to ! end t ,physic may keep )9 its own b\nds1 x ab/racts itself entirely f ! "q1 :e!r natural purposes are design$ or undesign$2 = t w\ld be to m$dle 9 an extrane\s bus9ess1 9 ,metaphysic4 ,x is en\gh t !re are objects1 alone explicable accord+ to natural laws :i* we c only ?9k by means ( ! ,idea ( purposes z pr9ciple1 & also alone int]nally cognisable z conc]ns _! int]nal =m1 9 ?is way4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to remove ! suspicion ( ! slighte/ assumption1--z if we wi%$ to mix ) our gr\nds ( cognition some?+ n belong+ to ,physic at all1 viz4 a sup]natural cause1--we speak 9 ,teleology1 inde$1 ( nature z if ! purposiv5ess !re9 7 design$1 b 9 su* a way t ?is design is ascrib$ to nature1 i4e4 to matt]4 ,n[ 9 ?is way !re c be no misund]/&+1 because no design 9 ! prop] mean+ ( ! ^w c possibly be ascrib$ to inanimate matt]2 we ?us give notice t ?is ^w "h only expresses a pr9ciple ( ! reflective n ( ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t1 & s is to introduce no p>ticul> gr\nd ( causality2 b only adds = ! use ( ! ,reason a diff]5t k9d ( inve/igation f t accord+ to me*anical laws1 9 ord] to supplem5t ! inadequacy ( ! latt] ev5 = empirical rese>* into all p>ticul> laws ( nature4 ,h5ce we speak q correctly 9 ,teleology1 s f> z x is ref]r$ to ,physic1 ( ! wisdom1 ! economy1 ! =e?\ght1 ! b5efic5ce ( ,nature1 )\t ei!r mak+ an intellig5t be+ ( x1 = t w\ld be prepo/]\s2 or ev5 )\t presum+ to place ano!r intellig5t ,be+ above x z its ,ar*itect1 = t w\ld be presumptu\s4#aaa ,b !re %\ld be only signifi$ !reby a k9d ( causality ( nature aft] ! analogy ( our own 9 ! te*nical use ( ,reason1 9 ord] to h be=e u ! rule accord+ to :i* c]ta9 products ( nature mu/ be inve/igat$4 ,b n[ :y is x t ,teleology usually =ms no prop] "p ( !oretical natural sci5ce1 b is reg>d$ z a propa$eutic or transition to ,!ology8 ,?is is done 9 ord] to re/rict ! /udy ( nature1 me*anically consid]$1 to t :i* we c s subject to obs]vation or exp]im5t t we are able to produce x ourselves z nature does1 or at lea/ by simil> laws4 ,= we see into a ?+ completely only s f> z we c make x 9 accordance ) our concepts & br+ x to completion4 ,b organisation1 z an inn] purpose ( nature1 inf9itely surpasses all our faculty ( pres5t+ ! l by means ( art4 ,& z conc]ns ! ext]nal contrivances ( nature reg>d$ z purposive 7w9d1 ra91 etc471 ,physic1 inde$1 consid]s _! me*anism1 b x _c at all pres5t _! ref]5ce to purposes1 s f> z ?is is a condition necess>ily belong+ to cause2 = ?is necessity ( connexion has to d altoge!r ) ! comb9ation ( our concepts & n ) ! con/itution ( ?+s4 ,,second ,,division ,,dialectic ,,( ,,! ,,teleological ,,judgem5t #fi4 ,:at is an ant9omy ( ! ,judgem5t8 ,! det]m9ant ,judgem5t has = itself no pr9ciples :i* are ! f\ndation ( concepts ( ,objects4 ,x has no autonomy1 = x subsumes only "u giv5 laws or concepts z pr9ciples4 ,h5ce x is expos$ to no dang] ( an ant9omy ( its own or to a conflict ( its pr9ciples4 ,s we saw t ! transc5d5tal ,judgem5t :i* conta9s ! conditions ( subsum+ "u categories 0 = itself n nomo!tic1 b t x only indicat$ ! conditions ( s5su\s intuition1 "u :i* reality 7application7 c be suppli$ to a giv5 concept1 z law ( ! ,und]/&+1 :]eby ! ,judgem5t c\ld nev] fall into discord ) itself 7at lea/ z f> z its pr9ciples are conc]n$74 ,b ! reflective ,judgem5t mu/ subsume "u a law1 :i* is n yet giv51 & is !re=e 9 fact only a pr9ciple ( reflection ^u objects1 = :i* we are objectively q 9 want ( a law or ( a concept ( an ,object t w\ld be adequate z a pr9ciple = ! cases t occur4 ,s9ce n[ no use ( ! cognitive faculties c be p]mitt$ )\t pr9ciples1 ! reflective ,judgem5t mu/ 9 su* cases s]ve z a pr9ciple = itself4 ,?is1 because x is n objective & c supply no gr\nd ( cognition ( ! ,object adequate = design1 mu/ s]ve z a m]e subjective pr9ciple1 = ! purposive employm5t ( our cognitive faculties1 i4e4 = reflect+ ^u a class ( objects4 ,!re=e 9 ref]5ce to su* cases ! reflective ,judgem5t has its maxims--necess>y maxims--on behalf ( ! cognition ( natural laws 9 exp]i5ce1 9 ord] to atta9 by _! means to concepts1 ev5 concepts ( ,reason2 s9ce x has absolute ne$ ( su* 9 ord] to le>n m]ely to cognise nature accord+ to its empirical laws4--,betwe5 ^! necess>y maxims ( ! reflective ,judgem5t !re may be a conflict & consequ5tly an ant9omy1 ^u :i* a ,dialectic bases itself4 ,if ea* ( two conflict+ maxims has its gr\nd 9 ! nature ( ! cognitive faculties1 ?is may be call$ a natural ,dialectic1 & an unavoidable illusion :i* we mu/ expose & resolve 9 our ,critique1 to ! end t x may n deceive u4 #gj4 ,repres5tation ( ?is ant9omy ,s f> z ,reason has to d ) nature1 z ! complex ( objects ( ext]nal s5se1 x c base itself p>tly ^u laws :i* ! ,und]/&+ itself prescribes a priori to nature1 p>tly ^u laws :i* x c ext5d indef9itely by means ( ! empirical det]m9ations occurr+ 9 exp]i5ce4 ,to apply ! =m] k9d ( laws1 i4e4 ! univ]sal laws ( mat]ial nature 9 g5]al1 ! ,judgem5t ne$s no special pr9ciple ( reflection1 s9ce x is !re det]m9ant because an objective pr9ciple is giv5 to x ?r\gh ,und]/&+4 ,b z reg>ds ! p>ticul> laws t c only be made kn[n to u ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 !re c be "u !m su* great manifoldness & div]sity1 t ! ,judgem5t mu/ s]ve z its own pr9ciple 9 ord] to inve/igate & se>* into ! ph5om5a ( nature 9 accordance ) a law4 ,su* a guid+ ?read is ne$$1 if we are only to hope = a connect$ empirical cognition accord+ to a ?or\ghgo+ con=mity ( nature to law1 ev5 its unity accord+ to empirical laws4 ,9 ?is cont+5t unity ( p>ticul> laws x may v well happ5 t ! ,judgem5t 9 its reflection proce$s f two maxims4 ,"o ( ^! is sugge/$ to x a priori by ! m]e ,und]/&+2 b ! o!r is prompt$ by p>ticul> exp]i5ces1 :i* br+ ! ,reason into play 9 ord] to =m a judgem5t ^u corporeal nature & its laws 9 accordance ) a p>ticul> pr9ciple4 ,h5ce x comes ab\t t ^! two k9ds ( maxims seem to be incapable ( exi/+ toge!r1 & consequ5tly a ,dialectic arises :i* leads ! ,judgem5t into error 9 ! pr9ciple ( its reflection4 ,! fir/ maxim ( ,judgem5t is ! proposition3 all production ( mat]ial ?+s & _! =ms mu/ be judg$ to be possible accord+ to m]ely me*anical laws4 ,! second maxim is ! c\nt]-proposition3 "s products ( mat]ial nature _c be judg$ to be possible accord+ to m]ely me*anical laws4 7,to judge !m requires q a diff]5t law ( causality1 namely1 t ( f9al causes47 ,if ^! regulative pr9ciples ( inve/igation be conv]t$ into con/itutive pr9ciples ( ! possibility ( ,objects1 !y w run ?us3 ,proposition3 ,all production ( mat]ial ?+s is possible accord+ to m]ely me*anical laws4 ,c\nt]-proposition3 ,"s production ( mat]ial ?+s is n possible accord+ to m]ely me*anical laws4 ,9 ?is latt] aspect1 z objective pr9ciples = ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t1 !y w\ld contradict ea* o!r2 & consequ5tly "o ( ! two propositions mu/ necess>ily be false4 ,we %all !n1 x is true1 h an ant9omy1 b n ( ,judgem5t2 !re w be a conflict 9 ! legislation ( ,reason4 ,reason1 h[ev]1 c prove nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r ( ^! fundam5tal propositions1 because we c h a priori no det]m9ant pr9ciple ( ! possibility ( ?+s accord+ to m]e empirical laws ( nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z reg>ds ! fir/-m5tion$ maxims ( a reflective ,judgem5t1 !y involve no contradiction 9 fact4 ,= if ,i say1 ,i mu/ judge1 accord+ to m]ely me*anical laws1 ( ! possibility ( all ev5ts 9 mat]ial nature1 & consequ5tly ( all =ms reg>d$ z its products1 ,i d n !re=e say3 ,!y are possible 9 ?is way alone 7ap>t f any o!r k9d ( causality74 ,all t is impli$ is3 ,i mu/ always reflect ^u !m accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! m]e me*anism ( nature1 & consequ5tly inve/igate ?is z f> z ,i c2 because unless ?is lies at ! basis ( inve/igation1 !re c be no prop] k ( nature at all4 ,b ?is does n prev5t u1 if occasion (f]s1 f foll[+ out ! second maxim 9 ! case ( c]ta9 natural =ms 7& ev5 by occasion ( ^! 9 ! :ole ( nature71 9 ord] to reflect ^u !m accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( f9al causes1 :i* is q a diff]5t ?+ f expla9+ !m accord+ to ! me*anism ( nature4 ,reflection 9 accordance ) ! fir/ maxim is ?us n abrogat$2 on ! contr>y1 we are told to foll[ x z f> z we c4 ,nor is x said t ^! =ms w\ld n be possible 9 accordance ) ! me*anism ( nature4 ,x is only ass]t$ t human ,reason 9 foll[+ up ?is maxim & 9 ?is way c\ld nev] f9d ! lea/ gr\nd = t :i* con/itutes ! specific "* ( a natural purpose1 al?\gh x w\ld increase its k ( natural laws4 ,?us x is left undecid$ :e!r or n 9 ! unkn[n inn] gr\nd ( nature1 physico-me*anical & purposive comb9ation may be unit$ 9 ! same ?+s 9 "o pr9ciple4 ,we only say t our ,reason is n 9 a position s to unite !m2 & t !re=e ! ,judgem5t 7z reflective--f subjective gr\nds1 n z det]m9ant1 9 consequ5ce ( an objective pr9ciple ( ! possibility ( ?+s 9 !mselves7 is compell$ to ?9k a diff]5t pr9ciple f t ( natural me*anism z ! gr\nd ( ! possibility ( c]ta9 =ms 9 nature4 #ga4 ,prelim9>y to ! solution ( ! above ant9omy ,we c 9 no way prove ! impossibility ( ! production ( organis$ natural products by ! m]e me*anism ( nature1 because we _c see into ! fir/ inn] gr\nd ( ! inf9ite multiplicity ( ! p>ticul> laws ( nature1 :i* are cont+5t = u s9ce !y are only empirically kn[n2 & s we _c arrive at ! inn] all-suffici5t pr9ciple ( ! possibility ( a nature 7a pr9ciple :i* lies 9 ! sup]s5sible74 ,:e!r !re=e ! productive faculty ( nature is suffici5t = t :i* we judge to be =m$ or comb9$ 9 accordance ) ! ,idea ( purposes1 z well z = t :i* we believe to require m]ely a me*anical sy/em ,mas*95wes5 ( nature2 or :e!r !re lies at ! basis ( ?+s :i* we mu/ necess>ily judge z prop]ly natural purposes1 a q diff]5t k9d ( orig9al causality1 :i* _c be conta9$ 9 mat]ial nature or 9 its intelligible sub/rate1 viz4 an ar*itectonic ,und]/&+--?is is a "q to :i* our ,reason1 v n>r[ly limit$ 9 respect ( ! concept ( causality if x is to be specifi$ a priori1 c give no answ] :atev]4--,b x is j z c]ta9 & beyond d\bt t1 9 reg>d to our cognitive faculties1 ! m]e me*anism ( nature c furni% no gr\nd ( explanation ( ! production ( organis$ be+s4 ,= ! reflective ,judgem5t x is !re=e a q correct fundam5tal proposition1 t = t connexion ( ?+s accord+ to f9al causes :i* is s pla91 !re mu/ be ?\ght a causality di/9ct f t ( me*anism1 viz4 t ( an 7intellig5t7 cause ( ! _w act+ 9 accordance ) purposes2 b = ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t ?is w\ld be a ha/y & unprovable proposition4 ,9 ! fir/ case x is a m]e maxim ( ! ,judgem5t1 :]e9 ! concept ( t causality is a m]e ,idea1 to :i* we by no means und]take to conc$e reality1 b :i* we use z a guide to reflection1 :i* rema9s !reby always op5 to all me*anical gr\nds ( explanation & does n )draw out ( ! _w ( ,s5se4 ,9 ! second case ! proposition w\ld be an objective pr9ciple prescrib$ by ,reason1 to :i* ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t mu/ subject itself1 :]eby h[ev] x )draws beyond ! _w ( ,s5se into ! transc5d5t & p]haps is l$ into error4 ,all appe>ance ( an ant9omy betwe5 ! maxims ( ! prop] physical 7me*anical7 & ! teleological 7te*nical7 me?ods ( explanation re/s !re=e on ?is2 t we confuse a fundam5tal proposition ( ! reflective ) "o ( ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t1 & ! autonomy ( ! fir/ 7:i* has m]e subjective validity = our use ( ,reason 9 respect ( p>ticul> empirical laws7 ) ! het]onomy ( ! second1 :i* mu/ regulate itself accord+ to laws 7univ]sal or p>ticul>7 giv5 to x by ! ,und]/&+4 #gb4 ,( ! diff]5t sy/ems :i* deal ) ! purposiv5ess ( nature ,no "o has ev] d\bt$ ! correctness ( ! proposition t judgem5t mu/ be pass$ ^u c]ta9 ?+s ( nature 7organis$ be+s7 & _! possibility 9 accordance ) ! concept ( f9al causes1 ev5 if we only desire a guid+ ?read to le>n h[ to cognise _! con/itution ?r\gh obs]vation1 )\t aspir+ to an inve/igation into _! fir/ orig94 ,! "q !re=e c only be3 :e!r ?is fundam5tal proposition is m]ely subjectively valid1 i4e4 is a m]e maxim ( our ,judgem5t2 or :e!r x is an objective pr9ciple ( nature1 9 accordance ) :i*1 ap>t f its me*anism 7accord+ to ! m]e laws ( motion71 q a diff]5t k9d ( causality atta*es to x1 viz4 t ( f9al causes1 "u :i* ^! laws 7( mov+ =ces7 /& only z int]m$iate causes4 ,we c\ld leave ?is "q or problem q undecid$ & unsolv$ speculatively2 because if we cont5t ourselves ) speculation )9 ! b\nds ( m]e natural k1 we h en\gh 9 ^! maxims = ! /udy ( nature & = ! track+ out ( its hidd5 secrets1 z f> z human p[]s rea*4 ,!re is !n inde$ a c]ta9 pres5tim5t ( our ,reason or a h9t z x 7 giv5 u by nature1 t1 by means ( ?is concept ( f9al causes1 we g beyond nature1 & c\ld unite x to ! highe/ po9t 9 ! s]ies ( causes1 if we 7 to ab&on or at lea/ to lay aside = a "t ! inve/igation ( nature 7al?\gh we may n h advanc$ f> 9 x71 & seek !nce=? to f9d out :i!r ?is /rang] 9 natural sci5ce1 viz4 ! concept ( natural purposes1 w\ld lead u4 ,b "h ^! undisput$ maxims pass ov] into problems op5+ out a wide field = difficulties4 ,does purposive connexion 9 nature prove a p>ticul> k9d ( causality8 ,or is x n r1 consid]$ 9 itself & 9 accordance ) objective pr9ciples1 simil> to ! me*anism ( nature1 re/+ on "o & ! same gr\nd8 ,only1 z ?is gr\nd 9 _m natural products is (t5 hidd5 too deep = our inve/igation1 we make trial ( a subjective pr9ciple1 t ( art1 i4e4 ( causality accord+ to ,ideas1 & we ascribe x to nature by analogy4 ,?is exp$i5t succe$s 9 _m cases1 b seems 9 "s to mislead1 & 9 no case does x ju/ify u 9 introduc+ into natural sci5ce a p>ticul> k9d ( op]ation q di/9ct f ! causality accord+ to ! m]e me*anical laws ( nature4 ,we give ! "n ( ,te*nic to ! proc$ure 7! causality7 ( nature1 on acc\nt ( ! appe>ance ( purpose t we f9d 9 its products2 & we %all divide ?is into design$ 7te*nica int5tionalis7 & undesign$ 7te*nica naturalis74 ,! fir/ is meant to signify t ! productive faculty ( nature accord+ to f9al causes mu/ be tak5 = a p>ticul> k9d ( causality2 ! second t x is at bottom q simil> to ! me*anism ( nature1 & t its cont+5t agreem5t ) our arti/ic concepts & _! rules %\ld be expla9$ z a m]e subjective condition ( judg+ x1 & n1 falsely1 z a p>ticul> k9d ( natural production4 ,if we n[ speak ( sy/ems explanatory ( nature 9 reg>d ( f9al causes1 x mu/ be rem>k$ t !y all controv]t ea* o!r dogmatically1 i4e4 z to objective pr9ciples ( ! possibility ( ?+s1 :e!r !re are causes :i* act design$ly or :e!r !y are q )\t design4 ,!y d n dispute z to ! subjective maxims1 by :i* we m]ely judge ( ! causes ( su* purposive products4 ,9 ?is latt] case disp>ate pr9ciples c\ld v well be unifi$2 b 9 ! =m]1 contradictorily oppos$ laws annul ea* o!r & _c subsi/ toge!r4 ,!re are two sorts ( sy/ems z to ! ,te*nic ( nature1 i4e4 its productive p[] 9 accordance ) ! rule ( purposes2 viz4 ,idealism or ,realism ( natural purposes4 ,! fir/ ma9ta9s t all purposiv5ess ( nature is undesign$2 ! second t "s 79 organis$ be+s7 is design$4 ,f ?is latt] ! hypo!tical consequ5ce c be d$uc$ t ! ,te*nic ( ,nature1 z conc]ns all its o!r products 9 ref]5ce to ! :ole ( nature1 is also design$1 i4e4 is a purpose4 7#a7 ,! ,idealism ( purposiv5ess 7,i always und]/& "h by ?is1 objective purposiv5ess7 is ei!r t ( ! casuality or ! fatality ( ! det]m9ation ( nature 9 ! purposive =m ( its products4 ,! =m] pr9ciple treats ( ! ref]5ce ( matt] to ! physical basis ( its =m1 viz4 ! laws ( motion2 ! second1 its ref]5ce to ! hyp]physical basis ( itself & ( ! :ole ( nature4 ,! sy/em ( casuality t is ascrib$ to ,epicurus or ,democritus is1 tak5 lit]ally1 s pla9ly absurd t x ne$ n deta9 u4 ,oppos$ to ?is is ! sy/em ( fatality1 ( :i* ,sp9oza is tak5 z ! au?or1 al?\gh x is mu* old] accord+ to all appe>ance4 ,?is1 z x appeals to some?+ sup]s5sible to :i* our insight does n ext5d1 is n s easy to controv]t2 b t is because its concept ( ! orig9al ,be+ is n possible to und]/&4 ,b s mu* is cle>1 t on ?is !ory ! purposive comb9ation 9 ! _w mu/ be tak5 z undesign$2 = al?\gh d]iv$ f an orig9al ,be+1 x is n d]iv$ f its ,und]/&+ or f any design on its "p1 b r f ! necessity ( its nature & ( ! _w-unity :i* emanates !refrom4 ,consequ5tly ! ,fatalism ( purposiv5ess is at ! same "t an ,idealism4 7#b7 ,! ,realism ( ! purposiv5ess ( nature is also ei!r physical or hyp]physical4 ,! =m] bases ! purposes 9 nature1 by ! analogy ( a faculty act+ ) design1 on ! life ( matt] 7ei!r its own or ! life ( an inn] pr9ciple 9 x1 a _w-s\l7 & is call$ ,hylozoism4 ,! latt] d]ives !m f ! orig9al gr\nd ( ! univ]se1 z f an intellig5t ,be+ 7orig9ally liv+71 :o produces !m ) design1 & is ,!ism4#aab #gc4 ,none ( ! above sy/ems give :at !y pret5d ,:at d all ^! sy/ems desire8 ,!y desire to expla9 our teleological judgem5ts ab\t nature1 & !y g s to "w !re) t "s d5y _! tru? &1 consequ5tly1 expla9 !m z an ,idealism ( ,nature 7repres5t$ z ,art72 o!rs recognise !m z true1 & promise to e/abli% ! possibility ( a nature 9 accordance ) ! ,idea ( f9al causes4 7#a7 ,! sy/ems :i* def5d ! ,idealism ( f9al causes 9 nature grant1 x is true1 on ! "o h& to _! pr9ciple a causality 9 accordance ) ! laws ( motion 7?r\gh :i* causality natural ?+s exi/ purposively72 b !y d5y to x int5tionality1 i4e4 t x design$ly det]m9es itself to ?is its purposive production2 9 o!r words1 !y d5y t ! cause is a purpose4 ,?is is ,epicurus's me?od ( explanation1 accord+ to :i* ! di/9ction betwe5 a ,te*nic ( nature & m]e me*anism is altoge!r d5i$4 ,bl9d *ance is tak5 z ! explanatory gr\nd n only ( ! agreem5t ( ! develop$ products ) our concepts ( ! purpose1 & consequ5tly ( nature's ,te*nic2 b also ( ! det]m9ation ( ! causes ( ?is production 9 accordance ) ! laws ( motion1 & consequ5tly ( _! me*anism4 ,?us no?+ is expla9$1 n ev5 ! illusion 9 our teleological judgem5ts1 & consequ5tly1 ! w\ld-be ,idealism ( ^! 9 no way e/abli%$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,sp9oza wi%es to disp5se ) all inquiries into ! gr\nd ( ! possibility ( purposes ( nature1 & to take away all reality f ?is ,idea4 ,he all[s _! validity 9 g5]al n z products b z accid5ts inh]+ 9 an orig9al ,be+2 & to ?is ,be+1 z sub/rate ( ^? natural ?+s1 he ascribes n causality 9 reg>d to !m b m]e subsi/5ce4 ,on acc\nt ( its uncondition$ necessity1 & also t ( all natural ?+s z accid5ts inh]+ 9 x1 he secures1 x is true1 to ! =ms ( nature t unity ( gr\nd :i* is requisite = all purposiv5ess2 b at ! same "t he te>s away _! cont+5ce1 )\t :i* no unity ( purpose c be ?\ght1 & ) x all design1 inasmu* z he takes away all intellig5ce f ! orig9al gr\nd ( natural ?+s4 ,b ,sp9ozism does n furni% :at x desires4 ,x desires to af=d an explanatory gr\nd ( ! purposive connexion 7:i* x does n d5y7 ( ! ?+s ( nature1 & x m]ely speaks ( ! unity ( ! subject 9 :i* !y all inh]e4 ,b ev5 if we conc$e to x t ! be+s ( ! _w exi/ 9 ?is way1 su* ontological unity is n !re=e a unity ( purpose1 & does n make ?is 9 any way compreh5sible4 ,= ?is latt] is a q p>ticul> k9d ( unity :i* does n foll[ f ! connexion ( ?+s 7! be+s ( ! _w7 9 a subject 7! orig9al ,be+71 b implies 9 itself ref]5ce to a cause :i* has ,und]/&+2 & ev5 if we unite all ^! ?+s 9 a simple subject1 ?is nev] exhibits a purposive ref]5ce4 ,= we d n ?9k ( !m1 fir/1 z ! inn] effects ( ! sub/ance1 z if x 7 a cause2 nor1 secondly1 ( ?is cause z a cause produc+ effects by means ( its ,und]/&+4 ,)\t ^! =mal conditions all unity is m]e natural necessity2 &1 if x is ascrib$ z well to ?+s :i* we repres5t z ext]nal to "o ano!r1 bl9d necessity4 ,b if we wi% to give ! "n ( purposiv5ess ( nature to t :i* ! s*oolm5 call ! transc5d5tal p]fection ( ?+s 79 ref]5ce to _! prop] be+71 accord+ to :i* ev]y?+ has 9 itself t :i* is requisite to make x "o ?+ & n ano!r1 !n we are only l *ildr5 play+ ) words in/ead ( concepts4 ,= if all ?+s mu/ be ?\ght z purposes1 !n to be a ?+ is ! same z to be a purpose1 & !re is at bottom no?+ :i* specially des]ves to be repres5t$ z a purpose4 ,we h5ce see at once t ,sp9oza by 8 r$uc+ our concepts ( ! purposive 9 nature to our own consci\sness ( exi/+ 9 an all-embrac+ 7?\gh simple7 ,be+1 & by 8 seek+ t =m m]ely 9 ! unity ( ?is ,be+1 mu/ h int5d$ to ma9ta9 n ! realism1 b ! idealism ( its purposiv5ess4 ,ev5 ?is he 0 n able to accompli%1 because ! m]e repres5tation ( ! unity ( ! sub/rate _c br+ ab\t ! ,idea ( a purposiv5ess1 ev5 t :i* is only undesign$4 7#b7 ,^? :o n only ma9ta9 ! ,realism ( natural purposes1 b also set ab\t expla9+ x1 believe t !y c compreh5d1 at lea/ z reg>ds its possibility1 a practical k9d ( causality1 viz4 t ( causes work+ design$ly2 o!rwise !y c\ld n und]take to supply ?is explanation4 ,= to au?orise ev5 ! mo/ d>+ ( hypo!ses1 at lea/ ! possibility ( :at we assume z basis mu/ be c]ta91 & we mu/ be able to assure objective reality to its concept4 ,b ! possibility ( liv+ matt] _c ev5 be ?\ght2 its concept involves a contradiction because lifelessness1 in]tia1 con/itutes ! ess5tial "* ( matt]4 ,! possibility ( matt] end[$ ) life1 & ( collective nature reg>d$ z an animal1 c only be us$ 9 an inadequate way 79 ! int]e/s ( ! hypo!sis ( purposiv5ess 9 ! :ole ( nature71 s f> z x is manife/$ by exp]i5ce 9 ! organisation ( nature on a small scale2 b 9 no way c we h insight into its possibility a priori4 ,!re mu/ !n be a circle 9 ! explanation1 if we wi% to d]ive ! purposiv5ess ( nature 9 organis$ be+s f ! life ( matt]1 & yet only "k ?is life 9 organis$ be+s1 & c =m no concept ( its possibility )\t exp]i5ce ( ?is k9d4 ,hylozoism1 !re=e1 does n furni% :at x promises4 ,f9ally1 ,!ism c j z little e/abli% dogmatically ! possibility ( natural purposes z a key to ,teleology2 al?\gh x c]ta9ly is sup]ior to all o!r gr\nds ( explanation 9 t1 ?r\gh ! ,und]/&+ :i* x ascribes to ! orig9al ,be+1 x rescues 9 ! be/ way ! purposiv5ess ( nature f ,idealism1 & introduces a causality act+ ) design = its production4 ,b we mu/ fir/ prove satisfactorily to ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t ! impossibility ( ! unity ( purpose 9 matt] result+ f its m]e me*anism1 be=e we are ju/ifi$ 9 plac+ ! gr\nd ( ?is beyond nature 9 a det]m9ate way4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 advance no fur!r ?an ?is4 ,9 accordance ) ! con/itution & limits ( our cognitive faculties 7:il/ we d n compreh5d ev5 ! fir/ inn] gr\nd ( ?is me*anism7 we mu/ 9 no wise seek 9 matt] a pr9ciple ( det]m9ate purposive ref]5ces2 b no o!r way ( judg+ ( ! orig9ation ( its products z natural purposes rema9s to u ?an t by means ( a supreme ,und]/&+ z cause ( ! _w4 ,b ?is is only a gr\nd = ! reflective1 n = ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t1 & c ju/ify absolutely no objective ass]tion4 #gd4 ,! reason t we _c treat ! concept ( a ,te*nic ( nature dogmatically is ! fact t a natural purpose is inexplicable ,we deal ) a concept dogmatically 7ev5 ?\gh x %\ld be empirically condition$7 if we consid] x z conta9$ "u ano!r concept ( ! ,object :i* con/itutes a pr9ciple#aac ( ,reason1 & det]m9e x 9 con=mity ) ?is4 ,b we deal ) x m]ely critically1 if we consid] x only 9 ref]5ce to our cognitive faculties & consequ5tly to ! subjective conditions ( ?9k+ x1 )\t und]tak+ to decide any?+ ab\t its ,object4 ,dogmatic proc$ure ) a concept is !n t :i* is con=mable to law = ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t1 critical proc$ure = ! reflective ,judgem5t4 ,n[ ! concept ( a ?+ z a natural purpose is a concept :i* subsumes nature "u a causality only ?9kable ?r\gh ,reason1 9 ord] to judge 9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple ab\t t :i* is giv5 ( ! ,object 9 exp]i5ce4 ,b 9 ord] to use x dogmatically = ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t1 we mu/ be assur$ fir/ ( ! objective reality ( ?is concept1 because o!rwise we c\ld subsume no natural ?+ "u x4 ,aga91 ! concept ( a ?+ z a natural purpose is1 no d\bt1 empirically condition$1 i4e4 only possible "u c]ta9 conditions giv5 9 exp]i5ce1 ?\gh n to be ab/ract$ !refrom2 b x is a concept only possible 9 accordance ) a rational pr9ciple 9 ! judgem5t ab\t ! object4 ,its objective reality1 !re=e 7i4e4 t an object 9 con=mity ) x is possible71 _c be compreh5d$ & dogmatically e/abli%$ z su* a pr9ciple2 & we d n "k :e!r x is m]ely a sophi/ical & objectively empty concept 7conceptus ratioc9ans71 or a rational concept1 e/abli%+ a cognition & confirm$ by ,reason 7conceptus ratioc9atus74#aad ,!re=e x _c be dogmatically treat$ = ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t1 i4e4 x is n only impossible to decide :e!r or n ?+s ( nature consid]$ z natural purposes require = _! production a causality ( a q peculi> k9d 7t act+ on design72 b ! "q _c ev5 be put1 because ! concept ( a natural purpose is simply n susceptible ( pro( ?r\gh ,reason z reg>ds its objective reality4 ,t is1 x is n con/itutive = ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t1 b m]ely regulative = ! reflective4 ,t x is n susceptible ( pro( is cle> because 7z concept ( a natural product7 x embraces 9 itself natural necessity1 & at ! same "t 7z purpose7 a cont+5cy ( ! =m ( ! ,object 79 ref]5ce to ! m]e laws ( nature7 9 ! v same ?+4 ,h5ce1 if !re is to be no contradiction "h x mu/ conta9 a gr\nd = ! possibility ( ! ?+ 9 nature1 & also a gr\nd ( ! possibility ( ?is nature itself & ( its ref]5ce to some?+ :i*1 n be+ empirically cognisable nature 7sup]s5sible71 is !re=e = u n cognisable at all4 ,?is is requisite if x is to be judg$ accord+ to a diff]5t k9d ( causality f t ( natural me*anism :5 we wi% to e/abli% its possibility4 ,! concept ( a ?+1 !n1 z a natural purpose1 is transc5d5t = ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t1 if we consid] ! ,object ?r\gh ,reason 7al?\gh = ! reflective ,judgem5t x c]ta9ly may be imman5t 9 respect ( ! objects ( exp]i5ce74 ,h5ce = det]m9ant judgem5ts objective reality _c be suppli$ to x2 & s x is intelligible h[ all sy/ems t "o may project = ! dogmatic treatm5t ( ! concept ( natural purposes & ( nature itself consid]$ z a :ole connect$ toge!r by means ( f9al causes1 c decide no?+ ei!r by objective affirmation or by objective d5ial4 ,= if ?+s be subsum$ "u a concept t is m]ely problematical1 its syn!tical pr$icates 7e4g4 9 ! "q :e!r ! purpose ( nature :i* we conceive = ! production ( ?+s is design$ or undesign$7 c furni% only problematical judgem5ts ( ! ,object1 :e!r affirmative or negative2 & we d n "k :e!r we are judg+ ab\t some?+ or ab\t no?+4 ,! concept ( a causality ?r\gh purposes 7( art7 has at all ev5ts objective reality1 & also ! concept ( a causality accord+ to ! me*anism ( nature4 ,b ! concept ( a causality ( nature accord+ to ! rule ( purposes1--/ill m ( a ,be+ su* z _c be giv5 u 9 exp]i5ce1 a ,be+ :o is ! orig9al cause ( nature1--?\gh x c be ?\ght )\t contradiction1 yet is ( no avail = dogmatic det]m9ations4 ,=1 s9ce x _c be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 & also is n requisite = ! possibility !re(1 its objective reality c 9 no way be assur$4 ,b ev5 if ?is c\ld be done1 h[ c ,i numb] among ! products ( nature ?+s :i* are def9itely acc\nt$ products ( div9e art1 :5 x is j ! incapacity ( nature to produce su* ?+s accord+ to its own laws t made x necess>y to invoke a cause diff]5t f x8 #ge4 ,! concept ( an objective purposiv5ess ( nature is a critical pr9ciple ( ,reason = ! reflective ,judgem5t ,x is !n "o ?+ to say1 8! production ( c]ta9 ?+s ( nature or t ( collective nature is only possible ?r\gh a cause :i* det]m9es itself to action accord+ to design02 & q ano!r to say1 8,i c accord+ to ! peculi> con/itution ( my cognitive faculties judge conc]n+ ! possibility ( ^! ?+s & _! production1 9 no o!r fa%ion ?an by conceiv+ = ?is a cause work+ accord+ to design1 i4e4 a ,be+ :i* is productive 9 a way analog\s to ! causality ( an intellig5ce40 ,9 ! =m] case ,i wi% to e/abli% some?+ conc]n+ ! ,object1 & am b\nd to e/abli% ! objective reality ( an assum$ concept2 9 ! latt]1 ,reason only det]m9es ! use ( my cognitive faculties1 con=mably to _! peculi>ities & to ! ess5tial conditions ( _! range & _! limits4 ,?us ! =m] pr9ciple is an objective proposition = ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t1 ! latt] m]ely a subjective proposition = ! reflective ,judgem5t1 i4e4 a maxim :i* ,reason prescribes to x4 ,we are 9 fact indisp5sably oblig$ to ascribe ! concept ( design to nature if we wi% to inve/igate x1 ?\gh only 9 its organis$ products1 by cont9u\s obs]vation2 & ?is concept is !re=e an absolutely necess>y maxim = ! empirical use ( our ,reason4 ,x is pla9 t once su* a guid+ ?read = ! /udy ( nature is admitt$ & v]ifi$1 we mu/ at lea/ try ! said maxim ( ,judgem5t 9 nature z a :ole2 because !reby _m ( nature's laws might discov] !mselves1 :i* o!rwise1 on acc\nt ( ! limitation ( our insight into its inn] me*anism1 w\ld rema9 hidd54 ,b ?\gh 9 reg>d to ?is latt] employm5t t maxim ( ,judgem5t is c]ta9ly useful1 x is n indisp5sable1 = nature z a :ole is n giv5 z organis$ 79 ! n>r[ s5se ( ! ^w above indicat$74 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 reg>d to ^? natural products1 :i* mu/ be judg$ ( z design$ & n =m$ o!rwise 7if we are to h empirical k ( _! inn] con/itution71 ?is maxim ( ! reflective ,judgem5t is ess5tially necess>y2 because ! v ?\ght ( !m z organis$ be+s is impossible )\t comb9+ !re) ! ?\ght ( _! design$ production4 ,n[ ! concept ( a ?+ ^: exi/5ce or =m we repres5t to ourselves z possible "u ! condition ( a purpose is insep>ably b\nd up ) ! concept ( its cont+5cy 7accord+ to natural laws74 ,h5ce ! natural ?+s t we f9d possible only z purposes supply ! be/ pro( ( ! cont+5cy ( ! _w-:ole2 to ! common ,und]/&+ & to ! philosoph] alike !y are ! only valid gr\nd ( pro( = its dep5d5ce on & orig9 f a ,be+ exi/+ outside ! _w--a ,be+ :o mu/ also be intellig5t on acc\nt ( t purposive =m4 ,teleology !n f9ds ! consummation ( its inve/igations only 9 ,!ology4 ,b :at n[ 9 ! end does ! mo/ complete ,teleology prove8 ,does x prove t !re is su* an intellig5t ,be+8 ,no4 ,x only proves t accord+ to ! con/itution ( our cognitive faculties & 9 ! consequ5t comb9ation ( exp]i5ce ) ! highe/ pr9ciples ( ,reason1 we c =m absolutely no concept ( ! possibility ( su* a _w z ?is save by ?9k+ a design$ly-work+ supreme cause !re(4 ,objectively we _c !re=e lay d[n ! proposition1 !re is an intellig5t orig9al ,be+2 b only subjectively1 = ! use ( our ,judgem5t 9 its reflection ^u ! purposes 9 nature1 :i* c be ?\ght accord+ to no o!r pr9ciple ?an t ( a design+ causality ( a highe/ cause4 ,if we wi%$ to e/abli% on teleological gr\nds ! above proposition dogmatically we %\ld be beset ) difficulties f :i* we c\ld n extricate ourselves4 ,= !n ! proposition mu/ at bottom be r$uc$ to ! conclusion1 t ! organis$ be+s 9 ! _w are no o!rwise possible ?an by a design$ly-work+ cause4 ,& we %\ld unavoidably h to ass]t t1 because we c foll[ up ^! ?+s 9 _! causal comb9ation only "u ! ,idea ( purposes1 & cognise !m only accord+ to _! con=mity to law1 we are !reby ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ ?is z a condition necess>y = e ?9k+ & cognis+ be+--a condition consequ5tly atta*+ to ! ,object & n m]ely to our subject4 ,b su* an ass]tion we d n succe$ 9 su/a9+4 ,=1 s9ce we d n1 prop]ly speak+1 obs]ve ! purposes 9 nature z design$1 b only 9 our reflection ^u its products ?9k ?is concept z a guid+ ?read = our ,judgem5t1 !y are n giv5 to u ?r\gh ! ,object4 ,x is q impossible = u a priori to v9dicate1 z capable ( assumption1 su* a concept accord+ to its objective reality4 ,x rema9s !re=e a proposition absolutely re/+ ^u subjective conditions alone1 viz4 ( ! ,judgem5t reflect+ 9 con=mity ) our cognitive faculties4 ,if we express$ ?is proposition dogmatically z objectively valid1 x w\ld be3 8,!re is a ,god40 ,b = u m5 !re is only p]missible ! limit$ =mula3 8,we _c o!rwise ?9k & make compreh5sible ! purposiv5ess :i* mu/ lie at ! bottom ( our cognition ( ! int]nal possibility ( _m natural ?+s1 ?an by repres5t+ x & ! _w 9 g5]al z a product ( an intellig5t cause1 a ,god40#aae ,n[ if ?is proposition1 bas$ on an inevitably necess>y maxim ( our ,judgem5t1 is completely satisfactory f e human po9t ( view = bo? ! speculative & practical use ( our ,reason1 ,i %\ld l to "k :at we lose by n be+ able to prove x z also valid = high] be+s1 f objective gr\nds 7:i* un=tunately are beyond our faculties74 ,x is inde$ q c]ta9 t we _c adequately cognise1 mu* less expla91 organis$ be+s & _! int]nal possibility1 accord+ to m]e me*anical pr9ciples ( nature2 & we c say boldly x is alike c]ta9 t x is absurd = m5 to make any su* attempt or to hope t ano!r ,newton w arise 9 ! future1 :o %all make compreh5sible by u ! production ( a blade ( grass accord+ to natural laws :i* no design has ord]$4#aaf ,we mu/ absolutely d5y ?is insight to m54 ,b !n h[ d we "k t 9 nature1 if we c\ld p5etrate to ! pr9ciple by :i* x specifies ! univ]sal laws kn[n to u1 !re _c lie hidd5 79 its m]e me*anism7 a suffici5t gr\nd ( ! possibility ( organis$ be+s )\t suppos+ any design 9 _! production8 w\ld x n be judg$ by u presumptu\s to say ?is8 ,probabilities "h are ( no acc\nt :5 we h to d ) judgem5ts ( pure ,reason4--,we _c !re=e judge objectively1 ei!r affirmatively or negatively1 conc]n+ ! proposition3 8,does a ,be+ act+ accord+ to design lie at ! basis ( :at we rightly call natural purposes1 z ! cause ( ! _w 7& consequ5tly z its au?or780 ,s mu* only is sure1 t if we are to judge accord+ to :at is p]mitt$ u to see by our own prop] nature 7! conditions & limitations ( our ,reason71 we c place at ! basis ( ! possibility ( ^! natural purposes no?+ else ?an an intellig5t ,be+4 ,?is alone is 9 con=mity ) ! maxim ( our reflective ,judgem5t & !re=e ) a gr\nd :i*1 ?\gh subjective1 is insep>ably atta*$ to ! human race4 #gf4 ,rem>k ,?is consid]ation1 :i* v well des]ves to be work$ out 9 detail 9 ,transc5d5tal ,philosophy1 c come 9 "h only 9 pass+1 by way ( elucidation 7n z a pro( ( :at is "h propos$74 ,reason is a faculty ( pr9ciples & proce$s 9 its extreme/ advance to ! uncondition$2 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,und]/&+ /&s at its s]vice always only "u a c]ta9 condition :i* mu/ be giv54 ,b )\t concepts ( ,und]/&+1 to :i* objective reality mu/ be giv51 ! ,reason _c =m any objective 7syn!tical7 judgem5t2 & conta9s 9 itself1 z !oretical ,reason1 absolutely no con/itutive b m]ely regulative pr9ciples4 ,we soon see t :]e ! ,und]/&+ _c foll[1 ! ,reason is transc5d5t1 & %[s itself 9 ,ideas =m]ly e/abli%$ 7z regulative pr9ciples71 b n 9 objectively valid concepts4 ,b ! ,und]/&+ :i* _c keep pace ) ,reason b yet is requisite = ! validity ( ,objects1 limits ! validity ( ^! ,ideas to ! subject1 al?\gh ext5d+ x g5]ally to all subjects ( ?is k9d4 ,t is1 ! ,und]/&+ limits _! validity to ! condition1 t accord+ to ! nature ( our 7human7 cognitive faculties1 or1 g5]ally1 accord+ to ! concept :i* we ourselves c make ( ! faculty ( a f9ite intellig5t be+1 no?+ else c or mu/ be ?\ght2 ?\gh ?is is n to ass]t t ! gr\nd ( su* a judgem5t lies 9 ! ,object4 ,we %all adduce "s examples :i*1 ?\gh !y are too important & difficult to impose !m on ! read] z prov$ propositions1 yet w give him mat]ial = ?\ght & may s]ve to elucidate :at we are "h specially conc]n$ )4 ,x is indisp5sably necess>y = ! human ,und]/&+ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! possibility & ! actuality ( ?+s4 ,! gr\nd = ?is lies 9 ! subject & 9 ! nature ( our cognitive faculties4 ,su* a di/9ction 7betwe5 ! possible & ! actual7 w\ld n be giv5 7 !re n requisite = k two q diff]5t elem5ts1 ,und]/&+ = concepts & s5sible intuition = ,objects correspond+ to !m4 ,if our ,und]/&+ 7 intuitive x w\ld h no objects b ^? :i* are actual4 ,concepts 7:i* m]ely ext5d to ! possibility ( an object7 & s5sible intuitions 7:i* give u some?+ )\t all[+ u to cognise x ?us z an object7 w\ld bo? disappe>4 ,b n[ ! :ole ( our di/9ction betwe5 ! m]ely possible & ! actual re/s on ?is1 t ! =m] only signifies ! posit+ ( ! repres5tation ( a ?+ 9 respect ( our concept1 &1 9 g5]al1 9 respect ( ! faculty ( ?\ght2 :ile ! latt] signifies ! posit+ ( ! ?+ 9 itself outside ?is concept4#aag ,! di/9ction1 !n1 ( possible ?+s f actual is "o :i* has m]ely subjective validity = ! human ,und]/&+1 because we c always h a ?+ 9 our ?\ghts al?\gh x is really no?+1 or we c repres5t a ?+ z giv5 al?\gh we h no concept ( x4 ,! propositions !re=e--t ?+s c be possible )\t be+ actual1 & t consequ5tly no conclusion c be drawn z to actuality f m]e possibility--are q valid = human ,reason1 )\t !reby prov+ t ?is di/9ction lies 9 ?+s !mselves4 ,t ?is does n foll[1 & t consequ5tly ^! propositions1 ?\gh valid ( ,objects 79 s f> z our cognitive faculty1 z s5su\sly condition$1 busies itself ) ,objects ( s5se71 d n hold = ?+s 9 g5]al1 appe>s f ! irrepressible dem& ( ,reason to assume some?+ 7! orig9al gr\nd7 necess>ily exi/+ z uncondition$1 9 :i* possibility & actuality %\ld no long] be di/+ui%$1 & = :i* ,idea our ,und]/&+ has absolutely no concept2 i4e4 x c f9d no way ( repres5t+ su* a ?+ & its mann] ( exi/5ce4 ,= if ! ,und]/&+ ?9ks su* a ?+ 7:i* x may d at pleasure71 ! ?+ is m]ely repres5t$ z possible4 ,if x is consci\s ( x z giv5 9 intuition1 !n is x actual2 b no?+ z to its possibility is ?us ?\ght4 ,h5ce ! concept ( an absolutely necess>y ,be+ is no d\bt an indisp5sable ,idea ( ,reason1 b yet x is a problematical concept unatta9able by ! human ,und]/&+4 ,x is inde$ valid = ! employm5t ( our cognitive faculties 9 accordance ) _! peculi> con/itution1 b n valid ( ! ,object4 ,nor is x valid = e kn[+ be+1 because ,i _c presuppose 9 e su* be+ ?\ght & intuition z two di/9ct conditions ( ! ex]cise ( its cognitive faculties1 & consequ5tly z conditions ( ! possibility & actuality ( ?+s4 ,an ,und]/&+ into :i* ?is di/9ction did n ent]1 might say3 ,all ,objects t ,i "k are1 i4e4 exi/2 & ! possibility ( "s1 :i* yet d n exi/ 7i4e4 ! cont+5cy or ! contra/$ necessity ( ^? :i* d exi/71 might nev] come into ! repres5tation ( su* a be+ at all4 ,b :at makes x difficult = our ,und]/&+ to treat its concepts "h z ,reason does1 is m]ely t = x1 z human ,und]/&+1 t is transc5d5t 7i4e4 impossible = ! subjective conditions ( its cognition7 :i* ,reason makes into a pr9ciple app]ta9+ to ! ,object4--,"h ! maxim always holds1 t all ,objects ^: cognition surpasses ! faculty ( ! ,und]/&+ are ?\ght by u accord+ to ! subjective conditions ( ! ex]cise ( t faculty :i* necess>ily atta* to our 7human7 nature4 ,if judgem5ts laid d[n 9 ?is way 7& !re is no o!r alt]native 9 reg>d to transc5d5t concepts7 _c be con/itutive pr9ciples det]m9+ ! ,object z x is1 !y w rema9 regulative pr9ciples adapt$ to ! human po9t ( view1 imman5t 9 _! ex]cise & sure4 ,j z ,reason 9 ! !oretical consid]ation ( nature mu/ assume ! ,idea ( an uncondition$ necessity ( its orig9al gr\nd1 s also x presupposes 9 ! practical sph]e its own 79 respect ( nature7 uncondition$ causality1 or fre$om1 9 t x is consci\s ( its own moral comm&4 ,"h ! objective necessity ( ! act1 z a duty1 is oppos$ to t necessity :i* x w\ld h z an ev5t1 if its gr\nd lay 9 nature & n 9 fre$om 7i4e4 9 ! causality ( ,reason74 ,! morally absolutely necess>y act is reg>d$ z physically q cont+5t1 s9ce t :i* ought necess>ily to happ5 (t5 does n happ54 ,x is cle> !n t x is ow+ to ! subjective con/itution ( our practical faculty t ! moral laws mu/ be repres5t$ z comm&s1 & ! actions con=m+ to !m z duties2 & t ,reason expresses ?is necessity n by an 8is0 7happ5s71 b by an 8ought to be40 ,?is w\ld n be ! case 7 ,reason consid]$ z 9 its causality indep5d5t ( s5sibility 7z ! subjective condition ( its application to objects ( nature71 & s z cause 9 an intelligible _w entirely 9 agreem5t ) ! moral law4 ,= 9 su* a _w !re w\ld be no di/9ction betwe5 8ought to d0 & 8does10 betwe5 a practical law ( t :i* is possible ?r\gh u1 & ! !oretical law ( t :i* is actual ?r\gh u4 ,?\gh1 !re=e1 an intelligible _w 9 :i* ev]y?+ w\ld be actual m]ely because 7z some?+ good7 x is possible1 toge!r ) fre$om z its =mal condition1 is = u a transc5d5t concept1 n available z a con/itutive pr9ciple to det]m9e an ,object & its objective reality2 yet1 because ( ! con/itution ( our 79 "p s5su\s7 nature & faculty x is1 s f> z we c repres5t x 9 accordance ) ! con/itution ( our ,reason1 = u & = all rational be+s t h a connexion ) ! _w ( s5se1 a univ]sal regulative pr9ciple4 ,?is pr9ciple does n objectively det]m9e ! con/itution ( fre$om1 z a =m ( causality1 b x makes ! rule ( actions accord+ to t ,idea a comm& = e "o1 ) no less validity ?an if x did s det]m9e x4 ,9 ! same way we may conc$e ?us mu* z reg>ds ! case 9 h&4 ,betwe5 natural me*anism & ! ,te*nic ( nature1 i4e4 its purposive connexion1 we %\ld f9d no di/9ction1 7 x n t our ,und]/&+ is ( ! k9d t mu/ proce$ f ! univ]sal to ! p>ticul>4 ,! ,judgem5t !n 9 respect ( ! p>ticul> c cognise no purposiv5ess &1 consequ5tly1 c =m no det]m9ant judgem5ts1 )\t hav+ a univ]sal law "u :i* to subsume t p>ticul>4 ,n[ ! p>ticul>1 z su*1 conta9s some?+ cont+5t 9 respect ( ! univ]sal1 :ile yet ,reason requires unity & con=mity to law 9 ! comb9ation ( p>ticul> laws ( nature4 ,?is con=mity ( ! cont+5t to law is call$ purposiv5ess2 & ! d]ivation ( p>ticul> laws f ! univ]sal1 z reg>ds _! cont+5t elem5t1 is impossible a priori ?r\gh a det]m9ation ( ! concept ( ! ,object4 ,h5ce1 ! concept ( ! purposiv5ess ( nature 9 its products is necess>y = human ,judgem5t 9 respect ( nature1 b has n to d ) ! det]m9ation ( ,objects4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a subjective pr9ciple ( ,reason = ! ,judgem5t1 :i* z regulative 7n con/itutive7 is j z necess>ily valid = our human ,judgem5t z if x 7 an objective pr9ciple4 #gg4 ,( ! peculi>ity ( ! human ,und]/&+1 by means ( :i* ! concept ( a natural purpose is possible ,we h br\ght =w>d 9 ! ,rem>k peculi>ities ( our cognitive faculties 7ev5 ! high] ones7 :i* we are easily l$ to transf] z objective pr$icates to ! ?+s !mselves4 ,b !y conc]n ,ideas1 no object adequate to :i* c be giv5 9 exp]i5ce1 & !y c\ld only s]ve z regulative pr9ciples 9 ! pursuit ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is is ! case ) ! concept ( a natural purpose1 :i* conc]ns ! cause ( ! possibility ( su* a pr$icate1 :i* cause c only lie 9 ! ,idea4 ,b ! result correspond+ to x 7i4e4 ! product7 is giv5 9 nature2 & ! concept ( a causality ( nature z ( a be+ act+ accord+ to purposes seems to make ! ,idea ( a natural purpose into a con/itutive pr9ciple1 :i* ,idea has ?us some?+ diff]5t f all o!r ,ideas4 ,?is diff]5ce consi/s1 h[ev]1 9 ! fact t ! ,idea 9 "q is n a rational pr9ciple = ! ,und]/&+ b = ! ,judgem5t4 ,x is1 !re=e1 m]ely ! application ( an ,und]/&+ 9 g5]al to possible objects ( exp]i5ce1 9 cases :]e ! judgem5t c only be reflective1 n det]m9ant1 & :]e1 consequ5tly1 ! object1 al?\gh giv5 9 exp]i5ce1 _c be det]m9ately judg$ 9 con=mity ) ! ,idea 7n to say ) complete adequacy71 b c only be reflect$ on4 ,!re em]ges1 !re=e1 a peculi>ity ( our 7human7 ,und]/&+ 9 respect ( ! ,judgem5t 9 its reflection ^u ?+s ( nature4 ,b if ?is be s1 ! ,idea ( a possible ,und]/&+ diff]5t f ! human mu/ be fundam5tal "h4 7,j s 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason we mu/ h 9 our ?\ghts ano!r possible k9d ( intuition1 if ours is to be reg>d$ z a p>ticul> species = :i* objects are only valid z ph5om5a47 ,& s we are able to say3 ,c]ta9 natural products1 f ! special con/itution ( our ,und]/&+1 mu/ be consid]$ by u1 9 reg>d to _! possibility1 z if produc$ design$ly & z purposes4 ,b we d n1 !re=e1 dem& t !re %\ld be actually giv5 a p>ticul> cause :i* has ! repres5tation ( a purpose z its det]m9+ gr\nd2 & we d n d5y t an ,und]/&+1 diff]5t f 7i4e4 high] ?an7 ! human1 might f9d ! gr\nd ( ! possibility ( su* products ( nature 9 ! me*anism ( nature1 i4e4 9 a causal comb9ation = :i* an ,und]/&+ is n explicitly assum$ z cause4 ,we h n[ to d ) ! relation ( our ,und]/&+ to ! ,judgem5t2 viz4 we seek = a c]ta9 cont+5cy 9 ! con/itution ( our ,und]/&+1 to :i* we may po9t z a peculi>ity di/+ui%+ x f o!r possible ,und]/&+s4 ,?is cont+5cy is f\nd1 naturally en\gh1 9 ! p>ticul>1 :i* ! ,judgem5t is to br+ "u ! univ]sal ( ! concepts ( ,und]/&+4 ,= ! univ]sal ( our 7human7 ,und]/&+ does n det]m9e ! p>ticul>1 & x is cont+5t 9 h[ _m ways diff]5t ?+s :i* agree 9 a common *>act]i/ic may come be=e our p]ception4 ,our ,und]/&+ is a faculty ( concepts1 i4e4 a discursive ,und]/&+1 = :i* x obvi\sly mu/ be cont+5t ( :at k9d & h[ v diff]5t ! p>ticul> may be t c be giv5 to x 9 nature & br\ght "u its concepts4 ,b n[ intuition also belongs to k1 & a faculty ( a complete spontaneity ( intuition w\ld be a cognitive faculty di/9ct f s5sibility1 & q indep5d5t ( x1 9 o!r words1 an ,und]/&+ 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se4 ,?us we c ?9k an intuitive ,und]/&+ negatively1 m]ely z n discursive#aah1 :i* does n proce$ f ! univ]sal to ! p>ticul>1 & s to ! individual 7?r\gh concepts74 ,= x t cont+5cy ( ! accordance ( nature 9 its products accord+ to p>ticul> laws ) ! ,und]/&+ w\ld n be met )2 & x is ?is cont+5cy t makes x s h>d = our ,und]/&+ to r$uce ! manifold ( nature to ! unity ( k4 ,?is r$uction our ,und]/&+ c only accompli% by br++ natural *>act]i/ics into a v cont+5t correspond5ce ) our faculty ( concepts1 ( :i* an intuitive ,und]/&+ w\ld h no ne$4 ,our ,und]/&+ has !n ?is peculi>ity z conc]ns ! ,judgem5t1 t 9 cognition by x ! p>ticul> is n det]m9$ by ! univ]sal & _c !re=e be d]iv$ f x2 b at ! same "t ?is p>ticul> 9 ! manifold ( nature mu/ accord ) ! univ]sal 7by means ( concepts & laws7 s t x may be capable ( be+ subsum$ "u x4 ,?is accordance "u su* circum/ances mu/ be v cont+5t & )\t def9ite pr9ciple z conc]ns ! ,judgem5t4 ,9 ord] n[ to be able at lea/ to ?9k ! possibility ( su* an accordance ( ?+s ( nature ) our ,judgem5t 7:i* accordance we repres5t z cont+5t & consequ5tly z only possible by means ( a purpose direct$ !reto71 we mu/ at ! same "t ?9k ( ano!r ,und]/&+1 by ref]5ce to :i* & ap>t f any purpose ascrib$ to x1 we may repres5t z necess>y t accordance ( natural laws ) our ,judgem5t1 :i* = our ,und]/&+ is only ?9kable ?r\gh ! m$ium ( purposes4 ,9 fact our ,und]/&+ has ! prop]ty ( proce$+ 9 its cognition1 e4g4 ( ! cause ( a product1 f ! analytical-univ]sal 7concepts7 to ! p>ticul> 7! giv5 empirical intuition74 ,?us z reg>ds ! manifold ( ! latt] x det]m9es no?+1 b mu/ await ?is det]m9ation by ! ,judgem5t1 :i* subsumes ! empirical intuition 7if ! object is a natural product7 "u ! concept4 ,we c h[ev] ?9k an ,und]/&+ :i*1 be+1 n l ours1 discursive1 b intuitive1 proce$s f ! syn!tical-univ]sal 7! intuition ( a :ole z su*7 to ! p>ticul>1 i4e4 f ! :ole to ! p>ts4 ,! cont+5cy ( ! comb9ation ( ! p>ts1 9 ord] t a def9ite =m ( ! :ole %all be possible1 is n impli$ by su* an ,und]/&+ & its repres5tation ( ! :ole4 ,our ,und]/&+ requires ?is because x mu/ proce$ f ! p>ts z univ]sally conceiv$ gr\nds to diff]5t =ms possible to be subsum$ "u !m1 z consequ5ces4 ,accord+ to ! con/itution ( our ,und]/&+ a real :ole ( nature is reg>d$ only z ! effect ( ! concurr5t motive p[]s ( ! p>ts4 ,suppose !n t we wi% n to repres5t ! possibility ( ! :ole z dep5d5t on t ( ! p>ts 7aft] ! mann] ( our discursive ,und]/&+71 b accord+ to ! /&>d ( ! intuitive 7orig9al7 ,und]/&+ to repres5t ! possibility ( ! p>ts 7accord+ to _! con/itution & comb9ation7 z dep5d5t on t ( ! :ole4 ,9 accordance ) ! above peculi>ity ( our ,und]/&+ x _c happ5 t ! :ole %all conta9 ! gr\nd ( ! possibility ( ! connexion ( ! p>ts 7:i* w\ld be a contradiction 9 discursive cognition71 b only t ! repres5tation ( a :ole may conta9 ! gr\nd ( ! possibility ( its =m & ! connexion ( ! p>ts belong+ to x4 ,n[ su* a :ole w\ld be an effect 7product7 ! repres5tation ( :i* is reg>d$ z ! cause ( its possibility2 b ! product ( a cause ^: det]m9+ gr\nd is m]ely ! repres5tation ( its effect is call$ a purpose4 ,h5ce x is m]ely a consequ5ce ( ! p>ticul> con/itution ( our ,und]/&+1 t x repres5ts products ( nature z possible1 accord+ to a diff]5t k9d ( causality f t ( ! natural laws ( matt]1 namely1 t ( purposes & f9al causes4 ,h5ce also ?is pr9ciple has n to d ) ! possibility ( su* ?+s !mselves 7ev5 :5 consid]$ z ph5om5a7 accord+ to ! mann] ( _! production1 b m]ely ) ! judgem5t ^u !m :i* is possible to our ,und]/&+4 ,"h we see at once :y x is t 9 natural sci5ce we are n long cont5t$ ) an explanation ( ! products ( nature by a causality accord+ to purposes4 ,= !re we desire to judge ( natural production m]ely 9 a mann] con=mable to our faculty ( judg+1 i4e4 to ! reflective ,judgem5t1 & n 9 ref]5ce to ?+s !mselves on behalf ( ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t4 ,x is "h n at all requisite to prove t su* an intellectus ar*etypus is possible1 b only t we are l$ to ! ,idea ( x1--:i* conta9s no contradiction1--9 contra/ to our discursive ,und]/&+ :i* has ne$ ( images 7intellectus ectypus7 & to ! cont+5cy ( its con/itution4 ,if we consid] a mat]ial :ole1 accord+ to its =m1 z a product ( ! p>ts ) _! p[]s & faculties ( comb9+ ) "o ano!r 7z well z ( br++ 9 =eign mat]ials71 we repres5t to ourselves a me*anical mode ( produc+ x4 ,b 9 ?is way no concept em]ges ( a :ole z purpose1 ^: int]nal possibility presupposes ?r\gh\t ! ,idea ( a :ole on :i* dep5d ! con/itution & mode ( action ( ! p>ts1 z we mu/ repres5t to ourselves an organis$ body4 ,x does n foll[ inde$1 z has be5 %[n1 t ! me*anical production ( su* a body is impossible2 = to say s w\ld be to say t x w\ld be impossible 7contradictory7 = any ,und]/&+ to repres5t to itself su* a unity 9 ! connexion ( ! manifold1 )\t ! ,idea ( ! unity be+ at ! same "t its produc+ cause1 i4e4 )\t design$ production4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld foll[ 9 fact if we 7 ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ mat]ial be+s z ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,= !n ! unity t con/itutes ! gr\nd ( ! possibility ( natural =mations w\ld be simply ! unity ( space4 ,b space is no real gr\nd ( ! products1 b only _! =mal condition1 al?\gh x has ?is simil>ity to ! real gr\nd :i* we seek t 9 x no "p c be det]m9$ except 9 relation to ! :ole 7! repres5tation ( :i* !re=e lies at ! gr\nd ( ! possibility ( ! p>ts74 ,b n[ x is at lea/ possible to consid] ! mat]ial _w z m]e ph5om5on1 & to ?9k z its sub/rate some?+ l a ?+ 9 itself 7:i* is n ph5om5on71 & to atta* to ?is a correspond+ intellectual intuition 7ev5 ?\gh x is n ours74 ,?us !re w\ld be1 al?\gh incognisable by u1 a sup]s5sible real gr\nd = nature1 to :i* we ourselves belong4 ,9 ?is we consid] accord+ to me*anical laws :at is necess>y 9 nature reg>d$ z an object ( ,s5se2 b we consid] accord+ to teleological laws ! agreem5t & unity ( its p>ticul> laws & its =ms--:i* 9 reg>d to me*anism we mu/ judge cont+5t--reg>d$ z objects ( ,reason 79 fact ! :ole ( nature z a sy/em74 ,?us we %\ld judge nature accord+ to two diff]5t k9ds ( pr9ciples )\t ! me*anical way ( explanation be+ %ut out by ! teleological1 z if !y contradict$ "o ano!r4 ,f ?is we are enabl$ to see :at o!rwise1 ?\gh we c\ld easily surmise x1 c\ld ) difficulty be ma9ta9$ ) c]ta9ty & prov$1 viz4 t ! pr9ciple ( a me*anical d]ivation ( purposive natural products is consi/5t ) ! teleological1 b 9 no way enables u to disp5se ) x4 ,9 a ?+ t we mu/ judge z a natural purpose 7an organis$ be+7 we c no d\bt try all ! kn[n & yet to be discov]$ laws ( me*anical production1 & ev5 hope to make good progress !re)2 b we c nev] get rid ( ! call = a q diff]5t gr\nd ( production = ! possibility ( su* a product1 viz4 causality by means ( purposes4 ,absolutely no human ,reason 79 fact no f9ite ,reason l ours 9 quality1 h[ev] mu* x may surpass x 9 degree7 c hope to und]/& ! production ( ev5 a blade ( grass by m]e me*anical causes4 ,z reg>ds ! possibility ( su* an object1 ! teleological connexion ( causes & effects is q indisp5sable = ! ,judgem5t1 ev5 = /udy+ x by ! clue ( exp]i5ce4 ,= ext]nal objects z ph5om5a an adequate gr\nd relat$ to purposes _c be met )2 ?is1 al?\gh x lies 9 nature1 mu/ only be s\ght 9 ! sup]s5sible sub/rate ( nature1 f all possible insight into :i* we are cut (f4 ,h5ce x is absolutely impossible = u to produce f nature itself gr\nds ( explanation = purposive comb9ations2 & x is necess>y by ! con/itution ( ! human cognitive faculties to seek ! supreme gr\nd ( ^! purposive comb9ations 9 an orig9al ,und]/&+ z ! cause ( ! _w4 #gh4 ,( ! union ( ! pr9ciple ( ! univ]sal me*anism ( matt] ) ! teleological pr9ciple 9 ! ,te*nic ( nature ,x is inf9itely important = ,reason n to let slip ! me*anism ( nature 9 its products1 & 9 _! explanation n to pass x by1 because )\t x no insight into ! nature ( ?+s c be atta9$4 ,suppose x admitt$ t a supreme ,ar*itect imm$iately creat$ ! =ms ( nature z !y h be5 f ! beg9n+1 or t ,he pr$et]m9$ ^? :i* 9 ! c\rse ( nature cont9ually =m !mselves on ! same model4 ,our k ( nature is n ?us 9 ! lea/ fur!r$1 because we _c "k ! mode ( action ( t ,be+ & ! ,ideas :i* are to conta9 ! pr9ciples ( ! possibility ( natural be+s1 & we _c by !m expla9 nature z f above d[nw>ds 7a priori74 ,& if1 />t+ f ! =ms ( ! objects ( exp]i5ce1 f bel[ upw>ds 7a po/]iori71 we wi% to expla9 ! purposiv5ess1 :i* we believe is met ) 9 exp]i5ce1 by appeal+ to a cause work+ 9 accordance ) purposes1 !n is our explanation q tautological & we are only mock+ ,reason ) words4 ,inde$ :5 we lose ourselves ) ?is way ( explanation 9 ! transc5d5t1 :i!r natural k _c foll[1 ,reason is s$uc$ into poetical extravagance1 :i* x is its peculi> de/9ation to avoid4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is j z necess>y a maxim ( ,reason n to pass by ! pr9ciple ( purposes 9 ! products ( nature4 ,=1 al?\gh x does n make _! mode ( orig9ation any m compreh5sible1 yet x is a heuri/ic pr9ciple = inve/igat+ ! p>ticul> laws ( nature2 suppos+ ev5 t we wi% to make no use ( x = expla9+ nature itself1--9 :i* we /ill always speak only ( natural purposes1 al?\gh x app>5tly exhibits a design$ unity ( purpose1--i4e4 )\t seek+ beyond nature ! gr\nd ( ! possibility ( ^! p>ticul> laws4 ,b s9ce we mu/ come 9 ! end to ?is latt] "q1 x is j z necess>y to ?9k = nature a p>ticul> k9d ( causality :i* does n pres5t itself 9 x1 z ! me*anism ( natural causes :i* does4 ,to ! receptivity ( sev]al =ms1 diff]5t f ^? ( :i* matt] is susceptible by me*anism1 mu/ be add$ a spontaneity ( a cause 7:i* !re=e _c be matt]71 )\t :i* no gr\nd c be assign$ = ^? =ms4 ,no d\bt ,reason1 be=e x takes ?is /ep1 mu/ proce$ ) caution1 & n try to expla9 teleologically e ,te*nic ( nature1 i4e4 e productive faculty ( nature :i* displays 9 itself 7z 9 regul> bodies7 purposiv5ess ( figure to our m]e appreh5sion2 b mu/ always reg>d su* z s f> me*anically possible4 ,b on t acc\nt to wi% entirely to exclude ! teleological pr9ciple1 & to foll[ simple me*anism only--9 cases :]e1 9 ! rational inve/igation ( ! possibility ( natural =ms ?r\gh _! causes1 purposiv5ess %[s itself q und5iably z ! ref]5ce to a diff]5t k9d ( causality--to d ?is mu/ make ,reason fanta/ic1 & s5d x w&]+ among *im]as ( un?9kable natural faculties2 j z a m]e teleological mode ( explanation :i* takes no acc\nt ( natural me*anism makes x vision>y4 ,9 ! same natural ?+ bo? pr9ciples _c be connect$ z fundam5tal propositions ( explanation 7d$uction7 ( "o by ! o!r1 i4e4 !y d n unite = ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t z dogmatical & con/itutive pr9ciples ( insight into nature4 ,if ,i *oose1 e4g4 to reg>d a maggot z ! product ( ! m]e me*anism ( nature 7( ! new =mation t x produces ( itself1 :5 its elem5ts are set free by corruption71 ,i _c d]ive ! same product f ! same matt] z f a causality t acts accord+ to purposes4 ,conv]sely1 if ,i reg>d ! same product z a natural purpose1 ,i _c c\nt on any me*anical mode ( its production & reg>d ?is z ! con/itutive pr9ciple ( my judgem5t ^u its possibility1 & s unite bo? pr9ciples4 ,"o me?od ( explanation excludes ! o!r2 ev5 suppos+ t objectively bo? gr\nds ( ! possibility ( su* a product re/$ on a s+le gr\nd1 to :i* we did n pay att5tion4 ,! pr9ciple :i* %\ld r5d] possible ! compatibility ( bo? 9 judg+ ( nature mu/ be plac$ 9 t :i* lies outside bo? 7& consequ5tly outside ! possible empirical repres5tation ( nature71 b yet conta9s _! gr\nd1 i4e4 9 ! sup]s5sible2 & ea* ( ! two me?ods ( explanation mu/ be ref]r$ !reto4 ,n[ ( ?is we c h no concept b ! indet]m9ate concept ( a gr\nd1 :i* makes ! judg+ ( nature by empirical laws possible1 b :i* we _c det]m9e m ne>ly by any pr$icate4 ,h5ce ! union ( bo? pr9ciples _c re/ ^u a gr\nd ( explanation ( ! possibility ( a product accord+ to giv5 laws1 = ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t1 b only ^u a gr\nd ( its exposition = ! reflective ,judgem5t4--,to expla9 is to d]ive f a pr9ciple1 :i* !re=e we mu/ cle>ly "k & ( :i* we c give an acc\nt4 ,no d\bt ! pr9ciple ( ! me*anism ( nature & t ( its causality 9 "o & ! same natural product mu/ coalesce 9 a s+le high] pr9ciple1 :i* is _! common s\rce1 because o!rwise !y c\ld n subsi/ side by side 9 ! obs]vation ( nature4 ,b if ?is pr9ciple1 objectively common to ! two1 :i* !re=e w>rants ! association ( ! maxims ( natural inve/igation dep5d+ on bo?1 be su* t1 ?\gh x c be po9t$ to1 x _c be det]m9ately kn[n nor cle>ly put =w>d = use 9 cases :i* arise1 !n f su* a pr9ciple we c draw no explanation1 i4e4 no cle> & det]m9ate d]ivation ( ! possibility ( a natural product 9 accordance ) ^? two het]og5e\s pr9ciples4 ,b n[ ! pr9ciple common to ! me*anical & teleological d]ivations is ! sup]s5sible1 :i* we mu/ place at ! basis ( nature1 reg>d$ z ph5om5on4 ,& ( ?is1 9 a !oretical po9t ( view1 we _c =m ! smalle/ positive det]m9ate concept4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 9 any way be expla9$ h[1 accord+ to x z pr9ciple1 nature 79 its p>ticul> laws7 con/itutes = u "o sy/em1 :i* c be cognis$ z possible ei!r by ! pr9ciple ( physical developm5t or by t ( f9al causes4 ,if x happ5s t objects ( nature pres5t !mselves :i* _c be ?\ght by u1 z reg>ds _! possibility1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( me*anism 7:i* always has a claim on a natural be+71 )\t rely+ on teleological propositions1 we c only make an hypo!sis4 ,namely1 we suppose t we may hopefully inve/igate natural laws ) ref]5ce to bo? 7accord+ z ! possibility ( its product is cognisable by our ,und]/&+ by "o or ! o!r pr9ciple71 )\t /umbl+ at ! app>5t contradiction :i* comes into view betwe5 ! pr9ciples by :i* !y are judg$4 ,= at lea/ ! possibility is assur$ t bo? may be unit$ objectively 9 "o pr9ciple1 s9ce !y conc]n ph5om5a t presuppose a sup]s5sible gr\nd4 ,me*anism1 !n1 & ! teleological 7design$7 ,te*nic ( nature1 9 respect ( ! same product & its possibility1 may /& "u a common supreme pr9ciple ( nature 9 p>ticul> laws4 ,b s9ce ?is pr9ciple is transc5d5t we _c1 because ( ! limitation ( our ,und]/&+1 unite bo? pr9ciples 9 ! explanation ( ! same production ( nature ev5 if ! inn] possibility ( ?is product is only intelligible v]/ndli* ?r\gh a causality accord+ to purposes 7z is ! case ) organis$ matt]74 ,we rev]t !n to ! above fundam5tal proposition ( ,teleology4 ,accord+ to ! con/itution ( ! human ,und]/&+1 no o!r ?an design$ly-work+ causes c be assum$ = ! possibility ( organis$ be+s 9 nature2 & ! m]e me*anism ( nature _c be adequate to ! explanation ( ^! its products4 ,b we d n attempt to decide any?+ by ?is fundam5tal proposition z to ! possibility ( su* ?+s !mselves4 ,?is is only a maxim ( ! reflective1 n ( ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t2 consequ5tly only subjectively valid = u1 n objectively = ! possibility ( ?+s !mselves ( ?is k9d 79 :i* bo? k9ds ( production may well coh]e 9 "o & ! same gr\nd74 ,fur!r1 )\t any concept1--besides ! teleologically conceiv$ me?od ( production1--( a simultane\sly pres5t$ me*anism ( nature1 no judgem5t c be pass$ on ?is k9d ( production z a natural product4 ,h5ce ! above maxim leads to ! necessity ( an unification ( bo? pr9ciples 9 judg+ ( ?+s z natural purposes 9 !mselves1 b does n lead u to sub/itute "o = ! o!r ei!r altoge!r or 9 c]ta9 p>ts4 ,= 9 ! place ( :at is ?\ght 7at lea/ by u7 z possible only by design we _c set me*anism1 & 9 ! place ( :at is cognis$ z me*anically necess>y we _c set cont+5cy1 :i* w\ld ne$ a purpose z its det]m9+ gr\nd2 b we c only subord9ate ! "o 7,me*anism7 to ! o!r 7design$ ,te*nic71 :i* may q well be ! case accord+ to ! transc5d5tal pr9ciple ( ! purposiv5ess ( nature4 ,= :]e purposes are ?\ght z gr\nds ( ! possibility ( c]ta9 ?+s1 we mu/ assume also means1 ^: law ( work+ requires = itself no?+ presuppos+ a purpose1--a me*anical law--& yet c be a subord9ate cause ( design$ effects4 ,?us--9 ! organic products ( nature1 & specially :5 prompt$ by _! inf9ite numb]1 we assume 7at lea/ z a p]missible hypo!sis7 design 9 ! comb9ation ( natural causes by p>ticul> laws z a univ]sal pr9ciple ( ! reflective ,judgem5t = ! :ole ( nature 7! _w71--we c ?9k a great & inde$ univ]sal comb9ation ( me*anical ) teleological laws 9 ! productions ( nature1 )\t int]*ang+ ! pr9ciples by :i* !y are judg$ or putt+ "o 9 ! place ( ! o!r4 ,=1 9 a teleological judgem5t1 ! matt]1 ev5 if ! =m t x assumes be judg$ possible only by design1 c also1 con=mably to ! me*anical laws ( its nature1 be subord9at$ z a means to ! repres5t$ purpose4 ,b1 s9ce ! gr\nd ( ?is compatibility lies 9 t :i* is nei!r "o nor ! o!r 7nei!r me*anism nor purposive comb9ation71 b is ! sup]s5sible sub/rate ( nature ( :i* we "k no?+1 ! two ways ( repres5t+ ! possibility ( su* ,objects are n to be bl5d$ toge!r by our 7human7 ,reason4 ,h[ev]1 we _c judge ( _! possibility o!rwise ?an by judg+ !m z ultimately re/+ on a supreme ,und]/&+ by ! connexion ( f9al causes2 & ?us ! teleological me?od ( explanation is n elim9at$4 ,n[ x is q indet]m9ate1 & = our ,und]/&+ always indet]m9able1 h[ mu* ! me*anism ( nature does z a means t[>ds ea* f9al design 9 nature4 ,h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( ! above-m5tion$ intelligible pr9ciple ( ! possibility ( a nature 9 g5]al1 x may be assum$ t x is possible ?r\gh\t accord+ to ! two k9ds ( univ]sally accordant laws 7! physical & ^? ( f9al causes71 al?\gh we _c see into ! way h[ ?is takes place4 ,h5ce we d n "k h[ f> ! me*anical me?od ( explanation :i* is possible = u may ext5d4 ,s mu* only is c]ta9 t1 s f> z we c g 9 ?is direction1 x mu/ always be inadequate = ?+s t we once recognise z natural purposes2 & !re=e we mu/1 by ! con/itution ( our ,und]/&+1 subord9ate ^! gr\nds collectively to a teleological pr9ciple4 ,h]eon is bas$ a privilege1 & on acc\nt ( ! importance :i* ! /udy ( nature by ! pr9ciple ( me*anism has = ! !oretical use ( our ,reason1 also an appeal4 ,we %\ld expla9 all products & occurr5ces 9 nature1 ev5 ! mo/ purposive1 by me*anism z f> z is 9 our p[] 7! limits ( :i* we _c specify 9 ?is k9d ( inve/igation74 ,b at ! same "t we are n to lose sight ( ! fact t ^? ?+s :i* we _c ev5 /ate = inve/igation except "u ! concept ( a purpose ( ,reason1 mu/1 9 con=mity ) ! ess5tial con/itution ( our ,reason1 me*anical causes not)/&+1 be subord9at$ by u f9ally to causality 9 accordance ) purposes4 ,,me?odology ,,( ,,! ,,teleological ,,judgem5t4#aai #gi4 ,:e!r teleology mu/ be treat$ z if x belong$ to ! doctr9e ( nature ,e sci5ce mu/ h its def9ite position 9 ! encyclopa$ia ( all ! sci5ces4 ,if x is a philosophical sci5ce its position mu/ be ei!r 9 ! !oretical or practical "p4 ,if aga9 x has its place 9 ! =m] ( ^!1 x mu/ be ei!r 9 ! doctr9e ( nature1 s f> z x conc]ns t :i* c be an object ( exp]i5ce 79 ! doctr9e ( bodies1 ! doctr9e ( ! s\l1 or ! univ]sal sci5ce ( ! _w71 or 9 ! doctr9e ( ,god 7! orig9al gr\nd ( ! _w z ! complex ( all objects ( exp]i5ce74 ,n[ ! "q is1 :at place is due to ,teleology8 ,does x belong to ,natural ,sci5ce 7prop]ly s call$7 or to ,!ology8 ,"o ( ! two x mu/ be2 = no sci5ce belongs to ! transition f "o to ! o!r1 because ?is transition only m>ks ! articulation or organisation ( ! sy/em1 & n a place 9 x4 ,t x does n belong to ,!ology z a "p !re(1 al?\gh x may be made ( ! mo/ important use !re91 is self-evid5t4 ,= x has z its objects1 natural productions1 & _! cause1 & al?\gh x ref]s at ! same "t to ! latt] z to a gr\nd ly+ outside ( & beyond nature 7a ,div9e ,au?or71 yet x does n d ?is = ! det]m9ant b only = ! reflective ,judgem5t 9 ! consid]ation ( nature 79 ord] to guide our judgem5t on ?+s 9 ! _w by means ( su* an ,idea z a regulative pr9ciple1 9 con=mity ) ! human ,und]/&+74 ,b x appe>s to belong j z little to ,natural ,sci5ce1 :i* ne$s det]m9ant & n m]ely reflective pr9ciples 9 ord] to supply objective gr\nds = natural effects4 ,9 fact1 no?+ is ga9$ = ! !ory ( nature or ! me*anical explanation ( its ph5om5a by means ( its effective causes1 by consid]+ !m z connect$ accord+ to ! relation ( purposes4 ,! exhibition ( ! purposes ( nature 9 its products1 s f> z !y con/itute a sy/em accord+ to teleological concepts1 prop]ly belongs only to a description ( nature :i* is drawn up 9 accordance ) a p>ticul> guid+ ?read4 ,"h ,reason1 no d\bt1 accompli%es a noble "w1 in/ructive & practically purposive 9 _m po9ts ( view2 b x gives no in=mation z to ! orig9 & ! inn] possibility ( ^! =ms1 :i* is ! special bus9ess ( !oretical ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,teleology1 !re=e1 z sci5ce1 belongs to no ,doctr9e1 b only to ,criticism2 & to ! criticism ( a special cognitive faculty1 viz4 ,judgem5t4 ,b s f> z x conta9s pr9ciples a priori1 x c & mu/ furni% ! me?od by :i* nature mu/ be judg$ accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( f9al causes4 ,h5ce its ,me?odology has at lea/ negative influ5ce ^u ! proc$ure 9 !oretical ,natural ,sci5ce1 & also ^u ! relation :i* ?is c h 9 ,metaphysic to ,!ology z its propa$eutic4 #hj4 ,( ! necess>y subord9ation ( ! me*anical to ! teleological pr9ciple 9 ! explanation ( a ?+ z a natural purpose ,! privilege ( aim+ at a m]ely me*anical me?od ( explanation ( all natural products is 9 itself q unlimit$2 b ! faculty ( atta9+ !reto is by ! con/itution ( our ,und]/&+1 s f> z x has to d ) ?+s z natural purposes1 n only v mu* limit$ b also cle>ly b\nd$4 ,=1 accord+ to a pr9ciple ( ! ,judgem5t1 by ?is process alone no?+ c be accompli%$ t[>ds an explanation ( ^! ?+s2 & consequ5tly ! judgem5t ^u su* products mu/ always be at ! same "t subord9at$ by u to a teleological pr9ciple4 ,x is !re=e rational1 ev5 m]itori\s1 to pursue natural me*anism1 9 respect ( ! explanation ( natural products1 s f> z c be done ) probability2 & if we give up ! attempt x is n because x is impossible 9 itself to meet 9 ?is pa? ) ! purposiv5ess ( nature1 b only because x is impossible = u z m54 ,= !re w\ld be requir$ = t an intuition o!r ?an s5su\s1 & a det]m9ate k ( ! intelligible sub/rate ( nature f :i* a gr\nd c\ld be assign$ = ! me*anism ( ph5om5a accord+ to p>ticul> laws1 :i* q surpasses our faculties4 ,h5ce if ! naturali/ w\ld n wa/e 8 lab\r he mu/ 9 judg+ ( ?+s1 ! concept ( any ( :i* is indubitably e/abli%$ z a natural purpose 7organis$ be+s71 always lay d[n z basis an orig9al organisation1 :i* uses t v me*anism 9 ord] to produce fre% organis$ =ms or to develop ! exi/+ ones into new %apes 7:i*1 h[ev]1 always result f t purpose & con=mably to x74 ,x is praisewor?y by ! aid ( comp>ative anatomy to g ?r\gh ! great creation ( organis$ natures1 9 ord] to see :e!r !re may n be 9 x some?+ simil> to a sy/em & also 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( production4 ,= o!rwise we %\ld h to be cont5t ) ! m]e pr9ciple ( judgem5t 7:i* gives no insight into _! production7 &1 disc\rag$1 to give up all claim to natural insight 9 ?is field4 ,! agreem5t ( s _m g5]a ( animals 9 a c]ta9 common s*ema1 :i* appe>s to be fundam5tal n only 9 ! /ructure ( _! bones b also 9 ! disposition ( _! rema9+ p>ts1--s t ) an admirable simplicity ( orig9al outl9e1 a great v>iety ( species has be5 produc$ by ! %ort5+ ( "o memb] & ! l5g!n+ ( ano!r1 ! involution ( ?is "p & ! evolution ( t1--all[s a ray ( hope1 h[ev] fa9t1 to p5etrate into our m9ds1 t "h some?+ may be accompli%$ by ! aid ( ! pr9ciple ( ! me*anism ( nature 7)\t :i* !re c be no natural sci5ce 9 g5]al74 ,?is analogy ( =ms1 :i* ) all _! diff]5ces seem to h be5 produc$ accord+ to a common orig9al type1 /r5g!ns our suspicions ( an actual relation%ip betwe5 !m 9 _! production f a common p>5t1 ?r\gh ! gradual approximation ( "o animal-g5us to ano!r--f ^? 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( purposes seems to be be/ au!nticat$1 i4e4 f man1 d[n to ! polype1 & aga9 f ?is d[n to mosses & li*5s1 & f9ally to ! l[e/ /age ( nature noticeable by u1 viz4 to crude matt]4 ,& s ! :ole ,te*nic ( nature1 :i* is s incompreh5sible to u 9 organis$ be+s t we believe ourselves compell$ to ?9k a diff]5t pr9ciple = x1 seems to be d]iv$ f matt] & its p[]s accord+ to me*anical laws 7l ^? by :i* x works 9 ! =mation ( cry/als74 ,"h x is p]missible = ! ar*aeologi/ ( nature to d]ive f ! surviv+ traces ( its olde/ revolutions1 accord+ to all its me*anism kn[n or suppos$ by him1 t great family ( creatures 7= s we mu/ repres5t !m if ! said ?or\ghgo+ relation%ip is to h any gr\nd74 ,he c suppose ! bosom ( "m e>?1 z %e pass$ out ( h] *aotic /ate 7l a great animal71 to h giv5 bir? 9 ! beg9n+ to creatures ( less purposive =m1 t ^! aga9 gave bir? to o!rs :i* =m$ !mselves ) great] adaptation to _! place ( bir? & _! relations to ea* o!r2 until ?is womb becom+ torpid & ossifi$1 limit$ its bir?s to def9ite species n fur!r modifiable1 & ! manifoldness rema9$ z x 0 at ! end ( ! op]ation ( t fruitful =mative p[]4--,only he mu/ /ill 9 ! end ascribe to ?is univ]sal "m an organisation purposive 9 respect ( all ^! creatures2 o!rwise x w\ld n be possible to ?9k ! possibility ( ! purposive =m ( ! products ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms4#abj ,he has !n only pu%$ fur!r back ! gr\nd ( explanation & _c pret5d to h made ! developm5t ( ^? two k+doms indep5d5t ( ! condition ( f9al causes4 ,ev5 z conc]ns ! v>iation to :i* c]ta9 individuals ( organis$ g5]a are accid5tally subject$1 if we f9d t ! "* s *ang$ is h]$it>y & is tak5 up into ! g5]ative p[]1 !n we _c p]t95tly judge ! v>iation to be any?+ else ?an an occasional developm5t ( purposive capacities orig9ally pres5t 9 ! species ) a view to ! pres]vation ( ! race4 ,= 9 ! complete inn] purposiv5ess ( an organis$ be+1 ! g5]ation ( its l is closely b\nd up ) ! condition ( tak+ no?+ up into ! g5]ative p[] :i* does n belong1 9 su* a sy/em ( purposes1 to "o ( its undevelop$ orig9al capacities4 ,inde$1 if we dep>t f ?is pr9ciple1 we _c "k ) c]ta9ty :e!r sev]al p>ts ( ! =m :i* is n[ app>5t 9 a species h n a cont+5t & unpurposive orig92 & ! pr9ciple ( ,teleology1 to judge no?+ 9 an organis$ be+ z unpurposive :i* ma9ta9s x 9 its propagation1 w\ld be v unreliable 9 its application & w\ld be valid solely = ! orig9al /ock 7( :i* we h no fur!r k74 ,hume#aba takes exception to ^? :o f9d x requisite to assume = all su* natural purposes a teleological pr9ciple ( judgem5t1 i4e4 an ar*itectonic ,und]/&+4 ,he says t x may fairly be ask$3 h[ is su* an ,und]/&+ possible8 ,h[ c ! manifold faculties & prop]ties t con/itute ! possibility ( an ,und]/&+1 :i* has at ! same "t executive =ce1 be f\nd s purposively toge!r 9 "o ,be+8 ,b ?is objection is )\t weight4 ,= ! :ole difficulty :i* surr\nds ! "q conc]n+ ! fir/ production ( a ?+ conta9+ 9 itself purposes & only compreh5sible by means ( !m1 re/s on ! fur!r "q z to ! unity ( ! gr\nd ( ! comb9ation 9 ?is product ( ! v>i\s elem5ts des ,manni*faltig5 :i* are ext]nal to "o ano!r4 ,= if ?is gr\nd be plac$ 9 ! ,und]/&+ ( a produc+ cause z simple sub/ance1 ! "q1 s f> z x is teleological1 is suffici5tly answ]$2 b if ! cause be s\ght m]ely 9 matt] z an aggregate ( _m sub/ances ext]nal to "o ano!r1 ! unity ( ! pr9ciple is q want+ = ! int]nally purposive =m ( its =mation1 & ! autocracy ( matt] 9 productions :i* c only be conceiv$ by our ,und]/&+ z purposes is a ^w )\t mean+4 ,h5ce x comes to pass t ^? :o seek a supreme gr\nd ( possibility = ! objectively-purposive =ms ( matt]1 )\t attribut+ to x ,und]/&+1 ei!r make ! _w-:ole into a s+le all-embrac+ sub/ance 7,pan!ism71 or 7:i* is only a m det]m9ate explanation ( ! =m]7 into a complex ( _m det]m9ations inh]+ 9 a s+le simple sub/ance 7,sp9ozism72 m]ely 9 ord] to satisfy t condition ( all purposiv5ess--! unity ( gr\nd4 ,?us !y d ju/ice inde$ to "o condition ( ! problem1 viz4 ! unity 9 ! purposive comb9ation1 by means ( ! m]e ontological concept ( a simple sub/ance2 b !y adduce no?+ = ! o!r condition1 viz4 ! relation ( ?is sub/ance to its result z purpose1 ?r\gh :i* relation t ontological gr\nd is to be m closely det]m9$ 9 respect ( ! "q at issue4 ,h5ce !y answ] ! :ole "q 9 no way4 ,x rema9s absolutely unansw]able 7= our ,reason7 if we d n repres5t t orig9al gr\nd ( ?+s1 z simple sub/ance2 its prop]ty :i* has ref]5ce to ! specific con/itution ( ! =ms ( nature gr\nd$ !reon1 viz4 its purposive unity1 z ! prop]ty ( an intellig5t sub/ance2 & ! relation ( ^! =ms to ?is intellig5ce 7on acc\nt ( ! cont+5cy :i* we ascribe to ev]y?+ t we ?9k possible only z a purpose7 z t ( causality4 #ha4 ,( ! association ( me*anism ) ! teleological pr9ciple 9 ! explanation ( a natural purpose z a natural product ,accord+ to ! prec$+ p>agraphs ! me*anism ( nature alone does n enable u to ?9k ! possibility ( an organis$ be+2 b 7at lea/ accord+ to ! con/itution ( our cognitive faculty7 x mu/ be orig9ally subord9at$ to a cause work+ design$ly4 ,b1 j z little is ! m]e teleological gr\nd ( su* a be+ suffici5t = consid]+ x & judg+ x z a product ( nature1 if ! me*anism ( ! latt] be n associat$ ) ! =m]1 l ! in/rum5t ( a cause work+ design$ly1 to ^: purposes nature is subord9at$ 9 its me*anical laws4 ,! possibility ( su* a unification ( two q diff]5t k9ds ( causality1--( nature 9 its univ]sal con=mity to law ) an ,idea :i* limits x to a p>ticul> =m1 = :i* x conta9s no gr\nd 9 itself--is n compreh5d$ by our ,reason4 ,x lies 9 ! sup]s5sible sub/rate ( nature1 ( :i* we c det]m9e no?+ positively1 except t x is ! be+ 9 itself ( :i* we m]ely "k ! ph5om5on4 ,b ! pr9ciple1 8all t we assume z belong+ to ?is nature 7ph5om5on7 & z its product1 mu/ be ?\ght z connect$ !re) accord+ to me*anical laws10 has none ! less =ce1 because )\t ?is k9d ( causality organis$ be+s 7z purposes ( nature7 w\ld n be natural products4 ,n[ if ! teleological pr9ciple ( ! production ( ^! be+s be assum$ 7z is inevitable71 we c place at ! basis ( ! cause ( _! int]nally purposive =m ei!r ,occasionalism or ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony4 ,accord+ to ! =m] ! ,supreme ,cause ( ! _w w\ld1 con=mably to its ,idea1 furni% imm$iately ! organic =mation on ! occasion ( e union ( int]m+l+ mat]ials4 ,accord+ to ! latt] x w\ld1 9 ! orig9al products ( its wisdom1 only h suppli$ ! capacity by means ( :i* an organic be+ produces ano!r ( l k9d1 & ! species p]petually ma9ta9s itself2 :il/ ! loss ( individuals is cont9ually replac$ by t nature :i* at ! same "t works t[>ds _! de/ruction4 ,if we assume ! ,occasionalism ( ! production ( organis$ be+s1 all nature is q lo/1 & ) x all employm5t ( ,reason 9 judg+ ( ! possibility ( su* products2 h5ce we may suppose t no "o w adopt ?is sy/em1 :o has any?+ to d ) philosophy4 ,! !ory ( ,pre-e/abli%$ ,h>mony may proce$ 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,x reg>ds e organis$ be+ z g5]at$ by "o ( l k9d1 ei!r z an educt or a product4 ,! sy/em :i* reg>ds g5]ations z m]e educts is call$ ! !ory ( individual pre=mation or ! !ory ( evolution3 t :i* reg>ds !m z products is entitl$ ! sy/em ( epig5esis4 ,?is latt] may also be entitl$ ! sy/em ( g5]ic pre=mation1 because ! productive faculty ( ! g5]ator & consequ5tly ! specific =m w\ld be virtually p]=m$ accord+ to ! inn] purposive capacities :i* are "p ( its /ock4 ,9 correspond5ce ) ?is ! opposite !ory ( individual pre=mations w\ld be bett] entitl$ ! !ory ( involution4 ,! advocates ( ! !ory ( evolution1 :o remove e individual f ! =mative p[] ( nature1 9 ord] to make x come imm$iately f ! h& ( ! ,creator1 w\ld1 h[ev]1 n v5ture to reg>d ?is z happ5+ accord+ to ! hypo!sis ( ,occasionalism4 ,= accord+ to ?is ! copulation is a m]e =mality1 propos ( :i* a supreme intellig5t ,cause ( ! _w has conclud$ to =m a fruit imm$iately by 8 h&1 & only to leave to ! "m its developm5t & n\ri%m5t4 ,!y decl>e !mselves = pre=mation2 z if x 7 n all ! same1 :e!r a sup]natural orig9 is assign$ to ^! =ms 9 ! beg9n+ or 9 ! c\rse ( ! _w4 ,on ! contr>y1 a great numb] ( sup]natural arrangem5ts w\ld be sp>$ by occasional creation1 :i* w\ld be requisite1 9 ord] t ! embryo =m$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! _w might n be injur$ ?r\gh\t ! long p]iod ( its developm5t by ! de/ructive p[]s ( nature1 & might keep itself unh>m$2 & !re w\ld also be requisite an incalculably great] numb] ( su* pre=m$ be+s ?an w\ld ev] be develop$1 & ) !m _m creations w\ld be made )\t ne$ & )\t purpose4 ,!y w\ld1 h[ev]1 be will+ to leave at lea/ some?+ to nature1 s z n to fall into a complete ,hyp]physic :i* c disp5se ) all natural explanations4 ,x is true1 !y hold s fa/ by _! ,hyp]physic t !y f9d ev5 9 abortions 7:i* x is q impossible to take = purposes ( nature7 an admirable purposiv5ess2 ?\gh x be only direct$ to ! fact t an anatomi/ w\ld take exception to x z a purposeless purposiv5ess1 & w\ld feel a di%e>t5$ wond] !reat4 ,b ! production ( hybrids c\ld absolutely n be accommodat$ ) ! sy/em ( pre=mation2 & to ! se$s ( ! male creature1 to :i* !y _h attribut$ no?+ b ! me*anical prop]ty ( s]v+ z ! fir/ means ( n\ri%m5t = ! embryo1 !y mu/ attribute 9 addition a purposive =mative p[]1 :i* 9 ! case ( ! product ( two creatures ( ! same g5us !y w\ld conc$e to nei!r p>5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 if we d n recognise ! great sup]iority :i* ! !ory ( ,epig5esis has ov] ! =m] z reg>ds ! empirical gr\nds ( its pro(1 /ill prior to pro( ,reason views ?is way ( explanation ) peculi> fav\r4 ,= 9 respect ( ! ?+s :i* we c only repres5t z possible orig9ally accord+ to ! causality ( purposes1 at lea/ z conc]ns _! propagation1 ?is !ory reg>ds nature z self-produc+1 n m]ely z self-evolv+3 & s ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( ! sup]natural leaves to nature all t foll[s aft] ! fir/ beg9n+ 7?\gh )\t det]m9+ any?+ ab\t ?is fir/ beg9n+ by :i* ,physic g5]ally is ?w>t$1 h[ev] x may essay its explanation by a *a9 ( causes74 ,z reg>ds ?is !ory ( ,epig5esis1 no "o has contribut$ m ei!r to its pro( or to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! legitimate pr9ciples ( its application1--p>tly by ! limitation ( a too presumptu\s employm5t ( x1--?an ,h]r ,h(r4 ,blum5ba*4#abb ,9 all physical explanations ( ^! =mations he />ts f organis$ matt]4 ,t crude matt] %\ld h orig9ally =m$ itself accord+ to me*anical laws1 t life %\ld h sprung f ! nature ( :at is lifeless1 t matt] %\ld h be5 able to dispose itself into ! =m ( a self-ma9ta9+ purposiv5ess--?is he rightly decl>es to be contradictory to ,reason4 ,b at ! same "t he leaves to natural me*anism "u ?is to u indisp5sable pr9ciple ( an orig9al organisation1 an undet]m9able b yet unmi/akeable elem5t1 9 ref]5ce to :i* ! faculty ( matt] 9 an organis$ body is call$ by him a =mative impulse 79 contra/ to1 & yet /&+ "u ! high] guidance & direction (1 t m]ely me*anical =mative p[] univ]sally resid5t 9 matt]74 #hb4 ,( ! teleological sy/em 9 ! ext]nal relations ( organis$ be+s ,by ext]nal purposiv5ess ,i mean t by :i* "o ?+ ( nature s]ves ano!r z means to a purpose4 ,n[ ?+s :i* h no int]nal purposiv5ess & :i* presuppose none = _! possibility1 e4g4 e>?1 air1 wat]1 etc41 may at ! same "t be v purposive ext]nally1 i4e4 9 relation to o!r be+s4 ,b ^! latt] mu/ be organis$ be+s1 i4e4 natural purposes1 = o!rwise ! =m] c\ld n be judg$ z means to !m4 ,?us wat]1 air1 & e>? _c be reg>d$ z means to ! rais+ ( m\nta9s1 because m\nta9s conta9 no?+ 9 !mselves t requires a gr\nd ( _! possibility accord+ to purposes1 9 ref]5ce to :i* !re=e _! cause c nev] be repres5t$ "u ! pr$icate ( a means 7z useful !re=74 ,ext]nal purposiv5ess is a q diff]5t concept f t ( int]nal purposiv5ess1 :i* is b\nd up ) ! possibility ( an object irrespective ( its actuality be+ itself a purpose4 ,we c ask ab\t an organis$ be+ ! "q3 ,:at is x =8 ,b we _c easily ask ?is ab\t ?+s 9 :i* we recognise m]ely ! work+ ( nature's me*anism4 ,= 9 ! =m]1 z reg>ds _! int]nal possibility1 we repres5t a causality accord+ to purposes1 a creative ,und]/&+1 & we ref] ?is active faculty to its det]m9+ gr\nd1 viz4 design4 ,!re is only "o ext]nal purposiv5ess :i* is connect$ ) ! int]nal purposiv5ess ( organisation1 & yet s]ves 9 ! ext]nal relation ( a means to a purpose1 )\t ! "q necess>ily aris+1 z to :at end ?is be+ s organis$ mu/ h exi/$ =4 ,?is is ! organisation ( bo? sexes 9 _! mutual relation = ! propagation ( _! k9d2 s9ce "h we c always ask1 z 9 ! case ( an individual1 :y mu/ su* a pair exi/8 ,! answ] is3 ,?is pair fir/ con/itutes an organis+ :ole1 ?\gh n an organis$ :ole 9 a s+le body4 ,if we n[ ask1 :]e=e any?+ is1 ! answ] is ei!r3 ,its pres5ce & its production h no ref]5ce at all to a cause work+ accord+ to design1 & s we always ref] its orig9 to ! me*anism ( nature1 or3 ,!re is some:]e a design$ gr\nd ( its pres5ce 7z a cont+5t natural be+74 ,?is ?\ght we c h>dly sep>ate f ! concept ( an organis$ ?+2 =1 s9ce we mu/ place at ! basis ( its int]nal possibility a causality ( f9al causes & an ,idea ly+ at ! gr\nd ( ?is1 we _c ?9k ! exi/5ce ( ?is product except z a purpose4 ,= ! repres5t$ effect1 ! repres5tation ( :i* is at ! same "t ! det]m9+ gr\nd ( ! intellig5t cause work+ t[>ds its production1 is call$ a purpose4 ,9 ?is case !re=e we c ei!r say3 ,! purpose ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a natural be+ is 9 itself2 i4e4 x is n m]ely a purpose b a f9al purpose1 or3 ,?is is ext]nal to x 9 ano!r natural be+1 i4e4 x exi/s purposively n z a f9al purpose1 b necess>ily z a means4 ,b if we g ?r\gh ! :ole ( nature we f9d 9 x1 z nature1 no be+ :i* c\ld make claim to ! em95ce ( be+ ! f9al purpose ( creation2 & we c ev5 prove a priori t :at might be = nature an ultimate purpose1 accord+ to all ! ?9kable det]m9ations & prop]ties :]e) "o c\ld end[ x1 c\ld yet z a natural ?+ nev] be a f9al purpose4 ,if we consid] ! vegetable k+dom we might at fir/ sight1 on acc\nt ( ! immeasurable f]tility ) :i* x spreads itself almo/ on e soil1 be l$ to take x = a m]e product ( t me*anism :i* nature displays 9 ! =mations ( ! m9]al k+dom4 ,b a m intimate k ( its indescribably wise organisation does n p]mit u to hold to ?is ?\ght1 b prompts ! "q3 ,:at are ^! ?+s creat$ =8 ,if x is answ]$3 ,= ! animal k+dom1 :i* is !reby n\ri%$ & has ?us be5 able to spread ov] ! e>? 9 g5]a s v>i\s1 !n ! fur!r "q comes3 ,:at are ^! plant-dev\r+ animals =8 ,! answ] w\ld be some?+ l ?is3 ,= bea/s ( prey1 :i* c only be n\ri%$ by t :i* has life4 ,f9ally we h ! "q3 ,:at are ^! la/1 z well z ! fir/-m5tion$ natural k+doms1 good =8 ,= man1 9 ref]5ce to ! manifold use :i* 8 ,und]/&+ tea*es him to make ( all ^! creatures4 ,he is ! ultimate purpose ( creation "h on e>?1 because he is ! only be+ ^u x :o c =m a concept ( purposes1 & :o c by 8 ,reason make out ( an aggregate ( purposively =m$ ?+s a sy/em ( purposes4 ,we might also ) ! *evali] ,l9naeus#abc g ! app>5tly opposite way & say3 ,! h]bivor\s animals are !re to mod]ate ! luxuri\s gr[? ( ! vegetable k+dom1 by :i* _m ( its species are *ok$4 ,! c>nivora are to set b\nds to ! voracity ( ! h]bivora4 ,f9ally man1 by 8 pursuit ( ^! & 8 dim9ution ( _! numb]s1 pres]ves a c]ta9 equilibrium betwe5 ! produc+ & ! de/ructive p[]s ( nature4 ,& s man1 al?\gh 9 a c]ta9 ref]5ce he might be e/eem$ a purpose1 yet 9 ano!r has only ! rank ( a means4 ,if an objective purposiv5ess 9 ! v>iety ( ! g5]a ( creatures & _! ext]nal relations to "o ano!r1 z purposively con/ruct$ be+s1 be made a pr9ciple1 !n x is con=mable to ,reason to conceive 9 ^! relations a c]ta9 organisation & a sy/em ( all natural k+doms accord+ to f9al causes4 ,only "h exp]i5ce seems flatly to contradict ! maxims ( ,reason1 especially z conc]ns an ultimate purpose ( nature1 :i* is indisp5sable = ! possibility ( su* a sy/em & :i* we c put n[h]e else b 9 man4 ,= reg>d+ him z "o ( ! _m animal g5]a1 nature has n 9 ! lea/ except$ him f its de/ructive or its productive p[]s1 b has subject$ ev]y?+ to a me*anism !re( )\t any purpose4 ,! fir/ ?+ t mu/ be design$ly prep>$ 9 an arrangem5t = a purposive complex ( natural be+s on ! e>? w\ld be _! place ( habitation1 ! soil & ! elem5t on & 9 :i* !y are to ?rive4 ,b a m exact k ( ! con/itution ( ?is basis ( all organic production indicates no o!r causes ?an ^? work+ q undesign$ly1 causes :i* r de/roy ?an fav\r production1 ord]1 & purposes4 ,l& & sea n only conta9 9 !mselves memorials ( anci5t mighty desolations :i* h conf\nd$ !m & all creatures t are 9 !m2 b _! :ole /ructure1 ! /rata ( ! "o & ! b\nd>ies ( ! o!r1 h q ! appe>ance ( be+ ! product ( ! wild & viol5t =ces ( a nature work+ 9 a /ate ( *aos4 ,al?\gh ! figure1 ! /ructure1 & ! slope ( ! l& might seem to be purposively ord]$ = ! reception ( wat] f ! air1 = ! well+ up ( /reams betwe5 /rata ( diff]5t k9ds 7= _m k9ds ( products71 & = ! c\rse ( riv]s--yet a clos] inve/igation %[s t !y are m]ely ! effects ( volcanic eruptions or ( inundations ( ! ocean1 z reg>ds n only ! fir/ production ( ?is figure1 b1 above all1 its subsequ5t trans=mation1 z well z ! disappe>ance ( its fir/ organic productions4#abd ,n[ if ! place ( habitation ( all ^! creatures1 ! soil 7( ! l&7 or ! bosom 7( ! sea71 indicates no?+ b a q undesign$ me*anism ( its production1 h[ & ) :at "r c we dem& & ma9ta9 a diff]5t orig9 = ^! latt] products8 ,! close/ exam9ation1 inde$ 79 ,camp]'s#abe judgem5t71 ( ! rema9s ( ! a=esaid deva/ations ( nature seems to %[ t man 0 n compreh5d$ 9 ^! revolutions2 b yet he is s dep5d5t on ! rema9+ creatures t1 if a univ]sally direct+ me*anism ( nature be admitt$ 9 ! case ( ! o!rs1 he mu/ also be reg>d$ z compreh5d$ "u x2 ev5 ?\gh 8 ,und]/&+ 7= ! mo/ "p at lea/7 has be5 able to deliv] him f ^! deva/ations4 ,b ?is argum5t seems to prove m ?an 0 int5d$ by x4 ,x seems to prove n m]ely t man _c be ! ultimate purpose ( nature1 & t on ! same gr\nds ! aggregate ( ! organis$ ?+s ( nature on ! e>? _c be a sy/em ( purposes2 b also t ! natural products =m]ly held to be natural purposes h no o!r orig9 ?an ! me*anism ( nature4 ,b 9 ! solution giv5 above ( ! ,ant9omy ( ! pr9ciples ( ! me*anical & teleological me?ods ( production ( organic be+s ( nature1 we h se5 t !y are m]ely pr9ciples ( ! reflective ,judgem5t 9 respect ( nature z x produces =ms 9 accordance ) p>ticul> laws 7= ! sy/ematic connexion ( :i* we h no key74 ,!y d n det]m9e ! orig9 ( ^! be+s 9 !mselves2 b only say t we1 by ! con/itution ( our ,und]/&+ & our ,reason1 _c conceive x 9 ?is k9d ( be+ except accord+ to f9al causes4 ,! greate/ possible ef=t1 ev5 audacity1 9 ! attempt to expla9 !m me*anically is n only p]mitt$1 b we are invit$ to x by ,reason2 not)/&+ t we "k f ! subjective gr\nds ( ! p>ticul> species & limitations ( our ,und]/&+ 7n e4g4 because ! me*anism ( production w\ld contradict 9 itself an orig9 accord+ to purposes7 t we c nev] atta9 !reto4 ,f9ally1 ! compatibility ( bo? ways ( repres5t+ ! possibility ( nature may lie 9 ! sup]s5sible pr9ciple ( nature 7ext]nal to u1 z well z 9 u72 :il/ ! me?od ( repres5tation accord+ to f9al causes may be only a subjective condition ( ! use ( our ,reason1 :5 x n m]ely wi%es to =m a judgem5t ^u objects z ph5om5a1 b desires to ref] ^! ph5om5a toge!r ) _! pr9ciples to _! sup]s5sible sub/rate1 9 ord] to f9d c]ta9 laws ( _! unity possible1 :i* x _c repres5t to itself except ?r\gh purposes 7( :i* ! ,reason also has su* z are sup]s5sible74 #hc4 ,( ! ultimate purpose ( nature z a teleological sy/em ,we h %[n 9 ! prec$+ t1 ?\gh n = ! det]m9ant b = ! reflective ,judgem5t1 we h suffici5t cause = judg+ man to be1 n m]ely l all organis$ be+s a natural purpose1 b also ! ultimate purpose ( nature "h on e>?2 9 ref]5ce to :om all o!r natural ?+s con/itute a sy/em ( purposes accord+ to fundam5tal propositions ( ,reason4 ,if n[ t mu/ be f\nd 9 man himself1 :i* is to be fur!r$ z a purpose by means ( 8 connexion ) nature1 ?is purpose mu/ ei!r be ( a k9d t c be satisfi$ by nature 9 its b5efic5ce2 or x is ! aptitude & skill = all k9ds ( purposes = :i* nature 7ext]nal & int]nal7 c be us$ by him4 ,! fir/ purpose ( nature w\ld be man's happ9ess1 ! second 8 culture4 ,! concept ( happ9ess is n "o t man d]ives by ab/raction f 8 in/9cts & s d$uces f 8 animal nature2 b x is a m]e ,idea ( a /ate1 t he wi%es to make adequate to ! ,idea "u m]ely empirical conditions 7:i* is impossible74 ,?is ,idea he projects 9 su* diff]5t ways on acc\nt ( ! complication ( 8 ,und]/&+ ) ,imag9ation & ,s5se1 & *anges s (t51 t nature1 ev5 if x 7 entirely subject$ to 8 elective w1 c\ld receive absolutely no det]m9ate1 univ]sal & fix$ law1 s z to h>monise ) ?is vacillat+ concept & ?us ) ! purpose :i* ea* man arbitr>ily sets be=e himself4 ,& ev5 if we r$uce ?is to ! true natural wants z to :i* our race is ?or\ghly agre$1 or on ! o!r h&1 raise ev] s high man's skill to accompli% 8 imag9$ purposes2 yet1 ev5 ?us1 :at man und]/&s by happ9ess1 & :at is 9 fact 8 prop]1 ultimate1 natural purpose 7n purpose ( fre$om71 w\ld nev] be atta9$ by him4 ,= x is n 8 nature to re/ & be cont5t$ ) ! possession & enjoym5t ( any?+ :atev]4 ,on ! o!r side1 too1 !re is some?+ want+4 ,nature has n tak5 him = h] special d>l+ & fav\r$ him ) b5efit above all animals4 ,r1 9 h] de/ructive op]ations1--plague1 hung]1 p]ils ( wat]s1 fro/1 assaults ( o!r animals great & small1 etc41--9 ^! ?+s has %e sp>$ him z little z any o!r animal4 ,fur!r1 ! inconsi/5cy ( 8 own natural dispositions drives him into self-devis$ torm5ts1 & also r$uces o!rs ( 8 own race to mis]y1 by ! oppression ( lord%ip1 ! b>b>ism ( w>1 & s =?2 he1 himself1 z f> z 9 him lies1 works = ! de/ruction ( 8 own race2 s t ev5 ) ! mo/ b5efic5t ext]nal nature1 its purpose1 if x 7 direct$ to ! happ9ess ( our species1 w\ld n be atta9$ 9 an e>?ly sy/em1 because our nature is n susceptible ( x4 ,man is !n always only a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( natural purposes2 a pr9ciple c]ta9ly 9 respect ( _m purposes1 = :i* nature seems to h de/9$ him 9 h] disposition1 & t[>ds :i* he sets himself1 b also a means = ! ma9t5ance ( purposiv5ess 9 ! me*anism ( ! rema9+ l9ks4 ,z ! only be+ on e>? :i* has an ,und]/&+ &1 consequ5tly1 a faculty ( sett+ arbitr>y purposes be=e itself1 he is c]ta9ly entitl$ to be ! "l ( nature2 & if x be reg>d$ z a teleological sy/em he is1 by 8 de/9ation1 ! ultimate purpose ( nature4 ,b ?is is subject to ! condition ( 8 hav+ an ,und]/&+ & ! ,w to give to x & to himself su* a ref]5ce to purposes1 z c be self-suffici5t indep5d5tly ( nature1 &1 consequ5tly1 c be a f9al purpose2 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be s\ght 9 nature itself4 ,b 9 ord] to f9d out :]e 9 man we h to place t ultimate purpose ( nature1 we mu/ seek out :at nature c supply to prep>e him = :at he mu/ d himself 9 ord] to be a f9al purpose1 & we mu/ sep>ate x f all ^? purposes ^: possibility dep5ds ^u ?+s t "o c expect only f nature4 ,( ! latt] k9d is e>?ly happ9ess1 by :i* is und]/ood ! complex ( all man's purposes possible ?r\gh nature1 :e!r ext]nal nature or man's nature2 i4e4 ! matt] ( all 8 e>?ly purposes1 :i*1 if he makes x 8 :ole purpose1 r5d]s him incapable ( posit+ 8 own exi/5ce z a f9al purpose1 & be+ 9 h>mony !re)4 ,!re rema9s !re=e ( all 8 purposes 9 nature only ! =mal subjective condition2 viz4 ! aptitude ( sett+ purposes 9 g5]al be=e himself1 & 7indep5d5t ( nature 9 8 purposive det]m9ation7 ( us+ nature1 con=mably to ! maxims ( 8 free purposes 9 g5]al1 z a means4 ,?is nature c d 9 reg>d to ! f9al purpose t lies outside x1 & x !re=e may be reg>d$ z its ultimate purpose4 ,! production ( ! aptitude ( a rational be+ = arbitr>y purposes 9 g5]al 7consequ5tly 9 8 fre$om7 is culture4 ,!re=e1 culture alone c be ! ultimate purpose :i* we h cause = ascrib+ to nature 9 respect to ! human race 7n man's e>?ly happ9ess or ! fact t he is ! *ief in/rum5t ( in/itut+ ord] & h>mony 9 irrational nature ext]nal to himself74 ,b all culture is n adequate to ?is ultimate purpose ( nature4 ,! culture ( skill is inde$ ! *ief subjective condition ( aptitude = fur!r+ "o's purposes 9 g5]al2 b x is n adequate to fur!r+ ! w#abf 9 ! det]m9ation & *oice ( purposes1 :i* yet ess5tially belongs to ! :ole ext5t ( an aptitude = purposes4 ,! latt] condition ( aptitude1 :i* we might call ! culture ( tra9+ 7discipl9e71 is negative1 & consi/s 9 ! free+ ( ! w f ! despotism ( desires4 ,by ^!1 ti$ z we are to c]ta9 natural ?+s1 we are r5d]$ incapable ev5 ( *oos+1 :ile we all[ ^? impulses to s]ve z fett]s1 :i* ,nature has giv5 u z guid+ ?reads t we %\ld n neglect or violate ! de/9ation ( our animal nature--we be+ all ! "t free en\gh to /ra9 or relax1 to ext5d or dim9i% !m1 accord+ z ! purposes ( ,reason require4 ,skill _c be develop$ 9 ! human race except by means ( inequality among m52 = ! great majority provide ! necessities ( life1 z x 71 me*anically1 )\t requir+ any art 9 p>ticul>1 = ! conv5i5ce & leisure ( o!rs :o "w at ! less necess>y elem5ts ( culture1 sci5ce & art4 ,9 an oppress$ condition !y h h>d "w & little enjoym5t1 al?\gh mu* ( ! culture ( ! high] classes gradually spreads to !m4 ,yet ) ! progress ( ?is culture 7! height ( :i* is call$ luxury1 rea*$ :5 ! prop5sity to :at c be done )\t beg9s to be injuri\s to :at is indisp5sable71 _! calamities increase equally 9 two directions1 on ! "o h& ?r\gh viol5ce f )\t1 on ! o!r h& ?r\gh int]nal discont5t2 b /ill ?is spl5did mis]y is b\nd up ) ! developm5t ( ! natural capacities ( ! human race1 & ! purpose ( nature itself1 al?\gh n our purpose1 is ?us atta9$4 ,! =mal condition "u :i* nature c alone atta9 ?is its f9al design1 is t arrangem5t ( m5's relations to "o ano!r1 by :i* lawful au?ority 9 a :ole1 :i* we call a civil community1 is oppos$ to ! abuse ( _! conflict+ fre$oms2 only 9 ?is c ! greate/ developm5t ( natural capacities take place4 ,= ?is also !re w\ld be requisite1--if m5 7 clev] en\gh to f9d x out & wise en\gh to submit !mselves volunt>ily to its con/ra9t1--a cosmopolitan :ole1 i4e4 a sy/em ( all /ates t are 9 dang] ( act+ injuri\sly ^u ea* o!r4#abg ,fail+ ?is1 & ) ! ob/acles :i* ambition1 lu/ ( dom9ion1 & av>ice1 especially 9 ^? :o h ! au?ority 9 _! h&s1 oppose ev5 to ! possibility ( su* a s*eme1 !re is1 inevitably1 w> 7by :i* sometimes /ates subdivide & resolve !mselves into small] /ates1 sometimes a /ate annexes o!r small] /ates & /rives to =m a great] :ole74 ,?\gh w> is an undesign$ ent]prise ( m5 7/irr$ up by _! unbridl$ passions71 yet is x p]haps#abh a deep-hidd5 & design$ ent]prise ( supreme wisdom = prep>+1 if n = e/abli%+1 con=mity to law amid ! fre$om ( /ates1 & ) ?is a unity ( a morally gr\nd$ sy/em ( ^? /ates4 ,9 spite ( ! dreadful afflictions ) :i* x visits ! human race1 & ! p]haps great] afflictions ) :i* ! con/ant prep>ation = x 9 "t ( peace oppresses !m1 yet is x 7al?\gh ! hope = a re/ful /ate ( popul> happ9ess is ev] fur!r (f7 a motive = develop+ all tal5ts s]viceable = culture1 to ! highe/ possible pit*4#abi ,z conc]ns ! discipl9e ( ! incl9ations1--= :i* our natural capacity 9 reg>d ( our de/9ation z an animal race is q purposive1 b :i* r5d] ! developm5t ( humanity v difficult1--!re is manife/ 9 respect ( ?is second requirem5t = culture a purposive /riv+ ( nature to a cultivation :i* makes u receptive ( high] purposes ?an nature itself c supply4 ,we _c /rive aga9/ ! prepond]ance ( evil1 :i* is p\r$ out ^u u by ! ref9em5t ( ta/e pu%$ to idealisation1 & ev5 by ! luxury ( sci5ce z af=d+ food = pride1 ?r\gh ! insatiable numb] ( incl9ations ?us ar\s$4 ,b yet we _c mi/ake ! purpose ( nature--ev] aim+ to w9 u away f ! rud5ess & viol5ce ( ^? incl9ations 7incl9ations to enjoym5t7 :i* belong r to our animality1 & = ! mo/ "p are oppos$ to ! cultivation ( our high] de/9y1 & to make way = ! developm5t ( our humanity4 ,! beautiful arts & ! sci5ces :i*1 by _! univ]sally-communicable pleasure1 & by ! poli% & ref9em5t ( society1 make man m civilis$1 if n morally bett]1 w9 u 9 l>ge measure f ! tyranny ( s5se-prop5sions1 & ?us prep>e m5 = a lord%ip1 9 :i* ,reason alone %all h au?ority2 :il/ ! evils ) :i* we are visit$1 p>tly by nature1 p>tly by ! intol]ant selfi%ness ( m51 summon1 /r5g!n1 & h>d5 ! p[]s ( ! s\l n to submit to !m1 & s make u feel an aptitude = high] purposes1 :i* lies hidd5 9 u4#acj #hd4 ,( ! f9al purpose ( ! exi/5ce ( a _w1 i4e4 ( creation itself ,a f9al purpose is t purpose :i* ne$s no o!r z condition ( its possibility4 ,if ! m]e me*anism ( nature be assum$ z ! gr\nd ( explanation ( its purposiv5ess1 we _c ask3 :at are ?+s 9 ! _w !re =8 ,= accord+ to su* an ideali/ic sy/em x is only ! physical possibility ( ?+s 7to ?9k :i* z purposes w\ld be m]e subtlety )\t any ,object7 t is "u discussion2 :e!r we ref] ?is =m ( ?+s to *ance or to bl9d necessity1 9 ei!r case ! "q w\ld be va94 ,if1 h[ev]1 we assume ! purposive comb9ation 9 ! _w to be real & to be br\ght ab\t by a p>ticul> k9d ( causality1 viz4 t ( a design$ly-work+ cause1 we _c /op at ! "q3 :y h ?+s ( ! _w 7organis$ be+s7 ?is or t =m8 :y are !y plac$ by nature 9 ?is or t relation to "o ano!r8 ,b once an ,und]/&+ is ?\ght t mu/ be reg>d$ z ! cause ( ! possibility ( su* =ms z are actually f\nd 9 ?+s1 x mu/ be also ask$ on objective gr\nds3 ,:o c\ld h det]m9$ ?is productive ,und]/&+ to an op]ation ( ?is k9d8 ,?is be+ is !n ! f9al purpose 9 ref]5ce to :i* su* ?+s are !re4 ,i h said above t ! f9al purpose is n a purpose :i* nature w\ld be compet5t to br+ ab\t & to produce 9 con=mity ) its ,idea1 because x is uncondition$4 ,= !re is no?+ 9 nature 7reg>d$ z a s5sible be+7 = :i* ! det]m9+ gr\nd pres5t 9 itself w\ld n be always condition$2 & ?is holds n m]ely ( ext]nal 7mat]ial7 nature1 b also ( int]nal 7?9k+7 nature--x be+ ( c\rse und]/ood t ,i only am consid]+ t 9 myself :i* is nature4 ,b a ?+ t is to exi/ necess>ily1 on acc\nt ( its objective con/itution1 z ! f9al purpose ( an intellig5t cause1 mu/ be ( ! k9d t 9 ! ord] ( purposes x is dep5d5t on no fur!r condition ?an m]ely its ,idea4 ,n[ we h 9 ! _w only "o k9d ( be+s ^: causality is teleological1 i4e4 is direct$ to purposes & is at ! same "t s con/itut$ t ! law accord+ to :i* !y h to det]m9e purposes = !mselves is repres5t$ z uncondition$ & indep5d5t ( natural conditions1 & yet z 9 itself necess>y4 ,! be+ ( ?is k9d is man1 b man consid]$ z n\m5on2 ! only natural be+ 9 :i* we c recognise1 on ! side ( its peculi> con/itution1 a sup]s5sible faculty 7fre$om7 & also ! law ( causality1 toge!r ) its ,object1 :i* ?is faculty may propose to itself z highe/ purpose 7! highe/ good 9 ! _w74 ,n[ ( man 7& s ( e rational creature 9 ! ,_w7 z a moral be+ x c no long] be ask$3 :y 7quem 9 f9em7 he exi/s8 ,8 exi/5ce involves ! highe/ purpose to :i*1 z f> z is 9 8 p[]1 he c subject ! :ole ( nature2 contr>y to :i* at lea/ he _c reg>d himself z subject to any influ5ce ( nature4--,if n[ ?+s ( ! _w1 z be+s dep5d5t 9 _! exi/5ce1 ne$ a supreme cause act+ accord+ to purposes1 man is ! f9al purpose ( creation2 s9ce )\t him ! *a9 ( mutually subord9at$ purposes w\ld n be complete z reg>ds its gr\nd4 ,only 9 man1 & only 9 him z subject ( morality1 d we meet ) uncondition$ legislation 9 respect ( purposes1 :i* !re=e alone r5d]s him capable ( be+ a f9al purpose1 to :i* ! :ole ( nature is teleologically subord9at$4#aca #he4 ,( ,physico-!ology ,physico-!ology is ! endeav\r ( ,reason to inf] ! ,supreme ,cause ( nature & its prop]ties f ! purposes ( nature 7:i* c only be empirically kn[n74 ,moral !ology 7e?ico-!ology7 w\ld be ! endeav\r to inf] t ,cause & its prop]ties f ! moral purpose ( rational be+s 9 nature 7:i* c be kn[n a priori74 ,! =m] naturally prec$es ! latt]4 ,= if we wi% to inf] a ,_w ,cause teleologically f ! ?+s 9 ! _w1 purposes ( nature mu/ fir/ be giv51 = :i* we aft]w>ds h to seek a f9al purpose1 & = ?is ! pr9ciple ( ! causality ( ?is ,supreme ,cause4 ,_m inve/igations ( nature c & mu/ be conduct$ accord+ to ! teleological pr9ciple1 )\t our hav+ cause to inquire into ! gr\nd ( ! possibility ( purposive work+ ) :i* we meet 9 v>i\s products ( nature4 ,b if we wi% to h a concept ( ?is we h absolutely no fur!r insight into x ?an ! maxim ( ! reflective ,judgem5t af=ds3 viz4 if only a s+le organic product ( nature 7 giv5 to u1 by ! con/itution ( our cognitive faculty we c\ld ?9k no o!r gr\nd = x ?an t ( a cause ( nature itself 7:e!r ! :ole ( nature or only ?is bit ( x7 :i* conta9s ! causality = x ?r\gh ,und]/&+4 ,?is pr9ciple ( judg+1 ?\gh x does n br+ u any fur!r 9 ! explanation ( natural ?+s & _! orig91 yet discloses to u an outlook ov] nature1 by :i* p]haps we may be able to det]m9e m closely ! concept1 o!rwise s unfruitful1 ( an ,orig9al ,be+4 ,n[ ,i say t ,physico-!ology1 h[ev] f> x may be pursu$1 c disclose to u no?+ ( a f9al purpose ( creation2 = x does n ev5 ext5d to ! "q z to ?is4 ,x c1 x is true1 ju/ify ! concept ( an intellig5t ,_w ,cause1 z a subjective concept 7only available = ! con/itution ( our cognitive faculty7 ( ! possibility ( ?+s t we c make intelligible to ourselves accord+ to purposes2 b x _c det]m9e ?is concept fur!r1 ei!r 9 a !oretical or a practical po9t ( view4 ,its endeav\r does n come up to its design ( be+ ! basis ( a ,!ology1 b x always rema9s only a physical ,teleology2 because ! purposive ref]5ce !re9 is & mu/ be always consid]$ only z condition$ 9 nature1 & x consequ5tly _c inquire into ! purpose = :i* nature itself exi/s 7= :i* ! gr\nd mu/ be s\ght outside nature71--not)/&+ t x is ^u ! det]m9ate ,idea ( ?is t ! det]m9ate concept ( t ,supreme ,intellig5t ,_w ,cause1 & ! consequ5t possibility ( a ,!ology1 dep5d4 ,:at ! ?+s 9 ! _w are mutually useful =2 :at good ! manifold 9 a ?+ does = ! ?+2 h[ we h gr\nd to assume t no?+ 9 ! _w is 9 va91 b t ev]y?+ 9 nature is good = some?+1--! condition be+ grant$ t c]ta9 ?+s are to exi/ 7z purposes71 :5ce our ,reason has 9 its p[] = ! ,judgem5t no o!r pr9ciple ( ! possibility ( ! ,object1 :i* x inevitably judges teleologically1 ?an t ( subord9at+ ! me*anism ( nature to ! ,ar*itectonic ( an intellig5t ,au?or ( ! _w--all ?is ! teleological consid]ation ( ! _w supplies u ) excell5tly & to our extreme admiration4 ,b because ! data1 & s ! pr9ciples1 = det]m9+ t concept ( an intellig5t ,_w ,cause 7z highe/ arti/7 are m]ely empirical1 !y d n enable u to inf] any ( its prop]ties beyond ^? :i* exp]i5ce reveals 9 its effects4 ,n[ exp]i5ce1 s9ce x c nev] embrace collective nature z a sy/em1 mu/ (t5 7app>5tly7 happ5 ^u ?is concept 7& by mutually conflict+ gr\nds ( pro(72 b x c nev]1 ev5 if we _h ! p[] ( survey+ empirically ! :ole sy/em z f> z x conc]ns m]e nature1 raise u above nature to ! purpose ( its exi/5ce1 & s to ! det]m9ate concept ( t supreme ,intellig5ce4 ,if we less5 ! problem ) ! solution ( :i* ,physico-!ology has to d1 its solution appe>s easy4 ,if we r$uce ! concept ( a ,deity to t ( an intellig5t be+ ?\ght by u1 ( :i* !re may be "o or m1 :i* possesses _m & v great prop]ties1 b n all ! prop]ties :i* are requisite = ! f\ndation ( a nature 9 h>mony ) ! greate/ possible purpose2 or if we d n scruple 9 a !ory to supply by arbitr>y additions :at is defici5t 9 ! gr\nds ( pro(1 & s1 :]e we h only gr\nd = assum+ mu* p]fection 7& :at is 8mu*0 = u871 consid] ourselves entitl$ to presuppose all possible p]fection2 ?us inde$ physical ,teleology may make weighty claims to ! di/9ction ( be+ ! basis ( a ,!ology4 ,b if we are desir$ to po9t out :at impels & moreov] au?orises u to add ^! supplem5ts1 !n we %all seek 9 va9 = a gr\nd ( ju/ification 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! !oretical use ( ,reason1 :i* is ev] desir\s 9 ! explanation ( an ,object ( exp]i5ce to ascribe to x no m prop]ties ?an ^? = :i* empirical data ( possibility are to be f\nd4 ,on clos] exam9ation we %\ld see t prop]ly speak+ an ,idea ( a ,supreme ,be+1 :i* re/s on a q diff]5t use ( ,reason 7! practical use71 lies 9 u fundam5tally a priori1 impell+ u to supplem5t1 by ! concept ( a ,deity1 ! defective repres5tation1 suppli$ by a physical ,teleology1 ( ! orig9al gr\nd ( ! purposes 9 nature2 & we %\ld n falsely imag9e t we _h work$ out ?is ,idea1 & ) x a ,!ology by means ( ! !oretical use ( ,reason 9 ! physical cognition ( ! _w--mu* less t we _h prov$ its reality4 ,"o _c blame ! anci5ts mu*1 if !y ?\ght ( _! gods z diff]+ mu* f ea* o!r bo? z reg>ds _! faculties & z reg>ds _! designs & volitions1 b yet ?\ght ( all ( !m1 ! ,supreme ,"o n except$1 z always limit$ aft] human fa%ion4 ,= if !y consid]$ ! arrangem5t & ! c\rse ( ?+s 9 nature1 !y c]ta9ly f\nd gr\nd en\gh = assum+ some?+ m ?an me*anism z its cause1 & = conjectur+ beh9d ! ma*9]y ( ?is _w designs ( c]ta9 high] causes1 :i* !y c\ld n ?9k o!rwise ?an sup]human4 ,b because !y met ) good & evil1 ! purposive & ! unpurposive1 m+l$ toge!r 7at lea/ z f> z our insight goes71 & c\ld n p]mit !mselves to assume nev]!less t wise & b5evol5t purposes ( :i* !y saw no pro( lay hidd5 at bottom1 on behalf ( ! arbitr>y ,idea ( a supremely p]fect orig9al ,au?or1 _! judgem5t ^u ! supreme ,_w ,cause c\ld h>dly h be5 o!r ?an x 01 s long z !y proce$$ consi/5tly accord+ to maxims ( ! m]e !oretical use ( ,reason4 ,o!rs1 :o wi%$ to be !ologians z well z physici/s1 ?\ght to f9d cont5tm5t = ! ,reason by provid+ = ! absolute unity ( ! pr9ciple ( natural ?+s :i* ,reason dem&s1 ! ,idea ( a ,be+ ( :i* z sole ,sub/ance ! ?+s w\ld be all only inh]5t det]m9ations4 ,?is ,sub/ance w\ld n be ,cause ( ! ,_w by means ( intellig5ce1 b 9 x all ! intellig5ces ( ! be+s 9 ! _w w\ld be compris$4 ,?is ,be+ consequ5tly w\ld produce no?+ accord+ to purposes2 b 9 x all ?+s1 on acc\nt ( ! unity ( ! subject ( :i* !y are m]e det]m9ations1 mu/ necess>ily relate !mselves purposively to "o ano!r1 ?\gh )\t purpose & design4 ,?us !y introduc$ ! ,idealism ( f9al causes1 by *ang+ ! unity 7s difficult to expla97 ( a numb] ( purposively comb9$ sub/ances1 f be+ ! unity ( causal dep5d5ce on "o ,sub/ance to be ! unity ( inh]5ce 9 "o4 ,?is sy/em--:i* 9 ! sequel1 consid]$ on ! side ( ! inh]5t _w be+s1 becomes ,pan!ism1 & 7lat]7 on ! side ( ! ,subject subsi/+ by itself z ,orig9al ,be+1 becomes ,sp9ozism1--does n s mu* resolve z expla9 away into no?+ ! "q ( ! fir/ gr\nd ( ! purposiv5ess ( nature2 because ?is latt] concept1 b]eft ( all reality1 mu/ be tak5 = a m]e mis9t]pretation ( a univ]sal ontological concept ( a ?+ 9 g5]al4 ,h5ce ! concept ( a ,deity1 :i* w\ld be adequate = our teleological judg+ ( nature1 c nev] be d]iv$ f m]e !oretical pr9ciples ( ! use ( ,reason 7on :i* ,physico-!ology alone is bas$74 ,= z "o alt]native we may expla9 all ,teleology z a m]e deception ( ! ,judgem5t 9 its judg+ ( ! causal comb9ation ( ?+s1 & fly to ! sole pr9ciple ( a m]e me*anism ( nature1 :i* m]ely seems to u1 on acc\nt ( ! unity ( ! ,sub/ance ( ^: det]m9ations nature is b ! manifold1 to conta9 a univ]sal ref]5ce to purposes4 ,or if1 in/ead ( ?is ,idealism ( f9al causes1 we wi% to rema9 atta*$ to ! pr9ciple ( ! ,realism ( ?is p>ticul> k9d ( causality1 we may set b5ea? natural purposes _m intellig5t orig9al be+s or only a s+le "o4 ,b s f> z we h = ! basis ( ?is concept ( ,realism only empirical pr9ciples d]iv$ f ! actual purposive comb9ation 9 ! _w1 we _c on ! "o h& f9d any rem$y = ! discordance t nature pres5ts 9 _m examples 9 respect ( unity ( purpose2 & on ! o!r h&1 z to ! concept ( a s+le intellig5t ,cause1 s f> z we are au?oris$ by m]e exp]i5ce1 we c nev] draw x !refrom 9 a mann] suffici5tly det]m9$ = any s]viceable ,!ology :atev] 7:e!r !oretical or practical74 ,physical ,teleology impels u1 x is true1 to seek a ,!ology2 b x _c produce "o1 h[ev] f> we may inve/igate nature by means ( exp]i5ce &1 9 ref]5ce to ! purposive comb9ation app>5t 9 x1 call 9 ,ideas ( ,reason 7:i* mu/ be !oretical = physical problems74 ,:at is ! use1 "o might well compla91 ( plac+ at ! basis ( all ^! arrangem5ts a great ,und]/&+ incomm5surable by u1 & suppos+ x to gov]n ! _w accord+ to design1 if nature does n & _c tell u any?+ ( ! f9al design8 ,= )\t ?is we _c ref] all ^! natural purposes to any common po9t1 nor c we =m any teleological pr9ciple1 suffici5t ei!r = cognis+ ! purposes collect$ 9 a sy/em1 or = =m+ a concept ( ! ,supreme ,und]/&+1 z ,cause ( su* a nature1 t c\ld s]ve z a /&>d = our ,judgem5t reflect+ teleologically !reon4 ,i %\ld ?us h an arti/ic ,und]/&+ = scatt]$ purposes1 b no ,wisdom = a f9al purpose1 9 :i* f9al purpose nev]!less mu/ be conta9$ ! det]m9+ gr\nd ( ! said ,und]/&+4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( a f9al purpose :i* pure ,reason alone c supply 7because all purposes 9 ! _w are empirically condition$1 & c conta9 no?+ absolutely good b only :at is good = ?is or t reg>d$ z a cont+5t design71 & :i* alone w\ld tea* me :at prop]ties1 :at degree1 & :at relation ( ! ,supreme ,cause to nature ,i h to ?9k 9 ord] to judge ( nature z a teleological sy/em2 h[ & ) :at "r d ,i d>e to ext5d at pleasure my v limit$ concept ( t orig9al ,und]/&+ 7:i* ,i c base on my limit$ k ( ! _w71 ( ! ,might ( t orig9al ,be+ 9 actualis+ its ,ideas1 & ( its ,w to d s1 & complete ?is into ! ,idea ( an ,allwise1 ,inf9ite ,be+8 ,if ?is is to be done !oretically1 x w\ld presuppose omnisci5ce 9 me1 9 ord] to see into ! purposes ( nature 9 _! :ole connexion1 & 9 addition ! p[] ( conceiv+ all possible plans1 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! pres5t plan w\ld be judg$ on suffici5t gr\nds z ! be/4 ,= )\t ?is complete k ( ! effect ,i c arrive at no det]m9ate concept ( ! ,supreme ,cause1 :i* c only be f\nd 9 ! concept ( an ,intellig5ce inf9ite 9 e respect1 i4e4 ! concept ( a ,deity1 & s ,i c supply no f\ndation = ,!ology4 ,h5ce1 ) e possible ext5sion ( physical ,teleology1 accord+ to ! propositions above laid d[n we may say3 ,by ! con/itution & ! pr9ciples ( our cognitive faculty we c ?9k ( nature1 9 its purposive arrangem5ts :i* h become kn[n to u1 9 no o!r way ?an z ! product ( an ,und]/&+ to :i* x is subject4 ,b ! !oretical inve/igation ( nature c nev] reveal to u :e!r ?is ,und]/&+ may n also1 ) ! :ole ( nature & its production1 h _h a f9al design 7:i* w\ld n lie 9 ! nature ( ! s5sible _w74 ,on ! contr>y1 ) all our k ( nature x rema9s undecid$ :e!r t ,supreme ,cause is its orig9al gr\nd accord+ to a f9al purpose1 or n r by means ( an ,und]/&+ det]m9$ by ! m]e necessity ( its nature to produce c]ta9 =ms 7accord+ to ! analogy ( :at we call ! art-in/9ct 9 animals72 )\t x be+ necess>y to ascribe to x ev5 wisdom1 mu* less ! highe/ wisdom comb9$ ) all o!r prop]ties requisite = ! p]fection ( its product4 ,h5ce ,physico-!ology is a misund]/ood physical ,teleology1 only s]viceable z a prep>ation 7propa$eutic7 = ,!ology2 & x is only adequate to ?is design by ! aid ( a =eign pr9ciple on :i* x c rely1 & n 9 itself1 z its "n w\ld intimate4 #hf4 ,( ,e?ico-!ology ,! commone/ ,und]/&+1 if x ?9ks ov] ! pres5ce ( ?+s 9 ! _w1 & ! exi/5ce ( ! _w itself1 _c =be> f ! judgem5t t all ! v>i\s creatures1 no matt] h[ great ! art display$ 9 _! arrangem5t1 & h[ v>i\s _! purposive mutual connexion1--ev5 ! complex ( _! num]\s sy/ems 7:i* we incorrectly call worlds71--w\ld be = no?+1 if !re 7 n also m5 7rational be+s 9 g5]al74 ,)\t m5 ! :ole creation w\ld be a m]e wa/e1 9 va91 & )\t f9al purpose4 ,b x is n 9 ref]5ce to man's cognitive faculty 7!oretical ,reason7 t ! be+ ( ev]y?+ else 9 ! _w gets its wor?2 he is n !re m]ely t !re may be "s "o to contemplate ! _w4 ,= if ! contemplation ( ! _w only af=d$ a repres5tation ( ?+s )\t any f9al purpose1 no wor? c\ld accrue to its be+ f ! m]e fact t x is kn[n2 we mu/ presuppose = x a f9al purpose1 9 ref]5ce to :i* its contemplation itself has wor?4 ,aga9 x is n 9 ref]5ce to ! feel+ ( pleasure1 or to ! sum ( pleasures1 t we ?9k a f9al purpose ( creation z giv52 i4e4 we d n e/imate t absolute wor? by well-be+ or by enjoym5t 7:e!r bodily or m5tal71 or 9 a ^w1 by happ9ess4 ,= ! fact t man1 if he exi/s1 takes ?is = 8 f9al design1 gives u no concept z to :y 9 g5]al he %\ld exi/1 & z to :at wor? he has 9 himself to make 8 exi/5ce pleasant4 ,he mu/1 !re=e1 be suppos$ to be ! f9al purpose ( creation1 9 ord] to h a rational gr\nd = hold+ t nature mu/ h>monise ) 8 happ9ess1 if x is consid]$ z an absolute :ole accord+ to pr9ciples ( purposes4--,h5ce !re rema9s only ! faculty ( desire2 n1 h[ev]1 t :i* makes man dep5d5t 7?r\gh s5su\s impulses7 ^u nature1 nor t 9 respect ( :i* ! wor? ( 8 be+ dep5ds ^u :at he receives & enjoys4 ,b ! wor? :i* he alone c give to himself1 & :i* consi/s 9 :at he does1 h[ & accord+ to :at pr9ciples he acts1 & t n z a l9k 9 nature's *a9 b 9 ! fre$om ( 8 faculty ( desire--i4e4 a good w--is t :]eby alone 8 be+ c h an absolute wor?1 & 9 ref]5ce to :i* ! be+ ( ! _w c h a f9al purpose4 ,! commone/ judgem5t ( heal?y human ,reason completely accords ) ?is1 t x is only z a moral be+ t man c be a f9al purpose ( creation2 if we b direct m5's att5tion to ! "q & incite !m to inve/igate x4 ,:at does x avail1 "o w say1 t ?is man has s mu* tal5t1 t he is s active !re)1 & t he ex]ts !reby a useful influ5ce ov] ! community1 ?us hav+ a great wor? bo? 9 relation to 8 own happy condition & to ! b5efit ( o!rs1 if he does n possess a good w8 ,he is a contemptible ,object consid]$ 9 respect ( 8 inn] self2 & if ! creation is n to be )\t any f9al purpose at all1 he1 :o z man belongs to x1 mu/1 9 a _w "u moral laws1 inasmu* z he is a bad man1 =feit 8 subjective purpose 7happ9ess74 ,?is is ! only condition "u :i* 8 exi/5ce c accord ) ! f9al purpose4 ,if n[ we meet ) purposive arrangem5ts 9 ! _w &1 z ,reason inevitably requires1 subord9ate ! purposes t are only condition$ to an uncondition$1 supreme1 i4e4 f9al1 purpose2 !n we easily see 9 ! fir/ place t we are ?us conc]n$ n ) a purpose ( nature 7int]nal to itself71 s f> z x exi/s1 b ) ! purpose ( its exi/5ce along ) all its ord9ances1 &1 consequ5tly1 ) ! ultimate purpose ( creation1 & specially ) ! supreme condition "u :i* c be posit$ a f9al purpose 7i4e4 ! gr\nd :i* det]m9es a supreme ,und]/&+ to produce ! be+s ( ! _w74 ,s9ce n[ x is only z a moral be+ t we recognise man z ! purpose ( creation1 we h 9 ! fir/ place a gr\nd 7at lea/1 ! *ief condition7 = reg>d+ ! _w z a :ole connect$ accord+ to purposes1 & z a sy/em ( f9al causes4 ,&1 m especially1 z reg>ds ! ref]5ce 7necess>y = u by ! con/itution ( our ,reason7 ( natural purposes to an intellig5t ,_w ,cause1 we h "o pr9ciple enabl+ u to ?9k ! nature & prop]ties ( ?is ,fir/ ,cause z supreme gr\nd 9 ! k+dom ( purposes1 & to det]m9e its concept4 ,?is physical ,teleology c\ld n d2 x c\ld only lead to indet]m9ate concepts !re(1 uns]viceable alike 9 !oretical & 9 practical use4 ,f ! pr9ciple1 ?us det]m9$1 ( ! causality ( ! ,orig9al ,be+ we mu/ n ?9k ,him m]ely z ,intellig5ce & z legislative = nature1 b also z legislat+ supremely 9 a moral k+dom ( purposes4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! highe/ good1 alone possible "u ,8 sov]eignty1 viz4 ! exi/5ce ( rational be+s "u moral laws1 we %all ?9k ?is ,orig9al ,be+ z all-kn[+3 ?us our inmo/ dispositions 7:i* con/itute ! prop] moral wor? ( ! actions ( rational be+s ( ! _w7 w n be hid f ,him4 ,we %all ?9k ,him z all-mighty3 ?us ,he w be able to make ! :ole ( nature accord ) ?is highe/ purpose4 ,we %all ?9k ,him z all-good1 & at ! same "t z j3 because ^! two prop]ties 7:i* :5 unit$ con/itute ,wisdom7 are ! conditions ( ! causality ( a supreme ,cause ( ! _w1 z highe/ good1 "u moral laws4 ,s also all ! o!r transc5d5tal prop]ties1 su* z ,et]nity1 ,omnipres5ce1 etc4 = goodness & ju/ice are moral prop]ties#acb1 :i* are presuppos$ 9 ref]5ce to su* a f9al purpose1 mu/ be ?\ght 9 ,him4--,9 ?is way moral ,teleology supplies ! defici5cy 9 physical ,teleology1 & fir/ e/abli%es a ,!ology2 because ! latt]1 if x did n borr[ f ! =m] )\t be+ obs]v$1 b 7 to proce$ consi/5tly1 c\ld only f\nd a ,demonology1 :i* is incapable ( any def9ite concept4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( ! ref]5ce ( ! _w to a supreme ,cause1 z ,deity1 on acc\nt ( ! moral purposive de/9ation ( c]ta9 be+s 9 x1 does n accompli% ?is by complet+ ! physico-teleological gr\nd ( pro( & s tak+ ?is necess>ily z its basis4 ,x is suffici5t 9 itself & directs att5tion to ! purposes ( nature & ! inve/igation ( t incompreh5sible great art ly+ hidd5 beh9d its =ms1 9 ord] to confirm incid5tally by means ( natural purposes ! ,ideas t pure practical ,reason furni%es4 ,= ! concept ( be+s ( ! _w "u moral laws is a pr9ciple 7a priori7 accord+ to :i* man mu/ ( necessity judge himself4 ,fur!r1 if !re is 9 g5]al a ,_w ,cause act+ design$ly & direct$ t[>ds a purpose1 ?is moral relation mu/ be j z necess>ily ! condition ( ! possibility ( a creation1 z t 9 accordance ) physical laws 7if1 t is1 ?is intellig5t ,cause has also a f9al purpose74 ,?is is reg>d$ a priori by ,reason z a necess>y fundam5tal proposition = x 9 its teleological judg+ ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s4 ,x n[ only comes to ?is1 :e!r we h suffici5t gr\nd = ,reason 7ei!r speculative or practical7 to ascribe to ! supreme ,cause1 act+ 9 accordance ) purposes1 a f9al purpose4 ,= x may a priori be tak5 by u z c]ta9 t ?is1 by ! subjective con/itution ( our ,reason & ev5 ( ! ,reason ( o!r be+s z f> z we c ?9k x1 c be no?+ else ?an man "u moral laws3 s9ce o!rwise ! purposes ( nature 9 ! physical ord] c\ld n be kn[n a priori1 especially z x c 9 no way be se5 t nature c\ld n exi/ )\t su* purposes4 ,rem>k ,suppose ! case ( a man at ! mom5t :5 8 m9d is dispos$ to a moral s5sation4 ,if surr\nd$ by ! beauties ( nature1 he is 9 a /ate ( re/ful1 s]5e enjoym5t ( 8 be+1 he feels a want1 viz4 to be grateful = ?is to "s be+ or o!r4 ,or if ano!r "t he f9ds himself 9 ! same /ate ( m9d :5 press$ by duties t he c & w only adequately dis*>ge by a volunt>y sacrifice1 he aga9 feels 9 himself a want1 viz4 to h ?us execut$ a comm& & obey$ a ,supreme ,"l4 ,or1 aga92 if he has 9 "s he$less way transgress$ 8 duty1 b )\t becom+ answ]able to m51 8 sev]e self-reproa* w speak to him ) ! voice ( a judge to :om he has to give acc\nt4 ,9 a ^w1 he ne$s a moral ,intellig5ce1 9 ord] to h a ,be+ = ! purpose ( 8 exi/5ce1 :i* may be1 con=mably to ?is purpose1 ! cause ( himself & ( ! _w4 ,x is va9 to assign motives beh9d ^! feel+s1 = !y are imm$iately connect$ ) ! pure/ moral s5tim5t1 because gratitude1 ob$i5ce1 & humiliation 7submission to des]v$ *a/isem5t7 are m5tal dispositions t make = duty2 & ! m9d :i* is incl9$ t[>ds a wid5+ ( its moral s5tim5t "h only volunt>ily conceives an object t is n 9 ! _w 9 ord] :]e possible to r5d] its duty be=e su* an "o4 ,x is !re=e at lea/ possible & gr\nd$ too 9 our moral disposition to repres5t a pure moral ne$ ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,be+1 by :i* our morality ga9s /r5g? or ev5 7at lea/ accord+ to our repres5tation7 m scope1 viz4 a new object = its ex]cise4 ,t is1 !re is a ne$ to assume a morally-legislat+ ,be+ outside ! _w1 )\t any ref]5ce to !oretical pro(s1 /ill less to self-int]e/1 f pure moral gr\nds free f all =eign influ5ce 7& consequ5tly only subjective71 on ! m]e recomm5dation ( a pure practical ,reason legislat+ by itself alone4 ,& al?\gh su* a m5tal disposition might seldom occur or might n la/ long1 b be transi5t & )\t p]man5t effect1 or might ev5 pass away )\t any m$itation on ! object repres5t$ 9 su* %ad[y outl9e1 or )\t c>e to br+ x "u cle> concepts--!re is yet "h unmi/akably ! gr\nd :y our moral capacity1 z a subjective pr9ciple1 %\ld n be cont5t$ 9 its contemplation ( ! _w ) its purposiv5ess by means ( natural causes1 b %\ld ascribe to x a supreme ,cause gov]n+ nature accord+ to moral pr9ciples4--,9 addition1 we feel ourselves con/ra9$ by ! moral law to /rive = a univ]sal highe/ purpose :i* yet we1 9 common ) ! re/ ( nature1 are incapable ( atta9+2 & x is only s f> z we /rive = x t we c judge ourselves to be 9 h>mony ) ! f9al purpose ( an intellig5t ,_w ,cause 7if su* !re be74 ,?us is f\nd a pure moral gr\nd ( practical ,reason = assum+ ?is ,cause 7s9ce x c be done )\t contradiction71 9 ord] t we may no m reg>d t ef=t ( ,reason z q idle1 & s run ! risk ( ab&on+ x f we>9ess4 ,) all ?is1 s mu* only is to be said1 t ?\gh fe> fir/ produces gods 7demons71 x is ,reason by means ( its moral pr9ciples t c fir/ produce ! concept ( ,god 7ev5 :51 z commonly is ! case1 "o is unskill$ 9 ! ,teleology ( nature1 or is v d\btful on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( adju/+ by a suffici5tly e/abli%$ pr9ciple its mutually contradictory ph5om5a74 ,also1 ! inn] moral purposive de/9ation ( man's be+ supplies t 9 :i* natural k is defici5t1 by direct+ u to ?9k1 = ! f9al purpose ( ! be+ ( all ?+s 7= :i* no o!r pr9ciple ?an an e?ical "o is satisfactory to ,reason71 ! supreme ,cause z end[$ ) prop]ties1 :]eby x is able to subject ! :ole ( nature to t s+le design 7= :i* nature is m]ely ! in/rum5t71--i4e4 to ?9k x z a ,deity4 #hg4 ,( ! moral pro( ( ! ,be+ ( ,god ,!re is a physical ,teleology1 :i* gives suffici5t gr\nd ( pro( to our !oretical reflective ,judgem5t to assume ! be+ ( an intellig5t ,_w-,cause4 ,b we f9d also 9 ourselves & /ill m 9 ! concept ( a rational be+ 9 g5]al end[$ ) fre$om 7( 8 causality7 a moral ,teleology4 ,h[ev]1 z ! purposive ref]5ce1 toge!r ) its law1 is det]m9$ a priori 9 ourselves & !re=e c be cognis$ z necess>y1 ?is int]nal con=mity to law requires no intellig5t cause ext]nal to u2 any m ?an we ne$ look to a highe/ ,und]/&+ z ! s\rce ( ! purposiv5ess 7= e possible ex]cise ( art7 t we f9d 9 ! geometrical prop]ties ( figures4 ,b ?is moral ,teleology conc]ns u z be+s ( ! _w1 & !re=e z be+s b\nd up ) o!r ?+s 9 ! _w2 ^u :i* latt]1 :e!r z purposes or z objects 9 respect ( :i* we ourselves are f9al purpose1 ! same moral laws require u to pass judgem5t4 ,?is moral ,teleology1 !n1 has to d ) ! ref]5ce ( our own causality to purposes & ev5 to a f9al purpose t we mu/ aim at 9 ! _w1 z well z ) ! reciprocal ref]5ce ( ! _w to t moral purpose1 & ! ext]nal possibility ( its accompli%m5t 7to :i* no physical ,teleology c lead u74 ,h5ce ! "q necess>ily arises1 :e!r x compels our rational judgem5t to g beyond ! _w & seek an intellig5t supreme pr9ciple = t ref]5ce ( nature to ! moral 9 u2 9 ord] to repres5t nature z purposive ev5 9 ref]5ce to our inn] moral legislation & its possible accompli%m5t4 ,!re is !re=e c]ta9ly a moral ,teleology1 :i* is connect$ on ! "o h& ) ! nomo!tic ( fre$om & on ! o!r ) t ( nature2 j z necess>ily z civil legislation is connect$ ) ! "q :]e ! executive au?ority is to be s\ght1 & 9 g5]al 9 e case ) ! "q :]e9 ,reason is to furni% a pr9ciple ( ! actuality ( a c]ta9 regul> ord] ( ?+s only possible accord+ to ,ideas4-- ,we %all fir/ set =? ! progress ( ,reason f t moral ,teleology & its ref]5ce to physical1 to ,!ology2 & !n make "s obs]vations ^u ! possibility & ! validity ( ?is way ( reason+4 ,if we assume ! be+ ( c]ta9 ?+s 7or ev5 only c]ta9 =ms ( ?+s7 to be cont+5t & s to be possible only ?r\gh some?+ else :i* is _! cause1 we may seek = ! uncondition$ gr\nd ( ?is causality ( ! supreme 7& s ( ! condition$7 ei!r 9 ! physical or ! teleological ord] 7ei!r accord+ to ! nexus effectivus or ! nexus f9alis74 ,t is1 we may ei!r ask1 :at is ! supreme productive cause ( ^! ?+s2 or :at is _! supreme 7absolutely uncondition$7 purpose1 i4e4 ! f9al purpose ( t cause 9 its production ( ?is or all its products g5]ally8 ,9 ! second case x is pla9ly presuppos$ t ?is cause is capable ( repres5t+ purposes to itself1 & consequ5tly is an intellig5t ,be+2 at lea/ x mu/ be ?\ght z act+ 9 accordance ) ! laws ( su* a be+4 ,if we foll[ ! latt] ord]1 x is a ,,fundam5tal ,,proposition to :i* ev5 ! commone/ human ,reason is compell$ to give imm$iate ass5t1 t if !re is to be 9 g5]al a f9al purpose furni%$ a priori by ,reason1 ?is c be no o!r ?an man 7e rational be+ ( ! _w7 "u moral laws4#acc ,= 7& s e "o judges7 if ! _w consi/$ ( m]e lifeless1 or ev5 9 "p ( liv+ b irrational1 be+s1 its exi/5ce w\ld h no wor? because 9 x !re w\ld be no be+ :o w\ld h ! lea/ concept ( :at wor? is4 ,aga91 if !re 7 intellig5t be+s1 ^: ,reason 7 only able to place ! wor? ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s 9 ! relation ( nature to !mselves 7_! well-be+71 b n to furni% ( itself an orig9al wor? 79 fre$om71 !n !re w\ld c]ta9ly be 7relative7 purposes 9 ! _w1 b no 7absolute7 f9al purpose1 because ! exi/5ce ( su* rational be+s w\ld be always purposeless4 ,b ! moral laws h ?is peculi> *>act]i/ic t !y prescribe to ,reason some?+ z a purpose )\t any condition1 & consequ5tly exactly z ! concept ( a f9al purpose requires4 ,! exi/5ce ( a ,reason t c be = itself ! supreme law 9 ! purposive ref]5ce1 9 o!r words ! exi/5ce ( rational be+s "u moral laws1 c !re=e alone be ?\ght z ! f9al purpose ( ! be+ ( a _w4 ,if on ! contr>y ?is be n s1 !re w\ld be ei!r no purpose at all 9 ! cause ( its be+1 or !re w\ld be purposes1 b no f9al purpose4 ,! moral law z ! =mal rational condition ( ! use ( our fre$om obliges u by itself alone1 )\t dep5d+ on any purpose z mat]ial condition2 b x nev]!less det]m9es = u1 & inde$ a priori1 a f9al purpose t[>ds :i* x obliges u to /rive2 & ?is purpose is ! highe/ good 9 ! _w possible ?r\gh fre$om4 ,! subjective condition "u :i* man 7&1 accord+ to all our concepts1 e rational f9ite be+7 c set a f9al purpose be=e himself "u ! above law is happ9ess4 ,consequ5tly1 ! highe/ physical good possible 9 ! _w1 to be fur!r$ z a f9al purpose z f> z 9 u lies1 is happ9ess1 "u ! objective condition ( ! h>mony ( man ) ! law ( morality z wor?9ess to be happy4 ,b x is impossible = u 9 accordance ) all our rational faculties to repres5t ^! two requirem5ts ( ! f9al purpose propos$ to u by ! moral law1 z connect$ by m]ely natural causes1 & yet z con=mable to ! ,idea ( t f9al purpose4 ,h5ce ! concept ( ! practical necessity ( su* a purpose ?r\gh ! application ( our p[]s does n h>monise ) ! !oretical concept ( ! physical possibility ( work+ x out1 if we connect ) our fre$om no o!r causality 7z a means7 ?an t ( nature4 ,consequ5tly1 we mu/ assume a moral ,_w-,cause 7an ,au?or ( ! _w71 9 ord] to set be=e ourselves a f9al purpose consi/5tly ) ! moral law2 & 9 s f> z ! latt] is necess>y1 s f> 7i4e4 9 ! same degree & on ! same gr\nd7 ! =m] also mu/ be necess>ily assum$2 i4e4 we mu/ admit t !re is a ,god4#acd ,?is pro(1 to :i* we c easily give ! =m ( logical precision1 does n say3 x is z necess>y to assume ! ,be+ ( ,god z to recognise ! validity ( ! moral law2 & consequ5tly he :o _c conv9ce himself ( ! fir/1 c judge himself free f ! obligations ( ! second4 ,no6 !re mu/ 9 su* case only be giv5 up ! aim+ at ! f9al purpose 9 ! _w1 to be br\ght ab\t by ! pursuit ( ! second 7viz4 a happ9ess ( rational be+s 9 h>mony ) ! pursuit ( moral laws1 reg>d$ z ! highe/ good74 ,e rational be+ w\ld yet h to cognise himself z /raitly b\nd by ! precepts ( morality1 = its laws are =mal & comm& unconditionally )\t respect to purposes 7z ! matt] ( volition74 ,b ! "o requisite ( ! f9al purpose1 z practical ,reason prescribes x to be+s ( ! _w1 is an irresi/ible purpose impos$ on !m by _! nature 7z f9ite be+s71 :i* ,reason wi%es to "k z subject only to ! moral law z inviolable condition1 or ev5 z univ]sally set up 9 accordance ) x4 ,?us ,reason takes = f9al purpose ! fur!r+ ( happ9ess 9 h>mony ) morality4 ,to fur!r ?is s f> z is 9 our p[] 7i4e4 9 respect ( happ9ess7 is comm&$ u by ! moral law2 be ! issue ( ?is endeav\r :at x may4 ,! fulfill+ ( duty consi/s 9 ! =m ( ! e>ne/ w1 n 9 ! int]m$iate causes ( success4 ,suppose !n t p>tly ?r\gh ! weakness ( all ! speculative argum5ts s highly extoll$1 & p>tly ?r\gh _m irregul>ities 9 nature & ! _w ( s5se :i* come be=e him1 a man is p]suad$ ( ! proposition1 ,!re is no ,god2 he w\ld nev]!less be contemptible 9 8 own eyes if on t acc\nt he 7 to imag9e ! laws ( duty z empty1 invalid & inobligatory1 & wi%$ to resolve to transgress !m boldly4 ,su* an "o1 ev5 if he c\ld be conv9c$ 9 ! sequel ( t :i* he _h d\bt$ at ! fir/1 w\ld always be contemptible :ile hav+ su* a disposition1 al?\gh he %\ld fulfil 8 duty z reg>ds its ext]nal effect z punctili\sly z c\ld be desir$1 = he w\ld be act+ f fe> or f ! aim at recomp5se1 )\t ! s5tim5t ( rev]5ce = duty4 ,if1 conv]sely1 z a believ] 9 ,god he p]=ms 8 duty accord+ to 8 consci5ce1 uprightly & dis9t]e/$ly1 & nev]!less believes t he is free f all moral obligation s soon z he is conv9c$ t !re is no ,god1 ?is c\ld accord b badly ) an inn] moral disposition4 ,we may !n suppose ! case ( a righte\s man e4g4 ,sp9oza1#ace :o holds himself firmly p]suad$ t !re is no ,god1 & also 7because 9 respect ( ! ,object ( morality a simil> consequ5ce results7 no future life2 h[ is he to judge ( 8 own inn] purposive de/9ation1 by means ( ! moral law1 :i* he rev]es 9 practice8 ,he desires no advantage to himself f foll[+ x1 ei!r 9 ?is or ano!r _w2 he wi%es1 r1 dis9t]e/$ly to e/abli% ! good to :i* t holy law directs all 8 p[]s4 ,b 8 ef=t is b\nd$2 & f nature1 al?\gh he may expect "h & !re a cont+5t accordance1 he c nev] expect a regul> h>mony agree+ accord+ to con/ant rules 7su* z 8 maxims are & mu/ be1 int]nally71 ) ! purpose t he yet feels himself oblig$ & impell$ to accompli%4 ,deceit1 viol5ce1 & envy w always surr\nd him1 al?\gh he himself be hone/1 peaceable1 & k9dly2 & ! righte\s m5 ) :om he meets w1 not)/&+ all _! wor?9ess ( happ9ess1 be yet subject$ by nature :i* reg>ds n ?is1 to all ! evils ( want1 disease1 & untimely dea?1 j l ! bea/s ( ! e>?4 ,s x w be until "o wide grave engulfs !m toge!r 7hone/ or n1 x makes no diff]5ce71 & ?r[s !m back--:o 7 able to believe !mselves ! f9al purpose ( creation--into ! abyss ( ! purposeless *aos ( matt] f :i* !y 7 drawn4-- ,! purpose1 !n1 :i* ?is well-int5tion$ p]son _h & ought to h be=e him 9 8 pursuit ( moral laws1 he mu/ c]ta9ly give up z impossible4 ,or else1 if he wi%es to rema9 dep5d5t ^u ! call ( 8 moral int]nal de/9ation1 & n to weak5 ! respect ) :i* ! moral law imm$iately inspires him1 by assum+ ! no?+ness ( ! s+le1 ideal1 f9al purpose adequate to its high dem& 7:i* _c be br\ght ab\t )\t a violation ( moral s5tim5t71 he mu/1 z he well c--s9ce !re is at lea/ no contradiction f a practical po9t ( view 9 =m+ a concept ( ! possibility ( a morally prescrib$ f9al purpose--assume ! be+ ( a moral au?or ( ! _w1 t is1 a ,god4 #hh4 ,limitation ( ! validity ( ! moral pro( ,pure ,reason1 z a practical faculty1 i4e4 z ! faculty ( det]m9+ ! free use ( our causality by ,ideas 7pure rational concepts71 n only comprises 9 ! moral law a regulative pr9ciple ( our actions1 b supplies u at ! same "t ) a subjective con/itutive pr9ciple 9 ! concept ( an ,object :i* ,reason alone c ?9k1 & :i* is to be actualis$ by our actions 9 ! _w accord+ to t law4 ,! ,idea ( a f9al purpose 9 ! employm5t ( fre$om accord+ to moral laws has !re=e subjective practical reality4 ,we are a priori det]m9$ by ,reason to promote ) all our p[]s ! summum bonum ,weltbe/e :i* consi/s 9 ! comb9ation ( ! greate/ welf>e ( rational be+s ) ! highe/ condition ( ! good 9 itself1 i4e4 9 univ]sal happ9ess conjo9$ ) morality mo/ accordant to law4 ,9 ?is f9al purpose ! possibility ( "o "p1 happ9ess1 is empirically condition$1 i4e4 dep5d5t on ! con/itution ( nature 7:i* may or may n agree ) ?is purpose7 & is 9 a !oretical aspect problematical2 :il/ ! o!r "p1 morality1 9 respect ( :i* we are free f ! effects ( nature1 /&s fa/ a priori z to its possibility1 & is dogmatically c]ta94 ,x is !n requisite = ! objective !oretical reality ( ! concept ( ! f9al purpose ( rational be+s1 t we %\ld n only h a priori presuppos$ a f9al purpose = ourselves1 b also t ! creation1 i4e4 ! _w itself1 %\ld h z reg>ds its exi/5ce a f9al purpose1 :i* if x c\ld be prov$ a priori w\ld add objectivity to ! subjective reality ( ! f9al purpose ( rational be+s4 ,= if ! creation has on ! :ole a f9al purpose1 we _c ?9k x o!rwise ?an z h>monis+ ) ! moral purpose 7:i* alone makes ! concept ( a purpose possible74 ,n[ we f9d )\t d\bt purposes 9 ! _w1 & physical ,teleology exhibits !m 9 su* abundance1 t if we judge 9 accordance ) ,reason1 we h gr\nd = assum+ z a pr9ciple 9 ! inve/igation ( nature t no?+ 9 nature is )\t a purpose2 b ! f9al purpose ( nature we seek !re 9 va94 ,?is c & mu/ !re=e1 z its ,idea only lies 9 ,reason1 be s\ght z reg>ds its objective possibility only 9 rational be+s4 ,& ! practical ,reason ( ^! latt] n only supplies ?is f9al purpose2 x also det]m9es ?is concept 9 respect ( ! conditions "u :i* alone a f9al purpose ( creation c be ?\ght by u4 ,! "q is n[1 :e!r ! objective reality ( ! concept ( a f9al purpose ( creation _c be exhibit$ adequately to ! !oretical requirem5ts ( pure ,reason--if n apodictically = ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t yet adequately = ! maxims ( ! !oretical reflective ,judgem5t8 ,?is is ! lea/ "o c\ld expect f !oretical philosophy1 :i* und]takes to comb9e ! moral purpose ) natural purposes by means ( ! ,idea ( "o s+le purpose2 b yet ?is little is f> m ?an x c accompli%4 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! !oretical reflective ,judgem5t we %\ld say3 if we h gr\nd = assum+ = ! purposive products ( nature a supreme ,cause ( nature--^: causality 9 respect ( ! actuality ( creation is ( a diff]5t k9d f t requir$ = ! me*anism ( nature1 i4e4 mu/ be ?\ght z ! causality ( an ,und]/&+--we h also suffici5t gr\nd = ?9k+ 9 ?is orig9al ,be+ n m]ely ! purposes ev]y:]e 9 nature b also a f9al purpose4 ,?is is n inde$ a f9al purpose by :i* we c expla9 ! pres5ce ( su* a ,be+1 b "o ( :i* we may at lea/ conv9ce ourselves 7z 0 ! case 9 physical ,teleology7 t we c make ! possibility ( su* a _w conceivable1 n m]ely accord+ to purposes1 b only ?r\gh ! fact t we ascribe to its exi/5ce a f9al purpose4 ,b a f9al purpose is m]ely a concept ( our practical ,reason1 & c be inf]r$ f no data ( exp]i5ce = ! !oretical judg+ ( nature1 nor c x be appli$ to ! cognition ( nature4 ,no use ( ?is concept is possible except its use = practical ,reason accord+ to moral laws2 & ! f9al purpose ( creation is t con/itution ( ! _w :i* h>monises ) t :i* alone we c put =w>d def9itely accord+ to laws1 viz4 ! f9al purpose ( our pure practical ,reason1 9 s f> z x is to be practical4-- ,n[ we h 9 ! moral law1 :i* enjo9s on u 9 a practical po9t ( view ! application ( our p[]s to ! accompli%m5t ( ?is f9al purpose1 a gr\nd = assum+ its possibility & practicability1 & consequ5tly too 7because )\t ! concurr5ce ( nature ) a condition n 9 our p[]1 its accompli%m5t w\ld be impossible7 a nature ( ?+s h>moni\s ) x4 ,h5ce we h a moral gr\nd = ?9k+ 9 a _w also a f9al purpose ( creation4 ,we h n yet advanc$ f moral ,teleology to a ,!ology1 i4e4 to ! be+ ( a moral ,au?or ( ! _w1 b only to a f9al purpose ( creation :i* is det]m9$ 9 ?is way4 ,b 9 ord] to acc\nt = ?is creation1 i4e4 ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 9 accordance ) a f9al purpose1 we mu/ assume n only fir/ an intellig5t ,be+ 7= ! possibility ( ?+s ( nature :i* we are compell$ to judge ( z purposes71 b also a moral ,be+1 z au?or ( ! _w1 i4e4 a ,god4 ,?is second conclusion is ( su* a "* t we see x holds m]ely = ! ,judgem5t accord+ to concepts ( practical ,reason1 & z su* = ! reflective & n ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t4 ,x is true t 9 u morally practical ,reason is ess5tially diff]5t 9 its pr9ciples f te*nically practical ,reason4 ,b we _c assume t x mu/ be s likewise 9 ! supreme ,_w-,cause1 reg>d$ z ,intellig5ce1 & t a peculi> mode ( its causality is requisite = ! f9al purpose1 diff]5t f t :i* is requisite m]ely = purposes ( nature4 ,we _c !re=e assume t 9 our f9al purpose we h n m]ely a moral gr\nd = admitt+ a f9al purpose ( creation 7z an effect71 b also = admitt+ a moral ,be+ z ! orig9al gr\nd ( creation4 ,b we may well say1 t1 accord+ to ! con/itution ( our rational faculty1 we _c compreh5d ! possibility ( su* a purposiv5ess 9 respect ( ! moral law1 & its ,object1 z !re is 9 ?is f9al purpose1 ap>t f an ,au?or & ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 :o is at ! same "t its moral ,lawgiv]4 ,! actuality ( a highe/ morally-legislat+ ,au?or is !re=e suffici5tly e/abli%$ m]ely = ! practical use ( our ,reason1 )\t det]m9+ any?+ !oretically z reg>ds its be+4 ,= ,reason requires1 9 respect ( ! possibility ( its purpose1 :i* is giv5 to u indep5d5tly by its own legislation1 an ,idea ?r\gh :i* ! inability to foll[ up ?is purpose1 accord+ to ! m]e natural concepts ( ! _w1 is remov$ 7suffici5tly = ! reflective ,judgem5t74 ,?us ?is ,idea ga9s practical reality1 al?\gh all means ( creat+ su* = x 9 a !oretical po9t ( view1 = ! explanation ( nature & det]m9ation ( ! supreme ,cause1 are entirely want+ = speculative cognition4 ,= ! !oretical reflective ,judgem5t physical ,teleology suffici5tly proves f ! purposes ( nature an intellig5t ,_w-,cause2 = ! practical ,judgem5t moral ,teleology e/abli%es x by ! concept ( a f9al purpose1 :i* x is =c$ to ascribe to creation 9 a practical po9t ( view4 ,! objective reality ( ! ,idea ( ,god1 z moral ,au?or ( ! _w1 _c1 x is true1 be e/abli%$ by physical purposes alone4 ,b nev]!less1 if ! cognition ( ^! purposes is comb9$ ) t ( ! moral purpose1 !y are1 by virtue ( ! maxim ( pure ,reason :i* bids u seek unity ( pr9ciples s f> z is possible1 ( great importance = ! practical reality ( t ,idea1 by br++ 9 ! reality :i* x has = ! ,judgem5t 9 a !oretical po9t ( view4 ,to prev5t a misund]/&+ :i* may easily arise1 x is 9 ! highe/ degree ne$ful to rem>k t1 9 ! fir/ place1 we c ?9k ^! prop]ties ( ! highe/ ,be+ only accord+ to analogy4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld we explore ! nature ( t1 to :i* exp]i5ce c %[ u no?+ simil>8 ,secondly1 9 ?is way we only ?9k ! supreme ,be+2 we _c !reby cognise ,him & ascribe any?+ !oretically to ,him4 ,x w\ld be ne$ful = ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t 9 ! speculative aspect ( our ,reason1 to consid] :at ! supreme ,_w-,cause is 9 ,himself4 ,b "h we are only conc]n$ ) ! "q :at concept we c =m ( ,him1 accord+ to ! con/itution ( our cognitive faculties2 & :e!r we h to assume ,8 exi/5ce 9 ord] m]ely to furni% practical reality to a purpose1 :i* pure ,reason )\t any su* presupposition enjo9s ^u u a priori to br+ ab\t ) all our p[]s1 i4e4 9 ord] to be able to ?9k z possible a design$ effect4 ,al?\gh t concept may be transc5d5t = ! speculative ,reason1 & ! prop]ties :i* we ascribe to ! ,be+ !reby ?\ght may1 objectively us$1 conceal an an?ropomorphism 9 !mselves2 yet ! design ( its use is n to det]m9e ! nature ( t ,be+ :i* is unatta9able by u1 b to det]m9e ourselves & our w accord+ly4 ,we may call a cause aft] ! concept :i* we h ( its effect 7?\gh only 9 ref]5ce to ?is relation71 )\t !reby mean+ to det]m9e int]nally its inn] con/itution1 by means ( ! prop]ties :i* c be made kn[n to u solely by simil> causes & mu/ be giv5 9 exp]i5ce4 ,= example1 among/ o!r prop]ties we ascribe to ! s\l a vis locomotiva because bodily movem5ts actually arise ^: cause lies 9 ! repres5tation ( !m2 )\t !re=e mean+ to ascribe to x ! only mode ( action t we "k 9 mov+ =ces 7viz4 by attraction1 pressure1 impulse1 & consequ5tly motion1 :i* always presuppose an ext5d$ be+74 ,j s we mu/ assume some?+1 :i* conta9s ! gr\nd ( ! possibility & practical reality1 i4e4 ! practicability1 ( a necess>y moral f9al purpose2 b we c ?9k ( ?is1 9 accordance ) ! "* ( ! effect expect$ ( x1 z a wise ,be+ gov]n+ ! _w accord+ to moral laws1 &1 con=mably to ! con/itution ( our cognitive faculties1 z a cause ( ?+s di/9ct f nature1 only 9 ord] to express ! relation ( ?is ,be+ 7:i* transc5ds all our cognitive faculties7 to ! ,objects ( our practical ,reason4 ,we d n pret5d ?us to ascribe to x !oretically ! only causality ( ?is k9d kn[n to u1 viz4 an ,und]/&+ & a ,w3 we d n ev5 pret5d to di/+ui% objectively ! causality ?\ght 9 ?is ,be+1 z reg>ds :at is = u f9al purpose1 f ! causality ?\ght 9 x z reg>ds nature 7& its purposive det]m9ations 9 g5]al74 ,we c only assume ?is di/9ction z subjectively necess>y by ! con/itution ( our cognitive faculties1 & z valid = ! reflective1 n = ! objectively det]m9ant ,judgem5t4 ,b if we come to practice1 !n su* a regulative pr9ciple 7( prud5ce or wisdom7 comm&+ u to act con=mably to t z purpose1 :i* by ! con/itution ( our cognitive faculties c only be ?\ght z possible 9 a c]ta9 way1 is at ! same con/itutive1 i4e4 practically det]m9ant4 ,nev]!less1 z a pr9ciple = judg+ ( ! objective possibility ( ?+s1 x is no way !oretically det]m9ant 7i4e4 x does n say t ! only k9d ( possibility :i* belongs to ! ,object is t :i* belongs to our ?9k+ faculty71 b is a m]e regulative pr9ciple = ! reflective ,judgem5t4 ,rem>k ,?is moral pro( is n "o newly discov]$1 al?\gh p]haps its basis is newly set =?2 s9ce x has la9 9 man's rational faculty f its e>lie/ g]m1 & is only cont9ually develop$ ) its advanc+ cultivation4 ,s soon z m5 beg9 to reflect ^u "r & wrong--at a "t :51 q indiff]5t z to ! purposiv5ess ( nature1 !y avail !mselves ( x )\t ?9k+ any?+ m ( x ?an t x is ! accu/om$ c\rse ( nature--?is judgem5t is inevitable1 viz4 t ! issue _c be ! same1 :e!r a man has behav$ c&idly or falsely1 fairly or viol5tly1 ev5 ?\gh up to 8 life's end1 z f> z c be se51 he has met ) no happ9ess = 8 virtues1 no puni%m5t = 8 vices4 ,x is z if !y p]ceiv$ a voice )9 say+ t ! issue mu/ be diff]5t4 ,& s !re mu/ lie hidd5 9 !m a repres5tation1 h[ev] obscure1 ( some?+ aft] :i* !y feel !mselves b\nd to /rive2 ) :i* su* a result w\ld n agree1--) :i*1 if !y look$ ^u ! c\rse ( ! _w z ! only ord] ( ?+s1 !y c\ld n h>monise t inn] purposive det]m9ation ( _! m9ds4 ,n[ !y might repres5t 9 v>i\s rude fa%ions ! way 9 :i* su* an irregul>ity c\ld be adju/$ 7an irregul>ity :i* mu/ be f> m revolt+ to ! human m9d ?an ! bl9d *ance t we are sometimes will+ to use z a pr9ciple = judg+ ( nature74 ,b !y c\ld nev] ?9k any o!r pr9ciple ( ! possibility ( ! unification ( nature ) its inn] e?ical laws1 ?an a supreme ,cause gov]n+ ! _w accord+ to moral laws2 because a f9al purpose 9 !m propos$ z duty1 & a nature )\t any f9al purpose beyond !m 9 :i* t purpose might be actualis$1 w\ld involve a contradiction4 ,z to ! inn]#acf con/itution ( t ,_w-,cause !y c\ld contrive mu* nons5se4 ,b t moral relation 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w w\ld rema9 always ! same1 :i* by ! uncultivat$ ,reason1 consid]$ z practical1 is univ]sally compreh5sible1 b ) :i* ! speculative ,reason c make f> f ! l advance4--,& 9 all probability att5tion w\ld be direct$ fir/ by ?is moral int]e/ to ! beauty & ! purposes 9 nature1 :i* w\ld s]ve excell5tly to /r5g!n ?is ,idea ?\gh !y c\ld n be ! f\ndation ( x4 ,/ill less c\ld t moral int]e/ be disp5s$ )1 because x is only 9 ref]5ce to ! f9al purpose t ! inve/igation ( ! purposes ( nature acquires t imm$iate int]e/ :i* displays itself 9 su* a great degree 9 ! admiration ( !m )\t any ref]5ce to ! advantage to be d]iv$ f !m4 #hi4 ,( ! use ( ! moral argum5t ,! limitation ( ,reason 9 respect ( all our ,ideas ( ! sup]s5sible to ! conditions ( its practical employm5t has1 z f> z ! ,idea ( ,god is conc]n$1 und5iable uses4 ,= x prev5ts ,!ology f ris+ into ,,!osophy 7into transc5d5t concepts :i* conf\nd ,reason71 or f s9k+ into ,,demonology 7an an?ropomorphic way ( repres5t+ ! highe/ ,be+74 ,& x also prev5ts ,religion f turn+ into ,!urgy 7a fanatical belief t we c h a feel+ ( o!r sup]s5sible be+s & c reciprocally influ5ce !m71 or into ,idolatry 7a sup]/iti\s belief t we c please ! ,supreme ,be+ by o!r means ?an by a moral s5tim5t74#acg ,= if we p]mit ! vanity or ! presumption ( sophi/ry to det]m9e ! lea/ ?+ !oretically 79 a way t ext5ds our k7 9 respect ( :at lies beyond ! _w ( s5se1 or if we all[ any pret5ce to be made ( insight into ! be+ & con/itution ( ! nature ( ,god1 ( ,8 ,und]/&+ & ,w1 ( ! laws ( bo? & ( ,8 prop]ties :i* ?us affect ! _w1 ,i %\ld l to "k :]e & at :at po9t we w b\nd ^! assumptions ( ,reason4 ,= :]ev] su* insight c be d]iv$1 !re may yet m be expect$ 7if we only /ra9 our reflection1 z we h a m9d to d74 ,b\nds mu/ !n be put to su* claims accord+ to a c]ta9 pr9ciple1 & n m]ely because we f9d t all attempts ( ! sort h hi!rto fail$1 = t proves no?+ aga9/ ! possibility ( a bett] result4 ,b "h no pr9ciple is possible1 except ei!r to assume t 9 respect ( ! sup]s5sible absolutely no?+ c be !oretically det]m9$ 7except m]e negations72 or else t our ,reason conta9s 9 itself a yet unus$ m9e ( cognitions1 rea*+ no "o kn[s h[ f>1 /or$ up = ourselves & our po/]ity4--,b z conc]ns ,religion1 i4e4 morals 9 ref]5ce to ,god z legislator1 if ! !oretical cognition ( ,him is to come fir/1 morals mu/ be adju/$ 9 accordance ) ,!ology2 & n only is an ext]nal arbitr>y legislation ( a ,supreme ,be+ introduc$ 9 place ( an int]nal necess>y legislation ( ,reason1 b also :atev] is defective 9 our insight into ! nature ( ?is ,be+ mu/ ext5d to e?ical precepts1 & ?us make ,religion immoral & p]v]t$4 ,z reg>ds ! hope ( a future life1 if in/ead ( ! f9al purpose we h to accompli% 9 con=mity ) ! precept ( ! moral law1 we ask ( our !oretical faculty ( cognition a clue = ! judgem5t ( ,reason ^u our de/9ation 7:i* clue is only consid]$ z necess>y or wor?y ( acceptance 9 a practical ref]5ce71 !n 9 ?is aspect ,psy*ology1 l ,!ology1 gives no m ?an a negative concept ( our ?9k+ be+4 ,t is1 none ( its actions or ( ! ph5om5a ( ! int]nal s5se c be expla9$ mat]iali/ically2 & h5ce ( its sep>ate nature & ( ! cont9uance or non-cont9uance ( its p]sonality aft] dea? absolutely no ampliative det]m9ant judgem5t is possible on speculative gr\nds by means ( our :ole !oretical cognitive faculty4 ,"h !n ev]y?+ is h&$ ov] to ! teleological judg+ ( our exi/5ce 9 a practically necess>y aspect1 & to ! assumption ( our cont9uance z a condition requisite = ! f9al purpose absolutely furni%$ by ,reason4 ,& s ?is advantage 7:i* inde$ at fir/ glance seems to be a loss7 is app>5t2 t1 z ,!ology = u c nev] be ,!osophy1 or rational ,psy*ology become ,pneumatology--an ampliative sci5ce--s on ! o!r h& ?is latt] is assur$ ( nev] fall+ into ,mat]ialism4 ,psy*ology1 r1 is a m]e an?ropology ( ! int]nal s5se1 i4e4 is ! k ( our ?9k+ self 9 life2 &1 z !oretical cognition1 rema9s m]ely empirical4 ,on ! o!r h&1 rational ,psy*ology1 z f> z x is conc]n$ ) que/ions z to our et]nal exi/5ce1 is n a !oretical sci5ce at all1 b re/s on a s+le conclusion ( moral ,teleology2 z also its :ole use is necess>y m]ely on acc\nt ( ! latt]1 i4e4 on acc\nt ( our practical de/9ation4 #ij4 ,( ! k9d ( belief 9 a teleological pro( ( ! ,be+ ( ,god ,! fir/ requisite = e pro(1 :e!r x be d]iv$ f ! imm$iate empirical pres5tation 7z 9 ! pro( f obs]vation ( ! object or f exp]im5t7 ( t :i* is to be prov$1 or by ,reason a priori f pr9ciples1 is ?is4 ,x %\ld n p]suade1 b conv9ce1#ach or at lea/ %\ld t5d to conviction4 ,i4e4 ! gr\nd ( pro( or ! conclusion %\ld n be m]ely a subjective 7ae/hetical7 det]m9+ gr\nd ( ass5t 7m]e illusion71 b objectively valid & a logical gr\nd ( cognition2 = o!rwise ! ,und]/&+ is ensn>$1 b n conv9c$4 ,su* an illusory pro( is t :i*1 p]haps ) good int5t b yet ) wilful concealm5t ( its weaknesses1 is adduc$ 9 ,natural ,!ology4 ,9 ?is we br+ 9 ! great numb] ( indications ( ! orig9 ( natural ?+s accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( purposes1 & take advantage ( ! m]ely subjective basis ( human ,reason1 viz4 its special prop5sity to ?9k only "o pr9ciple in/ead ( sev]al1 :5ev] ?is c be done )\t contradiction2 &1 :5 9 ?is pr9ciple only "o or m requisites = det]m9+ a concept are furni%$1 to add 9 our ?\ght ^! additional features s z to complete ! concept ( ! ?+ by arbitr>ily supplem5t+ x4 ,=1 9 tru?1 :5 we meet ) s _m products 9 nature :i* are to u m>ks ( an intellig5t cause1 :y %\ld we n ?9k ,"o cause r ?an _m2 & 9 ?is ,"o1 n m]ely great intellig5ce1 p[]1 etc41 b r ,omnisci5ce1 & ,omnipot5ce--9 a ^w1 ?9k x z a ,cause t conta9s ! suffici5t gr\nd ( su* prop]ties 9 all possible ?+s8 ,fur!r1 :y %\ld we n ascribe to ?is unique1 all-p[]ful1 orig9al ,be+ n only intellig5ce = natural laws & products1 b also1 z to a moral ,cause ( ! _w1 supreme1 e?ical1 practical ,reason8 ,= by ?is completion ( ! concept a suffici5t pr9ciple is furni%$ bo? = insight into nature & = moral wisdom2 & no objection gr\nd$ 9 any way c be made aga9/ ! possibility ( su* an ,idea4 ,if n[ at ! same "t ! moral motives ( ! m9d are ar\s$1 & a lively int]e/ 9 ! latt] is add$ by ! =ce ( eloqu5ce 7( :i* !y are inde$ v wor?y71 !n !re arises !refrom a p]suasion ( ! objective adequacy ( ! pro(2 & also 79 mo/ cases ( its use7 a :olesome illusion :i* q disp5ses ) all exam9ation ( its logical /rictness1 & ev5 on ! contr>y reg>ds ?is ) abhorr5ce & dislike z if an impi\s d\bt lay at its basis4--,n[ aga9/ ?is !re is inde$ no?+ to say1 s long z we only h reg>d to its popul> usefulness4 ,b !n ! division ( ! pro( into ! two dissimil> p>ts involv$ 9 ! argum5t--belong+ to physical & moral ,teleology respectively--_c & mu/ n be prev5t$4 ,= ! bl5d+ ( ^! makes x impossible to disc]n :]e ! prop] =ce ( ! pro( lies1 & 9 :at "p & h[ x mu/ be elaborat$ 9 ord] t its validity may be able to /& ! /ricte/ exam9ation 7ev5 if we %\ld be compell$ to admit 9 "o "p ! weakness ( our rational insight74 ,?us x is ! duty ( ! philosoph] 7suppos+ ev5 t he c\nts z no?+ ! claims ( s9c]ity7 to expose ! above illusion1 h[ev] :olesome x is1 :i* su* a confusion c produce2 & to di/+ui% :at m]ely belongs to p]suasion f t :i* leads to conviction 7= ^! are det]m9ations ( ass5t :i* diff] n m]ely 9 degree b 9 k9d71 9 ord] to pres5t pla9ly ! /ate ( ! m9d 9 ?is pro( 9 its :ole cle>ness1 & to be able to subject x frankly to ! close/ exam9ation4 ,b a pro( :i* is int5d$ to conv9ce1 c aga9 be ( two k9ds2 ei!r decid+ :at ! object is 9 itself1 or :at x is = u 7= m5 9 g5]al7 accord+ to our necess>y rational pr9ciples ( judgem5t 7pro( ' or ' 1 ! la/ ^w be+ tak5 9 its univ]sal signification ( man 9 g5]al74 ,9 ! fir/ case x is bas$ on adequate pr9ciples = ! det]m9ant ,judgem5t1 9 ! second = ! reflective ,judgem5t4 ,9 ! latt] case x c nev]1 :5 re/+ on m]ely !oretical pr9ciples1 t5d to conviction2 b if a practical pr9ciple ( ,reason 7:i* is !re=e univ]sally & necess>ily valid7 lies at its basis1 x may c]ta9ly lay claim to conviction adequate 9 a pure practical po9t ( view1 i4e4 to moral conviction4 ,b a pro( t5ds to conviction1 ?\gh )\t conv9c+1 if x is m]ely#aci br\ght on ! way !reto2 i4e4 if x conta9s 9 itself only objective gr\nds1 :i* al?\gh n atta9+ to c]ta9ty are yet ( su* a k9d t !y d n s]ve m]ely = p]suasion z subjective gr\nds ( ! judgem5t4#adj ,all !oretical gr\nds ( pro( resolve !mselves ei!r into3 7#a7 ,pro(s by logically /rict ,syllogisms ( ,reason2 or :]e ?is is n ! case1 7#b7 ,conclusions accord+ to analogy2 or :]e ?is also has no place1 7#c7 ,probable op9ion2 or f9ally1 :i* has ! lea/ weight1 7#d7 ,assumption ( a m]ely possible gr\nd ( explanation1 i4e4 ,hypo!sis4--,n[ ,i say t all gr\nds ( pro( 9 g5]al1 :i* aim at !oretical conviction1 c br+ ab\t no belief ( ?is k9d f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ degree1 if !re is to be prov$ ! proposition ( ! exi/5ce ( an orig9al ,be+1 z a ,god1 9 ! signification adequate to ! :ole cont5t ( ?is concept2 viz4 a moral ,au?or ( ! _w1 by :om ! f9al purpose ( creation is at ! same "t suppli$4 7#a47 ,z to ! logically accurate pro( proce$+ f univ]sal to p>ticul>1 we h suffici5tly e/abli%$ 9 ! ,critique ! foll[+3 ,s9ce no intuition possible = u corresponds to ! concept ( a ,be+ t is to be s\ght beyond nature--^: concept !re=e1 s f> z x is to be !oretically det]m9$ by syn!tical pr$icates1 rema9s always problematical = u--!re is absolutely no cognition ( x to be _h 7by :i* ! ext5t ( our !oretical k is 9 ! lea/ enl>g$74 ,! p>ticul> concept ( a sup]s5sible ,be+ _c be subsum$ "u ! univ]sal pr9ciples ( ! nature ( ?+s1 9 ord] to conclude f !m to x1 because ^? pr9ciples are valid simply = nature1 z an object ( s5se4 7#b47 ,we c inde$ ?9k "o ( two dissimil> ?+s1 ev5 9 ! v po9t ( _! dissimil>ity1 9 accordance ) ! analogy#ada ( ! o!r2 b we _c1 f t :]e9 !y are dissimil>1 conclude f ! "o to ! o!r by analogy1 i4e4 transf] f ! "o to ! o!r ?is sign ( specific di/9ction4 ,?us ,i c1 accord+ to ! analogy ( ! law ( ! equality ( action & reaction 9 ! mutual attraction & repulsion ( bodies1 also conceive ( ! association ( ! memb]s ( a commonweal? accord+ to rules ( "r2 b ,i _c transf] to x ^? specific det]m9ations 7mat]ial attraction or repulsion71 & ascribe !m to ! citiz5s 9 ord] to con/itute a sy/em call$ a /ate4--,j s we c inde$ conceive ( ! causality ( ! orig9al ,be+ 9 respect ( ! ?+s ( ! _w1 z natural purposes1 accord+ to ! analogy ( an ,und]/&+1 z gr\nd ( ! =ms ( c]ta9 products :i* we call works ( art 7= ?is only takes place on behalf ( ! !oretical or practical use t we h to make by our cognitive faculty ( ?is concept 9 respect ( ! natural ?+s 9 ! _w accord+ to a c]ta9 pr9ciple74 ,b we c 9 no way conclude accord+ to analogy1 because 9 ! case ( be+s ( ! _w ,und]/&+ mu/ be ascrib$ to ! cause ( an effect :i* is judg$ artificial1 t 9 respect ( nature ! same causality :i* we p]ceive 9 m5 atta*es also to ! ,be+ :i* is q di/9ct f nature4 ,= ?is conc]ns ! v po9t ( dissimil>ity :i* is ?\ght betwe5 a cause s5sibly condition$ 9 respect ( its effects & ! sup]s5sible orig9al ,be+ itself 9 our concept ( x1 & :i* !re=e _c be transf]r$ f "o to ! o!r4-- ,9 ! v fact t ,i mu/ conceive ! div9e causality only accord+ to ! analogy ( an ,und]/&+ 7:i* faculty we "k 9 no o!r be+ ?an 9 s5sibly-condition$ man7 lies ! prohibition to ascribe to x ?is ,und]/&+ 9 its peculi> signification4#adb 7#c47 ,op9ion f9ds 9 a priori judgem5ts no place :atev]1 = by !m we ei!r cognise some?+ z q c]ta9 or else cognise no?+ at all4 ,b if ! giv5 gr\nds ( pro( f :i* we />t 7z "h f ! purposes 9 ! _w7 are empirical1 !n we _c ev5 ) _! aid =m any op9ion z to any?+ beyond ! _w ( s5se1 nor c we conc$e to su* v5turesome judgem5ts ! smalle/ claim to probability4 ,= probability is "p ( a c]ta9ty possible 9 a c]ta9 s]ies ( gr\nds 7its gr\nds comp>e ) ! suffici5t gr\nd z p>ts ) a :ole71 ! insuffici5t gr\nd ( :i* mu/ be susceptible ( completion4 ,b s9ce1 z det]m9+ gr\nds ( "o & ! same judgem5t1 !y mu/ be ( ! same k9d1 = o!rwise !y w\ld n toge!r con/itute a :ole 7su* z c]ta9ty is71 "o "p ( !m _c lie )9 ! b\nds ( possible exp]i5ce & ano!r outside all possible exp]i5ce4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce m]ely empirical gr\nds ( pro( lead to no?+ sup]s5sible1 & s9ce :at is lack+ 9 ! s]ies ( !m _c 9 any way be complet$1 we d n approa* 9 ! lea/ ne>] 9 our attempt to atta9 by _! means to ! sup]s5sible & to a cognition !re(4 ,?us 9 any judgem5t ab\t ! latt] by means ( argum5ts d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 probability has no place4 7#d47 ,if an hypo!sis is to s]ve = ! explanation ( ! possibility ( a giv5 ph5om5on1 at lea/ its possibility mu/ be completely c]ta94#adc ,x is suffici5t t 9 an hypo!sis ,i disclaim any cognition ( actuality 7:i* is claim$ 9 an op9ion giv5 out z probable72 m ?an ?is ,i _c give up4 ,! possibility ( t :i* ,i place at ! basis ( my explanation1 mu/ at lea/ be expos$ to no d\bt2 o!rwise !re w\ld be no end ( empty *im]as4 ,b to assume ! possibility ( a sup]s5sible ,be+ det]m9$ accord+ to c]ta9 concepts w\ld be a completely gr\ndless supposition4 ,= "h none ( ! conditions requisite = cognition1 z reg>ds t 9 x :i* re/s ^u intuition1 is giv51 & s ! sole crit]ion ( possibility rema9+ is ! m]e pr9ciple ( ,contradiction 7:i* c only prove ! possibility ( ! ?\ght1 n ( ! object ?\ght74 ,! result !n is ?is4 ,= ! exi/5ce ,dase9 ( ! orig9al ,be+1 z a ,godhead1 or ( ! s\l z an immortal _s1 absolutely no pro( 9 a !oretical po9t ( view is possible = ! human ,reason1 :i* c br+ ab\t ev5 ! lea/ degree ( belief4 ,! gr\nd ( ?is is q easy to compreh5d4 ,= det]m9+ our ,ideas ( ! sup]s5sible we h no mat]ial :atev]1 & we mu/ d]ive ?is latt] f ?+s 9 ! _w ( s5se1 :i* is absolutely inadequate = su* an ,object4 ,?us1 9 ! abs5ce ( all det]m9ation ( x1 no?+ rema9s b ! concept ( a non-s5sible some?+ :i* conta9s ! ultimate gr\nd ( ! _w ( s5se1 b :i* does n furni% any k 7any amplification ( ! concept7 ( its inn] con/itution4 #ia4 ,( ! k9d ( belief produc$ by a practical fai? ,if we look m]ely to ! way 9 :i* any?+ c be = u 7accord+ to ! subjective con/itution ( our repres5tative p[]s7 an ,object ( k 7res cognoscibilis71 !n our concepts w n coh]e ) ,objects1 b m]ely ) our cognitive faculties & ! use :i* !y c make ( a giv5 repres5tation 79 a !oretical or practical po9t ( view74 ,?us ! "q :e!r any?+ is or is n a cognisable be+ is n a "q conc]n+ ! possibility ( ?+s b ( our k ( !m4 ,cognisable ?+s are ( ?ree k9ds3 ?+s ( op9ion 7op9abile72 ?+s ( fact 7scibile72 & ?+s ( fai? 7m]e cr$ibile74 7#a47 ,objects ( m]e rational ,ideas1 :i* = !oretical k _c be pres5t$ 9 any possible exp]i5ce1 are s f> n cognisable ?+s1 & consequ5tly 9 respect ( !m we c =m no op9ion2 = to =m an op9ion a priori is absurd 9 itself & ! /raight road to m]e *im]as4 ,ei!r !n our proposition is c]ta9 a priori or x conta9s no?+ = belief4 ,!re=e ?+s ( op9ion are always ,objects ( an empirical cognition at lea/ possible 9 itself 7objects ( ! _w ( s5se72 b1 :i*1 on acc\nt m]ely ( ! l[ degree ( ?is faculty t we possess1 is = u impossible4 ,?us ! e!r ( ! new physici/s1#add an ela/ic fluid p]vad+ all o!r matt] 7m+l$ intimately ) x7 is a m]e ?+ ( op9ion1 yet is su* t1 if our ext]nal s5ses 7 %>p5$ to ! highe/ degree1 x c\ld be p]ceiv$2 ?\gh x c nev] be pres5t$ 9 any obs]vation or exp]im5t4 ,to assume ! exi/5ce ( rational inhabitants ( o!r planets is a ?+ ( op9ion2 = if we c\ld come clos] to !m1 :i* is 9 itself possible1 we %\ld decide by exp]i5ce :e!r !y did or did n exi/2 b z we %all nev] come s ne>1 x rema9s 9 ! region ( op9ion4 ,b to hold ! op9ion t !re are 9 ! mat]ial univ]se pure ?9k+ spirits )\t bodies 7viz4 if we dismiss z unwor?y ( our notice c]ta9 ph5om5a :i* h be5 publi%$ z actual#ade7 is to be call$ poetic fiction4 ,?is is no ?+ ( op9ion1 b a m]e ,idea :i* rema9s ov]1 :5 we remove f a ?9k+ be+ ev]y?+ mat]ial1 & only leave ?\ght to x4 ,:e!r !n ! latt] 7:i* we "k only 9 man1 t is1 9 comb9ation ) a body7 does survive1 we _c decide4 ,su* a ?+ is a sophi/ical be+ 7ens rationis ratioc9antis71 n a rational be+ 7ens rationis ratioc9atae7#adf2 ( :i* latt] x is possible to %[ conclusively1 ! objective reality ( its concept2 at lea/ = ! practical use ( ,reason1 because ?is :i* has its peculi> & apodictically c]ta9 pr9ciples a priori1 dem&s 7po/ulates7 x4 7#b47 ,objects = concepts1 ^: objective reality c be prov$ 7:e!r ?r\gh pure ,reason or ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 &1 9 ! fir/ case1 f its !oretical or practical data1 9 all cases by means ( a correspond+ intuition7 are ?+s ( fact 7res facti74#adg ,( ?is k9d are ! ma!matical prop]ties ( magnitudes 79 geometry71 because !y are susceptible ( a pres5tation a priori = ! !oretical use ( ,reason4 ,fur!r1 ?+s or _! *>act]i/ics1 :i* c be exhibit$ 9 exp]i5ce 7ei!r our own or t ( o!rs ?r\gh ! m$ium ( te/imony7 are likewise ?+s ( fact4--,&1 :at is v rem>kable1 !re is "o rational ,idea 7susceptible 9 itself ( no pres5tation 9 intuition1 & consequ5tly1 ( no !oretical pro( ( its possibility7 :i* also comes "u ?+s ( fact4 ,?is is ! ,idea ( fre$om1 ^: reality1 reg>d$ z t ( a p>ticul> k9d ( causality 7( :i* ! concept1 !oretically consid]$1 w\ld be transc5d5t71 may be exhibit$ by means ( practical laws ( pure ,reason1 & con=mably to ?is1 9 actual actions1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 exp]i5ce4--,?is is ! only "o ( all ! ,ideas ( pure ,reason1 ^: object is a ?+ ( fact1 & to be reckon$ "u ! scibilia4 7#c47 ,objects1 :i* 9 ref]5ce to ! use ( pure practical ,reason t is 9 con=mity ) duty mu/ be ?\ght a priori 7:e!r z consequ5ces or z gr\nds71 b :i* are transc5d5t = its !oretical use1 are m]e ?+s ( fai?4 ,( ?is k9d is ! highe/ good 9 ! _w1 to be br\ght ab\t by fre$om4#adh ,! concept ( ?is _c be e/abli%$ z reg>ds its objective reality 9 any exp]i5ce possible = u & ?us adequately = ! !oretical use ( ,reason2 b its use is comm&$ by practical pure ,reason 9 ref]5ce to ! be/ possible work+ out ( t purpose1#adi & x consequ5tly mu/ be assum$ possible4 ,?is comm&$ effect1 toge!r ) ! only conditions ( its possibility ?9kable by u1 viz4 ! ,be+ ( ,god & ! immortality ( ! s\l1 are ?+s ( fai? 7res fidei71 & ( all objects are ! only ones :i* c be s call$4#aej ,= ?\gh :at we le>n by te/imony f ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs mu/ be believ$ by u1 yet x is n !re=e a ?+ ( fai?2 = x 0 ! prop] exp]i5ce ( "s "o witness & s a ?+ ( fact1 or is presuppos$ z su*4 ,aga9 x mu/ be possible by ?is pa? 7t ( hi/orical fai?7 to arrive at k2 & ! ,objects ( hi/ory & geography1 l ev]y?+ 9 g5]al :i* x is at lea/ possible to "k by ! con/itution ( our cognitive faculties1 belong n to ?+s ( fai? b to ?+s ( fact4 ,x is only objects ( pure ,reason :i* c be ?+s ( fai? at all1 ?\gh n z objects ( ! m]e pure speculative ,reason3 = !n !y c\ld n be reckon$ ) c]ta9ty among ?+s1 i4e4 ,objects ( t cognition :i* is possible = u4 ,!y are ,ideas1 i4e4 concepts ( ! objective reality ( :i* we _c !oretically be c]ta94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! highe/ f9al purpose to be work$ out by u1 by :i* alone we c become wor?y ( be+ ourselves ! f9al purpose ( creation1 is an ,idea :i* has 9 a practical ref]5ce objective reality = u1 & is also a ?+4 ,b because we _c furni% su* reality to ?is concept 9 a !oretical po9t ( view1 x is a m]e ?+ ( fai? ( ! pure ,reason1 along ) ,god & ,immortality1 z ! conditions "u :i* alone we1 9 accordance ) ! con/itution ( our 7human7 ,reason1 c conceive ! possibility ( t effect ( ! use ( our fre$om 9 con=mity ) law4 ,b belief 9 ?+s ( fai? is a belief 9 a pure practical po9t ( view1 i4e4 a moral fai?1 :i* proves no?+ = !oretical pure rational cognition1 b only = t :i* is practical & direct$ to ! fulfilm5t ( its duties2 x 9 no way ext5ds speculation or ! practical rules ( prud5ce 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( self-love4 ,if ! supreme pr9ciple ( all moral laws is a po/ulate1 s is also ! possibility ( its highe/ ,object2 & consequ5tly1 too1 ! condition "u :i* we c ?9k ?is possibility is po/ulat$ along ) x & by x4 ,?us ! cognition ( ! latt] is nei!r k nor op9ion ( ! be+ & "* ( ^! conditions1 reg>d$ z !oretical cognition2 b is a m]e assumption 9 a ref]5ce :i* is practical & comm&$ = ! moral use ( our ,reason4 ,if we 7 able also plausibly to base ^u ! purposes ( nature1 :i* physical ,teleology pres5ts to u 9 su* ri* abundance1 a det]m9ate concept ( an intellig5t ,_w-,cause1 !n ! exi/5ce ,dase9 ( ?is ,be+ w\ld n be a ?+ ( fai?4 ,= s9ce ?is w\ld n be assum$ on behalf ( ! p]=mance ( my duty1 b only 9 ref]5ce to ! explanation ( nature1 x w\ld be m]ely ! op9ion & hypo!sis mo/ con=mable to our ,reason4 ,n[ su* ,teleology leads 9 no way to a det]m9ate concept ( ,god2 on ! contr>y1 ?is c only be f\nd 9 ! concept ( a moral ,au?or ( ! ,_w1 because ?is alone furni%es ! f9al purpose to :i* we c only reckon ourselves z atta*$ if we behave con=mably to :at ! moral law prescribes z f9al purpose & consequ5tly obliges u to d4 ,h5ce x is only by its ref]5ce to ! ,object ( our duty1 z ! condition ( ! possibility ( atta9+ ! f9al purpose ( ! same1 t ! concept ( ,god atta9s ! privilege ( c\nt+ z a ?+ ( fai?1 9 our belief2 b on ! o!r h&1 ?is same concept _c make its ,object valid z a ?+ ( fact4 ,=1 al?\gh ! necessity ( duty is v pla9 = practical ,reason1 yet ! atta9m5t ( its f9al purpose1 s f> z x is n altoge!r 9 our own p[]1 is only assum$ on behalf ( ! practical use ( ,reason1 & !re=e is n s practically necess>y z duty itself4#aea ,fai? 7z habitus1 n z actus7 is ! moral attitude ( ,reason z to belief 9 t :i* is unatta9able by !oretical cognition4 ,x is !re=e ! con/ant pr9ciple ( ! m9d1 to assume z true1 on acc\nt ( ! obligation 9 ref]5ce to x1 t :i* x is necess>y to presuppose z condition ( ! possibility ( ! highe/ moral f9al purpose#aeb2 al?\gh its possibility or impossibility be alike impossible = u to see into4 ,fai? 7absolutely s call$7 is tru/ 9 ! atta9m5t ( a design1 ! promotion ( :i* is a duty1 b ! possibility ( ! fulfilm5t ( :i* 7& consequ5tly also t ( ! only conditions ( x ?9kable by u7 is n to be compreh5d$ by u4 ,fai?1 !n1 t ref]s to p>ticul> objects1 :i* are n objects ( possible k or op9ion 79 :i* latt] case x ought to be call$1 especially 9 hi/orical matt]s1 cr$ulity & n fai?71 is q moral4 ,x is a free belief1 n 9 t = :i* dogmatical pro(s = ! !oretically det]m9ant ,judgem5t are to be f\nd1 or 9 t to :i* we hold ourselves b\nd1 b 9 t :i* we assume on behalf ( a design 9 accordance ) laws ( fre$om4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n1 l op9ion1 )\t any adequate gr\nd2 b1 is gr\nd$ z 9 ,reason 7al?\gh only 9 respect ( its practical employm5t71 & adequately = its design4 ,= )\t ?is1 ! moral attitude ( ?\ght 9 its repudiation ( ! claim ( ! !oretical ,reason = pro(s 7( ! possibility ( ! ,objects ( morality7 has no p]man5ce2 b wav]s betwe5 practical comm&s & !oretical d\bts4 ,to be incr$ul\s means to cl+ to maxims1 & n to believe te/imony 9 g5]al2 b he is unbeliev+1 :o d5ies all validity to rational ,ideas1 because !re is want+ a !oretical gr\nd ( _! reality4#aed ,he judges !re=e dogmatically4 ,a dogmatical unbelief _c subsi/ toge!r ) a moral maxim dom9ant 9 ! m5tal attitude 7= ,reason _c comm& "o to foll[ a purpose1 :i* is cognis$ z no?+ m ?an a *im]a72 b a d\btful fai? c4 ,to ?is ! abs5ce ( conviction by gr\nds ( speculative ,reason is only a h9drance1 ! influ5ce ( :i* ^u conduct a critical insight into ! limits ( ?is faculty c remove1 :ile x sub/itutes by way ( comp5sation a p>am\nt practical belief4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if1 9 place ( c]ta9 mi/ak5 attempts1 we wi% to introduce a diff]5t pr9ciple into philosophy & to promote its influ5ce1 x makes u highly cont5t$ to see h[ & :y ^? attempts mu/ h disappo9t$ u4 ,god1 fre$om1 & immortality1 are ! problems at ! solution ( :i* all ! equipm5ts ( ,metaphysic aim1 z _! ultimate & unique purpose4 ,n[ x 0 believ$ t ! doctr9e ( fre$om is ne$$ = practical philosophy only z its negative condition2 b t on ! o!r h& ! doctr9e ( ,god & ( ! con/itution ( ! s\l1 z belong+ to !oretical philosophy1 mu/ be e/abli%$ = !mselves & sep>ately1 9 ord] aft]w>ds to unite bo? ) t :i* ! moral law 7possible only "u ! condition ( fre$om7 comm&s1 & s to con/itute a religion4 ,b we c easily see t ^! attempts mu/ fail4 ,= f m]e ontological concepts ( ?+s 9 g5]al1 or ( ! exi/5ce ( a necess>y ,be+1 x is possible to =m absolutely no det]m9ate concept ( an orig9al ,be+ by means ( pr$icates :i* c be giv5 9 exp]i5ce & c !re=e s]ve = cognition4 ,aga9 a concept bas$ on exp]i5ce ( ! physical purposiv5ess ( nature c\ld furni% no adequate pro( = morality1 or consequ5tly = cognition ( a ,deity4 ,j z little c\ld ! cognition ( ! s\l by means ( exp]i5ce 7:i* we only apply 9 ?is life7 supply u ) a concept ( its spiritual immortal nature1 a concept :i* w\ld be adequate = morality4 ,!ology & ,pneumatology1 reg>d$ z problems ( ! sci5ces ( a speculative ,reason1 c be e/abli%$ by no empirical data & pr$icates1 because ! concept ( !m is transc5d5t = our :ole cognitive faculty4--,! det]m9ation ( bo? concepts1 ,god & ! s\l 79 respect ( its immortality7 alike1 c only take place by means ( pr$icates1 :i*1 al?\gh !y are only possible f a sup]s5sible gr\nd1 mu/ yet prove _! reality 9 exp]i5ce2 = ?us alone c !y make possible a cognition ( a q sup]s5sible ,be+4--,! only concept ( ?is k9d to be met ) 9 human ,reason is t ( ! fre$om ( m5 "u moral laws1 along ) ! f9al purpose :i* ,reason prescribes by ^! laws4 ,( ^! two ! moral laws & ! f9al purpose ! fir/ are useful = ascrib+ to ! ,au?or ( ,nature1 ! second = ascrib+ to man1 ^? prop]ties :i* conta9 ! necess>y condition ( ! possibility ( bo? ,god & ! s\l2 s t f ?is ,idea a conclusion c be drawn z to ! exi/5ce & con/itution ( ^! be+s :i* are o!rwise q hidd5 f u4 ,?us ! gr\nd ( ! failure ( ! attempt to prove ,god & immortality by ! m]ely !oretical pa? lies 9 ?is1 t no cognition :atev] is possible ( ! sup]s5sible 9 ?is way 7( natural concepts74 ,! gr\nd ( its success by ! moral way 7( ! concept ( fre$om7 is z foll[s4 ,"h ! sup]s5sible 7fre$om71 :i* 9 ?is case is fundam5tal1 by a det]m9ate law ( causality t spr+s f x1 n only supplies mat]ial = cognition ( o!r sup]s5sibles 7! moral f9al purpose & ! conditions ( its atta9ability71 b also e/abli%es its reality 9 actions z a fact2 ?\gh at ! same "t x c furni% a valid gr\nd ( pro( 9 no o!r ?an a practical po9t ( view 7! only "o1 h[ev]1 ( :i* ,religion has ne$74 ,x is ?us v rem>kable t ( ! ?ree pure rational ,ideas1 ,god1 fre$om1 & immortality1 t ( fre$om is ! only concept ( ! sup]s5sible :i* 7by means ( ! causality t is ?\ght 9 x7 proves its objective reality 9 nature by means ( ! effects x c produce !re2 & ?us r5d]s possible ! connexion ( bo? ! o!rs ) nature1 & ( all ?ree toge!r ) ,religion4 ,we h !re=e 9 u a pr9ciple capable ( det]m9+ ! ,idea ( ! sup]s5sible )9 u1 & ?us also t ( ! sup]s5sible )\t u1 = k1 al?\gh only 9 a practical po9t ( view2 a pr9ciple ?is ( :i* m]e speculative philosophy 7:i* c\ld give a m]ely negative concept ( fre$om7 mu/ despair4 ,consequ5tly ! concept ( fre$om 7z fundam5tal concept ( all uncondition$ practical laws7 c ext5d ,reason beyond ^? b\nds1 )9 :i* e natural 7!oretical7 concept mu/ rema9 hopelessly limit$4 ,g5]al rem>k on ,teleology ,if ! "q is1 :at rank ! moral argum5t1 :i* proves ! ,be+ ( ,god only z a ?+ ( fai? = ! practical pure ,reason1 ma9ta9s among ! o!r argum5ts 9 philosophy1 x is easy to set aside ! :ole a*ievem5t ( ?is la/2 by :i* x appe>s t !re is no *oice1 b t our !oretical faculty mu/ give up all its pret5sions be=e an imp>tial criticism4 ,all belief mu/ 9 ! fir/ place be gr\nd$ ^u facts1 if x is n to be completely gr\ndless2 & !re=e ! only di/9ction 9 pro(s t !re c be is t belief 9 ! consequ5ce d]iv$ !refrom c ei!r be gr\nd$ on ?is fact z k = !oretical cognition1 or m]ely z fai? = practical4 ,all facts belong ei!r to ! natural concept :i* proves its reality 9 ! objects ( s5se1 giv5 7or :i* may possibly be giv57 be=e all natural concepts2 or to ! concept ( fre$om1 :i* suffici5tly e/abli%es its reality ?r\gh ! causality ( ,reason 9 reg>d ( c]ta9 effects 9 ! _w ( s5se1 possible ?r\gh x1 :i* x incontrov]tibly po/ulates 9 ! moral law4 ,! natural concept 7m]ely belong+ to !oretical cognition7 is n[ ei!r metaphysical & ?9kable completely a priori1 or physical1 i4e4 ?9kable a po/]iori & z necess>y only ?r\gh det]m9ate exp]i5ce4 ,! metaphysical natural concept 7:i* presupposes no det]m9ate exp]i5ce7 is !re=e ontological4 ,! ontological pro( ( ! be+ ( ,god f ! concept ( an orig9al ,be+ is ei!r t :i* f ontological pr$icates1 by :i* alone x c be ?\ght z completely det]m9$1 inf]s absolutely necess>y be+2 or t :i*1 f ! absolute necessity ( ! be+ some:]e ( "s ?+1 :atev] x be1 inf]s ! pr$icates ( ! orig9al ,be+4 ,= !re belongs to ! concept ( an orig9al ,be+1 inasmu* z x is n d]iv$ f any?+1 ! uncondition$ necessity ( its pres5ce1 & 79 ord] to repres5t ?is7 its complete det]m9ation by its m]e#aee concept4 ,x 0 believ$ t bo? requirem5ts 7 f\nd 9 ! concept ( ! ontological ,idea ( a ,be+ ! mo/ real ( all2 & ?us two metaphysical pro(s orig9at$4 ,! pro( 7prop]ly call$ ontological7 re/+ ^u a m]ely metaphysical natural concept concludes f ! concept ( ! ,be+ ! mo/ real ( all1 its absolutely necess>y exi/5ce2 = 7x is said71 if x did n exi/1 a reality w\ld be want+ to x1 viz4 exi/5ce4--,! o!r 7:i* is also call$ ! metaphysico-cosmological pro(7 concludes f ! necessity ( ! exi/5ce some:]e ( a ?+ 7:i* mu/ be conc$$1 = a be+ is giv5 to u 9 self-consci\sness71 its complete det]m9ation z t ( a ,be+ ! mo/ real ( all2 = ev]y?+ exi/+ mu/ be completely det]m9$1 b ! absolutely necess>y 7i4e4 t :i* we ought to cognise z su* & consequ5tly a priori7 mu/ be completely det]m9$ by means ( its own concept4 ,b ?is is only ! case ) ! concept ( a ?+ ! mo/ real ( all4 ,x is n ne$ful to expose "h ! sophi/ry 9 bo? argum5ts1 :i* has be5 already done else:]e2#aef x is only ne$ful to rem>k t nei!r pro(1 ev5 if !y c\ld be def5d$ by all mann] ( dialectical subtlety1 c\ld ev] pass f ! s*ools into ! _w1 or h ! slighte/ influ5ce on ! m]e s\nd ,und]/&+4 ,! pro(1 :i* re/s on a natural concept t c only be empirical & yet is to lead u beyond ! b\nds ( nature reg>d$ z ! complex ( ! objects ( s5se1 c be no o!r ?an t d]iv$ f ! purposes ( nature4 ,! concept ( ^! _c1 x is true1 be giv5 a priori b only ?r\gh exp]i5ce2 b yet x promises su* a concept ( ! orig9al gr\nd ( nature z alone1 among all ^? :i* we c conceive1 is suit$ to ! sup]s5sible1 viz4 t ( a highe/ ,und]/&+ z ,cause ( ! _w4 ,?is1 9 fact1 x completely p]=ms 9 accordance ) pr9ciples ( ! reflective ,judgem5t1 i4e4 9 accordance ) ! con/itution ( our 7human7 faculty ( cognition4--,b :e!r or n x is 9 a position to supply f ! same data ?is concept ( a supreme1 i4e4 indep5d5t intellig5t ,be+1 9 %ort ( a ,god or ,au?or ( a _w "u moral laws1 & consequ5tly z suffici5tly det]m9$ = ! ,idea ( a f9al purpose ( ! be+ ( ! _w--?is is ! "q ^u :i* ev]y?+ dep5ds1 :e!r we desire a !oretically adequate concept ( ! ,orig9al ,be+ on behalf ( our :ole k ( nature1 or a practical concept = religion4 ,?is argum5t d]iv$ f physical ,teleology is wor?y ( respect4 ,x produces a simil> effect 9 ! way ( conviction ^u ! common ,und]/&+ z ^u ! subtle/ ?9k]2 & a ,reim>us#aeg has acquir$ immortal hon\r 9 8 "w 7n yet sup]s$$71 9 :i* he abundantly develops ?is gr\nd ( pro( ) 8 peculi> ?or\ghness & lucidity4--,b h[ does ?is pro( acquire su* mighty influ5ce ^u ! m9d8 ,h[ does a judgem5t by cold reason 7= we might ref] to p]suasion ! emotion & elevation ( reason produc$ by ! wond]s ( nature7 issue ?us 9 a calm & unres]v$ ass5t8 ,x is n ! physical purposes1 :i* all indicate 9 ! ,_w ,cause an unfa?omable intellig5ce2 ^! are inadequate !reto1 because !y d n satisfy ! ne$ ( ! inquir+ ,reason4 ,=1 :]e=e 7x asks7 are all ^? natural ?+s t exhibit art8 ,:]e=e is man himself1 :om we mu/ reg>d z ! ultimate purpose ( nature ?9kable by u8 ,:]e=e is ?is collective ,nature "h1 & :at is ! f9al purpose ( su* great & manifold art8 ,reason _c be cont5t$ ) enjoym5t or ) contemplation1 obs]vation1 & admiration 7:i*1 if x /ops !re1 is only enjoym5t ( a p>ticul> k9d7 z ! ultimate f9al purpose = ! creation ( ! _w & ( man himself2 = ?is presupposes a p]sonal wor?1 :i* man alone c give himself1 z ! condition "u :i* alone he & 8 be+ c be ! f9al purpose4 ,fail+ ?is 7:i* alone is susceptible ( a def9ite concept71 ! purposes ( nature d n satisfactorily answ] our que/ions2 especially because !y _c furni% any det]m9ate concept ( ! highe/ ,be+ z an all-suffici5t 7& !re=e unique & s prop]ly call$ highe/7 be+1 & ( ! laws accord+ to :i* an ,und]/&+ is ,cause ( ! _w4 ,h5ce t ! physico-teleological pro( conv9ces1 j z if x 7 a !ological pro(1 does n arise f our avail+ ourselves ( ! ,ideas ( purposes ( nature z s _m empirical gr\nds ( pro( ( a highe/ ,und]/&+4 ,b x m+les itself unnotic$ ) t moral gr\nd ( pro(1 :i* dwells 9 e man & influ5ces him secretly1 9 ! conclusion by :i* we ascribe to ! ,be+1 :i* manife/s itself ) su* incompreh5sible art 9 ! purposes ( nature1 a f9al purpose & consequ5tly wisdom 7)\t h[ev] be+ ju/ifi$ 9 do+ s by ! p]ception ( ! =m]72 & by :i* !re=e we arbitr>ily fill up ! lacunas ( ! design argum5t4 ,9 fact x is only ! moral gr\nd ( pro( :i* produces conviction1 & t only 9 a moral ref]5ce ) :i* e man feels inw>dly 8 agreem5t4 ,b ! physico-teleological pro( has only ! m]it ( lead+ ! m9d1 9 its consid]ation ( ! _w1 by ! way ( purposes & ?r\gh !m to an intellig5t ,au?or ( ! _w4 ,! moral ref]5ce to purposes & ! ,idea ( a moral legislator & ,au?or ( ! _w1 z a !ological concept1 seem to be develop$ ( !mselves out ( t gr\nd ( pro(1 al?\gh !y are 9 tru? pure additions4 ,h5ce=w>d we may all[ ! cu/om>y /atem5t to /&4 ,= x is g5]ally difficult 7if ! di/9ction requires mu* reflection7 = ord9>y s\nd ,und]/&+ to di/+ui% f "o ano!r z het]og5e\s ! diff]5t pr9ciples :i* x confuses1 & f "o ( :i* alone x actually draws conclusions ) correctness4 ,! moral gr\nd ( pro( ( ! ,be+ ( ,god1 prop]ly speak+1 does n m]ely complete & r5d] p]fect ! physico-teleological pro(2 b x is a special pro( t supplies ! conviction :i* is want+ 9 ! latt]4 ,?is latt] 9 fact c d no?+ m ?an guide ,reason1 9 its judgem5ts ^u ! gr\nd ( nature & t cont+5t b admirable ord] ( nature only kn[n to u by exp]i5ce1 to ! causality ( a ,cause conta9+ ! gr\nd ( ! same 9 accordance ) purposes 7:i* we by ! con/itution ( our cognitive faculties mu/ ?9k z an intellig5t cause72 & ?us by arre/+ ! att5tion ( ,reason x makes x m susceptible ( ! moral pro(4 ,= :at is requisite to ! latt] concept is s ess5tially diff]5t f ev]y?+ :i* natural concepts conta9 & c tea*1 t !re is ne$ ( a p>ticul> gr\nd ( pro( q indep5d5t ( ! =m]1 9 ord] to supply ! concept ( ! orig9al ,be+ adequately = ,!ology & to inf] its exi/5ce4--,! moral pro( 7:i* x is true only proves ! ,be+ ( ,god 9 a practical ?\gh indisp5sable aspect ( ,reason7 w\ld pres]ve all its =ce1 if we f\nd 9 ! _w no mat]ial1 or only t :i* is d\btful1 = physical ,teleology4 ,x is possible to conceive rational be+s surr\nd$ by a nature :i* display$ no cle> trace ( organisation b only ! effects ( a m]e me*anism ( crude matt]2 on behalf ( :i* & amid ! *angeability ( "s m]ely cont+5t purposive =ms & relations !re w\ld appe> to be no gr\nd = inf]r+ an intellig5t ,au?or4 ,9 su* case !re w\ld be no occasion = a physical ,teleology2 & yet ,reason1 :i* "h gets no guidance f natural concepts1 w\ld f9d 9 ! concept ( fre$om & 9 ! moral ,ideas f\nd$ !reon a practically suffici5t gr\nd = po/ulat+ ! concept ( ! orig9al ,be+ 9 con=mity ) ^!1 i4e4 z a ,deity1 & = po/ulat+ nature 7ev5 ! nature ( our own be+7 z a f9al purpose 9 accordance ) fre$om & its laws--& all ?is 9 ref]5ce to ! indisp5sable comm& ( practical ,reason4--,h[ev] ! fact t !re is 9 ! actual _w = ! rational be+s 9 x abundant mat]ial = physical ,teleology 7ev5 ?\gh ?is is n necess>y7 s]ves z a desirable confirmation ( ! moral argum5t1 z f> z nature c exhibit any?+ analog\s to ! 7moral7 rational ,ideas4 ,= ! concept ( a supreme ,cause possess+ intellig5ce 7?\gh n rea*+ f> en\gh = a ,!ology7 ?us acquires suffici5t reality = ! reflective ,judgem5t1 b x is n requir$ z ! basis ( ! moral pro(2 nor does ?is latt] s]ve to complete z a pro( ! =m]1 :i* does n by itself po9t to morality at all1 by means ( an argum5t develop$ accord+ to a s+le pr9ciple4 ,two su* het]og5e\s pr9ciples z nature & fre$om c only furni% two diff]5t k9ds ( pro(2 & ! attempt to d]ive "o f ! o!r is f\nd unavail+ z reg>ds t :i* is to be prov$4 ,if ! physico-teleological gr\nd ( pro( suffic$ = ! pro( :i* is s\ght1 x w\ld be v satisfactory = ! speculative ,reason2 = x w\ld furni% ! hope ( f\nd+ a ,!osophy 7= s we mu/ call ! !oretical cognition ( ! div9e nature & its exi/5ce :i* w\ld suffice at once = ! explanation ( ! con/itution ( ! _w & = ! det]m9ation ( moral laws74 ,9 ! same way if ,psy*ology enabl$ u to arrive at a cognition ( ! immortality ( ! s\l x w\ld make ,pneumatology possible1 :i* w\ld be j z welcome to ! speculative ,reason4 ,b nei!r1 agreeable z !y w\ld be to ! arrogance ( our curiosity1 w\ld satisfy ! wi% ( ,reason 9 respect ( a !ory :i* mu/ be bas$ on a cognition ( ! nature ( ?+s4 ,:e!r ! fir/1 z ,!ology1 & ! second1 z ,an?ropology1 :5 f\nd$ on ! moral pr9ciple1 i4e4 ! pr9ciple ( fre$om1 & consequ5tly 9 accordance ) ! practical use ( ,reason d n bett] fulfil _! objective f9al design1 is ano!r "q :i* we ne$ n "h pursue4 ,! physico-teleological gr\nd ( pro( does n rea* to ,!ology1 because x does n & _c give any det]m9ate concept1 suffici5t = ?is design1 ( ! orig9al ,be+2 b we mu/ d]ive ?is f q ano!r qu>t]1 or mu/ supply its lacuna by an arbitr>y addition4 ,y inf]1 f ! great purposiv5ess ( natural =ms & _! relations1 a _w-cause end[$ ) ,und]/&+2 b :at is ! degree ( ?is ,und]/&+8 ,)\t d\bt y _c assume t x is ! highe/ possible ,und]/&+2 because = t x w\ld be requisite t y %\ld see t a great] ,und]/&+ ?an t ( :i* y p]ceive pro(s 9 ! _w1 is n ?9kable2 & ?is w\ld be to ascribe ,omnisci5ce to y\rself4#aeh ,9 ! same way1 if y inf] f ! magnitude ( ! _w ! v great might ( its ,au?or1 y mu/ be cont5t ) ?is hav+ only a comp>ative significance = y\r faculty ( compreh5sion2 = s9ce y d n "k all t is possible1 s z to comp>e x ) ! magnitude ( ! _w z f> z y "k x1 y _c inf] ! ,almight9ess ( its ,au?or f s small a /&>d1 & s on4 ,n[ y arrive 9 ?is way at no def9ite concept ( an orig9al ,be+ available = a ,!ology2 = ?is c only be f\nd 9 ! concept ( ! totality ( p]fections compatible ) intellig5ce1 & y _c help y\rself to ?is by m]ely empirical data4 ,b )\t su* a def9ite concept y _c inf] a unique intellig5t orig9al ,be+2 y c only assume x 7) :atev] motive74--,n[ x may c]ta9ly be conc$$ t y %\ld arbitr>ily add 7= ,reason has no?+ fundam5tal to say to ! contr>y73 ,:]e s mu* p]fection is f\nd1 we may well assume t all p]fection is unit$ 9 a unique ,cause ( ! _w1 because ,reason succe$s bett] bo? !oretically & practically ) a pr9ciple ?us def9ite4 ,b !n y _c reg>d ?is concept ( ! orig9al ,be+ z prov$ by y1 = y h only assum$ x on behalf ( a bett] employm5t ( ,reason4 ,h5ce all lam5tation or impot5t ang] on acc\nt ( ! alleg$ mis*ief ( r5d]+ d\btful ! coh]5cy ( y\r *a9 ( reason+1 is va9 pret5ti\sness1 :i* w\ld fa9 h u believe t ! d\bt "h freely express$ z to y\r argum5t is a d\bt+ ( sacr$ tru?1 9 ord] t "u ?is cov] ! %all[ness ( y\r argum5t may pass unnotic$4 ,moral ,teleology1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* is n less firmly bas$ ?an physical1--:i*1 inde$1 r des]ves ! pref]5ce because x re/s a priori on pr9ciples insep>able f our ,reason--leads to t :i* is requisite = ! possibility ( a ,!ology1 viz4 to a det]m9ate concept ( ! supreme ,cause1 z ,cause ( ! _w accord+ to moral laws1 &1 consequ5tly1 to ! concept ( su* a cause z satisfies our moral f9al purpose4 ,= ?is are requir$1 z natural prop]ties belong+ to x1 no?+ less ?an ,omnisci5ce1 ,omnipot5ce1 ,omnipres5ce1 & ! l1 :i* mu/ be ?\ght z b\nd up ) ! moral f9al purpose :i* is inf9ite & ?us z adequate to x4 ,h5ce moral ,teleology alone c furni% ! concept ( a unique ,au?or ( ! _w1 :i* is available = a ,!ology4 ,9 ?is way ,!ology leads imm$iately to ,religion1 i4e4 ! recognition ( our duties z div9e comm&s#aei2 because x is only ! recognition ( our duty & ( ! f9al purpose enjo9$ ^u u by ,reason :i* br+s out ) def9it5ess ! concept ( ,god4 ,?is concept1 !re=e1 is insep>able 9 its orig9 f obligation to t ,be+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 if ! concept ( ! orig9al ,be+ c\ld be also f\nd det]m9ately by ! m]ely !oretical pa? 7viz4 ! concept ( x z m]e ,cause ( nature71 x w\ld aft]w>ds be v difficult--p]haps impossible )\t arbitr>y int]polation ( elem5ts--to ascribe to ?is ,be+ by well-gr\nd$ pro(s a causality 9 accordance ) moral laws2 & yet )\t ?is t quasi-!ological concept c\ld furni% no f\ndation = religion4 ,ev5 if a religion c\ld be e/abli%$ by ?is !oretical pa?1 x w\ld actually1 z reg>ds s5tim5t 7:]e9 its ess5ce lies7 be diff]5t f t 9 :i* ! concept ( ,god & ! 7practical7 conviction ( ,8 ,be+ orig9ate f ! fundam5tal ,ideas ( morality4 ,= if we mu/ suppose ! ,omnipot5ce1 ,omnisci5ce1 etc41 ( an ,au?or ( ! _w z concepts giv5 to u f ano!r qu>t]1 9 ord] aft]w>ds only to apply our concepts ( duties to our relation to ,him1 !n ^! latt] concepts mu/ be> v m>k$ly ! appe>ance ( compulsion & =c$ submission4 ,if1 in/ead ( ?is1 ! respect = ! moral law1 q freely1 9 virtue ( ! precept ( our own ,reason1 repres5ts to u ! f9al purpose ( our de/9ation1 we admit among our moral views a ,cause h>monis+ ) ?is & ) its accompli%m5t1 ) ! s9c]e/ rev]5ce1 :i* is q di/9ct f pa?ological fe>2 & we will+ly submit ourselves !reto4#afj ,if x be ask$ :y x is incumb5t ^u u to h any ,!ology at all1 x appe>s cle> t x is n ne$$ = ! ext5sion or correction ( our cognition ( nature or 9 g5]al = any !ory1 b simply 9 a subjective po9t ( view = ,religion1 i4e4 ! practical or moral use ( our ,reason4 ,if x is f\nd t ! only argum5t :i* leads to a def9ite concept ( ! object ( ,!ology is itself moral1 x is n only n /range1 b we miss no?+ 9 respect ( its f9al purpose z reg>ds ! suffici5cy ( belief f ?is gr\nd ( pro(1 provid$ t x be admitt$ t su* an argum5t only e/abli%es ! ,be+ ( ,god suffici5tly = our moral de/9ation1 i4e4 9 a practical po9t ( view1 & t "h speculation nei!r %[s its /r5g? 9 any way1 nor ext5ds by means ( x ! sph]e ( its doma94 ,our surprise & ! alleg$ contradiction betwe5 ! possibility ( a ,!ology ass]t$ "h & t :i* ! ,critique ( speculative ,reason said ( ! ,categories--viz4 t !y c only produce k :5 appli$ to objects ( s5se1 b 9 no way :5 appli$ to ! sup]s5sible--vani%1 if we see t !y are "h us$ = a cognition ( ,god n 9 a !oretical po9t ( view 79 accordance ) :at ,8 own nature1 inscrutable to u1 may be7 b simply 9 a practical4--,9 ord] !n at ?is opportunity to make an end ( ! mis9t]pretation ( t v necess>y doctr9e ( ! ,critique1 :i*1 to ! *agr9 ( ! bl9d dogmati/1 ref]s ,reason to its b\nds1 ,i add "h ! foll[+ elucidation4 ,if ,i ascribe to a body motive =ce & ?us ?9k x by means ( ! category ( causality1 !n ,i at ! same "t cognise x by t category2 i4e4 ,i det]m9e ! concept ( x1 z ( an ,object 9 g5]al1 by means ( :at belongs to x by itself 7z ! condition ( ! possibility ( t relation7 z an object ( s5se4 ,if ! motive =ce ascrib$ to x is repulsive1 !n !re belongs to x 7al?\gh ,i d n place ne> x any o!r body ^u :i* x may ex]t =ce7 a place 9 space1 & moreov] ext5sion1 i4e4 space 9 itself1 besides ! fill+ up ( ?is by means ( ! repulsive =ces ( its p>ts4 ,9 addition !re is ! law ( ?is fill+ up 7t ! gr\nd ( ! repulsion ( ! p>ts mu/ decrease 9 ! same proportion z ! ext5sion ( ! body increases1 & z ! space1 :i* x fills ) ! same p>ts by means ( ?is =ce1 is augm5t$74--,on ! contr>y1 if ,i ?9k a sup]s5sible ,be+ z ! fir/ mov]1 & ?us by ! category ( causality z reg>ds its det]m9ation ( ! _w 7motion ( matt]71 ,i mu/ n ?9k x z exi/+ 9 any place 9 space nor z ext5d$2 ,i mu/ n ev5 ?9k x z exi/+ 9 "t or simultane\sly ) o!r be+s4 ,h5ce ,i h no det]m9ations :atev]1 :i* c\ld make intelligible to me ! condition ( ! possibility ( motion by means ( ?is ,be+ z its gr\nd4 ,consequ5tly1 ,i d n 9 ! v lea/ cognise x by means ( ! pr$icate ( ,cause 7z fir/ mov]71 = itself2 b ,i h only ! repres5tation ( a some?+ conta9+ ! gr\nd ( ! motions 9 ! _w2 & ! relation ( ! latt] to x z _! cause1 s9ce x does n besides furni% me ) any?+ belong+ to ! con/itution ( ! ?+ :i* is cause1 leaves its concept q empty4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t by pr$icates :i* only f9d _! ,object 9 ! _w ( s5se ,i c inde$ proce$ to ! be+ ( some?+ :i* mu/ conta9 _! gr\nd1 b n to ! det]m9ation ( its concept z a sup]s5sible be+1 :i* excludes all ^! pr$icates4 ,by ! category ( causality1 !n1 if ,i det]m9e x by ! concept ( a fir/ mov]1 ,i d n 9 ! v lea/ cognise :at ,god is4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ,i %all h bett] success if ,i />t f ! ord] ( ! _w1 n m]ely to ?9k its causality z t ( a supreme ,und]/&+1 b to cognise x by means ( ?is det]m9ation ( ! said concept2 because "h ! tr\blesome condition ( space & ( ext5sion disappe>s4--,at all ev5ts ! great purposiv5ess 9 ! _w compels u to ?9k a supreme cause ( x1 & to ?9k its causality z t ( an ,und]/&+2 b we are n !re=e entitl$ to ascribe ?is to x4 7,e4g4 we ?9k ( ! et]nity ( ,god z pres5ce 9 all "t1 because we c =m no o!r concept ( m]e be+ z a quantum1 i4e4 z duration2 or we ?9k ( ! div9e ,omnipres5ce z pres5ce 9 all places 9 ord] to make compreh5sible to ourselves ,8 imm$iate pres5ce 9 ?+s :i* are ext]nal to "o ano!r2 )\t d>+ to ascribe to ,god any ( ^! det]m9ations1 z some?+ cognis$ 9 ,him47 ,if ,i det]m9e ! causality ( a man1 9 respect ( c]ta9 products :i* are only explicable by design$ purposiv5ess1 by ?9k+ x z t ( ,und]/&+1 ,i ne$ n /op "h1 b ,i c ascribe to him ?is pr$icate z a well-kn[n prop]ty & cognise him accord+ly4 ,= ,i "k t intuitions are giv5 to ! s5ses ( m5 & are br\ght by ! ,und]/&+ "u a concept & ?us "u a rule2 t ?is concept only conta9s ! common *>act]i/ic 7) omission ( ! p>ticul> ones7 & is ?us discursive2 & t ! rules = br++ giv5 repres5tations "u a consci\sness 9 g5]al are giv5 by ,und]/&+ be=e ^? intuitions1 etc4 ,i !re=e ascribe ?is prop]ty to man z a prop]ty by means ( :i* ,i cognise him4 ,h[ev]1 if ,i wi% to ?9k a sup]s5sible ,be+ 7,god7 z an intellig5ce1 ?is is n only p]missible 9 a c]ta9 aspect ( my employm5t ( ,reason--x is unavoidable2 b to ascribe to ,him ,und]/&+ & to flatt] ourselves t we c cognise ,him by means ( x z a prop]ty ( ,81 is 9 no way p]missible4 ,= ,i mu/ omit all ^? conditions "u :i* alone ,i "k an ,und]/&+1 & ?us ! pr$icate :i* only s]ves = det]m9+ man _c be appli$ at all to a sup]s5sible ,object2 & !re=e by a causality ?us det]m9$1 ,i _c cognise :at ,god is4 ,& s x is ) all ,categories1 :i* c h no significance = cognition 9 a !oretical aspect1 if !y are n appli$ to objects ( possible exp]i5ce4--,h[ev]1 accord+ to ! analogy ( an ,und]/&+ ,i c 9 a c]ta9 o!r aspect ?9k a sup]s5sible be+1 )\t at ! same "t mean+ !reby to cognise x !oretically2 viz4 if ?is det]m9ation ( its causality conc]ns an effect 9 ! _w1 :i* conta9s a design morally necess>y b unatta9able by a s5sible be+4 ,= !n a cognition ( ,god & ( ,8 ,be+ 7,!ology7 is possible by means ( prop]ties & det]m9ations ( ,8 causality m]ely ?\ght 9 ,him accord+ to analogy1 :i* has all requisite reality 9 a practical ref]5ce ?\gh only 9 respect ( ?is 7z moral74--,an ,e?ical ,!ology is !re=e possible2 = ?\gh morality c subsi/ )\t !ology z reg>ds its rule1 x _c d s z reg>ds ! f9al design :i* ?is proposes1 unless ,reason 9 respect ( x is to be r5\nc$4 ,b a ,!ological ,e?ic 7( pure ,reason7 is impossible2 = laws :i* ,reason itself does n give & ^: obs]vance x does n br+ ab\t z a pure practical faculty1 c n be moral4 ,9 ! same way a ,!ological ,physic w\ld be a non5tity1 = x w\ld propose no laws ( nature b ord9ances ( a ,highe/ ,w2 :ile on ! o!r h& a physical 7prop]ly speak+ a physico-teleological7 ,!ology c s]ve at lea/ z a propa$eutic to ,!ology prop]1 by giv+ occasion = ! ,idea ( a f9al purpose :i* nature _c pres5t by ! obs]vation ( natural purposes ( :i* x (f]s abundant mat]ial4 ,x ?us makes felt ! ne$ ( a ,!ology :i* %all det]m9e ! concept ( ,god adequately = ! highe/ practical use ( ,reason1 b x _c develop ?is & base x satisfactorily on its pro(s4 ,,! ,,end ,pr9t$ by ,r4 ,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,,limit$1 ,ed9burgh4 ,,works ,,on ,,philosophy ,by ,,immanuel ,,kant ,,kant',s ,,critical ,,philosophy ,,= ,,engli% ,,read]s4 ,by ,j4 ,p4 ,,mahaffy1 ,d4,d41 & ,! ,"r ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,b]n>d1 ,d4,d4 ,two vols4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,! ,,kritik ,,( ,,! ,,pure ,,reason ,,expla9$ ,,& ,,def5d$4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,prolegom5a4 ,translat$1 ) ,notes & ,app5dices4 #fs4 ,,critique ,,( ,,pure ,,reason4 ,translat$ by ,f4 ,,max ,m,,ll]4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,,critique ,,( ,,pure ,,reason4 ,translat$ by ,f4 ,,max ,m,,ll]4 ,vol4 #a4 ,conta9+ ,translator's ,preface2 ,hi/orical ,introduction by ,,ludwig ,,noir2 & ,additions made by ,,kant 9 ! ,second ,edition ( ! ,critique4 #hvo4 #afs4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,h5ri ,,b]gson ,,creative ,,evolution4 ,translat$ by ,,ar?ur ,,mit*ell1 ,ph4,d4 #hvo4 #ajs4 net4 ,,laught]3 ,an ,essay on ! ,mean+ ( ! ,comic4 ,au?oris$ ,translation f ! ,six? ,edition by ,,cl\desley ,,br]eton1 ,l4 s ,l4 7,p>is71 ,m4,a4 7,cantab472 & ,,fr$ ,,ro?well1 ,b4,a4 7,london74 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,metaphysics4 ,translat$ by ,t4 ,e4 ,,hulme4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 net4 ,a ,,critical ,,exposition ,,( ,,b]gson',s ,,philosophy4 ,by ,j4 ,mc,k,e,l,l,a,r ,,/ew>t1 ,b4,a41 ,d4,phil4 #hvo4 #es4 net4 ,by ,,b5$etto ,,croce ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,practical4 ,economic & ,e?ic4 ,translat$ by ,,d\glas ,,a9slie1 ,b4,a4 #hvo4 #abs4 net4 ,,/hetic ,,z ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,expression ,,& ,,g5]al ,,l+ui/ic4 ,translat$ by ,,d\glas ,,a9slie1 ,b4,a4 #hvo4 #ajs4 net4 ,,encyclop,,dia ,,( ,,! ,,philosophical ,,sci5ces4 ,edit$ by ,,wilhelm ,,w9delb& & ,,arnold ,,ruge4 ,engli% ,edition "u ! ,editor%ip ( ,sir ,,h5ry ,,jones4 #hvo4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,logic4 ,by ,,arnold ,,ruge1 ,,wilhelm ,,w9delb&1 ,,josiah ,,royce1 ,,l\is ,,c\turat1 ,,b5$etto ,,croce1 ,,f$]igo ,,enriques1 & ,,nicolaj ,,losskij4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,,works ,,on ,,philosophy ,,! ,,s*ools ,,( ,,philosophy ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,philosophical ,,?\ght ,,by ,,v>i\s ,,writ]s ,,edit$ ,,by ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,jones ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,moral ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,glasg[ ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,educational ,,!ory4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,john ,,adams1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,,ll4,d4 #hvo4 #ajs4 net4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,greek ,,philosophy4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,john ,,burnet1 ,,ll4,d4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,f ,?ales to ,plato4 ,9 ! ,press4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,mod]n ,,philosophy ,,f ,,hobbes ,,to ,,reid4 ,by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,f4 ,,/\t4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,o!r volumes to foll[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,individuality ,,& ,,value4 ,! ,gif=d ,lectures = #aiaa4 ,by ,,b]n>d ,,bosanquet1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 #hvo4 #ajs4 net4 ,,! ,,value ,,& ,,de/9y ,,( ,,! ,,individual4 ,! ,gif=d ,lectures = #aiab ,by ,,b]n>d ,,bosanquet1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 #hvo4 #ajs4 net4 ,,! ,,cr[n+ ,,phase ,,( ,,! ,,critical ,,philosophy4 ,a ,/udy 9 ,kant's ,critique ( ,judgm5t4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,macmillan1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,phil4 #hvo4 #ajs4 net4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,!ory ,,( ,,vitalism4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,hans ,,dries*1 ,ph4,d4 ,translat$ by ,c4 ,k4 ,,ogd51 ,b4,a4 ,revis$ ?r\gh\t & 9 "p rewritt5 by ! ,au?or = ! ,engli% ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,9 ! ,press4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,individuality4 ,lectures4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,hans ,,dries*1 ,ph4,d4 #hvo4 ,9 ! ,press4 ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,"*4 ,be+ a ,/udy ( ! ,emotions & ,s5tim5ts4 ,by ,,alex&] ,f4 ,,%&1 ,m4,a4 #hvo4 ,9 ! ,press4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,relativity4 ,by ,l4 ,,silb]/e91 ,ph4,d4 #hvo4 ,9 ! ,press4 ,,mod]n ,,philosoph]s4 ,lectures4 ,by ,,h>ald ,h,,ffd+4 ,translat$ by ,,alfr$ ,c4 ,,mason1 ,m4,a4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,9 ! ,press4 ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,dr4 ,caird 7,critical ,philosophy ( ,kant1 vol4 ii4 p4 #djf7 has giv5 an in/ructive acc\nt ( ! gradual developm5t 9 ,kant's m9d ( ! ma9 idea ( ! ,critique ( ,judgem5t4 #b ,natural ,!ology & ,mod]n ,?\ght1 p4 #aeh4 #c ,i reproduce "h 9 "p a pap] read be=e ! ,victoria ,in/itute 9 ,april #ahib4 #d ,critique ( ,pure ,reason4 ,dialectic1 ,bk4 ii4 *ap4 i4 ne> ! end4 #e ,cf4 ,kuno ,fis*]1 ,a ,critique ( ,kant1 p4 #adb4 #f ,quot$ by ,caird1 ,critical ,philosophy ( ,kant1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ejg1 :o reit]ates ?is criticism all ?r\gh 8 acc\nt ( ,kant's tea*+4 #g ,natural ,!ology & ,mod]n ,?\ght1 p4 #bda4 #h ,read+1 ) ,w9delb&1 9 si*]5 alle9ig5 ,besitz4 #i ,if we h cause = suppos+ t concepts :i* we use z empirical pr9ciples /& 9 relation%ip ) ! pure cognitive faculty a priori1 x is pr(itable1 because ( ?is ref]5ce1 to seek = !m a transc5d5tal def9ition2 i4e4 a def9ition ?r\gh pure categories1 s f> z ^! by !mselves adequately furni% ! di/9ction ( ! concept 9 "q f o!rs4 ,we "h foll[ ! example ( ! ma!matician :o leaves undet]m9$ ! empirical data ( 8 problem1 & only br+s _! relation 9 _! pure syn!sis "u ! concepts ( pure ,ari?metic1 & ?us g5]alises ! solution4 ,objection has be5 br\ght aga9/ a simil> proc$ure ( m9e 7cf4 ! ,preface to ! ,critique ( ,practical ,reason1 ,abbott's ,translation1 p4 #id71 & my def9ition ( ! faculty ( desire has be5 f\nd fault )1 viz4 t x is ! be+'s faculty ( becom+ by means ( its repres5tations ! cause ( ! actuality ( ! objects ( ^! repres5tations2 = ! desires might be m]e crav+s1 & by means ( ^! alone e "o is conv9c$ ! ,object _c be produc$4--,b ?is proves no?+ m ?an t !re are desires 9 man1 by :i* he is 9 contradiction ) himself4 ,= "h he /rives = ! production ( ! ,object by means ( ! repres5tation alone1 f :i* he c expect no result1 because he is consci\s t 8 me*anical p[]s 7if ,i may s call ^? :i* are n psy*ological7 :i* mu/ be det]m9$ by t repres5tation to br+ ab\t ! ,object 7m$iately7 are ei!r n compet5t1 or ev5 t5d t[>ds :at is impossible2 e4g4 to rev]se ! pa/ 7,o mihi praet]itos 444 etc471 or to annihilate 9 ! impati5ce ( expectation ! int]val be=e ! wi%$ = mom5t4--,al?\gh 9 su* fanta/ic desires we are consci\s ( ! inadequacy 7or ev5 ! unsuitability7 ( our repres5tations = be+ causes ( _! objects1 yet _! ref]5ce z causes1 & consequ5tly ! repres5tation ( _! causality1 is conta9$ 9 e wi%2 & ?is is specially evid5t if ! wi% is an affection or long+4 ,= ^! long+s by _! dilatation & contraction ( ! he>t & consequ5t exhau/ion ( its p[]s1 prove t ^! p[]s are cont9ually kept on ! /ret* by repres5tations1 b t !y p]petually let ! m9d1 hav+ reg>d to ! impossibility ( ! desire1 fall back 9 exhau/ion4 ,ev5 pray]s = ! av]sion ( great & 7z f> z "o c see7 unavoidable evils1 & _m sup]/iti\s means = atta9+ 9 a natural way impossible purposes1 po9t to ! causal ref]5ce ( repres5tations to _! ,objects2 a ref]5ce :i* _c at all be *eck$ by ! consci\sness ( ! inadequacy ( ! ef=t to produce ! effect4--,z to :y !re %\ld be 9 our nature ?is prop5sity to desires :i* are consci\sly va91 t is an an?ropologico-teleological problem4 ,x seems t if we 7 n det]m9$ to ! application ( our p[]s be=e we 7 assur$ ( ! adequacy ( our faculties to produce an ,object1 ^! p[]s w\ld rema9 9 great "p unus$4 ,= we commonly le>n to "k our p[]s only by fir/ mak+ trial ( !m4 ,?is deception 9 ! case ( va9 wi%es is !n only ! consequ5ce ( a b5evol5t ord9ance 9 our nature4 ,?is note 0 add$ by ,kant 9 ! ,second ,edition4 #aj ,"o ( ! v>i\s pret5d$ contradictions 9 ?is :ole di/9ction ( ! causality ( nature f t ( fre$om is ?is4 ,x is object$ t if ,i speak ( ob/acles :i* nature opposes to causality accord+ to 7moral7 laws ( fre$om or ( ! assi/ance x af=ds1 ,i am admitt+ an influ5ce ( ! =m] ^u ! latt]4 ,b if we try to und]/& :at has be5 said1 ?is mis9t]pretation is v easy to avoid4 ,! opposition or assi/ance is n betwe5 nature & fre$om1 b betwe5 ! =m] z ph5om5on & ! effects ( ! latt] z ph5om5a 9 ! _w ( s5se4 ,! causality ( fre$om itself 7( pure & practical ,reason7 is ! causality ( a natural cause subord9at$ to fre$om 7i4e4 ( ! subject consid]$ z man & !re=e z ph5om5on74 ,! intelligible1 :i* is ?\ght "u fre$om1 conta9s ! gr\nd ( ! det]m9ation ( ?is natural cause 9 a way n explicable any fur!r 7j z t intelligible does :i* con/itutes ! sup]s5sible sub/rate ( nature74 #aa ,x has be5 ?\ght a d\btful po9t t my divisions 9 pure ,philosophy %\ld always be ?reefold4 ,b t lies 9 ! nature ( ! ?+4 ,if !re is to be an a priori division x mu/ be ei!r analytical1 accord+ to ! law ( contradiction1 :i* is always tw(old 7quodlibet ens e/ aut ,a aut non ,a72 or x is syn!tical4 ,& if 9 ?is latt] case x is to be d]iv$ f a priori concepts 7n z 9 ,ma!matic f ! intuition correspond+ to ! concept71 ! division mu/ necess>ily be tri*otomy4 ,= accord+ to :at is requisite = syn!tical unity 9 g5]al !re mu/ be 7#a7 a condition1 7#b7 a condition$1 & 7#c7 ! concept :i* arises f ! union ( ! condition$ ) its condition4 #ab ,! def9ition ( ta/e :i* is laid d[n "h is t x is ! faculty ( judg+ ( ! beautiful4 ,b ! analysis ( judgem5ts ( ta/e mu/ %[ :at is requir$ 9 ord] to call an object beautiful4 ,! mom5ts1 to :i* ?is ,judgem5t has reg>d 9 its reflection1 ,i h s\ght 9 accordance ) ! guidance ( ! logical functions ( judgem5t 7= 9 a judgem5t ( ta/e a ref]5ce to ! ,und]/&+ is always involv$74 ,i h consid]$ ! mom5t ( quality fir/1 because ! ae/hetical judgem5t ^u ! beautiful fir/ pays att5tion to x4 #ac ,a judgem5t ^u an object ( satisfaction may be q dis9t]e/$1 b yet v int]e/+1 i4e4 n bas$ ^u an int]e/1 b br++ an int]e/ ) x2 ( ?is k9d are all pure moral judgem5ts4 ,judgem5ts ( ta/e1 h[ev]1 d n 9 !mselves e/abli% any int]e/4 ,only 9 society is x int]e/+ to h ta/e3 ! reason ( ?is w be %[n 9 ! sequel4 #ad ,second ,edition4 #ae ,an obligation to enjoym5t is a manife/ absurdity4 ,?us ! obligation to all actions :i* h m]ely enjoym5t = _! aim c only be a pret5d$ "o2 h[ev] spiritually x may be conceiv$ 7or deck$ out71 ev5 if x is a my/ical1 or s-call$ heav5ly1 enjoym5t4 #af ,second ,edition4 #ag ,second ,edition4 #ah ,ueb]weg po9ts out 7,hi/4 ( ,phil41 ii4 #ebh1 ,eng4 ,trans47 t ,m5delssohn _h already call$ att5tion to ! dis9t]e/$ness ( our satisfaction 9 ! ,beautiful4 8,x appe>s10 says ,m5delssohn1 8to be a p>ticul> m>k ( ! beautiful1 t x is contemplat$ ) quiet satisfaction1 t x pleases1 ev5 ?\gh x be n 9 our possession1 & ev5 ?\gh we be nev] s f> remov$ f ! desire to put x to our use40 ,b1 ( c\rse1 z ,ueb]weg rem>ks1 ,kant's conception ( dis9t]e/$ness ext5ds f> beyond ! abs5ce ( a desire to possess ! object4 #ai ,read+ besond]e ) ,w9delb&2 ,h>t5/e9 reads be/immte4 #bj ,i4e4 ,! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 ,analytic1 bk4 ii4 c4 i4 #ba ,second ,edition4 ,sp5c] expresses mu* m concisely :at ,kant has 9 8 m9d "h4 8,pleasure 444 is a feel+ :i* we seek to br+ into consci\sness & reta9 !re2 pa9 is 444 a feel+ :i* we seek to get out ( consci\sness & to keep out40 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #abe4 #bb ,! editions ( ,h>t5/e9 & ,kir*mann omit ohne be=e zweck1 :i* makes havoc ( ! s5t5ce4 ,x is correctly pr9t$ by ,ros5kranz & ,w9delb&4 #bc ,fir/ ,edition4 #bd ,cf4 ,metaphysic ( ,morals1 ,introd4 ,i4 8,! pleasure :i* is necess>ily b\nd up ) ! desire 7( ! object ^: repres5tation affects feel+7 may be call$ practical pleasure1 :e!r x be cause or effect ( ! desire4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! pleasure :i* is n necess>ily b\nd up ) ! desire ( ! object1 & :i*1 !re=e1 is at bottom n a pleasure 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,object ( ! repres5tation1 b cl+s to ! repres5tation only1 may be call$ m]e contemplative pleasure or passive satisfaction4 ,! feel+ ( ! latt] k9d ( pleasure we call ta/e40 #be ,second ,edition4 #bf ,fir/ ,edition has glei*e2 ,second ,edition has sol*e4 #bg ,fir/ & ,second ,editions h sehr zweifle2 b ?is 0 correct$ to ni*t zweifle 9 ! ,?ird ,edition ( #agii4 #bh ,belebt ma*52 ,fir/ ,edition _h beliebt4 #bi ,second ,edition4 #cj ,kant probably alludes "h to ,baumg>t5 7#agad-agfb71 :o 0 ! fir/ writ] to give ! "n ( ,ae/hetics to ! ,philosophy ( ,ta/e4 ,he def9$ beauty z 8p]fection appreh5d$ ?r\gh ! s5ses40 ,kant is said to h us$ z a text-book at lectures a "w by ,mei]1 a pupil ( ,baumg>t5's1 on ?is subject4 #ca ,cf4 ,preface to ! ,metaphysical ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 v43 8,! ^w p]fection is liable to _m misconceptions4 ,x is sometimes und]/ood z a concept belong+ to ,transc5d5tal ,philosophy2 viz4 ! concept ( ! totality ( ! manifold1 :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 con/itutes a ,?+2 sometimes1 aga91 x is und]/ood z belong+ to ,teleology1 s t x signifies ! agreem5t ( ! *>act]i/ics ( a ?+ ) a purpose4 ,p]fection 9 ! =m] s5se might be call$ quantitative 7mat]ial71 9 ! latt] qualitative 7=mal7 p]fection40 #cb ,! words ev5 if 444 g5]al 7 add$ 9 ! ,second ,edition4 #cc ,second ,edition4 #cd ,models ( ta/e z reg>ds ! arts ( spee* mu/ be compos$ 9 a dead & le>n$ language4 ,! fir/1 9 ord] t !y may n suff] t *ange :i* inevitably comes ov] liv+ languages1 9 :i* noble expressions become flat1 common ones antiquat$1 & newly creat$ ones h only a %ort curr5cy4 ,! second1 because le>n$ languages h a gramm> :i* is subject to no wanton *ange ( fa%ion1 b ! rules ( :i* are pres]v$ un*ang$4 #ce ,?is di/9ction betwe5 an ,idea & an ,ideal1 z also ! fur!r contra/ betwe5 ,ideals ( ! ,reason & ,ideals ( ! ,imag9ation1 _h already be5 giv5 by ,kant 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 ,dialectic1 bk4 ii4 c4 iii4 #a4 #cf ,polycletus ( ,argos fl\ri%$ ab\t #dcj ,b4,c4 ,8 /atue ( ! ,spe>be>] 7,doryphorus71 aft]w>ds became kn[n z ! ,canon2 because 9 x ! arti/ 0 suppos$ to h embodi$ a p]fect repres5tation ( ! ideal ( ! human figure4 #cg ,?is 0 a celebrat$ /atue execut$ by ,myron1 a ,greek sculptor1 contempor>y ) ,polycletus4 ,x is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,greek ,an?ology4 #ch ,x w be f\nd t a p]fectly regul> c\nt5ance1 su* z a pa9t] might wi% to h = a model1 ord9>ily tells u no?+2 because x conta9s no?+ *>act]i/ic1 & !re=e r expresses ! ,idea ( ! race ?an ! specific traits ( a p]son4 ,! exagg]ation ( a *>act]i/ic ( ?is k9d1 i4e4 su* z does viol5ce to ! normal ,idea 7! purposiv5ess ( ! race7 is call$ c>icature4 ,exp]i5ce also %[s t ^! q regul> c\nt5ances commonly indicate int]nally only a m$iocre man2 presumably 7if x may be assum$ t ext]nal nature expresses ! proportions ( int]nal7 because1 if no m5tal disposition exce$s t proportion :i* is requisite 9 ord] to con/itute a man free f faults1 no?+ c be expect$ ( :at is call$ g5ius1 9 :i* nature seems to dep>t f ! ord9>y relations ( ! m5tal p[]s on behalf ( "s special "o4 #ci ,x might be object$ to ?is explanation t !re are ?+s1 9 :i* we see a purposive =m )\t cognis+ any def9ite purpose 9 !m1 l ! /one implem5ts (t5 got f old sepul*ral tumuli ) a hole 9 !m z if = a h&le4 ,^!1 al?\gh !y pla9ly indicate by _! %ape a purposiv5ess ( :i* we d n "k ! purpose1 are nev]!less n describ$ z beautiful4 ,b if we reg>d a ?+ z a "w ( art1 t is en\gh to make u admit t its %ape has ref]5ce to "s design & def9ite purpose4 ,& h5ce !re is no imm$iate satisfaction 9 ! contemplation ( x4 ,on ! o!r h& a fl[]1 e4g4 a tulip1 is reg>d$ z beautiful2 because 9 p]ceiv+ x we f9d a c]ta9 purposiv5ess :i*1 9 our judgem5t1 is ref]r$ to no purpose at all4 #dj ,cp4 p4 #agj1 infra4 #da ,see ,! ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra1 by ,w4 ,m>sd5 7,london1 #aghc71 p4 #aac4 #db ,cf4 #db1 infra4 #dc ,second ,edition4 #dd ,second ,edition4 #de ,lettres sur l'gypte1 p> ,m4 ,sav>y1 ,am/]dam1 #aghg4 #df ,second ,edition4 #dg ,) ?is %\ld be comp>$ ! simil> discussion 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 ,dialectic1 bk4 ii4 c4 ii4 #a1 ,on ! ,sy/em ( ,cosmological ,ideas4 #dh ,second ,edition4 #di ,cf4 #hc1 infra4 #ej ,9 ! ,philosophical ,!ory ( ,religion1 pt4 i4 sub f94 7,abbott's ,translation1 p4 #cfj71 ,kant1 z "h1 divides 8all religions into two classes--fav\r-seek+ religion 7m]e wor%ip7 & moral religion1 t is1 ! religion ( a good life20 & he concludes t 8among/ all ! public religions t h ev] exi/$ ! ,*ri/ian alone is moral40 #ea ,voyages dans les ,alpes1 p> ,h4 ,b4 de ,saussure2 vol4 i4 0 publi%$ at ,neu*atel 9 #aggi2 vol4 ii4 at ,g5eva 9 #aghf4 #eb ,second ,edition4 #ec ,als ,v]mg5 d] ,indep5d5z d] absolut5 ,totalitt1 a curi\s phrase4 #ed ,second ,edition4 #ee ,affections are specifically diff]5t f passions4 ,! =m] are relat$ m]ely to feel+2 ! latt] belong to ! faculty ( desire1 & are incl9ations :i* r5d] difficult or impossible all det]m9ation ( ! elective w by pr9ciples4 ,! =m] are /ormy & unprem$itat$2 ! latt] are /eady & delib]ate2 ?us indignation 9 ! =m ( wra? is an affection1 b 9 ! =m ( hatr$ 7rev5ge7 is a passion4 ,! latt] c nev] & 9 no ref]5ce be call$ sublime2 because :ile 9 an affection ! fre$om ( ! m9d is h9d]$1 9 a passion x is aboli%$4 ,cf4 ,preface to ! ,metaphysical ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 xvi41 :]e ?is di/9ction is m fully drawn out4 ,affection is describ$ z ha/y2 & passion is def9$ z ! s5sible appetite gr[n into a p]man5t incl9ation4 #ef ,9 ! ,preface to ! ,metaphysical ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 xvii41 ,kant gives ! t]m moral apa?y to t fre$om f ! sway ( ! affections1 :i* is di/+ui%$ f indiff]5ce to !m4 #eg ,read+ wei*e ) ,ros5kranz & ,w9delb&2 ,h>t5/e9 & ,kir*mann h weise1 :i* yields no s5se4 #eh ,cf4 p4 #abi1 supra4 #ei ,kir*mann has positiv2 b ?is is probably a m]e mispr9t4 #fj ,l4c4 vol4 ii4 p4 #aha4 #fa ,see ,burke1 ,on ! ,sublime & ,beautiful1 ,"p ,,iv41 ,sect4 vii4 8,if ! pa9 & t]ror are s modifi$ z n to be actually noxi\s2 if ! pa9 is n c>ri$ to viol5ce1 & ! t]ror is n conv]sant ab\t ! pres5t de/ruction ( ! p]son1 z ^! emotions cle> ! p>ts1 :e!r f9e or gross1 ( a dang]\s & tr\blesome incumbrance1 !y are capable ( produc+ delight2 n pleasure1 b a sort ( delightful horror1 a sort ( tranquillity t+$ ) t]ror2 :i*1 z x belongs to self-pres]vation1 is "o ( ! /ronge/ ( all ! passions40 ,kant quotes f ! ,g]man v]sion publi%$ at ,riga 9 #aggc4 ,?is 0 a free translation made f ,burke's fif? edition4 #fb ,see ,burke1 l4c41 ,"p ,,iv41 ,sect4 xix4 8,beauty acts by relax+ ! solids ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,!re are all ! appe>ances ( su* a relaxation2 & a relaxation some:at bel[ ! natural tone seems to me to be ! cause ( all positive pleasure4 ,:o is a /rang] to t mann] ( expression s common 9 all times & 9 all c\ntries1 ( be+ s(t5$1 relax$1 en]vat$1 dissolv$1 melt$ away by pleasure80 #fc ,read+ ,gebot2 ,kir*mann has ,gesetz4 #fd ,second ,edition4 #fe ,second ,edition4 #ff ,cf4 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 ,me?odology1 c4 #a1 #a4 8,! con/ruction ( a concept is ! a priori pres5tation ( ! correspond+ intuition40 #fg ,*>les ,batteux 7#agac-aghj71 au?or ( ,les ,beaux ,arts r$uits un mme pr9cipe4 #fh ,essay ,,xviii1 ,! ,sceptic4 8,critics c reason & dispute m plausibly ?an cooks or p]fum]s4 ,we may obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ?is uni=mity among human k9d1 h9d]s n1 b t !re is a consid]able div]sity 9 ! s5tim5ts ( beauty & wor?1 & t education1 cu/om1 prejudice1 caprice1 & hum\r1 frequ5tly v>y our ta/e ( ?is k9d4444 ,beauty & wor? are m]ely ( a relative nature1 & consi/ 9 an agreeable s5tim5t1 produc$ by an object 9 a p>ticul> m9d1 accord+ to ! peculi> /ructure & con/itution ( t m9d40 #fi ,= ! di/9ction1 an important "o 9 ,kant1 betwe5 judgem5ts ( exp]i5ce & judgem5ts ( p]ception1 see 8 ,prolegom5a1 #ah4 ,cf4 ,kant's ,critical ,philosophy = ,engli% ,read]s1 vol4 i4 p4 #aaf4 #gj ,fir/ ,edition has 8limit$40 #ga ,9 ord] to be ju/ifi$ 9 claim+ univ]sal ass5t = an ae/hetical judgem5t t re/s m]ely on subjective gr\nds1 x is suffici5t to assume1 7#a7 t ! subjective conditions ( ! ,judgem5t1 z reg>ds ! relation ( ! cognitive p[]s ?us put into activity to a cognition 9 g5]al1 are ! same 9 all m54 ,?is mu/ be true1 because o!rwise m5 w\ld n be able to communicate _! repres5tations or ev5 _! k4 7#b7 ,! judgem5t mu/ m]ely h ref]5ce to ?is relation 7consequ5tly to ! =mal condition ( ! ,judgem5t7 & be pure1 i4e4 n m+l$ ei!r ) concepts ( ! ,object or ) s5sations1 z det]m9+ gr\nds4 ,if !re has be5 any mi/ake z reg>ds ?is latt] condition1 !n !re is only an inaccurate application ( ! privilege1 :i* a law gives u1 to a p>ticul> case2 b t does n de/roy ! privilege itself 9 g5]al4 #gb ,kant lays d[n ^! ?ree maxims 9 8 ,introduction to ,logic1 vii41 z 8g5]al rules & conditions ( ! avoidance ( error40 #gc ,we soon see t al?\gh enlight5m5t is easy 9 !si1 yet 9 hypo!si x is difficult & sl[ ( accompli%m5t4 ,= n to be passive z reg>ds ,reason1 b to be always self-legislative1 is inde$ q easy = ! man :o wi%es only to be 9 accordance ) 8 ess5tial purpose1 & does n desire to "k :at is beyond 8 ,und]/&+4 ,b s9ce we c h>dly avoid seek+ ?is1 & !re are nev] want+ o!rs :o promise ) mu* confid5ce t !y are able to satisfy our curiosity1 x mu/ be v h>d to ma9ta9 9 or re/ore to ! m9d 7especially ! m9d ( ! public7 t b>e negative :i* prop]ly con/itutes enlight5m5t4 #gd ,we may designate ,ta/e z s5sus communis ae/heticus1 common ,und]/&+ z s5sus communis logicus4 #ge ,pet] ,camp] 7#agbb-aghi71 a celebrat$ naturali/ & comp>ative anatomi/2 = "s ye>s pr(essor at ,gron+54 #gf ,9 my c\ntry a common man1 if y propose to him su* a problem z t ( ,columbus ) 8 egg1 says1 t is n art1 x is only sci5ce4 ,i4e4 if we "k h[1 we c d x2 & he says ! same ( all ! pret5d$ arts ( juggl]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he w n refuse to apply ! t]m art to ! p]=mance ( a rope-danc]4 #gg ,kant 0 accu/om$ to say t ! talk at a d9n] table %\ld always pass ?r\gh ^! ?ree /ages--n>rative1 discussion1 & je/2 & punctili\s 9 ?is1 z 9 all else1 he is said to h direct$ ! conv]sation at 8 own table accord+ly 7,wallace's ,kant1 p4 #ci74 #gh ,second ,edition4 #gi ,cf4 ,ari/otle's ,poetics1 c4 iv4 p4 #addh b3 1 4 ,cf4 also ,rhetoric1 ,i4 #aa1 p4 #acga b2 & ,burke on ! ,sublime & ,beautiful1 ,"p ,i4 #af4 ,boileau 7,l'art potique1 *ant #c71 makes a simil> obs]vation3 8,il n'e/ po9t de s]p5t ni de mon/re odieux ,qui1 p> l'art imit1 ne puisse plaire aux yeux4 ,d'un p9ceau dlicat l'artifice agrable ,du plus affreux objet fait un objet aimable40 #hj ,second ,edition4 #ha ,cf4 p4 #aii1 infra4 #hb ,9 ,engli% we w\ld r say 8)\t s\l02 b ,i pref] to translate ,gei/ consi/5tly by _s1 to avoid ! confusion ( x ) ,seele4 #hc ,^! l9es occur 9 "o ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great's ,fr5* poems3 ptre au m>*al ,kei? ,,xviii41 8sur les va9es t]reurs de la mort et les frayeurs d'une autre vie40 ,kant "h translates !m into ,g]man4 #hd ,)(1 ^: 8,moral ,poems0 appe>$ 9 #agee4 ,?is ref]5ce 0 suppli$ by ,h4 ,krebs 9 ,notes & ,qu]ies #e? ,janu>y #ahie4 #he ,p]haps no?+ m sublime 0 ev] said & no sublim] ?\ght ev] express$ ?an ! fam\s inscription on ! ,temple ( ,isis 7,"m ,nature73 8,i am all t is & t 0 & t %all be1 & no mortal ha? lift$ my veil40 ,segn] avail$ himself ( ?is ,idea 9 a sugge/ive vignette prefix$ to 8 ,natural ,philosophy1 9 ord] to inspire be=eh& ! pupil :om he 0 ab\t to lead into t temple ) a holy awe1 :i* %\ld dispose 8 m9d to s]i\s att5tion4 ,j4 ,a4 de ,segn] 7#agjd-aggg7 0 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy at ,gtt+51 & ! au?or ( sev]al sci5tific works ( repute4 #hf ,second ,edition4 #hg ,! ?ree =m] faculties are unit$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance by means ( ! f\r?4 ,hume gives u to und]/& 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& t al?\gh ! ,engli% are inf]ior 9 _! productions to no p 9 ! _w z reg>ds ! evid5ces !y display ( ! ?ree =m] prop]ties1 sep>ately consid]$1 yet !y mu/ be put aft] _! neighb\rs ! ,fr5* z reg>ds t :i* unites ^! prop]ties4 ,9 8 ,obs]vations on ! ,beautiful & ,sublime1 iv4 sub init41 ,kant rem>ks t ! ,engli% h ! ke5] s5se ( ! sublime1 ! ,fr5* ( ! beautiful4 #hh ,! read] is n to judge ?is s*eme = a possible division ( ! beautiful arts z a delib]ate !ory4 ,x is only "o ( v>i\s attempts :i* we may & ought to devise4 #hi ,second ,edition4 #ij ,i4e4 ! case ( ,pla/ic art1 ) its subdivisions ( ,ar*itecture & ,sculpture1 z is expla9$ 9 ! next p>agraph4 #ia ,t l&scape g>d5+ may be reg>d$ z a species ( ! art ( pa9t+1 al?\gh x pres5ts its =ms corporeally1 seems /range4 ,b s9ce x actually takes its =ms f nature 7trees1 %rubs1 grasses1 & fl[]s f =e/ & field--at lea/ 9 ! fir/ in/ance71 & s f> is n an art l ,pla/ic2 & s9ce x also has no concept ( ! object & its purpose 7z 9 ,ar*itecture7 condition+ its arrangem5ts1 b involves m]ely ! free play ( ! ,imag9ation 9 contemplation1 x s f> agrees ) m]e ae/hetical pa9t+ :i* has no def9ite !me 7:i* arranges sky1 l&1 & wat]1 s z to ent]ta9 u by means ( light & %ade only74--,9 g5]al ! read] is only to judge ( ?is z an attempt to comb9e ! beautiful arts "u "o pr9ciple1 viz4 t ( ! expression ( ae/hetical ,ideas 7accord+ to ! analogy ( spee*71 & n to reg>d x z a def9itive analysis ( !m4 #ib ,i mu/ admit t a beautiful poem has always giv5 me a pure gratification2 :il/ ! read+ ( ! be/ disc\rse1 :e!r ( a ,roman orator or ( a mod]n p>liam5t>y speak] or ( a prea*]1 has always be5 m+l$ ) an unpleasant feel+ ( disapprobation ( a trea*]\s art1 :i* means to move m5 9 important matt]s l ma*9es to a judgem5t t mu/ lose all weight = !m on quiet reflection4 ,read9ess & accuracy 9 speak+ 7:i* tak5 toge!r con/itute ,rhetoric7 belong to beautiful art2 b ! art ( ! orator 7ars oratoria71 ! art ( avail+ oneself ( ! weaknesses ( m5 = "o's own designs 7:e!r ^! be well meant or ev5 actually good does n matt]7 is wor?y ( no respect4 ,aga91 ?is art only rea*$ its highe/ po9t1 bo? at ,a!ns & at ,rome1 at a "t :5 ! /ate 0 ha/5+ to its ru9 & true patriotic s5tim5t _h disappe>$4 ,! man :o along ) a cle> insight into ?+s has 9 8 p[] a weal? ( pure spee*1 & :o ) a fruitful ,imag9ation capable ( pres5t+ 8 ,ideas unites a lively sympa?y ) :at is truly good1 is ! vir bonus disc5di p]itus1 ! orator )\t art b ( great impressiv5ess1 z ,cic]o has x2 ?\gh he may n always rema9 true to ?is ideal4 #ic ,f ?is to ! end ( ! p>agraph1 & ! next note1 7 add$ 9 ! ,second ,edition4 #id ,^? :o recomm5d ! s++ ( spiritual songs at family pray]s d n consid] t !y inflict a great h>d%ip ^u ! public by su* noisy 7& !re=e 9 g5]al ph>isaical7 devotions2 = !y =ce ! neighb\rs ei!r to s+ ) !m or to ab&on _! m$itations4 ,kant suff]$ himself f su* annoyances1 :i* may acc\nt = ! asp]ity ( ?is note4 ,at "o p]iod he 0 di/urb$ by ! devotional ex]cises ( ! prison]s 9 ! adjo9+ jail4 ,9 a lett] to ! burgoma/] 8he sugge/$ ! advantage ( clos+ ! w9d[s dur+ ^! hymn-s++s1 & add$ t ! w>d]s ( ! prison might probably be direct$ to accept less sonor\s & neighb\r-annoy+ *ants z evid5ce ( ! p5it5t _s ( _! captives0 7,wallace's ,kant1 p4 #db74 #ie ,cf4 8,p>turiunt montes1 nascitur ridiculus mus40 #if ,! ,fir/ ,edition adds 8z 9 ! case ( a man :o gets ! news ( a great comm]cial success40 #ig ,! je/ may h be5 tak5 f ,/eele's play1 8,! ,fun]al or ,grief la mode10 :]e x occurs v]batim4 ,?is play 0 publi%$ 9 #agjb4 #ih ,h5riade1 ,*ant #g1 sub init4 8,du ,dieu qui n\s cra la clm5ce inf9ie1 ,p\r ad\cir les maux de cette c\rte vie1 ,a plac p>mi n\s deux tres bi5faisants1 ,de la t]re jamais aimables habitants1 ,s\ti5s dans les travaux1 trsors dans l'indig5ce3 ,l'un e/ le d\x sommeil1 et l'autre e/ l'esprance40 #ii ,we may describe z a rationalis+ judgem5t 7judicium ratioc9ans7 "o :i* proclaims itself z univ]sal1 = z su* x c s]ve z ! major premise ( a syllogism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we c only speak ( a judgem5t z rational 7judicium ratioc9atum7 :i* is ?\ght z ! conclusion ( a syllogism1 & consequ5tly z gr\nd$ a priori4 #ajj ,cf4 p4 #bda1 infra4 #aja ,second ,edition4 #ajb ,antip>os is a small isl& 9 ! ,cyclades1 rem>kable = a spl5did /alactite cav]n ne> ! s\!rn coa/4 #ajc ,! intuitive 9 cognition mu/ be oppos$ to ! discursive 7n to ! symbolical74 ,! =m] is ei!r s*ematical1 by demon/ration2 or symbolical z a repres5tation 9 accordance ) a m]e analogy4 #ajd ,i read ,geselligkeit ) ,ros5kranz & ,w9delb&2 ,h>t5/e9 & ,kir*mann h ,glckseligkeit4 #aje ,z 9 pure ma!matics we c nev] talk ( ! exi/5ce1 b only ( ! possibility ( ?+s1 viz4 ( an intuition correspond+ to a concept1 & s nev] ( cause & effect1 x foll[s t all purposiv5ess obs]v$ !re mu/ be consid]$ m]ely z =mal & nev] z a natural purpose4 #ajf ,! allusion is to ,vitruvius de ,ar*itectura1 ,bk4 vi4 ,praef4 8,ari/ippus philosophus ,socraticus1 naufragio cum eiectus ad ,rhodi5sium litus animadv]tisset geometrica s*emata descripta1 exclamavisse ad comites ita dicitur1 ,b5e sp]emus1 hom9um enim ve/igia video40 #ajg ,second ,edition4 #ajh ,we c conv]sely ?r[ light ^u a c]ta9 comb9ation1 mu* m (t5 met ) 9 ,idea ?an 9 actuality1 by means ( an analogy to ! s-call$ imm$iate natural purposes4 ,9 a rec5t complete trans=mation ( a great p into a /ate ! ^w organisation = ! regulation ( magi/racies1 etc41 & ev5 ( ! :ole body politic1 has (t5 be5 fitly us$4 ,= 9 su* a :ole e memb] %\ld surely be purpose z well z means1 &1 :il/ all "w toge!r t[>ds ! possibility ( ! :ole1 ea* %\ld be det]m9$ z reg>ds place & function by means ( ! ,idea ( ! :ole4 ,kant probably alludes "h to ! organisation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 #aji ,^! words are ins]t$ by ,ros5kranz & ,w9delb&1 b omitt$ by ,h>t5/e9 & ,kir*mann4 #aaj ,9 ! ae/hetical "p #eh1 p4 #bdg x 0 said3 ,we view beautiful nature ) fav\r1 :il/ we h a q free 7dis9t]e/$7 satisfaction 9 its =m4 ,= 9 ?is m]e judgem5t ( ta/e no consid]ation is giv5 to ! purpose = :i* ^! natural beauties exi/2 :e!r to excite pleasure 9 u1 or z purposes )\t any ref]5ce to u at all4 ,b 9 a teleological judgem5t we pay att5tion to ?is ref]5ce1 & "h we c reg>d x z a fav\r ( nature t x has be5 will+ to m9i/] to our culture by ! exhibition ( s _m beautiful figures4 #aaa ,! ,g]man ^w v]mess5 is a good ^w & full ( mean+4 ,a judgem5t 9 :i* we =get to consid] ! ext5t ( our p[]s 7our ,und]/&+7 may sometimes s\nd v humble1 & yet make great pret5sions1 & s be v presumptu\s4 ,( ?is k9d are mo/ ( ^? by :i* we pret5d to extol ! div9e wisdom by ascrib+ to x designs 9 ! works ( creation & pres]vation :i* are really meant to d hon\r to ! private wisdom ( ! reason]4 #aab ,we ?us see t 9 mo/ speculative ?+s ( pure ,reason1 z reg>ds dogmatic ass]tions1 ! philosophical s*ools h commonly tri$ all possible solutions ( a giv5 "q4 ,to expla9 ! purposiv5ess ( nature m5 h tri$ ei!r lifeless matt] or a lifeless ,god1 or aga91 liv+ matt] or a liv+ ,god4 ,x only rema9s = u1 if ! ne$ %\ld arise1 to ab&on all ^! objective ass]tions & to exam9e critically our judgem5t m]ely 9 ref]5ce to our cognitive faculties1 9 ord] to supply to _! pr9ciple a validity :i*1 if n dogmatic1 %all at lea/ be t ( a maxim suffici5t = ! sure employm5t ( ,reason4 #aac ,t is1 ! wid] concept s]ves z a univ]sal1 "u :i* ! p>ticul> may be br\ght2 cognition f pr9ciples1 9 ,kant's phrase1 is ! process ( kn[+ ! p>ticul> 9 ! univ]sal by means ( concepts4 #aad ,?is di/9ction w be famili> to ! /ud5t ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason4 ,see ,dialectic1 bk4 i41 ,( ! ,concepts ( ,pure ,reason4 #aae ,second ,edition4 #aaf ,?is pr9ciple1 t = our intellect1 ! conception ( an organis$ body is impossible except by ! aid ( ! ,idea ( design1 is frequ5tly insi/$ on by ,kant4 ,pr(essor ,wallace po9ts out 7,kant1 p4 #aaj7 t z f> back z #agee1 9 8 ,g5]al ,physiogony & ,!ory ( ! ,heav5s1 ,kant class$ ! orig9 ( animals & plants ) ! secrets ( ,provid5ce & ! my/ical numb] #fff 8z "o ( ! topics on :i* +5uity & ?\ght are occasionally wa/$40 #aag ,second ,edition4 #aah ,second ,edition4 #aai ,?is is m>k$ z an ,app5dix 9 ! ,second ,edition4 #abj ,we may call a hypo!sis ( ?is k9d a d>+ v5ture ( reason1 & !re may be few ev5 ( ! mo/ acute naturali/s ?r\gh ^: head x has n sometimes pass$4 ,= x is n absurd1 l t g5]atio aequivoca by :i* is und]/ood ! production ( an organis$ be+ ?r\gh ! me*anics ( crude unorganis$ matt]4 ,x w\ld always rema9 g5]atio univoca 9 ! mo/ univ]sal s5se ( ! ^w1 = x only consid]s "o organic be+ z d]iv$ f ano!r organic be+1 al?\gh f "o :i* is specifically diff]5t2 e4g4 c]ta9 wat]-animals trans=m !mselves gradually into m>%-animals & f ^!1 aft] "s g5]ations1 into l&-animals4 ,a priori1 9 ! judgem5t ( ,reason alone1 !re is no contradiction "h4 ,only exp]i5ce gives no example ( x2 accord+ to exp]i5ce all g5]ation t we "k is g5]atio homonyma4 ,?is is n m]ely univoca 9 contra/ to ! g5]ation out ( unorganis$ mat]ial1 b 9 ! organisation ! product is ( l k9d to t :i* produc$ x2 & g5]ation het]onyma1 s f> z our empirical k ( nature ext5ds1 is n[h]e f\nd4 #aba ,x is probable t ,kant alludes "h to ,hume's ,essay ,on a ,provid5ce & a ,future ,/ate1 xi ( ! ,inquiry4 ,hume argues t ?\gh ! inf]5ce f an effect to an intellig5t cause may be valid 9 ! case ( human contrivance1 x is n legitimate to rise by a l argum5t to ,supreme ,intellig5ce4 8,9 human nature !re is a c]ta9 exp]i5c$ coh]5ce ( designs & incl9ations2 s t :5 f any fact we h discov]$ "o int5tion ( any man1 x may (t5 be reasonable f exp]i5ce to inf] ano!r1 & draw a long *a9 ( conclusions conc]n+ 8 pa/ or future conduct4 ,b ?is me?od ( reason+ c nev] h place ) reg>d to a be+ s remote & incompreh5sible1 :o be>s mu* less analogy to any o!r be+ 9 ! univ]se ?an ! sun to a wax5 tap]1 & :o discov]s himself only by "s fa9t traces or outl9es1 beyond :i* we h no au?ority to ascribe to him any attribute or p]fection40 #abb ,j4 ,f4 ,blum5ba* 7#ageb-ahdj71 a ,g]man naturali/ & pr(essor at ,gtt+52 ! au?or ( ,in/itutiones ,physiologicae 7#aghg7 & o!r works4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( him is giv5 9 ,lev]'s novel ,adv5tures ( ,ar?ur ,o',le>y1 *4 xix4 #abc ,c>l von ,l9n 7#agjg-aggh71 ,knight ( ! ,pol> ,/>1 ! celebrat$ ,sw$i% botani/4 #abd ,if ! once adopt$ "n ,natural hi/ory is to cont9ue = ! description ( nature1 we may 9 contra/ ) art1 give ! title ( ,ar*aeology ( nature to t :i* ! =m] lit]ally indicates1 viz4 a repres5tation ( ! old condition ( ! e>?1 ab\t :i*1 al?\gh we _c hope = c]ta9ty1 we h good gr\nd = conjecture4 ,z sculptur$ /ones1 etc41 belong to ! prov9ce ( art1 s petrefactions belong to ! ar*aeology ( nature4 ,& s9ce "w is actually be+ done 9 ?is sci5ce 7"u ! "n ( ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?71 con/antly1 al?\gh ( c\rse sl[ly1 ?is "n is n giv5 to a m]ely imag9>y inve/igation ( nature1 b to "o to :i* nature itself leads & invites u4 #abe ,see p4 #ahd above4 #abf ,fir/ ,edition has fre$om4 #abg ,^! views are set =? by ,kant m fully 9 ! essay ,zum ewig5 ,fri$5 7#agie74 #abh ,second ,edition4 #abi ,cf4 ,! ,philosophical ,!ory ( ,religion1 ,"p i41 ,on ! bad pr9ciple 9 ,human ,nature1 ,,iii41 :]e ,kant rem>ks t al?\gh w> 8is n s incurably bad z ! deadness ( a univ]sal mon>*y 444 yet1 z an anci5t obs]v$1 x makes m bad m5 ?an x takes away40 #acj ,! value ( life = u1 if x is e/imat$ by t :i* we enjoy 7by ! natural purpose ( ! sum ( all incl9ations1 i4e4 happ9ess71 is easy to decide4 ,x s9ks bel[ z]o2 = :o w\ld be will+ to ent] ^u life anew "u ! same conditions8 :o w\ld d s ev5 accord+ to a new1 self-*os5 plan 7yet 9 con=mity ) ! c\rse ( nature71 if x 7 m]ely direct$ to enjoym5t8 ,we h %[n above :at value life has 9 virtue ( :at x conta9s 9 itself1 :5 liv$ 9 accordance ) ! purpose t nature has along ) u1 & :i* consi/s 9 :at we d 7n m]ely :at we enjoy71 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 we are always b means t[>ds an undet]m9$ f9al purpose4 ,!re rema9s !n no?+ b ! value :i* we ourselves give our life1 ?r\gh :at we c n only d1 b d purposively 9 su* indep5d5ce ( nature t ! exi/5ce ( nature itself c only be a purpose "u ?is condition4 #aca ,x w\ld be possible t ! happ9ess ( rational be+s 9 ! _w %\ld be a purpose ( nature1 & !n also ?is w\ld be its ultimate purpose4 ,at lea/ we _c see a priori :y nature %\ld n be s ord]$1 because by means ( its me*anism ?is effect w\ld be c]ta9ly possible1 at lea/ s f> z we see4 ,b morality1 ) a causality accord+ to purposes subord9at$ !reto1 is absolutely impossible by means ( natural causes2 = ! pr9ciple by :i* x det]m9es to action is sup]s5sible1 & is !re=e ! only possible pr9ciple 9 ! ord] ( purposes t 9 respect ( nature is absolutely uncondition$4 ,its subject consequ5tly alone is qualifi$ to be ! f9al purpose ( creation to :i* ! :ole ( nature is subord9at$4--,happ9ess1 on ! contr>y1 z has be5 %[n 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs by ! te/imony ( exp]i5ce1 is n ev5 a purpose ( nature 9 respect ( man 9 pref]5ce to o!r creatures2 mu* less a f9al purpose ( creation4 ,m5 may ( c\rse make x _! ultimate subjective purpose4 ,b if ,i ask1 9 ref]5ce to ! f9al purpose ( creation1 :y mu/ m5 exi/8 !n we are speak+ ( an objective supreme purpose1 su* z ! highe/ ,reason w\ld require = creation4 ,if we answ]3 ,^! be+s exi/ to af=d objects = ! b5evol5ce ( t ,supreme ,cause2 !n we contradict ! condition to :i* ! ,reason ( man subjects ev5 8 inmo/ wi% = happ9ess 7viz4 ! h>mony ) 8 own int]nal moral legislation74 ,?is proves t happ9ess c only be a condition$ purpose1 & t x is only z a moral be+ t man c be ! f9al purpose ( creation2 b t z conc]ns 8 /ate happ9ess is only connect$ ) x z a consequ5ce1 accord+ to ! measure ( 8 h>mony ) t purpose reg>d$ z ! purpose ( 8 be+4 #acb ,second ,edition4 #acc ,i say delib]ately "u moral laws4 ,x is n man 9 accordance ) moral laws1 i4e4 a be+ :o behaves himself 9 con=mity ) !m1 :o is ! f9al purpose ( creation4 ,= by us+ ! latt] expression we %\ld be ass]t+ m ?an we "k2 viz4 t x is 9 ! p[] ( an ,au?or ( ! _w to cause man always to behave himself 9 accordance ) moral laws4 ,b ?is presupposes a concept ( fre$om & ( nature 7( :i* latt] we c only ?9k an ext]nal au?or71 :i* w\ld imply an insight into ! sup]s5sible sub/rate ( nature & its id5tity ) t :i* causality ?r\gh fre$om makes possible 9 ! _w4 ,& ?is f> surpasses ! insight ( our ,reason4 ,only ( man "u moral laws c we say1 )\t transgress+ ! limits ( our insight3 8 be+ con/itutes ! f9al purpose ( ! _w4 ,?is h>monises completely ) ! judgem5t ( human ,reason reflect+ morally ^u ! c\rse ( ! _w4 ,we believe t we p]ceive 9 ! case ( ! wick$ ! traces ( a wise purposive ref]5ce1 if we only see t ! wanton crim9al does n die be=e he has und]gone ! des]v$ puni%m5t ( 8 misde$s4 ,accord+ to our concepts ( free causality1 our good or bad behavi\r dep5ds on ourselves2 we reg>d x ! highe/ wisdom 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w to orda9 = ! fir/1 opportunity1 & = bo?1 _! consequ5ce1 9 accordance ) moral laws4 ,9 ! latt] prop]ly consi/s ! glory ( ,god1 :i* is h5ce n unsuitably describ$ by !ologians z ! ultimate purpose ( creation4-- ,x is fur!r to be rem>k$ t :5 we use ! ^w creation1 we und]/& no?+ m ?an we h said "h1 viz4 ! cause ( ! be+ ( ! _w or ( ! ?+s 9 x 7sub/ances74 ,?is is :at ! concept prop]ly belong+ to ?is ^w involves 7actuatio sub/antiae e/ creatio72 & consequ5tly !re is n impli$ 9 x ! supposition ( a freely work+1 & !re=e intellig5t1 cause 7^: be+ we fir/ ( all want to prove74 #acd ,note add$ 9 ,second ,edition4 ,?is moral argum5t does n supply any objectively-valid pro( ( ! ,be+ ( ,god2 x does n prove to ! sceptic t !re is a ,god1 b proves t if he wi%es to ?9k 9 a way consonant ) morality1 he mu/ admit ! assumption ( ?is proposition "u ! maxims ( 8 practical ,reason4-- ,we %\ld !re=e n say3 x is necess>y = morals ,sittli*keit1 to assume ! happ9ess ( all rational be+s ( ! _w 9 proportion to _! morality ,moralitt2 b r1 ?is is necessitat$ by morality4 ,accord+ly1 ?is is a subjective argum5t suffici5t = moral be+s4 #ace ,second ,edition4 #acf ,second ,edition4 #acg ,9 a practical s5se t religion is always idolatry :i* conceives ! ,supreme ,be+ ) prop]ties1 accord+ to :i* some?+ else besides morality c be a fit condition = t :i* man c d be+ 9 accordance ) ,8 ,w4 ,= h[ev] pure & free f s5sible images ! concept t we h =m$ may be 9 a !oretical po9t ( view1 yet x w be 9 a practical po9t ( view /ill repres5t$ z an idol1 i4e4 9 reg>d to ! "* ( ,8 ,w1 an?ropomorphically4 #ach ,cf4 ,introd4 to ,logic1 ix4 p4 #fc1 8,conviction is oppos$ to ,p]suasion1 :i* is a belief f inadequate reasons1 ( :i* we d n "k :e!r !y are only subjective or are also objective40 #aci ,second ,edition4 #adj ,i4e4 ,ur!ils4 ,fir/ ,edition _h ,ur!il5s1 ! judg+ subject4 #ada ,analogy 79 a qualitative signification7 is ! id5tity ( ! relation betwe5 reasons & consequ5ces 7causes & effects71 s f> z x is to be f\nd1 not)/&+ ! specific diff]5ce ( ! ?+s or ^? prop]ties 9 !m :i* conta9 ! reason = l consequ5ces 7i4e4 consid]$ ap>t f ?is relation74 ,?us we conceive ( ! artificial con/ructions ( bea/s by comp>+ !m ) ^? ( m52 by comp>+ ! gr\nd ( ^? effects br\ght ab\t by ! =m]1 :i* we d n "k1 ) ! gr\nd ( simil> effects br\ght ab\t by m5 7reason71 :i* we d "k2 i4e4 we reg>d ! gr\nd ( ! =m] z an analogon ( reason4 ,we !n try at ! same "t to %[ t ! gr\nd ( ! artisan faculty ( bea/s1 :i* we call in/9ct1 specifically diff]5t z x is 9 fact f reason1 has yet a simil> relation to its effect 7! build+s ( ! beav] z comp>$ ) ^? ( m574--,b !n ,i _c !re=e conclude t because man uses reason = 8 build+1 ! beav] mu/ h ! l1 & call ?is a conclusion accord+ to analogy4 ,b f ! simil>ity ( ! mode ( op]ation ( bea/s 7( :i* we _c imm$iately p]ceive ! gr\nd7 to t ( m5 7( :i* we are imm$iately consci\s71 we c q rightly conclude accord+ to analogy1 t bea/s too act 9 accordance ) repres5tations 7n z ,desc>tes has x1 t !y are ma*9es71 & t despite _! specific di/9ction !y are yet 7z liv+ be+s7 ( ! same g5us z man4 ,! pr9ciple ( our "r s to conclude consi/s 9 ! sam5ess ( ! gr\nd = reckon+ bea/s 9 respect ( ! said det]m9ation 9 ! same g5us ) m51 reg>d$ z m51 s f> z we c ext]nally comp>e !m ) "o ano!r 9 accordance ) _! actions4 ,!re is p> ratio4 ,j s ,i c conceive1 accord+ to ! analogy ( an ,und]/&+1 ! causality ( ! supreme ,_w-,cause1 by comp>+ its purposive products 9 ! _w ) ! artificial works ( m52 b ,i _c conclude accord+ to analogy to ^? prop]ties 9 x :i* are 9 man1 because "h ! pr9ciple ( ! possibility ( su* a me?od ( reason+ entirely fails1 viz4 ! p>itas rationis = c\nt+ ! ,supreme ,be+ 9 "o & ! same g5us ) man 79 respect ( ! causality ( bo?74 ,! causality ( ! be+s ( ! _w1 :i* is always s5sibly condition$ 7z is causality ?r\gh ,und]/&+7 _c be transf]r$ to a ,be+ :i* has 9 common ) !m no g5]ic concept save t ( ,?+ 9 g5]al4 #adb ,we ?us miss no?+ 9 ! repres5tation ( ! relations ( ?is ,be+ to ! _w1 z f> z ! consequ5ces1 !oretical or practical1 ( ?is concept are conc]n$4 ,to wi% to inve/igate :at x is 9 itself1 is a curiosity z purposeless z x is va94 #adc ,cf4 ,introd4 to ,logic1 p4 #gf1 :]e ! conditions ( a legitimate hypo!sis are laid d[n4 ,see also ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 ,me?odology1 c4 i4 #c4 #add ,?is illu/ration is also giv5 9 ! ,logic 7p4 #eg72 :]e ! ?ree modi ( belief1 ,op9ion1 ,fai?1 & ,k1 are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,cf4 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 ,me?odology1 c4 ii4 #c4 #ade ,! speculations ( ,sw$5borg seem to h always _h a /range fasc9ation = ,kant4 ,he says ( two report$ cases ( ,sw$5borg's clairvoyance t he kn[s n h[ to disprove !m 7,ros5kranz vii4 #e72 b 9 8 ,an?ropology #ce1 #cg1 he attacks ,sw$5borgianism z folly4 ,s 9 an e>ly essay1 ,dreams ( a ,vision>y expla9$ by ,dreams ( ,metaphysics1 he av[s 8 scepticism z to ! value ( ! in=mation :i* 8psy*ical rese>*0 c supply ab\t ! _s-_w1 ?\gh he is c>eful n to commit himself to any dogmatic /atem5t on ! subject ( gho/s4 ,9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason 7:5 discuss+ ! ,po/ulates ( ,empirical ,?\ght7 he gives1 z an in/ance ( a concept inconsi/5t ) ! canons ( possibility1 8a p[] ( be+ 9 a community ( ?\ght ) o!r m51 h[ev] di/ant f u40 #adf ,cf4 supra1 p4 #bbi4 #adg ,i "h ext5d1 correctly z x seems to me1 ! concept ( a ?+ ( fact beyond ! usual signification ( ?is ^w4 ,= x is n ne$ful1 n ev5 feasible1 to limit ?is expression m]ely to actual exp]i5ce1 if we are talk+ ( ! relation ( ?+s to our cognitive faculties2 = an exp]i5ce m]ely possible is q suffici5t 9 ord] t we may speak ( !m m]ely z objects ( a def9ite k9d ( cognition4 #adh ,cf4 introduction to ,logic1 p4 #ei note4 #adi ,second ,edition4 #aej ,?+s ( fai? are n !re=e articles ( fai?2 if we und]/& by ! latt] ?+s ( fai? to ! confession ( :i* 7int]nal or ext]nal7 we c be b\nd4 ,natural !ology conta9s no?+ l ?is4 ,= s9ce !y1 z ?+s ( fai? 7l ?+s ( fact7 _c be bas$ on !oretical pro(s1 !y are accept$ by a belief :i* is free & :i* only z su* is compatible ) ! morality ( ! subject4 #aea ,! f9al purpose :i* ! moral law enjo9s ^u u to fur!r1 is n ! gr\nd ( duty2 s9ce ?is lies 9 ! moral law1 :i*1 z =mal practical pr9ciple1 leads categorically1 indep5d5tly ( ! ,objects ( ! faculty ( desire 7! mat]ial ( ! w7 & consequ5tly ( any purpose :atev]4 ,?is =mal *>act]i/ic ( my actions 7_! subord9ation "u ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal validity71 :]e9 alone consi/s _! inn] moral wor?1 is q 9 our p[]2 & ,i c q well ab/ract f ! possibility or ! unatta9abl5ess ( purposes :i* ,i am oblig$ to promote 9 con=mity ) t law 7because 9 !m consi/s only ! ext]nal wor? ( my actions7 z some?+ :i* is nev] completely 9 my p[]1 9 ord] only to look to t :i* is ( my do+4 ,b !n ! design ( promot+ ! f9al purpose ( all rational be+s 7happ9ess s f> z x is possible = x to be accordant ) duty7 is ev5 yet prescrib$ by ! law ( duty4 ,! speculative ,reason1 h[ev]1 does n see at all ! atta9abl5ess ( ?is 7nei!r on ! side ( our own physical faculty nor on t ( ! co-op]ation ( nature74 ,x mu/ r1 s f> z we c judge 9 a rational way1 hold ! d]ivation1 by ! aid ( su* causes1 ( su* a consequ5ce ( our good conduct f m]e nature 7int]nal & ext]nal7 )\t ,god & immortality1 to be an ungr\nd$ & va91 ?\gh well-meant1 expectation2 & if x c\ld h complete c]ta9ty ( ?is judgem5t1 x w\ld reg>d ! moral law itself z ! m]e deception ( our ,reason 9 a practical aspect4 ,b s9ce ! speculative ,reason fully conv9ces itself t ! latt] c nev] take place1 b t on ! o!r h& ^? ,ideas ^: object lies outside nature c be ?\ght )\t contradiction1 x mu/ = its own practical law & ! problem prescrib$ !reby1 & !re=e 9 a moral aspect1 recognise ^? ,ideas z real 9 ord] n to come into contradiction ) itself4 #aeb ,x is a tru/ 9 ! promise ( ! moral law2 n h[ev] su* z is conta9$ 9 x1 b su* z ,i put into x & t on morally adequate gr\nds4#aec ,= a f9al purpose _c be comm&$ by any law ( ,reason )\t ?is latt] at ! same "t promis+1 h[ev] unc]ta9ly1 its atta9abl5ess2 & ?us ju/ify+ our belief 9 ! special conditions "u :i* alone our ,reason c ?9k x z atta9able4 ,! ^w fides expresses ?is2 & x c only appe> d\btful1 h[ ?is expression & ?is p>ticul> ,idea came into moral philosophy1 s9ce x fir/ 0 introduc$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 & ! adoption ( x p]haps might seem to be only a flatt]+ imitation ( ,*ri/ian t]m9ology4 ,b ?is is n ! only case 9 :i* ?is wond]ful religion ) its great simplicity ( /atem5t has enri*$ philosophy ) f> m def9ite & pur] concepts ( morality1 ?an x _h be5 able to furni% be=e2 b :i*1 once !y are !re1 are freely ass5t$ to by ,reason & are assum$ z concepts to :i* x c\ld well h come ( itself & :i* x c\ld & %\ld h introduc$4 #aec ,second ,edition4 #aed ,cf4 ,introd4 to ,logic1 ix4 p4 #fj1 8,t man is morally unbeliev+ :o does n accept t :i* ?\gh impossible to "k is morally necess>y to suppose40 #aee ,fir/ ,edition4 #aef ,9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 ,dialectic1 bk4 ,,ii4 c4 iii4 #d1 #e4 #aeg ,h4 ,s4 ,reim>us 7#afid-agfh71 ! au?or ( ! fam\s ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ts1 publi%$ aft] ! dea? ( ,reim>us by ,less+4 ,! book allud$ to by ,kant is probably ! ,abh&lung5 von d5 vornehm/5 ,wahrheit5 d] natrli*5 ,religion 7#aged71 :i* _h great popul>ity 9 its day4 #aeh ,^! argum5ts are advanc$ by ,hume1 ,inquiry1 vii4 ,cf4 also ,pure ,reason1 ,dialectic1 bk4 ,,ii4 c4 iii4 #f1 & ,practical ,reason1 ,dialectic1 c4 ii4 vii4 #aei ,cf4 ,practical ,reason1 ,dialectic1 c4 ii4 v4 #afj ,! admiration = beauty1 & also ! emotion ar\s$ by ! manifold purposes ( nature1 :i* a reflective m9d is able to feel ev5 prior to a cle> repres5tation ( a rational ,au?or ( ! _w1 h some?+ 9 !mselves l religi\s feel+4 ,!y seem 9 ! fir/ place by a me?od ( judg+ analog\s to moral to produce an effect ^u ! moral feel+ 7gratitude to1 & v5]ation =1 ! unkn[n cause72 & ?us by excit+ moral ,ideas to produce an effect ^u ! m9d1 :5 !y inspire t admiration :i* is b\nd up ) f> m int]e/ ?an m]e !oretical obs]vation c br+ ab\t4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,text has ?ree occcurr5ces ( 8casuality01 :i* h be5 reta9$1 b :i* may be mispr9ts = 8causality04 ,^! are translit]ations ( ! ,greek text = use on devices t _c display su* text3 ,page xvii3 kosmos4 ,page xxii3 kalo4 ,page xxiv3 sphrosyn4 ,page xxxiii3 n\s4 ,page #cig3 kat' al!ian 7or7 kat' an?rpon4 ,footnote #gi 7orig9ally on page #aie73 ha g> auta lyprs horm51 t\tn tas eikonas tas mali/a kribm5as *airom5 !r\ntes hoion ?rin te morphas tn atimotatn kai nekrn4