,illu/ration3 ,,frontispiece4 ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,w>4 ,a ,,graphic ,,record4 ,"o m9ute be=e ! h\r4 ,all guns fir+4 ,nov4 #aa1 #aiah4 #aa ,a4,m4 ,"o m9ute aft] ! h\r4 ,all guns sil5t4 ,?is is ! la/ record by s\nd rang+ ( artill]y activity on ! ,am]ican front ne> ! ,riv] ,moselle4 ,x is ! reproduction ( a piece ( record+ tape z x issu$ f an ,am]ican s\nd-rang+ app>atus :5 ! h\r ( #aa o'clock on ! morn+ ( ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 br\ght ! g5]al ord] to cease fir+1 & ! great w> came to an end4 ,six seconds ( s\nd record+ are %[n4 ,! brok5 "* ( ! records on ! left indicates great artill]y activity2 ! lack ( irregul>ities on ! "r indicates almo/ complete cessation ( fir+1 two breaks 9 ! second l9e probably be+ due to ! exub]ance ( a d\ghboy fir+ 8 pi/ol twice close to "o ( ! record+ microphones on ! front 9 celebration ( ! dawn ( peace4 ,! two m9utes on ei!r side ( ! exact armi/ice h\r h be5 cut f ! /rip to emphasize ! contra/4 ,s\nd rang+ 0 an important means ( locat+ ! positions & calib]s ( enemy guns4 ,a description ( ^! wond]ful devices1 :i* 7 a secret ) ,am]ica & ! ,allies1 is giv5 9 ,book ,,iii1 *apt] #d4 ,am]ica's ,munitions #aiag-aiah ,,report ,,( ,,b5$ict ,,cr[ell ,,! ,,assi/ant ,,secret>y ,,( ,,w> ,,director ,,( ,,munitions ,illu/ration ,,wa%+ton ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice #aiai ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,decemb] #bd1 #aiah4 ,,de> ,,mr4 ,,cr[ell3 ,am]ican munitions production1 :i* = "s "t has be5 9 y\r *>ge1 play$ an important "p 9 ! e>ly decision ( ! w>1 yet ! v imm5sity & complexity ( ! problem has made x difficult = ?is accompli%m5t to be adequately und]/ood by ! public or 9 fact by any except ^? :o h _h occasion to give ! matt] special /udy4 ,z ! :ole p h be5 call$ ^u to make sacrifices = ! w>1 all ! p %\ld be giv5 an opportunity to "k :at has be5 done 9 _! behalf 9 munitions production1 & ,i !re=e ask t y h prep>$ a hi/orical /atem5t ( munitions production1 s brief t all may h "t to read x1 s nonte*nical t all may be able readily to und]/& x1 & s au?oritative t all may rely ^u its accuracy4 ,cordially y\rs1 ,,newton ,d4 ,,bak]1 ,secret>y ( ,w>4 ,hon4 ,,b5$ict ,,cr[ell1 ,! ,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ,w>4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,may #aj1 #aiai4 ,,de> ,,mr4 ,,secret>y3 ,respond+ to y\r reque/1 ,i transmit h]e) a brief1 nonte*nical1 au?oritative hi/ory ( munitions production dur+ ! rec5t w>4 ,! sev]al *apt]s h be5 prep>$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance by ! (fic]s :o h be5 directly responsible = production1 & h be5 assembl$ & edit$1 "u my direction1 by ,hon4 ,rob]t ,j4 ,bulkley1 assi/$ by ,capt4 ,rob]t ,=re/ ,wilson & ,capt4 ,b5jam9 ,e4 ,l+4 ,capt4 ,wilson has und]tak5 responsibility = ! lit]>y /yle ( ! report1 & has rewritt5 ! great] "p ( x1 consult+ at l5g? ) ! (fic]s :o suppli$ ! orig9al mat]ial1 & ) (fic]s ( ! /ati/ics bran* ( ! ,g5]al ,/aff1 9 ord] to insure accuracy4 ,maj4 ,g54 ,c4 ,c4 ,williams1 ,*ief ( ,ordnance2 ,brig4 ,g54 ,w4 ,s4 ,peirce1 ,act+ ,*ief ( ,ordnance2 ,maj4 ,g54 ,c4 ,t4 ,m5oh]1 ,*ief ( ,air ,s]vice2 ,maj4 ,g54 ,w4 ,m4 ,black1 ,*ief ( ,eng9e]s2 ,maj4 ,g54 ,w4 ,l4 ,sib]t1 ,*ief ( ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice2 ,maj4 ,g54 ,h4 ,l4 ,rog]s1 ,qu>t]ma/] ,g5]al2 ,mr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,?orne1 ,act+ ,qu>t]ma/] ,g5]al2 ,maj4 ,g54 ,g4 ,o4 ,squi]1 ,*ief ,signal ,(fic]2 ,brig4 ,g54 ,*>les ,b4 ,drake1 ,*ief ( ,motor ,transport ,corps2 & ,maj4 ,g54 ,w4 ,m4 ,irel&1 ! ,surgeon ,g5]al1 h coop]at$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! mat]ial transmitt$ h]e)4 ,special ackn[l$gm5t = ! prep>ation & correction ( ! sev]al *apt]s is due to ! foll[+ (fic]s3 ,! ordnance problem1 ,col4 ,james ,l4 ,wal%4 ,gun production1 ,col4 ,william ,p4 ,b>ba4 ,mobile field artill]y1 ,col4 ,j4 ,b4 ,rose4 ,railway artill]y1 ,col4 ,g4 ,m4 ,b>nes & ,maj4 ,e4 ,d4 ,campbell4 ,explosives1 propellants1 & artill]y ammunition1 ,col4 ,c4 ,t4 ,h>ris & ,maj4 ,j4 ,h]b]t ,hunt]4 ,sights & fire-control app>atus1 ,col4 ,h4 ,k4 ,ru!r=d & ,maj4 ,fr$ ,e4 ,wright4 ,motoriz$ artill]y1 ,col4 ,l4 ,b4 ,moody & ,lieut4 ,col4 ,h4 ,w4 ,ald54 ,tanks1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,h4 ,w4 ,ald54 ,ma*9e guns1 ,col4 ,e>l ,mc,farland & ,lieut4 ,col4 ,h]b]t ,o',le>y4 ,s]vice rifles1 ,maj4 ,lewis ,p4 ,johnson & ,maj4 ,p>k] ,dodge4 ,pi/ols & revolv]s1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,j4 ,c4 ,beatty & ,maj4 ,p>k] ,dodge4 ,small arms ammunition1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,j4 ,c4 ,beatty1 ,maj4 ,lee ,o4 ,wright1 ,maj4 ,a4 ,e4 ,hunt1 & ,capt4 ,c4 ,j4 ,evans4 ,tr5* w>f>e mat]ial1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,e4 ,j4 ,w4 ,ragsdale1 ,capt4 ,j4 ,r4 ,caldwell1 ,capt4 ,r4 ,d4 ,smi?1 & ,lieut4 ,j4 ,t4 ,libbey4 ,miscellane\s ordnance equipm5t1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,s4 ,h4 ,mac,gregor1 ,maj4 ,ba%=d ,dean1 ,capt4 ,a4 ,l4 ,fab5s1 & ,capt4 ,james ,s4 ,wiley4 ,! aircraft problem & airplane production1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,george ,w4 ,mixt]4 ,! ,lib]ty eng9e & o!r airplane eng9es1 ,lieut4 ,h4 ,h4 ,emmons1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy4 ,aviation equipm5t & armam5t1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,e4 ,j4 ,w4 ,ragsdale1 ,maj4 ,e4 ,bradley1 ,capt4 ,rob]t ,d4 ,smi?1 ,capt4 ,h4 ,e4 ,ives1 & ,lieut4 ,john ,m4 ,hammond4 ,! airplane radio telephone1 ,col4 ,c4 ,c4 ,culv] & ,lieut4 ,col4 ,nug5t ,h4 ,slaught]4 ,balloons1 ,capt4 ,h4 ,w4 ,treat4 ,! ,eng9e]s 9 ,france1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,j4 ,b4 ,cress & ,capt4 ,c4 ,be>d4 ,milit>y railways1 ,col4 ,j4 ,m4 ,millik5 & ,mr4 ,s4 ,m4 ,felton4 ,eng9e] activities at home1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,j4 ,b4 ,cress & ,lieut4 ,col4 ,r4 ,w4 ,craw=d4 ,s\nd & fla% rang+ & se>*lights1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,j4 ,b4 ,cress & ,maj4 ,w4 ,d4 ,"y4 ,toxic gases1 ,col4 ,m4 ,t4 ,bog]t1 ,col4 ,w4 ,a4 ,walk]1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,e4 ,m4 ,*ance1 & ,lieut4 ,col4 ,william ,mc,pherson4 ,def5sive gas equipm5t1 ,col4 ,bradley ,dewey & ,lieut4 ,col4 ,a4 ,l4 ,besse4 ,subsi/5ce1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,j4 ,h4 ,adams & ,capt4 ,s4 ,b4 ,johnson4 ,clo?+ & equipage1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,f4 ,a4 ,ellison & ,capt4 ,w4 ,h4 ,port]4 ,miscellane\s qu>t]ma/] und]tak+s3 ,music1 ,maj4 ,george ,h4 ,ri*>ds2 fuel1 oil1 & pa9ts1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,elliott ,hall2 bru%es1 ,capt4 ,t4 ,w4 ,s4 ,phillips2 roll+ kit*5s1 ,capt4 ,j4 ,g4 ,williams & ,mr4 ,m4 ,a4 ,dunn+2 tools & tool *e/s1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,fu/+ & ,mr4 ,m4 ,e4 ,moye2 h>dw>e1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,h4 ,p4 ,hill & ,mr4 ,william ,a4 ,graham2 factory ent]prises1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,h4 ,p4 ,hill2 %oe fitt+1 ,col4 ,f4 ,a4 ,ellison2 meat cutt+1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,o4 ,trone2 pack+1 ,capt4 ,r4 ,h4 ,moody2 horses & mules1 ,maj4 ,a4 ,c$>wald4 ,motor & horse-drawn vehicles3 ,motor vehicles1 ,col4 ,fr$ ,glov]2 horse-drawn vehicles1 ,maj4 ,a4 ,volg5eau4 ,m$ical & d5tal supplies1 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,j4 ,p4 ,flet*] & ,capt4 ,w4 ,g4 ,gu?4 ,salvage1 ,col4 ,j4 ,s4 ,*amb]s & ,capt4 ,f4 ,c4 ,simpson4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,poll>d1 ,mr4 ,a>on ,ra*(sky1 & ,lieut4 ,j4 ,j4 ,cam]on h r5d]$ v valuable assi/ance 9 assembl+ data conc]n+ qu>t]ma/] activities4 ,cantonm5ts & camps1 & miscellane\s con/ruction1 ,maj4 ,w4 ,g4 ,maup94 ,signal ,corps mat]ial1 ,brig4 ,g54 ,c4 ,mc,k4 ,saltzman & ,capt4 ,donald ,mac,gregor4 ,! accuracy ( all /ati/ics & direct /atem5ts ( fact has be5 *eck$ & approv$ by ! /ati/ics bran* ( ! ,g5]al ,/aff1 "u ! direction ( ,maj4 ,w4 ,r4 ,burgess4 ,respectfully submitt$1 ,,b5$ict ,,cr[ell1 ,! ,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ,w>1 ,director ( ,munitions4 ,hon4 ,,newton ,d4 ,,bak]1 ,secret>y ( ,w>4 ,,preface4 ,except 9 "o or two in/ances1 ?is acc\nt ( ! production ( munitions 9 ,am]ica = ! w> aga9/ ,g]many & h] allies conta9s no?+ ab\t secret devices inv5t$ dur+ ! p]iod "u discussion4 ,:5 ! necessity = sil5ce ) respect to vital matt]s br\ght ab\t a volunt>y c5sor%ip 9 ,am]ican publications1 ! l& 0 fill$ ) rumors ( new & revolution>y developm5ts 9 w> matriel1 p>ticul>ly ( new weapons ( (f5se4 ,x is fair to ! ,am]ican public to-day to /ate t su* rumors 7 n )\t f\ndation4 ,am]ican inv5tiv5ess rose spl5didly to ! em]g5cy4 ,! expect$ ,am]ican (f5sive 9 #aiai w\ld h _h its surprises 9 numb]s1 "s ( :i* might well h prov$ to be decisive4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! inv5tions _h be5 put 9 l>ge production be=e ! armi/ice 0 decl>$1 o!rs _h be5 c>ri$ to an advanc$ exp]im5tal /age t insur$ _! success4 ,s9ce ! value ( ^! innovations z "p ( ! ,nation's p]man5t milit>y assets dep5ds l>gely ^u _! secret nature1 x w\ld be obvi\sly unwise to m5tion or describe !m at ?is "t4 ,! ,director ( ,munitions wi%es to ackn[l$ge ! debt ( ,am]ica1 s f> z ! production ( munitions is conc]n$1 to ! ,navy = its coop]ation 9 indu/rial matt]s at home & its /rong aid 9 ! safe transport ( munitions to ,france1 & to all ! o!r ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts1 ea* "o ( :i* contribut$ 9 num]\s & important ways to ! success ( ! munitions ent]prise4 ,! debt also ext5ds heavily to ! ,w> ,indu/ries ,bo>d1 its functions ( creat+ facilities = manufacture1 op5+ up new s\rces ( raw mat]ials1 allocat+ mat]ials1 decree+ priorities1 fix+ prices1 & act+ z pur*as+ ag5t = ! allies1 mak+ x ! national indu/rial cle>+ h\se ?r\gh :i* ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t c\ld "w )\t wa/e ef=t4 ,ackn[l$gm5t is made to su* ess5tial ag5cies z ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,railroad ,adm9i/ration1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fuel ,adm9i/ration1 ! ,w> ,trade ,bo>d1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,food ,adm9i/ration1 & to all (ficial or volunte] activities look+ to ! cons]vation & mobilization ( our national res\rces4 ,)\t ?is entire coop]ation ! hi/ory set =? 9 ^! pages w\ld n be :at x is4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,introduction #ac ,,book ,i--,,ordnance4 ,,*apt] #a4 ,! ordnance problem #ba #b4 ,gun production #ch #c4 ,mobile field artill]y #ef #d4 ,railway artill]y #ia #e4 ,explosives1 propellants1 & artill]y ammunition #ajc #f4 ,sights & fire-control app>atus #ace #g4 ,motoriz$ artill]y #adh #h4 ,tanks #aed #i4 ,ma*9e guns #aeh #aj4 ,s]vice rifles #agg #aa4 ,pi/ols & revolv]s #ahg #ab4 ,small-arms ammunition #aia #ac4 ,tr5*-w>f>e mat]ial #bjj #ad4 ,miscellane\s ordnance equipm5t #bba ,,book ,,ii--,,! ,,air ,,s]vice4 ,,*apt] #a4 ,! aircraft problem #bce #b4 ,airplane production #bci #c4 ,! ,lib]ty eng9e #bfe #d4 ,o!r airplane eng9es #bha #e4 ,aviation equipm5t & armam5t #bid #f4 ,! airplane radio telephone #cbc #g4 ,balloons #cca ,,book ,,iii--,,! ,,eng9e] ,,corps4 ,,*apt] #a4 ,! ,eng9e]s 9 ,france #cdg #b4 ,milit>y railways #cfg #c4 ,eng9e] activities at home #cge #d4 ,s\nd & fla% rang+ & se>*lights #chc ,,book ,,iv--,,*emical ,,w>f>e4 ,,*apt] #a4 ,toxic gases #cie #b4 ,gas def5se equipm5t4 #daj ,,book ,v--,,qu>t]ma/] ,,activities4 ,,*apt] #a4 ,subsi/5ce #dce #b4 ,clo?+ & equipage #dec #c4 ,miscellane\s qu>t]ma/] und]tak+s #dge #d4 ,motor & horse-drawn vehicles #dif #e4 ,m$ical & d5tal supplies #eaa #f4 ,salvage #eag ,,book ,,vi--,,! ,,con/ruction ,,division4 ,,*apt] #a4 ,cantonm5ts & camps #ece #b4 ,miscellane\s con/ruction #edh ,,book ,,vii--,,! ,,signal ,,corps4 ,,*apt] #a4 ,signal ,corps mat]ial #efg ,conclusion #ehe ,,am]ica',s ,,munitions1 #aiag-ah ,,introduction4 ,z our w> aga9/ ,g]many rec$es into ! pa/ its temporal b\nd>ies become m %>ply def9$1 & x assumes ! "* ( a complete entity--a r\nd$-out p]iod ( "t 9 :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates collect$ h] m5 & res\rces1 f\ght1 & %>$ 9 ! victory4 ,z su* x (f]s to ! critic ! easy opportunity to discov] t c]ta9 ?+s 7 n done4 ,am]ican airplanes did n arrive at ! front 9 suffici5t numb]s4 ,am]ican guns 9 c]ta9 ess5tial calib]s did n appe> at all4 ,am]ican gas %ells 7 n fir$ at ! enemy4 ,am]ican troops f\ght ) ,fr5* & ,briti% ma*9e guns to a l>ge ext5t4 ,! public is famili> ) su* /atem5ts4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! w> up to its la/ few weeks--up to its la/ few days1 9 fact--0 a p]iod ( anxi\s susp5se1 dur+ :i* ,am]ica 0 /ra9+ h] en]gies t[>d a goal1 t[>d ! realization ( an ambition :i*1 9 ! production ( munitions1 dropp$ ! ye> #aiah almo/ out ( consid]ation altoge!r1 :i* inde$ did n br+ ! full weight ( ,am]ican m5 & matriel into ! /ruggle ev5 9 #aiai1 b :i* left x = #aibj1 if ! enemy _h n yet succumb$ to ! gr[+ ,am]ican p[]1 to witness ! maximum /r5g? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! field4 ,necess>ily1 !re=e1 ! actual p]iod ( ho/ilities1 betwe5 ,april #f1 #aiag1 & ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 0 devot$ 9 ?is c\ntry to lay+ d[n ! f\ndations ( a munitions indu/ry t %\ld br+ ab\t its ov]:elm+ results at ! appo9t$ "t4 ,:at munitions ( ! m difficult sort 7 actually produc$ 9 ?is p]iod might almo/ be t]m$ casual to ! ma9 ent]prise--pilots ( ! quantities to come4 ,! decision to prep>e heavily = #aiai & #aibj & ?us sacrifice = #aiag & #aiah ! munitions t might h be5 produc$ at ! co/ ( any less adequate prep>ation = ! m di/ant future1 0 bas$ on s\nd /rategical reason+ on ! "p ( ! ,allies & ourselves4 ,on go+ back to ! pa/ we f9d t on ,april #f1 #aiag1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates sc>cely realiz$ ! gravity ( ! und]tak+4 ,!re 0 a g5]al impression1 rea*+ ev5 into ,gov]nm5t1 t ! ,allies alone 7 compet5t to defeat ! ,c5tral ,p[]s 9 "t1 & t ,am]ica's "p w\ld be l>gely "o ( moral support1 ) exp&+ prep>ation 9 ! backgr\nd z insurance aga9/ any un=ese5 disa/]s4 ,9 l9e ) ?is attitude we s5t ! fir/ division ( ,am]ican troops to ,france 9 ! spr+ ( #aiag to be our e>ne/ to ! gov]nm5ts & peoples ( ! ,allies t we 7 ) !m 9 ! great /ruggle4 ,n until aft] ! dep>ture ( ! v>i\s =eign missions t came to ?is c\ntry dur+ t spr+ did ,am]ica fully awake to ! s]i\sness ( ! situation4 ,all ?r\gh ! summ] ( #aiag ! emphasis ^u ,am]ican man p[] 9 ,france gradually grew1 b no def9ite s*$ule ^u :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld "w 0 rea*$ until autumn or e>ly w9t]1 until ! mission head$ by ,col4 ,edw>d ,m4 ,h\se visit$ ,europe to give ,am]ica place on ! ,supreme ,w> ,c\ncil & 9 ! ,int]alli$ ,conf]5ce4 ,! purpose ( ! ,h\se mission 0 to assure ! ,allies t ,am]ica 0 9 ! w> = all %e 0 wor? & to det]m9e ! mo/ effective me?od 9 :i* %e c\ld coop]ate4 ,9 ! conf]5ces 9 ,london & ,p>is ! ,am]ican repres5tatives look$ into ! m9ds ( ! alli$ lead]s & saw ! situation z x 04 ,two dramatic factors color$ all ! discussions--! gr[+ ne$ = m5 & ! gravity ( ! %ipp+ situation4 ,! ,g]man subm>9es 7 op]at+ s effectively z to make exce$+ly d>k ! outlook = ! transport on a suffici5t scale ei!r ( ,am]ican troops or ( ,am]ican munitions4 ,z to man p[]1 ! ,supreme ,w> ,c\ncil gave x z ! judgm5t ( ! milit>y lead]s ( ! ,allies t1 if ! day 7 to be sav$1 ,am]ica mu/ s5d #a1jjj1jjj troops by ! foll[+ ,july4 ,!re 7 9 ,france !n 7on ,dec4 #a1 #aiag7 p>ts ( f\r divisions ( ,am]ican soldi]s--#abi1jjj m5 9 all4 ,! program ( ,am]ican coop]ation1 z x cry/alliz$ 9 ^! conf]5ces1 may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,to keep ! ,allies f />vation by %ipp+ food4 #b4 ,to assi/ ! ,alli$ armies by keep+ up ! fl[ ( matriel already 9 production = !m 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #c4 ,to s5d z _m m5 z c\ld be transport$ ) ! %ipp+ facilities !n at ,am]ica's comm&4 #d4 ,to b5d en]gies t[>d a big ,am]ican ,army 9 #aiai equipp$ ) ,am]ican supplies4 ,9 ^! conf]5ces sat ! *ief milit>y & political figures ( ! pr9cipal ,european p[]s at w> ) ,g]many4 ,9 ! ,supreme ,w> ,c\ncil 7 su* /rategi/s z ,g54 ,fo* = ! ,fr5* & ,g54 ,rob]tson = ! ,briti%1 ,g54 ,bliss repres5t+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! presid5t ( ! ,int]alli$ ,conf]5ce 0 ,m4 ,clem5ceau1 ! ,fr5* prime m9i/]4 ,mr4 ,w9/on ,*ur*ill1 ! m9i/] ( munitions1 repres5t$ ,great ,brita91 :ile ,mr4 ,lloyd-,george1 ! ,prime ,m9i/] ( ,engl&1 also p>ticipat$ to "s ext5t 9 ! conf]5ces4 ,out ( bodies ( su* "* came ! int]national ordnance agreem5t4 ,x w be app>5t to ! read] t ?is agreem5t mu/ h repres5t$ ! be/ op9ion ( ! lead]s ( ! pr9cipal ,allies1 initiat$ out ( _! intimate k ( ! ne$s ( ! situation & concurr$ 9 by ! repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! sub/ance ( ?is agreem5t 0 outl9$ = ,wa%+ton 9 a cabl$ message sign$ by ,g54 ,bliss1 a docum5t t _h su* an important be>+ ^u ! production ( munitions 9 ?is c\ntry t its m important passages are set d[n at ?is po9t3 ,! repres5tatives ( ,great ,brita9 & ,france /ate t _! production ( artill]y 7field1 m$ium1 & heavy7 is n[ e/abli%$ on s l>ge a scale t !y are able to equip completely all ,am]ican divisions z !y arrive 9 ,france dur+ ! ye> #aiah ) ! be/ make ( ,briti% & ,fr5* guns & h[itz]s4 ,! ,briti% & ,fr5* ammunition supply & res]ves are suffici5t to provide ! requirem5ts ( ! ,am]ican ,army ?us equipp$ at lea/ up to ,june1 #aiah1 provid$ t ! exi/+ #f-;in* %ell plants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,dom9ion ( ,canada are ma9ta9$ 9 full activity1 & provid$ t ! manufacture ( #f-;in* h[itz] c>riages 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is to "s ext5t suffici5tly develop$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,fr5*1 & to a less] ext5t ! ,briti%1 require z soon z possible l>ge supplies ( propellants & high explosives3 & ! ,briti% require ! l>ge/ possible production ( #f-;in* h[itz]s f n[ onw>d & ( #h-;in* & #i4b-;in* %ell f ,june onw>d4 ,9 bo? ( ^! matt]s !y ask ! assi/ance ( ! ,am]icans4 ,) a view1 !re=e1 fir/ to exp$ite & facilitate ! equipm5t ( ! ,am]ican armies 9 ,france1 &1 second1 to secure ! maximum ultimate developm5t ( ! ammunition supply ) ! m9imum /ra9 ^u available tonnage1 ! repres5tatives ( ,great ,brita9 & ,france propose t ! ,am]ican field1 m$ium1 & heavy artill]y be suppli$ dur+ #aiah1 & z long aft] z may be f\nd conv5i5t1 f ,briti% & ,fr5* gun factories2 & !y ask3 7,a7 ,t ! ,am]ican ef=ts %all be imm$iately direct$ to ! production ( propellants & high explosives on ! l>ge/ possible scale2 & 7,b7 ,great ,brita9 also asks t ! #f-;in*1 #h-;in*1 & #i4b-;in* %ell plants already creat$ = ! ,briti% s]vice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be ma9ta9$ 9 ! highe/ activity1 & t l>ge additional plants = ! manufacture ( ^! %ells %all at once be laid d[n4 ,9 ?is way alone c ! tonnage difficulty be m9imis$ & pot5tial artill]y developm5t1 bo? 9 guns & %ells1 ( ! comb9$ ,fr5*1 ,briti%1 & ,am]ican armies be ma9ta9$ 9 #aiah & /ill m 9 #aiai4 ,?is agreem5t _h a pr(\nd effect ^u ,am]ican production ( munitions4 ,mo/ important ( all1 x gave u "t2 "t to build manufactur+ capacity on a gr& scale )\t ! hamp]+ necessity = imm$iate production2 "t to secure ! be/ 9 design2 "t to atta9 quality 9 ! enorm\s output to come lat] z oppos$ to e>ly quantity ( indiff]5t class4 ,9 ! late autumn ( #aiag1 %ortly aft] ,russia collaps$ & )drew f ! w>1 x became evid5t t ,g]many w\ld seize ! opportunity to move h] troops f ! ea/]n front & conc5trate h] entire army aga9/ ! ,fr5* & ,briti% 9 #aiah4 ,?is intellig5ce at once result$ 9 fre% emphasis ^u ! man-p[] phase ( ,am]ican coop]ation4 ,z e>ly z ,decemb]1 #aiag1 ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t 0 anticipat+ ! extraord9>y ne$ = m5 9 ! com+ spr+ by consid]+ plans = ! transport ( troops up to ! suppos$ limit ( ! capacity ( all available ,am]ican %ips1 ) :at additional tonnage ,great ,brita9 & ! o!r ,allies c\ld sp>e u4 ,x is ( record t ! actual dispat* ( troops to ,france f> out/ripp$ ^! e>ly e/imates4 ,!n came ! long-expect$ ,g]man (f5sive1 & ! cry w5t up 9 ,europe = m54 ,engl&1 h] back aga9/ ! wall1 (f]$ additional %ips 9 :i* to transport six divisions ov] & above ! numb] ( troops already s*$ul$ = emb>kation1 agree+ fur!r to fe$ & ma9ta9 ^! m5 = #aj weeks :ile !y 7 brigad$ ) ,briti% units = f9al tra9+4 ,aft] ! six additional divisions _h emb>k$ !re 0 /ill ne$ ( m51 & ! ,briti% cont9u$ _! transports 9 our s]vice4 ,! high m>k ( %ipm5t 0 9 ,july1 :5 #cjf1jjj ,am]ican soldi]s 7 transport$ across ! ,atlantic1 m ?an ?ree times ! numb] contemplat$ = ,july 9 ! s*$ule adopt$ six mon?s e>li]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,actual ,,troop ,,sail+s ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,programs4 ,! effect ( ?is /epp+ up ( ! man-p[] program ^u ! %ipm5t ( supplies 0 describ$ by ,lieut4 ,col4 ,rep+ton1 ! ,briti% milit>y critic1 writ+ 9 ! ,morn+ ,po/ 7,london7 on ,decemb] #i1 #aiah1 9 "p z foll[s3 99 99 99 !y 7! ,briti% w> cab9et7 also pray$ ,am]ica 9 aid1 implor$ h] to s5d 9 ha/e all available infantry & ma*9e guns1 & plac$ at h] disposal1 to h] great surprise1 a l>ge am\nt ( transports to ha/5 arrivals4 99 99 99 ,! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t acc$$ to ?is reque/ 9 ! mo/ loyal & g5]\s mann]4 ,assur$ by _! ,allies 9 ,france t ! latt] c\ld fit out ! ,am]ican infantry divisions on _! arrival ) guns1 horses1 & transport1 ! ,am]icans pack$ _! infantry tightly 9 ! %ips & left to a lat] occasion ! dispat* to ,france ( guns1 horses1 transport1 labor units1 fly+ s]vice1 roll+ /ock1 & a score ( o!r ?+s orig9ally de/9$ = transport ) ! divisions4 ,if subsequ5tly--& inde$ up to ! day t ! armi/ice 0 sign$--,g54 ,p]%+ f\nd himself %ort ( _m indisp5sable ?+s1 & if 8 op]ations 7 !reby conduct$ "u real difficulties ( :i* he mu/ h be5 only too s5sible1 ! defects 7 n due to him & 8 /aff1 nor to ! ,wa%+ton adm9i/ration1 nor to ! resolute ,g54 ,m>* & 8 able fell[ work]s1 b solely to ! self-sacrific+ mann] 9 :i* ,am]ica _h respond$ to ! call ( h] fri5ds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,briti% ,,& ,,am]ican ,,exp$ition>y ,,=ces ,,on ,,we/]n ,,front4 ,! really amaz+ ?+ :i* ,am]ica did 0 to place 9 ,france 9 #ai mon?s an army ( ! size & ! ability ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ce4 ,! w> taught u t ,am]ica c organize1 tra91 & transport troops ( a sup]ior sort at a rate :i* leaves f> beh9d any program = ! manufacture ( munitions4 ,x upset ! previ\s op9ion t adequate milit>y prep>$ness is l>gely a "q ( tra9$ man p[]4 ,:5 ! w> t\*$ u our /rategical equipm5t includ$ plans ready drawn = ! mobilization ( m54 ,!re 7 on file at ! ,army ,w> ,college 9 ,wa%+ton detail$ plans = def5d+ our h>bors1 our coa/s1 & our bord]s4 ,!re 7 also c]ta9 plans = ! tra9+ ( new troops4 ,x is wor?y ( note1 h[ev]1 t ?is equipm5t includ$ no plan = ! equally important & equally necess>y mobilization ( indu/ry & production ( munitions1 :i* prov$ to be ! mo/ difficult phase ( ! actual prep>ation = w>4 ,! exp]i5ce ( #aiag & #aiah 0 a lesson 9 ! "t x takes to det]m9e types1 create designs1 provide facilities1 & e/abli% manufacture4 ,^! ye>s w =ev] /& z ! monum5t to ! ,am]ican g5ius ( work%op & factory1 :i* 9 ?is p]iod insur$ ! victory by insur+ ! timely arrival ( ! ov]:elm+ =ce ( ,am]ica's res\rces 9 ! =m ( ,am]ica's munitions4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,may1 #aiai4 ,,book ,i4 ,,ordnance4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,ordnance ,,problem4 ,to arm ! manhood call$ to def5d ! ,nation 9 #aiag & #aiah1 to make civilians into soldi]s by giv+ !m ! tools ( ! m>tial pr(ession--su* 0 ! task ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t 9 ! late w>4 ,! (f-h& ?\ght may id5tify ordnance z artill]y alone4 ,x may surprise _m to "k t 9 ! ,am]ican ordnance catalogue ( supplies dur+ ! rec5t w> !re 7 ov] #ajj1jjj sep>ate & di/9ct items4 ,?\s&s ( ! items ( ordnance 7 di/9ctly noncomm]cial1 mean+ t !y _h to be design$ & produc$ specially = ! uses ( w>4 ,:ile ! pr9ciples ( fight+ ess5tially h *ang$ n "o :it s9ce ! age :5 projectiles 7 /ones hurl$ by catapults1 ne>ly e advance 9 me*anical sci5ce has _h its reflection 9 w>f>e1 until to-day ! weapons :i* man has devis$ to de/roy ! milit>y p[] ( 8 enemy make up an intricate & an impos+ li/4 ,:5 ,am]ica accept$ ! *all5ge ( ,g]many 9 #aiag1 "p ( ! range ( ordnance _h already be5 produc$ 9 mod]ate quantities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "p ( x _h be5 develop$ by ! m milit>i/ic nations ( ! _w 9 ! la/ decade or qu>t] c5tury1 & "p ( x 0 purely ! (fspr+ ( two & "o-half ye>s ( desp]ate fight+ be=e ,am]ica ent]$ ! great /ruggle4 ,yet all ( x1 bo? ! /range & ! famili>1 _h to be put 9 production "h on a gr& scale & 9 a m9imum ( "t1 t ! ,am]ican millions might g adequately equipp$ to meet ! foe4 ,let u exam9e ! range ( ?is equipm5t1 see+ 9 ! major items some?+ ( ! "* ( ! problem :i* confront$ ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t at ! outset ( ! great ent]prise4 ,/>t+ ) ! artill]y1 !re 0 fir/ 9 ord] ( size ! baby two-man cannon ( #cg millimet]s 7ab\t an in* & a half7 9 ! diamet] ( its bore--a ,european developm5t new to our exp]i5ce1 s light t x c\ld be h&l$ by foot troops 9 ! field1 us$ = annihilat+ ! enemy's ma*9e-gun emplacem5ts4 ,!n ! mobile field guns--! fam\s #ge's1 ! equival5t 9 size ( our =m] #c-;in* gun1 ! #aee-millimet] h[itz]1 ! ,fr5* #aee millimet] ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 7,gr& ,puissance ,fill\x7 gun ( glori\s record 9 ! w>1 & its ,am]ican prototypes1 ! #d4g-;in*1 #e-;in*1 & #f-;in* guns--all ( ^! employ$ to %ell crossroads & h>ass ! enemy's middle area4 ,beyond ^! 7 ! #h-;in* & #i4b-;in* h[itz]s & ! t]rific #bdj-millimet] h[itz]1 = ?r[+ great weights ( de/ruction high 9 air to desc5d ) a plunge ^u ! enemy's /ronge/ def5ses4 ,!n !re 7 ! #h-;in*1 #aj-;in*1 #ab-;in*1 & #ad-;in* guns on railway m\nts1 = p\nd+ ! depots & dumps 9 ! enemy's back areas4 ,^! weapons 7 s trem5d\s 9 weight :5 m\nt$ z to require f #af to #bd axles on ! c> to di/ribute ! load & ! recoil ( fir+ )9 ! limits ( ! /r5g? ( /&>d heavy railway track4 ,all ( ^! guns _h to be produc$ 9 great numb]s1 if ! future requirem5ts ( ! ,am]ican =ces 7 to be met1 produc$ by ! ?\s&s 9 ! cases ( ! small] ones & by ! hundr$s & scores 9 ! cases ( ! l>g]4 ,^! weapons w\ld be ineffective )\t adequate supplies ( ammunition4 ,9 ! case ( ! mobile held guns ?is meant a requirem5t ( millions ( %ell or %rapnel = ! incessant bomb>dm5ts & ! conc5trat$ b>rages :i* *>act]iz$ ! great w>4 ,! entire weight ( projectiles fir$ 9 su* an hi/oric engagem5t z ,gettysburg w\ld supply ! artill]y only = a few m9utes 9 su* int5sive bomb>dm5ts z s[$ ! soil ( ,fl&]s ) /eel4 ,! artill]y dem&$ an imm5se am\nt ( heavy equipm5t--limb]s1 caissons1 auto ammunition trucks1 & tractors to drag ! heavy & middle-heavy artill]y4 ,"s ( !m 7 fitt$ ) self-propell$ cat]pill> m\nts :i* c\ld climb a #dj grade or make z high z #ab miles an h\r on level gr\nd4 ,^!1 ! adaptations to w>f>e ( peaceful f>m & con/ruction ma*9e traction1 = ! fir/ "t r5d]$ ! great] guns exce$+ly mobile1 enabl+ !m to g into action in/antly ^u arrival & to dep>t to safety j z soon z _! mission 0 accompli%$4 ,!n1 too1 ?is artill]y equipm5t mu/ h adequate facilities = ma9t5ance 9 ! field1 & ?is ne$ br\ght into exi/5ce ano!r enorm\s phase ( ! ordnance program4 ,!re mu/ be mobile ordnance repair %ops = ea* division1 consi/+ ( m9iature ma*9e %ops completely fitt$ out ) p[] & its transmission equipm5t & m\nt$ directly on motor trucks4 ,!n !re mu/ be semi-heavy repair %ops on #e-ton tractors1 ^! to be = ! corps :at ! truck ma*9e %op 0 to ! division4 ,ea* army headqu>t]s call$ = its semip]man5t repair %op = artill]y & /ill l>g] repair %ops = its railway artill]y4 ,& 9 addition to all ^! 7 ! base repair %ops 9 ,france1 :i* 7 erect$ on a scale to employ a =ce ?ree times z l>ge z ! comb9$ organizations ( all ! manufactur+ ars5als ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 "t ( peace1 hav+ a capacity = rel9+ #a1jjj cannon & ov]haul+ & repair+ #b1jjj motor vehicles1 #g1jjj ma*9e guns1 #ej1jjj rifles1 & #b1jjj pi/ols e mon?4 ,?is equipm5t ( artill]y & its ma9t5ance organization implies ! fl[ f ,am]ican indu/ry ( enorm\s quantities ( repair p>ts & sp>e p>ts to keep ! artill]y 9 good condition4 ,com+ next to ! m p]sonal equipm5t ( ! soldi]1 we f9d ! necessity confront+ ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t to manufacture %\ld] rifles by ! million & c>tridges = !m by ! billion4 ,! great w> br\ght ! ma*9e gun into its own1 requir+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! manufacture ( ^! complicat$ & exp5sive weapons by ! t5s ( ?\s&s1 includ+ ! "o-man automatic rifle1 itself an arm ( a deadly & effective type4 ,simultane\sly ) ! mass employm5t ( ma*9e guns 9 ! field came ! developm5t ( ! mod]n ma*9e gun b>rage1 ! indirect fire1 ( :i* requir$ sight+ in/rum5ts ( ! mo/ delicate & accurate sort1 & tripods ) f9ely calibrat$ elevat+ & trav]s+ devices1 s t ! gunn] might place ! deadly hail safely ov] ! heads ( 8 own unse5 b advanc+ l9es & ) maximum damage to ! enemy4 ,^! ?\s&s ( ma*9e guns requir$ wat] jackets to keep _! b>rels cool & specially built c>ts to c>ry !m4 ,! p]sonal armam5t ( ! soldi] also call$ = an automatic pi/ol or a revolv] = use 9 ! infight+1 :5 squads came 9 actual contact ) soldi]s ( ! enemy4 ,^! _h to be produc$ by ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,! requirem5ts ( ! field dem&$ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( tr5* knives1 murd]\s blades back$ by ! mom5tum ( heavily weight$ h&les1 :i* 9 turn 7 protect$ by gu>ds embody+ ! pr9ciple ( ! ?ug's brass knucks arm$ ) %>p po9ts4 ,!n !re 7 ! special weapons1 l>gely born ( mod]n tr5* w>f>e4 ,^! includ$ mort>s1 rang+ f ! small #c-;in* ,/okes1 light en\gh to g ov] ! top & simple en\gh to be fir$ f betwe5 ! /eady+ knees ( a squatt+ soldi]1 to ! great #bdj-millimet] tr5* mort> ( fix$ position4 ,! mort>s prov$ to be exce$+ly effective aga9/ conc5trations ( troops1 & s !re 0 devis$ = !m a great v>iety ( bombs & %ell1 n only ( ! high explosive fragm5tation type1 b also conta9+ poison gas or fum+ *emicals4 ,great quantities bo? ( mort>s & _! ammunition 7 requir$4 ,f ! security ( ! tr5*es ! soldi]s fir/ ?rew out gr5ades1 :i* bur/ 9 ! enemy's tr5*es opposite & creat$ havoc4 ,f ! orig9al device 7 develop$ gr5ades ( v>i\s sorts--gas gr5ades = clean+ up dug\ts1 molt5-metal gr5ades = fus+ ! fir+ me*anisms ( captur$ enemy cannon & ma*9e guns1 pap] gr5ades to kill by concussion4 ,!n !re 7 ! rifle gr5ades1 ea* to be fitt$ on ! muzzle ( a rifle & hurl$ by ! lift ( gases foll[+ ! bullet1 :i* pass$ neatly ?r\gh ! hole provid$ = x4 ,! production ( gr5ades 0 no small "p ( ! ,am]ican ordnance problem4 ,9 addition to ^! tr5* weapons 7 ! ,liv5s projectors1 :i*1 fir$ 9 multiple by electricity1 hurl$ a v]itable cl\d ( gas conta9]s into a select$ area ( enemy t]ra91 usually ) great demoralization ( 8 =ces4 ,bayonets = ! rifles1 bolos1 helmets1 p]iscopes = look+ safely ov] ! edges ( ! tr5*es1 panoramic sights1 range f9d]s--^! are only a few ( ! ordnance accessories ( g5]al application4 ,!n ^? innovations ( ! great w>--! tanks--! #c-ton :ippet1 built to escort ! infantry waves1 ! #f-ton tanks1 mo/ us$ ( all1 & ! p[]ful ,anglo-,am]ican heavy tanks1 ea* m\nt+ a #cg-millimet] cannon & f\r ma*9e guns4 ,! w> 9 ! air put add$ dem&s ^u ordnance4 ,x requir$ ! /ripp$ ma*9e gun fir+ c>tridges s rapidly t _! explosions m]g$ into a s+le cont9u\s ro>1 yet ea* %ot s nicely tim$ t x pass$ betwe5 ! fly+ blades ( ! propell]4 ,!re _h to be electric heat]s = ! gun me*anisms to prev5t ! oil :i* lubricat$ !m f becom+ congeal$ 9 ! cold ( high altitudes4 ,! airplane guns requir$ armor-pi]c+ bullets = use aga9/ armor$ planes1 inc5di>y bullets to ignite ! hydrog5 ( ! enemy's balloon or to fire ! gasol9e escap+ ?r\gh ! w\nd 9 ! ho/ile airplane's fuel tank1 & trac] bullets to direct ! aim ( ! a]ial gunn]4 ,o!r equipm5t = ! airman includ$ %ot c\nt]s1 to tell him in/antly :at quantity ( ammunition he _h on h&1 & gun sights1 +5i\sly contriv$ to correct 8 aim automatically = ! relative spe$ & direction ( ! oppos+ plane4 ,^! 7 all developm5ts 9 ordnance br\ght ab\t by ! great w>1 & 9 ea* case !y involv$ problems = ! production organization to solve4 ,!n !re 7 ! drop bombs ( a]ial w>f>e1 ( _m gradations 9 weight up to #ejj p\nds ea*1 ^! latt] exp]im5tal ones =eca/+ ! day :5 bombs weigh+ #a1fjj p\nds w\ld be dropp$ f ! sky2 !n bomb sights to det]m9e ! mom5t :5 ! missile mu/ be dropp$ 9 ord] to hit its t>get1 sights :i* correct$ = ! altitude1 ! w9d resi/ance1 & ! rate ( spe$ ( ! airplane2 & !n me*anisms to susp5d ! bombs f ! plane & to release !m at ! w ( ! op]ator4 ,! li/ might be /ret*$ out almo/ indef9itely--?r\gh pyrote*nics1 develop$ by ! exig5cies 9 ,europe into an elaborate sy/em2 ?r\gh helmets & armor1 revivals f m$ieval times to protect ! mod]n soldi] f injury2 ?r\gh ! assortm5t ( heavy textiles1 :i* gave ! troops _! belts1 _! b&ole]s1 _! hav]sacks1 & _! hol/]s2 ?r\gh cante5s1 cutl]y = ! mess 9 ! fields1 %otguns1 & s on1 until !re might be set d[n ?\s&s ( items ( ! li/ :i* we "k z mod]n ordnance4 ,x w be not$ t ! mo/ important articles 9 ?is range are articles ( a noncomm]cial type4 ,9 o!r words1 !y are n ! sort ( ?+s t ! indu/ry ( ! c\ntry builds 9 "t ( peace1 nor le>ns h[ to build4 ,_m o!r w> functions came naturally to a c\ntry skill$ 9 h&l+ food supplies = teem+ populations1 9 solv+ h\s+ problems = :ole cities1 & 9 manag+ transportation = a hundr$ million p2 !re 0 at h& ! requisite ability to conduct w> ent]prises ( su* "* smoo?ly & effici5tly4 ,yet !re 0 9 ! c\ntry at ! outbreak ( w> little k ( ! te*nique ( ordnance production4 ,! decl>ation ( w> f\nd an ,am]ican ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t ^: entire commission$ p]sonnel consi/$ ( #ig (fic]s4 ,only #aj ( ?is numb] 7 exp]i5c$ 9 ! design ( artill]y weapons4 ,! project$ army ( #e1jjj1jjj m5 requir$ #aa1jjj tra9$ (fic]s to h&le e phase ( ordnance s]vice4 ,:ile a portion ( ?is production w\ld h to d ) ! manufacture ( articles ( a comm]cial type1 su* z automobiles1 trucks1 meat cans1 mess equipm5t1 & ! l1 yet ! ratio ( #ig to #aa1jjj gives an indication ( ! am\nt ( ordnance k possess$ by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t at ! outbreak ( w> z comp>$ to :at x w\ld ne$ to equip ! fir/ #e1jjj1jjj m5 = battle4 ,! ,gov]nm5t c\ld obta9 commiss>y (fic]s f ! food indu/ry2 x c\ld turn bank tell]s into payma/]s1 or conv]t build]s into con/ruction qu>t]ma/]s2 f9d transportation (fic]s 9 ! great railway sy/ems1 ,signal ,corps (fic]s 9 ! telegraph companies1 or m$ical (fic]s 9 pr(essional life4 ,b !re 0 no broad field to :i* ordnance c\ld turn to f9d specializ$ skill available4 ,! be/ x c\ld d 0 to g into ! heavy manufactur+ indu/ry = exp]t eng9e]s :o c\ld lat] be tra9$ 9 ! special problems ( ordnance4 ,prior to #aiad !re 7 b six ,gov]nm5t ars5als & two l>ge private ordnance works :i* knew any?+ ab\t ! production ( heavy weapons4 ,aft] #aiad1 w> indu/ry sprang up 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 yet 9 #aiag !re 7 only a score or s ( firms engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( artill]y ammunition1 big guns1 rifles1 ma*9e guns1 & o!r important ordnance supplies = ! allies4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ne>ly #h1jjj manufactur+ plants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 work+ on ordnance contracts4 ,:ile _m ( ^! contracts entail$ production n mu* dissimil> to comm]cial output1 yet "h is ano!r ratio--! #bj or m orig9al factories comp>$ ) ! ultimate #h1jjj--:i* s]ves z an indication ( ! expansion ( ! indu/rial k ( ! special processes incid5t to ordnance manufacture4 ,:5 we f\nd ourselves 9 ! w> ! fir/ /ep 0 to ext5d our ordnance k z quickly z possible4 ,! w> 9 ,europe _h develop$ ?\s&s ( new items ( ordnance1 _m ( !m c>efully gu>d$ z milit>y secrets1 ) :i* our own (fic]s 7 famili> only 9 a g5]al way4 ,z soon z we became a bellig]5t1 h[ev]1 we at once turn$ to ! allies1 & !y freely & fully gave u ( _! /ore ( k--plans1 specifications1 work+ models1 secret devices1 & complete manufactur+ processes4 ,) ?is k at h& we adopt$ = our own program c]ta9 ,fr5* types ( field guns & h[itz]s & ,briti% types ( heavy h[itz]s4 ,! reproduction ( ! ,briti% types caus$ no unusual difficulties1 b ! adoption ( ,fr5* plans br\ght into ! situation a factor ! difficulties ( :i* are apt n to be appreciat$ by ! un9itiat$4 ,?is new elem5t = consid]ation 0 ! circum/ance t ! entire ,fr5* sy/em ( manufacture 9 metals is radically diff]5t f our own 9 its practices & is n readily adapt$ to ,am]ican me?ods4 ,! ,engli% & ! ,am]ican eng9e]s & %ops use in*es & feet 9 _! measurem5ts1 b ! ,fr5* use ! metric sy/em4 ,?is fact means t !re 0 n a s+le /&>d ,am]ican drill1 ream]1 tap1 die1 or o!r ma*9e-%op tool t w\ld accurately produce ! result call$ = by a ,fr5* ordnance draw+ 9 ! metric sy/em4 ,moreov]1 ! ,fr5* /&>ds = metal /ocks1 %eets1 plates1 angles1 ,i-beams1 rivet holes1 & rivet spac+ are f> diff]5t f ,am]ican /&>ds4 ,x 0 discov]$ t complete ,fr5* draw+s 7 9 num]\s cases nonexi/5t1 ! ,fr5* practice rely+ = small details ^u ! memory & skill ( its artisans4 ,b ev5 :5 ! complete draw+s 7 obta9$1 !n ! ,am]ican ordnance eng9e] 0 confront$ ) ! *oice ( ei!r revolutioniz+ ! ma*9+ indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by *ang+ ov] its entire equipm5t to con=m to ! metric sy/em1 or else ( do+ :at 0 done--namely1 translat+ ! ,fr5* designs into t]ms ( /&>d ,am]ican %op practice1 a process :i* 9 num]\s cases requir$ weeks & ev5 mon?s ( "t on ! "p ( :ole /affs ( exp]ts work+ at high t5sion4 ,nor d ! ,fr5* "k ! ,am]ican quantity-production me?ods4 ,! ,fr5* artisan sees always ! f9i%$ article1 & he is giv5 discretion 9 ! f9al dim5sions ( p>ts & 9 ! fitt+ & assembl+ ( !m4 ,b ! ,am]ican me*anic sees only ! "p 9 :i* he is a speciali/ 9 ma*9+1 work+ ) /rict tol]ances & produc+ pieces :i* require little or no fitt+ 9 ! assembl+ room4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ! translat+ ( ,fr5* plans x 0 necess>y to put into !m :at !y nev] _h be=e1 namely1 rigid tol]ances & exact measurem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #a4 ,,exp5diture ,,( ,,artill]y ,,ammunition ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,battles4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ye>4,battle4 ,days' ,army4 ,r\nds ( artill]y ammunition duration4 exp5d$4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ahfc;,*ickamauga #b ,union #g1cbe #ahfc;,gettysburg #c ,union #cb1gha #ahgj,/4 ,privat #a ,g]man #ci1jjj #aijd,nan ,%an #a ,japanese #cd1jdg #aijd,liao ,yang #i ,russian #acd1djj #aijd,%a ,ho #i ,russian #bgd1cjj #aiae,neuve #ac ,briti% #aig1jjj ,*apelle #aiae,s\*es #ba ,fr5* #cjj1jjj #aiaf,somme #cg ,briti% #d1jjj1jjj #aiag,mess9es #cg ,briti% #b1gec1jjj ,ridge #aiah,/4 ,mihiel #bd ,unit$ #a1jih1bag ,/ates ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a ,artill]y prep>ation la/$ #ce m9utes4 #b ,artill]y prep>ation la/$ #d h\rs4 #c ,artill]y prep>ation int]mitt5t #g days4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ developm5ts ( ! pres5t w> has be5 ! great increase 9 ! use ( artill]y to prec$e infantry action 9 battle4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by a comp>ison ( ! exp5diture ( artill]y ammunition 9 *>act]i/ic battles ( rec5t w>s ) t 9 important battles ( ! pres5t w>4 ,! special features ( ! sev]al battles %\ld be kept 9 m9d4 ,*ickamauga 0 f\ght 9 a heavily wood$ region2 ,gettysburg & ,/4 ,privat ov] op5 f>m l&4 ,! latt] battles1 toge!r ) ,nan ,%an1 & all ! battles ( ! pres5t w> consid]$ bel[1 involv$ artill]y prep>ation = assault ^u armies 9 def5sive position4 ,! exp5ditures1 !re=e1 are r\ghly comp>able4 ,! high m>k ( ! use ( artill]y 9 (f5sive battle 0 rea*$ at ! ,somme & ,mess9es ,ridge1 be=e ! effective use ( tanks 0 develop$4 ,:5 an army ( #ajj1jjj m5 exp&s & becomes an army ( #c1jjj1jjj1 x becomes a job j #cj times bigg] to fe$ ! #c1jjj1jjj ?an x 0 to fe$ ! #ajj1jjj4 ,a soldi] ( a campaign+ army eats no m ?an a soldi] ( a quiet milit>y po/4 ,! same is true approximately 9 ! case ( clo?+ an army4 ,b ! army's consumption ( ammunition 9 "t ( w> is f> out ( proportion to its num]ical expansion to meet ! w> em]g5cy4 ,= in/ance1 an ,army ma*9e gun 9 "t ( peace might fire #f1jjj r\nds 9 practice dur+ ! ye>4 ,?is 0 ! /&>d quantity ( c>tridges provid$ 9 peace4 ,yet x is necess>y to provide = a s+le ma*9e gun on ! field 9 su* a w> z ! rec5t "o #bhh1hge r\nds ( ammunition dur+ its fir/ ye> ( op]ation1 ?is figure includ+ ! initial /ock & ! res]ve supply z well z ! actual numb] ( r\nds fir$4 ,?us ! ma*9e gun ( w> increases its appetite1 s to speak1 = ammunition #d1gjj p] c5t 9 ! fir/ ye> ( fight+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #b4 ,,rates ,,( ,,artill]y ,,fire ,,p] ,,gun ,,p] ,,day ,,9 ,,rec5t ,,w>s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,w>4 ,army4 ,approximate r\nds p] gun p] day4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ahed-ahef1 ,crimean ,briti% & ,fr5* #de #ahei1 ,italian ,au/rian 4#c #ahfa-ahfe1 ,civil ,union #d #ahff1 ,au/ro-,prussian ,au/rian #b4b ,prussian 4#h #ahgj-ga1 ,franco-,prussian,g]man #ea4a #aijd-e1 ,russo-,japanese ,russian #d #aiab-ac1 ,balkan ,bulg>ian #g ,,pres5t ,,w> ,septemb]1 #aiad ,fr5* #eh ,jan4 #a-,oct4 #a1 #aiah ,italian #eh ,jan4 #a-,nov4 #aa1 #aiah ,unit$ ,/ates #ecj ,jan4 #a-,nov4 #aa1 #aiah ,fr5* #ecd ,jan4 #a-,nov4 #aa1 #aiah ,briti% #ece ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #d ,siege ( ,seba/opol4 #e ,field gun ammunition only4 ,! rates are bas$ ^u total exp5diture & av]age numb] ( guns 9 ! h&s ( field armies = ! p]iod ( ! w>s4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! heavy exp5diture ( artill]y ammunition 9 ! pres5t z comp>$ ) o!r mod]n w>s c be attribut$ to ! increas$ rate ( fire made possible by improv$ me?ods ( supply 9 ! field & by ! rapid-fire guns n[ 9 use4 ,9 w>s f\ght be=e ! introduction ( quick-fir+ field guns1 f\r or five r\nds p] day 0 ! greate/ av]age rate4 ,ev5 ?is 0 rea*$ only 9 ! siege ( ,seba/opol1 :]e armies 7 /ation>y & supply by wat] 0 easy1 & 9 ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>1 :i* 0 *>act]iz$ by advanc$ tactical developm5ts4 ,! guns ( ! alli$ armies 9 ,france fir$ ?r\gh\t ! ye> #aiah at a rate ab\t sev5 times great] ?an ^! previ\sly high rates4 ,9 ! case ( l>g] weapons ! increase 9 ammunition consumption is ev5 m />tl+4 ,prior to #aiag ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t allott$ to ea* #c-;in* field gun #abe r\nds ( ammunition p] ye> = practice fir+4 ,ammunition = ! #ge-millimet] guns 7! #c-;in* equival5t7 0 be+ produc$ to meet an e/imat$ supply ( #bb1gej r\nds = ea* gun 9 a s+le ye>1 or an increas$ consumption ( ammunition 9 w> ov] peace ( #ah1ajj p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #c4 ,,exp5diture ,,( ,,artill]y ,,ammunition ,,9 ,,rec5t ,,w>s4 ,,pa/ ,,w>s ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,"o ,,mon? ,,( ,,pres5t ,,w>4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,ye>4 ,w>4 ,army4 ,r\nds exp5d$ dur+ w>4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #ahei ,italian ,au/rian #ae1cbf #ahfa-ahfe;,civil ,union #e1jjj1jjj #ahff ,au/ro-,prussian,prussian #cf1aii ,au/rian #if1dgb #ahgj-ga ,franco-,prussian,g]man #hag1jjj #aijd-e ,russo-,japanese ,russian #ied1jjj #aiab-ac ,balkan ,bulg>ian #gjj1jjj #aiah ,pres5t ,briti% ,9 "o & mon?4#f ,fr5* #ab1gaj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,exp5ditures ,,= ,,"o ,,ye>1 ,,civil ,,& ,,pres5t ,,w>s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #ahfdg ,civil ,union #a1iej1jjj #aiahh ,pres5t ,unit$ #h1ajj1jjj ,/ates #aiahh ,pres5t ,briti% #ga1dde1jjj #aiahh ,pres5t ,fr5* #ha1jgj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #f ,av]age1 ye> end$ ,nov4 #aj1 #aiah4 #g ,ye> end$ ,june #cj1 #ahfd4 #h ,ye> end$ ,nov4 #aj1 #aiah4 ,! indu/rial ef=t necess>y to ma9ta9 mod]n armies 9 action may be measur$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by _! exp5diture ( artill]y ammunition4 ,european w>s ( ! pa/ #ajj ye>s 7 = ! mo/ "p decid$ be=e peace-"t res]ves _h be5 exhau/$4 ,! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>1 h[ev]1 requir$ = its decision an indu/rial mobilization at t "t unprec$5t$1 :i*1 l ! use 9 t w> ( intr5*m5ts by field armies1 0 m truly indicative ( ! tr5d ( mod]n w>f>e ?an 7 ! conditions ( ! m rec5t ,european w>s4 ,?us :5 a peace army ( #ajj1jjj becomes a w> army ( #c1jjj1jjj its ammunition consumption becomes n #cj times great]1 b any:]e f #dh to #ahb times #cj times great]--an increase f> out ( proportion to its increase 9 ! consumption ( food1 clo?+1 or o!r /&>d supplies4 ,mod]n inv5tion has made possible & mod]n practice has put into effect a greatly augm5t$ use ( ammunition4 ,figures #a1 #b1 & #c %[ graphically h[ ammunition exp5diture has increas$ 9 mod]n times4 ,ano!r circum/ance t complicat$ ! ordnance problem 0 ! increas+ t5d5cy ?r\gh\t ! great w> to use m & m ! me*anical or ma*9e me?ods ( fight+ z oppos$ to ! old] & simpl] =ms 9 :i* ! human or animal factor ent]$ to a great] ext5t4 ,at ! "t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! w> ! regulations prescrib$ #ej ma*9e guns z ! equipm5t = an infantry division4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ! /&>d equipm5t ( a division call$ = #bfj heavy ma*9e guns & #gfh light automatic rifles4 ,( ! heavy ma*9e guns ) a division1 only #afh 7 suppos$ to be 9 active s]vice1 ! rema9d] be+ 9 res]ve or 9 use = antiaircraft "w4 ,h[ev]1 ! comp>ison 9 ! two /&>ds ( equipm5t %[s ! t5d5cy t[>d ma*9e me?ods 9 ! :olesale kill+ ( mod]n w>f>e & indicates ! fre% dem&s made ^u ! ordnance organization to procure ?is additional ma*9]y ( dea?4 ,moreov]1 :5 ! fight+ came to an end ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 0 on ! po9t ( add+ to its regim5tal & divisional equipm5t a fur!r l>ge numb] ( automatic rifles4 ,! day ( ! horse 0 pass+ 9 ! great w> z f> z 8 connection ) ! mobile artill]y 0 conc]n$1 & ! gasol9e motor 0 tak+ 8 place1 ?is t5d5cy be+ accel]at$ p>ticul>ly by ,am]ica1 ! greate/ nation ( all 9 automotivity4 ,trucks & tractors to pull ! guns1 motor ammunition trucks displac+ ! old horse-drawn caissons & limb]s1 ev5 self-propell+ plat=ms = ! l>g] field guns1 ) track lay+ or cat]pill> m\nts supply+ n only mobility = ! gun b aim+ facilities z well2 ^! 7 ! fre% developm5ts4 ,"s ( ^! improvem5ts 7 produc$ & put 9 ! field1 ! o!rs 7 "u developm5t at ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,! :ole t5d5cy t[>d motorization s]v$ to complicate ordnance production 9 ?is c\ntry1 n only 9 ! supply ( ! weapons & traction devices !mselves1 b 9 ! production ( increas$ supplies ( ammunition1 s9ce ^! improvem5ts also t5d$ to increase ! rapidity ) :i* bullets & %ell 7 consum$4 ,! total co/ ( ! ordnance alone requir$ to equip ! fir/ #e1jjj1jjj ,am]icans call$ to arms 0 e/imat$ to be betwe5 #ab1jjj1jjj1jjj & #ac1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,?is 0 equal to ab\t half ( all ! money appropriat$ by ,congresses ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! fir/ ,cont95tal ,congress d[n to our decl>ation ( w> aga9/ ,g]many1 out ( :i* appropriations _h be5 paid ! co/ ( e w> we ev] _h1 includ+ ! ,civil ,w>1 & ! :ole enorm\s exp5ses ( ! ,gov]nm5t 9 e (ficial activity ( #adj ye>s4 ,to equip ) ordnance an army ( ?is size 9 ! p]iod project$ meant ! exp5diture ( money at a rate :i* w\ld build a ,panama ,canal complete e #cj days4 ,above are sket*$ "s ( ! difficulties ( ! situation4 ,9 our favor we _h ! greate/ indu/rial organization 9 ! _w1 eng9e]+ skill to rank ) any1 a race ( p traditionally v]satile 9 apply+ ! =ces ( ma*9]y to ! ne$s ( mank9d1 inv5tive g5ius :i* c\ld mat* its accompli%m5ts ) ^? ( ! re/ ( ! _w add$ toge!r1 a capacity = organization t prov$ to be a/oni%+ly effective 9 su* an ef=t z ! nation made 9 #aiag & #aiah1 enorm\s /ores ( raw mat]ials1 ! c\ntry be+ m ne>ly self-suffici5t 9 ?is respect ?an any o!r nation ( ! globe1 magnific5t facilities ( inl& transportation1 a va/ body ( skill$ me*anics1 & a selective-s]vice law design$ to take = ! ,army m5 noness5tial to ! ,nation's indu/rial ef=ts = w> & to leave 9 ! work%ops ! m5 ^: skill c\ld n be )drawn )\t subtract+ some:at f ! national /ore ( indu/rial ability4 ,x only rema9s to sket* 9 swift outl9es some?+ ( ! accompli%m5ts ( ! ,am]ican ordnance ef=t4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t ^? projects ( ! ordnance program to :i* 7 assign$ ! %ort] "t limits 7 mo/ successful4 ,!re nev] 0 a "t :5 ! production ( smokeless p[d] & high explosives 0 n suffici5t = our own requirem5ts1 ) l>ge quantities left ov] = bo? ,france & ,engl&4 ,am]ica 9 #ai mon?s ( developm5t built ov] #b1ejj1jjj %\ld] rifles1 a quantity great] ?an t produc$ ei!r by ,engl& or by ,france 9 ! same p]iod1 al?\gh bo? ^? c\ntries 9 ,april1 #aiag1 at ! "t :5 we />t$1 _h _! rifle production already 9 a high /age ( developm5t4 7,see fig4 #d47 ,h[ev]1 ! ,franco-,briti% production ( rifles dropp$ 9 rate 9 #aiah because !re 0 no long] ne$ = orig9al rifle equipm5t = new troops4 ,9 ! #ai mon?s ( w> ,am]ican factories produc$ ov] #b1hgi1jjj1jjj r\nds ( rifle & ma*9e-gun ammunition4 ,?is 0 some:at less ?an ! production 9 ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! same p]iod & some:at less ?an t ( ,france2 b ,am]ica began ! ef=t f a /&+ />t1 & 9 ! latt] "p ( ! w> 0 turn+ out ammunition at a mon?ly rate twice t ( ,france & some:at high] ?an t ( ,great ,brita94 7,see fig4 #d47 ,betwe5 ,april #f1 #aiag1 & ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 ,am]ica produc$ z _m ma*9e guns & automatic rifles z ,great ,brita9 did 9 ! same p]iod & #ha p] c5t ( ! numb] produc$ by ,france2 :ile at ! end ( ! ef=t ,am]ica 0 build+ ma*9e guns & ma*9e rifles ne>ly ?ree times z rapidly z ,great ,brita9 & m ?an twice z fa/ z ,france4 7,fig4 #d47 ,:5 x is consid]$ t a long "t mu/ elapse be=e ma*9e-gun factories c be equipp$ ) ! necess>y ma*9e tools & fixtures1 ! ef=t ( ,am]ica 9 ?is respect may be fairly appreciat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #d4 ,,production ,,( ,,rifles1 ,,ma*9e ,,guns1 ,,& ,,ammunition1 ,,france ,,& ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,great ,,brita94 ,,av]age ,,mon?ly ,,rate1 ,,july1 ,,augu/1 ,,& ,,septemb]1 #aiah4 ,ma*9e guns & ma*9e rifles3 ,p] c5t ( rate = ,great ,brita94 ,great ,brita9 #aj1idg #ajj ,france #ab1abf #aaa ,unit$ ,/ates #bg1bgj #bdi ,rifles3 ,great ,brita9 #aab1hba #ajj ,france #dj1ebb #cf ,unit$ ,/ates #bcc1efb #bjg ,rifle & ma*9e-gun ammunition3 ,great ,brita9 #bei1gfi1jjj #ajj ,france #aci1hde1jjj #ed ,unit$ ,/ates #bgg1hid1jjj #ajg ,,total ,,production1 ,,april #f1 #aiag1 ,,to ,,novemb] #aa1 #aiah ,ma*9e guns & ma*9e rifles3 ,p] c5t ( rate = ,great ,brita94 ,great ,brita9 #aha1djd #ajj ,france #bbi1bhh #abf ,unit$ ,/ates #aha1ffb #ajj ,rifles3 ,great ,brita9 #a1iga1gfd #ajj ,france #a1daf1jef #gb ,unit$ ,/ates #b1ejf1gdb #abg ,rifle & ma*9e-gun ammunition3 ,great ,brita9 #c1dhf1abg1jjj #ajj ,france #b1ihc1fge1jjj #hf ,unit$ ,/ates #b1hgi1adh1jjj #hc ,briti% & ,fr5* production ( rifles dur+ #aiah 0 at a l[] rate ?an _h be5 atta9$ because !re 0 no long] ne$ = orig9al equipm5t ( troops4 ,prior to ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 ,am]ica produc$ 9 ! #ge-millimet] size alone ab\t #d1bej1jjj high-explosive %ell1 ov] #ejj1jjj gas %ell1 & ov] #g1bej1jjj %rapnel4 ,( ! high-explosive %ell produc$ #b1gce1jjj 7 %ipp$ to ,france up to ,novemb] #ae1 #aiah4 ,9 all #h1ejj1jjj r\nds ( %ell ( ?is calib] 7 float$--ne>ly two-?irds ( x be+ %rapnel4 ,am]ican troops on ! l9e exp5d$ a total ( #f1bej1jjj r\nds ( #ge-millimet] ammunition1 l>gely high-explosive %ell ( ,fr5* manufacture drawn f ! ,franco-,am]ican ammunition pool4 ,am]ican high-explosive %ell 7 te/$ 9 ,france by ! ,fr5* ordnance exp]ts & approv$ = use by ! ,fr5* artill]y j be=e ! armi/ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,munitions ,,build+1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,! ,l9coln ,memorial & ! ,potomac ,riv] 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,p>k ,,( ,,am]ican-,,built #aee-,,millimet] ,,h[itz]s ,,at ,,ab]de5 ,,prov+ ,,gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican-,,built ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 #aee-,,millimet] ,,guns ,,/or$ ,,at ,,ab]de5 ,,prov+ ,,gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,guns ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,sorts ,,& ,,sizes ,,return$ ,,f ,,france ,,by ,,am]ican ,,exp$ition>y ,,=ces ,,j ,,z ,,!y ,,7 ,,unload$ ,,f ,,tra9 ,,at ,,ab]de54 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican-,,built ,,ordnance ,,mat]ial1 ,,p>k$ ,,on ,,ab]de5 ,,prov+ ,,gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican-,,built ,,ordnance ,,/ores ,,at ,,ab]de5 ,,prov+ ,,gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,p>k ,,( ,,am]ican-,,built ,,caissons1 ,,back ,,f ,,france1 ,,at ,,ab]de5 ,,prov+ ,,gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>g+ ,,floor ,,( ,,an ,,op5-,,he>? ,,furnace4 ,! *>g+ floor ( an op5-he>? furnace build+1 %[+ two furnaces on ! side into :i* ! raw mat]ials are *>g$4 ,ea* ( ^! furnaces is #ge feet long & #ae feet wide1 & ! melt$ /eel lies 9 a %all[ ba? inside ! ?ree doors1 into "o ( :i* ! man is look+4 ,! pool or ba?1 z x is t]m$1 is #cc feet long by #ab feet wide & approximately #b feet deep1 weighs approximately #fj tons1 & is compos$ ( pig iron & well-select$ scrap /eel f previ\s op]ations1 :i* are plac$ 9 ! furnace ?r\gh ! ?ree doors %[n1 ! furnace be+ all ! "t at a temp]ature s high t ! nak$ eye may n look )9 ! furnace1 b mu/ be protect$ ) blue glass or smok$ glass1 exactly z :5 look+ at ! noonday sun4 ,! eye c see no?+ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! ba? 9 :i* ! /eel is be+ melt$ & ref9$1 due to ! exce$+ly high temp]ature1 :i* gives a light z :ite z t ( ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #e4 ,,production ,,( ,,artill]y ,,ammunition1 ,,france ,,& ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,great ,,brita94 ,types = use 9 ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 ,,mon?ly ,,rate ,,at ,,end ,,( ,,w>4 ,unfill$ r\nds3 ,p] c5t ( rate = ,great ,brita94 ,great ,brita9 #g1gdh1jjj #ajj ,france #f1ffa1jjj #hf ,unit$ ,/ates #g1jdd1jjj #ia ,complete r\nds3 ,great ,brita9 #g1cdg1jjj #ajj ,france #g1fch1jjj #ajd ,unit$ ,/ates #b1gab1jjj #cg ,,total ,,production1 ,,april #a1 #aiag1 ,,to ,,novemb] #aa1 #aiah4 ,unfill$ r\nds3 ,p] c5t ( rate = ,great ,brita94 ,great ,brita9 #ach1ceg1jjj #ajj ,france #aef1agj1jjj #aac ,unit$ ,/ates #ch1fbc1jjj #bh ,complete r\nds3 ,great ,brita9 #aba1gci1jjj #ajj ,france #adi1hbg1jjj #abc ,unit$ ,/ates #ag1bfj1jjj #ad ,9 artill]y ammunition r\nds ( all calib]s ,am]ica at ! end ( ! w> 0 turn+ out unfill$ %ell fa/] ?an ! ,fr5* & ne>ly z fa/ z ! ,briti%2 b1 due to ! %ortage 9 adapt]s & boo/]s1 a %ortage rapidly be+ ov]come at ! end ( ! w>1 ! rate ( production ( complet$ r\nds 0 only ab\t "o-?ird t ( ei!r ,great ,brita9 or ,france4 ,9 total production dur+ h] #ai mon?s ( bellig]5cy ,am]ica turn$ out m ?an "o-qu>t] z _m unfill$ r\nds z ,great ,brita9 did 9 ! same "t & ab\t "o-qu>t] z _m z came f ! ,fr5* munition plants4 ,9 complet$ r\nds alone did ,am]ica lag f> beh9d ! records ( ! two pr9cipal allies dur+ #aiag & #aiah4 7,fig4 #e47 ,! production ( complet$ r\nds ( artill]y ammunition 0 ga9+ rapidly1 beg9n+ ) ! e>ly summ] ( #aiah1 & 9 ! mon? ( ,octob] 0 approa*+ half ! rate ( manufacture 9 ,great ,brita9 or 9 ,france4 ,figure #f %[s graphically ! rate at :i* ! artill]y ammunition deliv]ies 7 exp&+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #f4 ,,complete ,,r\nds ,,( ,,artill]y ,,ammunition ,,produc$ ,,= ,,! ,,army ,,ea* ,,mon? ,,dur+ #aiah 7,,figures ,,9 ,,?\s&s ,,( ,,r\nds74 ,jan4 #acj ,feb4 #ach ,m>4 #ejj ,apr4 #ijf ,may4 #ajcd ,june4 #acai ,july4 #ajea ,aug4 #aihd ,sept4 #bedh ,oct4 #cjbf ,nov4 #begj ,dec4 #bjbd ,9 artill]y prop] ! w> end$ too soon = ,am]ican indu/ry to arrive at a great production basis4 ,! production ( heavy ordnance units is necess>ily a long & ardu\s ef=t ev5 :5 plants are 9 exi/5ce & me*anical =ces are tra9$ 9 ! "w4 ,am]ica 9 l>ge "p _h to build h] ordnance indu/ry f ! gr\nd up--build+s1 ma*9]y1 & all--& to recruit & tra9 ! work+ =ces aft] t4 ,! national exp]i5ce 9 artill]y production 9 ! great w> mo/ l our own 0 t ( ,great ,brita91 :o />t$ 9 f scrat*1 ev5 z we did4 ,x is int]e/+1 !n1 to "k h[ ,great ,brita9 exp&$ h] artill]y indu/ry1 & ! te/imony ( ! ,briti% m9i/ry ( munitions may ?r[ a new light on our own ef=ts 9 ?is respect4 ,9 discuss+ artill]y 9 ! w> ! ,briti% m9i/ry ( munitions issu$ a /atem5t f :i* ! foll[+ is an exc]pt3 ,x is v difficult to say h[ long x 0 be=e ! ,briti% army 0 ?or\ghly equipp$ ) artill]y & ammunition4 ,! ultimate size ( ! army aim$ at 0 cont9ually increas$ dur+ ! fir/ ?ree ye>s ( ! w>1 s t ! ordnance requirem5ts 7 cont9ually increas+4 ,x is probably true to say t ! equipm5t ( ! army z plann$ 9 ! e>ly summ] ( #aiae 0 complet$ by ,septemb]1 #aiaf4 ,z a result1 h[ev]1 ( ! battle ( ,v]dun & ! e>ly /ages ( ! battle ( ! ,somme1 a great *ange 0 made 9 ! /&>d ( equipm5t p] division ( ! army1 foll[$ by fur!r increases 9 ,septemb]1 #aiaf4 ,! army 0 n completely equipp$ on ?is new scale until spr+1 #aiah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #g4 ,,complete ,,units ,,( ,,mobile ,,artill]y ,,produc$ ,,= ,,! ,,army ,,ea* ,,mon? ,,dur+ #aiah4 ,jan4 #gc ,feb4 #fh ,m>4 #hi ,apr4 #hf ,may4 #gf ,june4 #ajf ,july4 #he ,aug4 #ahj ,sept4 #bga ,oct4 #dfe ,nov4 #bff ,dec4 #bgi ,?us x took ,engl& ?ree & a half ye>s to equip h] army completely ) artill]y & ammunition on ! scale call$ = at ! end ( ! w>4 ,on ?is basis ,am]ica1 :5 ! armi/ice came1 _h two ye>s be=e h] to equal ! record ( ,great ,brita9 9 ?is respect4 ,z to ! production ( gun bodies ready = m\nt+1 ! atta9m5ts ( ,am]ican ordnance 7 m /rik+4 ,at ! end ( ! fight+ ,am]ica _h pass$ ! ,briti% rate ( production & 0 approa*+ t ( ! ,fr5*4 ,9 totals = ! :ole w> p]iod 7,apr4 #f1 #aiag1 to ,nov4 #aa1 #aiah7 ! ,am]ican production ( gun bodies c\ld sc>cely be comp>$ ) ei!r t ( ! ,briti% or t ( ! ,fr5*1 ?is due to ! fact t x requir$ _m mon?s to build up ! =g+ plants be=e production c\ld g ahead4 ,9 complet$ artill]y units ! ,am]ican rate ( production at ! end ( ! w> 0 rapidly approa*+ bo? t ( ! ,briti% & t ( ! ,fr5*4 ,9 total production ( complete units 9 ! #ai mon?s ( w>1 ,am]ican ordnance turn$ out ab\t "o-qu>t] z _m z came f ! ,briti% ordnance plants & less ?an "o-fif? z _m z ! ,fr5* produc$ 9 ! same p]iod4 ,figure #h repres5ts visually ,am]ica's comp>ative p]=mances 9 ! production ( gun bodies & complete artill]y units4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #h4 ,,production ,,( ,,artill]y1 ,,france ,,& ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,great ,,brita94 ,,av]age ,,mon?ly ,,rate ,,at ,,end ,,( ,,w>4 ,gun bodies 7new73 ,p] c5t ( rate = ,great ,brita94 ,great ,brita9 #hjb #ajj ,france #a1ach #adb ,unit$ ,/ates #hcb #ajd ,complete units3 ,great ,brita9 #dhf #ajj ,france #fei #acf ,unit$ ,/ates #dab #he ,,total ,,production1 ,,april #a1 #aiag1 ,,to ,,novemb] #aa1 #aiah4 ,gun bodies 7new73 ,p] c5t ( rate = ,great ,brita94 ,great ,brita9 #aa1heb #ajj ,france #ai1dib #afd ,unit$ ,/ates #d1bge #cf ,complete units3 ,great ,brita9 #h1jfe #ajj ,france #aa1jef #acg ,unit$ ,/ates #b1jjh #be ,/ress has sometimes be5 laid ^u ! fact t ! ,am]ican ,army 0 requir$ to pur*ase consid]able artill]y & o!r supplies abroad1 ! latt] includ+ airplanes1 motor trucks1 food & clo?+1 & num]\s o!r mat]ials4 ,yet1 balanc$ aga9/ ?is fact is t e "t we sp5t a doll> ) ! alli$ gov]nm5ts = ordnance1 we sold ordnance1 or mat]ials = conv]sion into munitions to ! alli$ gov]nm5ts to ! value ( five doll>s4 ,! int]alli$ ordnance agreem5t provid$ t c]ta9 munitions plants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld cont9ue to furni% supplies to ! allies1 & t additional plants = ! allies %\ld be built up & fo/]$ by u4 ,?us1 :ile we 7 pur*as+ artill]y & ammunition f ! allies we 7 %ipp+ to !m great quantities ( raw mat]ials1 half-complet$ p>ts1 & completely assembl$ units1 & su* w>-"t commodities z p[d] & explosives1 =g+s = cannon & o!r heavy devices1 motors1 & /ructural /eel4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! ordnance balance %eet betwe5 ,am]ica & ! alli$ gov]nm5ts3 ,pur*ase & sales f ,apr4 #f1 #aiag1 to ,nov4 #aa1 #aiah4 ,pur*ases3 ,by ,army ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t f #dej1bcd1bef4he ,alli$ gov]nm5ts ,sales3 ,by ,army ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t to ,alli$ gov]nm5ts #bjj1faf1djb4jj ,by ,unit$ ,/ates manufactur]s o!r ?an ,army ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t to ,alli$ gov]nm5ts #b1jid1ghg1ihd4jj ---------------- ,total #b1bie1djd1chf4jj ,! cr$it = ! ordnance record c n g m]ely to ^? m5 :o wore ! uni=m & 7 "p ( ! ordnance organization4 ,r x is due to ,am]ican sci5ce1 eng9e]+1 & indu/ry1 all ( :i* comb9$ _! be/ tal5ts to make ! ordnance developm5t wor?y ( ,am]ica's greatness4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,gun ,,production4 ,! sole use ( a gun is to ?r[ a projectile4 ,! e>lie/ projectile 0 a /one ?r[n by ! h& & arm ( man--ei!r 9 an attack ^u an enemy or ^u a bea/ t 0 be+ hunt$ = food4 ,bo? ( ^! uses ( ?r[n projectiles p]si/ to ?is day1 & dur+ all "t1 f prehi/oric days until n[1 e man :o _h a projectile to ?r[ 0 /eadily seek+ = a long] range & a heavi] projectile4 ,! man :o c\ld ?r[ ! heavie/ /one ! longe/ di/ance 0 ! mo/ p[]fully arm$4 ,9 ! ,biblical battle betwe5 ,david & ,golia?1 ! arm ( ,david 0 /r5g!n$ & l5g!n$ by a lea!r sl+ ( v simple con/ruction4 ,mu* practice _h giv5 ! "y %eph]d muscul> /r5g? & direction1 & 8 long] arm & /raight] aim gave him p[] to ov]come 8 m heavily arm$ adv]s>y4 ,lat]1 ma*9es 7 develop$ aft] ! fa%ion ( a crossb[ m\nt$ ^u a small wood5 c>riage :i* usually 0 a holl[$ tr\gh op5 on top & ^u :i* a heavy /one 0 laid4 ,! ?ong ( ! crossb[ 0 drawn by a p[]ful screw op]at$ by man p[]1 & ! crossb[ arrangem5t :5 releas$ w\ld ?r[ a /one weigh+ _m p\nds q a di/ance ov] ! walls ( a besieg$ city or f su* walls into ! camps & ranks ( ! besieg]s4 ,?is aga9 0 an attempt by me*anical means to develop & l5g!n ! /roke ( ! arm & ! weight ( ! projectile4 ,) ! developm5t ( explosives1 :i* 0 mu* e>li] ?an _m p suppose1 !re came a /ill great] range & weight ( projectile ?r[n1 al?\gh ! fir/ guns 7 compos$ ( /aves ( wood fitt$ toge!r & hoop$ up l a long1 sl5d] b>rel1 w\nd ) wet ra:ide 9 _m folds1 :i*1 :5 dri$1 ex]t$ a compressive =ce ^u ! /aves ( ! b>rel exactly z d ! /eel hoops ( b>rels us$ 9 ord9>y comm]cial life to-day4 ,?is1 ! fir/ gun1 suffic$ = a long :ile until ! age ( iron came4 ,& !n ! same pr9ciple ( gun con/ruction 0 foll[$ z is se5 9 t hi/orical gun1 ! ,mons ,meg1 9 ! ca/le at ,ed9burgh4 ,! b>rel ( t gun is made ( squ>e b>s ( iron1 plac$ l5g?wise1 & simil> b>s ( iron 7 wrapp$ hot ar\nd ! /aves to conf9e !m 9 place & to give m resi/+ p[] ?an 0 possible ) ! wood5 /aves & ! ra:ide hoop+4 ,?us1 all dur+ ! age ( iron1 gun developm5t w5t /eadily =w>d4 ,e milit>y p[] 0 always /riv+ by ! aid ( its be/ eng9e]s1 design]s1 & manufactur]s to get a /rong] gun1 ei!r ) or )\t a heavi] projectile1 b 9 e case /riv+ = great] p[]4 ,z a special developm5t we f9d 9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 ! n[ fam\s long-range gun ( ! ,g]mans1 :i* 0 at t "t tra9$ ^u ,p>is1 :]e x successfully deliv]$ a %ell approximately #i in*es 9 diamet]1 punctually e #bj m9utes = a good "p ( ea* day until ! gun 0 worn out4 ,?is occurr$ aft] a comp>atively small numb] ( %ots1 probably n m ?an #ge 9 all4 ,! rapid we>+ out 0 due to ! imm5se dem&s ( ! long range ^u ! mat]ial ( ! gun4 ,! ,g]mans 9 ! %ell+ ( ,p>is us$ ?ree ( ^! long-range weapons & #ahc %ells are kn[n to h fall5 9 ! city4 ,! ,g]mans evid5tly calculat$ ) great c>e & exp]i5ce ^u ! factors lead+ up to ?is fam\s long-range type ( gun1 :i* _h an effective %oot+ di/ance ( approximately #ge miles1 :i* range1 9 ! op9ion ( our exp]ts1 x is n[ q easy = an exp]i5c$ design] & manufactur] to equal & excel at w4 ,9 fact1 "o w\ld hesitate to place a limit ^u ! l5g? ( range t c\ld be a*iev$ by a gun t x is n[ possible to design & build4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note t ! great ,fr5* ordnance works at ,le ,creusot 9 #ahib produc$ ! fir/ kn[n & well-au!nticat$ long-range gun1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ f ! design ( a #ab-;in* gun1 b bor$ d[n to ?r[ a #f-;in* projectile4 ,& in/ead ( ! usual #h miles expect$ f ! flight ( a #f-;in* %ell ?is e>ly ,creusot long-range gun gave a range ( approximately #ba miles ) a #f-;in* projectile1 us+ a #ab-;in* gun's p[d] *>ge4 ,closely connect$ ) ! developm5t ( ! gun itself1 & a necess>y elem5t ( ! gun's successful use1 is ! requirem5t t ! weapon itself be easily transport$ f po9t to po9t1 :]e its available range & capacity = ?r[+ ! projectile c be made ( maximum use4 ,?is requires a gun c>riage :i* has )9 itself v>i\s functions1 ! prim>y "o be+ to e/abli% ! gun 9 ! desir$ position :]e x c be made mo/ effective aga9/ ! enemy4 ,!n1 too1 ! gun c>riage mu/ h /ability 9 ord] to )/&1 absorb1 & c>e = ! enorm\s recoil en]gies let loose by ! fir+ ( ! gun4 ,x is obvi\s t ! =ce :i* propels ! projectile =w>d is equal to ! react+ =ce to ! re>1 & 9 ord] to c>e =1 absorb1 & di/ribute to ! e>? ?is react+ =ce to ! re> ! c>riage mu/ h )9 itself "s v peculi> & important prop]ties4 ,to ?is end !re is provid$ :at is kn[n z a brake :i* p]mits ! gun1 ^u ! mom5t ( fir+1 to slide backw>d bodily )9 ! controll+ app>atus m\nt$ ^u a fix$ c>riage4 ,! slid+ ( ! :ole gun to ! re> by means ( ! me*anism ( ! brake is controll$1 z to spe$ & "t1 by spr+s1 by compress$ air1 by compress$ oil1 etc41 ei!r all toge!r or 9 comb9ations ( two or ?ree ( ^! ag5cies2 s t ! :ole recoil en]gy is absorb$ & ! re>w>d action ( ! gun br\ght to re/ 9 a fraction ( a second & 9 b a v few in*es ( travel4 ,! /ra9s are di/ribut$ f ! recoil me*anism to ! fix$ portion ( ! c>riage t is necess>ily an*or$ to ! gr\nd by means ( spades1 :i* ! recoil =ce ( ea* %ot sets m firmly into ! gr\nd1 s t ! :ole app>atus is ?us /eadily held 9 place = successive %ots4 ,9 mobile artill]y1 aga91 rapid fir+ is a prime ess5tial4 ,! #ge-millimet] gun ( mod]n manufacture is capable ( be+ fir$ at a rate 9 excess ( #bj %ots a m9ute--t is1 a %ot e #c seconds4 ,r>ely h[ev]1 is a gun s]v$ z rapidly z ?is4 ,! m usual rate ( fire is #f %ots a m9ute or #a ab\t ea* #aj seconds1 & ?is rate ( fire c be ma9ta9$ 9 ! #ge-millimet] gun ) great accuracy ov] a comp>atively long p]iod4 ,! l>g] guns are s]v$ at proportionately sl[] rates1 until z ! calib]s progress to ! #ad-;in* rifles1 :i* h be5 set up ^u railway m\nts z well z on fix$ emplacem5ts = seacoa/ def5se1 ! rate ( fire is r$uc$ to "o %ot 9 ?ree m9utes = railway m\nts1 & to "o %ot a m9ute = seacoa/ m\nts1 al?\gh ^u occasions a m rapid rate ( fire c be rea*$4 ,"u rapid fire conditions1 ! gun becomes v hot1 ow+ to ! heat g5]at$ by ! combu/ion ( ! p[d] )9 ! gun at pressures z high z #ce1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* or m1 :i* are g5]at$ at ! mom5t ( fire4 ,?is heat is communicat$ ?r\gh ! walls ( ! gun & tak5 (f by ! cool+ prop]ties ( ! air4 ,nev]!less1 ! wall ( ! gun becomes s hot t x w\ld scor* or burn a h& laid ^u x4 ,! rapid fire & heat+ ( ! gun less5s ! effective life ( ! weapon1 due to ! fact t ! hot p[d] gases react m rapidly on hot metal ?an !y d ^u cold metal2 h5ce a gun w la/ _m r\nds long] if fir$ at a sl[ rate ?an if fir$ at a rapid rate4 ,x may be helpful to keep 9 m9d ?r\gh\t t ! sole purpose ( a gun is to fire a projectile1 z 0 /at$ at ! v beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]4 ,all o!r op]ations connect$ ) ! life ( a gun1 its manufacture1 its transportation to ! place :]e x is to be us$1 its aim+1 its load+ & all its functions & op]ations are b\nd up 9 ! s+le purpose ( actually fir+ ! %ot4 ,consid] n[ = a mom5t1 ! life (1 let u say1 "o ( ! #ad-;in* guns4 ,9 ! great /eel mills x requires hundr$s & p]haps ?\s&s ( workm5 to con/itute ! =ce necess>y to h&le ! enorm\s masses ( /eel ?r\gh ! v>i\s processes :i* f9ally result 9 ! f9i%$ gun4 ,f ! fir/ op]ation 9 ! /eel mill x requires p]haps z long z #aj mon?s to produce ! gun ready = ! fir/ te/4 ,dur+ ! #aj mon?s ( manufacture ( "o ( ^! #ad-;in* rifles !re has be5 exp5d$ = ! gun & its c>riage approximately #bjj1jjj4 ,( c\rse1 :ile x requires #aj mon?s to make a f9al deliv]y ( "o gun aft] its fir/ op]ation is comm5c$1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t yet o!r guns are foll[+ 9 s]ies & t 9 a well-equipp$ ordnance factory two & p]haps ?ree guns p] mon? ( ?is k9d c be turn$ out cont9u\sly1 if requir$4 ,rememb]+ n[ t x requires #aj mon?s to produce "o su* #ad-;in* rifle & t its :ole purpose is to fire a %ot1 consid] n[ ! "t requir$ to fire ?is %ot4 ,z ! prim] is fir$ & ! p[d] *>ge ignit$ ! projectile beg9s to move =w>d 9 ! bore ( ! gun at an increas+ly rapid rate1 s t by ! "t x em]ges f ! muzzle & />ts on its err& ( dea? & de/ruction1 x has tak5 f a ?irtie? to a fiftie? ( a second 9 "t1 dep5d+ ^u c]ta9 conditions4 ,assum+ t a fiftie? ( a second has be5 tak5 up & t ! life ( a l>ge high-pressure gun at a normal rate ( fir+ is #aej %ots1 x is obvi\s !n t 9 ! actual fir+ ( ^! #aej %ots only ?ree seconds ( "t are consum$4 ,!re=e1 ! active life ( ! gun1 :i* x has tak5 #aj mon?s to build1 is b ?ree seconds long 9 ! actual p]=mance ( ! function ( ?r[+ a %ot4 ,h[ev]1 aft] ! gun has fir$ its life ( #aej %ots x is a comp>atively simple & inexp5sive matt] to bore out ! worn-out l9] & ins]t a new l9]1 ?us fitt+ ! gun aga9 = s]vice1 ) an exp5diture ( "t & money mu* less ?an w\ld be requir$ 9 ! prep>ation ( a new gun4 ,z ! size ( ! p[d] *>ge decreases1 a progressively long] life ( ! walls ( ! bore ( a gun is atta9$1 s t we h _h ! exp]i5ce ( a #ge-millimet] gun fir+ #ab1jjj r\nds )\t s]i\s effect ^u ! accuracy ( fire4 ,l>ge-calib] guns1 su* z #ab-;in* h[itz]s1 ) ! r$uc$ p[d] *>ge requir$ = ! l[] muzzle velocities employ$ 9 h[itz] attack1 h reta9$ _! accuracy ( fire aft] #aj1jjj r\nds4 ,f ! fact t :5 9 action guns are s]v$ ) ammunition1 aim$1 fir$1 & c>$ = by a crew ( m5 c>efully tra9$ to e motion involv$ 9 ! successful use ( ! gun1 x is mo/ ess5tial t ! design & ! mat]ial %all be su*1 bo? z to calculation 9 ! design & z to manufacture 9 ! mat]ial1 z w insure ! ma9t5ance ( ! morale ( ! crew t s]ves ! gun4 ,ea* man mu/ be confid5t to ! v la/ bit ( fib] 9 8 make-up t 8 gun is ! be/ gun 9 ! _w1 t x w behave prop]ly1 t x w protect him & 8 fell[ soldi]s :o are c>+ = ! welf>e ( _! c\ntry1 t x w respond accurately & well to e dem& made ^u x1 t x w n yield or bur/1 t x w n %oot wild1 b t x w 9 e respect give ! result requir$ 9 its op]ation4 ,to ?is end x has = g5]ations be5 kn[n t ! requirem5ts ( manufacture ( ordnance mat]ial1 p>ticul>ly = ! body ( ! gun1 are ( ! v highe/ ord] & call = ! f9e/ atta9able quality 9 mat]ial1 workman%ip1 & design4 ,x is well kn[n & admitt$ t ! /eel employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( guns mu/ be ( ! highe/ quality & ( ! f9e/ grade = its purpose4 ,x requires ! mo/ exp]t k ( ! manufacture ( /eel to obta9 ?is grade & quality4 ,until rec5tly ?is k 9 ,am]ica 0 conf9$ to ! ,ordnance (fic]s ( ! ,army & ( ! ,navy & to a comp>atively small numb] ( manufactur]s--n m ?an f\r 9 all--& only two ( ^! manufactur]s _h provid$ ! necess>y equipm5t & appliances = ! manufacture ( complete guns4 ,until #aiad ! numb] ( guns ^: manufacture 0 provid$ = 9 ?is c\ntry z well z 9 ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 except+ ,g]many1 0 v small4 ,x might be /at$ t ! sum total ( guns pur*as$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! two factories m5tion$ did n exce$ an av]age ( #ee guns a ye> 9 calib]s ( f #c-;in* to #ad-;in*1 & t ! /ock ( guns :i* by ?is l[ rate ( increase ( manufacture _h be5 provid$ = u 0 pitifully small ) :i* to ent] a w> ( ! magnitude ( ! "o ?r\gh :i* ?is c\ntry has j pass$4 ,! two factories 9 "q n hav+ be5 enc\rag$ by l>ge pur*ases ( ordnance mat]ial1 z 7 simil> indu/ries 9 ,g]many1 7 n capable ( volume production :5 we ent]$ ! w>4 ,b at ! same "t ! gun bodies produc$ by ^! conc]ns at lea/ equal$ 9 quality ^? built 9 any o!r c\ntry on e>?2 s t :ile ! big-gun-mak+ art 0 9 exi/5ce 9 ?is c\ntry & 0 ma9ta9$ z to quality1 x 0 mo/ insuffici5t z to ! quantity ( ! production available4 ,:5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates fac$ ! w> 9 ,april1 #aiag1 arrangem5ts 7 at once ent]$ into to obta9 9 ! %orte/ space ( "t an adequate supply ( f9i%$ artill]y ( all calib]s requir$ by our troops & to get ?is supply 9 "t to meet our m5 z !y %\ld set foot on ! %ores ( ,france4 ,_m ?\s&s ( =g+s = guns1 & f9i%$ guns too1 _h be5 ord]$ by ! allies ( ! few gun mak]s 9 ?is c\ntry2 & ^! mak]s 71 at ! "t we got into ! conflict1 fully occupi$ = at lea/ a ye> ahead ) ord]s f ! ,fr5* & ,engli% ordnance dep>tm5ts4 ,all ( ?is production 0 imm$iately useful & available = ! comb9$ armies ( ! allies1 & s x 0 all[$ to g =w>d1 ! =g+s prev5t+ a gap 9 ! output ( ! f9i%$ articles f ! ,briti% & ,fr5* ars5als :i* 7 !n us+ ! semif9i%$ guns made 9 ! old factories 9 exi/5ce 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ,april1 #aiag4 ,"s idea ( ! volume ( ?is production 9 ?is c\ntry w be ga9$ f ! foll[+ table %[+ mat]ial suppli$ to ! allies betwe5 ,april1 #aiag1 & ! date ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice1 ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah4 ,guns ( calib]s f #c-;in* to #i4e-;in* #a1ajb furni%$ to ! allies ,additional gun =g+s furni%$ to ! allies tubes #ad1fbc ,%ell & %ell =g+s furni%$ to ! allies pieces #e1jah1dea 9 ?is p]iod ,9 supply+ all ( ?is mat]ial f our regul> s\rces ( manufacture 9 ?is c\ntry to ! f9i%+ ars5als ( ! allies we 7 b ma9ta9+ our position z a "p ( ! g5]al s\rce ( supply4 ,! plan ( ! ,fr5* & ,briti% ordnance eng9e]s at ! outbreak ( ! w> 9 #aiad 0 to build _! factories z quickly & z ext5sively z c\ld possibly be done4 ,by ! "t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! w> all ( ^! factories 7 9 op]ation & clamor+ = raw mat]ial at a rate :i* 0 f> 9 excess ( t :i* c\ld be suppli$ by ! home /eel mak]s 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,france4 ,consequ5tly _! incursions into ! semif9i%$ ordnance mat]ial supplies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 necess>y4 ,9 s5d+ ^! l>ge quantities ( our own mat]ials abroad1 :5 we ne$$ !m ourselves1 we 7 di/9ctly add+ to ! rate & quantity ( ! supply ( f9i%$ ordnance = ! use ( our own ,army 9 ! field z well z be+ at ! same "t ( ine/imable value to ! allies4 ,?is 0 because ! ,fr5* & ,briti% _h agre$ to supply our fir/ armies ) f9i%$ fight+ weapons :ile we 7 giv+ !m ! raw mat]ials :i* !y ne$$ s badly4 ,! f\r gunmak]s 9 ,am]ica mean:ile 7 be+ exp&$ into a total ( #ai mak]s4 ,all ( ^! #ai factories dur+ ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #aiah1 7 practically 9 full op]ation4 ,_m ( !m 7 produc+ big guns at a fa/] rate ?an t = :i* ! plants _h be5 design$4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #aiah1 ) #c ( ! #ai factories yet to h _! ma*9e-tool equipm5t complet$1 !re 7 produc$ #b1jca sets ( gun =g+s betwe5 ! calib]s ( #c-;in* & #i4e-;in*1 :i* is at ! rate ( upw>d ( #bd1jjj guns a ye>4 ,?is figure1 ( c\rse1 does n indicate any?+ ( ! gun-f9i%+ capacity ( ! c\ntry2 yet ?is expansion may be contra/$ to ! fact t our supply ( f9i%$ guns prior to #aiag am\nt$ only to #ee weapons a ye>4 ,mon?ly production ( f9i%$ cannon1 rang+ 9 size f #ge millimet]s to #bdj millimet]s1 at ! v>i\s ma*9+ & assembl+ plants4#i ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aiag #aiah ,calib]4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,dec4 ,jan4 ,feb4 ,m>4 ,apr4 ,may4 ,june4 ---------------------------------------- --- #ge-millimet] #e #de #dh #eb #gd #abg #afi #c-;in* antiaircraft #c #af #bd #af #b #aa #d4g-;in* #f #aee-millimet] h[itz] #c #aj #af #bh #ge #aee-millimet] gun #h-;in* h[itz] #cd #ch #h #bdj-millimet] h[itz] ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #h #fa #ge #aab #acj #afc #bfa #aiah ,calib]4 ------------------------------------ ,total ,july4 ,aug4 ,sept4 ,oct4 ,nov4 ,dec4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ge-millimet] #adb #bjd #aii #bad #cbj #bad #a1hac #c-;in* antiaircraft #aj #aa #bb #ej #cd #ca #bcj #d4g-;in* #h #ae #bi #ga #ej #ci #bah #aee-millimet] h[itz] #aaj #bdh #bjf #cej #bca #agi #a1def #aee-millimet] gun #b #ad #ea #bb #dj #abi #h-;in* h[itz] #bh #bb #cc #ad #ad #aia #bdj-millimet] h[itz] #a #a #b ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #bgb #ejg #dib #gfi #fgb #eag #d1jci ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #i ,c>riages1 recup]ators1 & sights _h to be add$ to ^! cannon to make !m complete units ready = s]vice4 ,mon?ly production ( cannon =g+s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aiag #aiah ,calib]4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,dec4 ,jan4 ,feb4 ,m>4 ,apr4 ,may4 ,june4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ge-millimet] #d #ac #gc #fb #gi #bci #cgf #c-;in* antiaircraft #f #g #e #d #ab #d4g-;in* gun #i #aj #h #bh #aee-millimet] h[itz] #b #ac #bf #fa #dd #adf #acc #aee-millimet] gun #a #ae #d #h-;in* h[itz] #cd #ch #h #bdj-millimet] h[itz] ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #f #bf #aad #agd #age #ddj #ebe #aiah ,calib]4 ------------------------------------ ,total ,july4 ,aug4 ,sept4 ,oct4 ,nov4 ,dec4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ge-millimet] #egd #fgh #ged #a1che #fgd #caj #e1bba #c-;in* antiaircraft #aj #f #di #afc #abd #ah #djd #d4g-;in* gun #gj #ajj #hd #ce #be #ec #dbb #aee-millimet] h[itz] #agf #bjd #bgc #bgi #bgf #fb #a1fie #aee-millimet] gun #db #bh #ef #aje #gi #bd #ced #h-;in* h[itz] #bh #bb #cc #ad #ad #aia #bdj-millimet] h[itz] #cj #ba #ca #bb #di #aec ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #hgb #a1jgd #a1bei #b1jca #a1bad #ecj #h1ddj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,our *a9 ( gun factories1 t 7 mak+ ?is rem>kable production1 7 built z foll[s3 ,"o at ! ,wat]t[n ,ars5al1 ,wat]t[n1 ,mass41 ne> ,bo/on1 = ! manufacture ( r\gh ma*9$ gun =g+s ( ! l>g] mobile calib]s4 ,?is factory 0 entirely built & equipp$ on ,gov]nm5t l& ) ,gov]nm5t money & is spl5didly able to produce r\gh ma*9$ gun =g+s ( ! highe/ quality at ! rate ( two sets a day = ! #aee-millimet] ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 rifles1 & "o set a day ( ! #bdj-millimet] h[itz]s4 ,at ,wat]vliet ,ars5al1 ,wat]vliet1 ,n4 ,y41 l>ge ext5sions 7 made to ! exi/+ plant t _h always be5 ! ,army's prime reliance = ! f9i%+ & ! assembly ( guns ( all calib]s1 includ+ ! v l>ge/4 ,?is plant 0 ext5d$ to manufacture complete f\r ( ! #bdj-millimet] h[itz]s ea* day1 & two a day ( ! #aee-millimet] ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 guns4 ,at ,bridgeport1 ,conn41 !re 0 con/ruct$ a complete new factory by ! ,bull>d ,eng9e]+ ,works = ! ,unit$ ,/ates to turn out f\r #aee-millimet] ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 guns a day4 ,at ,philadelphia1 ! ,tacony ,ordnance ,corporation1 z ag5ts = ! ,gov]nm5t1 erect$ complete a new factory (fic]$ & mann$ by exp]ts well-tra9$ & exp]i5c$ 9 ! difficult art ( ! manufacture ( /eel & gun =g+s4 ,on ,octob] #aa1 #aiag1 ! gr\nds = ?is great und]tak+ _h be5 m]ely /ak$ out = ! outl9e ( ! build+s4 ,sev5 mon?s lat]1 on ,may #ae1 #aiah1 ! entire gr\p ( build+s1 compris+ a complete /eel works f mak+ ! /eel to ! f9al completion ( #aee-millimet] gun =g+s1 0 entirely erect$ at a co/ ( ab\t #c1jjj1jjj4 ,?is difficult & rapid build+ op]ation 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh successfully dur+ ! extraord9>ily sev]e w9t] ( #aiag-ah4 ,on ,june #bi1 #aiah1 ! fir/ c>load ( gun =g+s 0 accept$ & %ipp$ f ?is plant1 s we h ! m>vel\s ent]prise ( build+ a complete /eel works f ! b>e gr\nd =w>d to ! %ipm5t ( its fir/ =g+s 9 a total elaps$ "t ( only eight & "o-half mon?s4 ,at ano!r1 ! works ( ! ,midvale ,/eel ,co4 9 ,philadelphia1 l>ge ext5sions 7 made to enable "s ( ! l>g] guns to be produc$1 to be f9i%$ lat] at ! ,wat]vliet ,ars5al4 ,at ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4's plant1 ,be?lehem1 ,pa41 z e>ly z ,may1 #aiag1 ord]s 7 plac$ & appropriations allott$ = expansions to ?is ent]prise to enable a rapid output ( a l>g] numb] ( gun =g+s & f9i%$ guns4 ,l>ge ext5sions 7 made at ! works ( ! ,/&>d ,/eel ,works ,co41 ,burnham1 ,pa41 to increase _! exi/+ =g+ & heat treat+ facilities1 s t at ?is plant two sets ( #aee-millimet] h[itz]s & "o set ( #aee-millimet] gun =g+s 7 produc$ ea* day4 ,at ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 ! plants ( ! ,hepp5/all ,=ge ,knife ,co4 & ! ,edgewat] ,/eel ,co4 7 ext5d$ s z to provide = ! daily production at ! fir/ plant ( =g+s = "o #c-;in* antiaircraft gun & "o #d4g-;in* gun1 & at ! second plant ( =g+s = "o #aee-millimet] ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 gun & "o #bdj-millimet] h[itz] p] day4 ,at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 ! ,buckeye ,/eel ,ca/+s ,co4 9 comb9ation ) ! works ( ! ,sym+ton-,&]son ,co4 at ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 _h _! facilities ext5d$ to provide = ! manufacture ea* day ( six sets ( =g+s = ! #ge-millimet] guns4 ,at ! ,sym+ton-,&]son ,co4 9 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 !re 0 provid$ a f9i%+ plant = ! #ge-millimet] gun ) a capacity ( #ae f9i%$ guns p] day4 ,at ,erie1 ,pa41 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable a*ievem5ts 9 rapid con/ruction & successful me*anical op]ation 0 p]=m$ by ! erection ( a plant t 0 comm5c$ 9 ,july1 #aiag1 & out ( :i* ! fir/ production 0 %ipp$ to ! ,ab]de5 ,prov+ ,gr\nds 9 ,febru>y1 #aiah4 ,! ,am]ican ,brake ,%oe ,f\ndry ,co4 built & op]at$ ?is plant z ag5ts = ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 & mu* cr$it is due !m = _! en]gy & organiz+ capacity4 ,x is d\btful if hi/ory records any simil> ent]prise 9 :i* guns 7 turn$ out 9 a plant sev5 mon?s f ! date ( beg9n+ ! erection ( ! factory4 ,?is plant 0 laid out to manufacture #aj ( ! #aee-millimet] ,s*neid]-type h[itz]s a day1 & be=e ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice x _h m ?an fulfill$ e expectation by regul>ly turn+ out up to #ae h[itz]s a day1 or #ij a week4 ,at ,detroit1 ,mi*41 ! ,*alkis ,manufactur+ ,co4 adapt$ an exi/+ plant1 & additional facilities 7 erect$ = ! manufacture ( ?ree ( ! #c-;in* antiaircraft guns ea* day4 ,at ,madison1 ,wis41 ! ,nor?we/]n ,ordnance ,co4 erect$ = ! ,unit$ ,/ates an entire new factory1 beautifully equipp$ = ! manufacture ( f\r guns a day ( ! #d4g-;in* model4 ,at ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 ! ,wiscons9 ,gun ,co4 put up = ! ,gov]nm5t an entirely new works capable ( f9i%+ six #ge-millimet] guns ea* day4 ,! plants at bo? ,milwaukee & ,madison acquitt$ !mselves v well & gave u guns ( ! highe/ quality4 ,at ,*icago1 ! ,ill9ois ,/eel ,co4 exp&$ exi/+ facilities to produce m ( ! necess>y electric furnace /eel1 :i* 0 =g$ into guns at sev]al works produc+ gun =g+s1 bo? = ! ,army & ,navy4 ,at ,indiana ,h>bor1 ,ind41 ! works ( ! ,/&>d ,=g+s ,co41 ^: sole bus9ess _h be5 ! volume production ( =g+s ) /eam hamm]s & hydraulic presses1 7 exp&$ to ! enorm\s degree ( produc+ ea* day #aj sets ( gun =g+s = ! #aee-millimet] h[itz] & #be sets a day = ! #ge-millimet] gun4 ,x %\ld be /at$ t ?is 0 a triumph ( organiz+ ability & t ?is factory 0 "o ( our ma9 reliances = ^! guns4 ,at ,g>y1 ,ind41 ! ,am]ican ,bridge ,co4 creat$ :at is p]haps ! f9e/ gun-=g+ plant 9 ! _w1 compris+ f\r presses f #a1jjj tons to #c1jjj tons =g+ capacity & all ! o!r necess>y app>atus = ! production ea* day ( two sets ( #aee-millimet] ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 guns & ! equival5t ( "o & "o-half sets a day ( ! #bdj-millimet] h[itz]s4 ,at ,baltimore1 ,md41 ! plant ( ! ,hess ,/eel ,corporation 0 enl>g$ f its peace-"t capacity & caus$ to produce at ?ree times its normal rate ! special /eels requir$ = gun manufacture4 ,x w become evid5t t ! collection ( ma*9]y1 build+s1 & equipm5t necess>y to produce ^! guns 9 ! %ort space ( "t requir$ & at ! rate ( production /ipulat$1 0 an enorm\s task 9 itself4 ,x requir$ ! production ( va/ quantities ( raw mat]ials & ! congregat+ 9 "o place ( l>ge numb]s ( m5 capable ( und]tak+ ! exce$+ly intricate me*anical processes ( manufacture4 ,! success ( ?is plan & its c>ry+ out is due l>gely to ! loyalty ( ! manufactur]s :o unselfi%ly came =w>d e>ly 9 #aiag & agre$ at ! reque/ ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t to turn ov] _! plants1 lock1 /ock1 & b>rel1 to ! requirem5ts ( ! dep>tm5t2 agre$ also to und]take ! manufacture ( products totally unfamili> to !m2 agre$ likewise to l5d all ( _! organiz+ ability & great mat]ial res\rces to ! success ( ! plants :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates f\nd necess>y to build 9 ! creation ( a new art1 9 new locations & 9 an ext5t !ret(ore undream$ (4 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,a ,,big ,,gun4 ,/eel1 ( c\rse1 & /eel 9 "s ( its f9e/ =ms is ! basis ( gun manufacture4 ,! ^w /eel = ! purpose ( produc+ guns means mu* m ?an is ord9>ily c>ri$ by ! ^w 9 its ev]yday & mo/ commonly accept$ use4 ,only /eel ( ! v highe/ quality is suitable = gun manufacture1 z 0 indicat$ previ\sly :5 att5tion 0 direct$ to ! complete reliance :i* ! op]at+ crews mu/ place 9 _! guns & ! sev]ity ( ! uses to :i* ! big guns are put4 ,let u take a ha/y trip ?r\gh a big gun plant1 wat*+ ! processes ?r\gh :i* is f9ally evolv$ f ! raw mat]ials "o ( our h>dy & effici5t big guns4 ,ent]+ an op5-he>? furnace build+ at "o ( our big gun plants1 we f9d two l>ge furnaces 9 :i* ! raw mat]ials are *>g$4 ,ea* ( ^! furnaces is #ge feet long & #ae feet wide1 & 9 !m 9 a %all[ ba? or pool lies ! molt5 /eel4 ,! pool is ab\t #cc feet long by #ab feet wide & approximately #b feet deep4 ,?is pool1 or ba? z x is t]m$1 weighs approximately #fj tons & is compos$ ( pig iron & well-select$ scrap /eel f previ\s op]ations4 ,! furnace is at all times dur+ ! op]ation ( melt+ ^! raw mat]ials 9 ! ba? kept at su* a high temp]ature t ! eye may n look )9 at ! molt5 mass )\t be+ protect$ ) blue glass or smok$ glass1 exactly z :5 look+ at ! noonday sun4 ,! eye c see no?+ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! ba? 9 :i* ! /eel is be+ melt$ & ref9$ because ! temp]ature is s exce$+ly high t x gives a light z :ite z t ( ! sun4 ,aft] #ab or #ae h\rs ( ref9+ treatm5t 9 ?is furnace ! metal is te/$1 analyz$ 9 ! *emical laboratory1 &1 if f\nd to be ref9$ to ! prop] degree1 x is all[$ to fl[ out ( ! furnace on ! opposite side f t ?r\gh :i* x ent]$4 ,fl[+ out ( ! furnace ! entire *>ge ( #fj tons f9ds its way into a huge ladle :i* is susp5d$ f a travel+ crane capable ( safely c>ry+ ?is great weight4 ,! ladle is !n transf]r$ by ! crane to a heavy ca/-iron mold :i* is built s z to conta9 z mu* ( ! #fj tons ( molt5 metal z is requir$ = ! p>ticul> gun =g+ "u manufacture4 ,! mold1 :i* we h be=e u n[ on our imag9>y trip ?r\gh ! gun plant1 w provide an +ot f ! molt5 metal t w be #dj in*es 9 diamet] & #ajj in*es high4 ,on top ( ?is +ot is a brick-l9$ s-call$ s9khead4 ,?is s9khead is t portion ( ! molt5 metal t has be5 all[$ to cool m sl[ly 9 ! brick l9+ ?an ! +ot does 9 ! ca/-iron mold prop]4 ,! +ot ) ! s9khead w weigh approximately #fj1jjj p\nds4 ,?is s9khead is to insure great] solidity to ! portion ( ! +ot :i* is us$ = ! gun =g+4 ,only t "p ( ! +ot bel[ ! s9khead ent]s ! =g+4 ,! s9khead itself is cut (f :ile hot "u ! press 9 a subsequ5t op]ation & aft]w>ds remelt$4 ,next ! +ot is plac$ "u a #b1jjj-ton =g+ press :i* h&les +ots up to #de in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!re x is =g$ into a squ>e %ape aft] com+ f ! mold 9 an octagonal =m4 ,previ\s to its be+ put "u ?is press1 h[ev]1 a c>eful *emical analysis has be5 made ( ! +ot to det]m9e t x is satisfactory = gun purposes1 & !n be=e be+ put "u ! press ! :ole +ot is heat$ 9 ! *>ge *amb] & fir$ ei!r by a gas or oil flame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( ,,ladle1 ,,conta9+ #fj ,,tons ,,( ,,molt5 ,,/eel ,,susp5d$ ,,f ,a ,,travel+ ,,crane4 ,! ladle is receiv+ metal f ! furnace & ! crane is convey+ ! ladle to ! mold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,molt5 ,,/eel ,,be+ ,,p\r$ ,,f ,,ladle ,,into ,,mold1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,( ,,heavy ,,ca/-,,iron ,,con/ruction1 ,,at ,,! ,,tacony ,,ordnance ,,corporation4 ,arr[ po9ts f lett] ,a to a complet$ +ot f a mold4 ,! brick-l9$ s9k head is a "p ( ! mold & is to insure great] solidity to ! portion ( ! +ot :i* is us$ = ! gun =g+2 only ! "p bel[ ! s9k head ent]+ ! =g+1 ! s9k head itself be+ cut (f hot "u ! press 9 a subsequ5t op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( ,,+ot ,,mold4 ,illu/ration3 ,a #b1jjj-,,ton ,,=g+ ,,press ,,at ,,! ,,tacony ,,ordnance ,,corporation ,,plant4 ,?is press c =ge +ots up to #de in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! +ot "u ! press is %[n 9 a p>tly =g$ /ate4 ,note t ! orig9al octagonal %ape ( ! +ot z x came f ! mold has be5 =g$ d[n to a squ>e %ape & lat] w be =g$ into a r\nd %ape4 ,aft] com+ f ! mold1 ! +ot has be5 subject$ to a c>eful *emical analysis to det]m9e its fitness = use z a gun b>rel4 ,illu/ration3 ,a #i1jjj ,,ton ,,hydraulic ,,=g+ ,,press ,,9 ,,! ,,plant ,,( ,,! ,,midvale ,,/eel ,,co4 ,?is press is ne$$ = su* l>ge calib] guns z ! #ad-;in* & #af-;in* guns4 ,! piece ( =g+ "u ! press is armor plate & n a gun =g+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,tubes ,,( ,,! #aee-,,millimet] ,,guns ,,susp5d$ ,,at ,,furnace4 ,?ree tubes ( ! #aee-millimet] guns susp5d$ at furnace ready = heat+ & qu5*+ to give !m ! necess>y comb9ation ( h>dness & t\ghness4 ,! door ( ! furnace is op54 ,! tubes rema9 9 ?is furnace = p]haps eight h\rs at a temp]ature ( #a1ejj ,fahr5heit or until a bright yell[ color1 uni=m 9 e "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,tube ,,= ,a #ab-;,,in* ,,gun ,,j ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,furnace1 ,,:]e ,,x ,,0 ,,temp]$ ,,at ,,:ite ,,heat ,,& ,,is ,,n[ ,,ready ,,= ,,qu5*+ ,,9 ,,! ,,plant ,,( ,,! ,,midvale ,,/eel ,,co4 ,! gun tube is #da feet long4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tube ,,( ,a #aee-,,millimet] ,,gun ,,be+ ,,turn$1 ,,prior ,,to ,,bor+1 ,,at ,,! ,,tacony ,,ordnance ,,corporation ,,plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tube ,,( ,a #aee-,,millimet] ,,gun ,,9 ,a ,,la! ,,be+ ,,bor$4 ,! +ot out ( :i* ?is tube 0 made1 came f ! mold 9 an octagonal %ape & lat] 0 =g$ into a squ>e %ape & f9ally made r\nd4 ,x n[1 too1 has ! hole bor$ p>tially into x4 ,?r\gh ?is hole1 ultimately1 w pass ! projectile4 ,! =g+ press us$ = ! l>g] calib] guns1 su* z #ad-;in* & #af-;in*1 is ( a #i1jjj-ton weight capacity4 ,aft] ! +ot =g+ has be5 r$uc$ f squ>5ess to a cyl9drical %ape "u ! press1 x is all[$ to cool1 !n tak5 to ! ma*9e %op1 :]e x is turn$ & ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! projectile ultimately w pass is bor$ into x4 ,?is hole is some:at small] ?an ! diamet] ( ! projectile1 because 9 ! f9i%+ op]ation1 :5 ! gun is assembl$ f9ally & put toge!r1 ! hole mu/ be )9 "o-"o-?\s&? ( an in* ( ! diamet] requir$1 :i* is all ! tol]ance t is all[$ f ! accuracy to :i* ! projectiles are br\ght4 ,o!rwise ! accuracy ( ! gun 9 fir+ w\ld be injur$ & ! reliability ( its aim w\ld n be satisfactory4 ,dur+ all ( ^! op]ations ) ! +ot1 ! /eel is l>gely 9 ! s(t condition 9 :i* x left ! =g+ press4 ,z is well kn[n1 /eel is capable ( tak+ _m degrees ( temp]4 ,temp] is an old t]m t no long] is q descriptive ( ! condition desir$ or obta9$1 b x is suffici5tly expressive ( ! condition desir$ = ! purposes "h4 ,?is condition is "o ( a c]ta9 degree ( h>dness--great] ?an t ord9>ily c>ri$ by ! s(t /eel--comb9$ ) ! greate/ obta9able degree ( t\ghness4 ,?is comb9ation ( h>dness & t\ghness produc$ to ! prop] degree resi/s ! explosive p[] ( ! p[d] & also causes ! we> on ! gun 9 fir+ to be dim9i%$ & made z slight z possible4 ,to effect ?is comb9ation ( h>dness & t\ghness x is necess>y to take ! bor$ & turn$ tubes ( ! guns & susp5d !m by means ( a specially made app>atus 9 a furnace :]e !y are heat$ = a p]iod ( p]haps eight h\rs to a temp]ature ( approximately #a1ejj ,f4 or a bright-yell[ color1 uni=m 9 e "p ( ! piece4 ,aft] be+ subject$ to ?is treatm5t = ! "t m5tion$1 ! tube is !n conduct$ by means ( a travel+ crane app>atus to a tank ( w>m wat] 9 :i* x is dipp$ & ! heat rapidly tak5 f x d[n to a po9t ( practically atmosph]ic temp]ature4 ,?is qu5* z x is call$1 produces ! requir$ degree ( h>dness call$ = by ! ordnance (fic]s' design2 b ! piece has n yet got ! requir$ degree ( t\ghness4 ,?is t\ghness is n[ imp>t$ to ! h>d piece by heat+ x once m 9 ano!r furnace to a temp]ature ( approximately #a1ajj ,f41 or a w>m rosy r$1 = a p]iod ( p]haps #ad h\rs4 ,f ?is temp]ature1 ! piece is all[$ to cool naturally & sl[ly to ! atmosph]ic temp]ature4 ,! ordnance inspectors at ?is po9t det]m9e :e!r ! piece has ! requir$ prop]ties 9 a suffici5t degree1 by cutt+ f ! tube a piece #e in*es long & in* 9 diamet]4 ,! ends ( ?is piece are ?read$ suitably = gripp+ 9 a ma*9e4 ,! piece is !n pull$ until ! half-in* /em breaks4 ,! ma*9e regi/]s ! am\nt ( =ce requir$ to break ?is piece & ?is gives ! ordnance eng9e] 8 te/ z to ! degree ( h>dness & t\ghness to :i* ! piece has be5 br\ght by ! heat treatm5t processes j describ$4 ,a satisfactory physical condition hav+ be5 det]m9$ by pull+ & break+ ! te/ pieces describ$1 ! :ole =g+ is s5t to ! f9i%+ %op :]e x is ma*9$ to a mirror poli% on all its surfaces4 ,! diamet]s are accurately measur$ & ! =g+s assembl$ into ! %ape ( a f9i%$ gun4 ,9 ?is process !re is requir$ a diff]5t k9d ( c>e & accuracy4 ,up until ?is "t ! c>e has be5 to provide a metal ( prop] consi/5cy & quality4 ,f ?is po9t =w>d ! manufacture ( a gun requires ! ma*9+ & fitt+ ( ?is metal into a %ape & =m s accurate t ! full /r5g? ( ! gun & ! be/ accuracy ( fire may be atta9$4 ,to expla9 h[ & :y hoops are plac$ ^u ! gun tub+ & h[ ! v>i\s hoops are %runk f ! outside diamet] ( ! gun w require a few l9es4 ,cannon are made ( conc5tric cyl9d]s %runk "o ^u ano!r4 ,! object ( ?is me?od ( con/ruction is tw(old4 ,! di/9ctly practical object is ! atta9m5t ?r\gh\t ! wall ( ea* cyl9d] ( ! s\ndness & uni=mity ( metal :i* is m c]ta9ly to be _h 9 ?9 pieces ?an 9 ?ick ones2 ! o!r object is m closely connect$ ) ! !ory ( gun con/ruction4 ,:5 a holl[ cyl9d] is subject$ to an int]ior pressure ! walls ( ! cyl9d] are n uni=mly /ra9$ ?r\gh\t _! ?ickness1 b ! lay] at ! bore is mu* m sev]ely /ra9$ ?an t at ! outside4 ,?is c be readily se5 if we consid] a cyl9d] ( rubb]1 = example1 ) a bore ( #a in* & an ext]ior diamet] ( #c in*es1 :i* are ab\t ! proportions ( _m guns4 ,if we put an int]ior air pressure on ! cyl9d] until we exp& ! bore to #b in*es1 ! ext]ior diamet] w n !reby be increas$ #a in*4 ,b suppos+ t x 7 increas$ z mu* z ! bore1 t is1 #a in*1 we w\ld h ! diamet]1 & !re=e ! circumf]5ce1 ( ! bore increas$ #ajj p] c5t1 & ! circumf]5ce ( ! ext]ior increas$ #cc-a_/c p] c5t4 ,t is1 ! lay] at ! bore w\ld be /ra9$ ?ree times z mu* z t at ! ext]ior1 & ! int]ior lay] w\ld comm5ce to te> be=e t at ! ext]ior w\ld rea* any?+ l its limit ( /r5g?4 ,! :ole wall ( ! cyl9d] !re=e w\ld n be contribut+ its full /r5g? t[>d resi/+ ! int]ior pressure1 & !re w\ld be a wa/e ( mat]ial z well z a loss ( /r5g?4 ,let u n[ consid]1 in/ead ( our simple cyl9d]1 a built-up cyl9d] compos$ ( two conc5tric ones1 ! inn] "o ( a bore orig9ally a little great] ?an #a in*1 & ! out] "o ( ext]ior diamet] a little less ?an ?ree in*es1 orig9ally2 s t :5 ! out] "o is press$ ov] ! inn] "o 7its inn] diamet] be+ orig9ally too small = x to g ov] ! inn] "o )\t /ret*+7 ! bore ( ! inn] "o is br\ght to #a in*1 & ! ext]ior ( ! out] "o to #c in*es4 ,we n[ h a cyl9d] ( ! same dim5sions z our simple "o1 b 9 a diff]5t /ate2 ! lay]s ( ! inn] "o be+ compress$ & ^? ( ! out] "o ext5d$4 ,if n[ we comm5ce to put air pressure on ! bore1 we c put on a c]ta9 am\nt be=e we wipe out ! compression ( ! inn] lay]1 & br+ x to a neutral /ate1 & !reaft] c g on putt+ on m pressure until we /ret* ! inn] lay] #ajj p] c5t beyond ! neutral /ate1 z be=e2 :i* w\ld take j z mu* additional pressure z ! total pressure :i* we employ$ ) our simple cyl9d]4 ,we h !re=e ga9$ all t pressure :i* is necess>y to br+ ! inn] lay] ( our built-up cyl9d] f its /ate ( compression to ! neutral /ate4 ,if we h s proportion$ ! diamet] ( junction ( our inn] & out] cyl9d]s & s gaug$ ! am\nt ( /ret*+ requir$ to get ! out] "o ov] ! inn] "o t we h n 9 ! process caus$ any ( ! lay]s ( ! out] "o to be ov]/ra9$1 ! ga9 has be5 a real "o1 atta9$ by caus+ ! lay]s ( ! out] cyl9d] to make a bett] contribution ( /r5g? t[>d resi/+ ! int]ior pressure4 ,?is is ! !ory ( ! built-up gun4 ,! numb] ( cyl9d]s employ$ g5]ally increases1 up to a c]ta9 limit1 ) ! size ( ! gun1 practical consid]ations gov]n+2 & ! %r9kage1 or am\nt by :i* ! inn] diamet] ( ! out] cyl9d] is less ?an ! out] diamet] ( ! "o :i* x is to be %runk ov]1 is a matt] ( nice calculation4 ,r\ghly speak+1 x is ab\t "o & "o half "o-?\s&?s ( an in* = ea* in* ( diamet]1 v>y+ ) ! position ( ! cyl9d] 9 ! gun2 & its accurate atta9m5t1 ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! cyl9d] ( a l>ge gun1 is a delicate matt] ( ! gun-mak]'s art & ! ma*9i/'s skill4 ,! me?od ( assembly is to h ! cold tube set upright & prep>$ = a circulation ( wat] )9 ! bore ( ! tube to keep x cool4 ,!n ! hoop1 ^: inside diamet] is small] ?an ! outside diamet] ( ! tube on :i* x is to be %runk1 is measur$ & c>efully heat$ to a temp]ature ( approximately #dej ,f41 or j ab\t ! temp]ature ( a good ov5 = bak+ or roa/+4 ,?is mild temp]ature s exp&s ! mat]ial 9 ! hoop t ! diff]5ce ( diamet] is ov]come & ! hot hoop is exp&$ to a l>g] inside diamet] ?an ! outside diamet] ( ! cold tube on :i* ! hoop is to be plac$4 ,next ! hot1 exp&$ hoop is plac$ 9 position ar\nd ! bree* end ( ! tube1 & sl[ly & c>efully cool$1 s t 9 contract+ f ! high temp]ature to ! l[ ord9>y temp]ature1 ! hoop %r9ks t[>d its orig9al diamet] & ?us ex]ts an inclos+ pressure or compressive /ra9 ^u ! bree* end ( ! tube4 ,n[ :5 ! gun is fir$ ! tube t5ds to exp& "u ! pressure & ?is expansion is resi/$1 fir/ by ! compressive =ce ex]t$ by ! %runk5 hoop & lat] by ! hoop itself1 s t ! built-up sy/em is /rong] & bett] able to resi/ ! explosive *>ge ( ! burn+ p[d] ?an w\ld be ! case if ! gun 7 made 9 "o piece & ( ! same ?ickness ( metal4 ,?is brief explanation w %[ :y s _m pieces are provid$ = ! manufacture ( ! f9i%$ gun & ! reason = ! l>ge numb] ( ma*9e tools & ma*9+ op]ations necess>y 9 ord] to c>ry =w>d ! manufacture ( ! f9i%$ article4 ,sometimes "o or m ( ! out] cyl9d]s are replac$ by lay]s ( wire1 w\nd "u t5sion4 ,bo? our #d4g-;in* gun1 model #aijf1 ) :i* our troops h be5 equipp$ = a long "t & :i* ?r[s a projectile weigh+ #de p\nds a di/ance ( ab\t #f miles1 & ! ,fr5* #ge-millimet] 7#b4ie-;in*7 gun1 successfully us$ by ! ,fr5* s9ce #ahig1 7 design$ to be drawn by horses1 & ! guns are be/ us$ :5 drawn by teams ( #f or #h horses4 ,z ! horse has a su/a9$ pull+ p[] ( only #fej p\nds1 x is obvi\s t ! weight to be drawn by ! team ( #f horses mu/ n be m ?an #c1ijj p\nds4 ,s !re is e inc5tive = mak+ mobile artill]y ( ?is k9d z light z possible1 consi/5t ) ! /r5g? requir$ = ! "w to be done4 ,?us ! pull+ p[] ( ! horse c\pl$ ) 8 spe$ has be5 ! limit+ factor 9 ! design & weight ( mobile field artill]y4 ,z "o ( our =emo/ ,unit$ ,/ates ordnance eng9e]s once said1 ! limit$ p[] ( ! horse is :at has gov]n$ ! weight ( our artill]y1 & t if ,div9e ,provid5ce _h giv5 ! horse ! spe$ ( ! de] & ! p[] ( ! elephant1 we might h _h a f> wid] & m effective range = our mobile artill]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,midvale ,,/eel ,,co4 ,,plant1 ,,%[+ ,,types ,,( #f-;,,in*1 #g-;,,in*1 ,,& #h-;,,in*1 ,,nickel-,,/eel1 ,,bree*-,,load+ ,,rifles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,f9i%$ #h-;,,in* ,,rifles1 #de ,,calib]s1 ,,set ,,up ,,on ,,turret ,,m\nts ,,9 ,,! ,,plant ,,( ,,! ,,midvale ,,/eel ,,co4 ,,:]e ,,!y ,,7 ,,made4 ,9 ! =egr\nd are ?ree l>ge gun tubes p>tially complet$4 ,?is company />t$ ! manufacture ( ! fir/ piece ( ordnance mat]ial 9 ,am]ica 9 #ahhj4 ,"o ( ! answ]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ordnance eng9e]s to ?is problem1 z develop$ 9 ! rec5t w>1 has be5 ! production ( a tractor to replace ! horse1 & ?is tractor has ! spe$ ( ! de] & ! p[] ( ! elephant4 ,! mo/ p[]ful tractors are m\nt$ on track-lay+ devices & are colloquially kn[n z cat]pill>s4 ,"o ( ^! p[]ful cat]pill>s1 on :i* is m\nt$ an #h-;in* h[itz] ) a range ( #f miles1 :i* is mann$ & op]at$ by only two m51 & :i* c g up hill & d[n hill1 ov] brok5 bru%wood1 trees1 etc41 0 rec5tly giv5 a sev]e te/ at ! ,ab]de5 ,prov+ ,gr\nds4 ,"h x 0 s5t ?r\gh a d5se wood 9 :i* x bump$ squ>e into a live locu/ tree t 0 #ag in*es 9 diamet] at ! bottom4 ,?is tree1 almo/ ! talle/ 9 ! wood1 0 pro/rat$ by ! attack ( ! tractor1 :i* rode ov] x & !n em]g$ f ! wood1 took up its position1 & fir$ its %ot almo/ 9 z %ort a "t z t :i* x takes to tell ( ! de$4 ,truly ! p[] ( ! elephant & ! spe$ ( ! de] has be5 br\ght to ! aid ( ! ordnance eng9e] = any future w>like op]ations4 ,! numb] ( workm5 employ$ 9 gun production at once 9 ?is c\ntry total$ #ba1cbi1 & fully t _m m are e/imat$ to h be5 employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( gun c>riages & fire-control in/rum5ts4 ,consequ5tly 9 turn+ out ! complete big guns !re 7 fully #db1jjj workm5 engag$ by ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #aiah4 ,fur!rmore1 ^! m5 became s skill$ 9 _! "w t x may be said t ! difficult art ( gun mak+ has become firmly e/abli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry & t ! ,unit$ ,/ates may n[ & at any "t 9 ! ne> future rely on ?is tra9$ body ( artisans = ! f9e/ k9d ( gun-metal manufacture4 ,,production ,,( ,,cannon ,,=g+s4 ,production ( cannon =g+s dur+ ! w> at ! v>i\s plants4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,calib]4 ,contractor4 #aiag #aiah ------------------------------- ,dec4 ,jan4,feb4 ,m>4,apr4,may4,june4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ge-mm4 field gun1 ,be?lehem ,/eel #b #a #cb #ad #ac #c #ge model #aiaf ,co41 ,be?lehem1 ,pa4 ,/&>d ,=g+s #a #e #aa #aj #ai #e #fg ,co41 ,indiana ,h>bor1 ,ind4 ,buckeye ,/eel #aed ,co41 ,columbus1 ,ohio #ge-mm4 field gun1 d4 #dd #afb model #ahig ,/&>d ,=g+s #aj ,co4 #ge-mm4 field gun1 ,be?lehem ,/eel #a #g #cj #ch #dg #cc #fb model #aiag ,co4 #c-;in* anti- d4 #f #g #e #d #ab aircraft gun ,hepp5/all ,=ge ,knife ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #d4g-;in* gun ,be?lehem ,/eel #i #aj #h #bh ,co4 ,hepp5/all ,=ge ,knife ,co4 #aee-mm4 h[itz] ,be?lehem ,/eel #aj #bf #ea #i #cg #be ,co4 ,/&>d ,=g+s #b #c #aj #bj #ee #dd ,co4 ,/&>d ,/eel ,co4 #ae #ed #fd #aee-mm4 gun ,be?lehem ,/eel #a #i ,co4 ,edgewat] ,/eel ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,/&>d ,/eel #f #d ,c> ,co41 ,burnham1 ,pa4 ,tacony ,ordnance ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,am]ican ,bridge ,co41 ,g>y1 ,ind4 #h-;in* h[itz] ,midvale ,/eel ,co4 #a #e #aa #aj #ai #e #fg #bdj-mm4 h[itz] ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 ,edgewat] ,/eel ,co4 ,tacony ,ordnance ,co4 ,wat]t[n ,ars5al ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,total #f #bf #aad #agd #age #ddj #ebe ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,calib]4 ,contractor4 #aiah ,total4 ------------------------------- ,july4,aug4,sept4,oct4,nov4,dec4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ge-mm4 field gun1 ,be?lehem ,/eel #bc #g #a #ahj #a #ceb moodel #aiaf ,co41 ,be?lehem1 ,pa4 ,/&>d ,=g+s #bi #b #adi ,co41 ,indiana ,h>bor1 ,ind4 ,buckeye ,/eel #aj #afd ,co41 ,columbus1 ,ohio #ge-mm4 field gun1 d4 #dai #cbe #cbb #feh #aha #bbdbcce model #ahig ,/&>d ,=g+s #cb #bge #caj #dga #bde #ciachb ,co4 #ge-mm4 field gun1 ,be?lehem ,/eel #fa #fi #aba #gf #bdg #dg #hci model #aiag ,co4 #c-;in* anti- d4 #aj #f #df #aab #aji #e #cbb aircraft gun ,hepp5/all ,=ge #c #ea #ae #ac #hb ,knife ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #d4g-;in* gun ,be?lehem ,/eel #gj #id #ff #ad #dc #cdb ,co4 ,hepp5/all ,=ge #f #ah #ba #be #aj #hj ,knife ,co4 #aee-mm4 h[itz] ,be?lehem ,/eel #e #aa #eb #ai #cb #bgg ,co4 ,/&>d ,=g+s #hi #gd #afi #abg #aeg #aj #gfj ,co4 ,/&>d ,/eel ,co4 #hb #acj #ic #ajj #ajj #bj #feh #aee-mm4 gun ,be?lehem ,/eel #ba #g #e #d #a #dh ,co4 ,edgewat] ,/eel #d #ac #ba #bd #e #fg ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,/&>d ,/eel #ba #ad #bc #da #ba #i #aci ,c> ,co41 ,burnham1 ,pa4 ,tacony #c #ae #ca #bf #ge ,ordnance ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,am]ican ,bridge #h #g #aj #be ,co41 ,g>y1 ,ind4 #h-;in* h[itz] ,midvale ,/eel ,co4 #bi #b #adi #bdj-mm4 h[itz] ,be?lehem ,/eel #cj #af #af #ai #af #ig ,co4 ,edgewat] ,/eel #a #ad #ae ,co4 ,tacony ,ordnance #d #ae #c #ab #cd ,co4 ,wat]t[n ,ars5al #aj #g #g ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,total #hgbajgd #abeibjcaabad #ecjhddj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #aj ,figures 9 fir/ table indicate deliv]y ( complet$ sets ( =g+s only4 ,deliv]ies ( f9i%$ & accept$ gun =g+s1 n 9 complete sets1 7 made 9 c>load lots & 9 o!r l>ge quantities by v>i\s factories prior to ! dates :5 _! receipt ( ma*9e tools enabl$ !m to produce complet$ sets4 ,= in/ance1 ,wat]t[n ,ars5al made its fir/ c>load %ipm5t ( =g+s on ,oct4 #bh1 #aiah4 ,,cannon ,,ma*9+ ,,& ,,assembl+4 ,progress ( ! "w ( ma*9+ & assembl+ cannon at ! v>i\s factories dur+ ! w>4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #aiag #aiah ----------------------------------- ,calib]4 ,contractor4 ,dec4 ,jan4 ,feb4 ,m>4 ,apr4 ,may4 ,june4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ge-mm4 ,sym+ton- field gun1 ,&]son ,co41 model ,ro*e/]1 #aiaf ,n4 ,y4 #a #ea #ha ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,wiscons9 ,gun ,co41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 #h #ah ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,wat]vliet ,ars5al1 ,wat]vliet1 ,n4 ,y4 #d #ch #ah #ad #bf #ce #h ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ge-mm4 ,sym+ton- field gun1 ,&]son #ahig ,co4 model ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,wiscons9 ,gun ,co4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ge-mm4 ,be?lehem field gun1 ,/eel ,co4 model #aiag #a #g #cj #ch #dg #cc #fb ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c-;in* ,*alkis antiaircraft ,manufactur+ gun ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c-;in* ,wat]vliet antiaircraft ,ars5al gun1 #ae-pdr4 #c #af #bd #af #b #aa ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #d4g-;in*1 ,nor?we/]n model ,ordnance ,co41 #aijf ,madison1 ,wis4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,wat]vliet ,ars5al #f ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aee-mm ,am]ican h[itz] ,brake ,%oe ,f\ndry ,co41 ,erie1 ,pa4 #c #aj #af #bh #ge ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aee-mm4 ,bull>d gun ,eng9e ,works ,co41 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,wat]vliet ,ars5al ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #h-;in* ,midvale h[itz] ,/eel ,co4 #cd #ch #h ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #bdj-mm4 ,wat]vliet ,ars5al #cd #ch #h ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,total #h #fa #ge #aab #acj #afc #bfa ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #aiah ----------------------------------- ,calib]4 ,contractor4 ,july4 ,aug4,sept4 ,oct4 ,nov4 ,dec4,total4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ge-mm4 ,sym+ton- field gun1 ,&]son ,co41 model ,ro*e/]1 #aiaf ,n4 ,y4 #fa #hh #dh #gd #ab #daf ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,wiscons9 ,gun ,co41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 #bj #ch #bg #e #aaf ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,wat]vliet ,ars5al1 ,wat]vliet1 ,n4 ,y4 #h #e #e #e #aff ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 #a #a #b ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ge-mm4 ,sym+ton- field gun1 ,&]son #ahig ,co4 model #a #eb #ej #acf #bci ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,wiscons9 ,gun ,co4 #a #b #f #bf #ce ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ge-mm4 ,be?lehem field gun1 ,/eel ,co4 model #aiag #fa #fi #aba #gf #bdg #dg #hci ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c-;in* ,*alkis antiaircraft ,manufactur+ gun ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 #a #g #ai #dh #bi #cj #acd ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #c-;in* ,wat]vliet antiaircraft ,ars5al gun1 #ae-pdr4 #i #d #c #b #e #a #if ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #d4g-;in*1 ,nor?we/]n model ,ordnance ,co41 #aijf ,madison1 ,wis4 #e #g #ca #bc #cb #ih ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,wat]vliet ,ars5al #h #aj #bb #dj #bg #g #abj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aee-mm ,am]ican h[itz] ,brake ,%oe ,f\ndry ,co41 ,erie1 ,pa4 #aaj #bdh #bjf #cej #bca #agi #a1def ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aee-mm4 ,bull>d gun ,eng9e ,works ,co41 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 #a #ad #bh #ah #cf #ig ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,wat]vliet ,ars5al #a #bc #d #d #cb ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #h-;in* ,midvale h[itz] ,/eel ,co4 #bh #bb #cc #ad #ad #aia ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #bdj-mm4 ,wat]vliet ,ars5al #a #a #b ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,total #bgb #ejg #dib #gfi #fgb #eag #d1jci ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,*apt] ,,iii ,,mobile ,,field ,,artill]y4 ,! *ance obs]v] might assume t once ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t _h succe$$ 9 putt+ 9 production ! cannon ( v>i\s sizes describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] ! battle ( provid+ artill]y 0 z good z won4 ,b su* 0 n ! case4 ,ev5 aft] ! pond]\s tubes _h come f9i%$ f ! elaborate processes ( ! /eel mills1 ! task ( ! ordnance (fic]s _h only j begun4 ,ea* "o ( ^! guns _h to be r5d]$ mobile 9 ! field & x _h to be equipp$ ) a me*anism to take up ! retrograde %ock ( fir+ 7! kick7 & to prev5t ! weapon f leap+ out ( aim at ea* dis*>ge4 ,mobility to a gun is giv5 by ! c>riage on :i* x rides4 ,! device :i* absorbs ! recoil & re/ores ! gun to position is call$ ! recup]ator 79 ! case ( ! hydropneumatic ,fr5* design7 or ! recoil me*anism4 ,c>riage & recup]ator1 or recoil me*anism1 toge!r are kn[n z ! m\nt4 ,! =g+1 bor+1 re9=c+1 ma*9+1 & f9i%+ ( ! gun body is n half ! battle ( manufactur+ a mod]n milit>y weapon2 x is sc>cely "o-?ird ( x4 ,no ordnance (fic] ( #aiag-ah w ev] =get ! he>tbreak+ exp]i5ces ( manufactur+ ! m\nts1 a "w :i* w5t along simultane\sly ) ! production ( ! cannon !mselves4 ,! manufacture ( c>riages (t5 pres5t$ eng9e]+ & production problems ( ! mo/ baffl+ sort4 ,z to ! recup]ators1 a %ort analysis ( ! "p !y play 9 ! op]ation ( a gun w indicate some?+ ( ! nature ( ! project ( build+ !m 9 quantities4 ,! old s*oolbook axiom t action & reaction are equal has a peculi> emphasis :5 appli$ to ! fir+ ( a mod]n piece ( high-p[] artill]y4 ,! =ce ex]t$ to ?r[ a heavy projectile #g miles or m f ! muzzle ( a gun is equally ex]t$ t[>d ! brea* ( ! weapon 9 its recoil4 ,"s ( ^! =ces h&l$ safely & easily by me*anical means are almo/ beyond ! m9d's grasp4 ,n long ago a t\r+ c>1 weigh+ #b tons1 travel$ at ! rate ( #abj miles an h\r along a ,florida bea*4 ,conceive ( su* a c> go+ #ccg miles an h\r1 :i* is mu* fa/] ?an any man ev] travel$2 !n conceive ( a me*anism :i* w\ld /op ?is c>1 go+ ne>ly #f miles a m9ute1 /op x 9 #de in*es ( space & half a second ( "t1 )\t ! slighte/ injury to ! automobile4 ,t is precisely ! equival5t ( ! feat p]=m$ by ! recup]ator ( a #bdj-millimet] h[itz] aft] a %ot4 ,conceive ( a #aej1jjj-p\nd locomotive travel+ at #ec4c miles an h\r4 ,! action ( ! #bdj-millimet] recup]ator aft] a %ot is equival5t to /opp+ t locomotive 9 less ?an #d feet 9 half a second )\t damage4 ,! =g+ = ! #aee-millimet] h[itz]'s recup]ator is a block ( /eel weigh+ ne>ly #b tons--9 exact figures1 #c1hge p\nds4 ,?is mu/ be bor$ & ma*9$ out until x weighs1 ) ! accessory p>ts ( ! complete recup]ator plac$ on ! scales ) x1 only #hgj p\nds4 ,x is sc>cely fair to a mod]n hydropneumatic recup]ator to say t x mu/ be f9i%$ ) ! precision ( a wat*4 ,x mu/ be f9i%$ ) a me*anical nicety comp>able only to ! f9i% ( su* a delicate in/rum5t z a navigator's sextant or ! me*anism :i* adju/s ! ,lick telescope to ! movem5t ( ! e>?4 ,no heavy articles ev] be=e turn$ out 9 ,am]ican work%ops requir$ 9 _! f9i% ! degree ( microscopic p]fection ! recup]ators call$ =4 ,we adopt$ f ! ,fr5*1 ! greate/ ( all artill]y build]s1 f\r recup]ators--"o = ! #ge-millimet] gun1 "o = ! #aee-millimet] gun1 ano!r = ! #aee-millimet] h[itz]1 & ! f\r? = ! #bdj-millimet] h[itz]4 ,^! me*anisms _h nev] be5 built be=e outside ( ,france4 ,inde$1 "o c\ld f9d pessimi/s ready to say t none b ,fr5* me*anics c\ld build !m at all & t our attempt to duplicate !m c\ld end only 9 failure4 ,yet ,am]ican me*anical g5ius lick$ e "o ( ^! problems1 z ! m5 9 ! greasy ov]alls say1 & did x 9 little m ?an a ye> ( "t aft] ! plans came to ! work%ops4 ,!re 0 n "o ( ^! beautiful me*anisms1 9 ,france ! product ( pati5t h&iwork on ! "p ( metal craftsm5 ( deep & inh]it$ skill1 t ev5tually did n become 9 ,am]ican work%ops a practical proposition ( quantity production4 ,! problem ( build+ ,fr5* recup]ators 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 %ort1 may be reg>d$ z ! crux ( ! :ole ,am]ican ordnance und]tak+ 9 ! w> aga9/ ,g]many1 ! index ( its success4 ,x pres5t$ ! mo/ =midable *all5ge ( all to ,am]ican indu/rial skill4 ,!re 7 m5 ^: op9ion _h to be consid]$ & :o 7 conv9c$ t x 0 impracticable to attempt to produce ,fr5* recup]ators "h4 ,al?\gh ! sup]iority ( ^! recoil devices 9 _! respective classes 7 univ]sally conc$$1 ,g]many _h nev] be5 able to make !m1 :ile ,engl&1 ) ! coop]ation ( ! ,fr5* ordnance eng9e]s freely (f]$1 did n attempt !m4 ,! ,fr5* built !m "o by "o1 z c]ta9 cu/om-built & highly exp5sive automobiles are produc$4 ,:5 ,am]ican factories propos$ to produce ,fr5* recup]ators n only b to manufacture !m by mak+ p>ts & assembl+ !m accord+ to ! mod]n practice ( quantity production1 ! ranks ( ! skeptics increas$4 ,yet1 z we h said1 ! ?+ 0 done4 ,! fir/ ( ^! recup]ators ev] produc$ outside ( ! ,fr5* indu/ry 7 produc$ 9 ,am]ica & manufactur$ by typically ,am]ican quantity me?ods4 ,! fir/ ( ^! recup]ators to come into quantity production 0 t = ! #aee-millimet] h[itz]4 ,r\gh =g+s began to be turn$ out 9 heavy quantities by ! ,me/a ,ma*9e ,co4 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah1 :ile ! ,wat]t[n ,ars5al1 ! o!r contractor1 rea*$ quantity production 9 r\gh =g+s 9 ,septemb]1 #aiah4 ,at _! special recup]ator plant at ,detroit ! ,dodge ,bros4 turn$ out ! fir/ f9i%$ #aee-millimet] h[itz] recup]ator 9 ,july1 #aiah1 & w5t into quantity production ) !m 9 ,septemb]1 produc+ #die 9 ! mon? ( ,novemb] alone1 & turn+ out up to ! end ( ,april1 #aiai1 ! great numb] ( #a1fja ( !m4 ,next 9 ord] ( "t to be conqu]$ z a factory problem 0 ! #aee-millimet] gun recup]ator4 ,! r\gh =g+s at ! ,c>negie ,/eel ,co41 ! sole contractor1 7 9 quantity production 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah4 ,! fir/ ( ^! recup]ators f9i%$ came f ! ,dodge plant 9 ,octob]1 #aiah2 & al?\gh #cj issu$ f ! plant & 7 accept$ be=e ! end ( ! ye>1 quantity production may be said to h />t$ on ,janu>y #a1 #aiai1 :5 ! factory began produc+ !m at ! rate ( m ?an f\r a day4 ,9 ,m>* ! high m>k ( #cfa recup]ators 0 rea*$1 & ! total production up to ! end ( ,april 0 #hhj4 ,! heavy #bdj-millimet] h[itz] recup]ator 0 ?ird to come into quantity production4 ,! r\gh =g+s 7 be+ turn$ out 9 quantity 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah by ! ,c>negie ,/eel ,co41 :ile ! ,wat]t[n ,ars5al1 ! o!r contractor1 produc$ a numb] ( ^! r\gh =g+s 9 ,augu/1 #aiah4 ,! two contractors = f9i%+ & turn+ out ! complete recup]ators 7 ! ,otis ,elevator ,co41 at its ,*icago plant1 & ! ,wat]t[n ,ars5al4 ,! ars5al produc$ ! pilot recup]ator 9 ,octob]1 #aiah4 ,9 ,janu>y ! ,otis ,elevator ,co4 produc$ its fir/ f\r1 :ile quantity production began 9 ,febru>y1 #aiai1 bo? contractors t mon? s5d+ out #ai recup]ators1 a numb] :i* may be reg>d$ z good quantity :5 ! size ( ?is me*anism is tak5 into consid]ation4 ,bo? plants toge!r 9 ,april turn$ out ! l>ge numb] ( #hi recup]ators = ! #bdj4 ,la/ to come ?r\gh to quantity production 0 ! h>de/ ( ! f\r to build1 ! "o t promis$ to defy ,am]ican indu/ry to build x at all--! #ge-millimet] gun recup]ator4 ,! two contractors = ! r\gh =g+s = ?is recup]ator 7 ! ,c>bon ,/eel ,co4 & ! ,bucyrus ,co4 ,! ,c>bon ,/eel ,co4 0 9 l>ge s]ies production ( !m 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah1 & ! ,bucyrus ,co4 rea*$ ! quantity basis ( manufacture 9 ,octob]1 #aiah4 ,9 t mon? alone bo? contractors toge!r turn$ out #a1cje sets ( =g+s4 ,! ma*9+ & f9i%+ ( ! #ge recup]ator 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al & ! ,s+] ,manufactur+ ,co41 :i* built a co/ly plant especially = ! purpose at ,elizabe?port1 ,n4 ,j4 ,! fir/ recup]ator ( ?is size to appe> & be accept$ "u ! sev]e te/s came f ! ars5al 9 ,octob]4 ,!reaft] ! production ceas$ = a :ile4 ,! contractors inde$ built recup]ators 9 ?is p]iod1 b ! recup]ators c\ld n pass ! te/s4 ,! ma*9+ & production ( p>ts seem$ to be z p]fect z human skill c\ld accompli%1 b /ill ! devices w\ld n function p]fectly4 ,adju/m5ts1 seem+ly ( ! mo/ microscopical & trivial sort1 _h to be made--!re 0 tr\ble ) ! lea!r ( ! valves & ) oil = ! cyl9d]s4 ,^! matt]s1 :i* c\ld sc>cely cause any delay at all 9 ! production ( less delicate ma*9]y1 indicate ! inf9ite c>e :i* _h to be employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! recup]ators4 ,at l5g? ! produc]s smoo!d out ! ob/acles & le>n$ all ! secrets & necess>y processes1 & !n ! #ge-millimet] recup]ators began to come--#b 9 ,janu>y1 #aiai1 & !n #ac 9 ,febru>y1 #bj 9 ,m>*1 & #bc 9 ,april4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t by quantity production 9 ?is p>ticul> is meant ! production 9 quantity ( recup]ators ( su* p]fect quality z to pass ! inspection ( ! ,gov]nm5t & to be accept$ z "p ( our national ordnance equipm5t4 ,9 ?is inspection ! ,gov]nm5t 0 assi/$ by ,fr5* eng9e]s s5t f ! great artill]y factories 9 ,france :i* _h design$ ! recup]ators & :i* until ! successful outcome ( ! ,am]ican attempt 7 _! sole produc]s4 ,su* inspection naturally requir$ t ! ,am]ican recup]ators %\ld be ! equals ( _! ,fr5* prototypes 9 e respect4 ,because ! production ( ,fr5* recup]ators /&s at ! summit ( ,am]ican ordnance a*ievem5t1 "h at ?is po9t1 be=e !re is giv5 any acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( field artill]y1 ! !me ( ?is *apt]1 a p]=mance table is ins]t$ to %[ ! records writt5 by ! v>i\s conc]ns engag$ 9 mak+ ^! devices4 ,am]ican acceptances ( recup]ators by firms on ,army ordnance ord]s only4 #aiah ---------------------------------------- --- ,item1 process1 & firm4 ,to ,july4,augu/4,septem-,octo-,novem-,decem - ,july #a4 b]4 b]4 b]4 b]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #ge-mm4 gun recup]ator3 ,=g+-- ,c>bon ,/eel ,co4 #bei #bei #bed #gej #a1jje #cjj #eeb ,bucyrus ,co4 #bi #gh #cjj #agc #aaa ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #bei #bei #bhc #hbh #a1cje #dgc #ffc ,f9i% ma*9+ & assembl+-- ,s+] ,manufactur+ ,co4 ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al #a ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #a #aee-mm4 h[itz] recup]ator3 ,=g+-- ,me/a ,ma*9e ,co4 #fgf #fdf #fdh #hii #a1jhj #bbf ,wat]t[n ,ars5al #afj #hj #hj ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #fgf #fdf #fdh #a1jei #a1afj #cjf ,ma*9+ complete & assembl+-- ,dodge ,bros4 #a #bg #bdi #bhe #die #djc #aee-mm4 gun recup]ator3 ,=g+-- ,c>negie ,/eel ,co4 #bab #bac #bbi #bfi #dja #chi #ba ,f9i% ma*9+ & assembl+-- ,dodge ,bros4 #a #aj #ai #bdj-mm4 h[itz] recup]ator3 ,=g+-- ,c>negie ,/eel ,co4 #bhf #ii #aae #fa #gj #gi ,wat]t[n ,ars5al #ba ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #bhf #ii #acf #fa #gj #gi ,f9i% ma*9+ & assembl+-- ,otis ,elevator ,co4 ,wat]t[n ,ars5al #a ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #a #aiai ,total1 ,total ,total1 ------------------------,nov4 #aa1aiah4;,apr4 #cj1 ,item1 process1 & firm4 ,jan- ,febru-,m>*4,april4 #aiah4 #aiai4 u>y4 ary4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #ge-mm4 gun recup]ator3 ,=g+-- ,c>bon ,/eel ,co4 #djg #di #b1fjj #c1cgi #c1hce ,bucyrus ,co4 #fh #dce #fia #gei ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total #djg #aag #c1jce #d1jgj #d1eid ,f9i% ma*9+ & assembl+-- ,s+] ,manufactur+ ,co4 #c #h #aa ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al #b #ac #ag #ae #a #a #dh ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total #b #ac #bj #bc #a #a #ei #aee-mm4 h[itz] recup]ator3 ,=g+-- ,me/a ,ma*9e ,co4 #di #ca #d1jjj #d1age #d1bee ,wat]t[n ,ars5al #be #a #bfh #cbj #cdf ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total #gd #a #ca #d1bfh #d1die #d1fja ,ma*9+ complete & assembl+-- ,dodge ,bros4 #ada #gif #a1dfj #a1fja #aee-mm4 gun recup]ator3 ,=g+-- ,c>negie ,/eel ,co4 #a1dhj #a1gcd #a1gcd ,f9i% ma*9+ & assembl+-- ,dodge ,bros4 #aaf #bgj #cfa #ajc #cj #hhj #bdj-mm4 h[itz] recup]ator3 ,=g+-- ,c>negie ,/eel ,co4 #fgh #gaj #gaj ,wat]t[n ,ars5al #ba #ba #ba ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total #fii #gca #gca ,f9i% ma*9+ & assembl+-- ,otis ,elevator ,co4 #d #ad #da #fb #aba ,wat]t[n ,ars5al #e #ai #bg #a #a #eb ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total #d #ai #fj #hi #a #a #agc ,! process ( manufacture ( recup]ators requires f\r /eps--=g+1 r\gh ma*9+1 f9i% ma*9+1 & assembl+4 ,9 ! case ( #aee-millimet] h[itz] recup]ators all ! ma*9+ 0 done by "o firm2 9 ! o!r cases r\gh ma*9+ 0 done by v>i\s firms1 includ+1 9 ! case ( ! #aee-millimet] gun & #bdj-millimet] h[itz] recup]ators1 ! firms do+ ! =g+4 ,complete records ( r\gh ma*9+ are n available4 ,9 discuss+ "h1 !re=e1 ! production ( field artill]y 9 ! w> p]iod1 we are conc]n$ *iefly ) c>riages & recup]ators1 = !y (f]$ ! major difficulties4 ,s9ce ! production ( gun bodies = ^! v>i\s units has be5 tak5 up 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 su* ref]5ce to !m z is necess>y w be brief4 ,= ! sake ( additional cle>ness 9 ! m9d ( ! read] inexp]t 9 ^! ?+s1 ! l9e %\ld be %>ply drawn betwe5 field artill]y & ! s-call$ railway artill]y1 :i* 0 also mobile to a limit$ degree4 ,! mobile field artill]y consi/$ ( all roll+ guns or cat]pill> guns up to & includ+ ! #bdj-millimet] h[itz] 9 size2 & also includ$ ! antiaircraft guns ( v>i\s sizes4 ,all mobile guns ( l>g] calib] ?an ! #bdj-millimet] h[itz] 7 m\nt$ on railroad c>s4 ,! li/ ( ! mobile field artill]y weapons 9 manufacture "h dur+ ! w> p]iod 0 z foll[s3 ,! little #cg-millimet] gun1 ! s-call$ infantry cannon1 "o ( :i* two husky m5 c\ld lift f ! gr\nd--a ,fr5* design2 ,! #ge-millimet] guns--?ree types ( !m--! ,fr5* #ge1 adopt$ bodily by ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 our own #c-;in* gun r$esign$ to ! ,fr5* calib]2 & ! ,briti% #c4c-;in* gun1 simil>ly r$esign$2 ,! #d4g-;in* gun ( ,am]ican design2 ,! #e-;in* & #f-;in* guns1 tak5 f our coa/ def5ses & naval /ores & plac$ on mobile m\nts2 ,! #aee-millimet] gun1 a ,fr5* weapon ) a b>rel diamet] ( approximately #f in*es2 ,! #aee-millimet] h[itz]1 also ,fr5*2 ,! #h-;in* & #i4b-;in* h[itz]s1 ,briti% designs1 be+ manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :5 w> 0 decl>$2 ,! #bdj-millimet] h[itz]1 ,fr5* & ,am]ican2 &1 f9ally1 ,! antiaircraft guns4 ,9 mod]n times1 b prior to #aiag1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h design$ types ( field-artill]y weapons & produc$ !m 9 quantities %[n by ! foll[+ tabulation3 ,pieces4 #b4ie-;in* m\nta9 gun #aac #c-;in* gun #edd #d4g-;in* gun #fj #e-;in* gun #gj #f-;in* h[itz] #dj #g-;in* h[itz] #gj --- ,total #hig ,a comp>ison ( ?is li/ ) ! enum]ation above ( weapons put 9 production dur+ ! w> aga9/ ,g]many indicates t we greatly exp&$ our artill]y 9 types4 ,t we 7 able to d ?is at ! outset & g ahead imm$iately ) ! production ( _m weapons /range & unkn[n to our exp]i5ce1 )\t wait+ to develop models & types ( our own1 is due solely to ! g5]osity ( ! gov]nm5ts ( ,france & ,great ,brita91 ) :om we became associat$4 ,we manufactur$ 9 all eight new weapons1 tak+ ! designs ( ?ree ( !m f ! ,briti% & ( five f ! ,fr5*4 ,x might seem to ! un9itiat$ t ! way ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to a great output ( artill]y w\ld be made smoo? by ! action ( ! ,briti% & ,fr5* ,gov]nm5ts 9 agree+ to turn ov] to u )\t res]vation ! blue pr9ts & specifications t 7 ! product ( ye>s ( developm5t 9 _! gun plants4 ,yet ?is 0 only relatively true4 ,9 num]\s in/ances we 7 n able to secure complete draw+s until mon?s aft] we _h ent]$ ! w>1 due to ! practice ( cont95tal manufactur]s t intru/s num]\s exact measurem5ts to ! memories ( ! me*anics work+ 9 _! %ops4 ,consequ5tly x requir$ sev]al mon?s to complete draw+s1 & :5 we receiv$ !m our tr\bles _h only begun4 ,fir/ !re came ! problem ( translat+ ! plans aft] we receiv$ !m4 ,all ,fr5* dim5sions are accord+ to ! metric sy/em4 ,a millimet] is "o "o-?\s&? "p ( a met]1 & a met] is #ci4cg in*es4 ,an in* is approximately #j4jbed met]4 ,?us to translate ,fr5* plans into ,am]ican factory practice involves hundr$s ( ma!matical computations1 mo/ ( !m c>ri$ out to decimals ( f\r or five places4 ,moreov]1 ! ,fr5* %op draw+s are put d[n on an angle ( projection diff]5t f :at is us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is fact involv$ ! reca/+ ( draw+s ev5 :5 ! metric sy/em measurem5ts 7 reta9$4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t su* a me*anism z ! recup]ator on ! #aee-millimet] gun involves ! translation ( #daf draw+s1 ! fact t ! prep>ation ( ,fr5* plans = our own use nev] took m ?an two mon?s is rem>kable1 p>ticul>ly s s9ce x 0 h>d to f9d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates draftsm5 & eng9e]s famili> ) su* translation "w4 ,once our specifications 7 work$ out f ! ,fr5* plans1 x !n became necess>y to f9d ,am]ican manufactur]s will+ to bid on ! contracts4 ,! av]age manufactur] w\ld look at ^! specifications1 realize :at a highly specializ$ & involv$ sort ( "w w\ld be requir$ 9 ! production ( ! gun c>riages or recoil me*anisms1 & %ake 8 head4 ,9 num]\s in/ances no su* "w _h ev] be=e be5 attempt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,h[ev]1 z ! result ( ef=ts on ! "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t an increas$ capacity = produc+ mobile field artill]y 0 creat$ z foll[s3 ,at ,wat]t[n1 ,n4 ,y41 ! ,new ,york ,air ,brake ,co41 z ag5t = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 con/ruct$ a completely new factory to turn out #be gun c>riages a mon? = ! #ge-millimet] guns1 model #aiaf--! ,am]ican #c-;in* type modifi$ to ! ,fr5* dim5sions4 ,at ,tol$o1 ,ohio1 increas$ facilities 7 put up at ! plant ( ! ,willys-,ov]l& ,co4 to manufacture a daily output ( #ag ,fr5* #ge-millimet] gun c>riages1 model #ahig4 ,at ,elizabe?port1 ,n4 ,j41 ! ,s+] ,manufactur+ ,co4 erect$ = ! ,gov]nm5t a complete new factory = f9i%+ daily #ag ,fr5* #ge-millimet] recup]ators4 ,at ,new ,brita91 ,conn41 ! plant ( ! ,new ,brita9 ,ma*9e ,co4 0 adapt$ & increas$ facilities 7 creat$ = ! manufacture ( two #c-;in* antiaircraft gun c>riages a day4 ,at ,detroit1 ,mi*41 ,dodge ,bros41 z ag5ts = ! ,gov]nm5t1 erect$ an entirely new factory1 co/+ 9 ! neighborhood ( #aa1jjj1jjj to give ! f9al ma*9+ to ! r\gh-ma*9e =g+s = five recup]ators daily = ! #aee-millimet] gun & to ma*9e completely ! p>ts = twelve recup]ators daily = ! #aee-millimet] h[itz]4 ,_! huge new plant = ?is purpose e/abli%$ a record = rapidity ( con/ruction 9 "o ( ! mo/ sev]e w9t]s ( rec5t hi/ory4 ,at ! plant ( ! ,/udebak] ,corporation at ,detroit1 facilities 7 ext5d$ = turn+ out ?ree c>riages a day = ! #d4g-;in* guns4 ,at ,pla9field1 ,n4 ,j41 ext5d$ facilities 7 creat$ at ! factory ( ! ,walt] ,scott ,co4 = manufactur+ #bj c>riages a mon? = ! #d4g-;in* guns4 ,at ,worce/]1 ,mass41 at ! plant ( ! ,osgood ,bradley ,c> ,co4 increas$ facilities 7 built = ! daily manufacture ( five c>riages = ! #aee-millimet] h[itz]s4 ,at ,hamilton1 ,ohio1 at ! works ( ! ,am]ican ,roll+ ,mill ,co41 ext5sions 7 made to provide = ! manufacture ea* day ( ?ree c>riages = ! #aee-millimet] h[itz]s4 ,! plant ( ! ,me/a ,ma*9e ,co41 at ,we/ ,home/ead1 ,pa41 ne> ,pittsburgh1 0 ext5d$ to ! enorm\s capacity ( turn+ out ! =g+s = #dj recup]ators a day = ! #aee-millimet] h[itz]s4 ,ext5sively increas$ facilities 7 made at ! %ops ( ! ,/&>d ,/eel ,c> ,co41 at ,hammond1 ,ind41 = ! daily output ( two c>riages = ! #bdj-millimet] h[itz]s4 ,increas$ facilities 7 creat$ 9 ! plant ( ! ,otis ,elevator ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill41 = ! f9i% ma*9+ ( ! equival5t 9 p>ts ( two & "o-half recup]ators a day = ! #bdj-millimet] h[itz]s4 ,l>ge ext5sions 7 made to ! plant ( ! ,morgan ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ,alliance1 ,ohio1 = ! manufacture mon?ly ( #bj improvis$ m\nts = ! #f-;in* guns tak5 f ! seacoa/ =tifications4 ,! facilities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ars5als at ,wat]t[n1 ,mass41 & at ,rock ,isl&1 ,ill41 = ! manufacture ( field-gun c>riages & recup]ators 7 greatly increas$4 ,?is c>riage con/ruction = ! big guns requir$ ! close/ k9d ( f9e ma*9e "w & fitt+s :]e ! brake or recup]ator con/ruction ent]$ ! problem1 & ! great plants built = ?is purpose ( turn+ out c>riages & recup]ators 7 m>vels = ! rapidity ( _! con/ruction1 ! spe$ ) :i* !y 7 equipp$ ) new & intricate tools1 & ! quality ( _! output4 ,e mobile gun m\nt mu/ be equipp$ ) a %ield ( armor plate4 ,! size ( ! artill]y project may be read 9 ! fact t our initial requirem5t = armor = ! guns ran to a total ( #ae1jjj tons to be produc$ z soon z x c\ld be done4 ,n[1 we _h no real s\rce = gett+ armor 9 su* l>ge quantities1 because ! previ\s dem&s ( our artill]y con/ruction _h nev] call$ = x4 ,! prew> manufactur]s ( artill]y armor 7 ?ree 9 numb]--! ,simmons ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,/4 ,l\is2 ,?omas ,dis/on ,sons1 ( ,philadelphia2 & ! ,crucible ,/eel ,co4 ,to meet ! new dem& two armor s\rces 7 develop$--! ,mosl] ,safe ,co4 plant ( ! ,/&>d ,ordnance ,co4 & ! ,univ]sal ,roll+ ,mill ,co4 ,! process ( build+ ?is armor _h be5 a closely gu>d$ secret 9 ! pa/1 a fact entail+ ext5d$ exp]im5ts 9 ! new plants be=e satisfactory mat]ial c\ld be obta9$4 ,! new artill]y program requir$ ! manufacture ( #abj1jjj :eels ( v>i\s types & sizes = ! mobile c>riages4 ,! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al & two comm]cial conc]ns prior to ! w> _h be5 build+ artill]y :eels 9 limit$ quantities4 ,"o completely new plant _h to be erect$ = ! manufacture ( :eels1 :ile sev5 exi/+ factories 7 specially equipp$ = ?is "w4 ,we _h to develop new s\rces ( supply ( oak & hickory & to erect dry kilns especially = ! :eel project4 ,! l>ge/ ord] = rubb] tires 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican rubb] indu/ry 0 plac$ z "o relatively small phase ( ! artill]y program1 ! ord] am\nt+ to #d1bej1jjj4 ,rubb] tires on ! :eels ( all ! heavi] types ( artill]y c>riages1 s t ! units might be drawn at good spe$ by motor vehicles1 0 ess5tially an ,am]ican innovation4 ,no tires ( ?is size _h ev] be5 manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,consequ5tly x 0 necess>y = ! firms :o got ! ord]s to build ma*9]y especially design$ = ! purpose4 ,) practically all ( ! manufactur]s ( ! ,am]ican metal-work+ indu/ries clamor+ = ma*9e tools1 & ) "s bran*es ( ! ,gov]nm5t comm&e]+ ! ma*9e-tool %ops 9 :ole sections ( ! c\ntry1 x is evid5t t ! necessity = ! heavi] types ( ma*9e tools requir$ by ! manufactur]s ( artill]y mat]ial (f]$ a weighty problem at ! outset4 ,9 fact1 ! ma*9e-tool supply 0 nev] adequate at any "t1 & ! %ortage ( ?is ma*9]y hamp]$ & imp$$ to a great degree ! spe$ ( our artill]y production4 ,! ,nation 0 rak$ ) a f9e-too!d comb = %op equipm5t4 ,! ,gov]nm5t w5t to almo/ any honorable l5g? to procure ?is indisp5sable tool+4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! ,dodge plant at ,detroit 0 be+ equipp$ to manufacture ! #aee-millimet] recup]ators1 ! ,gov]nm5t ag5ts discov]$ tra9loads ( ma*9]y consign$ to ! ,russian gov]nm5t & await+ %ipm5t4 ,^! tools 7 comm&e]$ on ! docks4 ,"o huge metal plan] _h dropp$ ov]bo>d :ile x 0 be+ light]$ to ! ocean tramp t 0 to c>ry x to a ,russian port4 ,gov]nm5t div]s fix$ grappl+ hooks to ?is ma*9e1 & x 0 br\ght to ! surface & %ipp$ at once to ! ,dodge plant4 ,! #c-;in* gun :i* we _h be5 build+ = _m ye>s prior to ! w> 0 a s]viceable & effici5t weapon2 b /ill we 7 unable to put x into production imm$iately z x 04 ,our e>lie/ divisions 9 ,france1 "u ! int]national arrangem5t1 7 to be equipp$ by ! ,fr5* ) #ge-millimet] guns2 :ile we1 on ?is side ( ! wat]1 rea*+ out = all designs ( guns ( prov5 wor?1 expect$ to manufacture ! #ge's 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,fr5* #ge 9 its b>rel diamet] is a fraction ( an in* small] ?an our #c-;in* gun1 ! exact equival5t ( #ge millimet]s be+ #b4iebge in*es4 ,?us1 if we built our own #c-;in* gun 7& ! ,briti% #c4c-;in* gun1 z we int5d$7 & also w5t ahead ) ! #ge-millimet] project on a great scale1 we %\ld be confront$ by ! necessity ( provid+ ?ree sorts ( ammunition ( almo/ ! same size1 ) all ! delays & confusion :i* su* a situation w\ld imply4 ,consequ5tly we decid$ to r$esign ! ,am]ican & ,briti% guns to make _! bores uni=mly #ge millimet]s1 ?us simplify+ ! ammunition problem & mak+ available to u 9 case ( %ortage ! supplies ( %ell ( ?is size 9 ,france4 ,) all ( ! above consid]ations 9 m9d1 x is evid5t n[1 & x 0 !n1 t we c\ld n hope to equip our ,army ) ,am]ican-built artill]y z rapidly z t ,army c\ld be collect$1 tra9$1 & s5t to ,france2 & ?is 0 p>ticul>ly true :5 9 ! spr+ ( #aiag ! ,army policy 0 *ang$ to give ea* #a1jjj1jjj m5 almo/ twice z _m field guns z our program _h requir$ prior to t date4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 on ,june #bg1 #aiag1 ! ,secret>y ( ,w> direct$ ! ,*ief ( ,ordnance to provide ! necess>y artill]y = ! #b1jjj1jjj m5 :o 7 to be mobiliz$ 9 #aiag & ! fir/ half ( #aiah1 ! fir/ ?\ght ( our (fic]s 0 to f9d outside supplies ( artill]y :i* we c\ld obta9 = an em]g5cy t w\ld n be reliev$ until our new facilities _h rea*$ great production4 ,we f\nd ?is s\rce 9 ,france4 ,! ,fr5* _h long be5 ! lead+ p 9 ,europe 9 ! production ( artill]y1 & ev5 ! great dem&s ( ! w> _h n succe$$ 9 utiliz+ ! full capacity ( _! old & new plants4 ,two days lat]1 on ,june #bi1 #aiag1 ! ,fr5* high commission]1 by lett]1 (f]$ u 9 behalf ( ,france a daily supply ( five #ge-millimet] guns & c>riages1 beg9n+ ,augu/ #a1 #aiag4 ,! ,fr5* also (f]$ at ?is "t to furni% u ) #aee-millimet] h[itz]s2 & on ,augu/ #ai1 #aiag1 ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t in=m$ ,g54 ,p]%+ t ea* mon?1 beg9n+ ) ,septemb]1 he c\ld obta9 twelve #aee-millimet] ,fill\x guns & c>riages f ! ,fr5* factories4 ,be=e ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice #ge-millimet] guns to ! numb] ( #c1jfh _h be5 ord]$ f ! ,fr5*1 & ( ?is numb] #a1hbh _h be5 deliv]$4 ,( #aee-millimet] h[itz]s1 #a1cfa _h be5 ord]$ f ! ,fr5* & #ggb deliv]$ be=e ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah4 ,( #aee-millimet] guns1 #egg _h be5 ord]$ f ! ,fr5* & #baf deliv]$ previ\s to ! grant+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,f ,briti% plants we ord]$ #bab ,vick]s-type #h-;in* h[itz]s1 & #abc _h be5 deliv]$ be=e ! armi/ice _h be5 sign$2 :ile ( #i4b-;in* h[itz]s1 ,vick]s model1 #dj ( an ord] = #acb _h be5 complet$4 ,9 addition to ?is1 #cjb ,briti% #f-;in* h[itz]s 7 9 manufacture 9 ,engl& = deliv]y to u by ,april #a1 #aiai4 ,^! figures1 ) ! exception ( ^? relat+ to ! ord] = ,briti% #f-;in* h[itz]s1 d n include ! arrangem5ts be+ made by ?is ,gov]nm5t dur+ ! la/ few weeks ( ho/ilities = additional deliv]ies ( =eign artill]y4 ,z to our own manufacture ( artill]y1 :5 we _h conqu]$ all ! difficulties--translat$ ! draw+s1 built ! new factories1 equipp$ !m ) ma*9e tools & dies1 gages1 & o!r fixtures ne$$ by ! metal work]s1 & _h mobiliz$ ! skill$ work]s !mselves--we =g$ ahead at an impressive rate4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ we 7 turn+ out #dab artill]y units p] mon?4 ,comp>e ?is ) ,great ,brita9's #dhf units p] mon? 9 ! fall ( #aiah & measure our progress1 rememb]+ t ,engl& _h approximately ?ree ye>s' head />t4 ,comp>e x ) ! ,fr5* mon?ly production ( #fei units p] mon?1 & rememb] t ,france 0 ! greate/ artill]y build] 9 ! _w4 ,:5 x came to ! gun bodies !mselves we obta9$ a mon?ly output ( #hcb1 z aga9/ ,great ,brita9's #hjb & ,france's #a1ach4 ,& our artill]y capacity 0 !n1 9 ! autumn ( #aiah1 only com+ into production4 ,9 ! w> p]iod--,april #f1 #aiag1 to ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah--we produc$ #b1jjh complete artill]y units1 z aga9/ #aa1jef turn$ out by ,france & #h1jfe complet$ by ,great ,brita9 9 ! same p]iod4 ,9 ^? #ai mon?s we turn$ out #d1bge gun bodies1 :ile 9 ! same mon?s ,france produc$ #ai1dib & ,great ,brita9 #aa1heb4 ,,! #cg-,,millimet] ,,infantry ,,field ,,guns ,! smalle/ weapon ( all ! field guns we built 0 ! ,fr5* #cg-millimet] gun1 ! diamet] ( its bore be+ ab\t #a in*es 9 our measurem5ts1 ! figure be+ #a4deffi in*es4 ,?is 0 ! s-call$ infantry field gun1 to be dragg$ along by foot soldi]s :5 !y are mak+ an advance4 ,its *ief use 9 ! w> 0 9 break+ up ! ,g]man concrete pill boxes1 ma*9e gun ne/s1 & o!r /rong po9ts ( enemy resi/ance4 ,9 s]vice x 0 mann$ by infantrym5 in/ead ( artill]i/s1 a crew ( eight m5 h&l+ ea* weapon1 ! squad lead] be+ ! gunn]4 ,"o ( ! m5 ( ! crew 0 ! load]1 & he 0 likewise able to fire ! piece4 ,! o!r six m5 s]v$ z assi/ants4 ,! #cg-millimet] outfit z x exi/s to-day consi/s ( ! gun1 ) a split trail1 m\nt$ on axle & :eels4 ,by means ( a trail] atta*m5t on ! ammunition c>t x c be drawn by "o horse or "o mule4 ,! ammunition c>t itself is m]ely a r$esign$ ma*9e-gun ammunition vehicle4 ,! :eels & axle c easily be remov$ & left a %ort di/ance 9 ! re> ( ! place :]e x is desir$ to set up ! gun4 ,! :ole outfit weighs only #cdj p\nds & is ab\t #f feet long4 ,! gun re/s on its front leg :i* is dropp$ to =m a tripod ) ! two legs ( ! split trail4 ,! gun prop] c be remov$ f ! trail & ! sponge /aff c be ins]t$ 9 ! b>rel ?r\gh ! op5$ bree*4 ,two m5 c be> ?is "p ( ! weapon 9 advanc+ action4 ,two o!r m5 are able to c>ry ! trail1 :5 its legs are lock$ toge!r1 :ile ! f\r o!r memb]s ( ! squad br+ along ! boxes ( ammunition4 ,! ammunition c>t holds #ad ammunition boxes1 ea* conta9+ #af r\nds4 ,a sp>e-p>ts case1 /rapp$ to ! trail1 conta9s a miscellane\s assortm5t ( su* p>ts z c readily be h&l$ 9 ! field4 ,a tool kit 9 a canvas roll is also transport$ on ! c>t1 along ) entr5*+ tools & o!r accessories4 ,equipp$ ) a telescopic sight = direct fire & a quadrant1 or collimat+ sight1 = indirect fire1 great accuracy is obta9$ by ?is small piece ( artill]y4 ,! l5g? ( ! b>rel ( ! gun prop] is #bj calib]s1 :i* means t x is #bj times #cg millimet]s 9 l5g?1 or ab\t #bi in*es4 ,! l5g? ( ! recoil :5 ! gun is fir$ is #h in*es4 ,two types ( ammunition 7 provid$ = ?is gun at fir/2 b1 z ! l[-explosive type 0 n s effective z desir$1 x 0 ab&on$ entirely 9 favor ( ! high-explosive type conta9$ 9 a projectile weigh+ #a p\nds4 ,?is projectile is load$ ) #bdj gra9s ( ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 & detonat$ by a base p]cussion fuse4 ,! range ( ! gun is #c1ejj met]s1 or consid]ably m ?an #b miles4 ,only ?ree to six %ots f ?is gun 7 f\nd to be necess>y to demoli% an enemy ma*9e gun emplacem5t or o!r /rongly held position4 ,9 ! great w> ! #cg-millimet] gun f\nd itself & prov$ its usefulness4 ,! orig9al model _h be5 design$ at ! ,puteaux ,ars5al 9 ,france 9 #ahhe2 b x 0 n until aft] #aiad t ! weapon 0 produc$ 9 quantities4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we took up ! production ( #cg-millimet] guns 9 ,octob]1 #aiag4 ,:ile our %ops 7 tool+ up = ! ef=t1 #fbj ( ^! weapons 7 pur*as$ f ! ,fr5* & turn$ ov] to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,= ! purposes ( great] spe$ 9 manufacture our executives took ! gun ap>t & divid$ x into ?ree gr\ps1 kn[n z ! b>rel gr\p1 ! bree* gr\p1 & ! recoil gr\p4 ,additional to ^!1 z a manufactur+ proposition1 7 ! axle & :eels & ! trail4 ,! b>rel gr\p w5t to ! ,poole ,eng9e]+ ,ma*9e ,co41 ( ,baltimore1 ,md41 :o subcontract$ = "s ( ! p>ts to ! ,m>yl& ,press$ ,/eel ,co41 ( ,hag]/[n1 ,md4 ,! bree* gr\p 0 manufactur$ by ! ,krasb]g ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,*icago4 ,! ,c4 ,h4 ,c[drey ,ma*9e ,works1 ( ,fit*burg1 ,mass41 turn$ out ! recoil me*anisms4 ,! axles & :eels 7 built by ! ,int]national ,h>ve/] ,co41 ( ,*icago4 ,! trails 7 turn$ out by ! ,univ]sal ,/amp+ ,manufactur+ ,co41 also ( ,*icago4 ,:5 crat$ = ov]seas %ipm5t1 ! gun1 ammunition c>t1 & all accessories1 weigh$ #a1eej p\nds & occupi$ ab\t #ae cubic feet ( space4 ,! fir/ deliv]y ( complet$ #cg-millimet] guns f our factories 0 made 9 ,june1 #aiah1 & at ! cessation ( ho/ilities manufactur]s 7 turn+ out ! guns at ! rate ( #aj p] day4 ,betwe5 ,june & ,novemb] #abb ,am]ican-built #cg-millimet] guns 7 %ipp$ abroad1 & m 7 ready to be s5t ov] :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,! gun _h be5 s successful 9 use abroad t our orig9al ord] ( #a1bjj _h be5 increas$ to #c1bag be=e ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice1 includ+ ! #fbj pur*as$ f ! ,fr5*4 ,! v>i\s gr\ps ( ?is gun 7 %ipp$ to ! plant ( ! ,m>yl& ,press$ ,/eel ,co41 ,hag]/[n1 ,md41 = assembly & 7 !re te/$ at a specially built prov+ gr\nd1 #h miles f ! factory4 ,?ree #cg's 7 issu$ to ea* infantry regim5t1 mak+ "o = ea* battalion4 ,! requir$ equipm5t = a division 01 !re=e1 #ab weapons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! #cg-,,millimet] ,,infantry ,,cannon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,views ,,( #ge-,,millimet] ,,field ,,gun1 ,,model #aiah 7,,am]ican74 ,figures on #cg-millimet] gun production4 ,guns procur$ f ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t #fbj ,guns ord]$ manufactur$ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,octob]1 #aiag #a1bjj ,increase 9 ord]1 ,septemb]1 #aiah #a1cig ,total numb] ord]$ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates #b1eig ,total numb] ( guns complet$ prior to ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice #hhd ,guns deliv]$ = ov]seas %ipm5t prior to ! sign+ ( ! #cjj armi/ice ,guns %ipp$ to v>i\s camps 9 ?is c\ntry #bf ,guns %ipp$ to o!r po9ts 9 ?is c\ntry #d ,on h& at ,hag]/[n ,ars5al1 pro( fir$ #dbe ,complet$ & ready = pro( fir+ #abi ,,! #ge-,,millimet] ,,guns4 ,next 9 ord] 9 ! upw>d scale ( sizes we come to ! #ge-millimet] gun1 :i* 0 by f> ! mo/ useful & mo/ us$ piece ( artill]y 9 ! great w>4 ,9 fact ! ,am]ican artill]y program might be divid$ 9 two classes1 ! #ge's 9 "o class1 & all o!r sizes 9 ! o!r1 s9ce x may be said practically t = e gun ( ano!r size produc$ we also turn$ out a #ge4 ,9 numb] ! #ge's made up almo/ half ( our field artill]y4 ,! #ge-millimet] gun ?rew projectiles weigh+ betwe5 #ab & #af p\nds & x _h an effective range ( ov] #e miles4 ,we approa*$ ! w> production ( ?is weapon ) ?ree types available = u to produce--our own #c-;in* gun2 its ,briti% c\s9 ! #c4c-;in* gun or #ah-p\nd]2 & ! ,fr5* #ge-millimet] gun1 ) its bore ( #b4iebge in*es4 ,! decision to adopt ! #ge-millimet] size & modify ! o!r two guns to ?is dim5sion1 giv+ u int]*angeability ( ammunition ) ! ,fr5*1 0 an hi/oric episode 9 ! ,am]ican ordnance developm5t ( #aiag4 ,:ile 9 #aiag ! ,fr5* ) _! excess manufactur+ capacity began "w on our fir/ ord]s = #a1jfh guns ( ?is size to supply our troops dur+ ! int]im until ,am]ican factories c\ld come into production1 we 7 prep>+ our factories = ! ef=t4 ,r\ghly speak+ ! #ge consi/s ( a cannon m\nt$ on a two-:eel$ support = transportation purposes4 ,?is support also provides a means = aim+ by suitable elevat+ & trav]se me*anisms4 ,z previ\sly expla9$1 a recoil me*anism is also provid$ to absorb ! %ock ( fir+1 all[+ a c]ta9 retrograde movem5t ( ! cannon & !n return+ x 9 position = ! next %ot--return+ x into batt]y1 z ! artill]i/s say4 ,by its recup]ator device ! field gun ( to-day is *iefly di/+ui%$ f its bro!r ( ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,)\t a recup]ator ! gun w\ld leap out ( aim at ea* %ot & w\ld h to be po9t$ anew2 b "o ) a recup]ator ne$s to be po9t$ only at ! beg9n+ ( ! action4 ,:5 we ent]$ ! w> we f\nd ourselves ) an equipm5t ( #edd field guns ( ! old #c-;in* model ( #aijb4 ,?is gun _h a c>riage provid$ ) ! old-/yle s+le trail4 ,by #aiac1 h[ev]1 we _h be5 exp]im5t+ ) ! split trail & x _h be5 /rongly recomm5d$ by our ordnance exp]ts2 & 9 #aiaf we _h plac$ ord]s = ne>ly #cjj c>riages ( ! split-trail type1 :i* _h come to be kn[n z ,model #aiaf4 ,( ^! ord]s #if c>riages 7 to come f ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co41 & ! rema9d] f ! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al4 ,mean:ile = "s "t ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 _h be5 engag$ 9 turn+ out c>riages = ! ,briti% #c4c-;in* guns4 ,"h 0 capacity t might be utiliz$ to ! limit2 &1 accord+ly1 9 ,may1 #aiag1 we ord]$ f ! ,be?lehem ,co4 #bfh ( ! ,briti% c>riages4 ,at ! same "t we ord]$ f ! same company approximately #cdj ( our own ,model #aiaf c>riages at a co/ ( #c1cai1hjj4 ,a few weeks lat] ! decision _h be5 made to make all our guns ( ?is sort con=m to ! ,fr5* #ge-millimet] size1 & ^! ,briti% & ,am]ican c>riages contract$ = 9 ,may 7 ord]$ modifi$ to take #ge-millimet] guns4 ,! c>riages ne$$ little modification & ! guns n mu*4 ,subsequ5tly1 9 rapid succession we plac$ ord]s ) ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co41 call+ = ! con/ruction ( an additional #a1acj ( ! ,briti% c>riages1 all ( !m to be adapt$ to #ge-millimet] guns4 ,next x 0 ! conc]n ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t to f9d o!r facilities = manufactur+ c>riages = ^! weapons4 ,! artill]y committee ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,national ,def5se locat$ ! ,new ,york ,air ,brake ,co4 z a conc]n will+ to und]take ?is "w2 & 9 ,june1 #aiag1 ?is company sign$ a contract to produce #djj ,am]ican model #aiaf c>riages at a co/ ( #c1bej1jjj4 ,by ,decemb] we _h ! draw+s = ! ,fr5* c>riages ( ?is size & made a contract ) ! ,willys-,ov]l& ,motor ,c> ,co4 to produce #b1ibg ( !m4 ,! table at ! end ( ?is section %[s ! production atta9$ at ^! v>i\s plants4 ,! manufacture ( c>riages = ! #ge's produc$ concrete results1 z our factories "h 7 turn+ !m out = u at ! rate ( #cic p] mon? :5 ! fight+ ceas$1 & our contract plants 9 ,france 7 mak+ #aga p] mon?4 ,9 all we receiv$ f ,am]ican factories #a1bba c>riages4 ,at ! rate ( increase we w\ld h be5 build+ #hjj c>riages p] mon? by ,febru>y1 #aiai4 ,x may be said we 7 ?or\ghly impress$ ) ! difficulties atta*$ to ! transplant+ to ?is c\ntry ( ! manufacture ( ,fr5* #ge-millimet] recup]ators4 ,x 0 a "q :e!r ?is device c\ld possibly be built by any except ! ,fr5* me*anics tra9$ by long ye>s 9 its production4 ,at fir/ x seem$ t we c\ld secure no manufactur] at all :o w\ld be will+ to assume su* a burd54 ,n until ,febru>y1 #aiah1 7 complete draw+s & specifications ( ! recup]ator receiv$ f ,france4 ,at l5g? ! ,s+] ,manufactur+ ,co41 build]s ( sew+ ma*9es1 cons5t$ to take up ?is new "w1 & on ,m>* #bi ! company contract$ to produce #b1ejj recoil sy/ems = ! #ge-millimet] gun c>riages4 ,9 ,april1 #aiah1 ! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al 0 in/ruct$ to turn out #a1jjj ( ^! recup]ators4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,views ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* #ge-,,millimet] ,,gun4 ,?is type ( gun has be5 us$ by ! ,fr5* ,army s9ce #ahig1 & 0 ! gun mo/ us$ by ! ,allies 9 ! ,great ,w>4 ,?is gun ?r[s a %ell weigh+ #ab4c p\nds a di/ance ( #h1djj met]s or %rapnel weigh+ #af p\nds a di/ance ( #i1jjj met]s4 ,! weight ( ! gun & c>riage is #b1feg p\nds4 ,! s]vice muzzle velocity ( ! %ell is #a1hje feet p] second1 :ile = %rapnel x is #a1gee feet p] second4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! #ge-,,millimet] ,,field ,,gun1 ,,model #aiag 7,,briti%74 ,?is gun ?r[s a %ell weigh+ #ab4c p\nds a di/ance ( #h1cjj met]s1 & #af p\nds ( %rapnel a di/ance ( #h1ijj met]s4 ,! weight ( ! gun & c>riage is #b1hhg p\nds4 ,its muzzle velocity = %ell is #a1gej feet a second & = %rapnel #a1fhj feet a second4 ,! production ( gun bodies = ! #ge-millimet] units 0 q satisfactory4 ,! ,be?lehem ,co41 ! ,wiscons9 ,gun ,co41 ! ,sym+ton-,&]son ,co41 & ! ,wat]vliet ,ars5al 7 ! contractors :o built ! gun bodies4 ,gun bodies ( ?ree types1 b all ( ! same #ge-millimet] bore1 7 ord]$--! ,am]ican type 7! modifi$ #c-;in* gun71 ! ,briti% type 7! modifi$ #c4c-;in* gun71 & ! ,fr5* type4 ,our ordnance prep>ation w\ld h giv5 u en\gh #ge's = ! project$ army ( #c1cfj1jjj m5 on ! front 9 ! summ] ( #aiai1 toge!r ) appropriate provision = tra9+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,( ! #ge's built 9 ?is c\ntry1 #adc units 7 %ipp$ to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces be=e ! armi/ice w5t into effect4 ,mean:ile ! ,fr5* _h deliv]$ to our troops #a1hbh units ( ?is size4 ,! total equipm5t ( #ge's = our ,army 9 ,france f all s\rces ?us am\nt$ to #a1iga guns ) _! complete accessories4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,unit4 ,contractor4 ,numb],numb],numb],numb] or- comp-float- com- d]$4 let$ ed let$ at ov]- up to sign- seas ,april + ( to #ag1 armi- ,nov4 #aiai4 /ice4 #aa1 #aiah4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ge-mm4 gun c>riage1 ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al #dgb #aei #ahe model #aiaf ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 #dee #ad #cd #be ,new ,york ,air ,brake ,co4 #djj #cc #ig #ge-mm4 gun c>riage ,willys-,ov]l& ,co4 #b1ibg #bia #a1bii 7,fr5*7 #ge-mm4 gun c>riage ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 #b1hfh #gbd #abd #iba 7,briti%71 complete #ge-mm4 gun c>riage d4 #ifh #dci #a1jaj limb] 7,briti%71 complete #ge-mm4 gun c>riage d4 #dcf #dcf #dda limb]1 model #aiah ,am]ican ,c> ,f\ndry #c1ffa #c1ffa #ihj #c1ffa ,co4 #ge-mm4 gun caisson1 ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 #a1fff #cjb #d1ieg #hca model #aiah ,am]ican ,c> ,f\ndry #bj1cefaa1fhj #ah1cja ,co4 #ge-mm4 caisson limb]1 ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 #a1iaf #a1baj #a1iaf model #aiah ,am]ican ,c> ,f\ndry #bj1fgeae1ebf #d1abfbj1fge ,co4 ,sym+ton-,&]son ,co4 #fdj #daf #daf #ge-mm4 cannon1 model ,wiscons9 ,gun ,co4 #afj #aaf #ai #aaf #aiaf ,wat]vliet ,ars5al #bfd #afa #aib ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 #cdj #b #b #ge-mm4 cannon 7,fr5*7 ,sym+ton-,&]son ,co4 #d1cjj #ajc #hfj ,wiscons9 ,gun ,co4 #b1jej #i #aij #ge-mm4 cannon 7,briti%7 ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 #b1hfh #eib #abd #iji ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #d4g-;,,in* ,,guns4 ,9 ! #d4g-;in* field gun1 model ( #aijf1 ,am]ica took to ,france a weapon all h] own4 ,x 0 a prov5 gun1 too1 develop$ "u se>*+ exp]im5ts & te/s4 ,!re 7 #fj ( ^! 9 actual s]vice :5 we got into ! w>4 ,! #d4g-;in* guns1 ) _! great] range & p[]1 promis$ to be p>ticul>ly useful = de/roy+ ! enemy's #gg-millimet] guns4 ,! c>riage model ( #aijf = ! #d4g-;in* gun is ( ! long recoil type1 ! recoil be+ #gj in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! recoil is *eck$ by a hydraulic cyl9d]1 & a sy/em ( spr+s !reupon returns ! gun to ! fir+ position4 ,! gun's maximum elevation is #ae degrees1 at :i* elevation1 ) a #fj-p\nd projectile1 ! gun has a range ( #g1bfj met]s1 or #d miles4 ,) a #de-p\nd projectile a range ( #h1gej met]s1 or ne>ly #e miles1 c be obta9$ at #ae degrees elevation4 ,x is possible to increase ?is range to ab\t #aj1jjj met]s1 or well ov] #f miles1 by depress+ ! trail into a hole prep>$ = x1 a practice (t5 adopt$ on ! field to obta9 great] range4 ,! total weight ( ! gun c>riage ) its limb] is ab\t #i1hjj p\nds4 ,an ord] = #bej ( ! #d4g-;in* c>riages 0 plac$ ) ! ,walt] ,scott ,co41 at ,pla9field1 ,n4 ,j41 ,july #ab1 #aiag1 ^u ! recomm5dation ( committees ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,national ,def5se1 :o 7 assi/+ ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t 9 ! selection ( indu/rial firms will+ to accept artill]y contracts4 ,( ! #bej ord]$ f ?is conc]n1 #di 7 deliv]$ up to ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al _h also be5 employ$ previ\sly 9 turn+ out #d4g-;in* c>riages2 & ! capacity ( t plant1 al?\gh small1 0 utiliz$4 ,"u ! date ( ,july #bc1 #aiag1 ! ars5al 0 in/ruct$ to deliv] #ahc c>riages4 ,late 9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 ! ,/udebak] ,corporation 0 giv5 an ord] = #ejj4 ,on ,septemb] #cj1 #aiah1 ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al 0 giv5 an additional ord] = #abj c>riages1 :ile ! ,/udebak] ord] 0 r$uc$ to #chj4 ,additional plant facilities _h to be provid$ at bo? ! ,walt] ,scott ,co4 & ! ,/udebak] ,corporation4 ,up to ,decemb] #ab1 #aiah1 a total ( #cha c>riages ( ! #d4g-;in* type _h be5 complet$ & deliv]$4 ,^! c>riages includ$ ! recoil me*anism4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #aiah1 alone1 #aac 7 produc$1 & ?is rate w\ld h be5 cont9u$ _h ! armi/ice n be5 sign$4 ,cannon = ! #d4g-;in* units 7 turn$ out at ! ,wat]vliet ,ars5al & ! ,nor?we/]n ,ordnance ,co41 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,deliv]ies f ! ,wat]vliet ,ars5al began 9 ,june1 #aiah1 total+ #abj up to ,decemb]1 :ile ! ,nor?we/]n ,ordnance ,co41 />t+ its deliv]ies 9 ,augu/1 _h complet$ #ih by ,decemb]4 ,up to ! #ae? ( ,novemb]1 #fd complete #d4g-;in* units _h be5 float$ = our =ces ov]seas4 ,=g+s = ! #d4g-;in* gun cannon 7 made by ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 & ! ,hepp5/all ,=ge ,knife ,co41 ( ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,ow+ to ! great diff]5ce 9 cross section betwe5 muzzle & bree* end ( ! jacket1 great difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 ! heat treatm5t ( ^! =g+s1 p>ticul>ly on ! "p ( manufactur]s :o _h _h no previ\s exp]i5ce 9 ! production ( gun =g+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,front ,,& ,,re> ,,views ,,( ,,our #d4g-;,,in* ,,gun ,,& ,,c>riage1 ,,model #aijf1 ,,) ,,:i* ,,our ,,troops ,,h ,,be5 ,,equipp$ ,,= ,a ,,long ,,"t4 ,?is gun ?r[s a projectile weigh+ #de p\nds a di/ance ( ab\t #f miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,views ,,( #aee-,,millimet] ,,gun1 ,,model #aiah1 ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 ,! upp] view %[s ! piece m\nt$ on an auto truck = quick mov+ ab\t4 ,9 ord] to produce en\gh =g+s to supply ! f9i%-ma*9+ %ops1 an ord] = #ej jackets 0 lat] giv5 to ! ,edgewat] ,/eel ,co41 ( ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 :]e ! jackets 7 =g$4 ,^! 7 !n s5t to ! ,hepp5/all ,=ge ,knife ,co4 = r\gh ma*9+ & f9ally return$ to ! ,edgewat] ,/eel ,co4 = heat treat+4 ,an ord] = #aej jackets 0 also giv5 to ! ,tacony ,ordnance ,corporation4 ,%ortly be=e ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice1 ! jacket 0 r$esign$ s t ! heavy bree* end 0 =g$ sep>ately 9 ! %ape ( a bree* r+4 ,?is design1 h[ev]1 0 n produc$4 ,x 0 desir$ to develop a #d4g-;in* gun c>riage hav+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! split-trail #ge-millimet] gun c>riage1 model ( #aiaf1 s t great] elevation & wide trav]se c\ld be obta9$4 ,! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 0 giv5 a small ord] = #cf c>riages ( _! own design prior to ! w>1 & _! pilot c>riage _h be5 und]go+ te/s at ! prov+ gr\nd4 ,! design 01 h[ev]1 n suffici5tly advanc$ to be us$ 9 ! w>4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,unit4 ,contractor4 ,numb] ,numb] ,numb] ord]$4complet$ complet$ at ! up to sign+ (,april #ag1 armi/ice4 #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #d4g-;in* gun c>riage1 ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al #cjc #ahc #ahc model ( #aijf ,/udebak] ,corporation #chj #hh #age ,walt] ,scott ,co4 #bej #di #eg #d4g-;in* gun-c>riage ,am]ican ,c> #dcc #dcc #dcc limb] ,f\ndry ,co4 ,maxwell ,motor ,co4 #dgi #hb #bej #d4g-;in* gun caisson ,am]ican ,c> #a1hdh #cbj #hdh ,f\ndry ,co4 ,=d ,motor ,co4 #a1jja #ajf #djj #d4g-;in* cannon ,nor?we/]n ,gun ,co4 #ef ,wat]vliet ,ars5al #ic ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,sixte5 ( ^! units1 also #dh :i* 7 previ\sly on h&1 7 float$ = ov]seas up to ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah4 ,,! #e-;,,in* ,,& #f-;,,in* ,,gun ,,m\nts4 ,9 ! w> em]g5cy ,am]ica s\ght to put on ! front e p\nd ( artill]y %e c\ld acquire f any s\rce :atsoev]4 ,accord+ly1 be=e any ( ! manufactur+ projects 7 ev5 />t$1 ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t conduct$ a prep>$ness inv5tory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to see :at guns already 9 exi/5ce we might f9d t c\ld be improvis$ = use z mobile artill]y 9 ,france4 ,! se>* discov]$ a numb] ( heavy cannon t c\ld s]ve ! purpose--"p ( !m belong+ to ! ,army1 ^! be+ ! guns at our seacoa/ =tifications2 "p belong+ to ! ,navy1 9 its /ores ( supplies = battle%ips2 & "p ( !m be+ ! prop]ty ( a private deal]1 ,francis ,bann]man ,son1 ( ,new ,york4 ,! guns = ?is improvis$ use 7 obta9$ z foll[s3 ,f ! ,coa/ ,artill]y1 a bran* ( ! ,army1 we obta9$ n9ety-five #f-;in* guns1 #ej calib]s 9 l5g?1 & tw5ty-eight #e-;in* guns1 #dd4f calib]s2 f ! ,navy /ores came =ty-six #f-;in* guns1 rang+ f #cj to #ej calib]s 9 l5g?2 f ,francis ,bann]man ,son1 ?irty #f-;in* guns1 #cj calib]s long4 ,?is 0 a total ( #aii weapons ( great de/ructive p[]1 await+ only suitable mobile m\nts to make !m ( valiant s]vice on ! we/]n front4 ,x 0 ! task ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t to take ^! guns & z swiftly z possible m\nt !m on field artill]y c>riages ( an improvis$ type t c\ld be mo/ quickly built4 ,m9or *anges _h to be made on _m ( ! guns obta9$ 9 ?is mann] 9 ord] to adapt !m = use on field artill]y c>riages4 ,! v>i\s seacoa/ guns 7 reta9$ z !y 7 9 l5g?1 because x 0 plann$ to return !m ev5tually to ! =tifications f :i* !y _h be5 tak54 ,! ,navy guns1 all ( ! #f-;in* size1 7 %ipp$ to ! ,wat]vliet ,ars5al to be cut d[n to a uni=m l5g? ( #cj calib]s4 ,! ne$ = spe$ 9 manufacture dem&$ t ! c>riages = ^! guns %\ld be ( ! simple/ design consi/5t ) ! rugg$ness requir$ = field op]ations & ! accuracy necess>y = effectiv5ess4 ,:5 te/s ( ! fir/ c>riages produc$ 7 made x 0 f\nd t requirem5ts _h be5 m ?an met4 ,ord]s 7 plac$ on ,septemb] #bd1 #aiag1 ) ! ,morgan ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ( ,alliance1 ,ohio1 = #gj m\nts = ! #f-;in* units4 ,a few days lat] ?is numb] 0 increas$ to #gd1 :ile on ! #bh? ( ,septemb]1 #aiag1 ! same company 0 giv5 an ord] = #ah additional #f-;in* gun m\nts & #bh m\nts = ! #e-;in* guns4 ,ord]s = limb]s 7 plac$ ) ! same company on ,decemb] #a4 ,x 0 soon discov]$ t big transport wagons w\ld be requir$ to c>ry ! long #f-;in* seacoa/ guns sep>ately because ( _! great weight4 ,on ,febru>y #ae1 #aiah1 ! ,morgan ,eng9e]+ ,co4 0 ord]$ to build ^! necess>y transport wagons4 ,difficulties 9 secur+ skill$ labor1 necess>y mat]ials1 & tools delay$ production ( ^! m\nts1 b ! eighte5 #f-;in* gun m\nts ord]$ ,septemb] #bh1 #aiag1 7 complet$ 9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 :ile ! tw5ty-eight #e-;in* gun m\nts ord]$ on ! same date 7 f9i%$ 9 ,april4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aiah1 ! sev5ty-f\r #f-;in* gun m\nts 7 turn$ out4 ,! production ( an additional ord] = ?irty-sev5 #f-;in* gun m\nts 0 j beg9n+ :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,! #f-;in* gun c>riage1 be>+ ! gun1 weighs ab\t #da1jjj p\nds4 ,a maximum range ( ov] #aj miles c be obta9$ by ?is weapon4 ,! complete #e-;in* gun unit weighs ab\t #bc1ejj p\nds & has a maximum range ( m ?an #i miles4 ,9 und]/&+ ! difficulties t fac$ ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t 9 build+ c>riages = ^! guns1 x %\ld be recall$ t ^! big weapons 7 orig9ally built = fix$-emplacem5t duty & 7 !re=e mu* heavi] ?an mobile types4 ,?is fact complicat$ ! problem ( design+ ! :eel$ m\nts4 ,!y prov$ to be m difficult to maneuv] ?an ! light] types ( guns4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,numb] ,numb] ,numb] complet$ float$ = ,model4 ,size4 ord]$4 prior to ov]seas4 ,nov4 #aa4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahig #e-;in* #bh #bh #bf #aiag #f-;in* #gd #gd #fh #aiag-;,a #f-;in* #ah #ah #d #aiag-;,b #f-;in* #cg #a ---------------------------------------- ----------- #aee-,,millimet] ,,h[itz]s4 ,x is a te/imonial to ! adaptability & skill ( ,am]ican indu/ry t we 7 able to duplicate successfully 9 ?is c\ntry ! celebrat$ #aee-millimet] h[itz]1 be=e #aiag built only 9 ! factory ( its orig9al design]1 ! great firm ( ,s*neid] et ,cie41 9 ,france4 ,?is p[]ful weapon is a f9e example ( ! ,fr5* gun build]s' art1 9 a c\ntry :]e ! art ( gun-mak+ has be5 c>ri$ to a p]fection unkn[n any:]e else4 ,! #aee-millimet] h[itz]'s hi/ory dates back to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 its developm5t ! ,fr5* design]s _h s /r5g!n$ its /ructure1 increas$ its range1 & improv$ its g5]al s]viceability1 t 9 #aiad x 0 ready to take its place z "o ( ! two mo/-us$ & be/-kn[n weapons ( ! allies1 ! o!r be+ ! #ge-millimet] field gun4 ,z ?us p]fect$ ! h[itz] weighs less ?an #d tons & is extremely mobile = a weapon ( its size4 ,x c hurl a #ie-p\nd projectile well ov] #g miles & fire sev]al times a m9ute4 ,! rapidity ( fire is made possible by a hydropneumatic recoil sy/em t supports ! %ort b>rel ( ! gun & /ores up ! en]gy ( ! recoil by ! compression ( air4 ,) ! gun po9t+ upw>d at an angle ( #de degrees1 ! recoil me*anism w re/ore x into batt]y 9 less ?an #ac seconds4 ,! c>riage ( ! gun is extremely light1 be+ built ( press$ /eel p>ts t incorporate _m +5i\s features ( design to r$uce ! weight4 ,! %ell & ! propell+ *>ge ( p[d] are load$ sep>ately4 ,! ,am]ican-built #aee-millimet] h[itz] 0 practically id5tical ) t built 9 ,france4 ,any ( ! important p>ts ( ! ,am]ican weapon w\ld int]*ange ) ^? :i* _h come f ! ,s*neid] factory4 ,we equipp$ ! :eels ( our field c>riage1 h[ev]1 ) rubb] tires1 & gave ! gun a /raight %ield ( armor plate in/ead ( a curv$ %ield4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiag we b\ght ! plans ( ! h[itz] f ,s*neid] et ,cie4 & began at once ! "w ( translat+ ! specifications into ,am]ican measurem5ts4 ,?is "w monopoliz$ ! ef=ts ( an exp]t /aff until ,octob] #h1 #aiag4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! reproduction "h1 we divid$ ! weapon1 z a manufactur+ proposition1 into ?ree gr\ps--! cannon itself1 ! c>riage1 & ! recup]ator or recoil sy/em--& plac$ ea* gr\p 9 ! h&s ( sep>ate contractors4 ,!re 01 ( c\rse1 ! usual difficulty 9 f9d+ manufactur]s will+ to und]take production ( su* an intricate device & :o also possess$ ma*9e %ops t _h ! equipm5t & tal5t requir$ = su* "w1 & 9 procur+ = ^! %ops ! highly specializ$ ma*9]y t w\ld be necess>y4 ,! ,am]ican ,brake ,%oe ,f\ndry ,co41 ( ,erie1 ,pa41 ^: magnific5t "w 9 build+ a special plant has be5 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 took an ord] 9 ,augu/1 #aiag1 = #c1jjj h[itz] cannon & by ,octob]1 #aiah1 0 produc+ #ab ( !m e day4 ,! company turn$ out its fir/ cannon 9 ,febru>y1 #aiah1 approximately six mon?s aft] receiv+ ! contract1 hav+ 9 ! int]im built & equipp$ a mo/ elaborate plant4 ,x is d\btful if ! annals ( indu/ry 9 any c\ntry c produce a feat to mat* ?is4 ,9 fact1 ! production ( cannon by ! ,erie conc]n s out/ripp$ ! manufacture ( c>riages & o!r important p>ts = ! h[itz] t x 0 possible by ,septemb]1 #aiah1 = u to sell #eej h[itz] bodies to ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ on ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 ! company _h complet$ #a1agb cannon4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aiag1 we plac$ ord]s = #b1dfi c>riages = ?is weapon1 splitt+ ! ord] betwe5 ! ,osgood-,bradley ,c> ,co41 ( ,worce/]1 ,mass41 & ! ,mosl] ,safe ,co41 ( ,hamilton1 ,ohio4 ,!n foll[$ a long battle to secure ! tools & equipm5t1 ! skill$ me*anical labor1 & ! necess>y quantities ( ! be/ grades ( /eel & bronze1 an ef=t 9 :i* ! contract+ companies 7 at all times aid$ by ! eng9e]s ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,all ob/acles 7 ov]come & ! fir/ c>riages 7 ready = te/+ 9 ,june1 #aiah4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ #aed c>riages _h be5 deliv]$1 & production 0 mov+ s rapidly t "o mon? lat] ?is numb] _h be5 run up to #bcj4 ,! limb]s 7 manufactur$ by ! ,maxwell ,motor ,c> ,co41 :i* _h ord]s to turn out #b1ege ( !m4 ,! fir/ deliv]ies ( limb]s came 9 ,septemb]1 #aiah1 & sev5 a day 7 be+ turn$ out 9 ,octob]1 a total ( #bgc hav+ be5 complet$ by ! day ( ! armi/ice4 ,a mon? lat] ! numb] ( complet$ limb]s total$ #ehg4 ,x 0 9 ! mak+ ( ! recup]ator sy/ems t ! greate/ problems 7 pres5t$4 ,no me*anism at all simil> to ?is _h ev] be5 made 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,no plant 0 9 exi/5ce "h capable ( turn+ out su* a highly complicat$1 precise1 & delicate device4 ,f9ally1 aft] mu* ,gov]nm5tal se>* & long negotiation1 ! ,dodge ,bros41 ( ,detroit1 motor c> build]s1 agre$ to accept ! responsibility4 ,9 ?is ef=t !y built & equipp$ ! spl5did factory1 co/+ #aj1jjj1jjj1 describ$ else:]e4 ,?is h[itz] recup]ator is turn$ out f a solid =g+1 weigh+ #c1hge p\nds1 b ! complet$ recup]ator weighs only #hgj p\nds4 ,ea* cyl9d] mu/ be bor$1 gr\nd1 & lapp$ to a degree ( f95ess & accuracy t requires ! mo/ pa9/ak+ c>e4 ,difficulties ( almo/ e sort 7 exp]i5c$ ) ! =g+s & o!r elem5ts ( ! recup]ators4 ,! /eel 0 analyz$ & its metallurgical =mulas 7 *ang$4 ,! "w ( ma*9+ proce$$ favorably until ! v la/ op]ation--t ( poli%+ ! int]ior ( ! long bores to a mirrorlike glaze & /ill reta9+ ! extreme accuracy necess>y to prev5t ! leakage ( oil pa/ ! pi/ons4 ,su* precision _h be5 !ret(ore unkn[n 9 ,am]ican heavy manufacture4 ,until ! _m processes c\ld be p]fect$1 ! deliv]ies 7 held back4 ,ev5 ) ! deliv]y ( ! fir/ recup]ator1 difficulties did n vani%4 ,?is me*anism has no adju/m5ts :i* c be made on ! field1 b dep5ds = its wond]ful op]ation ^u ! extreme nicety ( ! relation ( its p>ts4 ,x requir$ ! alt]ation ( c]ta9 small p>ts be=e ! fir/ trial models c\ld be made to function4 ,h[ev]1 all ob/acles & difficulties 7 f9ally ov]come1 & 9 ! plant t _h be5 erect$ dur+ ! bitt] cold ( "o ( our sev]e/ w9t]s1 & ) practically entirely new ma*9]y & workm51 production got "u way1 & ! fir/ recup]ator 0 deliv]$ e>ly 9 ,july1 #aiah1 n9e mon?s aft] ! contract 0 sign$4 ,production 9 quantity began to foll[ %ortly aft] t mon?1 & by ,novemb] an av]age ( #af recup]ators a day 0 be+ turn$ out4 ,( ! #c1abj recup]ators contract$ =1 #hih _h be5 f9i%$ :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 & ?is quantity 0 increas$ to #a1bch "o mon? lat]4 ,! /eel requir$ = ! recup]ators 9 ^! #aee-millimet] h[itz]s1 & also = ^? ( ! #aee-millimet] guns1 0 ( special composition2 yet all ! =ge capacity 9 ?is c\ntry 0 be+ utiliz$ 9 o!r w> manufacture4 ,new facilities = ! manufacture ( ^! =g+s _h to be develop$ by increas+ ! capacity ( ! ,me/a ,ma*9e ,co4 ( ,pittsburgh1 until x c\ld meet our requirem5ts4 ,! ,gov]nm5t itself contract$ = ^! =g+s & suppli$ !m to ,dodge ,bros4 ,ea* h[itz] requir$ "s #bjj items ( miscellane\s equipm5t1 su* z air & liquid pumps & o!r tools4 ,^! 7 pur*as$ f _m s\rces1 & _m ( ^! contractors _h j z mu* difficulty ) ! small p>ts z ! l>g] firms _h ) ! m important sections ( ! h[itz]s4 ,_m ( ! problems involv$ 9 turn+ out ! complete unit c\ld n be kn[n or und]/ood until !y 7 met ) 9 actual manufacture4 ,me*anical exp]ts repres5t+ ,s*neid] et ,cie4 7 on h& at all times to help solve difficulties z !y arose4 ,! ,gov]nm5t turn$ to ,france = an auxili>y supply ( c>riages = ! ,am]ican-built h[itz]s1 plac+ ord]s = #a1cfa ) ,fr5* conc]ns4 ,( ?is numb] #ggb _h be5 complet$ :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 & ! ,fr5* expect$ soon to turn out ! c>riages at ! rate ( #adj p] mon?4 ,x might also be not$ "h t we plac$ an ord] 9 ,engl& = #cjb ,briti% #f-;in* h[itz]s1 a piece v l ! ,fr5* h[itz]4 ,! ,briti% contract 0 to be complet$ ,april #a1 #aiai4 ,! v>i\s p>ts ( ! #aee-millimet] h[itz] 7 assembl$ into complete units & te/$ at ! ,ab]de5 ,prov+ ,gr\nds4 ,aft] be+ assembl$ & te/$1 ! :ole unit 0 tak5 ap>t & pack$ into crates especially design$ = ov]seas %ipm5t4 ,"o crate held two h[itz] c>riages ) recup]ators 9 less space ?an w\ld h be5 occupi$ by "o c>riage on its :eels4 ,x w be not$ t ! fir/ gun body ( ! #aee-millimet] h[itz]s made 9 ?is c\ntry 0 deliv]$ 9 ,febru>y & ! fir/ recup]ator 9 ,july4 ,be=e ! recup]ators 7 ready1 ! o!r p>ts ( ! h[itz] _h be5 pro(-tri$ by us+ a recup]ator ( ,fr5* manufacture4 ,dur+ ! mon?s ( ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 #aiah1 ! fir/ regim5t equipp$ ) #aee-millimet] h[itz]s 0 made ready at ,ab]de54 ,! big weapons 7 pack$ & on ! dock = %ipm5t ov]seas :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,^! fir/ ones 7 to be foll[$ by a /eady /ream ( h[itz]s4 ,all arrangem5ts _h be5 made to assemble units & crate !m = ov]seas at ! ,erie ,prov+ ,gr\nd at ,port ,cl9ton1 ,ohio4 ,none ( ! #aee-millimet] h[itz]s built "h rea*$ ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 b ,fr5* deliv]ies ( ! weapon up to ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice total$ #gdg4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,unit4 ,contractor4 ,numb] ,numb] ,numb] ord]$4complet$complet$ ,nov4 #aa1 ,apr4 #ag1 #aiah4 #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #aee-mm4 h[itz] ,osgood ,bradley ,c> ,co4 #ijj #acf #cfi c>riage #aee-mm4 c>riage d4 #di #j replacem5t p>ts #aee-mm4 h[itz] d4 #bej #ic c>riage ,d ,am]ican ,roll+ ,mill #a1bgj #ah #bf ,co4 7old ,mosl] ,safe contract7 ,d ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al #agb #j #aee-mm4 h[itz] c>riage limb]s ,maxwell ,motor ,co4 #b1ege #bgc #gjj ,d ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al #ajj #j #aee-mm4 h[itz] caisson,=d ,motor ,co4 #h1icg #d1cgc #h1icg #aee-mm4 h[itz] cannon ,am]ican ,brake ,%oe ,f\ndry ,co4 #a1agb #a1ghi ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,,! #aee-,,millimet] ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 ,,guns4 ,! reproduction 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ! ,fr5* #aee-millimet] ,g4 ,p4 ,f4 7! ,fr5* designation7 gun pres5ts mu* ! same /ory z t ( ! h[itz] ( equal size--a /ory ( difficulties 9 translat+ plans1 writ+ into !m ! precision ( f9i%+ measurem5ts t ! ,fr5* factory usually leaves to ! skill ( ! me*anic himself1 difficulties 9 f9d+ manufactur]s will+ to und]take ! "w1 & !n ( provid+ !m ) suitable raw mat]ials & ma*9]y1 &1 above all1 ( locat+ ! necess>y skill$ me*anics4 ,?is /range1 big mon/] ( a weapon is ( rugg$ design4 ,! entire unit weighs #ai1hfj p\nds4 ,! gun has ! extremely high muzzle velocity ( #b1djj feet p] second1 a rate ( propulsion t ?r[s ! #ie-p\nd projectile #ag1gjj y>ds1 or a little m ?an #aj miles4 ,! :eels ( ! c>riage h a d\ble tread ( solid rubb] tire4 ,by an +5i\s arrangem5t a cat]pill> tread c be appli$ to ! :eels 9 a few m9utes :5ev] s(t gr\nd is enc\nt]$4 ,! c5t] ( gravity ( ! unit is l[4 ,! :eels are ( small dim5sions & ! cradle is trunnion$ beh9d 9 su* a fa%ion z to r$uce ! height ( ! cannon4 ,! c>riage has a split trail1 :i* all[s = a l>ge cle>ance = recoil at a high elevation & a l>ge angle ( trav]se4 ,! c>riage :5 travel+ is support$ on semielliptical spr+s1 z is also ! c>riage limb]4 ,two l>ge /eel ca/+s make up ! c>riage ( ?is unit4 ,! bottom "p ( ! c>riage is support$ by ! axle1 :i* c>ries ! two sections ( ! split trail ^u ! h+e p9s4 ,! top "p ( ! c>riage is support$ by & revolves ^u ! bottom c>riage & c>ries 9 trunnion$ be>+s ! recup]ator4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty 9 c>riage manufacture 0 to obta9 9 ?is c\ntry ! extremely l>ge /eel ca/+s ( light-section1 high-grade /eel4 ,! c>riages1 #a1chh 9 numb]1 7 ord]$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aiag1 f ! ,m9neapolis ,/eel ,ma*9]y ,co4 ,! fir/ deliv]y ( c>riages 0 made 9 ,augu/1 #aiah1 & 9 ! la/ week ( ,octob] !y 7 be+ turn$ out at ! rate ( sev5 a day4 ,up to ! armi/ice date #cgj _h be5 produc$1 ( :i* #af _h be5 s5t ov]seas4 ,we also plac$ ord]s 9 ,france = #egg ( ^! c>riages1 ( :i* #baf _h be5 complet$ ^u ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,! ,am]ican mon?ly rate ( production ( c>riages 9 ,octob] 0 #afb4 ,! #aee-millimet] gun itself is f> f be+ simple to manufacture4 ,x is ( consid]able l5g? & is built ( a numb] ( jackets & hoops to give ! requir$ resi/ance to ! heavy pressures ex]t$ 9 fir+1 ?is be+ a high-velocity gun4 ,except = a slight *ange 9 ! mann] ( lock+ ! hoops to ! jacket1 our gun is id5tical ) t ( ! ,fr5*4 ,ord]s = #b1afj cannon 7 giv5 to ! ,wat]vliet ,ars5al & ! ,bull>d ,eng9e]+ ,works1 at ,bridgeport1 ,conn41 9 ,novemb]1 #aiag4 ,! ,bull>d ,eng9e]+ ,works _h to con/ruct new build+s & to pur*ase & in/all special equipm5t1 & ! ,wat]vliet ,ars5al _h to ext5d its %ops & also pur*ase & in/all mu* additional ma*9]y--a job t took "t at bo? places4 ,! fir/ deliv]ies ( cannon came f ,wat]vliet ,ars5al 9 ,july1 #aiah4 ,dur+ ,octob] #ej cannon 7 deliv]$1 & x seem$ c]ta9 t by e>ly 9 #aiai ! project$ eight cannon p] day w\ld be ! rate atta9$4 ,we %ipp$ #af ( ! cannon ov]seas4 ,by ,novemb] #aa we _h receiv$ #ga cannon1 a numb] increas$ to #aji by ,decemb] #ab4 ,limb]s 9 ! same quantity z c>riages 7 ord]$ f ! ,m9neapolis ,/eel ,ma*9]y ,co41 :i* produc$ a limb] to accompany ea* "o ( its deliv]$ c>riages4 ,?is limb] has an extremely heavy axle1 simil> to ! automobile front axle4 ,its size & weight caus$ difficulty 9 obta9+ x z a drop =g+4 ,to ,dodge ,bros4 0 assign$ ! task ( produc+ ! recup]ators = ?is gun 9 _! special plant4 ,! #aee-millimet] gun recup]ators1 h[ev]1 7 made second>y to ! production ( ! recup]ators = ! #aee-millimet] h[itz]s1 :i* 7 ! easi] ( ! two sorts to build4 ,=g+s 7 available & "w />t$ on recup]ators 9 ,april1 #aiah4 ,no rapid completion ( ^! intricate me*anisms 0 possible1 h[ev]1 z ! fir/ =g+s enc\nt]$ _m delays 9 _! ma*9+s4 ,9 ! cycle ( op]ations1 ) ev]y?+ spe$$ up to ! limit1 m ?an ?ree mon?s mu/ elapse f ! day ! recup]ator =g+ is receiv$ to ! day :5 ! complet$ me*anism c be turn$ ov] to ! inspector z an assembl$ article4 ,illu/ration3 #aee-,,millimet] ,,h[itz]1 ,,model #aiah 7,,s*neid]74 ,?is weapon ?r[s %ell or %rapnel weigh+ #ie p\nds4 ,muzzle velocity = %ell is #a1dbj feet p] second4 ,! weight ( ! h[itz] & c>riage is #g1fjj p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 #h-;,,in* ,,h[itz]1 ,,model #aiag4 ,x 0 9 ,octob]1 #aiah1 t ! fir/ #aee-millimet] gun recup]ator 0 deliv]$4 ,! factory expect$ to rea* a maximum capacity ( #aj a day4 ,! company built #ab m by ,decemb] #a4 ,aft] ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ! company's ord] 0 r$uc$ to #hhj1 :i* _h all be5 complet$ by ,may #a1 #aiai4 ,9 ord] to h recup]ators available = use = ! units %ipp$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates m9us ^! me*anisms1 #aaj r\gh-ma*9$ recup]ator =g+s 7 %ipp$ to ,france1 :]e ! "w ( ma*9+ & complet+ 0 done4 ,! translation ( ! ,fr5* plans = ?is weapon furni%$ "o ( ! mo/ difficult pieces ( "w und]tak5 by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,)\t c\nt+ 9 ! gun pieces1 ! c>riage & limb] is made up ( #dgi pieces1 :ile ! recoil me*anism itself has #cgb pieces4 ,a total ( #aej me*anical trac+s _h to be made by our draftsm5 = ! c>riage & te/ tools2 #ej = ! c>riage limb]s2 #adb = ! recoil me*anism2 #gd = ! tools & accessories2 or a total ( #daf4 ,x 0 extremely difficult to secure draftsm5 :o c\ld d ?is "w1 & ! translation1 accompli%$ 9 a few weeks1 is reg>d$ z a rem>kable a*ievem5t4 ,! cannon = ?is gun 7 te/$ at ! ,erie ,prov+ ,gr\nds & !re pack$ = ov]seas %ipm5t4 ,we _h _m cannon & c>riages await+ %ipm5t :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 ! plan be+ to s5d !m to ,france1 :]e !y w\ld be equipp$ ) recup]ators4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,numb] ,numb] ,numb] ,units4 ,contractors4 ,numb] complet$complet$ float$ ord]$4,nov4 #aa1 ,apr4 #ag1 ,nov4 #aa1 #aiah4 #aiai4 #aiah4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #aee-mm4 gun c>riage,m9neapolis ,/eel #a1ddf #cgj #hjj #af model #aiah ,ma*9]y ,co4 7,fill\x7 #aee-mm4 gun c>riage d4 #a1ddf #cgj #hjj #af limb]1 model #aiah 7,fill\x7 #aee-mm4 gun cannon ,bull>d ,eng9e #a1djj #ec #bej prop] ,works #af ,d ,wat]vliet ,ars5al #gfj #ah #fh ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #h-;,,in* ,,h[itz]s ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! w> ! ,briti% design$ an #h-;in* field h[itz] t prov$ itself on battle fields 9 ,france4 ,great ,brita9 load$ h] own plants ) ord]s = ?is weapon & !n turn$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = additional facilities4 ,! ,midvale ,/eel ,ordnance ,co4 at ,nicet[n1 ,pa41 0 manufactur+ ?is unit = ! ,briti% at ! "t we ent]$ ! w>4 ,on ,april #ad1 #aiag1 exactly eight days aft] we _h =mally ann\nc$ our purpose ( w>r+ ) ,g]many1 an ord] = #hj ( ^! #h-;in* h[itz]s 0 plac$ ) ! ,midvale ,/eel ,co4 ,x 0 und]/ood t production on our ord] 0 to be begun ^u ! completion ( ! ,briti% contract on :i* ! ,midvale ,co4 0 !n engag$4 ,! ord] includ$ ! complete units1 ) c>riages1 limb]s1 tools1 & accessories1 all to be built 9 accordance ) ,briti% specifications4 ,contracts = ! trails 7 sublet by ! ,midvale ,co4 to ! ,cambria ,/eel ,co2 = ! :eels1 to ! ,am]ican ,road ,ma*9]y ,co42 = ! limb]s & fir+ plat=ms1 to ! ,j4 ,g4 ,brill ,co42 & = ! op5 sights1 to ! ,briti%-,am]ican ,manufactur+ ,co4 ,panoramic sights = ^! guns 7 furni%$ by ! ,frank=d ,ars5al4 ,s satisfactory did ! production proce$ t on ,decemb] #ac1 #aiag1 ! fir/ ( ! #h-;in* h[itz]s 0 pro(-tri$ ) good results4 ,e>ly 9 ,janu>y1 #aiah1 ! complete units began to come ?r\gh at ! rate ( ?ree a week1 increas+ to f\r a week 9 ,april & to six a week 9 ,may4 ,a subsequ5t contract ) ,midvale br\ght ! total numb] ( h[itz]s ord]$ f t plant up to #aie4 ,^! weapons1 all ( ! model kn[n z ! ,m>k ,,vi1 7 all produc$ & accept$ be=e ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice1 #if ( !m be+ %ipp$ ov]seas1 ) _! full complem5t ( accessories4 ,ea* complet$ unit co/ 9 ! neighborhood ( #ee1jjj4 ,^! weapons ?r[ a #bjj-p\nd projectile #aa1gej y>ds4 ,! progress ( ! w> mov$ s swiftly1 h[ev]1 t !re soon 0 ne$ = artill]y units ( ?is same size b ) long] range4 ,accord+ly1 a new design1 kn[n z ! ,m>k ,,viii1 0 br\ght out1 hav+ a range ( ov] #ac1jjj y>ds4 ,on ,octob] #b1 #aiah1 we plac$ ) ! ,midvale ,co4 an ord] = #ajj ( ^! #h-;in* h[itz]s1 specify+ c>riages ( ! new1 heavi] type4 ,:5 we ent]$ ! w> ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co41 at ,be?lehem1 ,pa41 0 produc+ = ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t a h[itz] ) a bore ( #i4b in*es4 ,! ,be?lehem ,co4 expect$ to complete ^! ,briti% contracts 9 ,july1 #aiag4 ,! #i4b-;in* h[itz] 0 approximately ! same size z ! #bdj-millimet] h[itz] :i* we 7 gett+ ready to put into production4 ,h[ev]1 9 our desire to utilize e bit ( ! production facilities ( ! c\ntry1 we ord]$ #ajj ( ! #i4b-;in* h[itz] units f ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 & plac$ additional ord]s = #acb ( ^! units 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,briti% conc]ns deliv]$ #dj h[itz]s be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,numb] ,numb] ,numb] ,m>k4 ,size4 ,contractor4 ord]$4complet$ ,numb] complet$ ,nov4 #aa1 float$4 to ,apr4 #aiah4 #ag1 #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,vi #h-;in* ,midvale #aie #afg #if #aie h[itz] ,/eel ,co4 ,,viii d4 d4 #ajj #cd ,model #aiag #i4b-;in* ,be?lehem #ajj #a h[itz] ,/eel ,co4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,! #i4b-;,,in* ,,h[itz]1 ,,model #aiag4 ,?is gun %oots %ell weigh+ #bij p\nds #h1fij met]s4 ,! weight ( ! h[itz] & c>riage is #bi1ajj p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,views ,,( ,,! #bdj-,,millimet] ,,h[itz]1 ,,model #aiah4 ,,! #bdj-,,millimet] ,,h[itz]s4 ,! s*eme ( production ( ! ,fr5* #bdj-millimet] h[itz]s 0 entirely aim$ at ! ye> #aiai2 s9ce ev5 if ,am]ican heavy manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts _h n be5 load$ ) w> ord]s1 x w\ld h be5 well-nigh impossible to turn out ?is mighty eng9e ( de/ruction 9 quantities 9 any %ort] p]iod ( "t4 ,al?\gh approximately ! same size z ! ,briti% #i4b-;in* h[itz] 7! exact diamet] ( ! bore ( ! #bdj be+ #i4de in*es7 & only a little l>g] ?an ! #h-;in* h[itz]1 ! ,fr5* gun 0 f> m p[]ful ?an ei!r4 ,! #h-;in* & ! #i4b-;in* h[itz]s _h ranges 9 ! neighborhood ( #f miles1 :ile _! %ell weigh$ f #bjj to #bij p\nds4 ,! #bdj1 on ! o!r h&1 hurl$ a %ell weigh+ #cef p\nds & c>ry+ a bur/+ *>ge ( betwe5 #de & #ej p\nds ( high explosive4 ,its range 0 almo/ #aj miles4 ,we produc$ ! #h-;in* & ! #i4b-;in* h[itz]s to fill ! gap dur+ ! two ye>s :i* mu/ elapse be=e we c\ld get into quantity production ( ! #bdj4 ,! ,fr5* & ,briti% gov]nm5ts 9 ! fall ( #aiag ass]t$ _! ability to equip our fir/ #cj combat divisions 9 #aiah ) heavy h[itz]s1 s t if our production came along 9 ! spr+ ( #aiai x c\ld meet ! requirem5ts ( ! w> situation4 ,consequ5tly we plann$ to equip our fir/ army ( #cj divisions ) #h-;in* & #i4b-;in* h[itz]s 9 equal numb]s ( ea*4 ,our second army ( #cj divisions %\ld be :olly equipp$ ) #bdj-millimet] h[itz]s2 & our expect$ production ( ^!1 be+ beyond our own contemplat$ ne$s1 w\ld s]ve to replace su* #h-;in* & #i4b-;in* h[itz]s z _h be5 lo/ 9 ! meantime4 ,z we adapt$ x f ! ,fr5* ,s*neid] model1 ! #bdj-millimet] h[itz] consi/$ ( f\r ma9 p>ts--! h[itz] b>rel1 ! top c>riage1 ! cradle ) recoil & me*anism1 & ! fir+ plat=m4 ,ea* ( ^! f\r p>ts _h its own transportation wagon & limb] drawn by a #aj-ton tractor4 ,! weapon 0 set up ) ! aid ( an erect+ frame & a small h& crane4 ,ea* ( ! ma9 sections is compos$ ( num]\s small] assembl$ p>ts made up ( v>i\s grades ( iron & /eel & raw mat]ials1 all requir+ ! greate/ precision 9 _! manufacture & all hav+ to pass rigid & exact+ te/s = /r5g? & dim5sions4 ,! production ( ev5 "o ( ^! enorm\s weapons w\ld h be5 a h>d job = any ,am]ican indu/rial plant1 b to manufacture ov] #a1bjj ( !m1 & t )9 ! comp>atively limit$ "t all[$ & "u ! abnormal indu/rial & transportation conditions !n prevail+1 0 a task ( trem5d\s difficulty & complexity4 ,on ,septemb] #a1 #aiag1 an ord] 0 plac$ ) ! ,wat]t[n ,ars5al = #bej c>riages = ! ,am]ican #bdj's1 to be turn$ out complete ) ! recoil me*anism1 transportation vehicles1 tools1 & accessories4 ,to %[ ! size ( ! job1 an allotm5t ( #ag1dej1jjj 0 set aside to cov] ! e/imat$ exp5ses at ! ars5al4 ,well equipp$ z ! ,wat]t[n ,ars5al 0 said to be at ! "t = ! production ( heavy gun c>riages1 x 0 f\nd necess>y1 9 ord] to h&le ?is job1 to con/ruct a new erect+ %op t _h a capacity practically z l>ge z all ! o!r build+s ( ! plant put toge!r4 ,! numb] ( employees at ! ars5al 0 increas$ f #a1bjj to m ?an #c1jjj4 ,! greate/ difficulty exp]i5c$ 0 9 obta9+ ! l>ge numb] ( heavy ma*9e tools requir$1 & exp]ts 7 s5t out to sc\r ! c\ntry 9 an ef=t to locate ^! tools :]ev] !y might be available4 ,raw mat]ials c\ld n be procur$ 9 suffici5t quantities1 :ile num]\s transportation delays imp$$ ! "w4 ,f9ally1 9 ,octob]1 #aiah1 ! pilot c>riage 0 complet$ & suffici5t progress _h be5 made on ! entire contract to assure production ( ! requir$ numb] ( units 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aiai4 ,a second c>riage contract 7,nov4 #af1 #aiag7 w5t to ! ,/&>d ,/eel ,c> ,co41 ( ,hammond1 ,ind4 ,?is call$ = ! deliv]y ( #ifd c>riages complete ) transportation vehicles1 limb]s1 tools1 etc41 b n ) recup]ators4 ,^! ! ,otis ,elevator ,co41 ( ,new ,york1 und]took to deliv]4 ,! ,/&>d ,/eel ,c> ,co4 is "o ( ! mo/ important build]s ( railway c>s1 freight & pass5g]1 9 ! c\ntry1 & x possess$ a l>ge & well-equipp$ plant4 ,nev]!less1 ! company 0 compell$ to con/ruct sev]al additional build+s & practically to d\ble ! capacity ( its huge erect+ %op 9 ord] to prep>e adequately = ! trem5d\s task und]tak54 ,z a means to save "t1 subcontracts 7 imm$iately plac$ ) m ?an #ajj firms ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ & ,middle ,we/ = ! production & ma*9+ ( z _m z possible ( ! compon5t p>ts ne$$ by ! ,/&>d ,/eel ,c> ,co4 ,:]ev] practicable1 ! subcontractors work+ on simil> contracts = ! ,wat]t[n ,ars5al 7 reta9$ by ! ,indiana company1 s t bett] prices might be obta9$1 p>ts /&>diz$1 & ! :ole production greatly facilitat$4 ,once ! "w 0 well "u way ! ramifications ( ?is "o contract1 ) its subcontracts = p>ts1 mat]ials1 tools1 build+ con/ruction1 etc41 ext5d$ ?r\gh\t practically ! entire indu/rial facilities ( ! ea/]n & c5tral sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! contract giv5 ! ,wat]t[n ,ars5al1 !re 7 _m difficulties 9 obta9+ tools & raw mat]ials4 ,9 a l>ge majority ( cases allocations1 p>tly ( iron & /eel products1 _h to be obta9$ ?r\gh ! ,w> ,indu/ries ,bo>d4 ,:5 allocations _h be5 grant$1 priority ord]s _h to be secur$1 z ! produc]s ( ^! mat]ials 7 already ov]work$ ) ,gov]nm5t ord]s ( v>y+ importance4 ,) ! pilot c>riage complete 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,octob]1 production on all ! ma9 p>ts _h progress$ by ,novemb] to su* an ext5t t a l>ge output ( f9i%$ c>riages 0 assur$ = ,decemb] & !reaft]1 _h n ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice int]v5$ & end$ ! necessity = fur!r exp$ition ( ! "w4 ,ord]s = h[itz] bodies 7 plac$ z foll[s3 ,sets4 ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co41 ,nov4 #ba1 #aiag4 #bcg ,edgewat] ,/eel ,co41 ,oct4 #bd1 #aiag4 #age ,tacony ,ordnance ,corporation1 ,nov4 #ad1 #aiag4 #age ,wat]t[n ,ars5al1 ,nov4 #aj1 #aiag4 #hj ,am]ican ,bridge ,co41 ,m>4 #ca1 #aiah4 #hjj ,! ,wat]vliet ,ars5al on ,novemb] #bj1 #aiag1 0 in/ruct$ to d ! ma*9+ ( =g+s s z to turn out #bej gun bodies = ! #bdj-millimet] h[itz]s1 & ?ree mon?s lat] ?is ord] 0 d\bl$4 ,on ,novemb] #g1 #aiah1 an additional #ffj 7 ord]$ f ,wat]vliet1 mak+ a gr& total ( #a1afj h[itz] cannon ( ?is calib] ord]$ ma*9$ & complet$ at ! ,wat]vliet ,ars5al4 ,! ars5al contract$ to rea* an output ( #ajj cannon a mon? & deliv] ! la/ ( ! #a1afj n lat] ?an ,septemb] #cj1 #aiai4 ,x 0 f\nd necess>y to erect an entirely new %op = ! ma*9+ ( ^! h[itz]s4 ,?is %op 0 complet$ 9 ,may1 #aiah4 ,dur+ ! w> p]iod #ac1afd1gjf 0 sp5t or allott$ to ! ,wat]vliet ,ars5al = increas+ its facilities4 ,=g+s 7 furni%$ to ! ars5al by ! ,gov]nm5t1 b ! =g+ situation 0 nev] a delay+ factor 9 ! production ( #bdj-millimet] h[itz]s4 ,9 all1 #aeh sets1 ( #a1dfg ord]$1 7 deliv]$ up to ,decemb] #ab1 #aiah4 ,! pilot h[itz] 0 deliv]$ by ! ,wat]vliet ,ars5al to ! prov+ gr\nd on ,augu/ #bd1 #aiah4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aiah ! ,wat]t[n ,ars5al contract$ to build #beb additional recup]ators = ^! h[itz]s4 ,"w 0 />t$ at once 9 ! %ops1 &1 ?\gh additional facilities _h to be prep>$ & mu* new equipm5t add$1 ! production ( ! fir/ recup]ator 0 begun )\t delay4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! plan+ equipm5t at ! ars5al 0 n suffici5t to h&le ! "w1 & !re=e a great deal ( ! r\gh plan+ 0 done by subcontractors4 ,! ,wat]t[n ,ars5al 0 to furni% its own =g+s1 b x 0 quickly f\nd t an additional s\rce ( supplies 0 requir$4 ,! ,c>negie ,/eel ,co4 _h be5 giv5 an ord] on ,decemb] #bg1 #aiag1 = #a1cjj recup]ator =g+s1 & "s ( ^! 7 s5t to ! ,wat]t[n ,ars5al4 ,! fir/ recup]ator 0 complet$ ,octob] #bh1 #aiah1 & #af _h be5 f9i%$ up to ,decemb] #ca1 #aiah1 :5 #bhj =g+s 7 9 ! process ( ma*9+4 ,to h&le its ord] = #a1jci recup]ators1 ! ,otis ,elevator ,co41 ( ,new ,york1 f\nd x necess>y to rebuild a plant :i* x own$ 9 ,*icago4 ,=g+s 7 furni%$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,on ,may #a1 #aiah1 ! ,otis ,elevator ,co4 />t$ its r\gh ma*9+4 ,h>d spots 7 f\nd 9 ! metal1 caus+ great tr\ble at fir/1 b ?is difficulty 0 ov]come by *anges 9 ! heat treatm5t4 ,! ,c>negie ,/eel ,co4 0 !n in/ruct$ to r\gh-ma*9e ! =g+s be=e s5d+ !m to ! ,otis ,elevator ,co4 ,an ord] 0 also giv5 to ! ,midvale ,/eel ,co4 to r\gh-ma*9e #bd =g+s4 ,e>ly 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah1 ! ,otis ,elevator ,co4 f9i%$ its fir/ recup]ator4 ,"o #bdj-millimet] h[itz] unit 0 complet$ at ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice1 out ( a total ( #a1bad contract$ =2 b _h w> conditions cont9u$1 ! expectation 0 = a mon?ly capacity ( #hj units by #aiai4 ,actual deliv]ies are giv5 bel[3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,numb] ,numb] ,units4 ,contractors4 ,numb] complet$complet$ ord]$4,nov4 #aa1 ,apr4 #ag1 #aiah4 #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #bdj-mm4 unit1 ,wat]t[n #bej #aaa #aada complete1 except ,ars5al #abd #abbe h[itz] #bdj-mm4 h[itz] ,/&>d #ifd #e #fg c>riage units1 ,/eel ,c> ,co4 except recup]ators ,w9dlasses ,dodge #a1abe #cc #cej ,manufactur+ ,co ,ramm] trucks d4 #a1bje #b #cge ,%ot trucks d4 #c1bad #b #a1jjj #bdj-mm4 h[itz] ,wat]vliet #b #ai cannon ,ars5al ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aa ,c>riage alone4 #ab ,c>riages ) recup]ators4 ,,fight+ ,,! ,,airplane ,,) ,,artill]y4 ,! ,am]ican developm5t ( antiaircraft artill]y _h1 previ\sly to #aiag1 be5 conf9$ almo/ exclusively to ! task ( design+ & con/ruct+ /ation>y units ( def5se = our coa/ =tifications4 ,x 0 naturally expect$ t x w\ld be at ^? po9ts t we w\ld fir/1 if ev]1 h to meet an attack f ! air4 ,v little att5tion _h be5 paid mobile artill]y ( ?is sort4 ,be=e ,april1 #aiaf1 ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t _h design$ a high-p[]$ #c-;in* antiaircraft m\nt = ! fix$ emplacem5t at coa/ =tifications4 ,! gun on ?is m\nt fir$ a #ae-p\nd projectile ) a muzzle velocity ( #b1fjj feet a second4 ,x is /ill to-day ! mo/ p[]ful antiaircraft weapon ( its calib]4 ,betwe5 ,may1 #aiaf1 & ,june #ah1 #aiag1 ord]s = #afj ( ^! m\nts 7 plac$ ) ! ,wat]t[n ,ars5al & ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 ,up to ,april #aj1 #aiai1 a total ( #aaf ( ^! _h be5 complet$ & s5t = emplacem5t at ! po9ts select$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,views ,,( ,,antiaircraft ,,guns ,,on ,,truck ,,m\nts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,o!r ,,views ,,( ,,antiaircraft ,,guns4 ,by ! end ( #aiaf1 h[ev]1 x 0 =ese5 t x w\ld be necess>y to provide antiaircraft artill]y ( a mobile type z "p ( ! equipm5t = any field =ces t might be s5t abroad4 ,s9ce t cont+5cy seem$ entirely possible at t "t1 & z x appe>$ to be impossible to provide a suitable design t w\ld h a suffici5t p]iod ( "t 9 :i* to get prop] consid]ation & te/1 x 0 decid$ to improvise a simple /ructural /eel design t w\ld p]mit quick con/ruction & on :i* a #ge-millimet] field gun1 t 0 already 9 production1 c\ld be m\nt$4 ,?is design 0 complet$ ,may #a1 #aiag1 & an ord] = #ej plac$ ) ! ,build]s ,iron ,f\ndry4 ,deliv]ies on ^! 7 made dur+ ! fall ( #aiag1 & ! c>riages 7 at once %ipp$ to ,france = equipm5t ) ,fr5* field guns & recup]ators t _h be5 already procur$ = ! purpose4 ,9 its mobility ! improvis$ antiaircraft gun m\nt 0 f> f p]fect4 ,x 0 necess>y to disassemble x p>tly & m\nt x on trail]s4 ,! ne$ = a m\nt t c\ld be mov$ easily & spe$ily _h be5 realiz$ be=e our entrance 9 ! w>1 & a design embody+ ^! qualities 0 complet$ z e>ly z ,decemb]1 #aiaf4 ,?is truck 0 design$ to be equipp$ ) ! ,am]ican #ge-millimet] field gun1 model ( #aiaf4 ,be=e ! draw+s 7 complet$ an ord] = ! pilot m\nts ( ?is type 0 plac$ ) ! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al4 ,! w> came on1 & x 0 decid$ n to wait = a te/ ( ! m\nts be=e />t+ g5]al manufacture4 ,accord+ly ! ,new ,brita9 ,ma*9e ,co41 9 ,july1 #aiag1 0 giv5 an ord] = #ea c>riages4 ,no fur!r ord]s 7 plac$ = c>riages ( ?is sort1 z x 0 n ?\ght be/ to g too heavily into production ( an untri$ m\nt4 ,x may be not$ "h t our fir/ #bf antiaircraft guns 7 m\nt$ on ,:ite #a-ton trucks4 ,x 0 also realiz$ t ! field guns ) :i* ^! m\nts 7 to be equipp$ did n h ! p[] & range t ! w> exp]i5ce 0 %[+ to be necess>y4 ,! only reasons t ! field guns ( ! #ge-millimet] calib] 7 us$ 9 ?is way 0 because !y 7 ! guns mo/ quickly available & because ! ,fr5* 7 already us+ !m = ?is purpose4 ,to meet ! ne$ ( m p[]ful antiaircraft weapons1 a ne$ becom+ m press+ ea* day1 a #c-;in* high-p[]$ antiaircraft gun 0 design$ & m\nt$ on a f\r-:eel trail] ( ! automobile type4 ,?is m\nt p]mitt$ elevations ( ! gun f #aj degrees to #he degrees & also all[$ = all ar\nd fir+4 ,an ord] = #fab ( ^! c>riages 0 giv5 to ! ,new ,brita9 ,ma*9e ,co4 9 ,july1 #aiag1 %ortly aft] ! contract = ! #ea truck m\nts _h be5 plac$ ) t conc]n4 ,because ( ! urg5cy ( ! situation x 0 necess>y to con/ruct ^! c>riages )\t ! prelim9>y te/s on a pilot c>riage4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is a v undesirable practice1 b "u ! exi/+ conditions no o!r proc$ure w\ld h be5 practicable4 ,! ,fr5* antiaircraft auto truck m\nt1 :i* _h ! ,fr5* #ge-millimet] field gun ) its recup]ator plac$ ^u a special antiaircraft m\nt1 0 n adopt$ at ! "t1 because1 9 ,july1 #aiag1 ! :ole "q ( ! possibility ( con/ruct+ ,fr5* recup]ators 9 ?is c\ntry 0 /ill entirely unsettl$4 ,x 0 imp]ative !n t we develop our own designs4 ,all ( ! #ea truck m\nts = ! antiaircraft guns 7 deliv]$ dur+ ! fall & e>ly w9t] ( #aiah1 & #bb ( !m 7 9 ,france be=e ,decemb]1 #aiah4 ,deliv]y ( ! fir/ c>riage = ! #c-;in* high-p[]$ gun m\nt$ on ! trail] c>riage 0 made 9 ,augu/1 #aiag4 ,x _h be5 ru%$ ahead ( g5]al production 9 ord] to be giv5 "s sort ( a te/4 ,no fur!r deliv]ies 7 made1 b manufacture rea*$ a po9t :]e production 9 quantity c\ld beg94 ,a repres5tative ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t 0 s5t to ,france & ,engl& 9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 to ga!r all ! in=mation possible on antiaircraft artill]y4 ,z a result ( 8 inve/igations x 0 det]m9$ t x w\ld be be/ to procure ! great] "p ( our fire-control equipm5t 9 ,france1 s9ce ! in/rum5ts develop$ !re 7 9 "s cases ( a highly complicat$ nature & _! manufacture entirely controll$ by private p>ties4 ,ord]s 7 plac$ = en\gh ( ^! in/rum5ts = ! equipm5t ( ! fir/ #abe batt]ies4 ,mean:ile1 fire-control in/rum5ts ( v>i\s types 7 9 ! process ( developm5t 9 ?is c\ntry2 b1 z !y 7 l>gely bas$ ^u !oretical con/ruction d]iv$ f /udy ( ! ,fr5* practices1 x 0 deem$ be/ n to manufacture any ( ^! in/rum5ts 9 quantity1 z bett] in/rum5ts ( ,fr5* design 7 available4 ,draw+s ( ! ,fr5* in/rum5ts 7 br\ght back by ! ,ordnance (fic] on 8 visit to ,france & 7 available 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah1 :5 manufacture ( "s ( !m began 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice our =ces 9 ,france 7 equipp$ almo/ :olly ) antiaircraft artill]y loan$ to u & suppli$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n include ! #aja improvis$ & truck m\nts complet$ dur+ #aiag4 ,production "h1 h[ev]1 _h rea*$ su* a po9t t %ipm5t ( mat]ial w\ld h begun 9 quantity 9 ,janu>y1 #aiai4 ,! e/imat$ requirem5ts ( antiaircraft artill]y = #b1jjj1jjj m5 9 #dh divisions is only #abj guns4 ,o!r mat]ial1 ( c\rse1 w\ld h be5 requir$ previ\sly = def5se ( depots1 railheads1 etc41 dep5d5t 9 a great measure ^u ! activities ( ,g]man bomb]s4 ,x is e/imat$ t ab\t #bjj guns w\ld h suffic$ = ?is purpose4 ,to summ>ize1 #ej ( ! s-call$ improvis$ #ge-millimet] antiaircraft guns & m\nts _h be5 ord]$ & complet$ up to ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice2 #ea ( ! #ge-millimet] antiaircraft m\nts1 model ( #aiag1 _h be5 ord]$ & #df complet$2 :ile #fab ( ! #c-;in* antiaircraft trail] c>riage m\nts1 model ( #aiag1 _h be5 ord]$1 ( :i* #a _h be5 actually deliv]$ at ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice1 ! balance to come at ! rate ( #bf p] mon? />t+ 9 ,decemb]4 ,artill]y--,production ( complete units1 by mon?s4 ,deliv]ies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ,u4 ,s4 ,army ord]s only4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,to #aiah ,jan41------------------------- #aiah4;,jan4,feb4,m>4,apr4,may4,june4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #ge-mm4 gun1 model #ahig #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #ge-mm4 gun1 model #aiaf #j #j #j #i #d #f #ba #ge-mm4 gun1 model #aiag #a #aa #cf #bh #eh #bb #fa #ge-mm4 antiaircraft gun #j #di #b #j #j #a #a #c-;in* antiaircraft gun #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #d4g-;in* gun #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #aee-mm4 h[itz] #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #e-;in* seacoa/ gun #j #j #a #bg #acac #ac #f-;in* seacoa/ gun #j #j #ab #e #b #de #bc #aee-mm4 gun #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #h-;in* h[itz] #g #ab #ag #bj #bb #b #j #i4b-;in* h[itz]#ad #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #bdj-mm4 h[itz] #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #h-;in* seacoa/ gun #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #aj-;in* seacoa/ gun #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #ab-;in* gun #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #ab-;in* seacoa/ mort> #j #j #j #j #j #j #j ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,total #h #gb #fh #hi #hf #gf #ajf ---------------------------------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aiah ---------------------------,total4 ,july4,aug4,sept4,oct4,nov4 ,dec4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #ge-mm4 gun1 model #ahig #j #j #j #a #j #j #a #ge-mm4 gun1 model #aiaf #b #fj #db #ea #aa #de #bea #ge-mm4 gun1 model #aiag #fa #ee #acj #baa #aaj #ee #hci #ge-mm4 antiaircraft gun #b #af #b #ah #f #c #ajj #c-;in* antiaircraft gun #j #a #j #j #j #j #a #d4g-;in* gun #ae #ae #bh #gb #ej #dd #bbd #aee-mm4 h[itz] #a #h #ci #fc #fe #ajj #bgf #e-;in* seacoa/ gun #acac #acacac #ac #bh #f-;in* seacoa/ gun #d #a #acacac #ac #ib #aee-mm4 gun #j #j #j #a #e #aj #af #h-;in* h[itz] #j #bc #bg #cc #ac #ae #aia #i4b-;in* h[itz]#ad #j #j #j #j #j #j #adj #bdj-mm4 h[itz] #j #j #j #j #a #j #a #h-;in* seacoa/ gun #j #j #c #ad #d #a #bb #aj-;in* seacoa/ gun #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #ab-;in* gun #j #j #j #j #a #b #c #ab-;in* seacoa/ mort> #j #a #j #j #aj #b #ac ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,total #he #ahj #bga #dfd #bgf #bgg #b1jeh ---------------------------------------- --------------- #ac ,project complete4 #ad ,no deliv]ies made by ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 on ,u4,s4 ,army ord]s until aft] sign+ ( ! armi/ice because ( priority giv5 to ,briti% ord]s plac$ be=e ! ,am]ican decl>ation ( w>4 ,by complete units is meant gun body complete1 c>riage1 & recoil me*anism or recup]ator4 ,units are giv5 z complete :5 _! compon5t p>ts 7 complete1 al?\gh ! actual assembly ( ^! p>ts at a common po9t1 te/+1 & f9al deliv]y usually requir$ f two weeks' to two mon?s' additional "t4 ,! #e-;in*1 #f-;in*1 #aj-;in*1 & #ab-;in* seacoa/ guns & ! #ab-;in* seacoa/ mort>s 7 tak5 f ! =tifications & modifi$ = use ) mobile c>riages1 all above #f in*es = railway m\nts4 ,! #ge-millimet] gun1 model #ahig1 0 ! approv$ model = active s]vice 9 ,france4 ,model #aiaf & model #aiag 7 us$ = tra9+ purposes bo? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,france4 ,production ( mobile artill]y 7complete units71 ,apr4 #a1 #aiag1 to ,nov4 #aa1 #aiah4 ,includ+ all produc$ = ,france & ,great ,brita9 9 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,produc$4 ,%ipp$ ,ov]seas4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ge-mm4 guns 7or ,briti% #ah-p\nd]7 #igj #aha #c-;in* & #ge-mm4 antiaircraft guns #ig #aebf #d4e-;in* h[itz]s #ig #ig #d4g-;in* guns #aeg #fd #aee-mm4 7#e-;in* & #f-;in* seacoa/ guns7 #aba #afaad #aee-mm4 h[itz]s #add #j #g-;in* guns on cat]pill> m\nts #agaj #j ,railway artill]y #bj #aa ,heavy h[itz]s #ahdah #cbb --------------------- ,total #b1jcd #hae ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ae ,does n include #ea improvis$ m\nts = :i* guns 7 furni%$ by ,fr5*4 #af ,includes sixte5 #aee-mm4 guns & c>riages %ipp$ )\t recup]ators4 #ag ,built = ! ,m>9e ,corps4 #ah ,includes sixte5 #h-;in* h[itz]s built = ! ,m>9e ,corps4 ,illu/ration3 #a-,,ton ,,antiaircraft ,,ma*9e ,,gun ,,trail]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,views ,,( ,,! #g-;,,in* ,,navy ,,rifle ,,m\nt$ ,,on ,a ,,p$e/al ,,on ,a ,,railway ,,c>4 ,?is rifle has a range ( ab\t #aj miles & ?r[s a projectile weigh+ #afe p\nds4 ,note ! means ( load+ & ! depression angle4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,railway ,,artill]y4 ,z soon z w> 0 decl>$ aga9/ ,g]many ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 9 its se>* = an imm$iate equipm5t ( /rong artill]y1 survey$ ! ordnance supplies ( ! c\ntry & discov]$ "s #dfd heavy guns :i* might be sp>$ f ! seacoa/ def5ses1 obta9$ f ! ,navy1 or comm&e]$ at private ordnance plants :]e !y 7 be+ manufactur$ = =eign ,gov]nm5ts4 ,!re 7 six guns ( ?is la/-nam$ class--p[]ful #ab-;in* weapons :i* _h be5 produc$ = ! ,*ilean ,gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 se5 t if all1 or if a l>ge "p1 ( ^! guns c\ld be made available = s]vice 9 ,france1 ,am]ica w\ld quickly provide = h]self a heavy artill]y equipm5t ( respectable proportions4 ,! guns ?us available = m\nt+ on railway c>s rang$ 9 size f ! #g-;in* guns ( ! ,navy to ! s+le enorm\s #af-;in* h[itz] :i* _h be5 built exp]im5tally by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t prior to #aiag4 ,! li/ ( ^! guns accord+ to numb]1 size1 l5g?1 & s\rce :5ce obta9$ 0 z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,numb] ( guns4 ,size4 ,l5g?4 ,s\rce :5ce obta9$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,in*es4 ,calib]s4 #ab #g #de ,navy4 #if #h #ce ,seacoa/ def5ses4 #abi #aj #cd ,d4 #di #ab #ce ,d4 #f #ab #ej ,9 manufacture = ,*ile4 #aej 7mort>s7 #ab #aj ,seacoa/ def5ses4 #ba #ad #ej ,navy4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,9 addition to ^! !re 0 ! #af-;in* h[itz]1 #bj calib]s 9 l5g?1 :i* _h be5 built by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t be=e #aiag4 ,! expression #ad-;in* gun1 #ej calib]s1 means t ! gun has a b>rel diamet] ( #ad in*es & t ! gun body is fifty times ! calib] ( #ad in*es1 or #gjj in*es 7#eh feet #d in*es7 long4 ,! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t conceiv$ t ! only way to make ^! guns available = use abroad w\ld be to m\nt !m on railway c>s4 ,^! guns 7 n vital 9 ! def5se ( our coa/ "u ! conditions ( ! w> ) ,g]many1 b x 0 evid5t t !y w\ld make a valuable type ( long-range artill]y :5 plac$ on satisfactory railway m\nts4 ,m\nt+ heavy artill]y on railway c>s1 h[ev]1 0 n an idea born ( ! rec5t w>4 ,! idea 0 probably orig9ally ,am]ican4 ,! ,union =ces at ! siege ( ,ri*mond 9 #ahfc m\nt$ a #ac-;in* ca/-iron mort> on a re9=c$ flat c>1 ?is be+ ! fir/ au!nticat$ record ( ! use ( heavy railway artill]y4 ,9 #aiac ! comm&+ (fic] ( ! def5ses ( ! ,potomac1 :i* comprise ,=ts ,wa%+ton & ,hunt1 0 call$ ^u to report on ! condition ( ^! def5ses4 ,9 reply1 he advis$ t no fur!r exp5diture be made on any "o ( ! fix$ def5ses1 b recomm5d$ t a /rategic railroad be built along ! backbone ( ! p59sula f ,po9t ,look\t to ,wa%+ton1 ) spurs lead+ to pr$et]m9$ positions bo? on ,*esapeake ,bay & ! ,potomac ,riv]1 s plac$ z to comm& approa*es to ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore4 ,fur!r1 he recomm5d$ t #d major-calib] guns1 #af m$ium-calib] guns1 & #bd m9e-def5se guns be m\nt$ on railroad plat=ms1 ) ammunition1 range f9d+1 & repair c>s mak+ up complete units1 s t ?is armam5t c\ld be quickly transport$ at any "t to ! place :]e mo/ ne$$4 ,he sugge/$ t ?is s*eme be made applicable to any portion ( ! coa/ l9e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,8 argum5t 0 bas$ ^u ! fact t guns 9 fix$ positions1 ( :atev] calib]1 violate ! c>d9al milit>y pr9ciple ( mobility4 ,! nations engag$ 9 ! w> n[ end+ develop$ to a high /age ! use ( heavy artill]y m\nt$ on railway c>s1 br++ ab\t a comb9ation ( ! necess>y rigidity ) great mobility1 consid]+ ! weight ( ?is mat]ial4 ,railway artill]y came to be z v>i$ 9 its design z field artill]y4 ,ea* type ( railway m\nt _h c]ta9 tactical uses & x 0 n consid]$ desirable to use ! diff]5t types int]*angeably4 ,! ?ree types ( cannon us$ on railway m\nts 7 mort>s1 h[itz]s1 & guns4 ,x 0 n practicable to use ! same type ( railway m\nts = ! diff]5t k9ds ( cannon4 ,moreov]1 ^! m\nts diff]$ radically f ! m\nts = su* weapons at ! seacoa/ def5ses4 ,! ?ree g5]al types ( railway m\nts adopt$ 7 ^? :i* gave ! gun all-ar\nd fire 7#cfj-;degree trav]se71 ^? :i* provid$ limit$ trav]se = ! gun1 & ^? :i* all[$ no lat]al movem5t = ! gun on ! c>riage b 7 us$ on curv$ track1 or epis1 to give ! weapons trav]se aim4 ,! small] weapons1 su* z ! #g-;in* & ! #h-;in* guns & ! #ab-;in* mort>s1 7 plac$ on m\nts af=d+ #cfj-;degree trav]se4 ,! limit$ trav]se m\nts 7 us$ = ! mod]ately long-range guns & h[itz]s4 ,! fix$ type ( m\nt 0 us$ = long-range guns only1 & includ$ ! slid+ railway m\nts1 su* z ! ,am]ican #ab-;in* & #ad-;in* slid+ m\nts & ! ,fr5* ,s*neid] glissem5t m\nts4 ,! "w ( provid+ railway artill]y--t is1 tak+ ! big1 fix$-position guns already 9 exi/5ce )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & simil> guns be+ produc$ & design+ & manufactur+ suitable m\nts = !m on railway c>s--grew into su* an important und]tak+ t x enli/$ ! exclusive att5tion ( a l>ge section )9 ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,?is organization ev5tually f\nd itself engag$ 9 #aj major con/ruction projects1 :i*1 9 "t1 _h ! w> cont9u$1 w\ld h deliv]$ m ?an #cjj ( ^! mon/] weapons to ! field 9 ,france &1 to a less] ext5t1 to ! railway coa/ def5ses ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z x 01 s mu* ( ! con/ruction--! ma*9+ ( p>ts1 & s on--0 complete at ! date ( ! armi/ice1 t x 0 decid$ to g ahead ) all ( ! projects except ?ree1 ^! involv+ ! m\nt+ ( #af guns ( #ad-;in* size1 #ej calib]s long1 ! production ( #be long-range #h-;in* guns1 #ej calib]s1 & _! m\nt+ on railway c>s1 & ! m\nt+ ( #ah coa/-def5se1 #aj-;in* guns1 #cd calib]s long1 on ! ,fr5* ,batignolles type ( railway m\nt4 ,inasmu* z x w be necess>y 9 ?is *apt] to ref] frequ5tly to ! b>bette1 ,s*neid]1 & ,batignolles types ( gun m\nts = railway artill]y1 x %\ld be made cle> to ! read] :at ^! types are4 ,! b>bette c>riage revolves ab\t a c5tral p9tle1 or axis1 & turns ! gun ar\nd ) x4 ,:5 x 0 decid$ to put coa/-def5se guns on railway c>s1 ! guns 7 tak5 f _! emplacem5ts1 b>bette c>riages manufactur$ = !m1 & ! :ole m\nt$ ^u special c>s4 ,! b>bette m\nt revolves on a support ( roll]s travel+ ^u a circul> base r+4 ,9 ! railway m\nt ! base r+ is atta*$ to ! dropp$ c5tral portion ( ! railway c>4 ,! b>bette railway m\nt is provid$ ) /ruts & plates by :i* ! c> is brac$ aga9/ ! gr\nd4 ,! ,s*neid] railway m\nt is nam$ aft] ! ,fr5* ordnance conc]n ,s*neid] et ,cie1 :o design$ x4 ,9 ?is m\nt ! gun & its c>riage are fa/5$ rigidly p>allel to ! long axis ( ! railway c>4 ,?us ! gun itself1 indep5d5tly ( any movem5t ( ! c>1 c be po9t$ only up & d[n 9 a v]tical plane1 hav+ no trav]se or sw+ f left to "r1 & vice v]sa4 ,9 ord] to give ! weapon trav]se = its aim1 special railway curv$ tracks1 call$ epis1 are prep>$ at ! position :]e x is to be fir$4 ,! c> is !n run along ! curve until its trav]se aim is correct1 & ! v]tical aim is a*iev$ by ! movem5t ( ! gun itself4 ,9 ! ,s*neid] m\nt !re is no recoil me*anism1 b ! recoil is absorb$ by ! retrograde movem5t ( ! c> itself along ! rails aft] ! gun is fir$4 ,?is movem5t1 ( c\rse1 puts ! gun out ( aim1 & ! entire unit mu/ !n be pu%$ by h& p[] back to ! prop] po9t4 ,9 ! ,batignolles type1 gun & cradle are m\nt$ on a s-call$ top c>riage t p]mits ( small *anges 9 horizontal po9t+ "r & left4 ,?us ) ! railway artill]y ( ! ,batignolles type also1 track curves1 or epis1 are necess>y = ! accurate aim+4 ,! ,batignolles m\nt p>tially cu%ions ! recoil by ! movem5t ( ! gun itself 9 ! cradle4 ,b1 9 addition1 a special track is provid$ at ! fir+ po9t & ! entire gun c> is run on ?is track & bolt$ to x ) spades driv5 into ! gr\nd to resi/ :at recoil is n tak5 up 9 ! cradle4 ,! unit is ?us /ation>y 9 action1 & ! gun c be m readily return$ to aim ?an c a gun on a ,s*neid] m\nt4 ,,! #g-;,,in* ,,rifles4 ,! conditions "u :i* ! w> ) ,g]many 0 f\ght virtually preclud$ any *ance ( a naval attack on our %ores :i* w\ld engage our fix$ coa/ def5ses4 ,! ,briti% gr& fleet1 ) ! assi/ance ( fleets ( ! o!r allies & ,am]ica1 _h ! ,g]man battle fleet securely bottl$4 ,on ! o!r h& !re 0 ! pr[l+ subm>9e able at all times to g to sea & ev5 to cross ! ocean1 & "s ( ! late/ ( ^! subm>9es 7 arm$ ) long-range m$ium-calib] guns4 ,x 0 n beyond possibility t "s sort ( an attack w\ld be made on our %ores by subm>9es ( ?is "*1 yet x 0 safe to believe t ^! craft w\ld keep well out ( range ( ! guns at our /ation>y coa/ def5ses4 ,to protect our coa/ f su* attack ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t conceiv$ ! plan ( m\nt+ heavy guns on railway c>s4 ,!y might !n be mov$ quickly to places on ! seacoa/ ne$+ def5se4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,navy turn$ #ab ( its #g-;in* rifles ov] to ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t = m\nt+4 ,mean:ile our ordnance (fic]s _h design$ c]ta9 /&>d railway artill]y c>s1 kn[n z models #aiah1 #aiah ,m>k ,i1 & #aiah ,m>k ,,ii1 = #g-;in* & #h-;in* guns & #ab-;in* mort>s1 respectively4 ,^! c>s all _h ! same g5]al features4 ,! model #aiah c> 0 select$ = ! conv]t$ #g-;in* ,navy rifle4 ,! rifle 0 m\nt$ on a p$e/al set on ! gun c> 9 su* a mann] z to give all-ar\nd fire1 or #cfj-;degree trav]se4 ,! p$e/al m\nt p]mitt$ ! gun to be depress$ at an angle suitable = fir+ f high places along ! coa/ d[n ^u ! l[-ly+ subm>9es4 ,contracts = ! v>i\s p>ts = ^! c>s & ! p$e/al gun m\nts 7 let to conc]ns engag$ 9 heavy /eel manufacture1 b ! assembl+ 0 done by ! ,am]ican ,c> ,f\ndry ,co41 ( ,b]wick1 ,pa4 ,twelve ( ! #g-;in* rifles 7 s m\nt$4 ,z ?is equipm5t 0 int5d$ exclusively = use 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! gun c>s 7 equipp$ ) ! ,am]ican type ( c> c\pl+s4 ,,! #h-;,,in* ,,guns4 ,= ! #h-;in* guns tak5 f seacoa/ =tifications ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t design$ a b>bette m\nt giv+ complete1 #cfj-;degree1 trav]se1 ?us provid+ = fire 9 any direction4 ,!re 7 #if su* guns available = railway m\nts4 ,ord]s = #dg gun c>s ) c>riages = m\nt+ ! weapons 7 plac$ ) ?ree conc]ns--! ,morgan ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ( ,alliance1 ,ohio1 ! ,h>risburg ,manufactur+ ,boil] ,co41 ( ,h>risburg1 ,pa41 & ! ,am]ican ,c> ,f\ndry ,co41 ( ,b]wick4 ,two ( ! ?ree contractors f\nd x necess>y to provide additional facilities & ma*9e-tool equipm5t at _! plants 9 ord] to h&le ?is job4 ,! fir/ railway m\nt = ! #h-;in* gun 0 complet$ & s5t to ! ,ab]de5 ,prov+ ,gr\nd = te/ 9 ,may1 #aiah4 ,9 e>ly ,june ! te/ _h %[n t ! weapon 0 effici5t & entirely satisfactory4 ,be=e ! end ( ! ye> #aiah a total ( #bd complete units1 ) ammunition c>s = /&>d-gauge track1 %ell c>s = n>r[-gauge track1 transportation c>s1 tools1 sp>e p>ts1 & all ! o!r necess>y appurt5ances ( a unit ( ?is "*1 _h be5 complet$4 ,?ree complete #h-;in* units 7 %ipp$ ov]seas be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,:5 ! armi/ice came ! ,h>risburg company _h deliv]$ #i ( ^! m\nts & ! ,morgan ,eng9e]+ ,co4 an equal numb]1 mak+ #ah 9 all4 ,! =m] conc]n _h rea*$ an output ( #e m\nts p] mon? & ! latt] #aj p] mon?4 ,an int]e/+ feature ( ?is m\nt is t x c be us$ ei!r on /&>d-gauge or on n>r[-gauge railroad track4 ,! n>r[ gauge adopt$ 0 t 9 /&>d use 9 ! fight+ zones 9 ,france1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! rails be+ #fj c5timet]s1 or ! approximate equival5t ( #bd in*es4 ,ea* gun c> 0 provid$ ) int]*angeable trucks to fit ei!r gauge4 ,! artill]y tra9 necess>y = ! maneuv]+ ( ! weapon 0 also simil>ly equipp$ to travel on ei!r sort ( track4 ,z a rule ! long] ! b>rel ( a cannon1 ! great] its range4 ,! #h-;in* seacoa/ guns ?us m\nt$ 7 #ce calib]s 9 l5g?1 t is1 ?irty-five times #h in*es1 or #bc feet #d in*es4 ,! requirem5ts ( our =ces 9 ! field 9 ,france call$ = guns ( ?is same size b ( long] range4 ,consequ5tly an #h-;in* gun ( #ej calib]s--t is1 #aj feet long] ?an ! seacoa/ #h-;in* gun--0 design$1 & #be ( !m 7 ord]$4 ,?is project came z a lat] developm5t 9 ! w>1 ! guns be+ int5d$ = use abroad 9 #aibj4 ,! railway m\nts = ! weapons _h n be5 plac$ 9 production :5 ! armi/ice came4 ,because ( ! incomplete /atus ( ?is project 9 ! autumn ( #aiah1 ! :ole und]tak+ 0 ab&on$4 #aj-;,,in* ,,& #ab-;,,in* ,,guns4 ,!re 7 at ! seacoa/ def5ses & 9 ! /ores ( ! ,army a l>ge numb] ( #aj-;in* guns ( #cd calib]s4 ,( ^! #abi 7 available = m\nt+ on railway c>s4 ,x 0 propos$ to m\nt ^! weapons on two types ( ,fr5* railway m\nts--! ,s*neid] & ! ,batignolles4 ,! project to m\nt #cf ( ^! weapons on ,s*neid] m\nts 0 tak5 up z a jo9t op]ation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,fr5* ,gov]nm5ts1 ! heavy =g+ & r\gh ma*9+ to be done 9 ?is c\ntry & ! f9i%+ & assembl+ 9 ! ,fr5* %ops4 ,! ,am]ican contractors 7 ?ree4 ,! ,h>risburg ,manufactur+ ,boil] ,co4 und]took to furni% ! major portion ( ! fabricat$ mat]ials = ! c>riages & c>s4 ,! ,pullman ,c> ,co4 contract$ to produce ! necess>y trucks = ! gun c>s1 :ile ! ,am]ican ,c> ,f\ndry ,co4 engag$ to build ! ammunition c>s4 ,eight sets ( fabricat$ p>ts to be assembl$ 9 ,france _h be5 produc$ be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,g54 ,p]%+ _h reque/$ ! deliv]y 9 ,france ( ! #cf sets ( p>ts by ,m>* #b1 #aiai4 ,aft] ! armi/ice 0 sign$ !re 0 a natural letd[n 9 spe$ 9 ne>ly all ordnance factories1 b ev5 )\t ! spur ( milit>y necessity ! contract+ conc]ns 7 able by ,april #g1 #aiai1 to deliv] #bb ( ! #cf sets ord]$4 ,_h ! w> cont9u$ ?r\gh ! w9t] !re is little "q b t all #cf sets ( p>ts w\ld h be5 9 ,france on ! date specifi$4 ,! #aj-;in* seacoa/ gun1 ,batignolles m\nt project1 0 plac$ exclusively 9 ! h&s ( ! ,m>ion ,/eam ,%ovel ,co41 ( ,m>ion1 ,ohio4 ,x _h be5 propos$ also to m\nt #ab-;in* seacoa/ guns on ?is same type ( equipm5t1 & ?is "w1 too1 w5t to ! ,m>ion conc]n4 ,!re 7 to be produc$ #ah ( ! #aj-;in* units & #ab ( ! l>g] ones4 ,illu/ration3 #h-;,,in* ,,railway ,,artill]y1 ,,b>bette ,,type4 ,?is view %[s gun 9 act ( hurl+ projectile p>allel to track4 ,illu/ration3 #h-;,,in* ,,seacoa/ ,,rifle1 ,,) ,,recoil ,,me*anism1 ,,set ,,up ,,on ,a ,,specially ,,design$ ,,railway ,,m\nt4 ,?is gun1 ?us m\nt$ on a railway c>1 is capable ( an all-ar\nd fire & c deliv] a %ot 9 any direction f its location on ! c>4 ,illu/ration3 #ab-;,,in* ,,rifle ,,9 ,,act ,,( ,,fir+4 ,! =ce ( ! recoil s5ds ! entire c> back on track ab\t #e feet4 ,illu/ration3 #ab-;,,in* ,,rifle ,,elevat$ ,,to ,,its ,,maximum ,,position4 ,x is capable ( hurl+ a #gjj-p\nd %ell #be miles4 ,?is is a modifi$ ,s*neid] type ( c>riage4 ,,two ,,views ,,( #ab-;,,in* ,,rifle ,,on ,,slid+ ,,type ,,railway ,,m\nt4 ,! ,m>ion ,/eam ,%ovel ,co4 _h _h a l>ge exp]i5ce 9 produc+ heavy con/ruction & road-build+ equipm5t4 ,! conc]n enc\nt]$ num]\s difficulties at ! />t 9 translat+ ! ,fr5* draw+s & 9 sub/itut+ ! ,am]ican /&>d mat]ials = ^? specifi$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,^! difficulties1 comb9$ ) /ruggles to obta9 raw mat]ials & ! equipm5t = ! increas$ facilities :i* _h to be provid$ at ! factory1 s delay$ production t no m\nt = ei!r ! #aj-;in* or #ab-;in* guns _h be5 deliv]$ at ! "t ( ! armi/ice4 ,! fir/ m\nt ( ^! classes--"o ) a #ab-;in* gun--rea*$ ! ,ab]de5 prov+ gr\nd ab\t ,april #a1 #aiai4 ,! #aj-;in* project1 call+ = #ah m\nts1 0 cancel$ soon aft] ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah4 ,! "w on ! doz5 m\nts = #ab-;in* guns1 h[ev]1 _h progress$ s f> t ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t ord]$ ! completion ( ! entire equipm5t4 ,z has be5 /at$1 ! ,gov]nm5t f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry six #ab-;in* guns be+ made = ! ,republic ( ,*ile4 ,_! l5g? ( #ej calib]s gave !m a specially long range4 ,x 0 decid$ to place ! ,*ilean guns on a slid+ m\nt4 ,9 a m\nt ( ?is type ! retrograde movem5t ( ! c> along ! track z & aft] ! gun is fir$ takes up & absorbs ! en]gy ( fire4 ,! fir/ slid+ railway m\nt us$ on ! alli$ side 9 ! great w> 0 ( ,fr5* design4 ,b our manufactur]s _h s mu* tr\ble ) ,fr5* designs t :5 ! project came up ( m\nt+ ! ,*ilean guns 9 ?is fa%ion x 0 decid$ t x w\ld be quick] to design our own m\nt4 ,consequ5tly ! ,fr5* design 0 tak5 9 h& by our ordnance eng9e]s & r$esign$ to con=m to ,am]ican practice1 ) ! inclusion 9 ! design ( all orig9al ideas develop$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t 9 its creative "w dur+ ! w> p]iod up to t "t4 ,! manufactur]s :o look$ at ! ,fr5* design ( ! slid+ railway m\nt e/imat$ t x w\ld take f #ab to #ah mon?s be=e ! unit c\ld be duplicat$ 9 ?is c\ntry & fir/ deliv]ies made4 ,!y look$ at ! ,am]ican design & e/imat$ t !y c\ld build x 9 #c mon?s4 ,x 0 decid$ to build ?ree m\nts ( ?is "* & ?us h a res]ve ( "o gun = ea* m\nt to s]ve z replacem5t :5 ! orig9al guns 7 worn out4 ,contracts 7 plac$ 9 ! e>ly summ] ( #aiah1 & all ?ree m\nts 7 deliv]$ be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 ! fir/ m\nt be+ complet$ )9 #he days aft] ! ord] 0 plac$4 ,= ^! m\nts ! ,am]ican ,bridge ,co4 furni%$ ! ma9 gird]s or side pieces1 ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,co4 built ! railway trucks1 & ! ,morgan ,eng9e]+ ,co4 manufactur$ ! _m o!r p>ts & assembl$ ! complete units4 ,! spe$ 9 manufacture 0 made possible by ! fact t ! plant eng9e]s ( ! ?ree companies help$ ! ordnance (fic]s 9 design+ ! details4 ,) su* intimate coop]ation1 ! conc]ns 7 able to beg9 ! manufacture ( compon5t p>ts :ile ! draw+s 7 be+ made4 ,all ?ree weapons ) _! entire equipm5t1 includ+ supplies1 sp>e p>ts1 ammunition c>s1 & ! :ole tra9s t make up su* units1 7 ready = %ipm5t to ,france 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah4 ,ea* m\nt z x /&s to-day is #aje feet long & weighs #fjj1jjj p\nds4 ,! load ( ! gun & ! peak load put on ! c>riage :5 ! gun is fir$ are s great t x requires f\r trucks ( #h :eels ea*1 #cb c> :eels 9 all1 to di/ribute ! load safely ov] ord9>y /&>d-gauge track4 ,,! #ab-;,,in* ,,mort>s4 ,9 ye>s pa/ ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t _h procur$ a l>ge numb] ( #ab-;in* mort>s = use at seacoa/ def5ses4 ,^! great weapons are #aj calib]s 9 l5g?1 or #aj feet 9 l9e> measurem5t1 ! diamet] ( ! b>rel be+ j an ev5 foot4 ,( ! numb] /ation$ at ! coa/al =ts & 9 res]ve x 0 decid$ t #aej c\ld be safely )drawn & prep>$ = use aga9/ ,g]many4 ,:5 ,g54 ,p]%+ 0 in=m$ ( ! proposal1 he ask$ t #dj ( ^! weapons m\nt$ on railway c>s %\ld be deliv]$ to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces = use 9 ! plann$ campaign ( #aiai4 ,9 ord] t !re might be an adequate supply ( !m1 ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t let contracts = ! m\nt+ ( #ia ( ^! mort>s on railway equipm5t1 a project :i* w\ld give ! ,unit$ ,/ates a =midable armam5t & /ill provide a res]ve ( #ei mort>s to replace ! s]vice mort>s on ! c>riages aft] repeat$ fir+ _h worn !m out4 ,?is job prov$ to be "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ! :ole artill]y program4 ,! entire contract 0 let to ! ,morgan ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ( ,alliance1 ,ohio4 ,9 ord] to h&le ! contract1 a special ordnance plant1 co/+ #a1gjj1jjj = ! build+ alone1 _h to be con/ruct$ at ! company's works at ,alliance4 ,! "w 0 s highly specializ$ t ma*9e tools design$ = ! p>ticul> purpose _h to be produc$4 ,! ,gov]nm5t itself b\ght ^! tools at a co/ ( #a1hjj1jjj4 ,al?\gh "w on ?is plant 0 n />t$ until ,decemb] #aj1 #aiag1 & al?\gh !reaft] foll[$ weeks & weeks ( ! sev]e/ w9t] wea!r kn[n 9 rec5t ye>s1 ) all ! delays 9 ! deliv]ies ( mat]ials :i* su* wea!r conditions br+ ab\t1 ! plant 0 entirely complete on ,june #a1 #aiah1 n only1 b ! "w ( produc+ ! m\nts _h />t$ 9 x long be=e t1 "s ma*9es gett+ to "w z e>ly z ,april4 ,! gun c> us$ = m\nt+ ! mort> c>riage 0 ( ! same design z t = ! #g-;in* & #h-;in* guns1 except t ea* truck _h six :eels4 ,! c>riage built ^u ?is c> 0 ( ! b>bette type1 & x all[$ ! gun to be po9t$ upw>d to an angle z high z #fe & provid$ complete trav]se1 s t ! mort> c\ld be fir$ 9 any direction f ! c>4 ,a hydropneumatic sy/em = absorb+ ! recoil ( ! mort> aft] fir+ 0 adopt$4 ,?is recup]ator 9 itself 0 a difficult problem = ! manufactur] to solve1 be+ ! fir/ hydropneumatic recup]ator ( ! size ev] built 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 #ab-;,,in* ,,seacoa/ ,,gun ,,on ,a ,,creusot ,,railway ,,m\nt4 ,?is huge weapon 9 ?is position is ready to fire half a ton ( %ot a di/ance ( #be miles4 ,x requires only two m5 to op]ate ! p[]ful elevat+ app>atus necess>y to br+ ! gun into quick-fir+ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,views ,,( #ab-;,,in* ,,mort> ,,on ,,railway ,,m\nt4 ,l[] view %[s ! mort> 9 its extreme position ( recoil4 ,9 spite ( ! weight & elaborate "* ( ?is unit x 0 put into production 9 an a/oni%+ly %ort space ( "t4 ,! pilot m\nt came ?r\gh on ,augu/ #bb1 #aiah1 less ?an n9e mon?s aft] ! spade 0 fir/ /ruck 9 ! gr\nd to beg9 ! erection ( ! ordnance plant4 ,by ! end ( ,augu/ ! pilot mort> _h successfully pass$ its fir+ te/s at ,ab]de51 function+ prop]ly at angles ( elevation f #bb degrees to #fe degrees & 9 any direction f ! m\nt4 ,:ile ?is unit 0 put ?r\gh hurri$ly = ^! te/s1 ! prep>ation = ! re/ ( ! deliv]ies 0 made on a gr& scale1 look+ t[>d quantity production lat] on4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 e ca/+1 =g+1 & /ructural "p = e "o ( ! #ia railway m\nts 0 on h& & complet$ at ! works ( ! ,morgan ,eng9e]+ ,co41 & !reaft] ! process 0 m]ely "o ( assembl+1 al?\gh 9 a unit ( su* size ! assembl+ job alone 0 "o ( great magnitude4 ,ev5 at ! r$uc$ rate ( production incid5t to ! relaxation ( t5sion aft] ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 ! company deliv]$ #de complete units to ! ,gov]nm5t up to ,april #g1 #aiai1 or five m ?an ,g54 ,p]%+ said he w\ld require dur+ ! :ole campaign ( #aiai4 ,c>eful e/imates %[ t if ! w> _h cont9u$ ! company w\ld h deliv]$ ! m\nts at ! rate ( #ae p] mon? beg9n+ on ,decemb] #ae1 #aiah1 a rate :i* w\ld h complet$ ! entire project = #ia m\nts by ! middle ( ,june1 #aiai4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! #h-;in* railway guns1 ! #ab-;in* mort>s 7 provid$ ) int]*angeable :eel trucks all[+ ! unit to travel & "w ei!r on /&>d-gauge track or on ! #fj-;c5timet]1 n>r[-gauge track ( ! w> zone 9 ,france4 #ad-;,,in* ,,guns4 ,! ,w> ,dep>tm5t did n h any #ad-;in* guns :i* c\ld be sp>$ f ! seacoa/ def5ses = use abroad4 ,! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 !re=e1 inaugurat$ ! project = ! con/ruction ( #fj guns ( #ad-;in* calib]4 ,= ! con/ruction ( su* guns complete new plants 7 requir$1 z all available facilities 7 already tak5 ov] = o!r projects consid]$ m important4 ,?is contract 0 to h be5 turn$ out by ! ,neville ,isl& ordnance plant4 ,! ,navy ,dep>tm5t 9 ,may1 #aiah1 express$ will+ness to turn ov] to ! ,army c]ta9 #ad-;in* guns1 #ej calib]s1 !n "u con/ruction & ( :i* x 0 e/imat$ t #cj w\ld be complet$ by ,m>*1 #aiai4 ,x 0 decid$ to place "s ( ^! #ad-;in* guns on ,am]ican slid+ railway m\nts1 & #af su* m\nts 7 ord]$ f ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works1 deliv]ies to beg9 ,febru>y #a1 #aiai4 ,! #af units 7 to be deliv]$ prior to ,april1 #aiai1 b due to ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice "w 0 susp5d$ on ! contracts1 s9ce ! m\nts 7 design$ = use 9 ,france4 ,! contract 0 cancel$ 9 ,m>*1 #aiai4 ,! ,navy itself plac$ five ( ^! guns on railway m\nts ( ano!r design to be op]at$ 9 ,france by naval =ces on %ore4 ,elev5 su* m\nts 7 built by ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,navy ,ordnance ,bureau1 & six ( !m 7 aft]w>ds turn$ ov] to ! ,army4 ,,! #af-;,,in* ,,h[itz]4 ,)\t discuss+ "h ! #ab-;in* h[itz]s1 #bj feet long1 :i* ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t ord]$ produc$ & m\nt$ on railway trucks1 a developm5t = use abroad 9 #aibj1 we come1 f9ally1 to ! l>ge/ weapon ( all 9 ! railway artill]y program1 ! #af-;in* h[itz]1 ! b>rel ( ?is mighty weapon be+ #bf feet #f in*es long4 ,! ,am]ican #af-;in* h[itz] _h be5 =g$ out & f9i%$ prior to ! date ( ,am]ica's entrance into ! w>4 ,x 0 propos$ to place ?is weapon on a railway m\nt & make x available = use on ! we/]n front4 ,! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t complet$ ! design = ! m\nt on ,febru>y #aj1 #aiah4 ,9 ord] to turn out ! unit 9 ! %orte/ possible "t1 ! project 0 plac$ ) ?ree manufactur]s1 ea* ( :om 0 to produce diff]5t p>ts4 ,! ,am]ican ,bridge ,co4 receiv$ ! ord] to build ! /ructural p>ts1 ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works contract$ = ! trucks1 :ile ! ,morgan ,eng9e]+ ,co4 und]took to assemble ! unit & also to build ! top c>riage & o!r me*anical p>ts4 ,! contractors did a spe$y job 9 produc+ ! m\nt = ?is h[itz]4 ,9 ne>ly all railway artill]y ( ?is size x is necess>y to provide brac+ :5 ! gun is set up 9 position = fir+4 ,! #af-;in* h[itz] m\nt 0 unique 9 t ! weapon c\ld be fir$ f ! trucks )\t any track prep>ation :atsoev]4 ,an exhau/ive te/ at ! ,ab]de5 prov+ gr\nds demon/rat$ t ?is piece ( artill]y rank$ ) ! highe/ types ( ordnance 9 use by any c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! meantime ord]s _h be5 plac$ = #fa additional h[itz]s4 ,! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces ask$ t #ab ( ^! enorm\s weapons be s5t ov]seas z soon z !y c\ld be produc$1 a job :i* w\ld h ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( mon?s1 if n ye>s4 ,s9ce none ( ! additional h[itz]s _h be5 produc$ :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 ! project ( build+ m\nts = !m nev] got "u way4 ,! pilot h[itz] & m\nt 7 n %ipp$ abroad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,views ,,( #ad-;,,in* ,,railway ,,artill]y4 ,?is type 0 evolv$ entirely by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,x is an excell5t weapon = coa/ def5se & hurls a #a1bjj-p\nd projectile m ?an #ah miles4 ,illu/ration3 #af-;,,in* ,,h[itz] ,,on ,,railway ,,m\nt4 ,a #a1fjj-p\nd projectile be+ load$ into ! #af-;in* h[itz] f :i* x w be s5t on a j\rney ( approximately #ac miles4 ,illu/ration3 #af-;,,in* ,,h[itz] ,,on ,,railway ,,m\nt4 ,?is view %[s h[itz] 9 ! act ( fir+4 ,9 ! design ( railway equipm5t = high-angle weapons su* z h[itz]s1 two loads mu/ be consid]$ by ! build]s 9 ord] to provide a gun c> ( suffici5t /r5g? to hold its freight4 ,"o ( ^! loads1 ! light] "o1 consi/s m]ely ( ! ord9>y weight ( ! gun & its c>riage ^u ! c> :eels4 ,! o!r load1 ! s-call$ fir+ load1 consi/s ( ! weight ( ! unit plus ! additional weight ( ! d[n-?ru/ ( ! h[itz] :5 x recoils4 ,9 ! case ( ! #af-;in* h[itz] ! fir+ load is #gdh1bca p\nds4 ,! weight ( #gdh1bca p\nds mu/ be di/ribut$ along ! tracks by ! num]\s sets ( :eels at ! in/ant ! gun is fir$4 ,! m\nt = ! h[itz] is s con/ruct$ t ?is load is p>tly tak5 up by ! slide ( ! gun c> along ! track4 ,9 addition1 ! h[itz] is equipp$ ) a hydraulic recoil cyl9d]4 ,?us ! unit has a d\ble recoil sy/em4 ,! c> trucks 9 ! te/s com=tably transmitt$1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( equaliz] spr+s1 ?is enorm\s load ^u an ord9>y rock-balla/ track1 )\t any di/ortion to ! track or roadb$ or impairm5t to ! work+ p>ts ( ! unit4 ,aft] ea* dis*>ge ! :ole huge m\nt moves backw>d along ! track = a di/ance ( #bj or #cj feet4 ,ea* railway artill]y project call$ = ! manufacture ( a great equipm5t ( ammunition c>s1 fire-control c>s1 sp>e-p>ts c>s1 supply c>s1 & ! l1 a complete unit be+ a heavy tra9 9 itself4 ,su* armam5t-tra9 c>s1 toge!r ) num]\s o!r accessories & necess>y equipm5t1 7 design$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t & produc$ = ea* m\nt4 ,9 all1 #ecj ammunition c>s 7 produc$ up to ,april1 #aiai4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 %ipp$ abroad1 b #aah 7 reta9$ = use 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,s9ce ! ov]seas c>s 7 to be us$ ) ,fr5* railway equipm5t1 x 0 necess>y to fit !m out ) ,fr5* /&>d screw c\pl]s1 air brakes1 & o!r appliances = connect+ up ) ,fr5* railway c>s4 ,! matt] ( traction p[] = ^! gun & armam5t tra9s ne> ! front set a problem = ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t to solve4 ,x 0 out ( ! "q to use /eam eng9es ne> ! enemy's l9es1 s9ce ! /eam & smoke w\ld betray ! location ( artill]y tra9s at great di/ances4 ,! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t adopt$ a gas-electric locomotive ( #djj horsep[] to be us$ to pull railway artill]y tra9s at ! front1 & 0 on ! po9t ( lett+ a contract to ! ,g5]al ,electric ,co4 = ! manufacture ( #ej ( !m :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,,neville ,,isl&4 ,x seems fitt+ at ?is po9t to say some?+ ab\t ! ,neville ,isl& ordnance plant1 on an isl& 9 ! ,ohio ,riv] ne> ,pittsburgh1 :i* w\ld h produc$ weapons ( ! "* ( ^? us$ ) railway m\nts & w\ld h turn$ !m out 9 l>ge numb]s _h ! armi/ice n come to put an end to ?is enorm\s project4 ,! plant 0 be+ erect$ = ! ,gov]nm5t by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,corporation )\t pr(it to itself4 ,! e/imat$ co/ ( ?is plant :5 f9i%$ 0 #aej1jjj1jjj4 ,design$ to supply ! ne$s ( ! ,army = artill]y ( ! heavie/ types1 ! ,neville ,isl& plant 0 be+ con/ruct$ on su* a scale t x w\ld surpass 9 size & capacity any ( ! fam\s gun works ( ,europe1 includ+ ! ,krupps4 ,x 0 be+ equipp$ to h&le huge ordnance und]tak+s1 su* z ! mon?ly completion ( #ae great #ad-;in* guns & ! production ( #dj1jjj projectiles mon?ly = #ad-;in* & #af-;in* guns4 ,! plans ( ! ,gov]nm5t contemplat$ ! production ( #ad-;in* guns to ! numb] ( #afe 9 all & _! %ipm5t to ,france 9 "t to be 9 ! field be=e ,may #a1 #aibj4 ,an initial ord] = #ij ( ^! weapons _h be5 plac$ at ! ars5al :ile x 0 be+ erect$4 ,besides #ad-;in* guns ! plant 0 be+ equipp$ to turn out #af-;in* & ev5 #ah-;in* weapons4 ,! imm5se size ( ! ma*9]y necess>y = su* production c be und]/ood :5 x is not$ t an #ah-;in* gun weighs #eaj1jjj p\nds & a #ad-;in* gun #ahj1jjj p\nds4 ,x requires f #ab to #ah mon?s to produce guns ( ?is size1 yet ,neville ,isl& 0 be+ develop$ on a scale to build hundr$s ( !m simultane\sly4 ,! entire plant 0 to cov] #egc acres & 0 to employ #bj1jjj workm5 :5 9 full op]ation4 ,at ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice "w 0 susp5d$ at ,neville ,isl&1 & f\r mon?s lat] ! :ole project 0 ab&on$4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,numb] ,numb] ,numb] requir$ ,produc$produc$by ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 ,guns ,type4 ,total ,nov4 #aa1 to = avail- ,rem>ks4 ,ord]$4 #aiah4 ,apr4 #g1 campaign able4 #aiai4 dur+ #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #g-;in* #ab #ab #ab #j #ab ,produc$ = ,navy gun1 antisubm>9e railway "w along m\nt ,am]ica's seacoa/4 #h-;in*1 #dg #ah #cc #cf #if #ce-;calib] seacoa/ gun1 railway m\nt #aj-;in*1 #cf #aih #aibb #cf #aaa ,fabricat$ #cd-;calib] mat]ial & seacoa/ trucks1 gun on complete1 ,fr5* produc$ type )9 railway c\ntry1 m\nt m\nt to be assembl$ 9 ,france4 ,d #ah #j #j #ah ,project cancell$ on sign+ ( ! armi/ice1 ,batignolles4 #ab-;in*1 #ab #j #a #ab #di ,fr5* #ce-;calib] ,batignolles seacoa/ type4 gun on ,fr5* type railway m\nt #ab-;in*1 #c #c #c #d #f ,guns obta9$ #ej-;calib] f ,*ilean gun on ,gov]nm5t ,am]ican manufactur$ slid+ 9 ?is railway c\ntry4 m\nt #ad-;in*1 #aa #aa #aa #aa #ba #ej-;calib] naval gun on railway m\nt #ab-;in*1 #ia #a #de #di #aej #aj-;calib] seacoa/ mort> on railway m\nt #af-;in* #a #a #a #j #a #fa guns h[itz]1 "u #bj-;calib] con/ruction4 on railway m\nt #ad-;in*1 #af #j ,protect #ej-;calib] cancell$ guns on ,m>4 #aa1 ,am]ican #aiai4 ,guns slid+ "u railway con/ruction4 m\nt #ab-;in*1 #a #j ,if w> _h #bj-;calib] cont9u$1 h[itz] #fj m\nts on contemplat$4 railway m\nt ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #ai ,sets1 fabricat$ p>ts4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,explosives1 ,,propellants1 ,,& ,,artill]y ,,ammunition4 ,! ,int]alli$ ,ordnance ,agreem5t ( ! late fall ( #aiag1 supply+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates z x did ,fr5* & ,briti% artill]y & o!r heavy ordnance supplies until ! develop+ ,am]ican ordnance indu/ry c\ld come into production1 nev]!less call$ ^u ! ,unit$ ,/ates to produce heavily ! explosives & propellants t are ( su* major importance to a mod]n army4 ,^! commodities 7 ne$$ by ! armies ( ,france & ,great ,brita9 m ?an any o!r sort ( ordnance :i* ,am]ica c\ld supply4 ,! result 0 an enorm\s production ( propellants & explosives 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! p]iod ( ,am]ican bellig]5cy1 no o!r prime phase ( ! ordnance program be+ c>ri$ to su* a /age ( developm5t4 ,! read] w cle>ly see ! di/9ction betwe5 propellants & explosives4 ,! propellant is ! smokeless p[d] t s5ds ! %ell or bullet f ! gun2 ! explosive is ! bur/+ *>ge )9 ! %ell4 ,to realize ! expansion ( ! ,am]ican explosives indu/ry dur+ ! w> p]iod1 consid] su* figures z ^!3 ,am]ica 9 #ai mon?s turn$ out #fcb1ejd1jjj p\nds ( propellants--! p[d] load$ into small-arms c>tridges or pack$ into ! big guns beh9d ! projectiles to s5d !m aga9/ ! enemy4 ,9 ^? same #ai mon?s ,france produc$ #cdb1aee1jjj p\nds ( propellants & ,great ,brita9 #bia1gjf1jjj p\nds4 ,! ,am]ican production 0 practically equal to t ( ,engl& & ,france toge!r4 ,9 ^? #ai mon?s we produc$ #cge1fef1jjj p\nds ( high explosives = load+ into %ell4 ,9 ! same #ai mon?s ,engl& produc$ #gfe1aaj1jjj p\nds ( high explosives & ,france #gjb1ifd1jjj p\nds4 ,am]ica 0 bel[ bo? ,france & ,engl& 9 total output1 b 9 mon?ly rate ( output ,am]ica _h rea*$ #dg1hhh1jjj p\nds z aga9/ ,france's #bb1hjb1jjj p\nds & ,engl&'s #cj1ieg1jjj p\nds4 ,our rate ( manufactur+ propellants at ! end ( ! fight+ 0 up to #db1gge1jjj p\nds z aga9/ ,france's #ag1caa1jjj & ,engl&'s #ab1jee1jjj4 ,figure #i %[s graphically ! a*ievem5ts ( ,am]ica 9 manufactur+ propellants & explosives4 ,9 ! production ( artill]y ammunition a comp>ison ) ,france & ,great ,brita9 %[s t our mon?ly rate 9 turn+ out unfill$ r\nds ( ammunition at ! end ( ! w> 0 #g1jdd1jjj r\nds1 z aga9/ #g1gdh1jjj r\nds = ,great ,brita9 & #f1ffa1jjj r\nds = ,france4 ,9 produc+ complete r\nds ( artill]y ammunition1 our mon?ly rate at ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice 0 #b1dbi1jjj r\nds :ile t ( ,great ,brita9 0 #g1cdg1jjj r\nds & t ( ,france #g1fch1jjj r\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #i4 ,,production ,,( ,,smokeless ,,p[d] ,,& ,,high ,,explosives1 ,,france ,,& ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,great ,,brita94 ,,av]age ,,mon?ly ,,rate1 ,,augu/1 ,,septemb]1 ,,& ,,octob]1 #aiah4 ,smokeless p[d]3 ,p\nds4 ,p] c5t ( rate = ,great ,brita94 ,great ,brita9 #ab1jee1jjj #ajj ,france #ag1caa1jjj #add ,unit$ ,/ates #db1gge1jjj #cee ,high explosives3 ,great ,brita9 #cj1ifg1jjj #ajj ,france #bb1hjb1jjj #gd ,unit$ ,/ates #dc1hhh1jjj #adb ,,total ,,production1 ,,april #f1 #aiag1 ,,to ,,novemb] #aa1 #aiah4 ,smokeless p[d]3 ,p\nds4 ,p] c5t ( rate = ,great ,brita94 ,great ,brita9 #bia1gjf1jjj #ajj ,france #cdb1aee1jjj #aag ,unit$ ,/ates #fcb1ejd1jjj #bag ,high explosives3 ,great ,brita9 #gfe1aaj1jjj #ajj ,france #gjb1ifd1jjj #ib ,unit$ ,/ates #cge1fef1jjj #di ,9 ! #ai mon?s ( our p>ticipation 9 ! w> our production ( unfill$ r\nds 9 ammunition 0 #ch1fbc1jjj r\nds1 :ile t ( ,france 0 #aef1agj1jjj r\nds & t ( ,great ,brita9 #ach1ceg1jjj r\nds4 ,9 t "t we _h produc$ #ag1bfj1jjj complete r\nds1 :ile ,france _h produc$ #adi1hbg1jjj r\nds1 & ,great ,brita9 #aba1gci1jjj complete r\nds4 ,! entrance ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates into ! w> f\nd ! exi/+ ,am]ican explosives manufactur]s op]at+ to ! v limit ( _! capacity 9 production = ! alli$ gov]nm5ts & = g5]al comm]cial purposes4 ,s9ce ! outbreak ( ! w> 9 #aiad ! explosives bus9ess 9 ?is c\ntry _h increas$ enorm\sly & ! tra9$ m5 famili> ) manufactur+ op]ations & conditions 9 ?is highly specializ$ & extremely dang]\s indu/ry _h fall5 %ort ( meet+ dem&s4 ,:5 we ent]$ ! w>1 !re=e1 x became necess>y at once to di/ribute ?is limit$ =ce ( exp]ts z equitably z possible & to put *emi/s1 eng9e]s & o!r speciali/s 9 ! v>i\s plants "u ! sup]vision ( ?is tra9$ p]sonnel s z to produce 9 z quick a "t z possible a va/ly enl>g$ =ce ( compet5t op]ators & sup]visors = ! production ( explosives4 ,summ$ up1 ! problem t fac$ ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t 01 :ile ma9ta9+ ! curr5t great production ( explosives1 to exp& enorm\sly ! facilities = fur!r production1 to provide p]sonnel = op]at+ ^! exp&$ facilities1 to build up entirely new manufactur+ plants = mak+ bo? propellants & high explosives1 & 9 addition to all ( ?is1 to br+ into exi/5ce huge load+ plants4 ,9 all1 #ec new plants = mak+ explosives & propellants & = load+ ^! 7 und]tak5 at a co/ ( approximately #cfj1jjj1jjj4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ a v l>ge "p ( ?is con/ruction "w _h be5 complet$ & 0 9 an effici5t /ate ( op]ation4 ,h[ cr$itably ?is reflects ^u ,am]ica c be und]/ood :5 x is made pla9 t 9 addition to ! developm5t ( production !re 0 also to be work$ out ! v intricate "q ( design1 n only ( ! plants !mselves b also ( _! products1 :i* requir$ an exceptional degree ( te*nical skill & ?or\gh control4 ,prior to our entry into ! w> ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t _h dep5d$ ^u ammonium picrate1 kn[n 9 ! ,army v]nacul> z explosive ,d1 z a bur/+ *>ge = our high-explosive %ell4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! ,european conflict ! ,briti% _h develop$ an explosive !y call$ amatol1 :i* is a mixture ( tr9itrotoluol--,t4 ,n4 ,t4--& ammonium nitrate4 ,z ?is _h prov$ to be entirely satisfactory 9 actual s]vice on ,european battle fields1 & z ammonium nitrate c\ld be produc$ "h 9 l>ge quantities1 we adopt$ x4 ,! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t ev5tually put into effect a /&>d policy = ! use ( high explosives4 ,e ef=t 0 be+ made to cons]ve ! supply ( ,t4 ,n4 ,t41 & consequ5tly ?is explosive 0 specifi$ = ! %ell ( small] calib]s only4 ,! /&>d fill+ s*eme 0 z foll[s3 ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 = %ell betwe5 & includ+ ! calib]s ( #ge-millimet] & #d4g-;in*2 amatol = %ell ( calib]s betwe5 #d4g-;in* & #i4b-;in*1 includ+ ! latt]2 ammonium picrate1 or explosive ,d1 = %ell ( #aj-;in* calib] & high]4 ,:ile ^! 7 ! /&>ds ! s*eme 0 n always foll[$ rigidly4 ,z a matt] ( fact amatol 0 load$ into %ell ( all sizes & s 0 ,t4 ,n4 ,t41 al?\gh explosive ,d 0 nev] us$ 9 %ell small] ?an ^? = ! #aj-;in* guns4 ,^! dep>tures f /&>d practice 7 due to ! necessity = keep+ c]ta9 plants 9 production & to o!r special causes & exceptional circum/ances4 ,production ( l>ge quantities ( ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 & ammonium nitrate 0 ! fir/ big problem to be solv$ by ! high-explosives section ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,all ! "w ( ! explosives section c be subdivid$ "u f\r gr\p heads--raw mat]ials1 propellants1 high explosives1 & load+4 ,,raw ,,mat]ials4 ,! fir/ /eps tak5 9 ! endeavor to meet ! ne$ = raw mat]ials 7 to increase greatly ! available means = obta9+ toluol1 ph5ol1 cau/ic soda1 sodium nitrate1 sulphuric & nitric acids1 ammonia liquor or aqua ammonia1 & to attempt to provide a sub/itute = cellulose 9 case a %ortage ( cotton %\ld r5d] its use necess>y4 ,h[ to increase ! supply ( toluol1 ! basic raw mat]ial f :i* ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 is made1 0 ! greate/ & mo/ press+ ( all ! problems 9 reg>d to ! exi/+ raw mat]ials4 ,be=e ! w> ! sole s\rce ( ?is +r$i5t 0 f by-product coke ov5s4 ,! mon?ly capacity ( ^! ov5s 9 #aiad 01 approximately1 #gjj1jjj p\nds4 ,by ,april1 #aiag1 :5 we /epp$ into ! conflict1 ?is capacity _h be5 increas$ to #f1jjj1jjj p\nds a mon?4 ,by ! "t ! armi/ice 0 sign$ our ef=ts = great] production _h be5 c>ri$ on s successfully t ! supply _h be5 increas$ to #ab1jjj1jjj p\nds a mon?1 & ! av]age co/ ( ?is 0 only #ba c5ts a p\nd4 ,?is trem5d\s increase ( production n only took c>e ( all dem&s = comm]cial purposes & p]mitt$ ! %ipm5t ( ab\t #aa1jjj1jjj p\nds to ! alli$ ,gov]nm5ts1 b 0 m ?an ample to take c>e ( our own entire explosives program1 leav+ a /ock on h& ,decemb] #a1 #aiah1 ( #ag1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,a few details ( h[ ?is trem5d\s increase 9 production 0 br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! en]gies ( ! (ficials *>g$ ) ?is task & ! mo/ effici5t & :ole-he>t$ coop]ation ( patriotic bus9ess conc]ns are int]e/+4 ,?ree g5]al s\rces exi/$ f :i* toluol 0 obta9$3 fir/1 f ! by-product recov]y coke ov5s2 second1 by ! /ripp+ or absorb+ ( toluol f c>buret$ wat] & coal gas2 & ?ird1 by ! crack+ or break+ d[n ( oils4 ,9 augm5t+ ! supply ( toluol ?r\gh ! fir/ process1 con/ruction ( additional by-product coke ov5s by ! foll[+ big /eel companies 0 arrang$3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,company4 ,toluol capacity p] ye>4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,p\nds4 ,jones ,laughl9 ,/eel ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #e1ggj1afj ,! ,sloss-,%effield ,co41 ,birm+ham1 ,ala4 #b1jai1eef ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,corporation1 ,clairton1 ,pa4 #b1cjh1jfd ,int]national ,h>ve/] ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #a1ehe1gid ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,corporation1 ,birm+ham1 ,ala4 #b1jai1eef ,ra9ey-,wood ,co41 ,sw$el&1 ,pa4 #b1afc1haj ,! ,seabo>d ,by-,product ,co41 ,j]sey ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 #a1jha #ije ,pittsburgh ,crucible ,/eel ,co41 ,midl&1 ,pa4 #b1jai1eef ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,! total co/ ( ^! additional ov5s 0 ab\t #cj1jjj1jjj1 :i* 0 met by private capital aft] contracts = ! pur*ase ( ! product _h be5 made1 insur+ a secure return on ! inve/m5t4 ,production 0 to beg9 9 #aiai4 ,9 addition to ?is !re 0 arrang$ con/ruction = #cbj additional ov5s at ! foll[+ places3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,company4 ,e/imat$ ,date ( ,e/imat$ "t ( contract4 co/4 completion4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,donn] ,/eel ,co41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,may1 #aiah #f1jjj1jjj ,m>41 #aibj ,birm+ham ,coke ,co41 ,birm+ham1 ,ala4 ,july1 #aiah #b1ejj1jjj ,oct41 #aiai ,dome/ic ,coke ,corporation1 ,fairmont1 ,w4 ,va4,sept41 #aiah #b1gjj1jjj ,nov41 #aiai ,dome/ic ,coke ,corporation1 ,clevel&1 ,ohio ,july1 #aiah #a1ejj1jjj ,feb41 #aibj ,int]national ,coal ,products ,corporation1 ,may1 #aiah #b1jjj1jjj ,aug41 #aiai ,cl9*field1 ,va4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,f ^! s\rces ! mon?ly production ( toluol 9 #aibj w\ld h be5 increas$ by #fjj1jjj p\nds a mon?4 ,:ile all ^! arrangem5ts = va/ly increas+ ! supply ( ?is *emical 9 #aiai & #aibj 7 be+ made1 te*nical exp]ts ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t /imulat$ production by visit+ exi/+ by-product coke ov5s & advis+ z to *anges & alt]ations 9 ! plants1 bo? 9 reg>d to equipm5t & me?ods ( op]ation4 ,inve/igations 7 made e>ly 9 ! summ] ( #aiag on ! possibility ( recov]+ toluol by /ripp+ illum9at+ gas1 & a report 0 made on ?is subject 9 ,octob]1 #aiag4 ,con/ruction ( ! necess>y plants to c>ry out ?is plan 0 begun late 9 ,novemb]1 & ! fir/ plants 7 9 op]ation 9 ,april1 #aiah4 ,?is 0 consid]$ a rem>kable record1 9 view ( ! fact t ! op]at+ p]sonnel = ! purpose _h to be e/abli%$ & tra9$ 9 ?is entirely new l9e ( activity4 ,9 ?is connection x is extremely int]e/+ to note t ! ,am]ican p 9 #ac ( ! l>ge/ cities ( ! c\ntry play$ an unconsci\s "p 9 contribut+ to ! successful t]m9ation ( ! w> by us+ artificial gas ( consid]ably less heat+ p[]1 z a result ( ! removal ( ! toluol = explosive purposes4 ,= example1 9 ,new ,york ,city1 due to ! extraction ( toluol1 ! artificial gas !re 0 r$uc$ 9 heat+ value approximately #f p] c5t & ! c&lep[] l[]$ f #bb to #af because ( ?is /ripp+ process4 ,contracts = tak+ ! toluol f artificial gas 7 made ) companies 9 ! foll[+ cities3 ,new ,york & ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y42 ,bo/on1 ,mass42 ,new ,hav51 ,conn42 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y42 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y42 ,elizabe?1 ,n4 ,j42 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c42 ,detroit1 ,mi*42 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo42 ,new ,orleans1 ,la42 ,d5v]1 ,colo42 & ,seattle1 ,wa%4 ,! total co/ ( ! in/allations made = ?is purpose 9 ^! cities 9 connection ) ! gas plants 0 ab\t #g1ejj1jjj4 ,= ! production ( toluol by crack+ crude oils or petroleum di/illates1 ?ree processes ( ! _m submitt$ 7 (ficially approv$ & contracts aw>d$ = op]ation4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important ( ^! 0 t ( ! ,g5]al ,petroleum ,co4 ( ,los ,angeles1 ,calif4 ,"u _! s*eme a yield ( #f p] c5t toluol 0 obta9$ f a petroleum di/illate1 ( :i* !re 0 a l>ge quantity available1 by treatm5t "u temp]ature & pressure4 ,to facilitate production ( toluol by ?is means1 two l>ge plants1 "o at ,los ,angeles & ! o!r at ,san ,francisco1 7 erect$ at a co/ ( approximately #e1jjj1jjj4 ,^! plants h a mon?ly capacity ( #c1jjj1jjj p\nds ( toluol & _! con/ruction de/roy$ all possibility ( a %ortage 9 ?is vital raw mat]ial4 ,ano!r process 0 t kn[n z ! ,rittman process1 evolv$ by a sci5ti/ ( ! ,bureau ( ,m9es4 ,?is s*eme1 :i* call$ = produc+ toluol f solv5t naph?a or light oils by crack+ "u high pressure & temp]ature1 0 f9ally demon/rat$ to be capable ( op]ation "u w> conditions1 & production _h j />t$ at a plant on ,neville ,isl&1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 at ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,a ?ird process 0 t kn[n z ! ,hall process1 by :i* toluol 0 also obta9$ by crack+ solv5t naph?a "u high pressure & temp]ature by ano!r1 diff]5t1 me*anical sy/em4 ,?is s*eme 0 9 op]ation on a small scale dur+ #aiah at ! ,/&>d ,oil ,plant1 ,bayonne1 ,n4 ,j4 ,ph5ol1 "o ( ! ess5tials 9 ! manufacture ( picric acid1 0 ano!r raw mat]ial1 ! production ( :i* 0 greatly augm5t$4 ,at ! "t ( our entry into ! w> ! mon?ly production am\nt$ to #fgj1jjj p\nds1 :ile 9 ,octob]1 #aiah1 x _h be5 increas$ to #ac1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 ! price ( ph5ol z fix$ by ! ,w> ,indu/ries ,bo>d 0 #df c5ts a p\nd1 :ile ,gov]nm5t contracts 9 =ce a ye> lat] _h r$uc$ ?is figure to #ca c5ts a p\nd4 ,! price ( sulphuric acid jump$ f #ad a ton to #fj a ton e>ly 9 ! w>1 :ile nitric acid advanc$ f #e c5ts a p\nd to #aj c5ts4 ,! %ortage ( sulphuric acid 0 met by ! erection ( bo? *amb] & contact plants 9 all high-explosives factories built = or "u direction ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,bo? pyrites & sulphur 7 us$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! w>1 b ! subm>9e w>f>e /opp$ ! importation ( ! pyrites f ,spa91 & !re=e sulphur deposits 9 ,texas & ,l\isiana 7 dep5d$ ^u4 ,a de/ructive /orm 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aiah tempor>ily curtail$ ! production f ,l\isiana deposits1 b repairs 7 made 9 "t to prev5t its effect be+ felt by ! acid manufactur]s4 ,! subm>9e also _h ! effect ( less5+ ! importations f ,*ile ( sodium nitrate1 :i* prior to ! w> 7 dep5d$ ^u entirely 9 ! production ( nitric acid4 ,x became necess>y1 !re=e1 to develop o!r me?ods ( production4 ,aft] inve/igations a plant = ! fixation ( nitrog5 "u :at is kn[n z a modifi$ ,hab] process 0 erect$ at ,%effield1 ,ala41 :ile a plant = ! same purpose us+ ! cyanamide process 0 erect$ at ,muscle ,%oals1 ,ala4 ,bo? ( ^! 7 equipp$ = ! oxidation ( ammonia to nitric acid1 ea* us+ a diff]5t process4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ^! plants 7 j com+ into production4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! two nitrate plants insures ! indep5d5ce ( ?is c\ntry 9 its supply ( comm]cial nitrog51 ei!r = peace or = w>4 ,!re 7 also 9 c\rse ( erection1 ?\gh n 9 op]ation on ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 great plants = ! extraction ( nitrog5 f ! air1 at ,tol$o & ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio1 b con/ruction on ^! two plants1 ea* ( :i* 0 to co/ #be1jjj1jjj1 0 /opp$ :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,,propellants4 ,9 army usage ! t]m propellant includes bo? smokeless p[d] & black p[d]4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! ,european w>1 ! produc+ capacity 9 ?is c\ntry = smokeless p[d] 0 approximately #a1ejj1jjj p\nds a mon?4 ,by ! "t ! ,unit$ ,/ates got into ! w> ?is capacity _h be5 increas$ f #be to #cj times1 & "u ! explosives program laid d[n by u x 0 indicat$ t ev5 ?is capacity w\ld h to be greatly increas$4 ,! increase 9 ! production ( smokeless p[d] 0 help$ by ! con/ruction ( two ( ! l>ge/ smokeless-p[d] plants 9 ! _w--"o kn[n z ! ,old ,hickory ,plant1 locat$ almo/ on ! site ( ,&rew ,jackson's old home at ,na%ville1 ,t5n41 & ! o!r at ,nitro1 ne> ,*>le/on1 ,w4 ,va4 ,! ,old ,hickory ,plant 0 ! l>g] & m complete ( ! two4 ,x is probably ! bigge/ plant ( its k9d 9 ! _w & is entirely self-conta9$2 9 o!r words1 ! plant actually takes ! crude1 raw cotton &1 produc+ bo? ! acid & solv5ts us$1 puts x ?r\gh e process until ! f9al product is atta9$4 ,n9e p[d] l9es 7 plann$ = ?is ent]prise1 ea* ) a capacity ( #ajj1jjj p\nds p] day1 al?\gh developm5ts f ! e>ly op]ations indicat$ t ! ultimate production ( ! plant w\ld rea* #a1jjj1jjj p\nds a day4 ,! e/imat$ co/ ( ?is huge und]tak+ 0 9 ! neighborhood ( #ij1jjj1jjj4 ,negotiations 7 begun 9 ,octob] ( #aiag & l$ to a contract ) ! du ,pont ,eng9e]+ ,co41 "u :i* ?is conc]n 0 to con/ruct ! plant & op]ate x = a six mon?s' p]iod aft] its completion4 ,op]ation ( ! fir/ p[d] l9e 9 ! plant 0 to />t ,septemb] #ae1 #aiah1 or sev5 & "o-half mon?s aft] ! sign+ ( ! contract4 ,gr\nd 0 brok5 ,m>* #h1 #aiah1 & "w 0 pu%$ s effici5tly & successfully t on ,july #a1 #aiah1 ! fir/ p[d] l9e 0 put 9 op]ation1 #ge days ahead ( ! s*$ule call$ = 9 ! contract4 ,"s idea ( ! magnitude ( ?is ent]prise c be realiz$ 9 ! /atem5ts t ! plant cov]s an area ( #e1jjj acres & t 9 addition to ! p[d] plant prop] !re 0 built a city1 h\s+ tw5ty odd ?\s& p1 complete ) s*ools1 *ur*es1 & all o!r elem5ts t g to make up a t[n4 ,!re 0 also built 9 connection ) ! plant a numb] ( subprocess plants = ! manufacture ( purifi$ cotton1 sulphuric acid1 nitric acid1 diph5ylam9e1 & o!r *emicals us$ 9 p[d] manufacture4 ,ea* ( ^! 0 an und]tak+ ( no little size 9 itself4 ,op]ation ( ! plant dur+ ! f\r & "o-half mon?s prec$+ ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice %[$ a production 9 excess ( contract requirem5ts4 ,on ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 ! plant 0 ov] #ij p] c5t complete & ab\t #ej p] c5t 9 op]ation4 ,at t "t #f1jjj1jjj p\nds ( p[d] ov] & above contract expectations _h be5 produc$1 ! total capacity hav+ rea*$ #dbc1jjj p\nds a day4 ,! second p[d] plant1 locat$ at ,nitro1 is some:at small] ?an ! ,old ,hickory ,plant4 ,x has a capacity ( #fbe1jjj p\nds ( smokeless p[d] a day4 ,x 0 built "u ! direction ( ,d4 ,c4 ,jackl+1 director ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t explosive plants1 by ! ,?ompson-,/>rett ,co41 ( ,new ,york4 ,! contract 0 dat$ ,janu>y #ah1 #aiah1 & gr\nd 0 brok5 ,febru>y #a4 ,a contract = ! op]ation ( ! plant 0 sign$ ) ! ,h]cules ,p[d] ,co41 & at ! "t ( ! armi/ice ! output 0 runn+ approximately #aji1jjj p\nds a day1 ) ! expectation ( e>ly & spe$y increase4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,old ,hickory ,plant1 a l>ge village & _m subprocess plants 7 con/ruct$ 9 connection ) ?is ent]prise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nitro1 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia4 ,:5 ! w> began smokeless p[d] 0 dri$ by ! circulation ( w>m dri$ air = a long p]iod ( "t ov] ! damp p[d] z x came f ! solv5t recov]y h\se4 ,?is process requir$ f six weeks = small-calib] p[d] to n9e mon?s = l>ge-calib] p[d]4 ,?is "t-consum+ me?od be+ obvi\sly impracticable 9 w>1 ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t au?oriz$ ! s-call$ wat]-dry+ process4 ,?is consi/s 9 ! imm]sion ( ! p[d] z x comes f ! solv5t recov]y h\se 9 w>m wat] = v>y+ p]iods up to #gb h\rs1 ! wat] !n be+ expell$ by filtration or c5trifugal =ce & ! surplus ext]nal moi/ure dri$ (f by hot air4 ,by ?is me?od ! "t ( dry+ 0 r$uc$ to #d days = ! small-calib] p[d] & to #bb days = p[d] = ! l>g] calib] guns4 ,j prior to ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice an entirely new dry+ process _h be5 exp]im5tally tri$ out4 ,?is 0 kn[n z ! ,na% or alcohol-dry+ process4 ,! prelim9>y te/s indicat$ t ?is me?od 0 a great improvem5t bo? 9 safety & 9 ! r$uction ( co/4 ,! indications 7 t dry+ c\ld be r$uc$ f days to h\rs by ?is new me?od4 ,! ,na% process also insur$ app>5tly a m uni=m & t\gh] grade ( p[d]1 bo? ( :i* *>act]i/ics 7 greatly to be desir$4 ,9 spite ( ! rise 9 price ( labor & ( almo/ ev]y?+ else1 ! co/ ( p[d] 0 be+ r$uc$4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> co/ figures 7 #hj c5ts a p\nd = small-arms & #ec c5ts a p\nd = cannon p[d]4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ^! co/s _h be5 r$uc$ to #fb c5ts = small-arms p[d] & #da c5ts = cannon p[d]4 ,at ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice !re 0 on h& approximately #bjj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( smokeless p[d]4 ,x e>ly became evid5t t ! supply ( cellulose1 ev5 ?\gh all available s\rces ( supply 7 utiliz$ to ! utmo/1 w\ld nev]!less be insuffici5t to meet our va/ production program4 ,= ye>s x _h be5 rumor$ t ! ,g]mans 9 ! manufacture ( _! smokeless p[d] _h be5 us+1 ) great success1 cellulose produc$ f wood pulp4 ,foll[+ out ?is idea1 exp]im5tal "w 0 und]tak5 9 an ef=t to develop cellulose t c\ld be produc$ f wood pulp 9 suitable physical =m = nitration & :i* w\ld meet ! *emical requirem5ts4 ,9 ! s\!rn & s\?we/]n portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re are l>ge tracts ( l& f :i* timb] has be5 remov$ & !re are also va/ acreages ( swamp l&s4 ,processes develop$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t _h 9 view ! idea ( tak+ z mu* ( ^! l&s z possible = f>m+ & re=e/+ & utiliz+ ! tree /umps !reon4 ,^! /umps conta9$ quantities ( turp5t9e & res9 t c\ld be recov]$ & ! resultant pulp aft] prop] treatm5t c\ld be prep>$ 9 suitable =m z cellulose = nitration purposes4 ,! "q ( black p[d]1 :ile an important "o1 did n pres5t _m difficulties except+ "o1 ! necess>y supply ( potassium nitrate4 ,?is 0 because ,g]many 0 ! pr9cipal s\rce ( ! pota%4 ,x 0 ?\ght t sodium nitrate might possibly h to be us$ z a sub/itute4 ,exp]im5tal "w along ^! l9es indicat$ t by us+ c]ta9 precautions1 ?is sub/itution1 if necess>y1 c\ld be made1 al?\gh x 0 nev] adopt$4 ,black p[d] ( all grades = milit>y purposes 0 be+ produc$ at ! rate ( #hdj1jjj p\nds a mon?1 at a co/ ( #be c5ts a p\nd1 at ! "t ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,at t "t !re 0 on h& #f1hej1jjj p\nds ( black p[d]4 ,if ! w> _h cont9u$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld h produc$ dur+ ! ye> #aiai m ?an #a1jjj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( smokeless p[d]4 ,two-?irds ( ?is w\ld h be5 available = our ov]seas =ces & ! balance w\ld h gone to ! alli$ gov]nm5ts4 ,?is rate ( production w\ld h am\nt$ to ab\t sev5 times ! quantity ( explosives normally manufactur$ 9 peace times4 ,,load+ ,,! ,,propellants4 ,9 addition to solv+ ! problem ( produc+ a suffici5t quantity ( propellant p[d] !re 0 also ! problem1 j z important1 ( assembl+ ?is p[d] into fix$ ammunition1 or load+ x into bags4 ,! ,frank=d ,ars5al & comm]cial c>tridge factories1 aft] expansion1 7 enabl$ to take c>e ( ! exp&$ small-arms program4 ,b x became necess>y = ! ,gov]nm5t to erect & op]ate sev]al great bag-load+ plants4 ,^! 7 locat$ at ,woodbury1 ,n4,j41 ,tullyt[n1 ,pa41 & ,sev5 ,p9es1 ,va4 ,! ord9>y c>tridge fir$ f ! rifle is famili> to mo/ p4 ,! projectile is fitt$ into ! metal case 9 :i* ! explosive =ce is conta9$4 ,projectiles = big guns are made along simil> l9es1 until ! #d4g-;in* gun is rea*$4 ,up to & includ+ guns ( ?is calib] ! projectile is fir$ ) :at is kn[n z fix$ ammunition--t is to say1 ! %ell itself is fix$ into a metal conta9] :i* holds ! p[d]4 ,guns above ! calib] ( #d4g in*es1 h[ev]1 are fir$ ) unfix$ ammunition--t is1 ! p[d] is load$ 9 silk bags1 ! projectile plac$ 9 ! gun1 & a numb] ( bags1 dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! *>ge necess>y1 put into ! brea* ( ! gun beh9d ! projectile4 ,! p[d] is !n ignit$ & ! big %ell eject$ by ! gases g5]at$4 ,f ! mills ! p[d] is %ipp$ to ! bag-load+ plants 9 bulk4 ,! silk5 bags are manufactur$ 9 huge quantities by indu/rial plants & =w>d$ to ! bag-load+ plants1 :]e are also daily receiv$ l>ge quantities ( metal & fib] conta9]s1 into :i* are load$ bags pack$ = ov]seas %ipm5t n to be unpack$ aga9 until !y h rea*$ ! battle field4 ,fill+ ! bags is a precise & delicate op]ation4 ,*ances c n be tak5 or av]ages /ruck4 ,errors may mean ! possible loss ( battles4 ,a batt]y comm&] :o has figur$ 8 range & :o is ab\t to drop a numb] ( high-explosive %ell on an enemy batt]y mu/ "k exactly h[ mu* p[d] he has beh9d 8 *>ge4 ,if m p[d] is 9 ! bag ?an he calculates on1 he w ov]%oot 8 m>k2 if less1 ! %ell in/ead ( dropp+ ^u an enemy batt]y may explode 9 mid/ ( 8 own advanc+ troops4 ,! ?ree bag-load+ plants ! ,gov]nm5t con/ruct$ at ,woodbury1 ,tullyt[n1 & ,sev5 ,p9es 7 built to load bags t 7 to be us$ 9 fir+ guns f #aee-millimet] calib] up to a calib] ( #aj in*es4 ,! e/imat$ av]age capacity ( ea* plant 0 #bj1jjj bags a day1 b z a matt] ( fact a maximum capacity ( #dj1jjj bags a day at ea* plant _h be5 rea*$ be=e ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,two %ifts a day 7 us$ at ^! plants mo/ ( ! "t4 ,9 ea* %ift !re 7 approximately #c1ejj op]atives1 mo/ ( !m wom54 ,at ea* ( ^! plants1 :i* are locat$ 9 comp>atively isolat$ po9ts1 because ( ! dang]\s "w1 special h\s+ facilities _h to be con/ruct$4 ,= example1 at ,tullyt[n !re 7 #gj bungal[s1 #ac resid5ces = (fic]s & executive heads1 & six #ih-room dormitories1 :ile at ,woodbury #ai great dormitories 7 built to h\se work]s4 ,! numb] ( build+s at ,tullyt[n is #bae4 ,!y range f gu>dh\ses to electrical g5]at+ /ations = p[] & light4 ,besides ?is con/ruction !re are betwe5 #bb & #cj miles ( railroad track laid at ea* ( ^! po9ts4 ,! extremely dang]\s nature ( ! "w makes x necess>y to /ore n m ?an #djj1jjj p\nds ( explosives 9 a s+le build+1 & :]e p[d] is /or$ ! build+s are at lea/ #cej feet ap>t4 ,up to ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice !re 7 load$ into small-arms ammunition #ai1gda1ejj p\nds ( p[d]2 !re 7 assembl$ into fix$ ammunition approximately #cc1jjj1jjj p\nds ( smokeless p[d]2 & !re 7 assembl$ into bags1 prop]ly pack$ = %ipm5t1 approximately #cb1cjj1jjj p\nds ( smokeless p[d]4 ,,high ,,explosives4 ,:5 ,europe 0 plung$ into ! great w> 9 ,augu/1 #aiad1 ! ,am]ican production ( tr9itrotoluol = comm]cial purposes am\nt$ to approximately #fjj1jjj p\nds a mon? ( v>y+ grades ( purity4 ,?is quantity 0 almo/ entirely consum$ 9 ! mak+ ( explosives = bla/+ purposes4 ,:5 we ent]$ ! w> ?is production _h be5 increas$ to #a1jjj1jjj p\nds a mon?1 exclusive ( t :i* 0 be+ us$ "h comm]cially4 ,"u pressure ( our own w>-"t ne$s ! production ( ?is highly important explosive *emical _h be5 run up to #af1jjj1jjj p\nds a mon? at ! t]m9ation ( ho/ilities 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah4 ,dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! w> ! av]age price ( ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 = milit>y purposes 0 #a a p\nd4 ,l>gely1 h[ev]1 because ( ! trem5d\s quantity production & enorm\s economies effect$ by reason ( ?is1 & despite ! sc>city ( raw mat]ials1 & not)/&+ ! greatly increas$ labor co/1 ?is price _h be5 r$uc$ at ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice to #bf c5ts a p\nd4 ,!re 7 9 ! c\rse ( erection at ! "t ( ! armi/ice1 two great ,gov]nm5t ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 plants--"o at ,rac9e1 ,wis41 t 0 to h a capacity ( #d1jjj1jjj p\nds a mon?1 & "o at ,giant1 ,cal41 ) a capacity ( #b1jjj1jjj p\nds a mon?4 ,dur+ ! w> ?ree grades ( ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 7 produc$4 ,grade ,i 0 us$ = boo/] *>ges--t is1 ^? *>ges :i* initiat$ ! explosive wave 9 ! ma9 %ell *>ge4 ,grade ,,ii 0 us$ z a %ell fill]2 :ile ,grade ,,iii 0 utiliz$ ) ammonium nitrate 9 produc+ amatol4 ,9 view ( ! fact t high explosives 7 produc$ 9 su* enorm\s quantities & t x 0 necess>y to c>ry on ^! trem5d\s manufactur+ op]ations ) an inexp]i5c$ =ce1 ! toll ( life tak5 9 ! production 0 rem>kably small4 ,only two explosions ( any magnitude occurr$ 9 plants :]e explosives 7 manufactur$ & bo? ( ^! took place 9 ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 produc+ plants4 ,"o ( ^! happ5$ at ,oakdale1 ,pa41 9 ! plant ( ! ,aetna ,explosives ,co4 9 ,may1 #aiah4 ,?is co/ ! lives ( #ajj p]sons4 ,! o!r took place on ,july #b1 #aiah1 at ,split ,rock1 ,n4,y41 9 ! plant ( ,semet-,solvay ,co41 :]e #fj p lo/ _! lives4 ,at ! "t ( ! explosions nei!r ( ^! plants 0 op]at+ on ,w> ,dep>tm5t contracts4 ,be=e ! great w> ab\t #eh1jjj1jjj p\nds ( ammonium nitrate us$ 9 ! manufacture ( comm]cial explosives 7 be+ produc$ annually 9 ?is c\ntry1 at an av]age co/ ( ab\t #ab c5ts a p\nd4 ,by ,janu>y1 #aiag1 ! comm]cial explosives manufactur]s _h ext5d$ _! facilities s t !y _h increas$ _! production by #a1gjj1jjj p\nds mon?ly4 ,?is expansion1 h[ev]1 0 insuffici5t to meet our dem&s1 & a ,gov]nm5t ammonium nitrate plant 0 erect$ at ,p]ryville1 ,md4 ,?is plant 0 op]at$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,atlas ,p[d] ,co41 :o also coop]at$ 9 its erection4 ,x did ?is manufactur+ "u ! ,brunn]-,mond process t 0 develop$ 9 ,engl& "u ! pat5ts ( ,capt4 ,free?4 ,"u ?is process ammonium nitrate is produc$ by ! d\ble decomposition ( ammonium sulphate & sodium nitrate4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 ! ,atlas p detail$ sev]al te*nical m5 to g to ,engl& & /udy ! ,brunn]-,mond process z c>ri$ on !re4 ,9 #aiah ^! m5 return$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & prep>$ designs z a result ( ! in=mation !y _h ga9$ abroad4 ,gr\nd 0 brok5 = ! plant at ,p]ryville ,m>* #h1 #aiah1 & x 0 9 production by ,july #ae4 ,?is plant is a l>ge "o1 ( excell5t con/ruction1 & absolutely firepro(1 z is necess>y because ( ! nature ( ! "w conduct$ 9 x4 ,because ( ! type ( ! build+ ! rapidity ( its con/ruction may well be class$ z ph5om5al4 ,ev5 :ile ! plant 0 be+ put up1 exp]im5tal "w ( a highly te*nical nature 0 be+ c>ri$ on4 ,at ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice production ( ammonium nitrate at ! ,p]ryville plant _h rea*$ #deb1jjj p\nds a day1 & ?is 0 greatly 9 excess ( t be+ obta9$ at ! ,engli% plant ( a simil> size t _h be5 9 op]ation = mon?s be=e gr\nd _h be5 brok5 = our ,am]ican plant4 ,ea* ( ! ,gov]nm5t-own$ nitrog5 fixation plants at ,muscle ,%oals1 ,ala41 & ,%effield1 ,ala41 0 also equipp$ to produce ammonium nitrate by neutralization4 ,our total capacity f all s\rces at ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice 0 #bj1jjj1jjj p\nds mon?ly4 ,ammonium nitrate is ! "o mat]ial 9 ! field ( explosives t %[s an increase 9 price ov] t ( normal times4 ,! av]age co/ ( ?is sub/ance us$ = milit>y purposes 0 #ag c5ts a p\nd4 ,!re 7 on h& #fj1ejj1jjj p\nds ( ammonium nitrate on ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah4 ,picric acid z su* is n us$ by ?is c\ntry directly = milit>y purposes4 ,b x is "o ( ! raw mat]ials us$ 9 produc+ ammonium picrate1 or explosive ,d1 & 9 ! manufacture ( ! poison\s gas kn[n z *lorpicr94 ,picric acid is1 h[ev]1 ! ma9 explosive us$ by ! ,fr5*1 :o _h plac$ enorm\s contracts = ?is mat]ial ) explosives manufactur]s prior to ! entry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! w>4 ,because ( our pur*ase ( e>ly l>ge supplies ( ammunition & guns f ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 to be l>gely paid = by picric acid1 l>ge contracts 7 ent]$ into by our ,gov]nm5t = ?is explosive1 :i* 0 produc$ "h 9 accordance ) ,fr5* specifications & subject to jo9t inspection by our (fic]s & ! ,fr5*4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aiag1 we 7 turn+ out #fjj1jjj p\nds ( picric acid mon?ly1 & a ye> lat] ?is _h be5 increas$ to a mon?ly production ( #aa1cjj1jjj p\nds2 ! av]age co/ 0 #ef c5ts a p\nd4 ,to insure production quickly = ! ne$s ( ! times1 ?ree ,gov]nm5t picric-acid plants 7 au?oriz$4 ,"o ( ^! 0 locat$ at ,picron1 ne> ,little ,rock1 ,ark41 to be op]at$ by ! ,davis ,*emical ,corporation2 ano!r 0 locat$ at ,new ,brunswick1 ,ga41 to be op]at$ by ! ,butt]wor?-,judson ,corporation2 & ! ?ird 0 locat$ at ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*41 = op]ation by ! ,semet-,solvay ,co4 ,all ( ^! contracts 7 made on a co/-plus basis4 ,ea* ( ^! plants 0 to h a capacity ( #ad1ejj1jjj p\nds ( picric acid a mon?4 ,! plant at ,picron 9 ,arkansas 0 ! only "o t _h />t$ production be=e ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,ammonium picrate1 o!rwise kn[n z explosive ,d 9 our ,army annals1 is produc$ by ! ammoniation ( picric acid1 & because x is m ins5sitive ?an picric acid & is less liable to =m s5sitive salts ) metals x is us$ z ! explosive *>ge = all armor-pi]c+ projectiles4 ,our av]age mon?ly production ( ammonium picrate 9 ,may1 #aiag1 0 #ec1jjj p\nds1 & ?is _h be5 increas$ )\t ! erection ( any ,gov]nm5t plants to a mon?ly capacity 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah1 ( #iej1jjj p\nds4 ,!re 0 on h& at ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice #f1ejj1jjj p\nds ( ?is explosive1 ! av]age co/ ( :i* 0 #fd c5ts a p\nd4 ,tetryl1 on acc\nt ( its high co/ & ! lack ( manufactur+ facilities = its production1 0 n us$ except z a load+ *>ge = boo/]s4 ,x is m s5sitive ?an ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 & has a high] rate ( detonation4 ,only two companies1 ! du ,pont ,p[d] ,co4 & ! ,be?lehem ,load+ ,co41 manufactur$ tetryl4 ,expansion ( ^! two plants increas$ ! mon?ly capacity ( #h1gjj p\nds 9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 to #afj1jjj p\nds 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah1 :ile its co/ 0 r$uc$ f #a4cj a p\nd to #ij c5ts a p\nd4 ,?is increas$ capacity1 h[ev]1 0 n 9 excess ( our explosives requirem5ts1 & !re 0 au?oriz$ by ! ,gov]nm5t ! erection ( a plant at ,s5t]1 ,mi*41 t 0 to be op]at$ by ! ,atlas ,co41 & :i* 0 to h a mon?ly capacity ( #bej1jjj p\nds4 ,?is plant _h n rea*$ production :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,! ,aetna ,p[d] ,co4 at ! "t we ent]$ ! w> 0 manufactur+ = ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t tetranitroanil9e t 0 to be us$ 9 ! load+ ( boo/]s & fuses4 ,?is company's plant at ,noble/on1 ,pa41 0 de/roy$ by an explosion4 ,ordnance (fic]s le>n$ t ?is mat]ial 0 equal to tetryl z a milit>y explosive4 ,consequ5tly a contract 0 ent]$ into ) ,dr4 ,b]nh>dt ,jacques ,flurs*e91 ! hold] ( ! pat5t rights1 to h manufactur$ ,t4 ,n4 ,a4 = our own uses4 ,a ,gov]nm5t plant 0 au?oriz$ = erection on ! gr\nd ( ! ,calco ,*emical ,co41 ,b\nd ,brook1 ,n4,j41 to be op]at$ by t conc]n4 ,production at ?is plant 0 to be on a co/-plus basis1 ! e/imat$ co/ ( ! mat]ial be+ #gj c5ts a p\nd4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 ab\t #h1jjj p\nds ( ,t4 ,n4 ,a4 _h be5 produc$1 b none _h be5 utiliz$4 ,m]cury fulm9ate1 a v s5sitive & p[]ful explosive1 0 us$ only 9 caps1 prim]s1 detonators1 etc41 z a means ( initiat+ detonation1 on acc\nt ( its own high rate ( detonation4 ,! ?ree plants op]at+ 9 ?is c\ntry to produce ?is explosive = comm]cial purposes1 ! du ,pont ,co41 ,pompton ,lake1 ,n4,j41 ! ,atlas ,p[d] ,co41 ,tamaqua1 ,pa41 & ! ,aetna ,p[d] ,co41 ,k+/on1 ,n4,y41 exp&$ _! facilities suffici5tly to meet our program4 ,_! av]age mon?ly production 9 #aiah 0 #ej1jjj p\nds at a co/ ( #c4ba p] p\nd1 & !re 0 on h& 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah1 #ccj1ijj p\nds ( ?is explosive4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! w> to meet ! app>5t %ortage ( ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 & ammonium nitrate !n exi/+ because ( our enorm\s explosives program1 x 0 necess>y to develop an explosive = tr5* w>f>e purposes t c\ld be us$ = fill+ h& & rifle gr5ades1 tr5*-mort> %ell1 & drop bombs4 ,to meet ?is ne$1 ! ,trojan ,p[d] ,co41 ( ,all5t[n1 ,pa41 submitt$ a nitro/>* explosive4 ,aft] exhau/ive inve/igations & complete te/s1 ?is explosive 0 au?oriz$ = use 9 load+ ! h& & rifle gr5ades & ! #c-;in* tr5*-mort> %ell4 ,developm5t ( a nitro/>* explosive = comm]cial purposes _h be5 "u consid]ation & inve/igation by two o!r l>ge exp]i5c$ manufactur]s = a numb] ( ye>s1 b ! difficulties incid5t to ! production & purification ( nitro/>* 7 su* t _! ef=ts _h met ) little success4 ,! ,trojan ,p[d] ,co41 op]at+ "u secret process1 solv$ ?is problem1 & all nitro/>* explosives us$ 7 produc$ by ?is company1 al?\gh ano!r nitro/>* explosive kn[n z gr5ite1 :i* 0 produc$ by ! du ,pont ,co41 0 te/$ & au?oriz$ = use4 ,our c\ntry 0 ! only ,gov]nm5t t us$ nitro/>* explosives dur+ ! w>1 & ! developm5t ( ?is explosive made ! load+ problem easi] & made possible ! use ( mat]ials t 7 available & ^: co/ 0 l[4 ,! av]age co/ ( ?is explosive 0 #ba4h c5ts a p\nd4 ,9 ,july1 #aiah1 ! av]age mon?ly production ( nitro/>* 0 #hdj1jjj p\nds & ?is _h be5 increas$ by ,novemb]1 #aiah1 to #a1gbj1jjj p\nds a mon?4 ,!re 7 load$ ) nitro/>* explosive #g1bdd1efi def5sive h& gr5ades2 #a1ebf1jjj (f5sive h& gr5ades2 #i1iba1ecc rifle gr5ades & #hac1jgc ?ree-in* tr5*-mort> %ell4 ,at ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice !re 0 on h& ( ?is explosive #a1fej1ejj p\nds4 ,! du ,pont ,co4 develop$ an explosive call$ lyconite1 & ?is 0 au?oriz$ = use 9 ! load+ ( drop bombs4 ,anilite1 a liquid explosive us$ by ! ,fr5*1 0 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ & improvem5ts 7 made 9 x to r5d] its use saf]1 b developm5t _h n progress$ f> en\gh to w>rant au?orization = its use prior to ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,*lorate & p]*lorate explosives 7 also inve/igat$ & sev]al types develop$ t 7 consid]$ entirely satisfactory = use1 b ^! nev] got into production be=e ! end ( ! w>4 ,,ammunition ,,& ,,%ell ,,load+4 ,:5 we ent]$ ! w> ! quantity ( field artill]y ammunition on h& 0 consid]ably less ?an a s+le mon?'s supply1 bas+ our rate ( exp5diture on ! e/imat$ rate = ,novemb]1 #aiah4 ,!re 7 no facilities ( any degree ( magnitude available to take c>e ( our project$ program = fill+ ! high-explosive %ell necess>y = use by our ov]seas =ces4 ,consequ5tly x became necess>y at once to plan & to develop ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry = ! production ( metallic p>ts1 su* z ! %ell prop]1 ! fuse1 boo/]s & adapt]s1 z well z to design & build entirely new plants & to tra9 completely new =ces = ! load+ ( ! %ell ) ! high explosives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,high ,,explosive ,,nose ,,fuse ,,%ell #ge,m_/,m ,,type ,detonator 7explosive7 ,b\rrelet ,explosive *>ge 7,t4 ,n4 ,t47 or 7,amatol7 ,smokeless p[d] ,prim] 7brass7 ,adapt] 7/eel7 ,p]cussion fuse ,boo/] case1 or ,jacket1 or ,ga9e4 7cold drawn or press$ /eel-ma*9$7 ,copp] b& or rotat+ b& ,c>tridge case 7drawn brass7 ,illu/ration3 ,,girls ,,load+ ,,po9t-,,detonat+ ,,fuses ,,= ,,high-,,explosive ,,%ell ,,9 ,,body-,,ma*9+ ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,a ,,load+ ,,plant4 ,! explosion ( an ,h4 ,e4 %ell is really a s]ies ( explosions4 ,! process ( ! bur/ is ab\t z foll[s3 ,! fir+ p9 /rikes ! p]cussion prim]1 :i* explodes ! detonator4 ,! detonator is fill$ ) "s easily detonat$ sub/ance1 su* z fulm9ate ( m]cury4 ,! concussion ( ?is explosion sets (f ! *>ge held )9 ! long tube :i* ext5ds d[n ! middle ( ! %ell & :i* is kn[n z ! boo/]4 ,! boo/] *>ge is a sub/ance easily explod$1 su* z tetryl or tr9itroanil9e 7,t4 ,n4 ,a474 ,! explosion ( ! boo/] j>s (f ! ma9 *>ge ( ! %ell1 ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 or amatol4 ,?is sy/em ( detonator1 boo/]1 & ma9 *>ge gives control ( ! explosives )9 ! %ell1 safety 9 h&l+ ! %ell1 & complete explosion :5 ! %ell bur/s4 ,)\t ! action ( ! boo/] *>ge on ! ma9 *>ge ( ! %ell1 ! latt] w\ld be only p>tially burn$ :5 ! %ell explod$1 & "p ( ! ma9 *>ge w\ld ?us wa/e itself 9 ! op5 air4 ,! %ell us$ by our ,army be=e ! w> _h be5 l>gely ( ! base-fuse type4 ,int]*angeability ( ammunition ) ! ,fr5* requir$ t we adopt %ell ( ! nose-fuse type4 ,! boo/]s & adapt]s t w5t ) ?is type 7 unfamili> to our indu/ry4 ,! adapt] is ! metallic device t holds ! boo/] & fuse & fa/5s !m 9 ! %ell4 ,! adapt]1 !re=e1 is a broad r+1 screw-?read$ bo? outside & inside4 ,! inside diamet] is uni=m1 s z to all[ ! same size ( boo/] & fuse to be screw$ into %ell ( diff]5t sizes4 ,! outside diamet]s ( ! adapt]s v>y ) ! sizes ( ! %ell !y are made to fit1 ! r+s ?us be+ ?ick] or ?9n] z ! case may require4 ,fuses ( sev]al sorts are employ$ by ! mod]n artill]i/2 & ) %ell equipp$ ) adapt]s1 any fuse may be ins]t$ 9 ! field "r at ! gun4 ,unexpect$ly ! manufacture ( boo/]s & adapt]s prov$ to be mu* m difficult ?an x appe>$ to be at ! />t1 & ! %ortage ( ^! devices 0 a limit+ factor 9 ! ,am]ican production ( %ell4 ,on ,may #a1 #aiag1 draw+s & specifications 7 s5t to ! pr9cipal manufactur]s ( ammunition & ammunition compon5ts invit+ bids on #c-;in* ammunition4 ,^! bids 7 op5$ on ,may #ae1 #aiag1 & aft] full discussion ) ! ,c\ncil ( ,national ,def5se ord]s 7 plac$ = #i1jjj1jjj r\nds ( #c-;in* %ell & %rapnel ammunition4 ,! bids = %ell & %rapnel ammunition = all ! o!r calib]s ( guns & h[itz]s we _h on h& !n 7 ab\t to be ask$1 :5 ! ,fr5* mission to ?is c\ntry arriv$2 & ! s5d+ out ( proposals 0 def]r$1 :ile discussion ensu$ z to *ang+ our #c-;in* & #f-;in* artill]y to #ge-millimet] & #aee-millimet] calib]s1 s z to make our ammunition int]*angeable ) t ( ! ,fr5*4 ,?is decision 0 made ,june #e1 #aiag4 ,!re !n took place mu* discussion & consid]ation ( ! ,fr5* ammunition4 ,! ,fr5* _h sev]al di/9ct types ( %ell1 rang+ f ! v ?9 wall$ high capacity k9d to ! ?ick] wall$ types4 ,! ,fr5* specifications 7 radically diff]5t f our own or ^? ( ! ,briti%4 ,! /eel %ell 9 ! ,fr5* practice 0 subject$ to a dra/ic heat treatm5t1 :i* did n seem necess>y to u = ! ?ick] wall$ types ( %ell4 ,! ,fr5* fus+ sy/em also 0 entirely diff]5t f t us$ by our s]vice4 ,fr5* fuses 7 c>ri$ sep>ately1 & ! adapt] & ! boo/] cas+ 7 screw$ p]man5tly into ! %ell4 ,our decision to adopt ,fr5* types ( ammunition made x necess>y to re>range all our plans1 & to obta9 draw+s ( ! %ell1 boo/]s1 adapt]s1 & fuses f ,france4 ,?is caus$ mu* negotiat+1 & a consid]able am\nt ( "t 0 consum$ 9 gett+ ! necess>y specifications & draw+s "h4 ,z a result ( recomm5dations f ,fr5* (ficials aga9/ production 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ #aiag ( ! s-call$ obus allong & ! semi/eel type ( %ell1 no attempt 0 made to produce ^! = ! #aee-millimet] guns & h[itz]s dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( ! w>1 b z a result ( new recomm5dations & inve/igations ( our (fic]s 9 ,france 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah bo? ( ^! types ( %ell 7 put into quantity production "h4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ !y 7 be+ turn$ out 9 su* quantities t x appe>$ t !re 0 sure to be an ample supply on h& 9 ! e>ly spr+ ( #aiai4 ,radical diff]5ces ( manufacture exi/$ betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,briti% 9 ! matt] ( specifications & me?ods ( production4 ,l>ge quantities ( ,briti% ammunition _h be5 made 9 ?is c\ntry1 & we _h adopt$ ! ,briti% #h-;in* h[itz]1 s t x appe>$ we %\ld use ,briti% practice 9 ! manufacture ( %ell4 ,manufactur]s claim$ t great delay w\ld result 9 ! production ( %ell "h if ! heat treatm5t & hydraulic te/s 7 insi/$ ^u z ! ,fr5* specifications call$ =1 & inve/igation prov$ ?is to be ess5tially true1 z no facilities = heat treat+ & hydraulic te/+ exi/$4 ,! up%ot ( ! entire matt] 0 t x 0 decid$ to use ,fr5* dim5sions & %ell = ! #ge-millimet] & #aee-millimet] calib]s s z to obta9 uni=mity ( balli/ics1 b to p]mit ,am]ican metallurgical practice to obta9 9 ! manufacture4 ,%ells made "u ^! specifications 7 te/$ by ! ,fr5* commission 9 ,france4 ,! v]dict on ^! %ell c be summ>iz$ 9 ?is quotation f _! report3 ,to sum up1 f ! te/ ( #aj1jjj c>tridges ( #ge millimet]1 x may be conclud$ t ,am]ican ammunition is 9 e way comp>able to ,fr5* ammunition & t ! two may be consid]$ z int]*angeable4 ,our designs = %rapnel & "t fuses _h be5 prov5 to be entirely satisfactory1 & !y 7 cont9u$ z !y 74 ,9 fact x 0 g5]ally agre$ t ours 0 ! be/ "t fuse us$ on ! alli$ side dur+ ! w>4 ,t our decision 9 ! matt] ( cont9u+ production ( %rapnel & "t fuses 0 w>rant$1 is borne out by ! fact t we obta9$ e>ly deliv]ies 9 suffici5t quantities to meet requirem5ts4 ,9 ! use ( ! adapt]s & boo/]s1 :i* introduc$ an entirely new compon5t to our s]vice 9 %ell mak+1 we _h _h no exp]i5ce1 & subsequ5tly met ) great difficulties due to ?is lack ( exp]i5ce4 ,delays 7 enc\nt]$ because 9 ?is "p ( %ell manufacture x 0 g5]ally necess>y to await in=mation f ,france :5ev] difficulties 7 enc\nt]$1 or to conduct exp]im5ts be=e we c\ld proce$4 ,:5 we began receiv+ our bids = #c-;in* gun ammunition !re 7 comp>atively few factories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t 7 able to turn out complete r\nds ( ammunition4 ,!re 7 _m factories1 h[ev]1 capable ( turn+ out "o or m ( ! %ell compon5ts4 ,x 0 necess>y to place ord]s = complete r\nds ( ammunition ) ^? factories t c\ld furni% !m1 & h ! rema9+ compon5ts manufactur$ sep>ately1 & to provide assembl+ plants4 ,to get z _m factories z possible on a production basis 9 anticipation ( ! future l>ge ord]s = ammunition t mu/ necess>ily foll[ ) ext5sion ( op]ations by our field =ces1 ord]s = our initial quantities ( ammunition 7 di/ribut$ z widely z possible4 ,to prev5t confusion & loss ( "t because ( ! scramble = /eel =g+s & o!r raw mat]ials x 0 decid$ t ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld pur*ase all raw mat]ials z well z furni% compon5ts = ammunition4 ,h[ successful we 7 9 gett+ into quantity production on ammunition aft] ! num]\s & l>ge ob/acles 9 ! e>ly mon?s ( ! w> c be indicat$ be/ by ! fact t ( ! #aa1faf1aef high-explosive %ell = #ge-millimet] guns ma*9$ up to ,novemb] #a1 no less ?an #b1hic1cfg pass$ inspection 9 ,octob]2 :ile ( ! #g1cde1cff adapt]s & boo/]s = #ge-millimet] guns t _h be5 ma*9$ up to ! #a/ ( ,novemb]1 #b1geh1cig pass$ inspection 9 ,octob]4 ,! figures = ! #d4g-;in* & #aee-millimet] guns & h[itz]s foll[3 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,ma*9$ ,ma*9$ high-explosive adapt]s & ,k9d ( ammunition4 %ell boo/]s accept$ up accept$ up to ,nov4 #a4 to ,nov4 #a4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #d4g-;in* #iid1heb #bjfcf1jif #aee-millimet] #b1jhc1ghb #b1eaf1baf ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bj ,= use 9 #d4g-;in* & o!r sizes4 ,ammonium picrate or explosive ,d ^u :i* ?is c\ntry _h dep5d$ almo/ entirely up to ! "t ( our entry into ! w> 0 =c$ into ! %ell "u hydraulic pressure4 ,! adoption ( ! po9t-fus$ %ell & an explosive = %ell fill+ new to ?is c\ntry1 namely1 amatol1 made necess>y ! provision ( new me?ods = %ell load+ & ! expansion ( plant facilities = ^! new me?ods capable ( load+ ! va/ & trem5d\s numb]s ( %ell requir$ 9 mod]n w>f>e4 ,z a result ( reports1 foll[+ inve/igations by our (fic]s ( me?ods us$ abroad1 v>i\s new %ell-load+ plants 7 built 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! names1 location1 & output ( ! %ell-load+ plants 9 our c\ntry are z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total ,company4 ,location4 capacity daily 7%ell74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,t4 ,a4 ,gillespie ,load+ ,co4 ,morgan1 ,n4 ,j4 #dg1jjj ,d4 ,p>l91 ,n4 ,j4 #be1jjj ,d4 ,runyon1 ,n4 ,y4 #c1ejj ,poole ,eng9e]+ ,ma*9e ,co4 ,texas1 ,md4 #ae1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates ,ars5al ,rock ,isl&1 ,ill4 #a1jjj ,/]l+ ,motor ,c> ,co4 ,brockton1 ,mass4 #aj1jjj ,am]ican ,c ,co4 ,k5ilwor?1 ,n4 ,j4 #bj1jjj ,atlantic ,load+ ,co4 ,amatol1 ,n4 ,j4 #ec1ejj ,be?lehem ,load+ ,co4 ,mays ,l&+1 ,n4 ,j4 #da1jjj ,d4 ,new ,ca/le1 ,del4 #bg1djj ,d4 ,r$+ton1 ,pa4 #d1jjj du ,pont ,eng9e]+ ,co4 ,p5niman1 ,va41 ,g plant #da1jjj ,d4 ,p5niman1 ,va41 ,d plant #ac1ccj ,j4 ,d4 ,evans ,eng9e] ,corp4 ,old ,bridge1 ,n4 ,j4 #cj1jjj --------- ,total #cca1gcj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,x 0 f\nd necess>y 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! w> to fill all %ell ) ,t4 ,n4 ,t41 reg>dless ( co/1 until !re c\ld be built ! requir$ & prop]ly equipp$ plants = ! mix+ & load+ ( amatol4 ,two me?ods = load+ ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 7 adopt$4 ,! "o mo/ l>gely us$1 h[ev]1 0 ! ca/+ me?od by :i* ! *emical 0 br\ght to a molt5 condition 9 a /eam jacket$ kettle & p\r$ into ! %ell4 ,to d ?is two op]ations 7 usual4 ,fir/1 ! %ell 0 fill$ approximately two-?irds full ) ! molt5 mat]ial1 & !n z soon z a cru/ 0 =m$ ?is 0 brok5 ?r\gh & ! second fill+ took place4 ,?is process 0 necess>y to prev5t ! =mation ( cavities 9 ! fill+ *>ge4 ,su* cavities cause breakd[ns1 result+ almo/ inv>iably 9 incomplete or entire failure ( detonation4 ,! ammonium nitrate fir/ produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! w> 0 ( su* a "* t prop] d5sities c\ld n be obta9$ :5 mix$ ) ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 to =m amatol4 ,?is difficulty 0 ov]come aft] mu* inve/igation1 & prop] me?ods 7 outl9$ = ! ammonium nitrate manufactur]s1 ) ! result t ,grade ,,iii ammonium nitrate 0 produc$ z a %>p1 h>d cry/al at a sett+ po9t ( n less ?an #bij ,f4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be p]fectly satisfactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eight-,,in* ,,%ell ,,be+ ,,load$ ,,) ,,amatol4 ,view ( extrud+ ma*9e bulkhead 9 backgr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>k ,v ,,fuse ,,assembly4 ,?is picture %[s two complete units = ?is assembly "w4 ,! op]ation beg9s 9 ! =egr\nd ) cap assembly & progresses t[>d backgr\nd1 ! fulm9ate detonator be+ ins]t$ midway d[n table4 ,! protect+ bulkhead = cap supply is %[n 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! s-call$ #ej-ej amatol1 compos$ ( #ej p>ts ammonium nitrate & #ej p>ts ,t4 ,n4 ,t41 is load$ into %ell by a ca/+ me?od simil> to t us$ 9 load+ ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 alone4 ,! s-call$ #hj-bj amatol1 compos$ ( #hj p>ts ammonium nitrate & #bj p>ts ,t4 ,n4 ,t41 0 orig9ally load$ cold1 by h&1 & !n foll[$ up ) me*anical press+4 ,z a sub/itute = ?is me?od1 :i* is accompani$ by a c]ta9 elem5t ( dang]1 ! use ( hot #hj-bj amatol1 0 resort$ to 9 ,engl&4 ,?is 0 tamp$ by h& to ! prop] d5sity1 x be+ m compressible ?an cold amatol4 ,z ?is is an exce$+ly t$i\s me?od ( op]ation x 0 entirely done away ) 9 ,engl&1 except = l>ge %ell1 by ! use ( :at is kn[n z ! horizontal extrud+ ma*9e4 ,) ?is ma*9e ! ,briti% 7 able to load #hj-bj amatol ) great success into ! #ge-millimet] %ell & high] calib]s up to #h in*es4 ,?is ma*9e took a mixture ( ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 & ammonium nitrate 9 a jacket$ hopp]1 s t ! temp]ature might be ma9ta9$1 & ! hopp] f$ x d[n ?r\gh a funnel ^u a screw t 0 plac$ aga9/ ! %ell by c\nt]weights to give ! prop] d5sity4 ,"o ( ^! ma*9es 0 import$ "h f ,engl&1 b1 z x 0 unsatisfactory f a con/ruction /&po9t1 new & satisfactory ma*9es 7 built on ! same pr9ciples ( con/ruction 9 our own amatol load+ plants4 ,exp]im5tal "w ) ^! ma*9es 0 c>ri$ on at ! ,gov]nm5t te/+ /ation ,picat9ny ,ars5al1 ,dov]1 ,n4 ,j41 & ! du ,pont ,exp]im5tal ,/ation1 ,gibb/[n1 ,n4 ,j41 z well z exp]im5tal plant op]ations at ! ,morgan plant ( ! ,t4 ,a4 ,gillespie ,co41 ,p>l91 ,n4 ,j41 & ! ,p5niman plant ( ! du ,pont ,co41 ,p5niman1 ,va4 ,all difficulties ( ! op]ations 7 ov]come s satisfactorily t ! great] portion ( ! load$ %ell 0 produc$ by ?is me?od4 ,! metal p>ts z receiv$ at ! %ell-fill+ plant are inspect$ & clean$ to remove all traces ( =eign matt] su* z grit or grease be=e be+ s5t to ! load+ room4 ,aft] be+ load$ ! %ell are aga9 inspect$4 ,at int]vals a split %ell is load$ & !n tak5 ap>t & exam9$1 s t any load+ defects may be f\nd quickly & conditions rem$i$1 be=e any l>ge quantities ( %ell are produc$4 ,! cavity left 9 ! amatol by ! tube ( ! extrud+ ma*9e is fill$ ) molt5 ,t4 ,n4 ,t41 & a cavity is produc$ 9 ?is ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 into :i* ! boo/] fits4 ,?is is necess>y 9 ord] to provide = complete detonation4 ,! boo/] cavity is produc$ ei!r by ! use ( a =m]1 :i* ^u removal leaves a cavity ( ! prop] size1 or by plung+ ! boo/] into ! %ell fill+ be=e ?is is cool$1 or by drill+ out a cavity = ! boo/] aft] ! fill+ has be5 ?or\ghly cool$4 ,a l>ge numb] ( r\nds ( ammunition ( all calib]s _h also to be load$ ) a fla%less comp\nd t 0 ins]t$ 9 ! propell+ *>ges1 s t ! dis*>ge ( ! guns w\ld n betray _! positions to ! enemy at night1 :ile a smoke comp\nd 0 ins]t$ 9 a l>ge quantity ( %ell s t ea* missile ( ?is "* might be locat$ aft] fir+ to det]m9e ! accuracy ( ! %ot4 ,coord9ation ( manufacture ( metallic p>ts s z to cause ! prop] quantities ( %ell1 fuse1 & boo/]s to be produc$ )\t leav+ any incomplete r\nds t w\ld h to be held await+ o!r compon5ts caus$ ! greate/ difficulty4 ,! magnitude ( ! task ( provid+ ! necess>y %ell compon5ts 9 ! trem5d\s quantities requir$ c be bett] appreciat$ by a realization ( ! fact t ! v>i\s p>ts ( ea* compon5t mu/ be made to fit ea* o!r prop]ly & p]fectly4 ,gaug+ _h to be resort$ to frequ5tly 9 ! process ( manufacture to make c]ta9 t !re 0 p]fect int]*angeability ( p>ts ( ea* compon5t to prev5t any wa/e ( "t 9 select+ p>ts to fit ea* o!r4 ,! complete compon5ts1 too1 mu/ !mselves be made ) equal c>e & scrupul\s att5tion to make c]ta9 t !y fit prop]ly4 ,?us1 ! boo/] _h to be made 9 su* a fa%ion & ) su* precision & accuracy t x w\ld fit p]fectly into ! %ell z well z into ! boo/] cavity 9 ! %ell fill+ into :i* x is screw$ & also at ! same "t accommodate ! fuse :i* screws into ! boo/]4 ,?is extreme accuracy made necess>y a l>ge numb] ( gauges1 :i* _h to be design$ at ! same "t z1 & 9 coord9ation )1 ! design ( ! compon5t4 ,= example1 9 a complete r\nd ( artill]y ammunition1 #hj dim5sions mu/ be gaug$4 ,to /&>dize ! gauges us$ = ^! #hj dim5sions1 #ahj ma/] gauges are requir$1 :ile ! actual numb] ( diff]5t gauges us$ dur+ ! v>i\s /ages ( manufacture ( a complete r\nd is ov] #ejj4 ,gov]nm5t inspectors requir$ ov] #bjj gauges 9 _! "w ( inspect+ & gaug+ ! f9i%$ compon5ts = ! %ell1 s 9 all ab\t #hjj gauges 7 us$ 9 ! process ( manufactur+ a complete r\nd ( artill]y ammunition1 to insure int]*angeability ( p>ts1 prop] fit = ! projectile 9 ! gun1 & p]fect function+ ( ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,load+ ,,smokeless ,,p[d]4 ,notice safety door at ! girl's elb[4 ,a fla% 9 ?is room w n communicate to an adjo9+ room4 ,! room is heat$ by ov]head hot-air heat+ sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fulm9ate ,,composition ,,*>g+1 ,,/eel ,,%ield1 ,,) ,,w9d[ ,,( ,,heavy ,,glass ,,to ,,! ,,"r4 ,girl op]at+ ! same device on ! left4 ,! view %[s ! bulkhead betwe5 ! op]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ell ,,pa9t+4 ,?is view %[s ! exhau/ hood op5 & turntable l[]$4 ,op]ator raises turntable by foot lev] & closes hood be=e spray+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,%ell-,,pa9t+ ,,room4 ,%ell is receiv$ on ! elevat$ plat=m & truck$ to ! edge on h& trucks1 :]e ! trolley hook j ent]s ! eyebolt z %ell is remov$ f truck1 ?us mak+ x unnecess>y to lift ! %ell dur+ any op]ation 9 ?is room4 ,all fix$ ammunition 0 assembl$ at ! %ell-fill+ plants1 mak+ x necess>y to in/all at ^! po9ts /orage capacity & equipm5t to h&le ! propellant p[d] z well z to fill ! high-explosive %ell4 ,boo/]s & fuses 7 load$ at sep>ate plants & %ipp$ to ! %ell-fill+ assembly places to be pack$ = %ipm5t ) ! %ell = transportation ov]seas4 ,! co/ ( a load$ #ge-millimet] %ell ) ! fuse & propellant *>ge ready to be fir$ is ab\t #aa4 ,su* a %ell conta9s a little ov] #a p\nds ( high explosive1 :i* co/s #a4 ,! load+ & assembl+ ( ! complete r\nd co/s #d4 ,a load$ #aee-millimet] %ell complete ) fuse co/s ab\t #cj1 exclusive ( ! propellant *>ge ( p[d]1 :i* is load$ sep>ately4 ,a %ell ( ?is calib] holds ab\t #ad p\nds ( high explosive1 :i* co/s #aj1 :ile ! load+ & assembl+ co/s #d4 ,! #ge-millimet] & #aee-millimet] %ell 7 us$ 9 ! greate/ quantities on ! ,european battle fields1 & at ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice our ,am]ican load+ plants 7 conc5trat+ on fill+ ammunition = guns ( ^! two calib]s4 ,! nature ( ! "w c>ri$ on at ^! %ell-load+ plants1 ( c\rse1 made ! dang] ( a disa/] ev] pres5t4 ,prior to our entry into ! w> an explosion at ! ,canadian ,c> ,f\ndry ,co4's plant1 ,k+sl&1 ,n4 ,j41 result$ 9 ! entire de/ruction ( ! plant ) l>ge loss ( life4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aiah1 ! ,morgan plant ( ! ,t4 ,a4 ,gillespie ,co41 ,s\? ,amboy1 ,n4 ,j41 0 wip$ out by an explosion 9 :i* ab\t #ajj employees lo/ _! lives4 ,plans = rebuild+ ?is plant1 _h progress$ f> :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,9 ! fall ( #aiag1 #dj p 7 kill$ 9 an explosion at ! ,eddy/one ,load+ ,plant1 ,eddy/one1 ,pa4 ,= ! successful c>ry+ out ( our program = ! production ( va/ quantities ( explosives & propellants1 z well z %ell load+1 ! wom5 ( ,am]ica mu/ be giv5 cr$it1 on acc\nt ( ! highly important "p !y took 9 ?is phase ( help+ to w9 ! w>4 ,fully #ej p] c5t ( ! numb] ( employees 9 our explosive plants 7 wom51 :o brav$ ! dang]s connect$ ) ?is l9e ( "w1 to :i* !y _h be51 ( c\rse1 entirely unaccu/om$1 b ^: p]ils 7 n unkn[n to !m4 ,9 connection ) ! production ( %ell !mselves1 ! ,am]ican ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t adopt$ c]ta9 *anges ( design :i* 7 n only radically diff]5t f :at we _h kn[n be=e ! w> b 7 int]e/+ = ! way 9 :i* !y 7 br\ght ab\t & = ! results !y accompli%$4 ,! mod]n %ell z we knew x be=e ! w> 0 simply a metal cyl9d] cut (f squ>ely at ! base & r\ndly blunt$ at ! nose4 ,! %ell is zon$ ) a s-call$ rotat+ r+1 a circul> b& ( copp] :i* by engag+ ! rifl+ *annels ( ! gun gives to ! %ell ! :irl t keeps x f tumbl+ ov] & ov] & ?us holds x accurately on its c\rse 9 flight4 ,9 ! pro(-fir+ ( ! #f-;in* seacoa/ guns x 0 discov]$ t _! fire 0 none too accurate2 & ! ,am]ican ordnance eng9e]s began /udy+ ! %ell to see if ! fault lay !re4 ,"o ( ^! exp]ts 0 ,maj4 ,f4 ,r4 ,m\lton1 :o be=e accept+ a commission 9 ! ,army _h be5 pr(essor ( a/ronomy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,maj4 ,m\lton began a /udy ( ! #f-;in* %ell2 & soon x 0 discov]$ t ! ma!matics :i* c\ld *>t ! orbits ( comets c\ld also deal ) ! flight ( projectiles1 calculate ! influ5ces ( air resi/ance & gravitation1 & ev5tually "w out new1 sci5tific cont\rs = (fsett+ ^! influ5ces z mu* z possible4 ,maj4 ,m\lton fir/ dealt ) ! inaccuracy ( our #f-;in* %ell4 ,he discov]$ ! cause 9 ! rotat+ b&4 ,al?\gh b a slight portion ( ?is b& 0 uprais$ above ! surface ( ! %ell's circumf]5ce1 yet ! enorm\s =ce ex]t$ ^u ! projectile to />t x f ! gun actually caus$ ! cold copp] to fl[ backw>d4 ,! result 0 t :5 ! %ell em]g$ f ! muzzle ( ! gun x bore ar\nd its sides an entirely unsuspect$ & undesirable flange4 ,?is flange n only %ort5$ ! range ( ! %ell by (f]+ resi/ance to ! air1 b x 0 seldom uni=m all ! way ar\nd1 a condition giv+ rise to ! idiosyncracies ( our #f-;in* %ell z !y 7 fir$ at ! t>get4 ,! rem$y = ?is 0 a r$esign$ rotat+ b&1 mak+ x some:at ?ick] 9 front4 ,! fl[ ( ! copp] c\ld ?us be accommodat$ )\t caus+ any detrim5tal di/ortion to ! projectile4 ,:5 ?is improvem5t 0 made ! #f-;in* %ell became z accurate z any4 ,b ,maj4 ,m\lton 0 to make an ev5 great] contribution to ! #f-;in* %ell4 ,?is %ell1 l ^? ( our o!r types1 0 squ>e end$ at ! base4 ,maj4 ,m\lton 9 8 new design tap]$ 9 ! sides some:at1 mak+ ! %ell boat end$4 ,he elongat$ ! nose1 br++ x out to a mu* %>p] po9t4 ,! result 0 ! fir/ ,am]ican /reaml9e design = a %ell4 ,%ell ( ?is new model 7 built exp]im5tally & te/$4 ,! #f-;in* gun c\ld fire its old %ell #ag1jjj y>ds1 :ile ! /reaml9e %ell w5t #d1jjj or #e1jjj y>ds f>!r--#b or #c miles add$ to ! range ( an already p[]ful weapon by ! application ( bra9s & ma!matics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aj4 ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,field ,,guns ,,s9ce ,,! ,,napoleonic ,,w>s4 ,,muzzle ,,velocity4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,type4 ,date4 ,feet p] second4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,e>ly rifl$ guns #ahfc-ahgj #ajij ,lat] rifl$ guns #ahgj-ahic #adff ,e>ly quick fir]s ,ab\t #aijj #afie ,mod]n quick fir]s #aiad-aiah #aggj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,range ,,) ,,%rapnel4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,smoo? bores #ahae-ahej #abeg ,e>ly rifl$ guns #ahfc-ahgj #bjjd ,lat] rifl$ guns #ahgj-ahic #dabj ,e>ly quick fir]s ,ab\t #aijj #fafj ,mod]n quick fir]s #aiad-aiah #f1ejj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,range ,,) ,,%ell4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,smoo? bores #ahae-ahej #a1fgj ,e>ly rifl$ guns #ahfc-ahgj #c1ife ,lat] rifl$ guns #ahgj-ahic #f1afh ,e>ly quick fir]s ,ab\t #aijj #g1cdj ,mod]n quick fir]s #aiad-aiah #h1ejj ,) /reaml9e %ell #aiah-ai #ab1acj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! limit+ factor 9 ! developm5t ( light field guns has always be5 ! cont9u\s haul+ p[] ( #f horses1 :i* is ab\t #d1jjj p\nds4 ,! gun has be5 z p[]ful z possible )9 ! limits ( ?is weight1 :i* includes ! c>riage & limb] z well z ! cannon itself4 ,improv$ te*nique & mat]ials h r$uc$ ! necess>y weight ( ! cannon f #a1fej p\nds 9 #ahae to ab\t #hjj p\nds to-day1 p]mitt+ ! use ( weight = recoil me*anism & %ield ( armor plate )\t exce$+ ! limit4 ,! #hjj-p\nd nickel-/eel gun ( #aiah fires z heavy a projectile 7#ab-ae p\nds7 z ! #a1fej-p\nd bronze gun ( ! ,napoleonic w>s4 ,! improv$ mat]ial p]mits a m p[]ful propellant *>ge1 :i* results 9 great] muzzle velocity1 a flatt] trajectory1 & long] maximum range4 ,! latt] is due 9 "p also to improv$ %apes ( projectiles & ! introduction ( rifl+4 ,! effici5cy ( artill]y is fur!r increas$ by ! introduction ( high-explosive bur/+ *>ge4 ,! mod]n #ge-millimet] %ell conta9s ab\t #a4gf p\nds ( high explosive z aga9/ ab\t #j4e p\nd ( black p[d] 9 %ell prior to #ahic4 ,! ,fr5* 7 exp]im5t+ ) /reaml9e %ell4 ,we adopt$ ! ,fr5* /reaml9e #ge-millimet] %ell & put x into production1 call+ x our ,m>k ,,iv %ell4 ,our regul> #ge-millimet] %ell1 kn[n z ! ,m>k ,i #aijj %ell1 _h a maximum range ( #i1jjj y>ds4 ,! ,m>k ,,iv %ell prov$ to h a maximum range ( #ab1acj y>ds1 giv+ an increase 9 range ( well ov] a mile4 ,am]ica up to ,april #c1 #aiai1 turn$ out ab\t #ebd1jjj ( ^! /reaml9e %ell4 ,! ,fr5* also built %ell ( semi/eel1 /eel to :i* iron 0 add$4 ,x 0 claim$ t ^! %ell1 by bur/+ into f9e fragm5ts ^u explod+1 7 m effective aga9/ troops ?an all-/eel %ell1 because ! fragm5ts ( ! latt] 7 l>g]4 ,we adopt$ ?is %ell also & produc$ x exp]im5tally4 ,9 cont\r x 0 a compromise betwe5 ! old cyl9drical %ell & ! extreme /reaml9e type & 0 easi] to make ?an ! latt]4 ,artill]y ammunition1 complete r\nds--,acceptances 9 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada on ,u4 ,s4 ,army ord]s only4 ,figures 9 ?\s&s ( r\nds4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,to #aiah ,jan4 ------------------------------------ #a4 ,jan4 ,feb4 ,m>4 ,apr4 ,may4 ,june4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,calib]s = ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ce program4 #ge-mm4 gun ,h4 ,e4 #bce #ge-mm4 gun %rapnel #bj #aba #abd #dhc #hhh #a1jaa #a1jdi #ge-mm4 gun gas #ge-mm4 ,a4 ,a4 %rapnel #c-;in* ,a4 ,a4 %rapnel #d4g-;in* gun ,h4 ,e4 #d4g-;in* gun1 %rapnel #i #i #ad #ag #ah #bc #ce #e-;in* ,s4 ,c4 gun ,h4 ,e4 #f-;in* ,s4 ,c4 gun ,h4 ,e4 #b #aee-mm4 gun ,h4 ,e4#ba #aee-mm4 h[itz] ,h4 ,e4#ba #aee-mm4 %rapnel #h-;in* h[itz] ,h4 ,e4 #i4b-;in* h[itz] ,h4 ,e4 #bdj-mm4 h[itz] ,h4 ,e4 #h-;in* ,s4 ,c4 gun ,h4 ,e4 #aj-;in* ,s4 ,c4 gun ,h4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,total #bbbibbacjbbachbbejjbbijfbba1jcda1cba ,calib]s = use 9 ,unit$ ,/ates only4 #b4ie-;in* m\nta9 gun ,h4 ,e4 #bb #b4ie-;in* m\nta9 gun %rapnel #cg #c-;in* ,f4 ,g4 ,h4 ,e4 #ccc #gc #bab #adb #abh #ie #c #c-;in* ,f4 ,g4 %rapnel #ieg #afd #bca #agd #ee #fj #ae #c4h-;in* h[itz] ,h4 ,e4 #c #c #b #b #a #c4h-;in* h[itz] %rapnel #ab #a #d4g-;in* h[itz] ,h4 ,e4 #ad #d #e #a #a #d4g-;in* h[itz] %rapnel #d #f-;in* h[itz] ,h4 ,e4 #bj #a #c #bd #ce #f-;in* h[itz] %rapnel #a ---------------------------------------- -- ,total #a1cih #bdf #ddh #cdb #bbd #afj #bj ,gr& total #a1dbg #cgf #ehf #hdb #a1acj #a1aid #a1cda ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aiah ------------------------------------,tot al ,july ,aug4 ,sept4 ,oct4 ,nov4 ,dec4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,calib]s = ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ce program4 #ge-mm4 gun ,h4 ,e4 #bhg #hji #a1afh #a1abb #a1age #gij #e1ehf #ge-mm4 gun %rapnel #gcj #gcb #hjb #a1jeg #hab #gch #h1efg #ge-mm4 gun gas #ahh #afd #bac #ae #ehj #ge-mm4 ,a4 ,a4 %rapnel #ib #ig #ahe #acd #abf #fcd #c-;in* ,a4 ,a4 %rapnel #aa #ei #b #gb #d4g-;in* gun ,h4 ,e4 #cb #de #dc #df #aff #d4g-;in* gun1 %rapnel #bc #ch #bi #bh #ae #ai #bgg #e-;in* ,s4 ,c4 gun ,h4 ,e4 #g #e #ab #f-;in* ,s4 ,c4 gun ,h4 ,e4 #a #cf #bc #fb #aee-mm4 gun ,h4 ,e4#ba #i #cc #ea #ih #aee-mm4 h[itz] ,h4 ,e4#ba #aa #aac #aic #aai #agc #adj #gdi #aee-mm4 %rapnel #ab #bb #ff #da #ic #bcd #h-;in* h[itz] ,h4 ,e4 #ia #h #ii #i4b-;in* h[itz] ,h4 ,e4 #ac #h #bd #c #dh #bdj-mm4 h[itz] ,h4 ,e4 #b #b #h-;in* ,s4 ,c4 gun ,h4 ,e4 #bj #aa #ca #aj-;in* ,s4 ,c4 gun ,h4 ,e4 #bj #ej #d #aa #he ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #a1jea #a1ihd #b1edh #c1jfb #b1egj #b1jbd #ag1big ,calib]s = use 9 ,unit$ ,/ates only4 #b4ie-;in* m\nta9 gun ,h4 ,e4 #bb #b4ie-;in* m\nta9 gun %rapnel #i #ad #b #fb #c-;in* ,f4 ,g4 ,h4 ,e4 #a #hd #a1jga #c-;in* ,f4 ,g4 %rapnel #a1fef #c4h-;in* h[itz] ,h4 ,e4 #aa #c4h-;in* h[itz] %rapnel #ac #d4g-;in* h[itz] ,h4 ,e4 #a #a #ab #ci #d4g-;in* h[itz] %rapnel #bc #e #h #aj #aj #fj #f-;in* h[itz] ,h4 ,e4 #hc #f-;in* h[itz] %rapnel #c #d ---------------------------------------- -- ,total #cd #ajg #aj #aj #bb #c1jba ,gr& total #a1jhe #b1jia #b1eeh #a1jgb #b1eib #b1jbd #bj1cah ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #ba ,all ?ick wall$ type2 n all suppli$ ) fuses4 #bb ,%rapnel only4 ,! foll[+ table li/s ! "n ( ea* manufactur] ( ! v>i\s types & sizes ( %ell = big guns & /ates ! quantity turn$ out by ea*3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,=g+s4 ,ma*9+s4 ------------------------------------- ,quantity ,quantity ,quantity ,quantity ,contractor4 ord]$ accept$ ord]$ accept$ to to to to ,nov4 #a1 ,nov4 #a1 ,nov4 #a1 ,nov4 #a1 #aiah4 #aiah4 #aiah4 #aiah4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #c-;in* antiaircraft high-explosive %ell4 ,hydraulic ,press$ ,/eel ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio #a1ich1hjf #ace1dce ,john ,+lis ,co41 ,toronto1 ,ont>io #ejj1jjj #aca1edb ,saskat*ewan ,bridge ,iron ,works1 ,moose ,jaw1 ,saskat*ewan #hd1jjj ,we/ ,%ell ,box ,co41 ,nor? ,edmonton1 ,alb]ta #hc1jjj ,manitoba ,b4 ,i4 ,co41 ,w9nipeg1 ,manitoba #hc1jjj ,m$ic9e ,hat ,p4 ,b4 ,co41 ,m$ic9e ,hat1 ,alb]ta #hc1jjj ,dom9ion ,bridge ,co41 ,w9nipeg1 ,manitoba #hd1jjj ,salisbury ,:eel ,axle ,co41 ,jame/[n1 ,n4 ,y4 #ejj1jjj #a1jig #c-;in* antiaircraft %rapnel4 ,sym+ton ,ma*9e ,corporation1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 #a1jeb1jiia1jac1aiia1jjj1jjja1jjj1jjj #ge-millimet] antiaircraft high-explosive %ell4 ,mol9e ,=ge ,co41 ,mol9e1 ,ill4 #ici1hff #edj1ecb ,jackson ,munitions1 ,jackson1 ,mi*4 #bbe1jjj ,sp5c] ,eng9e ,co41 ,tol$o1 ,ohio #ejj1jjj #bh1bic ,*amb]la9 ,ma*9e ,works1 ,wat]loo1 ,i[a #cfe1jjj #bc1ffi #ge-millimet] antiaircraft %rapnel4 ,sym+ton ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 #fgb1fbe #fgb1fbe #fgb1fbe #fgb1fbe #ge-millimet] gas & high-explosive %ell4 ,t4 ,a4 ,gillespie1 ,p>l91 ,n4 ,j4 #a1djj1jjja1djj1jjja1djj1jjja1igg1adi ,am]ican ,int]national ,corporation1 ,new ,york ,city #c1jjj1jjjb1dcc1dch ,am]ican ,c ,co41 ,new ,york ,city #g1jjj1jjjb1efc1aead1jjj1jjj #cii1gbh ,hydraulic ,press$ ,/eel ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio #ab1jjj1jjjd1dee1jij ,valley ,=ge ,co41 ,v]ona1 ,pa4 #d1jjj1jjj #hhj1bfc ,new ,york ,air ,brake ,co41 ,new ,york ,city #b1jjj1jjj #aib1ggda1cjj1jjj #ag1feb ,wor?+ton ,pump ,ma*9e ,co41 ,new ,york ,city #b1fej1jjja1dgc1ibib1ffj1jjj #fcd1aei ,! ,canadian ,allis-,*alm]s ,co41 ,toronto1 ,ont>io #b1bfg1jfba1hjb1aag #dce #adj1fdg ,canada ,c> ,f\ndry ,co41 ,montreal1 ,quebec #a1fef1cjba1eib1hgg ,a4 ,p4 ,smi? ,co41 ,orange1 ,n4 ,j4 #abe1jjj ,s4 ,a4 ,wood ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 #a1ejj1jjj #dje1cdd ,v]mont ,f>m ,ma*9e ,co41 ,bell[s ,falls1 ,vt4 #gej1jjj #ahh1cjj ,am]ican ,ma*9]y ,corporation1 ,port ,huron1 ,mi*4 #bjj1jjj ,consolidat$ ,c> ,heat+ ,co41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 #haj1jjj #aha1hhe ,wire ,:eel ,corporation1 ,spr+field1 ,mass4 #cjj1jjj #ga1bci ,! ,canadian ,crock] ,:eel]1 ,/4 ,ca!r9es1 ,ont>io #dge1jjj #afj1ice ,la*9e ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,la*9e1 ,quebec #ffj1jjj #bee1bfd ,! ,electric ,/eel ,metal ,co41 ,well&1 ,ont>io #aa1deh #aa1deh ,j4 ,b]tram ,co41 ,dundas1 ,ont>io #ajj1jjj #ea1ada ,canadian ,fairbanks ,morse1 ,toronto #a1ehd1edha1cgg1hjj ,w4 ,h4 ,banfield ,sons1 ,toronto #a1fbj1jjj #fgj1jjj ,canadian ,bridge ,co41 ,walk]ville1 ,ont>io #a1dej1jjj #def1iic ,canadian ,metal ,co41 ,toronto #c1bej1jjja1aed1cga ,goldie ,mc,cullough1 ,galt1 ,ont>io #a1ajj1jjj #iba1bjf #daj1jjj #fa1dgf ,john ,+lis ,co41 ,toronto #a1gjj1jjj #gge1jcc #ge1jjj #db1djj ,cluff ,ammunition ,co41 ,toronto #fjj1jjj #eji1cdc ,g4 ,w4 ,mc,farland ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ,p>is1 ,ont>io #a1ejj1jjj #bhe1cce ,dayton1 ,ohio1 ,products ,co41 ,new ,york ,city #c1ejj1jjj #gcb1hdb ,e4 ,w4 ,bliss ,co41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 #a1cjj1jjj #gja1hjd ,lymburn] 7,ltd47 ,co41 ,montreal1 ,quebec #hjj1jjj #fcj1ighb1dgd1jjja1abf1eef ,mol9e ,=g+ ,ma*9+ ,co41 ,mol9e1 ,ill4 #a1ejj1jjj #dga1bha ,laconia ,c> ,co41 ,laconia1 ,n4 ,h4 #eej1jjj ,sym+ton ,ma*9e ,co41 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 #d1jbe1jjj #f1jbe1jjja1bjj1fhf ,rob]ts ,filt] ,co41 ,d>by1 ,pa4 #fjj1jjj #aea1ige ,auto ,transportation ,co41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #cej1jjj #ajg1dda ,dom9ion ,bridge ,co41 ,montreal1 ,quebec #gie1jjj #cja1add ,canadian ,+]soll ,r& ,co41 ,%]brooke1 ,quebec #a1ajj1jjj #bij1dca ,/eel ,co4 ( ,canada1 ,brant=d1 ,ont>io #eae1jjj #afb1cii ,allis-,*alm]s ,co41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 #a1ebj1jjj #cdg1fce ,jackson ,munitions1 ,jackson1 ,mi*4 #gge1jjj #fg1egj ,maxwell ,motor ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 #hjj1jjj #fa1gfa ,batavia ,/eel ,products1 ,batavia1 ,n4 ,y4 #a1age1jjj #caa1dag ,:eel+ ,mold ,f\ndry1 ,:eel+1 ,w4 ,va4 #ejj1jjj #aah1dif ,eddy/one ,munitions1 ,eddy/one1 ,pa4 #a1jjj1jjj #aij1ajj ,la*9e ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,la*9e1 ,quebec ,! ,int]national ,clay ,ma*9e1 ,dayton1 ,ohio #abd1jjj #c1hab ,smead ,co41 ,j]sey ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 #a1ajj1jjj #bdf1hda ,manufactur+ ,production ,co41 ,dayton1 ,ohio #a1fjj1jjj #cdj1hhe ,*icago ,pneumatic ,tool ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #bej1jjj #acb1cba ,muell] ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,port ,huron1 ,mi*4 #ejj1jjj #gh1cjj ,! ,we/field ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,we/field1 ,mass4 #a1gdj1jjj #dac1egh ,! ,platt ,iron ,works1 ,dayton1 ,ohio #a1fjj1jjj #agj1cab ,! ,muell] ,metal ,co41 ,wayne1 ,mi*4 #gej1jjj #ge-millimet] field-gun %rapnel4 ,am]ican ,c ,co41 ,new ,york ,city #ifi1jci #ifi1jci #ijd1jfg #ijd1jfg ,eddy/one ,munitions ,co41 ,eddy/one1 ,pa4 #gfi1ifa #gfi1ifa #gej1jjj #gej1jjj ,b>tlett-,hayw>d ,co41 ,baltimore1 ,md4 #f1efe1eaid1bgb1ijjf1bjj1jjjc1dib1hfc ,sym+ton ,ma*9e ,co41 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 #e1dei1cghd1hfh1idbh1cge1jjjc1cbi1jbe ,frank=d ,ars5al1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #fej1jjj #d1gac #gej1jjj #d1gac ,laconia ,c> ,co41 ,laconia1 ,n4 ,h4 #dej1jjj #cfi1dhc ,boss]t ,corporation1 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 #bjj1jjj ,hydraulic ,press$ ,/eel ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio #b1bhe1jjj #aj1jjj ,canada ,=ge ,co41 ,well&1 ,ont>io #gcj1jjj ,! ,lib]ty ,ordnance ,co41 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 #a1jjj1jjj #bg1jjj #aee-millimet] h[itz] high-explosive %ell1 ,m>k ,i1 type ,b4 ,:ittak] ,glessn]1 ,portsm\?1 ,ohio #acj1jjj #acg1djf ,am]ican ,roll+ ,mills1 ,middlet[n1 ,ohio #ajj1jjj #di1ghe ,press$ ,/eel ,c> ,co41 ,pittsburgh ,pa4 #fjj1jjj #eeb1hfg ,am]ican ,c> ,f\ndry ,co41 ,new ,york ,city #b1hjj1jjja1aaj1ifd ,new ,york ,air ,brake ,co41 ,new ,york ,city #cej1jjj #a1aeh #ach1caf ,wm4 ,:>ton ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #bhj1jjj #fa1bbd ,/&>d ,/eel ,c> ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #dej1jjj ,/&>d ,=g+ ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #ba1ada ,curtis ,co41 ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #ejj1jjj #djd1fde ,am]ican ,/eel ,f\ndry ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #dab1jdb #dab1jdb ,midvale ,/eel ,ordnance ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #acj1jjj #acj1jjj ,detroit ,%ell ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 #ejj1jjj #de1efc ,j4 ,j4 ,cavrick1 ,batavia1 ,n4 ,y4 #cjj1jjj #ib1igd ,/&>d ,sanit>y ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #fjj1jjj #id1dji ,pott] ,johnson1 ,pawtucket1 ,r4 ,i4 #age1jjj ,nor? ,am]ican ,motor ,co41 ,pott/[n1 ,pa4 #cj1jjj #bi1ddf ,m9neapolis ,/eel ,ma*9e ,co41 ,m9neapolis1 ,m9n4 #djj1jjj #bde1cdd ,w4 ,j4 ,oliv] ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,knoxville1 ,t5n4 #acj1jjj #hh1ffb ,tw9 ,city ,=ge ,f\ndry ,co41 ,/illwat]1 ,m9n4 #fjj1jjj #ed1dhc ,w9sl[ ,bros4 ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #fjj1jjj #agf1jha ,am]ican ,brake ,%oe ,f\ndry ,co41 ,new ,york ,city #gej1jjj #ahd1fig ,am]ican ,clay ,ma*9e ,co41 ,bucyrus1 ,ohio #gjj1jjj ,elyria ,ma*9e ,co41 ,elyria1 ,ohio #ajj1jjj #cb1aci ,am]ican ,ma*9e ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 #bdj1jjj #ge1jfc ,h>\n ,motor ,corporation1 ,wayne1 ,mi*4 #bjj1jjj #bc1hii ,wagn] ,electric ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #cjj1jjj #ab1efi #aee-millimet] h[itz] high-explosive %ell1 ,m>k ,,iv1 type ,d4 ,national ,tube ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #hjj1jjj #dh1bfc ,p4 ,lyall ,sons1 ,montreal1 ,quebec #djj1jjj #d1ggd #aej1jjj #b1eei ,national ,iron ,works1 ,toronto1 ,ont>io #djj1jjj #i1acg ,dom9ion ,/eel ,f\ndry1 ,hamilton1 ,ont>io #djj1jjj #bc1bgj ,/udebak] ,corporation1 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 #hjj1jjj #hjj1jjj ,fairfax ,=ge ,co41 ,montreal1 ,quebec #djj1jjj #aej1jjj ,press$ ,/eel ,c> ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #a1jjj1jjj #ae1abb ,clevel& ,crane ,co41 ,wickliffe1 ,ohio #ejj1jjj ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co41 ,s\? ,be?lehem1 ,pa4 #fjj1jjj #aci1ajc ,g4 ,w4 ,mc,farland1 ,p>is1 ,ont>io #cgj1jjj #eba ,la,clede ,gas ,light ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #hej1jjj #hej1jjj ,/&>d ,=g+ ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #ejj1jjj ,:ittak] ,glessn] ,co41 ,portsm\?1 ,ohio #ijj1jjj #ca1iji ,curtis ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #acj1jjj ,w>d5 ,k+ ,co41 ,montreal1 ,quebec #ahj1jjj ,john ,+lis ,co41 ,toronto1 ,ont>io #djj1jjj ,canada ,iron ,f\ndry ,co41 ,montreal1 ,quebec #ajj1jjj #ajj1jjj ,cluff ,ammunition ,co41 ,toronto1 ,ont>io #ejj1jjj ,taylor ,=bes 7,ltd471 ,toronto1 ,ont>io #ij1jjj ,moon ,motor ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #bjj1jjj ,/&>d ,sanit>y1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #aej1jjj ,hold5 ,morgan ,?read ,co41 ,toronto1 ,ont>io #ajj1jjj ,e4 ,leon>d ,sons1 ,london1 ,ont>io #hj1jjj ,otis ,f5son ,elevator ,co41 ,hamilton1 ,ont>io #bjj1jjj ,dom9ion ,copp] ,products1 ,montreal1 ,quebec #aej1jjj #b1jef ,c>on ,bros41 ,montreal1 ,quebec #abe1jjj #bce ,pott] ,johnson1 ,pawtucket1 ,r4 ,i4 #cej1jjj ,biscoe ,motor1 ,jackson1 ,mi*4 #cbe1jjj ,hudson ,motor1 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 #djj1jjj ,munition ,m4 ,n4 7,ltd471 ,sorel #ej1jjj ,john ,b>tram ,sons1 ,dundas1 ,ont>io #dej1jjj #aee-millimet] h[itz] gas %ell4 ,am]ican ,roll+ ,mills1 ,middlet[n1 ,ohio #ejj1jjj #dib1cii ,midvale ,/eel ,ordnance ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #abj1jjj #if1gii ,am]ican ,radiator ,co41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #fbe1jjj #ejj #daf1ffg ,wilson ,f\ndry ,ma*9e ,co41 ,pontiac1 ,mi*4 #djj1jjj #cjj1jjj ,ra?bone ,s>d ,co41 ,aurora1 ,ill4 #fjj1jjj #djj1jjj #aee-millimet] gun high-explosive %ell1 ,m>k ,,iii1 type ,b4 ,/&>d ,/eel ,c> ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #a1jjj1jjj #efh1jiba1jjj1jjj #dca1bch ,:ittak] ,glessn] ,co41 ,portsm\?1 ,ohio #cej1dga #cej1dga ,/&>d ,=g+ ,co41 ,indiana ,h>bor1 ,ind4 #hjj1jjj #gcj1iej ,mead ,morris ,co41 ,gl\ce/]1 ,mass4 #cjj1jjj #b1jef ,tw9 ,city ,=ge ,f\ndry ,co41 ,/illwat]1 ,m9n4 #dbe1jjj #acf1jec ,*icago ,rlg4 ,equipm5t ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #djj1jjj #bc1cef ,m9neapolis ,/eel ,ma*9e ,co41 ,m9neapolis1 ,m9n4 #bjj1jjj #da1bed ,int]national ,arms ,fuse1 ,bloomfleld1 ,n4 ,j4 #ejj1jjj #caj1acj ,nor? ,am]ican ,motors1 ,pott/[n1 ,pa4 #gj1jjj ,pott] ,johnson1 ,pawtucket1 ,r4 ,i4 #ajj1jjj #gc1hcf ,templ] ,motor ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio #dej1jjj #de1jad ,new ,york ,air ,brake ,co41 ,new ,york ,city #baa1fhd ,jackson ,munitions1 ,jackson1 ,mi*4 #agg1ejj #be1iha ,pullman ,co41 ,pullman1 ,ill4 #cjj1jjj ,new ,home ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 ,orange1 ,mass4 #bjj1jjj #aee-millimet] gun high-explosive %ell1 ,m>k ,v1 type ,d4 ,sym+ton ,*icago ,corporation1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #a1jjj1jjj #hje1jjj ,am]ican ,roll+ ,mills1 ,middlet[n1 ,ohio #gee1jjj #cf1afa ,milton ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,milton1 ,pa4 #aj1jjj ,:ittak] ,glessn] ,co41 ,portsm\?1 ,ohio #gej1jjj ,dom9ion ,f\ndry ,/eel ,co41 ,hamilton1 ,ont>io #ejj1jjj ,w9sl[ ,bros41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #djj1jjj ,grant ,motor ,c> ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio #bfj1jjj ,cribbon ,sexton ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #bjj1jjj #aee-millimet] gun gas %ell4 ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co41 ,s\? ,be?lehem1 ,pa4 #ajj1jjj #ib1dcj ,kohl] ,co41 ,kohl]1 ,wis4 #hej1jjj #ajj #feg1jjj #ajj ,am]ican ,radiator ,co41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #abe1jjj #hc1ccc ,:ittak] ,glessn] ,co41 ,portsm\?1 ,ohio #e1jjj #e1jjj ,am]ican ,c> ,f\ndry ,co41 ,new ,york ,city #a1cej1jjj #fc1iad #aee-millimet] gun & h[itz] %rapnel4 ,dayton1 ,ohio1 ,production ,co41 ,dayton1 ,ohio #hej1jjj #aca1cbi ,wm4 ,:>ton1 jr41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #edj1idg #cde1deg ,b>tlett-,hayw>d ,co41 ,baltimore1 ,md4 #bjj1jjj #a1fjj1jjj #ace1eij ,frank=d ,ars5al1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #ajj1jjj #c4h-;in* h[itz] %ell4 ,frank=d ,ars5al1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #a1jjj #a1jjj #ae1ibh #aa1geg ,hydraulic ,press$ ,/eel ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio #aje1jjj ,f4 ,r4 ,wil=d ,co4 #aje1jjj #c4h-;in* h[itz] %rapnel4 ,frank=d ,ars5al1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #ah1ebb #ad1bfd #dc1ebb #ad1bfd ,hydraulic ,press$ ,/eel ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio #ce1jjj #d4gb-;in* %ell4 ,national ,tube ,co41 ,*ri/ie ,pks4 ,works #ab1ejj #e1fad ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t #a1hej #a1hej #a1hej #a1hej ,buffalo ,pitts ,co41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #ab1gje ,tw9 ,city ,=ge1 ,/illwat]1 ,m9n4 #b1ejj #d4g-;in* antiaircraft %ell4 ,national ,tube ,co41 ,*ri/ie ,pks4 ,works #bcj1jjj #ahh1die ,m>itime ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,montreal1 ,quebec #ajj1jjj ,sp>tan ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,montreal1 ,quebec #df1jjj #de1aei ,d>l+ ,bros41 ,montreal1 ,quebec #db1ejj #ae1jfj ,alb]ta ,f\ndry ,ma*9]y ,co41 ,alb]ta #db1ejj #f1agj #d4g-;in* antiaircraft %rapnel4 ,! ,e4 ,w4 ,bliss ,co41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 #aj1jjj ,frank=d ,ars5al1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #fj1jjj #fj1jjj ,national ,tube ,co41 ,*ri/ie ,pks4 ,works #ajj1jjj #db1hdj ,alb]ta ,f\ndry ,ma*9]y ,co41 ,alb]ta #db1ejj #d4g-;in* drill projectile4 ,gr& ,rapids ,brass ,co41 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*4 #b1ige #djd #b1ige #dje #d4g-;in* gun gas %ell4 ,milton ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,milton1 ,pa4 #djj1jjj #aid1fab #djj1jjj #ib1cdb ,am]ican ,radiator ,co41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #ahi1cfj #d4g-;in* gun %rapnel4 ,frank=d ,ars5al1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #bb1hig #bb1ddj #bb1hig #bb1ddj ,b>tlett-,hayw>d ,co41 ,baltimore1 ,md4 #cab1jje #cbg1ahc #gja1ejj #cjf1fce ,national ,tube ,co41 ,*ri/ie ,pks4 ,works #ged1ggg #cch1ejg ,metal ,production ,co41 ,beav]1 ,pa4 #aej1jjj #aa1bfd #d4g-;in* h[itz] %ell4 ,frank=d ,ars5al1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #hg1hcc #bf1fad #hg1hcc #bf1fad #d4g-;in* h[itz] %rapnel4 ,b>tlett-,hayw>d1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 #df1aae #df1bid #dj1jjj #dj1jjj ,frank=d ,ars5al1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #gi1hfe #ai1iii #gi1hfe #bj1cgi #d4g-;in* gun high-explosive %ell4 ,national ,tube ,co41 ,*ri/ie ,pks4 ,works #a1bhd1hdh #ijh1edc ,allegh5y ,/eel ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #ijj1jjj #dce1igh ,! ,e4 ,w4 ,bliss ,co41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 #aj1jjj ,frank=d ,ars5al1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #dj1bhf #ab1jdg #dj1bhf #ab1jdg ,milton ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,milton1 ,pa4 #gjj1jjj #cea1gca #gjj1jjj #bhe1jjj ,hydraulic ,press$ ,/eel ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio #bjj1jjj ,d>l+ ,bros41 ,montreal1 ,quebec #fe1jjj ,sp>tan ,ma*9e ,co41 ,montreal1 ,quebec #afe1jjj ,robb ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ,amh]/1 ,n4 ,j4 #ie1jjj #c1gbj ,motor ,trucks ,co41 ,brant=d1 ,ont>io #bje1jjj #aa1jhc ,p4 ,lyall ,sons1 ,montreal1 ,quebec #hde1jjj #cah1egh ,/eel ,products ,co41 ,hunt+ton1 ,w4 ,va4 #ajj1jjj #i1jbc ,arm/rong ,ck4 ,co41 ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 #dge1jjj #bj1bch ,campbell ,h[>d ,ma*9e ,co41 ,%]brooke1 ,quebec #cej1jjj ,?url[ ,/eel ,works1 ,*e/]1 ,pa4 #acf1ejj #ce1aaf ,bell ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,fairm\nt1 ,ind4 #ge1jjj #e1bhi ,buffalo ,pitts ,co41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #cej1jjj #gj1ige ,indiana ,fib] ,co41 ,m>ion1 ,ind4 #ge1jjj #ab1ebj ,canadian ,we/+h\se ,co41 ,hamilton1 ,ont>io #cjj1jjj #id1aef ,ry4 ,ind4 ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ,gre5sburg1 ,pa4 #ajj1jjj #cd1cdg ,%]brooke ,ironworks1 ,%]brooke #fj1jjj #ad1jbf ,bridgeport ,project ,co41 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 #bj1jjj #af1hjb ,am]ican ,briti% ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 #hg1cai #eg1icb ,m>itime ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,/4 ,johns1 ,new ,brunswick #ajj1jjj ,alb]ta ,f\ndry ,ma*9]y ,co41 ,alb]ta #ej1jjj #h-;in* gun & h[itz] high-explosive & gas %ell4 ,c>negie ,/eel ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #efa1edh #baj1aga ,root ,v&]voort ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ,ea/ ,mol9e1 ,ill4 #dj1jjj #dj1ibh #aij1jjj #add1hae ,wagn] ,electrical ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #dj1jjj #dj1jjj #agj1jjj #dh1ehf ,mc,myler ,int]/ate ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio #ejj1jjj #bfc1fgd #dej1jjj #bch1dgj ,pollak ,/eel ,co41 ,new ,york ,city #ajj1jjj ,curtis ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #bie1jjj #afg1bjb ,midvale ,/eel ,ordnance ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #adj1jjj #ace1agf ,/&>d ,/eel ,c> ,co41 ,butl]1 ,pa4 #ajj1jjj #f1jgb ,press$ ,/eel ,c> ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #bej1jjj ,we/+h\se ,electric ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #cfj1jjj #aff1hjc ,willys ,ov]l& ,co41 ,tol$o1 ,ohio #fjj1jjj ,motor ,products ,corporation1 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 #ajj1jjj ,briti% ,w> ,mission1 ,munsey ,build+1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #aja1hag #ajj1bgg ,imp]ial ,munitions ,bo>d1 ,ottawa #h1fab #g1gbb ,pollak ,/eel ,co41 ,new ,york ,city #ge1jjj #bb1fha ,am]ican ,/eel ,f\ndry ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #egj1jjj #bdg1fdi ,dom9ion ,/eel ,f\ndry ,co41 ,hamilton1 ,ont>io #ajj1jjj #ia1aia ,canada ,cem5t ,co41 ,montreal1 ,quebec #aej1jjj #bb1cjd #fej1jjj #d1gjj ,briti% ,=g+s 7,ltd471 ,toronto1 ,ont>io #bge1jjj #bd1icc ,dom9ion ,bridge ,co41 ,montreal1 ,quebec #aej1jjj #ee1cbd ,/&>d ,=g+ ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #cjj1jjj #ch1fei ,press$ ,/eel ,c> ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #bej1jjj #he1gej ,wm4 ,:>ton1 jr41 ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #abe1jjj ,dom9ion ,f\ndries ,co4 7,ltd471 ,hamilton1 ,ont>io #bej1jjj #aj1gdf ,am]ican ,brake ,%oe ,f\ndry ,co41 ,new ,york ,city #bej1jjj #aig1bej ,m>itime ,manufactur+ ,corporation1 ,/4 ,john1 ,new ,brunswick #dfj1jjj #bf1jjj #i4b-;in* h[itz] high-explosive %ell4 ,russell ,motor ,c> ,co41 ,toronto1 ,ont>io #cce1jjj #ae1jdi ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,bridge ,co41 ,montreal #cce1jjj #ca1hhj ,unit$ ,/ates ,ammunition ,corporation1 ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4 #bej1jjj #f1dhf ,fi%] ,motor ,co41 ,orilla1 ,ont>io #ahj1jjj #ajj ,canadian ,bridge ,co41 ,walk]sville1 ,ont>io #aaj1jjj #bdj-millimet] high-explosive %ell4 ,c>negie ,/eel ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #aij1jjj #ib1caf ,curtis ,co4 ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #bge1jjj #agd1agd ,am]ican ,c> ,f\ndry ,co41 ,new ,york ,city #ij1jjj #djj1jjj #dg1iec ,am]ican ,/eel ,f\ndries ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #hj1jjj #c1bgg ,scull9 ,/eel ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #cej1jjj ,a4 ,f4 ,smi? ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,ea/ ,orange1 ,n4 ,j4 #be1jjj ,motors ,truck 7,ltd471 ,brant=d1 ,ont>io #abe1jjj ,lacl$e ,gas ,light ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #ebf1jad #e-;in* seacoa/ gun %ell4 ,clevel& ,crane ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ,wickliffe1 ,ohio #bdd1hab #abb1cbd ,mc,myler ,int]/ate ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio #e1jjj #e1ajg ,milton ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,milton1 ,pa4 #cj1jjj #bi1aba ,ma*9e ,products ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio #ge1jjj #ba1ecb ,a4 ,j4 ,vance ,co41 ,w9/on-,salem1 ,n4 ,c4 #dj1jjj #a1egh ,tw9 ,city ,f\ndry ,co41 ,/illwat]1 ,m9n4 #djj ,a4 ,b4 ,ormsby ,co4 7,ltd471 ,toronto1 ,ont>io #ej1jjj #aj1jbi ,p4 ,tyrall ,con/ruction ,co41 ,montreal #aje1jjj #ch1che #f-;in* seacoa/ gun %ell4 ,frank=d ,ars5al1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #dj1iej #be1ieg #dj1iej #be1ieg ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co41 ,be?lehem1 ,pa4 #af1jjj #bb1jec #af1jjj #ae1iaj ,columbian ,iron ,works1 ,*attanooga1 ,t5n4 #dj1jjj #dj1cdf #acb1edb #adi1bha ,! ,press$ ,/eel ,c> ,co41 ,mc,keesport1 ,pa4 #che1jjj #cgj1fgg ,/&>d ,/eel ,c> ,co41 ,hammond1 ,ind4 #djj1jjj #cgf1hbg ,anni/on ,/eel ,co41 ,anni/on1 ,ala4 #bdc1hab ,we/+h\se ,electric ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #ce1jjj #ca1caj #che1jjj #aib1fhd ,wm4 ,:>ton1 jr41 ,ea/on1 ,pa4 #bd1jjj ,! ,s\!rn ,ma*9]y ,co41 ,*attanooga1 ,t5n4 #ddg1deh #ai1ecg #aj-;in* seacoa/ gun %ell4 ,am]ican ,c> ,f\ndry ,co41 ,new ,york ,city #bd1cfj #bd1cfj #bge1jjj #acj1jdj ,c>negie ,/eel ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #fj1jjj #fa1ggj ,c>negie ,/eel ,co41 ,munhall1 ,pa4 #bbe1jjj #acg1afh #ab-;in* seacoa/ gun %ell4 ,c>negie ,/eel ,co41 ,mc,kees ,rocks1 ,pa4 #afe1jjj #g1fbg ,wat]t[n ,ars5al1 ,wat]t[n1 ,mass4 #ae1jjj #a1ddi ,wa%+ton ,/eel ,ordnance ,co41 ,giesboro ,manor1 ,d4 ,c4 #bh1fca #f1abi #ch1jjj #a1ijg ,leaside ,munitions ,corporation1 ,toronto1 ,ont>io #aje1jjj #aje1jjj ,/&>d ,=g+ ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 #ae1jjj ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co41 ,be?lehem1 ,pa4 #cb1jjj ,am]ican ,clay ,ma*9e ,co41 ,bucyrus1 ,ohio #ae1jjj #ad-;in* seacoa/ gun %ell4 ,c>negie ,/eel ,co41 ,mc,kees ,rocks1 ,pa4 #aj1jjj #bbj ,wat]t[n ,ars5al1 ,wat]t[n1 ,mass4 #i1jjj ,wa%+ton ,/eel ,ordnance ,co41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #hj #af-;in* seacoa/ h[itz] %ell4 ,wa%+ton ,/eel ,ordnance ,co41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #adj #adj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,sights ,,& ,,fire-,,control ,,app>atus4 ,at ! ?re%old ( ! w> ) ,g]many we 7 confront$ ) ! problem ( provid+ on a l>ge scale ^? in/rum5ts ( precision ) :i* mod]n artill]i/s po9t _! weapons4 ,z my/]i\s to ! av]age man z ! sextant & o!r in/rum5ts :i* help ! navigator to br+ 8 %ip un]r+ly to port ov] leagues ( pa?less wat]1 or z ^? devices ) :i* ! surveyor /rikes a level ?r\gh a range ( m\nta9s1 are ! in/rum5ts :i* enable ! gunn] to drop a heavy projectile exactly on 8 t>get )\t see+ x at all4 ,! old days ( sight+ a cannon po9t-blank at ! visible enemy ov] ! op5 sights on ! b>rel ( ! weapon pass$ ) ! ,civil ,w>4 ,z ! p[] ( guns increas$ & _! ranges l5g!n$1 ! artill]i/s began fir+ at objects actually bel[ ! horizon or hidd5 by int]v5+ ob/acles4 ,^! conditions necess>ily br\ght 9 ! me?od ( ma!matical aim :i* is kn[n z indirect fire4 ,9 ! great w> indirect fir+ 0 s p]fect$ t )9 a few seconds aft] an aviator or an obs]v] 9 a captive balloon _h def9itely locat$ an enemy batt]y1 t batt]y 0 delug$ ) an avalan*e ( high-explosive %ell & de/roy$1 ev5 ?\gh ! attack+ gunn]s 7 locat$ sev]al miles away & hills & =e/s int]v5$ to obscure ! t>get f view4 ,) ! aid ( correlat$ maps 9 ! possession ( ! batt]y gunn]s & ! a]ial obs]v]1 a m]e :isp] ( ! wireless suffic$ to turn a torr5t ( %ell precisely ^u ! enemy position :i* _h j be5 discov]$4 ,s accurate _h indirect artill]y fire become t a /eel wall ( missiles c\ld be laid d[n a few y>ds ahead ( a body ( troops advanc+ on a broad front1 & ?is wall c\ld be kept mov+ /eadily ahead ( ! soldi]s at a walk+ pace ) few accid5ts due to inaccurate control ( ! guns fir+ ! b>rage4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! old & ! new me?ods ( artill]y practice is ! degree ( precision atta9$4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,civil ,w> ! artill]y 0 fir$ relatively bl9dly1 reliance be+ plac$ ^u ! weight ( ! fire reg>dless ( its accuracy & its effectiv5ess2 b mod]n artill]y has recogniz$ ! importance ( ! well-plac$ %ot & dem&s in/rum5ts t mu/ be m>vels ( accuracy1 s9ce a slight error 9 ! aim+ at mod]n ranges means a miss & ! total loss ( ! %ot4 ,su* uncanny accuracy is made possible by ! use ( ^? in/rum5ts ( precision kn[n z fire-control app>atus4 ,! gunn] :o is n equipp$ ) prop] fire-control in/rum5ts c n aim correctly & is plac$ at a s]i\s disadvantage 9 ! pres5ce ( ! enemy4 ,^! in/rum5ts mu/ n only be z exact z a *ronomet]1 b !y mu/ be suffici5tly rugg$ to )/& ! concussion ( close artill]y fire4 ,equipm5t classifi$ "u ,sights & fire-control app>atus comprises all devices to direct ! fire ( (f5sive weapons & to obs]ve ! effect ( ?is fire 9 ord] to place x on ! t>get4 ,includ$ 9 ?is li/ are in/rum5ts ( a survey+ nature :i* s]ve to locate ! relative position ( ! t>get on ! field ( battle & to det]m9e its range4 ,= ?is purpose ! artill]y (fic] uses aim+ circles1 azimu? in/rum5ts1 batt]y comm&] telescopes1 prismatic compasses1 plott+ bo>ds1 & o!r in/rum5ts4 ,telescopes & field glasses equipp$ ) measur+ scales 9 !m are also employ$ 9 mak+ obs]vations4 ,in/rum5ts ( a second gr\p are atta*$ directly to ! gun to tra9 x bo? horizontally & v]tically 9 ! directions giv5 by ! batt]y comm&]4 ,^! devices include sights ( diff]5t types1 elevation quadrants1 cl9omet]s1 & o!r in/rum5ts4 ,! intricate panoramic sight :i* is us$ especially 9 fir+ at an unse5 t>get is "o ( ! mo/ important in/rum5ts ( ?is gr\p4 ,/ill ano!r set ( in/rum5ts comprises devices su* z range deflection bo>ds1 deviation bo>ds1 & w9d indicators :i*1 toge!r ) range tables & o!r tables1 assi/ ! batt]y comm&] to asc]ta9 ! pa? ( ! projectile "u any condition ( range1 altitude1 air pressure1 temp]ature1 & o!r physical influ5ces4 ,:5 x is und]/ood t ! projectile fir$ by su* a weapon z ! ,g]man long-range gun :i* bomb>d$ ,p>is at a di/ance ( #gj miles m\nts s high into ! air t x passes into ! highly r>ifi$ lay]s ( ! air envelope surr\nd+ ! e>? & ?us into entirely diff]5t conditions ( air pressure1 x c be realiz$ h[ ab/ruse ^! range calculations are & h[ _m factors mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! fire-control equipm5t enables ! artill]yman to make ^! computations quickly4 ,9 addition to ! above items _m auxili>y devices are ne$$ by ! ,artill]y1 notable among ^! be+ ! self-lum9\s aim+ po/s & o!r arrangem5ts :i* enable ! gunn]s to ma9ta9 accuracy ( fire at night4 ,?is :ole elaborate set ( in/rum5ts is suppli$ to ! field & railway artill]y--! big guns--& 9 "p to tr5*-mort> batt]ies & ev5 to ma*9e guns1 :i* 9 ! latt] mon?s ( ! w> 7 us$ 9 indirect fir+4 ,/ill ano!r gr\p ( po9t+ in/rum5ts is us$ by antiaircraft guns aga9/ ho/ile aircraft to asc]ta9 _! altitude1 _! spe$1 & _! future location 9 ord] t projectiles fir$ by ! antiaircraft guns may hit ^! high & rapidly mov+ t>gets4 ,sights are also us$ on ! airplanes !mselves to aid ! pilot & ! obs]v] 9 ! dropp+ ( bombs & 9 gunfire aga9/ enemy planes or t>gets4 ,"o ( ^! sights corrects automatically = ! spe$ & direction ( ! airplane4 ,fuse sett]s1 :i* enable ! gunn] to "t ! fuse 9 ! %ell s t ! projectile mov+ ) enorm\s spe$ explodes at precisely ! desir$ po9t1 7 requir$ 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,! responsibility = ! design1 procurem5t1 production1 inspection1 & supply ( ! above equipm5t to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 0 lodg$ 9 ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ! artill]y on ! field ( battle dep5d$ directly on ! fire-control equipm5t furni%$ by ?is bureau4 ,! optical indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry be=e ! w> 0 9 ! h&s ( a few firms4 ,sev]al ( ^! 7 "u ,g]man influ5ce1 & "o firm 0 directly affiliat$ ) ! ,c>l ,zeiss ,works1 ( ,j5a1 ,g]many2 ! workm5 7 l>gely ,g]mans or ( ,g]man orig92 ! k9ds & design ( app>atus produc$ 7 = ! mo/ "p ess5tially ,european 9 "*2 optical glass 0 procur$ entirely f abroad & *iefly f ,g]many4 ,x 0 easi] & *eap] = manufactur]s to ord] glass f abroad ?an to develop its manufacture 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,educational & rese>* in/itutions obta9$ a l>ge "p ( _! equipm5t f ,g]many & (f]$ no special inducem5t = ,am]ican manufactur]s to provide su* app>atus4 ,duty-free importation favor$ & enc\rag$ ?is dep5d5ce on ,g]many = sci5tific app>atus4 ,) our entrance 9 ! w> ! ,european s\rces ( supply = optical glass & optical in/rum5ts 7 cut (f abruptly & we 7 br\ght face to face ) ! problem ( furni%+ ^! items to ! ,army & ,navy = use 9 ! field4 ,prior to #aiag only ?ree private manufactur]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h built fire-control app>atus 9 any quantity = ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,baus* ,lomb ,optical ,co41 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 _h made range f9d]s & field glasses = ! ,artill]y & ,infantry1 & gun sights1 range f9d]s1 & spy glasses & field glasses = ! ,navy2 ! ,keuffel ,ess] ,co41 ,hobok51 ,n4 ,j41 _h produc$ "s fire-control equipm5t = ! ,navy2 ! ,w>n] ,swasey ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 ) ,j4 ,a4 ,bra%e>1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 _h furni%$ depression-position f9d]s1 azimu? in/rum5ts1 & telescopic musket sights to ! ,army4 ,! only o!r s\rce ( supply 9 ?is c\ntry _h be5 ! ,frank=d ,ars5al4 ,prior to #aiag ! l>ge/ ord] = fire-control equipm5t :i* our ,army _h ev] plac$ 9 a s+le ye> am\nt$ to #a1bjb1jjj4 ,! total ord]s = su* in/rum5ts plac$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t alone dur+ ! #ai mon?s ( w> exce$$ #ej1jjj1jjj1 :ile ! total ord]s = fire-control app>atus plac$ by ! ,army & ,navy exce$$ #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,to meet ! situation1 exi/+ facilities _h to be increas$1 new facilities develop$1 & o!r1 alli$1 indu/ries conv]t$ to ! production ( fire-control mat]ial4 ,quantity production _h to be secur$ ?r\gh ! assembl+ ( /&>diz$ p>ts ( in/rum5ts :i* h]et(ore _h ei!r nev] be5 built 9 ?is c\ntry or only 9 a small1 exp]im5tal way4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! "w _h ( necessity to be done by ma*9es op]at$ by relatively unskill$ labor4 ,! manufactur+ tol]ances _h to be nicely adju/$ betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ea* in/rum5t1 s t :]ev] less precise "w w\ld answ] ! purpose ! production me?ods 7 arrang$ accord+ly4 ,only by a c>eful coord9ation ( design1 factory op]ations1 & field p]=mance c\ld quantity production ( ! desir$ quality be obta9$ 9 a %ort "t4 ,spe$ ( production meant ev]y?+ if our troops 9 ! field 7 to be equipp$ ) ! necess>y fire-control app>atus & ?us enabl$ to meet ! enemy on ev5 approximately equal t]ms4 ,to accompli% ?is object a compet5t p]sonnel )9 ! ,army _h to be organiz$ & develop$2 ! ,army requirem5ts _h to be c>efully scrut9iz$ & coord9at$ ) ref]5ce to relative urg5cy2 manufactur]s _h to be enc\rag$ to und]take new tasks & to be impress$ ) ! necessity = :ole-he>t$ coop]ation & ) ! importance ( _! "p 9 ! w>2 raw mat]ials _h to be secur$ & _! transportation assur$4 ,^! & o!r factors 7 fac$ & ov]come4 ,al?\gh ,am]ican fire-control in/rum5ts did n rea* ! front 9 z l>ge numb]s z 7 want$1 great quantities 7 "u way1 & we _h atta9$ 9 ! manufactur+ program a basic /age ( progress :i* w\ld h c>$ = all ( our ne$s 9 ! spr+ & summ] ( #aiai4 ,incid5tally !re has be5 develop$ 9 ?is c\ntry a manufactur+ capacity = precision optical & in/rum5t "w1 :i*1 if desir$1 w r5d] u indep5d5t ( =eign m>kets4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re exi/s 9 ?is c\ntry a tra9$ p]sonnel & adequate organization = ! production ( precision optical in/rum5ts greatly 9 excess ( ! ne$s ( ! c\ntry4 ,"o ( ! problems :i* we n[ h to consid] is ! conv]sion ( ?is developm5t br\ght ab\t by w>-"t conditions into *annels ( peace-"t activity4 ,at ! pres5t "t ,am]ican manufactur]s are 9 a position to make in/rum5ts ( precision equal to ! be/ ,european product1 & ! indu/ry w cont9ue1 provid$ !re is an adequate m>ket = its product4 ,su* a m>ket w exi/ if ! univ]sities & comm]cial laboratories ( ! c\ntry w obta9 sci5tific app>atus f ,am]ican manufactur]s r ?an import x f abroad z has h]et(ore be5 ! cu/om4 ,9 ,april1 #aiag1 ! mo/ s]i\s problem 9 ! situation 0 ! manufacture ( optical glass4 ,prior to #aiad practically all ( ! optical glass us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h be5 import$ f abroad2 manufactur]s foll[$ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance & pref]r$ to procure c]ta9 commodities1 su* z optical glass1 *emical dyes1 & o!r mat]ials difficult to produce1 direct f ,europe r ?an to und]take _! manufacture "h4 ,! w> /opp$ ?is s\rce ( supply abruptly1 & 9 #aiae exp]im5ts on ! mak+ ( optical glass 7 "u way at five diff]5t plants--! ,baus* ,lomb ,optical ,co4 at ,ro*e/] ,n4 ,y42 ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds at ,pittsburgh1 ,pa42 ! ,keuffel ,ess] ,co4 at ,hobok51 ,n4 ,j42 ! ,pittsburgh ,plate ,glass ,co4 at ,*>l]oi1 ,pa42 ! ,sp5c] ,l5s ,co4 at ,hamburg1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,by ,april1 #aiag1 ! situation _h become acute2 "s optical glass ( fair quality _h be5 produc$1 b n[h]e _h its manufacture be5 plac$ on an assur$ basis4 ,! glass-mak+ processes 7 n adequately kn[n4 ,)\t optical glass fire-control in/rum5ts c\ld n be produc$2 optical glass is a ?+ ( high precision & 9 its manufacture accurate control is requir$ ?r\gh\t ! factory processes4 ,9 ?is em]g5cy ! ,gov]nm5t appeal$ to ! ,geophysical ,laboratory ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itution ( ,wa%+ton = assi/ance4 ,?is laboratory _h be5 engag$ = _m ye>s 9 ! /udy ( solutions1 su* z t ( optical glass1 at high temp]atures & _h a corps ( sci5ti/s tra9$ along ! l9es ess5tial to ! successful production ( optical glass4 ,x 0 ! only organization 9 ! c\ntry ) a p]sonnel adequate & compet5t to und]take a manufactur+ problem ( ?is "* & magnitude4 ,accord+ly1 9 ,april1 #aiag1 a gr\p ( its sci5ti/s 0 plac$ at ! ,baus* ,lomb ,optical ,co4 & giv5 virtual *>ge ( ! plant2 its m5 7 assign$ to ! diff]5t factory op]ations & made responsible = !m4 ,by ,novemb]1 #aiag1 ! manufactur+ processes at ?is plant _h be5 ma/]$ & l>ge quantities ( optical glass ( good quality 7 be+ produc$4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 ! "w 0 ext5d$1 m5 f ! ,geophysical ,laboratory tak+ practical *>ge ( ! plants ( ! ,sp5c] ,l5s ,co4 & ( ! ,pittsburgh ,plate ,glass ,co4 ,! co/ to ! ,geophysical ,laboratory ( contribut+ to ! ,gov]nm5t ! solution ( ! optical glass problem am\nt$ to ab\t #bjj1jjj1 b ! results atta9$ surely m ?an ju/ifi$ ^! exp5ditures4 ,^! results c\ld n h be5 atta9$1 h[ev]1 )\t ! he>ty coop]ation ( ! manufactur]s & ( ! ,army & ,navy1 :i* assi/$ 9 ! procurem5t & transportation ( ! raw mat]ials4 ,an ordnance (fic] 0 9 *>ge ( ! ,ro*e/] p>ty f ! ,geophysical ,laboratory & 0 responsible = mu* ( ! pione] developm5t "w accompli%$ !re4 ,x 0 at ?is plant1 t ( ! ,baus* ,lomb ,optical ,co4 at ,ro*e/]1 t ! me?ods ( manufacture 7 fir/ develop$ & plac$ on a production basis4 ,! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds aid$ 9 ! developm5t ( a *emically & !rmally resi/ant crucible 9 :i* to melt optical glass2 also 9 ! te/+ ( optical glass1 & especially 9 ! te/+ ( optical in/rum5ts4 ,! ,geological ,survey aid$ 9 locat+ s\rces ( raw mat]ials1 su* z s& ( adequate *emical purity4 ,by ,febru>y1 #aiah1 ! supply ( optical glass 0 assur$2 b ! manufacture ( optical in/rum5ts 0 s s]i\sly beh9d s*$ule t a milit>y optical glass & in/rum5t section 0 =m$ 9 ! ,w> ,indu/ries ,bo>d & took *>ge ( ! entire optical in/rum5t indu/ry ( ! c\ntry4 ,?r\gh ! ef=ts ( its *ief1 ,mr4 ,george ,e4 ,*atillon1 ( ,new ,york1 ! entire indu/ry 0 coord9at$4 ,by ,septemb]1 #aiah1 ! production ( fire-control in/rum5ts 9 suffici5t quantities to meet ! requirem5ts ( bo? ! ,army & ,navy dur+ #aiai 0 believ$ to be assur$4 ,to ! accompli%m5t ( ?is result ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t contribut$ mo/ effectively4 ,! in=mation & long exp]i5ce ( ,frank=d ,ars5al 9 in/rum5t manufacture & 9 ! "w ( precision optics 7 plac$ at ! s]vice ( contractors2 tra9$ (fic]s ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t 7 /ation$ at ! diff]5t factories2 9 _m factories ^! (fic]s r5d]$ valuable aid 9 devis+ & develop+ prop] & adequate factory op]ations1 9 e/abli%+ production on a satisfactory basis1 9 secur+ ! prop] infl[ ( raw mat]ials1 9 devis+ te/+ fixtures1 9 e/abli%+ prop] manufactur+ tol]ances1 & 9 te/+ ! p]=mance ( ! assembl$ in/rum5ts4 ,s*ools = op]atives 9 precision optics 7 e/abli%$ at ,frank=d ,ars5al1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 at ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 & at ,m\nt ,wilson ,obs]vatory1 ,pasad5a1 ,cal4 ,to _m contractors f9ancial aid _h to be ext5d$4 ,! fire-control program requir$1 9 %ort1 all ! available tal5t & res\rces ( ! c\ntry to c>ry x to a successful f9i%4 ,! g5]al proc$ure adopt$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t 0 to assign ! m difficult in/rum5ts to manufactur]s :o _h _h exp]i5ce along simil> l9es4 ,to o!rs1 :o _h produc$ articles alli$ only 9 a di/ant way to fire-control in/rum5ts1 less intricate types ( in/rum5ts 7 aw>d$4 ,9 c]ta9 in/ances ! optical elem5ts 7 produc$ by "o firm1 ! me*anical p>ts by ano!r1 ! f9al assembly ( ! in/rum5t be+ !n accompli%$ by ! latt]4 ,because our ,army _h adopt$ a numb] ( ,fr5* guns = reproduction "h1 x became necess>y to build sights = ^! weapons accord+ to ! ,fr5* designs4 ,?is gave u mu* tr\ble1 n only because ( ! delay 9 secur+ samples & draw+s f ,france1 b because ( ! difficulties 9 produc+ articles f ^! ,fr5* draw+s by ,am]ican me?ods & ) ,am]ican workm54 ,! mo/ intricate ( ^! ,fr5* sights 0 ! ,s*neid] quadrant sight4 ,x 0 us$ ) ! ,fr5* #aee-millimet] gun1 ! #aee-millimet] h[itz]1 & ! #bdj-millimet] h[itz]4 ,! /ructure ( ?is sight 0 highly complicat$1 & extreme accuracy 0 requir$ at e /age ( production4 ,^! sights 7 put into production by ! ,em]son ,eng9e]+ ,co4 ( ,philadelphia1 ! ,raymond ,eng9e]+ ,co4 ( ,new ,york1 & by ,slocum1 ,avram ,slocum ( ,new ,york4 ,! design ( ?is sight 0 receiv$ f ,france e>ly 9 #aiah1 yet x 0 ! #a/ ( ,novemb]--#aj days be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$--:5 ! fir/ ,s*neid] sight 0 deliv]$ to ! ,army2 b at all times ! progress made 0 z rapid z c\ld be expect$4 ,a total ( #g1jjj ,s*neid] quadrant sights 0 ord]$1 :i* meant a ye>'s "w = #a1jjj m54 ,( ?is ord] #c1ejj sights 7 to be manufactur$ by ! ,s*neid] ,co4 9 ,france & ! re/ by ! ?ree firms 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,on ,novemb] #aa ! ,am]ican factories _h deliv]$ #gd sights & s9ce t "t ov] #efj h be5 complet$4 ,! am\nt ( labor involv$ 9 ! case ( ,s*neid] quadrant sights is %[n by ! fact t :ile ! raw mat]ial = x co/ ab\t #be1 ! f9i%$ sight is wor? ab\t #fjj4 ,9 ord] to exp$ite production ! ,gov]nm5t ext5d$ f9ancial assi/ance to "s ( ! factories to aid 9 ! procurem5t & in/allation ( additional equipm5t4 ,on ,novemb] #aa ! numb] ( ^! sights complet$ 0 %ort ( requirem5ts = in/allation on complet$ c>riages by ab\t #djj1 b ! rate ( progress :i* _h be5 atta9$ 9 production w\ld h ov]tak5 ! output ( gun c>riages by ,janu>y #a1 #aiai4 ,ano!r difficult task 0 ! con/ruction ( telescopic sights = ! ,fr5* #cg-millimet] guns1 ! ,infantry cannon :i* we adopt$ = reproduction 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,"h aga9 we enc\nt]$ ! same difficulty ( adapt+ ,fr5* plans to our me?ods4 ,! orig9al contract 0 plac$ ) a firm :i* _h _h no exp]i5ce ) optical in/rum5ts ( precision1 b no o!r company 0 available = ! "w4 ,:5 by ,may1 #aiah1 ?is conc]n _h produc$ only a few sights ! contract 0 tak5 f x & plac$ ) a subcontractor1 ! ,c5tral ,sci5tific ,co41 ( ,*icago1 :o _h be5 build+ me*anical p>ts = ! sights4 ,9 ?is plant ! complete =ce _h to be educat$ 9 ! art be=e any production c\ld beg94 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ! gun factories _h produc$ #hhd ( ! #cg-millimet] guns1 b only #adb telescopic sights _h be5 complet$4 ,! rate ( production ( ^! sights by ! ,c5tral ,sci5tific ,co4 0 su*1 h[ev]1 t ! %ortage w\ld h ceas$ to exi/ %ortly aft] ,janu>y #a1 #aiai4 ,! ,fr5* design = ! telescopic sight = ! #cg-millimet] gun us$ on ! tanks 0 also adopt$ by ! ,army4 ,"h aga9 difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 manufacture1 b excell5t progress 0 made especially by "o firm 7,burke ,james ( ,*icago1 ,ill471 & ! output 9 adequate quantities 0 assur$ = #aiai4 ,! ,fr5* collimator sight = ! #ge-millimet] gun pres5t$ difficulties to ! manufactur]1 especially 9 ! optical p>ts4 ,^! 71 h[ev]1 ov]come by ! ,globe ,optical ,co41 :o furni%$ ! optics to ! ,electric ,auto-,lite ,corporation & to ! ,/&>d ,!rmomet] ,co4 ( ,bo/on1 ) ! result t at ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice ! production ( ^! sights 0 progress+ well4 ,p]iscopes f #bj in*es to ne>ly #bj feet 9 l5g? 7 produc$ 9 quantity4 ,^! p]iscopes enabl$ ! m5 9 ! front-l9e tr5*es to look ov] ! top ) comp>ative safety4 ,! long p]iscopes 7 us$ 9 deep-%elt] tr5*es & bomb pro(s4 ,! production ( ! %ort-base p]iscopes & also ( ! batt]y comm&]s' p]iscopes by ! ,woll5sak ,optical ,co41 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 & ( ! #c-met] & #f-met] p]iscope by ! ,&rew ,j4 ,lloyd ,co4 ( ,bo/on1 ,mass41 0 progress+ at su* a rate t ! ne$s ( ! ,army = #aiai w\ld be met on "t4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! w> ! policy foll[$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t 0 to place ord]s = /&>d fire-control app>atus1 su* z range f9d]s ( diff]5t base l5g?s1 batt]y comm&] telescopes1 aim+ circles1 panoramic sights1 musket sights1 & prismatic compasses ) firms ( e/abli%$ reputation & exp]i5ce4 ,! result 0 t :5 reque/s f ! ,army 9 ,france came = in/rum5ts ( new design1 new s\rces ( manufacture _h to be s\ght out & ^! organizations educat$ 9 ! me?ods ( precision optics4 ,su* a proc$ure necess>ily caus$ delay1 b x 0 ! only c\rse ( action left4 ,:]ev] possible "p ( ! total contract 0 aw>d$ to an exp]i5c$ manufactur]1 s t "s production 0 assur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,panoramic ,,sight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,batt]y ,,comm&]',s ,,telescope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,batt]y ,,comm&]',s ,,p]iscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aim+ ,,circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bracket ,,fuse ,,sett]1 ,,model ,,( #aiaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,range ,,f9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fr5* ,,quadrant ,,sight ,,) ,,am]ican ,,panoramic ,,sight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sight ,,= #ge-,,millimet] ,,field ,,gun4 ,! records %[ t ! exp]i5c$ manufactur]s ov]came ! difficulties enc\nt]$ & _h obta9$ 9 g5]al a rate ( output :i* 0 satisfactory at ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,?us ! ,baus* ,lomb ,optical ,co4 _h deliv]$ l>ge numb]s ( range f9d]s ( base l5g?s ( #hj c5timet]s1 #a met] & #ae feet1 & batt]y comm&]s' telescopes2 ,keuffel ,ess] _h made _m prismatic compasses & a few range f9d]s2 ! ,sp5c] ,l5s ,co4 _h produc$ aim+ circles 9 quantity2 ! ,w>n] ,swasey ,co41 ) ,j4 ,a4 ,bra%e> ( ,pittsburgh1 _h furni%$ l>ge numb]s ( ! valuable panoramic sights ) :i* mu* ( ! artill]y fire is direct$4 ,mu* cr$it is due ! above organizations = ! effici5t mann] 9 :i* !y plac$ ! manufacture ( ^! items on a high-spe$ production basis4 ,frank=d ,ars5al prov$ to be a mo/ reliable s\rce ( supply = batt]y comm&] telescopes1 panoramic sights1 azimu? in/rum5ts = #c-;in* telescopes1 plott+ bo>ds1 & o!r ordnance fire-control in/rum5ts4 ,! manufacture ( _m o!r types ( in/rum5ts 0 und]tak5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,among ^! ! ,fr5* sitogoniomet]1 a device :i* assi/s ! batt]y comm&] 9 obta9+ data = ! direction ( fire1 0 successfully produc$ by ! ,m>t9-,copel& ,co4 ( ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i42 quadrant sights = ! #cg-millimet] gun by ! ,sci5tific ,mat]ials ,co4 ( ,pittsburgh2 l5satic compasses & ,brunton compasses 7 furni%$ by ,wm4 ,a9swor? ,sons ( ,d5v]1 ,colo42 prismatic compasses by ! ,sp]ry ,gyroscope ,co4 ( ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y42 telescopes = sights on antiaircraft c>riages by ! ,kollmorg5 ,optical ,corporation ( ,brooklyn2 altimet]s1 gunn]s' quadrants1 elevation quadrants1 & aim+ /akes by ! ,j4 ,h4 ,deagan ,co4 ( ,*icago1 ,ill42 panoramic telescopes & fuse sett]s by ! ,record+ ,comput+ ,ma*9es ,co4 ( ,dayton1 ,ohio2 batt]y comm&] telescopes by ,ar?ur ,brock ( ,philadelphia2 tripods = fire-control in/rum5ts by ! ,national ,ca% ,regi/] ,co4 ( ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,optics = diff]5t sights 7 furni%$ by ! ,am]ican ,optical ,co4 ( ,s\?bridge1 ,mass41 & by ! ,m\nt ,wilson ,obs]vatory ( ,pasad5a1 ,calif4 ,^! & o!r organizations ent]$ into ! task & devot$ _! en]gy to ! production ( equipm5t desir$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,at no "t dur+ ! fight+ did our artill]y units h a suffici5t supply ( fire-control in/rum5ts4 ,?is 0 due to ! fact t we 7 n able to secure 9 ,europe ! am\nt ( ?is equipm5t requir$ to take c>e ( our ne$s :ile our own indu/ry 0 be+ develop$4 ,) almo/ a total lack ( optical glass 9 ?is c\ntry1 ) an equal lack ( factories & workm5 famili> ) milit>y optical in/rum5t-mak+1 we 7 sudd5ly call$ ^u to produce ab\t #bjj diff]5t types ( in/rum5ts 9 l>ge quantities4 ,^! includ$ _m new designs ( fire-control app>atus made necess>y by new artill]y developm5ts bo? among ! allies & 9 our own factories1 by ! adoption ( tr5* w>f>e 9 place ( op5 w>f>e1 by ! developm5t ( weapons = use aga9/ aircraft1 by ! ext5sion ( indirect fire-control me?ods to weapons :i* =m]ly _h be5 fir$ by direct sight+1 & by ! use ( railway & seacoa/ artill]y4 ,:ile we did n solve all ! difficulties 9 ?is developm5t1 we _h met & conqu]$ ! wor/ ( !m1 & we 7 mak+ su* great /rides 9 production :5 ! w> end$ t all ! requirem5ts ( ! ,army w\ld h be5 met e>ly 9 #aiai4 ,x has be5 a s\rce ( inspiration to witness ! high s5se ( patriotic duty & coop]ation %[n by ! manufactur]s :i* made possible ! rem>kable expansion ( ! optical glass & in/rum5t indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! p]iod ( ! w>4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! pr9cipal items ( sights & fire-control app>atus1 ! firms t did ! "w1 ! quantity ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( in/rum5ts ord]$1 & ! deliv]ies made up to ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 & to ,febru>y #bj1 #aiai3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,deliv]ies to-- ,mat]ial4 ,firm4 ,total ---------------- ord]$4,nov4 #aa1;,feb4 #bj1 #aiah4 #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,aim+ circle1 ,sp5c] ,l5s ,co41 #a1dgc #gag #a1aag model #aiaf ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d4 ,frank=d ,ars5al1 #ih #ih #ih ,philadelphia ,aim+ /akes ,j4 ,c4 ,deagan ,co41 #af1fah #a1cbj = ma*9e gun ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,aim+ po/s1 ,metropolitan ,manufactur+ #af1gia #be #bej field artill]y ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,dahl/rom ,metallic ,door #aj1gia ,co41 ,jame/[n1 ,n4 ,y4 ,aim+ devices ,national ,vitaphone #e1gjj #aej ,corporation1 ,pla9field1 ,n4 ,j4 ,angle ( ,atwat] ,k5t #d1dfh #d1dja #d1dfh site in/rum5ts ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,philadelphia ,d4 ,blair ,tool ,ma*9e ,co41 #a1jij #a1jij #a1jij ,new ,york ,city ,azimu? in/rum5ts1,w>n] ,swasey ,co41 #abi #abf #abi model #aiaj ,clevel&1 ,ohio ,azimu? in/rum5ts1,sp5c] ,l5s ,co41 #ffi #a model #aiah ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bo>ds1 ,premi] ,metal ,et*+ ,co41 #ac gun deflection ,new ,york ,city ,bo>ds1 ,metallograph ,corporation1 #fbh ,pirie deviation ,new ,york ,city ,bo>ds1 plott+ ,mc,farlan ,motor ,co41 #d1haa #d1haa #d1haa ,conn]sville1 ,ind4 ,bo>ds1 ,pratt range ,f4 ,f4 ,metzg]1 #acd #fe ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,bo>ds1 ,gorham ,manufactur+ ,co41 #gda range deflection ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,bo>ds1 rocket ,liquid ,c>bon ,co41 #c1jjj #fcj ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,*ronographs ,precision ,!rmomet] ,co41 #ai #i #ai ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,*ronographs1 ,le$s ,nor?rup ,co41 #bj #ah #bj ,ab]de5 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,cl9omet]s1 ,atwat] ,k5t #bf1igb #h1bgj #ba1igb ma*9e-gun ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,d4 ,c5tral ,sci5tific ,co41 #aj1fdd ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,cl9omet]s1 ma*9e,f4 ,f4 ,metzg]1 #be #be #be gun1 model #aiab ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,compass1 l5satic ,wm4 ,a9swor? ,sons1 #aa1fea #h1aej #aa1fea ,d5v]1 ,colo4 ,compass1 prismatic ,sp]ry ,gyroscope ,co41 #i1ege #fjj #c1jjj ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d4 ,keuffel ,ess] ,co41 #d1jbh #c1hbh #d1jbh ,hobok51 ,n4 ,j4 ,compass1 transit1 ,wm4 ,a9swor? ,sons1 #a1ejj #a1ejj #a1ejj pocket1 ,brunton ,d5v]1 ,colo4 ,cyl9d]s1 ,wilton ,tool ,co41 #h1jjj #h1jjj #h1jjj cannon pressure ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,depression position ,pratt-,:itney ,co41 #ij #ha #ij f9d]s1 ,lewis ,h>t=d1 ,conn42 ,j4 ,a4 ,bra%e>1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,electrical equipm5t,l9e ,mat]ial ,corporation1 #bf1hhh #aa1gfe = aim+ po/s ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,electric light+ ,guide ,motor ,lamp ,co41 #e1ceb devices ,clevel&1 ,ohio ,fla% lights ,delta ,electric ,co41 #acf1hfa #gc1jff #abe1ddh ,m>ion1 ,ind4 ,d4 ,novo ,manufactur+ ,co41 #ac1efc #ac1efc #ac1efc ,new ,york ,city ,d4 ,am]ican ,ev]-ready ,works1 #cda1cgc #aid1hgh #beg1beh ,long ,isl& ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,glass1 optical1 lbs4,pittsburgh ,plate ,glass ,co41 #de1jjj #bc1gfa #bd1jaj ,*>l]oi1 ,pa4 ,d4 ,sp5c] ,l5s ,co41 ,buffalo1 #c1dij #eag ,n4 ,y4 ,d4 ,baus* ,lomb ,optical ,co41 #d1dej #d1dej #d1dej ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,goniomet]s1 ,sloane ,*ase #ij model #aiag ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,levels1 ,"y ,sons1 #a1caj #icd #a1bja longitud9al1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #c-;in* ,levels1 ,ar?ur ,brock1 jr41 #a1dgd #hfd #hfd longitud9al ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,levels1 sight ,electric ,auto-,lite #a1bgg #efj #a1bgg ,corporation1 ,tol$o1 ,ohio ,levels1 te/+ ,c>lson-,w5/rom ,co41 #a1fbj #aif #eij ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,light+ devices =,globe ,ma*9e ,/amp+ #bg1bdj #h1jjj field c>riages ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio ,night fir+ boxes ,new ,me?od ,/ove ,co41 #af1fah #c1aif = ma*9e gun ,mansfield1 ,ohio ,d4 ,delta ,electric ,co41 #af1hah #d1dag ,m>ion1 ,ind4 ,p]iscopes1 batt]y d4 #aa1gja #bhi #e1jjj comm&]'s ,p]iscopes1 mirror ,j4 ,r4 ,"y ,co4 7,p5n ,toy #fj1jjj #fj1jjj #fj1jjj ,co471 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,d4 ,s5eca ,cam]a ,co41 #cf1fbe #gb #gb ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,p]iscopes1 rifle1 ,oneida ,community1 #adj1ebg #aae1bcf #aae1bcf model #aiag ,oneida1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d4 ,john ,w4 ,br[ne #eh1cac #eh1cac #eh1cac ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,p]iscopes1 #c m4 ,a4 ,j4 ,lloyd ,co41 #b1bcd #af deep1 %elt] ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,p]iscopes1 #f m4 d4 #b1bcd #bgf #gjj deep1 %elt] ,p]iscopes1 tr5*1 ,woll5sak ,optical ,co41 #cb1eab #b1idh #i1beb ,no4 #aj ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,plane tables ,pfau ,manufactur+ ,co41 #d1ibh #c1bjj #d1ibh ,norwood1 ,ohio ,protractors1 ,metallograph ,corporation1 #ac1ide ,alidade ,new ,york ,city ,d4 ,wm4 ,a9swor? ,co41 #a1jjj #ajh ,d5v]1 ,colo4 ,protractors & ,frank=d ,ars5al1 #a1bhd #a1bhd #a1bhd /raight$ges ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,d4 ,eug5e ,dietzg5 ,co41 #ce1aab #ce1aab #ce1aab ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,d4 ,:itehead ,hoag ,co41 #e1jjj #c1ejj ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,d4 ,celluloid ,co41 #ab1dbb #ab1dbb #ab1dbb ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d4 ,keuffel ,ess] ,co41 #f1eji #f1eji #f1eji ,hobok51 ,n4 ,j4 ,quadrants1 elevation,record+ ,comput+ #bad #gd #ajf ,ma*9e ,co41 ,dayton1 ,ohio ,d4 ,j4 ,c4 ,deagan ,co41 #abj #de #abj ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,quadrants1 gunn]'s ,int]national ,regi/] ,co41 #gb #gb #gb ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,d4 ,c5tral ,sci5tific ,co41 #f1bde #b1heb ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,d4 ,j4 ,c4 ,deagan ,co41 #f1bde #b1eeb ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,d4 ,gorham ,manufactur+ ,co41 #dia #acg #cbi ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,quadrants1 range ,talbot ,reel ,manufactur+ #bjj #aja #ahf ,co41 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,d4 ,slocum1 ,avram ,slocum1 #a1chf #dca #idj ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,range f9d]s1 #hj-;cm,baus* ,lomb ,optical ,co41 #e1dgj #b1afg #b1fjj ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d4 ,keuffel ,ess] ,co41 #a1jjj ,hobok51 ,n4 ,j4 ,range f9d]s1 ,baus* ,lomb ,optical ,co41 #g1aca #a1ejh #a1ffe #a-met] ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,range f9d]s1 d4 #fe #ee #ee #ae-;foot ,range f9d]s1 ,keuffel ,ess] ,co41 #hf #i-;foot ,hobok51 ,n4 ,j4 ,record+ ,bri/ol ,co41 #dci #dci #dci !rmomet]s ,wat]bury1 ,conn4 ,rules1 batt]y ,wescott ,jewel ,co41 #bf1djf #bf1djf #bf1djf comm&]'s ,s5eca ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d4 ,/anley ,rule ,level ,co41 #a1ejj #a1ejj #a1ejj ,new ,brita91 ,conn4 ,rules1 elevation1 ,j4 ,e4 ,sjo/rom ,co41 #bjj #bjj #bjj slide1 model #aiah ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,rules1 ,hitt-,br[ne1 ,u4 ,s4 ,infantry ,association1 #bd1jeh #bd1jeh = ma*9e gun ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,rules1 musketry ,taft-,pi]ce ,manufactur+ #hj1jjj #hj1jjj #hj1jjj ,co41 ,woonsocket1 ,r4 ,i4 ,d4 ,metallograph ,corporation1 #ee1jfg #ee1jfg ,new ,york ,rules1 slide ,j4 ,h4 ,weil ,co41 #d1heb #d1heb #d1heb ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,rules1 slide1 ,frank=d ,ars5al1 #a1ejj #a1ejj #a1ejj model ,e ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,rules1 #b-;foot ,/anley ,rule ,level ,co41 #eb1eai #eb1eai #eb1eai ,new ,brita91 ,conn4 ,d4 ,lufk9 ,rule ,co41 #ch1edj #ch1edj #ch1edj ,sag9aw1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,upson ,nut ,co41 #ad1ceh #ad1ceh #ad1ceh ,clevel&1 ,ohio ,d4 ,*ap9-,/eph5s ,co41 #g1jdj #g1jdj #g1jdj ,p9e ,mead[1 ,conn4 ,rules1 z9c1 = ,clapp ,ea/man ,co41 #e1aic #e1aic ma*9e guns ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,rules1 #c-;foot ,l4 ,s4 ,/>rett ,co41 #cdc #cdc #cdc ,a?ol1 ,mass4 ,rules1 boxwood ,/anley ,rule ,level ,co41 #b1jjj #b1jjj #b1jjj ,new ,brita91 ,conn4 ,d4 ,lufk9 ,rule ,co41 #ae1fcj #c1jjj #g1eji ,sag9aw1 ,mi*4 ,rule1 zigzag d4 #b1cab #b1cab #b1cab ,sights1 ,record+ ,comput+ #be #be #be antiaircraft1 ,ma*9es ,co41 model #aiag ,dayton1 ,ohio ,d4 ,new ,brita9 ,ma*9e ,co41 #fj #a #fj ,new ,brita91 ,conn4 ,sights = d4 #eai #bg #fc antiaircraft c>riages ,sights1 telescopes1 ,kollmorg5 ,optical ,co41 #eai #ff #bee = antiaircraft ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 c>riages ,sights1 telescopes1 d4 #ij #af = goniomet]s ,sights1 optics1 = ,m\nt ,wilson ,obs]vatory1 #dfg #dfg altimet] ,pasad5a1 ,calif4 telescope1 model #aiag ,sights1 bomb ,globe ,optical ,co41 #ajj #ajj #ajj ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,sights1 bore ,b5jam9 ,electric #b1aia #a #b1aia ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,d4 ,poole ,eng9e]+ #a1ejj #ebd #a1ceg ,ma*9e ,co41 ,hag]/[n1 ,md4 ,d4 ,buffalo ,=ge ,co41 #ijj #ijj #ijj ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,sights1 panoramic1 ,atwat]-,k5t #f1jjj #ebe = ma*9e gun ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,d4 ,sci5tific ,mat]ials ,co41 #d1eaj ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,sights = #aiag ,record+ ,comput+ #abc #abc #abc #f-;in* gun ,ma*9es ,co41 c>riages ,dayton1 ,ohio ,sights1 lum9\s ,radium ,lum9\s ,mat]ial #a1bej #a1bae #a1bej ,corporation ,sights1 lum9\s1 ,watson ,lum9\s ,gunsight #abc1bcf #ah1jah #hg1bcf = ma*9e gun ,co41 ,new ,york ,sights1 panoramic1 ,w>n] ,swasey ,co41 #i1ejj #a1ccf #b1ahj model #aiag ,clevel&1 ,ohio ,d4 ,frank=d ,ars5al1 #hjj #hjj #hjj ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,d4 ,record+ ,comput+ #f1jjj #ajj #bcj ,ma*9es ,co41 ,dayton1 ,ohio ,sights1 panoramic1 ,frank=d ,ars5al1 #bcg #bcg #bcg model #aiae ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,sights1 panoramic1 ,record+ ,comput+ #cj #cj #cj = #h-;9 gun ,ma*9es ,co41 ,dayton1 ,ohio ,sights1 quadrants1 ,em]son ,eng9e]+ ,co41 #hjj ,s*neid] ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,d4 ,raymond ,eng9e]+ ,co41 #gfd #a ,new ,york ,city ,d4 ,slocum1 ,avram ,slocum1 #c1hjj #gd #efg ,new ,york ,city ,sights1 telescopic1 ,w9*e/] ,repeat+ ,arms #hi #hi rifle1 /yle ,b ,co41 ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,sights1 telescopic1 d4 #djj #djj #djj rifle1 #e;,a1 m\nt$ on rifle ,sights1 telescopic1 d4 #cb1jjj rifle1 model #aiah ,sights1 telescopic1 ,w>n] ,swasey ,co41 #d1jjj #d1jjj #d1jjj rifle1 model #aiac ,clevel&1 ,ohio ,sights1 optics = ,ea/man ,kodak ,co41 #db1fjg telescopic1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 rifle1 model #aiah ,sights1 telescopic1 ,c5tral ,sci5tific ,co41 #d1ajj #adb #egh #cg-mm4 ,infantry ,*icago1 ,ill4 gun ,sights1 ,telescopic1 ,univ]sal ,optical ,co41 #a1bbe = #cg-mm4 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,infantry gun ,sights1 telescopic1 ,globe ,optical ,co41 #ej #ej #ej = #cg-mm gun ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,sights1 optics1 ,am]ican ,optical ,co41 #a1fib #iaj #a1fib cl9omet]1 = ,s\? ,bridge1 ,mass4 #cg-mm4 gun ,sights1 telescopic1 ,burke ,james ,co41 #f1egf #ej #chf = #cg-mm tank ,*icago1 ,ill4 gun ,sights1 optics = ,am]ican ,optical ,co41 #ghd #ghd #ghd telescopic1 = ,s\? ,bridge1 ,mass4 #cg-mm gun ,sights1 quadrant1 ,sci5tific ,mat]ials ,co41 #c1aib #fjj #a1bjg = #cg-mm gun ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,sights = #ge-mm4 ,electric ,auto-lite #b1fcb #bba #a1ajj gun ,corporation1 ,tol$o1 ,ohio ,d4 ,/&>d ,!rmomet] ,co41 #b1jjj ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,sights1 ma/]1 = ,electric ,auto-,lite #hbj #g #ge-mm4 gun ,corporation1 ,tol$o1 ,ohio ,d4 ,/&>d ,!rmomet] ,co41 #daj #bf ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,sights1 optics = ,globe ,optical ,co41 #b1fcb #che #a1ejj model #aija1 = ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 #ge-mm4 gun ,sights1 model #aiah1 ,ansco ,co41 #c1adb = #ge-mm4 gun ,b+hamton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,sights1 %anks = ,am]ican ,/&>d #b1agh telescopic1 model ,motion-,picture ,ma*9e #aiah1 = #ge-mm4 ,co41 ,new ,york gun ,sights1 = #c-;in* ,pe]less ,pr9t+ ,press #a1def #dee #eia gun1 model #aiaf ,co41 ,palmyra1 ,n4 ,y4 ,sights1 peep1 = ,/&>d ,!rmomet] ,co41 #b1jjj #ijj #a1fjj #c-;in* gun ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,sights = #c-;in* ,frank=d ,ars5al1 #cff #cff #cff gun ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,sights1 model #aiaf1 d4 #dj #dj #dj = #c4h-;in* h[itz] c>riage ,sights1 peep1 = ,electro ,auto-,lite #b1fcb #if #ifj ,s*neid] ,corporation1 quadrants ,tol$o1 ,ohio ,sights1 peep1 = d4 #gbj #bd #d4g-;in* gun ,sights1 = ,c>lson-,w5/rom ,co41 #bhf #gj #abf #d4g-;in* gun ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,d4 ,em]son ,eng9e]+ ,co41 #ejj #abe ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,sights = #e-;in* ,blair ,tool ,ma*9e ,co41 #bf improvis$ gun ,new ,york ,city c>riage ,sights = #f-;in* d4 #adc improvis$ gun c>riage ,sights1 dial1 ,ar?ur ,brook1 jr41 #ge #h-;in* h[itz] ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,sights1 cl9omet]1 d4 #ge #h-;in* h[itz] ,rock+ b>1 #h-;in* d4 #ge ,sights1 l5s = ,c5tral ,sci5tific ,co41 #fae #fae ma/]1 = #ge-mm4 ,*icago1 ,ill4 gun ,sitogoniomet] ,m>t9 ,copel& ,co41 #e1ajj #e1ajj ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,squ>es1 z9c ,metallograph ,corporation1 #ac1eea #ac1eea #ac1eea ,new ,york ,squ>es1 z9c1 = ,clapp ,ea/man ,co41 #ab1geb #def #ab1geb ma*9e gun ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,/affs1 sight+ ,colson ,co41 ,elyria1 ,ohio #a1bje #a1bje #a1bje ,/affs1 ,jacob's1 ,mc,farlan ,motor ,co41 #ae1gde #ae1gde = field glass ,conn]sville1 ,ind4 supports ,tapes1 /eel1 ,ju/us ,roe ,sons1 #ej1jjj #ej1jjj #e feet ,pat*ogue1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d4 ,lufk9 ,rule ,co41 #ca1gia #ca1gia #ca1gia ,sag9aw1 ,mi*4 ,tapes1 /eel d4 #d1bej #d1bej #d1bej #fj feet ,tapes1 /eel d4 #a1dbb ,tapes1 metallic d4 #aj1dda #e1fjh #h1ihh l95 ,telescopes1 azimu? ,sp5c] ,l5s ,co41 #a1egi in/rum5t1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 model #aiah ,telescopes1 batt]y ,baus* ,lomb ,optical ,co41 #f1dbh #b1hbj #c1fih comm&]'s ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d4 ,ar?ur ,brock1 jr41 #b1jbi ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,d4 ,c5tral ,sci5tific ,co41 #b1jjj ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,d4 ,frank=d ,ars5al1 #eb #eb #eb ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,telescopes1 batt]y ,national ,ca% ,regi/] ,co41 #ae1gcj #i1heh #ae1gcj comm&]'s1 ,dayton1 ,ohio tripod ,telescopes = ,record+ ,comput+ #bag #da #ej panoramic #d & ,ma*9es ,co41 #aj p[] ,dayton1 ,ohio ,telescopes1 ,keuffel ,ess] ,co41 #a1egi p]iscopic ,hobok51 ,n4 ,j4 ,tripods = ma*9e-,h]s*$e ,hall ,clock ,co41 #g1hed gun sights ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,motoriz$ ,,artill]y4 ,complete motorization ( field artill]y & its ammunition supply is almo/ c]ta9 to be "o ( ! f>-rea*+ & highly important results ( our c\ntry's exp]i5ces 9 its p>ticipation 9 ! w>4 ,practically all field artill]y 0 ( ! horse-drawn type previ\s to our entry into ! w>1 b ) ! evolution & p]fection ( ! heavi] siege artill]y1 #e-ton1 #aj-ton1 & ev5 heavi]1 traction eng9es 7 br\ght into play z means ( motive p[] = ! big guns & h[itz]s1 ) su* success t ! horse 9 ! field artill]y op]ations 0 be+ supplant$ to a l>ge degree by me*anical p[]4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! f\ndation = ?is dep>ture _h be5 laid be=e #aiag1 9 ! ,mexican campaign ( #aiaf & 9 exp]im5ts t _h be5 conduct$ at ! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al4 ,insuffici5cy ( funds1 h[ev]1 _h prev5t$ ! exp]im5ts f be+ ei!r ?or\gh or ext5sive4 ,a consid]ation ( ! difficulties t vehicles ( all sorts _h to cont5d ) 9 ! battle areas ( ,europe made x evid5t at ! outset t two g5]al types ( motor c>ri]s w\ld be requir$ by ! ,army s f> z ordnance 0 conc]n$--"o type = f>-advanc$ "w1 = haul+ artill]y ov] ! wor/ possible k9d ( %ell-torn & wat]-soak$ e>?1 & ! o!r = br++ up ammunition1 supplies1 equipm5t = repairs & ! l 9 less advanc$ zones & areas1 b ov] roads & c\ntry t _h be5 cut & hack$ & made almo/ impassible by ! activities ( ! cont5d+ =ces4 ,,trucks4 ,! /&>d f\r-:eel-drive comm]cial trucks1 modifi$ to meet ! special ne$s ( ! s]vice1 7 adopt$ imm$iately aft] w> began1 :ile exp]im5tal "w 0 put "u way to develop a /&>d type t w\ld set ?is c\ntry f> 9 advance ( all o!rs 9 ?is l9e ( activity4 ,a total ( #cj1jgb ( ! f\r-:eel-drive trucks 0 ord]$1 & be=e ! armi/ice #ab1dih ( ?is numb] _h be5 complet$1 :ile #bc1dii _h be5 turn$ out by ! #ca/ ( ,janu>y1 #aiai4 ,9 r\nd numb]s1 #be1jjj ( ^! trucks 7 to be equipp$ ) bodies = ! haul+ ( ammunition1 & ! balance ) special bodies & equipm5t suitable = artill]y supply & repair1 = repair ( equipm5t1 & = heavy mobile ordnance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,artill]y ,,supply ,,truck ,,on ,f4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,*assis4 ,?is truck 0 design$ ) special bodies & loads = v>i$ classes ( artill]y supply1 & ! bodies c\ld be m\nt$ on ei!r ,na% or ,f4 ,w4 ,d4 *assis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,artill]y ,,repair ,,truck ,,on ,f4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,*assis4 ,?is is ano!r special body equipp$ ) suitable ma*9]y & tools = m9or repairs & capable ( be+ m\nt$ on ei!r ,f4 ,w4 ,d4 or ,na% f\r-:eel-drive *assis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ammunition ,,truck ,,m\nt$ ,,on ,,/&>d ,,ordnance ,,f\r ,,:eel ,,drive ,,tractor4 ,?is is ! vehicle1 design$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t & civilian exp]ts1 t 0 int5d$ to sup]s$e bo? ! ,na% & ! ,f4 ,w4 ,d4 & become ! /&>d ,army :eel$ tractor4 ,x is %[n "h ) /&>d ammunition body m\nt$ !reon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ordnance ,,equipm5t ,,repair ,,truck ,,on ,f4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,*assis4 ,special body1 c>ry+ tools & ma*9]y = do+ repair "w to h>ness1 p]sonal equipm5t1 etc41 & capable ( be+ m\nt$ on ei!r ,f4 ,w4 ,d4 or ,na% f\r-:eel-drive *assis4 ,special bodies 7 manufactur$ by ^! conc]ns3 ,am]ican ,c> ,f\ndry ,co41 ,b]wick1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,g4 ,brill ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,hale ,kilburn ,corporation1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,dumb> ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,pullman ,co41 ,pullman1 ,ill4 ,kuhlman ,c> ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,c4 ,r4 ,wilson ,body ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,insley ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,lang ,body ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,heil ,co41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,v>iety ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,j4 ,e4 ,bolles ,iron ,wire ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,! fir/ contract = ^! trucks 0 plac$ on ,augu/ #ah1 #aiag1 & #i1dbj 7 %ipp$ to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces ov]seas by ! date ( ! armi/ice4 ,x requir$ consid]able "t to "w out & p]fect all ! details ( ! special bodies & equipm5t1 z mo/ ( ^! 7 exce$+ly complicat$1 & 9 a numb] ( cases !re 7 z _m z #gjj items ( equipm5t on a s+le truck4 ,repres5tatives ( ! alli$ gov]nm5ts 7 n hesitant 9 ass]t+ t ! l9e ( artill]y repair trucks develop$ = our ,army 0 ! mo/ complete & well work$ out 9 detail t any army ev] receiv$4 ,^! manufactur]s did ! "w ( turn+ out ! special trucks3 ,na% ,motors ,co41 ,k5o%a1 ,wis4 ,f\r-,:eel-,drive ,auto ,co41 ,cl9tonville1 ,wis4 ,mit*ell ,motor ,c> ,co41 ,rac9e1 ,wis4 ,premi] ,motor ,corporation1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,kissel ,motor ,c> ,co41 ,h>t=d1 ,wis4 ,hudson ,motor ,c> ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,national ,motor ,c> ,co41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,paige ,motor ,c> ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,comm]ce ,motor ,c> ,corporation1 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,:ite ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,dodge ,motor ,c> ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,ab\t #d1jjj ( ! #e1jjj special body type ( trucks 7 deliv]$ be=e ! middle ( ,decemb]1 #aiah4 ,,trail]s4 ,!re 7 develop$ five diff]5t types ( f\r-:eel$ trail]s4 ,ea* type1 be+ = a p>ticul> use1 requir$ a special /udy & individual design1 ) all ! consequ5t specially prep>$ ma*9es & specializ$ %op "w4 ,= antiaircraft s]vice1 a #a-ton & a #c-ton trail] 7 work$ out2 = ! #ge-millimet] field gun1 a special #c-ton trail]2 = ! mobile repair %ops1 a #d-ton trail]2 & = ! small tank1 a special #aj-ton trail]4 ,by ! middle ( ,decemb]1 #b1aeg ( ^! trail]s _h be5 deliv]$ ( ! #d1hdg t _h be5 ord]$ & put 9 production4 ,conc]ns engag$ 9 turn+ out trail]s 73 ,se*l] ,co41 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4 ,trailmobile ,co4 ( ,am]ica1 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4 ,ohio ,trail] ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,grant ,motor ,c> ,corporation1 ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,x might also be /at$ at ?is po9t1 too1 t two special types ( pass5g] motor vehicles 7 design$ & built4 ,"o ( ^! 0 = /aff obs]vation & ! o!r = reconnaissance4 ,ne>ly all ( ! total ( #b1bej t 7 ord]$ ( ^! two types 7 complet$ by mid-,decemb]1 #aiah1 deliv]y ( !m hav+ />t$ 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 #aiah4 ,,cat]pill> ,,tractors4 ,x 0 f\nd aft] a compreh5sive /udy ( ! ne$s ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( ordnance & ! requirem5t ( ! big guns t five sizes ( cat]pill> tractors w\ld be requir$--( capacities ( #b tons1 #e tons1 #aj tons1 #ae tons1 & #bj tons4 ,comm]cial types ( ma*9es ( ! #ae-ton & #bj-ton sort1 ) only slight alt]ations1 7 f\nd to be suitable1 b special designs 7 made = ^? ( #b-ton1 #e-ton1 & #aj-ton capacity4 ,our exp]i5ce 9 ,mexico & ! exp]im5ts at ! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al _h taught u ! ne$ ( ! special designs ( ma*9es ( ^? sizes4 ,9 all1 #bd1gia ( ^! five types ( cat]pill> tractors 7 ord]$4 ,! #e-ton ma*9e rea*$ production 9 ! summ] ( #aiah & ! #b-ton ma*9e 9 ! fall4 ,by ! end ( ! foll[+ ,janu>y1 #e1idj ( ! tractors _h be5 deliv]$4 ,manufactur]s :o _h ord]s = ! cat]pill> tractors 73 ,holt ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,peoria1 ,ill4 ,*&l] ,motor ,c> ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,reo ,motor ,c> ,co41 ,lans+1 ,mi*4 ,maxwell ,motor ,c> ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,f$]al ,motor ,truck ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,int]/ate ,motor ,co41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,?r\gh\t ! production ( tractors dur+ ! w> p]iod !re 0 cont9u\s & p]si/5t exp]im5tation1 & satisfactory solutions ( _m ( ! problems 7 be+ rea*$ at ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,self-propell$ cat]pill> gun m\nts 7 ! subject ( ! mo/ important ( ^! exp]im5ts4 ,! self-propell$ cat]pill> gun m\nts diff] f ! ord9>y cat]pill> tractors 9 t !y h ! guns m\nt$ directly on !m1 ! guns =m+ an integral "p ( ! entire ma*9e4 ,six types ( ^! 7 be+ develop$1 & #bgj _h be5 ord]$ :5 ! armi/ice came4 ,a #b-ton tractor m\nt+ a #ge-millimet] gun & a #e-ton tractor conta9+ a gun ( ! same size 7 f> along ! road to success 9 _! fir/ /ate ( developm5t4 ,developm5t ( cat]pill> c>go c>ri]s or caissons = be>+ supplies ov] any sort ( t]ra91 no matt] h[ r\gh ! go+ might be & reg>dless ( :e!r !re 7 roads or n1 0 s f> along ! pa?way ( success t two sizes 7 ab\t to g into production on ,novemb] #aa4 ,a #b-ton ammunition trail]1 a #b-ton #aa-;in* tr5* mort> trail]1 & a #d4g-;in* antiaircraft gun trail] 7 also 9 developm5t1 b n 9 production1 at ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,s successful 7 ! exp]im5ts ) new types ( f\r-:eel-drive trucks & tractors t ord]s = :at w\ld probably h prov5 ! be/ type ( f\r-:eel-drive truck & ! be/ type ( f\r-:eel-drive tractor ev] produc$ _h be5 plac$1 b ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice =c$ cancellations ( ^! ord]s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5ts1 all types ( ,am]ican f\r-:eel-drive vehicles 7 exam9$ & two ( ! be/ ,fr5* types4 ,! pur*ase ( #cfe1jjj1jjj wor? ( trucks1 trail]s1 & tractors 0 obligat$ 9 ab\t #c1jjj sep>ate ord]s4 ,,self-,,propell$ ,,cat]pill> ,,gun ,,m\nts4 ,9 ,europe1 ! ,fr5* _h be5 ! only p to exp]im5t ) cat]pill> m\nts = guns4 ,!y produc$ ! ,/4 ,*amond type1 b ?is _h n gone f> beyond ! exp]im5tal /ages4 ,prior to ! e>ly mon?s ( #aiah1 our own ef=ts along ?is l9e consi/$ 9 ! build+ ( "o cat]pill> m\nt1 self-propell$ by a gasol9e eng9e & c>ry+ an antiaircraft gun4 ,ar\nd ?is nucleus an ambiti\s cat]pill> program 0 built4 ,an #h-;in* h[itz] 0 plac$ on ?is antiaircraft cat]pill> m\nt & fir$ at angles ( elevation v>y+ up to #de4 ,maneuv]$ ov] difficult gr\nd1 ! ma*9e )/ood ! fir+ /ra9s & road te/s 9 a highly satisfactory mann]4 ,z a result ( ! success ( ^! te/s1 ord]s 7 plac$ = ?ree m exp]im5tal cat]pill>s to m\nt #h-;in* h[itz]s4 ,te/s ( two ( ^! complet$ units 7 s gratify+ t x 0 felt !y w>rant$ quantity production4 ,accord+ly1 ord]s 7 plac$ = #ej units ( ! #h-;in* h[itz] cat]pill>s to co/ ab\t #cj1jjj apiece1 = #ej cat]pill> units m\nt+ #aee-millimet] guns1 & = #bej units m\nt+ #bdj-millimet] h[itz]s4 ,! ,/&>d ,/eel ,c> ,co41 ,hammond1 ,ind41 0 to produce ! #bdj-millimet] h[itz] cat]pill>s1 ! ,h>risburg ,manufactur+ ,boil] ,co41 ,h>risburg1 ,pa41 0 to turn out ! #h-;in* h[itz] cat]pill>s1 & ! ,morgan ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ( ,alliance1 ,ohio1 0 to produce ! #aee-millimet] gun cat]pill>s4 ,m\nt+s = ! #h-;in* h[itz] & #aee-millimet] gun 7 practically id5tical4 ,bo? utiliz$ _m ( ! /&>d ,holt cat]pill> p>ts4 ,! only real *ange 0 9 ! c>riage = ! #aee-millimet] gun4 ,?is 0 made suffici5tly /urdy to c>ry high]-p[]$ guns4 ,a #aid-millimet] gun is n[ be+ ma*9$ 9 ,france1 & :5 f9i%$ x w be %ipp$ to ?is c\ntry to be m\nt$ ^u ! #aee-millimet] cat]pill> m\nt = exp]im5t4 ,! #bdj-millimet] h[itz] m\nts 7 ( two types--"o foll[+ closely ! ,/4 ,*amond type ( ! ,fr5* & ! o!r be+ a self-conta9$ unit design$ by ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t eng9e]s4 ,! self-conta9$ type is a s+le unit t m\nts bo? ! p[] plant & ! h[itz] & = :i* x is necess>y to provide additional c>go-c>ry+ cat]pill>s to haul ammunition & fuel4 ,two units make up ! ,/4 ,*amond type4 ,"o m\nts ! gun & electric motors2 ! o!r1 a limb]1 m\nts ! p[] plant & c>ries ammunition4 ,9 ! battle area ! ,/4 ,*amond type _h ! peculi> advantage t ! p[]-plant unit c\ld be run to %elt] & be available = a rapid advance or *ange ( location ( ! gun m\nt z ! situation might dem&4 ,) ! self-conta9$ unit a direct hit by ! enemy w\ld put bo? gun & p[] plant out ( commission4 ,contracts = ! cat]pill> m\nts call$ = ! completion ( ! entire program n lat] ?an ,febru>y1 #aiai4 ,all ! firms engag$ on ! "w ( production 7 putt+ =? e ef=t :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ & !re 0 e reason to believe deliv]ies w\ld be z s*$ul$4 ,! t]m9ation ( ho/ilities caus$ all contracts to be r$uc$4 ,provisions h be5 made = only en\gh cat]pill>s ( ea* type to provide = fur!r exp]im5tal "w4 ,tw5ty m\nts equipp$ ) cat]pill> treads & m\nt+ #g-;in* ,navy rifles 7 built by ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,co4 = ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t4 ,^! 7 s successfully op]at$ t ord]s 7 plac$ = #cf simil> units = ! use ( ! ,army1 b s9ce ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice ?is ord] has be5 cut to #ah4 ,! great gun on a cat]pill> m\nt fires its dea?-deal+ projectile1 & almo/ be=e ! %ot has rea*$ its de/9ation ! cat]pill> m\nt has mov$ ! gun to ano!r po9t4 ,) motor /ill runn+ ! gun is fir$ aga9 & once m quickly mov$ on to ano!r location1 s t ! enemy's artill]y is unable to get its range4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t5-,,ton ,,artill]y ,,tractor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fifte5-,,ton ,,artill]y ,,tractor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,& ,,"o-,,half ,,ton ,,artill]y ,,tractor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,five-,,ton ,,artill]y ,,tractor4 ,illu/ration3 #bj-,,ton ,,artill]y ,,tractor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/aff ,,obs]vation ,,c>4 ,special body = field t\r+ on a ,:ite "o-ton truck *assis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,reconnaissance ,,c> ,,on ,,:ite ,,*assis4 ,! ma*9e-gun truck is simil> except = ! addition ( gun racks "u re> seat & on ,comm]ce *assis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cat]pill> ,,tractor ,,) #c-;,,in* ,,gun ,,m\nt$ ,,on ,,x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ano!r ,,view ,,( ,,cat]pill> ,,tractor ,,) #c-;,,in* ,,gun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cat]pill> ,,tractor ,,m\nt+ ,,an #h-;,,in* ,,h[itz] ,,:i* ,,has ,a ,,range ,,( #f ,,miles ,,) ,a ,,projectile ,,weigh+ #bjj ,,p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,light ,,repair ,,truck ,,on ,,dodge ,,*assis4 ,special body ) tools = mak+ m9or motor repairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree-,,in* ,,field ,,gun ,,trail]4 ,a specially design$ vehicle = c>ry+ diff]5t loads1 includ+ a #c-;in* field-gun c>riage & limb] 9 "o load & two #c-;in* field-gun caissons = ano!r load4 ,illu/ration3 #d-,,ton ,,%op ,,trail] ,,*assis4 ,illu/ration3 #c-;,,in* ,,antiaircraft ,,gun ,,trail]4 ,illu/ration3 #bdj-,,millimet] ,,tr5* ,,mort> ,,truck4 ,ordnance motor production table4 ,,tractors4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,quantity ,quantity ,size4 ,quantity accept$ accept$ ,float$ ord]$4 ,nov4 #aa1 ,jan4 #ca1 to ,nov4 #aiah4 #aiai4 #aa1 #aiah4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #b-ton #e1ehf #aj #be #b #e-ton #aa1aej #a1edc #c1dhj #dei #aj-ton #f1fbc #a1dba #b1jad #fbh #ae-ton #bfg #bfg #bfg #bcb #bj-ton #a1afe #abf #aed #ha ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,trail]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #a-ton antiaircraft ma*9e gun #b1bhi #aej #efb #abf #c-;in* field gun #hcj #bce #dgb #ae #d-ton %op bodies #egf #aja #chd #ab #d-ton %op *assis #egf #bfj #eee #aj-ton #edj #ajd #bde #a #c-;in* antiaircraft #fab #edb #faa #aii ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,trucks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,f4 ,w4 ,d4 *assis #ac1ijg #e1cfa #aj1fae #c1efa ,na% *assis #af1afe #g1acg #ab1hhd #e1hei ,ammunition bodies #bd1gbi #ah1bab #ba1gji ,ammunition m\nt+s #bd1gbi #i1fae #aa1jbd #f1iee ,artill]y repair #a1ccb #a1cah #a1ccb #cej ,artill]y supply #e1dgd #hac #a1hch #ddd ,light repair #a1jab #a1jab #a1jab #cfb ,dodge *assis #a1jab #a1jab #a1jab #dcf ,comm]ce *assis #a1ejj #a1ejj #a1ejj #bd ,ma*9e-gun body1 m\nt$ on ,comm]ce or ,:ite #a-ton *assis #a1ejj #dhf #a1cjf #bda #a-ton supply #fj #fj #fj #ee ,:ite *assis #a1fie #a1ibi #b1fie #ege ,reconnaissance #a1jha #gab #a1jjc #cbj ,/aff obs]vation #a1age #a1afd #a1age #ahi ,equipm5t repair #caj #caj #caj #aba ,h4 ,m4 ,r4 ,s4 trucks #fbd #bhg #daf #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,tanks4 ,! tank1 m ?an any o!r weapon born ( ! great w>1 may be call$ ! jo9t ent]prise ( ! ?ree pr9cipal p[]s array$ aga9/ ,g]many--,am]ica1 ,france1 & ,great ,brita94 ,an ,am]ican produc$ ! fundam5tal inv5tion1 ! cat]pill> traction device1 :i* enables ! =tress to move4 ,a ,fr5*man took ! idea f ?is & evolv$ ! tank z an eng9e ( w>4 ,! ,briti% fir/ us$ ! t]rify+ mon/] 9 actual fight+4 ,!re is a common impression ?r\gh\t ,am]ica t ! ,briti% ,army inv5t$ ! tank4 ,! impression is wrong 9 two ways4 ,! ,fr5* gov]nm5t has rec5tly aw>d$ ! ribbon ( ! ,legion ( ,honor to ! ,fr5* ordnance (fic] :o is (ficially hail$ z ! tank's inv5tor4 ,8 "r to ! honor1 h[ev]1 is disput$ by a ,fr5* civilian :o possesses an impressive exhibition ( draw+s to prove t he & n ! (fic] is ! inv5tor4 ,z ?is is writt5 a lively controv]sy ov] ! po9t is 9 progress 9 ,france4 ,:]ev] ! cr$it = ! inv5tion belongs1 ! ,fr5* 7 fir/ to build tanks1 build+ !m only exp]im5tally1 h[ev]1 & n us+ !m until aft] ! ,briti% _h demon/rat$ _! effectiv5ess4 ,9 ! second place1 x 0 n ! ,briti% ,army :i* adopt$ !m fir/ 9 ,engl&1 b ! ,briti% ,navy4 ,! tank z an idea %>$ ! exp]i5ce ( _m ano!r w> inv5tion 9 be+ skeptically receiv$ by ! cons]vative exp]ts4 ,! ,briti% ,navy1 inde$1 produc$ ! fir/ ones 9 ,engl&2 b to ! ,briti% ,army goes ! glory ( hav+ fir/ us$ !m 9 actual fight+ & ( e/abli%+ !m 9 ! =efront ( mod]n (f5sive weapons4 ,br\ght =? z a surprise1 ! tanks made an effective db 9 ! great ,briti% drive = ,cambrai4 ,lat] ! enemy affect$ to sc(f at _! usefulness4 ,! clos+ mon?s ( ! tanks' brief hi/ory1 h[ev]1 f\nd !m 9 great] favor ?an ev]1 & !y 7 us$ by bo? sides 9 increas+ numb]s4 ,up to ! beg9n+ ( ! summ] ( #aiag !re 0 little accurate in=mation 9 ?is c\ntry reg>d+ ! tanks4 ,some:at hazy specifications !n began to come f ,europe ab\t ! designs ( ! diff]5t tanks at t p>ticul> "t 9 use on ! battle front1 b ^! specifications 7 exce$+ly r\gh & sket*y1 consi/+ 9 ! ma9 ( m]ely ! fact t ! ma*9es %\ld be able to cross tr5*es ab\t #f feet wide1 t ea* %\ld c>ry "o heavy gun & two or ?ree ma*9e guns1 & t _! protection %\ld consi/ ( armor plate ab\t five-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree-,,ton ,,tank4 ,weight1 #e1hjj p\nds2 crew1 two m5 7"o gunn]1 "o driv]72 p[] plant1 two ,=d motors1 ge>$ toge!r1 ea* motor driv+ "o track2 spe$1 n9e miles p] h\r2 climb+ ability1 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,,six-,,ton ,,tank4 ,?is ma*9e is practically a copy ( ! ,fr5* ,r5ault tank & c>ries two m5 7"o driv]1 "o gunn]74 ,ab\t half ( ^! tanks 7 equipp$ ) #cg-millimet] cannon & ab\t half ) ma*9e guns4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! tanks also made ) wireless app>atus sub/itut$ = ! turret ( ! fight+ tanks4 ,p[] plant1 "o ,buda #d-;cyl9d] motor2 spe$1 five to six miles p] h\r2 grade capacity1 #de2 weight1 #ae1jjj p\nds4 ,) ^! facts z a guide1 two exp]im5tal ma*9es 7 decid$ ^u1 & "w on !m 0 begun imm$iately4 ,) ^! ma*9es x 0 det]m9$ to te/ ! relative advantages ( a specially articulat$ =m ( cat]pill> tractor ) :eel$ traction1 mak+ use ( v l>ge :eels1 & to develop ! possibilities betwe5 ! gas-electric & /eam sy/ems ( propulsion4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #aiag1 decision _h be5 made to supply ! ,am]ican ,army ) two types ( tanks--"o ! l>ge size1 typical ( t us$ by ! ,briti% & capable ( conta9+ a doz5 m51 & ! o!r a small] "o patt]n$ aft] ! ,fr5* two-man model & kn[n z ! ,r5ault4 ,9 ,septemb] "o ( our (fic]s *>g$ ) tank production 0 dispat*$ to ,europe = a m intimate /udy ( ! ma*9es us$ abroad & = ! purpose ( gett+ m detail$ in=mation respect+ ! m]its ( ! v>i\s types ( tanks1 z well z to make arrangem5ts = s5d+ specim5s "h4 ,! decision to equip ! ,am]ican =ces 9 ,europe ) tanks ( two sizes 0 made only aft] ?or\gh & some:at protract$ conf]5ces ) ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 & ,am]ican (fic]s 9 ,europe4 ,complete draw+s & samples ( ! small tank 7 obta9$ f ! ,fr5* & %ipp$ to ?is c\ntry4 ,z all ( ! draw+s 7 made 9 accordance ) ! metric sy/em ( measurem5ts1 x 0 necess>y be=e any?+ c\ld be done t[>d actual production to remake ! draw+s1 z ! ma*9e %ops "h 7 n equipp$ to use ! metric sy/em4 ,! l>ge ,briti% tank _h be5 successful 9 its op]ations on ! battle front1 b its v decid$ limitations1 recogniz$ by ,briti% au?orities1 caus$ our (fic]s to ?9k x be/ to r$esign ! l>ge tank 9 pref]5ce to copy+ ! exi/+ big ,briti% tank ) its limitations4 ,g5]al fight+ specifications = ! big tank 7 laid d[n by ! ,briti% g5]al /aff at ! conf]5ce at ,briti% headqu>t]s at :i* ,am]ican (fic]s 7 pres5t4 ,x 0 agre$ t ?is big tank1 kn[n z ! ,m>k ,,viii1 %\ld be ( ,anglo-,am]ican design & con/ruction4 ,arrangem5ts 7 made = produc+ #a1ejj ( ?is type4 ,to d ?is1 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ into a work+ agreem5t t provid$ = ,engl& to furni% ! hulls1 guns1 & ammunition1 :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 to furni% ! p[] plant & driv+ details ( ! mon/]4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ea* tank w\ld co/ ab\t #ce1jjj1 ( :i* #ae1jjj repres5t$ ! ,am]ican "p ( ! job1 on :i* "s #gb contractors 7 at once engag$4 ,ab\t #ej p] c5t ( ! "w on ^! tanks _h be5 complet$ :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 & ! fir/ units 7 und]go+ trials4 ,x 0 confid5tly expect$ t all ( ! #a1ejj contract$ = w\ld h be5 complet$ by ,m>*1 #aiai4 ,:ile ^! ,anglo-,am]ican tanks 7 9 ! process ( con/ruction !re 7 also be+ built "h #a1dej all-,am]ican tanks ( ! l>ge ,engli% type1 & = ?is all-,am]ican tank #ej p] c5t ( ! "w _h also be5 done at ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 a sample ,fr5* tank ( ! ,r5ault type rea*$ ?is c\ntry along ) detail$ draw+s & a ,fr5* eng9e]4 ,mu* difficulty !n ensu$ 9 gett+ ,am]ican conc]ns to take on production ( ?is ma*9e1 because ( ! difficult nature ( its manufacture4 ,consid]able "t1 too1 0 tak5 up 9 *ang+ ! draw+s f ! ,fr5* metric dim5sions to ! ,am]ican dim5sions1 & ?is involv$ r$esign+ _m p>ts4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ! armor built = ! ,r5ault type ( tank ! ,fr5* made no attempt to adh]e to simple %apes1 & = ?is reason practically a new s\rce ( supply = ?is k9d ( armor _h to be develop$4 ,contracts = #d1ddj ( ! ,r5ault type ( tanks 7 f9ally made4 ,! approximate co/ ( ea* "o ( ^! ma*9es 0 #aa1ejj4 ,manufactur+ activities = ! v>i\s p>ts _h to be divid$ up among m ?an a score ( plants1 s t _m plants 7 turn+ out p>ts = ^! ma*9es1 :ile ! assembl+ 0 done at only ?ree plants1 :i* also made a portion ( ! p>ts4 ,! ?ree assembly plants 7 ! ,van ,dorn ,iron ,works1 ( ,clevel&1 ,ohio2 ! ,maxwell ,motors ,co41 ( ,dayton1 ,ohio2 & ! ,c4 ,l4 ,be/ ,co41 also ( ,dayton4 ,f9i%$ ma*9es ( ?is type />t$ to come ?r\gh 9 ,octob]4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ #fd ( ^! #f-ton ,r5ault tanks1 ea* design$ to c>ry two m5 & a ma*9e gun1 7 complet$1 :ile up to ! end ( ,decemb] ! numb] ( ^? f9i%$ am\nt$ to #bji1 ) #bhi 9 ! process ( assembly4 ,!re is e reason to believe t _h ! armi/ice n be5 sign$1 ! entire orig9al program w\ld h be5 complet$ by ,april4 ,dur+ ! summ] & fall ( #aiah our tank program _h be5 augm5t$ by ! developm5t ( two entirely new types ( tanks4 ,"o 0 a two-man tank weigh+ #c tons1 built by ! ,=d ,motor ,co4 & co/+ 9 ! neighborhood ( #d1jjj4 ,?is tank1 m\nt+ "o ma*9e gun1 has a spe$ ( ab\t #h miles an h\r4 ,( ?is type #ae _h be5 built2 &1 up to ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #aiai1 #ejj 7 to h be5 f9i%$1 aft] :i* !y 7 to h be5 turn$ out by ! ,=d ,co4 at ! rate ( #ajj a day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,six-,,ton ,,tank ,,be+ ,,m\nt$ ,,on ,a #aj-,,ton ,,trail]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( #ce-,,ton ,,tank4 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,assi/ant ,,secret>y ,,( ,,w>1 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,baldw9 ,,locomotive ,,works1 ,,& ,,army ,,(fic]s ,,in/rum5tal ,,9 ,,design+ ,,?is ,,ma*9e4 ,! tank has #djj horsep[]1 a spe$ ( #f miles an h\r1 & c climb a #de grade4 ,x c>ries a crew ( #aa m5 & is equipp$ ) two #f-p\nd]s & sev5 ma*9e guns4 ,! o!r new tank develop$ 0 a successor to ! ,fr5* ,r5ault1 design$ = production 9 great volume4 ,?is tank 0 to c>ry ?ree m51 in/ead ( two1 z ! orig9al ,r5ault ma*9e1 & m\nt two guns1 "o a ma*9e gun & ! o!r a #cg-millimet] gun4 ,"s ,r5ault tanks 7 equipp$ ) #cg-millimet] cannon in/ead ( ma*9e guns4 ,co/ ( production ( ?is ma*9e w\ld h be5 v mu* less ?an t ( ! orig9al ,r5ault1 :ile ! weight ( ! ma*9e w\ld h be5 sub/antially ! same & its fight+ p[] mu* great]4 ,an outlay ( ab\t #age1jjj1jjj 0 project$ 9 ! tank program1 b ?is1 ( c\rse1 0 greatly r$uc$ ^u ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,?is outlay w\ld h includ$1 besides ! co/ ( ! ma*9es1 exp5ses at v>i\s plants = increas$ facilities = op]ation4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,quantity ,quantity ,item4 ,quantity accept$ accept$ ,float$ ord]$4 ,nov4 #aa1 ,jan4 #ca1 to ,nov4 #aiah4 #aiai4bc #aa1 #aiah4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,tanks3 #f-ton #d1ddj #fd #bia #f ,m>k ,i #a1jjj #c-ton #ae1jae #ae #aj ,m>k #h ,a4 ,a4 compon5ts #a1ejj #bda #a ,m>k #h ,u4 ,s4 complete #a1dej ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #bc ,imm$iately ^u sign+ ( ! armi/ice1 production 0 sl[$ d[n z rapidly & z mu* z possible4 #bd ,approximately #ej p] c5t ( ! production "w on compon5ts = ^! #a1ejj tanks _h be5 complet$ by ,nov4 #aa4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,ma*9e ,,guns4 ,! ma*9e gun is typically & hi/orically an ,am]ican device4 ,an ,am]ican inv5t$ ! fir/ real ma*9e gun ev] produc$4 ,ano!r ,am]ican1 :o _h tak5 ,briti% citiz5%ip1 produc$ ! fir/ weapon ( ?is type t c\ld be call$ a success 9 w>4 ,/ill a ?ird ,am]ican gave to ! allies at ! beg9n+ ( ! great w> a ma*9e gun :i* revolutioniz$ ! _w's conception ( :at t weapon might be2 :ile a f\r? ,am]ican inv5tor1 back$ by our ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 enabl$ ! ,am]ican =ces to take into ! field 9 ,france :at is probably ! mo/ effici5t ma*9e gun ev] put into action4 ,! ma*9e gun z an idea is n mod]n at all4 ,! ?\ght has be5 engag+ ! att5tion ( inv5tors = sev]al c5turies4 ,! idea 0 inh]5t 9 guns :i* exi/$ 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 b !y %\ld be call$ rapid-fire guns r ?an ma*9e guns1 s9ce no ma*9e pr9ciple ent]$ into _! con/ruction4 ,!y usually consi/$ ( sev]al gun b>rels b\nd toge!r & fir$ simultane\sly4 ,! fir/ true ma*9e gun 0 ! inv5tion ( ,ri*>d ,jordon ,gatl+1 an ,am]ican1 :o 9 #ahfa br\ght out :at might be t]m$ a revolv+ rifle4 ,! b>rels1 f #d to #aj 9 numb]1 7 plac$ p>allel to ea* o!r & arrang$ on a common axis ab\t :i* !y revolv$ 9 su* a mann] t ea* b>rel 0 br\ght 9 succession into ! fir+ position4 ,?is gun 0 us$ to "s ext5t 9 our ,civil ,w> & lat] 9 ! ,franco-,prussian ,w>4 ,9 #ahff ,reffye1 a ,fr5* inv5tor1 br\ght out ! fir/ mitrailleuse--a m\nt$ ma*9e gun ( ! ,gatl+ type t[+ a limb] & drawn by f\r horses4 ,x _h #be rifl$ b>rels & c\ld fire #abe %ots p] m9ute4 ,! weapon1 h[ev]1 dur+ ! ,franco-,prussian ,w>1 turn$ out to be a failure = ! reason t x prov$ an excell5t t>get = ! enemy's artill]y & 0 n suffici5tly mobile4 ,accord+ly ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t ab&on$ x4 ,sir ,hiram ,s4 ,maxim1 :o 0 ,am]ican born1 9 #ahhd develop$ a ma*9e gun :i* op]at$ automatically by utiliz+ ! =ce ( ! recoil4 ,?is gun 0 p]fect$ & became a s]viceable weapon = ! ,briti% army 9 ! ,bo] ,w>4 ,! ,maxim gun b>rel 0 cool$ by ! wat]-jacket sy/em4 ,:5 ! wat] became hot x exhau/$ a jet ( /eam :i* c\ld be se5 = long di/ances across ! ,s\? ,african veldt1 mak+ x a m>k = ! ,bo] %>p%oot]s4 ,?is defect 0 rem$i$ 9 homemade fa%ion by c>ry+ ! exhau/ /eam ?r\gh a hose into a bucket ( wat] :]e x 0 cond5s$4 ,?is ,maxim gun fir$ #ejj %ots a m9ute4 ,mean:ile 9 ?is c\ntry ! ,gatl+ gun _h be5 s improv$ t x became "o ( our /&>d weapons 9 ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w>4 ,lat] on x 0 us$ 9 ! ,russo-,japanese ,w>4 ,! ,colt ma*9e gun also exi/$ 9 #ahih4 ,?is 0 ! inv5tion ( ,john ,m4 ,br[n+1 ^: "n has be5 prom95tly associat$ ) ! developm5t ( automatic fire>ms = ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,maxim gun 0 tak5 up by ! ,vick]s ,co41 ev5tually becom+ :at is kn[n to-day z ! ,vick]s gun4 ,9 #aijc or #aijd ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t b\ght "s ,maxim ma*9e guns :i* 7 !n be+ manufactur$ by ! ,colt ,co4 at ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,9 no w> previ\s to ! "o conclud$ 9 #aiah did ! ma*9e gun take a prom95t place 9 ! armam5ts ( cont5d+ =ces4 ,! popul>ity ( ! e>li] ma*9e guns 0 ret>d$ by _! great weight4 ,"s ( !m 7 s heavy t x took sev]al m5 to lift !m4 ,all ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ma*9e guns ! t5d5cy has be5 t[>d light] weapons1 b x 0 n until ! great w> t s]viceable ma*9e guns 7 made light en\gh to give !m great effectiv5ess & popul>ity4 ,su* int5se heat is develop$ by ! rapid fire ( a ma*9e gun t unless ! b>rel c be kept cool ! gun w soon refuse to function4 ,! wat] jacket :i* keeps ! gun cool prov$ to be ! pr9cipal h&icap to ! inv5tors :o 7 try+ to remove weight f ! device4 ,! e>lie/ air-cool$ guns 7 g5]ally unsuccessful1 s9ce ! fir+ ( a few r\nds w\ld make ! b>rel s hot t ! c>tridges w\ld explode volunt>ily 9 ! *amb]1 ?us r5d]+ ! weapon unsafe4 ,! ,b5t-,m]ci p>tly ov]came ?is difficulty by hav+ int]*angeable b>rels4 ,z soon z "o b>rel became hot x c\ld be quickly remov$ & its cool alt]nate ins]t$ 9 its place4 ,^! conditions l$ to ! developm5t ( ma*9e guns along two sep>ate l9es--! heavy type ma*9e gun1 :i* mu/ be capable ( long su/a9$ fire1 & ! automatic rifle1 ^: prim>y requisite is extreme lightness4 ,^! requirem5ts br\ght ! ultimate elim9ation f gr\nd use 9 ,france & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( guns ( ! s-call$ int]m$iate weight z be+ incapable ( fulfill+ ei!r ( ! above requirem5ts to ! fulle/ degree4 ,! ma*9e gun produc$ by ! ,am]ican inv5tor1 ,col4 ,i4 ,n4 ,lewis1 0 a revelation :5 x came to ! aid ( ! allies e>ly 9 ! great w>4 ,?is 0 an air-cool$ gun :i* c\ld be fir$ = a consid]able "t )\t excessive heat+1 & x weigh$ only #be p\nds1 no great burd5 = a soldi]4 ,! ,lewis ma*9e gun 0 hail$ by _m z ! greate/ inv5tion br\ght into prom95ce by ! w>1 al?\gh its weight put x 9 ! int]m$iate class1 ) limitations z not$ above4 ,along 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! pres5t c5tury ! ,b5t-,m]ci automatic ma*9e rifle 0 develop$4 ,?is 0 an air-cool$ gun ( ! automatic rifle type & weigh$ #cj p\nds4 ,light z ?is gun 01 x 0 /ill too heavy to be ( great s]vice z an automatic rifle1 s9ce a /rong man w\ld soon tire ( hold+ #cj p\nds up to 8 %\ld]1 & x 0 !re=e 9 ! int]m$iate class4 ,! ,g]mans _h app>5tly realiz$ bett] ?an anyone else ! value ( ma*9e guns 9 ! k9d ( fight+ :i* !y expect$ to be engag$ 91 & !re=e suppli$ !m to _! troops 9 great] numb]s ?an did ! o!r p[]s1 hav+1 an e>ly report /at$1 #ej1jjj ,maxim ma*9e guns at ! comm5cem5t ( ho/ilities4 ,! ,au/rian ,army _h adopt$ an excell5t heavy type ma*9e gun kn[n z ! ,s*w>zlose ^: *ief feature lay 9 ! fact t x op]at$ ) only "o major spr+4 ,su* 0 ! ma*9e-gun situation1 al?\gh incompletely set =? "h1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! great w>4 ,! nations1 ) ! exception ( ,g]many1 _h be5 sl[ to promote ma*9e gunn]y z a conspicu\s phase ( _! milit>y prep>$ness4 ,9 our ,army we _h a provisional ma*9e-gun organization1 b no special (fic]s & few en?usia/s = ma*9e guns4 ,we 7 cont5t ) a !oretical equipm5t ( f\r ma*9e guns p] regim5t4 ,! fact 0 t 9 no previ\s w> _h ! ma*9e gun demon/rat$ its tactical value4 ,! *ief utility ( ! weapon 0 suppos$ to lie 9 its police effectiv5ess 9 putt+ d[n mobs & civil disord]s & 9 its value 9 o!r special situations1 p>ticul>ly def5sive ones4 ,! ?ree ye>s ( fight+ 9 ,europe be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 drawn 9 _h demon/rat$ ! highly important place :i* ! ma*9e gun held 9 mod]n tactics4 ,because ( ! dang] ( our position we _h inve/igat$ _m phases ( arm$ prep>$ness1 & 9 ?is inve/igation num]\s que/ions _h aris5 reg>d+ ma*9e guns4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,w> _h appo9t$ a bo>d ( five ,army (fic]s & two civilians to /udy ! ma*9e-gun subject1 to recomm5d ! types ( guns to be adopt$1 ! numb] ( guns we %\ld h p] unit ( troops1 h[ ^! guns %\ld be transport$1 & o!r matt]s p]ta9+ to ! subject4 ,six mon?s be=e we decl>$ w> ?is bo>d submitt$ a report /rongly recomm5d+ ! previ\sly adopt$ ,vick]s ma*9e gun & ! imm$iate procurem5t ( #d1fjj ( !m4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiaf1 ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t act$ on ?is report by contract+ = #d1jjj ,vick]s ma*9e guns f ! ,colt ,co4 9 addition to #abe previ\sly ord]$4 ,! ,vick]s gun belongs to :at is kn[n z ! heavy type ( ma*9e gun4 ,! bo>d f\nd t ! te/s x _h witness$ did n !n w>rant ! adoption ( a light-type ma*9e gun1 al?\gh ! ,lewis gun ( ! int]m$iate type 0 !n be+ manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! bo>d1 h[ev]1 recomm5d$ t we conduct fur!r competitive te/s ( ma*9e guns at ! ,spr+field ,armory1 9 ,massa*usetts1 ^! te/s to beg9 ,may #a1 #aiag1 ! int]val be+ giv5 to p]mit inv5tors & manufactur]s to prep>e equipm5t = ! competition4 ,! w> came to u be=e ^! te/s 7 made4 ,on ! #f? day ( ,april1 #aiag1 our equipm5t includ$ #fgj ,b5t-,m]ci ma*9e rifles1 #bhb ,maxim ma*9e guns ( ! #aijd model1 #cec ,lewis ma*9e guns1 & #adh ,colt ma*9e guns4 ,! ,lewis guns1 h[ev]1 7 *amb]$ = ! 4#cjc ,briti% ammunition & w\ld n take our s]vice c>tridges4 ,moreov]1 ! manufactur+ facilities = ma*9e guns 9 ?is c\ntry 7 mu* m limit$ 9 ext5t ?an ! public _h any notion ( !n or to-day4 ,bo? ,engl& & ,france _h dep5d$ ma9ly ^u _! own manufactur+ facilities = _! ma*9e guns1 ! weapons :i* !y secur$ on ord] f ! ,unit$ ,/ates be+ supplem5t>y & subsidi>y to _! own supplies4 ,we _h at ! outbreak ( ! w> only two factories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* 7 actually produc+ ma*9e guns 9 any quantity at all4 ,^! 7 ! ,savage ,arms ,corporation1 :i* 9 its factory at ,utica1 ,n4 ,y41 0 ne>+ ! completion ( an ord] = ab\t #ab1ejj ,lewis guns = ! ,briti% & ,canadian ,gov]nm5ts1 & ! ,m>l9-,rockwell ,corporation1 :i* _h manufactur$ a l>ge numb] ( ,colt ma*9e guns ( ! old lev] type = ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,colt factory 9 ! spr+ ( #aiag 0 equipp+ itself ) ma*9]y to produce ! #d1abe ,vick]s guns1 ! ord] = #d1jjj ( :i* _h be5 plac$ ! previ\s ,decemb] by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t on recomm5dation ( ! ,ma*9e ,gun ,bo>d4 ,none ( ^! guns1 h[ev]1 _h be5 complet$ :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! w>4 ,! ,colt ,co4 also held a contract = ,vick]s guns to be produc$ = ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 !re=e evid5t t we %\ld h to build up 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates almo/ a completely new capacity = ! production ( ma*9e guns4 ,nev]!less1 we took advantage ( :at facilities 7 at h&2 & at once1 9 fact )9 a week aft] ! decl>ation ( w>1 began plac+ ord]s = ma*9e guns4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ord]s came on ,april #ab1 :5 we plac$ a contract ) ! ,savage ,arms ,corporation = #a1cjj ,lewis guns1 :i*1 z manufactur$ by t corporation1 _h by ?is "t be5 ov]haul$ 9 design & mu* improv$4 ,?is ord] 0 subsequ5tly heavily increas$4 ,on ,june #b we plac$ an ord] ) ! ,m>l9-,rockwell ,corporation = #b1ejj ,colt guns1 ^! weapons to be us$ 9 ! tra9+ ( our ma*9e-gun units4 ,9 ?is connection ! read] %\ld be> cont9ually 9 m9d t ?r\gh\t ! developm5t ( ma*9e-gun manufacture we utiliz$ all exi/+ facilities to ! limit 9 addition to build+ up new s\rces ( supply4 ,9 o!r words1 :5ev] conc]ns 7 engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( ma*9e guns1 :atev] _! make or type1 we did n /op ! production ( ^! types 9 ^! plants & conv]t ! e/abli%m5ts into factories = mak+ o!r weapons2 b we _h !m cont9ue 9 ! manufacture 9 :i* !y 7 engag$1 giv+ !m ord]s :i* w\ld enable !m to exp& _! facilities 9 _! p>ticul> l9es ( production4 ,!n :5 x became necess>y = u to f9d factories to build ,br[n+ guns & "s ( ! o!r weapons on :i* we specializ$1 we f\nd new capacity entirely = ?is additional production4 ,s9ce we s5t to ,france ! fir/ ,am]ican division ( troops less ?an ?ree mon?s aft] ! decl>ation ( w>1 !y 7 necess>ily arm$ ) ! ma*9e guns at h&1 :i* 9 ?is case prov$ to be ! ,b5t-,m]ci ma*9e rifles4 ,mean:ile ! developm5t ( ma*9e guns 9 ,europe _h be5 go+ on at a rapid rate4 ,! /&>d guns 9 use by ! ,fr5* ,army 7 n[ ! ,hot*kiss heavy ma*9e gun & ! ,*au*at light automatic rifle1 bo? effective weapons4 ,^u ! arrival ( our fir/ ,am]ican division 9 ,france ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t express$ its will+ness to arm ?is division ) ,hot*kiss & ,*au*at guns2 & !reaft] ! ,fr5* facilities prov$ to be suffici5t to equip our troops ) ^! weapons until our own manufacture came up to requirem5ts4 ,! #a/ ( ,may1 #aiag1 br\ght ! te/s recomm5d$ by ! inve/igation bo>d1 ^! te/s cont9u+ ?r\gh\t ! mon?4 ,to ?is competition 7 br\ght two newly develop$ weapons produc$ by ! inv5tive g5ius ( t vet]an ( small-arms manufacture1 ,john ,m4 ,br[n+4 ,mr4 ,br[n+ _h be5 associat$ ) ! ,army's developm5t ( automatic weapons = s _m ye>s t he 0 peculi>ly fitt$ to produce a me*anism t c\ld adapt itself to ! quantity production :i* our =?com+ ef=t dem&$4 ,bo? ! ,br[n+ heavy ma*9e gun & ! ,br[n+ light automatic rifle :i* 7 put ?r\gh ^! te/s 9 ,may _h be5 design$ ) ! view ( enorm\s production quickly atta9$1 s t _! simplicity ( design 0 "o ( _! *ief m]its4 ,aft] ! te/s ! bo>d pron\nc$ ^! weapons ! mo/ effective guns ( _! type kn[n to ! memb]s4 ,! ,br[n+ heavy gun ) its wat] jacket fill$ weighs #cf4ge p\nds1 :]eas ! ,br[n+ automatic rifle weighs only #ae4e p\nds4 ,^! ,may te/s also prov$ ! ,lewis ma*9e gun to be highly effici5t4 ,! bo>d recomm5d$ ! production ( l>ge numb]s ( all ?ree weapons2 ! two ,br[n+s & ! ,lewis4 ,! bo>d also approv$ ! ,vick]s gun1 :i* weighs #cg4ej p\nds1 & we accord+ly cont9u$ x 9 manufacture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,br[n+ ,,ma*9e ,,gun1 ,,model #aiag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>l9 ,,tank ,,ma*9e ,,gun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,colt ,,ma*9e ,,gun1 ,,model #aiag1 ,,calib] 4#cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lewis ,,ma*9e ,,gun1 ,,model #aiag1 ,,calib] 4#cj4 ,! fir/ act ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t aft] ?is report _h be5 receiv$ 0 to increase greatly ! ord]s = ,lewis ma*9e guns ) ! ,savage ,arms ,corporation1 & ! second to make prep>ation = an enorm\s manufacture ( ,br[n+ ma*9e guns & ,br[n+ automatic rifles4 ,mr4 ,br[n+ _h develop$ ^! weapons at ! plant ( ! ,colt's ,pat5t ,fire>ms ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,h>t=d1 ,conn41 :i* conc]n own$ ! exclusive rights to bo? ^! weapons "u ! ,br[n+ pat5ts4 ,?is company at once began ! developm5t ( manufactur+ facilities = ! production ( ,br[n+ guns4 ,9 ,july1 #aiag1 ord]s = #aj1jjj ,br[n+ ma*9e guns & #ab1jjj ,br[n+ automatic rifles 7 plac$ ) ! ,colt ,co4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! ,colt ,co4 0 9 ! mid/ ( prep>ations = ! production ( l>ge numb]s ( ,vick]s ma*9e guns2 & ! ,gov]nm5t requir$ t ! ,br[n+ manufacture %\ld be c>ri$ on )\t int]f]5ce ) ! exi/+ contracts = ,vick]s guns4 ,?is requirem5t necessitat$ an enorm\s expansion ( ! ,colt plant to take c>e ( its gr[+ contracts = ,br[n+ guns4 ,! conc]n prep>$ to make ! ,br[n+ automatic rifle1 ! light] gun1 at a new factory at ,m]id51 ,conn4 ,9 its arrangem5ts ) ! ,colt ,co4 ! ,gov]nm5t recogniz$ t its future dem&s = ,br[n+ guns w\ld be f> beyond ! capacity ( ?is "o conc]n to supply4 ,consequ5tly1 = a royalty consid]ation1 ! ,colt ,co4 surr5d]$ = ! duration ( ! w>1 its exclusive rights to manufacture ^! weapons1 ?is arrangem5t be+ approv$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,national ,def5se4 ,mr4 ,br[n+1 ! inv5tor ( ! guns1 0 also comp5sat$ by ! ,gov]nm5t = weapons ( 8 inv5tion manufactur$ dur+ ! w>4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ! ,gov]nm5t acquir$ ! "r to manufacture dur+ ! p]iod ( ! em]g5cy all o!r inv5tions t might be develop$ by ,mr4 ,br[n+--an important consid]ation1 s9ce at any "t ! inv5tor might add improvem5ts to ! orig9al designs or br+ out accessories t w\ld add to ! effici5cy or effectiv5ess ( ! weapons4 ,x may also be add$ t ?r\gh\t ?is p]iod ,mr4 ,br[n+'s ef=ts 7 con/antly direct$ t[>d ! p]fection ( ^! guns & ! developm5t ( new types ( guns & accessories4 ,8 s]vices along ^! l9es 7 ( great value to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,:5 ^! necess>y prelim9>y matt]s _h be5 settl$ ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t made a survey ( ! manufactur+ facilities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to det]m9e :at factories c\ld be/ be set to "w to produce ,br[n+ guns & rifles1 always ) special c>e t no exi/+ w> contracts1 ei!r = ! allies or = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 be di/urb$4 ,by ,septemb] ?is survey 0 complete1 & also by ?is "t we _h def9ite k ( ! rate ( enl>gem5t ( our milit>y =ces & _! requirem5ts = ma*9e guns4 ,we 7 ready to adopt ! program ( ma*9e-gun con/ruction t w\ld keep pace ) our ne$s1 no matt] :at numb]s ( troops we might equip = battle4 ,z a f\ndation = ! ma*9e-gun program1 9 ,septemb]1 #aiag1 we plac$ ! foll[+ ord]s3 #ae1jjj wat]-cool$ ,br[n+ ma*9e guns ) ! ,rem+ton ,arms-,union ,metallic ,c>tridge ,co41 ( ,bridgeport1 ,conn42 #e1jjj ,br[n+ aircraft ma*9e guns ) ! ,m>l9-,rockwell ,corporation1 ( ,new ,hav51 ,conn42 & #bj1jjj ,br[n+ automatic rifles ) ! ,m>l9-,rockwell ,corporation4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld be expla9$ t ! ,br[n+ aircraft gun is ess5tially ! heavy ,br[n+ ) ! wat]-jacket remov$4 ,x 0 practicable to use x ?us /ripp$1 because 9 aircraft fight+ a ma*9e gun is n fir$ cont9u\sly1 b only at int]vals1 & !n 9 %ort bur/s ( fire too brief to heat a gun beyond ! function+ po9t4 ,at ! same "t ^! ord]s 7 plac$ ! ,w9*e/] ,repeat+ ,arms ,co41 ( ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 0 in/ruct$ to beg9 its prelim9>y "w look+ to ! manufacture ( ,br[n+ automatic rifles2 & less ?an a mon? lat]1 9 ,octob]1 an ord] = #be1jjj ( ^! weapons 0 plac$ ) ?is conc]n4 ,!n foll[$ 9 ,decemb] an additional ord] = #aj1jjj ,br[n+ aircraft guns to be manufactur$ by ! ,m>l9-,rockwell ,corporation4 ,a contract = ,br[n+ aircraft guns 0 also giv5 to ! ,rem+ton ,arms-,union ,metallic ,c>tridge ,co4 ,be=e ! ye> end$ ! enorm\s task ( provid+ ! special ma*9]y = ?is practically new indu/ry 0 well "u way4 ,! ,hopk9s ,all5 factory1 at ,norwi*1 ,conn41 _h be5 engag$ ^u a contract = milit>y rifles = ! ,belgian gov]nm5t4 ,be=e ?is ord] 0 complet$ ! ,m>l9-,rockwell ,corporation took ov] ! ,hopk9s ,all5 plant & set x to produc+ p>ts = ! light ,br[n+ automatic rifles4 ,ev5 ?is conc]n1 h[ev]1 c\ld n produce ! p>ts 9 suffici5t quantities = ! ,m>l9-,rockwell ord]1 & ! latt] conc]n accord+ly acquir$ ! ,mayo ,radiator factory1 at ,new ,hav51 & equipp$ x ) ma*9e tools = ! production ( ,br[n+ automatic-rifle p>ts4 ,su* expansion 0 m]ely typical ( :at w5t on 9 ! o!r conc]ns engag$ 9 our ma*9e-gun production4 ,imm5se quantities ( new ma*9]y _h to be built & set up 9 all ^! factories4 ,b /ill ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t kept on exp&+ ! ma*9e-gun capacity4 ,! ,new ,engl& ,we/+h\se ,co41 ( ,spr+field1 ,mass41 9 ,janu>y1 #aiah1 complet$ a contract = rifles = ! ,russian gov]nm5t & 0 at once giv5 an ord] = ,br[n+ wat]-cool$ guns4 ,= reasons :i* w be expla9$ lat]1 ! orig9al ord] = ,br[n+ aircraft guns1 :i* _h be5 plac$ ) ! ,rem+ton ,arms ,co41 0 lat] transf]r$ to ! ,new ,engl& ,we/+h\se ,co4 at _! ,spr+field plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b5,t-,,m]ci ,,ma*9e ,,gun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hot*kiss ,,ma*9e ,,gun1 ,,model #aiad1 #h-,,millimet]4 ,?is is ! ma*9e gun adopt$ by ! ,fr5* ,army4 ,?is gun is ( a heavy type1 air-cool$1 gas-op]at$1 & f$ f ei!r a /rip hold+ #cj c>tridges or a metallic l9k belt4 ,its rate ( fire is ab\t #ejj r\nds p] m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vick]s ,,ma*9e ,,gun1 ,,model #aiae1 ,,calib] 4#cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vick]s ,,aircraft ,,ma*9e ,,gun1 ,,model #aiah1 ,,calib] 4#cj4 ,z soon z our (fic]s 9 ,france c\ld make an adequate /udy ( our aircraft ne$s 9 ma*9e guns1 !y discov]$ t 9 ! ?ree ye>s ( w> only "o weapon _h met ! requirem5ts ( ! allies = a fix$ ma*9e gun t c\ld be syn*roniz$ to fire ?r\gh ! :irl+ blades ( an airplane propell]4 ,?is 0 ! ,vick]s gun1 :i* 0 already be+ manufactur$ 9 "s quantity 9 our c\ntry1 & = :i* ?ree mon?s be=e we ent]$ ! w> we _h giv5 an ord] am\nt+ to #d1jjj weapons4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fight+ aircraft ( ,europe 7 also f9d+ an increas$ ne$ = ma*9e guns ( ! flexible type--t is1 guns m\nt$ on univ]sal pivots1 & :i* c\ld be aim$ & fir$ 9 any direction by ! second man1 or obs]v]1 9 an airplane4 ,! be/ gun we _h = ?is purpose 0 ! ,lewis ma*9e gun4 ,= te*nical reasons t ne$ n be expla9$ "h1 ! ,vick]s gun 0 a difficult "o to manufacture4 ,! ,colt ,co41 :i* 0 produc+ ^! weapons1 9 spite ( _! long exp]i5ce 9 ! manufacture ( su* arms & 9 spite ( _! utmo/ ef=ts1 _h be5 unable to deliv] ! f9i%$ ,vick]s guns on "t1 ei!r to ! ,russian gov]nm5t or to ?is c\ntry4 ,h[ev]1 by exp&+ ! facilities ( ?is factory to ! utmo/1 by ! mon? ( ,may1 #aiah1 ! conc]n a*iev$ a production ( ov] #ej ,vick]s guns p] day4 ,d\btless1 because ( ^! same difficulties1 nei!r ! ,briti% nor ! ,fr5* gov]nm5ts _h be5 able to procure ,vick]s guns z rapidly z !y exp&$ ! numb] ( _! fight+ aircraft1 & consequ5tly :5 we ent]$ ! w> we receiv$ at once a ,mac$onian cry f ! allies to aid 9 equipp+ ! alli$ aircraft ) weapons ( ! ,vick]s type4 ,an arrangem5t 0 readily rea*$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,our fir/ troops 9 ,france ne$$ ma*9e guns = use on ! l9es4 ,our own factories _h n yet begun ! production ( ^! weapons4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! fall ( #aiag1 we arrang$ ) ! ,fr5* high commission] 9 ?is c\ntry to transf] #a1jjj ( our ,vick]s guns to ! ,fr5* air s]vice1 receiv+ 9 ex*ange ,fr5* ,hot*kiss ma*9e guns = ,g54 ,p]%+'s troops4 ,n[ :ile ! dem&s ( ! alli$ s]vice _h br\ght =? only ! ,vick]s ma*9e gun z a satisfactorily syn*roniz$ weapon1 we1 %ortly aft] our entry into ! w>1 _h succe$$ 9 develop+ two additional types ( ma*9e guns :i* gave e promise ( be+ satisfactory = use z fix$ syn*roniz$ guns on airplanes4 ,"o ( ^!1 ( c\rse1 0 ! heavy ,br[n+ gun1 /ripp$ ( its wat] jacket2 b because ?is 0 a new weapon1 requir+ an entirely new factory equipm5t = its production1 ! day :5 ,br[n+s w\ld beg9 fir+ at ! ,g]man battle planes 0 remote1 inde$1 z "t is reckon$ 9 w>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our inv5tors _h be5 improv+ a ma*9e gun kn[n z ! ,m>l91 :i* 01 9 fact1 ! old ,colt ma*9e gun1 ,mr4 ,br[n+'s orig9al inv5tion1 b n[ ( light] con/ruction & ) a pi/on fir+ action in/ead ( a lev] control4 ,9 ! face ( consid]able criticism at ! "t1 we propos$ to adapt ?is weapon to our aircraft ne$s z a /op-gap until ,br[n+s 7 com+ f ! factory 9 satisfactory quantities4 ,we took ?is c\rse because we 7 prep>$ to turn out quantities ( ! ,m>l9 guns 9 relatively quick "t4 ,z has be5 said1 ! ,m>l9 resembl$ ! ,colt4 ,! ,m>l9-,rockwell ,corporation 0 already tool$ up = a l>ge production ( ,colt guns1 & ?is ma*9]y ) slight modifications c\ld be us$ to produce ! ,m>l94 ,we decid$ ^u ?is c\rse %ortly aft] ! decl>ation ( w>1 & !re foll[$ a sev]e eng9e]+ & inv5tive task to develop a high-spe$ hamm] me*anism & a trigg] motor :i* w\ld adapt ! gun = use ) ! syn*roniz+ me*anism4 ,b !n occurr$ "o ( ^? surpris+ successes t sometimes bless ! ef=ts ( h>ass$ & hurri$ executives at _! wits' end to meet ! dem& ( "s great em]g5cy4 ,! improvem5ts add$ to ! ,m>l9 gun ev5tually trans=m$ x 9 un=ese5 fa%ion into an aircraft weapon ( su* effici5cy t n only our own pilots b ^? ( ! ,fr5* air =ces z well 7 delight$ ) ! result4 ,:5 x 0 propos$ to adapt ! ,m>l9 gun = syn*roniz$ use on airplanes1 ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t detail$ (fic]s to coop]ate ) ! ,m>l9 company 9 its ef=ts4 ,= te*nical reasons ( design ! orig9al gun app>5tly _h little or no adaptability to su* use4 ,_m new models 7 built only to be knock$ to pieces aft] ! failure ( "s feature to p]=m prop]ly ! "w = :i* x 0 design$4 ,nev]!less ! en?usiasm ( ! company = its project c\ld n be *ill$1 & x cont9u$ ! developm5t until ! gun f9ally became a triumph 9 gas-op]at$ aircraft ordnance4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ,augu/ we 7 us+ ! ,m>l9 gun at ! front1 & cablegram aft] cablegram told u ( ! surpris+ly excell5t p]=mances ( ?is weapon 9 actual s]vice4 ,x is suffici5t "h to quote "o ( ^! messages f ,g54 ,p]%+1 dat$ ,febru>y #bc1 #aiah3 ,illu/ration3 ,,maxim ,,ma*9e ,,gun ,,& ,,tripod 7,,am]ican71 ,,model #aijd ,,calib] 4#cj4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ automatic ma*9e gun to be develop$4 ,x is ( ! heavy type1 recoil op]at$1 wat] cool$1 & belt f$4 ,! gun is capable ( su/a9$ fire = long p]iods ( "t provid$ its wat] supply is prop]ly ma9ta9$1 & is adaptable to indirect b>rage fire4 ,x is us$ by ! ,briti% & ,u4 ,s4 =ces & 9 modifi$ =m by ! ,g]mans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,br[n+ ,,automatic ,,rifle ,,equipm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lewis ,,aircraft ,,ma*9e ,,gun1 ,,model #aiag1 ,,calib] 4#cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>l9 ,,aircraft ,,ma*9e ,,gun1 ,,type #h ,m4 ,g4 ,a fix$ syn*roniz$ gun develop$ f ! ,colt gun solely = aircraft use4 ,x is ( ! heavy type1 gas op]at$1 air cool$1 & belt f$4 ,x is ! only gas-op]at$ gun :i* has be5 successfully syn*roniz$ & has be5 f\nd to give ! close/ gr\p+ ( %ot 9 syn*roniz$ fire :i* has ev] be5 obta9$ ) any gun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g]man ,,maxim ,,ma*9e ,,gun ,,on ,,m\nt4 ,m>l9 aircraft guns h be5 fir$ successfully on f\r trips #ac1jjj1 #ae1jjj feet altitude1 & at temp]ature ( m9us #bj ,f4 ,on "o trip guns 7 completely cov]$ ice4 ,bo? metallic l9ks & fabric belts prov$ satisfactory4 7,c>tridges are f$ into ! fix$ aircraft guns ins]t$ 9 belts made ( metallic l9ks :i* dis9tegrate z ! guns are fir$47 ,on ,novemb] #b1 #aiah1 j be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 ,g54 ,p]%+ cabl$ z foll[s1 9 "p3 ,m>l9 guns n[ rank z high z any ) pilots1 & are entirely satisfactory4 ,! ,fr5* gov]nm5t te/$ ! ,m>l9 guns & decl>$ !m to be ! equal ( ! ,vick]s4 ,9 ord] to meet ! ev]-increas+ dem&s ( ! ,air ,s]vice = ma*9e guns capable ( syn*ronization1 ! orig9al ord] = #bc1jjj ,m>l9 guns1 plac$ 9 ,septemb]1 #aiag1 ) ! ,m>l9-,rockwell ,corporation1 0 aft]w>ds increas$ to #ch1jjj4 ,along 9 #aiah ! ,fr5* tri$ to procure ,m>l9s f ?is c\ntry1 b by t "t ! ,br[n+ production 0 rea*+ great proportions1 & ! equipm5t at ! ,m>l9 plant 0 be+ alt]$ to make ,br[n+s4 ,! orig9al ord] = ,lewis guns1 plac$ ) ! ,savage ,arms ,corporation1 _h contemplat$ _! use by our troops 9 ! l9e2 b :5 x became evid5t t ! available manufactur+ capacity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld be /ra9$ to ! utmo/ to provide en\gh guns = our airplanes1 we div]t$ ! l>ge ord]s = ,lewis guns entirely to ! ,air ,s]vice4 ,?is action 0 confirm$ by cabl$ in/ructions f ,g54 ,p]%+4 ,= ?is flexible aircraft "w ! weapon 0 admirably adapt$4 ,to ! ma*9e-gun te/s1 ,may1 #aiag1 ! produc]s ( ! ,lewis gun br\ght an improv$ model1 *amb]$ = our own /&>d 4#cj-;calib] c>tridges1 in/ead ( = ! ,briti% 4#cjc ammunition1 ) "s #ae modifications 9 design 9 addition to ^? :i* _h be5 pres5t$ to u be=e1 & "s add$ improvem5ts 9 con/ruction & 9 ! metallurgical composition ( its mat]ials4 ,f our po9t ( view1 ?is new model ,lewis 0 a greatly improv$ weapon4 ,! fact %\ld be /at$ "h t ! ,lewis gun1 z s successfully made = ! ,briti% s]vice by ! ,birm+ham ,small ,arms ,co41 _h nev] be5 procurable by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ev5 9 a s+le sample = te/4 ,! ,lewis accord+ly became ! /&>d flexible gun = our airplanes4 ,! ,savage ,arms ,corporation 0 able to exp& its facilities to fulfill e ne$ ( our ,air ,s]vice = ?is type ( weapon1 & !re=e we made no ef=t to c>ry ! manufacture ( ,lewis guns into o!r plants4 ,be=e #aiag came to an end ! ,savage company 0 deliv]+ ! fir/ guns ( its ord]s4 ,dur+ ! difficulties on ! ,mexican bord] ! ,unit$ ,/ates secur$ f ! ,savage ,arms ,co4 sev]al hundr$ ,lewis guns made to use ,briti% ammunition4 ,9 ord] to be sure t ! guns w\ld be prop]ly us$1 exp]ts f ! factory 7 s5t out to in/ruct ! troops :o 7 to receive ! guns4 ,ordnance (fic]s also w5t out on ?is in/ruction "w & e/abli%$ ma*9e-gun s*ools along ! bord]4 ,! troops did n f9d ! guns entirely satisfactory1 9 spite ( exp]t in/ruction t !y receiv$ f m5 f ! factory4 ,! tr\ble ) ! guns at ?is "t 0 due to ! fact t ! company mak+ !m 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h be5 engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( ma*9e guns = a %ort "t only & _h run into sev]al m9or difficulties 9 ! design & manufacture1 difficulties :i* caus$ consid]able tr\ble 9 op]at+ ! guns 9 ! field1 & :i* 7 subsequ5tly correct$ 9 ! #ae *anges m5tion$ above4 ,! ma*9e-gun s*ools :i* 7 e/abli%$ on ! bord] taught n only ! me*anism ( ! ,lewis gun1 b also ^? ( ! o!r types ( guns ) :i* ! v>i\s troops 7 arm$4 ,! fir/ ?+ t ^! s*ools develop$ 0 ! fact t mu* ( ! tr\ble :i* _h be5 enc\nt]$ 9 ma*9e guns 0 und\bt$ly due to ! fact t our soldi]s 7 unfamili> ) ! op]ation ( ! weapons4 ,9 fact1 at t "t we _h few exp]ts 9 ! op]ation ( any make ( ma*9e guns4 ,soon aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ma*9e-gun s*ools on ! bord] x became app>5t t ! sy/em ( in/ruction devis$ by our ordnance (fic]s _h gone a long way t[>d ov]com+ ! difficulties :i* ! ,army _h enc\nt]$ 9 ! use ( ma*9e guns4 ,! advantage ( ^! s*ools 0 s m>k$ t on ! outbreak ( ! w> ) ,g]many ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t e/abli%$ a ma*9e-gun s*ool at ,spr+field ,armory4 ,! fir/ class ( ?is s*ool consi/$ ( a l>ge numb] ( te*nical graduates f ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology & o!r su* s*ools4 ,^! m5 7 employ$ z civilians1 & 7 taught ! me*anism ( ma*9e guns 9 a !oretical way 9 z ?or\gh a mann] z c\ld possibly be done1 & 7 giv5 an opportunity to fire ! guns & f9d out = !mselves j :at tr\bles 7 likely to occur4 ,_m ( ^! m5 7 aft]w>ds commission$ z (fic]s 9 ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t & 7 s5t to ! v>i\s cantonm5ts ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates to e/abli% s*ools ( in/ruction 9 ! me*anism ( ! v>i\s ma*9e guns4 ,aft] ?is class ( civilians _h be5 graduat$ f ! ,spr+field s*ool1 a numb] ( tra9+-camp c&idates 7 in/ruct$ & 7 aft]w>ds commission$4 ,:5 ! full success ( ?is s*ool 0 realiz$1 x 0 enl>g$ & exp&$1 & x in/ruct$ n only civilians & tra9+-camp c&idates1 b also (fic]s ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 :o 7 tra9$ z armam5t (fic]s1 in/ructors1 etc4 ,lat] ! s*ool 0 /ill fur!r exp&$ to include a l>ge class ( enli/$ m5 = duty z armor]s4 ,9 all1 ov] #ejj (fic]s 7 in/ruct$ at ! ,spr+field s*ool4 ,:5 ! w> ) ,g]many ceas$1 ! graduates ( ! ,spr+field ,armory ma*9e gun s*ool 7 f\nd 9 almo/ e l9e ( endeavor connect$ ) arms1 ammunition1 & k9dr$ subjects4 ,n[1 let u look at ! fir/ results ( ! e>ly ef=t 9 ma*9e-gun production4 ,)9 a mon? aft] ! fir/ draft$ troops rea*$ _! cantonm5ts we 7 able to %ip #ej ,colt guns f ! ,m>l9-,rockwell ,corporation to ea* ,national ,army camp1 ^! guns to be us$ exclusively = tra9+ our ma*9e-gun units4 ,be=e ano!r #cj days pass$ we _h add$ to ! ma*9e-gun equipm5t ( ea* camp #bj ,lewis guns ( ! gr\nd type1 & #cj ,*au*at automatic rifles :i* we b\ght f ! ,fr5*4 7,! ,lewis gr\nd gun 0 almo/ id5tical ) ! aircraft type1 except t its b>rel 0 surr\nd$ by an alum9um heat radiator = cool+1 a device n ne$$ on ! guns ( airplanes because ( ! latt]'s %ort] p]iods ( fire47 ,also1 9 ! autumn ( #aiag we 7 able to issue to ea* ,national ,gu>d camp a tra9+ equipm5t consi/+ ( #cj ,colt ma*9e guns1 #cj ,*au*at automatic rifles1 & "s #ej to #gj ,lewis gr\nd guns4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( #aiah our ma*9e-gun manufacture 0 well "u way4 ,su* 0 ! indu/rial situation at ?is "t3 ! ,savage ,arms ,corporation 0 produc+ ,lewis aircraft ma*9e guns ( ! flexible type2 ! ,m>l9-,rockwell ,corporation 0 manufactur+ l>ge quantities ( ,m>l9 aircraft ma*9e guns ( ! syn*roniz+ type2 ! ,colt's ,pat5t ,fire ,arms ,manufactur+ ,co4 0 build+ ,vick]s ma*9e guns ( ! heavy1 mobile type2 & a numb] ( great factories 7 tool+ up at top spe$ = ! imm5se production ( ,br[n+ guns ( all types soon to beg94 ,mean:ile we kept increas+ our ord]s z rapidly z conditions w>rant$4 ,by ,may1 #aiah1 ! fir/ #ab divisions ( ,am]ican troops _h rea*$ ,france4 ,!y 7 all equipp$ ) ,hot*kiss heavy ma*9e guns & ,*au*at automatic rifles--bo? k9ds suppli$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t4 ,dur+ ,may & ,june1 #aa ,am]ican divisions sail$1 & ! heavy ma*9e-gun equipm5t ( ^! troops 0 ,am]ican built1 consi/+ ( ,vick]s guns4 ,= _! light ma*9e guns ^! #aa divisions receiv$ ! ,fr5* ,*au*at rifles 9 ,france4 ,aft] ,june1 #aiah1 all ,am]ican troops to sail 7 suppli$ ) a full equipm5t ( ,br[n+ guns1 bo? ( ! light & heavy types4 ,"p ( ^! ,br[n+s 7 issu$ to ! troops be=e !y sail$1 & ! re/ ^u _! arrival 9 ,france4 ,! ,savage ,arms ,corporation built ne>ly #f1jjj ,lewis guns ( ! gr\nd type be=e div]t+ _! manufacture to ! aircraft type exclusively4 ,on ,may #aa1 #aiah1 ?is conc]n _h built #af1jjj ,lewis guns = ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 ( :i* m ?an #aj1jjj 7 = use on airplanes4 ,by ! end ( ,july ! company _h turn$ out #af1jjj aircraft ,lewis guns1 n to m5tion #f1jjj ( ! same sort :i* x _h built & suppli$ to ! ,am]ican ,navy4 ,by ! end ( ,septemb] we _h accept$ ov] #be1jjj ,lewis aircraft guns4 ,on ! date ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice approximately #cb1jjj ( ^! guns _h be5 complet$4 ,by ! fir/ ( ,may1 #aiah1 ! ,m>l9-,rockwell ,corporation _h turn$ out ne>ly #ag1jjj ,m>l9 aircraft guns ) ! syn*roniz+ appliances4 ,?irty days lat] its total _h rea*$ #bc1jjj4 ,on ,octob] #a ! entire ord] ( #ch1jjj ,m>l9 guns _h be5 complet$1 & ! company began ! "w ( conv]t+ its plant into a ,br[n+ factory4 ,on ,may #a1 #aiah1 ! ,colt ,co4 _h deliv]$ m ?an #b1jjj ,vick]s guns ( ! gr\nd type4 ,be=e ! end ( ,july ?is output total$ #h1jjj1 besides #c1jjj ,vick]s guns :i* 7 lat] conv]t$ to aircraft use4 ,9 addition ! ,colt ,co4 _h und]tak5 ano!r ma*9e-gun project ( :i* no?+ has be5 said be=e4 ,?is conc]n _h complet$ manufacture ( ab\t #a1jjj ,vick]s guns = ! ,russian gov]nm5t4 ,at ?is "t ! aviators at ! front began us+ ma*9e guns ( l>ge calib]1 pr9cipally aga9/ obs]vation balloons & dirigible aircraft4 ,! allies _h develop$ an #aa-millimet] ,vick]s ma*9e gun = ?is purpose1 :i* means a gun ) a bore diamet] ( ne>ly "o-half in*4 ,! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t und]took to *ange ^! ,russian ,vick]s guns into #aa-millimet] aircraft ma*9e guns4 ,?is und]tak+ 0 successfully c>ri$ ?r\gh by ! ,colt ,co41 :i* deliv]$ ! fir/ modifi$ weapon 9 ,july & _h increas$ its deliv]ies to a total ( #hjj guns by ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah4 ,:5 ! fight+ ceas$ ! ,colt ,co4 _h deliv]$ #ab1jjj heavy ,vick]s guns & ne>ly #a1jjj ( ! aircraft type4 ,z 0 m5tion$ be=e1 a consid]able quantity ( ,vick]s gr\nd guns _h be5 subsequ5tly conv]t$ to aircraft use4 ,! production ( gr\nd-type ,vick]s ceas$ on ,septemb] #ab1 #aiah1 by :i* date ! manufacture ( ,br[n+ guns _h develop$ suffici5tly to meet all ( our future ne$s4 ,!reaft] ! ,colt plant produc$ ! aircraft types ( ,vick]s guns only4 ,we %ipp$ #f1cji ,vick]s gr\nd guns ov]seas be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 besides equipp+ six ,france-b\nd divisions ( troops ) ^! weapons 9 ?is c\ntry1 mak+ a total ( #g1fec ,am]ican-built ,vick]s 9 ! h&s ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,lat]1 we plann$ to replace ^! weapons ) ,br[n+s1 turn+ ov] ! ,vick]s guns to ! ,air ,s]vice4 ,b ,am]ica's greate/ feat 9 ma*9e-gun production 0 ! developm5t ( ! ,br[n+ weapons4 ,^! guns1 z has be5 not$1 7 ( ?ree types3 ! heavy ,br[n+ wat]-cool$ gun1 weigh+ #cg p\nds1 = ! use ( our troops 9 ! field2 ! light ,br[n+ automatic rifle1 weigh+ #ae4e p\nds1 & 9 appe>ance simil> to ! ord9>y s]vice rifle1 also = ! use ( our soldi]s fight+ on ! gr\nd2 &1 f9ally1 ! ,br[n+ syn*roniz$ aircraft gun ( ! rigid type1 :i* 0 ! ,br[n+ heavy ma*9e gun made light] by ! elim9ation ( its wat]-jacket1 spe$$ up to d\ble ! rate ( fire1 & provid$ ) ! additional atta*m5t ( ! syn*roniz$ fir+ me*anism4 ,let u take up sep>ately ! expansion ( ! facilities = manufactur+ ^! types4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,colt ,co41 :i* own$ ! ,br[n+ rights1 9 ,septemb]1 #aiag1 turn$ ov] to ! ,w9*e/] ,repeat+ ,arms ,co4 ! task ( develop+ ! draw+s & gauges = ! manufacture ( ,br[n+ automatic rifles on a l>ge scale4 ,! latt] conc]n did a spl5did job 9 ?is "w4 ,e>ly 9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 ! ,w9*e/] ,co4 _h tool$ up its plant & turn$ out ! fir/ ,br[n+ rifles4 ,^! 7 %ipp$ to ,wa%+ton & demon/rat$ 9 ! h&s ( gunn]s be=e a di/+ui%$ audi5ce ( (fic]s & o!r ,gov]nm5t (ficials1 & _! great success assur$ ! c\ntry t ,am]ica _h an automatic rifle wor?y ( h] inv5tive & manufactur+ pre/ige4 ,by ! fir/ ( ,may ! ,w9*e/] ,co4 _h turn$ out #a1bjj ,br[n+ rifles4 ,! ,m>l9-,rockwell ,corporation atta9$ its fir/ production ( ,br[n+ rifles 9 ,june1 #aiah1 by :i* "t ! ,w9*e/] ,co4 _h built ab\t #d1jjj ( !m4 ,be=e ! end ( ,june ! ,colt ,co4 add$ its fir/ few hundr$s ( ,br[n+ rifles to ! exp&+ output4 ,by ! end ( ,july ! total production ( ,br[n+ rifles _h rea*$ #ag1jjj1 produc$ z foll[s3 #i1gjj by ,w9*e/]2 #e1fej by ,m>l9-,rockwell2 & #a1fej by ,colt's4 ,two mon?s lat] ?is total _h be5 d\bl$--! exact figure be+ #cd1ejj ,br[n+ rifles--& on ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 :5 ! flag fell on ?is indu/rial race1 ! ,gov]nm5t _h accept$ #eb1bch light ,br[n+ rifles4 ,( ^! 9 r\nd numb]s ! ,w9*e/] ,co4 _h built #bg1jjj2 ,m>l9-,rockwell1 #af1jjj2 & ,colt's1 #i1jjj4 ,b ^! figures give only an indication ( ! ,br[n+ rifle program z x _h exp&$ up to ! "t ho/ilities ceas$4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ our ord]s = ^! guns call$ = a production ( #bhh1agd1 & /ill fur!r l>ge ord]s 7 ab\t to be plac$4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! size :i* ?is manufacture w\ld h atta9$1 we _h complet$ negotiations ) "o conc]n :]eby its factory capacity 0 to be increas$ to produce #hjj ,br[n+ rifles e #bd h\rs by ,june ( #aiai4 ,aft] ! armi/ice 0 sign$ we cancel$ ord]s call+ = ! manufacture ( #ahf1jjj ,br[n+ automatic rifles4 ,( ! #dh1jhb ( ^! weapons s5t ov]seas1 #ch1hfj w5t 9 bulk on supply transports1 :ile ! re/ con/itut$ ! equipm5t ( #ab ,yankee divisions :i* c>ri$ _! automatic rifles ) !m4 ,! ,colt ,co4 itself develop$ ! draw+s & gauges = ! quantity manufacture ( ! ,br[n+ gun ( ! gr\nd type4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! ,new ,engl& ,we/+h\se ,co4 0 ! fir/ outside conc]n to beg9 ! manufacture ( ^! weapons4 ,! ,new ,engl& ,we/+h\se ,co4 receiv$ its ord]s 9 ,janu>y1 #aiah1 & )9 f\r mon?s _h turn$ out its fir/ complet$ guns1 be+ ! fir/ company to deliv] ^! weapons to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,by ! fir/ ( ,may x _h deliv]$ #he heavy ,br[n+s4 ,by ! middle ( ,may ! ,rem+ton ,co4 came into production ( ! heavy ,br[n+s4 ,! ,colt ,co41 :i* 0 requir$ to cont9ue its production ( ,vick]s guns1 0 also ret>d$ by ! duty ( prep>+ ! draw+s = ! o!r conc]ns :o _h contract$ to make heavy ,br[n+s2 & ?is factory1 ! bir?place ( ! ,br[n+ gun1 0 n able to produce any until ! end ( ,june4 ,by ?is "t ! ,we/+h\se ,co4 _h turn$ out m ?an #b1ejj heavy ,br[n+s1 & ,rem+ton ov] #a1fjj4 ,by ! end ( ,july ! production ( ,br[n+ ma*9e guns at all plants _h rea*$ ! total ( #aj1jjj2 & two mon?s lat] #bf1jjj heavy ,br[n+s 7 9 ! h&s ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! foll[+ six weeks ?is production 0 enorm\sly increas$1 ! total receipts by ! ,gov]nm5t up to ,novemb] #aa am\nt+ to ab\t #db1jjj heavy ,br[n+ guns4 ,9 r\nd numb]s ,we/+h\se produc$ #cj1jjj ( ^!1 ,rem+ton #aa1jjj1 & ,colt ab\t #a1jjj4 ,we %ipp$ 9 all #cj1ehb heavy ,br[n+s to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 #bg1hid go+ on supply %ips & ! re/ 9 ! h&s ( #ab divisions ( troops4 ,^! %ipm5ts actually put 9 ,france be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$ en\gh heavy ,br[n+s to equip completely all ! ,am]ican troops on ,fr5* soil4 ,h[ev]1 at ! "t ^! supplies 7 arriv+ ! fight+ aga9/ ! retreat+ ,g]man ,army 0 at its height1 & !re 0 no "t = ! troops on ! l9e to ex*ange _! ,briti%-built & ,fr5*-built ma*9e guns = ,br[n+s1 nor to replace _! ,*au*at automatic rifles ) light ,br[n+s1 ( :i* !re 0 also an ample supply 9 ,france4 ,a report ( ! ,*ief ,ordnance ,(fic]1 ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 z ( ,febru>y #ae1 #aiai1 %[s t1 except = antiaircraft use1 ,vick]s & ,hot*kiss ma*9e guns ) troops _h be5 almo/ entirely replac$ by heavy ,br[n+s on t date1 & t ,*au*at automatic rifles _h be5 replac$ by light ,br[n+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,br[n+ ,,exp5dable ,,c>tridge ,,belt ,,box1 ,,m>k ,i1 ,,m\nt$ ,,on ,a ,,br[n+ ,,ma*9e ,,gun ,,tripod1 ,,model #aiag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,belt-,,fill+ ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,br[n+ ,,ma*9e ,,gun1 ,,model #aiag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,br[n+ ,,tank ,,ma*9e ,,gun1 ,,model #aiai1 ,,m\nt$ ,,on ,,tank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,br[n+ ,,tank ,,ma*9e ,,gun1 ,,model #aiai1 ,,on ,,ball ,,m\nt1 ,,%[+ ,,cas+4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ we _h plac$ ord]s = #aaj1jjj heavy ,br[n+s & 7 contemplat+ /ill fur!r ord]s4 ,we lat] r$uc$ ^! ord]s by #cg1ejj guns4 ,because ! ,m>l9 aircraft gun _h p]=m$ s satisfactorily1 & because our facilities = ! manufacture ( ?is weapon 7 l>ge1 ! production ( ! ,br[n+ aircraft guns _h n be5 pu%$ to ! limit1 :i* latt] action w\ld h int]f]$ ) ! production ( ! ,m>l9 gun at a "t :5 x 0 mo/ ess5tial to obta9 an imm$iate supply ( fix$ syn*roniz$ aircraft guns4 ,only a few hundr$ ,br[n+ aircraft guns _h be5 complet$ be=e ! close ( ! fight+4 ,9 its te/s & p]=mances ?is weapon _h be5 spe$$ up to a rate ( fire ( f #a1jjj to #a1cjj %ots p] m9ute1 :i* f> surpass$ ! p]=mances ( any syn*roniz$ gun !n 9 use on ! we/]n front4 ,by ! spr+ ( #aiah x became evid5t t we w\ld require a special ma*9e gun = use 9 our tanks4 ,sev]al makes ( guns 7 consid]$ = ?is purpose & f9ally disc>d$ = "o reason or ano!r4 ,! ultimate decision 0 to take #g1bej ,m>l9 aircraft guns :i* 7 available & adapt !m to tank s]vice by ! addition ( sights1 alum9um heat radiators1 & h&le grips & trigg]s4 ,! rebuild+ ( ^! guns at ! ,m>l9-,rockwell plant :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ 0 progress+ at a rate t insur$ ! adequate equipm5t ( ! fir/ ,am]ican-built tanks4 ,mean:ile ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t und]took ! production ( a ,br[n+ tank ma*9e gun4 ,?is gun 0 develop$ by tak+ a heavy ,br[n+ wat]-cool$ gun1 elim9at+ ! wat] jacket & sub/itut+ an air-cool$ b>rel ( heavy con/ruction1 & add+ h& grips & sights4 ,! "w 0 begun 9 ,septemb]1 #aiah1 & ! complet$ model 0 deliv]$ by ! end ( ,octob]4 ,be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$ five sample guns _h be5 built1 demon/rat$ at ! ,tank ,corps tra9+ camps1 & unanim\sly approv$ by ! (fic]s ( ! ,tank ,corps designat$ to te/ x4 ,aft] a te/ 9 ,france1 ! report /at$3 ,! gun is by f> ! be/ weapon = tank use t is n[ kn[n1 & ! ,dep>tm5t is to be congratulat$ ^u its developm5t4 ,an ord] = #dj1jjj ,br[n+ tank guns 0 giv5 to ! ,we/+h\se ,co4 ,?is conc]n1 already equipp$ = ! manufacture ( heavy ,br[n+ guns1 0 s*$ul$ to />t its deliv]ies 9 ,decemb]1 #aiah1 & to turn out #g1jjj tank guns p] mon? aft] ,janu>y #a1 #aiai4 ,aft] ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice1 h[ev]1 ! ord] 0 cut d[n to approximately #a1hjj guns4 ,by ,m>* #bg1 #aiai1 ! company _h deliv]$ #ejj ,br[n+ tank guns1 & ! ord] = ! rema9+ #a1cjj 0 !reaft] cancel$4 ,aft] ! entrance ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! w> ! armies on bo? sides develop$ a new type ( ma*9e-gun fight+1 :i* consi/$ 9 indirect fir+1 or lay+ d[n b>rages ( ma*9e-gun bullets4 ,?is requir$ ! developm5t ( special tripods1 cl9omet]s = lay+ angles ( elevation1 & o!r special equipm5t2 & spe$y progress 0 be+ made 9 ! quantity production ( ?is matriel :5 ! w> came to an end4 ,9 a complete ma*9e-gun program n only mu/ ! guns !mselves be built1 b !y mu/ be fully equipp$ ) accessories1 su* z tripods1 extra magaz9es1 c>ts = c>ry+ bo? guns & ammunition1 fe$ belts ( v>i\s types1 belt-load+ ma*9es1 obs]vation & fire control in/rum5ts1 & num]\s o!r accessories ! manufacture ( :i* is absolutely ess5tial b usually unse5 by ! public4 ,! ext5t ( our "w 9 accessories is indicat$ by a few approximate figures ( deliv]ies up to ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice3 nonexp5dable ammunition boxes1 #a1jjj1jjj2 exp5dable ammunition boxes1 #g1jjj2 exp5dable belts1 #e1jjj2 nonexp5dable belts1 #a1jjj1jjj2 belt-load+ ma*9es1 #be1jjj2 wat] boxes1 #aaj1jjj2 ma*9e-gun c>ts1 #ag1jjj2 ammunition c>ts1 #ae1jjj2 tripods1 #be1jjj4 ,! aircraft ma*9e guns also requir$ num]\s accessories1 "s ( !m highly complicat$ 9 _! manufacture4 ,?is special equipm5t consi/$ 9 "p ( special m\nts = ! guns1 syn*roniz+ atta*m5ts1 metallic dis9tegrat+ l9k belts1 electric heat]s to keep ! guns w>m at ! l[ temp]atures at ! high altitudes ( ! aviator's battle field1 & _m o!r small] items4 ,n only our own =ces b ! alli$ armies z well 7 en?usia/ic ab\t ! ,br[n+ guns ( bo? types1 z soon z !y _h se5 !m 9 action4 ,! be/ pro( ( ?is is t 9 ! summ] ( #aiah ! ,briti%1 ,belgian1 & ,fr5* ,gov]nm5ts all made advances to u z to ! possibility ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates produc+ ,br[n+ automatic rifles = _! respective =ces4 ,on ,novemb] #f1 a few days be=e ! end ( ho/ilities1 ! ,fr5* high commission] reque/$ t we supply #ae1jjj light ,br[n+ rifles to ! ,fr5* ,army4 ,we w\ld n make ?is arrangem5t at ! "t because we ?\ght x inadvisable to div]t any ( our supplies ( ^! guns f our own troops until ! spr+ ( #aiai1 :5 we expect$ t our capacity = mak+ light ,br[n+s w\ld exce$ ! dem&s ( our own troops4 ,our dem& = ! light] guns1 incid5tally1 0 f> great] ?an we _h orig9ally expect$ x to be4 ,z soon z ! ,br[n+ rifle 0 se5 9 action ! ,g5]al ,/aff ( our ,exp$ition>y ,=ces at once increas$ by #ej p] c5t ! numb] ( automatic rifles assign$ to ea* company ( troops1 & we 7 manufactur+ to meet ?is augm5t$ dem& :5 ! w> end$4 ,by spr+ ( #aiai we expect$ to be furni%+ light ,br[n+s to ! ,briti% & ,fr5* ,armies z well z to our own4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fiat 7,,italian7 ,,ma*9e ,,gun ,,& ,,tripod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*au*at ,,ma*9e ,,rifle1 ,,model #aiae1 ,,calib]1 #h ,,millimet]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g]man #jh_/ae 7,,sp&au7 ,,ma*9e ,,gun4 ,bo? types ( ,br[n+ guns prov$ to be unqualifi$ successes 9 actual battle1 z num]\s reports ( our ,ordnance (fic]s ov]seas indicat$4 ,! foll[+ report f an (fic]1 9 addition to c>ry+ hi/orical in=mation ( int]e/ to ^? foll[+ our ma*9e-gun developm5t1 is typical ( num]\s o!r (ficial descriptions ( ^! weapons 9 battle use3 ,! guns heavy ,br[n+s w5t into ! front l9e = ! fir/ "t 9 ! night ( ,septemb] #ac4 ,! sector 0 quiet & ! guns 7 practically n us$ at all until ! advance1 />t+ ,septemb] #bf4 ,9 ! action :i* foll[$1 ! guns 7 us$ on sev]al occasions = ov]head fire1 "o company fir+ #aj1jjj r\nds p] gun into a wood 9 :i* !re 7 enemy ma*9e-gun ne/s1 at a range ( #b1jjj met]s4 ,al?\gh ! conditions 7 extremely unfavorable = ma*9e guns on acc\nt ( ra9 & mud1 ! guns p]=m$ well4 ,ma*9e-gun (fic]s report$ t dur+ ! engagem5t ! guns came up to ! fulle/ expectations &1 ev5 ?\gh cov]$ ) ru/ & us+ muddy ammunition1 !y function$ :5ev] call$ ^u to d s4 ,aft] ! division _h be5 reliev$1 #ag guns f "o company 7 s5t 9 = my inspection4 ,"o ( ^! _h be5 /ruck by %rapnel1 :i* punctur$ ! wat] jacket4 ,all ( ! guns 7 completely coat$ ) mud & ru/ on ! outside1 b ! me*anism 0 fairly clean4 ,)\t t\*+ !m or clean+ !m 9 any way1 except to run a rod ?r\gh ! bore1 a belt ( #bej r\nds 0 fir$ f ea* )\t a s+le /oppage ( any k9d4 ,x c be conclud$ f ! try-out 9 ?is division t ! gun 9 its op]ation & function+ :5 h&l$ by m5 9 ! field is a success4 ,! ,br[n+ automatic rifles 7 also highly prais$ by our (fic]s :o _h to use !m4 ,al?\gh ^! guns receiv$ h>d usage1 be+ on ! front = days at a "t 9 ! ra9 & :5 ! gunn]s _h little opportunity to clean !m1 !y inv>iably function$ well4 ,on ,novemb] #aa we _h built #eb1bch ,br[n+ automatic rifles 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we _h b\ght #bi1jjj ,*au*ats f ! ,fr5*4 ,)\t provid+ replacem5t guns or res]ves1 ?is 0 a suffici5t numb] to equip ov] #ajj divisions ) #gfh guns to ! division4 ,?is meant light ma*9e guns en\gh = a field army ( #c1ejj1jjj m54 ,9 heavy ma*9e guns at ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice we _h #c1cdj ( ! ,hot*kiss make1 #i1bcg ,vick]s1 & #da1hjd ,br[n+s1 or a total ( #ed1fbg heavy ma*9e guns--en\gh to equip ! #bjj divisions ( an army ( #g1jjj1jjj m51 n figur+ 9 res]ve weapons4 ,! daily maximum production ( ,br[n+ rifles rea*$ #gjf be=e our manufactur+ ef=ts 7 sudd5ly /opp$1 & t ( ,br[n+ heavy ma*9e guns #ege4 ,at ! peak ( our production a total ( #a1gid ma*9e guns & automatic rifles ( all types 0 produc$ )9 a p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,bas$ ^u our output 9 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]1 #aiah1 we 7 produc+ mon?ly #bg1bgj ma*9e guns & ma*9e rifles ( all types1 :ile ! av]age mon?ly production ( ,france 0 at ?is "t #ab1abf & t ( ,great ,brita9 #aj1idg4 ,9 total production betwe5 ,april #f1 #aiag1 & ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 we _h turn$ out #aha1ffb ma*9e guns & ma*9e rifles1 z aga9/ #bbi1bch by ,france & #aha1djd by ,engl& 9 t same p]iod4 ,"o ( ! important features :i* contribut$ to ! success ( ! ma*9e-gun program 0 ! cordial _s ( coop]ation :i* ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t met f ! ma*9e-gun manufactur]s4 ,competitive comm]cial advantages weigh$ n at all aga9/ ! national ne$1 & ! ,dep>tm5t f\nd itself possess$ ( a gr\p ( en?usia/ic & loyal p>tn]s ) :om x c\ld attack ! va/ problem ( ma*9e-gun supply4 ,)\t ^! p>tn]s & ?is _s1 ! problem c\ld n h be5 solv$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 />t+ almo/ f ! z]o po9t1 develop$ 9 little m ?an a ye> a ma*9e-gun production great] ?an t ( any o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w1 al?\gh "s ( ^? c\ntries _h be5 fight+ a desp]ate w> = ?ree ye>s & build+ ma*9e guns to ! limit ( _! capacity4 ,acceptances ( automatic arms1 by mon?s1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada on ,unit$ ,/ates ,army ord]s only4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #aiah ------------------------------------ ,to ,jan4 #a4 ,jan4 ,feb4 ,m>4 ,apr4 ,may4 ,june4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,gr\nd ma*9e guns4 ,br[n+ heavy #ab #ibb #b1fbj ,vick]s field #b1jca #a1jba #iea #a1chf #a1cda #a1bjh #a1cdi ,colt #b1ejj #cje ,lewis field #b1bji #bia ,lewis calib] 4#cjc #gej #cjj ,aircraft ma*9e guns4 ,br[n+ ,m>l9 #ab #c1acd #c1hej #c1dai #e1gej #f1bej #bai ,lewis flexible #f #edj #a1jhe #a1efh #a1ccc #b1fbi #d1cdb ,vick]s calib] 4#cj ,vick]s #aa-mm #gb ,tank ma*9e guns4 ,br[n+ ,m>l9 ,automatic rifles4 ,br[n+ light #ae #edh #cfc #a1hbb #c1hgf ---------------------------------------- -- ,total #g1ejh #d1ihf #e1ija #f1iba #i1jiiab1hcaab1ghc ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #aiah ------------------------------------ ,july4 ,aug4 ,sept4 ,oct4 ,nov4 ,dec4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,gr\nd ma*9e guns4 ,br[n+ heavy #d1bbe #i1ahb #h1hchad1fci #f1fed #i1eaf #ef1fjh ,vick]s field #a1efe #ghi #cha #ajc #ab1abe ,colt #aa #b1haf ,lewis field #b1ejj ,lewis calib] 4#cjc #a1jej ,aircraft ma*9e guns4 ,br[n+ #baa #cfc #f #ehj ,m>l9 #f1cef #g1bfi #a1fia #ej #ch1jjj ,lewis flexible #d1cch #e1eie #c1igc #e1heg #c1gib #d1adb #ci1bjj ,vick]s calib] 4#cj #cjg #ege #cgc #a1bba #b1dgf ,vick]s #aa-mm #bfc #ie #bed #aag #afa #bgf #a1bch ,tank ma*9e guns4 ,br[n+ #c #a #d ,m>l9 #beajc #beibecafbedfjbeehbbea1dgj ,automatic rifles4 ,br[n+ light #h1aifab1eag #f1hifac1fhgaa1cfhaj1fgb #fi1ifj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total #bd1iedce1ddgbb1cdjce1bcibb1gadbe1hcd #bbf1eeg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #be ,modifi$ f aircraft1 n includ$ 9 total4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,s]vice ,,rifles4 ,al?\gh 9 ! #ai mon?s ( ,am]ican bellig]5cy 9 ! great w> we _h s5t to ,france upw>d ( two million soldi]s1 ea* rifleman among !m z he /epp$ abo>d 8 transport c>ri$ 8 own gun4 ,?is weapon1 :i* 0 to be 8 comrade & be/ fri5d 9 ! p]il\s mon?s to come1 0 an ,am]ican rifle1 a rifle at lea/ ! equal ( any 9 use by soldi]s ( o!r nations1 a rifle manufactur$ 9 an ,am]ican plant4 ,x may h be5 "o ( ! dep5dable ,spr+field rifles4 ,m likely1 x 0 a modifi$ #aiag ,enfield1 built f a design ,briti% 9 fundam5tal "*1 b modifi$ = great] effici5cy by ,am]ican ordnance (fic]s aft] ! actual entry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! great /ruggle4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t ev5 a nation ( su* milit>y g5ius z ,france1 especially skill$ z %e 0 9 ! con/ruction ( milit>y weapons1 0 ?ree ye>s develop+ h] full ordnance program1 ev5 ?\gh work+ at top spe$1 ! rifle production ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates /&s out z "o ( ! feats ( ! w>4 ,! /ory ( ! modifi$ #aiag ,enfield1 :i* 0 ! rifle on :i* ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces bas$ _! *ief dep5d5ce1 is an inspir+ *apt] 9 our munitions hi/ory4 ,to get ?is weapon we tempor>ily =sook ! mo/ accurate ,army rifle ! _w _h ev] se5 & /raightway produc$ 9 great quantities ano!r "o1 a new model1 t prov$ itself to be almo/1 if n q1 z s]viceable = ! k9d ( w>f>e 9 :i* we 7 to engage4 ,x is ! /ory ( triumph ov] difficulties1 ( ,am]ican productive g5ius at its be/4 ,am]ica1 s9ce ! days ( ,daniel ,boone a nation ( crack %ots1 0 naturally ! home ( good rifles4 ,h5ce1 p]haps1 x is n surpris+ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be ! nation to produce ! close/ %oot+ milit>y rifle kn[n 9 its day4 ,?is 0 ! ,unit$ ,/ates rifle1 model ( #aijc1 popul>ly call$ ! ,spr+field4 ,! ,spr+field rifle _h sup]s$$ 9 our ,army ! ,krag1 :i* we _h us$ 9 ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w>4 ,9 t conflict ! ,spani% ,army us$ a rifle ( ,g]man design1 ! ,maus]4 ,our ordnance (fic]s at t "t consid]$ ! ,krag to be a m accurate weapon ?an ! ,maus]4 ,/ill we 7 n satisfi$ ) ! ,krag1 &1 aft] sev]al ye>s ( developm5t1 9 #aijc we br\ght out ! ,spr+field1 ! mo/ accurate & quicke/ fir+ rifle t _h ev] come f an ars5al4 ,!re 0 no que/ion+ ! sup]iority ( ! ,spr+field 9 po9t ( accuracy4 ,"t aft] "t we pitt$ our ,army %oot+ teams aga9/ ^? ( ! o!r nations ( ! e>? & won ! int]national competitions ) ! ,spr+field4 ,we won ! ,olympic %oot ( #aijh ov] ,engl&1 ,canada1 ,france1 ,sw$51 ,norway1 ,greece1 & ,d5m>k4 ,aga91 9 #aiab1 we won ! ,olympic %oot aga9/ ,engl&1 ,sw$51 ,s\? ,africa1 ,france1 ,norway1 ,greece1 ,d5m>k1 ,russia1 & ,au/ria-,hung>y4 ,9 #aiab ! ,spr+field rifle1 9 ! h&s ( ,yankee m>ksm51 won ! ,pan ,am]ican mat* at ,bu5os ,aires1 & 9 #aiac x defeat$ ,arg5t9a1 ,canada1 ,sw$51 & ,p]u4 ,9 all ( ^! mat*es ! ,maus] rifle 0 fir$ by v>i\s teams2 b ! ,spr+field nev] fail$ to defeat ?is ,g]man weapon1 :i* x 0 to meet lat] 9 ! fight+ ( ! great w>4 ,altoge!r ! ,spr+field rifle defeat$ ! milit>y rifles ( #ae nations 9 %oot+ competitions prior to ! w>1 & 9 #aiab1 at ,ottawa1 an ,am]ican team fir+ ,spr+fields set m>ksman%ip records = #hjj y>ds1 #ijj y>ds1 & #a1jjj y>ds t h nev] be5 brok54 ,mu* is to be said = ! m5 beh9d ^! guns1 b due cr$it mu/ be giv5 to ! rifles t put ! bullets :]e ! m>ksm5 aim$4 ,su* 0 ! hi/ory ( ?is spl5did arm :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ne>$ ! br9k ( ! great conflict4 ,b z w> became inevitable = u & we began to h a realization ( ! scale on :i* we mu/ prosecute x1 our ordnance (fic]s /udy+ ! rifle problem became p]suad$ t our ,army c\ld n hope to c>ry ?is magnific5t weapon to ,europe z its *ief small-arms reliance4 ,a brief exam9ation ( ! indu/rial problem pres5t$ by ! rifle situation 9 #aiag %\ld make x cle> ev5 to a man unacqua9t$ ) ma*9]y & manufactur+ :y x w\ld be humanly impossible to equip our troops ) ! rifle 9 develop+ :i* our ordnance exp]ts _h sp5t s _m ye>s4 ,! ,model #aijc rifle _h be5 built 9 two factories & only two--! ,spr+field ,armory1 ,spr+field1 ,mass41 & ! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al at ,rock ,isl&1 ,ill4 ,our ,gov]nm5t = sev]al ye>s prior to #aiag _h cut d[n its exp5ditures = ! manufacture ( small arms & ammunition4 ,! result 0 t ! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al _h ceas$ its production ( ,spr+fields altoge!r1 :ile ! output ( rifles f ! ,spr+field ,armory _h be5 greatly r$uc$4 ,?is meant t ! skill$ artisans once employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ,spr+field rifles _h be5 scatt]$ to ! f\r w9ds4 ,:5 9 e>ly #aiag x became necess>y to spe$ up ! production ( rifles to ! limit 9 ^! two e/abli%m5ts ^? 9 *>ge ( ! und]tak+ f\nd t !y c\ld recov] only a few ( ! old1 tra9$ employees4 ,yet ev5 :5 we _h re/aff$ ^! two factories ) skill$ m5 _! comb9$ production at top spe$ c\ld n beg9 to supply ! quantity ( rifles :i* our imp5d+ ,army w\ld ne$4 ,!re=e1 x 0 obvi\sly necess>y t we procure rifles f private factories4 ,:y1 !n1 0 n ! manufacture ( ,spr+fields ext5d$ to ! private plants8 ,"s ante bellum ef=t1 inde$1 _h be5 made look+ to ! production ( ,spr+fields 9 comm]cial plants1 b lack ( funds _h prev5t$ m ?an ! outl9+ ( ! s*eme4 ,any high-p[]$ rifle is an intricate production4 ,! #aiag ,enfield is relatively simple 9 con/ruction1 yet ! soldi] c dism\nt 8 ,enfield into #hf p>ts1 & "s ( ^! p>ts are made up ( sev]al compon5t pieces4 ,_m ( ^! p>ts mu/ be made ) great precision1 gaug$ ) microscopic nicety1 & f9i%$ ) unusual accuracy4 ,to produce ,spr+fields on a gr& scale 9 private plants w\ld imply ! use ( ?\s&s ( gauges1 jigs1 dies1 & o!r small tools necess>y = su* a manufacture1 z well z t ( great quantities ( special ma*9es4 ,none ( ?is equipm5t = ,spr+field rifle manufacture _h be5 provid$1 yet all ( x mu/ be suppli$ to ! comm]cial plants be=e !y c\ld turn out rifles4 ,we %\ld h _h to sp5d prelim9>y mon?s or ev5 ye>s 9 build+ up an adequate manufactur+ equipm5t = ,spr+fields1 ! :ile our boys 9 ,france 7 us+ :at odds & ends ( rifle equipm5t ! ,gov]nm5t might be able to pur*ase = !m1 except = a condition 9 our small-arms indu/ry 9 e>ly #aiag t n[ seems to h be5 well-nigh provid5tial4 ,among o!rs1 bo? ! ,briti% & ! ,russian ,gov]nm5ts 9 ! em]g5cy ( #aiad & #aiae _h turn$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates to supplem5t _! s\rces ( rifle supply :ile !y1 p>ticul>ly ! ,briti%1 7 build+ up _! home manufactur+ capacity4 ,!re 7 five ,am]ican conc]ns engag$ 9 ! production ( rifles on ^! l>ge =eign ord]s :5 we ent]$ ! w>4 ,?ree ( !m 7 ! ,w9*e/] ,repeat+ ,arms ,co41 ( ,new ,hav51 ,conn42 ! ,rem+ton ,arms-,union ,metallic ,c>tridge ,co41 ( ,ilion1 ,n4 ,y42 & ! ,rem+ton ,arms ,co4 ( ,delaw>e at its enorm\s w>-contract factory at ,eddy/one1 ,pa41 lat] a "p ( ! ,midvale ,/eel ,ordnance ,co4 ,^! conc]ns _h develop$ _! manufactur+ facilities on a huge scale to turn out rifles = ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,by ! spr+ ( #aiag ,engl& _h built up h] own manufactur+ facilities at home1 & ! la/ ( h] ,am]ican contracts 7 ne>+ completion4 ,"h1 !n1 0 at h& a huge capacity :i*1 add$ to our ,gov]nm5t ars5als1 c\ld turn out e rifle ! ,am]ican ,army w\ld require1 reg>dless ( h[ _m troops we 7 to put 9 ! field4 ,b :at ( ! gun t ^! plants 7 mak+--! ,briti% ,enfield rifle8 ,z soon z w> became a c]ta9ty = u ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t s5t its be/ rifle exp]ts to ^! private plants to /udy ! ,briti% ,enfield 9 detail4 ,!y return$ to headqu>t]s )\t en?usiasm = x2 9 fact1 reg>d+ x z a weapon n good en\gh = an ,am]ican soldi]4 ,a glance at ! hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,enfield w make cle> "s ( our objections to x4 ,until ! adv5t ( ! #aijc ,spr+field1 ! ,g]man ,maus] _h occupi$ ! summit ( milit>y-rifle supremacy4 ,f #aijc until ! adv5t ( ! great w> ^! two rifles1 ! ,maus] & ! ,spr+field1 7 easily ! two lead]s4 ,! ,briti% ,army _h be5 equipp$ ) ! ,lee-,enfield = "s ye>s prior to ! outbreak ( ! great w>1 b ! ,briti% ordnance au?orities _h be5 mak+ vigor\s ef=ts to improve ?is weapon4 ,! ,enfield 0 at a disadvantage pr9cipally 9 its ammunition4 ,x fir$ a 4#cjc-;calib] c>tridge ) a rimm$ head4 ,f a balli/ic /&po9t ?is c>tridge 0 virtually obsolete4 ,9 #aiad a new1 improv$ ,enfield1 kn[n z ! ,patt]n '#ad1 0 br\ght out 9 ,engl&1 & ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 0 on ! po9t ( adopt+ x :5 ! great w> broke out4 ,?is 0 to be a gun ( 4#bgf calib] & 0 to %oot rimless1 or cannelur$1 c>tridges simil> to ! /&>d ,unit$ ,/ates ammunition4 ,! w> ?rew ! :ole ,briti% improv$ ,enfield project on ! scrap heap4 ,engl& 0 no m equipp$ to build ! improv$ ,enfields ?an we 7 to produce ,spr+fields 9 our private plants4 ,! ,briti% ars5als & indu/rial plants & h] ammunition factories 7 equipp$ to turn out 9 ! quantities dem&$ by ! w> only ! old %ort ,enfield & its antiquat$ 4#cjc rimm$ c>tridges4 ,n[ ,engl& 0 oblig$ to turn to outside s\rces = an additional rifle supply1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %e f\nd ! ?ree firms nam$ above will+ to und]take l>ge rifle contracts4 ,hav+ to build up factory equipm5t anew 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ?is "w1 ,engl& f\nd t %e might z well h ! ,am]ican plants manufacture ! improv$ ,enfield z ! old] type4 ,to produce ! #aiad ,enfield )\t *ange 9 ,am]ica & ! old]-type ,enfield 9 ,engl& w\ld complicate ! ,briti% rifle-ammunition manufacture1 s9ce ^! rifles us$ c>tridges ( diff]5t sizes & types4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,briti% select$ ! improv$ ,enfield = ! ,am]ican manufacture1 b modifi$ x to receive ! 4#cjc rimm$ c>tridges4 ,?is 0 ! gun1 !n1 t we f\nd be+ produc$ at ,new ,hav51 ,ilion1 & ,eddy/one 9 ! spr+ ( #aiag4 ,! rifle _h _m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! #aijc ,spr+field1 b x 0 n s good z ! ,spr+field 9 its proportions1 & its sights lack$ "s ( ! ref9em5ts to :i* ,am]icans 7 accu/om$4 ,yet ev5 s x 0 a weapon obvi\sly sup]ior to ei!r ! ,fr5* or ,russian rifle4 ,! ammunition :i* x fir$ 0 out ( ! "q = u4 ,n only 0 x inf]ior1 b1 s9ce we expect$ to cont9ue to build ! ,spr+fields at ! ,gov]nm5t ars5als1 we %\ld1 if we adopt$ ! ,enfield z x 01 be =c$ to produce two sizes ( rifle ammunition1 a condition lead+ to delay & unsatisfactory output4 ,! rifle _h be5 design$ orig9ally = rimless ammunition & lat] modifi$2 s x c\ld be modifi$ readily back aga9 to %oot our /&>d 4#cj-;calib] ,spr+field c>tridges4 ,x may be se5 t ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t _h be=e x ?ree c\rses op51 any "o ( :i* x might take4 ,x c\ld sp5d ! "t to equip private plants to manufacture ,spr+fields1 9 :i* case ! ,am]ican rifle program w\ld be hopelessly delay$4 ,x c\ld get guns imm$iately by contract+ = ! production ( ,briti% 4#cjc ,enfields1 9 :i* case ! ,am]ican troops w\ld c>ry inf]ior rifles ) !m to ,france4 ,or1 x c\ld take a relatively brief "t1 accept ! criticism b\nd to come f any delay1 h[ev] brief su* delay might be & h[ev] ju/ifi$ by ! practical conditions1 & modify ! ,enfield to take our ammunition1 9 :i* case ! ,am]ican troops w\ld be adequately equipp$ ) a good weapon4 ,! decision to modify ! ,enfield 0 "o ( ! great decisions ( ! executive prosecution ( ! w>--all honor to ! m5 :o made x4 ,! ?ree conc]ns :i* _h be5 manufactur+ ! ,briti% weapons conc$$ t x %\ld be *ang$ to take ! ,am]ican ammunition4 ,ea* company s5t to ! ,spr+field ,armory on ,may #aj1 #aiag1 a model modifi$ rifle to be te/$4 ,! te/ %[$ ! weapons /ill to be unsatisfactory1 pr9cipally because !y _h n be5 /&>diz$4 ,/&>dization 0 reg>d$ z an ess5tial = two reasons1 "o ( !m a matt] ( practical tactics 9 ! field & ! o!r relat+ to production spe$4 ,to beg9 )1 ! soldi] on ! battle field is 8 own rifle repairman4 ,8 unit usually has on h& a supply ( weapons damag$ or out ( commission = "o reason or ano!r4 ,if1 !re=e1 any "p ( ! soldi]'s rifle is brok5 or damag$1 he c g to ! /ock ( unus$ guns on h& & take f ano!r rifle ! "p :i* he requires2 & x w fit 8 gun1 provid$ !re has be5 /&>dization 9 ! rifle manufacture at home4 ,b if ! guns h n be5 /&>diz$ & ea* weapon is a fil+ & t9k]+ job 9 ! assembly room ( ! factory1 !n ! soldi] 9 ! field is n likely to be able to f9d a "p t w fit on 8 gun2 & 8 rifle1 if damag$1 goes out ( commission4 ,or1 if he f9ds a "p :i* fits b does n fit p]fectly1 8 gun may break z he fires x1 & he himself may suff] s]i\s injury4 ,9 ! second place1 /&>dization is ess5tial to great spe$ 9 production4 ,if "o plant produc+ rifles enc\nt]s a %ortage 9 any ( ! p>ts ( ! gun1 x c s5d to ano!r plant & secure a supply ( ^! p>ts1 a favorable condition 9 manufacture t is impossible if ! weapon has n be5 /&>diz$4 ,! value ( /&>dization 9 spe$+ up manufacture1 h[ev]1 is be/ %[n 9 ! actual records ( rifle production dur+ ! w>4 ,! fa/e/ me*anic 9 any ( ! ?ree ,enfield factories be=e #aiag _h set an assembly record ( #ej rifles 9 "o work+ day = ! ,briti% gun4 ,aft] we _h /&>diz$ ! ,enfield ! high assembly record 0 #bhj rifles a day1 :ile ! assembl]s 9 ! plants av]ag$ #bej rifles a day p] man :5 ! "w 0 well />t$4 ,! ,enfields s5t to ! ,spr+field ,armory te/ 7 n /&>diz$ at all1 b 7 l>gely h& fitt$4 ,little or no attempt _h be5 made to obta9 int]*angeability ( p>ts among ! rifles turn$ out by ! ?ree plants4 ,ev5 ! bolt tak5 f "o company's rifle w\ld n ent] ! receiv] ( ano!r company's4 ,! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t 0 confront$ ) ! dilemma ( approv+ & issu+ a weapon pron\nc$ unsuitable by its own exp]ts & ?us obta9+ spe$y production1 or ( delay+ until int]*angeability 0 e/abli%$4 ,x *ose ! latt] c\rse4 ,on ,july #ab a second set ( rifles _h be5 te/$4 ,^! came m ne>ly up to our ideas ( /&>dization1 b 7 /ill n entirely satisfactory4 ,nev]!less we decid$ to g ahead ) production & improve ! /&>dization z we w5t along4 ,! ,w9*e/] & ,ilion plants elect$ to />t "w on t und]/&+1 b ,eddy/one pref]r$ to wait = ! f9al requirem5ts4 ,ilion aft]w>ds decid$ to po/pone production until ! f9al specifications 7 adopt$4 ,x w\ld h be5 well if ! same c\rse _h be5 foll[$ at ! ,w9*e/] plant1 = ^w came lat] f ,europe n to s5d ov] rifles ( ,w9*e/] manufacture ( t p]iod4 ,! f9al draw+s ( ! /&>diz$ & modifi$ ,enfield did n come f ! plants until ,augu/ #ah4 ,six days lat] ! ?\s&s ( dim5sions _h be5 c>efully *eck$ & f9ally approv$ by ! ordnance (fic]s1 & aft] t production />t$ (f 9 e>ne/4 ,! wisdom ( adopt+ ! ,enfield rifle & modify+ x to meet our requirem5ts in/ead ( ext5d+ ! manufacture ( ,spr+fields 0 almo/ imm$iately app>5t1 = 9 ,augu/1 almo/ z soon z ! f9al draw+s 7 approv$1 ! fir/ rifles 7 deliv]$ to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,?is 0 possible because ! modifications :i* we adopt$ did n require any fundam5tal *ang+ ( ma*9]y4 ,! pr9cipal equipm5t ( ^! plants 0 9 place & ready to beg9 manufactur+ ,enfields at once2 & :ile ! *anges 9 ! rifle 7 "u discussion1 ! manufactur]s 7 produc+ _! gauges & small tools z ea* modification 0 decid$ ^u4 ,:ile we did n succe$ 9 atta9+1 nor did we attempt to atta91 9 fact1 complete /&>dization & int]*angeability ( ! p>ts ( ! ,enfields1 we did all t 0 practicable 9 ?is direction1 sev]al te/s %[+ t ! av]age ( int]*angeability 0 ab\t #ie p] c5t ( ! total p>ts4 ,mean:ile we 7 build+ up ! work+ /affs ( ! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al & ,spr+field ,armory & spe$+ ! production ( ,spr+fields4 ,be=e ! w> end$ ! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al1 :i* 0 mak+ sp>e p>ts = ,spr+fields1 rea*$ an output equal+ #a1jjj complet$ rifles a day1 :ile ! ,spr+field ,armory atta9$ a high av]age ( #a1ejj assembl$ rifles a day 9 addition to sp>e p>ts equal+ #ajj complet$ rifles daily4 ,! ,eddy/one plant f9i%$ its ,briti% contracts on ,june #a1 ,w9*e/] produc$ its la/ ,briti% rifle on ,june #bh1 & ,ilion on ,july #ba1 #aiag4 ,w9*e/] deliv]$ ! fir/ modifi$ ,enfields to u on ,augu/ #ah1 ,eddy/one on ,septemb] #aj1 & ,ilion ab\t ,octob] #bh4 ,! progress 9 ! manufacture 0 !reaft] /eadily upw>d4 ,dur+ ! week end+ ,febru>y #b1 #aiah1 ! daily production ( milit>y rifles 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #i1bdg1 ( :i* #g1hje 7 modifi$ ,enfields produc$ 9 ! ?ree private plants1 & #a1ddb 7 ,spr+fields built 9 ! two ars5als4 ,! total production = t week 0 #ej1hgc guns ( bo? types1 or ne>ly en\gh = ?ree ,army divisions4 ,9 spite ( ! "t t w5t into ! /&>dization ( ! ,enfield rifle1 all troops leav+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 arm$ ) ,am]ican weapons at ! ports ( emb>kation4 ,t5 mon?s aft] we decl>$ w> aga9/ ,g]many we 7 produc+ 9 a week f\r times z _m rifles z ,great ,brita9 _h turn$ out 9 a simil> p]iod aft] #aj mon?s ( w>1 & our production 0 !n twice z l>ge 9 volume z ,great ,brita9 _h atta9$ 9 ! w> up to t "t4 ,by ! middle ( ,june1 #aiah1 we _h pass$ ! million & "o-half m>k 9 ! production ( rifles ( all sorts1 ?is figure includ+ ov] #bej1jjj rifles :i* _h be5 built ^u orig9al contracts plac$ by ! =m] ,russian gov]nm5t4 ,! production ( ,enfields & ,spr+fields dur+ ! w> up to ,novemb] #i1 #aiah1 am\nt$ to a total ( #b1ejf1cjg guns4 ,( ^! #cab1hgh 7 ,spr+field rifles produc$ by ! two ,gov]nm5t ars5als4 ,we _h />t$ ! w> ) a res]ve ( #fjj1jjj ,spr+field rifles on h&1 & 9 addition /or$ 9 our armories & ars5als 7 #afj1jjj ,krags4 ,^! latt] _h to be clean$ & repair$ 9 l>ge "p be=e !y c\ld be us$4 ,f ! ,canadian ,gov]nm5t we pur*as$ #bj1jjj ,ross rifles4 ,! deliv]ies ( ,russian rifles total$ #bhj1jdi4 ,?is gave u a total equipm5t ( #c1ege1cef rifles4 ,s9ce approximately "o-half ( ! soldi]s ( an army z actually organis$ c>ry rifles1 ! numb] ( rifles procur$ 9 all by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t 0 suffici5t to arm bo? = fight+ & = tra9+ an army ( #g1jjj1jjj m51 disreg>d+ res]ve & ma9t5ance rifles4 ,! ,enfield ?us became ! dom9ant rifle ( our milit>y ef=t4 ,) its modifi$ fir+ me*anism x c\ld use ! sup]ior ,spr+field c>tridges ) _! great accuracy4 ,! ,enfield sights1 by hav+ ! peep sight close to ! eye ( ! fir]1 gave ev5 great] quickness ( aim ?an ! ,spr+field sights af=d$4 ,9 ?is respect ! weapon 0 f> sup]ior to ! ,maus]1 :i* 0 ! ma9 dep5d5ce ( ! ,g]man ,army4 ,all 9 all to a weapon t made scant appeal to our ordnance (fic]s 9 a few weeks we add$ improvem5ts & modifications t made ! #aiag ,enfield a gun t = ! %ort-range fight+ 9 ,europe comp>$ favorably ) ! ,spr+field & 0 to ! alli$ cause a di/9ct contribution :i* ,am]ica sub/antially c\ld claim to be h] own4 ,/&>dization n only made possible ! ultimate spe$ ) :i* our rifles 7 produc$ b1 toge!r ) ! c>e ( ! ,gov]nm5t 9 pur*as+ raw mat]ials & 9 draw+ contracts1 x sav$ a great deal ( money 9 ! co/ ( ^! weapons4 ,! ,briti% _h be5 pay+ approximately #db apiece = ,enfields produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! modifi$ ,enfields co/ ! ,gov]nm5t approximately #bf ea*4 ,?us 9 ! total production ( #b1bjb1dbi modifi$ ,enfields1 we sav$ #cg1dda1bic comp>$ ) :at ?is weapon _h co/ 9 ! pa/4 ,bo? ! ,spr+field & ! #aiag ,enfield rifle possess$ advantages ( accuracy & spe$ ( fire ov] ! ,g]man ,maus]4 ,x is true t ! ,maus] fir$ a heavi] bullet ?an t ( our /&>d ammunition & s5t x ) some:at great] velocity2 b at ! long] fight+ ranges ! ,maus] bullet is n s accurate z ! ,unit$ ,/ates bullet4 ,due to its peculi> %ape1 ! ,maus] bullet is apt to tumble end ov] end at long ranges--key-hol+1 ! m>ksm5 call x--p>ticul>ly :5 ! w9d bl[s across ! range4 ,su* tumbl+ causes a bullet to curve z a baseball ?r[n by a good pit*]1 de/roy+ its accuracy4 ,e>ly 9 our fight+ ) ,g]many we captur$ ,maus] rifles & ha/5$ to comp>e !m ) ! ,spr+fields & modifi$ ,enfields4 ,we f\nd 9 ! ,am]ican rifles a m>k$ sup]iority 9 ! rapidity ( fire1 ! quickness & ease ( sight+1 & 9 ! accuracy ( %ots fir$4 ,! accuracy 0 due n only to our /&>d ,spr+field ammunition1 b also to ! great] me*anical accuracy 9 ! f9i% ( ! *amb] & bore ( ! ,am]ican rifles4 ,! rapidity ( fire ( ! ,am]ican guns 0 due to ! position & %ape ( ! bolt h&le1 :i* is ! movable me*anism on ! rifle ) :i* ! soldi] ejects a sp5t %ell & ?r[s 9 a fre% "o4 ,h[ we develop$ ?is bolt h&le is an int]e/+ /ory 9 itself4 ,9 #aijc1 :5 we br\ght out ! fir/ ,spr+field rifle1 we decid$ to ab&on ! old c>b9e :i* _h be5 c>ri$ by our ,cavalry regim5ts &1 by mak+ a rifle ) a comp>atively %ort b>rel1 furni% a gun :i* c\ld be us$ by bo? ,infantry & ,cavalry4 ,! orig9al bolt h&le ( ! ,spr+field1 l ! "o on ! pres5t ,maus]1 _h project$ horizontally f ! side ( ! *amb]4 ,x 0 f\nd t ?is protub]ance did n fit well 9 ! saddle hol/] ( ! cavalryman1 b jamm$ ! side ( ! rifle aga9/ ! lea!r ( ! hol/]1 ) frequ5t injury to ! rifle sight4 ,= ?is prim>y reason ! rifle design]s b5t ! bolt h&le d[n & back4 ,?is modification incid5tally br\ght ! bolt h&le mu* ne>] to ! soldi]'s h& z he f+]$ ! trigg] ?an x _h be5 be=e4 ,! ,enfield design _h c>ri$ ?is developm5t ev5 f>!r1 s t ! bolt h&le 0 practically "r at ! trigg]1 & ! rifleman's h& 0 ready to pull ! trigg] ! in/ant aft] x _h ?r[n 9 a new c>tridge4 ,let u see :at effect ?is design ( ! bolt h&le _h 9 ! rec5t w>4 ,! ,maus] /ill clung to ! old horizontal bolt h&le well away f ! trigg] grip4 ,"s ( our be/ riflem5 practic$ ) ! captur$ ,maus]s &1 fir+ at top spe$ ) !m1 c\ld n br+ ! rate ( %oot+ any:]e ne> up to ! m>ks set by ! ,enfields & ,spr+fields4 ,"o en?usia/ has ev5 ma9ta9$ t ! spe$ ( ! ,maus] is n ov] #ej p] c5t ( t ( ! #aiag ,am]ican rifle1 b ?is may be an und]e/imate4 ,on su* a basis ! result 0 t "u battle conditions ) equal numb]s ( m5 on a side ! ,am]icans _h 9 effect two rifles to ! ,g]mans "o4 ,to put x ano!r way1 by b5d+ back ! bolt h&le we _h plac$ two m5 on ! fir+ l9e :]e !re 0 only "o be=e2 b ! add$ man requir$ no %elt]1 nor any clo?+1 nor rations1 nor wat]1 nor pay4 ,al?\gh he sometimes ne$$ repair+1 he did n get sick1 nor did he ev] become an economic burd5 nor draw a p5sion4 ,8 only add$ co/ to ! ,gov]nm5t 0 an increas$ consumption ( c>tridges4 ,:5 ,am]ican troops 7 9 ! heat ( ! fight+ 9 ! summ] ( #aiah1 ! ,g]man gov]nm5t s5t a prote/ ?r\gh a neutral ag5cy to our ,gov]nm5t ass]t+ t our m5 7 us+ %otguns aga9/ ,g]man troops 9 ! tr5*es4 ,! allegation 0 true2 b our ,/ate ,dep>tm5t repli$ t ! use ( su* weapons 0 n =bidd5 by ! ,g5eva ,conv5tion z ! ,g]mans _h ass]t$4 ,manufactur$ prim>ily = ! purpose ( arm+ gu>ds plac$ ov] ,g]man prison]s1 ^! %otguns 7 und\bt$ly 9 "s in/ances c>ri$ into ! actual fight+4 ,! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t procur$ "s #cj1jjj to #dj1jjj %otguns ( ! %ort-b>rel or saw$-(f type1 ord]+ ^! f ! regul> comm]cial manufactur]s4 ,! %ell provid$ = ^! guns ea* conta9$ a *>ge ( n9e heavy buck%ot1 a comb9ation likely to h murd]\s effect 9 close fight+4 ,su* 0 ! rifle record ( ?is ,gov]nm5t 9 ! w>4 ,! ,am]icans c>ri$ into battle ! be/ rifles us$ 9 ! w>1 & ,am]ica's indu/ry produc$ ^! weapons 9 ! em]g5cy at a rate :i* arm$ our soldi]s z rapidly z !y c\ld be tra9$ = fight+4 ,success 9 su* a task look$ almo/ impossible at ! />t2 b t x 0 atta9$ %\ld =ev] be a s\rce ( gratification to ! ,am]ican p4 ,rifle production to ,nov4 #i1 #aiah4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,mon?s4 ,eddy/one4,w9*e/]4 ,ilion4,spr+- ,rock ,total4 field ,isl& ,armory4,ars5al4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,be=e ,augu/1 #aiag #ad1ihf #a1fhj #af1fff ,aug4 #a1 #aiag to ,dec4 #ca1 #aiag #agd1afj #ajb1cfc #bf1cfd #hi1dgi #bb1ccj #dad1fif #aiah ,janu>y #ha1hdf #ci1bjj #cb1dec #bc1hij #g1fhj #ahe1jfi ,febru>y #ih1cde #cb1ffj #ci1heb #f1iaj #b1dfj #ahj1bbg ,m>* #fh1djd #db1bjj #di1ech #abj #dbj #afj1fhb ,april #hg1ejh #dc1fjj #cf1cgg #b1fca #agj1aaf ,may #hd1ibi #da1fbh #ed1dgg #c1dbj #eej #ahe1jjd ,june #ajd1aaj #cd1bdi #eb1iie #f1adj #fai #aih1aac ,july #ace1jhj #ce1gjj #fj1dac #ad1hda #b1jch #bdh1jgb ,augu/ #ajf1eie #bj1jcj #fe1add #bg1jbj #a1eig #bbj1chf ,septemb] #aaj1jeh #ca1eej #eh1jbg #bi1ggj #c1hac #bcc1bah ,octob] #ajj1bad #cc1gjj #ec1efc #ce1ibj #c1bef #bbf1fec ,nov4 #a-i1 #aiah #cj1fei #i1ajj #af1cch #aj1ejj #hjh #fg1dje ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,total #a1aha1ijh #dfe1ihjede1edabfe1fbg #dg1beab1ejf1cjg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,note4--,eddy/one1 ,w9*e/]1 & ,ilion plants turn$ out ! ,unit$ ,/ates rifle1 calib] 4#cj1 model #aiag1 popul>ly kn[n z ! ,enfield1 :ile ! ,spr+field ,armory & ! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al produc$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates rifle1 calib] 4#cj4 model #aijc1 popul>ly kn[n z ! ,spr+field rifle4 ,! mon?s m>k$ by a drop 9 ! production at ,spr+field & at ,rock ,isl& 7 mon?s 9 :i* ! compon5ts manufactur$ 7 n assembl$ b 7 us$ = sp>e p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rem+ton ,,repeat+ ,,%otgun1 #ab-;,,gauge1 ,,) ,,bayonet1 ,,model #aiag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w9*e/] ,,repeat+ ,,%otgun1 #ab-;,,gauge1 ,,) ,,bayonet1 ,,model #aiag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,br[n+ ,,automatic ,,rifle1 ,,model #aiah1 ,,calib] 4#cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,u4,s4 ,,modifi$ ,,enfield ,,rifle1 ,,calib] 4#cj1 ,,model #aiag1 ,,bayonet1 ,,model #aiag4 ,u4,s4 ,,magaz9e 7,,spr+field7 ,,rifle1 ,,calib] 4#cj1 ,,model #aijc1 ,,bayonet1 ,,model #aije4 ,illu/ration3 ,,colt ,,d\ble ,,action ,,revolv]1 ,,calib] 4#de1 ,,model #aiag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,smi? ,,wesson ,,d\ble ,,action ,,revolv]1 ,,calib] 4#de1 ,,model #aiag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,automatic ,,pi/ol1 ,,calib] 4#de1 ,,model #aiaa4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,pi/ols ,,& ,,revolv]s4 ,! ,am]ican pi/ol 0 "o ( ! great successes ( ! w>4 ,= sev]al ye>s be=e ! w> came ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t _h be5 collaborat+ ) private manufactur]s to develop ! automatic pi/ol2 b none ( our (fic]s realiz$ until ! supreme te/ came :at an effective weapon ! ,colt 4#de w\ld be 9 ! h&-to-h& fight+ ( ! tr5*es4 ,9 our isolation we _h suspect$1 p]haps1 t ! bayonet & su* new weapons z ! mod]n h& gr5ade _h encroa*$ ^u ! field ( ! pi/ol & revolv]4 ,we 7 soon to discov] our mi/ake4 ,9 ! h&s ( a det]m9$ ,am]ican soldi] ! pi/ol prov$ to be a weapon ( great execution1 & x 0 prop]ly fe>$ by ! ,g]man troops4 ,we _h long be5 a nation ( pi/ol %oot]s1 we ,am]icans1 b n until ! ye> #aiaa did we develop a pi/ol ( ! accuracy & rapidity ( fire dem&$ by our ordnance exp]ts4 ,! nations ( ,europe _h neglect$ ?is valuable arm almo/ altoge!r1 reg>d+ x pr9cipally z a milit>y ornam5t :i* only (fic]s %\ld c>ry4 ,! result ( ,europe's neglect 0 t ! small-calib] revolv]s ( ! ,g]mans & ev5 ( ! ,fr5* & ,engli% 7 toys 9 comp>ison ) ! big ,colts t arm$ ! ,am]ican soldi]s4 ,am]ica ow$ ! ,colt 4#de to ! exp]i5ces ( our fight]s 9 ! ,philipp9es1 & to ! inv5tive g5ius ( ,john ,br[n+ ( ma*9e-gun fame4 ,9 ! e>li] ,philipp9e campaigns our troops us$ a 4#ch-;calib] pi/ol4 ,our soldi]s obs]v$ t :5 ! t\gh tribesm5 7 hit ) ^! bullets & ev5 s]i\sly w\nd$ !y frequ5tly kept on fight+ = "s "t4 ,:at 0 ne$$ 0 a h& weapon t w\ld put ! adv]s>y out ( fight+ ! in/ant he 0 hit1 :e!r fatally or n4 ,we !re=e increas$ ! calib] ( ! automatic pi/ol to 4#de & sl[$ d[n ! bullet s t x tore fle% in/ead ( mak+ a clean p]=ation4 ,^! improvem5ts gave ! missile ! impact ( a sl$ge hamm]1 & a man hit w5t d[n e "t4 ,moreov]1 9 ?is developm5t great improvem5t _h be5 made 9 ! accuracy ( ! weapon1 ! #aiaa ,colt be+ ! /raighte/-%oot+ pi/ol ev] produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,ev5 ! be/ ( ! old] automatics & revolv]s 7 accurate only 9 ! h&s ( exp]t m>ksm54 ,b any av]age soldi] ) av]age tra9+ c hit :at he %oots at ) a ,colt4 ,! improvem5ts 9 ! automatic features br\ght x to ! /age :]e x c\ld be fir$ by a practic$ man #ba times 9 #ab seconds4 ,9 ?is op]ation ! recoil ( ea* dis*>ge ejects ! empty %ell & loads 9 a fre% "o4 ,only a few m5 ( ea* infantry regim5t c>ri$ pi/ols :5 our troops fir/ w5t into ! tr5*es4 ,b 9 almo/ ! fir/ skirmi% ?is weapon prov$ its sup]ior usefulness 9 tr5* fight+4 ,su* incid5ts z t ( ! s+le ,am]ican soldi] :o disp]s$ or kill$ a :ole squad ( ,g]man bayonete]s :i* _h surr\nd$ him /ruck ! enemy ) fe> ( ,yankee pr[ess ) ! pi/ol4 ,! t5d]foot's gun1 z ! we/]n]s lov$ to call x1 _h come to its own4 ,by midsumm] ( #aiag ! decision _h be5 made to supply to ! infantry a mu* m ext5sive equipm5t ( automatic pi/ols ?an _h previ\sly be5 prescrib$ by regulations--to build !m by hundr$s ( ?\s&s :]e we _h be5 turn+ !m out by ?\s&s4 ,9 ,febru>y1 ) w> 9 sight1 realiz+ ! limitations ( our capacity !n = produc+ pi/ols1 ! ,colt automatic be+ manufactur$ exclusively by ! ,colt's ,pat5t ,fire>ms ,manufactur+ ,co4 at ,h>t=d1 ,conn41 & = a limit$ p]iod by ! ,spr+field ,armory1 we took up ) ! ,colt ,co4 ! proposition ( secur+ draw+s & o!r eng9e]+ data :i* w\ld enable u to ext5d ! production ( ?is weapon to o!r plants4 ,?is "w 0 9 progress :5 9 ,april1 #aiag1 x 0 int]rupt$ by ! milit>y necessity = call+ ^u e en]gy we _h 9 ! production ( rifles4 ,9 ord] to supplem5t ! pi/ol supply1 al?\gh ! ,colt automatic 0 ! only weapon ( ?is sort approv$ = ! ,army1 ! ,secret>y ( ,w> au?oriz$ ! ,*ief ( ,ordnance to secure o!r small arms1 p>ticul>ly ! d\ble-action 4#de-;calib] revolv] z manufactur$ by bo? ! ,colt ,co4 & ! ,smi? ,wesson ,co4 ,^! revolv]s _h be5 design$ to use ! /&>d ,army calib]-4#de pi/ol c>tridges4 ,! revolv] 0 n s effective a weapon z ! automatic pi/ol1 b x 0 adopt$ 9 ! em]g5cy only to make x possible to provide suffici5t ( ^! arms = ! troops at ! outset4 ,at ! />t ( ho/ilities ! ,colt ,co4 indicat$ t x c\ld tool up to produce pi/ols at ! rate ( #f1jjj p] mon? by ,decemb]1 #aiag1 & c\ld also furni% #fjj revolv]s a week beg9n+ 9 ,april4 ,z soon z funds 7 available we let a contract to ! ,colt ,co4 = #ejj1jjj pi/ols & #ajj1jjj revolv]s1 & to ! ,smi? ,wesson ,co4 "o = #ajj1jjj revolv]s4 ,al?\gh ^! contracts 7 n plac$ until ,june #ae1 9 ! c]ta9ty t funds w\ld ev5tually be available bo? conc]ns _h be5 work+ on ! production ( weapons on ^! expect$ contracts = _m weeks4 ,:5 ! ord] came f ,france to increase ! pi/ol equipm5t1 9 addition to ef=ts to increase production at ! plants ( ! two exi/+ contractors we made /udies ( num]\s o!r conc]ns :i* might und]take ?is class ( manufacture4 ,! proposal to pur*ase 4#ch-;calib] revolv]s z a supplem5t>y supply 0 ab&on$ = ! reason t any expansion ( ?is manufacture & ( t = ! necess>y ammunition w\ld be at ! exp5se ( ! ultimate output ( 4#des & ammunition !re=4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 ! ,rem+ton ,arms-,union ,metallic ,c>tridge ,co4 0 in/ruct$ to prep>e = ! manufacture ( #aej1jjj automatics1 ,colt model #aiaa1 at a rate to rea* a maximum production ( #c1jjj p] day4 ,consid]able difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 obta9+ ! necess>y draw+s & designs1 because ! manufacture ( ^! pi/ols at ! ,colt ,co4 plant _h be5 l>gely 9 ! h&s ( exp]t vet]an me*anics1 :o knew tricks ( fitt+ & assembl+ n app>5t 9 ! draw+s4 ,! result 0 t ! draw+s 9 exi/5ce 7 n completely repres5tative ( ! pi/ols4 ,f9ally complete plans 7 drawn up t cov]$ all details & gave int]*angeability betwe5 ! p>ts ( pi/ols produc$ by ! ,rem+ton ,co4 & ^? by ! ,colt ,co41 :i* 0 ! goal s\ght4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aiah 9 ord] to fill ! enorm\sly increas$ pi/ol requirem5ts ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 contracts = ! ,colt automatic 7 giv5 to ! ,national ,ca% ,regi/] ,co41 at ,dayton1 ,ohio2 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,arms ,co41 ,quebec2 ! ,savage ,arms ,co41 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y42 ,c>on ,bros41 ,montreal2 ! ,burr\ghs ,add+ ,ma*9e ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*42 ! ,w9*e/] ,repeat+ ,arms ,co41 ,new ,hav51 ,conn42 ! ,lan/on ,monotype ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa42 & ! ,savage ,munitions ,co41 ,san ,diego1 ,calif4 ,all ( ^! conc]ns1 none ( :i* _h ev] be=e produc$ ! 4#de-;calib] pi/ol1 7 proce$+ en]getically ) _! prep>ations = manufacture :5 ! armi/ice came to cancel _! contracts4 ,no pi/ols 7 ev] obta9$ f any except ! ,colt's ,pat5t ,fire ,arms ,manufactur+ ,co4 & ! ,rem+ton ,arms-,union ,metallic ,c>tridge ,co4 ,difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 secur+ ma*9]y to *eck ! walnut grip = ! pi/ols1 & to avoid delay 9 production ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t au?oriz$ ! use ( ,bakelite = pi/ol grips 9 all ! new plants :i* 7 to manufacture ! gun4 ,bakelite is a sub/itute = h>d rubb] or amb]1 inv5t$ by ! em95t *emi/ ,dr4 ,baekel&4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! w> ! ,army own$ approximately #ge1jjj 4#de-;calib] automatic pi/ols4 ,at ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice !re _h be5 produc$ & accept$ s9ce ,april #f1 #aiag1 a total ( #fdc1gee pi/ols & revolv]s4 ,! production ( pi/ols 0 #cge1djd & t ( revolv]s #bfh1cea4 ,9 ! f\r mon?s prior to ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 ! av]age daily production ( automatic pi/ols 0 #a1iic & ( revolv]s #a1bcc4 ,?is 0 at ! ye>ly production rate ( approximately #fjj1jjj pi/ols & #cgj1jjj revolv]s4 ,^! pi/ols 7 produc$ at an approximate co/ ( #ae ea*4 ,production ( pi/ols & revolv]s to ,dec4 #ca4 #aiah4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,pi/ols4 ,revolv]s4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,total pi/ols ,rem+- ,total ,smi? ,total & ,colt4 ton pi/ols4 ,colt4 ,wesson4revolv-revolv- ,u4,m4,c4 ers4 ers4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,apr4 #f to ,dec4 #eh1ejj #eh1ejj #bj1ijj #i1eac #cj1dac #hh1iac #bi1 #aiag ,janu>y1 #aiah #aa1jjj #aa1jjj #h1gjj #g1ejj #af1bjj #bg1bjj ,febru>y1 #aiah #ad1ejj #ad1ejj #h1hjj #h1eej #ag1cej #ca1hej ,m>*1 #aiah #ba1cjj #ba1cjj #aa1hjj #ab1djj #bd1bjj #de1ejj ,april1 #aiah #bb1djj #bb1djj #aj1djj #aj1fej #ba1jej #dc1dej ,may1 #aiah #ce1jjj #ce1jjj #aa1ajj #ab1aej #bc1bej #eh1bej ,june1 #aiah #cg1hjj #cg1hjj #aa1ajj #ad1bej #be1cej #fc1aej ,july1 #aiah #ci1hjj #ci1hjj #aa1fjj #aa1eee #bc1aee #fb1iee ,augu/4 #aiah #dj1djj #dj1djj #aa1cjj #ac1ceh #bd1feh #fe1jeh ,septemb]1 #aiah #cb1ajj #fdj #cb1gdj #aa1ajj #ab1fej #bc1gej #ef1dij ,octob]1 #aiah #db1cjj #c1hha #df1aha #ac1ejj #af1fge #cj1age #gf1cef ,novemb]1 #aiah #de1hjj #d1ajb #di1ijb #aa1ijj #ab1ffj #bd1efj #gd1dfb ,decemb]1 #aiah #bd1fjj #d1ebi #bi1abi #i1ejj #aa1djj #bj1ijj #ej1jbi ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total #dbe1ejj #ac1aeb #dch1febaea1gjjaec1caacje1jaagdc1ffc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,small-,,arms ,,ammunition4 ,prior to ! w> ) ,g]many ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 9 provid+ 4#cj-;calib] ammunition = our ,army rifles & ma*9e guns1 _h ?\ght 9 t]ms ( millions & _h plac$ its ammunition ord]s on t scale4 ,b :5 ho/ilities 7 at h& & /eel & walnut 7 be+ assembl$ into rifles to arm ! indef9itely increas+ millions ( ,yankee soldi]s t we w\ld s5d & keep on s5d+ to ,europe until victory 0 ours1 small-arms ammunition /epp$ out ( ! million class & became an indu/ry ^: units ( production 7 reckon$ by ! billion4 ,! w> increas$ ! human /r5g? ( ! ,am]ican ,army approximately ?irty times4 ,t ratio ( increase 0 c>ri$ ov] into a production ( ammunition = rifles & ma*9e guns4 ,! /ory ( ammunition 9 ! w> is ! /ory ( a ?ree-billion output =c$ f a hundr$-million capacity4 ,9 ?is ef=t we f9d ano!r ( ^? frequ5t indu/rial romances :i* ! w> produc$ 9 ,am]ica2 =1 :5 call$ ^u to d m ?an an indu/rial possibility1 z we reg>d$ su* ?+s 9 #aiag1 ! contriv+ executive & organiz+ ability & ! skillful h&s ( ! ammunition indu/ry made good4 ,our 4#cj-;calib] ammunition capacity 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates prior to ! w> 0 ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj c>tridges p] ye>4 ,we actually produc$ 9 ! w> p]iod ! huge total ( #c1ejg1jbc1cjj small-arms c>tridges4 ,pu%$ at fev]i% ha/e1 su* expansion naturally record$ its mi/akes & its failures2 b none ( ^! 0 fatal or irrem$iable4 ,! fact w always rema9 t a difficult art 0 enl>g$ 9 "t to take c>e ( e dem& ( ! ,am]ican ,army = small-arms ammunition1 & t no milit>y op]ation on our "p 0 held up by lack ( ?is ammunition4 ,h5ce x is submitt$ t ! production ( small-arms c>tridges 0 "o ( ! g5u9e a*ievem5ts ( our ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,let u consid] fir/ ! production ( ! 4#cj-;calib] s]vice ammunition1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! /&>d product ( ! ammunition indu/ry4 ,?is 0 ! ammunition us$ 9 our two s]vice rifles1 ! ,spr+field or ,unit$ ,/ates model ( #aijc & ! ,unit$ ,/ates model ( #aiag1 :i* is a modification ( ! ,briti% rifle1 patt]n #aiad1 & 9 mo/ ( ! ma*9e guns :i* we fir$ 9 ,france1 al?\gh we us$ ! #h-millimet] c>tridge ) ! ,*au*at ma*9e rifle4 ,:5 ! w> broke out we _h on h& approximately #bjj1jjj1jjj r\nds ( 4#cj-;calib] c>tridges4 ,mo/ ( ^! _h be5 manufactur$ by ! ,gov]nm5t at ! ,frank=d ,ars5al1 :i* 01 9 fact1 practically ! only plant 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates equipp$ to produce ?is ammunition 9 any appreciable quantities4 ,= "s ye>s prior to ! w>1 h[ev]1 ! ,gov]nm5t _h adopt$ ! policy ( enc\rag+ ! manufacture ( ,army ammunition 9 private plants4 ,?is 0 done by plac+ ) v>i\s conc]ns small annual ord]s = ?is type ( ammunition4 ,^! ord]s 7 usually 9 ! neighborhood ( #a1jjj1jjj r\nds ea*4 ,! purpose ( su* ord]s1 insignificant z !y 71 0 to scatt] ?r\gh\t ! pr9cipal private ammunition factories ! necess>y jigs1 fixtures1 gauges1 & o!r tool+ requir$ 9 ! production ( c>tridges = ,army rifles & ma*9e guns4 ,^! small ord]s might also be expect$ to educate ! op]at+ =ces ( ! private plants 9 ?is manufacture4 ,by ?is means ! ,gov]nm5t hop$ to h 9 an em]g5cy a nucleus ( skill & equipm5t :i* c\ld be quickly exp&$ to meet w> requirem5ts4 ,z a fur!r means ( /imulat+ int]e/ 9 ?is peace-"t und]tak+ ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t conduct$ ea* ye> a sort ( competition among ! private manufactur]s ( small-arms ammunition4 ,! output ( ea* factory accept+ ! ,gov]nm5t ord]s 0 te/$ = prop] function+ & accuracy2 & ^? c>tridges :i* won 9 ?is competition 7 us$ z ! ammunition %ot 9 ! national rifle mat*es4 ,?us ! w9n+ conc]n c\ld use its a*ievem5t 9 its adv]tis+4 ,b ^! educational ef=ts on ! "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t fail$ to create a capacity t 0 any:]e ne> to be+ adequate to meet ! dem&s ( su* a w> z t into :i* we 7 plung$ 9 ! ye> #aiag4 ,we _h built up no l>ge res]ves ( ammunition1 & ! ord]s plac$ ) private manufactur]s _h be5 s small t !y _h result$ 9 virtually no factory prep>ation at all = great quantity production4 ,to all practical purposes ! entire ammunition manufactur+ capacity ( 4#cj-;calib] c>tridges 9 #aiag 0 encompass$ )9 ! walls ( ! ,frank=d ,ars5al4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 9 ! ammunition indu/ry a =tunate condition exi/+ :5 we ent]$ ! w>4 ,= "s "t num]\s ,am]ican conc]ns _h be5 work+ on ! manufacture ( c>tridges = bo? ! ,briti% & ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5ts4 ,! c>tridges be+ turn$ out "u ^! contracts 7 n suitable = our use1 be+ ( diff]5t calib] ?an ^? tak5 by ,am]ican weapons1 & ?is meant t ! ma*9]y 9 exi/5ce c\ld n be conv]t$ to ! production ( ,am]ican ammunition )\t radical & "t-consum+ alt]ation ( tools1 etc4 ,h[ev]1 c>tridges are c>tridges1 reg>dless ( _! size2 & ! manufacture :i* 0 supply+ ,france & ,engl& _h result$ 9 educat+ ?\s&s ( me*anics & %op executives 9 ! production ( ammunition4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 we w5t into ! w>1 we _h ! m5 & ! skill ready at h&2 we ne$$ only to produce ! tools & ! ma*9]y 9 addition to ! raw mat]ials4 ,yet ?is 9 itself 0 a problem4 ,h[ %\ld we meet x8 ,?ree c\rses seem$ to be possible = ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we c\ld build f ! gr\nd up an imm5se ,gov]nm5t ars5al hav+ an annual capacity ( #a1jjj1jjj1jjj r\nds1 or t5 times t ( ! great ,frank=d ,ars5al4 ,or we c\ld int]e/ manufactur]s 9 a project ( build+ a private c>tridge factory capable ( produc+ #a1jjj1jjj1jjj r\nds p] ye>4 ,bo? ( ^! me?ods 7 pr$icat$ on ! assumption t ! exi/+ c>tridge factories _h _! h&s full ) ord]s4 ,! ?ird plan 0 to place our c>tridge dem&s ) ! exi/+ ammunition plants & let !m increase _! facilities to take c>e ( our ord]s4 ,z soon z ! e>ly ord]s _h be5 giv5 & all available capacity _h be5 set go+1 ?is problem engag$ ! /udy & att5tion ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,9 ! e>ly fall ( #aiag a meet+ ( ! manufactur]s ( small-arms ammunition 0 held 9 ,wa%+ton to discuss ! matt]4 ,pr9cipally on acc\nt ( ! difficulties 9 provid+ a tra9$ work+ =ce = a new ,gov]nm5t ars5al or private plant1 ! op9ion 0 unanim\s t ! exi/+ conc]ns %\ld exp& 9 facilities & tra9$ p]sonnel to h&le ! c>tridge project4 ,out ( ?is meet+ grew ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,manufactur]s ( ,small ,arms & ,ammunition4 ,!reaft] until ! close ( ! w> ?is society or its committees met ab\t once e two weeks to discuss problems aris+ 9 ! "w4 ,! (fic]s ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t 9 *>ge ( ! ammunition project att5d$ all ( ^! meet+s4 ,! result ( su* coop]ation 0 gratify+ly %[n n only 9 ! /&>dization ( manufactur+ processes 9 ! v>i\s plants b also 9 ! output ( c>tridges4 ,! success ( ?is ef=t is be/ %[n 9 ! production figures 9 ! p]iod f ,april1 #aiag1 to ,novemb] #cj1 #aiah4 ,9 t "t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c>tridge ,co4 turn$ out #fhd1ccd1cjj r\nds ( our calib]-4#cj s]vice ammunition2 ! ,w9*e/] ,repeat+ ,arms ,co41 #dfh1ifg1ejj r\nds2 ! ,rem+ton ,arms-,union ,metallic ,c>tridge ,co41 #a1bah1igi1cjj2 ! ,pet]s ,c>tridge ,co41 #hd1afi1hjj2 ! ,we/]n ,c>tridge ,co41 #dh1jah1hjj2 ! ,dom9ion ,ars5al1 #ejb1jjj2 ! ,frank=d ,ars5al1 #gf1gci1cjj2 & ! ,national ,brass ,copp] ,tube ,co41 #bb1gjj1djj4 ,?is production record to "s ext5t 0 made possible by a l5i5cy on ! "p ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t :i* we _h n display$ be=e ! w>4 ,:5 we c\ld take pl5ty ( "t 9 ammunition manufacture our specifications = c>tridges 7 extremely rigid4 ,x soon became app>5t t if we adh]$ to our e>li] specifications we w\ld limit ! output ( c>tridges4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 a jo9t meet+ ( ordnance (fic]s & ammunition manufactur]s t c]ta9 increas$ tol]ances c\ld be p]mitt$ 9 our specifications )\t affect+ ! s]viceability ( ! ammunition4 ,consequ5tly new specifications = our w> ammunition 7 drawn1 enabl+ ! plants to get into quantity production mu* m quickly ?an w\ld h be5 possible if we _h n relax$ our prew> attitude4 ,! ord9>y s]vice c>tridge consi/s ( a brass c>tridge case1 a prim]1 a propell+ *>ge ( smokeless p[d]1 & a bullet made ) a jacket or envelope ( cupronickel inclos+ a lead slug or core4 ,cupronickel is a h>d alloy ( copp] & nickel4 ,/eel w\ld be ! ideal cov]+ = a bullet because ( its *eapness & availability1 b /eel has n be5 us$ because x is liable to ru/ & to de/roy ! delicate rifl+ ( ! gun b>rel4 ,cupronickel is a compromise1 be+ /rong en\gh to hold ! int]ior lead f de=m+1 b n s h>d z to we> d[n excessively ! rifl+ 9 ! gun b>rel4 ,ev5 z we ent]$ ! w> ! long cont9u$ fight+ 9 ,europe _h creat$ a %ortage 9 cupronickel1 & by ! "t ! armi/ice came x 0 app>5t t ?is %ortage w\ld soon become s acute t we w\ld h to f9d a sub/itute = cupronickel4 ,?is %ortage _h already occurr$ 9 ,g]many1 :]e ! enemy ordnance eng9e]s _h produc$ a bullet incas$ 9 /eel :i* 9 turn 0 clo!d ) a slight cov]+ ( copp]4 ,! s(t copp] coat+ kept ! /eel f injur+ ! gun b>rel4 ,we ourselves 7 exp]im5t+ ) copp]-coat$ /eel bullets :5 peace came1 & w\ld h be5 prep>$ to furni% a sub/itute _h cupronickel fail$ u4 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ ammunition s5t to our =ces 9 ,france develop$ a t5d5cy to hang fire & to misfire2 & a lib]al quantity ( x1 am\nt+ to six mon?s' production ( ! ,frank=d ,ars5al1 0 condemn$ & )drawn f use4 ,?is matt] 0 air$ fully 9 ! newspap]s at ! "t x occurr$4 ,x develop$ t ! faulty ammunition _h be5 produc$ entirely 9 ! ,frank=d ,ars5al & t ! cause ( ! tr\ble 0 ! prim] 9 ! c>tridge4 ,! prim] 9 a c>tridge p]=ms ! same function t ! fl9t did on ! old-fa%ion$ squirrel guns--x t\*es (f ! explosive propellant *>ge4 ,b :]eas ! fl9t s5t only a sp>k into ! p[d]1 ! mod]n prim] produces a long1 hot flame4 ,! prim]s 9 ! ammunition manufactur$ at ! ,frank=d ,ars5al _h giv5 ord9>ily satisfactory results 9 #ab ye>s ( peace-"t use4 ,! flame *>ge 9 ?is prim] conta9$ sulphur1 potassium *lorate1 & antimony sulphide4 ,produc$ "u normal conditions1 ) pl5ty ( "t = dry+1 ?is prim] 0 satisfactory4 ,b sulphur :5 oxidiz$ *anges to an acid extremely corrosive to metal p>ts1 & oxidiz$ prim]s are liable n to function p]fectly4 ,heat & moi/ure accel]ate ! *ange ( sulphur to acid2 & if !re happ5s to be bromate 9 ! potassium *lorate ( ! prim+ *>ge1 ! *ange is ev5 m rapid4 ,an inve/igation ( ! ,frank=d ,ars5al %[$ t ^! v elem5ts 7 pres5t4 ,because ( ! ha/e ( production ( c>tridges1 too mu* moi/ure _h be5 all[$ to get into ! ars5al dry h\ses4 ,! potassium *lorate 0 also f\nd to conta9 appreciable quantities ( bromate4 ,! condition 0 rem$i$ by adopt+ ano!r prim] composition4 ,& !n1 to play d\bly safe1 ! ,gov]nm5t specifications 7 am5d$ to prev5t ! use ( potassium *lorate conta9+ m ?an #j4ja p] c5t ( bromate4 ,h[ev]1 ?is condemn$ ammunition 0 b a trifl+ fraction ( ! total output or ev5 ( ! production !n go+ on4 ,! prim]s us$ by ! v>i\s private manufactur]s ( ammunition function$ satisfactorily4 ,:ile we 7 n rigid 9 our specifications = ! bulk ( ! s]vice ammunition1 9 "o respect we 7 mo/ meticul\s1 & ?is 0 9 respect to ! ammunition us$ by ! ma*9e guns m\nt$ on our airplanes4 ,= ^! weapons we creat$ an ,a-#a class ( s]vice 4#cj-;calib] c>tridges1 s9ce x 0 highly important t !re be no malfunction+ ( ammunition 9 ! air4 ,e c>tridge ( ?is class _h to be specially gaug$ ?r\gh\t its manufacture4 ,?is c>e result$ 9 a sl[] production ( airplane c>tridges ?an t ( ^? = use on ! gr\nd1 b we always _h en\gh = our ne$s4 ,until we w5t to w> ) ,g]many our ,army _h kn[n only ! c>tridge fir+ ! h>d-jacket$ lead bullet4 ,b we ent]$ a conflict 9 :i* sev]al novel sorts ( small-arms projectiles 7 9 famili> use2 & x became necess>y = u to take up ! manufacture ( ^! /range missiles at once4 ,^! includ$ su* special types z trac] bullets to indicate ! pa? ( fire 9 ! air1 inc5di>y bullets = sett+ on fire obs]vation balloons1 ho/ile planes1 & dirigible air%ips1 &1 f9ally1 armor-pi]c+ bullets = use aga9/ armor plate ) :i* airplanes & tanks are equipp$4 ,we _h develop$ none ( ^! 9 ?is c\ntry be=e ! w>1 except t 9 ! ,frank=d ,ars5al our design]s _h done "s little exp]im5tal "w ) armor-pi]c+ ammunition1 9 fact c>ry+ x to ! po9t ( an effici5t design4 ,"o ( ! fir/ acts ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t 0 to s5d an (fic] to visit ! ammunition factories ( ,france & ,engl& to /udy ! me?ods ( manufactur+ ^! special types ( bullets4 ,^! fri5dly nations will+ly gave u full in=mation at fir/ h& ) respect to ?is complicat$ manufacture1 :i* we 7 ?us enabl$ to beg9 9 ,septemb]1 #aiag4 ,special ma*9]y 0 requir$ = load+ ! trac] bullet & also = produc+ ! inc5di>y projectile4 ,we adopt$ ,briti% practice = bo? ( ^!4 ,we ourselves 7 well equipp$ to beg9 ! production ( armor-pi]c+ bullets1 = :i* we _h previ\sly solv$ ! problems ( design2 yet ! production ( metals to be us$ 9 ?is missile requir$ "s fur!r exp]im5tal "w4 ,by ,febru>y1 #aiah1 h[ev]1 our production ( armor-pi]c+ bullets 0 well "u way & by ! "t ! w> came to an end we _h produc$ ne>ly #e1jjj1jjj ( !m4 ,! trac] bullet :i* we manufactur$ conta9$ a mixture ( b>ium p]oxide & magnesium & 9 flight burn$ ) ! int5sity ( a calcium light4 ,^! bullets 7 pr9cipally us$ by ma*9e gunn]s ( aircraft1 s9ce 9 ! air x is impossible to tell :]e ma*9e-gun projectiles are go+ unless !re is "s device enabl+ ! gunn] to see ! trajectory ( ! bullets4 ,?is is done by ins]t+ trac] bullets at int]vals 9 ! belts ( c>tridges f$ into ! ma*9e gun4 ,! common conception ( a trac] bullet is "o t leaves a trace ( smoke 9 its flight2 :]eas ! tru? is t our trac] & ! ,briti% trac] 7 practically smokeless1 ! gunn] obs]v+ ! direction ( aim by foll[+ ! bright lights ( ! trac] bullets ) 8 eye4 ,^! lights 7 pla9ly visible 9 ! brighte/ sunlight4 ,al?\gh ! slight quantity ( ! flam+ mixture burn$ b a few seconds1 x 0 suffici5t to trace ! flight = #ejj y>ds or m f ! muzzle ( ! ma*9e gun4 ,! trac] bullet consi/$ ( a cupronickel %ell1 ! nose ( :i* conta9$ a lead5 core to balance ! bullet prop]ly4 ,! re> *amb] ( ! bullet held a cup conta9+ ! mixture ( b>ium p]oxide & magnesium4 ,! re> end ( ! bullet 0 left slightly op51 & ?r\gh ?is op5+ ! mixture 0 ignit$ by ! hot flame ( ! propell+ p[d] dis*>ge4 ,an entirely diff]5t pr9ciple 0 us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! inc5di>y bullet4 ,?is bullet 0 also incas$ 9 cupronickel2 b ! inc5di>y *emical1 :i* 0 phosphorus1 0 conta9$ 9 a *amb] 9 ! nose ( ! bullet4 ,a s]rat$ plug held ! phosphorus 9 its *amb]1 & beh9d ?is plug 0 a solid plug ( lead com+ flu% ) ! base ( ! bullet & sold]$ !reto4 ,on "o side ( ! missile 0 a hole drill$ ?r\gh ! cupronickel into "o ( ! grooves ( ! s]rat$ plug4 ,?is hole 0 /opp$ by a special k9d ( sold]4 ,! heat ( friction develop$ 9 ! inf9itesimal space ( "t :ile ! projectile 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! gun b>rel s]v$ ! d\ble purpose ( melt+ out ! sold] f ! hole & ignit+ ! phosphorus )9 ! *amb]4 ,!reaft] ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! revolv+ bullet :irl$ ! burn+ phosphorus out ?r\gh ! unplugg$ hole4 ,se5 9 ! air ! fire ( ! phosphorus c\ld n be disc]n$1 b ! burn+ *emical ?rew (f consid]able smoke1 s t ! eye ( ! gunn] c\ld foll[ ! blue spiral to its m>k4 ,our inc5di>y bullet _h an effective range ( #cej y>ds1 aft] :i* di/ance ! phosphorus 0 burn$ out4 ,illu/ration3 #h-,,millimet] ,,fr5* ,,c>tridge1 4#cjc ,,briti% ,,c>tridge--7,,ma*9e ,,gun71 #aa-,,millimet] ,,fr5* ,,inc5di>y ,,bullet1 ,,& ,a ,,%otgun ,,%ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,left ,,to ,,"r--,,armor ,,pi]c+1 ,,trac]1 ,,inc5di>y1 ,,ord9>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,upp] ,,r[--4#cj ,,calib] ,,rifle ,,c>tridges ,,) ,,bullets ,,f ,,left ,,to ,,"r1 ,,z ,,foll[s3 ,,armor ,,pi]c+1 ,,trac]1 ,,inc5di>y1 ,,ord9>y4 ,,l[] ,,r[--4#de ,,calib] ,,ammunition ,,9 ,,clip ,,= ,,revolv]--4#de ,,calib] ,,ammunition ,,= ,,pi/ol4 ,equally int]e/+ 0 ! con/ruction ( ! armor-pi]c+ bullet4 ,heavy & solid z ! jacket$ lead bullet us$ 9 our s]vice guns seems to be1 :5 fir$ aga9/ ev5 light armor plate x leaves only a small m>k ^u its objective4 ,z soon z ! cupronickel jacket /rikes ! armor plate x splits & ! lead core flatt5s out & flies into fragm5ts4 ,! armor plate may n ev5 be d5t$ by ?is impact4 ,yet *ange ! core ( ?is missile f lead to h>d5$ /eel & an entirely diff]5t result is produc$4 ,our armor-pi]c+ bullet 0 made ) a cupronickel jacket = ! sake ( ! gun b>rel4 ,! inn] side ( ?is jacket 0 l9$ ) a ?9 coat ( lead :i* 0 made ?ick] 9 ! nose ( ! bullet4 ,f9ally a core ( specially heat-treat$ /eel complet$ ! con/ruction ( ! projectile4 ,:5 ?is missile is fir$ aga9/ armor plate ! jacket splits & ! lead l9+ virtually disappe>s f ! impact1 b ! po9t$ /eel core keeps on & bores a hole ?r\gh ! plate z x might ?r\gh s(t wood4 ,! production figures %[ ! degree ( success :i* we atta9$ 9 ! manufacture ( ?is special ammunition4 ,up to ,novemb] #cj1 #aiah1 ! ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,co4 _h produc$ #f1jeg1jjj trac] c>tridges ( 4#cj calib] & #a1efj1jjj inc5di>y c>tridges ( ! same size4 ,! ,frank=d ,ars5al turn$ out #bb1bde1jjj trac] c>tridges ( ?is size1 #ad1adh1jjj inc5di>y c>tridges1 & #d1gdf1ijj armor-pi]c+ c>tridges4 ,we plac$ an additional ord] = armor-pi]c+ projectiles ) ! ,dom9ion ars5als1 :i* deliv]$ to u #a1ihj1jjj ( su* c>tridges4 ,we also set out to develop new manufactur+ facilities = ! production ( ?is special aircraft ammunition4 ,excell5t trac] bullets 7 produc$ by ! ,national ,fireworks ,co41 ( ,we/ ,hanov]1 ,mass41 & t company 0 gett+ into a satisfactory production /ride :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,! ,h]o ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 also 0 turn+ out an approv$ inc5di>y bullet :5 peace came4 ,^! v>i\s special bullets 7 load$ 9 c>tridges at ! ,frank=d ,ars5al4 ,:5 ! fight+ ceas$ we 7 work+ on ! developm5t ( armor-pi]c+ bullets t w\ld also be inc5di>y2 & armor-pi]c+ bullets t w\ld also conta9 a trac+ mixture4 ,x 0 ?\ght t bullets ( ^! types w\ld be p>ticul>ly valuable = aircraft use4 ,:ile we _h done consid]able exp]im5t+ along bo? l9es1 no satisfactory types _h yet be5 develop$4 ,!re 0 ano!r class ( small arms = :i* we also _h to produce ammunition on a w> scale4 ,our automatic pi/ols & revolv]s dem&$ 4#de-;calib] ball c>tridges4 ,9 normal times ! ,frank=d ,ars5al _h be5 almo/ our sole produc] ( ^! c>tridges1 & x _h atta9$ an annual output ( approximately #aj1jjj1jjj r\nds ( !m4 ,?is quantity 0 n[h]e ne>ly adequate = our w> ne$s1 especially aft] ! decision to equip our troops mu* m num]\sly ) pi/ols & revolv]s ?an _h =m]ly be5 ! case4 ,consequ5tly x 0 necess>y = u to develop additional manufactur+ facilities = 4#de-;calib] ammunition4 ,we did ?is by plac+ ord]s ) "s ( ! same manufactur]s :o 7 develop+ ! 4#cj-;calib] production4 ,because x 0 necess>y = u to give pref]5ce always to ! rifle & ma*9e-gun ammunition1 ! manufacture ( pi/ol c>tridges 0 n c>ri$ ?r\gh z rapidly z "s o!r phases ( ! ammunition program4 ,h[ev]1 a satisfactory output 0 rea*$ 9 "t to meet ! imm$iate dem&s ( our =ces 9 ! field1 & ?is production 0 exp&+ & keep+ ahead ( ! increas$ ne$s = ?is sort ( c>tridges4 ,! total w> production ( 4#de-;calib] ammunition by ! v>i\s factories 0 z foll[s3 ,unit$ ,/ates ,c>tridge ,co4 #ge1ejj1jjj ,w9*e/] ,repeat+ ,arms ,co4 #df1ddf1hjj ,rem+ton ,arms-,union ,metallic ,c>tridge ,co4 #add1hbe1gjj ,pet]s ,c>tridge ,co4 #ee1eba1jjj ,frank=d ,ars5al #ab1cdi1bjj ,e>ly 9 #aiah our ,air ,s]vice field =ces saw ! ne$ ( a ma*9e gun ( l>g] calib] ?an ! quick-fir+ weapons 9 g5]al use4 ,! fly+ s]vice ( ! pr9cipal allies _h develop$ an #aa-millimet] ma*9e gun = use 9 attack+ ! captive balloons ( ! enemy4 ,?is gun fir$ a projectile only slightly less ?an "o-half in* 9 diamet]4 ,to meet ?is new dem& our ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t f\nd at ! ,colt factory ab\t #a1jjj ,vick]s ma*9e guns :i* 7 be+ built on ord] = ! =m] ,russian ,gov]nm5t4 ,! dep>tm5t took ov] ^! guns & modifi$ !m to take #aa-millimet] ammunition1 & t /ep made x necess>y = u to produce ma*9e-gun c>tridges = ^! new weapons4 ,we at once develop$ a modifi$ ,fr5* #aa-millimet] trac] inc5di>y c>tridge1 :i* 9 lat] use prov$ to be highly satisfactory4 ,9 an exp]im5tal ord] ! ,frank=d ,ars5al turn$ out ab\t #ajj1jjj ( ^! c>tridges1 :ile at ! "t ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ! ,we/]n ,c>tridge ,co4 0 prep>$ to produce ?is class ( ammunition on a l>ge scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,%[+ ,,successive ,,/ages ,,9 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,! ,,prim] ,,bullet ,,& ,,clip ,,= 4#cj ,,calib]1 ,,model ,,( #aijf1 ,,ammunition4 ,! top r[ %[s ! developm5t ( ! prim] cup & anvil4 ,! second & ?ird r[s %[ ! developm5t 9 ! manufacture ( ! c>tridge case4 ,! f\r? & fif? r[s %[ ! developm5t 9 ! manufacture ( ! bullet jacket & ! lead slug t fits into ! jacket & f9ally ! f9i%$ c>tridge4 ,! bottom r[ %[s ! developm5t 9 ! manufacture ( ! c>tridge clip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lead+ ,,ends ,,( ,,c>tridge ,,belts3 ,,br[n+ ,,at ,,top1 ,,colt ,,9 ,,c5t]1 ,,& ,,vick]s ,,at ,,bottom4 ,9 ! belts1 ! bullets 9 black cases are load$ ) trac] ammunition1 ^? ) black noses ) inc5di>y ammunition1 ^? hav+ a r+ j above ! bullet cas+ ) armor-pi]c+ ammunition1 :ile ! re/ are ord9>y s]vice c>tridges4 ,c]ta9 ,am]ican conc]ns be=e ,april1 #aiag1 _h be5 produc+ #h-millimet] ammunition = ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t = use 9 its ma*9e guns4 ,:5 we ent]$ ! w> our ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t f\nd x necess>y to cont9ue ! manufacture ( ^! c>tridges = ! ma*9e guns obta9$ f ! ,fr5*4 ,up to ,novemb] #cj1 #aiah1 a total ( #bfi1fca1hjj r\nds _h be5 produc$ "u our sup]vision4 ,^! c>tridges 7 manufactur$ by ! ,we/]n ,c>tridge ,co4 & by ! ,rem+ton ,arms ,co4 at its ,swanton plant4 ,h[ well & amply we 7 produc+ ammunition = our ma*9e guns & rifles is indicat$ by ! fact t our av]age mon?ly production1 bas$ ^u our %[+ 9 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]1 #aiah1 0 #bgg1hid1jjj r\nds z aga9/ a mon?ly av]age = ,great ,brita9 ( #bei1gfi1jjj r\nds & = ,france ( #aci1hde1jjj4 ,our total production ( ma*9e-gun & rifle ammunition dur+ ! #ai mon?s ( w>f>e 0 #b1hgi1adh1jjj r\nds1 :ile 9 t p]iod ,engl& produc$ #c1dhf1abg1jjj r\nds & ,france #b1ihc1fge1jjj1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y _h be5 key$ up to t volum9\s production by ?ree ye>s ( fight+ & t our mon?ly production rate indicat$ we w\ld soon f> surpass !m 9 quantities4 ,! foll[+ table %[s h[ our total production ( ammunition = all small arms1 includ+ ma*9e guns1 rifles1 pi/ols1 & revolv]s1 grew mon? by mon? dur+ ! w>3 ,r\nds4 ,nov4 #cj1 #aiag #aef1ajb1gib ,dec4 #ca1 #aiag #cea1aag1ibh ,jan4 #ca1 #aiah #egc1iha1gab ,feb4 #bh1 #aiah #gfj1dhe1fhh ,m>4 #ca1 #aiah #a1jba1faj1ief ,apr4 #cj1 #aiah #a1cah1bih1dib ,may #ca1 #aiah #a1faf1adb1jeb ,june #cj1 #aiah #a1ieh1fhf1ghd ,july #ca1 #aiah #b1cjf1iii1bhd ,aug4 #ca1 #aiah #b1fbc1hdg1edf ,sept4 #cj1 #aiah #b1idb1hge1ghf ,oct4 #ca1 #aiah #c1bcf1cif1ajj ,nov4 #cj1 #aiah #c1ejg1jbc1cjj ,dec4 #ca1 #aiah #c1gda1feb1bjj ,jan4 #ca1 #aiai #c1idj1fhb1gdd ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,tr5*-,,w>f>e ,,mat]ial4 ,l _m ( ! o!r w> implem5ts produc$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t = use 9 ,france1 ! weapons employ$ 9 fight+ f ! tr5*es 7 entirely novel to ,am]ican indu/ry2 & 9 ! production ( !m we f9d ! same /ory ( ! difficulties 9 ! adoption ( =eign designs1 ( ! developm5t ( our own designs1 ( ! delays enc\nt]$ & mi/akes made 9 equipp+ a new indu/ry f ! gr\nd up1 b1 f9ally1 ( ! triumphant arrival at quantity production 9 a m>vel\sly brief "t1 consid]+ ! ob/acles :i* _h to be ov]come4 ,:5 ! movem5ts ( armies 9 ! great w> ceas$ & !y 7 held 9 deadlock 9 ! tr5*es1 ! fight]s at once began devis+ weapons ) :i* !y c\ld kill ea* o!r f bel[ gr\nd4 ,= ?is purpose !y borr[$ f ! exp]i5ce ( man runn+ back to "t immemorial4 ,!y took a leaf f ! book ( ! ,roman fire-ball ?r[]s & develop$ ! h& gr5ade beyond ! po9t to :i* x _h be5 br\ght 9 ! ,european w>f>e ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,!y call$ ^u an indu/ry :i* _h once exi/$ solely = ! amusem5t ( ! p1 ! fireworks indu/ry1 = its gold5 ra9 & ra9b[-hu$ />s = signals ) :i* to talk to ea* o!r by night4 ,o!r g5iuses ( ! tr5*es took empty cannon c>tridges &1 sett+ !m up z gr\nd mort>s1 succe$$ 9 ?r[+ bombs f !m across ,no ,man's ,l& into ! enemy ranks4 ,!y ev5 = a "t resurrect$ ! catapult ( ,trojan days1 al?\gh ?is device atta9$ no great success4 ,b f all su* activities new weapons ( w>f>e sprang1 crude at fir/1 b lat] ref9$ z only mod]n sci5ce & manufacture c\ld p]fect !m4 ,am]ica ent]$ ! w> :5 ?is developm5t ( ordnance novelties _h rea*$ an advanc$ /ate4 ,x became necess>y = u1 !n1 to make a rapid /udy ( :at _h be5 done & !n g ahead ) our own production ei!r f =eign designs or ) inv5tions ( our own4 ,to ?is end 9 ,april1 #aiag1 a few days aft] we decl>$ w> ) ,g]many1 ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section 0 organiz$ )9 ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t & giv5 *>ge ( ! production ( ^! novelties4 ,! section did n entirely conf9e itself to tr5*-w>f>e mat]ials1 s9ce "o ( its *ief production activities 0 conc]n$ ) ! manufacture ( ! v>i\s sorts ( bombs to be dropp$ f airplanes4 ,also1 at ! />t ( its exi/5ce x _h *>ge ( ! production ( implem5ts = fight+ ) poison gas & flame4 ,al?\gh 9 l>ge "p ?is phase ( its "w 0 tak5 away f x 9 ! summ] ( #aiag & 0 lat] plac$ "u ! jurisdiction ( ! newly organiz$ ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice1 ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section cont9u$ to conduct c]ta9 bran*es ( gas-w>f>e manufacture1 9 p>ticul> ! production ( ! fam\s ,liv5s projectors ( gas & also ! manufacture ( ! portable toxic-gas sets = produc+ gas cl\ds f cyl9d]s4 ,all 9 all1 ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section 0 *>g$ ) ! responsibility ( produc+ "s #dg devices1 e "o ( !m new to ,am]ican manufacture & "s extremely difficult to make4 ,! backbone ( ! program consi/$ ( ! production ( gr5ades1 bo? ( ! h&-?r[n & ! rifle-fir$ v>iety1 tr5* mort>s1 tr5*-mort> ammunition1 pyrote*nics ( v>i\s sorts1 & bombs = ! airplanes1 ) _! sight+ & release me*anisms4 ,9 ! production ( ^! new devices !re arose a new =m ( coop]ation betwe5 ,gov]nm5t & private manufactur]s "u ! tutelage ( ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section4 ,! manufactur]s engag$ 9 ! production ( v>i\s classes ( ^! munition novelties jo9$ 9 =mal associations4 ,!re 0 a ,h& ,gr5ade ,manufactur]s' ,association1 "u ! capable lead]%ip ( ,william ,sp>ks1 presid5t ( ! ,sp>ks-,)+ton ,co41 ( ,jackson1 ,mi*42 ! ,drop ,bomb ,manufactur]s' ,association1 head$ by ,j4 ,l4 ,s9y>d1 presid5t ( ,a4 ,o4 ,smi? ,corporation1 ,milwaukee2 ! ,six-in* ,tr5*-mort> ,%ell ,manufactur]s' ,association1 ,r4 ,w4 ,mill>d1 presid5t ( ,fo/]-,m]riam ,co41 ,m]id51 ,conn42 ! ,rifle ,gr5ade ,manufactur]s' ,association1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,f4 ,s4 ,briggs1 presid5t ( ! ,briggs ,/ratton ,co41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis42 & ! ,liv5s ,projector ,manufactur]s' ,association4 ,a simil> association ( manufactur]s engag$ 9 army contracts exi/$ 9 ! production ( small-arms ammunition2 b 9 no o!r bran* ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t 0 ! developm5t ( su* coop]ation c>ri$ on to ! ext5t ( t fa!r$ by ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! associations 0 ( ine/imable b5efit 9 secur+ ! rapid developm5t1 /&>dization = quantity manufacture1 & production ( ^! /range devices4 ,ea* association _h its presid5t1 its o!r (fic]s1 & its regul> meet+s4 ,^! meet+s 7 att5d$ by ! int]e/$ (fic]s ( ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section4 ,9 ! meet+s ! exp]im5ts ( ! manufactur]s & ! %ort-cut me?ods develop$ 9 _! %ops 7 freely discuss$2 &1 if modifications ( design 7 sugge/$1 su* que/ions 7 ?ra%$ out 9 ^! meet+s ( practical te*nicians1 & all ( ! contractors simultane\sly receiv$ ! b5efits4 ,! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section produc$ its results "u ! h&icap ( be+ l[ 9 ! priority rat+s1 _m o!r items ( ordnance be+ consid]$ 9 ,wa%+ton ( m importance ?an ! tr5*-fight+ mat]ials & !re=e entitl$ to fir/ call ^u raw mat]ials & transportation4 ,9 ! priority li/s ! lead] ( #dg tr5*-w>f>e articles1 ! #bdj-millimet] mort>s1 /ood tw5ty-second1 & ! o!rs trail$ aft]4 ,,gr5ades4 ,! fir/ ( ! tr5*-w>f>e weapons ) :i* ! rookie soldi] became acqua9t$ 0 ! h& gr5ade1 s9ce ?is1 at lea/ 9 its practice or dummy =m1 0 suppli$ to ! tra9+ camps 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,to all int5ts & purposes ! h& gr5ade 0 a product ( ! w> aga9/ ,g]many1 al?\gh gr5ades _h be5 m or less us$ s9ce explosives exi/$4 ,all e>li] gr5ades _h be5 crude devices ) only limit$ employm5t 9 w>f>e1 b 9 ! ?ree ye>s prec$+ ,am]ica's p>ticipation 9 ! w> ! gr5ade _h become a c>efully built weapon4 ,! ext5t ( our production ( h& gr5ades may be se5 9 ! fact t :5 ! ef=t 0 at its height #aj1jjj work]s 7 engag$ exclusively 9 its manufacture4 ,! fir+ me*anism ( ! explosive gr5ades :i* we built 0 kn[n z ! ,b\*on assembly4 ,9 ! production ( ?is item #ai ( e #bj work]s 7 wom54 ,9 fact no o!r item 9 ! entire ordnance field 0 produc$ s exclusively by wom54 ,incid5tally1 at no "t dur+ ! w> 0 !re a /rike 9 any gr5ade factory4 ,= a long "t 9 ! tr5*es ( ,france only "o type ( h& gr5ade 0 us$4 ,?is 0 ! s-call$ def5sive gr5ade1 built ( /\t metal :i* w\ld fly into fragm5ts :5 ! int]ior *>ge explod$4 ,z might be expect$1 su* a weapon 0 us$ only by m5 actually )9 ! tr5*es1 ! walls ( :i* protect$ ! ?r[]s f ! fly+ fragm5ts4 ,b1 z ! w> cont9u$1 six o!r di/9ct k9ds ( gr5ades 7 develop$1 ,am]ica h]self contribut+ "o ( ! mo/ important ( !m2 & dur+ our w> activities we 7 engag$ 9 manufactur+ all sev54 ,! def5sive1 or fragm5tation1 type gr5ade 0 ! commone/1 mo/ num]\s1 & p]haps1 ! mo/ useful ( all ( !m4 ,ano!r important "o1 h[ev]1 0 t kn[n z ! (f5sive gr5ade1 & x 0 ,am]ica's own contribution to tr5* w>f>e4 ,! body ( ! (f5sive gr5ade 0 made ( pap]1 s t ! deadly effect ( x 0 produc$ by ! flame & concussion ( ! explosion itself4 ,x 0 q sure to kill any man )9 #c y>ds ( x :5 x w5t (f1 b x 0 safe to use 9 ! op5 (f5sive movem5ts1 s9ce !re 7 no pieces ( metal to fly back & hit ! ?r[]4 ,a ?ird developm5t 0 kn[n z ! gas gr5ade4 ,x 0 built ( %eet metal1 & its toxic cont5ts 7 effective 9 mak+ enemy tr5*es & dug\ts un9habitable4 ,a f\r?1 a gr5ade ( simil> con/ruction1 0 fill$ ) phosphorus1 in/ead ( gas1 & 0 kn[n z ! phosphorus gr5ade4 ,?is gr5ade scatt]$ burn+ phosphorus ov] an area #c to #e y>ds 9 diamet] & releas$ a d5se cl\d ( :ite smoke4 ,9 op5 attacks ^u ma*9e-gun ne/s phosphorus gr5ades 7 ?r[n 9 b>rages to build smoke scre5s = ! attack+ =ces4 ,z a fif? class !re 0 a comb9ation h& & rifle gr5ade1 a ,briti% device adopt$ 9 our program4 ,! six? class ( gr5ades 0 kn[n z ! inc5di>y type4 ,^! 7 pap] bombs fill$ ) burn+ mat]ial & design$ = use aga9/ /ructures int5d$ to be de/roy$ by fire4 ,f9ally1 9 ! sev5? class 7 ! !rmit gr5ades1 built ( t]neplate & fill$ ) a comp\nd conta9+ !rmit1 :i* develops an int5se heat :ile melt+4 ,!rmit gr5ades 7 us$ pr9cipally to de/roy captur$ guns4 ,"o ( !m t\*$ (f 9 ! bree* ( a cannon w\ld fuse ! bree*-block me*anism & de/roy ! usefulness ( ! weapon4 ,all ( ^! gr5ades except ! inc5di>y gr5ades us$ ! same fir+ me*anism1 & ! inc5di>y gr5ade fir+ me*anism 0 ! /&>d "o modifi$ 9 a s+le p>ticul>4 ,! e>lie/ ,am]ican requirem5t 9 ?is production 0 = def5sive gr5ades1 ( ! fragm5tation type4 ,our fir/ e/imate 0 t we w\ld ne$ #ba1jjj1jjj ( ^! = actual w>f>e & #b1jjj1jjj ( ! unload$ type = practice & tra9+ "w4 ,b1 z ! w> cont9u$ & ! ,am]ican plans develop$ 9 scale1 we saw we w\ld require a mu* great] quantity ?an ?is2 & ord]s 7 f9ally plac$ = a total ( #fh1jjj1jjj live gr5ades & ov] #c1jjj1jjj ( ! practice v>iety4 ,by ,augu/ #bj1 #aiag1 ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section _h develop$ ! design & ! draw+s = ! def5sive gr5ade4 ,! fir/ contract--= #e1jjj gr5ades--0 let to ! ,caskey-,dupree ,co4 ( ,m>ietta1 ,ohio4 ,?is conc]n 0 fairly entitl$ to su* pref]5ce1 because ! exp]im5tation lead+ up to ! design = ?is bomb 0 conduct$ almo/ entirely at its plant 9 ,m>ietta4 ,next came an int]e/+ indu/rial developm5t by a well-kn[n ,am]ican conc]n :i* _h previ\sly devot$ its exclusive en]gy to ! production ( high-grade silv]w>e1 b :i* n[1 z a patriotic duty1 und]took to build ! deadly def5sive gr5ades4 ,?is 0 ! ,gorham ,manufactur+ ,co4 ( ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,?is firm contract$ to furni% complete1 load$ gr5ades1 ready = %ipm5t ov]seas1 & 0 ! only "o to build & op]ate a manufactur+ & load+ plant4 ,else:]e contracts 7 let = p>ts only1 ^! p>ts to conv]ge at ! assembl+ plants lat]2 & su* ord]s 7 rapidly plac$ until by ! middle ( ,decemb]1 #aiag1 v>i\s indu/rial conc]ns 7 tool+ up = a total production ( #ba1jjj1jjj ( ^! missiles4 ,! gr5ade :i* ^! contractors und]took to produce 0 an ,am]ican product 9 its design1 al?\gh model$ aft] gr5ades already 9 use at ! front4 ,its *ief diff]5ce 0 9 ! fir+ me*anism1 :]e improvem5ts1 or :at 7 !n ?\ght to be improvem5ts1 _h be5 in/all$ to make x saf] 9 ! h&s ( ! soldi] ?an ! gr5ades !n 9 use at ! front4 ,?is fir+ me*anism ) its pivot$ lev] 01 9 fact1 a radical dep>ture f ,european practice4 ,! body ( ?is gr5ade 0 ( malleable iron1 & ! gr5ade explod$ ) a =ce great] ?an t ( any 9 use 9 ,france4 ,! remodel+ ( factories1 ! build+ ( ma*9es1 & ! manufacture ( tools = ?is und]tak+1 pu%$ =w>d ) det]m9$ spe$1 0 complet$ 9 f #ij to #abj days1 & by ,april almo/ all ( ! companies _h rea*$ ! /age ( quantity production4 ,& !n1 on ,may #i1 #aiah1 came a cablegram f ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces t br\ght ! entire ef=t to an abrupt halt4 ,! (fic]s ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 9 no unc]ta9 t]ms condemn$ ! ,am]ican def5sive gr5ade4 ,! tr\ble 0 t 9 our anxiety to protect ! ,am]ican soldi] we _h design$ a gr5ade t 0 too safe4 ,! fir+ me*anism 0 too complicat$4 ,9 ! op]ation requir$ to t\* (f ! fuse five movem5ts 7 necess>y on ! "p ( ! soldi]1 & 9 ?is ! psy*ology ( a man 9 battle _h n be5 tak5 suffici5tly into consid]ation4 ,! well-kn[n /ory ( ! negro soldi] :o1 9 practice1 ?rew 8 gr5ade too soon because he c\ld feel x swell+ 9 8 h&1 applies to mo/ soldi]s 9 battle4 ,9 us+ ! new gr5ade ! ,am]ican soldi] w\ld n g ?r\gh ! op]ations requir$ to fire its fuse4 ,cases came to light1 too1 %[+ t 9 ! excitem5t ( battle ! ,am]ican soldi] =got to release ! safety device1 ?us giv+ ! ,g]man an opportunity to hurl back ! unexplod$ gr5ade4 ,z ! result ( ?is discov]y all production 0 /opp$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ordnance eng9e]s began r$esign+ ! weapon4 ,! incid5t meant t #ae1jjj1jjj r\gh ca/+s ( gr5ade bodies1 #c1ejj1jjj assembl$ b empty gr5ades & #a1jjj1jjj load$ gr5ades _h to be salvag$1 & t on ,july #a1 #aiah1 ! production ( live fragm5tation gr5ades 9 ?is c\ntry 0 repres5t$ by ! figure z]o4 ,"s ( ! ma*9]y us$ 9 ! production ( ! faulty gr5ades 0 useless & _h to be replac$ by new1 :ile ! tra9$ =ces :i* _h rea*$ quantity production 9 ,april _h to be disb&$ or transf]r$ to o!r "w :ile ! design 0 be+ *ang$4 ,by ,augu/ #a ! new design _h be5 develop$ on pap] & mu* ( ! new ma*9]y requir$ _h be5 produc$ & in/all$ 9 ! plants1 :i* 7 ready to g ahead imm$iately ) ! production4 ,x is a tribute to ! patriotism ( ! manufactur]s :o lo/ "t & money by ?is *ange t little compla9t 0 he>d f !m by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! production ( h& gr5ades ! mo/ difficult elem5t ( manufacture & ! item t might h held up ! deliv]y ( complet$ me*anisms 0 ! ,b\*on assembly4 ,!re 0 an abundant f\ndry capacity 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! production ( gray-iron ca/+s = gr5ade bodies1 & s ?is "p ( ! program gave no anxiety4 ,! ,b\*on assembly ?reat5$ to be ! *oke po9t4 ,9 ord] to assure ! success ( def5sive-gr5ade production1 ! ,precision ,ca/+s ,co4 ( ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 & ! ,doehl] ,die ,ca/+s ,co4 ( ,tol$o1 ,ohio1 & ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 work$ _! plants #bd h\rs a day until !y _h built up a res]ve ( ,b\*ons & screw plugs & remov$ all anxiety f t s\rce4 ,! total production ( ,b\*ons ev5tually rea*$ ! figure #fd1fjj1jjj4 ,! fir/ ?\ght ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t 0 to produce gr5ades by ! assembl+ & quantitative me?od2 t is1 by ! production ( p>ts 9 v>i\s plants & ! assembl+ ( ^? p>ts 9 o!r plants4 ,b1 due to delay 9 railway %ipm5ts & difficulties due to priorities1 x 0 discov]$ t ?is me?od ( manufacture1 h[ev] adaptable x might be to o!r items 9 ! ordnance program1 0 n a good ?+ 9 gr5ade production2 & :5 ! w> end$ ! t5d5cy 0 all 9 ! direction ( hav+ ! assembly contractors produce _! own p>ts ei!r by pur*ase f subcontractors or by manufacture 9 _! own plants4 ,! ord]s = ! r$esign$ gr5ades call$ = ! con/ruction ( #dd1jjj1jjj ( !m4 ,s rapidly _h ! manufactur]s be5 able to rea* quantity production ?is "t t a daily rate ( #bej1jjj to #cjj1jjj 0 atta9$ by ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 & by ,decemb] #f1 less ?an a mon? aft] ! fight+ /opp$1 ! factories _h turn$ out #ba1jed1cci def5sive gr5ades4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! great ef=t 9 ordnance production 9 ?is c\ntry 0 direct$ t[>d ! ,am]ican (f5sive expect$ on a trem5d\s scale 9 ! spr+ ( #aiai4 ,_h ! w> cont9u$ ! fragm5tation gr5ade program1 9 spite ( ! delays enc\nt]$ 9 its developm5t1 w\ld h produc$ a suffici5t quantity ( ^! weapons4 ,special consid]ation is due ! foll[+-nam$ firms = _! ef=ts 9 develop+ ! production ( def5sive gr5ades3 ,caskey-,dupree ,co41 ,m>ietta1 ,ohio4 ,spacke ,ma*9e ,tool ,co41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,/ew>t-,w>n] ,spe$omet] ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,miami ,cycle ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,middlet[n1 ,ohio4 ,am]ican ,radiator ,co41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,int]national ,h>ve/] ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,doehl] ,die ,ca/+s ,co41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,precision ,ca/+s ,co41 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! ,am]ican (f5sive gr5ade 0 l>gely ! production ( ! ,s+le ,s]vice ,package ,corporation ( ,new ,york1 bo? 9 ! developm5t ( its design & 9 its manufacture4 ,! body ( ?is gr5ade 0 built ( lam9at$ pap] spirally w\nd & wat]pro($ by be+ dipp$ 9 p>aff9e4 ,! top ( ?is body 0 a die ca/+1 into :i* ! fir+ me*anism 0 screw$4 ,practically no *anges 7 made 9 ! design ( ?is weapon f ! "t x 0 fir/ produc$1 & ! production record is an excell5t "o4 ,our e>lie/ ?\ght 0 t we w\ld ne$ "s #g1jjj1jjj ( ^! gr5ades & ord]s = t quantity ( bodies 7 plac$ 9 ,janu>y & ,m>*1 #aiah1 ) ! ,s+le ,s]vice ,package ,corporation4 ,!n x became necess>y to discov] factories :i* c\ld produce ! metal caps4 ,! ord]s = ^! 7 fir/ plac$ ) ! ,acme ,die ,ca/+s ,co4 & ! ,national ,lead ,ca/+ ,co4 = #c1cge1jjj ca/+s f ea* conc]n4 ,b ^! companies fail$ to make satisfactory deliv]ies1 & 9 ,may1 #aiah1 a contract = #e1jjj1jjj caps 0 let to ! ,doehl] ,die ,ca/+s ,co4 :i* rea*$ quantity production 9 ,augu/4 ,aft] t ! ,s+le ,s]vice ,package ,corporation1 ! *ief contractor1 =g$ ahead 9 its "w & on ,novemb] #aa 0 produc+ ! bodies = (f5sive gr5ades at ! rate ( #ee1jjj to #fj1jjj daily4 ,by ,decemb] #f1 #aiah1 ! ,gov]nm5t _h accept$ #f1agi1cba complet$ bodies4 ,! sign+ ( ! armi/ice br\ght to an end a project to build #ag1eii1jjj additional gr5ades ( ?is type4 ,! production ( gas gr5ades (f]$ "s peculi> difficulties4 ,we set out at fir/ to produce #c1fhd1ecj ( !m4 ,by ,janu>y1 #aiah1 ! eng9e]s ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t _h complet$ ! plans & specifications = ! ,am]ican gas gr5ade1 & on ,febru>y #ab1 an ord] = #a1jjj1jjj ( !m 0 plac$ ) ! ,maxim ,sil5c] ,co41 ( ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,! gas gr5ades 7 to be deliv]$ at ! fill+ plants complete except = ! detonator ?imbles1 :i* seal bo? gas & phosphorus gr5ades & act z sockets = ! fir+ me*anism4 ,x 0 se5 t ! con/ruction ( ^! ?imbles might be a *oke po9t 9 ! con/ruction ( gr5ades ( bo? types1 & ord]s 7 e>ly plac$ = !m--#a1ejj1jjj to be deliv]$ by ! ,maxim ,sil5c] ,co4 & an equal quantity by ! ,bassic ,co41 ( ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,on ,decemb] #f1 #aiah1 ^! conc]ns _h produc$ #a1ihb1gca detonator ?imbles4 ,! body ( ! gas gr5ade is built ( two %eet-metal cups weld$ toge!r to be gas-tight4 ,s9ce1 :5 we />t$ out on ?is production1 we did n "k :at k9d ( gas w\ld be us$ or at :at pressure x w\ld be held )9 ! gr5ade1 we set ! specifications to make gr5ade bodies to hold an air pressure ( #bjj p\nds4 ,! weld+ ( ! cups frequ5tly fail$ to hold su* pressure1 s t ! rejections ( gas-gr5ade bodies "u ?is te/ ran z high z #ej p] c5t4 ,b 9 ,june1 #aiah1 ! gas = ! gr5ades _h be5 develop$1 & we 7 !reupon able to r$uce ! pressure ( ! /&>d te/ to #ej p\nds4 ,"u su* a te/ ! bodies readily pass$ inspection4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #aiah1 we let additional contracts = gas gr5ades--#ejj1jjj to ! ,ev9rude ,motor ,co41 ( ,milwaukee2 #ejj1jjj to ! ,john ,w4 ,br[n ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,columbus1 ,ohio2 & #djj1jjj to ! ,z5ite ,metal ,co41 ( ,indianapolis4 ,on ,novemb] #aa gas gr5ade bodies 7 be+ produc$ at ! rate ( #bb1jjj p] day1 & ! total production up to ,decemb] #f 0 #icf1cid4 ,! phosphorus gr5ade 0 simil> to ! gas gr5ade 9 con/ruction4 ,! plans & specifications = ?is weapon 7 ready 9 ,janu>y1 #aiah4 ,9 ,febru>y ! foll[+ contracts 7 let3 ,metropolitan ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 #gej1jjj2 ,ev9rude ,motor ,co41 ,milwaukee1 #gej1jjj2 ,z5ite ,metal ,co41 ,indianapolis1 #ejj1jjj4 ,on ,decemb] #f1 #aiah1 ^! conc]ns _h deliv]$ a total ( #eba1idh phosphorus gr5ade bodies4 ,! difficulties :i* _h be5 exp]i5c$ 9 ! production ( gas gr5ades 7 repeat$ 9 ?is project4 ,! ,ev9rude ,co4 0 especially quick 9 gett+ ov] ! ob/acles to quantity production4 ,! ,metropolitan ,eng9e]+ ,co4 0 already engag$ ) l>ge ord]s = adapt]s & boo/]s 9 ! heavy-gun ammunition manufacture = ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t & f\nd t ! ord] = phosphorus gr5ades conflict$ to a consid]able ext5t ) its previ\s w> "w4 ,! matt] 0 ?ra%$ out 9 ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 :i* gave ! priority 9 ?is plant to ! adapt]s & boo/]s1 ) ! result t ?is firm 0 able to make only a small contribution to ! total production ( phosphorus gr5ade bodies4 ,! developm5t ( !rmit gr5ades 0 /ill 9 ! exp]im5tal /age :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,!re 0 no actual production 9 ?is c\ntry ( gr5ades ( ?is "*4 ,9 ,octob]1 h[ev]1 ! developm5t ( ! gr5ade 9 design _h rea*$ a /age :]e we felt ju/ifi$ 9 lett+ a contract = #fee1dej die-ca/+ p>ts to ! ,doehl] ,die ,ca/+s ,co41 at its ,tol$o plant1 & = an equal numb] ( bodies ) fir+-me*anism assemblies to ! ,/ew>t-,w>n] ,spe$omet] ,corporation at ,*icago4 ,! inc5di>y gr5ade n only did n get out ( ! developm5t /age1 b ev5 a p]fect$ model 0 reg>d$ z ( d\btful value by ! (fic]s ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice 0 ( ! op9ion t su* a gr5ade %\ld be work$ out1 & an ord] = #ha1jjj _h be5 giv5 to ! ,celluloid ,co41 ( ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,exp]im5tal "w 0 progress+ satisfactorily :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,:5 ! w> end$1 we 7 adapt+ to ,am]ican manufacture a comb9ation h& & rifle phosphorus gr5ade1 borr[$ f ! ,engli%4 ,! body ( ?is gr5ade 0 built ( t]neplate & x _h a removable /em1 s t x c\ld be ?r[n by h& or fir$ f ! end ( a s]vice rifle4 ,! ,am]ican ,c ,co4 built #a1jjj ( ^! to try out ! design & /r5g!n ! weak features4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,article4 ,complet$ to ,complet$ to ,s5t ov]seas4 ,nov4 #h1 #aiah4 ,feb4 #a1 #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,dummy h& gr5ade #dae1hgj #dae1hgj ,practice h& gr5ade #c1fje1hfd #c1fje1hfd ,def5sive h& gr5ade #ag1dgg1bde #be1cab1gid #eaf1ecc ,(f5sive h& gr5ade #e1cei1cba #g1jjj1jjj #agc1acf ,gas h& gr5ade #fce1efa #a1eja1agf #bdi1bci ,phosphorus h& gr5ade #eje1aib #eba1idh #aej1fjj ,!rmit h& gr5ade ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,note4--,9 above figures all gr5ades are unload$ ) ! exception ( ^? s5t ov]seas1 :i* 7 load$4 ,,rifle ,,gr5ades4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( our rifle gr5ades !re 0 ano!r un=tunate exp]i5ce due to a faulty design4 ,! rifle gr5ade fits 9 a hold] at ! muzzle ( an ord9>y s]vice rifle4 ,:5 ! rifle is fir$ ! bullet passes ?r\gh a hole 9 ! middle ( ! gr5ade1 & ! gases ( ! dis*>ge foll[+ ! bullet ?r[ ! gr5ade approximately #bjj y>ds4 ,any man )9 #ge y>ds ( an explod+ rifle gr5ade is likely to be w\nd$ or kill$4 ,! rifle gr5ade is us$ bo? z a def5sive & (f5sive weapon1 s9ce ! fir] is well out ( range ( ! explod+ missile4 ,9 develop+ a rifle gr5ade = ,am]ican manufacture our eng9e]s adopt$ ! ,fr5* ,viv5-,bessi]e type4 ,! ,fr5* s]vice ammunition is l>g] ?an ours1 & x 0 !re=e necess>y to design our gr5ade ) a small] hole4 ,b 9 ! anxiety to produce ?is weapon 9 ! %orte/ "t possible ! models 7 n suffici5tly te/$1 & no consid]ation 0 tak5 ( ! diff]5ce 9 design betwe5 a ,fr5* bullet & an ,am]ican bullet4 ,! result 0 t ! ,fr5* gr5ade did n function well ) our ammunition1 due to ! splitt+ ( ! ,spr+field bullet z x pass$ ?r\gh ! gr5ade4 ,! result 0 t 9 ,may1 #aiah1 sev]al mon?s aft] ! manufacture ( ?is gr5ade _h be5 9 progress1 ! entire und]tak+ 0 cancel$ p5d+ ! developm5t ( new designs2 & #c1ejj1jjj complet$ gr5ades _h to be salvag$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,left ,,to ,,"r--,,def5sive ,,h& ,,gr5ade1 ,,(f5sive ,,h& ,,gr5ade1 ,,gas ,,h& ,,gr5ade1 ,,phosphorus ,,h& ,,gr5ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?r[+ ,a ,,h& ,,gr5ade4 ,,fir/ ,,op]ation3 ,,)draw+ ,,! ,,cott] ,,p94 ,illu/ration3 ,,?r[+ ,a ,,h& ,,gr5ade4 ,,second ,,op]ation3 ,,releas+ ,,! ,,gr5ade ,,& ,,fir+ ,,lev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,v4 ,b4 ,,rifle ,,gr5ade1 ,,live1 ,,m>k #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,v4 ,b4 ,,rifle ,,gr5ade1 ,,m>k #a1 ,,& ,,dis*>g]4 ,illu/ration3 #f-;,,in* ,,tr5* ,,mort> ,,%ell4 ,! orig9al contract = rifle gr5ades _h be5 let to ! ,we/+h\se ,electric ,manufactur+ ,co4 ( ,pittsburgh4 ,?is call$ = ! production ( all p>ts by ! ,we/+h\se ,co4 & ! assembl+ ( !m 9 ! ,we/+h\se plant to ! numb] ( #e1jjj1jjj gr5ades4 ,b !re 0 su* a div]sity ( mat]ial employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( rifle gr5ades t succe$+ contracts 7 let = p>ts & = assembl+ sep>ately4 ,aft] ! rifle gr5ade _h be5 r$esign$ new contracts 7 let = a total ( #cj1aae1dji ( !m4 ,9 ,augu/1 a few weeks lat]1 ! daily production ( ^! gr5ades 9 ! v>i\s plants _h rea*$ a total ( #acj1jjj & by ! end ( ,octob] ! daily production 0 #bej1jjj4 ,! goal t[>d :i* ?is production 0 aim+ 0 ! expect$ spr+ (f5sive ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 9 #aiai4 ,we %\ld h met ?is ev5t adequately because1 :ile only #fhe1bjj ,am]ican rifle gr5ades _h actually be5 %ipp$ ov]seas :5 ! fight+ ceas$1 we _h #bj1jjj1jjj ( !m ready = load+ at t "t & ! production 0 already heavy & con/antly increas+4 ,special consid]ation is due ! foll[+-nam$ firms = _! ef=ts 9 develop+ ! production ( rifle gr5ades3 ,we/+h\se ,electric ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,briggs ,/ratton ,co41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,holcomb ,hoke1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,/ew>t-,w>n] ,spe$omet] ,corporation1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,cutl]-,hamm] ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,am]ican ,radiator ,co41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,l9k-,belt ,co41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,doehl] ,die ,ca/+s ,co41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,toxic ,,gas ,,equipm5t4 ,am]ica ent]$ ! w> ne>ly two ye>s aft] ! ,g]mans _h made _! fir/ gas attack4 ,9 ^? int]v5+ mon?s gas w>f>e _h gr[n to be a sci5ce 9 itself1 requir+ special organizations ) ea* army to h&le x4 ,! employm5t ( toxic gas _h develop$ along sev]al l9es4 ,! orig9al attack by ! ,g]mans ^u ! mask-less ,canadians at ,ypres _h be5 9 ! =m ( a gas cl\d f projectors1 ^! latt] be+ pressure tanks ) nozzle outlets4 ,= "s "t ! ,g]mans cont9u$ ! use ( gas solely by ?is me?od4 ,retaliation on ! "p ( ! allies quickly foll[$4 ,h[ev]1 ! employm5t ( gas cl\d attacks involv$ great labor ( prep>ation & 0 absolutely dep5d5t ^u c]ta9 comb9ations ( wea!r conditions4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! laun*+ ( a gas attack 9 ?is =m c\ld n be tim$ ) reg>d to o!r tactical op]ations4 ,!re=e ! allies 7 put to ! necessity ( develop+ o!r means ( ?r[+ toxic gases1 & ?is !y did by inclos+ ! gas 9 %ell %ot f ! big guns ( ! artill]y1 9 gr5ades ?r[n by h& f ! tr5*es1 &--mo/ effectively ( all--by ! ag5cy ( an +5i\s inv5tion ( ! ,briti% kn[n z ! ,liv5s projector4 ,! ,liv5s projector 0 deadly 9 its effect1 s9ce x c\ld ?r[ sudd5ly & 9 great quantity gas bombs1 or drums1 into ! enemy's ranks4 ,x is notable t al?\gh ! ,briti% us$ ?is device ) great success ?r\gh\t mu* ( ! latt] p]iod ( ! w>1 & ?\gh ! ,fr5* & ,am]icans also adopt$ x & us$ x freely1 ! ,g]mans 7 nev] able to discov] :at ! device 0 t ?rew su* havoc into _! ranks1 nor 7 !y ev] able to produce any?+ t 0 simil> to x4 ,! ,liv5s projector rema9$ a deep secret until ! close ( ho/ilities1 & ! ,gov]nm5t (fices 9 ,wa%+ton1 :]e ! design 0 adapt$ to ,am]ican manufacture1 & ! ,am]ican plants produc+ ! p>ts1 7 always closely gu>d$ aga9/ enemy espionage4 ,)\t go+ into details ( ! con/ruction ( ! ,liv5s projector x may be said t x 0 usually fir$ by electricity 9 sets ( #be or multiples !re(4 ,! drums1 :i* 7 cyl9drical %ell ab\t #bd in*es long & #h in*es 9 diamet]1 7 eject$ f long /eel tubes1 or b>rels1 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd re/+ aga9/ press$-/eel base plates4 ,at ! ?r[+ ( an electric swit* a v]itable ra9 ( ^! big %ell1 z _m z #b1ejj ( !m sometimes1 ) _! le?al cont5ts1 w\ld come hurtl+ d[n ^u ! enemy4 ,! ,liv5s projectors c\ld ?r[ _! gas drums ne>ly a mile4 ,! projector 0 entirely a new type ( munition = our manufactur]s to h&le4 ,! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t took up ! matt] late 9 #aiag & by ,may1 #aiah1 _h design$ ! weapon = home manufacture4 ,e>ly 9 ,june ! contracts 7 allott$ = b>rels & gas drums1 or %ell4 ,! production ( b>rels 0 exclusively 9 ! h&s ( ! ,national ,tube ,co41 ( ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 & ! ,h>risburg ,pipe ,pipe-,b5d+ ,co41 ( ,h>risburg1 ,pa4 ,^! companies rea*$ ! production /age 9 ,augu/1 #aiah1 & complet$ ab\t #fc1jjj b>rels be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,_! respective plants rea*$ a daily production rate ( approximately #fjj b>rels p] day4 ,some:at lat] 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah ! contracts = base plates1 on :i* ! b>rels re/ :5 ready = fir+1 muzzle cov]s1 & = v>i\s o!r accessories 7 clos$4 ,ov] #ajj1jjj base plates 7 produc$ by ! ,gi] ,press$ ,/eel ,co41 ( ,lans+1 ,mi*41 & ! ,am]ican ,pulley ,co41 ( ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,! ,p]k9s-,campbell ,co41 ( ,philadelphia1 built ! muzzle cov]s1 #ff1ahj ( !m4 ,c>tridge cases 7 manufactur$ by ,art ,metal 7,inc471 ( ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 & ! ,russakov ,c ,co41 ( ,*icago1 ! =m] produc+ #bhh1hch & ! latt] #dg1eaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eight-,,in* ,,liv5s ,,projector1 ,,m>k ,,ii1 ,,) ,,p[d] ,,*>ge ,,& ,,%ell4 ,v]tical cross section z laid 9 ! gr\nd ready = fir+ at #de elevation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,effects ,,( ,,liv5s ,,projector ,,%ell4 ,! ,ensign-,bick=d ,co41 ( ,simsbury1 ,conn41 produc$ #ccd1cjj fuses = ,liv5s %ell2 ! ,artill]y ,fuse ,co41 ( ,wilm+ton1 ,del41 assembl$ #bf1jjj fir+ me*anisms2 ! ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont ,co41 at its ,pompton ,lakes 7,n4 ,j47 plant1 manufactur$ #bj1jjj detonators1 & #dhg1cej detonators 7 produc$ by ! ,aetna ,explosives ,co41 at ,port ,ewan1 ,n4 ,y42 :ile ! ,am]ican ,c ,co41 at ,l[ell1 ,mass41 assembl$ #bef1bca fir+ me*anisms4 ,%e> wire pi/ols 7 us$ 9 ! op]ation ( ! ,liv5s projector4 ,! ,edison ,phonograph ,co41 ( ,orange1 ,n4 ,j41 produc$ #aha1ijj ( ^!1 & ! ,artill]y ,fuse ,co41 ( ,wilm+ton1 ,del41 #aa1gdg4 ,! adapt]s & boo/]s ( ! %ell 7 all built by ! ,john ,?ompson ,press1 ( ,new ,york4 ,! ,wat]bury ,brass ,goods ,co41 ( ,wat]bury1 ,conn41 made ! fuse cas+4 ,adapt]s & boo/]s to ! numb] ( #ccd1ejj 7 turn$ out by ! =m]1 & #bii1ijj fuse cas+s by ! latt]4 ,! manufacture ( gas drums = ! projectors 0 delay$ = "s "t because ( difficulties 9 weld+ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! drums4 ,acetyl5e & arc weld+ processes 7 tri$ out1 & a good _m %ell 7 made by su* weld+2 b ! lack ( exp]t weld]s = ^! processes1 & ! rejections ( %ell due to leakage 9 ! weld$ jo9ts1 caus$ ! manufactur] to turn to fire weld+1 ! process = :i* _h be5 develop$ by ! ,air-tight ,/eel ,tank ,co41 ( ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,at ! "t ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ! weld+ problem _h be5 ov]come & ! production 0 go+ =w>d at a rate to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! expect$ fight+ 9 ! spr+ ( #aiai4 ,! %ell deliv]$ 7 produc$ z foll[s3 ,by ! ,f$]al ,press$ ,/eel ,co41 ( ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 #e1fji2 by ! ,press$ ,/eel ,tank ,co41 also ( ,milwaukee1 #bj1ecf2 by ! ,air-tight ,/eel ,tank ,co41 ( ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 #fjj2 by ! ,national ,tube ,co41 ( ,pittsburgh1 #bg1jih2 by ! ,truscon ,/eel ,co41 ( ,y\ng/[n1 ,ohio1 #ai1hhj4 ,! entire ,liv5s %ell program1 z x exi/$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah1 call$ = ! production ( #ccd1jjj %ell4 ,,tr5* ,,mort>s4 ,! production ( tr5* mort>s 0 n only an important "p ( our ordnance program b x 0 an und]tak+ absolutely new to ,am]ican exp]i5ce4 ,n only did we h to produce mort>s1 b we _h to supply !m ) %ell 9 great quantities1 ?is latt] 9 itself an ent]prise ( no mean proportions4 ,"s sev5 diff]5t types ( mort>s 7 9 use :5 we came into ! w>4 ,our ordnance program contemplat$ ! manufacture ( all sev5 ( !m1 b we actually succe$$ 9 br++ only f\r types into production4 ,^! f\r 7 ! ,briti% ,newton-,/okes mort>s ( ! #c-;in*1 #d-;in*1 & #f-;in* calib]s1 & ! ,fr5* #bdj-millimet] mort>1 :i* _h also be5 adopt$ by ! ,briti%4 ,z usual 9 ! adoption ( =eign devices1 we _h to r$esign ^! weapons to make !m adaptable to ,am]ican %op me?ods4 ,we enc\nt]$ mu* difficulty ?r\gh\t ! :ole job1 l>gely because ( insuffici5t in=mation furni%$ f abroad1 & because 9 spite ( ?is h&icap we _h to produce mort>s & ammunition t w\ld be int]*angeable ) ,fr5* & ,briti% munitions /ocks4 ,! fir/ "o ( ^! weapons :i* we took up = production "h 0 ! #c-;in* ,newton-,/okes4 ,! fir/ contract = ! manufacture ( mort>s ( ?is size 0 plac$ ) ! ,crane ,co41 ( ,*icago1 on ,novemb] #h1 #aiag1 = #a1hcj mort>s4 ,?is conc]n at once arrang$ ) ! ,ohio ,seamless ,tube ,co41 ( ,%elby1 ,ohio1 = ! draw+ ( /eel tubes = ! mort> b>rels4 ,?is latt] conc]n1 h[ev]1 0 already h&l+ l>ge contracts = ! ,navy & = ! aircraft program1 & ^! op]ations took priority ov] ! mort> contracts4 ,b ! ,crane ,co4 took advantage ( ! int]im to build ! accessories = ! weapons--! tripods1 cl9omet]s1 base plates1 & tool boxes4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiah ! company receiv$ ! fir/ b>rel tubes & began produc+ complet$ weapons4 ,b :5 ^! mort>s 7 s5t to ! prov+ gr\nd ! te/-fir+ de=m$ ! b>rels & broke ! metal bases4 ,f9ally x 0 decid$ t ! propell+ explosive us$ 0 n a suitable "o = ! purpose4 ,ano!r 0 sub/itut$4 ,! new propellant p]mitt$ z great a range ( fire )\t damage to ! mort> 9 fir+4 ,! ,crane ,co4 0 ev5tually able to rea* a production ( #cc ( ! #c-;in* mort>s a day1 & up to ,decemb] #e1 #aiah1 x _h built #a1hjc complet$ weapons1 toge!r ) ! necess>y tools & sp>e p>ts4 ,9 ! e>ly fall ( #aiah an additional contract = #fgg ( ^! mort>s 0 plac$ ) ! ,crane ,co4 & ano!r = #b1jjj mort>s ( ?is size ) ! ,int]national ,h>ve/] ,co41 ( ,*icago4 ,nei!r ( ^! two latt] contracts ev] came to ! production /age4 ,a few days aft] ! orig9al contract = #c-;in* mort>s 0 let ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section took up ! matt] ( produc+ ammunition = ^! weapons4 ,two sorts ( %ell 7 to be requir$--live %ell fill$ ) high explosive & practice %ell made ( malleable iron4 ,! orig9al program adopt$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aiag1 call$ = ! production ( #e1cdb1jjj live %ell = ! #c-;in* mort>s & #a1ejj1jjj practice %ell4 ,illu/ration3 #c-;,,in* ,,/okes ,,tr5* ,,mort>4 ,illu/ration3 #d-;,,in* ,,/okes ,,tr5* ,,mort> ,,& ,,ammunition4 ,illu/ration3 #f-;,,in* ,,sutton ,,tr5* ,,mort>4 ,illu/ration3 #aa-;,,in* ,,sutton ,,tr5* ,,mort>4 ,! plan 0 adopt$ ( build+ ^! %ell ( lap-weld$1 #c-;in* /eel tub+1 cut into prop] l5g?s4 ,! contracts = ! f9i%$ ma*9$ & assembl$ %ell 7 plac$ ) ! ,g5]al ,motors ,corporation at its ,sag9aw 7,mi*47 plant1 ) ,h4 ,c4 ,dodge 7,inc471 at ,s\? ,bo/on1 ,mass41 & ) ! ,metropolitan ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ( ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,9 ord] to facilitate production1 ! ,gov]nm5t agre$ to furni% ! /eel tub+4 ,= ?is purpose x ord]$ f ! ,national ,tube ,co41 ( ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 #a1fah1ibi pieces ( /eel tub+1 ea* #aa in*es 9 l5g?1 & f ! ,allegh5y ,/eel ,co41 at ,brak5ridge1 ,pa41 #b1ccb1cai runn+ feet ( tub+4 ,^! tube contracts 7 fill$ by ! e>ly spr+ ( #aiah4 ,! railroad conge/ion ( ,febru>y & ,m>*1 #aiah1 held up ! deliv]y ( tub+1 b ! assembly plants utiliz$ ! "t 9 tool+ up = ! future production4 ,all ! plants !reaft] soon rea*$ a quantity production1 ! ,g5]al ,motors ,corporation 9 p>ticul> tun+ up its %op sy/em until x 0 able to rea* a maximum daily production 9 a #aj-;h\r %ift ( #ce1fah complet$ %ell4 ,! ca/+ ( malleable iron bodies = ! practice %ell ( ?is calib] 0 turn$ ov] to ! ,erie ,malleable ,iron ,co41 ( ,erie1 ,pa41 & to ! ,national ,malleable ,ca/+s ,co41 ) plants at ,clevel&1 ,*icago1 ,indianapolis1 & ,tol$o4 ,! =m] conc]n ca/ #aif1fgc bodies & ! latt] #a1jae1jje4 ,! ,gorham ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i42 ! ,/&>d ,p>ts ,co41 ( ,clevel&1 ,ohio2 & ! ,new ,process ,ge> ,corporation1 ( ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 ma*9$ & assembl$ ! practice %ell4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 decl>$1 ^! ?ree contracts 7 approximately sev5-t5?s complete4 ,we 7 dissatisfi$ ) our #c-;in* %ell1 = ! reason t !y tumbl$ 9 air & 7 visible to ! eye4 ,! ,fr5* _h develop$ a mort> %ell on ! /reaml9e pr9ciple :i* 0 invisible 9 flight & _h twice ! range ( ours4 ,_h ! w> cont9u$ ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section w\ld h produc$ /reaml9e %ell = mort>s4 ,! second mort> project und]tak5 0 ! manufacture ( ! #bdj-millimet] weapon4 ,?is 0 ! l>ge/ mort> :i* we produc$1 its b>rel hav+ a diamet] ( approximately #aj in*es4 ,x prov$ to be "o ( ! t\ghe/ nuts to crack 9 ! :ole mort> und]tak+4 ,! ,briti% designs ( ?is ,fr5* weapon we f\nd to be q unsuit$ to our factory me?ods1 & = ! sake ( exp$i5cy we frequ5tly modifi$ !m 9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t4 ,! total contracts call$ = ! production ( #ich mort>s4 ,x 0 obvi\s t ! manufacture ( ?is & ( o!r l>g] mort>s w\ld fall into ?ree phases4 ,! =g+ ( b>rels1 bree*blocks1 & bree* slides 0 a sep>ate type ( "w1 & we allott$ ! contracts = ?is "w to ! ,/&>d ,=g+ ,co41 ( ,indiana ,h>bor1 ,ind4 ,! ma*9+ ( ^! p>ts to ! f9e dim5sions requir$ by ! design 0 an entirely sep>ate phase ( manufactur+1 & we plac$ ?is "w ) ! ,am]ican ,laundry ,ma*9e ,co41 ( ,c9c9nati4 ,/ill a ?ird class ( "w 0 t ( assembl+ ! complet$ mort>s1 & ?is contract w5t to ! ,david ,lupton ,sons ,co41 ( ,philadelphia1 :o also engag$ to manufacture ! metal & timb] bases & fir+ me*anisms4 ,^! big mort>s _h to h mobile m\nt+s1 & ! contract = ! mort> c>ts we plac$ ) ! ,int]national ,h>ve/] ,co41 ( ,*icago4 ,^! contracts 7 sign$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aiag4 ,! ,lupton plant _h difficulty 9 secur+ ! heavy ma*9]y x ne$$ = ?is & = o!r mort> contracts1 its ma*9]y be+ held up by ! freight conge/ion4 ,e>ly 9 #aiah ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces advis$ u to r$esign ! #bdj-millimet] mort> to give x a /rong] b>rel4 ,consequ5tly all "w 0 /opp$ until ?is c\ld be done4 ,! fir/ mort>s ( ! new design to be te/$ 7 /ill unsatisfactory ) respect to ! /r5g? ( ! b>rels2 & z a consequ5ce ! ,/&>d ,=g+ ,co4 urg$ t nickel /eel be sub/itut$ = basic op5-he>? /eel z ! mat]ial = ! b>rels4 ,?is *ange prov$ to be ju/ifi$4 ,!re 0 also tr\ble at ! %ops ( ! ,am]ican ,laundry ,ma*9e ,co41 its equipm5t n hav+ ! precision to d ma*9+ ( ! type requir$ 9 ^! weapons4 ,accord+ly a new ma*9+ contract 0 made ) ! ,sym+ton-,&]son ,co41 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 :i* conc]n 0 ev5tually able to rea* a production ( #bj ma*9$ b>rels p] week4 ,9 all we produc$ #bd ( ! #bdj-millimet] mort>s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,c]ta9 ( ! p>ts 7 manufactur$ up to ! total requirem5ts ( ! contracts1 b o!rs 7 n built 9 su* numb]s4 ,! ,int]national ,h>ve/] ,co4 built all #iii c>ts ord]$4 ,! production ( %ell = ^! big mort>s 0 ano!r difficult und]tak+4 ,aft] consultation ) manufactur]s we design$ %ell ( two diff]5t types4 ,"o ( ^! 0 a %ell ( press$ plates weld$ toge!r longitud9ally2 & a contract = ! production ( #bhc1jif ( ^! 0 plac$ ) ! ,metropolitan ,eng9e]+ ,co4 ,! o!r =m 0 t ( two /eel hemisph]es weld$ toge!r4 ,! ,mi*igan ,/amp+ ,co41 ( ,detroit1 und]took to build #ej1jjj ( ^!4 ,^! %ell contracts 7 plac$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aiag4 ,! ,mi*igan ,/amp+ ,co4 _h to wait five mon?s be=e x c\ld secure & in/all its complete equipm5t ( ma*9]y4 ,x 0 ,septemb] be=e all ( ! difficulties 9 ! ,detroit plant's project c\ld be ov]come & quantity production c\ld be />t$4 ,! conc]n ev5tually1 be=e & aft] ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice1 built #i1ahe %ell ( ?is type at a maximum rate ( #ef p] day4 ,great] promise seem$ to be held =? by ! ,metropolitan ,eng9e]+ ,co4's project to build %ell ( press$-out plates1 electrically weld$4 ,! ,gov]nm5t und]took to furni% ! /eel plates = ?is "w & secur$ f ! ,am]ican ,roll+ ,mills ,co41 ( ,middlet[n1 ,ohio1 a total production ( #f1geg tons ( !m4 ,! ,metropolitan ,eng9e]+ ,co4 _h great difficulty 9 p]fect+ a prop] weld+ process2 & ! conc]n lo/ a great deal ( money on ! contract1 yet *e]fully cont9u$ its developm5t )\t prospect ( recomp5se 9 ord] t we might h 9 ?is c\ntry ! k ( h[ to build su* %ell4 ,9 all1 includ+ production aft] ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 ! ,metropolitan ,eng9e]+ ,co4 built #acf1ahi %ell bodies ( ?is size at a maximum rate ( #ihg p] day4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aiah a s+le-piece %ell body ( ! #bdj-millimet] size1 produc$ by a deep-draw+ process1 0 work$ out4 ,a contract = #abe1jjj ( !m 0 giv5 to ! ,irel& ,mat!ws ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,! armi/ice br\ght ?is contract to an end be=e x _h produc$ any %ell ( ?is new & mo/ promis+ type4 ,e>ly 9 #aiah we receiv$ ! fir/ samples ( ! #f-;in* tr5* mort>4 ,by ,april all ! plans 7 ready = ,am]ican production4 ,aga9 ?is "w 0 divid$ by types4 ,! ,national ,tube ,co41 ( ,pittsburgh1 contract$ to build #eaj r\gh =g+s ( mort> b>rels at its ,*ri/y ,p>k plant4 ,! ,sym+ton-,&]son ,co4 und]took to ma*9e ^! b>rels4 ,! ,david ,lupton ,sons ,co4 agre$ to assemble ! mort>s1 z well z to produce ! metal & timb] bases = !m4 ,! fir/ ma*9$ b>rels rea*$ ! ,lupton plant 9 ,june & f\nd bases ready = !m4 ,b1 z ! assembl+ 0 9 progress1 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces cabl$ t ! ,briti% produc]s ( mort>s _h *ang$ _! designs1 & t we mu/ susp5d our manufacture until we also c\ld adopt ! *anges4 ,! alt]$ plans rea*$ u "s weeks lat]2 yet1 nev]!less1 we 7 able to make good our orig9al promise to deliv] #dh ( ! #f-;in* ,newton-,/okes mort>s at ! port ( emb>kation 9 ,octob]1 #aiah4 ,mean:ile we _h increas$ ! contracts by an additional requirem5t ( #a1egg mort>s ( ?is size4 ,! ,national ,tube ,co4 ev5tually rea*$ a maximum daily production ( #fj b>rel =g+s4 ,! ,sym+ton-,&]son ,co4 ma*9$ ! b>rels f9ally at a #cc-p]-day clip4 ,z _m z #aa pro(-fir$ guns p] day came f ! ,david ,lupton ,sons ,co4 ,an int]e/+ fact 9 connection ) ! production ( %ell = ! #f-;in* mort>s is t !y 7 built pr9cipally by ,am]ican mak]s ( /oves4 ,! #f-;in* mort>-%ell bodies 7 ( ca/ iron in/ead ( /eel1 & ?us 7 adaptable to manufacture 9 /ove works4 ,ea* %ell weigh$ #dj p\nds )\t its explosive *>ge4 ,su* %ell 7 us$ at ! front = heavy demolition purposes4 ,! contracts = ^! %ell 7 plac$ 9 ,m>*1 #aiah4 ,! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section 0 imm$iately call$ ^u to secure favorable priority = ! pig iron requir$ = ?is purpose4 ,! v>i\s /ove works did n h ! necess>y ma*9]y = build+ ^! %ell1 & s a special equipm5t 9 ea* case _h to be built4 ,at ! te/s ! fir/ ca/+s :i* came ?r\gh ! f\ndry 7 f\nd to leak1 & ?is requir$ fur!r exp]im5ts 9 ! design1 hold+ up production until ,july1 #aiah4 ,because ( ! _m tr\bles enc\nt]$ 9 ?is "w ! v>i\s /ove mak]s 9 ! summ] ( #aiah =m$ an association :i* !y call$ ! ,six-in* ,tr5*-mort> ,%ell ,manufactur]s' ,association4 ,?is association held mon?ly meet+s & its memb]s visit$ ! v>i\s plants :]e %ell ca/+s 7 be+ made4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,radiator ,corporation1 ! ,fo/]-,m]riam ,co41 & ! ,mi*igan ,/ove ,co41 7 especially active 9 improv+ me?ods = mak+ ^! %ell4 ,! v>i\s conc]ns produc+ #f-;in* mort> %ell & ! am\nts turn$ out 7 z foll[s3 ,fo/] ,m]riam ,co41 ,m]id51 ,conn4 #cc1iei ,u4 ,s4 ,radiator ,corporation1 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 #bdj1gjj ,globe ,/ove ,range ,co41 ,kokomo1 ,ind4 #ag1dfj ,ra?bone1 ,s>d ,co41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 #ig1aad ,mi*igan ,/ove ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 #ajj1jjj ,! foll[+ conc]ns %ortly be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$ receiv$ contracts = ! production ( #f-;in* mort> %ell1 ord]s rang+ 9 quantity f #ej1jjj to #aej1jjj1 b none ( ^! conc]ns />t$ production3 ,wm4 ,crane ,co41 ,j]sey ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 ,fronti] ,iron ,works1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,h5ry ,e4 ,pridmore1 7,inc471 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,be/ ,f\ndry ,co41 ,b$=d1 ,ohio4 ,mc,cord ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,x 0 n until ,july1 #aiah1 t ! plans 7 ready = ! #d-;in* ,newton-,/okes tr5* mort>s4 ,! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces e/imat$ t !y w\ld require #dhj ( ^! weapons4 ,a total ( #ejj drawn b>rel tubes 0 ord]$ f ! ,ohio ,seamless ,tube ,co41 ( ,%elby1 ,ohio4 ,?is conc]n 0 able to %ip "o-fif? ( its ord] )9 #aj days aft] receiv+ x4 ,! b>rels 7 s5t to ! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al = ma*9+4 ,! ,crane ,co41 ( ,*icago1 held ! contract = build+ ! bases1 tripods1 sp>e p>ts1 & tools1 & also = ! assembl+ ( ! complet$ mort>s4 ,?is factory 0 already equipp$ ) tools = ?is "w1 s9ce x _h be5 build+ simil> p>ts = #c-;in* mort>s4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,crane ,co41 9 ,augu/1 almo/ )9 a mon? ( receiv+ its contract1 0 produc+ complet$ #d-;in* mort>s & s5d+ !m to ! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al = pro( fir+4 ,! ,ohio ,seamless ,tube ,co4 rea*$ a high daily production ( #hc b>rel =g+s p] day2 ! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al1 #aj ma*9$ b>rels p] day2 & ! ,crane ,co41 #ai assembl$ mort>s p] day4 ,illu/ration3 #bdj-,,millimet] ,,tr5* ,,mort>4 ,illu/ration3 #bdj-,,millimet] ,,tr5* ,,mort> ,,%ell4 ,we plann$ to build only smoke %ell & gas %ell = ! #d-;in* mort>s4 ,l>ge contracts = v>i\s p>ts ( ^! %ell 7 plac$ & ! ent]prise 0 ga9+ great size :5 ! armi/ice 0 decl>$1 b no f9i%$ smoke %ell & only a few gas %ell = #d-;in* tr5* mort>s _h be5 produc$4 ,! contracts = ! smoke %ell 7 let 9 ,octob]1 #aiah1 & "w _h n />t$ fur!r ?an ! procurem5t ( raw mat]ial be=e ! armi/ice came4 ,a l>ge numb] ( contractors expect$ to produce ! p>ts = ! #d-;in* gas %ell1 & consid]able ( ! raw mat]ials 7 actually produc$2 b only "o ( ! ma*9+ & assembl+ contractors1 ! ,paige-,detroit ,motor ,c> ,co41 actually complet$ any ( ^! %ell1 & production at ?is plant did n />t until ,decemb] #e1 #aiah4 ,production ( tr5* mort>s & tr5*-mort> ammunition4 ,,tr5* ,,mort>s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,completions to ,completions to ,%ipp$ ,"*4 ,nov4 #aa1 #aiah4 ,feb4 #a1 #aiai4 ov]seas4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #c-;in* #a1fji #a1hcj #hdc #d-;in* #ddd #ggh #f-;in* #cfh #ejj #dh #bdj-millimet] 7#i4de in*es7 #bi #cj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,,tr5*-,,mort> ,,ammunition4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,completions ,completions ,%ipp$ ,"*4 to ,nov4 #aa to ,feb4 #a ov]seas #aiah 7unload$74 #aiai 7unload$74 7load$74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,r\nds4 ,r\nds4 ,r\nds4 #c-;in* live #c1acf1bge #c1gda1bcg #aeg1ghe #c-;in* practice #fjg1agh #ghb1cdj #d-;in* gas #bab #d-;in* smoke #f-;in* live #bib1hhb #dib1djd #bdj-millimet] 7#i4de in*es7 #fg1hbi #aca1abd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,,toxic ,,gas ,,sets4 ,ano!r ext5sive project 9 ! tr5*-w>f>e program 0 ! manufacture ( ! s-call$ toxic gas sets4 ,ea* set consi/$ ( a "o-man portable cyl9d] equipp$ ) a nozzle & a fir+ me*anism4 ,ea* set 0 ready = fir+ z soon z x 0 plac$ 9 position4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aiah1 ! toxic-gas-set project 0 tak5 up by ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section4 ,contracts = cyl9d]s 7 aw>d$ to ! ,irel&-,mat!ws ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,detroit1 ,mi*41 :o produc$ #ac1fdb cyl9d]s1 & to ! ,am]ican ,c> ,f\ndry ,co4 at its ,milton1 ,pa41 plant1 :i* conc]n turn$ out #aa1jdf cyl9d]s4 ,! ,pittsburgh ,re9=c+1 ,braz+ ,ma*9e ,co4 produc$ #i1gfe valves = ! cyl9d]s 9 two mon?s aft] receiv+ ! contract4 ,! ,yale ,t[ne ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,/am=d1 ,conn41 :i* receiv$ ! contract = nozzles on ,septemb] #e1 #aiah1 manufactur$ #bj1eja ( !m be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$2 & ,j4 ,n4 ,smi? ,co41 ( ,detroit1 ,mi*41 :o did n receive _! contract until ,septemb] #bf1 built #c1beb nozzles be=e ! fight+ /opp$4 ,! ,liquid ,c>bolic ,co41 ( ,*icago1 & ! ,ruud ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,pittsburgh1 _h ! contracts = ! fir+ me*anism2 b none ( ^! 0 produc$ because at ! "t ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ! fir+ mixture to be us$ ) ! cyl9d]s _h n be5 develop$4 ,9 connection ) ! production ( mat]ials = gas w>f>e ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t also design$ sev]al types ( conta9]s = ! %ipm5t ( poison gas1 ^! includ+ n only ! portable cyl9d]s b l>g] tanks & ev5 tank c>s4 ,,pyrote*nics4 ,a few ye>s ago1 :5 we all[$ ! adv5tur\s ,am]ican boy to bl[ (f 8 f+]s & h&s by ! indiscrim9ate use ( explosives 9 celebrat+ ! ,nation's bir?day1 we _h an ext5sive fireworks indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b ! spread ( ! sane ,f\r? re=m _h virtually kill$ ?is manufacture1 s t :5 we ent]$ ! w> !re 7 only ?ree or f\r plants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates mak+ fireworks4 ,^! conc]ns kept ! trade secrets closely gu>d$4 ,h[ev]1 z we approa*$ ! br9k ( ho/ilities x 0 evid5t we w\ld h to build up a l>ge production capacity = ! pyrote*nics dem&$ by ! v>i\s new types ( fight+ :i* _h sprung into exi/5ce s9ce #aiad4 ,fireworks 7 ext5sively us$ pr9cipally = signal+ at night & z an aid to aviators 9 ! d>k4 ,"o ( ! m5 to =esee ?is ne$ 0 ,lewis ,nixon1 :o _h long be5 9 ! public eye & 0 kn[n especially = 8 advocacy ( an ,am]ican m]*ant m>9e4 ,he organiz$ a pyrote*nics conc]n kn[n z ! ,nixon ,fulg5t ,products ,co41 built a plant at ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j41 & 0 ready to talk bus9ess ) ! ,gov]nm5t :5 ! w> began4 ,also !re _h long be5 9 exi/5ce t p]5nial delight ( *ildr5 & adults alike kn[n z ,pa9e's ,fireworks1 ^: spectacul> exhibitions are famili> to mo/ city dwell]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is conc]n _h its own manufactur+ plant1 :i* 0 ready to exp& to meet ,gov]nm5t w> requirem5ts4 ,9 addition1 two o!r conc]ns ( ! =m]ly decl9+ indu/ry 7 ready to increase _! facilities & produce pyrote*nics = w> purposes4 ,^! 7 ! ,unexcell$ ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,new ,york1 & ! ,national ,fireworks ,co41 ( ,we/ ,hanov]1 ,mass4 ,! f\r conc]ns prov$ to be able to meet e w> requirem5t we _h4 ,prior to ! w> "s few milit>y pyrote*nics _h be5 procur$ by ! ,signal ,corps1 ! ,coa/ ,artill]y1 ! ,eng9e] ,corps1 & also by ! ,navy2 b on ,septemb] #bg1 #aiag1 ! design ( all ,army pyrote*nics 0 c5traliz$ 9 ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section4 ,mu* exp]im5tation 0 necess>y be=e specifications c\ld be prep>$1 s9ce ! entire fire-signal+ field _h long be5 9 confusion4 ,we _h made our own designs & 7 proce$+ ) production 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah1 :5 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces made ! positive recomm5dation t ! entire ,fr5* program ( pyrote*nics be adopt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is meant a fre% />t 9 ! bus9ess1 b nev]!less pyrote*nic devices 7 develop$ to meet all ( our ne$s4 ,^! devices includ$ signal rockets1 p>a*ute rockets1 signal pi/ols & _! ammunition1 position & signal lights1 fl>es1 smoke tor*es1 & lights to be ?r[n by ! ,v4 ,b4 dis*>g]1 ! ,fr5* device atta*$ to ! end ( ! rifle 9 :i* a rifle gr5ade fits4 ,at ! outset ( our ef=ts we />t$ to build signal rockets1 position lights1 rifle lights1 signal lights1 & lights = use ) ! ,v signal pi/ol4 ,! ,v signal pi/ol1 :i* we adopt$ fir/1 _h ! calib] ( a #aj-;gauge %otgun1 & its c>tridges resembl$ %otgun %ells 9 appe>ance1 al?\gh conta9+ ,roman c&le balls ( v>i\s colors in/ead ( lead5 %ot4 ,! ord]s f abroad 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah *ang$ ! calib] ( ! ,v pi/ol to #be millimet]s & br\ght into our requirem5ts "s #af diff]5t /yles ( /> & p>a*ute c>tridges4 ,9 addition to ^!1 !re 7 requir$ ab\t #bj /yles ( /> & p>a*ute c>tridges = ! ,fr5* ,v4 ,b4 dis*>g]4 ,! recomm5dations f ,france br\ght 9 #ac new /yles ( signal rockets1 z well z smoke tor*es1 w+-tip fl>es = airplanes1 p>a*ute fl>es = light+ ! gr\nd "u bomb+ airplanes1 & also #ab /yles ( c>tridges = a new #ce-millimet] ,v pi/ol = ! use ( aviators4 ,aft] we receiv$ ^! in/ructions !re 0 great unc]ta9ty "h z to ! quantity ( ea* item t %\ld be produc$2 & ?is matt] 0 n settl$ until ,augu/ #e1 #aiah1 :5 an enorm\s program ( requirem5ts 0 issu$4 ,at fir/ x seem$ t ! ,gov]nm5t itself mu/ build new factories to take c>e ( ^! ne$s1 b a c>eful exam9ation %[$ t ! exi/+ facilities c\ld be exp&$ to take c>e ( ! production4 ,! plac+ ( contracts 9 ?is und]tak+ 0 "u way :5 ! armi/ice /opp$ ! "w4 ,! foll[+ table indicates ! size ( ! pyrote*nic und]tak+ & also :at 0 accompli%$4 ,all ( ?is production came f ! plants ( ! f\r companies :i* h be5 nam$4 ,9 addition to ! fireworks !mselves1 accessories 7 produc$ by a numb] ( o!r conc]ns4 ,! ,japan ,pap] ,co41 ,new ,york ,city1 manufactur$ & import$ f ,japan approximately #c1jjj1jjj pap] p>a*utes4 ,! ,rem+ton ,arms ,co41 ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 built ab\t #b1ejj1jjj #aj-;gauge signal-pi/ol c>tridges1 except = ! />s !y conta9$4 ,! ,empire ,art ,metal ,co41 ,college ,po9t1 ,n4 ,y41 produc$ ne>ly #b1jjj1jjj ,v pi/ol c>tridge cases4 ,! ,w9*e/] ,repeat+ ,arms ,co41 ,bridgeport1 ,conn41 suppli$ ne>ly #e1jjj1jjj prim]s = ^! c>tridges4 ,rose ,bros4 ,co41 ,lanca/]1 ,pa41 produc$ #fe1fjj silk p>a*utes = ,v c>tridges4 ,*5ey ,bros41 ,s\? ,man*e/]1 ,conn42 ,d4 ,g4 ,d]y 7,inc471 ,all5t[n1 ,pa42 ,/ehli ,silk ,corporation1 ,new ,york ,city2 ,sauquoit ,silk ,co41 ,philadelphia2 ,lewis ,roessel ,co41 ,hazleton1 ,pa42 ,s*w>z5back-,hub] ,co41 ,new ,york ,city2 & ! ,duplane ,silk ,corporation1 ,hazleton1 ,pa41 produc$ a total ( #a1bca1gbh y>ds ( silk = p>a*utes to float airplane fl>es4 ,! p>a*utes !mselves = ! airplane fl>es1 a total ( #bh1egj ( !m1 7 manufactur$ by ! ,duplane ,silk ,corporation2 ,folm]-,clogg ,co41 ,lanca/]1 ,pa42 & ,jacob ,g]h>dt ,co41 ,hazleton1 ,pa4 ,! ,edw4 ,g4 ,budd ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,philadelphia1 built #da1jbj metal cases = ! airplane fl>es4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,articles4 ,ord]$4 ,complet$ to ,complet$ to ,nov4 #h1 #aiah4 ,feb4 #a1 #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,signal rockets #fae1jjj #dcg1aja #edd1cee ,position lights #b1jgb1jjj #a1ahg1ecb #a1fgj1jgj ,rifle lights #ee1jjj #ee1jjj #ee1jjj ,signal lights #c1aaj1jjj #b1ffa1jjh #b1gaj1bfh ,v4 ,b4 c>tridges #a1bae1jjj #aaj #jjj #fgc1bjj ,v c>tridges1 #be-millimet] #cjj1jjj ,smoke tor*es #ejj1jjj #ca1jjj #ahh1ajb ,w+-tip fl>es #aab1jjj #gj1jjj #ajj1hfe ,airplane fl>es #ej1jhc #b1ajj #h1jjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,we also contract$ = ! production ( _m ?\s&s ( ,v signal pi/ols4 ,be=e ! orig9al program 0 cancel$ ! ,rem+ton ,arms ,co4 _h produc$ #bd1dfj ( ! #aj-;gauge pi/ols 9 contracts call+ = a total output ( #ce1jjj4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aiah1 we let contracts = #ace1jjj ( ! #be-millimet] pi/ols & = approximately #cj1jjj ( ! #ce-millimet] pi/ols4 ,! ,a4 ,h4 ,fox ,gun ,co4 complet$ #d1aic ( ! small] pi/ols & ! ,scott ,fetzg] ,ma*9e ,co4 turn$ out #g1gej ( !m4 ,o!r conc]ns :i* _h tak5 contracts b _h n come into production :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ 7 ! ,national ,tool ,manufactur+ ,co41 ! ,doehl] ,die ,ca/+s ,co41 ! ,hammond ,typewrit] ,co41 & ,p>k] ,bros4 ,consid]able exp]im5tal "w ( an int]e/+ nature 0 c>ri$ out look+ t[>d ! developm5t ( inc5di>y devices4 ,?ree types ( flame projectors1 flam+ bayonets1 an airplane de/roy]1 inc5di>y d>ts1 & ! smoke knapsack 7 among ! projects und]tak54 ,ow+ 9 l>ge measure to *anges 9 requirem5ts by ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces none ( ^! devices 0 actually turn$ out on any consid]able scale4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,miscellane\s ,,ordnance ,,equipm5t4 ,! miscellane\s ordnance equipm5t ( ! ,am]ican soldi] 9 ! rec5t w>--t is1 articles :i* he c>ri$ ) him & :i* add$ to 8 com=t1 8 safety1 or 8 effici5cy z a fight]--:ile 9 _m respects id5tical ) ! equipm5t us$ by our troops = _m ye>s1 at ! same "t conta9$ sev]al novelties4 ,9 ! novelty class 7 helmets & armor4 ,!re is a widespread impression t helmets & body armor pass$ away ) ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] & because ( t inv5tion4 ,?is impression is n at all true4 ,body armor came to its highe/ developm5t long aft] gunp[d] 0 9 common use 9 w>4 ,! sixte5? c5tury witness$ ! mo/ ext5sive use ( armor2 yet at t "t guns & pi/ols =m$ an important "p ( ! equipm5t ( e army1 & ev5 a weapon :i* is g5]ally fanci$ to be ultramod]n1 ! revolv]1 _h be5 inv5t$4 ,! fact is t n gunp[d] b tactics caus$ ! decl9e ( armor4 ,n t armor 0 unable to /op _m types ( projectiles %ot f guns1 b t its weight hamp]$ swift maneuv]+1 caus$ x to be laid aside by ! soldi]4 ,! decl9e ( armor may be said to date f ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,! armies 9 t p]iod1 & p>ticul>ly t ( ! ,sw$es1 began mak+ long m>*es = surprise attacks1 & ! body armor ( ! troops 0 f\nd to be a h9drance 9 su* tactics4 ,!reaft] armor w5t out ( fa%ion4 ,yet x nev] completely disappe>$ 9 w>f>e4 ,g54 ,ro*ambeau is said to h worn body armor at ! siege ( ,yorkt[n4 ,great numb]s ( corselets & headpieces 7 worn 9 ! ,napoleonic w>s4 ,! corselet :i* ,john ,paul ,jones wore 9 8 fight ) ! ,s]apis is pres]v$ at ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art 9 ,new ,york4 ,! ,japanese army 0 mail$ ) good armor z late z #ahgj4 ,brea/plates 7 worn to "s ext5t 9 ! ,civil ,w> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & an armor factory 0 actually e/abli%$ at ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 ab\t #ahfb4 ,9 ! museum at ,ri*mond1 ,va41 is an equipm5t ( armor tak5 f a dead soldi] 9 "o ( ! tr5*es at ! siege ( t city4 ,!re 0 a limit$ use ( armor 9 ! ,franco-,prussian ,w>4 ,"s ( ! ,japanese troops c>ri$ %ields at ,port ,ar?ur4 ,helmets 7 worn 9 ! ,bo] ,w>4 ,a notori\s ,au/ralian b&it 9 ! eighties = a long "t defi$ arm$ posses to capture him because he wore armor & c\ld /& (f entire squads ( policem5 fir+ at him ) ,m>t9i rifles at close range4 ,?us x c n be said t armor1 9 com+ into use aga9 9 ! great w>1 0 resurrect$2 x 0 m]ely reviv$4 ,9 its /atic condition dur+ mo/ ( ! f\r-ye> p]iod1 ! w> aga9/ ,g]many 0 "o 9 :i* armor might pr(itably be us$4 ,?is opportunity c\ld sc>cely be ov]look$1 & inde$ x 0 n4 ,ev]ybody kn[s ( ! helmets t 7 9 g5]al use2 yet body armor itself 0 com+ into favor aga91 & only ! welcome b unexpect$ end ( ho/ilities prev5t$ x1 9 all probability1 f becom+ aga9 an important "p ( ! equipm5t ( a soldi]4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! att5uat$ b p]si/5t use ( armor by soldi]s dur+ ! pa/ two c5turies & ( ! dem& ( ! ari/ocratic = helmets & armor z ornam5ts1 ! armor]'s trade _h be5 kept alive f ! days ( ,gu/avus ,adolphus to ! pres5t4 ,! w> ef=ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiag & #aiah dem&$ a wide range ( human tal5ts & special call+s2 b surely ! /range & unusual seem$ to be rea*$ :5 9 ! e>ly days ( our und]tak+ ! ,eng9e]+ ,division ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t s\ght ! s]vices ( exp]t armor]s4 ,?r\gh ! advice ( ! ,national ,rese>* ,c\ncil1 :i* _h e/abli%$ a committee ( armor exp]ts1 ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t commission$ 9 its s]vice ,maj4 ,ba%=d ,dean1 a life-long speciali/ 9 armor1 curator 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 an in/itution :i*1 le>n+ ( ! ,gov]nm5t's ne$1 at once plac$ at its disposal its wond]ful specim5s ( au!ntic armor1 its armor repair %op :]e models c\ld at once be made1 & ! s]vices ( ,maj4 ,dean's assi/ant !re :om he _h br\ght f ,france1 ,daniel ,ta*aux1 "o ( ! few surviv+ armor]s1 :o _h inh]it$ l9eally ! te*nical side ( ! anci5t craft4 ,x may be said t !re 7 b two nations 9 ! great w> :i* w5t to ! ,middle ,ages = ideas z to protective armor--ourselves & ,g]many4 ,! ,g]mans1 :o appli$ sci5ce to almo/ e phase ( w>f>e1 did n neglect x "h4 ,g]many at ! />t consult$ h] exp]ts on anci5t armor & work$ along l9es :i* !y sugge/$4 ,! ,g]man helmet us$ 9 ! tr5*es 0 und\bt$ly sup]ior to any o!r helmet giv5 a practical use4 ,! fir/ helmets to be us$ 9 ! great w> 7 ( ,fr5* manufacture4 ,!y 7 design$ by ,g54 ,adri51 & #b1jjj1jjj ( !m 7 manufactur$ & issu$ to ! ,fr5* ,army4 ,^! helmets 7 ! product ( ha/y pione] "w1 b ! fact t !y sav$ f #b to #e p] c5t ( ! normal casualties ( su* a w> z 0 be+ f\ght at once impell$ ! o!r bellig]5ts to adopt ! idea4 ,great ,brita91 spurr$ by ! necessity ( produc+ quickly a helmet 9 quantity1 design$ ! mo/ simple helmet to manufacture1 :i* c\ld be press$ out ( cold metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,& ,,ext]ior ,,views ,,( ,,! ,,/eel ,,helmet ,,worn ,,by ,,our ,,troops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aviator',s ,,helmet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,visor ,,helmet ,,= ,,snip]s ,,& ,,ma*9e ,,gunn]s4 ,:5 ,am]ica ent]$ ! w> %e _h1 naturally1 no di/9ctive helmet2 & ! ,engli% type1 be+ easie/ to make1 0 adopt$ to fill ! gap until we c\ld design a m effici5t "o ourselves4 ,consequ5tly #djj1jjj ,briti% helmets 7 b\ght 9 ,engl& & issu$ to ! vangu>d ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,our m5 wore !m1 became accu/om$ to !m1 & came to feel t !y 7 ! badge ( ,engli%-speak+ troops4 ,! ,briti% helmet ?us became a habit ) our m51 "o difficult to *ange1 a fact :i* mitigat$ aga9/ ! popul>ity ( ! m advanc$ & sci5tific models :i* we 7 to br+ out4 ,n[1 ! ,briti% helmet possess$ "s notable defects4 ,x did n af=d a maximum ( protective area4 ,! c5t] ( gravity 0 n s plac$ z to keep ! helmet f wobbl+4 ,! l9+ 0 uncom=table & disreg>d$ ! anatomy ( ! head4 ,x 0 vuln]able at ! concave surface :]e b[l & brim jo9$4 ,x is n an a/oni%+ circum/ance t "s ( ! e>li] helmets worn by ! m5-at-arms ( ! days ( knigh?ood possess$ c]ta9 ( ^! same defects1 notably1 t !y 7 apt to be top-heavy & uncom=table4 ,only by c5turies ( con/ant application & improvem5t 7 ! armor]s ( ! ,middle ,ages able to produce helmets :i* ov]came ^! defects & :i* embodi$ all ( ! pr9ciples ( def5se & /r5g? :i* sci5ce c\ld put into !m4 ,! be/ m$ieval helmets /& at ! summit ( ! art4 ,x 0 ! con/ant aim ( ! mod]n speciali/1 aid$ by ! facilities ( ! tw5tie? c5tury indu/ries1 to produce helmets z p]fect te*nically z ^? r>e models :i* are ! pride ( museums & collectors4 ,c]ta9ly 9 "o respect we _h ! advantage ( ! anci5ts 9 t we h n[adays at our disposal ! mod]n alloy-/eels ( great resi/ance4 ,an alloy ( ?is k9d hav+ a ?ickness ( #j4jcf ( an in* is able to /op at a di/ance ( #aj feet a jacket$1 automatic pi/ol ball1 4#de calib]1 travel+ at ! rate ( #fjj feet a second4 ,?is 0 important n only f ! /&po9t ( helmet production1 b f ! fur!r inf]5ce t body armor ( su* /eel might /ill be pr(itably us$4 ,! records ( ! hospitals 9 ,france %[ t #g or #h ( e #aj w\nd$ soldi]s 7 w\nd$ by fragm5ts ( %ell & o!r missiles :i* ev5 ?9 armor plate w\ld h kept out4 ,! ,g]man troops us$ body armor 9 l>ge numb]s1 ea* set weigh+ f #ai to #bd p\nds4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we believ$ x possible to produce body armor :i* w\ld n be difficult to c>ry & :i* w\ld resi/ ! impact ( a ma*9e-gun bullet at fairly close range4 ,! production ( helmets1 h[ev]1 0 our fir/ conc]n2 & 9 ord] to be sure ( a suffici5t quantity ( ^! protective headpieces1 we adopt$ ! ,briti% model = production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & w5t ahead ) x on a l>ge scale4 ,= ! metal we adopt$ aft] mu* exp]im5tation a /eel alloy ) a high p]c5tage ( manganese4 ,?is 0 practically ! same z ! /eel ( ! ,briti% helmet4 ,its *ief advantage 0 t x 0 easy to "w 9 ! metal presses 9 exi/5ce & x requir$ no fur!r temp]+ aft] leav+ ! /amp+ presses4 ,its h>dness1 h[ev]1 wore away ! /amp+ tools mu* m quickly ?an ord9>y /eel %eets w\ld d4 ,:ile we adopt$ ! ,briti% helmet 9 design & sub/antially 9 metal us$1 we orig9at$ our own helmet l9+4 ,! l9+ 0 wov5 ( cotton tw9e 9 me%es ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* squ>e4 ,?is web1 fitt+ tightly ^u ! we>]'s head1 ev5ly di/ribut$ ! weight ( ! two-p\nd helmet1 & 9 ! same way di/ribut$ ! =ce ( any bl[ ^u ! helmet4 ,! nett+1 toge!r ) small pieces ( rubb] ar\nd ! edge ( ! l9+1 kept ! helmet away f ! head1 s t ev5 a relatively l>ge d5t c\ld n rea* ! we>]'s skull4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t ! l9+s = ! ,am]ican helmets 7 produc$ by conc]ns ^: ord9>y bus9ess 0 ! manufacture ( %oes4 ,!re 7 #aj ( ^! companies tak+ su* contracts4 ,/eel = ! helmet 0 roll$ by ! ,am]ican ,%eet ,t9 ,plate ,co4 ,! helmets 7 press$ & /amp$ into %ape by sev5 companies :i* _h done simil> "w be=e ! w>4 ,^! conc]ns 73 ,contractor4 ,deliv]$4 ,edw>d ,g4 ,budd ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,philadelphia #a1aej1gge ,sp>ks1 ,)+ton ,co41 ,jackson1 ,mi*4 #dgc1dfi ,crosby ,co41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #dfi1ifh ,bossett ,corporation1 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 #aaf1gce ,columbian ,enamel+ ,/amp+ ,co41 ,t]re ,haute1 ,ind4 #bfh1hej ,worce/] ,press$ ,/eel ,co41 ,worce/]1 ,mass4 #aic1hdj ,b5jam9 ,electric ,co41 ,des ,pla9es1 ,ill4 #cc1fjj --------- ,total #b1gjg1bcg ,! metal helmets & ! wov5 l9+s 7 deliv]$ to ! plant ( ! ,=d ,motor ,co4 at ,philadelphia1 :]e !y 7 pa9t$ & assembl$4 ,! helmets 7 pa9t$ 9 ! olive-drab %ade = protective color+4 ,:ile on dull days su* objects c\ld n be disc]n$ at a great di/ance1 9 bright wea!r _! r\nd$ surfaces might cat* & reflect sunbeams1 ?us betray+ ! positions ( _! we>]s4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is1 z soon z ! helmets 7 treat$ to a fir/ coat ( pa9t f9e sawdu/ 0 bl[n ^u ! wet surface4 ,:5 ?is _h dri$1 ano!r coat ( pa9t 0 appli$1 & a nonreflective1 gritty surface 0 ?us produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,exp]im5tal ,,models ,,( ,,helmets1 ,,light ,,brea/plates1 ,,& ,,arm ,,gu>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,am]ican ,helmet4 ,exp]im5tal ,model ,no4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,am]ican ,helmet ,no4 #h4 7,visor up47 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,light ,,back ,,plate4 ,,exp]im5tal ,,model4 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,heavy ,,armor ,,= ,,ma*9e ,,gunn]s4 ,,exp]im5tal ,,model #aiag4 ,we began receiv+ sub/antial quantities ( f9i%$ helmets by ! end ( ,novemb] ( ! fir/ ye> ( ! w>4 ,on ,febru>y #ag1 #aiah1 practically #gjj1jjj _h be5 %ipp$ abroad or 7 ready = %ipm5t at ! ports ( emb>kation4 ,lat] 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah1 :5 we began s5d+ m5 to ,france mu* beyond our e>li] expectations1 ! ord]s = helmets 7 greatly exp&$4 ,9 ,july ! total ord]s rea*$ #c1jjj1jjj1 9 ,augu/ #f1jjj1jjj1 & 9 ,septemb] #g1jjj1jjj4 ,?is w\ld give u en\gh to meet all requirem5ts until ,june1 #aiai4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ! factories 7 produc+ m ?an #ajj1jjj helmets e f\r days1 & 7 rapidly approa*+ ! "t :5 _! daily output w\ld be #fj1jjj4 ,! ,gov]nm5t cancel$ all helmet contracts z soon z ! fight+ ceas$1 hav+ receiv$ up to t "t a total ( #b1gjj1jjj ( !m4 ,:ile ?is manufacture 0 go+ on we 7 develop+ helmets ( our own4 ,major ,dean w5t to ,france to collect in=mation deal+ ) ! actual ne$s ( ! s]vice & to pres5t num]\s exp]im5tal models ( helmets = ! comm5t & criticism ( ! ,g5]al ,/aff4 ,9 num]\s cases ^! models 7 accept$ = manufacture "h 9 exp]im5tal lots4 ,9 all we develop$ f\r models :i* seem$ to h m]its recomm5d+ _! adoption4 ,! fir/ di/9ctive ,am]ican helmet 0 kn[n z model ,no4 #b4 ,! ,=d ,co4 at ,detroit press$ ab\t #a1bjj ( ^! helmets4 ,! helmet1 h[ev]1 0 simil> 9 appe>ance to ! ,g]man helmet1 & = t reason 0 disapprov$ by ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,helmet model ,no4 #c 0 ( a deep-b[l type1 b x 0 reject$ :5 ! ,hale ,kilburn ,co41 ( ,philadelphia1 aft] a great deal ( exp]im5tation1 f\nd t ! helmet 0 too deep = successful manufacture by press+4 ,model ,no4 #d 0 design$ by ! ma/] armor] ( ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art4 ,x 0 also f\nd too difficult to manufacture4 ,helmet ,no4 #e 0 /rongly recomm5d$ by ,am]ican exp]ts1 b 0 n accept$ by ! ,g5]al ,/aff4 ,x 0 design$ by ! armor committee at ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art 9 conjunction ) ! ,eng9e]+ ,division ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,hale ,kilburn und]took to manufacture ^! helmets1 :i* 7 to be pa9t$1 assembl$1 & pack$ by ! ,=d ,motor ,co4 at its ,philadelphia plant4 ,v>i\s compon5t p>ts ( ! helmet 7 sublet 9 exp]im5tal quantities to num]\s manufactur]s4 ,! ,no4 #e helmet1 complete1 weigh$ #b p\nds1 #f ounces4 ,x comb9$ ! virtues ( sev]al types ( helmets4 ,x gave a maximum ( protection = its weight4 ,x 0 comp>atively easy to produce4 ,?is helmet1 ) slight v>iations1 0 lat] adopt$ z ! /&>d helmet ( ! ,swiss ,army4 ,! late/ ,g]man helmet1 x is int]e/+ to note1 0 approa*+ simil> l9es4 ,we also produc$ helmets = special s]vices--"o ) a visor to protect ma*9e gunn]s & snip]s1 & ano!r1 kn[n z model #ad1 = aviators1 x be+ little heavi] ?an ! lea!r helmet :i* airm5 wore 9 ! w> & tw5ty times z /rong a def5se = ! head4 ,a ?ird special helmet1 kn[n z model #ae1 0 = op]ators ( tanks4 ,x 0 provid$ ) a neck gu>d ( padd$ silk to /op ! lead spla% :i* p5etrat$ ! turret ( ! tank4 ,! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t turn$ out #be ( ^! 9 #aj days & s5t !m by c\ri] to ,france = a te/4 ,! ,g]mans issu$ body armor only to troops hold+ expos$ positions "u heavy ma*9e-gun & rifle fire2 b su* use 0 di/9ctly valuable1 z 0 %[n by captur$ ,g]man reports4 ,! ,eng9e]+ ,division ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t develop$ a body def5se includ+ a light front & body plate1 ^! toge!r weigh+ #i p\nds4 ,"o lot ( #e1jjj sets 0 manufactur$ by ! ,hale ,kilburn ,corporation4 ,! l9+s ( ^! plates 7 ( sponge rubb]1 & !y 7 made by ! ,mill] ,rubb] ,co41 ( ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,all ( ^! sets 7 %ipp$ abroad = te/+2 b ! report 0 n favorable1 z ! ,am]ican soldi] did n wi% to be hamp]$ ) armor4 ,he _h le>n$ to we> 8 helmet1 b he _h yet to be conv9c$ ( ! practical value ( body armor4 ,we develop$ a heavy brea/ plate ) ?igh gu>ds1 weigh+ #bg p\nds1 :i* /opp$ ma*9e gun bullets at #aej y>ds4 ,an exp]im5tal lot ( ^! 7 complet$ 9 #bf days by ! ,mull9s ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,^! 7 also %ipp$ abroad = te/4 ,a few def5ses = arms & legs 7 prep>$ :i*1 al?\gh light 9 weight1 w\ld protect ! we>] f an automatic-pi/ol ball at #aj feet4 ,ab\t #gj p] c5t ( ! hospital cases 9 ,france 7 casualties caus$ by w\nds 9 ! arms & legs4 ,^! def5ses1 h[ev]1 7 reject$ on acc\nt ( _! imp$+ to a c]ta9 degree ! movem5ts ( ! we>]4 ,our developm5t 9 armor also produc$ an aviator's *air weigh+ #fj p\nds4 ,x w\ld protect ! pilot f injury f bel[ & f ! back1 )/&+ armor-pi]c+ bullets fir$ at a di/ance ( #ej y>ds4 ,s9ce ! pi]c+ ( ! gas mask cani/] by a bullet might result 9 ! dea? ( ! soldi] by admitt+ gas directly into ! brea?+ sy/em ( 8 mask1 ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t design$ an armor$ hav]sack = ! gas mask & its cani/]1 ?is hav]sack incid5tally s]v+ z a brea/ def5se4 ,,bayonets ,,& ,,tr5* ,,knives4 ,ano!r l>ge ordnance op]ation 0 ! production ( bayonets = ! s]vice rifles4 ,! ,briti% bayonet _h prov$ to be highly satisfactory 9 ! w>2 &1 s9ce x 0 already design$ to fit ! ,enfield rifle1 :i* we _h adopt$ = our own1 we took ! ,briti% bayonet z x 0 &1 ) only "o slight alt]ation1 set out to produce x 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,gov]nm5t f\nd bo? ! ,rem+ton ,arms-,union ,metallic ,c>tridge ,co4 at its ,bridgeport1 ,conn41 works1 & ! ,w9*e/] ,repeat+ ,arms ,co4 build+ ^! bayonets = ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t4 ,! latt]'s bayonet ne$s by #aiag 7 be+ well suppli$ by home manufacture1 & ?is p]mitt$ u to buy approximately #ede1ejj bayonets :i* _h already be5 manufactur$ = ! ,briti%4 ,! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t at once />t$ out ^! two conc]ns on contracts = bayonets = ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 ,rem+ton ) total ord]s = #b1hbj1hjc bayonets & ,w9*e/] ) ord]s = #fgb1ejj4 ,rem+ton deliv]$ 9 all #a1efe1fdd bayonets & ,w9*e/] #cie1hid4 ,?is 0 a total ( #a1ifa1ejj bayonets4 ,! total production ( #aiag rifles 0 ab\t #b1ebj1jjj4 ,^! figures indicate t we 7 %ort ov] #ejj1jjj bayonets at ! "t ho/ilities ceas$2 & z a matt] ( fact ?is %ortage _h already become acute1 especially 9 ! tra9+ camps4 ,! bayonets _h n come z rapidly z we _h expect$1 because to produce !m at ! rate orig9ally plann$ w\ld h int]f]$ ) ! m ess5tial production ( rifles by ^! same companies4 ,accord+ly 9 #aiah additional contracts = bayonets 7 made4 ,l&]s1 ,fr>y ,cl>k1 ( ,new ,brita91 ,conn41 engag$ to manufacture #ejj1jjj bayonets1 & ! ,national ,motor ,vehicle ,co41 #bee1jjj4 ,^! latt] contracts1 h[ev]1 7 susp5d$ aft] ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,! additional ord]s _h made x c]ta9 t !re w\ld be no bayonet %ortage by ! spr+ ( #aiai4 ,:ile ?is production 0 "u way we 7 also manufactur+ bayonets = ! model #aijc ,spr+field rifle4 ,! ,spr+field ,armory produc$ #cdg1ecc ( ^! & ! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al #cf1hjj4 ,9 addition ! ,spr+field ,armory deliv]$ #ej1jjj bayonet blades z sp>e p>ts4 ,we n only _h to provide bayonets b also ! scabb>ds to hold !m 94 ,! scabb>d ( ! #aiag bayonet 0 ( simple manufacture & !re 7 no difficulties 9 secur+ suffici5t quantities4 ,! ,jewell ,belt ,co4 deliv]$ #a1haj1fge ( !m2 ,graton ,knight deliv]$ #a1ffi1eha2 :ile ! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al produc$ #c1jjj4 ,?is gave u a total ( #c1dhj1jjj scabb>ds1 a quantity greatly 9 excess ( ! production ( ei!r bayonets or rifles4 ,a new weapon :i* _h come into use dur+ ! great w> z "p ( ! soldi]'s individual equipm5t 0 ! tr5* knife4 ,! "q ( mak+ su* knives 0 tak5 up by ! ,gov]nm5t ) v>i\s manufactur]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry & !y 7 giv5 a g5]al idea ( :at 0 requir$ &1 9 conjunction ) ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 7 reque/$ to develop details4 ,! design submitt$ by ,h5ry ,dis/on ,sons1 ( ,philadelphia1 receiv$ ! mo/ favorable consid]ation4 ,?is knife 0 manufactur$ & kn[n z model #aiag4 ,x 0 a triangul> blade #i in*es long4 ,! triangul> blade 0 deem$ ! mo/ effici5t because ( ! ease ) :i* x w\ld pi]ce clo?+ & ev5 lea!r4 ,?is knife 0 slightly *ang$ z reg>ds h&le & giv5 a diff]5t gu>d to protect ! man's knuckles1 & 0 kn[n z model #aiah4 ,^! knives 7 s5t abroad 9 l>ge quantities to be us$ by ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,l&]s1 ,fr>y ,cl>k produc$ #aac1jjj ( ^! knives & ! ,oneida ,community 7,ltd471 ,oneida1 ,n4 ,y41 #aj1jjj4 ,on ,june #a1 #aiah1 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces made an exhau/ive te/1 comp>+ ! v>i\s tr5* knives us$ abroad4 ,! f\r knives te/$ 7 z foll[s2 ,unit$ ,/ates1 model #aiag2 ,hughes2 ,fr5*2 & ,briti% knuckle knife4 ,^! te/s 7 made to det]m9e ! m]its ( ! diff]5t knives z to ! foll[+ po9ts3 7a7 ,s]viceability--ability to c>ry 9 h& & function o!r arms4 7b7 ,quickness 9 action4 7c7 ,if ! soldi] 7 knock$ unconsci\s1 w\ld knife drop f h&8 7d7 ,suitability to c>ry 9 h& :5 crawl+4 7e7 ,probability ( be+ knock$ out ( h&4 7f7 ,weight1 l5g?1 %ape ( blade4 7g7 ,%ape ( h&le4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! model #aiag1 al?\gh a satisfactory knife1 c\ld be improv$4 ,!re=e ! tr5* knife kn[n z ,m>k ,i 0 develop$ p>tially by ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces & p>tially by ! ,eng9e]+ ,division ( ,ordnance4 ,?is knife 0 entirely diff]5t f ! model #aiag1 hav+ a flat blade1 metal scabb>d1 & a ca/-bronze h&le4 ,x 0 a comb9ation ( all ! good po9ts ( all ! knives us$ by ! =eign armies4 ,! ,gov]nm5t plac$ ord]s = #a1bcb1ghj ( ! new knives4 ,deliv]ies 7 to h begun 9 ,decemb]1 b be=e t "t peace _h come & ! ord]s _h be5 r$uc$ to #aai1dbd4 ,! new model knives 7 to h be5 manufactur$ by ,a4 ,a4 ,simons ,son1 ,dayton1 ,ohio2 ,h5ry ,dis/on ,son1 ,philadelphia2 ,l&]s1 ,fr>y ,cl>k1 & ! ,oneida ,community 7,ltd474 ,all contracts 7 cancel$ except ! "o ) ,l&]s1 ,fr>y ,cl>k4 ,illu/ration3 #aiag ,,model ,,( ,,tr5* ,,knife ,,& ,,scabb>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>k ,i ,,tr5* ,,knife ,,) ,,flat ,,blade1 ,,design$ ,,by ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wire ,,cutt] 7,,"o ,,h&74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fr5* ,,wire ,,cutt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wire ,,cutt]1 ,,model #aiah1 ,,%[+ ,,special ,,rubb] ,,h&les4 ,,te/$ ,,at #aj1jjj ,,volts4 ,,p]iscopes1 ,,belts1 ,,etc4 ,ano!r new article 9 ! equipm5t ( our soldi]s 0 ! tr5* p]iscope1 a device enabl+ a man to look ov] ! edge ( ! tr5* )\t expos+ himself to fire4 ,! ord9>y p]iscope 0 m]ely a wood5 box #b in*es squ>e & #ae in*es long1 ) an incl9$ mirror set at ea* end4 ,production 0 comm5c$ 9 ,octob]1 #aiag1 by two companies1 & #ha1jjj 7 deliv]$ by ! middle ( ,janu>y4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aiah1 an additional lot ( #fj1jjj 0 ord]$1 b ! deliv]ies ( ^! 7 sl[4 ,an ev5 simpl] p]iscope 0 m]ely a mirror ab\t ?ree in*es long & an in* & a half wide :i* c\ld be plac$ on a bayonet or a /ick & set up ov] ! tr5* s t x gave a view ( ! gr\nd 9 front4 ,a total ( #ajj1jjj ( ^! 0 deliv]$ be=e ! end ( ,july1 #aiah1 & #ej1jjj additional ones be=e ,novemb]4 ,fur!r facts ab\t p]iscopes are set d[n 9 ! *apt] 9 ?is report relat+ to sights & fire-control app>atus4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> all textile equipm5t1 su* z c>tridge belts1 b&ole]s to c>ry ammunition1 hav]sacks1 pack c>ri]s1 pi/ol hol/]s1 cante5 cov]s & simil> mat]ial 7 suppli$ 9 wov5 mat]ial4 ,only two conc]ns 9 ?is c\ntry c\ld manufacture articles ( ?is quality4 ,!y 7 ! ,mills ,wov5 ,c>tridge ,belt ,co41 ,worce/]1 ,mass41 & ! ,russell ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,middlet[n1 ,conn4 ,al?\gh ^! two conc]ns practically d\bl$ _! output & work$ day & night to supply ! mat]ial1 ! dem& 0 too great1 & belts & c>ri]s 7 design$ to be /it*$ & sewn & n wov54 ,equipm5t made 9 ?is mann] is inf]ior to ! wov5 article4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,mills ,wov5 ,c>tridge ,belt ,co4 produc$ approximately #c1bjj1jjj ( ^! articles & ! ,russell ,manufactur+ ,co41 #a1ejj1jjj4 ,l>ge produc]s ( ! /it*$ & sewn mat]ial 7 ! ,plant ,bro!rs ,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass42 ,r4 ,h4 ,long ,co41 ,fram+ham1 ,mass42 ,l4 ,c4 ,*ase ,co41 ,wat]t[n1 ,mass4 ,= ! ,br[n+ automatic rifle & ! ,br[n+ ma*9e gun !re 7 specially design$ belts & b&ole]s4 ,! rifleman _h 8 own special belt1 & 8 fir/ & second assi/ants _h _! own individual belts1 & ! assi/ants also _h two b&ole]s ea*1 "o "r & "o left1 :i* 7 c>ri$ across _! %\ld]s4 ,^! 7 manufactur$ 9 quantities by ! foll[+ manufactur]s3 ,r4 ,h4 ,long ,co41 ,fram+ham1 ,mass4 #age1jjj ,plant ,bros41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 #ge1jjj ,l4 ,c4 ,*ase ,co41 ,wat]t[n1 ,mass4 #bj1jjj ,_m small articles ( textile equipm5t 7 produc$ 9 imm5se quantities4 ,!re 7 approximately f\r & a half million cante5 cov]s produc$ prior to ,novemb] #a4 ,l>ge contracts 7 plac$ ) ! foll[+ conc]ns3 ,p]k9s-,campbell ,co41 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio2 ,brau] ,bros41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo42 ,l4 ,c4 ,*ase ,co41 ,wat]t[n1 ,mass42 ,mill]-,hext] ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio2 ,p[]s ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,wat]loo1 ,i[a2 ,r4 ,h4 ,long ,co41 ,fram+ham1 ,mass42 ,brad=d ,co41 ,/4 ,joseph1 ,mi*42 ,galv9 ,bros41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio2 ,progressive ,knitt+ ,works1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,approximately f\r & a half million hav]sacks 7 produc$ & deliv]$ prior to ,novemb] #a1 #aiah4 ,l>ge manufactur]s produc+ ^! 7 z foll[s3 ,canvas ,products ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo42 ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al1 ,rock ,isl&1 ,ill42 ,plant ,bros41 ,bo/on1 ,mass42 ,simmons ,h>dw>e ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo42 ,r4 ,h4 ,long ,co41 ,fram+ham1 ,mass42 ,lib]ty1 ,durg9 7,inc471 ,hav]hill1 ,mass42 ,wiley1 ,bick=d ,sweet1 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,x is impossible "h to enum]ate ! entire range ( ordnance munitions produc$1 outside ( ! developm5t ( guns & _! ammunition2 b _! manufacture1 9 ord]s t ord9>ily am\nt$ to ! millions ( individual pieces1 engag$ ! activities ( a l>ge numb] ( manufactur]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ord]$ ab\t #a1bjj1jjj axes to be us$ 9 tr5* op]ations1 ( :i* #ffa1fij 7 deliv]$4 ,bags ( all sorts = horse fe$1 gra91 rations1 & supplies total$ 9 _! deliv]ies ab\t #b1bej1jjj4 ,! ,gov]nm5t receiv$ #hji1eda saddle blankets2 ab\t #c1gej1jjj c>ri]s = entr5*+ %ovels1 axes1 & picks2 ne>ly #d1dej1jjj cov]s = ! bree* locks ( rifles2 ov] #a1jjj1jjj currycombs2 #gf1bcj l>iats2 #gbg1jjj entr5*+ picks2 ne>ly #d1gej1jjj fir/-aid p\*es1 & ov] #b1jjj1jjj p\*es = small articles2 #bcd1fhi ,cavalry saddles2 #acd1jib ,field ,artill]y saddles2 #ae1bhg mule saddles2 #dhb1dei saddle bags2 ne>ly #a1hjj1jjj entr5*+ %ovels2 #b1hdc1jib spur /raps2 #gj1eef /eel measur+ tapes ea* #e feet long4 ,^! figures select$ at r&om f ?\s&s ( miscellane\s items indicate to "s ext5t ! scale on :i* ,am]ica w5t into ! w>4 ,! old model #aiaj ,am]ican wire cutt]1 al?\gh effici5t 9 times pa/1 0 n capable ( cutt+ specially con/ruct$ manganese wire :i* ! ,g]mans us$4 ,!re=e x became necess>y = ?is c\ntry to develop a bett] cutt]4 ,a meet+ ( ! pli] manufactur]s ( ! c\ntry 0 call$ & ! "q 0 put be=e !m4 ,! _s ( coop]ation ( ! ,am]ican manufactur]s 0 evid5t1 inasmu* z ov] #ij p] c5t ( ! manufactur]s att5d$ ! meet+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>tridge ,,belt1 ,,cal4#cj1 ,,model ,,( #aiaj 7,,dism\nt$7 ,,c>tridge ,,belt1 ,,cal4#cj1 ,,model ,,( #aiaj 7,,m\nt$7 ,,g>rison ,,belt1 ,,model ,,( #aiaj1 ,,= ,,enli/$ ,,m54 ,,g>rison ,,belt1 ,,model ,,( #aiaj1 ,,= ,,non ,,com ,,/aff ,,(fic]s ,,& ,,fir/ ,,s]geants4 ,,magaz9e ,,pocket1 ,,web1 ,,d\ble4 ,,wire ,,cutt] ,,c>ri]1 ,,model ,,( #aiaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g>rison ,,belt1 ,,model ,,( #aiaj1 ,,= ,,m\nt$ ,,ord]lies1 ,,m\nt$ ,,sc\ts ,,& ,,memb]s ,,( ,,ma*9e ,,gun ,,platoons4 ,,g>rison ,,belt1 ,,model ,,( #aiaj1 ,,trumpet] ,,s]geant ,,& ,,musicians4 ,,p\* ,,model ,,( #aiaj1 ,,= ,,fir/ ,,aid ,,packet4 ,,slide ,,web4 ,,%ovel ,,c>ri]1 ,,model ,,( #aiai4 ,,cante5 ,,cov]1 ,,model ,,( #aiaj4 ,,h& ,,ax ,,c>ri]1 ,,model ,,( #aiaj4 ,,pick ,,mattock ,,c>ri]1 ,,model ,,( #aiaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,meat ,,c1 ,,model #aiah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cante51 ,,model #aiaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pack ,,c>ri]1 ,,model ,,( #aiaj4 ,,hav]sack1 ,,model ,,( #aiaj4 ,,meat ,,c ,,p\*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,condim5t ,,c1 ,,model #aiaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,knife1 ,,model #aiaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=k1 ,,model #aiaj4 ,! model submitt$ by ,kraeut] ,co41 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 0 adopt$ & #e1jjj 7 manufactur$ & s5t to ,france4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 ! be/ cutt] develop$ 9 ?is %ort "t1 x 0 evid5t t x 0 n ! "r article1 & ! ,eng9e]+ ,division ( ,ordnance cont9u$ exp]im5t+ to make a m satisfactory "o4 ,9 ?is connection a "o-h& wire cutt] 0 develop$ by ! ,william ,s*ollhorn ,co41 ( ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,?is cutt] 0 a v effici5t & satisfactory article1 &1 al?\gh x 0 nev] adopt$ by ! ,am]ican ,army dur+ ! w>1 x is wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces ev5tually s5t back draw+s & sample ( ! ,fr5* wire cutt]1 :i* 0 develop$ abroad & kn[n z model #aiah4 ,?is 0 a l>ge1 two-h&$ cutt]4 ,production 0 />t$4 ,! article 0 f\nd difficult to manufacture1 b ! manufactur]s und]took x ) a w & production 0 well "u way :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,! mess equipm5t ( ! soldi] includ$ ! foll[+ items3 meat c1 condim5t c1 cante5 & cup1 knife1 =k1 & spoon4 ,^! articles 7 practically ! same z ! ,army _h always us$1 ) "o exception--! meat c4 ,advice 0 receiv$ f ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces t ! meat cans 9 :i* ! soldi]s' food 0 plac$ by ! cooks ( ! v>i\s organizations 7 n l>ge en\gh to hold ! portions t ! ,am]ican d\ghboys ne$$ :5 !y 7 fight+ at ! front4 ,al?\gh production 0 well "u way ) v>i\s ,am]ican manufactur]s on ! old model1 a new model c 0 design$ :i* 0 half an in* deep]4 ,! ,am]ican manufactur]s imm$iately1 ) a great deal ( tr\ble to !mselves1 *ang$ _! dies & tools & manufactur$ a new meat c :i* 0 l>g] ?an ! old4 ,?\s&s ( cans 7 turn$ out daily4 ,production data4 ,,condim5t ,,cans4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,contractor4 ,contract4 ,complet$ & deliv]$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,am]ican ,c ,co41 ,new ,york ,city #c1eec1idj #c1eec1idj ,t9 ,decorat+ ,co41 ,baltimore1 ,md4 #b1jjc1fdj #b1jjc1fdj ,go?am ,c ,co41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 #ejj1jjj #ejj1jjj ----------------------- ,total #f1jeg1ehj #f1jeg1ehj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,bacon ,,cans4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,/urgis ,burns1 ,*icago #b1cjc1hjj #a1gca1jjj ,l&]s1 ,fr>y ,cl>k1 ,new ,brita91 ,conn4 #ecd1cfj #ecd1cfj ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al1 ,rock ,isl&1 ,ill4 #a1feh1jjj #a1ceh1egj ,wiscons9 ,metal ,products ,co41 ,rac9e1 ,wis4 #ej1jjj #ej1jjj ,ackl9 ,/eel ,co41 ,tol$o1 ,ohio #bej1jjj #bej1jjj ,clevel& ,metal ,products ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio #cjj1jjj #ba1gej ,:ittak]1 ,glessn] ,co41 ,:eel+1 ,w4 ,va4 #ejj1jjj #aca1hhj ----------------------- ,total #e1eif1afj #d1jgg1efj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,meat ,,cans4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,alum9um ,co4 ( ,am]ica1 ,pittsburgh #c1che1iee #c1che1iee ,l&]s1 ,fr>y ,cl>k1 ,new ,brita91 ,conn4 #c1jjj1jjj #c1jjj1jjj ,j4 ,w4 ,br[n ,co41 ,columbus1 ,ohio #fda1ide #fda1ide ,:eel+ ,/amp+ ,co41 ,:eel+1 ,w4 ,va4 #idj1hab #idj1hab ,edmunds ,jones ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 #ach1cfj #ach1cfj ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al #ach1hfb #ach1hfb ----------------------- ,total #h1bde1icd #h1bde1icd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,cante5s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,alum9um ,co4 ( ,am]ica1 ,new ,york #c1dgj1jjj #c1dgj1jjj ,l&]s1 ,fr>y ,cl>k #b1hfb1aej #b1hfb1aej ,alum9um ,goods ,co41 ,manit[oc1 ,wis4 #b1cgj1jjj #b1cgj1jjj ,j4 ,w4 ,br[n ,co4 #hfa1dga #hfa1dga ,buckeye ,alum9um ,co41 ,woo/]1 ,ohio #ggf1jad #ggf1jad ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al #cfa1jjj #cfa1jjj ----------------------- ,total #aj1gjj1fce #aj1gjj1fce ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,knives4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,am]ican ,cutl]y ,co41 ,*icago #b1hfe1iaj #b1hfe1iaj ,l&]s1 ,fr>y ,cl>k #g1bhf1eej #g1bhf1eej ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al #ebg1fjj #ebg1fjj ,int]national ,silv]w>e ,co4 #dgc1jjj #dgc1jjj ,h9ckley ,manufactur+ ,co4 #acj1jjj #acj1jjj ----------------------- ,total #aa1bhc1jfj #aa1bhc1jfj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,=ks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,r4 ,wallace ,co4 #h1ehe1jjj #h1ehe1jjj ,wallace ,bros4 #cfg1haj #cfg1haj ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al #bjj1jjj #bjj1jjj ,*>les ,p>k] ,co41 ,m]id51 ,conn4 #haj1jjj #haj1jjj ,wm4 ,b4 ,durg9 ,co41 ,concord1 ,n4 ,h4 #ejj1jjj #ejj1jjj ----------------------- ,total #aj1dfb1haj #aj1dfb1haj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,spoons4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,r4 ,wallace ,co4 #h1jcg1fjj #h1jcg1fjj ,national ,enamel+ ,/amp+ ,co4 #ijf1djj #ijf1djj ,wm4 ,b4 ,durg9 ,co4 #ejj1jjj #ejj1jjj ,*>les ,p>k] ,co4 #ijb1jjj #ijb1jjj ----------------------- ,total #aj1cdf1jjj #aj1cdf1jjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,book ,,ii4 ,,! ,,air ,,s]vice4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,aircraft ,,problem4 ,:5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! w> aga9/ ,g]many 9 #aiag !re 0 no phase ( h] =?com+ indu/rial ef=t f :i* s mu* 0 expect$ z f ! build+ ( airplanes & equipm5t = a]ial w>f>e2 yet !re 0 no phase ( ! imm5se und]tak+ 9 :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 s utt]ly unprep>$4 ,9 _m o!r bran*es ( ! "w ( provid+ matriel = a mod]n army1 h[ev] inadequately acqua9t$ ,am]ica might be ) ! developm5ts :i* _h gone on 9 ,europe s9ce #aiad1 yet %e _h spl5did res\rces ( skill & equipm5t :i* c\ld quickly turn f ! pursuits ( peace to ! arts att5d+ w>f>e4 ,b !re 0 no l>ge exi/+ indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* c\ld turn easily to ! production ( airplanes1 s9ce su* airplanes z 7 kn[n 9 ,europe 9 #aiag _h nev] be5 built 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x seems difficult n[ = u to realize h[ utt]ly unle>n$ we 71 bo? 9 (ficial & te*nical qu>t]s1 9 ! design1 ! production1 or ! use ( a]onautical equipm5t 9 ^? e>ly days ( #aiag4 ,"h 9 ,am]ica me*anical flight _h be5 born2 b we _h liv$ to see o!r nations develop ! inv5tion into an indu/ry & a sci5ce t 0 a clos$ book to our p4 ,9 ! ?ree ye>s ( w>f>e be=e ,am]ican p>ticipation1 ! airplane _h be5 =c$ ?r\gh a :ole g5]ation ( normal me*anical evolution4 ,( ?is progress we 7 aw>e only z nonte*nical & di/ant obs]v]s4 ,su* milit>y /udy ( ! progress z we _h conduct$ 0 casual4 ,x _h1 9 fact1 br\ght to ,am]ica sc>cely a s+le basic fact on :i* we c\ld build our contemplat$ indu/ry4 ,:5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates became a bellig]5t no ,am]ican-built airplane _h ev] m\nt$ a ma*9e gun or c>ri$ any o!r ?an ! simple/ ( necess>y in/rum5ts4 ,su* ?+s z oxyg5 app>atus1 electrically heat$ clo?+ = aviators1 radio-communication ) airplanes1 l&+ & bomb+ fl>es1 electric light+ sy/ems = planes1 bomb-dropp+ devices1 suitable compasses1 in/rum5ts = measur+ height & spe$1 & ! l--9 %ort1 all ! mod]n p>aph]nalia t completes ! effici5cy ( combat airplanes--^! 7 almo/ entirely unkn[n to u4 ,! be/ ( ! prew> activities ( ,am]ica 9 ?is l9e _h produc$ "s useful airplane eng9es & a few planes :i* ! c\ntries !n at w> 7 will+ to use only 9 tra9+ ( aviators4 ,)9 ! ,army itself !re 0 small nucleus ( skill ar\nd :i* c\ld be built an organization exp]t & sophi/icat$4 ,we _h 9 ! (ficial files no adequate in=mation z to sizes1 capacities1 & types ( planes or eng9es1 or "* ( ordnance1 armam5t1 or a]onautical appliances dem&$ by ! exact+ s]vice 9 :i* our "y birdm5 7 soon to engage4 ,ev5 ! airplanes on ord] 9 ,april1 #aiag 7ov] #cej ( !m71 prov$ to be ( su* antiquat$ design t ! manufactur]s ( !m1 9 ! light ( _! increas$ k ( w> requirem5ts a few mon?s lat]1 ask$ to be releas$ f _! contracts4 ,nor 0 !re 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates any indu/ry s closely alli$ to airplane manufacture t its eng9e]s & design]s c\ld turn f "o to ! o!r & take _! places at once abrea/ ( ! progress 9 ,europe4 ,!re 0 little or no eng9e]+ tal5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates compet5t to design fully equipp$ milit>y aircraft :i* c\ld compete ) ,europe4 ,our aircraft produc]s mu/ fir/ g to ,france & ,engl& & ,italy1 & gr\nd !mselves 9 ! pr9ciples ( a new sci5ce be=e !y c\ld attempt to produce _! own designs or ev5 be=e !y c\ld be safe 9 select+ ,european designs = reproduction 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! fir/ consid]ation ( ! :ole program by ! ,jo9t ,army & ,navy ,te*nical ,bo>d indicat$ a figure ( #bb1jjj z ! numb] ( airplanes1 includ+ bo? tra9+ & battle types1 :i* %\ld be furni%$ = ! use ( ! ,army dur+ ! #ab mon?s foll[+ ,july #a1 #aiag4 ,?is figure repres5t$ ! det]m9ation ( ,am]ica to play a major "p 9 a]ial w>f>e4 ,x 0 n possible = ! bo>d to realize at t "t all ( ! problems :i* w\ld be enc\nt]$1 & ! figures indicat$ confid5ce 9 ! ability ( ! indu/rial organizations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to meet a difficult situation1 r ?an an exact plan "u :i* su* production might be develop$4 ,x is probable t x 0 n fully realiz$ t ! production ( ?is program1 ) ! prop] proportion ( sp>e p>ts requir$ = milit>y op]ations1 meant ! manufacture ( ! equival5t ( ab\t #dj1jjj airplanes4 ,)\t an indu/ry !n1 & ) little k or und]/&+ ( ! problems ( milit>y a]ial equipm5t1 we fac$ ! task ( secur+ ! equival5t ( #dj1jjj airplanes 9 #ab brief mon?s beg9n+ ,july1 #aiag4 ,9 "o respect we 7 9 a degree prep>$ 9 pr(essional skill & me*anical equipm5t to g ahead on broad l9es4 ,?is 0 9 ! matt] ( produc+ eng9es4 ,! production ( aviation eng9es 9 ,am]ica _h1 inde$1 be5 comp>atively slight1 b 9 ! automobile indu/ry _h be5 develop$ a va/ eng9e-build+ capacity4 ,! detail equipm5t ( automobile %ops 0 n entirely suit$ to aviation eng9es1 b1 nev]!less1 x furni%$ ! basis = ! future successful production ( ! ,lib]ty eng9e & ! o!r eng9es call$ = by ! air program4 ,illu/ration3 #bej ,,airplanes ,,9 ,,! ,,air ,,at ,,"o ,,"t ,,ov] ,,san ,,diego1 ,,calif4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,r[s ,,( ,,airplanes ,,l9$ ,,up ,,at ,a ,,texas ,,fly+ ,,field4 ,am]ica succe$$1 once ! requirem5ts 7 kn[n1 9 produc+ ! v>i\s accessories ( a]ial w>f>e4 ,x 0 necess>y fir/ to le>n f =eign s\rces :at ^! accessories 7 & h[ !y %\ld be built2 b z a rule x 0 possible to adapt ,am]ican production res\rces to ! problem1 & ! difficulties exp]i5c$ 7 r ^? ( det]m9+ requirem5ts & ! exact adaptation ( ! v>i\s articles to specific airplanes4 ,! a*ievem5ts ( ,am]ica 9 aircraft production dur+ ! w> p]iod may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,9 our #ai mon?s ( w>f>e we outdid any "o ( ! bellig]5t nations 9 ,europe 9 ! production ( airplanes 9 its fir/ #ai mon?s ( int5sive production4 ,9 our second ye> ( w> we ne>ly equal$ ! record ( ,engl& 9 h] ?ird4 ,at ! end ( ! ef=t1 aft] our design]s _h saturat$ !mselves 9 ! sci5ce & 7 abrea/ ( ! developm5ts ( ,europe1 !y produc$ sev]al typical ,am]ican airplanes :i* gave promise ( be+ sup]ior to any t ,europe 0 turn+ out4 ,we creat$ "o ( ! ?ree or f\r be/ airplane eng9es1 if n ! be/ ( all1 t ! _w _h se51 & produc$ x 9 great quantities4 ,we took a /&>d b complicat$ a]o-eng9e f ,europe & n only duplicat$ x 9 quantity "h b turn$ out a f9] product ?an ! orig9al ,fr5* mak]s _h be5 able to obta9 ) _! c>eful & m leisurely me?ods4 ,9 ! /eel cyl9d]s ( all ! a]o-eng9es we built 0 a capacity = produc+ "s sev5 or eight million horsep[]1 an en]gy equival5t to "o-fif? ( ! comm]cially practicable wat] p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,lib]ty eng9es built c\ld alone d ! "w ( ! entire flood ( ,niag>a & h a million horsep[] to sp>e4 ,9 ?ree ye>s ( w>f>e ! allies _h be5 able to develop only a s+le ma*9e gun t c\ld be successfully syn*roniz$ to fire ?r\gh a revolv+ airplane propell]4 ,9 #ab mon?s ( actual ef=t ,am]ica produc$ two o!rs z good1 bo? susceptible ( factory quantity production4 ,we develop$ new airplane cam]as4 ,we c>ri$ to new /ages ! sci5ce ( clo?+ aviators4 ,we develop$ 9 quantity ! wireless airplane telephone t /ill$ 9 ! e>s ( ! pilot ! b$lam ( w9d & ma*9e guns & eng9e exhau/ & plac$ him )9 easy speak+ radius ( 8 gr\nd /ation & 8 comm&] 9 ! air4 ,we built balloons at a rate to supply m ?an our own ne$s4 ,:5 ! %ortage ( l95 ?reat5$ ! entire airplane output ( ! nations oppos+ ,g]many1 we develop$ cotton w+ fabric t n only sub/itut$ = l951 b prov$ to be bett]2 & 9 produc+ a liquid fill] to make ?is fabric w9d-tight we e/abli%$ on a l>ge scale an entirely new *emical indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,su* 7 ! high po9ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ica's aircraft production = w>4 ,! details ( ! developm5ts :i* l$ to ^! results are set =? on ! foll[+ pages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( ,,airplane ,,9 ,,flight ,,tak5 ,,f ,,ano!r ,,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>a*ute ,,jump ,,f ,,an ,,altitude ,,( #g1ijj ,,feet1 ,,novemb] #ab1 #aiah4 ,picture tak5 at ,love ,field1 ,tex41 f an airplane4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,airplane ,,production4 ,sket*y & incomplete z 0 our k ( airplane con/ruction 9 ! e>ly days ( #aiag1 x 0 no m hazy ?an our notion ( h[ _m planes to build4 ,:at w\ld con/itute ov]:elm+ sup]iority 9 ! air8 ,z an indication ( ! rapidity ) :i* hi/ory has mov$1 x may be /at$ t 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y ( #aiag ! ,signal ,corps discuss$ ! feasibility ( build+ #a1jjj planes 9 a ye> ( con/ruction4 ,?is seems n[ to u a ridicul\sly l[ figure to propose z repres5tative ( ,am]ican res\rces1 b 9 ! e>ly weeks ( #aiag ! con/ruction ( a ?\s& airplanes appe>$ to be a =midable und]tak+4 ,9 ,m>*1 :5 w> 0 inevitable1 we rais$ ?is numb] to #b1ejj planes )9 #ab mon?s2 9 ,april1 :5 w> 0 decl>$1 we rais$ x aga9 to #c1gjj4 ,b once we 7 9 ! w>1 ?r\gh ! ex*ange ( milit>y missions our design]s 7 tak5 into ! confid5ce ( ! aviation bran*es ( ! ,fr5*1 ,briti%1 & ,italian ,armies & %[n !n = ! fir/ "t a compreh5sive view ( ! developm5t ( ! w> plane1 bo? :at _h be5 done 9 ! pa/ & :at might be expect$ 9 ! future4 ,z a result our ,jo9t ,army & ,navy ,te*nical ,bo>d 9 ! la/ week ( ,may & ! e>ly "p ( ,june1 #aiag1 recomm5d$ to ! ,secret>ies ( ,w> & ! ,navy t a build+ program be />t$ at once to produce ! /up5d\s total ( #ai1gge planes = our own use & #c1jjj additional ones1 if we 7 to tra9 =eign aviators1 or approximately #bb1jjj 9 all4 ,?is 0 a program wor?y ( ,am]ica's indu/rial greatness4 ,( ^! propos$ planes1 #g1jej 7 = tra9+ our fly]s1 #gbe = ! def5se ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & insul> possessions1 & #ab1jjj = active s]vice 9 ,france4 ,su* 0 ! task assign$ to an indu/ry t 9 ! previ\s #ab mon?s _h manufactur$ less ?an #hjj airplanes1 & ^? consi/+ pr9cipally ( tra9+ planes = =eign gov]nm5ts4 ,! exp&+ national ambition = an aircraft indu/ry 0 also %[n by ! m\nt+ money grants4 ,on ,may #ab ,congress vot$ #aj1hjj1jjj = milit>y a]onautics4 ,on ,june #ae an appropriation ( #dc1dej1jjj 0 vot$ = ! same purpose4 ,f9ally on ,july #bd1 #aiag1 ! ,presid5t sign$ ! bill appropriat+ #fdj1jjj1jjj = aircraft4 ,?is 0 ! l>ge/ appropriation ev] made by ,congress = "o specific purpose1 & ?is bill 0 put ?r\gh bo? ,h\ses )9 ! p]iod ( a little m ?an a week4 ,! figure #bb1jjj1 h[ev]1 sc>cely indicates ! size ( ?is und]tak+1 z we 7 to realize be=e long4 ,we little und]/ood ! inf9ite complications ( fully equipp+ battle planes4 ,lack+ t invaluable exp]i5ce :i* ,europe _h atta9$ 9 ?ree ye>s ( production1 we _h no practical realization ( ! fact t = ea* #ajj airplanes an equival5t ( #hj additional airplanes mu/ be provid$ 9 sp>e p>ts4 ,9 o!r words1 an effective fight+ plane deliv]$ 9 ,france is n "o plane1 b x is "o plane & eight-t5?s ( ano!r2 :i* means t ! program adopt$ 9 ,june1 #aiag1 call$ = ! production 9 #ab mon?s ( n #bb1jjj airplanes b r ! equival5t ( #dj1jjj airplanes4 ,let u set d[n ! inv5tory ( ! ,gov]nm5t's own res\rces = h&l+ ?is project4 ,! ,am]ican ,air ,s]vice1 :i* 0 !n "p ( ! ,signal ,corps1 _h _h a /ruggl+ & meag] exi/5ce1 work+ ) ! old pu%] type ( planes until 9 #aiad an appropriation ( #bej1jjj 0 made available = ! pur*ase ( new airplanes & equipm5t4 ,%ortly aft] ?is appropriation 0 grant$1 five (fic]s 7 s5t to ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology = a c\rse 9 a]onautics4 ,:5 ! w> broke out 9 ,europe 9 ,augu/1 #aiad1 ^! m5 con/itut$ ! entire te*nically tra9$ p]sonnel ( ! ,air ,s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by ,april #f1 #aiag1 we _h #fe (fic]s 9 ! ,air ,s]vice1 an enli/$ & civilian p]sonnel ( #a1ccj1 two fly+ fields1 & a few s]viceable planes ( ! tra9+ type4 ,?is equipm5t may be comp>$ ) t ( ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl& at ! "t !y w5t to w>4 ,g]many is believ$ to h _h ne>ly #a1jjj airplanes 9 ,augu/1 #aiad2 ,france _h ab\t #cjj2 & ,engl& b>ely #bej4 ,am]ica's #bbd1 deliv]$ up to ,april #f1 #aiag1 7 ne>ly all obsolete 9 type :5 comp>$ ) ! ma*9es !n 9 effective s]vice 9 ,france4 ,no soon] _h ! ,unit$ ,/ates emb>k$ ^u ! w> ?an ! ag5ts ( ! ,european manufactur]s ( airplanes desc5d$ ^u ! ,aircraft ,bo>d 9 sw>ms4 ,france & ,italy _h bo? adopt$ ! policy ( dep5d+ ^u ! private developm5t ( designs = _! supplies ( airplanes1 ) ! result t ! build]s ( ea* c\ntry _h produc$ a numb] ( successful types ( fly+ ma*9es & an ev5 great] numb] ( types ( eng9es4 ,on ! assumption t ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld adopt c]ta9 ( ^! types & build !m "h1 ! ag5ts = ! ,sop)s1 ! ,capronis1 ! ,h&ley-,pages1 & _m o!rs proce$$ to demon/rate ! p>ticul> excell5ces ( _! v>i\s articles4 ,out ( ?is confusion ( c\nsel /ood "o p]t95t fact 9 relief--! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld h to pay consid]able royalties = ! use ( any ( ^! ,european devices4 ,z to ! relative m]its ( types & designs1 x 0 soon app>5t t no intellig5t decision c\ld be rea*$ 9 ,wa%+ton or any:]e b 9 ,europe4 ,because ( our di/ance f ! front & ! l5g? ( "t requir$ to put ! ,am]ican indu/rial ma*9e into op]ation on a l>ge scale1 x 0 necess>y t 9 advance we und]/& types & t5d5cies 9 aircraft con/ruction1 s t we might anticipate aircraft developm5t 9 su* special designs z we might adopt4 ,o!rwise1 if we accept$ ! types ( equipm5t !n 9 use 9 ,europe1 by ! "t we _h begun produc+ on a l>ge scale a ye> or s lat] we w\ld f9d our output obsolete & out ( date1 s rapidly 0 ! aircraft art mov+4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ,june ! ,unit$ ,/ates s5t to ,europe a commission ( six civilian & milit>y exp]ts1 head$ by ,maj4 ,r4 ,c4 ,boll+1 "p ( ^: duties 0 to advise ! ,am]ican ,w> ,dep>tm5t z to :at types ( planes & eng9es & o!r air equipm5t we %\ld prep>e to manufacture4 ,also1 9 ,april ! ,*ief ( ! ,signal ,corps _h cables s5t to ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,italy1 reque/+ t aviation exp]ts be s5t at once to ?is c\ntry2 & %ortly aft] ?is we dispat*$ to ,europe m ?an #ajj skill$ me*anics to "w 9 ! =eign eng9e & airplane plants & acquire ! tra9+ t w\ld make !m ! nucleus ( a l>ge me*anical =ce = aircraft production 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b :ile ^! e>ly educational activities 7 9 progress1 mu* c\ld be done at home t ne$ n await ! =?com+ reports f ! ,boll+ mission4 ,we _h1 = in/ance1 9 ?is c\ntry sev]al types ( planes & eng9es t w\ld be suitable = ! tra9+ fields :i* 7 ev5 !n be+ e/abli%$4 ,! ,signal ,corps1 !re=e1 b5t its en]gies ^u ! manufacture ( tra9+ equipm5t1 leav+ ! developm5t ( battle aircraft to come aft] we %\ld "k m ab\t t subject4 ,x 0 evid5t t we c\ld n equip an airplane indu/ry & furni% ma*9es to our fli]s abroad be=e ! summ] ( #aiah2 & s we arrang$ ) ,france = ?is equipm5t by plac+ ord]s ) ,fr5* factories = #e1hge planes ( regul> ,fr5* design4 ,^! 7 all to be deliv]$ by ,july #a1 #aiah4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ) ! ,fr5* factories we agre$ to supply f ! ,unit$ ,/ates a great deal ( ! raw mat]ials = ^! ma*9es1 & ! contract = furni%+ ^! supplies 0 giv5 to ,j4 ,g4 ,:ite ,co4 ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,?is conc]n did a cr$itable job1 %ipp+ ab\t #e1jjj1jjj feet ( lumb]1 mu* necess>y ma*9]y1 & a multitude ( items requir$ 9 ! fabrication ( airplanes1 all to ! value ( #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,! total weight ( ! %ipm5ts on ?is contract 0 some?+ l #bc1jjj tons1 ?is figure includ+ #g1ejj tons ( lumb]4 ,! o!r tonnage consi/$ ( tub+ ( /eel1 brass1 copp] & alum9um2 %eets ( /eel1 copp]1 lead1 & alum9um2 z well z b> /eel1 tool /eel1 /ructural /eel1 ball be>+s1 crank %afts1 turnbuckles1 radiator tubes1 wire1 cable1 bolts1 nuts1 screws1 nails1 fib] clo?1 felt1 & rubb]4 ,all ( ?is 0 9 addition to approximately #a1jjj ma*9e tools1 su* z motors1 la!s1 & gr9d]s4 ,! ord]s = ,fr5* planes 7 divid$ z foll[s3 #gbe ,nieuport tra9+ planes1 #aej ,spad tra9+ planes1 #a1ejj ,breguet s]vice planes2 #b1jjj ,spad s]vice planes2 & #a1ejj ,new ,spad or ,nieuport s]vice planes4 ,! decision betwe5 ! ,new ,spad or ,nieuport s]vice planes 0 to be made z soon z ! ,new ,spad c\ld be te/$4 ,^! planes 7 to be deliv]$ 9 specifi$ mon?ly quantities increas+ 9 numb] until ! total ( #a1cfj planes %\ld be plac$ 9 our h&s dur+ ! mon? ( ,m>*1 #aiah1 alone4 ,! contracts 7 to be conclud$ 9 ,june ) ! deliv]y ( ! f9al #a1aae planes4 ,we also contract$ = ! manufacture ( #h1ejj s]vice eng9es ( ! ,r5ault1 ,hispano & ,gnome makes1 all ( ^! to be deliv]$ by ! end ( ,june4 ,:5 ! armi/ice end$ ! fight+1 we _h produc$ a total ( #aa1ged airplanes 9 ,am]ica1 toge!r ) mo/ ( ! necess>y sp>e p>ts = ab\t "o-?ird ( !m4 ,:ile a l>ge "p ( ! ,am]ican airplanes built 9 ! w> p]iod 7 ( ! tra9+ type r ?an ! s]vice1 or battle1 type1 nev]!less x 0 necess>y t we h a l>ge equipm5t ( tra9+ planes 9 ord] to prep>e ! swiftly exp&+ p]sonnel ( ! ,air ,s]vice = its future activity at ! front4 ,! nations associat$ ) u 9 ! w>1 h[ev]1 _h produc$ _! tra9+ equipm5t prior to our p>ticipation z a bellig]5t1 & at ! "t we ent]$ ! w> ! ,fr5*1 ,briti%1 & ,italians 7 produc+ only en\gh tra9+ planes to ma9ta9 _! tra9+ equipm5t & 7 go+ 9 heavily ) ! re/ ( _! airplane indu/ries = ! production ( s]vice planes4 ,) ^! consid]ations 9 m9d1 ! read] may make an int]e/+ comp>ison ( ,briti% & ,am]ican plane production1 ! ,briti% figures be+ = bo? ! ,briti% ,army & ! ,briti% ,navy1 :]eas ! ,am]ican figures are = ! ,am]ican ,army alone4 ,9 ! foll[+ table ( comp>ison ! ,briti% figures are bas$ on ! ,lockh>t ,report ( ,novemb] #a1 #aiah3 ,comp>ative rate ( airplane production--,briti% & ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,briti% ,unit$ ,cal5d> ye>4 ,army & ,/ates ,navy4 ,army4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #aiae1 ,jan4 #a to ,dec4 #ca #b1jdj #bj #aiaf1 ,jan4 #a to ,dec4 #ca #f1jjj #bfhc #aiag1 ,jan4 #a to ,dec4 #ca #ad1djj #bga1hjg #aiah1 ,jan4 #a to ,dec4 #ca #cj1jjj #bhaa1iej ---------------------------------------- ------ #bf ,exp]im5tal4 #bg #a1dgf built 9 la/ sev5 mon?s only4 #bh ,inclusive ( #ace secur$ by ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5t4 ,am]ican total #ab1hcg if ,octob] production _h cont9u$ ?r\gh ,novemb] & ,decemb]4 ,broadly /at$1 & )\t ref]5ce to types ( planes produc$1 ^! figures mean t ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 h] second ye> ( ! w> produc$ = ! ,am]ican ,army alone almo/ z _m airplanes z ,great ,brita9 9 h] ?ird ye> ( ! w> built = bo? h] army & navy4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aiah1 factories 9 ?is c\ntry turn$ out #a1fea planes1 :i*1 )\t all[+ = ! mon?ly expansion 9 ! production1 0 at ! rate ( #bj1jjj planes p] ye>4 ,assum+ no increase 9 ! ,octob] rate ( production1 we w\ld h atta9$ ! #bb1jjj airplanes 9 #bc mon?s aft] ,july #a1 #aiag1 ! date on :i* ! production ef=t may be said to h />t$4 ,our production ( fight+ planes 9 ! w> p]iod 0 #c1cbh4 ,on ! day ! armi/ice 0 sign$ we _h receiv$ f all s\rces #af1ieb planes4 ,( ^! #e1aih _h be5 produc$ = u by ! allies4 ,we _h #dh fly+ fields1 #bj1efh ,air ,s]vice (fic]s1 & #agd1def enli/$ m5 & civilian p]sonnel4 ,^! figures d n mean t we _h m ?an #ag1jjj planes on h& at t "t1 because ! mortality 9 airplanes is high f accid5ts & ord9>y we> & te>4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,mat]ial4 ,once we _h />t$ out on ?is ent]prise we soon discov]$ t ! production ( airplanes 0 some?+ m ?an a m]e manufactur+ job4 ,) almo/ any o!r article we might h made our designs1 giv5 ord]s to ! factories1 & re/$ 9 ! security t 9 due "t ! articles w\ld be =?com+4 ,b ) airplanes we _h to create ! indu/ry2 & ?is meant n only ! equipp+ ( factories1 b ! procurem5t & sometimes ! actual production ( ! raw mat]ials4 ,= in/ance1 ! ideal lubricant = ! airplane motor is ca/or oil4 ,:5 we discov]$ t ! supply ( ca/or oil 0 n ne>ly suffici5t = our future ne$s1 ! ,gov]nm5t itself secur$ f ,asia a l>ge quantity ( ca/or beans1 en\gh to se$ m ?an #ajj1jjj acres 9 ?is c\ntry & ?us to provide = ! future lubrication = our motors4 ,?is actual creation ( raw mat]ials 0 conduct$ on a mu* l>g] scale 9 ! cases ( c]ta9 o!r commodities us$ 9 airplane con/ruction1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! production ( lumb] & cotton & 9 ! manufacture ( ! *emicals = ! dope ) :i* ! airplane w+s are cov]$ & made air-tight4 ,an airplane mu/ h w+s & an eng9e ) a propell] to make x g2 &1 l a bird1 x mu/ h a tail to make x fly /raight & a body 7fuselage7 to hold all toge!r4 ,"p ( ! tail 7! rudd]7 moves sideways & /e]s ! airplane f left to "r2 "p moves up & d[n 7! elevators7 & makes ! airplane g up or d[n1 & p>ts ( ! w+s 7! ail]ons7 move up & d[n & make ! airplane tip f side to side4 ,all ( ^! ?+s mu/ be connect$ to ! controls 9 ! h&s ( ! pilot4 ,! front edges ( ! w+s are rais$ above ! l9e ( flight2 & :5 ! propell] driv5 by ! eng9e =ces ! w+s ?r\gh ! air1 ! airplane is lift$ & flies4 ,all ( ! airplanes built = ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! w> 7 tractor biplanes4 ,9 a plane ( ! tractor type ! propell] is 9 front & pulls ! ma*9e4 ,! biplane is s call$ because x has two planes or w+s1 "o above ! o!r4 ,! biplane has be5 ! mo/ l>gely us$ ( all types 9 w> = two reasons3 fir/1 ! /ruts & wires betwe5 ! planes =m a truss /ructure1 & ?is gives ! ne$$ /r5g?2 & second1 !re is less dang] ( enemy bullets wreck+ a biplane 9 ! air because its w+ support is great] ?an t ( ! monoplane or s+le-w+$ ma*9e4 ,s9ce ! airplane c lift only a limit$ weight1 e "p ( ! me*anism mu/ be z light z possible4 ,an airplane eng9e weighs f #b to #c p\nds p] horsep[]1 :]eas an automobile motor weighs f #h to #aj p\nds p] horsep[]4 ,! skeleton ( ! airplane is made ( wood1 mo/ly spruce1 ) %eet-/eel fitt+s to jo9 ! wood p>ts toge!r1 & /eel wires & rods to make e "p a truss4 ,?is skeleton is cov]$ ) clo?1 & ! clo? is /ret*$ & made smoo? by dope4 ,wood1 %eet /eel1 wire1 clo?1 v>ni%--^! are ! pr9cipal compon5ts ( an airplane4 ,z raw mat]ials !y all seem easy to obta9 9 ,am]ica4 ,& s !y are 9 peace times & = ord9>y purposes4 ,b nev] be=e _h quality be5 s ess5tial 9 an ,am]ican indu/ry1 f ! raw mat]ial up to ! f9i%$ product--quality 9 ! mat]ials us$1 & quality 9 ! workman%ip :i* fa%ions ! p>ts4 ,b comb9$ ) ?is quality we 7 =c$ to produce 9 quantities1 b\nd$ only by our own physical limitations1 & ^! quantities mu/ include n only ! mat]ials = our own air program b also "s ( ! pr9cipal raw mat]ials us$ by ! airplane build]s 9 ,france & ,engl&1 specifically1 all ( ! spruce :i* ! allies w\ld require &1 lat]1 mu* ( ! w+ fabric & dope = _! ma*9es4 ,q e>ly x 0 app>5t to u t we _h on our h&s a problem 9 spruce production :i* ! ,gov]nm5t itself mu/ solve1 if ! airplane und]tak+ 7 n to fail at ! outset4 ,:5 we ent]$ ! w> l95 0 exclusively us$ = ! cov]+ ( w+s2 & x develop$ almo/ imm$iately t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 0 practically ! sole s\rce ( l954 ,b ! ,iri% looms c\ld n beg9 to furni% u ) our ne$s = ?is commodity4 ,lat] on came up ! "q ( supply+ dope & ca/or oil4 ,f9ally1 dur+ ! la/ mon?s ( ! w>1 x became necess>y = u to foll[ up ! production ( all classes ( our raw mat]ial1 p>ticul>ly 9 work+ out a suitable supply ( /eel tub+4 ,b our great creative ef=ts 9 raw mat]ials 7 conf9$ to spruce1 fabric1 & dope4 ,! lumb] problem involv$ va/ que/ions ( an indu/rial & te*nical "*4 ,we _h to conduct a campaign ( education 9 ! k ( aircraft requirem5ts t rea*$ f ! logg]s !mselves 9 ! woods to ! sawmill m51 to ! cut-up plants1 & !n foll[$ ?r\gh ! processes ( dry+ & saw+ to ! prop] utilization ( ! lumb] 9 ! aircraft factories4 ,9 work+ out ^! problems1 :ile we drew heavily ^u ! exp]i5ce 9 ,europe1 yet we ourselves add$ our own te*nical skill to ! solution4 ,! ,signal ,corps 0 assi/$ by ! =e/ products laboratory at ,madison1 ,wis41 & by ! wood section ( ! inspection dep>tm5t ( ! ,bureau ( ,aircraft ,production4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,s]vice contribut$ its %>e ( te*nical k4 ,at ! end ( ! w> we consid]$ t our practice 9 ! h&l+ ( aircraft lumb] 0 sup]ior to t ( ei!r ,france or ,engl&4 ,,! ,,spruce ,,problem4 ,ea* airplane uses two di/9ct sorts ( wood--fir/1 ! spruce or simil> lumb] = ! w+ beams or o!r plane p>ts2 & second1 mahogany1 walnut1 or o!r h>dwoods = propell]s4 ,9 ea* case ! ,army production au?orities 7 involv$ bo? 9 secur+ ! lumb] & 9 educat+ manufactur]s to h&le x prop]ly4 ,9 an ord9>y biplane !re are two beams = ea* lat]al w+1 eight beams to ! plane4 ,^! =m ! basis ( /r5g? = ! w+s4 ,because ( ! heavy /resses put ^u ! airplanes by battle conditions1 only ! mo/ p]fect & /raight-gra9$ wood is suitable = ^! beams4 ,all cross-gra9$ or spiral-gra9$ mat]ial1 or mat]ial too co>se 9 its /ructure1 is useless4 ,spruce is ! be/ ( all woods = w+ beams4 ,our problem 0 to supply lumb] en\gh = ! w+ beams1 disreg>d+ ! o!r p>ts1 z all o!r wood us$ 9 ! manufacture ( planes c\ld be secur$ f cutt+s f ! w+-beam /ock4 ,at ! beg9n+ we built ea* beam out ( "o piece ( wood2 & ?is meant t ! lumb] mu/ be extra long1 ?ick1 & p]fect4 ,until we le>n$ h[ to cut ! spruce economically we f\nd t only a small portion ( ! lumb] actually logg$ 0 satisfactory = airplanes4 ,an av]age siz$ biplane uses less ?an #ejj feet ( lumb]4 ,9 ! h&s ( skill$ cutt]s ?is quantity c be work$ out ( #a1jjj feet ( r\gh lumb]4 ,b 9 ! e>li] days ( ! und]tak+ z high z #e1jjj feet ( spruce p] plane 7 actually us$ because ( imp]fections 9 ! lumb]1 lack ( prop] inspection at ! mills1 & faulty h&l+ 9 transit & 9 ! factories4 ,we also us$ c]ta9 species ( fir 9 build+ tra9+ planes4 ,?is wood is1 l spruce1 light1 t\gh1 & /rong4 ,! only great s\rce ( supply ( ^! woods 0 9 ! ,pacific ,nor?we/1 al?\gh !re 0 a mode/ quantity ( suitable timb] 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,new ,engl&4 ,:ile at fir/ we expect$ to rely ^u ! unaid$ ef=ts ( ! lumb] produc]s1 labor difficulties almo/ imm$iately arose 9 ! ,nor?we/ to h9d] ! production ( lumb]4 ,! ef=t1 too1 0 beset ) difficulties ( a physical nature1 s9ce ! l>ge virg9 /&s ( spruce occurr$ only at int]vals & (t5 at long di/ances f ! exi/+ railroads4 ,by ! middle ( ,octob]1 #aiag1 x became evid5t t ! nor?we/]n lumb] indu/ry unaid$ c\ld n deliv] ! spruce & fir2 & ! ,*ief ( ,/aff ( ! ,army =m$ a milit>y organization to h&le ! situation4 ,on ,novemb] #f1 #aiag1 ,col4 ,brice ,p4 ,disque took comm& ( ! ,spruce ,production ,division ( ! ,signal ,corps1 ?is organization lat] be+ transf]r$ to ! ,bureau ( ,aircraft ,production4 ,:5 ,col4 ,disque w5t into ! ,nor?we/ he f\nd ! indu/ry 9 *aotic condition4 ,! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 0 demoraliz+ ! labor =ces4 ,! mills did n h ! ma*9]y to cut ! /raight-gra9$ lumb] ne$$ & _! timb] exp]ts 7 n suffici5tly skill$ 9 ! selection & judg+ ( logs to secure ! maximum footage4 ,! :ole indu/ry 0 organiz$ along l9es ( quantity production & desir$ to avoid all high quality requirem5ts insi/$ ^u by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,"o ( ! fir/ acts ( ! milit>y organization 0 to organize a society call$ ! ,loyal ,legion ( ,logg]s & ,lumb]m51 ! ,l4 ,l4 ,l4 ,l41 to (fset ! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 propag&a1 its plat=m be+1 no /rikes1 fair wages1 & ! consci5ti\s production ( ! ,gov]nm5t's requirem5ts4 ,on ,m>* #a1 #aiah1 #ge1jjj lumb]m5 & op]ators agre$ )\t res]vation to give ,col4 ,disque p[] to decide all labor disputes4 ,! specifications = logs 7 !n /&>diz$ & modifi$ z f> z practicable to meet ! manufactur]s' ne$s4 ,we arrang$ f9ancial assi/ance t !y might equip _! mills ) ! prop] ma*9]y4 ,we in/itut$ a sy/em ( in/ruction = ! p]sonnel4 ,f9ally1 ! ,gov]nm5t fix$ a price = aircraft spruce t /abiliz$ ! indu/ry & provid$ aga9/ delays f labor disputes4 ,:ile ^! basic re=ms 7 be+ in/itut$ our organization _h en]getically tak5 up ! physical problems relat+ to ! "w4 ,we survey$ ! exi/+ /&s ( spruce timb]1 built railroads connect+ !m ) ! mills1 & project$ o!r railroads f> into ! future4 ,we began & enc\rag$ logg+ by f>m]s 9 small op]ations4 ,by ^! & o!r me?ods employ$1 ! effici5cy ( ?is production ef=t gradually increas$4 ,9 all1 we took #ahj1jjj1jjj feet ( aircraft lumb] out ( ! nor?we/]n =e/s4 ,to ! allies w5t #abj1jjj1jjj feet2 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army & ,navy1 #fj1jjj1jjj feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,assembl+ ,,de ,,havil&-#d ,,w+s ,,at ,,! ,,dayton-,,wright ,,plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sew+ ,,fabric ,,on ,,airplane ,,w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,apply+ ,,! ,,dope ,,to ,,airplane ,,w+s4 ,yet :5 we _h resolv$ ! difficulties 9 ! =e/s only "p ( ! problem _h be5 met4 ,next came ! intricate indu/rial "q ( h[ to prep>e ?is lumb] = aircraft use4 ,we possess$ little k z to ! prop] me?ods ( season+ ?is timb]4 ,! va/ majority ( woodwork+ plants 9 ?is c\ntry1 su* z furniture & piano mak]s1 _h always dri$ lumb] to ! end t x might keep its %ape4 ,we n[ 7 fac$ ) ! te*nical "q ( dry+ lumb] s z to pres]ve its /r5g?4 ,! =e/ products laboratory work$ out a sci5tific me?od = ?is sort ( season+4 ,incid5tally !y discov]$ t ord9>y comm]cial dry+ _h seldom be5 c>ri$ on sci5tifically4 ,! c\ntry w receive a la/+ b5efit f ?is in/ruction c>ri$ broadca/ ov] ! indu/ry4 ,9 ! progress ( our wood /udies we discov]$ a me?od ( splic+ %ort l5g?s ( spruce to make w+ beams & 9 ! lat] mon?s ( ! production us$ ^! splic$ beams exclusively at a great sav+ 9 raw mat]ials4 ,! use ( lam9at$ beams w\ld probably h become univ]sal 9 ano!r ye> ( w>f>e4 ,,cotton ,,fabric ,,& ,,dope4 ,! fly+ surfaces ( an airplane are made by /ret*+ clo? ov] ! frames4 ,:5 we came into w> x 0 suppos$ t l95 0 ! only common fabric ) suffici5t /r5g? = ?is use1 & l95 0 almo/ exclusively us$ by ! airplane build]s1 al?\gh ,italian manufactur]s 7 try+ to develop a cotton fabric4 ,( ! ?ree pr9cipal s\rces ( flax1 ,belgium _h be5 cut (f f ! allies1 ,russia 0 isolat$ entirely aft] ! revolution !re1 & ,irel& 0 left z ! sole available l& f :i* flax = airplane l95 c\ld be obta9$4 ,z late z ,augu/1 #aiag1 ,engl& assur$ u t %e c\ld supply all ( ! l95 t w\ld be ne$$4 ,x rapidly became evid5t t ,engl& _h und]e/imat$ our requirem5ts4 ,an av]age airplane requires #bej y>ds ( fabric1 :ile "s ( ! l>ge ma*9es ne$ m ?an #ejj y>ds4 ,& ^! requirem5ts d n take into consid]ation ! sp>e w+s :i* mu/ be suppli$ ) ea* airplane4 ,?is meant a dem& = millions ( y>ds put ^u ! ,iri% supply1 :i* _h no su* surplus above alli$ ne$s4 ,= "s "t prior to ,april #f1 #aiag1 ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds at ,wa%+ton _h be5 exp]im5t+ ) cotton airplane clo?s4 ,out ( ! l>ge v>iety ( fabrics te/$ sev]al promis+ exp]im5tal clo?s 7 produc$4 ,! *ief objection to cotton 0 t ! dope :i* gave satisfactory results on l95 fail$ to "w ) uni=mity on cotton4 ,!re=e1 x became app>5t t if we 7 to use cotton fabric1 we %\ld h to inv5t a new dope4 ,two grades ( cotton airplane clo? 7 f9ally evolv$--,a1 :i* _h a m9imum /r5g? ( #hj p\nds p] in*1 & ,b1 ) a m9imum /r5g? ( #ge p\nds p] in*4 ,grade ,a 0 lat] univ]sally adopt$4 ,?is clo? weigh$ f\r & "o-half ounces p] squ>e y>d4 ,we plac$ our fir/ ord]s = cotton airplane fabric 9 ,septemb]1 #aiag--ord]s = #bj1jjj y>ds--& f t "t on ! use ( l95 decreas$4 ,by ,m>* ( #aiah ! production ( cotton airplane clo? _h rea*$ #djj1jjj y>ds p] mon?4 ,9 ,may ! production 0 ab\t #ijj1jjj y>ds2 & :5 ! w> end$ ?is mat]ial 0 be+ turn$ out at ! rate ( #a1bjj1jjj y>ds p] mon?4 ,/>t+ ) a few ma*9es1 our cotton mills _h gradually br\ght #b1fjj looms into ! ent]prise1 ea* loom turn+ out ab\t #abj y>ds ( clo? 9 a week4 ,a total ( #aj1bdh1cee y>ds ( cotton fabric 0 wov5 & deliv]$ to ! ,gov]nm5t--ov] #e1hjj miles ( x1 ne>ly en\gh to rea* f ,cali=nia to ,france4 ,! use ( cotton fabric s exp&$ t 9 ,augu/1 #aiah1 we discont9u$ ! importations ( l95 altoge!r4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 dang] t we w\ld be limit$ 9 our output ( cotton fabric if !re 7 any curtailm5t 9 ! supply ( ! long-/aple sea-isl& & ,egyptian cotton ( :i* ?is clo? is made4 ,to make sure t !re w\ld be no %ortage ( ?is mat]ial ! ,signal ,corps 9 ,novemb]1 #aiag1 w5t into ! m>ket & pur*as$ #ae1jjj bales ( sea-isl& cotton4 ,?is at all times gave u an adequate res]ve ( raw mat]ial = ! new fabric4 ,cotton prov$ to be n only an admirable sub/itute = l95 b ev5 a bett] fabric ?an ! orig9al clo? :i* _h be5 us$4 ,no matt] h[ abundant ! supply ( flax may be1 x is unlikely t l95 w ev] aga9 be us$ 9 l>ge quantities = ! manufacture ( airplane w+s4 ,?us1 z ! airplane situation 0 sav$ by ! prompt action ( ! ,signal ,corps 9 organiz+ & tra9+ ! spruce indu/ry1 s aga9 its decision to produce cotton fabric & its prompt action 9 corn]+ ! necess>y cotton supply made possible ! un9t]rupt$ expansion ( ! alli$ aviation program4 ,! w+s ( an airplane mu/ n only be cov]$ ) fabric1 b ! fabric mu/ be fill$ ) dope1 :i* is a sort ( v>ni%4 ,! function ( ! dope is to /ret* ! clo? tight & to create on x a smoo? surface4 ,aft] ! dope is on ! fabric ! surface is protect$ fur!r by a coat ( ord9>y sp> v>ni%4 ,we f\nd 9 ! m>ket two sorts ( dope :i* 7 be+ furni%$ to airplane build]s ( all c\ntries by v>i\s *emical & v>ni% manufactur]s4 ,"o ( ^! dopes 0 nitrate 9 "* & 0 made f nitrocellulose & c]ta9 wood-*emical solv5ts includ+ alcohol4 ,?is produc$ a surface simil> to t ( a photographic film4 ,! o!r k9d ( dope _h an acetate base & 0 made f cellulose-acetate & su* wood *emical solv5ts z acetone4 ,! nitrate dope burn$ rapidly :5 ignit$ b ! acetate type 0 sl[ burn+4 ,?us 9 tra9+ planes n subject to attack by enemy inc5di>y bullets ! nitrate dope w\ld be fairly satisfactory1 b 9 ! fight+ planes ! sl[-burn+ acetate dope 0 a vital necessity4 ,up to our p>ticipation 9 ! w> ! dopes produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 pr9cipally nitrate 9 "*4 ,x 0 evid5t t we %\ld make our new dope acetate 9 "* to avoid ! dang] ( fire4 ,b = ?is we w\ld require great quantities ( acetone & acetate *emicals1 & a c>eful canvass ( ! supply ( su* +r$i5ts %[$ t x w\ld be impossible = u to obta9 ^! 9 any?+ l ! quantities we %\ld require )\t develop+ absolutely new s\rces ( production4 ,already acetone & its k9dr$ products 7 be+ absorb$ 9 l>ge quantities by ! w> production ( ! allies4 ,! ,briti% ,army 0 absolutely dep5d5t ^u cordite z a high explosive4 ,acetone is ! *emical basis ( cordite2 & !re=e ! ,briti% ,army look$ ) great conc]n ^u ! add$ dem& :i* ! ,am]ican aviation program propos$ to put ^u ! acetone supply4 ,we e/imat$ t 9 #aiah we w\ld require #be1jjj tons ( acetone 9 our dope production4 ,! ,briti% w> mission 9 ?is c\ntry submitt$ figures %[+ t ! w> dem&s ( ! allies1 toge!r ) _! necess>y dome/ic requirem5ts1 w\ld 9 !mselves be great] ?an ! total _w production ( acetone4 ,!re 0 no?+ !n = u to d b to increase ! s\rce ( supply ( ^! necess>y acetate comp\nds2 & ?is 0 done by enc\rag+1 f9ancially & o!rwise1 ! e/abli%m5t ( #aj l>ge *emical plants4 ,^! 7 locat$ 9 z _m t[ns & cities1 z foll[s3 ,coll9wood1 ,t5n42 ,tyrone1 ,pa42 ,me*anicsville1 ,n4 ,y42 ,%aw9igan ,falls1 ,canada2 ,k+sport1 ,t5n42 ,lyle1 ,t5n42 ,freemont1 ,mo42 ,sutton1 ,w4 ,va42 ,%elby1 ,ala42 & ,t]re ,haute1 ,ind4 ,b x 0 evid5t t be=e ^! plants c\ld be complet$ ! airplane build]s w\ld be ne$+ dope2 & !re=e /eps 7 tak5 to keep ?+s go+ 9 all ! pr9cipal c\ntries fight+ ,g]many until ! acetate %ortage c\ld be reliev$4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 we comm&e]$ all ! exi/+ ,am]ican supply ( acetate ( lime1 ! base f :i* acetone & k9dr$ products are made4 ,!n we ent]$ into a pool ) ! alli$ gov]nm5ts to ration ^! supplies ( *emicals1 p5d+ ! era ( pl5ty4 ,our ag5cy 9 ?is pool 0 ! wood-*emical section ( ! ,w> ,indu/ries ,bo>d1 :]eas ! allies plac$ _! dem&s 9 ! h&s ( ! ,briti% w> mission4 ,^! two bo>ds allocat$ ! acetate *emicals among ! diff]5t c\ntries accord+ to ! urg5cy ( _! dem&s4 ,s9ce x 0 evid5t !re might be f9ancial losses incurr$ z ! result ( ! comm&e]+ ord] or 9 ! project ( ! new ,gov]nm5t *emical plants1 ! ,briti% w> mission agre$ t any deficit %\ld be %>$ equally by ! ,am]ican & ,briti% ,gov]nm5ts4 ,x 0 also agre$ we %\ld n h any advantage 9 prices paid = acetates ( ,am]ican orig94 ,"u ?is arrangem5t we 7 able to produce #a1cbd1cef gallons ( fabric dope dur+ ! p]iod ( ho/ilities1 )\t upsett+ any ( ! ,european w>-production projects4 ,_h ! w> cont9u$1 ! output f ! #aj *emical plants 9 :i* ! ,gov]nm5t 0 a p>tn] w\ld h c>$ = all ,am]ican & alli$ requirem5ts1 all[+ ! production ( private plants to g exclusively = ! ord9>y comm]cial purposes4 ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,planes4 ,! actual build+ ( ! airplanes gave a /rik+ example ( ! value ( previ\s exp]i5ce1 ei!r direct or ( a k9dr$ nature1 9 ! quantity production ( an article4 ,:at airplanes we _h built 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--& ! numb] 0 small1 be+ less ?an #hjj 9 ! #ab mon?s prior to ,april1 #aiag--;_h be5 entirely ( ! tra9+ type4 ,^! _h be5 produc$ pr9cipally = =eign gov]nm5ts4 ,b ?is slight manufacture gave u a nucleus ( skill & equipm5t t we 7 able to exp& to meet our own tra9+ ne$s almo/ z rapidly z fields c\ld be equipp$ & /ud5t aviators enli/$4 ,! tra9+-plane program c be call$ a success1 z ! f9al production figures %[4 ,( ! #aa1ged airplanes actually turn$ out by ,am]ican factories1 #h1efg 7 tra9+ ma*9es4 ,?is 0 close to ! #aj1jjj m>k set z our ambition 9 ,june1 #aiag4 ,!re are two types ( tra9+ planes--^? us$ 9 ! prim>y in/ruction ( /ud5ts & ^? 9 ! advanc$ tea*+1 ! latt] approa*+ ! s]vice planes 9 type4 ,! prim>y plane c>ries ! /ud5t & ! in/ructor4 ,ea* occupant ( ! fuselage has be=e him a full set ( controls :i* are int]connect$ s t ! in/ructor at w c d ! fly+ himself1 or correct ! /ud5t's false moves1 or all[ ! /ud5t to take complete *>ge ( ! ma*9e4 ,^! prim>y planes fly at ! relatively sl[ spe$ ( #ge miles p] h\r on ! av]age & require eng9es s reliable t !y ne$ little att5tion4 ,= our tra9+ planes we adopt$ ! ,curtiss ,,jn-#d1 ) ! ,curtiss ,,ox-#e eng9e1 & z a supplem5t>y equipm5t ! ,/&>d ,a]o ,corporation's ,j-#a plane1 ) ! ,hall-,scott ,a-#g-;,a eng9e4 ,bo? ( ^! planes & bo? eng9es _h be5 previ\sly manufactur$ "h4 ,! ,curtiss equipm5t1 :i* 0 ! /&>d at our tra9+ camps1 gave complete satisfaction4 ,! ,j-#a plane 0 lat] )drawn f use1 p>tly because ! plane itself 0 n lik$1 p>tly because ( ! vibration result+ f ?is ,hall-,scott eng9e1 x hav+ only f\r cyl9d]s1 & p>tly because ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! eng9e 9 cold wea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,curtiss ,,jn#d-;,d1 ,,us$ ,,z ,a ,,prim>y ,,tra9+ ,,ma*9e4 ,,eng9e1 ,,curtiss ,,ox-#e4 ,?is ma*9e has a dual control & is us$ solely = tra9+ purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,v4 ,e4 #g4 ,,equipp$ ,,) #ahj-;,,horsep[] ,,hispano-,,suiza ,,eng9e4 ,an ,am]ican design$ tra9+ plane4 ,x 0 evid5t t at ! />t we mu/ turn our entire manufactur+ capacity to ! production ( tra9+ planes1 s9ce we w\ld ne$ ^! fir/ 9 any ev5t1 & we 7 n yet equipp$ ) ! k to enable u to make intellig5t selections ( s]vice types4 ,9 tak+ up ! manufactur+ problem ! fir/ /ep 0 to divide ! exi/+ responsible airplane plants betwe5 ! ,army & ,navy1 foll[+ ! g5]al rule t a s+le plant %\ld conf9e its "w to ! ne$s ( "o ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5t only4 ,!re 71 ( c\rse1 exceptions to ?is rule4 ,?is division gave to ! ,army ! plants ( !-- ,curtiss ,a]oplane ,motor ,corporation1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/&>d ,aircraft ,corporation1 ,elizabe?1 ,n4 ,j4 ,?omas-,morse ,aircraft ,corporation1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wright-,m>t9 ,aircraft ,corporation1 ,los ,angeles1 ,calif4 ,/urtevant ,a]oplane ,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,! factories :i* fell to ! ,navy 7 ^? ( !-- ,curtiss ,a]oplane ,motor ,corporation1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! ,burgess ,co41 ,m>blehead1 ,mass4 ,l4 ,w4 ,f4 7,l[e1 ,will>d ,f[l]7 ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ,college ,po9t1 ,long ,isl&4 ,a]om>9e ,eng9e]+ ,sales ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,gallaudet ,aircraft ,corporation1 ,new ,york4 ,boe+ ,airplane ,co41 ,seattle1 ,wa%4 ,( ^! conc]ns1 ,curtiss1 ,/&>d1 ,burgess1 ,l4 ,w4 ,f41 ,?omas-,morse1 & ,wright-,m>t9 7 ! only ones :i* _h ev] built m ?an #aj ma*9es4 ,^! factories 7 q insuffici5t 9 !mselves to c>ry out ! ent]prise4 ,!re=e x became necess>y to create o!r airplane plants4 ,two new factories !reupon sprang into exi/5ce "u ,gov]nm5t enc\ragem5t4 ,! l>ge/ produc] ( automobile bodies 0 ! ,fi%] ,body ,co41 at ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,! manufacture ( automobile bodies is ak9 to ! manufacture ( airplanes to ! ext5t t ea* is a fabrication ( accurate1 int]*angeable wood & %eet-/eel p>ts4 ,! ,fi%] organization br\ght into ! ent]prise n only ma*9]y & build+s b a skill$ organization tra9$ 9 su* production on a l>ge scale4 ,at ,dayton1 ,ohio1 ! ,dayton-,wright ,airplane ,corporation 0 creat$4 ,) ?is company 0 associat$ ,orville ,wright1 & its eng9e]+ =ce 0 built up ar\nd ! old ,wright organization4 ,a numb] ( imm5se build+s :i* _h be5 rec5tly erect$ = o!r purposes 7 at once utiliz$ 9 ?is new und]tak+4 ,z an addition to ^! two l>ge s\rces ( supply1 ,j4 ,g4 ,:ite ,co4 & ,j4 ,g4 ,brill ,co41 ! well-kn[n build]s ( /reet c>s1 =m$ ! ,spr+field ,aircraft ,corporation at ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,also c]ta9 =w>d-look+ m5 on ! ,pacific coa/ creat$ 9 ,cali=nia sev]al airplane plants1 "s ( :i* ultimately became satisfactory produc]s ( tra9+ planes4 ,at ?is po9t 9 ! developm5t we 7 n aw>e ( ! great production ( sp>e p>ts t w\ld be necess>y4 ,yet we did und]/& t !re mu/ be a consid]able production ( sp>es2 & 9 ord] to take ! burd5 ( ?is manufacture f ! regul> airplane plants1 & also to educate o!r factories up to ! po9t :]e !y might und]take ! con/ruction ( complete airplanes1 we plac$ _m contracts = sp>e p>ts ) widely scatt]$ conc]ns4 ,among ! pr9cipal produc]s ( sp>es 7 ! foll[+3 ,! ,metz ,co41 ,wal?am1 ,mass4 ,/urtevant ,a]oplane ,co41 ,jamaica ,pla9s1 ,mass4 ,wilson ,body ,co41 ,bay ,city1 ,mi*4 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,aircraft ,corporation1 ,:eel+1 ,w4 ,va4 ,! ,rubay ,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,engel ,aircraft ,co41 ,niles1 ,ohio4 ,hayes-,ionia ,co41 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*4 ,= a long "t ! supply ( sp>e p>ts 0 insuffici5t = ! ne$s ( ! tra9+ fields4 ,?is 0 only p>tly due to ! e>ly lack ( a prop] realization ( ! quantity ( sp>es t w\ld be requir$4 ,! production ( sp>es on an adequate scale 0 hamp]$ by num]\s manufactur+ difficulties incid5t to new indu/ry ( any sort 9 %ops unacqua9t$ ) ! "w1 & by a lack ( prop] draw+s = ! p>ts4 ,z to ! tra9+ planes !mselves1 ) all factories 9 ! c\ntry devot+ !mselves to ?is type exclusively at ! />t1 ! production soon atta9$ great mom5tum4 ,! ,curtiss ,co4 p>ticul>ly produc$ tra9+ planes at a pace f> beyond any?+ previ\sly obta9$4 ,! maximum production ( ,,jn-#d ma*9es 0 rea*$ 9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 :5 #gef 7 turn$ out4 ,advanc$ tra9+ ma*9es are fa/]1 travel+ at ab\t #aje miles p] h\r2 & !y c>ry v>i\s types ( equipm5t to tra9 obs]v]s1 gunn]s1 photograph]s1 & radio m54 ,= ?is ma*9e we adopt$ ! ,curtiss ,,jn-#d;,h1 :i* 0 sub/antially ! same z ! prim>y tra9+ plane1 except t x c>ri$ a #aej-;horsep[] ,hispano-,suiza eng9e4 ,we also built a few p5gu9s1 a k9d ( half airplane t nev] leaves ! gr\nd2 b ?is ,fr5* me?od ( tra9+ ) p5gu9s we nev] really adopt$4 ,! f9i%+ s*ool = our aviators 0 9 ,france1 :]e ! tra9+ 0 conduct$ 9 ,nieuports & o!r fight+ ma*9es4 ,9 ,july1 #aiah1 we rea*$ ! maximum production ( ! advanc$ tra9+ ma*9es1 ! output be+ #dbg4 ,z ! supply ( prim>y tra9+ planes met ! dem&s ( ! fields1 ! production 0 r$uc$1 s9ce ! orig9al equipm5t1 kept up by only en\gh manufacture to produce sp>es & replacem5t ma*9es1 w\ld suffice to tra9 all ( ! aviators t we w\ld ne$4 ,! actual production ( tra9+ planes by mon?s 0 z foll[s3 ------------------------------- ,prim>y ,advanc$ tra9+ tra9+ planes1 planes1 ,,sj-#a1 ,,jn-#d & ,,jn-#d;,d1 #f;,h1 ,s-#d;,b ,p5gu94& ,c1 ,e-#a1 ,,se-#e4 ------------------------------- #aiag ,april ,may ,june #i ,july #ef ,augu/ #ajc ,septemb] #aic ,octob] #cdj ,novemb] #cca #a ,decemb] #dbc #bj #aiah ,janu>y #gjj #bi ,febru>y #ebf #aii ,m>* #gef #agh ,april #fde #ha ,may #dai #aff ,june #abf #cac ,july #bcf #dbg ,augu/ #bif #aic ,septemb] #bcc #acb ,octob] #bab #cbj ,novemb] #ahf #big ,decemb] #afb #bei -------------------- ,total #e1ieb #b1fae ------------------------------- ,,! ,,s]vice ,,planes4 ,x 0 n until we took up ! production ( fight+1 or s]vice1 airplanes t we came into a full realization ( ! magnitude ( ! eng9e]+ & manufactur+ problems involv$4 ,we _h p]haps a doz5 m5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o knew some?+ ab\t ! design+ ( fly+ ma*9es1 b n "o 9 t\* ) ! developm5t ( ! art 9 ,europe or :o 0 compet5t to design a complete fight+ airplane4 ,we _h ! necess>y tal5t to produce designs & conduct ! manufacture ( tra9+ planes2 b at ! outset1 at lea/1 we 7 unwill+ to attempt designs = s]vice planes on our own initiative4 ,at ! beg9n+ we 7 entirely guid$ by ! ,boll+ mission 9 ,france z to types ( fight+ ma*9es4 ,9 approa*+ ?is1 ! m difficult phase ( ! airplane problem1 our fir/ act 0 to take an inv5tory ( ! eng9e]+ plants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates available = our purposes4 ,) ! ,curtiss ,co4 0 ,gl5n ,curtiss1 a lead] ( airplane design1 & sev]al compet5t eng9e]s4 ,! ,curtiss ,co4 _h be5 ! l>ge/ produc]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( tra9+ ma*9es = ! ,briti% & _h _h ! b5efit ( assi/ance f ,briti% eng9e]s1 & s possess$ m k & exp]i5ce to apply to ! s]vice-plane problem ?an any o!r company4 ,= ?is reason we select$ ?is plant to duplicate ! ,fr5* ,spad plane1 ! /ory ( :i* und]tak+ w be told fur!r on4 ,orville ,wright1 ! pione] ( fly+1 0 n 9 ! be/ ( heal?1 b 0 devot+ 8 entire "t to exp]im5tal "w 9 ,dayton4 ,will>d1 :o _h design$ ! ,l4 ,w4 ,f4 airplane & 0 !n ) ! ,a]om>9e ,co42 ,*as4 ,day1 =m]ly ) ! ,sloane ,manufactur+ ,co41 & !n ) ! ,/&>d ,a]o ,corporation2 ,/>l+ ,burgess1 ) ! ,burgess ,co41 ( ,m>blehead1 ,mass42 ,grov] ,c4 ,lo5+1 ( ! ,/urtevant ,co42 & ,d4 ,d4 ,?omas1 ) ! ,?omas-,morse ,co41 7 all aviation eng9e]s on :om we c\ld call4 ,"o ( ! be/ exp]ts ( ?is sort 9 ! c\ntry 0 ,lieut4 ,comm&] ,hunsak]1 ( ! ,navy4 ,9 ! ,signal ,corps we _h ,capt4 ,v4 ,e4 ,cl>k1 :o 0 also an exp]t 9 aviation con/ruction1 & he _h sev]al able assi/ants "u him4 ,! ,burgess factory at ,m>blehead1 ! ,a]om>9e plants at ,nutley & ,keyport1 ,n4 ,j41 & ! ,boe+ ,airplane ,co4 at ,seattle 7 to "w exclusively = ! ,navy1 accord+ to ! mutual agreem5t1 tak+ _! a]onautical eng9e]s ) !m4 ,?is gave ! ,army ! eng9e]+ res\rces ( ! ,curtiss1 ,dayton-,wright1 & ,?omas-,morse companies4 ,q e>ly we decid$ to give prec$5ce 9 ?is c\ntry to ! obs]vation type ( s]vice plane1 elim9at+ ! s+le-place fight] altoge!r & foll[+ ! obs]vation planes z soon z possible ) production ( two-place fight+ ma*9es4 ,?is decision 0 bas$ on ! fact1 n always g5]ally rememb]$1 t ! prim>y purpose ( w> fly+ is obs]vation4 ,! duels 9 ! air t occurr$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 especially dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( ! w>1 7 prim>ily to protect ! obs]vation ma*9es or to prev5t obs]vation by enemy ma*9es4 ,! fir/ s]vice plane :i* we put into production & :i* prov$ to be ! ma9 reliance ( our s]vice-plane program 0 ! ,de ,havil&-#d1 :i* is an obs]vation two-place airplane propell$ by a ,lib]ty #ab-;cyl9d] eng9e4 ,z soon z ! ,boll+ mission began to recomm5d types ( s]vice ma*9es1 x s5t samples ( ! planes ?us recomm5d$4 ,! sample ,de ,havil& 0 receiv$ 9 ,new ,york on ,july #ah1 #aiag4 ,aft] x _h be5 /udi$ by v>i\s (fic]s x 0 s5t to ,dayton4 ,x _h rea*$ u )\t eng9e1 guns1 armam5t1 or _m o!r accessories lat] recomm5d$ z ess5tial to a fight+ ma*9e4 ,be=e we c\ld beg9 any duplication ! plane _h to be r$esign$ to take our ma*9e guns1 our in/rum5ts1 & our o!r accessories1 z well z our ,lib]ty eng9e4 ,! prelim9>y design+ 0 complete1 & ! fir/ ,am]ican-built ,de ,havil& model 0 ready to fly on ,octob] #bi1 #aiag4 ,figure #aa does n tell q ! complete /ory ( ,de ,havil& production1 s9ce 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 #bjd ,de ,havil& planes :i* _h be5 built 7 %ipp$ to ,france )\t eng9es & 7 !re knock$ d[n to provide sp>e p>ts = o!r ,de ,havil&s 9 s]vice4 ,^! #bjd ma*9es1 !re=e1 d n appe> 9 ! production total4 ,add+ !m to ! figures above1 we f9d t ! total output ( ,de ,havil& airplanes up to ! end ( ,decemb]1 #aiah1 0 9 numb] #d1ehg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,de ,,havil&-#d4 ,,us$ ,,= ,,obs]vation1 ,,reconnaissance1 ,,combat1 ,,day ,,bomb+1 ,,& ,,def5sive ,,fight+4 ,eng9e1 ,lib]ty #ab-;cyl9d]1 #djj-;horsep[]4 ,weight1 empty1 #b1cia p\nds4 ,weight1 full load1 #c1ehb p\nds4 ,gr\nd spe$ is #abd4g miles p] h\r4 ,spe$ at #aj1jjj feet1 #aag miles p] h\r4 ,spe$ at #ae1jjj feet1 #aac miles p] h\r4 #aj1jjj feet is rea*$ 9 #ad m9utes ) full load4 ,ceil+1 #ai1ejj feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,de ,,havil& #i-;,a4 ,?is is ! ,am]ican developm5t ( ! ,briti% ,,dh-#d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aa4 ,,de ,,havil&-#d ,,airplanes ,,produc$ ,,ea* ,,mon? ,,dur+ #aiah4 ,jan4 #j ,feb4 #i ,m>4 #d ,apr4 #ae ,may4 #aec ,june4 #ccf ,july4 #dhj ,aug4 #abh ,sept4 #fec ,oct4 #ajig ,nov4 #ajcf ,dec4 #dgb ,! production ( ! model ma*9e only s]v$ to %[ u "s ( ! problems :i* mu/ be ov]come be=e we c\ld secure a /&>d design t c\ld g into quantity production4 ,exp]im5tal "w on ! ,de ,havil& cont9u$ dur+ ,decemb]1 #aiag1 & ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 #aiah4 ,! /ruggle1 = x 0 a /ruggle1 to secure h>mony betwe5 ?is ,engli% design & ! ,am]ican equipm5t :i* x mu/ conta9 end$ triumphantly on ! #h? day ( ,april1 #aiah1 :5 ! ma*9e kn[n z ,no4 #ca 0 completely f9i%$ & e/abli%$ z ! model = ! future ,de ,havil&s4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! /&>d ,am]ican ,de ,havil&-#d 7 z foll[s3 ,endurance at #f1ejj feet full ?rottle1 #b h\rs #ac m9utes4 ,endurance at #f1ejj feet half ?rottle1 #c h\rs #c m9utes4 ,ceil+1 #ai1ejj feet4 ,climb to #aj1jjj feet 7load$7 #ad m9utes4 ,spe$ at gr\nd level1 #abd4g miles p] h\r4 ,spe$ at #f1ejj feet1 #abj miles p] h\r4 ,spe$ at #aj1jjj feet1 #aag miles p] h\r4 ,spe$ at #ae1jjj feet1 #aac miles p] h\r4 ,weight1 b>e plane1 #b1cia p\nds4 ,weight1 load$1 #c1ehb p\nds4 ,endurance "h means ! l5g? ( "t ! fuel supply w la/4 ,! ceil+ is ! maximum altitude at :i* ! plane c be maneuv]$ 9 actual s]vice4 ,gr\nd level means only f> en\gh above ! gr\nd to be cle> ( ob/ructions4 ,! fir/ ,de ,havil&s arriv+ 9 ,france 7 imm$iately put toge!r1 su* rem$iable imp]fections z exi/$ 7 correct$ !n & !re1 & ! ma*9es 7 fl[n to ! tra9+ fields4 ,! *ang+ & increas+ dem&s ( ! s]vice indicat$ ! advisability ( c]ta9 *anges ( design4 ,! =eign manufactur]s _h br\ght out a cov]+ = ! gasol9e tanks1 mak+ !m ne>ly leak-pro(1 ev5 :5 p]=at$ by a bullet4 ,9 ! fir/ ,de ,havil&s ! location ( ! pr9cipal gas tanks betwe5 ! pilot & ! obs]v] 0 n ! be/ arrangem5t 9 t ! m5 7 too f> ap>t f ea* o!r s t1 if ! ma*9e w5t d[n1 ! pilot w\ld be cru%$ by ! gas tank4 ,also ! radius ( action 0 n consid]$ to be great en\gh1 ev5 ?\gh ! lat] ma*9es ( ?is type c>ri$ #hh gallons ( gasol9e4 ,z a result ! ,am]ican aircraft design]s br\ght out an improv$ ,de ,havil& kn[n z ! #i-;,a4 ,?is c>ri$ a ,lib]ty-#ab eng9e2 & ! ma9 diff]5ces betwe5 x & ! ,de ,havil&-#d 7 new locations = pilot & tanks1 _! positions be+ *ang$ ab\t1 increas$ gasol9e capacity1 & increas$ w+ surface4 ,! ma*9e 0 a clean]1 m f9i%$ design1 %[$ slightly m spe$1 & _h a great] radius ( action ?an ! ,de ,havil&-#d :i* x 0 plann$ to succe$4 ,we ord]$ #d1jjj ( ^! new ma*9es f ! ,curtiss ,co41 b ! armi/ice cut %ort ?is production4 ,! difficulties 9 ! way ( produc+ new s]vice planes on a great scale )\t previ\s exp]i5ce 9 su* con/ruction is cle>ly %[n 9 ! attempts we made to duplicate o!r successful =eign planes4 ,on ,septemb] #ab1 #aiag1 we receiv$ f ! aviation exp]ts abroad a sample ( ! ,fr5* ,spad4 ,we _h previ\sly be5 advis$ to g into a heavy production ( ?is model & _h made arrangem5ts = ! ,curtiss ,co4 at ,buffalo to und]take ! "w4 ,?is developm5t 0 well "u way :5 9 ,decemb] a cablegram 0 receiv$ f ,g54 ,p]%+ advis+ u to leave ! production ( all s+le-place fight]s to ,europe4 ,z a result we cancel$ ! ,spad ord]1 & aft] t we attempt$ to build no s+le-place pursuit planes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,lep]e ,,corps ,,obs]vation ,,plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,lep]e 7,,cam\flag$74 ,,! ,,eng9e ,,is ,a ,,lib]ty #ab-;,,cyl9d]1 #djj-;,,horsep[]4 ,?is plane 0 develop$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at ! "t ?is c\rse seem$ to be ju/ifi$4 ,! day ( ! s+le seat] seem$ to be ov]4 ,! lone occupant ( ! s+le seat] c n keep 8 att5tion on all directions at once2 & z ! planes grew ?ick] 9 ! air1 ! casualties among fly]s increas$4 ,b ! developm5t ( =mation fly+ re/or$ ! s+le-place ma*9e to favor4 ,! =mation _h no bl9d spot1 ?us remov+ ! pr9cipal objection to ! s+le seat]4 ,! end ( ! w> f\nd ! "o-man airplane m useful ?an ev]4 ,our conc5tration "h1 h[ev]1 0 ^u two-place fight]s4 ,on ,augu/ #be1 #aiag1 we receiv$ f abroad a sample ( ! ,bri/ol fight+ plane1 a two-seat ma*9e4 ,! ,gov]nm5t eng9e]s at once began r$esign+ ?is ma*9e to take ! ,lib]ty-#ab eng9e & ! ,am]ican ordnance & accessories4 ,! eng9e :i* _h be5 us$ 9 ! ,bri/ol plane develop$ #bge horsep[]4 ,we propos$ to equip x ) an eng9e develop+ #djj horsep[]4 ,! ,bri/ol und]tak+ 0 n successful4 ,! fact t lat] 9 ! airplane program ,am]ican design]s successfully develop$ two-seat] pursuit planes ar\nd ! ,lib]ty-#ab eng9e %[s t ! eng9e decision 0 n ! fault 9 ! ,bri/ol failure4 ,!re 7 repeat$ *anges 9 ! eng9e]+ managem5t ( ! ,bri/ol job4 ,fir/ ! ,gov]nm5t eng9e]s alone und]took x2 !n ! ,gov]nm5t eng9e]s comb9$ ) ! draft+ =ce ( ! airplane factory2 f9ally ! ,gov]nm5t plac$ on ! factory ! entire responsibility = ! job1 )\t1 h[ev]1 p]mitt+ ! manufactur] to correct any ( ! basic pr9ciples involv$4 ,all 9 all1 ! developm5t ( an ,am]ican ,bri/ol 0 mo/ unsatisfactory1 & ! :ole project 0 def9itely ab&on$ 9 ,june1 #aiah4 ,! fundam5tal difficulty 9 all ( ^! attempts 0 t we 7 try+ to fit an ,am]ican eng9e to a =eign airplane in/ead ( build+ an ,am]ican airplane ar\nd an ,am]ican eng9e4 ,x 0 inevitable t ?is difficulty %\ld arise4 ,we _h skill to produce a great eng9e & did s1 b = our e>lie/ models ( planes = ?is eng9e we reli$ ^u ! =eign models until we 7 suffici5tly advanc$ 9 ! art to design = ourselves4 ,we 7 successful 9 mak+ ! adaptation only 9 ! case ( ! ,de ,havil& & !n only aft] great delay4 ,b ev5tually we 7 to see "s brilliantly successful ef=ts to design a two-place fight] ar\nd ! ,lib]ty-#ab4 ,we _h ne$ ( su* a me*anism to supplem5t ! ,de ,havil& obs]vation-plane production & make a complete s]vice-plane program4 ,on ,janu>y #d1 #aiah1 ,capt4 ,lep]e1 a ,fr5* a]onautical eng9e]1 :o _h =m]ly be5 ) ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t at ,/4 ,cyr1 began exp]im5tal "w on a new plane at ! factory ( ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co4 ,by ,may #ah 8 "w _h advanc$ to a /age :]e ! ,gov]nm5t felt ju/ifi$ 9 ent]+ into a contract ) ! ,pack>d ,co4 to provide %op facilities = ! production ( #be exp]im5tal planes "u ,capt4 ,lep]e's direction4 ,! result ( ^! ef=ts 0 a two-place fight+ ma*9e built ar\nd a ,lib]ty eng9e4 ,f ! />t ?is design met ) ! approval ( ! manufactur] & eng9e]s because ( its clean-cut p]fection4 ,! p]=mance ( ! ,lep]e plane 9 ! air is indicat$ by ! foll[+ figures3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 revolutions made ,climb4 ,spe$4 by propell]s 9 a m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,altitude4 ,"t4 ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 ,miles ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 an h\r4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- m94 sec4 ,gr\nd #j #j #a1ejj #acf #a1hjj #aj1jjj feet #aj #ce #a1ebj #acb #a1gdj #ae1jjj feet #ai #ae #a1ejj #aah #a1fbj #bj1jjj feet #da #a1dhj #ajb #a1eej ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,"h at la/ 0 a ma*9e t p]=m$ brilliantly 9 ! air & conta9$ great possibilities = quantity production1 because x 0 design$ f ! />t to fit ,am]ican manufactur+ me?ods4 ,we plac$ ord]s = #c1ebe ,lep]e ma*9es4 ,none ( ! factories1 h[ev]1 _h come into production ) ! ,lep]e on ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah4 ,sev5 sample ma*9es _h be5 turn$ out & put ?r\gh e te/4 ,x 0 ! belief ( ^? 9 au?ority t at la/ ! tra9+ & te*nique ( ! be/ a]onautical eng9e]s ( ,france _h be5 comb9$ ) ! ,lib]ty1 probably ! be/ ( all a]ial eng9es2 & x 0 believ$ t ! spr+ ( #aiai w\ld see ! ,yankee fli]s equipp$ ) ,am]ican fight+ ma*9es t w\ld be sup]ior to any?+ !y w\ld be requir$ to meet4 ,nor 7 ^! expectations )\t ju/ification4 ,! weeks & mon?s foll[+ ! decl>ation ( ! armi/ice & ext5d+ ?r\gh to ! spr+ ( #aiai 7 to witness ! bir? ( a :ole brood ( new typically ,am]ican designs ( airplanes ( :i* ! ,lep]e 0 ! =]unn]4 ,9 %ort1 :5 ! armi/ice br\ght ! great aviation ent]prise to an abrupt end1 ! ,am]ican indu/ry _h fairly caught t ( ,europe1 & ,am]ica design]s 7 ready to mat* _! skill aga9/ t ( ! ma/] build]s ( ,france1 ,great ,brita91 ,italy1 & ! c5tral p[]s4 ,! ,lep]e #b-seat$ fight] 0 quickly foll[$ by two o!r ,lep]e models--"o ( !m1 kn[n z ! ,lep]e ,c-#ba1 be+ armor$1 & driv5 by a ,bugatti eng9e1 & ! o!r a triplane driv5 by two ,lib]ty eng9es & design$ to be a day bomb]4 ,!n ! fir/ ,am]ican design$ s+le-seat pursuit planes began mak+ _! appe>ance--! ,?omas-,morse pursuit plane1 its #afd miles an h\r at gr\nd level1 mak+ x ! fa/e/ airplane ev] te/$ by our ,gov]nm5t1 if x 7 n ! spe$ie/ plane ev] built2 ! ,ordnance ,eng9e]+ ,corporation's ,sc\t1 an advanc$ tra9+ plane2 & sev]al o!rs4 ,9 two-seat] fight+ planes !re 0 ! ,lo5+ monoplane1 an extremely swift & advanc$ type4 ,!re 7 sev]al o!r new two-seat]s design$ exp]im5tally 9 "s in/ances & "s ( !m giv+ brilliant promise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,lo5+ ,,monoplane4 ,?is is "o ( ! new di/9ctively ,am]ican planes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,lo5+ ,,two-,,place ,,pursuit ,,plane4 ,p]haps ! sev]e/ & mo/ exact+ critic ( aviation mat]ial is ! aviator :o has to fly ! plane & fight ) ! equipm5t at ! front4 ,brig4 ,g54 ,william ,mit*ell1 !n a colonel1 0 s5t to ,france 9 #aiag4 ,he became 9 succession *ief ( ! air s]vice ( ! ,fir/ ,army ,corps1 *ief ( ! air s]vice ( ! ,fir/ ,army1 & f9ally *ief ( ! air s]vice ( ! ,am]ican gr\p ( armies 9 ,france4 ,he comm&$ ! a]ial op]ations at ! r$uction ( ! ,/4 ,mihiel sali5t1 :]e he ga9$ ! di/9ction ( hav+ comm&$ m airplanes 9 action ?an 7 ev] assembl$ be=e "u a s+le comm&4 ,at ,/4 ,mihiel !re 7 #a1bjj alli$ planes 9 action1 includ+1 ) our own1 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 & ,italian planes4 ,g54 ,mit*ell1 !re=e1 is a high au?ority z to ! relative m]its ( air equipm5t f ! airman's /&po9t4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiai1 aft] a ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! late/ types ( ,am]ican planes & a]ial equipm5t at ! ,wilbur ,wright ,field at ,dayton1 he s5t to ! ,director ( ,air ,s]vice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ! foll[+ telegram "u date ( ,april #bj1 #aiai3 ,i recomm5d ! foll[+ airplanes 9 ! numb]s giv5 be pur*as$ at once3 #ajj ,lep]e #b-place corps obs]vation1 #ej ,lo5+ #b-place pursuit1 #ajj ,ordnance ,eng9e]+ ,corporation #a-place pursuit1 #ajj ,?omas-,morse #a-place pursuit1 #ej ,,usd#i-;,a day bomb>dm5t1 #gjj additional ,hispano-,suiza #cjj-;horsep[] eng9es1 #b1jjj p>a*utes4 ,all ( ! above types are ! equal ( or bett] ?an any?+ 9 ,europe4 ,,mit*ell4 ,n[1 let u see "s ( ! specifications & p]=mances ( ^! new models4 ,! ,,usd#i-;,a1 be+ ! r$esign$ & improv$ ,de ,havil& #d1 may be giv5 a place z a late/ model4 ,x is a two-place bomb+ plane ( ! tractor biplane type1 equipp$ ) a ,lib]ty #ab eng9e & weigh+ #d1hgb p\nds1 load$ ) fuel1 oil1 guns1 & bombs1 & ) its crew abo>d4 ,) ?is weight its p]=mance record 9 ! (ficial te/s at ,wilbur ,wright ,field 9 ,dayton 0 z foll[s3 ,spe$ 7miles p] h\r73 ,at gr\nd #aba4e4 ,at #f1ejj feet #aah4e4 ,at #aj1jjj feet #aae4e4 ,at #ae1jjj feet #ie4e4 ,climb3 ,to #f1ejj feet1 "t #aa m9utes #dj seconds4 ,to #aj1jjj feet1 "t #ai m9utes #cj seconds4 ,to #ae1jjj feet1 "t #di m9utes4 ,s]vice ceil+s 7feet7 #ad1djj4 ,! ,lep]e ,c-#aa1 a tractor biplane equipp$ ) a ,lib]ty #ab eng9e1 ,pack>d make1 weigh+ ) its load abo>d #c1fee p\nds1 p]=m$ z foll[s 9 ! te/s at ! ,wilbur ,wright ,field3 ,spe$ 7miles p] h\r73 ,at gr\nd #acf4 ,at #f1ejj feet #acj4 ,at #aj1jjj feet #abg4 ,at #af1jjj feet #aah4 ,climb3 ,to #f1ejj feet1 "t #f m9utes4 ,to #aj1jjj feet1 "t #aj m9utes #ce seconds4 ,to #ae1jjj feet1 "t #ai m9utes #ae seconds4 ,s]vice ceil+ 7feet7 #ba1jjj4 ,endurance at full spe$ at gr\nd 7h\rs7 #b4e4 ,! ,lep]e c>ries two ,m>l9 guns syn*roniz$ ) ! propell] & op]at$ by ! pilot & two ,lewis guns op]at$ by ! obs]v]4 ,a total ( #a1gbj r\nds ( ammunition is c>ri$4 ,! ,lo5+ monoplane1 a tractor airplane equipp$ ) an ,hispano-,suiza #cjj-;horsep[] eng9e & repres5t+1 load$1 a gross weight ( #b1fhj p\nds1 its milit>y load includ+ two ,m>l9 & two ,lewis ma*9e guns1 p]=m$ z foll[s at ! ,wilbur ,wright ,field3 ,spe$ 7miles p] h\r73 ,at gr\nd #adc4e4 ,at #f1ejj feet #ach4b4 ,at #aj1jjj feet #ace4 ,at #ae1jjj feet #abg4f4 ,climb3 ,to #f1ejj feet1 "t #e m9utes #ab seconds4 ,to #aj1jjj feet1 "t #i m9utes #ab seconds4 ,to #ae1jjj feet1 "t #ah m9utes #bd seconds4 ,s]vice ceil+ 7feet7 #ah1ejj4 ,! ,ordnance ,sc\t ) a ,le ,rhone #hj-;horsep[] eng9e1 weigh+1 load$1 #a1aag p\nds1 is an advanc$ tra9+ plane4 ,9 its (ficial te/ at ,wilbur ,wright ,field x p]=m$ z foll[s3 ,spe$ 7miles p] h\r73 ,at #f1ejj feet #ij4 ,at #aj1jjj feet #hc4g4 ,at #ae1jjj feet #fi4h4 ,climb3 ,to #f1jjj feet1 "t #h m9utes #cj seconds4 ,to #aj1jjj feet1 "t #ag m9utes #dj seconds4 ,to #ad1jjj feet1 "t #dc m9utes #bj seconds4 ,! ,?omas-,morse ,,mb-#c pursuit plane1 a tractor biplane equipp$ ) an ,hispano-,suiza #cjj-;horsep[] eng9e1 weigh+1 includ+ its crew b )\t milit>y load1 #a1hhj p\nds1 9 un(ficial te/s at ,wilbur ,wright ,field1 p]=m$ z foll[s3 ,spe$1 at gr\nd level 7miles p] h\r7 #afc4fh4 ,climb1 to #aj1jjj feet #d m9utes #eb seconds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,?omas-,,morse ,,pursuit ,,plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,e4 #e4 ,,equipp$ ,,) #ahj-;,,horsep[] ,,hispano-,,suiza ,,eng9e4 ,! ,?omas-,morse pursuit plane is arm$ ) two ,br[n+ ma*9e guns syn*roniz$ ) ! propell] & c>ries #a1ejj r\nds ( ammunition4 ,unc]ta9 z we 7 orig9ally z to types ( pursuit & obs]vation planes to produce 9 ?is c\ntry1 we 7 /ill m unc]ta9 z to designs ( night-bomb+ ma*9es4 ,^! relatively sl[ weight-c>ry+ planes 7 big & requir$ ! motive p[] ( two or ?ree eng9es1 ) ! complications att5dant ^u d\ble or triple p[] plants4 ,!y really pres5t$ ! mo/ difficult manufactur+ problem :i* we enc\nt]$4 ,until ! summ] ( #aiah !re 7 only two ma*9es ( ?is type :i* we c\ld adopt1 ! ,h&ley-,page & ! ,caproni4 ,we put ! ,h&ley-,page into production1 n because x 0 necess>ily z p]fect z ! ,caproni1 b because we c\ld get ! draw+s = ?is ma*9e & c\ld n get ! draw+s = ! ,caproni1 ow+ to complications 9 ! negotiations = ! "r to con/ruct ! ,italian airplane4 ,we 7 n entirely satisfi$ ) ! decision to build ,h&ley-,pages1 because ! ceil+1 or maximum work+ altitude :i* c\ld be atta9$ by ?is ma*9e1 0 l[2 &1 #ab mon?s lat]1 :5 we 7 9 production1 we might f9d ! ,h&ley-,pages ( d\btful value because ( ! ev]-increas+ ranges ( antiaircraft guns4 ,we secur$ a set ( draw+s1 suppos$ to be complete1 = ! ,h&ley-,page 9 ,augu/1 #aiag2 b twice dur+ ! foll[+ w9t] new sets ( draw+s 7 s5t f ,engl&1 & few1 if any1 ( ! p>ts z design$ 9 ! orig9al draw+s escap$ alt]ation4 ,! ,h&ley-,page has a w+ spread ( ov] #ajj feet4 ,!re=e1 x 0 evid5t f ! />t t su* ma*9es c\ld n h ! fuselage1 w+s1 & o!r l>ge p>ts assembl$ 9 ?is c\ntry = %ipm5t complete to ,europe4 ,we decid$ to manufacture ! p>ts 9 ?is c\ntry & assemble ! ma*9es 9 ,engl&1 ! ,briti% air m9i/ry 9 ,london hav+ ent]$ into a contract = ! creation ( an assembl+ factory at ,oldham1 ,engl&1 9 ! ,lanca%ire di/rict4 ,:5 x is realiz$ t ea* ,h&ley-,page involves #ajj1jjj sep>ate p>ts1 ! magnitude ( ! manufactur+ job alone may be some:at und]/ood4 ,b aft] !y 7 manufactur$1 ^! p>ts1 p>ticul>ly ! delicate memb]s made ( wood1 _h to be c>efully pack$ s z to rea* ,engl& 9 good condition4 ,! pack+ ( ! p>ts 0 9 itself a problem4 ,we propos$ to drive ! ,am]ican ,h&ley-,pages ) two ,lib]ty #ab eng9es 9 ea* ma*9e4 ,! fitt+s1 :i* 7 extremely intricate pieces ( press$ /eel "w1 7 practically all to be produc$ by ! ,mull9s ,/eel ,boat ,co4 at ,salem1 ,ohio4 ,contracts = ! o!r p>ts 7 plac$ ) ! ,gr& ,rapids ,airplane ,co41 a conc]n :i* _h be5 organiz$ by a gr\p ( furniture mak]s at ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*4 ,all ( ! p>ts 7 to be br\ght toge!r previ\sly to ocean %ipm5t 9 a w>eh\se built = ! purpose at ! plant ( ! ,/&>d ,a]o ,corporation at ,elizabe?1 ,n4 ,j4 ,! ,/&>d ,a]o ,corporation 0 engag$ "u contract to set up #aj p] c5t ( ! ,h&ley-,page ma*9es complete 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,^! 7 to be us$ at our tra9+ fields4 ,aga91 9 ! case ( ! ,h&ley-,page1 ! eng9e]+ details prov$ to be a s]i\s cause ( delay4 ,we f\nd x difficult to in/all ! ,lib]ty eng9es 9 ?is =eign plane4 ,:5 ! armi/ice cut %ort op]ations1 #ajj complete sets ( p>ts _h be5 %ipp$ to ,engl&1 & sev5 complete ma*9es _h be5 assembl$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,none ( ! ,am]ican-built ,h&ley-,page ma*9es saw s]vice 9 ,france4 ,!re _h be5 great delay 9 ! con/ruction ( ! assembl+ plant 9 ,engl&1 & ! "w ( sett+ up ! ma*9es _h only />t$ :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,! p]=mance table ( ! ,h&ley-,page %[s its *>act]i/ics z foll[s3 ,spe$ at gr\nd level1 #ig miles p] h\r4 ,climb to #g1jjj feet1 #ah m9utes #aj seconds4 ,climb to #aj1jjj feet1 #bi m9utes4 ,ceil+ #ad1jjj feet1 #fj m9utes4 ,on its te/s #cij gallons ( gasol9e1 #bj gallons ( oil1 & #g m5 7 c>ri$1 b no guns1 ammunition1 nor bombs4 ,aft] a long delay1 ab\t ,janu>y #a1 #aiah1 t5tative arrangem5ts _h be5 made ) ! ,caproni int]e/s look+ t[>d ! production ( ,caproni biplanes 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,^! ma*9es _h a high] ceil+ & a great] spe$ ?an ! ,h&ley-,page4 ,capt4 d',annunzio ) #ad exp]t ,italian workm51 br++ ) him designs & samples1 came to ?is c\ntry & initiat$ ! r$esign+ ( ! ,caproni ma*9e to accommodate ?ree ,lib]ty eng9es4 ,! actual production ( ,caproni planes 9 ?is c\ntry 0 limit$ to a few samples :i* 7 be+ te/$ :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,! factories _h tool$ up = ! production1 h[ev]1 & 9 a few mon?s ,capronis w\ld d\btless h be5 produc$ 9 lib]al quantities4 ,! p]=mance ( ! sample planes 9 two te/s is %[n by ! foll[+ figures3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,te/ #a4 ,te/ #b4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,spe$ at gr\nd level #ajj miles p] h\r #ajc4b miles p] h\r4 ,climb to #f1ejj feet #af m9utes #ah seconds #ad m9utes #ab seconds4 ,climb to #aj1jjj feet #cc m9utes #ah seconds #bh m9utes #db seconds4 ,climb to #aa1bjj feet #di m9utes ,climb to #ac1jjj feet #df m9utes #cj seconds4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,small ,,?omas-,,morse ,,sc\ts ,,beside ,a ,,giant ,,h&ley-,,page ,,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,armor$ ,,g]man ,,airplane ,,%ot ,,d[n ,,on ,,! ,,we/]n ,,front4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nieuport ,,sc\t ,,beside ,a ,,lo5+ ,,monoplane4 ,z we _h produc$ fight+ planes built ar\nd ! ,lib]ty motor1 s1 too1 9 ! night-bomb+ class ,am]ican inv5tion1 ) ! exp]i5ce ( sev]al mon?s ( actual production beh9d x1 0 able to br+ out an ,am]ican bomb+ plane t promis$ to sup]s$e all o!r types 9 exi/5ce4 ,?is ma*9e 0 design$ by ,gl5 ,l4 ,m>t9 9 ! fall ( #aiah4 ,x 0 a night-bomb] equipp$ ) two ,lib]ty #ab-;cyl9d] eng9es4 ,! ,m>t9 spread ( #ge feet gave x a c>ry+ capacity comp>able ) t ( ! ,h&ley-,page4 ,its spe$ ( #aah miles an h\r at gr\nd level f> exce$$ t ( ei!r ! ,caproni or ,h&ley-,page1 & x 0 evid5t t its ceil+ w\ld be high] ?an t ( ! ,caproni1 ! e/imat$ ceil+ ( ! ,m>t9 be+ #ah1jjj feet4 ,! ma*9e nev] rea*$ ! /ate ( actual quantity production1 b sev]al exp]im5tal models 7 built & te/$4 ,be+ built ar\nd its eng9e x reflect$ clean-cut pr9ciples ( design1 & its p]=mances 9 ! air 7 truly rem>kable = a ma*9e ( its type4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! results ( ! prelim9>y te/s ( ! ,m>t9 bomb]3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,te/ #a4 ,te/ #b4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,spe$ at gr\nd level #aac4c miles p] h\r #aah4h miles p] h\r4 ,climb to #f1ejj feet #aj m9utes #de seconds #g m9utes4 ,climb to #aj1jjj feet #ba m9utes #bj seconds #ad m9utes4 ,climb to #ae1jjj feet #cj m9utes #cj seconds4 ,total weight #i1ffc p\nds #h1acg p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! total deliv]y ( airplanes to ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! p]iod ( ! w> 0 #af1ieb4 ,^! came f ! foll[+ s\rces3 ,unit$ ,/ates contractors1 #aa1ged2 ,france1 #d1hha2 ,engl&1 #beh2 ,italy1 #ei4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ab4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,squadrons ,,at ,,! ,,front4 ,a squadron is equipp$ ) f #ae to #be planes4 ,apr4 #cj1 #aiah4 #c ,may #ca1 #aiah4 #ab ,june #cj1 #aiah4 #ac ,july #ca1 #aiah4 #ad ,aug4 #ca1 #aiah4 #bf ,sept4 #cj1 #aiah4 #cb ,oct4 #ca1 #aiah4 #dc ,nov4 #aa1 #aiah4 #de ,e/imates ( aircraft /r5g? on ! front 7 always unc]ta91 due to v>iations 9 ! e/imates ( ! numb] ( planes 9 a squadron4 ,! /&+ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 a]oplanes at ! front is indicat$ 9 ! e/imate ( ! ,am]ican ,air ,s]vice z ( ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah4 ,! figures ( ?is e/imate are z foll[s3 ,france #c1jjj ,great ,brita9 #b1ajj ,unit$ ,/ates #hfj ,italy #fjj ----- ,total #f1efj ,^! figures repres5t fight+ planes equipp$ ready = s]vice1 b d n include replacem5t ma*9es at ! front or 9 depots or tra9+ ma*9es 9 ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ac4 ,,comp>ison ,,enemy ,,planes ,,br\ght ,,d[n ,,by ,u4 ,s4 ,,=ces ,,& ,u4 ,s4 ,,planes ,,br\ght ,,d[n ,,by ,,! ,,enemy4 ,u4 ,s4 planes lo/ to enemy4 #bga ,enemy planes lo/ to ,u4 ,s4 =ces#bi #dia #bi ,confirm$ losses2 9 addition !re 7 #ced unconfirm$4 ,! actual /r5g? ( ! c5tral p[]s 9 ! air is at ?is "t n def9itely kn[n to u4 ,su* figures z we h are view$ ) suspicion because ( ! two me?ods ( obs]vation 9 report+ an enemy squadron4 ,?is may be #bd planes to a squadron1 t numb] repres5t+ ! planes 9 active s]vice 9 ! air4 ,b ea* squadron _h a complem5t ( replacem5t planes equall+ ! numb] ( active planes1 s t ! squadron c\ld be li/$ ) #dh planes4 ,h[ev]1 z "s indication ( ! relative air /r5g?s ( ! c5tral p[]s we h a report f ! *ief ( ! ,air ,s]vice ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces %[+ t on ,july #cj1 #aiah1 ,g]many _h #b1eib planes on ! front & ,au/ria #gag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gl5n ,,m>t9 ,,bomb]4 ,! gross weight ( ?is ma*9e is #i1ffc p\nds4 ,x c be equipp$ ) five ,lewis ma*9e guns4 ,its gr\nd spe$ is #aac miles an h\r & its s]vice ceil+ is #ab1hjj feet4 ,x climbs to a height ( #f1ejj feet 9 #aj m9utes #de seconds & to #aj1jjj feet 9 #ba m9utes #bj seconds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,caproni1 ,,equipp$ ,,) ,,?ree ,,lib]ty #ab-;,,cyl9d] ,,eng9es4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,lib]ty ,,eng9e4 ,! ,lib]ty eng9e 0 ,am]ica's di/9ctive contribution to ! w> 9 ! air1 & h] *ief "o4 ,! eng9e 0 develop$ 9 ^? fir/ *aotic weeks ( prep>ation ( #aiag1 :5 our k ( planes1 in/rum5ts1 & armam5t z !n kn[n 9 ,europe 0 /ill a ?+ ( ! future4 ,! manufacture ( eng9es = any a]onautical purpose 0 "o :i* we might approa* ) confid5ce4 ,we possess$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates motor eng9e]+ tal5t at lea/ z great z any 9 ,europe1 :ile 9 facilities = manufacture--9 plants :i* _h built our millions ( automobile eng9es--no o!r "p ( ! _w c\ld comp>e ) u4 ,!re=e1 :ile wait+ ^w f ,europe z to ! be/ type ( w+s1 fuselages1 in/rum5ts & ! l1 we w5t ahead to produce = ourselves a new1 typically ,am]ican eng9e :i* w\ld uphold ! pre/ige ( ,am]ica 9 actual battle4 ,_m ,am]icans h d\btless wond]$ :y we built our own eng9e in/ead ( adopt+ "o or m ( ! highly develop$ ,european eng9es !n at h&2 & no d\bt our c\rse 9 ?is vital matt] has sometimes be5 set d[n to m]e pride 9 our ability & to an unwill+ness to foll[ ! lead ( o!r nations 9 a sci5ce 9 :i* we ourselves 7 preem95t--! sci5ce ( build+ light int]nal-combu/ion eng9es4 ,b national pride1 aside f giv+ u confid5ce t our ef=ts 9 ?is direction w\ld be successful1 _h little o!r weight 9 ! decision4 ,!re 7 o!r reasons1 & p>am\nt ones1 reasons lead+ directly f ! necessity = ! ,unit$ ,/ates to arrive at h] maximum a]ial ef=t 9 a m9imum ( "t1 t irresi/ibly compell$ ! aircraft production organization to design a /&>d ,am]ican eng9e4 ,let u exam9e "s ( ^! consid]ations4 ,if !re 0 any?+ to be obs]v$ f ?is side ( ! ,atlantic ) respect to ! t5d5cies ( aircraft evolution 9 ,europe x 0 t ! horsep[]s ( ! eng9es 7 cont9ually increas+1 ^! expansions com+ almo/ f mon? to mon? z new] & new] types & sizes ( eng9es 7 br\ght out by ! ,european inv5tors4 ,x 0 evid5t to u t !re 0 n a s+le =eign eng9e !n 9 use on ! we/]n front t 0 likely to survive ! te/ ( "t4 ,ea* might be expect$ to h its brief day ( supremacy1 only to be sup]s$$ by some?+ m mod]n & m p[]ful4 ,yet "t 0 an elem5t to :i* 9 ?is c\ntry we mu/ give grave consid]ation4 ,to produce 9 quantities su* z we 7 capable ( produc+ w\ld ord9>ily require a ye> ( maximum indu/rial ef=t to equip our manufactur+ plants ) ! ma*9es1 tools1 & skill$ workm5 necess>y = ! production ( p>ts4 ,! f9i%$ articles w\ld "u normal circum/ances beg9 com+ 9 quantity dur+ ! second ye> ( our program4 ,x w\ld h be5 fatal to tool up our plants = ! manufacture ( equipm5t t w\ld be out ( date by ! "t we began produc+ x a ye> lat]4 ,! obvi\s c\rse = ! ,unit$ ,/ates to adopt1 n only ) eng9es b ) all sorts ( a]onautical equipm5t1 0 to come into ! manufactur+ competition n abrea/ ) ,european progress b sev]al /rides ahead ( x1 s t :5 we appe>$ on ! field x w\ld be ) equipm5t a little 9 advance 9 type & effici5cy ( any?+ ! re/ ( ! _w _h to (f]4 ,?is factor ( "t 0 a /rong elem5t 9 ! decision to produce a /&>d ,am]ican eng9e1 s9ce ) ! possible exception ( ! ,rolls-,royce !re 0 no eng9e 9 ,europe ( suffici5t horsep[] & prov$ reliability to gu>antee t x w\ld reta9 its s]viceability = ! necess>y two ye>s ^u :i* we mu/ reckon4 ,!re 0 no o!r c\rse t we c\ld safely adopt4 ,b !re 7 o!r conditions t influ5c$ our conclusion4 ,we believ$ t we c\ld design & produce an eng9e mu* m quickly & ) mu* bett] results ?an we c\ld copy & produce any approv$ =eign model4 ,?is prov$ to be true 9 actual exp]i5ce4 ,along ) ! production ( ,lib]ty eng9es we w5t into ! quantity manufacture ( a numb] ( ,european eng9es 9 ?is c\ntry2 & ! exp]i5ce ( our eng9e]s & factory executives 9 ?is "w 0 any?+ b pleasant4 ,among o!rs we produc$ 9 ,am]ican factories ! ,gnome1 ! ,hispano-,suiza1 ,le ,rhone1 & ! ,bugatti eng9es4 ,n[ ,european manufacture ( me*anical appliances diff]s f ours l>gely 9 ! degree to :i* ! human equation is all[$ to ent] ! %op4 ,9 cont95tal practice mu* ( ! metallurgical specifications & also ( ! details ( me*anical measurem5ts1 limits ( requisite accuracy1 v>iations :i* c be all[$1 etc41 are n put on pap] 9 detail = ! guidance ( op]ators1 b are confid$ to ! recollections ( ! individual workm54 ,a ma*9e comes 9 its p>ts to ! assembly room ( a =eign factory1 & aft] t x is subject to adju/m5ts on ! "p ( ! skill$ workm5 be=e its op]ation is successful4 ,x mu/ be t9k]$ ) be=e x w g1 s to speak4 ,no?+ ( ! sort is kn[n 9 an ,am]ican factory4 ,:5 /&>d p>ts come toge!r = assembly ! calibrations mu/ h be5 s exact t ! ma*9e w function p]fectly :5 x is br\ght toge!r2 & assembl+ becomes m]e r\t9e4 ,?us :5 we came to adopt =eign plans & attempt to adapt !m to our practices1 we enc\nt]$ tr\ble & delay4 ,?irte5 mon?s 7 requir$ to adapt ! ,hispano-,suiza #aej-;horsep[] eng9e to our factory me?ods & to get ! fir/ eng9e f production tools1 :ile eight mon?s 7 simil>ly sp5t 9 produc+ ! ,le ,rhone #hj-;horsep[] eng9es4 ,bo? ( ^! eng9es _h be5 9 production 9 ,european factories = a long "t1 & we _h ! advantage ( all ! assi/ance :i* ! =eign manufactur]s c\ld give u4 ,^! exp]i5ces m]ely confirm$ ! op9ions ( ,am]ican manufactur]s t ! prep>ations = ! production ( any aviation eng9e ( =eign design--if any su* suitable & adequate eng9e c\ld be f\nd--w\ld require at lea/ z mu* "t z to design & tool up = ! production ( an ,am]ican eng9e4 ,:5 to ?is 0 add$ ! necessity ( wait+ = sev]al weeks or mon?s = a decision on ! "p ( our aviation au?orities1 ei!r 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates or 9 ,europe1 z to :i* ( ! _m types ( eng9es !n 9 use by ! allies %\ld be put into production "h1 procur+ & %ipp+ to ?is c\ntry suitable samples1 draw+s1 & specifications1 negotiat+ ) =eign own]s = rights to manufacture1 etc41 !re 0 b "o answ] to be made on ?is score1 & t 0 to design & build an all-,am]ican eng9e4 ,ano!r factor 9 ! decision 0 t ( our di/ance f ,france1 a fact mak+ x necess>y = u to simplify z mu* z possible ! problem ( furni%+ repair p>ts4 ,at ! "t we ent]$ ! w> ! ,briti% air s]vice 0 us+ or develop+ #cg diff]5t makes ( eng9es1 :ile ,france _h #df4 ,%\ld we be lur$ into any su* situation x might h disa/r\s results1 if only because ( ! difficulties ( ocean transportation4 ,g]many 0 practically conc5trat+ ^u n m ?an #h eng9es4 ,! obvi\s ?+ = u to d 0 to produce z few types ( eng9es z possible1 ?us mak+ simpl] ! problem ( manufactur+ repair p>ts & %ipp+ !m to ! front4 ,) ^! consid]ations 9 m9d1 ! ,equipm5t ,division ( ! ,signal ,corps 9 ,may ( #aiag det]m9$ to g ahead ) ! design & production ( a /&>d eng9e = ! fight+ =ces ( ! aviation bran* ( ! ,army4 ,9 ! eng9e]+ field two m5 /ood out :o comb9$ 9 !mselves exp]i5ce 9 design+ int]nal-combu/ion eng9es :i* approa*$ ne>e/ to combat eng9es1 ) exp]i5ce also 9 l>ge quantity production4 ,j4 ,g4 ,v9c5t1 ) ! eng9e]+ /aff ( ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co41 _h = approximately two ye>s be5 engag$ 9 rese>* "w1 develop+ sev]al types ( #ab-;cyl9d] aviation eng9es ( approximately #abe to #bbe horsep[]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 n suitable = milit>y purposes because ( _! weight p] horsep[]4 ,?is "w _h result$ 9 ! acquirem5t ( a l>ge am\nt ( data & in=mation :i* w\ld be invaluable 9 ! design ( su* an eng9e z ! "o propos$2 & also _h result$ 9 ! upbuild+ ( an effici5t exp]im5tal organization4 ,he _h also _h wide exp]i5ce 9 design+ int]nal-combu/ion motors = quantity production4 ,e4 ,j4 ,hall1 ( ! ,hall-,scott ,motor ,c> ,co41 = eight ye>s _h be5 develop+ & latt]ly produc+ sev]al types ( a]onautical eng9es1 :i* he _h deliv]$ into ! s]vice ( sev]al =eign gov]nm5ts1 includ+ ,russia1 ,norway1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,au/ralia1 ,canada1 & ,engl&4 ,he _h also complet$ & te/$ a #ab-;cyl9d] eng9e ( #cjj horsep[]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 ( too great weight p] horsep[] to be suitable 9 its =m at t "t = milit>y purposes4 ,he _h ?us acquir$ a l>ge exp]i5ce & fund ( in=mation cov]+ ! prop] areas & mat]ials = eng9e p>ts1 & prop] me?ods ( te/s to be appli$ to su* eng9es1 & 9 addition he _h g5]al exp]i5ce 9 quantity production4 ,all ( ?is in=mation & exp]i5ce 0 ( invaluable assi/ance n only 9 design+ ! new eng9e1 b 9 det]m9+ its ess5tial metallurgical & manufactur+ specifications4 ,^! two m5 7 ?us qualifi$ 9 tal5t & 9 practice to lay d[n on pap] ! l9es & dim5sions ( ! propos$ eng9e1 an eng9e t w\ld meet ! ,army's requirem5ts & /ill be readily capable ( prompt quantity production4 ,!y _h 9 _! h&s ! p[] to draw freely ^u ! pa/ exp]i5ce & a*ievem5t ( practically ! entire _w = any features !y might decide to in/all 9 ! model p[] plant to be produc$4 ,& ?is appli$ n only to ! pat5t$ features ( ,am]ican motors1 b also ( =eign eng9es2 = ea* man _h exhau/ively /udi$ ! lead+ ,european eng9es1 includ+ ! ,m]c$es ^u :i* ,g]many l>gely p9n$ h] fai? up to ! end ( ! w>4 ,) respect to ,am]ican motor pat5ts1 an int]e/+ situation _h aris5 9 ! automobile indu/ry4 ,! lead+ produc]s ( motor c>s 7 9 an association :i* _h adopt$ an arrangem5t kn[n z ! cross-lic5s+ agreem5t4 ,"u ?is agreem5t all pat5ts tak5 out by ! v>i\s produc]s 7) a few exceptions7 7 ?r[n into a pool ^u :i* any produc] at w 0 p]mitt$ to draw )\t paym5t ( royalties4 ,a simil> arrangem5t 0 adopt$ ) respect to ! ,lib]ty eng9e1 except t ! ,gov]nm5t pl$g$ itself to pay an agre$ royalty = ! use ( pat5ts4 ,?us ! eng9e]s design+ ! eng9e might rea* out & take :at !y pleas$ reg>dless ( pat5t rights4 ,! result 0 likely to be a composite type embrac+ ! be/ features ( ! be/ eng9es ev] built4 ,!oretically1 at lea/1 a sup]-eng9e ought to result f su* an ef=t4 ,! ideal aviation eng9e %\ld produce a maximum ( p[] ) a m9imum ( weight2 x mu/ run at its maximum p[] dur+ a l>ge proportion ( its op]at+ "t1 a ?+ t an automobile motor seldom1 if ev]1 does = m ?an a few m9utes at a "t2 & x %\ld consume oil & fuel economically to cons]ve space & weight on ! airplane4 ,su* 0 ! problem1 ! design ( an eng9e to meet ^! requirem5ts1 t confront$ ^! two eng9e]s :5 !y 7 call$ to ,wa%+ton & ask$ to und]take ! "w4 ,!re h be5 s _m v]sions ( ! /ory ( h[ ! ,lib]ty eng9e 0 design$ & produc$ 9 its exp]im5tal models t x is fitt+ t ! exact hi/ory ( ^? memorable weeks %\ld be set d[n "h4 ,! eng9e 0 put on pap] 9 ! rooms occupi$ by ,col4 ,e4 ,a4 ,de$s at ! ,will>d ,hotel 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,col4 ,de$s _h be5 ! man ( broad vision :o1 by tak+ into consid]ation ! elem5ts ( ! problems enum]at$ above1 det]m9$ t ,am]ica c\ld be/ make h] contribution to ! aviation program by produc+ h] typically own eng9e4 ,he _h propos$ ! plan to 8 associate1 ,col4 ,s4 ,d4 ,waldon1 :o _h !reupon /udi$ ! matt] & agre$ entirely ) ! plan4 ,! two (fic]s p]suad$ ,messrs4 ,hall & ,v9c5t to =ego fur!r ef=ts on _! individual developm5ts & to devote _! comb9$ skill & exp]i5ce to ! creation ( an all-,am]ican eng9e4 ,! project 0 fur!r tak5 up ) ! ,european au?orities 9 ,wa%+ton1 & x 0 support$ unanim\sly4 ,9 ^! conf]5ces x 0 decid$ to design two l9es ( combat eng9es4 ,ea* %\ld h a cyl9d] diamet] ( #e in*es & a pi/on /roke #g in*es long2 b "o type %\ld h #h cyl9d]s & ! o!r #ab4 ,! #h-;cyl9d] eng9e %\ld develop #bbe horsep[]1 z all ! exp]ts believ$ !n1 9 ,may1 #aiag1 t su* a motor w\ld anticipate ! p[] requirem5ts z ( ! spr+ ( #aiah1 :ile ! #ab-;cyl9d] eng9e %\ld develop #ccj horsep[]1 z x 0 believ$ t ?is w\ld be ! equal ( any o!r eng9e develop$ ?r\gh #aiai & #aibj4 ,e =eign repres5tative 9 ,wa%+ton ) a]onautical exp]i5ce agre$ t ! #h-;cyl9d] #bbe-;horsep[] eng9e w\ld be ! pe] ( any?+ 9 use 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah2 yet1 s rapidly 0 aviation hi/ory mov+ t inside ( #ij days x became equally cle> t x 0 ! #ab-;cyl9d] eng9e ( #ccj horsep[]1 & n ! #h-;cyl9d] eng9e1 ^u :i* we %\ld conc5trate = ! spr+ ( #aiah4 ,) ^! consid]ations 9 m9d ,messrs4 ,hall & ,v9c5t set to "w to lay out ! designs on pap]4 ,) !m 7 ,col4 ,de$s & ,col4 ,waldon1 ! (fic]s to insi/ t no?+ untri$ or exp]im5tal be incorporat$ 9 ! eng9es1 ! eng9e]s to direct _! te*nical k by ?is s9e qua non4 ,! size ( ! cyl9d]s1 #e by #g in*es1 0 adopt$ n only because ! ,curtiss & ! ,hall-,scott ,companies1 ! l>ge/ produc]s ( aviation eng9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 _h _h exp]i5ce ) eng9es ( ?is size1 b also because a new & promis+ ,fr5* eng9e1 ! ,lorra9e-,dietri*1 _h j made its appe>ance 9 exp]im5tal =m1 & x 0 an eng9e approximately ( t size4 ,on ,may #bi1 #aiag1 ,messrs4 ,v9c5t & ,hall set to "w4 ,)9 two or ?ree days !y _h outl9$ ! important *>act]i/ics ( ! eng9e suffici5tly to secure--on ,june #d--! approval ( ! ,aircraft ,production ,bo>d & ( ! ,jo9t ,army & ,navy ,te*nical ,bo>d to build five exp]im5tal models ea* ( ! #h cyl9d] & ! #ab cyl9d] sizes4 ,! detail & manufactur+ draw+s ( ! two eng9es 7 made p>tly by ! /aff ( ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co41 "u ,mr4 ,o4 ,e4 ,hunt1 & p>tly by an organization recruit$ f v>i\s automobile factories & put to "w "u ,mr4 ,v9c5t at ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds at ,wa%+ton4 ,due cr$it mu/ "h be giv5 to ,dr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,/ratton1 ! director ( t important gov]nm5tal sci5tific bureau4 ,! ,lib]ty eng9e pione]s woke him up at midnight & told him ( _! ne$s4 ,he promptly t5d]$ all ! facilities ( ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds1 turn+ ov] to ! "w an entire build+ = use ! foll[+ morn+4 ,!reaft] ,dr4 ,/ratton gave ! close/ coop]ation ( himself & 8 assi/ants to ! "w4 ,:ile ! detail draw+s 7 be+ made1 ! p>ts = ! #aj eng9es 7 at once />t$ ?r\gh ! tool rooms & exp]im5tal %ops ( v>i\s motor c> companies4 ,?is "w c5t]$ 9 ! plant ( ! ,pack>d ,co41 :i* gave to x its entire en]gy & wond]ful faculties4 ,e feature 9 ! design ( ^! eng9es 0 bas$ on ?or\ghly prov5 practice ( ! pa/4 ,t ! eng9e 0 a composite is %[n by ! orig9 ( its v>i\s p>ts3 ,cyl9d]s3 ,! ,lib]ty eng9e d]iv$ its type ( cyl9d]s f ! ,g]man ,m]c$es1 ! ,engli% ,rolls-,royce1 ! ,fr5* ,lorra9e-,dietri*1 & o!rs produc$ bo? be=e & dur+ ! w>4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 /eel inn] %ells surr\nd$ by press$-/eel wat] jackets4 ,! ,pack>d ,co4 _h develop$ a practical production me?od ( weld+ toge!r ! sev]al p>ts ( a /eel cyl9d]4 ,cam %afts & valve me*anism above cyl9d] heads3 ,! design ( ^! 0 bas$ on ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! ,m]c$es & ,rolls-,royce1 & improv$ by ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co4 = automatic lubrication )\t wa/+ oil4 ,cam-%aft drive3 ,! g5]al type z us$ on ! ,hall-,scott1 ,m]c$es1 ,hispano-,suiza1 ,rolls-,royce1 ,r5ault1 ,fiat1 & o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,weld+ ,,jacket ,,on ,,cyl9d] ,,= ,,lib]ty ,,eng9e4 ,,cadillac ,,motor ,,c> ,,co41 ,,detroit1 ,,mi*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drill+ ,,cyl9d] ,,flanges ,,) ,,multiple ,,drill4 ,,pack>d ,,motor ,,c> ,,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma*9+ ,,! ,,connect+ ,,rods ,,= ,,! ,,lib]ty ,,eng9e4 ,,cadillac ,,motor ,,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gaug+ ,,valves ,,& ,,pi/ons ,,= ,,! ,,lib]ty ,,eng9e4 ,,l9coln ,,motor ,,co4 ,angle betwe5 cyl9d]s3 ,9 ! ,lib]ty ! includ$ angle betwe5 ! cyl9d]s is #de4 ,?is angle 0 adopt$ to save head resi/ance1 to give great] /r5g? to ! crank case1 & to r$uce p]iodic vibration4 ,?is decision 0 bas$ on ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,r5ault & ,pack>d eng9es4 ,electric g5]ator & ignition3 ,! ,delco sy/em 0 adopt$1 b specially design$ = ! ,lib]ty to provide a reliable d\ble ignition4 ,pi/ons3 ,! die-ca/ alum9um-alloy pi/ons ( ! ,lib]ty 7 bas$ on developm5t "w by ! ,hall-,scott ,co4 "u s]vice conditions4 ,connect+ rods3 ,^! 7 ( ! =k$ or /raddle type z us$ on ! ,de,dion & ,cadillac automobile motors & also on ! ,hispano-,suiza & o!r aviation eng9es4 ,crank %aft3 ,a design ( /&>d practice1 e crank p9 op]at+ betwe5 two ma9 be>+s1 z 9 ! ,m]c$es1 ,rolls-,royce1 ,hall-,scott1 ,curtiss1 & ,r5ault4 ,crank case3 ,a box section c>ry+ ! %aft 9 be>+s clamp$ betwe5 ! top & bottom halves by means ( long ?r\gh bolts1 z 9 ! ,m]c$es & ,hispano-,suiza4 ,lubrication3 ,! sy/em ( lubrication 0 *ang$1 ?is be+ ! only *ange ( design made 9 ! ,lib]ty aft] x 0 fir/ put d[n on pap]4 ,! orig9al sy/em comb9$ ! features ( a dry crank case1 su* z 9 ! ,rolls-,royce1 ) pressure fe$ to ! ma9 crank-%aft be>+s & scupp] fe$ to ! crank-p9 be>+s1 z 9 ! ,hall-,scott & c]ta9 =eign eng9es4 ,! sy/em subsequ5tly adopt$ add$ pressure-fe$ to ! crank-p9 be>+s1 z 9 ! ,rolls-,royce1 ,hispano-,suiza1 & o!r eng9es4 ,propell] hub3 ,design$ aft] ! practice foll[$ by su* well-kn[n eng9es z ! ,hispano-,suiza & ,m]c$es4 ,wat] pump3 ,! conv5tional c5trifugal type 0 adapt$ to ! ,lib]ty4 ,c>buretor3 ,! ,z5i? type 0 adapt$ to ! eng9e4 ,z ! detail$ & manufactur+ draw+s 7 complet$ 9 ,wa%+ton & ,detroit !y 7 tak5 to v>i\s factories :]e ! p>ts = ! fir/ eng9e 7 built4 ,! ,g5]al ,alum9um ,brass ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,detroit1 made ! bronze-back1 babbitt-l9$ be>+s4 ,! ,cadillac ,motor ,c> ,co41 ( ,detroit1 made ! connect+ rods1 ! connect+-rod upp]-end bu%+s1 ! connect+-rod bolts1 & ! rock]-arm assemblies4 ,! ,l4 ,o4 ,gordon ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,muskegon1 ,mi*41 made ! cam %afts4 ,! ,p>k ,drop ,=ge ,co41 ( ,clevel&1 made ! crank-%aft =g+s4 ,^! =g+s1 completely heat treat$1 7 turn$ out 9 ?ree days1 because ,mr4 ,hall gave ! ,clevel& conc]n p]mission to use ! ,hall-,scott dies4 ,! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co4 ma*9$ ! crank %afts & all p>ts n furni%$ or f9i%$ else:]e4 ,! ,hall-,scott ,motor ,c> ,co41 ( ,b]keley1 ,calif41 made all ! bevel ge>s4 ,! ,hess-,bright ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,philadelphia1 made ! ball be>+s4 ,! ,burd ,high-,compression ,r+ ,co41 ( ,rock=d1 ,ill41 made ! pi/on r+s4 ,! ,alum9um ,ca/+s ,co41 ( ,clevel&1 made ! die-ca/ alloy pi/ons & ma*9$ !m up to gr9d+4 ,! ,ri* ,tool ,co41 ( ,*icago1 made ! valves4 ,! ,gibson ,co41 ( ,muskegon1 ,mi*41 made ! spr+s4 ,! ,pack>d ,co4 made all ! patt]ns = ! alum9um ca/+s1 :i* 7 produc$ by ! ,g5]al ,alum9um ,brass ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,detroit4 ,! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co4 us$ _m ( its own dies 9 ord] to obta9 suitable drop =g+s spe$ily1 & also made all necess>y new dies n made else:]e4 ,z ^! v>i\s p>ts 7 turn$ out !y 7 hurri$ to ! tool room ( ! ,pack>d ,co41 :]e ! assembl+ ( ! model eng9es 0 9 progress4 ,be=e ! models 7 built1 h[ev]1 extraord9>y precautions _h be5 tak5 to insure t ! me*anism w\ld be z p]fect z ,am]ican eng9e]+ skill c\ld make x4 ,! plans z develop$ 7 submitt$ to ,h4 ,m4 ,crane1 ! eng9e] ( ! ,simplex ,motor ,c> ,co4 & ( ! ,wright-,m>t9 ,aircraft ,corporation1 :o _h made a special /udy ( aviation eng9es 9 ,europe1 & :o = upw>d ( a ye> _h be5 work+ on ! production ( ! ,hispano-,suiza #aej-;horsep[] eng9e 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,he look$ ! plans ov]1 & s did ,david ,f]gusson1 *ief eng9e] ( ! ,pi]ce-,arr[ ,motor ,c> ,co4 ,_m o!r ( ! be/ exp]ts 9 ! c\ntry 9 ! production ( int]nal-combu/ion motors con/ructively criticiz$ ! plans1 ^! includ+ su* m5 z ,h5ry ,m4 ,lel& & ,george ,h4 ,layng1 ( ! ,cadillac ,motor ,c> ,co41 & ,f4 ,f4 ,beall & ,edw>d ,rob]ts1 ( ! ,pack>d ,c> ,co4 ,:5 ! eng9e]s 7 ?r\gh1 ! practical production m5 7 giv5 _! turn4 ,! plane & eng9e build]s exam9$ ! plans to make sure t ea* m9ute "p 0 s design$ z to make x mo/ adaptable to quantity production4 ,! scrut9y ( ! ,lib]ty plans w5t back 9 ! production scale ev5 f>!r ?an ?is2 = ! actual build]s ( ma*9e tools 7 call$ 9 to exam9e ! specifications & to sugge/ modifications1 if necess>y1 t w\ld make ! production ( p>ts mo/ feasible 9 ma*9e tools ei!r ( exi/+ types or ( easie/ manufacture4 ,?us scrut9iz$ & criticiz$1 ! plans ( ! eng9e 7 ! be/ f e po9t ( view :i* ,am]ican indu/rial g5ius c\ld produce 9 ! "t :i* 0 available4 ,x 0 due to ?is exhau/ive prelim9>y /udy t no radical *anges 7 ev] made 9 ! orig9al design4 ,! ,lib]ty eng9e 0 n ! mat]ialization ( magic nor ! product ( any s+le individual or company1 b x 0 a well-consid]$ & c>efully prep>$ design bas$ on l>ge practical aviation-eng9e exp]i5ce4 ,on ,july #d1 #aiag1 ! fir/ #h-;cyl9d] lib]ty eng9e 0 deliv]$ 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,?is 0 less ?an six weeks aft] ,messrs4 ,hall & ,v9c5t drew ! fir/ l9e ( _! plans4 ,! same proc$ure 0 ev5 !n be+ repeat$ 9 ! case ( ! #ab-;cyl9d] eng9e4 ,by ! #be? day ( ,augu/ ! model #ab-;cyl9d] lib]ty _h successfully pass$ its #ej-;h\r te/4 ,9 ?is te/ its p[] rang$ f #cja to #cbj horsep[]4 ,z an a*ievem5t 9 spe$ 9 ! developm5t ( a successful new eng9e ?is p]=mance has nev] be5 equal$ 9 ! motor hi/ory ( any c\ntry4 ,no successful ,am]ican automobile motor 0 ev] put 9 production 9 any?+ "u a ye> ( trial & exp]im5tation4 ,we may well believe t 9 ! ?ird ye> ( w> ! ,european aviation design]s 7 work+ at top spe$ to improve ! motive p[] ( airplanes2 yet 9 #aiag ! ,briti% w> cab9et report conta9s ! foll[+ language3 ,exp]i5ce %[s t z a rule1 f ! date ( ! conception & design ( an a]o eng9e1 to ! deliv]y ( ! fir/ eng9e 9 s]ies by ! manufactur]1 m ?an a ye> elapses4 ,b ,am]ica design$ & produc$ exp]im5tally a good eng9e 9 six weeks & a great "o 9 ?ree mon?s1 & began deliv]+ x 9 s]ies 9 five mon?s4 ,?is 0 due to ! fact t we c\ld employ our be/ eng9e]+ tal5t )\t /9t1 to ! fur!r fact t !re 7 no re/rictions ^u our use ( designs & pat5ts prov$ successful by actual exp]i5ce1 & to ! fact t ! orig9al eng9e design produc$ "u su* conditions /ood e exp]t criticism & te/ t c\ld be put ^u x & em]g$ f ! trial )\t sub/antial modification4 ,z soon z ! fir/ ,lib]ty models _h pass$ _! (ficial te/s plans 7 at once made to put !m 9 manufacture4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,aircraft ,production ,bo>d *ose = ! *ief ( ! eng9e production dep>tm5t ,h>old ,h4 ,emmons1 an attorney & manufactur] ( ,detroit1 ,mi*41 :o1 z a lieut5ant 9 ! ,naval ,res]ve ,=ce1 0 j be+ call$ by ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t into active s]vice4 ,! production ( all aviation eng9es1 = bo? ,army & ,navy1 0 9 8 h&s ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! w>4 ,he plac$ ord]s = #ajj1iic aviation eng9es ( all types1 :i* involv$ ! exp5diture ( #dej1jjj1jjj & m ( ,gov]nm5t funds4 ,( ^! #ca1had 7 deliv]$ ready = s]vice be=e ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates rea*$ a daily eng9e production great] ?an t ( ,engl& & ,france comb9$4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aiag1 x 0 int5d$ to manufacture bo? eng9es1 ! #h-;cyl9d] & ! #ab-;cyl9d]1 & an agreem5t 0 rea*$ ) ! ,=d ,motor ,co4 ( ,detroit to produce #h-;cyl9d] ,lib]ty eng9es to ! numb] ( #aj1jjj4 ,b be=e ?is contract c\ld be sign$ ! increas+ p[]s ( ! newe/ ,european air eng9es indicat$ to our commission abroad t we %\ld conc5trate our manufactur+ ef=ts ^u ! #ab alone1 t be+ ! eng9e ( a p[] !n di/9ctly 9 advance 9 ! rapid evolution ( aviation eng9es4 ,! eng9e production dep>tm5t1 !re=e1 ent]$ into contracts = ! con/ruction ( #bb1ejj ( ! #ab-;cyl9d] ,lib]ties1 & ! fir/ ( ^! contracts 0 sign$ 9 ,augu/1 a few days aft] ! endurance te/s _h demon/rat$ t ! #ab-;cyl9d] eng9e 0 a success4 ,( ?is numb] ( ,lib]ty eng9es ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co4 contract$ to build #f1jjj2 ! ,l9coln ,motor ,co41 #f1jjj2 ! ,=d ,motor ,co41 #e1jjj2 ,nordyke ,m>mon1 #c1jjj2 ! ,g5]al ,motors ,corporation 7,buick & ,cadillac plants71 #b1jjj2 :ile an additional contract ( #ejj eng9es 0 let to ! ,trego ,motors ,corporation4 ,e>ly 9 ! lib]ty eng9e project x became app>5t t "o ( ! great /umbl+ blocks to volume production w\ld be ! /eel cyl9d]1 if x 7 necess>y to ma*9e x out ( a solid or p>tially pi]c$ =g+ su* z is us$ = %ell mak+4 ,?is problem 0 laid be=e ,h5ry ,=d & ! eng9e]+ organization ( ! ,=d ,motor ,co41 at ,detroit1 & !y develop$ ! unique me?od ( mak+ ! cyl9d]s out ( /eel tub+4 ,"o end ( ! tube 0 cut obliquely1 heat$1 & 9 successive op]ations clos$ ov] & !n exp&$ into ! %ape ( ! combu/ion *amb]1 ) all bosses 9 place on ! dome4 ,! l[] end 0 !n heat$ & upset 9 a bulldoz] until ! hold+-d[n flange _h be5 extrud$ f ! b>rel at ! "r place4 ,by ?is me?od a production ( #b1jjj r\gh cyl9d]s a day 0 rea*$4 ,! f9al =g+ 0 s ne> to ! %ape desir$ t millions ( p\nds ( scrap 7 sav$ ov] o!r me?ods1 to say no?+ ( an enorm\s am\nt ( labor ?us done away )4 ,! developm5t ( ?is cyl9d]-mak+ me?od 0 "o ( ! important contributions to ! quantity production ( ,lib]ty eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,exp]im5tal ,,"w ,,on ,,new ,,ideas ,,= ,,lib]ty ,,eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,te/ ,,cyl9d]s ,,= ,,! ,,lib]ty ,,eng9e ,,at ,,! ,,plant ,,( ,,nordyke ,,m>mon1 ,,indianapolis1 ,,ind4 ,illu/ration3 ,,crank-,,%aft ,,die ,,= ,,! ,,lib]ty ,,eng9e4 ,,buick ,,eng9e ,,co41 ,,detroit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,accept$ ,,lib]ty ,,eng9es ,,be+ ,,box$ ,,= ,,%ipm5t4 ,x 0 evid5t t 9 ! actual production ( ! ,lib]ty eng9e !re w\ld cont9ually arise practical que/ions ( manufactur+ policy t might entail modifications ( ! manufactur+ me?ods1 :ile our aviation au?orities 9 ,europe c\ld be expect$ to advance sugge/ions f "t to "t t might ne$ to be embodi$ 9 ! me*anism4 ,consequ5tly x 0 necess>y to create a p]man5t developm5t & /&>dization adm9i/ration = ! ,lib]ty eng9e4 ,nor c\ld ?is sup]vision be locat$ 9 ,wa%+ton1 because ( ! extreme ne$ = ha/e1 b x mu/ exi/ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! plants do+ ! manufactur+4 ,= ?is reason ! production ( ! ,lib]ty eng9e 0 c5t]$ 9 ! ,detroit manufactur+ di/rict1 s9ce 9 ?is di/rict 0 locat$ ! pr9cipal motor manufactur+ plant capacity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,james ,g4 ,heaslet1 =m]ly g5]al manag] ( ! ,/udebak] ,corporation & an eng9e] & manufactur] ( wide exp]i5ce1 0 in/all$ z di/rict manag]4 ,! problems incid5t to ! inspection & production ( ! ,lib]ty eng9e 7 plac$ 9 *>ge ( a committee consi/+ ( ,maj4 ,heaslet 7*airman72 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,hall1 "o ( ! design]s ( ! eng9e2 ,h5ry ,m4 ,lel&2 ,c4 ,h>old ,wills1 ( ! ,=d ,motor ,co42 & ,messrs ,f4 ,f4 ,beall & ,edw>d ,rob]ts1 ( ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co4 ,) !m 7 also associat$ ,d4 ,mc,call ,:ite1 ! eng9e] ( ! ,cadillac ,motor ,co41 & ,walt] ,*rysl]1 ( ! ,buick ,co4 ,! creation ( ?is committee virtually made a s+le manufactur+ conc]n ( ! sev]al1 previ\sly rival1 motor companies engag$ 9 produc+ ! ,lib]ty eng9e4 ,to ^! meet+s ! exp]ts )\t res]vation br\ght ! trade secrets & %op processes develop$ 9 _! own e/abli%m5ts dur+ ! prec$+ ye>s ( competition4 ,su* coop]ation 0 )\t p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican indu/ry1 & only a great em]g5cy su* z ! w> ) ,g]many c\ld h br\ght x ab\t4 ,b ! circum/ance aid$ wond]fully 9 ! developm5t & production ( ! ,lib]ty eng9e4 ,moreov]1 ! ,gov]nm5t drew heavily ^u ! tal5t ( ^! great manufactur+ organizations = meet+ ! special problems pres5t$ by ! necessity ( fill+ 9 ! briefe/ possible "t ! l>ge/ aviation eng9e ord] ev] kn[n4 ,%ort-cuts t ^! firms might h appli$ effectively to _! own private advantage 7 devis$ = ! ,lib]ty eng9e & freely turn$ ov] to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,pack>d ,co4 gave a great %>e ( its equipm5t & p]sonnel to ! developm5t4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s success 9 ! sci5ce ( quantity production 9 ! _w 0 ! ,=d ,motor ,co41 :i* devot$ its organization to ! task ( spe$+ up ! output ( ,lib]ty eng9es4 ,9 addition to ! unique & wond]fully effici5t me?od ( mak+ r\gh eng9e cyl9d]s out ( /eel tub+1 ! ,=d organization also p]fect$ = ! ,lib]ty a new me?od ( produc+ m durable & satisfactory be>+s4 ,messrs4 ,h4 ,m4 & ,w4 ,c4 ,lel&1 ^: names 7 indissolubly l9k$ ) ! ,cadillac automobile1 organiz$ & erect$ ! enorm\s plant ( ! ,l9coln ,motor ,co4 & equipp$ x = ! production ( ! ,lib]ty1 at a total exp5se ( approximately #h1jjj1jjj4 ,balanc$ aga9/ ^! advantages br\ght by highly tra9$ te*nical skill & unselfi% coop]ation 7 h&icaps su* z p]haps no o!r great ,am]ican indu/rial v5ture _h ev] kn[n4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 an int]nal-combu/ion eng9e ) cyl9d]s ( a #e-;in* bore & pi/ons ( a #g-;in* /roke--! ,lib]ty measurem5ts--0 l>g] ?an ! automobile eng9es !n 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is meant t :ile we app>5tly _h an enorm\s plant--! comb9$ ,am]ican automobile factories--ready = ! production ( ,lib]ty eng9es1 actually ! ma*9]y 9 ^! plants 0 n l>ge en\gh = ! new "w1 s t new ma*9]y !re=e mu/ be built to h&le ?is p>ticul> "w4 ,9 "s cases ma*9]y _h to be design$ anew = ! special purpose4 ,to produce e "p ( "o ,lib]ty eng9e some?+ betwe5 #b1ejj & #c1jjj small jigs1 tools1 & fixtures are employ$4 ,= l>ge outputs mu* ( ?is equipm5t mu/ be duplicat$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,to provide ! :ole jo9t work%op ) ?is equipm5t 0 "o ( ! unse5 jobs incid5tal to ! con/ruction ( ,lib]ty eng9es--unse5 by ! g5]al public1 t is--yet x requir$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates to comm&e] ! capacity ( all available tool %ops ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] & devote x to ! production ( jigs & tools = ! ,lib]ty eng9e factories4 ,!n !re 0 ! "q ( me*anical skill 9 ! factories4 ,x soon develop$ t an automobile motor is a simple me*anism comp>$ ) an intricate aviation eng9e4 ,! ma*9i/s 9 ord9>y automobile plants did n h ! skill to produce ! ,lib]ty eng9e p>ts successfully4 ,consequ5tly x became necess>y to educate ?\s&s ( me*anics1 m5 & wom5 alike1 to d ?is new "w4 ,x 0 surpris+ to :at ext5t unfri5dly influ5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 mu* ( x probably ( a pro-,g]man "*1 cut a figure 9 ! situation4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly true 9 ! supply factories furni%+ tools to ! ,lib]ty eng9e plants4 ,approximately #he p] c5t ( ! tools fir/ deliv]$ = ?is "w 7 f\nd to be inaccurate & incorrect4 ,^! _h to be remade be=e !y c\ld be us$4 ,su* tools z 7 deliv]$ to ! ,lib]ty plants w\ld my/]i\sly disappe>1 or vital equipm5t w\ld be injur$ 9 unusual ways2 9 sev]al in/ances cans ( explosives 7 f\nd 9 ! coal at p[] plants2 fire-ext+ui%+ app>atus 0 discov]$ to be r5d]$ useless by acts ( depr$ation2 & f num]\s o!r evid5ces ! build]s ( ,lib]ty eng9es 7 aw>e t ! enemy _h 8 ag5ts 9 _! plants4 ,difficulty 0 also exp]i5c$ 9 ! production ( metals = ! new eng9es4 ,! mat]ials dem&$ 7 frequ5tly ( a mu* high] grade ?an ! correspond+ mat]ials us$ 9 ord9>y automobile motors4 ,"h 0 ano!r unse5 phase ( developm5t :i* _h to be work$ out pati5tly by ! produc]s ( raw mat]ials4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lib]ty ,,eng9e ,,ready ,,= ,,te/ ,,at ,,! ,,l9coln ,,motor ,,co41 ,,detroit1 ,,mi*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lib]ty ,,eng9e ,,on ,,in/ruction ,,/&1 ,,wilbur ,,wright ,,field4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,%[+ ,,lib]ty ,,eng9e ,,) ,,propell] ,,hub ,,atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,te/ ,,%$ ,,& ,,/& ,,) ,,lib]ty ,,eng9e ,,m\nt$ ,,) ,,te/ ,,propell]4 ,,pack>d ,,motor ,,c> ,,co4 ,difficulties 9 transportation dur+ ! w9t] ( #aiag-ah add$ _! %>e to ! p]plex+ problems ( ! eng9e build]s1 :ile at times ! sc>city ( coal ?reat5$ ! complete %utd[n ( "s ( ! plants4 ,"u su* ob/acles ! eng9e-production dep>tm5t =c$ ! manufacture ( ! ,lib]ty eng9e at a spe$ nev] be=e kn[n 9 ! automotive indu/ry4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 ! ,gov]nm5t receiv$ ! fir/ #bb ,lib]ty eng9es ( ! #ab-;cyl9d] type1 durable & dep5dable1 a /&>diz$1 concrete product1 only sev5 mon?s aft] ! ,lib]ty eng9e exi/$ m]ely z an idea 9 ! bra9s ( two eng9e]s4 ,^! fir/ eng9es develop$ a /r5g? ( approximately #ccj horsep[]1 & ?is 0 true also ( ! fir/ #cjj ,lib]ty eng9es deliv]$1 ^! deliv]ies be+ complet$ 9 ! e>ly spr+ ( #aiah4 ,:5 ! ,lib]ty eng9e 0 design$ our aviation exp]ts believ$ t #ccj horsep[] 0 s f> 9 advance ( ! developm5t ( a]o eng9es 9 ,europe t we c\ld safely g ahead ) ! production ( ?is type on a quantity basis4 ,b aga9 we reckon$ )\t an accurate prophetic k ( ! c\rse ( eng9e developm5t abroad4 ,we 7 build+ ! fir/ #cjj ,lib]ty eng9es at #ccj horsep[] :5 our aviation reports in=m$ u f ov]seas t an ev5 high] horsep[] w\ld be desirable4 ,!re=e our eng9e]s /epp$ up ! p[] ( ! ,lib]ty #ab-;cyl9d] eng9e to #cge horsep[]4 ,sev]al hundr$ motors ( ?is p[] 7 9 process ( completion :5 aga9 our obs]v]s 9 ,france advis$ u t we c\ld add ano!r #be horsep[] to ! ,lib]ty1 mak+ x #djj horsep[] 9 /r5g?1 & be sure ( lead+ all ( ! combatant nations 9 size & p[] ( aviation eng9es dur+ #aiah & #aiai4 ,?is la/ /ep1 we 7 assur$1 0 ! f9al1 def9ite "o4 ,b to anticipate possible extraord9>y developm5t ( eng9es by o!r nations1 our eng9e]s w5t ev5 fur!r ?an ! m>k advis$ by our ov]seas obs]v]s & rais$ ! p[] ( ! ,lib]ty eng9e to some?+ 9 excess ( #djj horsep[]4 ,?is enorm\s increase ov] ! orig9al p[] ( ! ,lib]ty eng9e requir$ *anges 9 ! con/ruction1 notably 9 increas+ ! /r5g? ( practically all ( ! work+ p>ts1 includ+ ! crank %aft1 ! connect+ rods1 & ! be>+s4 ,! *ange also result$ 9 mak+ scrap iron ( a l>ge quantity ( ! jigs & special tools employ$ 9 mak+ ! light] eng9es4 ,a /ill fur!r *ange _h to come 9 ! "* ( "s ( ! /eel us$ 9 "s ( ! p>ts1 & ?is w5t back to ! smelt+ plants1 :]e new & bett] me?ods ( produc+ /eel & alum9um = ! ,lib]ty eng9e _h to be develop$4 ,?us :ile !re 7 no fundam5tal *anges 9 ! design ( ! eng9e1 ! increase ( its p[] requir$ a consid]able readju/m5t 9 ! eng9e plants4 ,yet s rapidly 7 ^! *anges made t on ! fir/ anniv]s>y ( ! day :5 ! design ( ! ,lib]ty eng9e 0 begun--,may #bi1 #aiah--! ,signal ,corps _h receiv$ #a1bdc ,lib]ty eng9es4 ,9 ?is a*ievem5t motor hi/ory 0 writt5 9 ?is c\ntry z x _h nev] be5 writt5 be=e4 ,f a popul> /&po9t x may seem t ! ,lib]ty eng9e 0 radically *ang$ aft] its inception1 b su* an ass]tion is entirely unw>rant$2 = 9 ! fundam5tal ?+1 ! design1 !re 0 b "o *ange made aft] ! eng9e 0 laid d[n on pap] 9 ,may1 #aiag1 namely1 9 ! oil+ sy/em4 ,! orig9al ,lib]ty eng9e 0 p>tially f$ ) oil by ! s-call$ scupp] sy/em1 :]eas ?is lat] 0 *ang$ to a =c$ fe$ "u compression4 ,! scupp] fe$ work$ successfully1 b ! =c$ fe$ is foolpro( & 0 !re=e in/all$ ^u ! advice ( ! prepond]ance ( exp]t criticism4 ,x is also true t 9 work+ out c]ta9 practical manufactur+ processes "s ( ! orig9al measurem5ts 7 alt]$4 ,b ?is is a common exp]i5ce 9 ! manufacture ( any int]nal-combu/ion eng9e1 & alt]ations made = factory exp$i5cy are n reg>d$ z design *anges1 nor are !y important4 ,! deliv]y ( #bb motors 9 ,decemb] ( #aiag 0 foll[$ by ! completion ( #dj 9 ,janu>y1 #aiah4 ,9 ,febru>y ! deliv]y 0 #gj4 ,9 ,m>* ?is jump$ to #abb2 !n a leap 9 ,april to #dae2 :ile 9 ,may deliv]ies am\nt$ to #fbj4 ,! quantity production ( ,lib]ties may be said to h />t$ 9 ,june1 #aiah1 "o ye> aft] ! eng9e's conception 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,9 t mon? #a1ajb motors ( ! mo/ p[]ful type 7 deliv]$ to ! s]vice4 ,9 ,july ! figure 0 #a1ehi2 9 ,augu/1 #b1big2 9 ,septemb]1 #b1cfb4 ,!n 9 ,octob] came an enorm\s increase to ! total ( #c1hgh ,lib]ty eng9es4 ,dur+ ! mon? be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ! eng9e factories 7 produc+ #aej eng9es a day4 ,9 all1 up to ,novemb] #bi1 #aiah1 #ae1egb ,lib]ty eng9es 7 produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! disposal ( !m ! ,am]ican ,navy receiv$ #c1gdb = its seaplanes2 ! plants manufactur+ airplanes 9 ?is c\ntry took #e1cbc ( !m2 #ijg 7 s5t to v>i\s aviation fields = tra9+ purposes2 to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 9 ,france1 9 addition to ! eng9es :i* w5t ov] in/all$ 9 _! planes1 we s5t #d1eaa ,lib]ty eng9es2 :ile #a1jhi w5t to ! ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 & ,italian air s]vices4 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ ,lib]ties 7 s5t to ,europe4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aiah1 we %ipp$ #c to our own =ces 9 ,france4 ,9 ,m>* we s5t #aj to ! ,briti%1 #f to ! ,fr5*1 & #e to ! ,italians4 ,by ,june #g ! ,engli% te/s _h conv9c$ ! ,briti% air m9i/] t ! ,lib]ty eng9e 0 9 ! fir/ l9e ( high p[]$ aviation eng9es & a mo/ valuable contribution to ! alli$ aviation program4 ,! ,briti% air m9i/] s cabl$ to ,"l ,read+1 ! ,briti% ambassador 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,aga9 on ,septemb] #bf ! ,briti% air m9i/ry report$ t 9 id5tical airplanes ! ,lib]ty eng9e p]=m$ at lea/ z well z ! ,rolls-,royce eng9e4 ,birkight1 :o design$ ! ,hispano-,suiza eng9e 9 ,france1 decl>$ t ! ,lib]ty eng9e 0 sup]ior to any high-p[]$ aviation eng9e !n develop$ on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,in/all+ ,,lib]ty ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,! ,,lep]e ,,fuselage ,,at ,,pack>d ,,plant1 ,,%[+ ,,progressive ,,assembly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ad4 ,,lib]ty ,,eng9es ,,produc$ ,,ea* ,,mon? ,,dur+ #aiah4 ,jan4 #dj ,feb4 #gj ,m>4 #abb ,apr4 #dae ,may4 #fbj ,june4 #aajb ,july4 #aehi ,aug4 #bbig ,sept4 #bcfb ,oct4 #chgh ,nov4 #cjef ,dec4 #bdcg ,a m concrete evid5ce ( ! e/eem 9 :i* ?is ,am]ican creation 0 held by ! ,european exp]t lies 9 ! size ( ! ord]s :i* ! v>i\s alli$ ,gov]nm5ts plac$ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ,lib]ty eng9es4 ,! ,briti% took #a1jjj ( !m imm$iately & decl>$ t !y wi%$ to increase ?is ord] to #e1ejj to be deliv]$ by ,decemb] #ca1 #aiah4 ,! ,fr5* direct$ inquiries z to ! possibility ( tak+ "o-fif? ( our complete output ( ,lib]ty eng9es4 ,! ,italians also indicat$ _! int5tion ( pur*as+ heavily = imm$iate deliv]y4 ,?is increas$ dem& = ! eng9e _h n be5 anticipat$ 9 our orig9al plans1 z we _h no idea t ! alli$ ,gov]nm5ts w\ld turn f _! own highly develop$ eng9es to ask = ,lib]ty eng9es 9 su* quantities4 ,! orig9al program ( #bb1ejj eng9es 0 only suffici5t = our own ,army & ,navy requirem5ts4 ,z soon z ! =eign ,gov]nm5ts1 h[ev]1 came 9 ) _! dem&s we imm$iately increas$ ! ord]s plac$ ) all ! exi/+ ,lib]ty eng9e build]s1 & 9 addition contract$ to take ! entire manufactur+ facilities ( ! ,willys-,ov]l& ,co4 at its plants 9 ,tol$o & ,elyria1 ,ohio1 & ,elmira1 ,n4 ,y4 ,we also engag$ ! entire capacity ( ! ,olds ,motor plant at ,lans+1 ,mi*4 ,9 addition we _h subsequ5tly contract$ = ! production ( #h1jjj ( ! #h-;cyl9d] eng9es4 ,?us ! numb] ( eng9es :i* w\ld h be5 deliv]$ "u contract1 if peace _h n cut %ort ! production1 w\ld h be5 #ef1ajj eng9es ( ! #ab-;cyl9d] type & #h1jjj ( ! #h's4 ,! =eign ,gov]nm5ts associat$ ) u 9 ! w> aga9/ ,g]many %[]$ _! dem&s ^u u = great numb]s ( ! ,am]ican eng9es1 n only altoge!r because ( ! excell5ce ( ! ,lib]ty1 b because p>tially _! plane production exce$$ _! output ( eng9es4 ,mr4 ,john ,d4 ,ryan1 ,director ( ,aircraft ,production1 v]bally agre$ to deliv] to ! ,fr5* #a1ejj ,lib]ty eng9es by ,decemb] #ca1 & fur!r agre$ to deliv] motors to ! ,fr5* at ! rate ( #gej p] mon? dur+ ! fir/ six mon?s ( #aiai4 ,! ,briti% _h already receiv$ #a1jjj ,lib]ty motors1 & ?is ord] 0 increas$ ) ,mr4 ,ryan p]sonally by sev]al ?\s& additional eng9es to be deliv]$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aiai4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ! ,lib]ty eng9e 0 be+ produc$ at a rate :i* promis$ to make x ! dom9ant motive p[] ( ! w> 9 ! air be=e _m mon?s _h pass$4 ,! eng9e 0 orig9ally nam$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/&>d #ab-;cyl9d] ,aviation ,eng9e4 ,9 view ( ! s]vice :i* x promis$ to r5d] to ! cause ( civilization1 ,admiral ,d4 ,w4 ,taylor1 ! *ief con/ruction (fic] ( ! ,navy1 sugge/$ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! p]iod ( production t ! orig9al prosaic "n be disc>d$ & t ! eng9e be re*ri/5$ ! ,lib]ty4 ,"u ?is "n ! eng9e has tak5 its place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! w> z "o ( ! mo/ effici5t ag5cies :i* 0 develop$ & employ$ by ?is c\ntry4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,o!r ,,airplane ,,eng9es4 ,! production ( ! ,lib]ty eng9e s captur$ popul> att5tion t ! public nev] fairly und]/ood nor appreciat$ ! ext5t ( ano!r production ent]prise on ! "p ( ^? provid+ motive p[] = our w> airplanes4 ,?is 0 ! supplem5t>y manufacture ( a]o eng9es o!r ?an ^? :i* bore ! pr\d appellation ( ,lib]ty4 ,let ! production figures speak = !mselves4 ,9 ^? #ai mon?s1 />t+ ) no?+1 we turn$ out complete & ready = s]vice #cb1dbj a]o eng9es4 ,( ^! ?\s&s ( eng9es less ?an "o-half--! exact figure be+ #ae1egb--7 ,lib]ty eng9es4 ,! re/ 7 ,hispano-,suizas1 ,le ,rhones1 ,gnomes1 ,curtisses1 ,hall-,scotts1 & "s o!rs1 a total ( #af1hdh 9 all--built l>gely = ! tra9+ ( our army ( ! air4 ,?is production w\ld h be5 ev5 m notable _h ! w> cont9u$1 = at ! date ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h contract$ = ! con/ruction ( #ajj1iic aircraft eng9es4 ,( ^! #fd1ajj 7 to be ,lib]ty eng9es1 s t ! total plan ( con/ruction ( eng9es o!r ?an ! ,lib]ty w\ld h produc$ ab\t #cg1jjj ( !m4 ,! total co/ ( c>ry+ ?r\gh ! comb9$ eng9e project w\ld h be5 9 ! neighborhood ( #dej1jjj1jjj4 ,:ile at ! outbreak ( ! w> ,am]ican k ( milit>y aviation may h be5 meag]1 /ill x 0 evid5t f ! />t t we w\ld be able to g ahead ) c]ta9 phases ( production on a huge scale )\t wait+ = ! precise k ( requirem5ts t w\ld come only f an exhau/ive /udy ( ! subject 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! fir/ place we knew t we mu/ tra9 our aviators4 ,= ?is purpose !re 0 at ! />t no p>ticul> ne$ ( ! highly-develop$ ma*9]y !n 9 use on ! we/]n front4 ,! fir/ aircraft requirem5t ( ! e>ly tra9+ program 0 = safe planes1 reg>dless ( _! type1 & motive p[] to drive !m4 ,lat] on1 :5 we 7 bett] prep>$1 w\ld come ! tra9+ t w\ld af=d our aviators exp]i5ce ) ! fight+ equipm5t4 ,s at ! />t !re 0 no reason :y we %\ld n proce$ at once ) ! con/ruction ( su* tra9+ ma*9es z we knew h[ to build4 ,an aviation program = w> falls into ^! two divisions--! equipm5t requir$ = tra9+ & t requir$ = combat4 ,:ile our organization1 p>ticul>ly ?r\gh ! ,boll+ commission :i* we _h s5t to ,europe1 0 mak+ a /udy ( our combat requirem5ts & :ile we 7 pu%+ =w>d ! design & production ( ! ,lib]ty eng9e1 we =?) develop$ on an ambiti\s scale ! manufacture ( tra9+ planes & eng9es 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! tra9+ ( battle aviators1 on ! o!r h&1 also sep>ates into two p>ts1 ! elem5t>y tra9+ & ! advanc$ tra9+4 ,! elem5t>y tra9+ m]ely tea*es ! cadet ! new art ( ma9ta9+ himself 9 ! air4 ,lat]1 :5 he has ma/]$ ! rudim5ts ( me*anical flight1 he goes into ! advanc$ tra9+1 ! tra9+ 9 8 fight+ plane1 :]e he requires equipm5t m ne>ly ( ! type us$ at ! front4 ,= ! elem5t>y tra9+ we _h "s good native mat]ial to />t )4 ,! ,curtiss ,airplane ,co4 _h be5 build+ tra9+ planes & eng9es bo? = ! ,engli% & ,canadian air au?orities4 ,?is 0 evid5tly ! mo/ available ,am]ican airplane = our fir/ ne$s4 ,! ,curtiss plane 0 kn[n z ! ,,jn-#d & x 0 driv5 by a #ij-;horsep[] eng9e call$ ! ,curtiss ,,ox4 ,9 ! production ( ?is equipm5t on ! scale plann$ by ! ,signal ,corps1 ! emb>rass+ feature1 ! *oke po9t1 0 evid5tly to be ! manufacture ( ! eng9e4 ,! ,curtiss plant at ,buffalo = ! manufacture ( planes c\ld be quickly exp&$ to meet ! ,gov]nm5t dem&s2 b ! ,curtiss eng9e plant at ,hammondsport1 ,n4 ,y41 c\ld n develop ! production ( ,,ox eng9es up to our ne$s & at ! same "t complete ! ord]s :i* x 0 fill+ = ! ,engli% & ,canadian air s]vices4 ,consequ5tly1 contracts 7 aw>d$ to ! ,curtiss ,co4 = its capacity 9 ! production ( ,,ox eng9es1 & !n ! ,am]ican aviation au?orities came to an agreem5t ) ! ,willys-,morr[ plant at ,elmira1 ,n4 ,y41 = an additional #e1jjj ( ^! motors4 ,ord9>ily x w\ld require f five to six mon?s to equip a plant ) ! l>ge ma*9e tools & ! small] me*anical appliances necess>y = su* a contract z ?is4 ,b ! ,willys-,morr[ plant tool$ up 9 ?ree mon?s & 0 ready to />t on ! ,,ox manufactur+ job4 ,illu/ration3 ,,curtiss ,,eng9e1 ,,model ,,ox-#e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hall-,,scott ,,eng9es ,,be+ ,,in/all$ ,,9 ,,airplane ,,fuselages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,views ,,( ,,le ,,rhone #hj-;,,horsep[] ,,eng9e4 ,?is is "o ( ! successful rot>y eng9es4 ,if spe$ 9 production 0 requir$ at any po9t 9 ! aviation developm5t x 0 "h 9 ! manufacture ( ! elem5t>y tra9+ planes & eng9es4 ,)\t tra9+ mat]ial1 no matt] h[ _m aviation fields we set 9 ord] nor h[ _m /ud5t aviators we enli/$1 ! movem5t ( our fly+ =ces t[>d ! front c\ld n ev5 beg94 ,& "h ent]$ an int]e/+ eng9e]+ & executive problem t _h to be work$ out quickly by ^? 9 *>ge ( our aircraft con/ruction4 ,if x 7 plott$ on pap]1 ! curve ( requirem5ts = aircraft tra9+ mat]ial w\ld climb swiftly to its peak dur+ ! fir/ six or eight mon?s ( ! w> & !n decl9e ) almo/ equal swiftness until x rea*$ a l[ level4 ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ produce ! great numb] ( tra9+ ma*9es 9 ! %orte/ "t possible 9 ord] to put our ?\s&s ( /ud5t aviators into ! air at once ov] ! tra9+ fields2 b :5 ?is tra9+ equipm5t _h be5 br\ght up to initial requirem5ts1 !reaft] our ne$s 9 ?is direction c\ld be met by only a small production1 s9ce ! rate ( wa/age ( su* mat]ial is relatively l[4 ,once our fields 7 fully equipp$1 ! same app>atus c\ld be us$ ov] & ov] aga9 z ! w> w5t on1 ) little reg>d to ! improvem5ts ( ! type ( battle planes1 s t ! ultimate manufacture ne$ be l>ge en\gh only to keep ?is equipm5t 9 condition4 ,x soon became evid5t t ! production ( ,curtiss planes & eng9es1 ev5 "u ! heavy contracts imm$iately plac$1 w\ld n be suffici5t to take c>e ( our elem5t>y tra9+ ne$s2 & ! aviation adm9i/ration began look+ ar\nd = o!r types ( aircraft t w\ld fit into our plans4 ,! exp]ts 9 all bran*es ( w> fly+ :i* ! pr9cipal alli$ nations _h s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w>n$ u aga9/ ! temptation to adopt _m types ( mat]ial 9 ord] to secure a quick e>ly production4 ,if ! tra9+ equipm5t 7 n closely /&>diz$ 9 types1 x w\ld result 9 confusion & delay1 bo? 9 tra9+ ! aviator to fly & 9 prep>+ him = actual combat4 ,su* _h be5 ! exp]i5ce 9 ,europe2 & we 7 n[ giv5 ! b5efit ( ?is exp]i5ce1 s t we might avoid ! mi/akes :i* o!rs _h made4 ,we 7 advis$ to adopt a s+le type ( equipm5t = ea* class ( tra9+2 b if t 7 n consi/5t ) ! dem&s = spe$ 9 gett+ our s]vice 9 ! air1 !n at ! mo/ we %\ld n h m ?an two types ei!r ( planes or eng9es4 ,9 ! elem5t>y tra9+ program x 0 evid5t t we c\ld n equip ourselves ) a s+le type ( plane1 except at consid]able exp5se 9 "t4 ,consequ5tly we w5t ahead to develop ano!r4 ,we f\nd a tra9+ airplane be+ produc$ by ! ,/&>d ,a]o ,corporation & kn[n z ! ,/&>d-,j4 ,! company _h be5 develop+ ?is ma*9e = approximately a ye>1 & its plant c\ld be exp&$ readily to meet a l>ge contract4 ,= ! eng9e to drive ?is plane we adopt$ ! ,hall-,scott ,a#g;,a4 ,?is 0 a f\r-cyl9d] eng9e4 ,x _h ! fault ( vibration common to any f\r-cyl9d] eng9e1 b x 0 reg>d$ o!rwise by exp]ts z a rugg$ & dep5dable piece ( ma*9]y4 ,! ,hall-,scott ,co4 0 equipp$ to produce ?is motor on an ext5sive scale1 s9ce at ! "t ?is conc]n 0 probably ! l>ge/ manufactur] ( aviation eng9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ! possible exception ( ! ,curtiss ,co4 ,! eng9e _h be5 us$ 9 airplanes built by ! ,/&>d ,a]o ,corporation1 ! ,a]o ,m>9e ,co41 & ! ,dayton-,wright ,co4 ,!re=e ! ,jo9t ,army & ,navy ,te*nical ,bo>d recomm5d$ ! ,/&>d-,j plane & ! ,hall-,scott ,a#g;,a eng9e z ! elem5t>y tra9+ equipm5t to alt]nate ) ! ,curtiss plane & eng9e4 ,! ,gov]nm5t plac$ contracts ) ! ,hall-,scott ,co4 = #a1bej eng9es1 its capacity4 ,b1 s9ce a l>ge additional numb] w\ld be requir$1 a supplem5t>y contract = #a1jjj ,a#g;,a's 0 giv5 to ! ,nordyke ,m>mon ,co4 ,! ,hall-,scott ,co4 coop]at$ ) ?is latt] conc]n by furni%+ complete draw+s1 tools1 & o!r production necessities4 ,:5 x came to ! advanc$ tra9+ = our aviators1 m highly develop$ me*anical equipm5t 0 requir$4 ,!re mu/ be two sorts ( ?is equipm5t4 ,! advanc$ /ud5t mu/ become acqua9t$ ) rot>y eng9es su* z 7 us$ by ! ,fr5* & o!rs to drive ! small1 spe$y *ass planes1 :ile he mu/ also come to be famili> ) ! op]ation ( fix$ cyl9d] eng9es1 possess+ upw>ds ( #ajj horsep[]4 ,^! latt] 7 ! eng9es 9 commone/ use on obs]vation & bomb+ planes4 ,= ea* type1 ! rot>y & fix$1 we 7 p]mitt$ by our policy to h two sorts ( eng9es 9 ord] to get into production z quickly z possible1 b n m ?an two4 ,"h aga9 we _h to survey ! field ( eng9e manufacture & select closely1 at ! same "t mak+ 9 po9t ( spe$ approximately z good a %[+ z if we _h adopt$ e eng9e ) claims = our consid]ation & _h told manufactur]s ( !m to produce z _m z !y c\ld4 ,9 ?is case ( rot>y eng9es1 our aviation repres5tatives 9 ,europe advis$ ! production "h ( ,gnome & ,le ,rhone motors4 ,!re 7 two models ( ! ,gnome eng9e1 "o develop+ #aaj horsep[] & ! o!r #aej4 ,! ,le ,rhone eng9e produc$ #hj horsep[]4 ,! ,boll+ commission _h recomm5d$ t ! ,gnome #aej be us$ 9 "s ( our combat planes4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiag we 7 produc+ a few ,gnome #aaj horsep[] eng9es 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,g5]al ,vehicle ,co4 at "s "t previ\sly _h tak5 a =eign ord] = ^! eng9es4 ,b nei!r ! ,gnome #aej nor ! ,le ,rhone #hj _h be5 built 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 bo? ( ^! hav+ be5 develop$ & us$ exclusively 9 ,france4 ,! fir/ recomm5dations f our obs]v]s 9 ,france advis$ u to produce #e1jjj ( ! m p[]ful ,gnome #aej's & #b1ejj ,le ,rhone #hj's4 ,! production ( ,gnome eng9es 9 ?is c\ntry =ms a good illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* aircraft requirem5ts at ! front 7 con/antly %ift+1 due to ! rapid evolution ( ! sci5ce ( me*anical flight4 ,our (fic]s did n hesitate to ov]rule _! previ\s decisions1 if su* a c\rse seem$ to be ju/ifi$1 ev5 at ! co/ ( r5d]+ useless great quantities ( "w already done & mat]ial already produc$4 ,?is has be5 %[n 9 ! case ( ! ,lib]ty eng9e4 ,at ! />t we set out to build ,lib]ty #h-;cyl9d] eng9es on a l>ge scale1 only to discont9ue ?is "w be=e x 0 fairly />t$2 b lat] on we aga9 took up a ,lib]ty #h-;cyl9d] project on almo/ z great a scale z _h be5 plann$ orig9ally4 ,s ) ! production ( ! heavy #aej-;horsep[] ,gnome eng9e4 ,our ,european advisors 7 fir/ ( ! op9ion t we %\ld g heavily into ?is production4 ,consequ5tly ! equipm5t end ( ! ,signal ,corps project$ a program ( #e1jjj ( ! l>ge ,gnome eng9es4 ,su* a contract 0 entirely beyond ! capacity ( ! ,g5]al ,vehicle ,co41 :i* _h be5 build+ ! light] ,gnomes4 ,s ! ,gov]nm5t ent]$ into negotiations ) ! ,g5]al ,motors ,co4 to assume ! great] burd5 ( ?is und]tak+4 ,"u ! pilotage ( ! aircraft au?orities1 an agreem5t 0 rea*$ = ! indu/rial comb9ation ( ! ,g5]al ,motors ,co4 & ! ,g5]al ,vehicle ,co4 ,! =m] conc]n br\ght its va/ res\rces & num]\s factories into ! consolidation2 :ile ! latt] furni%$ ! only skill$ k & exp]i5ce !re 0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! art ( mak+ rot>y eng9es4 ,?is seem$ to be a great /ep 9 our progress & an a*ievem5t 9 itself2 b j z ! und]tak+ ( ! con/ruction ( l>ge ,gnome eng9es 0 ab\t to be />t$1 ev5ts 9 ,europe _h caus$ our obs]v]s !re to revise _! fir/ judgm5t1 & we receiv$ cabl$ in/ructions recomm5d+ t we discont9ue ! developm5t ( ! ,gnome #aej4 ,! entire program = ,gnome #aej's 0 cancel$1 & !reaft] ! ,g5]al ,vehicle ,co41 ) its relatively small capacity1 0 call$ ^u to produce z _m ( ! small ,gnome #aaj's z x c\ld4 ,z a matt] ( record ! production ( ^! eng9es am\nt$ to #bhj 9 numb]4 ,! ,signal ,corps f\nd x difficult to induce manufactur]s 9 ?is c\ntry to und]take ! con/ruction ( =eign design$ eng9es at all4 ,! plans & specifications ( me*anical appliances furni%$ by =eign eng9e]s & manufactur]s are s diff]5t f ours t tr\ble is inv>iably exp]i5c$ 9 attempts to use !m "h4 ,successful conc]ns 9 ?is c\ntry naturally hesitat$ to pick up contracts on :i* !y might fail & ?us t>ni% _! reputations4 ,our advisors 9 ,europe 7 insi/5t t we %\ld produce ,le ,rhone eng9es 9 quantity 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 yet x 0 h>d to f9d any manufactur+ conc]n will+ to und]take su* a developm5t4 ,nev]!less1 ! production ( ,le ,rhone eng9es prov$ to be "o ( ! mo/ successful phases ( ! :ole aircraft program4 ,its /ory illu/rates ! ob/acles enc\nt]$ 9 adapt+ a =eign device to ,am]ican manufacture1 & x also %[s h[ ,am]ican production g5ius c ov]come ^! h&icaps4 ,x 0 only aft] /r5u\s ef=ts on our "p t ! ,union ,swit* ,signal ,co41 ( ,swissvale1 ,pa41 a memb] ( ! ,we/+h\se *a9 ( factories1 0 induc$ to take up ! ,le ,rhone contract4 ,?is project call$ = ! production ( #b1ejj rot>y ,le ,rhones ( #hj horsep[] ea*4 ,let u see h[ ! manufactur]s took ?is totally unfamili> ma*9e & w5t ab\t x to reproduce x 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,"o might ?9k t x w\ld be necess>y only to take ! ,fr5* draw+s1 *ange ! metric sy/em measurem5ts to our own scale ( feet & in*es1 & proce$ to turn out ! me*anism4 ,b x 0 n s simple z t4 ,we did receive ! draw+s1 ! specifications1 ! metallurgical in/ructions & ! l1 b ^! we f\nd to be unreliable & unsatisfactory f our po9t ( view4 ,= in/ance1 accord+ to ! ,fr5* in/ructions ! metallurgical requirem5ts = ! eng9e crank-%aft call$ = mild /eel4 ,?is 0 obvi\sly incorrect2 & if an error _h crept into ?is "p ( ! plans !re 0 no tell+ h[ faulty ! re/ ( !m might be4 ,s f ! metallurgical /&po9t alone ?is became a laboratory job ( analysis & inve/igation4 ,a sample eng9e _h be5 s5t to u f ,france4 ,e piece ( metal 9 ?is eng9e 0 exam9$ by ! *emi/s to det]m9e its prop] con/itu5ts1 & f ?is orig9al inve/igation new specifications 7 made = ! /eel produc]s4 ,! draw+s ( ! eng9e 7 q unsatisfactory f ! po9t ( view ( ,am]ican me*anics4 ,!y 7 f\nd to be incorrect1 & !re 7 n en\gh ( !m4 ,consequ5tly ?is requir$ ano!r /udy on ! "p ( eng9e]s & a new set ( draw+s to be made up4 ,all ( ?is fundam5tal "w monopoliz$ ! "t ( a l>ge =ce ( draughtsm5 & eng9e]s = sev]al mon?s1 work+ "u ! direction ( ,e4 ,j4 ,hall & ,frank ,m4 ,hawley4 ,! eng9e c\ld n be successfully built )\t ?is prelim9>y /udy1 yet ?is is a "p ( manufacture ( :i* ! un9itiat$ h little k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,views ,,( ,,bugatti #daj-;,,horsep[] ,,eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,views ,,( ,,! ,,hispano-,,suiza ,,eng9e4 ,! production ( ! ,le ,rhone eng9e might h be5 mat]ially delay$ by ^! difficulties1 except = ! organiz+ ability ( ! executives h&l+ ! contract4 ,:ile ! metallurgi/s 7 specify+ ! /eel ( ! eng9e p>ts & ! eng9e]s 7 draft+ correct plans1 ! factory (ficials1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! eng9e production division ( ! ,air ,s]vice1 7 procur+ ma*9]y & tool+ up ! plant = ! =?com+ ef=t4 ,by ! "t ?is equipm5t 0 in/all$ ! plans 7 ready1 ! /eel mills 7 produc+ ! prop] qualities ( metal1 & all 0 ready = ! ef=t4 ,! ,gnome-,le ,rhone factories 9 ,france s5t "o ( _! be/ eng9e]s1 ,m4 ,georges ,guillot1 & he assi/$ 9 ! "w at ! ,union ,swit* ,signal ,co4 ,s rapidly 0 ! :ole developm5t c>ri$ out t ! fir/ ,am]ican ,le ,rhones 7 deliv]$ to ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ,may1 #aiah1 consid]ably less ?an a ye> aft] ! project 0 assum$ by ! ,union ,swit* ,signal ,co41 :i* conc]n _h n receiv$ ! plans ( ! eng9e until ,septemb]1 #aiag4 ,by ! "t ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ! company _h deliv]$ #a1jeg ,le ,rhone eng9es4 ,subsequ5t contracts _h increas$ ! orig9al ord] to #c1ijj ,le ,rhones1 all ( :i* w\ld h be5 deliv]$ be=e ! summ] ( #aiai1 _h ! com+ ( peace n t]m9at$ ! manufacture4 ,al?\gh ,france is ! home ( ! rot>y aviation eng9e1 ,m4 ,guillot has c]tifi$ to ! ,aircraft ,bo>d t ^! ,am]ican ,le ,rhones 7 ! be/ rot>y eng9es ev] built4 ,:5 x came to ! selection ( fix$ cyl9d] eng9es = our advanc$ tra9+ program1 all ( ! indications po9t$ to a s+le "o1 ! ,hispano-,suiza eng9e ( #aej horsep[]4 ,?is 0 a tri$ & true eng9e ( ! w>1 te/$ by a weal? ( exp]i5ce & f\nd dep5dable4 ,france _h us$ ! eng9e ext5sively 9 bo? its tra9+ & combat planes4 ,9 #aiaf x _h be5 br\ght to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = production = ! allies1 & :5 we ent]$ ! w> ! ,wright-,m>t9 ,aircraft ,corporation 0 produc+ ,hispano-,suizas 9 small quantity4 ,by ! e>ly summ] ( #aiag1 h[ev]1 ! motor _h fall5 beh9d 9 ! developm5t ( combat eng9es because ( ! increas+ horsep[]s dem&$ by ! fight+ aces on ! front1 b x 0 /ill a desirable tra9+ eng9e & c\ld1 if necess>y1 be us$ to a limit$ ext5t 9 planes at ! front4 ,! plane adopt$ by ! ,am]ican aircraft au?orities = ?is type ( advanc$ tra9+ 0 kn[n z ! ,curtiss ,,jn #d;,h4 ,x 0 readily adapt$ = ! use ( ! ,hispano-,suiza #aej-;horsep[] eng9e4 ,contracts = sev]al ?\s& ( ^! eng9es 7 plac$ ) ! ,wright-,m>t9 ,aircraft ,corporation1 & up to ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice #c1dce eng9es 7 deliv]$4 ,be=e we c\ld />t ! production ( ?is eng9e x 0 necess>y = ! ,gov]nm5t to arrange ) ! ,hispano-,suiza ,co4 = ! ,am]ican rights to build x1 ?is arrangem5t includ+ ! paym5t ( royalties4 ,incid5tally x is int]e/+ to note t royalty 0 ! *ief b5efici>y ( ! royalties paid by ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 ,k+ ,alfonso ( ,spa9 be+ ! heavie/ /ockhold] ( ! ,hispano-,suiza ,co4 ,al?\gh our policy p]mitt$ u to produce a second tra9+ eng9e ( ! fix$ cyl9d] type1 no eng9e o!r ?an ! ,hispano-,suiza 0 tak5 up by u4 ,a numb] pres5t$ _! claims = consid]ation1 b !y 7 "o & all reject$4 ,among ^! 7 ! ,curtiss eng9es ,,oxx & ,v4 ,a few ( bo? ( ^! _h be5 us$ by ! ,navy1 b nei!r "o seem$ to ! ,signal ,corps to meet ! requirem5ts4 ,! ,/urtevant ,co4 _h develop$ a #ace-;horsep[] eng9e & built a few ( !m1 :ile ,?omas ,bros41 at ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 _h tak5 ! ,/urtevant eng9e & modifi$ x 9 a way t !y claim$ improv$ x1 al?\gh ! *anges _h n sub/antially increas$ ! horsep[]4 ,?is eng9e 0 reject$ on ! gr\nd t x 0 too l[ 9 horsep[] to endure z a useful ma*9e ?r\gh any consid]able p]iod ( manufacture1 & also because x 0 too heavy p] horsep[] to accompli% ! be/ results4 ,to sum x up1 our tra9+ program 0 built ar\nd ! above nam$ eng9es--! ,curtiss ,,ox & ! ,hall-,scott ,a#g;,a = ! elem5t>y tra9+ ma*9es2 ! ,gnome & ,le ,rhone1 = ! rot>y eng9e types ( planes 9 ! advanc$ tra9+2 & ! ,hispano-,suiza #aej-;horsep[]1 = ! advanc$ tra9+ 9 fix$-cyl9d]-eng9e ma*9es4 ,betwe5 ! dates ( ,septemb] #a1 #aiag1 & ,decemb] #ai1 #aiah1 we s5t to #bg fields #ac1bej cadets & #i1jge /ud5ts = advanc$ tra9+4 ,!y flew a total ( #hhh1dje h\rs & suff]$ #cjd fatalities1 or an av]age ( #a fatality = e #b1ibb4ch fly+ h\rs4 ,at "o field ! tra9+ fli]s 7 9 ! air #ai1dhd h\rs be=e !re 0 #a fatality2 ano!r field increas$ ?is record to #bj1bfi h\rs2 :ile a ?ird made ! extraord9>y record ( #a casualty 9 #cj1ihb fly+ h\rs4 ,al?\gh we d n possess ! actual /ati/ics1 ! be/ un(ficial figures %[ t ! ,briti% av]ag$ #a fatality = ea* #a1jjj fly+ h\rs at _! tra9+ camps1 ! ,fr5* #a = ea* #ijj fly+ h\rs1 :ile ! ,italian tra9+ kill$ #a /ud5t = ea* #gjj fly+ h\rs4 ,^! figures are significant1 al?\gh v>y+ conditions 9 ! types ( tra9+ programs may acc\nt to "s ext5t = ! wide diff]5ces 9 numb]s ( casualties at ,am]ican z comp>$ ) alli$ tra9+ camps4 ,b :ile we 7 produc+ eng9es = ! tra9+ airplanes1 bo? elem5t>y & advanc$1 we 7 n /ak+ our :ole combat program on ! ,lib]ty eng9e alone1 al?\gh we expect$ t eng9e to be our ma9 reliance 9 our battle ma*9es4 ,our organization1 bo? at home & abroad1 0 on ! al]t cont9ually = o!r eng9es t might be produc$ 9 ,europe or ! ,unit$ ,/ates & :i* w\ld be s f> 9 advance ( any?+ 9 use by ! air fight]s 9 ,europe 9 #aiag z to ju/ify our production ( !m on a consid]able scale4 ,"o ( ^! motors :i* seem$ to promise great results = ! future 0 ! ,rolls-,royce1 :i* _h ev5 !n1 9 #aiag1 tak5 its place at ! head ( ! ,briti% airplane eng9es4 ,consid]able difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 rea*+ a satisfactory arrangem5t ) ! ,rolls-,royce ,co4 ,we expect$ to duplicate ?is eng9e at ! plant ( ! ,pi]ce-,arr[ ,motor ,c> ,co41 at ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 b ! ,briti% conc]n object$ to ?is arrangem5t on ! gr\nd t ! ,pi]ce-,arr[ p 7 comm]cial competitors4 ,x 0 sev]al mon?s be=e we c\ld agree on a factory & arrive at a contract satisfactory to bo? sides4 ,mean:ile ! ,lib]ty eng9e _h scor$ its great success1 & ! expect$ enorm\s production ( ,lib]ties t5d$ to cool ! en?usiasm ( our aircraft au?orities = ! ,rolls-,royce1 z x 0 evid5t t ! ,lib]ty itself w\ld be z s]viceable & z advanc$ 9 type z ! ,briti% product4 ,! ,rolls-,royce ,co4 wi%$ to manufacture "h its #aij1 an eng9e develop+ f #bej to #bgj horsep[]2 & = ?is ef=t x 0 prep>$ to s5d to ! ,unit$ ,/ates at once a complete set ( jigs1 gauges1 & all o!r necess>y tool+ ( a ,rolls-,royce plant4 ,) ?is equipm5t ready at h& ! company expect$ to produce ab\t #ejj ,am]ican-built ,rolls-,royce eng9es be=e ! #a/ ( ,july1 #aiah4 ,b s rapidly 0 ! evolution ( aircraft eng9es go+ ahead t ev5 dur+ ! "t ( ^! negotiations x became evid5t t some?+ m ?an #bej horsep[] w\ld soon be ne$$ 9 ! fight+ planes on ! ,we/]n front4 ,we !re=e ab&on$ ! ,rolls-,royce model #aij & />t$ negotiations = ! #bgj-;horsep[] eng9e1 ! late/ & mo/ p[]ful "o produc$ by ! ,rolls-,royce ,co4 ,b = ?is eng9e ! ,briti% conc]n c\ld n furni% ! tool+1 :i* w\ld h to be made new 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ?is w\ld r$uce ! s*$ule ( deliv]ies4 ,z a result no ,am]ican-built ,rolls-,royce eng9e 0 ev] made4 ,ano!r disappo9t+ exp]i5ce 9 attempt+ to produce a =eign design$ motor 9 ?is c\ntry 0 ! project to br+ ! manufacture ( ,bugatti eng9es to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 our ,european aircraft commission arriv$ 9 ,france1 ! fir/ exp]im5tal ,bugatti eng9e _h j made its appe>ance4 ,x 0 app>5tly a long /ep 9 advance ( any o!r motor t _h be5 produc$4 ,?is ,fr5* me*anism 0 a ge>$ #af-;cyl9d] eng9e4 ,x weigh$ approximately #a1ajj p\nds & 0 expect$ to develop #eaj horsep[]4 ,x seem$ to be ! motor to supplem5t our own ,lib]ty eng9e con/ruction4 ,al?\gh heavi] ?an a ,lib]ty1 x 0 mu* m p[]ful4 ,! fir/ ,bugatti eng9e built 9 ,france 0 pur*as$ by ! ,boll+ commission & hurri$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ! urg5t recomm5dation t we put x into production imm$iately & pu% its manufacture z en]getically z we 7 pu%+ t ( ! ,lib]ty eng9e4 ,! ,signal ,corps act$ imm$iately ^u ?is advice & prep>$ to proce$ ) ! ,bugatti on a scale t promis$ to make its developm5t z spectacul> z t ( ! ,lib]ty4 ,! ,dues5b]g ,motor ,corporation1 ( ,elizabe?1 ,n4 ,j41 0 ev5 !n tool+ up = ! production ( ,lib]ty eng9es4 ,we took ?is conc]n f its ,lib]ty "w & direct$ x to assume lead]%ip 9 ! production ( ,bugattis4 ,! ,lib]ty eng9e con/ruction _h be5 c5t]$ 9 ! ,detroit di/rict4 ,we n[ prep>$ to e/abli% a new aviation eng9e di/rict 9 ! ,ea/1 associat+ 9 x su* conc]ns z ! ,fiat ,plant at ,s*5ectady1 ,n4 ,y41 ! ,h]s*ell-,spillman ,co41 ( ,nor? ,tonaw&a1 ,n4 ,y41 & sev]al o!rs4 ,= a "t ! expectation = ! ,bugatti production ran almo/ z high z ! en?usiasm = ! ,lib]ty eng9e1 b ! :ole und]tak+ end$ virtually 9 failure1 a failure aga9 due to ! trem5d\s difficulty 9 adapt+ =eign eng9e]+ plans to ,am]ican factory production4 ,?is 0 ! /ory ( x4 ,9 due "t ! sample ,bugatti eng9e arriv$1 & ) x 7 sev]al ,fr5* eng9e]s & exp]t me*anics4 ,b1 once set up1 ! ,bugatti motor w\ld n function1 nor 0 x 9 condition to run2 =1 z we discov]$1 dur+ its te/ 9 ,france a soldi] _h be5 /ruck by its fly+ propell]4 ,8 body _h be5 ?r[n twice to ! ro( ( ! te/+ %$1 & ! %ocks _h b5t ! eng9e's crank %aft4 ,!n1 too1 we le>n$ = ! fir/ "t t ! design & developm5t ( ?is eng9e _h n be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh to completion & t a great deal ( "w w\ld be requir$ be=e ! device c\ld be put into manufacture4 ,! te/s 9 ,france _h develop$ t su* a fundam5tal feature z ! oil+ sy/em ne$$ complete readju/m5t1 & ?is 0 only indicative ( ! am\nt ( "w yet to be done on ! eng9e]+ side ( ! production4 ,we did our be/ ) ?is eng9e2 b to r$esign x & develop x s t x c\ld pass ! sev]e #ej-;h\r te/ dem&$ by our ,jo9t ,army & ,navy ,te*nical ,bo>d 0 ! "w ( mon?s1 & aft] t ! tool+ up ( plants _h to be accompli%$4 ,! ,am]ican ,bugatti 0 j gett+ into production :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 a total ( only #aa hav+ be5 deliv]$4 ,z we h se51 we 7 already build+ sev]al hundr$ ,hispano-,suiza #aej-;horsep[] eng9es = our tra9+ planes4 ,soon aft] ! arrival ( our aircraft commission 9 ,france we 7 advis$ to g into ! additional manufacture ( ! late/ ,hispano-,suiza ge>$ eng9e ( #bbj-;horsep[]4 ,consequ5tly ! ,wa%+ton (fice at once arrang$ ) ! ,wright-,m>t9 ,aircraft ,corporation1 :i* 0 build+ ! small] ,hispano-,suizas1 to und]take ! production ( ?is new] model also4 ,! prep>ations = ?is manufacture _h gone on 9 ! ,wright-,m>t9 plant = a consid]able p]iod ( "t :5 fur!r advice f ,europe in=m$ u t ! ,hispano-,suiza #bbj 0 n p]=m+ successfully on acc\nt ( tr\ble ) ! ge>+4 ,?is fact1 ( c\rse1 cancel$ ! new contract ) ! ,wright-,m>t9 ,co41 ! incid5t be+ ano!r ( ^? ups & d[ns ) :i* ! und]tak+ 0 replete4 ,along 9 ! summ] ( #aiah ! ,hispano-,suiza design]s 9 ,europe br\ght out a #cjj-;horsep[] eng9e4 ,by ?is date ! developm5t ( milit>y fly+ _h made x app>5t t eng9es ( su* great horsep[] c\ld be us$ advantage\sly on ! small] planes4 ,h[ev]1 ! eng9e plants ( ! alli$ c\ntries 7 already tax$ to _! capacities by _! exi/+ contracts1 & ! dem&s ( ^! c\ntries = high-p[]$ eng9es c\ld n be suppli$ unless we 9 ,am]ica c\ld increase our manufactur+ facilities ev5 fur!r4 ,9 foll[+ out ?is ambition1 we plac$ contracts = ! production ( #aj1jjj ,hispano-,suiza #cjj-;horsep[] eng9es4 ,( ^!1 #e1jjj 7 to be built by ! ,wright-,m>t9 ,aircraft ,corporation4 ,to enable ?is company to fulfill ! new contract we leas$ to x ! plant own$ by ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ,long ,isl& ,city :i* _h =m]ly be5 own$ by ! ,g5]al ,vehicle ,co4 ,! o!r #e1jjj ( ^! eng9es 7 to be built by ! ,pi]ce-,arr[ ,motor ,c> ,co4 at ,buffalo4 ,we also contract$ = ! entire manufactur+ facilities ( ! ,h4 ,h4 ,frankl9 ,co41 ( ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 to aid bo? ! ,wright-,m>t9 ,corporation & ! ,pi]ce-,arr[ ,co41 9 ?is contract4 ,! fir/ ( ^! high-p[]$ ,hispano-,suiza eng9es 7 expect$ to be deliv]$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aiai1 b ?is project1 ( c\rse1 0 int]rupt$ by ! armi/ice4 ,to summ>ize ! complete eng9e program ( ! aviation developm5t1 ! total contracts = eng9es provid$ = ! deliv]y ( #ajj1iic eng9es4 ,^! 7 divid$ z foll[s3 ,,ox #i1dej ,a#g;,a #b1bej ,gnome #cdb ,le ,rhone #c1ijj ,lawr5ce #dea ,hispano-,suiza3 #ahj-;horsep[] #d1ejj ,hispano-,suiza3 #aej-;horsep[] #d1jjj ,hispano-,suiza3 #cjj-;horsep[] #aj1jjj ,bugatti #b1jjj ,lib]ty-#ab #ef1ajj ,lib]ty-#h #h1jjj ,! deliv]y ( aviation eng9es ( all types to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 eng9es produc$ z "p ( our w> program1 7 z foll[s1 by mon?s3 ,july1 #aiag #ff ,augu/1 #aiag #aci ,septemb]1 #aiag #aij ,octob]1 #aiag #bgf ,novemb]1 #aiag #fch ,decemb]1 #aiag #eif ,janu>y1 #aiah #gjd ,febru>y1 #aiah #a1jbd ,m>*1 #aiah #a1fff ,april1 #aiah #b1bad ,may1 #aiah #b1eag ,june1 #aiah #b1fjd ,july1 #aiah #c1aea ,augu/1 #aiah #c1fbe ,septemb]1 #aiah #c1hjb ,octob]1 #aiah #e1big ------ ,total #bh1eji ,! production by types 0 z foll[s to ,novemb] #bi1 #aiah3 ,,ox #h1deh ,hispano-,suiza #d1ajj ,le ,rhone #a1bih ,lawr5ce #dea ,gnome #bhj ,a#g;,a #b1bej ,bugatti #aa ,lib]ty #ae1egb ,at ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h produc$ ab\t "o-?ird ( ! eng9es project$ 9 its complete aviation program4 ,( ! output ( tra9+ eng9es to ,novemb] #bi1 #aiah1 ! v>i\s airplane plants took #i1jfi = in/allation 9 planes1 #cbe 7all ( ^! be+ ,le ,rhone rot>ies7 w5t to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 9 ,france1 #eae 7all ( :i* 7 ,hispano-,suizas7 7 tak5 by ! ,navy1 a s+le ,a#g;,a model 0 s5t to "o ( ! alli$ c\ntries1 :ile #f1cgf eng9es 7 s5t directly to ! tra9+ fields4 ,( ! combat eng9es produc$ to ,novemb] #bi1 #aiah 7:i* classification includes all ( ! ,lib]ties1 ! two m p[]ful types ( ! ,hispano-,suiza1 & ! ,bugatti eng9e71 #e1cbg w5t to ! v>i\s airplane plants = in/allation 9 planes1 #e1jcj ( !m 7 s5t directly to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 #c1gdf 7 turn$ ov] to ! ,navy1 #a1jij w5t to ! sev]al alli$ nations1 & #ida 7 tak5 by ! tra9+ fields4 ,! %ipm5t ( aviation eng9es to ,europe1 h[ev]1 does n imply ! imm$iate use ( !m by our airplane squadrons at ! front4 ,9 ?is report %ipm5t to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces means ! %ipm5t ( eng9es f ! ,am]ican factories produc+ !m4 ,z a matt] ( fact sev]al mon?s usually elaps$ f ! dispat* ( an eng9e f an ,am]ican %op until x actually rea*$ ! ,air ,s]vice 9 ,france1 & ev5 !n ano!r mon? might be requir$ to put ! eng9e into actual s]vice4 ,z a result1 ( ! #e1jjj & m aviation eng9es s5t to ,france by ! ,am]ican eng9e produc]s1 outside ( ^? in/all$ 9 _! planes1 less ?an #c1jjj are record$ 9 ! annals ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces z hav+ be5 receiv$ by !m up to ! end ( ,decemb]1 #aiah1 ! miss+ #b1jjj be+ 9 t p]iod ei!r some:]e 9 transit or 9 w>eh\ses on ! r\te to _! de/9ation4 ,x is ( int]e/ to note :at makes ( =eign eng9es 7 us$ by our airm5 9 ! w> op]ations4 ,an app5d$ table %[s ! li/ ( ^? receiv$1 _! names1 _! rat$ p[]s1 ! numb]s receiv$ mon? by mon?1 & ! totals4 ,! records ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces %[ t ! squadrons 9 all receiv$ f all s\rces #d1gae aviation eng9es up to ! end ( ! ye> #aiah1 b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ?is figure does n include m ?an #b1jjj eng9es1 pr9cipally ,lib]ties1 record$ on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic z hav+ be5 %ipp$ to ! ,army abroad4 ,( ! #d1gae eng9es not$ z receiv$1 #b1gaj 7 ,lib]ties4 ,none ( ! =eign eng9es us$ by our pilots ev5 approa*$ ! ,lib]ty 9 p[]4 ,! ne>e/ 9 p[] 7 a ,r5ault & an ,hispano-,suiza1 bo? rat$ at #cjj horsep[]4 ,table ( eng9es receiv$ f =eign s\rces 9 ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces mon?ly4 ,leg5d = ,"n & horsep[]3 ,a ,hispano-,suiza #ahj ,b ,hispano-,suiza #bbj ,c ,hispano-,suiza #cjj ,d ,r5ault #aij ,e ,r5ault #cjj ,f ,le ,rhone #hj ,g ,le ,rhone #abj ,h ,cl]get #abj ,i ,cl]get #adj ,j ,salmson #bcj ,k ,fiat #cjj ,l ,gnome #aej ,m ,peugeot #bcj ,n ,be>dmore #afj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,"n & ,jan4 ,m>4 ,may4 ,july4 ,sept4 ,nov4 ,total4 horse- ,feb4 ,apr4 ,june4 ,aug4 ,oct4 ,dec4 p[]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,a #h #aa #ai ,b #c #ag #afd #acd #ff #ae #cii ,c #a #a ,d #d #d #ah #bf ,e #d #aj #ad #c #cb #bj #hc ,f #aj #ai #he #aad ,g #f #h #ad #dc #dc #aad ,h #c #f #ab #h #ad #bi #gb ,i #aj #aj ,j #d #f #b #bc #ie #ib #ib #h #cbb ,k #bc #aj #aej #ahc ,l #ab #bj #ff #hf #bb #bjj #djf ,m #b #b ,n #ad #ad ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,total #af #af #cj #bb #afj #cbd #ceg #cab #ebh #a1gfe ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,aviation ,,equipm5t ,,& ,,armam5t4 ,on "o ( ! e>ly days 9 ! great w> a ,russian aviator1 al(t 9 "o ( ! primitive airplanes ( t "t1 0 engag$ 9 locat+ ! positions ( ! enemy :5 he *anc$ ^u a ,g]man birdman engag$ 9 a simil> mission4 ,9 ^? anci5t times--= !y seem anci5t to u n[1 al?\gh less ?an five ye>s h elaps$--actual fight+ 9 ! air 0 unkn[n4 ,! aviators _h no equipm5t = battle2 inde$1 x 0 d\btful if ! ?\ght _h occurr$ to ei!r side to keep d[n ! enemy's aircraft by ! use ( arm$ =ce borne ^u w+s4 ,9 ! fir/ mon?s ( aviation 9 ! great w> ! fli]s ( bo? sides recogniz$ a sort ( noblesse oblige ( ! air1 :i*1 if x did n make = actual fri5d%ip or frat]niz+ betwe5 ! rival air s]vices1 at lea/ am\nt$ to a respect = ea* o!r (t5 evid5c$ by an innocu\s wav+ ( h&s z ho/ile fly+ ma*9es pass$ ea* o!r4 ,b n[ ! w\nds ( w> _h begun to sm>t2 & :5 ! ,russian saw ! ,g]man fli] go+ unh9d]$ ^u a "w t might br+ dea? to ?\s&s ( soldi]s 9 ! ,cz>'s army1 a sudd5 rage fill$ 8 he>t1 & he det]m9$ to br+ d[n 8 adv]s>y1 ev5 at ! co/ ( 8 own life4 ,maneuv]+ 8 craft1 pres5tly he 0 fly+ directly b5ea? ! ,g]man & 9 ! same direction & 0 b a %ort di/ance bel[ 8 enemy's plane4 ,!n1 ) a pull on 8 control lev]1 ! ,russian %ot 8 ma*9e %>ply upw>d1 hop+ to upset ! ,g]man & to escape himself4 ,! result 0 t ! ma*9es collid$1 & bo? cra%$ to ! gr\nd4 ,?is 0 probably ! fir/ a]ial combat ( ! w>4 ,x seems /range to u to-day t ! highly complicat$ & /&>diz$ art ( fight+ ) airplanes 0 develop$ entirely dur+ ! great w> &1 inde$1 0 only />t$ aft] ! w> _h be5 9 progress = sev]al mon?s4 ,yet su* 0 ! case4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> !re 0 no su* ?+ z armam5t 9 aircraft1 ei!r ( ! (f5sive or def5sive sort4 ,x is true t a small am\nt ( exp]im5tation 9 ?is direction _h occurr$ prior to ! w> & also 9 ! e>ly mon?s ( fight+1 b x 0 n until ! summ] ( #aiae t air fight+1 z x is s well kn[n to ! entire _w to-day1 0 begun4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we _h successfully fir$ a ma*9e gun f an airplane 9 #aiab1 :ile at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> ! ,fr5* _h a few heavy airplanes equipp$ to c>ry ma*9e guns4 ,yet 9 ,augu/1 #aiae1 ,maj4 ,eric ,t4 ,bradley1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,air ,s]vice1 b !n a flight sublieut5ant 9 ! ,royal ,fly+ ,corps1 frequ5tly flew ov] ! l9es hunt+ = ,g]mans2 & 8 (f5sive armam5t consi/$ ( a ,lee-,enfield rifle or sometimes a #ab-;gauge d\ble-b>rel$ %otgun4 ,! aviators 9 ^? pione] days usually c>ri$ automatic pi/ols1 b ! dang] to "o side or ! o!r f su* weapons 0 slight1 ow+ to ! great difficulty ( hitt+ an object mov+ z swiftly z an airplane travels4 ,! e>li] planes also pack$ a supply ( tr5* gr5ades = dropp+ ^u bodies ( troops4 ,ano!r pione] (f5sive weapon = ! airplane 0 ! /eel d>t1 :i* 0 dropp$ 9 quantities ^u ! enemy's tr5*es4 ,great numb]s ( ^! d>ts 7 manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! allies1 b ! weapon prov$ to be s ineffective t x _h b a brief exi/5ce4 ,x is said t be=e ! pilots c>ri$ any weapons at all ! fir/ w> aviators us$ to %oot at ea* o!r ) ,v pi/ols1 :i* project$ ,roman c&le balls4 ,! />t ( air fight+ may be said to h come :5 ! ,lewis ma*9e guns 7 br\ght out = use 9 ! tr5*es4 ,pres5tly ^! gr\nd guns 7 tak5 into ! planes & fir$ f ! obs]v]s' %\ld]s4 ,!n = ! fir/ "t w> fly+ began to be a haz>d\s occupation s f> z ! enemy's att5tions 7 conc]n$4 ,x 0 soon discov]$ t ! ma*9e gun 0 ! mo/ effective weapon ( all = use on an airplane1 because only ) rapid fir]s c\ld "o hope to hunt successfully su* swiftly mov+ prey z airplanes4 ,x _h become pat5t to ! /rategi/s t x 0 ( supreme importance to keep ! enemy's aircraft on ! gr\nd4 ,h5ce inv5tion began adapt+ ! ma*9e gun to airplane use4 ,! swifte/ planes ( all 7 ^? ( ! s+le-seat] pursuit type4 ,x 0 obvi\sly impossible = ! lone pilot ( "o ( ^! to drop 8 controls & fire a ma*9e gun f 8 %\ld]4 ,?is necessitat$ a fix$ gun t c\ld be op]at$ :ile ! pilot ma9ta9$ complete control ( 8 ma*9e1 & su* necessity 0 ! "m ( ! inv5tion kn[n z ! syn*roniz+ ge>4 ,?is +5i\s contrivance1 h[ev]1 did n come at once4 ,mo/ ( ! w> planes 7 ( ! tractor type2 t is1 t !y _h ! eng9e & propell] 9 front1 ?is arrangem5t giv+ !m bett] maneuv]+ & def5sive p[]s 9 ! air ?an ^? possess$ by planes ) ! re>1 pu%+ propell]s4 ,! fir/ fix$ ma*9e gun 0 c>ri$ on ! upp] plane ( ! biplane s z to %oot ov] ! arc describ$ by ! propell]4 ,) ! gun ?us atta*$ p>allel to ! l9e ( flight1 ! pilot ne$$ only to po9t ! airplane itself directly at ! t>get to h ! gun tra9$ on its objective4 ,b su* an arrangem5t prov$ to be unsatisfactory4 ,a s+le belt or magaz9e ( c>tridges c\ld1 inde$1 be fir$ f ! gun1 b !re 0 no m fir+ on t trip1 because ! pilot c\ld n rea* up to ! upp] plane to reload ! weapon4 ,s ! fix$ gun 0 br\ght d[n into ! fuselage & made to fire ?r\gh ! :irl+ propell]4 ,at fir/ ! aviators took _! *ances ( hitt+ ! propell] blades1 & sometimes ! blades 7 armor$ at ! po9t ( fire1 be+ %ea!d 9 /eel ( a %ape calculat$ to cause ! bullets to glance (f4 ,?is sy/em 0 n satisfactory4 ,!n1 s9ce a s+le bullet /rik+ an unprotect$ propell] blade w\ld (t5 %att] x to fragm5ts1 attempts 7 made to wrap ! butts ( ! blades 9 l95 fabric to prev5t ?is spl9t]+1 & ?is protection actually all[$ sev]al %ots to pi]ce ! propell] )\t break+ x4 ,?is 0 ! /ate ( affairs on bo? sides e>ly 9 #aiae4 ,! ,fr5* ,nieuports _h _! fix$ guns lit]ally %oot+ ?r\gh ! propell]s1 ! bullets p]=at+ ! blades1 if !y did n wreck !m4 ,z late z ,febru>y1 #aiag1 ,maj4 ,bradley1 :o 0 by t "t a flight comm&] 9 ! ,briti% s]vice1 work$ a ,lewis gun ov] ! ,bulg>ian l9es ) ! plane propell]s protect$ only by clo? wrapp+s4 ,all ( ?is make%ift op]ation ( fix$ ma*9e guns 0 *ang$ by ! inv5tion ( ! syn*roniz+ device4 ,?is is an appliance = controll+ ! fire ( ! fix$ gun s t ! bullets miss ! blades ( ! fly+ propell] & pass on 9 ! inf9itesimal spaces ( "t :5 ! l9e ( fire ahead ( ! gun is cle> ( ob/ruction4 ,! t]m syn*roniz+ is n accurate1 s9ce t ^w implies t ! gun fires aft] ea* passage ( a propell] blade across ! trajectory4 ,su* is n ! tru?4 ,! propell] revolves mu* m rapidly ?an ! gun fires4 ,! device is also call$ an int]rupt]1 ano!r inexact t]m1 s9ce ! fire ( ! gun is n int]rupt$1 b only caus$ at ! prop] mom5ts4 ,te*nicians pref] ! "n gun control = ?is me*anism4 ,:o fir/ inv5t$ ! syn*roniz] is a matt] ( dispute1 b all obs]v]s agree t ! ,g]mans 9 ! ,fokk] monoplanes ( #aiae 7 ! fir/ to use x ext5sively4 ,n until "s "t aft] ?is did ! allies g5]ally in/all simil> devices4 ,"s h attribut$ ! orig9al inv5tion to ! fam\s ,fr5* fli]1 ,rol& ,g>ros4 ,two types ( syn*roniz]s 7 develop$1 "o kn[n z ! hydraulic type & ! o!r z ! me*anical4 ,9 op]ation !y are some:at simil>4 ,9 ea* case !re is a cam m\nt$ on ! eng9e %aft s t ea* impulse ( ! pi/on actuates a plung]4 ,! plung] passes on ! impulses to ! re/ ( ! me*anism4 ,9 ! me*anical control ! impulse is c>ri$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( rods to ! gun1 caus+ ! latt] to fire at ! prop] mom5ts4 ,9 ! hydraulic control ! impulse is transmitt$ ?r\gh oil held at a pressure 9 a sy/em ( copp] tubes4 ,! hydraulic syn*roniz] is kn[n z ! ,con/ant9isco control1 commonly call$ ! ,c4 ,c4 aft] ! milit>y fa%ion ( us+ initials4 ,?is 0 ! device copi$ = ,am]ican planes 9 ! w>4 ,9 ,april1 #aiag1 we knew practically no?+ ab\t ! use or manufacture ( aircraft guns4 ,we _h us$ airplanes at ! ,mexican bord]1 b n "o ( !m c>ri$ a ma*9e gun4 ,! ,lewis gun1 :i* is a flexible type ( aircraft weapon po9t$ on a univ]sal pivot by ! obs]v] 9 a two-place plane1 0 be+ manufactur$ by ! ,savage ,arms ,corporation = ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t2 b we _h nev] made a gun ( ! fix$ type 9 ?is c\ntry1 nor did we "k any?+ ab\t ! con/ruction or manufacture ( syn*roniz]s4 ,"o special requirem5t ( ! aircraft ma*9e gun is t x mu/ be reliable 9 ! extreme4 ,x is bad en\gh to h a gun jam on ! gr\nd1 b 9 ! air x may be fatal1 = little c be done !re to repair ! weapon4 ,a jam leaves ! gunn] to ! m]cy ( 8 adv]s>y1 s 9 ! production ( aircraft armam5t !re mu/ be n only special c>e 9 ! manufacture ( ! guns1 b ! ammunition1 too1 mu/ be z p]fect z human accuracy c make x4 ,! c>tridges mu/ be ei!r h&-pick$ & specially select$ f ! run ( s]vice ammunition1 or else manufactur$ sl[ly & expressly = ! purpose1 ) m9ute gaug+ f />t to f9i% ( ! process4 ,ano!r requirem5t = ! aircraft gun is t x mu/ function p]fectly 9 any position4 ,on ! gr\nd a ma*9e gun is fir$ ess5tially 9 a horizontal position1 b ! airman dives & leaps 9 8 maneuv]+ & mu/ be able to %oot at any in/ant4 ,aircraft guns are subject to extreme v>iations ( temp]ature1 & s !y mu/ be c]ta9 to function p]fectly 9 ! z]o cold ( ! high altitudes1 reg>dless ( ! contraction ( _! metal p>ts4 ,!n1 too1 su* guns mu/ be able to fire at a mu* great] rate ?an ^? ( ! gr\nd s]vice4 ,five hundr$ %ots p] m9ute is reg>d$ z suffici5t = a gr\nd gun1 b aircraft guns h be5 br\ght up to a rate ( fire z high z #iej to #a1jjj %ots p] m9ute4 ,! ,br[n+ aircraft gun1 nev] us$ by u1 b 9 process ( developm5t :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 _h be5 spe$$ up to #a1cjj %ots p] m9ute1 ) all %ots syn*roniz$ to miss ! blades ( ! propell]4 ,! rate ( fire 9 ! air c n be made too swift4 ,suppose an airplane 7 fly+ pa/ a long1 /ation>y t>get1 su* z a billbo>d1 at ! relatively sl[ spe$ ( #ajj miles an h\r4 ,assume on ?is plane a flexible ma*9e gun aim$ at ! billbo>d at "r angles to ! l9e ( flight4 ,if ?is is a fa/ ma*9e gun1 x may %oot #hhj times a m9ute1 at :i* rate ! %ots w come s fa/ t ! explosions w m]ge into a cont9u\s ro>4 ,yet ! bullets fir$ at su* a rate f a ma*9e mov+ at ev5 su* l[ spe$ w be spac$ out along ! billbo>d at int]vals ( #aj feet4 ,b mo/ ( ! fight+ planes travel$ mu* fa/] ?an #ajj miles p] h\r4 ,?us x is entirely possible = two antagoni/s 9 ! air to aim ) complete accuracy at ea* o!r & bo? to pass unsca!d ?r\gh ! l9es ( fire4 ,! fa/]1 !re=e1 ! aircraft gun fir$1 ! bett] ! *ances ( br++ d[n ! enemy plane4 ,! ,lewis gun1 inv5t$ by ,col4 ,lewis1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 0 ! weapon mo/ g5]ally us$ by ! allies z ! flexible gun = _! airplanes1 op]at$ on a univ]sal m\nt :i* p]mitt$ x to be po9t$ 9 any direction4 ,! ,lewis aircraft gun 0 ! gr\nd gun modifi$ pr9cipally by /ripp+ x ( ! cool+ radiator & by ! addition ( a gas *eck to r$uce ! recoil4 ,! ,lewis 0 f$ by a drum magaz9e1 a m desirable fe$ = flexible guns ?an any belt sy/em4 ,! ,g]man flexible gun1 ! ,p>abellum1 _h ! unsatisfactory belt fe$4 ,! ,vick]s gun 0 ! only successful weapon ( ! fix$ type develop$ 9 ! w> be=e we became a bellig]5t4 ,we 7 manufactur+ ,vick]s guns 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates prior to ,april1 #aiag2 b :5 ! ,signal ,corps fac$ ! ma*9e-gun problem1 9 ,septemb]1 #aiag1 x f\nd t ! ,infantry bran*es ( ! ,army _h contract$ = ! entire ,vick]s production 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,accord+ly1 ! equipm5t division ( ! ,signal ,corps1 9 ! face ( m>k$ opposition1 took up ! developm5t ( ! ,m>l9 gun z an aircraft gun ( ! fix$ type4 ,?is gun1 h[ev]1 prov$ to be extraord9>ily successful & 0 reg>d$ by our ,fly+ ,s]vice & by ! aviators ( ! allies to be ! equal ( ! ,vick]s 9 effici5cy4 ,because ( ?is developm5t1 :5 !re came ! ne$ ( tank guns1 9 ,june1 #aiah1 ! ,aircraft ,bo>d1 :i* _h succe$$ ! ,signal ,corps z ! director ( a]ial activities1 0 able to supply #g1bbj ,m>l9 ma*9e guns )9 two weeks = ?is purpose4 ,! fir/ ord] = ,m>l9 guns 0 plac$ on ,septemb] #be1 #aiag2 & ov] #cg1ejj ( !m _h be5 produc$ be=e ,decemb]1 #aiah4 ,! ,m>l9-,rockwell factory began produc+ #b1jjj guns p] mon? 9 ,janu>y1 #aiah1 & increas$ ?is rapidly until z _m z #g1jjj guns 7 built 9 "o mon?4 ,! ,m>l9 gun %oots at ! rate ( #fjj to #fej %ots p] m9ute & is f$ by a belt ( ! dis9tegrat+ metal-l9k type4 ,z to ,lewis guns1 :i* we adopt$ z our flexible weapon1 m ?an #ce1jjj ( !m 7 deliv]$ to ! ,air ,s]vice up to ,decemb]1 #aiah4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aiah1 ! ,savage ,arms ,corporation built #a1ejj ( !m1 increas+ _! mon?ly deliv]ies until 9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #aiah1 !y turn$ out #e1ddh ( ^! weapons4 ,! ,lewis gun :i* ! ,briti% _h be5 us+ c>ri$ #dg c>tridges 9 its magaz9e4 ,a notable accompli%m5t ( ! manufacture ( ,lewis guns = our use 0 to increase ! capacity ( ! magaz9e to hold #ig c>tridges4 ,9 our ,de ,havil&-#d planes we in/all$ two ,m>l9 fix$ guns1 ea* fir+ at ! rate ( #fej %ots p] m9ute1 equipp+ ! weapons ) ,con/ant9isco controls to give ! plane a maximum fire ( #a1cjj %ots p] m9ute ?r\gh ! blades ( a propell] :irl+ at a rate z high z #a1fjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,f\r fix$ guns h also be5 successfully fitt$ to "o plane & tim$ s t none ( ! bullets /ruck ! propell] blades4 ,at ! "t ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ! rate ( production ( special aircraft ammunition1 a classification includ+ trac] bullets1 inc5di>y bullets1 & armor-pi]c+ bullets1 exce$$ #aj1jjj1jjj r\nds p] mon?4 ,! orig9al e/imate = ! quantity ( ammunition our ,fly+ ,s]vice %\ld h 0 lat] greatly increas$ because ! squadrons at ! front began in/all+ z _m z f\r guns on a s+le obs]vation plane4 ,al?\gh diff]5t aviators _h _! own notions ab\t ! load+ ( ammunition belts1 c]ta9 sequ5ces 9 ! use ( ! ?ree types ( special ammunition 7 usually obs]v$4 ,fir/ usually came ! trac] c>tridge1 :i* assi/s ! gunn] 9 direct+ 8 aim2 !n two or ?ree armor-pi]c+ c>tridges1 reli$ ^u to injure ! ho/ile eng9e or tap ! gasol9e tank2 & f9ally "o or two inc5di>y c>tridges to ignite ! enemy's gasol9e z x escap$1 s5d+ him d[n 9 flames4 ,su* a sequ5ce w\ld be repeat$ ?r\gh\t ! ammunition belt or magaz9e conta9]4 ,! belts = ! fix$ guns c>ry a maximum ( #ejj r\nds ( c>tridges4 ,! belt :i* we furni%$ to our fli]s at ! front 0 made ( small metallic l9ks fa/5$ toge!r by ! c>tridges !mselves4 ,z ! gun 0 fir$ & ! c>tridges eject$1 ! l9ks fell ap>t & cle>$ ! ma*9e ?r\gh special *utes4 ,! total production ( su* belt+ 9 ?is c\ntry am\nt$ to #ei1jdd1gee l9ks4 ,al?\gh ! l9ks are extremely simple 9 design1 ! great accuracy requir$ 9 _! f9i% made production ( !m a difficult manufactur+ und]tak+4 ,! production & inspection ( ea* l9k involv$ ov] #cf sep>ate op]ations4 ,x actually co/ m to inspect belt l9ks ?an to manufacture !m4 ,we produc$ #ab1fba ,briti% unit sights = airplane guns & s5t #a1eej ( !m ov]seas4 ,we also b\ght an adequate numb] ( small electric heat]s to keep ! gun oil f congeal+ 9 ! cold ( high altitudes4 ,a novel und]tak+ = our photographic manufactur]s 0 ! production ( ! s-call$ gun cam]as :i* are us$ to tra9 airplane gunn]s 9 accuracy ( fire4 ,t>get practice ) a ma*9e gun 9 an airplane is dang]\s to ! innoc5t by/&]2 & x 0 f\nd to be impracticable1 moreov]1 to t[ suitable t>gets = actual ma*9e-gun fire4 ,consequ5tly1 q e>ly 9 ! w>1 ! air s]vices ( ! allies adopt$ ! practice ( sub/itut+ cam]as = ! ma*9e guns on ! practice planes4 ,"o ( ^! gun cam]as1 inv5t$ by ,?ornton ,pick>d1 ( ,altr+ham1 ,engl&1 imitat$ 9 design a ,m>l9 aircraft ma*9e gun2 & 9 ord] to make a picture ) x1 ! gunn] mu/ g ?r\gh ! same movem5ts t he w\ld employ 9 fir+ a ,m>l9 gun4 ,?us1 if ! gun 7 po9t$ directly on ! t>get1 ! t>get w\ld appe> squ>ely 9 ! c5t] ( ! picture tak52 & ?is %[$ ! gunn]'s accuracy z well z if he _h fir$ c>tridges f ! actual weapon4 ,^! gun cam]as 7 ( two sorts4 ,"o type took a s+le picture ea* "t ! trigg] 0 pull$4 ,^? ( ! o!r sort took a numb] ( pictures automatically at a spe$ approximately t ( ! fir+ ( a ma*9e gun4 ,?is latt] type 0 mu* ! same z a mov+ picture cam]a1 ! result+ film be+ a /r+ ( silh\ettes ( ! t>get1 ea* exposure %[+ :e!r ! aim ( ! gunn] 0 exact at ! in/ant ! picture 0 tak54 ,9 ,septemb]1 #aiag1 ! ,ea/man ,kodak ,co4 began ! developm5t ( a cam]a gun ( ! bur/ or automatic mov+-picture type4 ,aft] our au?orities _h se5 ! model1 ! ,navy ord]$ a numb] ( !m1 :ile ! ,air ,s]vice plac$ increas+ ord]s = ^! in/rum5ts until #a1jeg _h be5 produc$ & deliv]$ to ! ,gov]nm5t by ,novemb]1 #aiah4 ,?is cam]a 0 n us$ 9 ! fix$ airplane guns1 b 0 design$ to tra9 ! op]ators ( ! flexible ,lewis gun4 ,! cam]a exactly replac$ ! ammunition magaz9e on a ,lewis gun4 ,( ! s+le-%ot gun cam]as #aej 7 deliv]$ dur+ ! ho/ilities4 ,?is design 0 obta9$ f ,canada & duplicat$ "h4 ,! use ( ! s-call$ ,bromotype pap] 9 gun cam]as 0 "o ( ! int]e/+ phases ( ?is developm5t4 ,z ev]yone acqua9t$ ) photography kn[s1 a picture is made ord9>ily by expos+ a s5sitiz$ plate or film1 develop+ ! latt] to make a negative1 !n expos+ s5sitive pr9t pap] to ! light t comes ?r\gh ! negative1 ?us rev]s+ ! lights & %ad[s & creat+ a positive 9 ! exact semblance ( ! subject photograph$4 ,a conc]n 9 ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 ! ,positype ,co41 produc$ ,bromotype pap] :i* c\ld be expos$ directly 9 ! cam]a1 com+ out ( ! develop+ process z a positive )\t ! int]v5tion ( a film or plate negative4 ,bromotype pap] is mu* m highly s5sitiz$ ?an ord9>y pr9t pap]1 s t x may be adequately expos$ 9 an in/antane\s1 high-spe$ snap%ot4 ,! exposure is !n develop$ 9 ! ord9>y way 9 ! d>k room1 ! famili> negative image appe>+ on ! surface 9 ! ruby light ( ! lant]n4 ,at ?is po9t ! special develop+ process ent]s4 ,! pap] negative1 )\t be+ fix$1 is imm]s$ 9 a ba? ( *emicals t dissolves away ! s5sitiz$ surface t has be5 oxidiz$ by ! light f ! cam]a l5s--t is1 ! image--leav+ on ! pap] only ! unoxidiz$1 or unexpos$1 p>ts ( ! s5sitization4 ,! pap] n[ pres5ts an unbrok5 :ite surface4 ,x is !n r$evelop$ by a special solution1 & ! picture 9 its true values ( light & %ade ?us comes into exi/5ce4 ,! entire developm5t & f9i%+ ( ?is pap] requires only #b to #c m9utes4 ,"u ?is sy/em1 ( c\rse1 only "o f9i%$ pr9t ( ea* exposure c be made2 b ! airplane gunn]s ne$$ only "o pr9t to %[ _! aim4 ,positype pap] 0 ?us admirably adapt$ = use 9 ! airplane gun cam]as2 & because ( its *eapness & ! simplicity & rapidity ( its use1 x 0 rapidly supplant+ film at ! tra9+ camps 9 ?is c\ntry :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,,airplane ,,bombs4 ,! ,am]ican production ( bombs to be dropp$ f airplanes 0 n />t$ s soon z production 9 "s ( ! o!r bran*es ( ordnance developm5t1 due to num]\s difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 work+ up ! design ( ?is new matriel4 ,al?\gh a]ial bomb+ 0 /eadily increas+ 9 effectiv5ess & magnitude :5 ho/ilities end$1 yet ?is k9d ( fight+ 0 a developm5t t came relatively late 9 ! w>2 & ! lack ( p]fect$ /&>ds at ! "t ?is c\ntry became a bellig]5t help$ to imp$e our program4 ,"s ( ! bombs fir/ design$ & put into production 7 lat] reject$ by our =ces 9 ,france1 z !y _h become obsolete be=e be+ %ipp$ ov]seas4 ,we manag$ to manufacture a great quantity ( unload$ bombs by ! "t ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 en\gh1 9 fact1 to provide = ! ,army's ne$s dur+ ano!r ye> ( w>f>e4 ,^! _h to be load$ ) explosives be=e !y 7 ready = use4 ,we lack$ adequate facilities = load+ bombs ) explosives1 al?\gh ^! facilities 7 be+ provid$ rapidly :5 ! w> end$4 ,! result 0 t ! ?\s&s ( complet$ ,am]ican bombs rema9$ unload$1 :ile practically all ! bombs us$ by our fli]s 9 ,france 7 ( =eign manufacture4 ,milit>y sci5ce _h _h "s small exp]i5ce ) a]ial bomb+ prior to ! great w>4 ,italian aviators _h dropp$ bombs ( an ineffective sort dur+ ,italy's w> 9 ,africa4 ,:5 ,mexico 0 hav+ a civil w> 9 #aiad ,am]ican air-sailors ( =tune on "o side or ! o!r dropp$ bombs on troops f _! planes4 ,9 ! great w> ! fir/ nation to attempt bomb+ on any sy/ematic scale 0 ,g]many1 :o s5t h] ,zeppel9s ov] ,london & ,p>is e>ly 9 ! conflict & releas$ bombs ^u ! heads ( ! helpless civilians4 ,yet ?is e>ly & impressive ef=t 01 9 its difficulties1 out ( all proportion to ! actual damage done to ! city ( ,london1 l>gely due to ! fact t ,g]many _h n yet produc$ effective a]ial bombs4 ,! frightful sc5es & noises ( a bomb raid probably did m to r$uce ! morale 9 ^! e>ly days ?an ! de/ruction caus$ by ! explod+ missiles4 ,x is an exce$+ly difficult trick to drop a bomb f any consid]able altitude & hit :at y are aim+ at4 ,! spe$ ( ! airplane1 its height above ! gr\nd1 ! %ape ( ! bomb itself1 & ! curr5ts ( air act+ on ! fall+ missile influ5ce its l9e ( flight4 ,! aviator approa*+ an enemy t>get drops ! bomb long be=e 8 airplane is directly above ! object aim$ at4 ,! l9e ( ! bomb's flight is a p>abolic curve4 ,! spe$ at :i* ! airplane travels at fir/ propels ! bomb =w>d1 almo/ z if x _h be5 %ot f a /ation>y gun4 ,z ! d[nw>d velocity ( ! bomb increases v rapidly1 x soon becomes s great 9 proportion to velocity =w>d t ! c\rse ( ! missile b5ds %>ply d[nw>d until1 z x ne>s ! gr\nd1 x is fall+ ne>ly 9 a v]tical l9e4 ,h5ce1 x becomes evid5t t accurate bomb dropp+ is an art atta9$ only by mu* practice on ! "p ( ! aviator4 ,! late/ bomb+ ma*9es 7 equipp$ ) sights :i* enabl$ ! birdman to drop ^! deadly objects ) great] accuracy ?an _h be5 possible e>li] 9 ! w>4 ,:ile "s ( ! exp]t ,european bomb]s scorn$ ! new inv5tions 9 sights & pref]r$ to cont9ue ! use ( make%ift sights :i* !y !mselves _h inv5t$ & in/all$ on _! planes1 ! av]age accuracy ( bomb dropp+ 0 consid]ably great] aft] bomb sights came into g5]al use4 ,^! sights 7 adju/$ to height1 air spe$1 & /r5g? ( w9d4 ,:5 ^! adju/m5ts _h be5 made1 ! two sight+ po9ts 7 9 su* position t1 if ! bomb 7 dropp$ :5 ! t>get 0 9 l9e ) !m1 an accurate hit w\ld be regi/]$4 ,we adopt$ a ,briti% sight1 te/$ & f\nd satisfactory by ! ,royal ,fly+ ,corps1 & kn[n z ! ,high ,altitude ,wimp]is1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z ! ,bomb ,sight ,m>k ,i-,a4 ,on ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 ,am]ican factories1 work+ on contracts plac$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 _h produc$ #h1ejj ( !m4 ,! job ( turn+ out ?is intricate me*anism 0 turn$ ov] to ,fr$]ick ,pe>ce ,co41 ( ,new ,york ,city1 9 ,janu>y1 #aiah4 ,lat] 9 ! ye> additional contracts 7 giv5 to ! ,edison ,phonograph ,works & to ! ,gorham ,manufactur+ ,co4 ,^! contracts call$ = #ae1jjj sights4 ,by ,decemb] #ab1 #aiah1 ^! conc]ns _h complet$ a total ( #ab1gjj ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,a #bej-,,p\nd ,,demolition ,,bomb ,,c>ry+ #abe ,,p\nds ,,( ,,explosive ,,& ,,hav+ ,,heavy ,,ca/-,,/eel ,,nose ,,& ,,press$ ,,%eet ,,/eel ,,re> ,,body4 ,illu/ration3 ,a #be-,,p\nd ,,fragm5tation ,,bomb ,,c>ry+ #c ,,p\nds ,,( ,,explosives1 ,,design$ ,,= ,,use ,,aga9/ ,,troops4 ,illu/ration3 ,a #dj-,,p\nd ,,inc5di>y ,,bomb ,,( ,,! ,,int5sive ,,type1 ,,) ,,/eel ,,nose ,,& ,,fusible ,,z9c ,,re> ,,cas+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,airplane ,,fl>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>k ,i1 ,,high ,,capacity ,,drop ,,bomb4 ,a #aje-,,p\nd ,,demolition ,,bomb1 ,,c>ry+ #ee ,,p\nds ,,( ,,explosive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>k ,,ii1 ,,high ,,capacity ,,drop ,,bomb1 ,,n[ ,,obsolete1 ,,hav+ ,,be5 ,,f\nd ,,too ,,small ,,= ,,demolition ,,purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>k ,,ii--,a ,,fragm5tation ,,drop ,,bomb4 ,a #bj-p\nd fragm5tation bomb1 made f a conv]t$ #c-;in* artill]y %ell1 c>ries #a p\nds ( explosives to be us$ aga9/ troops4 ,projection at nose causes bur/ to take place above gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drop ,,bomb1 ,,m>k ,,iii4 ,airplane bombs are %ap$ s z to (f] ! lea/ possible resi/ance to ! air4 ,!y h f9s on _! tails to /eady !m le/ !y tumble ov] & ov]4 ,on ! small] types ( bomb+ planes1 su* z ! ,de ,havil&-#d1 ! bombs 7 usually c>ri$ und]nea? ! l[] w+s or "u ! fuselage1 hang+ horizontally by hooks or fa/5$ by b&s ar\nd ! bodies ( ! bombs1 accord+ to _! type4 ,! bombs 7 dropp$ by a quick-release me*anism op]at$ by a small lev] )9 ! fuselage4 ,! production ( ^! release me*anisms1 ( :i* sev]al types 7 made1 0 "o ( ! tr\blesome jobs 9 connection ) ! airplane bomb+4 ,all bombs are c>ri$ on ! planes ei!r susp5d$ "u ! w+s or fuselage ( ! plane or 9 a comp>tm5t 9 ! fuselage4 ,! mann] ( c>ry+ & ! design ( ! release me*anism is det]m9$ by ! type ( plane us$4 ,s9ce ! weight-c>ry+ capacity ( ! planes is limit$1 release me*anisms mu/ be design$ ) a view to lightness z well z safety4 ,^! me*anisms are s design$ t ! obs]v] c release any desir$ numb] ( bombs ei!r z a salvo or 9 a trail fire1 & ! ord] ( releas+ mu/ be s arrang$ t ! balance ( ! plane w be di/urb$ z little z possible2 t is1 if bombs are c>ri$ "u ! w+s !y %\ld be releas$ alt]nately f ea* w+4 ,all bombs are fitt$ ) a safety me*anism :i* enables ! obs]v] to drop !m ei!r arm$ or safe1 i4 e41 s t !y w explode or n z desir$4 ,an occasion might develop :]e ! aviator w\ld h to get rid ( 8 bombs ov] 8 own l9es4 ,^! v>i\s po9ts are all tak5 c>e ( 9 ! design ( ! release me*anism & are controll$ by ! obs]v] ) an op]at+-control h&le plac$ 9 ! obs]v]'s cockpit4 ,all ( ! bombs us$ by our fli]s & by ! fli]s ( ! o!r nations at w> 7 ( ?ree di/9ctive types--demolition bombs1 fragm5tation bombs1 & inc5di>y bombs4 ,our ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t built demolition bombs 9 five diff]5t weights3 #ej p\nds1 #ajj p\nds1 #bej p\nds1 #ejj p\nds1 &1 f9ally1 ! enorm\s bomb weigh+ #a1jjj p\nds--half a ton4 ,! mo/ frequ5tly us$ demolition bombs1 h[ev]1 7 ^? ( ! #ajj-p\nd & #bej-p\nd sizes4 ,! demolition bombs 7 = use aga9/ ammunition dumps1 railways1 roads1 build+s1 & all sorts ( heavy /ructures :]e a high-explosive *>ge is desir$4 ,^! bombs _h a %ell ( light /eel :i* 0 fill$ ) tr9itrotoluol--,t4 ,n4 ,t41 z x is m commonly kn[n--or "s o!r explosive ( great de/ructive p[]4 ,! *>ge 0 set (f by a detonator held ap>t f ! dang]\s cont5ts ( ! bomb by a p94 ,z ! bomb 0 releas$ by ! me*anism ! p9 0 automatically drawn out1 & ! detonator slid d[n into position s z to explode ! bomb ! in/ant x /ruck its object4 ,! fir/ contract let = drop bombs ( any type 0 giv5 to ! ,m>l9-,rockwell ,corporation ( ,philadelphia 9 ,june1 #aiag4 ,?is contract 0 = ! con/ruction ( #e1jjj heavy drop bombs ( ! design kn[n z ! ,b>l[1 & also = #bej sets ( release me*anisms = ?is bomb4 ,we 7 able to g ahead ) ! production ( ?is bomb at ?is e>ly date s9ce x 0 ! only "o ( :i* we _h complet$ designs & work+ draw+s :5 we ent]$ ! w>4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aiag1 ?is ord] 0 increas$ to #ac1jjj1 & 9 ,april1 #aiah1 to #bh1jjj4 ,! ,b>l[ bomb1 h[ev]1 0 de/9$ nev] to cut any figure 9 our fight+ 9 ,france4 ,! production 0 sl[1 due to ! necessity ( con/ant exp]im5tation to simplify a fir+ me*anism :i* 0 reg>d$ z too complicat$ by ! exp]ts ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,f9ally1 9 ,june1 #aiah1 :5 #i1jjj ( ^! bombs & #bej sets ( release me*anisms _h be5 produc$1 a cablegram came f ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces cancel+ ! entire contract4 ,mean:ile1 ! f9al type ( demolition bomb1 kn[n v>i\sly z ! ,m>k ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,v1 or ,,vi1 dep5d+ ^u its size1 _h be5 develop$ "h4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 a contract = #gj1jjj ( ! size kn[n z ,m>k ,,ii1 weigh+ #be p\nds1 0 giv5 to ! ,m>l9-,rockwell ,corporation4 ,b 9 ,june ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces in=m$ u t ?is bomb w\ld n be ( value to ! ,air ,s]vice abroad because ( its small explosive *>ge1 & ! contract 0 cut d[n to #dj1jjj bombs1 :i* numb] ! ,army c\ld use 9 tra9+ its aviators4 ,by ! end ( ,novemb]1 #aiah1 bomb bodies ( ! ,m>k ,,ii size to ! numb] ( #cf1hdj _h be5 complet$4 ,by ! end ( ,m>*1 #aiah1 we _h develop$ "h a s]ies ( demolition bombs t promis$ to meet e ne$ ( our ,air ,s]vice abroad 9 projectiles ( _! class4 ,we let contracts = ! manufacture ( #cjj1jjj ( ! #ej-p\nd ,m>k ,,iii size1 ^! contracts be+ r$uc$ lat] to a total ( #bbj1jjj4 ,! manufactur]s 7 ! ,a4 ,o4 ,smi? ,corporation1 an automobile p>ts conc]n ( ,milwaukee1 ,wis42 ! ,edw>d ,g4 ,budd ,manufactur+ ,co4 ( ,philadelphia2 & ,hale ,kilburn ( ,philadelphia4 ,six mon?s lat] ! ,a4 ,o4 ,smi? ,corporation _h rea*$ a production ( #a1bjj ( ^! bombs a day1 & complet$ _! contract 9 ,octob]4 ,bo? ! o!r conc]ns also complet$ _! contracts 9 ! autumn ( #aiah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,( ,,! ,,l>ge/ ,,demolition ,,drop ,,bombs4 ,! l>g] ( ^! two bombs weighs #a1jjj p\nds & c>ries #egj p\nds ( explosive4 ,! small] weighs #eej p\nds & c>ries #bhj p\nds ( explosive4 ,!y are bo? made ) a heavy ca/-/eel nose & press$ metal re> body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>k ,,ii ,,bomb ,,release ,,me*anism ,,= ,,h&ley-,,page ,,ma*9e1 ,,%[+ ,,m>k ,i ,,& ,,m>k ,,iv ,,bombs ,,9 ,,place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>k ,,ix-,a ,,release ,,me*anism ,,z ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,m>k ,,ii ,,release ,,= ,,h&ley-,,page ,,plane4 ,! ,a4 ,o4 ,smi? ,corporation _h tool$ up _! factory s z to become "o ( our l>ge/ produc]s ( airplane bombs4 ,9 addition to ! contract already m5tion$1 dur+ #aiah ?is conc]n receiv$ ord]s = approximately #cjj1jjj demolition bombs ( ! #ajj-p\nd 7,m>k ,i7 size4 ,by ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 !y _h turn$ out #aec1jjj ( ^! & _h develop$ a capacity = build+ #g1jjj drop bombs daily4 ,ano!r l>ge manufactur] ( drop bombs 0 ,mc,cord ,co41 ( ,*icago1 a conc]n :i* 9 #aiah receiv$ ord]s = ne>ly #ajj1jjj bombs ( ! #bej-p\nd1 #eej-p\nd1 & #ajjj-p\nd sizes4 ,by ! day ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ?is conc]n _h produc$ #ci1djj complet$ bombs4 ,^! bombs 7 ! heavie/ & l>ge/ ones int5d$ = use by our s]vice abroad4 ,! fragm5tation bombs diff] f ! demolition bombs 9 t !y h ?ick metal walls & consequ5tly small] *>ges ( explosive4 ,!y ?r[ %[]s ( fragm5ts l ^? ( high-explosive artill]y %ell4 ,! demolition bombs conta91 on ! o!r h&1 ! maximum possible am\nt ( explosive & produce de/ruction by ! =ce ( explosion4 ,fragm5tation bombs always h in/antane\s fir+ me*anisms1 :ile demolition bombs are usually provid$ ) delay$ fuses1 all[+ !m to p5etrate ! t>get be=e explosion4 ,! fragm5tation bombs produc$ by ! ,ordnance ,bureau 7 small] ?an ! demolition type1 ! size mo/ commonly us$ weigh+ #bd p\nds4 ,^! bombs _h ?ick cases & 7 con/ruct$ s t !y w\ld explode a few in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,z ! bombs rea* a velocity d[nw>d ( ov] #ejj feet p] second1 ! me*anism _h to op]ate to an accuracy ( less ?an "o-?\s&? ( a second4 ,!y 7 design$ = use aga9/ bodies ( troops4 ,! fragm5tation bombs 7 a late developm5t 9 ?is class ( "w4 ,! tim+ device to explode ! bomb at ! prop] di/ance f ! gr\nd 0 und]tak5 by ?ree conc]ns4 ,! contracts = approximately #fjj1jjj ( ^! devices 7 let 9 ,july1 #aiah4 ,! ,john ,?omson ,press ,co4 ( ,new ,york ,city complet$ its contract = #ajj1jjj me*anisms by ! end ( ,octob]1 #aiah4 ,! ,national ,tool ,manufactur+ ,co4 ( ,/4 ,l\is complet$ its contract = #ajj1jjj %ortly aft] ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,! ,yale ,t[ne ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,/am=d1 ,conn41 :i* _h contract$ to build approximately #djj1jjj ( ^! devices1 _h turn$ out #aej1jjj by ! end ( ,novemb]1 #aiah4 ,o!r conc]ns :i* manufactur$ v>i\s p>ts = ! fragm5tation bombs 7 ! ,am]ican ,seat+ ,co4 ( ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*41 mak]s ( s*ool desks & seats1 & ! ,dail ,/eel ,products ,co4 ( ,lans+1 ,mi*4 ,"s idea ( ! quantity ( fragm5tation bombs 9 our program may be ga9$ f ! fact t ! contract = ! ,cordeau-,bick=d fuse us$ 9 ! fragm5tation bomb1 let to ! ,ensign-,bick=d ,co4 ( ,simsbury1 ,conn41 call$ = ! manufacture ( #eej1jjj l9e> feet ( fuse1 or m ?an #ajj miles ( x4 ,! contracts = fuse 7 plac$ 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 #aiah1 & ! ,ensign-,bick=d ,co4 f9i%$ up ! job on ,novemb] #g1 f\r days be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,! ,gov]nm5t discov]$ t #c-;in* %ell reject$ = v>i\s reasons c\ld be re-ma*9$ & us$ to make ^! airplane fragm5tation bombs4 ,! v>i\s ars5als _h a l>ge supply ( !m 9 /orage4 ,9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 #aiah1 contracts 7 let to l>ge numb]s ( conc]ns to conv]t ov] #ejj1jjj ( ^! %ell into fragm5tation bombs1 & by ,novemb] #cj1 ne>ly #ba1jjj ( ! new bombs _h be5 deliv]$4 ,^! bombs1 made f ! #c-;in* %ell1 z f> z ! ma*9+ ( ! bodies is conc]n$ 7 turn$ out 9 v>i\s quantities by ! foll[+ firms3 ,v]mont ,f>m ,ma*9]y ,co41 ,bell[s ,falls1 ,vt4 ,ri*mond ,=g+s ,corporation1 ,ri*mond1 ,va4 ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co41 ,be?lehem1 ,pa4 ,consolidat$ ,c> ,heat+ ,co41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s4 ,a4 ,woods ,ma*9e ,co41 ,s\? ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,we/field ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,we/field1 ,mass4 ,:eel+ ,mold ,f\ndry ,co41 ,:eel+1 ,w4 ,va4 ,a4 ,p4 ,smi? ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,ea/ ,orange1 ,n4 ,j4 ,wat]vliet ,ars5al1 ,wat]vliet1 ,n4 ,y4 ,key/one ,ma*9e ,co41 ,york1 ,pa4 ,mc,kiernan ,t]ry ,drill ,co41 ,dov]1 ,n4 ,j4 ,! nose-fir+ me*anism = ^! bombs 0 produc$ by ! ,yale ,t[ne ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,/am=d1 ,conn42 ! ,national ,tool ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo42 & ! ,john ,?omson ,press ,co41 ,new ,york ,city2 :ile ! re> cap /abiliz] assemblies 7 produc$ by ! ,dail ,/eel ,products ,co41 ,lans+1 ,mi*41 & ! ,am]ican ,seat+ ,co41 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*4 ,! la/ item on ! bomb program to come into production 0 ! fragm5tation bomb ,m>k ,,ii-,b1 :i* 0 an exact copy ( ! ,briti% ,coop] bomb1 ! mo/ effective bomb ( ?is type 9 use by ! alli$ nations4 ,contracts = ?is bomb 7 n let until ,augu/ #ag1 #aiah1 to ! ,lycom+ ,f\ndry ,ma*9e ,co41 ( ,williamsport1 ,pa41 & ! ,paige-,detroit ,motor ,c> ,co41 ( ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,! =m] company by ,decemb] #a 0 produc+ ^! bombs at ! rate ( #ejj p] day & ! latt] 0 j com+ into quantity production ! fir/ week 9 ,decemb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,views1 ,,m>k ,v ,,release ,,trap 7,,"r ,,h&7 ,,) ,,univ]sal ,,nose ,,& ,,tail ,,beam1 ,,m\nt$ ,,on ,t-,,rails ,,"u ,,"r ,,w+ ,,( ,,dh-#d ,,plane4 ,upp]--,front view1 %[+ op]at+ tube connect$ to alt]nat+ cam 9 fuselage4 ,two ,m>k ,,iii demolition drop bombs 7#aej p\nds7 held by support+ /raps2 "o bomb releas$1 %[+ free support+ /rap4 ,l[]--,re> view1 %[+ me?od ( reta9+ /abiliz] by tail clip ) ?ree ,m>k ,,iii demolition drop bombs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,views ,,( ,,m>k ,x ,,release ,,trap ,,on ,,planes4 ,%[s ,m>k ,x release trap 7,coop]7 m\nt$ ^u ,t-rails "u w+ ( ,,dh-#d plane4 ,b[d5 control wire & cas+ connect$ to fuselage4 ,two ,m>k ,,ii-,b fragm5tation bombs susp5d$--"o arm+ vane reta9$1 ! o!r free4 ,:5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! w> no satisfactory inc5di>y bombs _h yet be5 produc$ by any c\ntry1 & consequ5tly a long p]iod _h to be giv5 ov] to exp]im5tation be=e quantity production c\ld be atta9$4 ,we produc$ two types ( inc5di>y bombs1 ! fir/ be+ ( ! scatt] type1 design$ = use aga9/ light /ructures1 gra9 fields1 & ! l1 & ! second ( ! int5sive type1 = use aga9/ l>ge /ructures4 ,lat] on 9 our program we ab&on$ ! manufacture ( ! scatt] type inc5di>y bombs on cable in/ructions f abroad1 z x 0 f\nd t ! wet climate made a bomb ( ?is type ( little value4 ,! ,am]ican int5sive bomb1 :ile x _h n yet come up to our ideal & 0 9 process ( evolution dur+ its manufacture1 nev]!less 0 reg>d$ by our (fic]s z m effective ?an any o!r bomb ( its type 9 exi/5ce1 s9ce x produc$ a l>g] & hott] flame4 ,our int5sive inc5di>y bombs weigh$ ab\t #dj p\nds ea* & conta9$ *>ges ( oil emulsion1 !rmit1 & metallic sodium1 a comb9ation ( *emicals t burns ) int5se heat4 ,^! bombs 7 us$ aga9/ ammunition depots or any /ructures ( an inflammable nature4 ,! sodium 9 ! *>ge 0 design$ to h a disc\rag+ effect ^u anyone :o attempt$ to put out ! fire ( ! burn+ *>ge1 s9ce metallic sodium explodes ) great viol5ce if wat] is p\r$ ^u x4 ,( ! scatt] bombs we built #de1jjj be=e ab&on+ ! manufacture1 an action tak5 9 ,septemb]1 #aiah4 ,:5 ho/ilities ceas$ we _h out contracts = #abb1hhf ( ! int5sive bombs & ab\t #hf1jjj ( !m _h be5 deliv]$ ready = load+4 ,"o ( ! l>ge manufactur]s ( inc5di>y bombs 0 ! ,conron-,mc,neal ,co41 ( ,kokomo1 ,ind41 manufactur]s ( skates4 ,! company _h to equip its plant ) new ma*9]y especially = h&l+ ?is novel manufactur+ ent]prise4 ,9 all1 !y produc$ #ej1jjj bombs & 7 turn+ !m out at ! rate ( #djj p] day :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,?is conc]n 0 ! pione] 9 ! manufacture1 ! subsequ5t contractors pr(it+ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,conron-,mc,neal ,co41 & consequ5tly be+ able to obta9 quantity production m quickly ?an ! ,kokomo plant _h be5 able to rea* x4 ,! ,globe ,ma*9e ,/amp+ ,co41 ( ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 built #cj1jjj bombs & #cf1djj fir+ me*anisms be=e ho/ilities clos$1 & ev5tually rea*$ a production rate ( #ejj bombs & #a1jjj fir+ me*anisms p] day4 ,p>ri% ,b+ham1 also ( ,clevel&1 produc$ #ac1jjj1 & 7 turn+ !m out at ! rate ( #djj daily :5 ! production 0 /opp$4 ,! ,c4 ,r4 ,wilson ,body ,co41 ( ,detroit1 built #db1efb ( ! int5sive bombs & rea*$ a daily production ( #ejj4 ,! ,new ,home ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 ( ,orange1 ,mass41 manufactur$ #bj1jjj fir+ me*anisms = ! scatt]-type bombs4 ,"o ( ! int]e/+ phases ( ! bomb manufactur+ program grew out ( ! necessity = t>get practice = our aviators4 ,= ?is "w we built dummy bombs ( t]ra cotta1 co/+ ab\t a doll> apiece4 ,in/ead ( load+ ^! bombs ) explosive1 we plac$ 9 ea* a small *>ge ( phosphorus & a load$ pap] %otgun %ell1 s t ! bomb w\ld eject a puff ( smoke :5 x hit its object4 ,! aviators c\ld see ! smoke puffs & !reby det]m9e ! accuracy ( _! aim4 ,! ,ga?mann ,ammunition ,co4 ( ,texas1 ,md41 0 ! fir/ contractor = dummy bombs1 build+ #aj1jjj1 :i* 7 deliv]$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah4 ,9 ! spr+ & summ] ( #aiah1 ! ,atlantic ,t]ra ,cotta ,co41 ! ,new ,j]sey ,t]ra ,cotta ,co41 bo? ( ,p]? ,amboy1 ,n4 ,j41 & ! ,f$]al ,t]ra ,cotta ,co4 ( ,woodbridge1 ,n4 ,j41 ea* built #be1jjj ( ^! bombs4 ,9 ,septemb] additional contracts = #ej1jjj dummy bombs 7 giv5 to ea* ( ^! ?ree conc]ns1 :ile ano!r contract = #be1jjj w5t to ! ,nor?we/]n ,t]ra ,cotta ,co4 ( ,*icago4 ,by ! end ( ,novemb] ^! conc]ns _h deliv]$ ne>ly #cd1jjj ( ! #age1jjj bombs contract$ =1 & 7 turn+ !m out at ! rate ( #a1cjj p] day4 ,! ,essex ,specialty ,co4 manufactur$ #aj1jjj phosphorus rolls = dummy bombs1 & ! ,rem+ton ,arms-,u4 ,m4 ,c4 ,co4 suppli$ #aj1jjj %otgun %ells = ! fir/ bombs produc$4 ,lat] ! ,rem+ton ,arms ,co4 produc$ #ajj1jjj %otgun %ells = dummy bombs4 ,,airplane ,,photographic ,,supplies4 ,9 f\r days ( ! f9al drive ( ! ,yankee troops 9 ! ,argonne di/rict ! ,am]ican photographic sections ( ! ,air ,s]vice made & deliv]$ #ajj1jjj pr9ts f negatives fre%ly tak5 f ! air above ! battle l9es4 ,?is circum/ance is indicative ( ! progress made by milit>y intellig5ce f ! days :5 a comm&] secur$ in=mation ( ! enemy's positions only by s5d+ out patrols1 or f spies4 ,! com+ ( ! airplane de/roy$ practically all possibility = ! concealm5t by day ( mov+ bodies ( m5 or ( milit>y works4 ,m]e obs]vation by ! unaid$ eye ( ! airm51 h[ev]1 soon prov$ inadequate to utilize prop]ly ! vantage po9t ( ! plane4 ,! insuffici5t & (t5 crude & inaccurate draw+s br\ght 9 by ! airplane obs]v] 7 e>ly succe$$ by ! almo/ daily photograph+ ( ! entire enemy t]ra9 by cam]as1 :i* record$ ea* m9ute feature f> m accurately ?an ! human eye c\ld possibly d4 ,! airplane1 to quote ! common say+1 _h become ! eye ( ! ,army1 b ! cam]a 0 ! eye ( ! airplane4 ,?is developm5t 9 milit>y in=mation-gett+ f />t to f9i% 0 entirely ! product & an evolution ( ! great w>4 ,:5 ! w> broke out 9 #aiad !re 7 no prec$5ts = ! milit>y photograph] to g by1 nor _h any specializ$ app>atus ev] be5 design$ by ei!r side = ?is purpose4 ,z a result ! fir/ crude make%ifts 7 rapidly succe$$ by m & m highly develop$ equipm5t4 ,at ! outset ( ! w>1 be=e antiaircraft guns 7 br\ght to effici5cy1 x 0 possible = ! obs]vation planes ( ! ,briti%1 ! ,fr5*1 & ! ,g]mans to fly at l[ altitudes & take satisfactory pictures ) su* photographic appliances z 7 !n 9 common use4 ,b z ! ,ar*ies =c$ ! planes to g high] 9 ! air1 special equipm5t _h to be design$ = long] di/ance "w "u ! adv]se conditions ( vibration & spe$1 su* z exi/ on airplanes4 ,x is a tribute to ! photographic te*nicians ( ! _w t !y 7 able to produce at all times equipm5t to meet ^! increas+ dem&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,type ,,dr-#d1 ,,de ,,ram ,,cam]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,type ,a-#c1 ,,h&-,,held ,,airplane ,,cam]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,type ,l1 #d x #e ,,plate ,,cam]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mobile ,,field ,,photographic ,,outfit1 ,,us$ ,,= ,,air ,,s]vice4 ,x includes a d>k room1 pr9t+ lant]n1 & light-g5]at+ plant4 ,z ! airplanes mov$ into high] altitudes1 long] focus l5ses _h to be employ$1 special dry plates develop$1 & special color filt]s provid$ to ov]come ! haze creat$ by humidity 9 ! long spaces betwe5 ! cam]as & ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! w> end$1 cam]as 7 9 common use tak+ photographs at an altitude ( #d miles ) su* microscopic fidelity z to %[ ev5 :]e a s+le soldi] _h rec5tly walk$ across a field4 ,! ,am]ican ,army came into ! w> almo/ innoc5t ( any in=mation at all on ! subject ( w> photography4 ,su* te*nical in=mation z ! alli$ nations _h develop$ dur+ ! w> _h be5 mo/ c>efully gu>d$ f u & all o!r neutral c\ntries1 ) ! result t :at in=mation we _h 0 ( a meag] & conflict+ sort4 ,al?\gh 9 ! e>ly mon?s ( our p>ticipation 9 ! w> ! ,signal ,corps1 :i* !n _h *>ge ( all phases ( a]ial w>f>e1 made l>ge pur*ases ( motion-picture cam]as1 h& cam]as1 & view cam]as1 x 0 n until ! end ( #aiag t our (fic]s 7 able to beg9 _! real developm5t ( a]ial photography4 ,by ?is "t we _h receiv$ mu* valuable in=mation f ! =eign high commissions & samples ( _! e>li] app>atus4 ,a]ial photography _h become "o ( ! lead+ activities ( ! air s]vice4 ,?us 9 ,april1 #aiag1 ! ,briti% s]vice made #bhj1jjj pictures at ! front1 & a great "p ( all fly+ 0 done to secure photographs4 ,moreov]1 ! art 0 advanc+ at su* a pace t practices 9 approv$ use "o week at ! front appe>$ likely to become obsolete ! next1 z new me?ods & new equipm5t sup]s$$ ! old4 ,= ye>s ,am]ica _h be5 second to none z a photographic c\ntry1 & x 0 to be expect$ t ?is c\ntry w\ld make notable contributions to ! new sci5ce4 ,x may inde$ be wond]$ :y1 ) ! exp]im5tal laboratories & ! skill$ te*nicians at our comm&1 we did n />t at once to develop our own a]ial designs & equipm5t4 ,our (fic]s1 h[ev]1 felt t su* a c\rse w\ld be likely to duplicate mu* ( ! "w already done by ! alli$ c\ntries1 :o /ood ready !n to furni% to u ! results ( _! exp]i5ces4 ,:ile orig9al rese>* "w might result 9 ! inv5tion "h ( c]ta9 equipm5t ( sup]lative m]it1 yet we w\ld be sure1 9 ! c\rse ( su* an und]tak+1 to adopt me?ods :i* _h be5 tri$ & disc>d$ by ! allies & :i* we ourselves w\ld h to disc>d :5 exp]i5ce _h prov5 !m to be )\t value4 ,! in=mation 9 our h&s 9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 %[$ t ! ,briti% sy/em ( air photography diff]$ radically f t ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,fr5* cam]as made a relatively l>ge negative1 #ah by #bd c5timet]s 9 dim5sion1 on a glass plate4 ,! magaz9es ( ! ,fr5* cam]as held #ab plates1 & extra magaz9es 7 c>ri$ 9 ! plane4 ,^! cam]as 7 fitt$ ) l5ses ( relatively long focus--#bj in*es4 ,?ree op]ations 7 necess>y to make an exposure4 ,! photograph] mu/ *ange ! plate1 set ! focal plane %utt]1 & press ! release4 ,:5 ! negatives 7 develop$1 fix$1 wa%$1 & dri$1 pr9ts 7 made by contact4 ,! ,briti% us$ a small]-siz$ plate1 #d by #e in*es 9 size4 ,_! cam]as 7 equipp$ ) ! only l5ses available 9 ,engl& 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! w>--l5ses ( relatively %ort focus1 rang+ f #h to #ab in*es 9 ?is respect4 ,in/ead ( mak+ contact pr9ts f ^! plates1 ! ,briti% made enl>gem5ts1 measur+ #f by #h in*es4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iod ( our developm5t ( a]ial photographic app>atus1 we 7 9 ! same position z ! ,briti% z reg>ds l5ses4 ,we _h no adequate supply ( long-focus l5ses4 ,consequ5tly we foll[$ ! ,briti% designs ( cam]as & adopt$ ! ,briti% sy/em almo/ explicitly 9 ! tra9+ ( a]ial photograph]s4 ,x _h be5 our fir/ ?\ght to use films to a great ext5t on ! front1 s9ce ,am]ica 0 ! c\ntry :i* _h p]fect$ ! photographic film1 & 0 !re=e1 presumably1 be/ equipp$ 9 skill to adapt x to w> uses4 ,b plates _h be5 us$ practically exclusively by ! ,briti%1 ! ,fr5*1 & ! ,italians2 & x appe>$ wise/ to foll[ _! exp]i5ce at fir/1 ?\gh all agre$ t film1 ) its small bulk & weight1 w\ld be greatly sup]ior = airplane use4 ,! ,photographic ,exp]im5tal ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,air ,s]vice1 :i* 0 organiz$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aiah1 _h z its major problems ! design & te/ ( a]ial cam]as & all _! p>ts & accessories4 ,equally important ) ?is problem 0 t ( s5sitive plates1 pap]s1 color filt]s1 & photographic *emicals4 ,! corps ( photographic & optical exp]ts1 into ^: h&s ^! matt]s 7 plac$1 e>ly secur$ ! active coop]ation ( ! *ief manufactur]s ( photographic app>atus & mat]ials 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ! laboratories 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c1 ,langley ,field1 ,va41 & ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 compreh5sive developm5t "w 0 inaugurat$1 lead+ ultimately to p]fection ( new designs ( cam]as & ! developm5t ( plates & o!r photographic mat]ials equal or sup]ior to any available abroad4 ,! fir/ airplane cam]a :i* x 0 decid$ to put into production 9 ,am]ica 0 a close copy ( ! ,briti% type ,l1 :i* use _h prov5 to be "o ( ! be/ me*anisms employ$ at ! front4 ,! op]ation ( ?is cam]a 0 semiautomatic1 ! op]ator hav+ no?+ to d except to press ! %utt]-release to keep ! cam]a at "w4 ,! op]at+ p[] 0 d]iv$ f a small w9dmill or air propell] driv5 by ! ru% ( air pa/ ! plane4 ,! automatic me*anism *ang$ ! plate & set ! %utt] aft] ea* exposure4 ,because ( ! situation ) respect to l5ses ^! cam]as 7 con/ruct$ to use l5ses ( #h-;in* to #ab-;in* focus1 & ! ,engli% #d by #e plate4 ,"s #gej ( ^! cam]as 7 con/ruct$4 ,!y play$ an indisp5sable "p 9 ! tra9+ ( ne>ly #c1jjj a]ial photograph]s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y 7 also us$ by our bomb+ squadrons at ! front4 ,at ! same "t x 0 g5]ally agre$ t we %\ld plan to foll[ ! ,fr5* practice z soon z l5ses ( great] focal l5g? c\ld be manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,increase 9 focal l5g? 0 becom+ imp]ative1 because a]ial photograph]s 7 be+ compell$ to make exposures f mu* great] heights ?an 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! w>4 ,= ! sake ( ^? unacqua9t$ ) photography x may be /at$ "h t l5ses ( %ort focal l5g?s w n record ! details ( objects a great di/ance away f ! cam]a1 ! long]-focus1 r>]1 & m exp5sive l5ses be+ requir$ = di/ance "w4 ,z a basis = ! design ( cam]as ( long] focus a sample ( ! #bj-;in* focus cam]a us$ by ! ,fr5* _h be5 s5t to ?is c\ntry by ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,! fir/ cam]a au?oriz$ ( ?is focal l5g? 0 simil> 9 g5]al "* to ?is ,fr5* cam]a4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ on ! unit sy/em1 ea* "p--%utt]1 cam]a body1 l5s cone1 & magaz9e--be+ ( /&>diz$ dim5sions4 ,x 0 und]/ood t ^! /&>d dim5sions 7 to be foll[$ 9 all subsequ5t cam]as bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ! c\ntries ( ! allies4 ,! idea con/antly put be=e all design]s ( a]ial cam]as has be5 t ( ! automatic type1 9 ! use ( :i* ! obs]v] or pilot w h a m9imum ( "w4 ,late 9 #aiag ! ,photographic ,section ( ! ,air ,s]vice1 ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 secur$ ! rights = ! manufacture ( an +5i\s design ( automatic plate cam]a inv5t$ by ,lieut4 ,de,ram1 ( ! ,fr5* ,army1 & reque/$ t ?is be put 9 production4 ,9 ?is cam]a ! magaz9e1 :i* c>ries #ej plates1 #ah by #bd c5timet]s 9 size1 rotates betwe5 ea* exposure1 :ile ! expos$ plate is remov$ f ! front ( ! pile & c>ri$ to ! back4 ,aft] "s /udy "h ( ! incomplete model1 ?is cam]a 0 r$esign$ 9 su* =m z to fit x = me?ods ( ,am]ican manufacture4 ,x 0 made semiautomatic 9 op]ation2 t is1 ! "w ( ! obs]v] or pilot consi/$ m]ely 9 releas+ ! %utt] at w1 a fre% plate always be+ 9 place4 ,at ! "t ( ! armi/ice #bjj ( ^! cam]as 7 rapidly approa*+ completion4 ,mean:ile exp]im5ts 7 actively pu%$ 9 ! matt] ( ! utilization ( film4 ,v>i\s difficulties & problems _h to be solv$ be=e film c\ld be consid]$ practical4 ,consid]able "t 0 consum$ 9 ov]com+ ! peculi> /atic electrical dis*>ges :i* occur on film 9 cold1 dry regions1 su* z 9 high m\nta9s or ! upp] atmosph]e1 & fog ! s5sitive surface by _! light4 ,! film cam]a f9ally decid$ ^u 0 bas$ on a fundam5tal design by ! ,folm] ,s*w+ organization ( ! ,ea/man ,kodak ,co4 ,?is cam]a1 kn[n z ! ,k type1 c>ries a film on :i* #ajj exposures1 #ah by #bd c5timet]s 9 dim5sion1 c be made at "o load+4 ,! film is held flat by an +5i\s device4 ,! film /rip passes ov] a flat p]=at$ %eet beh9d :i* a p>tial vacuum is set up by a suction1 or ,v5turi1 tube ext5d+ outside ! body ( ! airplane4 ,! cam]a is entirely automatic1 & is driv5 ei!r by a w9d turb9e ( adju/able ap]ture or1 9 w> planes1 by electric curr5t f ! heat+ & light+ circuit4 ,! obs]v] 9 ! airplane ne$s only to />t ! cam]a & regulate its spe$ accord+ to ! spe$ ) :i* ! airplane is pass+ ov] ! gr\nd bel[1 & ! cam]a !reaft] w1 ( itself1 take pictures at su* int]vals z to map completely ! t]ra9 "u obs]vation4 ,9 conjunction ) ! use ( film 9 cam]as came ! "q ( h&l+ ! film 9 ! d>k-room2 t is1 ! ord9>y manipulations ( develop+1 fix+1 wa%+1 & dry+--a s]i\s problem :5 ! l>ge dim5sions ( ! film1 its l5g?1 & difficult *>act]i/ics 9 h&l+ are tak5 into consid]ation4 ,?is problem 0 attack$ & a film develop+1 h&l+1 & dry+ ma*9e 0 produc$4 ,"s #bjj ( ^! automatic film cam]as 7 on ord] at ! close ( ! w>4 ,altoge!r ov] #a1ajj airplane cam]as ( all types _h be5 & 7 ab\t to be deliv]$ :5 ! armi/ice came4 ,^! 7 built by ! ,ea/man ,kodak ,co41 ,ro*e/]2 ! ,burke ,james ,co41 ,*icago2 ! ,g4 ,e4 ,m4 ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ( ,philadelphia2 & ,ar?ur ,brock1 jr41 ( ,philadelphia4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s problems 9 a]ial photography is ! prop] m\nt+ ( ! cam]a 9 ! plane4 ,n only does ! plane travel at great spe$1 :i* makes necess>y exce$+ly %ort exposures & !re=e highly s5sitive photographic mat]ials1 b ! motor causes a cont9u\s vibration :i*1 communicat$ to ! cam]a itself1 w\ld be fatal to obta9+ %>p pictures4 ,! exp]im5t]s ( ! ,air ,s]vice c>ri$ out a long1 ext5sive1 & mo/ int]e/+ inve/igation at ,langley ,field to make cle> ! :ole "q ( prev5t+ ! vibration ( ! airplane cam]a4 ,! sci5ti/s work$ out a me?od ( mak+ ! cam]a itself record ! vibrations communicat$ to x by ! plane :5 ! box 0 n held by a prop] vibration-neutraliz+ susp5sion4 ,! plan adopt$ 0 to s5d up a cam]a ?us m\nt$ on an airplane1 focus x on a light on ! gr\nd bel[1 op5 ! %utt]1 & take a "t exposure f ! swiftly-fly+ plane4 ,! result1 ( c\rse1 0 a /reak1 or trail1 writt5 on ! plate by ! po9t ( light bel[1 ! jagg$ or wavy "* ( ?is trail indicat+ ! vibrations ( ! cam]a & det]m9+ ! prop] pr9ciples ( a suitable m\nt+4 ,! fir/ ?\ght 0 to d ?is "w at night1 z ! ,briti% _h done1 :5 ! light bel[ w\ld pi]ce ! d>kness di/9ctly4 ,b night fly+ is haz>d\s1 & a bett] plan 0 call$ =4 ,nor w\ld ! proposal to use an extremely /rong light 9 broad daylight d1 because1 :ile ! light w\ld inde$ be photograph$ cont9u\sly across ! plate1 s also w\ld ! surr\nd+ gr\nd1 & ! g5]al result w\ld be a fogg+ or blurr+ ( ! outl9es ( ! /reak4 ,f9ally ! problem 0 solv$ by conduct+ ! a]ial exp]im5tal "w ov] woodl& 9 ! late aft]noon4 ,a /rong1 r$di% light 0 plac$ 9 ! woods s z to be visible f above4 ,! surr\nd+ gre5 foliage suppli$ a frame ( suffici5t contra/ to ! light to make its impression di/9ct on ! plate4 ,to emphasize ! contra/1 ! cam]a l5s 0 cov]$ ) a r$di% color$ ray filt]1 & ?is br\ght out %>ply ! outl9e ( ! /reak4 ,^! te/s result$ 9 ! design & production ( new & unique cam]a m\nt+s :i* successfully /opp$ all vibrations ( ! cam]a4 ,a problem on :i* x 0 necess>y to h ! close/ coop]ation ( ! plane design]s 0 t ( in/all+ ! l>ge #bj-;in* focus cam]as 9 ! airplane4 ,!re is little room at be/ 9 a plane1 & ! dem&s = armam5t1 wireless1 & bomb+ space all _h to receive att5tion4 ,9 ! ,am]ican s]vice a di/9ct advance 0 made 9 ! design ( a special plane int5d$ prim>ily = photographic reconnaissance4 ,sev]al ( ^! planes1 :i* 7 ! mo/ completely equipp$ = photographic purposes ( any design$ dur+ ! w>1 7 built & w\ld h be5 put into quantity production 9 ! late fall ( #aiah4 ,p>allel ) ?is developm5t ( app>atus w5t /udies ( ! s5sitive mat]ials & me?ods ( photography f ! air4 ,because ( ! swift motion ( ! plane extremely %ort exposures are imp]ative4 ,consequ5tly1 ! mo/ advanc$ te*nique ( in/antane\s photography _h to be appli$4 ,! coop]ation ( v>i\s plate manufactur]s 0 obta9$1 :o br\ght out especially = ! ,gov]nm5t sev]al new plates :i* %[$ on te/ to be sup]ior to any :i* _h appe>$ 9 ! w> on ei!r side4 ,z an airplane rises high] & high] 9 ! sky1 ! moi/ure ( ! int]v5+ atmosph]e betwe5 ! ma*9e & ! gr\nd creates a haze :i* makes a]ial photography above a c]ta9 height unsatisfactory & ev5 impossible ) ! nak$ l5ses z us$ on ! gr\nd4 ,! problem ( f9d+ ! be/ means = pi]c+ a]ial haze occupi$ ! att5tion ( a corps ( exp]ts work+ bo? 9 ! laboratory & 9 ! field4 ,! solution lay 9 ! use ( special color filt]s ( g5]al yell[ hue :i* obscur$ ! blui% light *>act]i/ic ( haze4 ,filt]s ( new mat]ials specially adapt$ to airplane use 7 made available z a result ( ?is /udy4 ,field equipm5t ( q new & special design = p]=m+ photographic op]ations _h to be design$ & built4 ,among ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! developm5ts 0 ! photographic truck or mobile photographic laboratory4 ,?is consi/$ ( a specially design$ truck & trail] conta9+ all ! equipm5t necess>y = ! rapid production ( pr9ts 9 ! field4 ,! truck body 0 equipp$ ) a dynamo = furni%+ ! electrical curr5t requir$ = lights & dry+ fans1 :ile ea* unit 0 provid$ ) an acetyl5e g5]ator = em]g5cy use1 if ! electrical app>atus %\ld break d[n4 ,! mobile d>k room c>ri$ on ! trail] ( ea* unit 0 equipp$ ) tanks1 enl>g+ cam]a1 pr9t+ boxes1 & o!r necess>y app>atus4 ,9 all1 "s #ge ( ^! field laboratories 7 con/ruct$4 ,:ile ! developm5t ( app>atus & new mat]ials 0 f a popul> /&po9t 9 _m ways ! mo/ int]e/+ phase ( ! "w ( ! photographic sci5ti/s1 nev]!less x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! great problem 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r fields ( ,am]ican endeavor1 0 to produce ! supplies 9 trem5d\s quantities4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aiah1 we %ipp$ ov]seas #a1ejj1jjj %eets ( photographic pr9t+ pap]1 #cjj1jjj dry plates & #bj1jjj rolls ( film4 ,we also s5t #bj tons ( photographic *emicals4 ,^! 7 m]ely ! pr9cipal items 9 ! consignm5t4 ,besides pap]1 plates & *emicals1 ! field =ce requir$ develop+ t5ts1 trays1 pr9t+ ma*9es1 /]eoscopes1 & travell+ d>k rooms1 to "n only "s ( ! pr9cipal items4 ,mu* ( ! mat]ial already on ! m>ket 0 n suitable = ! purpose1 a fact requir+ ! production ( specially manufactur$ supplies4 ,,! ,,fireworks ,,( ,,fly+4 ,x is int]e/+ to consid] t )\t fireworks1 & p>ticul>ly "s ( ! famili> =ms ( !m us$ to celebrate ! ,f\r? ( ,july1 w> fly+ w\ld h lo/ mu* ( its effici5cy4 ,night fly+ w\ld h be5 well-nigh impossible1 :ile day fly+ w\ld h _h to inv5t sub/itutes = fireworks _h ! latt] n be5 available4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>l9 ,,ma*9e ,,gun ,,) ,,fix$ ,,m\nt+1 ,,on ,a ,,jn-#d ,,fuselage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,lewis ,,ma*9e ,,guns ,,) ,,movable ,,m\nt+1 ,,9 ,,! ,,obs]v]',s ,,cockpit ,,( ,a ,,de ,,havil&-#d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,airplane ,,fl>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,holt ,,w+-,,tip ,,fl>e ,,hold]4 ,! squadron fields ne> ! front 7 kept z d>k z possible at night = obvi\s reasons4 ,! fir/ inkl+ t a squadron comm&] might h ( ! approa* ( "o ( 8 aviators at night w\ld be ! sudd5 appe>ance high 9 ! air ( a gre5 or r$ or :ite ,roman-c&le ball4 ,?is w\ld be ! signal inquir+ if ! l&+ field 7 cle>4 ,a pyrote*nic /> ( a pr$et]m9$ color1 %ot f ! gr\nd1 w\ld answ] ! hom+ birdman2 &1 if ! signal 7 9 ! affirmative1 he w\ld desc5d ?r\gh ! %e] blackness1 unable to see cle>ly1 yet confid5t t he w\ld make 8 l&+ safely4 ,z ! plane ne>$ ! gr\nd sudd5ly "u "o ( ! w+s a fl>e ( dazzl+ p[] w\ld comm5ce to burn1 = a few seconds flood+ ! field ) light4 ,9 t brief space ( "t ! plane w\ld h made its l&+1 & soon field & qu>t]s w\ld aga9 be obscur$ "u ! protect+ blanket ( d>kness4 ,e s]vice airplane at ! front 0 equipp$ ) "o or m signal+ pi/ols4 ,9 appe>ance ^! weapons 7 m murd]\s ?an ! gat c>ri$ by a desp]ado ( ! movies1 b1 l ! prize bulldog ) ! und]%ot jaw1 !y 7 m deadly 9 looks ?an 9 de$s4 ,_! =midable-appe>+ c>tridges 7 l>g] ?an ! %ells us$ 9 %otguns1 resembl+ ! latt] almo/ id5tically 9 appe>ance2 b e "o ( ^! %ells conta9$ only a ,roman-c&le ball & a suffici5t *>ge ( p[d] to eject ! /> a good di/ance into ! air4 ,! s\nd ( ! dis*>ge 0 a m]e :isp] ( ! %att]+ ro> t might be expect$ f su* a r$\btable piece ( ordnance4 ,^! aviation pi/ols 7 simil> to ! ,v signal pi/ols us$ 9 ! tr5*es4 ,! />s %ot 7 ?ree colors1 r$1 gre5 & :ite1 & ! color ( a c>tridge's /> 0 pa9t$ on ! end ( ! %ell4 ,?is base 0 also ridg$ ) a diff]5t patt]n = ea* color1 s t ! aviator at night c\ld feel ) 8 f+]s & tell ! color ( ! c>tridge )\t see+ x4 ,codes ( num]\s messages 7 work$ out 9 diff]5t comb9ations ( ^! ?ree colors4 ,! />s 7 q visible 9 broad daylight1 too1 & 7 us$ = _m signal+ purposes4 ,!y indicat$ ! position ( enemy troops or ! pres5ce ( ho/ile aircraft1 !y call$ = help f o!r airplanes1 & !y signal$ squadron ord]s :5 ! ma*9es 7 fly+ 9 =mation4 ,b ! signal pi/ol _h a m s9i/] use4 ,if ! pilot 7 driv5 d[n 9 enemy t]ritory1 x became 8 duty to de/roy 8 ma*9e4 ,9 "s cases ! signal pi/ol 0 us$ effectively to set airplanes on fire "u su* conditions4 ,! pilot _h only to op5 8 gasol9e tank & fire a ,roman c&le ball into ! escap+ fluid4 ,9 o!r cases :5 ! aviator l&$ amid enemy troops he 0 able to hold !m at bay ) 8 signal pi/ol until 8 plane 0 burn$ beyond ! possibility ( salvage4 ,:ile we manufactur$ ,v pi/ols 9 ?is c\ntry1 all ( ^? actually us$ by our fli]s 9 ,france 7 pur*as$ abroad4 ,night-fly+ is "o ( ! mo/ haz>d\s duties ( ! aviator1 ! *ief dang] be+ 9 l&+4 ,! fields well back ( ! front 7 usually brightly illum9at$ by flood lights at night1 b ^? ne>] ! enemy 7 left 9 d>kness1 z a rule1 to protect !m f ! attacks ( ho/ile aircraft4 ,! aviator at night c usually see ! gr\nd fa9tly1 b he is unable to make an accurate judgm5t ( ! di/ance ( 8 ma*9e above ! gr\nd4 ,?is dang] 0 greatly alleviat$ :5 ! w+-tip fl>es 7 inv5t$4 ,! w+-tip fl>e consi/$ ( a small cyl9d] ( magnesium mat]ial 9 a metallic hold]1 "o fl>e be+ fitt$ "u ea* l[] w+ ( ! plane4 ,ea* fl>e 0 controll$ by a pu% button 9 ! pilot's cockpit4 ,pressure on ! button s5t an electric sp>k into ! magnesium & t\*$ x (f4 ,:5 ! desc5d+ pilot at night judg$ t he 0 ne> ! gr\nd he pu%$ "o ( ! buttons4 ,imm$iately ! fl>e ignit$ & burn$ = ab\t #ej seconds ) ! brilliant light ( #bj1jjj c&le p[]4 ,be+ hidd5 by ! w+1 ?is light did n dazzle ! eyes ( ! aviator1 b ! reflection f ! "u surface ( ! w+ light$ up ! field = an adequate di/ance 9 all directions4 ,ano!r important use ( pyrote*nics occurr$ 9 ^? ent]prises kn[n z night-bomb+ raids4 ,s9ce bo? sides kept _! vuln]able ammunition dumps & _! important build+s completely unlight$ at night1 ev5 ?\gh ! night raid] knew he 0 9 ! g5]al vic9ity ( 8 objective1 hits f bombs dropp$ f al(t 7 almo/ accid5tal4 ,to enable ! night bomb] to see 8 t>get ! int]e/+ piece ( pyrote*nics kn[n z ! airplane fl>e 0 inv5t$4 ,?is 0 a great *>ge ( magnesium light held 9 a cyl9drical %eet-iron case ne>ly f\r feet long & half a foot 9 diamet]1 ! exact dim5sions be+ #df in*es by #e in*es4 ,! fl>e weigh$ #cb p\nds4 ,)9 ! cyl9d] 0 n only ! magnesium /ick b also a silk p>a*ute #bj feet 9 diamet]4 ,! entire c>tridge 0 atta*$ to ! airplane by a release me*anism simil> to ^? hold+ ! drop-bombs4 ,:5 ov] 8 objective at night ! pilot or obs]v] t\*$ a button & ! entire c>tridge1 iron case & all1 dropp$ f ! plane4 ,a p9 :eel on ! l[] end ( ! case 0 in/antly spun by ! ru% ( air1 & ! result+ p[] n only ignit$ ! magnesium b at ! same "t detonat$ a *>ge ( black p[d] suffici5t 9 =ce to eject f ! case ! fl>e & its tightly roll$ p>a*ute4 ,! p>a*ute imm$iately op5$2 & ! burn+ fl>e desc5d$ sl[ly1 flood+ a l>ge area ( ! gr\nd bel[ ) a light ( #cbj1jjj c&lep[]1 ?is light burn+ = ab\t #aj m9utes4 ,su* a light n only enabl$ ! bomb] to drop 8 de/ructive missiles accurately1 b x 0 f\nd by exp]i5ce t x dazzl$ ! eyes ( antiaircraft gunn]s bel[ & made _! aim inaccurate4 ,! light ( ?is fl>e 0 s /rong t x 0 possible = ! airplane above to obta9 photographs ( good detail on ! d>ke/ ( nights4 ,we 7 j />t+ to produce ^! fl>es :5 ! w> end$4 ,9 fact ! actual production ( pyrote*nic supplies 9 ?is c\ntry 0 small1 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces dep5d+ almo/ exclusively = ^! supplies ^u ,fr5* & ,briti% s\rces4 ,,keep+ ,,our ,,fli]s ,,w>m4 ,:5 ! comm&] ( an airplane squadron s5ds an aviator into ! high altitudes1 he s5ds him into climate t mu* ( ! ye> is cold] & m sev]e ?an any kn[n on e>?1 ev5 at ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,n only is ! temp]ature ( ! air likely to be _m degrees bel[ z]o at ! heights :i* w> planes atta9$1 b ! fli] mu/ face ?is bitt] cold 9 ! gale ( w9d t is nev] bl[+ less ?an #ajj miles p] h\r4 ,consequ5tly :5 we tra9$ a corps ( aviators to fly at altitudes ( #ah1jjj to #bj1jjj feet above ! we/]n front1 x 0 necess>y = u to design & manufacture = !m ! w>me/ clo?+ ev] made4 ,!y 7 dress$ m w>mly ?an any ,pol> exploration p>ty t ev] set =?1 m w>mly 9 fact ?an any o!r class ( m5 9 ! _w4 ,= we n only gave !m ! protection ( all ! f9e wool1 lea!r1 & fur t !y c\ld we> )\t h9d]+ _! movem5ts1 b 9 addition we lit]ally wrapp$ !m 9 flexible electric heat]s4 ,! fir/ pur*ases ( aviators' fly+ clo!s 7 made by ! coord9at$ action ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,national ,def5se & ! ,qu>t]ma/]'s ,dep>tm5t4 ,x 0 soon app>5t t ! design ( su* clo?+ 0 a special matt] :i* ! aviation au?orities !mselves %\ld control1 & pur*ases !reaft] 7 all made by ! ,bureau ( ,aircraft ,production4 ,!re 7 no /&>d /yles at ! "t1 s x became necess>y = u to develop our own equipm5t4 ,?is developm5t result$ 9 an output = ! fli] t became /&>d4 ,9 mod]ate wea!r ! fli] wore ^u 8 head a wool5 hood1 or helmet1 ext5d+ well d[n ov] ! =ehead to ! eyes1 & ar\nd ! neck to ! %\ld]s4 ,9 cold wea!r1 or = high-flight "w1 ?is headge> 0 augm5t$ by a silk helmet ( d\ble ?ickness1 hav+ betwe5 its lay]s an electrically heat$ pad connect$ by copp] wire to ! electric g5]ator on ! plane's eng9e4 ,outside ( ?is 0 worn a s(t lea!r helmet l9$ ) fur1 ext5d+ d[n ov] ! back ( ! head1 cov]+ ! e>s & *eeks1 & fa/5+ "u ! *94 ,!n ! face 0 entirely cov]$ ) a lea!r face mask l9$ ) wool & hav+ an op5+ = ! eyes1 ov] :i* 7 worn a pair ( goggles4 ,:5 ! pilot 0 also requir$ to op]ate ! radio sy/em1 9 place ( ! fur-l9$ helmet he wore ! radio helmet4 ,?is 0 ( lea!r & resembl$ ! o!r 9 appe>ance1 b x conta9$ ! receiv] ( ! wireless telephone1 enabl+ ! fli] to he> :at 0 spok5 to him 9 an ord9>y tone ( voice sev]al miles away4 ,9 addition to ?is equipm5t ! aviator :o w5t up to ! great heights wore ! oxyg5 mask4 ,?is 0 ( rubb]1 &1 besides supply+ oxyg51 x conta9$ a transmitt]1 all[+ him to speak z well z to he> by wireless4 ,ov] ! body 0 worn a "o-piece fly+ suit ext5d+ f ! feet to ! ?roat1 belt$ & button$ tight at ! ankles & wri/s4 ,! out] mat]ial ( ?is suit 0 wat]pro(1 & :5 x 0 button$ on !re 7 no gaps ?r\gh :i* ! air might p5etrate4 ,?is suit 0 l9$ ?r\gh\t ) fur4 ,x 0 a consid]able problem to f9d a fur ( extreme w>m? ) a pelt /rong en\gh to )/& r\gh usage & /ill n be too great 9 bulk1 & pur*asable at a price n too extravagant4 ,aft] ! furs ( _m bea/s _h be5 exam9$ & te/$1 x 0 det]m9$ t ! hide & fur ( a ,*9ese ,nu*wang dog met ^! requirem5ts bett] ?an any o!r4 ,we 7 mak+ s _m ( ^! suits t we requir$ all ( ! dogsk9s we c\ld get1 n only 9 ?is c\ntry1 b 9 ,*9a4 ,m]ely ! f9al pur*ase ( ^! pelts be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$ 0 = ne>ly #ejj1jjj ( !m1 & t _m dogs 9 an int]ior ,*9ese prov9ce gave up _! lives t ! ,am]ican aviation w>f>e might succe$4 ,) its wat]pro( out] surface & its furry l9+1 x might seem t su* a g>m5t w\ld be w>m en\gh = any "w4 ,b ! aircraft au?orities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 n cont5t until !y _h in/all$ betwe5 ! fur & ! out] cov]+ ?91 flexible1 electric-heat units connect$ by silk-cov]$ wire ) ! dynamo on ! eng9e4 ,simil> heat+ pads 7 plac$ 9 ! gloves & moccas9s ( ! fli]s4 ,on _! h&s1 besides ! electrically heat$ gloves1 ! fli]s wore gauntlets ( muskrat fur1 ^! ext5d+ well up ! arms & be+ ( special design :i* all[$ ! f+]s ( ea* glove to rema9 9 a fur-l9$ pocket or to be )drawn f ! pocket )\t remov+ ! gloves f ! h&4 ,ov] ! electrically heat$ moccas9s 7 worn lea!r moccas9s ext5d+ well up ! calf ( ! leg & l9$ ) heavy %eep wool4 ,^! 7 fa/5$ ) /raps & buckles4 ,?us clad1 our aviators 7 ackn[l$g$ g5]ally to be ! mo/ w>mly & effici5tly equipp$ ( any at ! front4 ,besides ^! special g>m5ts = w>m?1 ! fli]s requir$ _m o!r items ( clo?+1 su* z sweat]s1 lea!r coats1 fur-l9$ coats1 helmets1 & _m /yles ( goggles4 ,! total co/ ( air clo?+1 provid$ or 9 c\rse ( manufacture on ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 0 ov] #e1jjj1jjj4 ,"s ( ! major items 9 r\nd numb]s 7 #ej1jjj fur-l9$ fly+ suits 7at #cf4be71 #ajj1jjj lea!r helmets1 an equal numb] ( lea!r coats1 co/+ any:]e f #aj to #cj ea*1 & ov] #hj1jjj goggles at #c4ej apiece4 ,,protection ,,9 ,,high ,,altitude ,,fly+4 ,ev5 to-day ! vet]an ( ! air squadron sc(fs at ! newfangl$ outfits ( oxyg5 masks & tanks c>ri$ 9 an exp]im5tal way on "s ( ! high-fly+ planes at ! we/]n front :5 ho/ilities ceas$4 ,nev]!less1 _h ! w> cont9u$ a few mon?s long]1 x is probably true t ! oxyg5 app>atus w\ld h be5 includ$ 9 ! indisp5sable equipm5t ( e airplane 9 ! front areas4 ,su* a developm5t1 _h x occurr$1 w\ld h be5 due l>gely to ! ef=ts ( ! ,am]ican ,aircraft ,s]vice4 ,_m aviators :o h gone into high altitudes1 f\ght !re1 & liv$ to tell ab\t x1 d\bt ! necessity ( oxyg5-supply+ app>atus1 s9ce !y !mselves return$ safely )\t x4 ,nev]!less ! exp]im5ts conduct$ by ! ,bureau ( ,aircraft ,production demon/rat$ conclusively t ! fly] artificially suppli$ ) oxyg5 9 ! high altitudes is mu* m effici5t ?an "o :o is )\t x4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ 9 a room :i* duplicat$ ! conditions at high altitudes4 ,at #ai1jjj feet ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e is "o-half ! atmosph]ic pressure at sea level4 ,! lack ( pressure 9 itself causes no appreciable physical or m5tal reaction2 b ! r$uc$ pressure at #ai1jjj feet means t 9 a giv5 am\nt ( air !re is only "o-half ! oxyg5 t !re is 9 a simil> am\nt at sea level4 ,! lack ( oxyg5 is s]i\s4 ,exp]i5c$ aviators 7 plac$ 9 an air-tight *amb] "u ! obs]vation ( ,gov]nm5t sci5ti/s4 ,! air 9 ?is *amb] 0 !n exhau/$ until x correspond$ to ! atmosph]e at ! #ai1jjj feet level4 ,! subjects 7 !n set at small me*anical te/s1 su* z ! pu%+ ( c]ta9 buttons :5 diff]5t color$ lights 7 turn$ on1 ^! tasks requir+ a degree ( m5tal conc5tration4 ,9 ?is & simil> te/s x 0 discov]$ t n only d ! subjects lose accuracy 9 ! att5uat$ air1 b _! movem5ts become conspicu\sly sl[]4 ,9 ! p>lance ( ! pilot !y become dopey4 ,m ?an "o return+ aviator has confess$ to ?is feel+ :5 at a high altitude4 ,:5 ! ,briti% analyz$ _! air casualties dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( ! w> !y f\nd t #b ( ea* #ajj fli]s 9 ! casualty li/ 7 kill$ or hurt by ! enemy1 #h ( !m ow$ _! mis=tune to defects 9 ! planes1 :ile ! o!r #ij came to ! hospital or ! grave because ( !mselves1 _! c>elessness or recklessness1 _! physical fail+s1 & all o!r ?+s :i* may be summ$ up 9 ! human equation4 ,a ?or\gh /udy on ! "p ( ! ,briti% disclos$ ! fact t practically all ( ! fly+ p]sonnel 0 suff]+ f :at became kn[n z oxyg5 fatigue1 caus$ by fly+ s _m h\rs ea* day 9 altitudes :]e !re 0 n en\gh oxyg5 to fe$ ! body prop]ly4 ,be=e ! w> broke out ! aviation record 0 #bf1bdf feet above sea level4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aiai1 ?is record _h be5 lift$ ne>ly a mile1 ! high po9t be+ an altitude ( #cj1ejj feet4 ,e>ly 9 ! w> pilots at ! #g1jjj feet level c\ld laugh at antiaircraft fire1 & few ma*9es ev] w5t above #aj1jjj feet4 ,?us ) ! fir/ equipm5t ! ceil+--t is1 ! av]age high level to :i* e day fly+ goes--0 ab\t #ab1jjj feet4 ,:5 ! w> clos$1 a pilot 0 n safe "u ! #ae1jjj feet level1 due to ! developm5t ( antiaircraft guns1 & ! safe/ ma*9e _h become t :i* c\ld fly highe/4 ,! aviators 7 dem&+ a work+ ceil+ ( #ah1jjj feet1 & 7 obta9+ x1 too1 f ! late/ type ( planes4 ,x 0 evid5t t ! r$uc$ oxyg5 at ?is ceil+ 0 responsible = casualties among ! fli]s1 & we c\ld expect ! ceil+ to be pu%$ ev5 high] z antiaircraft guns became m p[]ful4 ,! ne$ ( oxyg5 equipm5t 0 pla9ly indicat$4 ,ev5 at #ah1jjj feet ! aviator rely+ ^u ! normal oxyg5 supply at t altitude1 :ile he may feel p]fectly fit1 is actually sl[ to judge di/ances1 to aim 8 guns1 to fire !m1 & to maneuv] 8 plane4 ,! fir/ oxyg5 app>atus 0 design$ = ! ,briti% ,air ,s]vice & 0 made at ! plant ( de ,le/ang 9 ,p>is4 ,! dem& = ! app>atus 0 s great t an automobile 0 con/antly kept wait+ at ! factory t z soon z ea* set 0 f9i%$ x c\ld be ru%$ /raight to ! front4 ,! fir/ ,briti% squadron :i* us$ oxyg5 equipm5t report$ t its m5 gave six times ! s]vice ( any o!r ,briti% squadron4 ,our ,air ,s]vice adopt$ ! ,drey] oxyg5 app>atus1 :i* 0 ! orig9al device produc$ by ! ,briti%4 ,we f\nd x to be a h&-made appliance1 b "u our direction we adapt$ x to ,am]ican me?ods ( manufacture4 ,! ,briti% app>atus 0 built to supply oxyg5 to "o man only4 ,we *ang$ x to take c>e ( two m54 ,! model receiv$ 0 too heavy2 we r$uc$ ! weight4 ,f9ally we add$ improvem5ts to make x m effici5t & reliable & r$esign$ x to meet ,am]ican factory me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gunn] ,,9 ,,cockpit ,,equipp$ ,,) ,,oxyg5 ,,helmet ,,& ,,telephone ,,receiv]1 ,,op]at+ ,,movable ,,ma*9e ,,gun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aviator',s ,,oxyg5 ,,helmet ,,equipp$ ,,) ,,telephone ,,receiv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oxyg5 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,brea?+ ,,at ,,high ,,altitudes4 ,su* an equipm5t has to be entirely automatic 9 its op]ation & z reliable z human +5uity c make x4 ,! ,drey] device embodies sev]al in/rum5ts all ( :i* mu/ "w p]fectly "u widely v>y+ conditions4 ,9 use its tanks w conta9 oxyg5 "u pressure rang+ f #ajj p\nds to #b1bej p\nds p] squ>e in*1 yet ! me*anism mu/ deliv] ! oxyg5 to ! aviator at a con/ant rate reg>dless ( its tank pressure4 ,!n ! :ole app>atus is subject$ to temp]atures t may be z high z #hj above z]o or z l[ z #cj bel[4 ,x mu/ function ev5ly 9 ! atmosph]ic pressure at any altitude up to #cj1jjj feet1 deliv]+ m oxyg5 z ! atmosph]e ?9s4 ,su* 0 ! problem ( manufacture4 ,yet1 tak+ up ! "w 9 ,janu>y1 #aiah1 we turn$ out six complete equipm5ts by ,may #c1 #aiah1 s5d+ !m ov]seas by special mess5g] = actual te/ on ! front4 ,tw5ty-eight days lat] we %ipp$ #bjj sets4 ,by ! end ( ! w> we _h built #e1jjj complete oxyg5 equipm5ts4 ,( ?is numb] #c1fjj _h be5 s5t to ports ( emb>kation await+ %ipm5t1 & ov] #b1cjj ( ^! _h be5 %ipp$ ov]seas4 ,9 ,octob] we _h rea*$ a production rate ( #a1jjj sets p] mon?4 ,"s ( ! difficulties ( ?is production may be read 9 ! description ( ! complicat$ "* ( ! app>atus4 ,! equipm5t consi/s ( a small tank or tanks1 ! pressure app>atus1 ! tube lead+ f ! res]voir1 & f9ally ! face mask cov]+ ! m\? & nose4 ,! mask has comb9$ ) x ei!r ! int]phone1 a me*anism :i* cuts (f ! ro> ( ! eng9e f ! e>s ( ! pass5g]s & all[s ! pilot & obs]v] to talk freely ) ea* o!r1 or 9 c]ta9 cases ! receiv] ( ! radio telephone or telegraph4 ,! fl[-regulat+ app>atus consi/s ( five p>ts4 ,9 front ( ! pilot is a high-pressure gauge to indicate ! supply ( oxyg5 9 ! tank4 ,9 ! tank !re is a high-pressure valve ) an upp] *amb] :i* comp5sates = ! temp]ature4 ,!re is also a %ut-(f valve1 h& op]at$1 :i* c be set to provide a fl[ ( oxyg5 to "o man1 to two m51 or to none at all4 ,!n !re is a regulat+ valve op]at$ by an an]oid b>omet] :i* adju/s ! oxyg5 fl[ to ! altitude1 ! fl[ increas+ z ! ma*9e goes high]4 ,f9ally 9 ! pilot's view !re is a fl[ indicator consi/+ ( a small fan :eel :i* tells ! aviator t ! oxyg5 is actually fl[+4 ,! mask pres5t$ a difficult problem1 z x mu/ be big en\gh to conta9 ! radio receiv]s & /ill enable ! aviator to see & "w4 ,yet ! mask mu/ keep its adju/m5t 9 a gale ( w9d at lea/ #ajj miles p] h\r 9 velocity4 ,! actual use ( ! equipm5t on ! front 0 j />t+ :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,we s5t across to ,france a special division ( exp]ts to take *>ge ( ! in/allation ( ^! equipm5ts on ! planes4 ,at ! close ( ho/ilities we requir$ all milit>y planes fly+ above an altitude ( #aj1jjj feet to be equipp$ ) oxyg5 app>atus4 ,?is class includ$ day bomb+1 pursuit1 & *ass planes1 & a c]ta9 numb] ( night bomb+ planes1 & ,army & corps obs]vation planes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,views ,,( ,,bomb ,,sights ,,us$ ,,on ,,airplanes4 ,upp] picture %[s bomb sight on ,de ,havil& #d4 ,l[] picture %[s high-altitude bomb sight4 ,set f read+s ( in/rum5ts %[+ altitude & air spe$4 ,x indicates to ! bomb] ! precise in/ant = release ( ! bomb 9 ord] to rea* ! t>get4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aviators ,,equipp$ ,,) ,,telephone ,,transmitt]s ,,& ,,head ,,sets ,,to ,,communicate ,,) ,,ea* ,,o!r4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,airplane ,,radio ,,telephone4 ,electrical sci5ce 0 call$ ^u to furni% m>vels & prodigies inde$ dur+ ! rec5t w> z aids to ! ,am]ican arms1 b 9 no respect did x respond 9 m successful & spectacul> fa%ion ?an x did :5 ask$ to produce a wireless telephone sy/em t w\ld make possible ! transmission ( human spee* to & f mov+ airplanes4 ,x is d\btful if any o!r bran* ( sci5ce enli/$ = w> "w produc$ any in/rum5t or me*anism s f> 9 advance ( :at 0 kn[n be=e ! w> z ! airplane wireless phone 0 9 its class4 ,to be sure1 we _h ! radio telephone "s "t be=e ,am]ica ent]$ ! w> or ev5 be=e ! w> broke out 9 ,europe 9 #aiad4 ,ev] s9ce ! sci5ti/s began exp]im5t+ ) wireless electricity x has be5 axiomatic t1 at lea/ !oretically1 :atev] y c d ) wires y c d )\t wires4 ,& s foll[+ ! developm5t ( ! wireless telegraph came ! production ( ! wireless telephone1 & ! inv5tion _h be5 s p]fect$ 9 #aiae & #aiaf t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy's (ficial te/ at ! ,arl+ton ,/ation1 across ! ,potomac ,riv] f ,wa%+ton1 human spee* s5t out by ! transmitt]s !re 0 he>d simultane\sly at ! ,eiffel ,t[] 9 ,p>is & at ! ,gov]nm5t's own wireless /ation 9 ,hawaii4 ,b !re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 us+ ! wireless telephone 9 ! quiet ( ! radio rooms abo>d %ip or 9 ! %ore /ations & us+ x amid ! ro> ( ! p[]ful eng9e propell+ an airplane4 ,! equipm5t1 too1 t _h be5 us$ on ! gr\nd 0 altoge!r too cumb]some to g into ! fuselage ( an airplane4 ,z e>ly z ,augu/1 #aiaj1 ,am]ican g5ius _h successfully accompli%$ wireless telegraph transmission f airplane to gr\nd1 & 9 ,octob] ( ! same ye> ! idea ( a]ial fleet comm& by telephone 0 conceiv$ & plans = its developm5t discuss$ by ,army (fic]s on duty at ! ,int]national ,aviation ,t\rnam5t at ,belmont ,p>k1 ,long ,isl&4 ,9 #aiaa a message 0 successfully transmitt$ f an ,army airplane ov] a di/ance ( #b miles4 ,9 #aiab ! ,signal ,corps _h increas$ ! di/ance to #ej miles4 ,two ye>s lat]1 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 a message _h be5 successfully receiv$ on an airplane 9 flight ov] a di/ance ( #f miles4 ,9 #aiae ! ,aviation ,section ent]$ ^u a def9ite plan ( developm5t ( aircraft wireless at ! ,signal ,corps ,aviation ,s*ool1 ,san ,diego1 ,calif4 ,?is plan 0 bas$ ^u ! ,belmont ,p>k idea & discussions1 ) ! voice-comm&$ tactical air fleet z ! ultimate goal4 ,! airplane _h *ang$ f ! pu%] to ! tractor type1 ) ! noise ( ! motor ( ! latt] driv5 back by ! bla/ ( ! propell] into ! face ( ! aviator4 ,! airplane wireless problem 0 ?us q completely *ang$4 ,"u ^! new conditions1 h[ev]1 ! developm5t 0 ent]$ ^u1 & x has s9ce be5 cont9u\s4 ,9 ,octob] a spr+-driv5 dictaphone 0 tak5 into ! air & a record ( spee* made 9 ! noise ( ! motor4 ,?is 0 contemporane\s ) ! successful long-range exp]im5ts 9 radio telephony at ,arl+ton1 ref]r$ to above4 ,a /udy ( ?is dictaphone record conv9c$ ! aviation (fic]s t ! idea ( ! radio telephone = airplanes 0 entirely practicable4 ,exp]im5ts dur+ ! fall & w9t] ) v>i\s means ( driv+ ! wireless p[] plant result$ 9 a decision to develop ! air fan z a s\rce ( p[] r ?an ! ge> or belt sy/em4 ,?is developm5t cont9u+ ?r\gh #aiaf1 transmission by telegraph f airplane 0 accompli%$ up to #adj miles1 means = receiv+ 9 ! noise ( ! motor 7 work$ out1 & a message successfully telegraph$ betwe5 airplanes 9 flight4 ,! radio telephone 0 "u con/ruction1 & 9 ,febru>y1 #aiag1 ! voice 0 fir/ transmitt$ by telephone f airplane to gr\nd4 ,l ,alex&] ,graham ,bell's fir/ wire telephone1 ! app>atus 0 crude4 ,b ! door 0 unlock$ & ready to be op5$ ^u ! new field ( developm5t4 ,:5 on ,may #bb1 #aiag1 ,g54 ,squi]1 ! ,*ief ,signal ,(fic] ( ! ,army1 call$ ^u ! sci5ti/s to develop at once an airplane telephone1 he 0 n only introduc+ !m into :at 0 to _m ( !m a new field1 b he 0 ask+ !m to produce :at ! sci5ce ( ,europe _h be5 unable to create 9 ne>ly ?ree full ye>s ( acqua9tance ) ! successful gr\nd sy/em1 al?\gh ! ne$s ( airplane fight+ dem&$ ?is inv5tion z !y dem&$ almo/ no?+ else4 ,x w ?us be se5 t :5 we began ?is developm5t z a w> measure we _h a consid]able basis ( exp]i5ce to "w ^u4 ,! ,army _h e/abli%$ ! f\ndation ( op]ation on ! airplane1 made a /udy ( ! tactical requirem5ts1 & knew :at x want$4 ,! ,we/]n ,electric ,co4 9 #aiad & #aiae _h conduct$ ext5sive exp]im5ts ) ! radio wireless telephone at a gr\nd /ation at ,montauk1 ,long ,isl&1 & _h play$ an important "p 9 ! long-range exp]im5ts at ! ,arl+ton /ation4 ,!re _h be5 wireless voice communication be=e ?is "t1 b ! app>atus & sy/ems p]fect$ at ,montauk set ! /&>d on :i* all subsequ5t developm5t 0 built4 ,! ,fr5* ,sci5tific ,mission & o!r (fic]s ( ! allies _h arriv$ & enabl$ u to *eck up :at _h be5 done abroad & to confirm or modify our ideas ( ! tactical requirem5ts4 ,at ! conf]5ce ) ,g54 ,squi] 9 ,may 0 ,col4 ,rees ( ! ,royal ,air ,=ce ( ,great ,brita92 ,col4 ,c4 ,c4 ,culv]1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 !n a capta92 & ,f4 ,b4 ,jewett & ,e4 ,b4 ,craft1 respectively ! *ief eng9e] & ! assi/ant *ief eng9e] ( ! ,we/]n ,electric ,co4 ,at ?is meet+ ,g54 ,squi] outl9$ ! future ( ! "p ! airplane 0 to play 9 ! w>1 & po9t$ out h[ invaluable w\ld be a successful means ( communication betwe5 battle planes :5 fly+ 9 squadron =mation4 ,mr4 ,jewett _h receiv$ 8 commission z a major 9 ! ,signal ,corps1 & he 0 ord]$ to take *>ge ( ! "w ( develop+ radio communication = aircraft4 ,capt4 ,culv] _h tak5 "p 9 ! #aiaj exp]im5ts & discussions1 & s9ce #aiae _h be5 conduct+ ! ,army developm5t ( airplane wireless at ! aviation s*ool at ,san ,diego1 ,calif4 ,he 0 detail$ to "w ) ,maj4 ,jewett & 8 eng9e]s1 br++ to _! assi/ance ! result ( 8 exp]i5ce & ! po9t ( view ( ! tra9$ milit>y man & ! aviator4 ,! fir/ developm5t 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! laboratories ( ! ,we/]n ,electric ,co4 on ,we/ ,/reet1 9 ,new ,york4 ,m5 & mat]ials 7 draft$ f e dep>tm5t ( ! company1 & ! laboratories 7 soon see?+ ) activity4 ,9 a few weeks ! fir/ make%ift app>atus 0 assembl$1 & ! fir/ practical te/ ( a radio phone on an airplane 0 made at ,langley ,field at ,hampton1 ,va41 less ?an six weeks aft] ! ,signal ,corps _h giv5 ! g-ahead4 ,?ree employees ( ! ,we/]n ,electric ,co4 on t day e/abli%$ telephone communication betwe5 an airplane 9 flight & ! gr\nd4 ,a few days lat] ! fir/ app>atus produc$ successful communication betwe5 planes 9 ! air4 ,x is n possible "h to g into a te*nical description ( ! wireless telephone4 ,! mo/ vital "p ( ! app>atus1 h[ev]1 & ! ess5tial factor 9 airplane wireless telephone communication is a vacuum tube conta9+ an inc&esc5t filam5t1 a wire me% or grid1 & a metal plate4 ,by means ( electrical curr5t ! wire filam5t is heat$ to inc&esc5ce4 ,! tube has ! prop]ty ( receiv+ ! en]gy ( ! direct curr5t ( a dynamo &1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! wireless ant5n1 ( ?r[+ x out into space z a high-frequ5cy alt]nat+ curr5t4 ,su* is ! s5d+ tube4 ,a modification ( ! same tube picks up f ! ant5n ! high-frequ5cy alt]nat+ vibrations f ano!r s5d+ app>atus & trans=ms !m into direct curr5t1 c>ry+ ! s\nd waves ( ! human voice along ) !m4 ,! design ( ! radio app>atus itself 0 relatively simple = ! exp]ts :o _h und]tak5 ! "w1 = ! company _h already develop$ "s highly successful =ms ( vacuum tubes1 & x 0 an easy matt] = ^! te*nicians to assemble tubes ) ! necess>y coils1 cond5s]s1 & o!r app>atus ( ! transmitt+ & receiv+ elem5ts & produce a sy/em ( su* small compass t x c\ld be c>ri$ on an airplane4 ,b work+ ?is app>atus "u ord9>y conditions 9 ! quiet laboratories & 9 a swift-mov+ & trem5d\sly noisy airplane 7 two diff]5t propositions4 ,"o ( ! fir/ problems 0 to design a com=table head set :i* w\ld exclude all undesirable noises & admit only ! telephone talk4 ,a =m ( helmet 0 f9ally devis$ ) telephone receiv]s ins]t$ to fit ! e>s ( ! pilot or obs]v]4 ,cu%ions & pads adju/$ ! receiv] to ! e>s1 & ! helmet fitt$ close to ! face s z to prev5t z f> z possible ! transmission ( undesirable s\nds ei!r ?r\gh ! e> passages or ?r\gh ! bony /ructure ( ! head1 ^! bones act+ z a sort ( s\nd+ bo>d4 ,! design]s f9ally develop$ a helmet t solv$ ?is portion ( ! problem4 ,n only 0 x necess>y to exclude ! ro> ( ! eng9e & ! rattle ( ! ma*9e gun f ! e>s ( ! m5 receiv+ ! radio communication1 b x 0 also necess>y to filt] out ^! s\nds f ! telephone transmitt]4 ,e p]son :o has ev] %\t$ into a telephone kn[s h[ s5sitive ! ord9>y telephone transmitt] is to extrane\s noises4 ,x requires no wide /ret* ( ! imag9ation to he> 9 fancy h[ an ord9>y transmitt] w\ld behave :5 beside ! exhau/ ( a #djj-;horsep[] ,lib]ty eng9e4 ,a brilliant l9e ( exp]im5tation conduct$ by "o ( ! sci5ti/s at ! laboratory result$ 9 a telephone transmitt] or microphone :i* possess$ ! extraord9>y quality ( be+ ins5sitive to eng9e & w9d noises & at ! same "t highly responsive to ! tones ( ! human voice4 ,) ! receiv] & ! transmitt] p]fect$ ! sci5ti/s ?\ght t ! problem ( airplane telephon+ 0 solv$2 b nev]!less ?ree mon?s ( h>d "w 7 requir$ be=e ! entire sy/em c\ld be adju/$ & put 9 su* %ape t x might be consid]$ a practical device = ev]yday use4 ,! "q ( weight 0 ( utmo/ importance1 & a /ructure t w\ld adequately h\se & protect ! delicate p>ts ( ! me*anism f ! vibration & j>s ( fly+ & l&+ & at ! same "t n be too heavy = practical use on ! plane 0 a difficult problem 9 me*anical design4 ,day aft] day ! inv5tors took ! me*anism up 9 fly+ ma*9es & br\ght x back night aft] night = m "w 9 ! laboratory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,view4 ,,airplane ,,radio ,,telephone ,,set ,,box4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ext]ior ,,view ,,( ,,same4 ,?is 0 a p]iod1 h[ev]1 ( rapid progress4 ,(ficials appe>+ on ,langley ,field f "t to "t witness$ in=mal demon/rations ( ?is developm5t4 ,9 ,augu/ ,mr4 ,bak]1 ,secret>y ( ,w>1 & ,g54 ,scott1 ,*ief ( ,/aff1 li/5$ to a conv]sation be+ c>ri$ on 9 ! air1 & "s six weeks lat] ,brig4 ,g54 ,f\lois witness$ a simil> demon/ration & f ! gr\nd direct$ ! movem5ts ( ! airplane 9 flight4 ,! exp]im5tal app>atus _h rea*$ su* a /ate ( effici5cy t on ,octob] #af1 at ,langley ,field1 communication by voice 0 c>ri$ on betwe5 airplanes 9 flight #be miles ap>t & f airplane to gr\nd ov] a di/ance ( #de miles4 ,by ,septemb] cables _h be5 s5t abroad tell+ ( ! progress made 9 ?is c\ntry on ! developm5t ( ?is app>atus4 ,our (fic]s abroad 7 skeptical & c\ld n believe t ?is c\ntry c\ld outdi/ance ! sci5ti/s ( ! allies :o _h _h ?ree ye>s ( w> exp]i5ce to draw ^u4 ,by ,octob] ! design]s _h br\ght ! sy/em to a p]fection :]e !y 7 will+ to risk its use 9 actual w> fly+1 & ,col4 ,culv] took to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 9 ,france sev]al trunk-loads ( ! app>atus to acqua9t ^? abroad ) :at _h be5 done & to te/ ! app>atus "u s]vice conditions4 ,mean:ile ! developm5t "w cont9u$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,e>ly 9 ,decemb] ! op]ation ( ! app>atus 0 exhibit$ 9 an (ficial te/ at ! ,morra9e ,fly+ ,field at ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,a l>ge numb] ( milit>y & civilian (ficials n only ( our own c\ntry b ( ! allies _h be5 invit$ to witness ?is te/4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t at ?is "t ev5 ^? :o _h he>d ab\t ! progress be+ made 7 skeptical ( ! possibilities ( ! successful adaptation ( ! radio telephone to airplane "w4 ,! design]s ( aircraft nev] look ) favor ^u additional equipm5t :i* may clutt] up ! ma*9e ) trail+ wires & ! l & possibly compel alt]ations 9 /&>d l9es4 ,! pilots1 also1 d n usually give a fri5dly reception to new equipm5t = _! planes4 ,! exhibitors at ,dayton plann$ to h two planes 9 ! air at once1 s t ! (ficials might li/5 9 on _! conv]sation at a gr\nd /ation locat$ on ! top ( a hill ne> ! fly+ field4 ,by h>d "w ! inv5tors got _! equipm5t in/all$1 & j at d>k on ! ev5+ be=e ! day ( ! trial "o ma*9e equipp$ ) wireless w5t up into ! air & held successful communication ) ! gr\nd4 ,! next morn+ :5 ! (ficial p>ty arriv$ ! memb]s view$ ! app>atus 9 ! planes :ile ! inv5tors expla9$ :at x 0 expect$ to d4 ,! visitors 7 !n conduct$ to ! /ation on ! hill1 :]e ^? :o 7 putt+ on ! %[ _h rigg$ up a megaphone atta*$ to ! wireless receiv] s t ev]yone c\ld he> )\t putt+ on a head set4 ,! attitude ( "s ( ! (ficials1 p>ticul>ly ^? f ! =eign nations :o _h _h exp]i5ce 9 w> fly+1 0 skeptical1 if n bor$4 ,! planes left ! gr\nd1 & :5 ! ma*9es _h gone up s high t !y 7 b specks 9 ! sky ! receiv] began emitt+ ! premonitory noises t indicat$ t ! m5 9 ! planes 7 gett+ ready to p]=m4 ,sudd5ly out ( ! horn ( ! l\d-speak+ receiv] came ! words3 ,hello1 gr\nd /ation6 ,?is is plane ,no4 #a speak+4 ,d y get me all "r8 ,looks ( amazem5t came ov] ! faces ( all ^? :o _h nev] he>d ! wireless phone 9 op]ation be=e4 ,soon came ! signal f plane ,no4 #b1 & !n ! demon/ration 0 on4 ,"u comm& f ! gr\nd ! planes 7 maneuv]$ ov] mu* ( t "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y 7 s5t on sc\t+ exp$itions & report$ :at !y saw z !y travel$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,cont9u\s conv]sation 0 c>ri$ on1 & f9ally1 ^u comm&1 ! planes came back out ( space & l&$ z direct$4 ,f t mom5t !re 0 no?+ b en?usiasm 9 all qu>t]s = ! radiophone ^u airplanes4 ,x 0 no long] a "q :e!r ! device w\ld "w or 0 any good1 b a "q ( h[ soon ! company c\ld />t manufacture & 9 :at quantities ! device c\ld be produc$4 ,! demon/rations ,col4 ,culv] _h be5 conduct+ 9 ,france began1 too1 to be> fruit4 ,bo? ! ,briti% & ! ,fr5* _h develop$ exp]im5tal app>atus by ?is "t & ?is 0 exam9$ & te/$4 ,!n cablegrams began to arrive f abroad requisition+ ! ,am]ican app>atus 9 l>ge quantities--conv9c+ evid5ce t x _h great] promise ?an any o!r4 ,b /ill difficulties 7 ahead1 = at ?is /age ! wireless telephone consi/$ ( a few exp]im5tal p>ts built by h&4 ,x rema9$ a heavy task to /&>dize ! equipm5t & p]fect ! multitude ( designs & draw+s t mu/ be 9 exi/5ce be=e quantity manufacture c\ld beg94 ,all sorts ( me*anical details slight$ 9 ! exp]im5t+ & tak5 c>e ( by make%ift devices _h to be work$ out z practical manufactur+ und]tak+s4 ,x 0 ano!r case ( day-&-night "w to put ! me*anism into condition = production4 ,! factory ( ! ,we/]n ,electric ,co4 is 9 ,*icago b its draft+ rooms & laboratories are 9 ,new ,york4 ,z soon z any detail 0 f9ally work$ out ! draw+s 7 tak5 by mess5g]s & ru%$ to ,*icago :]e ! "w ( produc+ ! manufactur+ tools _h begun4 ,only ! fa/e/ pass5g] tra9s betwe5 ,new ,york & ,*icago 7 patroniz$ 9 ?is "p ( ! developm5t4 ,z e detail 0 p]fect$ x _h to be *eck$ by actual te/ 9 ! field1 s t ! company's eng9e]s 7 almo/ con/antly 9 ! air4 ,"o ( ^! exp]ts made #cjb flights himself2 & a total ( #fij flights1 ( a comb9$ duration ( #dhd h\rs1 0 requir$ 9 ! exp]im5tal /age ( ! me*anism4 ,imm$iately aft] ! (ficial trial 9 ,decemb] ! ,gov]nm5t ord]$ ?\s&s ( sets ( ! radio telephone4 ,9 spite ( ! enorm\s detail involv$ 9 mak+ ready = production1 ! fir/ sy/ems 7 turn$ out e>ly 9 #aiah1 well ahead ( ! deliv]y ( ! airplanes 9 :i* !y 7 to be us$4 ,all ?r\gh ?is developm5t ! design]s _h to conf9e _! activities )9 limits set by ! produc]s ( ! aircraft4 ,?is 9 itself creat$ "s puzzl+ problems4 ,= in/ance1 a con/ant curr5t ( electricity mu/ be suppli$ to heat ! filam5ts ( ! vacuum tubes & to op]ate ! transmitt]4 ,a simple way to provide ?is curr5t w\ld seem to be to connect a dynamo ) ! driv+ %aft ( ! airplane eng9e1 b ! airplane con/ructors w\ld n all[ any su* connection ) ! eng9e4 ,curr5t c\ld be suppli$ f /orage batt]ies1 b ! planes 7 already load$ d[n ) all ! ge> !y c\ld c>ry1 & ! use ( heavy batt]ies 0 out ( ! "q4 ,!re=e x 0 ! task ( ! phone design]s to supply a dynamo plant t w\ld n add appreciably to ! weight ( ! plane4 ,?is 0 done by in/all+ on ! outside ( ! plane a w9d propell]1 :i* 0 driv5 by ! ru%+ air & _h p[] en\gh to turn ! dynamo4 ,! dynamo mu/ deliv] a con/ant & unv>y+ voltage to ! radio phone1 if its op]ation is to be possible1 yet a w9d propell] on ! airplane w\ld be driv5 by air ru%+ by at spe$s v>y+ f #ij or #ajj to #afj miles p] h\r1 ! latt] figure be+ ! spe$ ( a div+ plane4 ,?is meant t ! w9d propell]1 & h5ce ! armature ( ! dynamo1 w\ld revolve at a spe$ v>y+ f #d1jjj to #ad1jjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,x w\ld seem to be impossible to procure curr5t at a con/ant rate f a dynamo v>y+ s widely 9 its spe$ ( op]ation2 yet "o ( ! exp]ts engag$ 9 ?is ent]prise solv$ ! problem1 & ! dynamo !reaft] p]=m$ always 9 a mo/ /eady go+ & dep5dable mann]4 ,incid5tally z a sort ( by-product ( ! und]tak+ ! special transmitt] & helmet may be employ$ z a means ( communication betwe5 ! pilot & obs]v] 9 a two-seat$ ma*9e4 ,:5 ! helmet is us$ = ?is purpose1 ! wireless is n employ$ at all1 b ! head sets are connect$ by wires s t not)/&+ ! fact t "o c n he> himself talk because ( ! noise on ! plane ! pilot & obs]v] c conv]se ov] ! telephone ) ease4 ,!n at any "t by ?r[+ a swit* !y c connect !mselves ) ! radio app>atus & talk ) ! m5 9 ano!r plane #c or #d miles away or to _! squadron headqu>t]s on ! gr\nd4 ,"o good result ( ! airplane telephone 0 to spe$ up ! tra9+ ( aviators 9 ?is c\ntry & to make t tra9+ saf]4 ,b ! prim>y object ( ! wireless phone 0 to make x possible = ! lead] ( an air squadron at ! front to control ! movem5ts ( 8 m5 9 ! air4 ,= ?is purpose extra-long range 0 n requir$1 & ! di/ance ov] :i* ! ma*9es c\ld talk 0 purposely limit$ to #b or #c miles s t ! enemy c\ld n ov]he> ! conv]sation except :5 ! planes 7 actually engag$ 9 fight+ ea* o!r4 ,! ,navy made use ( ! wireless telephone sets 9 ! seaplanes1 & "h ! range ( ! equipm5t 0 made great]4 ,! ,navy also adopt$ a modifi$ =m ( ! set = ! #aaj-;foot subm>9e *as]s4 ,! sub*as]s hunt$ ! subm>9es 9 packs1 & by means ( ! radio telephone ! comm&]s ( ! boats kept 9 con/ant t\* ) ea* o!r1 !reby greatly increas+ ! effectiv5ess ( _! op]ations4 ,altoge!r !re 7 produc$ = ! ,army airplanes ab\t #c1jjj comb9$ transmitt+ & receiv+ sets ( ! radio telephone & ab\t #f1ejj receiv+ sets alone4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,balloons4 ,:5 ,/eph5 ,montgolfi] & 8 bro!r ,joseph1 9 ,novemb]1 #aghb1 s5t a %eep1 a roo/]1 & a duck into ! sky1 lift$ by a pap] bag inflat$ ) hot air1 ^! ,columbuses ( balloon+ c\ld sc>cely =esee ! importance t _! inv5tion 0 to h 9 ! great w> #ace ye>s lat]4 ,to ! humble obs]vation balloon 9 ,france r ?an to 8 da%+ h]o ( a c\s91 ! airplane1 mu/ g ! *ief cr$it = t m>vel\s accuracy :i* long-range artill]y atta9$ dur+ ! great /ruggle4 ,! balloon itself 0 spectacul> en\gh once its true "* 0 kn[n4 ,! fact t ! ,am]ican production ( obs]vation balloons dur+ our #ai mon?s z a bellig]5t 0 a complete & unqualifi$ success makes ! /ory ( balloon+ 9 ,france ( p>ticul> int]e/ to ! ,am]ican read]4 ,aft] ! animals ( ! ,montgolfi] b>ny>d _h made _! asc5t1 two fri5ds ( ! bro!rs1 ,m4 ,pilatre de ,rozi] & ,girond de ,villette1 essay$ to be ! fir/ human be+s to take an a]ial flight1 asc5d+ to a height ( #cjj feet & return+ to e>? s\nd ( limb & body4 ,!reaft] & until ! great w> 9 ,europe ! balloon rema9$ ! awe ( ! circus & c\ntry fair gr\nds & ! delight ( ! h&ful ( sportsm5 :o took up ! adv5tur\s pursuit2 b1 except = a limit$ use ( captive balloons 9 our ,civil ,w> & 9 ! siege ( ,p>is1 9 #ahgj & #ahga1 ! balloon _h no important milit>y use4 ,! hot-air balloon nev] c\ld h become ( great value to armies4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x w\ld desc5d :5 ! balloon cool$ (f4 ,?is defect 0 ov]come by ! use ( light]-?an-air gas4 ,moreov]1 ! free balloon 0 subject to ! :ims ( ! breezes4 ,to ov]come ?is *>act]i/ic ! balloon mu/ be fa/5$ by a cable or propell$ by a portable eng9e4 ,x 0 obvi\s1 h[ev]1 to milit>y exp]ts t a /ation>y obs]vation po/ an*or$ ?\s&s ( feet 9 ! air w\ld be ideal 9 w> op]ations2 yet = all ( ?is obvi\s ne$1 until ! great w> milit>y sci5ce _h p]fect$ no?+ bett] ?an ! sph]ical balloon4 ,! sph]ical1 an*or$ to a cable1 bobb$ al(t 9 ! gales & zephyrs z a cork does on ! ocean waves4 ,al?\gh !re _h be5 "s exp]im5tation ) kite balloons be=e #aiad1 x 0 n until ! great w> _h be5 9 progress = "s mon?s t ! pr9ciples ( /reaml9e %ape 7 appli$ to ! captive balloon2 & ! kite balloon1 ! well-kn[n sausage1 made its appe>ance1 to be ! t>get = enemy a]ial op]ations & ! *ief dep5d5ce ( its own ,artill]y4 ,! t]m kite balloon effectively describes ! captive obs]vation balloon z we knew x 9 ! w>4 ,x rides ! air on ! end ( its cable mu* 9 ! mann] ( an ord9>y kite1 & "s ( ! e>ly sausages ev5 flaunt$ /eady+ tails su* z kites c>ry4 ,^! pr9ciples appli$ to ! captive balloon gave to its obs]vation basket a /ability unkn[n by ! pione] a]onauts "u _! sph]ical bags4 ,9 ! fir/ /ages ( ! w> ! ,artill]y reli$ pr9cipally ^u airplanes = fir+ directions4 ,b1 :ile ! airplane obs]v]s c\ld locate ! t>gets fairly well1 !y frequ5tly lo/ t\* ) _! batt]ies because ( ! difficulty ( s5d+ & receiv+ wireless or visual signals ^u _! swiftly mov+ craft4 ,?is disadvantage br\ght ! captive balloon into use1 gradually at fir/1 b be=e ! end ( ! w> on a scale :i* _h practically displac$ ! airplane z a director ( gun fire4 ,! balloon came to be ! v eye ( ! ,artill]y1 :i*1 ?anks to ! developm5t ( ?is app>atus1 reciprocat$ ) an effici5cy beyond any?+ kn[n be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( w>f>e4 ,sitt+ com=tably al(t1 ! obs]v] 9 ! kite balloon basket _h ! :ole panorama ( 8 p>ticul> /ation spread be=e him4 ,8 p[]ful glasses c\ld note accurately ev]y?+ transpir+ 9 a radius ( #aj miles or m4 ,he 0 con/antly 9 t\* ) 8 batt]ies by telephone & n only c\ld give by coord9at$ maps ! exact location ( ! t>get & ! effect ( ! bur/+ %ell1 b c\ld & (t5 did supply mo/ valuable in=mation ( enemy troop movem5ts1 airplane attacks1 & ! l4 ,he 0 a s5t9el ( ! sky ) ! ke51 long-range vision ( ! hawk4 ,he play$ a "p less spectacul> ?an ! sc\t airplane ) its free & dazzl+ flights1 b 8 duties 7 n less important4 ,nor did he suff] f ennui dur+ 8 p]iod al(t4 ,:5 a kite balloon w5t up x became ! subject ( al]t att5tion by ! enemy1 because x 0 up !re on ho/ile & damag+ bus9ess4 ,long-range high-velocity guns turn$ _! muzzles on x1 & planes swoop$ d[n ^u x f dizzy heights1 seek+ to pass ?r\gh ! b>ri] ( %ell f antiaircraft guns & get an inc5di>y bullet ?r\gh ! fabric ( ! gas bag1 an ev5tuality :i* meant ! ignition ( ! highly inflammable hydrog5 gas1 ! quick de/ruction ( ! balloon & p]haps ( ! luckless occupants ( ! basket z well1 unless !y c\ld get away 9 _! p>a*utes4 ,only quick "w c\ld save ! m5 9 ! basket 9 su* a case4 ,f ! "t ! gas leap$ into flame until ! explosion & fall ( ! balloon !re 0 an int]val ( r>ely ov] #ae or #bj seconds4 ,! pilot ( ! airplane c\ld dodge & slip away f ! guns1 b n s ! pilot ( ! kite balloon an*or$ to a w9dlass f #b to #e miles beh9d 8 own l9es4 ,he _h to take :at 0 com+ to him )\t means ( def5se4 ,he mu/ c>ry on 8 sci5tific calculations unconc]n$ly & 9 8 sp>e mom5ts exp]i5ce ! que/ionable pleasure ( wat*+ on "s di/ant hill ! fla% ( an enemy gun tra9$ ^u him & !n ( wait+ ! #bj or #cj seconds = ! :izz+ mess5g] to rea* him1 ! :ile he pond]$ on ! accuracy ( ! enemy gunn]'s aim4 ,:ile ! artill]y on bo? sides paid consid]able att5tion to ! obs]vation balloons1 ! fact 0 t few ( !m 7 br\ght d[n by direct %ell hits4 ,! div+ airplane ) its inc5di>y bullets 0 a f> m deadly enemy to ! balloon ?an ! gr\nd artill]y4 ,c]ta9 pilots 9 all ! air s]vices made a specialty ( hunt+ sausages1 ! nickname giv5 to kite balloons because ( _! %ape4 ,9 ! #ag days betwe5 ,septemb] #bf & ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 our ,army lo/ #ba balloons1 ( :i* #ae 7 de/roy$ by enemy planes & #f by enemy %ell4 ,b x may be not$ t our aviators & artill]y exact$ a toll ( #ej ,g]man balloons 9 ! same p]iod & on ! same front4 ,( #ajj balloons lo/ at ! front1 an av]age ( #fe 7 de/roy$ by enemy attacks & #ce by natural we> & te>4 ,! ,g]man g5]al /aff s /rongly appreciat$ ! "w ( ! alli$ kite balloons t 9 its sy/em ( rat+ aviators x rank$ a balloon br\ght d[n z ! equal ( "o & "o-half planes4 ,! av]age life ( a kite balloon on an active sector ( ! we/]n front 0 e/imat$ to be ab\t #ae days4 ,"s ( !m liv$ only a few m9utes4 ,"o ,am]ican balloon pass$ unsca!d ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod ( ,am]ican activity on a busy sector4 ,:ile ord9>ily five or six mon?s ( nonw> s]vice w det]iorate ! balloon fabric1 !re are _m cases ( useful s]vice long] ?an ?is4 ,:5 ! w> broke out ,g]many is said to h _h ab\t #ajj balloons ( ! kite type4 ,france & ,engl& _h few ( !m4 ,! ,g]man balloon 0 kn[n z ! ,dra*54 ,its gas cyl9d] ( rubb]iz$ cotton clo? 0 approximately #fe feet long & #bg feet 9 diamet]1 ! ends be+ r\nd$4 ,to give x a kite-l /ability 9 ! air a lobe1 :i* 0 a tube ( rubb]iz$ fabric1 ( a diamet] approximately "o-?ird ( ! diamet] ( ! ma9 balloon1 0 atta*$ to ! und]body ( ! gas bag z a sort ( rudd]1 :i* curv$ up ar\nd ! end ( ! balloon4 ,?is lobe 0 n fill$ ) gas1 b ! =w>d end ( x 0 op5 s t :5 ! balloon rose ! breeze fill$ ! lobe ) air4 ,! inflat$ rudd] !n held ! ,dra*5 9 l9e4 ,! lobe automatically met ! em]g5cy4 ,9 calm1 w9dless wea!r ! balloon ne$$ no /eady+ & ! lobe 0 limp4 ,let ! gale bl[1 & ! lobe inflat$ & held ! nose ( ! ,dra*5 into ! w9d4 ,z a fur!r /abiliz] ?ree tailcups1 ) m\?s op5 to ! breeze1 7 atta*$ #aj feet ap>t on a l9e desc5d+ f ! re> ( ! balloon4 ,9 a /rong w9d ^! help$ to keep ! contrivance f sw++4 ,! tail-cup 0 made ( rubb]iz$ fabric1 circul> 9 %ape1 ab\t #d feet 9 diamet]1 & ab\t #b feet deep :5 inflat$ by ! breeze4 ,x look$ l an inv]t$ umbrella1 & 0 atta*$ to ! tail end ( ! balloon = exactly ! same purpose & ) ! same effect z ! tail atta*$ to a kite4 ,! ,dra*5 type ( balloon 0 /ill 9 ! exp]im5tal /age "h & 9 ,france & ,engl& :5 ! ,g]mans swept ov] ,belgium4 ,! ,dra*5 balloon 0 clumsy & relatively un/able 9 high w9ds1 yet its importance to ! ,artill]y c\ld n be ignor$ by ! allies4 ,! results ( its "w daily became m app>5t4 ,! fir/ ef=t ( ! allies 0 to improve ! ,dra*5 to give x great] /ability & p]mit x to g to high] altitudes4 ,:ile ?is "w 0 go+ on1 ,capt4 ,caquot1 ( ! ,fr5* ,army1 produc$ a kite balloon s sup]ior t x quickly sup]s$$ :at _h be5 9 use4 ,g]many clung to ! ,dra*5 = a "t1 b f9ally ab&on$ x = ! ,caquot pr9ciples ( design4 ,! e>li] balloons ( ! sausage type _h be5 m]ely cyl9d]s ) hemisph]ical ends4 ,n[ = ! fir/ "t1 9 ! ,caquot model1 appe>$ a captive t 0 %>ply /ream l9$4 ,/ream l9es are l9es s curv$ z to (f] ! lea/ possible resi/ance to ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* a mobile object1 su* z a ya*t1 an automobile1 or an air%ip1 moves4 ,! ,caquot gas bag 0 #ic feet long1 z comp>$ ) ! ,dra*5's #fe feet ( l5g?1 yet its l>ge/ diamet] 0 only #bh feet1 be+ b a foot ?ick] ?an ! pione] ,g]man type4 ,! ,caquot1 z all balloons develop$ 9 ! w>1 0 made ( rubb]iz$ cotton clo?4 ,its capacity ( #cg1ejj cubic feet ( hydrog5 gas lift$ ! moor+ cable1 ! basket1 two obs]v]s1 & ! mass ( necess>y equipm5t1 & 9 good wea!r ! balloon c\ld asc5d to a maximum altitude ( ov] #e1jjj feet4 ,! pr9cipal innovation 9 ! design ( ! ,caquot balloon 0 ! location ( ! balloonette or air *amb] )9 ! ma9 body ( ! gas envelope4 ,?is *amb] 0 9 ! =w>d in/ead ( ! re> "p ( ! bag & along ! bottom ( ! envelope4 ,x 0 sep>at$ f ! gas *amb] by a diaphragm ( rubb]iz$ cotton clo?1 :i* 0 sewn1 cem5t$1 & tap$ to ! inn] envelope some:at bel[ ! equator or m$ian l9e f ! nose to ! tail ( ! gas bag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,caquot1 ,,type ,r1 ,,captive ,,obs]vation ,,balloon4 ,?is balloon is #ic feet long & #bh feet 9 diamet]4 ,its gross lift+ p[] is #b1fjj p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,balloon ,,controll$ ,,by ,,w9dlass ,,on ,a ,,motor ,,truck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w9dlass ,,= ,,caquot ,,balloon ,,made ,,by ,,james ,,cunn+ham ,,sons4 ,:5 a balloon ( ! ,caquot type is fully inflat$1 ! diaphragm re/s ^u ! und]body ( ! gas envelope1 & !re is no air 9 ! balloonette4 ,!n1 z ! balloon beg9s to asc5d1 at ! high] levels ! surr\nd+ air pressure is r$uc$ & ! gas 9 ! balloon exp&s4 ,?is expansion w\ld normally bur/ ! envelope :5 ! balloon is at a high altitude1 except = a safety valve :i* pops at ! dang] po9t & relieves ! pressure4 ,also1 :5 ! balloon is an*or$ x gradually loses gas1 s9ce no fabric c be made entirely gas-tight4 ,a flabby balloon 9 a gale ( w9d is dang]\s to ! m5 9 ! basket4 ,?is flabb9ess might be expect$ to increase1 too1 z ! balloon 0 haul$ d[n into ! heavi] air pressures4 ,x 0 to ov]come ?is flabb9ess t ! int]ior balloonette 0 fir/ inv5t$1 b ! new location n only accompli%$ ?is end b increas$ ! /ability1 less5$ ! t5sion on ! cable & all[$ an almo/ horizontal position ( ! balloon itself4 ,z ! balloon rises ! w9d bl[s into ! balloonette ?r\gh a simple scoop plac$ "u ! nose ( ! balloon4 ,?is =ces up ! diaphragm & comp5sates = any loss ( gas f ! envelope above4 ,if ! day is calm & no air is driv5 into ! balloonette1 !re is no dang] f a flabby balloon anyh[1 & h5ce no ne$ = ! air *amb]4 ,! ?+ is automatic4 ,! ,caquot 0 equipp$ ) lobes ( rubb]iz$ fabric to act z rudd]s4 ,^! lobes1 :i* 7 spac$ equidi/antly ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! re> ?ird ( ! balloon1 fill$ ) w9d :5 w9d 0 bl[+ & !re 0 ne$ ( rudd]s4 ,9 calm wea!r ! lobes1 p>ticul>ly ! two upp] ones1 hung loosely1 resembl+ elephant e>s4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is *>act]i/ic ! ,caquots 7 nicknam$ elephants by ! soldi]s4 ,! ,caquot ma9ta9$ its /ability )\t tailcups1 & its con/ruction caus$ x to ride ne>ly horizontally & directly above its moor+1 reg>dless ( w9ds4 ,9 ?is position x put mu* less /ra9 on ! an*or+ cable ?an ! old-fa%ion$ sausage4 ,?is balloon has be5 op]at$ successfully 9 w9ds z high z #gj miles an h\r1 s t app>5tly no gale c\ld keep x on ! gr\nd4 ,:5 we w5t into ! w> bo? our ,army & ,navy 7 practically )\t obs]vation balloons1 & we knew little ab\t _! con/ruction1 al?\gh we _h be5 wat*+ ! developm5ts 9 ,europe4 ,"o local ,national ,gu>d organization _h tak5 to ! ,mexican bord] a locally design$ captive balloon1 ! gift ( ! ,goodye> ,tire ,rubb] ,co41 ( ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,9 ,april1 #aiag1 ! total production capacity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 = only two or ?ree milit>y obs]vation balloons 9 a mon?4 ,b :5 ! em]g5cy came ! v>i\s conc]ns ^: plants 7 adaptable to ?is class ( manufacture--! li/ includ+ ! ,goodye> & ,goodri* organizations at ,akron1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,rubb] ,co41 ! ,fire/one ,tire ,rubb] ,co41 ! ,connecticut ,aircraft ,co41 & ! ,knab5%ue ,manufactur+ ,co4--all jo9$ :olehe>t$ly ) ! ,signal ,corps to solve our balloon problems4 ,"o ( ^! problems 0 ! production ( balloon clo?1 = :i* !re _h nev] be5 any comm]cial call 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,su* clo? obvi\sly mu/ be ( cotton1 = 9 cotton we _h our l>ge/ supply ( textile raw mat]ial4 ,! clo? mu/ be closely wov51 smoo?1 & /rong1 to s]ve z a base = ! rubb]iz+ process4 ,! /&>d balloon clo? %\ld h a weave ( approximately #adj ?reads to ! in* bo? ways4 ,9 our va/ cotton indu/ry only a few mills _h ev] made su* a clo?1 & !n only 9 small quantities4 ,9 fact we f\nd only a few looms 9 exi/5ce capable ( weav+ su* clo?1 :i* mu/ be f #ch to #de in*es wide4 ,a s+le loom c\ld turn out only an av]age ( t5 y>ds ( ?is clo? 9 a day4 ,our balloon program 0 to call = millions ( y>ds ( high-c\nt clo?1 & ?is meant ! con/ruction ( ?\s&s ( new looms1 z well z ! tra9+ ( hundr$s ( weav]s4 ,naturally our cotton manufactur]s 7 reluctant to und]take su* a production1 & _! fe>s 7 ju/ifi$ :5 we f\nd t ! e>lie/ deliv]ies ( balloon clo? 7 frequ5tly z high z #fg p] c5t imp]fect4 ,by ! middle ( #aiah1 h[ev]1 ! mills _h s p]fect$ _! me?ods t ! wa/age am\nt$ to only #aj p] c5t ( ! clo? wov54 ,?is wa/age 0 l>gely caus$ by slubs1 knots1 & o!r imp]fections :i* prev5t$ an ev5 surface = rubb]iz+4 ,because ( ! lives :i* dep5d$ ^u hav+ p]fect balloon clo?1 ! fabric 0 lit]ally inspect$ in* by in*1 & hundr$s ( m5 & wom5 _h to be educat$ especially 9 ?is inspection "w4 ,! developm5t ( ! new art ( weav+ balloon clo? 0 an a*ievem5t ( no mean degree4 ,9 ,april1 #aiag1 all ( our cotton mills put toge!r c\ld produce only en\gh clo? to build two balloons a week4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aiah1 our looms 7 turn+ out clo? suffici5t = #aj balloons a day1 an expansion 9 ! indu/ry am\nt+ to #c1jjj p] c5t 9 #ai mon?s4 ,?is expansion proce$$ at a rate t always kept u a little ahead ( ! milit>y s*$ule4 ,to produce #aj balloons a day ! cotton mills _h to turn out #fjj1jjj y>ds ( special clo? a mon?4 ,9 addition to ! small army ( weav]s1 ?is production call$ into s]vice #c1bjj looms4 ,_h ! w> cont9u$ ano!r ye>1 we w\ld h rea*$ our goal ( #ae complete new kite balloons produc$ e day4 ,our complete project ( balloons & dirigibles ( all types call$ = a total output ( #bj1jjj1jjj y>ds ( balloon clo?4 ,_h we rea*$ ! quantity production plann$1 we w\ld h be5 able to supply n only our own ne$s b also all ( ! balloon ne$s ( ! allies 9 ,europe4 ,am]ica _h ! raw mat]ials necess>y = ! :ole anti-,g]man balloon program4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutt+ ,,& ,,cem5t+ ,,balloon ,,panels ,,9 ,,! ,,goodri* ,,plant ,,at ,,akron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spread] ,,room ,,at ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,,rubb] ,,co4 ,,factory1 ,,%[+ ,,ma*9es ,,t ,,rubb]ize ,,! ,,clo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f9al ,,balloon ,,assembly ,,room ,,at ,,goodri* ,,factory4 ,z x 01 we suppli$ to ,france & ,engl& a consid]able numb] ( balloons :5 ! mat]ials %ortage 9 ^? c\ntries 0 becom+ acute4 ,! =eign us]s ( ?is ,am]ican made equipm5t report$ t x 0 equal to ! be/ ,european product4 ,x %\ld h be54 ,no w> mat]ial 0 ev] manufactur$ m consci5ti\sly ?an ?is4 ,9 addition to ! pa9/ak+ c>e ( ! produc]s1 f />t to f9i% a l>ge =ce ( inspectors wat*$ e /ep 9 ! con/ruction ( ea* balloon1 & :5 ,am]ica s5t a balloon to ! front x 0 "r = ! "w x _h to p]=m4 ,! weav+ ( ! clo? 0 b ! fir/ /ep 9 ! production ( ! balloon fabric4 ,! fabric ( ! balloon envelope resembles a s&wi* 9 its con/ruction1 !re be+ a ?9 film ( specially comp\nd$ rubb] betwe5 two plies ( ! cotton clo?4 ,! out] ply ( ! clo? is cut on ! bias4 ,?is me?od prev5ts any long /raight te> d[n ! gra9 ( ! fabric4 ,! ?reads ( ! inn] ply are set at an angle ( #de to ^? ( ! out] ply1 ?us di/ribut+ /ra9 suffici5tly to /op a snag practically :]e x />ts4 ,! cotton clo? alone c n resi/ ! seepage ( gas1 &1 !re=e1 x is necess>y to rubb]ize x1 ! rubb] film be+ really ! gas-resi/+ envelope4 ,9 ?is rubb]iz+ process ! clo? mu/ be run ?r\gh ! spread+ ma*9e #cj to #ce times 9 ord] to build up ! ?9 rubb] film )\t a flaw 9 x ( any k9d4 ,! outside ply ( ! balloon fabric is spread1 t is1 pa9t$ ) a rubb] comp\nd conta9+ a color+ matt]4 ,?is comp\nd makes ! fabric wat]pro(2 x gives also protective color+ to ! balloon :5 9 ! air1 mak+ x less visible to ! enemy2 &1 f9ally & mo/ important1 ?is color+ absorbs ! act9ic rays ( ! sun :i* are s fatal to ! life ( rubb]4 ,9 "s ( ! fabric ! rubb] film itself 0 color$ to )/& bo? ! heat & ultra-violet rays1 ?us bo? protect+ ! rubb] & reflect+ ! heat :i* w\ld o!rwise exp& ! gas 9 ! balloon4 ,:ile 9 g5]al we adopt$ ! ,european /&>ds ( con/ruction1 we _h to develop our own rubb] comp\nds & cures z well z our v>i\s fabrication processes4 ,! late/ reports we receiv$ f ! front /at$ t ! ,am]ican fabric n only 0 successful1 b t x _h an add$ *>act]i/ic :i* 0 a direct means ( sav+ life4 ,x 0 discov]$ t ! ,am]ican fabric burn$ m sl[ly ?an ! ,european balloon fabric1 giv+ ! m5 9 ! obs]vation basket m "t to get away 9 ! p>a*utes :5 ! balloons 7 de/roy$ by ho/ile attack4 ,:5 we w5t into ! w> we _h nev] built a w9dlass = a kite balloon4 ,! ability ( ! ,am]ican manufactur] solv$ ?is problem z x did almo/ e o!r problem 9 ! developm5t ( w> in/rum5ts4 ,/eam 0 ! motive p[] fir/ us$ = w9dlasses1 b be=e ! fight+ came to an end ,am]ica _h develop$ bo? gas & electric w9dlasses :i* 7 ?or\ghly effici5t4 ,! be/ kn[n type ( gasol9e w9dlass 0 t hav+ two motors1 "o to turn ! cable drum controll+ ! balloon's asc5t & desc5t1 & "o = mov+ ! w9dlass itself along ! road4 ,a record pull-d[n spe$ ( #a1fjj feet a m9ute1 or m ?an ?ree times ! spe$ ( ! fa/e/ pass5g] elevator1 has be5 atta9$ by ! gasol9e w9dlass4 ,! electric w9dlass1 :ile pull+ d[n ! balloon at ! sl[] rate ( #a1bjj feet p] m9ute1 0 smoo!r 9 op]ation4 ,! mobile w9dlass w\ld move on a road "u its own p[] at #bj miles an h\r & c\ld t[ ! balloon 9 ! air at ! rate ( #e miles an h\r1 or ev5 fa/] if necessity dem&$4 ,to play on ! safe side at ! />t1 we adopt$ a satisfactory w9dlass t _h be5 develop$ 9 ,france4 ,x 0 difficult to manufacture ?is entirely ,fr5* ma*9e ) ,am]ican mat]ials & me?ods2 yet ,james ,cunn+ham1 ,sons ,co41 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 succe$$ 9 obta9+ a deliv]y ( f\r complete w9dlasses p] week4 ,9 addition to ?is w9dlass we design$ two ( our own4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! product ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army ,balloon ,s*ool & 0 manufactur$ by ! ,mc,keen ,motor ,c> ,co41 ( ,omaha1 ,nebr42 ! o!r w9dlass 0 design$ & manufactur$ by ! ,n4 ,c4 ,l4 ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ( ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,bo? 7 put into quantity production1 assur+ u a suffici5t numb] ( ! be/ w9dlasses ev] manufactur$4 ,! fir/ cable us$ to hold ! balloon captive 0 approximately a qu>t]-in* 9 diamet]1 weigh$ #a p\nd = ea* #h feet ( l5g? _h a break+ /r5g? ( #f1ijj p\nds1 & 0 made ( sev5 twi/$ /r&s ( pl[-/eel wire1 conta9+ 9 all #acc sep>ate wires4 ,?is cable1 :ile x accompli%$ ! orig9al purpose1 0 e>ly se5 to h f9e possibilities ( developm5t4 ,! obs]v]s 9 ! basket mu/ be kept 9 con/ant communication ) ! ,artill]y & _! own w9dlass & ?is communication c\ld be/ & mo/ effici5tly be obta9$ by means ( ! telephone4 ,! balloon telephone1 z fir/ us$1 0 an entirely individual unit ) its own sep>ate cable f ! basket to ! gr\nd4 ,9 ?is way communication 0 inde$ e/abli%$1 b only at ! co/ ( a decrease 9 possible altitude1 increas$ cable resi/ance1 & ! necessity ( an extra w9dlass = w9d+ & unw9d+ ! telephone cable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ballooni/s ,,ready ,,to ,,asc5d4 ,! picture %[s ballooni/ ) telephone equipm5t1 also a p>a*ute on side ( basket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,balloon ,,pack$ ,,= ,,ov]seas ,,%ipm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,balloon ,,9 ,,goodri* ,,factory ,,inflat$ ,,to ,,be ,,subject$ ,,to ,,air ,,te/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nurse ,,balloon ,,conta9+ #e1jjj ,,cubic ,,feet ,,( ,,gas4 ,x is us$ 9 ! field to repl5i% kite balloons ) hydrog54 ,previ\s to ! entrance ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! w>1 prelim9>y exp]im5ts 9 ,france 7 be+ made ) ! view ( putt+ ! telephone wires 9 ! c5t] ( ! ma9 cable1 ?us do+ away entirely ) ! second cable & w9dlass4 ,b !re _h nev] be5 develop$ a satisfactory cable ( ?is con/ruction4 ,am]ican inv5tiv5ess at ! ,john ,a4 ,roebl+ ,sons ,co4 & ! ,am]ican ,/eel ,wire ,co4 0 set to "w on ?is problem ) ! result t n only 0 a satisfactory cable develop$ b a /eady production 0 atta9$1 #ej1jjj feet p] week be+ deliv]$ regul>ly by ! ,john ,a4 ,roebl+ ,sons ,co4 alone4 ,?is new cable consi/$ ( #aad sep>ate wires ( special /eel besides ! telephone c5t] ( #c copp] wires prop]ly insulat$ & armor$4 ,! specifications dem&$ a break+ /r5g? ( #g1bjj p\nds :ile ! actual te/ ( ! f9i%$ ,roebl+ cable %[$ #h1bej p\nds4 ,ano!r ( ! balloon problems 0 ! supply ( hydrog5 gas4 ,be=e ! w> only a little hydrog5 0 us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! elem5t be+ a by-product 9 ! manufacture ( comm]cial oxyg54 ,we met ! additional dem& = millions ( cubic feet ( hydrog5 = our balloons by e/abli%+ ,gov]nm5t gas plants & exp&+ privately own$ plants already 9 exi/5ce4 ,!re 7 two me?ods ( supply+ hydrog5 to our balloon units at home & abroad4 ,"o ( ^! 0 by furni%+ portable plants :i* w\ld g5]ate hydrog5 at ! place :]e x 0 to be us$4 ,! o!r 0 to take ! hydrog5 f ! /ation>y plants1 cond5se x by pressure 9 /eel cyl9d]s1 & %ip x to po9ts ( dem&4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ! gas :i* we us$ n only 9 ?is c\ntry b 9 ,france 0 produc$ at ! p]man5t supply /ations & %ipp$ 9 cyl9d]s4 ,ea* cyl9d] held ab\t #aia cubic feet ( gas "u a pressure ( #b1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* at #fh ,f4 temp]ature4 ,:5 ! w> end$ we _h plac$ ord]s = #agb1hjj ( ^! cyl9d]s1 ( :i* #hi1bbe _h be5 deliv]$ & 7 9 use4 ,we develop$ a manifold fill] :i* w\ld take ! gas f #ab to #bd cyl9d]s at ! same "t & quickly inflate a kite balloon1 a spe$ ( #bc m9utes = a complete inflation hav+ be5 report$ f "o tra9+ camp4 ,9 ! production ( portable hydrog5 g5]ators we _h to produce n only ! ma*9e b ! *emicals requir$ 9 ! process4 ,we adopt$ ! f]rosilicon & cau/ic soda process by :i* x 0 possible to produce #aj1jjj cubic feet ( hydrog5 p] h\r 9 a field g5]ator4 ,!re 0 pl5ty ( cau/ic soda to be _h1 b high grade f]rosilicon1 a production ( l>ge electrolytic furnaces1 0 sc>ce1 because ( its heavy consumption 9 ! /eel indu/ry4 ,we procur$1 h[ev]1 #b1dhb tons ( x = our g5]ators1 ( :i* ov] #b1cfj tons 7 suppli$ by ! ,electro-,metallurgical ,sales ,corporation alone4 ,an int]e/+ feature ( ! gas supply 9 ! field 0 ! use ( nurse balloons4 ,! nurse balloon 0 simply a l>ge rubb]iz$-fabric bag ) a capacity ( #e1jjj cubic feet ( gas4 ,x 0 us$ = /orage ( gas1 & ! obs]vation balloons 7 f$ f x4 ,we h n receiv$ ! exact figures ( ! quantity ( gas us$ by ! entire ,balloon ,s]vice2 b1 z "o item alone1 private manufactur]s previ\s to ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice produc$ & deliv]$ #ag1fcd1cec cubic feet ( hydrog5 & 7 9 position to meet practically any dem& = ! gas4 ,?is figure is only a small "p ( ! total1 s9ce x does n include ! hydrog5 produc$ 9 ! p]man5t ,gov]nm5t /ations or by ! field g5]ators4 ,hydrog5 itself1 :ile ! lighte/ ( *eap gases1 & !re=e ! "o univ]sally us$ 9 balloons1 has ! grave fault ( be+ dang]\s to ! ballooni/4 ,:5 mix$ ) ! air x is highly explosive1 if t\*$ (f by a sp>k ( fire or electricity4 ,= ye>s ballooni/s h dream$ ( a gas light en\gh to h great lift+ p[]1 b :i* w\ld n burn nor explode4 ,!re 0 su* a gas kn[n to *emi/ry1 & ?is 0 helium1 discov]$ fir/ 9 spectroscope exam9ations ( ! corona ( ! sun1 b lat] f\nd by *emi/s to exi/ r freely 9 ! atmosph]ic envelope ( ! e>?4 ,al?\gh "o ( e #ajj p>ts ( air is pure helium1 x 0 n until comp>atively rec5t ye>s t ?is light nonexplosive gas 0 discov]$ 9 our atmosph]e4 ,n[ helium 0 r>e & exp5sive1 & until ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! w> no "o _h consid]$ its production z a comm]cial possibility4 ,up to two ye>s ago ! total _w production ( helium s9ce its discov]y _h n be5 m ?an #ajj cubic feet 9 all1 & ! gas co/ ab\t #a1gjj p] cubic foot4 ,x _h be5 discov]$ t c]ta9 natural gases issu+ f ! gr\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates conta9$ limit$ quantities ( helium4 ,! "q 0 :e!r we c\ld extract ?is helium 9 suffici5t quantities to make its use practical4 ,! ,signal ,corps1 ! ,navy1 & ! ,bureau ( ,m9es comb9$ 9 a coop]ative plan to develop a practical helium production4 ,by adopt+ a me?od ( obta9+ ! helium f liquefi$ gas produc$ 9 ! processes ( ! ,l9de ,air ,products ,co4 & ! ,air ,r$uction ,co41 & also by ! ,norton process1 we atta9$ a/oni%+ success 9 ?is ent]prise4 ,on ! day ! armi/ice 0 sign$ we _h at ! docks ready = load+ on bo>d %ips #adg1jjj cubic feet ( helium4 ,at its prew> value ?is gas w\ld h be5 wor? ab\t #bej1jjj1jjj4 ,on ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 we 7 build+ plants :i* w\ld produce helium at ! rate ( #ej1jjj cubic feet p] day1 & ! co/ ( obta9+ x _h dropp$ f #a1gjj p] cubic foot to approximately #aj c5ts4 ,none ( ?is gas 0 actually us$ 9 ! w>1 b its production by our *emi/s 0 hail$ z ! greate/ /ep ev] tak5 9 ! developm5t ( balloon+4 ,x n[ seems to h op5$ a new era 9 light]-?an-air navigation4 ,9 w> helium w nullify ! inc5di>y bullet :i* de/roy$ s _m balloons & air%ips4 ,9 peace x br+s ! possibilities ( new types ( con/ruction ( dirigible air%ips1 s9ce its use elim9ates entirely all ( ! frightful dang]s f lightn+1 /atic electricity1 or sp>ks & flames f gasol9e eng9es or any o!r s\rce4 ,! ,army & ,navy coop]at$ 9 ! production ( balloons4 ,! ,army furni%$ ! balloon clo? to ! ,navy4 ,navy balloons _h two automatic safety valves = ! exp&+ gas1 "o on ea* side ( ! balloon a ?ird ( ! way back f ! nose & j above ! equator2 :ile ! ,army held to ! ,fr5* & ,briti% idea ( a s+le valve 9 ! nose itself4 ,! ,navy adopt$ a ,caquot-type balloon :i* rides at an angle ( ab\t #be to ! horizontal & is some:at small] ?an ! ,army model4 ,! ,navy us$ ^! balloons z spott]s = subm>9es & m9es4 ,!y 7 t[$ on cables f ! decks ( w> %ips1 & 7 connect$ ) ! %ips by telephone4 ,! use ( p>a*utes ) balloons is a comp>atively rec5t developm5t1 ! man :o fir/ successfully desc5d$ to e>? 9 a p>a*ute be+ n only /ill active & en?usia/ic ov] a]ial developm5t1 b be+ 9 fact ! *ief inspector ( all ,unit$ ,/ates ,army balloons & p>a*utes4 ,?is is ,maj4 ,?omas ,s4 ,baldw91 kn[n ! _w ov] z ,capt4 ,tom ,baldw91 h]o ( innum]able a]ial exploits ( all k9ds "u all conditions & 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & at pres5t *ief ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army balloon inspection4 ,! ,yankee balloon obs]v] 9 ,france w5t up to 8 obs]vation po/ 9 ! security ( kn[+ t ! equipm5t on :i* 8 life dep5d$ _h be5 ,o4 ,k4'd by m5 :o knew ! bus9ess f beg9n+ to end4 ,! p>a*ute z x is kn[n at ! c\nty fair & ! p>a*ute us$ 9 ! rec5t w> 7 f> ap>t 9 type1 ! latt] embody+ all ! improvem5ts t ! _w's a]onautical exp]ts c\ld add to x4 ,! ne$ = p>a*utes develop$ :5 ho/ile aviators began %oot+ d[n ! sausages4 ,at fir/ ! "o-man p>a*ute 0 us$ exclusively1 ! m5 9 ! basket leap+ ov]bo>d ! in/ant _! balloon 0 fir$ ov] _! heads4 ,any delay on _! "p w\ld be fatal1 s9ce ! entire bag w\ld be consum$ 9 #ae or #bj seconds & ! obs]v] w\ld !n be unable to leap out ( ! fall+ basket4 ,:5 ! individual p>a*utes 7 us$1 ! maps & records 9 ! balloon basket 7 usually lo/4 ,to ov]come ^! difficulties1 ! design]s inv5t$ ! basket p>a*ute4 ,?is 0 consid]ably l>g] ?an ! individual p>a*ute1 & to op]ate x ! ballooni/s pull$ a cord :i* cut ! basket away f ! balloon entirely4 ,! spread+ p>a*ute ov]head !n float$ ! basket1 ) ! m5 !mselves & all else x conta9$1 safely & quickly to ! gr\nd4 ,al?\gh hundr$s & ev5 ?\s&s ( p>a*ute jumps occurr$ dur+ ! w>1 !re 7 few fatalities f ?is cause4 ,dur+ all ! "t our =ces 7 at ! front only "o ( our m5 0 kill$ z ! direct result ( a p>a*ute drop4 ,9 t p>ticul> in/ance ! burn+ balloon fell on top ( ! op5 p>a*ute1 sett+ x on fire & all[+ ! obs]v] to fall unprotect$ ! re/ ( ! di/ance to ! gr\nd4 ,"o ( our obs]v]s 0 kn[n to make f\r jumps f 8 balloon on ! same busy day1 & ano!r leap$ ?rice 9 f\r h\rs4 ,9 ! ,argonne (f5sive #cj balloon jumps 7 made by our m54 ,z to ! safety ( our p>a*ute equipm5t1 ! only compla9t f ! ,yankee ballooni/s at ! front 0 t !y 7 too safe4 ,! man :o is escap+ f a ,g]man airplane nose-div+ at him ) a ma*9e gun spitt+ fire is 9 a hurry & does n wi% to be deta9$ by a p>a*ute :i* floats him too sl[ly to ! e>?4 ,9 ! rigg+ ( ea* kite balloon !re are ab\t #b1jjj feet ( rope ( diff]5t sorts4 ,!re 0 a %ortage ( prop] cordage 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at fir/1 & ! ,fr5* ?\ght !y c\ld furni% ?is rigg+ to u4 ,b ?is attempt prov$ to be unsuccessful1 & we 7 =c$ to develop a cordage manufacture 9 ?is c\ntry ( high quality & great quantity4 ,we did ?is s swiftly t !re 0 no s]i\s delay to ! balloon production4 ,up to ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 we produc$ ov] #a1jjj balloons ( all k9ds1 #fdb ( ^! be+ ( ! f9al ,caquot type :i* we adopt$4 ,?is production includ$ _m propag&a balloons = c>ry+ pr9t$ matt] ov] ! l9es into ! enemy's c\ntry4 ,we suppli$ sev]al t>get balloons = gun practice on our aviation fields4 ,we develop$ new types ( p>a*utes & built acres ( canvas hang>s = balloons4 ,we produc$ #a1bba1ehb feet ( /eel moor+ cable4 ,^! are only ! major items 9 ! balloon ent]prise1 & d n include hundr$s ( o!rs ( less importance4 ,! balloon production 0 "o ( ! mo/ important & successful ( all our w> projects4 ,al?\gh we _h a limit$ k ( ! subject 9 ! beg9n+1 our balloons /ood ! h>d te/ ( actual s]vice & c\ld be> comp>ison 9 e way ) ! be/ balloons ( ,europe1 :]e ! art ( balloon build+ _h be5 9 exi/5ce = _m ye>s4 ,once our production actually />t$1 we nev] _h any %ortage ( balloons = our own ,army2 & soon we w\ld h be5 9 a position to produce ! obs]vation balloons = all ( ! armies fight+ ,g]many1 if call$ ^u to d s4 ,balloon production figures4 ,,balloons ,,& ,,p>a*utes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,obs]vation ,supply ,miscellane\s ,p>a*utes balloons balloons balloons produc$ to-- produc$ to-- produc$ to-- produc$ to-- ,firm4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,nov4#aa1,m>4#a1,nov4#aa1,m>4#a1,nov4#aa 1,m>4#a1 ,nov4#aa1,m>4#a1 #aiah4 #aiai4 #aiah4 #aiai4 #aiah4 #aiai4 #aiah4 #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,goodye> ,tire #cjc #cjc ,rubb] ,co41 #deh #efe #ci #ci #cae #cag #bj #bj ,akron1 ,ohio #cbeccbec ,b4 ,f4 ,goodri* ,rubb] ,co41 #cjc #cjc ,akron1 ,ohio #afi #bgi #aj #aj #caa #caa #ae #ae ,connecticut ,aircraft ,corporation1 ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 #bb #cg #gb #gb #caa #cac ,unit$ ,/ates ,rubb] ,co41 ,ea/ ,cambridge1 ,mass4 #bc #cg ,knab5%ue ,manu- factur+ ,co41 ,ea/ ,nor?port1 ,long ,isl& #c #be #a #a #caa #caa ,fr5*-,am]ican ,balloon ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #a #a #cab #cab ,scott-,omaha ,t5t ,awn+ ,co41 ,omaha1 ,nebr4 #cbafacbafa #ec #bbh ,new ,york ,t5t ,awn+ ,co41 ,new ,york #fc ,follem]-,clogg ,co41 ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 #ajd #aca ,bick=d ,bros41 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 #a #a ,fire/one ,tire ,rubb] ,co41 ,akron1 ,ohio #g #g ,columbia ,mills 7,inc471 ,wilkes-,b>re1,pa4 #cba #cba ---------------------------------------- ------------- #cjf #cjf ,total #fgf #idd #abi #abi #caaj #caad #bef #deh manufactur$ #cbbaecbbae ,total %ipp$ to ports #dha #f #d ,total %ipp$ #cjf to camps1 etc4 #dfc #abc #caad #dah #cbbae ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #cj ,t>get4 #ca ,sph]ical4 #cb ,propag&a4 ,,w9dlasses4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,produc$ to-- ,firm4 --------------------------- ,nov4 #aa1 #aiah4 ,m>4 #a1 #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,mc,keen ,motor ,c> ,co41 ,omaha1 ,nebr4 #bc #ce ,*ris ,d4 ,s*ramm ,son1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #bj #bj ,jas4 ,cunn+ham ,sons ,co41 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 #e #ce ,n4 ,c4 ,l4 ,eng9e]+ ,corporation1 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 #a #cg ,i4 ,deloies ,hoi/+ ,co41 ,new ,york #a #a --------------------------- ,total manufactur$ #ej #abh ,total %ipp$ to camps & depots #abd ,total %ipp$ to ports ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,cable4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,feet4 ,feet4 ,john ,a4 ,roebl+s ,sons ,co41 ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j4 #dgf1gjj #hfj1gjj ,am]ican ,/eel ,wire ,co41 ,worce/]1 ,mass4 #gdd1hhb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,total manufactur$ #a1bba1ehb #hfj1gjj ,total %ipp$ to ports #dhf1jjj ,total %ipp$ to camps & depots #a1aai1ehb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,hydrog5 ,,gas4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,cubic feet4 ,cubic feet4 ,oxyg5 ,gas ,co41 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 #b1gae1hde #c1efh1fjj ,s\!rn ,oxyg5 ,co41 ,s\? ,wa%+ton1 ,va4 #ide1dab #a1fjh1ggh ,int]national ,oxyg5 ,co41 ,new ,york #b1aff1ffh #b1aff1ffh ,walk] ,ref9+ ,co41 ,au/91 ,tex4 #dif1jjj #eie1ghc ,t>rifville ,oxyg5 ,*emical ,co41 ,t>rifville1 ,con4 #a1jgb1eij #a1jgb1eij ,l\isiana ,oxyg5 ,co41 ,new ,orleans #dgg1ejj #ijd1egf ,k5tucky ,oxyg5 ,co41 ,l\isville1 ,ky4 #bgf1ggi #edj1geb ,burdett ,oxyg5 ,co41 ,*icago #i1ecb1eei #aa1cdg1iii --------------------------- ,total produc$ #ag1fhc1cec #ba1hje1gdf ,total %ipp$ ov]seas #g1cdi1egh ,total %ipp$ to camps #ad1def1afh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,hydrog5 ,,cyl9d]s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,national ,tube ,co41 ,mc,keesport1 ,pa4 #ce1hjj #dc1cjj ,h>risburg ,pipe ,pipe ,b5d+ ,co41 ,h>risburg1 ,pa4 #ch1dbe #fe1ejj ,t9del-,morris ,co41 ,nor? ,eddy/one1 ,pa4 #ae1jjj #ae1jjj --------------------------- ,total manufactur$ #hj1bbe #abc1hjj ,total to ports #cj1jjj ,total to camps & w>eh\ses #ie1hjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,book ,,iii4 ,,! ,,eng9e] ,,corps4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,eng9e]s ,,9 ,,france4 ,9 describ+ ! activities ( ! ,eng9e]s1 we are c>ri$ to ! front itself1 into ! zone beat5 by enemy fire1 :]e ma*9e-gun bullet1 bur/+ %ell1 & deadly gases h br\ght sudd5 dea? & pa9ful w\nds to _m memb]s ( ! te*nical s]vices4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! ,eng9e]s are combatant troops1 con/itut+ 9 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces ab\t #h p] c5t ( ! total combatant troops engag$4 ,^! troops1 tra9$ & equipp$ to m>* & fight z ,infantry1 demon/rat$ _! fight+ qualities dur+ ! w> on num]\s occasions1 bo? :5 us$ z ,infantry to increase ! rifle /r5g? ( t arm & :5 fight+ z ,eng9e]s to obta9 possession ( t]ra9 z a prelim9>y to ! ex]cise ( _! te*nical art 9 its organization4 ,f ! day ! fir/ sector 0 tak5 ov] by ,am]ican troops 9 ,novemb]1 #aiag1 until ! ,meuse ,riv] 0 pass$ & ! enemy1 9 flight1 s\ght an armi/ice to save 8 armies f de/ruction1 ! combatant ,eng9e]s--! sappeurs ( ,fr5* soldi] lore & song--- f\ght & bl$ 9 a mann] nev] to be =gott54 ,railroad eng9e]s1 nom9ally consid]$ noncombatant1 at ,cambrai dropp$ _! tools to take arms & /& /ubbornly %\ld] to %\ld] ) _! ,briti% bro!rs ) :om !y 7 le>n+ to "w "u ! special conditions ( ! front4 ,f ,cantigny to ,*ateau ,?i]ry1 ,eng9e] troops f\ght z well z work$1 & (t5 n only advanc$ ) ! ,infantry "u or ?r\gh ! b>rage1 b actually l$ ! fir/ wave1 to demoli% or remove ! ob/acles plac$ 9 its pa?4 ,?r\gh ! days :5 f ,m>* #ba1 #aiah1 until ,july #ah1 #aiah1 ! ,g]man army made its rapid plunges t[>d ,p>is until *eck$ & ?r[n back across ! ,m>ne at ,*ateau ,?i]ry1 ! sapp] troops f\ght & work$ ) ! ,infantry ( _! divisions1 endur+ ! same dang]s1 privations1 & h>d%ips1 & w9n+ equal honors & comm5dation4 ,9 ! drive at ,/4 ,mihiel & ?r\gh ! ,argonne1 ! combatant ,eng9e]s play$ a conspicu\s "p4 ,advanc+ ) ! tanks1 !y made possible ! passage ( _m difficult po9ts = ^! lumb]+ mon/]s1 aga9/ :i* 0 direct$ a p>ticul>ly de/ructive fire4 ,us+ elongat$ torp$oes ( high explosive1 kn[n z ,bangalore torp$oes1 !y prep>$ passages = ! ,infantry ?r\gh ! broad b>b$-wire entanglem5ts1 e*elon$ 9 dep? by num]\s sep>ate l9es1 ea* to be brea*$ & pass$ be=e ! objective c\ld be ga9$4 ,9 ?is "w ! ,eng9e]s r$uc$ ! ma*9e-gun ne/s t h9d]$ _! op]ation1 clean$ up ! /rong po9ts t delay$ ! advance ( ! tanks !y 7 assi/+1 & ?rew extemporiz$ footbridges across ! /reams :i* b>r$ ! fur!r advance ( ! ,infantry4 ,! combatant ,eng9e]s did _! "p 9 ! w9n+ ( ! reconqu]$ gr\nd z well z ! lion's %>e ( its organization = ! def5se & ! ma9t5ance ( ! communications beh9d x4 ,9 ?is la/ respect alone1 ! ,eng9e]s1 z combatant troops1 op5$ across ,no ,man's ,l& ! fir/ communications practicable = ! light field artill]y1 :i* press$ =w>d imm$iately beh9d ! ,infantry troops to _! support & protection4 ,fill+ 9 tr5*es1 remov+ wire entanglem5ts1 build+ tre/les across wide m9e crat]s1 se>*+ = & r5d]+ inop]ative trea*]\s m9es & traps ( extreme +5uity & de/ructiv5ess1 ! sapp] f\nd a wide field = ! ex]cise ( 8 functions4 ,%att]$ & oblit]at$ by f\r ye>s ( %ell+ & m9+1 tr5*+1 & c\nt]m9+1 ! roads across ,no ,man's ,l& exi/$ only on ! map2 & z !y retreat$ ! ,g]mans demoli%$ & ob/ruct$ ! highways beh9d ! old front f :i* !y _h be5 driv51 ) ! ?or\ghness & att5tion to detail = :i* !y are not$4 ,z our ,infantry advanc$1 ^u _! heels1 lit]ally speak+1 came our ,eng9e]s1 to attack ! problem ( provid+ = ! ,artill]y & supply tra9s a means ( foll[+4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! road build] 9 civil life1 _! me?ods 7 crude 9 ! extreme1 b = ! milit>y purpose & ! press+ imm$iate ne$s1 _! road build+ a*ievem5t 0 adequate4 ,! ,eng9e]s sometimes reop5$ ab&on$ qu>ries1 & sometimes />t$ !m :]e none _h exi/$ be=e1 to obta9 a supply ( road metal1 :i* supply 0 sometimes supplem5t$ & 9 "s cases replac$ by ! use ( debris f ru9$ villages & %att]$ f>mh\ses4 ,f demoli%$ /ructures _m useful mat]ials 7 extract$ & adapt$ to ! milit>y purpose by ! ,eng9e]s4 ,:]e bridge & tre/le timb]s 7 lack+1 des]t$ build+s--9 "o case ! t[] ( a ru9$ *ur*--fill$ ! ne$4 ,:]e %ell hole or crat] yawn$ a remnant ( a /able wall might be pull$ d[n by ropes & man p[]1 & brok5 up to fill ! void4 ,?r\gh ! d5se woods ! s(t =e/ floor (f]$ no support ev5 to ! light artill]y1 & miles ( corduroy & bru% pa? 7 built to p]mit ! guns to advance to ! re9=cem5t ( ! attack4 ,9 _m places ! tactical situation admitt$ ( insuffici5t "t to build ev5 ! crude/ pa?s1 & !n ! ,eng9e]s fell to & assi/$ artill]y & supply wagons to get ?r\gh & ov] ! bad spots1 replac+ guns on ! road :]e !y _h run into ! dit*1 right+ & reload+ combat wagons :5 !y _h turn$ ov] 9 %ell holes or deep ruts4 ,:ile ?us engag$ ! sapp] troops 7 subject$ to ! fire ( enemy artill]y seek+ to prev5t ! advance ( ! support+ guns1 &1 fur!r1 !y 7 work+ )9 ! zone ( combat ( enemy aviators1 ! rattle ( ^: deadly ma*9e guns1 z !y plung$ at l[ altitude t[>d a busy work+ p>ty1 0 z mu* to be dread$ z ! high-explosive bombs :i* !y dropp$4 ,beh9d ! combatant ,eng9e] troops1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! s]vice ( supply to ! base ports & across ! ocean to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 an organization ( te*nical noncombatant supply & adm9i/ration4 ,! "w ( ^! production1 con/ruction1 & supply dep>tm5ts ( ! ,eng9e] s]vice 9 ,france 0 organiz$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces "u ! adm9i/ration ( ?ree divisions ( ! (fice ( ! ,*ief ,eng9e]4 ,^! 7 ! division ( milit>y eng9e]+ & eng9e]+ supplies1 ! division ( con/ruction & =e/ry1 & ! division ( light railways & roads4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,supplies4 ,! division ( milit>y eng9e]+ & eng9e]+ supplies 0 *>g$ ) ! procurem5t1 /&>dization1 & di/ribution ( all classes ( supplies us$ by ,eng9e] troops4 ,dur+ ! #ai mon?s ( w>f>e ?is division h&l$ #c1bbe1aba tons ( supplies1 /or+ !m & di/ribut+ !m f imm5se depots aggregat+ #be acres ( cov]$ /orage & ov] #gef acres ( op5 /orage4 ,?is s]vice 0 fur!r *>g$ ) ! curr5t inve/igations into new developm5ts ( ! art ( milit>y eng9e]+1 & ) ! developm5t1 op]ation1 & adm9i/ration ( c]ta9 te*nical bran*es ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 su* z electrical & me*anical troops1 wat]-supply troops1 se>*light regim5ts1 etc4 ,at its sev5 /orage depots 9 ! base1 int]m$iate1 & advance sections1 ?is division _h 9 s]vice #bc locomotive cranes1 mo/ly ( #ae tons capacity & capable ( h&l+ an enorm\s am\nt ( freight & mat]ial at w>eh\ses & c>s4 ,! foll[+ table ( pr9cipal items ( eng9e] mat]ial %[s ! k9ds & quantities ( supplies :i* 7 receiv$ 9 ,france = issue ?r\gh ?is division up to ,decemb] #ae1 #aiah3 ,table ( eng9e] supplies receiv$ 9 ,france4 ,,f ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,item4 ,tonnage4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,g5]al ma*9]y #de1ded ,iron & /eel products #bdb1bbf ,h>dw>e & h& tools #bf1ghj ,railway roll+ /ock #cdc1hhh ,railway motive p[] #add1jff ,lumb] #ci1jhf ,track mat]ials & fa/5+s #dhh1gic ,automotive transportation1 etc4 #bb1abg ,horse-drawn transportation #g1ifg ,build+ mat]ials & supplies #ih1fga ,liquids #g1jfg ,explosives & accessories #ieb ,unit acc\ntability #g ,eng9e] supplies #eb1ajf ,miscellane\s (fice supplies #b1bci ,float+ equipm5t & accessories #aj1jic ,mat]ial & tools = locomotive & c> repair & erection %ops #aj1djg ---------- ,total ,unit$ ,/ates #a1eda1ibi ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,f ,,european ,,s\rces4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,tools & equipm5t #dfb1jbg ,ma*9]y #ac1adf ,(fice supplies & equipm5t #a1gha ,auto & track supplies #dfd ,track & ties #aae1dch ,locomotives & c>s #h1fdi ,wat] supply1 ma*9]y #f1baj ,wat] supply1 supplies #dh1daf ,electric s]vice1 ma*9]y #b1cdb ,electric s]vice1 supplies #d1jhc ,con/ruction mat]ials #ahh1hcj ,boats & b>ges #e1idj ,motorcycles & bicycles #ab ,g5]al eng9e] supplies #eha1adi ,cem5t f ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces mills #ed1hfj ,b>racks #bfc1eij ,bunks #i1hib ,latr9es #b1adc ,miscellane\s #di1bjj ---------- ,total ,european s\rces #a1hah1agb ,total ,unit$ ,/ates & ,european s\rces #c1cfj1aja ---------------------------------------- -------- ,to facilitate ! procurem5t ( supplies 9 ! exi/+ _w m>kets1 ?is division e/abli%$ 9 ,p>is a pur*as+ bo>d1 hav+ bran*es 9 ,engl&1 ,switz]l&1 & ,spa94 ,:5 ! w> end$ ?is bo>d _h accompli%$ ! trem5d\s task ( buy+ ov] #a1hjj1jjj tons ( eng9e] supplies1 ) a total value ( #bje1bdb1gbh4 ,9 addition to ?is mat]ial1 our own c\ntry furni%$ ov] #a1ejj1jjj tons1 ) a value ( #bdh1iic1cbb4 ,france sold to u ?r\gh ?is bo>d #a1bcd1ifh tons1 valu$ at #acd1cic1hgj1 & ,engl& #cif1jjj tons1 valu$ at #ef1ade1hah4 ,9 ,switz]l&1 pur*ases consi/+ pr9cipally ( sectional b>racks & te*nical equipm5t1 total$ #if1hfg tons1 ) a value ( #ad1fdc1daj4 ,pur*ases f ,spa9 am\nt$ to only #gig tons1 ) a value ( #ei1fcj4 ,mu* "w 0 done 9 /&>diz+ supplies ( all classes1 s t quantity-production me?ods c\ld be us$ 9 _! fabrication1 ?us promot+ economy & /imulat+ ! rapidity ( supply4 ,9 ! procurem5t ( cem5t = ! use ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 ! ,eng9e]s dealt successfully ) a problem ( l>ge magnitude & importance4 ,by contract ) ,engli% & ,fr5* mills1 by direct pur*ase = specific jobs f local mills1 & by _! own manufactur+ op]ations1 ! ,eng9e]s secur$ en\gh cem5t to supply ! dem&s = con/ruction bo? at ! front & 9 ! ,s4 ,o4 ,s41 z ! s]vice ( supply 0 g5]ally kn[n4 ,?ree l>ge cem5t mills 7 leas$ f ! ,fr5* own]s & op]at$ by special troops organiz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to c]ta9 o!r ,fr5* mills ! ,eng9e]s furni%$ labor & mat]ials 9 return = a c]ta9 proportion ( _! output4 ,x is e/imat$ t ab\t #bae1jjj tons ( cem5t 7 ?us procur$1 repres5t+ a total co/ ( ab\t #g1jjj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eng9e]s1 ,,assi/$ ,,by ,,infantry1 ,,build+ ,a ,,road ,,ov] ,,:at ,,0 ,,no ,,man',s ,,l& ,,"o ,,week ,,be=e4 ,! /ones f tott]+ walls ( build+s are brok5 into small pieces & laid on ! road b$1 mak+ a good milit>y road4 ,fay on ,haye1 ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w>eh\ses ,,& ,,docks ,,f ,,! ,,riv]4 ,,bass5s ,,docks1 ,,bordeaux1 ,,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor!rn ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,docks ,,at ,,old ,,bass5s1 ,,bordeaux1 ,,france4 ,! ,eng9e]s op]at$ %ops at v>i\s po9ts ne> ! front 9 :i* 7 manufactur$ /&>d mat]ial = dug\t1 tr5*1 & emplacem5t con/ruction1 su* z concrete beams1 concrete slabs = ov]head protection aga9/ high-angle %ell fire1 tr5* frames1 revetm5t mat]ial1 tr5* duck bo>ds1 m9e & gall]y timb]s1 knockd[n bunk sets1 etc4 ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,=e/ry4 ,! division ( con/ruction & =e/ry 0 *>g$ ) all con/ruction "w 9 ! s]vice ( supply1 & also ) ! procur+ ( =e/ products = ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,at ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice its organization total$ #aej1hbc m51 ( :om ab\t #abg1jjj 7 con/antly engag$ 9 production "w4 ,us+ /&>diz$ build+ plans1 ?is =ce p]=m$ a huge am\nt ( con/ruction "w 9 ,france4 ,x 0 assum$ t "o-?ird ( ! ,am]ican troops 9 ,france w\ld h to be h\s$ 9 new build+s erect$ specially = ! purpose4 ,?us accommodations = ab\t #gej1jjj m5 _h to be built at ! rate ( #af b>racks1 ea* #bj by #ajj feet 9 size1 = e #a1jjj m54 ,contracts 7 let to ,briti% & ,fr5* contractors = #bc1jjj dem\ntable b>racks1 ?is ord] be+ bas$ on ! ultimate probable size ( ! ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,dur+ ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 & ,octob]1 #aiah1 ^! b>racks 7 be+ receiv$ at ! rate ( #a1jjj p] mon?4 ,to supplem5t a supply ( ev5 su* magnitude1 our own type ( b>rack 0 develop$ to be built ) lumb] furni%$ by ! ,am]ican =e/ry =ces 9 ,france4 ,"o cantonm5t project involv$ ! con/ruction ( #ejj b>racks1 accommodat+ #ee1jjj m54 ,a total ( #aa1hfb b>racks 7 erect$ = ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 9 ,france1 repres5t+ #bbe miles ( l5g?1 if all ! b>racks 7 plac$ s+ly end to end4 ,x 0 ! policy ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces to provide hospital room suffici5t to give b$s1 if necess>y1 to #ae ( e #ajj ,am]ican soldi]s 9 ,france4 ,on ?is basis ! ,eng9e]s set out to provide hospitals ) a total ( #bhj1jjj b$s4 ,( ^!1 #aci1jjj b$s 7 9 hospitals tak5 ov] f ! ,fr5*1 #be1jjj b$s be+ add$ to ?is capacity by new con/ruction4 ,9 entirely new base1 camp1 evacuation1 & convalesc5t hospitals1 #aaf1jjj b$s 7 ultimately made available = ! casualties ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 requir+ ! erection ( #g1gjj hospital b>racks ( special type1 all ( :i* w\ld h total$ #abg miles 9 l5g? if plac$ s+ly end to end4 ,z to ! progress ( ?is con/ruction1 on ,novemb] #ad1 #aiah1 !re 7 #aij1cef b$s occupi$ 9 ,am]ican hospitals 9 ,france1 b all #bhj1jjj b$s orig9ally specifi$ 7 ready & available4 ,! base hospital plants 7 complete municipalities 9 !mselves1 & _h capacities v>y+ f #a1jjj to #f1jjj b$s4 ,^! units 7 built :]e no?+ _h exi/$ be=e b little ,fr5* rural communities1 devoid ( ! improvem5ts & mod]n conv5i5ces ) :i* we 9 ?is c\ntry are s famili>4 ,to e/abli% a mod]n milit>y hospital1 capable ( c>+ = ! v>i$ casualties & illness aris+ f action & abnormal liv+ conditions1 x requir$ ! con/ruction ( roads1 sid+s1 unload+ plat=ms1 sort+ & classification build+s1 op]at+ rooms1 surgical & m$ical w>ds1 dormitories1 morgues1 cemet]ies1 complete wat] supplies1 fire protection sy/ems1 sewage & g>bage disposal plants1 recreation build+s1 electric light plants1 & all t goes to make complete a mod]n in/allation = ! c>e ( ! w\nd$ & sick4 ,_m ( ! camp & evacuation hospitals requir$ con/ruction ( ! same "*1 b diff]+ 9 magnitude4 ,! ,eng9e]s develop$ port faculties at ,/4 ,nazaire1 ,bordeaux1 ,la ,pallice1 ,m>seilles1 ,bre/1 & at less important h>bors4 ,9 g5]al1 at ^! places ! exi/+ facilities 7 exp&$ to meet ! ne$s = ! deb>kation ( troops & ! unload+ & %ipm5t ( supplies4 ,orig9ally #bc %ip b]?s 7 plac$ at our disposal by ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,eng9e]s exp&$ ?is equipm5t to a total ( #hi b]?s1 ) au?oriz$ projects = #afj b]?s by ,june1 #aiai4 ,our ov]seas %ipm5ts grew f #bj1jjj tons 9 ,july1 #aiag1 to #a1jjj1jjj tons 9 ,octob]1 #aiah1 b ! port expansion kept abrea/ ( ?is developm5t4 ,fifty-eight #cjj-ton light]s 7 built by ,eng9e] troops ) ,fr5* timb]1 & tw5ty-six #ejj-ton light]s ) ,am]ican timb]4 ,! ,eng9e]s con/ruct$ sev5 d]rick b>ges ) lift+ capacities rang+ f #cj to #ajj tons4 ,! exi/+ ,fr5* railroads runn+ f ! base ports to ! advanc$ zone 7 q inadequate1 s t x 0 necess>y to supplem5t _! facilities ) _m miles ( new track & o!r con/ruction1 includ+ important /orage1 classification1 arrival1 & dep>ture y>ds1 w>eh\se tracks1 eng9e t]m9als1 wat] po9ts1 & repair %ops4 ,at ,bass5s1 ,/4 ,sulpice1 ,miramas1 & ,montoir1 enorm\s /orage depots 7 con/ruct$ to h&le ! supplies ent]+ ,france = our =ces4 ,! ,am]ican-built railroad y>ds at ^! po9ts 7 comp>able 9 magnitude & complet5ess to ! important y>d developm5ts und]tak5 9 ?is c\ntry 9 rec5t ye>s by ! l>ge railroad sy/ems1 ! y>ds at ,/4 ,sulpice hav+ a trackage total+ #adg miles ( s+le track4 ,^? at ,bass5s & ,/4 ,sulpice 7 virtually complet$ dur+ ! w>1 :ile ! con/ruction at ,miramas 0 well "u way at ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,at ,/4 ,sulpice ! project 0 design$ on ! basis ( receiv+1 /or+1 & =w>d+ ! supplies = #a1jjj1jjj m5 = #cj days4 ,! o!rs 7 ( l magnitude4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,subsi/5ce ,,w>eh\se ,,at ,,nev]s1 ,,france1 ,,m>*1 #aiah ,,%[+ ,,fr5* ,,wom5 ,,truck+ ,,rations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,view ,,( ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,l>ge ,,w>eh\ses ,,at ,,bass5s ,,docks1 ,,bordeaux1 ,,france4 ,picture tak5 9 ,april1 #aiah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ice ,,plant1 ,,built ,,= ,,! ,,am]ican ,,exp$ition>y ,,=ces ,,at ,,gievres1 ,,france4 ,,x ,,is ,,! ,,?ird ,,l>ge/ ,,plant ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,freez+ ,,room ,,( ,,ice ,,plant ,,at ,,gievres4 ,at ,nev]s1 9 ! int]m$iate section1 a condition exi/$ requir+ ! con/ruction ( six miles ( new d\ble-track l9e1 ) a bridge ov] ! ,loire ,riv] #b1aij feet long4 ,?is piece ( con/ruction is kn[n z ! ,nev]s ,cut ,(f4 ,x reliev$ ! railroad conge/ion at ?is important po9t4 ,at ,is-sur-,tille1 9 ! advance section1 0 built a regulat+ /ation at :i* tra9 loads ( supplies & troops 7 dispat*$ to po9ts :]e ne$$4 ,/ill f>!r t[>d ! front1 at ,liffol-le-,gr&1 0 ano!r & small] regulat+ /ation1 controll+ troop movem5ts & ! di/ribution ( munitions & subsi/5ce4 ,bo? ( ^! projects 7 entirely new & 7 9 useful op]ation :5 ! w> t]m9at$4 ,9 addition to ! above projects1 _m /orage y>ds1 hospital tracks1 ordnance depot y>ds1 aviation c5t] tracks1 & con/ruction tracks 7 laid out & built4 ,9 all #icg miles ( s+le track 7 laid1 ?us fulfill+ 9 ! equival5t ! pr$iction t to supply an ,am]ican ,army at ! front we %\ld h to build a d\ble-track railroad f ! ,fr5* coa/ to ! tr5*es4 ,/orage depots1 rem\nt depots1 & vet]9>y hospitals erect$ by ! ,eng9e]s prov$ entirely adequate = ! ne$s ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces at all times4 ,a gr& total ( #ecf acres ( cov]$ /orage 0 built or acquir$1 ( :i* ab\t #dhb acres 0 new con/ruction4 ,space 0 provid$ 9 rem\nt depots = #bi1jjj animals1 & x 0 project$ to accommodate #dh1gjj animals _h x be5 necess>y4 ,vet]9>y hospital space 0 provid$ = #ag1bej sick animals4 ,ea* vet]9>y hospital requir$ mu* special con/ruction1 su* z concrete dipp+ tanks = ! treatm5t ( mange1 op]at+ rooms1 ex]cis+ paddocks1 hay %$s1 liv+ qu>t]s = att5dants & vet]9>y surgeons1 & adm9i/ration build+s4 ,at ,gievres1 9 connection ) ! important /orage depot built !re1 0 con/ruct$ ! ?ird l>ge/ refrig]at+ plant 9 ! _w4 ,?is plant1 built by ! ,eng9e]s f plans prep>$ by exp]ts1 0 capable ( c>+ = #e1bjj tons ( meat at once1 & ( produc+ #bej tons ( ice p] day4 ,ano!r simil> plant at ,bass5s _h a capacity = #d1jjj tons ( meat4 ,miscellane\s con/ruction "w 9 ,france cov]$ _m fields ( activity4 ,! "q ( adequate wat] supply 0 ev] pres5t1 & 9 mo/ places :]e hospitals1 depots1 %ops1 or w>eh\s+ plants 7 built1 a wat] supply developm5t 0 incid5tally necess>y4 ,_m sy/ems 7 in/all$ complete f ! collection ( ! wat] at its s\rce to its di/ribution to ! po9ts ( consumption1 :ile 9 "s o!r cases only ext5sions & ameliorations ( exi/+ sy/ems 7 und]tak54 ,wat] supply 9 ! s]vice ( supply 0 plac$ "u z f9e & complete a sy/em ( bact]iological inspection & exam9ation z is cu/om>y "u m normal conditions4 ,at ,t\rs1 ,vi]zon1 ,/4 ,nazaire1 & ,dijon1 :]e unfavorable bact]iological conditions exi/$1 arrangem5ts 7 ent]$ into ) ^! municipalities :]eby ! exi/+ wat] supplies 7 *lor9at$ by ! ,am]ican wat] supply s]vice4 ,at ,is-sur-,tille 0 built a me*anical bak]y at :i* #ejj1jjj p\nds ( bread1 fre% = imm$iate %ipm5t to ! troops at ! front1 c\ld be produc$ 9 "o day4 ,ano!r su* plant 0 built & put into s]vice at ,neuf*ateau1 & at ,liffol-le-,gr& x 0 propos$1 & plans _h be5 prep>$1 to con/ruct a ?ird plant = #djj1jjj p\nds ( bread p] day1 b ?is project 0 cancel$ j aft] ! armi/ice4 ,9 addition to ^! plants1 bak]y capacity = #bdj1jjj p\nds p] day 0 provid$ at ! base ports4 ,oil /orage 0 provid$ = #age1jjj b>rels ( oil & gasol9e4 ,! l>ge plants1 ) tanks hav+ a capacity ( #be1jjj b>rels ea*1 built ) endur+ concrete f\ndations & equipp$ ) connections & pump+ plant = ! load+ ( tank c>s de/9$ = ! front1 rival$ 9 size ! in/allations at l>ge ref9]ies ( ?is c\ntry4 ,= ! op]ation ( ^! _m plants num]\s p[] developm5ts 7 und]tak51 & a total ( #e1jjj kil[atts ( new p[]1 be+ provid$ = at ! "t ( ! armi/ice1 0 cancel$4 ,plants ( ! capacity ( #gej kil[atts ea*1 provid+ #c1ejj kil[atts ( electric p[] 9 all1 7 9 op]ation :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 n to m5tion num]\s small] units in/all$ at v>i\s po9ts :]e ne$$4 ,ordnance repair %ops 7 erect$1 z 7 also assembl+ plants = ordnance mat]ial1 & heavy gun-m\nt+ plants4 ,repair %ops ( enorm\s ext5t 7 e/abli%$ ne> ! front1 equipp$ ) ma*9e-tool equipm5t = ! repair & ma9t5ance ( tank & motor transport mat]ial4 ,s*ools = ! l9e & /aff 7 con/ruct$1 ! fir/ & l>ge/ be+ at ,gondrec\rt & ,longres4 ,laundry plants1 salvage depots1 aviation assembly plants1 sewage disposal plants1 refuse inc9]ators1 me*anical repair %ops1 locomotive assembly plants & locomotive r\nd-h\ses 7 plac$ at conv5i5t po9ts4 ,at ,*almdray & at ,colombey-les-,belles1 bo? )9 a %ort day's automobile ride ( ! front1 7 ! tank & air-s]vice repair depots1 ea* "o cov]+ _m acres ( gr\nd & ea* provid$ ) full equipm5t = any job ( manufacture or repair 9 _! respective fields4 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,eng9e]s ,,qu>ry+ ,,/one ,,to ,,repair ,,milit>y ,,roads ,,de/roy$ ,,by ,,g]man ,,%ell ,,ne> ,,m5il-,,la-,,t\r1 ,,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sawmill ,,at ,,l>ge/ ,,lumb] ,,camp ,,9 ,,france4 ,,tw5tie? ,,eng9e]s ,,ne> ,,ecl>on1 ,,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,haul+ ,,logs ,,by ,,motor ,,truck1 ,,camp ,,kellog1 ,,bordeaux1 ,,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/orage ,,dam ,,at ,,sav5ay1 ,,france1 ,,& ,,! ,,l& ,,t ,,w ,,be ,,inundat$ ,,:5 ,,x ,,is ,,complet$4 ,! =e/ry "w ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 0 develop$ to meet ! heavy dem&s ( our armies = =e/ products ( all k9ds4 ,! fir/ move 9 ?is direction 0 ! dispat* to ,france ( ! ,t5? ,eng9e]s1 a =e/ry regim5t ( two battalions4 ,?is 0 9 ,septemb]1 #aiag4 ,by ! spr+ ( #aiah we _h recruit$ & tra9$ ! ,tw5tie? ,eng9e]s1 a =e/ry regim5t ( #aj battalions4 ,lat] additional =e/ry troops 7 s5t across4 ,%ortly be=e ho/ilities ceas$ all ^! troops 7 consolidat$ into a s+le regim5t ( #ac1jjj m51 kn[n z ! ,tw5tie? ,eng9e]s4 ,to ?is =ce 7 add$ negro s]vice troops to ! numb] ( #i1jjj1 mak+ #bb1jjj m5 engag$ exclusively 9 ! "w ( cutt+ d[n ,fr5* =e/s & turn+ !m into lumb] requir$ by our =ces4 ,at fir/ we _h difficulty 9 supply+ ! necess>y ma*9]y4 ,until ! sawmills came ! =e/ry troops 7 engag$ 9 build+ camps & hew+ out railroad ties4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aiah1 ! ma*9e equipm5t began to arrive4 ,9 ,febru>y our troops cut ab\t #c1ejj1jjj feet ( lumb]2 :ile 9 ,octob] ! cut = ! s+le mon? _h rea*$ ! enorm\s figure ( #ej1jjj1jjj feet4 ,:5 ! w> end$ we 7 exp&+ our =e/ry op]ations 9 ,france to produce #a1jjj1jjj1jjj feet ( lumb] 9 a ye>4 ,! lumb] produc$ by our sawmills 9 ,france up to ,novemb] #cj1 #aiah1 w\ld build completely en\gh b>rack build+s #bj feet wide to /ret* out to a di/ance ( #fjj miles if plac$ end to end1 qu>t]s en\gh = #c1ajg1fjj m54 ,9 addition to ?is output ! railroad ties produc$ w\ld build #a1jia miles ( /&>d-gauge railway & ! small ties = ! #bd-;in* track w\ld build a d\ble-track railroad beh9d #ahe miles ( tr5*es4 ,j ! po/s & poles produc$1 if all cut into #f-;foot po/s1 w\ld be suffici5t to support a wire f5ce1 ) po/s "o rod ap>t1 rea*+ "o-?ird ( ! di/ance ar\nd ! e>?4 ,! pil+1 if /ood end to end1 w\ld make a flagpole #cfb miles high4 ,! cord-wood produc$ w\ld make a rack #a y>d wide1 #a y>d high1 & #fjj miles long4 ,! sawmill ma*9]y in/all$ to accompli% su* a production compris$ #cj mills ( #bj1jjj feet p] day capacity1 #ef mills ( #aj1jjj feet p] day capacity1 & #ib small] mills capable ( produc+ ties & r\gh timb]4 ,9 ! base & int]m$iate sections a l>ge am\nt ( "w 0 necess>y 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! exi/+ roads & highways1 & 9 ! con/ruction ( new roads 9 ! vic9ity ( ! v>i\s new projects4 ,exp]i5c$ road eng9e]s1 drawn f civil life & commission$ z (fic]s ( ! ,army1 7 put 9 *>ge ( ?is "w1 & speciali/ eng9e] troops & labor battalions 7 assign$ to !m4 ,qu>ry+ ! rock1 grad+ ! road1 surfac+ x1 & ma9ta9+ x 9 good condition !reaft]--all ^! duties fell )9 ! prov9ce ( ! eng9e]s4 ,,light ,,railways ,,& ,,roads4 ,! light railway & road regim5ts ( eng9e]s atta*$ to ! armies at ! front1 :ile _! duties did n c>ry !m s f> or s mu* into ! zone ( enemy fire1 may be consid]$ z combatant units1 s9ce !y op]at$ ) & 9 support ( combatant troops 9 ! field4 ,to ! light railway regim5ts 7 assign$ ! con/ruction1 op]ation1 & ma9t5ance ( ! light railroads ( #fj-;c5timet] gauge 7ab\t #bd-;in* gauge74 ,a great quantity ( su* trackage 0 us$ dur+ ! w>4 ,^! n>r[-gauge railroads1 capable ( be+ op]at$ "u extreme conditions ( grade & curvature1 & p[]$ ) light /eam & gasol9e locomotives1 7 ess5tial to ! prop] supply ( a /abiliz$ sector4 ,!y 7 ! l9es ( communication betwe5 ! railheads ( ! broad-gauge sy/em & ! dumps & depots )9 ! front sectors4 ,at ! v front1 sometimes )9 a few hundr$ met]s ( ! ,g]man l9es1 ^! light railroads 7 op]at$ by h& or animal traction1 :ile fur!r back ! gasol9e locomotive1 less conspicu\s ?an ! /eam eng9e1 came well )9 range ( ! enemy's light field pieces4 ,9 p]iods ( activity & dur+ an advance ^! railroads did a trem5d\s s]vice1 n only 9 transport+ troops1 munitions1 mat]ials1 & subsi/5ce /ores1 b 9 af=d+ a means ( br++ up rapidly a c]ta9 class ( railway artill]y adapt$ = use ^u #fj-;c5timet] gauge trucks4 ,built ( light rail & /eel ties assembl$ 9 portable sections1 ?is track 0 easily de/roy$ by %ell fire1 & su* 0 (t5 its fate1 yet x 0 b %ort "w = ! eng9e]s to replace brok5 sections ) new mat]ial1 a "w frequ5tly done "u heavy fire4 ,eng9e] troops suff]$ _m casualties 9 ?is s]vice4 ,9 coop]ation ) ! ,eng9e] ,dep>tm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a practical1 effici5t1 & /&>d type ( n>r[-gauge motive p[] & roll+ /ock 0 develop$ by ,am]ican manufactur]s4 ,?is mat]ial 0 %ipp$ to ,france knock$ d[n1 & 0 assembl$ & set ^u ! rails at ,gondrec\rt1 :]e a plant = ?is purpose _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,up to ,novemb] #cj1 #aiah1 !re _h be5 built & plac$ 9 op]ation #ech miles ( #fj-;c5timet] track1 ) #cdg /eam & gasol9e locomotives furni%+ motive p[] = ! op]ation ( #c1bha c>s ( diff]5t types4 ,illu/ration3 ,,type-,,pr9t+1 ,,base ,,pr9t+ ,,plant1 #bi,,? ,,eng9e]s1 ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,li?ographic ,,pressroom1 ,,base ,,pr9t+ ,,plant1 #bi,,? ,,eng9e]s1 ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b9d+ ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,plant ,,( ,,! ,,soci,t ,,publications ,,p]iodiques4 ,! new pay books 7 manufactur$ at ?is plant & 7 turn$ out at ! rate ( #ajj1jjj a day1 us+ #cf tons ( pr9t pap]1 #af tons ( p>*m5t cov]1 #ae tons ( pap] = envelopes1 #f tons ( pa/e1 #aj1jjj rolls ( molesk94 ,p>is1 ,france4 ,! road-build+ regim5ts 9 ! zone ( ! armies built & ma9ta9$ ! roads imm$iately beh9d ! front4 ,equipp$ ) mod]n road-build+ ma*9]y & motor trucks1 ^! regim5ts ma9ta9$ ! roads 9 %ape to h&le ! abnormally d5se & heavy traffic incid5tal to op]ations at ! front4 ,! ,army road troops 7 recruit$ f among m5 accu/om$ 9 civil life to road build+1 qu>ry+1 & con/ruction op]ations4 ,!y usually work$ well )9 s\nd ( ! enemy guns1 & frequ5tly "u _! direct fire4 ,dur+ ! advances made f ! /abiliz$ l9e ( ,june1 #aiah1 ^! regim5ts improv$ & p]fect$ ! ha/y roads ?r[n across ,no ,man's ,l& by ! sapp] regim5ts ( ! fight+ divisions1 s t transport ( supplies & troops c\ld be ma9ta9$ to ! advanc+ armies4 ,to furni% mat]ials = ?is con/ruction _m qu>ries 7 op5$ or tak5 ov] f ! ,fr5* road s]vice4 ,a total ( #db1jjj cubic met]s ( rock 0 qu>ri$ & prep>$ = use 9 qu>ries op]at$ exclusively by ,am]ican eng9e]s1 :ile 9 qu>ries jo9tly op]at$ ) ,fr5* =ces #ge1jjj cubic met]s 7 produc$4 ,,map ,,mak+ ,,& ,,pr9t+4 ,a vitally important "p ( ! "w ( ,eng9e] troops 0 ! mak+ & reproduction ( ! _m maps requir$ = ! conduct ( tactical & /rategic op]ations by ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,a highly specializ$ regim5t 0 organiz$ to conduct ! topographic survey+ op]ations1 map reproduction1 & pr9t+ "w 9 ,france4 ,_m ( ! (fic]s ( ?is regim5t _h be5 =m]ly connect$ ) ! ,am]ican ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey & ! ,geological ,survey1 & !y 7 well qualifi$ = ! "w ( w>-map mak+4 ,at ,*ateau ,?i]ry a portion ( ?is organization rapidly mapp$ to a l>ge scale ! new region 9 :i* ! !at] ( op]ations sudd5ly f\nd itself1 ?us supplem5t+ ! excell5t small-scale map :i* 0 9 exi/5ce = ! :ole ( ,france1 b :i* 0 n suffici5tly precise = ! conduct ( our artill]y fire4 ,?is "w 0 done "u pressure1 b x contribut$ its %>e to ! lat] ,am]ican successes 9 t locality4 ,^! troops also 7 *>g$ ) furni%+ to ! ,artill]y ! ma!matical azimu?s & coord9ates1 on ! basis ( :i* artill]y indirect fire 0 execut$4 ,! maps 9 use ev5 on /abiliz$ fronts 7 9 a con/ant process ( revision & *ange4 ,! data & in=mation on :i* ^! *anges & revisions 7 bas$ 7 con/antly p\r+ 9 f ! photographic bran* ( ! air s]vice1 f ! intellig5ce s]vice1 ! ,artill]y1 & f ! sapp] regim5ts at ! front4 ,consequ5tly new maps _h to be prep>$ cont9ually & furni%$ to all ! organizations & (fic]s conc]n$ ) _! use4 ,!n1 too1 an ,army z l>ge z ours requir$ an impressive am\nt ( field pr9t+ 9 ord] to di/ribute its ord]s & in=mation4 ,z soon z our =ces rea*$ ,france x 0 app>5t t ! ,fr5* map-production plant c\ld n take c>e ( our ne$s4 ,! ,*ief ( ,eng9e]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !reupon ord]$ ! pur*ase ( equipm5t = a base pr9t+ plant l>ge en\gh to take c>e ( all ! map pr9t+ = an army ( #a1jjj1jjj m54 ,! special ma*9]y ord]$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ?is plant did n arrive 9 ,france dur+ #aiag1 & s ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces pur*as$ abroad five l>ge rot>y li?ographic presses1 sev]al type presses1 & a numb] ( l9otype ma*9es & o!r pr9t+ equipm5t4 ,! base pr9t+ plant 0 e/abli%$ at ,langres1 ,france4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiah ! ,am]ican equipm5t arriv$1 & !reaft] ! base pr9t+ plant 0 able to pr9t n only ! curr5t maps requir$ b also ! base maps :i* ! ,fr5* _h be5 supply+4 ,9 addition1 dur+ ! heavy fight+ 9 ,july & ,augu/1 #aiah1 our pr9t+ plant suppli$ to ! ,sev5? & ,eigh? ,fr5* ,armies ! base maps ( _! fronts4 ,! dem&s = maps & pr9t+ /eadily increas$ until ! base pr9t+ plant grew to h a work+ =ce ( #ce (fic]s & #gej m54 ,f ,july #ae until ,septemb] #ae1 #aiah1 ! plant work$ cont9u\sly #bd h\rs a day to turn out ! "w requir$4 ,by ?is "t ! %op _h #aj rot>y li?ographic presses1 #d l9otype ma*9es1 & sev]al job presses1 pr9t+ ea* mon? an av]age ( ov] #a1bjj1jjj li?ographic impressions & #ejj1jjj %eets ( pr9t$ matt]4 ,9 ,novemb] ! plant turn$ out #a1ijj1jjj li?ographic impressions & ov] #a1jjj1jjj %eets ( type "w4 ,to supplem5t ! base pr9t+ plant we _h at ea* army headqu>t]s an advanc$ pr9t+ %op to supply maps :5 !y 7 ne$$ )9 a few h\rs4 ,at ! base pr9t+ plant we _h a dep>tm5t = mak+ relief maps1 :i* "w _h be5 done = u previ\sly by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t4 ,! equipm5t = milit>y map mak+ 0 enri*$ dur+ ?is p]iod by an inv5tion ( ,maj4 ,james ,n4 ,bagley1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,eng9e]s1 call$ ! a]ial c>tograph1 or map cam]a4 ,! ,bagley cam]a's ?ree l5ses at ! height ( #e1jjj feet c\ld photograph a /rip ( t]ritory #c miles wide4 ,,milit>y ,,bridges4 ,! sci5ce ( build+ milit>y bridges is an old "o4 ,:5 w> ) ,g]many 0 decl>$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h develop$ its heavy ponton equipm5t1 :i* 0 /&>d 9 design & yet :i* _h *ang$ b little s9ce ! ,civil ,w>4 ,z soon z we =mally took ! /ep to s5d troops aga9/ ,g]many ! ,eng9e]s ord]$ great quantities ( ?is equipm5t & by ! latt] "p ( #aiag _h pl5ty ( x ready to g ov]seas4 ,our deliv]ies to ,france1 h[ev]1 7 h9d]$ by ! %ortage 9 ocean tonnage1 p>ticul>ly aft] we _h begun to use e available %ip = ! transport ( m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,trucks ,,load$ ,,) ,,pil+ ,,en ,,r\te ,,to ,,fr5* ,,railway ,,y>ds ,,ne> ,,bruy]s1 ,,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pile ,,driv+ ,,= ,,footbridge ,,by ,,eng9e]s ,,9 ,,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,footbridge ,,built ,,by ,,eng9e]s ,,across ,,canal ,,de ,l',,e/ ,,ne> ,,! ,,village ,,( ,,brieulles1 ,,france4 ,?is bridge 0 con/ruct$ "u heavy fire f enemy guns4 ,mean:ile ! ef=ts ( ! ,eng9e]s 7 be+ direct$ to ! developm5t ( /&>d ponton equipm5t /rong en\gh to c>ry tanks & ! pond]\s artill]y ( ! pres5t day4 ,! old ponton bridge 0 fir/ /r5g!n$ to c>ry loads ( #e tons on ea* ( two axles spac$ #aj feet or m ap>t4 ,! /&>d prew> equipm5t w\ld support only #c tons simil>ly spac$4 ,! next /ep 0 to develop a bridge t w\ld hold up axle loads ( #aj tons ) a di/ance ( #ab feet or m betwe5 axles1 al?\gh 9 actual use ?is bridge %[$ itself capable ( support+ a load ( #ae tons conc5trat$ on "o axle4 ,z soon z ^! developm5ts 7 made1 ! plans 7 mail$ to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 s t ! ,eng9e] ,corps abroad c\ld provide ! beams & metal p>ts at its own mills & %ops 9 ,france4 ,:5 ! fight+ ceas$1 ! ,eng9e]s 7 design+ a raft capable ( transport+ ! heavie/ portable ordnance !n "u manufacture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #aiag ! ,eng9e] ,dep>tm5t made designs = a /&>d sectional /eel bridge1 consi/+ ( %ort lattic$ /eel truss sections capable ( be+ assembl$ to =m trusses v>y+ by increm5ts ( #aa feet up to a maximum span ( ab\t #ij feet4 ,two ( ^! trusses ) ! span m5tion$ 7 capable ( support+ a load ( #cj tons1 & !y c\ld be erect$ 9 a matt] ( h\rs ov] abutm5ts prep>$ 9 advance or extemporiz$ f ! ru9s ( a demoli%$ /ructure4 ,^! bridges _h be5 manufactur$ 9 quantity 9 ?is c\ntry & 7 ready = %ipm5t :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,9 ! ,argonne pu% ,army bridge troops repair$ & replac$ ! bridges de/roy$ by ! retreat+ enemy z fa/ z mat]ial & labor c\ld be provid$ at ! po9ts ne$$4 ,= ?is "w mu* heavy timb] 0 utiliz$1 &1 9 g5]al1 tre/le /ructures 7 erect$ z be/ meet+ ! conditions ( relatively s(t cross+s & s(t riv] bottoms4 ,! fight+ 9 ! ,fr5* t]ra9 ) its num]\s n>r[ b deep /reams & canals indicat$ to u ! desirability ( a portable float+ footbridge4 ,su* a bridge 0 design$ & produc$ by ! ,eng9e]s 9 ,france4 ,_m ( ! cross+s ( ! ,meuse ,riv] & ne>-by canals "u ma*9e-gun & artill]y fire f ! high hills on ! ea/]n side 7 made possible by ! use ( ^! bridges4 ,,cam\flage4 ,:ile cam\flage has exi/$ 9 nature s9ce ! beg9n+ ( "t1 its application to w>f>e on a gr&1 sci5tific scale 0 almo/ solely a developm5t ( ! great w>4 ,cam\flage1 due to ! great developm5ts ( a]ial obs]vation & a]ophotography1 z well z ( air bomb+ & indirect artill]y fire1 became a vital necessity = e bran* ( ! s]vice1 f> back 9 ! re> z well z at ! front4 ,any matriel or p]sonnel ! position ( :i* 0 obs]v$ 0 at ! m]cy ( ! enemy1 b1 fur!r1 su* obs]vation might betray /rategic plans4 ,! ne$ = cam\flage became univ]sal4 ,cam\flage organization 0 c>efully develop$ = bo? ! field & ! factory1 :ile "o ( ! mo/ important duties1 t ( in/ruction1 0 c>ri$ out 9 ,army & corps s*ools & artill]y camps1 :]e ?\s&s ( (fic]s & m5 7 taught bo? ! necessity & ! me?ods ( cam\flage4 ,our und]tak+s 9 ?is direction 7 bas$ l>gely ^u ! me?ods develop$ by ! ,fr5* & ,briti%4 ,9 "o respect cam\flage 0 a matt] ( quantity production4 ,?is 0 9 ! manufacture ( mat]ial us$ = conceal+ guns1 roads1 & o!r /rategic locations :i* fall "u ! eyes ( enemy obs]v]s on ! gr\nd or 9 ! air4 ,9 ?is "w ! ,briti% did no?+ )\t ! mo/ c>eful sci5tific inve/igation1 includ+ ! a]ial photography ( all _! mat]ials us$1 :ile ! ,fr5* reli$ m on _! innate arti/ic s5se ( color & =m4 ,! cam\flage mat]ial produc$ 9 quantity by ! ,briti% consi/$ pr9cipally ( burlap cut 9 /rips ab\t #a in* wide & #ab in*es long1 color$ 9 ! desir$ hues ) oil-emulsion pa9t4 ,= artill]y cov] ?is 0 knott$ 9 fi% nets & *ick5 wire4 ,! ,fr5* = ?is purpose us$ raffia1 a common product ( ,madagasc>1 ^: natives use x l>gely = mak+ _! fanta/ic g>m5ts4 ,! raffia 0 dy$ & !n knott$ on nets & wire 9 ! ,fr5* cam\flage factories4 ,aft] a c>eful /udy we adopt$ ! ,briti% sy/em & us$ burlap4 ,our ,eng9e]s made ?is decision because ( ! impossibility ( f9d+ p]man5t dyes = raffia & because raffia is m inflammable ?an burlap & sc>c] & high] 9 price4 ,! fir/ dem& = cam\flage mat]ial :i* we receiv$ embrac$ cov]+s = guns1 snip]'s suits1 dummy heads1 silh\ettes1 & "s airplane hang> cov]s4 ,9 ord] to supply ?is mat]ial at ! outset ! eng9e]+ =ces abroad leas$ a factory build+ 9 ,p>is & turn$ out a suffici5t quantity ) a work+ =ce ( #cj enli/$ soldi]s & #ajj ,fr5* wom54 ,b1 z ! ,am]ican troops at ! front increas$ 9 numb]1 ! dem&s = cam\flage mat]ial became rapidly heavi]4 ,batt]y positions ( "s types requir$ ab\t #d1jjj squ>e y>ds ( cam\flage cov]4 ,aviation hang> cov]s 7 dem&$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 & ea* "o 0 a special ord] due to ! v>y+ conditions ( t]ra9 enc\nt]$4 ,x became evid5t t we ne$$ a va/ increase 9 our cam\flage-factory space4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aiah1 ! ,eng9e]s secur$ ab\t #bj acres ( gr\nd 9 ,dijon1 ,haute ,m>ne1 a city on ! ma9 supply l9e nor? ?r\gh ! regulat+ /ation at ,is-sur-,tille4 ,!y />t$ to erect build+s imm$iately1 & )9 #bj days ?is plant began turn+ out mat]ial4 ,by ,novemb] ! ,dijon factory numb]$ ab\t #dj build+s1 includ+ blacksmi? & ma*9e %op1 a sew+ %op1 a pa9t %op1 laboratory1 & a toy %op :]e dummies & silh\ettes 7 made4 ,! factory turn$ out artill]y cov] at ! rate ( #ej1jjj squ>e y>ds p] day4 ,! total output ( cam\flage cov] = all purposes requir$ ab\t #c1jjj1jjj squ>e y>ds ( burlap p] mon?4 ,:5 ! fight+ /opp$ ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 7 us+ cam\flage mat]ials to ! value ( #a1ejj1jjj mon?ly4 ,by new me?ods ( manufacture1 we succe$$ 9 r$uc+ ! weight ( fi%-net cov]s4 ,we design$ two important field devices1 "o be+ an improv$ frame & set = mobile artill]y protection1 ?is equipm5t be+ lat] adopt$ by ! ,briti%1 & ! o!r an umbrella ma*9e-gun cov] hav+ special advantages4 ,! c5tral cam\flage works ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces at ,dijon 0 decl>$ by unprejudic$ obs]v]s to be ! be/ equipp$ & mo/ effici5t ( any on ! we/]n front4 ,:5 ! ,dijon cam\flage plant 0 project$ x 0 expect$ t ! ,am]ican =ces w\ld require great quantities ( cam\flag$ obs]vation po/s1 silh\ettes1 dummy heads1 snip]s' suits1 & o!r conceal+ devices4 ,x 0 = ?is production t ! toy %op at ,dijon 0 erect$1 ?is %op be+ a k9d ( /udio = ! pa9t]s & sculptors connect$ ) ! ,=tie? ,eng9e]s1 :i* 0 ! cam\flage regim5t4 ,^! v>i\s devices = deceiv+ ! enemy1 h[ev]1 7 us$ pr9cipally 9 ! /agnant action ( ! tr5* w>f>e deadlock4 ,by ! "t ,am]ican =ces came into ! w> 9 l>ge numb]s ! /ruggle _h become "o ( movem5t 9 :i* ! tr5*es 7 left f> beh9d4 ,also1 ,am]ican troops f\nd !mselves l>gely 9 sectors :i* 7 well wood$ & !re=e provid$ pl5ty ( secure obs]vation4 ,! result 0 t !re 0 nev] a great use on ! "p ( ,am]ican troops ( ^! clev] & int]e/+ exploits 9 cam\flage ) :i* ! public is famili>4 ,"o ( ! be/ obs]vation po/s 0 ! imitation ( a tree trunk made ( armor plate & set up 9 advanc$ positions dur+ ! night4 ,bo? ! ,briti% & ! ,fr5* made consid]able use ( ^!4 ,! ,briti% tree consi/$ ( an oval %ell ( manganese /eel4 ,?is 0 cov]$ ) t91 crimp$ 9 imitation ( b>k1 & fur!r cam\flag$ ) pa9t & pla/] & natural b>k4 ,:5 x 0 desir$ to set up su* a po/ a cam\flage arti/ w\ld surreptiti\sly make a fai?ful sket* ( ! tree trunk to be duplicat$ 9 armor plate4 ,?is sket* 0 !n tak5 back to ! work%op1 :]e ! spuri\s tree 0 built 9 exact duplication4 ,! metal tree 0 built to re/ on a base ) h+es hold+ x d[n on "o side4 ,dur+ ! night two saps1 or tr5*es1 w\ld be dug to ! natural tree select$4 ,work]s 9 "o ( ^! tr5*es w\ld fell ! bran*less /ub & c>ry x back out ( ! way4 ,! armor plate tree w\ld be drawn up 9 ! o!r tr5*4 ,! base w\ld be set 9 place1 & !n ! :ole tree 0 rais$ on its h+es by means ( ropes until x 0 upright & z life-l z arti/ry c\ld make x4 ,inside ! tree 0 a flight ( iron /eps lead+ to a seat 9 ! upp] "p ( ! trunk4 ,at ?is seat 7 peepholes & a /& = ! phone :i* 0 connect$ up ) ! ex*ange at ! adjo9+ tr5*4 ,! sap1 cov]$ ov]1 s]v$ z ! gall]y lead+ back to ! tr5*4 ,! ,am]ican cam\flage =ce built only a s+le "o ( ^! trees1 us+ x z a tra9+ device4 ,su* objects 7 useless 9 an advanc+ movem5t1 s9ce1 "u su* circum/ances1 !y w\ld play an important "p only a %ort :ile & w\ld !n be left f> 9 ! re>4 ,! ,dijon factory1 h[ev]1 turn$ out a numb] ( small obs]vation po/s = use at ! edges ( %ell holes4 ,^! 7 kn[n to our troops z beehives & to ! ,engli% soldi]s z domes4 ,ea* "o 0 built ( light metal & cov]$ ) *ick5 wire & pla/]4 ,x 0 cam\flag$ ) pa9t & bits ( grass to simulate ! appe>ance ( ! surr\nd+ t]ra91 (t5 be+ /udd$ ) t9 cans or old %oes to make x appe> to be an accumulation ( rubbi%4 ,! favorite way ( mak+ ! peephole = a beehive 0 to cov] ) gauze a hole cut 9 ! bottom ( an old %oe1 :i* 0 !n fa/5$ to ! obs]vation po/4 ,ano!r device built by ! ,dijon factory 0 ! tr5* p]iscope4 ,?is 0 built & set up to look l an ord9>y /ick1 ?r[n d[n casually ^u ! gr\nd4 ,= p]iscopes1 too1 we also us$ imitation /akes plac$ naturally 9 ! b>b$-wire entanglem5ts4 ,! ,briti% on occasions us$ imitation tr5* telephone poles to mask _! p]iscopes4 ,! ,dijon %op turn$ out l>ge numb]s ( silh\ettes & dummies4 ,!y 7 drawn f life by arti/s at ,dijon & !n cut out f ord9>y wall bo>d4 ,soldi]s ( ! ,=tie? ,regim5t pos$ z models = ^! silh\ettes4 ,all sorts ( po/ures 7 employ$1 b ne>ly all ( !m repres5t$ soldi]s 9 ! act ( climb+ out ( a tr5* or runn+1 gun 9 h&1 t[>ds ! enemy4 ,! uni=ms 7 pa9t$ 9 neutral %ades1 b ! faces & h&s 7 highly color$ to be visible at consid]able di/ances dur+ ! gray & mi/ ( dawn1 :5 silh\ettes 7 usually employ$4 ,! object ( ^! dummy heads & silh\ettes 0 to draw ! fire ( ! enemy s z to make him reveal 8 /r5g? & positions4 ,! usual me?od ( use 0 to place a numb] ( silh\ettes1 possibly sev]al doz5 ( !m1 9 %ell holes out 9 front ( ! tr5*es4 ,! silh\ettes 7 m\nt$ s t !y c\ld be made to /& erect in/antly :5ev] ! ropes 7 pull$ f ! tr5*es4 ,at ! appo9t$ mom5t ! ropes w\ld all be pull$ at once1 & ! appe>ance to ! enemy w\ld be t ( a raid+ p>ty />t+ out at top spe$4 ,! ,briti% troops call$ ?is op]ation ! ,*9ese attack4 ,! ,g]mans made no ext5sive employm5t ( x4 ,! silh\ettes ne>ly always fool$ ! enemy1 z inde$ !y w\ld deceive anybody 9 su* light & "u su* circum/ances4 ,! ,briti% 7 (t5 amus$ to read 9 ! ,g]man communiques t ^! ,*9ese attacks 7 reg>d$ by ! enemy z ! real ?+4 ,m ?an "o su* repulse ( silh\ettes has gone d[n into ! ,g]man records z a local success4 ,on "o occasion ! ,g]mans took a ,*9ese attack s s]i\sly t !y conc5trat$ troops aga9/ x ) ! result t ! ,briti% 7 able to ga9 consid]able gr\nd at ! po9ts weak5$ on bo? sides ( ! pseudo attack4 ,! ,dijon factory made a ?\s& or s silh\ettes1 z well z a l>ge numb] ( dummy heads1 ^! latt] devices to draw ! fire ( snip]s4 ,^! simulacra1 h[ev]1 _h _! pr9cipal use at ! tra9+ s*ools 9 ,france1 s9ce !y 7 peculi>ly adapt$ to tr5* w>f>e1 & by ! "t ! ,am]ican =ces rea*$ ! front 9 /r5g? ! w> ( movem5t 0 9 progress4 ,sev]al ?\s& snip] suits 7 turn$ out at ,dijon4 ,^! suits 7 made ( burlap1 resembl+ 9 appe>ance ! t$dy-be> pajamas :i* little *ildr5 we>4 ,!y 7 color$ to mat* ! t]ra91 ei!r pa9t$ to resemble rocks or fitt$ ) a grasslike cov]+4 ,an adjunct to ?is suit 0 ! clo? cov] = ! snip]'s rifle4 ,snip] suits 7 s deceptive t !y w\ld protect a man f obs]vation ev5 at %ort di/ances1 & if exceptional c>e 7 us$ 9 ! mak+ ( "o1 a man c\ld conceal himself s effectually t an obs]v] might /ep on him be=e see+ him4 ,an ,am]ican cam\flage (fic] ^u 8 return f ,france br\ght a snip]'s suit ) him & f\nd a novel b practical use = x :5 he 0 invit$ to g duck hunt+ ) a p>ty ( sportsm54 ,! o!r hunt]s /ay$ 9 _! bl9ds1 b ! (fic] 9 ! snip] suit w5t out 9 ! op5 & %ot m ducks ?an all ! o!r gunn]s toge!r 7 able to br+ d[n4 ,! ,dijon cam\flage factory also turn$ out a l>ge numb] ( cov]s = ! s-call$ ,bess5aux hang>s = airplanes4 ,^! hang>s 7 l>ge t5ts set up at aviation fields ne> ! front4 ,x 0 soon f\nd to be impracticable to attempt to cam\flage su* t5ts by day1 z !y gave pl5ty ( indication ( _! position 9 spite ( ! be/ ef=ts at concealm5t on ! ,am]ican & alli$ sides4 ,h[ev]1 ! great dang] at aviation fields came at night :5 ! ,g]man bomb+ planes 7 abroad4 ,ev5 on a d>k night a :ite t5t prov$ to be a good m>k = ! ho/ile airm54 ,consequ5tly ! attempt 0 made to cam\flage ,bess5aux hang>s at night only4 ,x 0 f\nd impracticable to pa9t ! t5ts !mselves1 s9ce ! wat]pro( canvas w\ld n take ! pa9t readily4 ,! solution 0 a l>ge cov] ( burlap4 ,?is 0 pa9t$ 9 brok5 pat*es ( color1 mu* z artill]y 0 pa9t$ 9 cam\flage4 ,at ! factory su* cov]s 7 spread out on ! gr\nd & pa9t$ ) floor bru%es dipp$ into wat] color4 ,all ma*9]y at ,dijon1 ) ! exception ( two la!s1 two drill presses1 & a %e>+ ma*9e1 0 design$ & built at ! plant itself4 ,! "w ( provid+ cam\flage cov] requir$ enorm\s quantities ( burlap to be cut up into /rips4 ,! ,engli% cam\flage %ops us$ /ation>y knives & a ma*9e op]at$ by a crank4 ,am]ican ,eng9e]s at ,dijon design$ a p[]-driv5 cutt+ ma*9e ) a l>ge numb] ( circul>1 :irl+ knife blades4 ,! inv5tion ( ?is ma*9e increases ! production ( burlap /rips #ijj p] c5t ) ! same =ce4 ,! eng9e]s at ! plant also design$ pa9t tanks & special ma*9]y t w\ld mix #d1jjj gallons ( color 9 a day4 ,!re 7 ab\t #a1jjj ,fr5* wom5 employ$ 9 ?is plant4 ,! executives paid great att5tion to _! welf>e4 ,a special nurs]y1 ! ,cre*e1 0 built = _! *ildr54 ,am]ican ,r$ ,cross nurses c>$ = ! babies dur+ ! "t _! mo!rs 7 at "w4 ,_m ( ! wom5 employ$ 7 refugees driv5 f once com=table homes4 ,_! *ildr5 fatt5$ up ) ! good food provid$ by ! army mess1 & ! mo!rs 7 correspond+ly happy4 ,ent]ta9m5ts 7 frequ5tly provid$ = ! op]ators ( ! factories4 ,! arti/s at ! %op work$ dur+ _! leisure mom5ts & ev5tually produc$ ! sc5]y & equipm5t = a g5u9e ,yankee circus1 animals & all1 ! m5ag]ie1 h[ev]1 be+ made pr9cipally ( papi]-m* ) human op]atives inside ! bea/s4 ,! fir/ p]=mance ( ! circus 0 giv5 on ,?anksgiv+ ,day1 #aiah1 & ! audi5ce 0 s delight$ t x dem&$ a repetition4 ,aft] ?ree encores ( ?is sort x 0 sugge/$ t p]=mances be giv5 9 ,dijon1 a city ( upw>d ( #ej1jjj population1 ) admittance *>g$4 ,?is advice 0 foll[$1 & ! circus made su* a hit t ! ,eng9e]s 7 able to turn ov] to ! ,fr5* orphan fund a consid]able sum ( money4 ,,conclusion4 ,! =ego+ acc\nt gives 9 a broad way an idea ( ! scope ( activities & ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,eng9e]s dur+ ! #ai mon?s ( actual w>f>e 9 ,france4 ,to furni% ! organization ( te*nical troops & speciali/s :i* made all ?is possible1 ! orig9al ,eng9e] ,arm ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army 0 increas$ to #aca4e times its prew> /r5g?1 & ! proportion ( ,eng9e] troops relative to ! total =ces 0 increas$ f #a4f p] c5t to #aj4h p] c5t4 ,to accompli% ?is1 a heavy dem& 0 made ^u ! te*nical pr(essions & ^u ! indu/ries ( ?is c\ntry4 ,9 fill+ ?is dem& mo/ necess>y assi/ance 0 giv5 by ! eng9e] societies & ! eng9e]+ j\rnals1 ^: patriotic "w dem&s ! highe/ praise4 ,9 situations requir+ special k almo/ always !re c\ld be f\nd "s speciali/ capable ( adapt+ himself & 8 "w to ! milit>y ne$s4 ,eng9e] (fic]s = ! combatant regim5ts 7 y\ng] memb]s ( ! te*nical pr(essions1 :o 7 s5t to ! tra9+ camps provid$ = ! purpose & !re giv5 ! ess5tials ( /rictly milit>y k4 ,?is tra9+ 0 lat] supplem5t$ by c\rses 9 ,eng9e] & l9e s*ools locat$ 9 ,france4 ,! tra9+ (fic]s ( ! regim5ts 7 suppli$ f ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 ^! m5 hav+ bo? ! milit>y & te*nical k fitt+ !m = ! comm&4 ,! div]sity ( education & exp]i5ce necess>y 9 all bran*es ( ! ,eng9e] s]vice may be und]/ood by a consid]ation ( ! duties ( ! diff]5t units s5t to ,france dur+ ! w>--speciali/ units1 9 addition to ! /rictly combatant divisional regim5ts1 :o also numb]$ among _! commission$ & enli/$ p]sonnel _m te*nical speciali/s ( high atta9m5t4 ,we _h1 = in/ance1 sev5 railway con/ruction regim5ts1 two railway con/ruction battalions1 "o regim5t & five battalions = railway ma9t5ance ( way1 two battalions = ma9t5ance ( railway equipm5t1 f\r regim5ts & "o battalion to op]ate our ma9 milit>y railways 9 ,france1 ?ree regim5ts to op]ate ! light railways 9 ,france & _! repair %ops1 two regim5ts = op]at+ ! regul> railway %ops1 two regim5ts & six battalions = con/ruct+ build+s & o!r g5]al con/ruction "w1 two regim5ts = /or+ & transport+ ,eng9e] supplies1 a =e/ry regim5t1 a light railway con/ruction regim5t1 a regim5t = build+ roads1 a wat] supply regim5t1 a m9+ regim5t1 a qu>ry+ regim5t1 a te*nical regim5t = h&l+ survey+1 s\nd rang+1 & location ( enemy positions by means ( special app>atus1 ?ree survey & pr9t+ battalions1 two railway transportation battalions1 an electrical & me*anical regim5t1 sev]al companies to op]ate cranes1 a cam\flage s]vice1 five inl& wat]way companies1 five ponton tra9s1 a ponton p>k1 a railway transportation & /ores battalion1 & a se>*light regim5t4 ,utiliz+ & apply+ ! new k & sci5tific a*ievem5ts ( rec5t ye>s1 draw+ ^u ! fund ( exp]i5ce acquir$ by ! ,regul> ,army 9 its !oretical /udies & pa/ w>s1 mak+ available ! va/ am\nt ( te*nical skill :i* has assi/$ ?is ,nation to its pres5t comm]cial & indu/rial /atus1 ! ,eng9e]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army work$ & f\ght1 plann$1 & accompli%$ 9 ,france a "w :i* 9 magnitude exce$s any simil> und]tak+ record$ 9 ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,f base port to fir/ waves ( an assault ^u ! enemy's position1 ,eng9e] troops h be5 con/antly 9 action fir/ to la/ & h c>ri$ on always ) ! high ideals ( ! pr(ession & ) ! motto ( ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 ,essayons1 be=e !m4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,milit>y ,,railways4 ,9 e/abli%+ contact betwe5 our great bases ( supply on ! ,fr5* coa/ & int]ior po9ts1 z well z ) ! fight]s 9 ! v>i\s fields ( op]ations1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,milit>y ,railways ( ! ,eng9e] ,corps f\nd x necess>y to provide ?\s&s ( miles ( railway track rang+ f ! /&>d gauge d[n to ! n>r[ #fj-;c5timet] type built "r up to ! bord] ( ,no ,man's ,l&1 to con/ruct & %ip across seas ?\s&s ( almo/ e k9d ( freight c>s1 to build hundr$s ( locomotives & transport !m to ,europe1 to provide 9 addition fabricat$ track t c\ld be laid "u heavy %ell fire1 & hospital tra9s t c\ld c>e = our w\nd$4 ,x 0 on ,july #aj1 #aiag1 t ,g54 ,p]%+ cabl$ /at+ t ! ,fr5* _h ask$ = #cjj locomotives & #b1jjj kilomet]s ( track1 9 addition to num]\s items ( accessories t g ) an ord] ( ?is size4 ,deliv]y ( ! locomotives 0 reque/$ by ,octob] #ae1 #aiag1 & ( ! track by ,decemb] #ca1 #aiag4 ,x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! ,am]ican ,locomotive ,works _h built consolidation eng9es = ,france ( an entirely satisfactory type1 & t simil> locomotives = ! use ( ,briti% =ces on ,fr5* soil _h be5 turn$ out by ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works4 ,aft] ! decision to adopt ! consolidation type ( locomotive1 :i* is g5]ally us$ 9 freight s]vice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 arrangem5ts 7 made at once ) ^! two conc]ns to build #aej locomotives ea*4 ,! consolidation locomotive weighs #aff1djj p\nds1 & is ab\t ! heavie/ t c be us$ 9 ,france4 ,x has "o pair ( eng9e truck :eels & f\r pairs ( driv]s4 ,! eng9e is j z l>ge z x is possible to use )9 ! ,fr5* tunnel & plat=m cle>ances4 ,! type s5t to ,france 01 h[ev]1 n ne>ly s l>ge nor s heavy z ! g5]al run ( freight eng9es us$ "h4 ,! ord] = #aej eng9es 0 plac$ ) ! ,baldw9 conc]n on ,july #ai1 #aiag1 & ! fir/ locomotive ( ?is ord] 0 ready = %ipm5t on ,augu/ #aj1 #aiag1 j #bj work+ days elaps+ betwe5 ! date ( ! plac+ ( ! ord] & ! day :5 ! fir/ eng9e 0 complet$ & all set up ready = %ipm5t4 ,?is is believ$ to h e/abli%$ a new record = locomotive con/ruction 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & probably 9 ! _w = an eng9e ( ?is size4 ,all ! o!r locomotives 9 ?is ord] 7 deliv]$ promptly--#cf ( ! ,baldw9 eng9es be+ freight$ f ! factory 9 ,augu/1 #ga 9 ,septemb]1 & ! f9al #dc 9 ,octob]4 ,( ! locomotives ord]$ f ! ,am]ican ,locomotive ,works1 #acc 7 freight$ 9 ,octob] & ! rema9+ #ag 9 ,novemb]4 ,on acc\nt ( diff]5ces 9 ! details ( con/ruction ! orig9al price fix$ = ! locomotives turn$ out by ! ,am]ican ,locomotive ,works 0 #ea1jjj ea* & = ^? ( ! ,baldw9 ,works #df1jjj apiece4 ,advance paym5ts on ^! eng9es r$uc$ ! price by #a1jjj ea*4 ,*anges 9 ! pa9t+ & o!r small details result$ 9 a sav+ ( #fj additional on ea* locomotive built by ! ,baldw9 ,works & #djj on ea* eng9e turn$ out by ! ,am]ican ,works1 s t ! net co/ ( ea* ,baldw9 locomotive 0 #dd1idj1 & ( ea* ,am]ican locomotive #di1fjj4 ,aft] mu* consid]ation1 & aft] ?is initial ord] _h be5 dispos$ (1 x 0 det]m9$ t ! ,baldw9 type ( eng9e %\ld be made ! /&>d1 & all subsequ5t ord]s = eng9es w5t to ! ,baldw9 ,works4 ,z ord]s 7 plac$ f "t to "t ) ! ,baldw9 p1 r$uctions 7 made 9 price1 s t ! la/ eng9es ( ! total ( #c1cdj ord]$ f ?is conc]n 7 obta9$ = #cg1jjj ea*4 ,ord]s = #a1ejj ( ^! eng9es ev5tually 7 cancel$ )\t co/ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t4 ,! sav+ effect$ by ! r$uction 9 price on ! eng9es ord]$1 us+ ! orig9al price z a basis ( comp>ison1 0 #bb1ihi1che4 ,!re 7 %ipp$ 9 all to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces #a1cjc locomotives1 ( :i* #ijh _h be5 put into s]vice by ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah4 ,dur+ ! sev]e w9t] wea!r ( #aiag-ah & ! simultane\s %ortage ( motive p[] on ,am]ican railways1 #adb ( ^! consolidation eng9es built = ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 7 turn$ ov] to ! ,am]ican railways to help out a critical situation 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x 0 possible to use ^! eng9es "h by mak+ *anges 9 ! c\pl]s & "s o!r slight additions to meet ! requirem5ts ( our safety appliance laws4 ,at ! "t ^! eng9es 7 turn$ ov] to ! ,railway ,adm9i/ration we 7 produc+ locomotives = ,france mu* m rapidly ?an x 0 possible to provide tonnage to transport !m ov]seas4 ,^! locomotives 7 9 s]vice help+ out ! transportation facilities 9 ?is c\ntry an av]age ( #f mon?s & #bh days ea* be=e be+ recall$ = %ipm5t to ,france4 ,!y e>n$ pr(its = ! ,gov]nm5t :ile 9 s]vice = ! ,railroad ,adm9i/ration at ! rate ( #cb4c p] c5t a ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/&>d ,,gauge #aj-,,:eel ,,consolidation 7,,baldw97 ,,locomotive4 ,,cyl9d]1 #ba ,,in*es #bh ,,in*es4 ,driv+ :eels1 #ef in*es2 :eel base1 eng9e1 #bc feet #h in*es2 :eel base1 eng9e & t5d]1 #eg feet #d in*es2 weight 9 work+ ord]1 eng9e #aff1djj p\nds1 t5d] #aab1jjj p\nds2 tractive p[] #ce1fjj p\nds2 capacity1 wat] #e1djj gallons1 fuel #i tons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ration ,,tra9 ,,ne> ,,m5il-,,la-,,t\r1 ,,france4 ,x might also be not$ t ! ,director ,g5]al ( ,milit>y ,railways 0 appo9t$ cu/odian ( undeliv]$ locomotives ord]$ by ! ,russian gov]nm5t f ! ,baldw9 & ,am]ican ,works4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aiah1 a total ( #bjj ( ^! ,russian locomotives 0 pur*as$1 & ! eng9es 7 conv]t$ to meet ,am]ican requirem5ts by a *ange 9 ! gauge f #e feet to #d feet1 #h in*es1 & a *ange 9 ! c\pl+ sy/em to meet our /&>d4 ,! price ( ^! 0 #ee1jjj ea*4 ,! ,baldw9 ,works turn$ its #ajj ov] to ! ,railroad ,adm9i/ration betwe5 ,febru>y #c & ,may #bj1 #aiah1 & ! ,am]ican ,works made its deliv]ies betwe5 ,febru>y #ai & ,may #cj1 #aiah4 ,! comb9$ co/ ( ^! locomotives 0 #aa1jjj1jjj & _! total r5tal rev5ue f ! railroads 0 #b1ehe1dge up to ,decemb] #ca1 #aiah1 or #bc4e p] c5t ( ! co/ price1 or at ! r5tal rate ( #bi4h p] c5t p] annum4 ,ord]s = #ij1ajc freight c>s to be us$ by ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 7 also plac$ ) ,am]ican contractors4 ,( ^! ! ord]s = ne>ly half--#dj1iae c>s1 9 exact figures--_h be5 plac$ j be=e ! armi/ice1 & ^! contracts 7 cancel$ at slight co/ to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,up to ! end ( ! ye> #aiah a total ( #ah1cac freight c>s _h be5 %ipp$ ov]seas1 ne>ly all ( ^! c>s be+ ( ! #fj1jjj-p\nd size4 ,close b>ga9+ 9 ! pur*ase ( ^! c>s result$ 9 a sav+ ( #ae1gcg1fcc "u ! prices orig9ally quot$4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory ,am]ican locomotives 7 %ipp$ across ! ,atlantic /ack$ 9 %ips on _! own :eels4 ,9 our normal =eign trade1 & ev5 9 ! e>ly locomotive %ipm5ts to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 bo? eng9es & c>s _h be5 disassembl$ at ! seabo>d & _! p>ts put up 9 packages = conv5i5t & economical load+ on %ips4 ,ea* ( ! fir/ locomotives s5t to ,france 0 crat$ 9 #ai packages1 :ile ! p>ts = an ord9>y box c> 7 put up 9 #bf packages4 ,on ,octob] #bi1 #aiag1 h[ev]1 ,g54 ,att]bury call$ att5tion to ! fact t ! ,engli% 7 %ipp+ locomotives across ! ,*annel on _! own :eels & /at$ t x w\ld result 9 v great economies ( "t1 money1 & man p[] if su* an arrangem5t c\ld be made = %ipm5ts f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,manufactur]s ( ! locomotives1 h[ev]1 advis$ aga9/ ?is4 ,s did our own emb>kation p & ! ,%ipp+ ,control ,committee4 ,ef=ts 7 unsuccessful to get c> f]ries f ! ,key ,we/ & ,habana l9e & f ,quebec = ! transport ( locomotives on _! own :eels ov] ! ocean4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 aft] num]\s ef=ts to get %ips ) l>ge hat*es ! ore /eam] ,feltore 0 load$ ) #cc locomotives on _! own :eels1 pack$ 9 bal$ hay4 ,?is /eam] sail$ ,may #ah1 #aiah1 & its arrival 9 ,france result$ 9 ! foll[+ cable f ,g54 ,p]%+3 ,%ipm5t ( erect$ locomotives transmitt$ on ! ,feltore v satisfactory4 ,boat completely dis*>g$ ( locomotives & c>goes 9 #ac days ) sav+ ( #ae %ip's days 9 unload+ ! #cc locomotives erect$ z comp>$ ) same numb] ( locomotives n erect$ & fur!r sav+ ( #ad days ( erect+ =ces4 ,obs]vations ( ,capt4 ,byron1 :o came ) ^! locomotives1 %[ t by load+ locomotives 9 d\ble ti]s1 plac+ cab p>ts & tools1 n[ 9 sep>ate packages1 )9 t5d] space & fire boxes1 #dj to #de locomotives c be load$4 ,subsequ5tly ! /eam]s ,cubore1 ,firmore1 & ,santore 7 assign$ to ! task ( c>ry+ ^! eng9es ov] on _! own :eels4 ,! total numb] ( locomotives t w5t abroad 9 ?is mann] 0 #ecc4 ,aft] ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice we sold ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t #dhe locomotives1 ( :i* #adb _h be5 %ipp$ up to ,janu>y #a1 #aiai4 ,ef=ts 7 likewise made to %ip ov] freight c>s already set up b ?is 0 also met ) mu* objection4 ,f9ally1 #a1jjj c>s 7 built to g ov] complete b ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice /opp$ ! %ipm5t4 ,! sav+ 9 ! co/ ( %ipp+ locomotives on _! own :eels am\nt$ to #gge = ea* "o1 & an av]age ( #bj a c> w\ld h be5 sav$ by s5d+ ! c>s ov] on _! own :eels4 ,b1 9 addition to ?is1 ! co/ ( erection on ! o!r side1 am\nt+ to #hjj = ea* locomotive1 %\ld also be add$ to ! sav+4 ,! numb] ( c>s actually %ipp$ ov]seas = ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 if made into "o solid tra91 w\ld be #adj miles long4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aiah1 !re came a call f abroad to produce locomotives at ! rate ( #cjj a mon? & freight c>s at ! rate ( #h1bjj mon?ly4 ,ma*9]y = gett+ ?is production 0 />t$ at once & 0 s effectual t dur+ ! mon?s ( ,septemb] & ,octob] & up to ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice eng9es 7 actually be+ produc$ & %ipp$ f ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works at ?is rate4 ,?is company 0 turn+ out ! greate/ numb] ( locomotives ev] produc$ by any "o company 9 ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,arrangem5ts = increas+ production ( freight c>s to meet e possibility ( tonnage facilities on ! ocean 7 also made1 & _h ! armi/ice n be5 sign$ we _h plann$ to produce dur+ ! mon? ( ,decemb] #aa1jjj complete freight c>s & to ma9ta9 ?is production rate until we _h fill$ all ord]s f ,g54 ,p]%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,load+ ,,railway ,,locomotives1 ,,complete1 ,,abo>d ,,%ip4 ,illu/ration3 #fj-;,,c5timet] ,,gauge ,,tank ,,c>4 ,capacity 9 gallons #b1ejj4 ,9 p\nds #bb1jjj4 ,l5g? ov] end sills #bb feet #a in*es2 wid? ov] side sills1 #e feet #g in*es2 weight1 #ab1jjj p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 #fj-;,,c5timet] ,,gauge ,v-,,%ap$ ,,dump ,,c>s4 ,capacity1 #bg cubic feet4 ,l5g? ov] c\pl]s1 #f feet #i in*es4 ,wid? ( body1 #dh-e_/h in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,railroad ,,locomotives ,,pack$ ,,) ,,bal$ ,,hay ,,9 ,,! ,,hold ,,( ,a ,,%ip4 ,on our fir/ pur*ase ( rails1 am\nt+ to #ajb1jjj tons1 ! price paid 0 #ch a ton = ,bessem] /eel & #dj a ton = op5-he>? /eel1 z aga9/ a price ( #ei a ton t ! ,russians 7 pay+ & prices betwe5 #ed4cf & #fa4hg t 7 be+ paid by ! ,fr5*4 ,!re 0 a sav+ 9 ?is item ( approximately #b1jdj1jjj z comp>$ ) ! prices paid by ! ,russians & ( #a1ich1jjj comp>$ ) ! prices paid by ! ,fr5*4 ,9 connection ) our fir/ pur*ase ( ?is /eel rail1 x %\ld be /at$ t ! ,lackawanna ,/eel ,co4 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,products ,co4 agre$ to sell u rail on ?is basis4 ,ord]s 7 plac$ ) ^! companies1 b n ) two o!r companies--! ,cambria ,/eel ,co4 & ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4--:o decl9$ to accept ! price (f]$4 ,all subsequ5t ord]s = /eel rail 7 on ! basis ( #ee & #eg a ton = ,bessem] & op5 he>?1 respectively1 :i* figure 0 e/abli%$ by ! ,w> ,indu/ries ,bo>d pursuant to ! ,gov]nm5t policy to /abilize indu/ry by e/abli%+ fix$ prices alike = all pur*as]s--! ,gov]nm5t itself1 ! allies1 & ! public4 ,a total ( #icg miles ( /&>d-gauge railway track 0 laid 9 ,france ) mat]ial %ipp$ f ?is c\ntry4 ,a big money sav+ 0 effect$ by *ang+ ! design ( ! freight c>s ask$ = by our ov]seas =ces4 ,_! orig9al call 0 = #ag1jjj f\r-:eel c>s ( ! ,fr5* type1 ^! v>y+ f #aj to #bj tons capacity p] c>4 ,our inve/igations "h conv9c$ u t ! ,am]ican type ( c> ) #cj-ton capacity c\ld be us$ on ! ,fr5* railroads4 ,consequ5tly we recomm5d$ t #f1jjj ( ! #cj-ton ,am]ican-type c>s be s5t abroad in/ead ( small]-capacity ,fr5* c>s4 ,our recomm5dation 0 approv$ by (fic]s abroad1 & z a result !re 0 a sav+ ( #ab1fdj1jjj 9 ! co/ ( ?is initial ord] ( c>s4 ,f t "t all c>s %ipp$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 ( ! ,am]ican #h-:eel type1 a fact :i* result$ 9 a sav+ ( approximately #ahi1fjj1jjj ov] :at x w\ld h co/ to build & %ip ! light] ,fr5* c>s4 ,_h ! light ,fr5* type ( c>s1 z orig9ally sugge/$1 be5 adopt$1 #bgj1cji c>s w\ld h be5 requir$ in/ead ( #ij1ajc c>s1 & probably twice z mu* tonnage w\ld h be5 necess>y to transport ^! c>s ov]seas4 ,mo/ ( ! /eel rails 7 pur*as$ f ! ,cambria ,/eel ,co41 ! ,lackawanna ,/eel ,co41 ! ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co41 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,products ,co41 & ! ,sweets ,/eel ,co4 ,rais$ pi]1 gantry1 & locomotive cranes 7 turn$ out by ! sev]al crane build]s 9 proportion to _! ability to produce4 ,! ,/&>d ,/eel ,c> ,co4 made millions ( doll>s' wor? ( metallic p>ts = freight c>s1 & ! ,colorado ,fuel ,iron ,co4 produc$ rails & b>s4 ,z previ\sly m5tion$1 ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works got ! bulk ( ! ord]s = locomotives1 al?\gh ! ,am]ican ,locomotive ,co41 ! ,vulcan ,co41 ! ,h4 ,e4 ,port] ,co41 & ! ,dav5port ,locomotive ,works also made locomotives = our ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,,hospital ,,tra9s4 ,ambulance tra9s 7 call$ = by ,g54 ,p]%+ 9 8 cablegram ( ,july #ae1 #aiag4 ,x 0 /at$ 9 ?is message t plans = ^! ambulance tra9s w\ld be furni%$ by ! ,surgeon ,g5]al ( ! ,army4 ,to build ^! ambulance tra9s1 ) _! complicat$ designs & specializ$ equipm5t1 9 ?is c\ntry w\ld h entail$ l5g?y delay & v heavy exp5se1 z aft] !y _h be5 con/ruct$ x w\ld h be5 necess>y to knock !m d[n = %ipm5t4 ,) ?is fact 9 m9d our (fic]s "h took up ! "q ) ,sir ,francis ,d5t1 ( ! ,briti% railway commission1 :o 0 9 ?is c\ntry at ! "t4 ,he /at$ t ambulance tra9s built by ! ,london ,nor? ,we/]n ,railway1 :i* _h prov$ :olly satisfactory 9 ?ree ye>s ( s]vice1 c\ld be turn$ out by t same conc]n !re quickly if ! ,engli% design 7 adopt$ = our ,army4 ,aft] consid]able discussion & consid]ation ! ,engli% design 0 foll[$1 & ord]s = our ambulance tra9s 7 plac$ abroad4 ,up to ,decemb] #g1 #aiah1 !re _h be5 complet$ = our ,army #ai ( ^! tra9s1 ) a total ( #cjd c>s1 & !re 7 9 ! c\rse ( completion at t "t or "u ord] #bi additional ambulance tra9s4 ,in=mation f ,engl& %[s t x 0 inde$ ! "p ( wisdom to ord] ^! ambulance tra9s abroad1 z figures f ,engl& /at$ t ! fir/ #ad ( ^! tra9s 7 produc$ at a co/ to u ( #c1hde p] c>1 includ+ repair p>ts4 ,?is means t at ! pres5t rate ( ex*ange ! co/ ( ea* coa* 0 #ah1cjb4bj1 :ile to h built ^! c>s 9 ?is c\ntry1 knock$ !m d[n1 & %ipp$ !m ov]seas w\ld h co/ #dj1jjj ea*4 ,,n>r[-,,gauge ,,railway ,,equipm5t--,,fabricat$ ,,/eel ,,track4 ,! urg5t necessity = n>r[-gauge railway equipm5t = our arm$ =ces 9 ,europe 0 fir/ br\ght home to u :5 ,g54 ,p]%+ cabl$ on ,july #ae1 #aiag4 ,9 ?is message he ask$ = l>ge quantities ( #fj-;c5timet] locomotives1 c>s1 & track4 ,! types reque/$ 7 entirely new 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,specifically1 !re 7 requir$ #aie #fj-;c5timet] /eam locomotives ) a l[ c5t] ( gravity & ) a maximum ( #c tons axle load2 #abf #dj-;horsep[] gasol9e locomotives2 #fc #bj-;horsep[] gasol9e locomotives2 & #c1ccb freight c>s ( v>i\s types1 includ+ box c>s & flat c>s ( #aj-ton capacity1 tank c>s1 & dump c>s4 ,to aid 9 ! build+ ( ?is new equipm5t _m photographs & designs br\ght ov] f ,france 7 us$4 ,x 0 decid$ to build ! #aj-ton c>s fitt$ ) small #d-:eel trucks at ea* end1 r ?an to make !m ( ! #d-:eel$ type1 z ) ?is con/ruction !y w\ld be bett] adapt$ = ! r\nd+ ( %ort curves4 ,illu/ration3 #fj-;,,c5timet] ,,gauge ,,/eam ,,locomotive2 ,,tractive ,,p[]1 #f1bbe ,,p\nds4 ,,cyl9d]s1 #i #ab1 ,,driv+ ,,:eels #bc ,,in*es1 ,,:eel ,,base #e ,,feet #aj ,,in*es2 ,,weight ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord] #cd1ejj ,,p\nds2 ,,capacity3 ,,wat] #dgf ,,gallons1 ,,fuel #a1gjj ,,p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 #fj-;,,c5timet] ,,gauge ,,/eam ,,locomotive2 #ej ,,horsep[]4 ,,cyl9d]s #e #g1 ,,driv+ ,,:eels #cj ,,in*es1 ,,:eel ,,base #d ,,feet2 ,,weight ,,9 ,,work+ ,,ord] #ad1jjj ,,p\nds2 ,,fuel ,,capacity1 #cj ,,gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,armor$ ,,railway ,,motor ,,c>4 ,,hall-,,scott ,,gasol9e ,,eng9e2 ,,l5g? #fb ,,feet #i ,,in*es1 ,,wid? #i ,,feet #aa ,,in*es1 ,,truck ,,c5t]s #df ,,feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,armor$ ,,motor ,,c>1 ,,oil-,,electric ,,eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,armor$ ,,c> ,,equipp$ ,,) #c-;,,in* ,,gun ,,& ,,se>*light ,,on ,,c> ,,atta*$4 ,9 turn+ out ! diff]5t k9ds ( locomotives = ! #fj-;c5timet] railways new designs 7 made 9 ord] to produce locomotives t w\ld run ) equal facility 9 ei!r direction4 ,= ! gasol9e locomotives1 designs ( types simil> to /&>d-gauge eng9es1 a few ( :i* _h be5 9 ! s]vice 9 ?is c\ntry1 7 made1 & ord]s 7 plac$ ) ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works = ! fir/ lot4 ,! fir/ /eam locomotives 7 deliv]$ by ! build]s on ,octob] #c1 #aiag1 & ! fir/ gas locomotives on ,novemb] #g1 #aiag4 ,ord]s = ! freight c>s = ^! n>r[-gauge railways 7 plac$ ) a numb] ( ! l>g] c>-build+ companies ( ! c\ntry4 ,! fir/ ( ^! c>s 7 deliv]$ ,novemb] #bd1 #aiag4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ a total ( #a1hda locomotives & #aa1bbi c>s ( ! n>r[-gauge type _h be5 ord]$ & #dbg locomotives & #f1acd c>s complet$4 ,up to ! #aa? ( ,novemb] #cfa ( ! locomotives & #e1fia ( ! c>s _h be5 %ipp$ ov]seas4 ,( ! #cfa locomotives s5t to ,france1 #aia 7 /eam eng9es1 #ajh _h #ej-;horsep[] gasol9e eng9es1 & #fb _h #ce-;horsep[] gasol9e eng9es4 ,( ! #e1fia c>s t w5t to ! ,exp$ition>y ,=ces prior to ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice1 #fjj 7 box c>s1 #aff 7 tank c>s1 #ejj 7 flat c>s1 #a1eee 7 #h-:eel$ gondola c>s1 #ccj 7 dump c>s1 #ajj 7 artill]y truck c>s1 #igj 7 motor c>s1 #ahj 7 inspection c>s1 #cjj 7 h& c>s1 & #iij 7 pu% c>s4 ,= ! con/ruction ( ! n>r[-gauge railroad us$ 9 ! combat areas beh9d ! front l9e tr5*es a special type ( fabricat$ track 0 design$4 ,?is consi/$ ( %ort sections ( rail bolt$ to /eel cros/ies4 ,! ,am]ican n>r[-gauge railway 0 s arrang$ t x c\ld be pack$ 9 knockd[n %ape to save %ipp+ space4 ,mo/ ( ?is track 0 9 #e-met] l5g?s1 al?\gh _m %ort] sections 7 us$4 ,all1 h[ev]1 7 9 multiples ( #a met]s1 accurately saw$ s z to insure absolute fit ( int]m$iate sections :5 %ell fire made replacem5t necess>y4 ,va/ quantities ( curv$ track1 z well z innum]able swit*es & turn\ts1 also 7 built4 ,9 all ab\t #fje miles ( fabricat$1 n>r[-gauge /eel track 7 pur*as$ & #dfj miles %ipp$ to ,france4 ,all b #aib miles ( ! fabricat$ track 0 built at ! ,lakewood ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ne> ,clevel&4 ,! balance 0 obta9$ ?r\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,products ,co4 ,! co/ ( ! /raight track 0 ab\t #g1djj a mile1 :ile ! co/ ( ! curv$ sections 0 #h1jjj a mile4 ,mu* ( ?is n>r[-gauge track t w5t to ,france 0 manufactur$ at ! rate ( betwe5 #e & #f miles ( complet$ track a day4 ,great quantities ( ! fabricat$ track produc$ by ! ,lakewood ,eng9e]+ ,co4 7 load$ ^u cam\flag$ /eam]s 9 ,clevel& 9 ,may1 #aiah1 & s5t direct to ,france1 via ,lake ,erie1 ! ,well& ,canal1 & ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,eng9e] ,,activities ,,at ,,home4 ,a va/ quantity ( motoriz$ or portable equipm5t 0 requir$ by ! ,eng9e] units ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces & ?is _h 9 ! ma9 to be furni%$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,eng9e]s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is mat]ial 0 produc$ is %[n by su* items z #f1ibc trucks ( all k9ds1 #b1jhb portable build+s1 #abd portable %op & mat]ial trucks1 #ea portable pile driv]s1 #ij electric /orage trucks1 #f1jjf boil]s1 & #c1ejd dump c>s4 ,two-?irds ( ?is equipm5t 0 %ipp$ ov]seas be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,! developm5t ( mobile %ops 0 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ phases ( ?is bran* ( eng9e]+ "w4 ,q e>ly 9 ! w>1 :5 we began ! con/ruction ( ! great base %ops 9 ,france1 we develop$ ^! portable ma*9e %ops1 blacksmi? %ops1 c>p5t] %ops1 & /or]oom %ops 9 dem\ntable truck bodies1 to be us$ = g5]al s]vice 9 ! field4 ,! %ops 7 s con/ruct$ t !y c\ld be entirely clos$ up :5 ! unit 0 9 motion2 b :5 ! %op 0 ready = use ! sides & ends ( ! inclos+ /ructure 7 l[]$1 =m+ "w tables :5 ! %op 0 left on ! truck *assis4 ,if ! %op 7 entirely dem\nt$1 ^! sides & ends1 let d[n1 =m$ ext5sions ( ! floor4 ,) ?is arrangem5t a wide range ( g5]al repair & con/ruction "w c\ld be h&l$ on ! spot on %ort notice4 ,if x 7 necess>y = ! %op to /ay 9 "o place = sev]al days or weeks1 ! body c\ld be dem\nt$1 & ! truck *assis 0 !n us$ = transport+ mat]ials to & f ! %op4 ,ea* portable %op conta9$ ab\t #hjj diff]5t items ( tools & equipm5t4 ,ea* 0 m\nt$ on a #e ton truck4 ,! portable ma*9e %op conta9$ a workb5*1 a drill press1 a portable electric drill1 a gr9d]1 & a #ad-;in* la!1 ^! be+ op]at$ by an electric p[] plant c>ri$ on ! truck2 & x also _h an equipm5t ( necess>y small tools & supplies1 includ+ an oxyacetyl5e weld+ outfit4 ,! portable blacksmi?1 plumb+1 & t9 %ops ea* conta9$ a workb5*1 =ges1 hoi/s1 pipe-fitt+ ma*9es1 a %e> & pun*1 vises1 & a weld+ & cutt+ outfit1 toge!r ) a p[] plant & swit*bo>d & ! necess>y small tools & supplies4 ,! portable c>p5t] %op conta9$ bor+ ma*9es1 a drill press1 a b5* gr9d]1 a workb5*1 a saw b5*1 a w9*1 p[] plant & swit*bo>d1 small tools & supplies4 ,a complete ma*9e %op on :eels co/ ! ,gov]nm5t ab\t #h1ejj4 ,! c>p5t] %op co/ #g1fjj4 ,z supply units = ! portable %ops1 ! ,gov]nm5t built #cj mat]ial trucks1 ea* conta9+ ab\t #fjj items ( tools & supplies4 ,^! mat]ial trucks co/ #f1ajj apiece4 ,ano!r successful developm5t ( ?is nature 0 ! portable photoli?ographic press truck1 already ref]r$ to 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces' li?ographic equipm5t4 ,^! automobile presses1 :i* 7 at our front soon aft] our troops w5t into ! tr5*es1 7 able to pr9t & di/ribute li?ographic sket*es & maps )9 #ab h\rs aft] ! orig9al sket*es 7 submitt$ = reproduction4 ,! ,fr5* & ,briti% armies also _h mobile photoli?ographic units :i* 7 mu* less portable ?an ours & mu* sl[] 9 op]ation4 ,! be/ "t made by ! ,fr5* & ,briti% outfits 0 f\r days = ! same "w4 ,we also suppli$ to ! ,eng9e]+ =ces abroad special wat] /]iliz]s & wat] tanks1 m\nt$ on trucks4 ,! ,eng9e]s put small job-pr9t+ %ops on trucks & photographic d>k rooms on trucks = use 9 ! field4 ,!y equipp$ trucks ) d]ricks1 cap/ans1 & wreck+ ma*9]y4 ,!y furni%$ automotive road spr9kl]s & oil]s1 z well z trucks ) special dump bodies = highway "w4 ,!y develop$ a light1 portable pile driv] unlike any?+ us$ !ret(ore 9 comm]cial "w4 ,?is ma*9e 0 con/ruct$ ( /ructural /eel & _h a total weight ( #d tons4 ,x 0 m\nt$ on a truck drawn by horses or mules1 & ! pile driv] itself 0 op]at$ by a #be-;horsep[] gasol9e eng9e4 ,! pile driv] c\ld be us$ )9 #af m9utes aft] its arrival at any po9t4 ,"o developm5t ( ?is sort1 ! mobile clam-%ell d]rick1 is wor? not+4 ,?is unique piece ( ma*9]y 0 built by ! ,w9!r ,motor ,truck ,co41 ( ,k5o%a1 ,wis4 ,:5 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces issu$ a requisition = #abj clam-%ell d]ricks m\nt$ on motor trucks1 no su* piece ( equipm5t 0 9 exi/5ce any:]e on e>?4 ,! ,w9!r ,co4 volunte]$ to attempt to produce ! ma*9e4 ,by giv+ a wid] tread ( re> axle to ! ,w9!r motor truck1 ! company c\ld provide a suitable vehicle1 b1 se>* z !y might1 !y c\ld n f9d a d]rick ( suffici5t p[] to op]ate a half-y>d clam %ell & also light en\gh to m\nt on a #g-ton truck4 ,no su* d]rick exi/$4 ,! company1 !re=e1 )\t kn[+ any?+ ab\t ! manufacture ( d]ricks1 put its eng9e]+ =ce to "w to produce a design4 ,?is design 0 develop$ 9 two weeks1 & ! d]rick built f x 0 less ?an half ! weight ( any d]rick ( equal capacity4 ,aft] be+ p]fect$1 ! mobile d]rick 9 te/s %[$ t x c\ld move #cej cubic y>ds ( s& or gravel p] day or #ejj or #fjj tons ( coal4 ,"o man c\ld op]ate x & ! motive p[] 0 a #d-;cyl9d] gasol9e eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eng9e]s' ,,tool ,,wagon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eng9e]s' ,,blacksmi? ,,%op1 ,,clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,eng9e]s' ,,portable ,,ma*9e ,,%ops4 ,! ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5t approv$ ?is design & ord]$ #cb su* clam-%ell units4 ,n9e ( ^! 7 deliv]$ be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,! company has cont9u$ production ( ^! d]ricks ) a view ( sell+ !m to road build]s & excavators 9 civil life4 ,= use ( ! v>i\s ,eng9e] units we manufactur$ #a1faj tool wagons & %ipp$ mo/ ( !m to ,france4 ,because ( ! r\gh nature ( ! %ell-torn gr\nd ov] :i* ^! wagons mu/ be us$1 we design$ ea* to be unc\pl$ & op]at$ z two #b-:eel$ c>ts4 ,! developm5t ( mobile indu/rial units m\nt$ on motor trucks is likely to h a pr(\nd effect on ,am]ican indu/ry 9 ! future4 ,= in/ance1 ! special d]rick or crane trucks :i* we built are almo/ c]ta9 to be adopt$ 9 comm]cial use4 ,! locomotive crane has always be5 a useful ma*9e1 b its *ief use has be5 9 h&l+ heavy mat]ials :i* 7 be+ load$ on or (f railway c>s4 ,a crane :i* c be mov$ rapidly to places :]e railway tracks are n locat$ %\ld be ( almo/ equal importance4 ,an accompany+ illu/ration %[s 9 op]ation "o ( ! d]rick trucks :i* we built = ov]seas use4 ,9 ! same way ! mobile pile driv]s design$ by ! ,eng9e] ,corps %\ld be ( great future s]vice 9 road build+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! v>i\s ma*9e %ops :i* 7 built = w> purposes w1 9 _! duplications & adaptations1 und\bt$ly s]ve a useful purpose 9 future comm]cial activities 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! increas$ use ( motive p[] on f>ms has creat$ a dem& = ma*9e repairs4 ,! day may come :5 ! travel+ ma*9e %op w be a famili> sight on our rural highways4 ,! ,eng9e] troops requir$ a great quantity ( hoi/+ ma*9]y4 ,our pur*ases 9 ?is respect am\nt$ to #gjj cranes1 mo/ly ( ! locomotive type1 & #hhf hoi/+ eng9es1 at a total co/ ( #d1iif1jjj4 ,ab\t two-?irds ( ?is equipm5t 0 s5t to ,france & in/all$ at ! ports ( deb>kation & at depots4 ,! re/ 0 us$ at ! %ipp+ po9ts 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is ma*9]y 0 ( great aid 9 ! rapid h&l+ ( mat]ials at tidewat]4 ,a va/ am\nt ( small tools & con/ruction mat]ial 0 requir$4 ,"s #ba1jjj tons ( b>b$ wire1 %ipp$ abroad to be us$ pr9cipally 9 ! con/ruction ( entanglem5ts 9 front ( ,am]ican battle positions1 7 manufactur$ pr9cipally by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,products ,co41 ,jones ,laughl91 ! ,gulf ,/ates ,/eel ,co41 & ! ,colorado ,fuel ,iron ,co41 al?\gh sev]al o!r firms also suppli$ b>b$ wire4 ,! ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5t ord]$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 dur+ ! fight+1 equipm5t & supplies :i* co/ approximately #ged1bja1djg4 ,we furni%$ 9 all #he1abj /eel %elt]s ( v>i\s sizes1 ( :i* #ch1cbj 7 ( ! individual type :i* c\ld be c>ri$ by "o man4 ,! /eel us$ 9 ^! individual %elt]s 0 ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick4 ,!re may be expect$ to be great incid5tal b5efit to future ,am]ican indu/ry f improvem5ts & inv5tions br\ght out by ,am]ican milit>y eng9e]+ 9 #aiag & #aiah4 ,"o important "w1 = in/ance1 :i* ! ,eng9e] ,dep>tm5t und]took 0 t ( /&>diz+ ! requirem5ts = pa9ts & v>ni%es4 ,at ! outset our ,army ne$s ran into #bi %ades ( color 9 #cae diff]5t pa9t & v>ni% mixtures4 ,)\t affect+ any ( our cam\flage projects or o!r important und]tak+s1 we r$uc$ ! numb] ( %ades requir$ f #bi to #af & br\ght ! total numb] ( commodities d[n f #cae to #ii4 ,?is r$uction 9 ! range ( commodities w be ( great use to ! pa9t & v>ni% indu/ry 9 ! future4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> ! me*anical rubb] indu/ry _h b few /&>d specifications4 ,! ,eng9e]s1 aft] consid]able rese>*1 develop$ #cj /&>d specifications = me*anical rubb] goods1 :i* class includ$ su* mat]ials z hose1 pack+1 & sleeves4 ,! repres5tatives ( ! rubb] indu/ry v]bally /at$ t ! ,eng9e] ,dep>tm5t 9 ?is %ort "t did m good to ! trade ?an x _h be5 able to accompli% = itself 9 ! previ\s ?ree or f\r ye>s ( ef=t4 ,imm$iately aft] ho/ilities /opp$ rubb] conc]ns began ask+ ! ,eng9e] ,dep>tm5t = its /&>d specifications4 ,9 ! manufacture ( h>dw>e & kit*5 ut5sils !re 0 also consid]able /&>dization done1 & *anges 9 manufactur+ me?ods 7 recomm5d$ :i* 7 put into effect by ! produc]s4 ,all spun goods 7 elim9at$1 & ! indu/ry conf9$ itself to /raight /amp+1 :i* meant a r$uction 9 labor4 ,a /&>d cobalt coat+ = enamelw>e 0 develop$ by :i* ! indu/ry cons]v$ ab\t #cj tons ( nitre p] mon? & made a m durable & satisfactory enamel coat+1 ) ! result t to-day ! ,army is pur*as+ its va/ quantities ( enamelw>e subject to c]ta9 te/s1 :]eas1 9 ! pa/1 practically all ?is mat]ial 0 b\ght purely ^u ! manufactur]s' /atem5ts4 ,! %ortage ( t9 0 ( consid]able importance4 ,^u ! recomm5dation ( an ,eng9e] (fic] enorm\s quantities ( cafet]ia trays 7 coat$ ) z9c & l>ge am\nts ( t9 !reby cons]v$4 ,! f9i%$ tray 0 entirely satisfactory & gave ess5tially ! same s]vice z t plat$ ) t94 ,horse%oe nails1 =m]ly a v>iable product1 7 /&>diz$ & te/$1 & me?ods 7 devis$ by :i* ! ,army 0 enabl$ to control _! quality4 ,be=e ! w> !re 0 no /&>d rat+ = int]nal-combu/ion eng9es1 ea* manufactur] rat+ 8 motors accord+ to 8 own ideas4 ,our /udies ( small eng9es ( ! type us$ = driv+ pumps or op]at+ woodwork+ & metal-work+ ma*9es result$ 9 _m improvem5ts1 :i* h be5 adopt$ by ! manufactur]s ( int]nal-combu/ion eng9es4 ,out ( ^! /udies came ! s-call$ army rat+1 a /&>d :i* is b\nd to result 9 ! m c>eful rat+ ( comm]cial eng9es4 ,! ,eng9e] ,dep>tm5t br\ght out a modification ( ! design ( ! exi/+ l9e ( gasol9e-driv5 %ovels by apply+ cat]pill> traction to ! l>g] sizes1 ?us do+ away ) ! labor requir$ to plank up & block %ovels t move on :eels4 ,:5 we ent]$ ! w>1 ! explosive tr9itrotoluol 0 /&>d = our ,army = m9+ & demolition purposes4 ,! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 9 coop]ation ) ! ,eng9e] ,dep>tm5t1 develop$ an explosive :i* is *eap] ?an ,t4 ,n4 ,t4 & promises to replace x = eng9e]+ op]ations4 ,we also improv$ ! devices comm]cially us$ 9 electrical detonation ( di/ribut$ *>ges1 our improv$ detonators be+ m c]ta9 & reliable ?an any?+ 9 use4 ,comm]cial ma*9es = detonat+ z _m z #bej /&>d ,no4 #h caps 7 develop$ = ! ,panama ,canal1 b ! ma*9es 9 common use _h se5 little improvem5t = #be ye>s4 ,z a result ( ! developm5t by ! ,eng9e] ,corps1 a ma*9e capable ( detonat+ #abj caps 0 obta9$1 weigh+ no m ?an ! #cj-;cap comm]cial bla/+ ma*9e & co/+ slightly less4 ,a second ma*9e 0 develop$1 capable ( explod+ #ejj caps1 at a price n greatly above ! price ( a #cj-;cap comm]cial ma*9e4 ,m9+ eng9e]s :o saw ?is developm5t /at$ t x w\ld h a high comm]cial value1 z ^! improv$ ma*9es w\ld make electric bla/+ m positive & dep5dable ?an any o!r =m ( detonation1 z well z mak+ x possible to set (f a l>ge s]ies ( *>ges simultane\sly4 ,! ,panama ,canal ma*9e weigh$ #ce p\nds & co/ #abf4 ,our #ejj-;cap ma*9e weigh$ #cj p\nds & co/ #ce4 ,! du ,pont #cj-;cap ma*9e weigh$ #be p\nds & co/ #be4 ,our small ma*9e weigh$ #bj p\nds1 co/ #bb4ej1 & w\ld fire #abj caps4 ,9 addition to ?is !re might be m5tion$ o!r projects develop$ prim>ily = w> purposes b :i* w be available = ! indu/rial uses ( peace4 ,^! includ$ portable well-drill+ outfits ( a new type1 alcohol /ills ( a small size = ! utilization ( wa/e products 9 small units1 s\nd r$uc]s on ! exhau/ pipes ( gasol9e eng9es1 air /ra9]s to m9imize ! *ances ( du/ & grit ent]+ gasol9e eng9es4 ,:5 ! w> end$ we 7 work+ on ! problem ( ha/5+ ! sett+ ( concrete & 7 also /udy+ ! production 9 ?is c\ntry ( photographic colors & tone *emicals =m]ly secur$ only f ,g]many4 ,9 g5]al1 m5tion %\ld be made ( ! exhau/ive te/s 9 _m indu/ries conduct$ by ! ,eng9e] depot & by special deta*m5ts ( ,eng9e]s4 ,te/s 7 made ( hundr$s ( pieces ( app>atus1 & ^! te/s l$ to _m improvem5ts 9 ,am]ican manufacture4 ,illu/rat+ h[ ^! te/s 7 reg>d$ by individual conc]ns1 ! ,clevel& ,tractor ,co41 aft] a te/ ( its equipm5t conduct$ by ,army ,eng9e]s1 /at$3 ,our p consid] ?is te/ to be ! mo/ valuable ev] und]tak5 by ?is company4 ,?is is indicative ( b5efits scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ,am]ican indu/ry by ! eng9e]+ w> te/s4 ,:ile practically all ( ! rese>* "w :i* result$ 9 ! developm5ts & improvem5ts not$ 0 conduct$ by ,eng9e] (fic]s :ile on duty at ! ,g5]al ,eng9e] ,depot 9 ,wa%+ton1 s9ce ! transf] ( ! functions ( ! ,g5]al ,eng9e] ,depot to ! ,division ( ,pur*ase1 ,/orage & ,traffic1 ,novemb] #a1 #aiah1 mu* ( ?is rese>* "w has be5 & /ill is be+ c>ri$ on by ! latt] division4 ,= h&l+ ,eng9e] mat]ials !re 7 e/abli%$ ! ,g5]al ,eng9e] ,depot at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c1 emb>kation depots at ,s\? ,ke>ney1 ,n4 ,j41 & ,norfolk1 ,va41 & %ipp+ depots at ,baltimore1 ,md41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,jacksonville1 ,fla41 ,new ,orleans1 ,la41 & ,mobile1 ,ala4 ,9 addition1 subdepots 7 organiz$ at all ( ! divisional camps & cantonm5ts4 ,! w> dem&$ ! production 9 ,am]ica ( quantities ( precision in/rum5ts4 ,^! 7 requir$ n only by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t = ! equipm5t ( artill]y ) sights & indirect fire-control app>atus b also by ! ,eng9e] ,corps1 ! ,signal ,corps1 ! ,bureau ( ,aircraft ,production1 & ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t4 ,^! in/rum5ts 7 su* ?+s z an]oid b>omet]s1 pocket compasses1 measur+ tapes1 surveyors' equipm5t g5]ally1 map-draw+ outfits1 draftsm5's supplies1 & s on4 ,= a l>ge p]iod ( ! w> ! procurem5t ( precision in/rum5ts 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,g5]al ,eng9e] ,depot4 ,lat]1 :5 ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t's supply activities 7 be+ consolidat$1 ! pur*as+ ( precision in/rum5ts1 except ! highly te*nical s\nd-rang+ devices1 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,director ( ,pur*ase & ,/orage1 ! organization ( ! ,g5]al ,eng9e] ,depot go+ along 9 ! transf]4 ,! developm5t & ! production ( se>*lights & s\nd-rang+ app>atus rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,eng9e] ,corps4 ,9 ,april1 #aiag1 !re 7 probably n m ?an a doz5 recogniz$ ,am]ican manufactur]s ( high-grade precision in/rum5ts4 ,z an indication ( ! expansion ( manufactur+ capacity requir$ by ! w>1 "o conc]n1 ! ,taylor ,in/rum5t ,cos41 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 :i* _h manufactur$ 9 peace times wat*-pocket compasses at ! rate ( #ae1jjj a ye>1 7 call$ ^u to turn !m out at ! rate ( #aj1jjj weekly to fill an ord] = #bjj1jjj ( !m4 ,9 ord] to h&le ?is contract ! ,taylor ,in/rum5t ,cos4 built a new factory build+ 9 #bj days4 ,a c]ta9 type ( an]oid b>omet] requir$ by ! exig5cies _h nev] be=e be5 produc$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,taylor ,in/rum5t ,cos4 succe$$ 9 produc+ #a1bdj ( ^! b>omet]s4 ,! ,lufk9 ,rule ,co41 ( ,sag9aw1 ,mi*41 0 call$ ^u to manufacture #gjj b& *a9 measur+ tapes = survey+1 graduat$ ?r\gh\t accord+ to ! metric sy/em1 & also #a1bdj special outfits = repair+ su* tape4 ,^! b& tapes :5 brok5 are fa/5$ toge!r by t9y rivets1 :i* are produc$ by special ma*9]y4 ,because ( ! inability ( ! ma*9e-tool indu/ry1 swamp$ z x 0 ) w> dem&s1 to produce ! special rivet-mak+ ma*9es1 x 0 necess>y to r$uce 9 ! specifications = repair outfits ! quantity ( metal rivets = ea* kit f #d ounces ( rivets to #b ounces4 ,field artill]y requir$ a precision in/rum5t kn[n z ! m9iature telescopic alidade ( ! ,gale type4 ,x is unlikely t #aej ( ^! in/rum5ts _h be5 made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ #aj ye>s1 yet ! ,artill]y dem&s call$ = ! production ( #a1aaj ( !m4 ,! ,w4 ,l4 ,e4 ,gurley ,co41 ( ,troy1 ,n4 ,y41 n only manufactur$ half ( ?is ord]1 b1 9 ord] t ! ,gov]nm5t might obta9 a suffici5t supply ( ^! in/rum5ts1 x turn$ ov] to a compet+ firm1 ! ,eug5e ,dietzg5 ,co41 ( ,*icago1 ! l5ses1 prisms1 h]metically-seal$ bubbles1 & o!r p>ts = #eee in/rum5ts4 ,! ,army requir$ l>ge numb]s ( h& tally regi/]s to be us$ by *eck]s & obs]v]s4 ,! ,b5ton ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,new ,york1 _h be5 mak+ less ?an #ae1jjj regi/]s ( ?is sort 9 a ye>1 yet x increas$ its facilities & turn$ out #fb1jjj ( !m = ! ,army )9 two mon?s4 ,! ,army requir$ #ce1jjj complete sket*+ outfits = ! use ( milit>y obs]v]s4 ,! cont5ts ( ^! outfits 7 manufactur$ by a doz5 diff]5t conc]ns4 ,draw+ in/rum5t sets 7 produc$ by ! ,eug5e ,dietzg5 ,co4 ,ea* set includ$ a pair ( proportional divid]s4 ,our draftsm5 _h always obta9$ _! divid]s f ,europe4 ,! divid]1 :i* ne>ly ev]yone has se51 appe>s to be a simple device1 yet x mu/ be made ) ! utmo/ precision1 or else x is valueless4 ,9 manufacture x goes ?r\gh m ?an #ajj di/9ct factory op]ations4 ,m>*+ compasses = troops 7 made by ! ,sp]ry ,gyroscope ,co41 ( ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 ! quantity 9 manufacture be+ ov] #bjj1jjj in/rum5ts4 ,_m o!r delicate in/rum5ts ( mo/ difficult manufacture1 ^: description is too te*nical to be set d[n "h1 7 produc$ successfully 9 ,am]ica dur+ ! w> p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d]rick ,,truck ,,= ,,ov]seas ,,use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,light ,,microphone ,,set4 ,illu/ration3 ,,geophone ,,s\nd ,,rang+ ,,set4 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,t-,m ,,surface ,,s\nd-,,rang+ ,,set4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,s\nd ,,& ,,fla% ,,rang+ ,,& ,,se>*lights4 ,9 *ildhood we 7 en?rall$ by ! tales ( ^? magic p]sons ^: ke5 he>+ c\ld detect ev5 ! :isp] ( ! gr[+ grass4 ,z cam\flage develop$1 mod]n w>f>e ye>n$ = su* sup]natural gifts ( s5se t troops might detect ! unse5 pres5ce ( ! enemy4 ,accord+ly ,sci5ce1 ! fairy godmo!r ( today's soldi]s1 rais$ h] w&1 & lo1 ! ,army 0 equipp$ ) ! wond]ful e>s ( ! fairy tale1 uncanny no long]1 b a concrete manufactur+ proposition4 ,artill]y practice n[adays abhors ! wa/$ %ot4 ,! "t :5 cannon fir$ 9 ! g5]al direction ( ! enemy1 & hop$ to hit some?+1 pass$ :5 ! long-range rifles & h[itz]s1 ) _! m>vel\sly accurate sight+ in/rum5ts1 came into exi/5ce4 ,:ole books h be5 writt5 on ! subject ( po9t+ a mod]n cannon 9 ! mod]n way4 ,a great proportion ( our indu/rial ef=t 9 ! rec5t conflict 0 devot$ to ! sole end t we might aim our artill]y accurately4 ,= in/ance1 to ?is end almo/ exclusively 0 devot$ ! enorm\s production ( aircraft mat]ial4 ,! obs]v] 9 ! airplane or balloon tru/$ n to 8 eyes b to ! f9] sight ( ! photographic cam]a2 & ?is aga9 occasion$ a l>ge w> indu/ry--! production ( cam]as & _! op]ation 9 ! field1 :i* includ$ ! production ( f9i%$ photography 9 ! field d>k rooms4 ,b1 z ! airplane & a]ial cam]a 7 p]fect$1 cam\flage 0 und]tak5 z a protection f discov]y f al(t2 & s might be br\ght 9 ano!r *apt]--! production ( cam\flage mat]ial & ! "w ( cam\flage exp]ts 9 ! field4 ,pres5tly cam\flage succe$$ 9 baffl+ ! cam]a to a great ext5t1 & ?is made necess>y ! developm5t ( in/rum5ts t c\ld detect ! location ( ! enemy by s\nd4 ,s9ce ! unaid$ e> 0 n ke5 en\gh to supply ! desir$ in=mation1 appli$ sci5ce came to ! rescue ) ! v>i\s devices embrac$ 9 ! g5]al classification ( s\nd-rang+ equipm5t4 ,! production ( ?is equipm5t 0 "u ! direction ( ! ,eng9e] ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,army4 ,9 ?ree classes ( milit>y "w we ne$$ he>+ ref9$ to ! razor-edge4 ,) ke5 en\gh e>s we c\ld detect ^? subt]ranean op]ations ( ! enemy kn[n z m9+2 ) e>s ( t sort we c\ld detect & locate ! positions ( ho/ile cannon2 & /ill aga9 we c\ld employ su* s5sitiv5ess ( he>+ to f9d 9 ! d>ke/ sky at night ! ho/ile raid+ airplane4 ,"o ( ^! long-di/ance e> drums :i* man inv5t$ = himself z an aid to 8 milit>y op]ations 0 kn[n z ! geophone4 ,! fir/ geophone us$ by ! we/]n p[]s 9 ! w> 0 inv5t$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,x 0 a simple me*anism4 ,! device or drum :i* receiv$ ! s\nd waves & magnifi$ !m consi/$ ( a small clos$ box ) a conf9$ air space4 ,?is box 0 weight$ ) a lead5 disk to give x ! requir$ in]tia4 ,! geophone 0 plac$ ^u ! gr\nd & ! vibrations ( ! e>? 7 communicat$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! conf9$ air space4 ,! s\nds !n rea*$ ! li/5]'s e>s via a rubb] tube & an ord9>y /e?oscope horn4 ,by means ( ?is device ! slighte/ vibrations ( ! gr\nd 7 r5d]$ audible4 ,! geophone 0 us$ to detect enemy m9+ op]ations4 ,! li/5] plac$ ! weight$ box on ! floor ( an und]gr\nd gall]y or on solid e>? or rock4 ,if ! enemy 7 burr[+ 9 ! gr\nd any:]e )9 a di/ance ( #ge y>ds ! geophone w\ld tell ab\t x4 ,9 ord] to enable ! li/5] to "k 9 :at direction ! s\nds came1 two geophone boxes 7 provid$1 "o connect$ ) ea* e>4 ,by plac+ ! boxes a small di/ance ap>t f ea* o!r & !m mov+ !m until ! vibrations 9 bo? e> horns 7 equaliz$1 ! li/5] c\ld tell approximately 9 :at direction ! enemy m9+ op]ation 0 locat$4 ,geophones 7 us$ by bo? sides1 & s effective did !y prove to be t x is report$ t !y 7 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 /opp+ m9+ op]ations altoge!r4 ,if an enemy m9e 7 locat$ by "o ( ^! devices1 a c\nt] m9e c\ld be />t$ at once & c>ri$ ?r\gh1 usually ) disa/r\s results to ! ho/ile m9]s4 ,z our fir/ /ep 9 ! production ( geophones1 we adopt$ ! ,fr5* device2 b lat] on we develop$ an in/rum5t ) ne>ly "o-?ird great] range ?an ! ,fr5* geophone _h4 ,?is improvem5t 0 develop$ by ! ,eng9e]s & bureau speciali/s at ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds 9 ,wa%+ton ) money provid$ by ! ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5t4 ,we produc$ ! improv$ model 9 suffici5t quantities to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,we also develop$ an electrome*anical geophone t c\ld be connect$ up by wire to a c5tral li/5+ /ation "s di/ance back f an expos$ location4 ,! s\nd-receiv+ boxes or microphones 7 plac$ out 9 ,no ,man's ,l& & hidd5 "u tra% or e>?4 ,!y 7 s s5sitive t !y w\ld n only record any subt]ranean activities ( ! enemy )9 _! range1 b at night w\ld betray enemy raid+ p>ties attempt+ to cross to our positions1 ! s5sitive boxes pick+ up ! vibrations ( _! spee* or foot/eps4 ,! c5tral li/5] c\ld locate approximately ! position ( ho/ile op]ations by obs]v+ :i* boxes 7 receiv+ ! s\nds 9 greate/ int5sity4 ,! boxes c\ld also pick up & s5d to ! c5tral li/5+ /ations conv]sations c>ri$ on by ! enemy p>ties ev5 9 l[ tones1 ! app>atus ?us act+ z ! dictator%ip ( ! w>4 ,b by f> ! mo/ important "w done by li/5+ in/rum5ts 0 9 locat+ ! positions ( enemy gun batt]ies4 ,?is 0 "o sci5tific in/rum5t1 at any rate1 :i* ! ,g]mans 7 nev] able to produce successfully = !mselves4 ,dur+ ! f9al mon?s ( ! w> m enemy guns 7 locat$ by li/5+ in/rum5ts ?an by any o!r means4 ,an ,am]ican in/rum5t ) ! ,army spott$ #aag ,g]man gun positions 9 a s+le day by surface s\nd rang+4 ,?is 0 ! high ,am]ican record set 9 ! w>1 b at all times our s\nd-detect+ equipm5t _h an uncanny accuracy4 ,up to ! end ( ! fight+1 no way _h be5 discov]$ to conceal ! location ( a gun f s\nd-rang+ in/rum5ts suitably plac$ & prop]ly op]at$4 ,! in/rum5ts us$ = locat+ gun positions 7 ( su* a highly complicat$ & te*nical nature t no "o b design]s & me*anics skill$ 9 ! production ( complex electrical equipm5t c\ld build !m at all4 ,! record+ in/rum5ts1 or microphones1 7 ( a sort s delicate t _! use !ret(ore _h nev] be5 consid]$ outside ( laboratories4 ,yet !y 7 requir$ to op]ate successfully amid ! d9 & concussion ( heavy bomb>dm5ts4 ,all useless s\nds & j>s 7 filt]$ out s t only ! s\ght-= vibrations c\ld come to ! c5tral record+ me*anism4 ,/udies ( gunfire %[$ t :5 a cannon fires an explosive %ell ( high velocity !re are ?ree di/9ct concussions4 ,"o ( ^! is ! %>p crack produc$ 9 ! air :5 ! %ell1 dragg+ a %ort vacuum trail beh9d x1 passes ov] ! head ( ! obs]v]4 ,z ! air ru%es into ?is vacuum & collides ) itself1 x produces a crack t is simil> 9 orig9 to ord9>y ?und]4 ,! second concussion to be he>d is t produc$ at ! muzzle ( ! gun by ! exp&+ gases t propel ! %ell4 ,!re is /ill a ?ird1 ! break1 or explosion4 ,9 ord] to locate a batt]y or gun exactly only "o ( ^! concussions--! explosion at ! muzzle ( ! gun--mu/ be pick$ up by ! microphone4 ,! fir/ & ?ird %ocks1 & all o!r s\nds n useful to ! "w %\ld be damp$ out & exclud$4 ,a numb] ( ^! microphones w\ld be plac$ 9 scatt]$ positions1 usually 9 a tr5*1 & !n connect$ ) ! c5tral record+ me*anism4 ,:5 a microphone pick$ up a ho/ile gun explosion ! di/urbance 0 in/antly transmitt$ ?r\gh sev]al miles ( wire4 ,an +5i\s & complicat$ me*anism actuat$ an electromagnetic ne$le1 :i* in/antly record$ ?is di/urbance on a tape ( photographic pap]1 calibrat$ to %[ fif?s ( seconds 9 "t4 ,ea* microphone on outpo/ duty 0 repres5t$ on ?is tape by a p>allel l9e2 &1 z six microphones 7 usually us$1 ! tape 0 /rip$ ) six p>allel l9es4 ,z ! o!r microphones at ! front pick$ up ! concussion ( ! gun1 _! records 7 made on _! respective l9es2 & ! obs]v]s at ! c5tral /ation1 by not+ ! diff]5ce 9 "t betwe5 ! reports ( ! v>i\s microphones1 & by mak+ calculations bas$ on ! rate at :i* s\nd travels1 c\ld locate ! gun t set up ! di/urbances by means ( ord9>y surveyor's triangulations4 ,s accurately w\ld ?is me*anism d ! "w t a gun position c\ld be det]m9$ )9 #ej or #fj feet4 ,incid5tally1 x is int]e/+ to note t ! practice ( our ,army 0 to secure 9 advance1 by means ( surface s\nd rang+ & o!r me?ods1 ! positions ( all ! enemy's guns t c\ld be le>n$4 ,!n1 (t5 aft] int]vals ( h\rs or ev5 days1 ! fire began simultane\sly ^u all ^! gun positions j z our attack />t$4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we _h two exp]im5tal /ations = ! developm5t ( s\nd-rang+ app>atus4 ,we began exp]im5ts 9 ?is "w 9 ,june1 #aiag4 ,be=e we _h p]fect$ any satisfactory in/rum5ts1 ! ,briti% _h met ) great success ) ! ,bull-,tuck] sy/em2 & we adopt$ t type = ! use ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,f plans & models s5t to ?is c\ntry we produc$ an ,am]ican ,bull-,tuck] ma*9e1 utiliz+ /&>d ,am]ican electrical equipm5t :]ev] we c\ld4 ,at ! close ( ! w> we _h 9 op]ation along ! ,am]ican front #ab complete ,am]ican outfits4 ,! six microphones ( ea* record+ ma*9e 9 action 7 set ab\t #e1jjj feet ap>t along ! front1 s t ea* s\nd-rang+ section cov]$ a frontage ( approximately #e miles4 ,! #ab outfits 9 use 7 suffici5t to locate ! guns ( ! enemy on a #fj-mile front4 ,ab\t a mon? be=e ! fight+ /opp$ we s5t to ,france a new model s\nd-rang+ set :i* _h be5 develop$ ) ! coop]ation ( ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds4 ,! reports f ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces indicat$ t ?is ,am]ican developm5t 0 sup]ior 9 sev]al important p>ticul>s to any?+ else 9 use :5 ! w> came to an end4 ,! ,am]ican in/rum5ts 7 light]1 easi] to c>ry ab\t1 easi] to in/all1 & mu* *eap] ?an ^? ( ! ,briti% type1 & w\ld op]ate "u m adv]se wea!r conditions4 ,! impulses receiv$ by ! microphone 9 ?is equipm5t 7 record$ on a runn+ tape smok$ by an acetyl5e flame4 ,s\nd rang+ = ! detection ( airplanes at night requires an equipm5t :i* consi/s fundam5tally ( a s\nd-ga!r+ device & a li/5+ me*anism1 ! comb9ation enabl+ ! obs]v] to tell ! direction f :i* ! s\nd is com+4 ,:5 a bomb+ plane approa*es at night ! hum ( ! motor c be he>d at a di/ance f #a to #c miles1 or ev5 m1 dep5d+ ^u conditions4 ,b ! direction ( ?is s\nd is elusive to ! unaid$ e>1 z anyone c te/ify :o has he>d an airplane 9 broad daylight b c\ld n locate x ) 8 eyes4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( a]ial s\nd rang+ ! se>*lights hunt+ = ! ho/ile airplane 7 oblig$ to sweep ! sky aimlessly 9 an endeavor to locate x2 & ! pilot ( ! plane c\ld (t5 maneuv] to keep out ( ! light4 ,b by use ( ! s\nd detectors n only c ! approa* ( ! airplane be detect$ at a di/ance beyond ! he>+ range ( ! unaid$ e>1 b1 :at is m important1 its direction c be det]m9$ )9 an angle ( #c4 ,! use ( ^! s\nd detectors greatly increas$ ! *ances ( locat+ airplanes at night by se>*light4 ,! ,eng9e] ,dep>tm5t conduct$ ext5sive exp]im5ts 9 ! developm5t ( a]ial s\nd detectors4 ,"o =m develop$ consi/$ ( a set ( long horns ) li/5+ tubes atta*$ to ! small ends & lead+ to receiv]s on ! obs]v]'s head set4 ,^! horns 7 m\nt$ on a turntable :i* ! obs]v] c\ld revolve1 s t ! horns c\ld be turn$ 9 ! g5]al direction ( ! s\nd4 ,f\r horns 7 us$ 9 ?is me*anism--two to indicate ! direction ( ! airplane on a horizontal circle 79 azimu?71 & ! o!r pair to indicate ! direction on ! v]tical arc 79 elevation74 ,"u favorable conditions ! s5sitiv5ess ( ?is device 0 ?ree times t ( ! unaid$ e>1 & ! airplane c\ld be locat$ )9 an angle ( #a4 ,! horn detector1 h[ev]1 0 l>ge & cumb]some & n satisfactory = a mobile unit4 ,= field s\nd rang+1 :5 ! li/5] may wi% to move f place to place1 ! p>abloid s\nd reflector 0 develop$4 ,?is hemisph]ical object1 l a huge f\nta9 bas9 9 %ape1 0 made ( mat]ial simil> to build+ bo>d & %ap$ 9 p>abolic l9es4 ,su* a s\nd collector e*o$ or reflect$ ! s\nd f e po9t ( its surface to a focal po9t :]e ! li/5+ in/rum5t 0 locat$4 ,! obs]v] turn$ ! p>abloid on its univ]sal m\nt until ! s\nd 0 equaliz$ 9 8 e>s1 & !n ! exact direction ( ! airplane w\ld be indicat$ by ! azimu? & elevation po9t]s on ! ma*9e4 ,! p>aboloids develop$ by our ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5t _h a s5sitiv5ess ?ree times t ( ! unaid$ e> & c\ld locate s\nd )9 #c ( arc4 ,we 7 n pione]s 9 develop+ ! p>abloid1 h[ev]1 ! ,fr5* hav+ built !m ahead ( u2 b our app>atus possess$ m>k$ advantages ov] t ( ! ,fr5*4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,fr5* collect+ device weigh$ #c tons & 0 s heavy & cumb]some t x c\ld sc>cely be mov$ at all4 ,! total weight ( ! ,am]ican collect+ device 0 only #a1cjj p\nds4 ,! ,am]ican in/rum5t 0 ?us mu* light] & m portable4 ,x 0 s simple t x c\ld be set up 9 ab\t "o-six? ! "t t x took to erect ! ,fr5* device4 ,! co/ ( our ma*9e 0 only ab\t two-fif?s t ( ! ,fr5* me*anism4 ,al?\gh valuable "w 9 detect+ gun positions 0 done by s\nd rang+1 yet bo? sides locat$ guns by wat*+ _! fla%es4 ,we improv$ fla%-rang+ sets ( ! allies4 ,^! 7 simple 9 pr9ciple4 ,a numb] ( obs]v]s at po/s comm&+ good views 7 equipp$ ) obs]vation telescopes m\nt$ on tripods to wat* = ! fla%es ( enemy guns4 ,:5ev] two or m ( !m obs]v$ ! same fla% & report$ its direction1 ! position ( ! gun c\ld be det]m9$ by ord9>y triangulation4 ,h[ev]1 9 op]ation ! sy/em 0 n s simple1 because ( ! fact t ! obs]v]s report+ might n h turn$ _! in/rum5ts ^u ! same fla%4 ,?is difficulty 0 met by furni%+ ea* obs]v] ) an outpo/ swit* set4 ,z soon z he obs]v$ ! fla% ?r\gh 8 telescope he clos$ ! swit*1 & t action turn$ on a small electric light at ! headqu>t]s /ation1 :i* might be miles away4 ,!n1 z soon z he c\ld1 he telephon$ 9 ! direction ( ! fla% obs]v$4 ,if ! op]ator at ! swit*bo>d saw two or ?ree ( ! lights fla% simultane\sly1 he knew ! obs]v]s at ! front _h probably caught ! same fla%4 ,lights t came on a little ahead or a little beh9d ! simultane\s lights 7 disreg>d$ :5 ! obs]v]s telephon$ reports4 ,9 develop+ ! telescope = ?is sy/em consid]able difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ on acc\nt ( ! %ortage ( ! prop] optical glass 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we 71 !re=e1 oblig$ to buy our telescopes 9 ,france until our supply w\ld be available4 ,^! telescopes 7 exp5sive me*anisms1 & 9 "s ( ! "w ( ! fla%-rang+ sections two ( !m 7 orig9ally requir$ at ea* obs]v+ /ation--"o to det]m9e ! position ( a %ell bur/ 9 elevation & ! o!r its position on ! horizontal circle 9 azimu?4 ,s9ce ! decl>ation ( ! armi/ice an ,am]ican ,eng9e] (fic] has design$ a telescope eyepiece :i* enables ?is "w to be done by obs]v+ ?r\gh a s+le in/rum5t1 ?us effect+ a m>k$ sav+ 9 ! numb] ( telescopes :i* might be requir$ 9 ! future4 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,p>abloid ,,type ,,ac\/ic ,,detector4 ,illu/ration3 #fj-;,,in* ,,op5 ,,type ,,portable ,,se>*light4 ,illu/ration3 #fj-;,,in* ,,high ,,int5sity ,,seacoa/ ,,type ,,se>*light4 ,:5 ! fight+ /opp$ our milit>y sci5ti/s & o!rs coop]at+ ) !m 7 develop+ a type ( gr\nd s\nd-rang+ app>atus :i* x 0 hop$ c\ld be utiliz$ to give troops w>n+ ( ! fir+ ( heavy artill]y %ells 9 _! g5]al direction4 ,prelim9>y exp]im5ts %[ t at a di/ance ( #d4a miles ?is me*anism c\ld record ! fir+ ( a gun "s #ai seconds be=e ! arrival ( ! %ell4 ,"u prop] circum/ances ?is elaps$ "t w\ld enable troops prop]ly w>n$ to seek cov] f ! explosion ( ! projectile4 ,?is developm5t ( s\nd-rang+ app>atus & its application to ! protection ( p]sonnel 0 made possible by ! f> great] spe$ ) :i* %ock vibrations travel ?r\gh a d5se m$ium l ! e>? ?an ?r\gh ! usual s\nd-convey+ m$ium1 ! atmosph]e4 ,,se>*lights4 ,! se>*light equipm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army prior to #aiad consi/$ *iefly ( lights locat$ at our coa/ def5ses4 ,9 #aiaf we began ! developm5t ( mobile se>*light-&-p[] units = field-army "w1 f\r horse-drawn equipm5ts1 ) #cf-;in* lights1 be+ ord]$ fir/1 & lat] eight o!r sets1 ) ext5sible t[]s & gasol9e electric g5]ators4 ,:5 ! w> 0 approa*+ we ord]$ #he sets ( ! limb]-&-caisson type4 ,! caissons ( ^! sets c>ri$ #bd-;in* lights on ext5sible t[]s4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aiag1 we ord]$ #ej high-int5sity lights to replace z _m l[-int5sity lamps at our seacoa/ =tifications4 ,! fir/ w> ord] 0 plac$ 9 ,april1 #aiag1 & consi/$ ( #bj additional se>*lights ( ! #fj-;in* dim5sion1 ! l>ge/ light ord]$ by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,aft] ! entrance ( ,am]ica 9 ! w> ! ,eng9e] ,dep>tm5t began /udy+ ! requirem5ts abroad = se>*lights us$ 9 def5se aga9/ ho/ile aircraft2 & 9 ,septemb]1 #aiag1 ?is inve/igation result$ 9 ord]s = #cfj high-int5sity se>*lights1 #fic high-int5sity arc me*anisms1 & #a1jjj glass mirrors ( /&>d design4 ,ab\t ?is "t we began look+ to ! improvem5t ( exi/+ se>*light equipm5t4 ,! coop]ation ( lead+ sci5ti/s1 manufactur]s1 & ,gov]nm5t bureaus 0 obta9$1 & ! product ( exhau/ive exp]im5ts 0 #ah diff]5t new k9ds ( se>*lights ei!r p>tially or :olly develop$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 7 produc$1 %ipp$1 & 7 9 op]ation ) ! ,second ,field ,army 9 ,france on ,octob] #a1 #aiah4 ,?is 0 a new =m ( se>*light m p[]ful ?an any t _h be5 produc$ be=e t "t4 ,x weigh$ "o-eigh? z mu* z lights ( =m] design1 co/ only "o-?ird z mu*1 0 ab\t "o-f\r? z l>ge 9 bulk1 & ?rew a light #aj p] c5t /rong] ?an any o!r portable projector 9 exi/5ce4 ,)\t go+ into ! details ( ?is me*anism its mo/ /rik+ innovation1 f ! /&po9t ( ! nonte*nical obs]v]1 0 ! abs5ce ( ! front glass ?r\gh :i* ! beams ( ! old] type lamps are s5t4 ,! abs5ce ( ! glass1 :ile r$uc+ ! weight & co/ ( a light1 also increas$ ! int5sity ( ! beam ( ! se>*light1 s9ce any glass1 no matt] h[ conducive to rays1 absorbs light to a consid]able ext5t4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! w> we took ! #cf-;in* lights :i* ! ,gov]nm5t _h on h& & m\nt$ !m on motor trucks4 ,= g5]at+ p[] = ! lights1 motor trucks 7 equipp$ ) electric g5]ators op]at$ by ! crank-%aft ( ! truck eng9e4 ,9 mov+ ab\t ea* truck c>ri$ n only ! light & p[] unit & accessories1 b provid$ space = ! crew & _! equipm5t4 ,:5 we w5t into ! w> !re 0 only "o firm 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t c\ld make ! l>ge se>*light mirrors1 b two o!r conc]ns develop$ ! art & ! faculties dur+ ! ho/ilities4 ,^! mirrors 7 ( glass & co/ ab\t #a1jjj at prew> prices4 ,! maximum output 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be=e ! w> 0 ?ree #fj-;in* mirrors p] week4 ,z ! result ( gov]nm5tal enc\ragem5t ! production ( ! #fj-;in* mirrors increas$ until x rea*$ ! /age ( #ae a week 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah2 & ! price 0 r$uc$ to ab\t #ijj p] mirror1 ev5 "u w>-"t conditions ) respect to labor & mat]ial4 ,?is 0 equival5t to a price ( ab\t #gjj p] mirror "u normal conditions1 or a sav+ ( #cj p] c5t4 ,a rem>kable contribution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to se>*light sci5ce 0 ! production ( a satisfactory metal mirror = project+ ! beam4 ,! metal mirror n only weigh$ a little less ?an ! glass mirror1 b x co/ only "o-?ird z mu* z ! glass "o1 c\ld be produc$ 9 "o-fif? ! "t1 0 mu* less fragile1 & ext5d$ ! possibility ( manufacture to a wide numb] ( indu/ries4 ,! metal mirror possess$ #ig p] c5t ( ! reflectivity ( ! glass mirror4 ,?is slight dullness is inappreciable 9 se>*light "w & m ?an comp5sat$ = by ! o!r qualities ( ! metal reflector4 ,?is type ( mirror1 h[ev]1 _h n yet be5 put 9 production :5 ! w> end$4 ,our inv5tors dur+ ! #ai mon?s ( ho/ilities succe$$ 9 r$uc+ ! size ( c>bons us$ 9 #bjj-;amp]e lamps f #b in*es 9 diamet] to #a-a_/h in*es4 ,?is cut ! co/ ( c>bons 9 two1 b ! improvem5ts tripl$ ! am\nt ( light develop$4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aiah1 we 7 work+ ) assurance ( success to develop a simple sy/em :]eby field se>*lights c\ld be po9t$ & controll$ f a di/ance4 ,su* controls _h be5 us$ 9 exp]im5tal "w prior to #aiag1 b ! me*anisms 7 complicat$ & n suitable = field s]vice4 ,! se>*light section ( ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s also develop$ optical f9d+ devices1 :i* d\bl$ ! range ( all se>*lights )\t requir+ any modification ( ! lights !mselves4 ,nei!r ! ord9>y telescope nor night glass is suitable = t>get f9d+ by se>*light4 ,! result ( our inve/igation 0 ! developm5t ( a comb9$ obs]v]'s *air1 eye protector1 & se>*light t>get f9d]1 ! new equipm5t add+ only #aj p] c5t to ! co/ ( ! se>*light unit4 ,! range ( our mod]n high-p[] se>*light1 ^: t>get is a %ip at sea1 is ab\t #ae1jjj y>ds2 ! range ( ?is se>*light :5 its t>get is an airplane is ab\t #ae1jjj feet4 ,,book ,,iv4 ,,*emical ,,w>f>e4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,toxic ,,gases4 ,! fir/ record$ use ( suffocat+ gases 9 w>f>e 0 ab\t #dca ,b4 ,c41 sulphur fumes hav+ be5 us$ 9 besieg+ ! cities ( ,platea & ,belium 9 ! w> betwe5 ! ,a!nians & ! ,sp>tans4 ,simil> uses ( toxic sub/ances are record$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahee1 ! ,engli% ,admiral ,"l ,dundonald1 hav+ obs]v$ ! deadly "* ( ! fumes ( sulphur 9 ,sicily1 propos$ to r$uce ,seba/opol by sulphur fumes1 & work$ out ! details ( ! proposition4 ,! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t disapprov$ ! proposition on ! gr\nd t ! effects 7 s horrible t no honorable combatant c\ld use ! means requir$ to produce !m4 ,t ! probable use ( poison gases 0 /ill 9 ! m9ds ( milit>y m5 is evid5c$ by ! fact t at ,! ,hague conf]5ce 9 #ahii sev]al ( ! m prom95t nations ( ,europe & ,asia pl$g$ !mselves n to use any projectiles ^: only object 0 to give out suffocat+ or poison\s gases4 ,_m ( ! ,p[]s did n sign ?is decl>ation until lat]4 ,g]many sign$ & ratifi$ x on ,septemb] #d1 #aijj1 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates nev] sign$ x4 ,fur!r1 ?is decl>ation 0 n to be b9d+ 9 case ( a w> 9 :i* a non-signatory 0 or became a bellig]5t4 ,admiral ,mahan1 a ,unit$ ,/ates delegate1 /at$ 8 position 9 reg>d to ! use ( gas 9 %ell1 at t "t an untri$ !ory1 z foll[s3 ,! reproa* ( cruelty & p]fidy address$ aga9/ ^! suppos$ %ells 0 equally utt]$ previ\sly aga9/ fire>ms & torp$oes1 al?\gh bo? are n[ employ$ )\t scruple4 ,x is illogical & n demon/rably humane to be t5d] ab\t asphyxiat+ m5 ) gas1 :5 all are prep>$ to admit t x is all[able to bl[ ! bottom out ( an ironclad at midnight1 ?r[+ f\r or five hundr$ m5 into ! sea to be *ok$ by ! wat]1 ) sc>cely ! remote/ *ance to escape4 ,! ,second ,hague ,peace ,congress 9 #aijg adopt$ rules = l& w>f>e1 & among !m 0 article #bc :i* read z foll[s3 ,x is expressly =bidd5 to employ poisons or poison\s weapons4 ,! use ( toxic gas 9 ! great w> dates back to ,april #bb1 #aiae1 on :i* day ! ,g]mans employ$ *lor9e1 a common & well-kn[n gas1 9 an attack aga9/ ! ,fr5* & ,briti% l9es 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! upp] ,ypres sali5t4 ,! me?ods ( manufactur+ toxic gases1 ! use ( su* gases1 & ! tactics connect$ ) _! use 7 new developm5ts ( ?is w>2 yet dur+ ! ye> #aiah f #bj to #cj p] c5t ( all ,am]ican battle casualties 7 due to gas1 %[+ t toxic gas is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful implem5ts ( w>4 ,! records %[1 h[ev]1 t :5 armies 7 suppli$ ) masks & o!r def5sive appliances1 only ab\t #c or #d p] c5t ( ! gas casualties 7 fatal4 ,?is indicates t gas c be made n only "o ( ! mo/ effective implem5ts ( w>1 b "o ( ! mo/ humane4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be necess>y to remove ! noncombatant population f a great] dep? ( c\ntry imm$iately 9 ! re> ( ! fight+ l9es ?an =m]ly1 9 ord] t wom5 & *ildr5 may n be gass$4 ,?is additional sacrifice ( t]ritory = w> uses is ano!r elem5t ( effectiv5ess 9 ! weapon4 ,s9ce ,g]many _h *os5 to utilize toxic gas 9 w>f>e1 ! alli$ nations 7 compell$ to adopt l tactics2 accord+ly ,engl& & ,france1 fac$ ) ! desp]ate situation result+ f advantages secur$ by ! ,g]mans ?r\gh ! employm5t ( ^! new weapons1 imm$iately turn$ _! att5tion n only to devis+ me?ods = protect+ _! own troops1 b also to secur+ supplies & equipm5t necess>y = ! utilization ( toxic gas z an ag5t ( w>f>e aga9/ ! ,g]man ,army4 ,g]many orig9at$ !reaft] ! use ( mo/ ( ! new =ms ( gas1 b ! alli$ nations & ,am]ica 7 actually produc+1 at ! "t ( ! armi/ice1 gases on a mu* great] scale ?an ,g]many 0 ev] able to atta94 ,9 fact1 ,am]ica itself 0 produc+ gases at a rate sev]al times z great z 0 possible 9 ,g]many4 ,prior to ! entry ( ,am]ica 9 ! w> our ov]seas obs]v]s _h be5 collect+ in=mation be>+ ^u gas w>f>e1 ref]r+ ! facts s obta9$ to ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t 9 ,wa%+ton1 :]e ! in=mation 0 turn$ ov] to ,lieut4 ,col4 ,e4 ,j4 ,w4 ,ragsdale1 :o 0 !n 9 *>ge ( ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( our bellig]5cy x 0 se5 t we %\ld ne$ a plant = fill+ artill]y %ell ) toxic gases4 ,! ,gov]nm5t 9 ! fall ( #aiag b\ght a l>ge tract ( l& ne> ,ab]de51 ,md41 to be an artill]y prov+ gr\nd4 ,approximately #c1djj acres ( ?is res]vation1 ab\t "o-t5? ( x 9 area1 0 set aside z ! site = ! gas %ell-fill+ plant4 ,?is res]vation 0 kn[n z ,edgewood1 & ! plant erect$ on ! site 0 call$ ! ,edgewood ,ars5al4 ,"w />t$ on ! con/ruction ( ! ars5al on ,novemb] #a1 #aiag4 ,none ( ! toxic gases 9 use 9 ,europe1 except *lor9e & small am\nts ( phosg5e1 _h ev] be5 comm]cially prep>$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 ! orig9al int5tion to int]e/ exi/+ *emical firms 9 ! manufacture ( ^! gases2 b !re 7 _m difficulties 9 ! way ( su* a project1 n ! lea/ ( :i* 0 ! rul+ ( ! ,director ,g5]al ( ,railways t su* products z poison gas be transport$ only on special tra9s4 ,also we discov]$ t ! private *emical companies 7 loa? to und]take su* manufacture4 ,! exhau/ive inve/igations necess>y be=e quantity me?ods ( manufacture c\ld be devis$ w\ld be unc]ta9 & exp5sive4 ,!re w\ld be great dang] to ! lives ( ^? employ$ 9 su* "w4 ,_m ( ! private conc]ns 7 already cr[d$ ) w> "w4 ,f9ally1 ! new plant equipm5t :i* mu/ be set up w\ld be wor? no?+ :5 ! w> end$1 s9ce ! manufacture ( su* gases w\ld be limit$ to ! p]iod ( ho/ilities4 ,^! & o!r consid]ations expla9 ! reluctance ( ! comm]cial *emical indu/ry to und]take ! production ( w> gases4 ,consequ5tly ! ,gov]nm5t 0 =c$ to adopt ! plan ( build+ v>i\s *emical plants at ! ,edgewood ,ars5al 9 connection ) ! fill+ plant4 ,by ,decemb] #a1 #aiag1 x _h be5 decid$ to build at ,edgewood a *lorpicr9 plant & a phosg5e plant4 ,! contracts 7 imm$iately let1 & ! "w 0 pu%$ ?r\gh ! rigor\s w9t] ( #aiag-ah4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 ! ,edgewood project 0 tak5 f ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t & made an indep5d5t division "u ! comm& ( ,col4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,walk]4 ,9 ,june1 #aiah1 ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice 0 organiz$1 & ! ,edgewood ,ars5al 0 transf]r$ to x4 ,g54 ,w4 ,l4 ,sib]t1 ,director ( ! ,gas ,s]vice1 took *>ge ( ! activities ( ! ars5al 9 ,may prior to ! (ficial transf]4 ,*lor9e1 ! raw mat]ial = ! manufacture ( :i* is common salt1 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal mat]ials requir$ 9 ! gas-production program4 ,al?\gh *lor9e 0 a /&>d product 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates prior to ! w>1 x 0 soon se5 t we _h an inadequate comm]cial supply to meet ! requirem5ts ( our propos$ gas (f5sive4 ,*lor9e 0 us$ n only by itself1 b x 0 also ! active ag5t 9 ! manufacture ( ne>ly all ! o!r toxic gases :i* we requir$4 ,consequ5tly we decid$ to build a ,gov]nm5t *lor9e plant ) two #ej-ton units1 giv+ a daily capacity ( #ajj tons ( liquid *lor9e4 ,! gr\nd = ?is plant at ,edgewood 0 brok5 on ,may #aa1 #aiah1 & ! actual production ( *lor9e begun on ,septemb] #a4 ,9 ,july1 #aiag1 ! ,g]mans introduc$ ! s-call$ mu/>d gas4 ,x 0 imm$iately realiz$ t = c]ta9 purposes ( fight+ ?is *emical 0 ! mo/ effective product s f> employ$1 & a l>ge numb] ( ,gov]nm5t exp]ts "h at once conc5trat$ _! en]gies 9 develop+ me?ods = its manufacture on a l>ge scale4 ,n only 7 ! uni=m$ exp]im5t]s busy at ! ,gas ,s]vice's ,am]ican ,univ]sity ,camp1 at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 b exp]im5tal units 7 e/abli%$ at ! plant ( ! ,d[ ,*emical ,co41 at ,midl&1 ,mi*41 at ! plant ( ,z9ss] ,co41 ,ha/+s-on-,hudson1 ,n4 ,y41 & at ! ,gov]nm5t plant :i* _h be5 />t$ by ! ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,section1 at ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,ev5tually x 0 decid$ to erect a l>ge plant at ,edgewood = ! manufacture ( mu/>d gas4 ,n until ,april1 #aiah1 h[ev]1 did we feel t we possess$ suffici5t k & in=mation to ju/ify ! con/ruction ( a mu/>d-gas plant on a l>ge scale4 ,france & ,engl& also 7 long 9 work+ out satisfactory me?ods ( mu/>d-gas production4 ,we began to make mu/>d 9 ,june1 & cont9u$ ) rapidly increas+ output until ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,x soon became evid5t t we c\ld n dep5d ^u civilian labor 9 ! op]ation ( ! v>i\s *emical plants at ,edgewood because ( ! dang] involv$4 ,x 0 decid$1 !re=e1 to utilize enli/$ m5 9 ! work+ crews4 ,z ! projects at ,edgewood increas$ 9 size & numb]1 ! =ces at ! ars5al grew1 until at "o "t !re 7 #g1djj troops at ?is po9t4 ,mean:ile ! ,gov]nm5t _h at la/ be5 able to p]suade a numb] ( private *emical firms to manufacture toxic gases4 ,! ,gov]nm5t agre$ to f9ance all new con/ruction1 b ! op]ation 0 to be 9 ! h&s ( ! contract+ companies4 ,at ea* plant ! ,gov]nm5t /ation$ "o ( its repres5tatives ) necess>y assi/ants4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiah1 ^! scatt]$ factories by (ficial ord] 7 made "p ( ! ,edgewood ,ars5al1 ea* plant be+ designat$ by ! "n ( ! city or t[n :]e x 0 locat$4 ,!reaft] 9 ,army usage ! t]m ,edgewood ,ars5al embrac$ n only ! gr\p ( factories on ! ,edgewood res]vation1 b also includ$ ! foll[+ projects3 ,niag>a ,falls plant1 op]at$ by ! ,oldbury ,electro-,*emical ,co4 ,project--! manufacture ( phosg5e4 ,midl&1 ,mi*41 plant1 op]at$ by ! ,d[ ,*emical ,co4 ,project--! s9k+ ( #ag br9e wells = ! purpose ( secur+ adequate supplies ( brom9e4 ,*>le/on1 ,w4 ,va41 plant1 op]at$ by ! ,*>le/on ,*emical ,co4 ,project--! manufacture ( sulphur *loride4 ,b\nd ,brook1 ,n4 ,j41 plant1 op]at$ by ,frank ,hem+way 7,inc474 ,project--! manufacture ( phosg5e4 ,buffalo plant1 op]at$ by ! ,national ,anil9e ,*emical ,co4 ,project--! manufacture ( mu/>d gas4 ,9 addition to ^!1 ! ,edgewood ,ars5al built at po9ts advantage\s to supplies ( raw mat]ials f\r o!r plants1 & op]at$ !m z well4 ,^! 7 z foll[s3 ,/am=d1 ,conn41 plant4 ,project--! manufacture ( *lorpicr94 ,ha/+s-on-,hudson1 ,n4 ,y41 plant4 ,project--! manufacture ( mu/>d gas4 ,k+sport1 ,t5n41 plant4 ,project--! manufacture ( bromb5zylcyanide4 ,croyl&1 ,pa41 plant4 ,project--! manufacture ( diph5yl*lor>s9e4 ,9 con/ruct+ & equipp+ ! ,edgewood ,ars5al we laid #ba miles ( /&>d-gauge railway & #ae miles ( n>r[-gauge railway1 built ne>ly #ae miles ( improv$ roadway1 & set up two wat] sy/ems1 "o ) a capacity ( #a1ejj1jjj gallons p] day = ! manufactur+ purposes ( ! *emical plants1 & ! o!r provid+ a fre%-wat] supply pump$ #d miles ) a daily capacity ( #b1jjj1jjj gallons4 ,9 all #eeh build+s 7 put up on ! gr\nds ( ! ars5al4 ,!re 7 #hf cantonm5t build+s1 ) a capacity ( #h1djj m51 z well z adequate qu>t]s = (fic]s & civilian employees4 ,?ree field hospitals1 a complete base hospital1 & sep>ate build+s = ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 & ,k4 ( ,c4 activities indicat$ ! ext5t ( ! build+ equipm5t4 ,?ree p[] h\ses 7 provid$1 ) a total capacity ( #bf1ejj kil[atts4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( build+s e precaution 0 tak5 to avoid accid5ts f ! h&l+ ( toxic gas1 ! v5tilat+ sy/ems be+ z ne> p]fection z human sci5ce c\ld make !m4 ,x is notable t out ( ! ?\s&s ( m5 employ$ only f\r met _! dea? by gas poison+4 ,?ree ( ^! casualties 7 due to phosg5e & "o to mu/>d gas4 ,to %[ t all ( ! dang] ( ! w> 0 n conf9$ to ! front1 ! foll[+ table ( casualties 9 #aiah at ! ,edgewood ,ars5al prop] is "h giv53 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,toxic ag5t4 ,june4 ,july4 ,aug4 ,sept4 ,oct4 ,nov4 ,dec4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,mu/>d gas #ad #da #aij #aec #bbg #dg #b #fgd ,/annic *loride #c #h #ae #ba #c #ej ,phosg5e #c #g #b #ag #a #ej ,*lorpicr9 #ad #ah #i #c #dd ,blea* *lor9e #b #ci #b #a #dd ,liquid *lor9e #a #c #b #g #e #ah ,sulphur *loride #b #a #f #i ,phosphorus #b #g #e #a #ae ,cau/ic soda #c #c #d #aj ,sulphuric acid #d #c #a #h ,picric acid #b #b ,c>bon monoxide #a #a ---------------------------------------- ----- ,totals #ad #fc #bgi #aig #bic #gf #c #ibe ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,z has be5 not$1 *lor9e 0 ! only w> gas produc$ on a comm]cial scale 9 ,am]ica prior to ! w>4 ,at ! ord9>y temp]atures *lor9e is a gre5i%-yell[ gas ( /rong1 suffocat+ odor4 ,?r\gh ! comb9$ effects ( cold & pressure x is readily cond5s$ to a liquid & is ord9>ily %ipp$ 9 ?is =m1 /or$ 9 /rong cyl9d]s4 ,*lor9e is prep>$ comm]cially by ! electrolytic process4 ,a curr5t ( electricity is pass$ ?r\gh a solution ( common salt4 ,! gre5i% gas at once arises1 leav+ beh9d x a residue ( cau/ic soda4 ,! app>atus 9 :i* ! salt is decompos$ by ! electric curr5t is kn[n z a cell4 ,! ,gov]nm5t plant us$ ,nelson cells1 ea* ) a capacity ( #fj p\nds ( *lor9e & #fe p\nds ( cau/ic soda p] #bd h\rs4 ,! ,gov]nm5t *lor9e plant at ,edgewood 0 ready = op]ation 9 ,augu/1 #aiah1 b 0 n actually />t$ until ,septemb] #a4 ,! plant consi/$ ( 7#a7 a cell h\se1 :i* _h a total capacity ( #ajj tons ( *lor9e p] #bd h\rs2 7#b7 an electric sub/ation = supply+ ! curr5t2 7#c7 a br9e build+1 :]e ! salt 0 mix$ ) wat] & ! result+ br9e purifi$2 7#d7 a boil] & evaporation build+1 = conc5trat+ ! cau/ic soda f ! cells2 7#e7 a cau/ic fusion build+1 = dry+ ! cau/ic soda & fus+ x into solid =m = %ipm5t2 & 7#f7 a liquefy+ plant to cond5se & liquefy #ej tons ( *lor9e p] day4 ,) ! exception ( *lor9e1 *lorpicr9 0 ! fir/ w> gas to be manufactur$ on a l>ge scale 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:5 pure1 *lorpicr9 is a colorless liquid :i* boils at a temp]ature approximately ( #aab ,c4 ,! comp\nd has be5 kn[n s9ce #ahdh4 ,:ile n s poison\s z "s ( ! o!r products us$ 9 gas w>f>e1 x is1 nev]!less1 an active poison1 & has ! additional advantage ( be+ a fair la*rymator1 or te> produc]4 ,*lorpicr9 is made by ! reaction betwe5 picric acid & *lor9e4 ,! *lor9e is be/ suppli$ 9 ! =m ( s-call$ blea*+ p[d]1 :i* is ord9>y *loride ( lime4 ,9 ! manufactur+ process z orig9ally c>ri$ out1 free picric acid 0 mix$ ) blea*+ p[d] held 9 susp5sion ) wat]4 ,lat] x 0 f\nd advantage\s to use calcium picrate in/ead ( picric acid4 ,accord+ly1 ! f9al process 0 z foll[s3 ,! blea*+ p[d] 0 cream$ ) wat] & mix$ ) a solution ( calcium picrate 9 l>ge /ills hold+ #e1jjj gallons or m4 ,a jet ( live /eam 0 !n introduc$ at ! bottom ( ! /ill1 & ! reaction began at once1 ! rapidity dep5d+ ^u ! am\nt ( /eam introduc$4 ,! result+ *lorpicr91 toge!r ) a c]ta9 quantity ( /eam1 pass$ out ( ! /ill & 0 liquefi$ 9 ! cond5s]4 ,! result+ mixture ( *lorpicr9 & wat] 0 run into tanks1 :]e ! *lorpicr91 be+ insoluble 9 wat]1 gradually settl$ to ! bottom & 0 run (f & us$ directly 9 gas %ell4 ,9 develop+ ?is process ! ,gov]nm5t 0 assi/$ by ! ,d[ ,*emical ,co41 ! ,semet-,solvay ,co41 & ! ,am]ican ,syn!tic ,color ,co41 ( ,/am=d1 ,conn41 ! pr9cipal "w be+ done by repres5tatives ( ! ,bureau ( ,m9es at ! ,/am=d plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,airplane ,,view ,,( ,,*lor9e ,,plant1 ,,edgewood ,,ars5al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*lor9e ,,plant1 ,,edgewood ,,ars5al4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ s+le *lor9e & cau/ic soda plant 9 ! c\ntry4 ,its capacity1 :5 entirely complet$1 is #ajj tons ( *lor9e & #aab tons ( fus$ cau/ic soda p] day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*lorpicr9 ,,plant ,,at ,,edgewood ,,ars5al4 ,blea*+ p[d]1 lime1 & picric acid are receiv$ by rail4 ,9 ! mix]s appe>+ 9 ! "r =egr\nd lime1 picric acid1 & wat] are mix$ to =m a solution ( calcium picric1 & blea* & wat] are mix$ to =m a cream4 ,^! solutions are pump$ toge!r into any ( ! sev]al /ills1 :]e !y react to =m *lorpicr94 ,?is plant 0 rat$ at #ab tons ( *lorpicr9 a day1 b rea*$ a production z high z #ca tons on "o day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mix] ,,build+ ,,( ,,phosg5e ,,plant ,,at ,,edgewood ,,ars5al4 ,! capacity ( ?is build+ is #bj tons ( liquid phosg5e p] day4 ,dry #ih p] c5t gase\s *lor9e1 z obta9$ directly f ! cells ( ! *lor9e plant1 & pure c>bon monoxide obta9$ f ! produc]s1 are mix$ 9 approximate equal volumes & ! mixture pass$ ?r\gh catalyz]s1 :]e ! two gases comb9e to =m phosg5e4 ,! resultant gas is liquefi$ 9 ! cond5s]s1 appe>+ 9 ! left4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*lor9e ,,plant1 ,,edgewood ,,ars5al4 ,"o ( eight cell rooms1 capacity #ab tons gase\s *lor9e p] day4 ,ea* cell room consi/s ( six circuits--#gd cells p] circuit1 or a total ( #ddd cells p] room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,! ,,=egr\nd ,,! ,,*lor9e ,,pipe ,,l9e ,,f ,,*lor9e ,,plant ,,pass+ ,,to ,,*emical ,,plants ,,9 ,,"r ,,c5t] ,,( ,,! ,,picture4 ,,on ,,! ,,extreme ,,"r ,,! ,,mu/>d ,,gas ,,plant4 ,,9 ,,upp] ,,left ,,& ,,c5t]1 ,,view ,,( ,,fill+ ,,plants ,,& ,,%ell ,,dumps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fill+ #a-,,ton ,,conta9]s ,,) ,,phosg5e4 ,ea* empty cyl9d] weighs #a1cjj p\nds & w conta9 #a1fej p\nds ( liquid4 ,! plant %[n fills #be cyl9d]s p] day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma*9e ,,fill+ #ge-,,millimet] ,,%ell ,,) ,,mu/>d ,,gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fill+ ,,h& ,,gr5ades ,,) ,,:ite ,,phosphorus4 ,empty gr5ades are fir/ completely imm]s$ 9 a %all[ hot-wat] ba?1 %[n on extreme left 9 photo4 ,9 a tank t is n %[n 9 picture :ite phosphorus is melt$ "u wat]1 & ?is molt5 phosphorus is pump$ by a small c5trifugal pump into a sy/em ( di/ribut+ pipes4 ,?r\gh a flexible tube & by h&1 ea* gr5ade is completely fill$ ) molt5 phosphorus1 displac+ ! wat] 9 !m4 ,:ile ! gr5ades are /ill imm]s$ 9 ! wat] ba?1 a suction tube is ins]t$ 9 ea* gr5ade to remove ! molt5 phosphorus to a c]ta9 dep? bel[ ! top ( ! gr5ade1 ?is molt5 phosphorus be+ displac$ by wat] 9 ! ba?4 ,! op]ation %[n 9 ! photo depicts ! gr5ades ?us fill$ ) molt5 phosphorus to a def9ite heigh? & ) ! rema9+ heigh? fill$ ) wat]1 hav+ ! wat] remov$ f ! top ( ! phosphorus by suction1 aft] be+ tak5 out ( ! ba?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fill+ ,,mu/>d ,,gas ,,%ell ,,at ,,edgewood ,,ars5al4 ,inspect$ empty %ell1 z %[n inv]t$ on ! left 9 ! =egr\nd1 are plac$ on small fill+ trucks1 %[n 9 ! "r middle gr\nd1 & run "u fill+ ma*9e4 ,fill$ %ell ) boo/]s screw$ d[n leave ! tunnel1 z %[n 9 c5t] ( picture1 :]e any possible mu/>d gas liquid on !m is vaporiz$ by gasol9e tor*4 ,a draft f ?is op]ation into ! tunnel prev5ts ! di/ribution ( mu/>d gas vapor ?r\gh\t ! plant4 ,! load$ %ell are !n plac$ on trucks1 z %[n 9 =egr\nd ( photo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fill+ ,,liv5s ,,drums ,,at ,,edgewood ,,ars5al4 ,?is photo %[s ! ,liv5s drums be+ fill$ ) phosg5e4 ,! range ( ?is special type ( projectile1 kn[n z ! ,liv5s drum1 is ab\t #a1ejj y>ds4 ,its empty weight is ab\t #cj p\nds1 & x conta9s a *>ge ( ab\t #cj p\nds ( gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,/rip+ ,,fill$ ,,%ell ,,at ,,edgewood ,,ars5al4 ,aft] leav+ ! fill+ plants1 %ell are classifi$ by weight into f\r gr\ps & ea* gr\p ma9ta9$ sep>ately4 ,! %ell !n are /or$ 9 an inv]t$ position to detect leaks4 ,aft] te/+ = #bd h\rs1 ! %ell are buff$1 pa9t$1 & /rip$ by spray pa9t+1 z %[n on ! endless conveyor1 & !n are ready = pack+4 ,9 ! left backgr\nd w be not$ ,liv5s drums be+ simil>ly pa9t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ell ,,dump ,,at ,,edgewood ,,ars5al4 ,?is picture %[s fill$ %ell be+ /or$ = leakage te/ be=e be+ pa9t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fill$ ,,conta9]s ,,( ,,phosg5e1 ,,ready ,,at ,,edgewood ,,ars5al ,,= ,,ov]seas ,,%ipm5t4 ,ea* conta9] holds approximately #a ton ( liquid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,phosphorus ,,cl\ds ,,f ,,bur/s ,,( #ge-,,millimet] ,,%ell ,,at ,,lakehur/1 ,n4 ,j41 ,,prov+ ,,gr\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gas ,,cl\d ,,f #d4g-;,,in* ,,gas ,,%ell ,,explod+ #h1ecc ,,y>ds ,,away ,,f ,,! ,,gun ,,at ,,lakehur/4 ,am]ica's :ole supply ( *lorpicr9 dur+ ! w> came f ! ,am]ican ,syn!tic ,color ,co4 & ! ,edgewood ,ars5al4 ,! ,/am=d plant 0 ! fir/ to rea* l>ge-scale production4 ,! contract ) ! ,am]ican ,syn!tic ,color ,co4 0 dat$ ,decemb] #ac1 #aiag2 & ! company %ipp$ ov] #aaa1hec p\nds ( ! gas to ,edgewood on ,m>* #aa4 ,?is1 :5 mix$ ) ! necess>y /annic *loride1 supplies ( :i* 7 already on ! gr\nd1 0 suffici5t to fill approximately #ajj1jjj #ge-millimet] %ell4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiah1 due to c]ta9 int]nal tr\bles at ! ,/am=d plant1 x 0 agre$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld lease ?is factory & op]ate x z a ,gov]nm5t plant4 ,"u ,gov]nm5t op]ation ! total production ( *lorpicr9 at ! ,/am=d plant am\nt$ to #c1bbf1jjj p\nds1 ( :i* #b1gjc1cjj p\nds 7 %ipp$ ov]seas 9 #ffj-p\nd drums4 ,! *lorpicr9 plant at ,edgewood w5t into entire op]ation on ,june #ad1 #aiah4 ,up to ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice ?is plant _h produc$ #b1cbj1jjj p\nds ( *lorpicr94 ,phosg5e 0 "o ( ! deadlie/ gases employ$ 9 ! w>4 ,num]\s o!r gases 7 us$ to annoy ! enemy & =ce ! we>+ ( masks1 b phosg5e 0 a kill] employ$ to produce z _m casualties z possible4 ,! gas did n p]si/ long 9 ! air or on ! gr\nd aft] ! %ell _h explod$1 s t x 0 an ideal *emical = use 9 an attack4 ,! gas w\ld cle> away by ! "t ! troops foll[+ rea*$ ! place ( gas conc5tration4 ,phosg5e at ord9>y temp]atures is a colorless gas1 b x cond5ses to a liquid at #h ,c4 ,x is =m$ by ! comb9ation ( two gases1 *lor9e & c>bon monoxide1 9 ! pres5ce ( a catalyz]4 ,! reaction is be/ conduct$ 9 iron boxes l9$ ) lead & fill$ ) *>coal ( prop] quality1 into :i* boxes a /ream ( ! react+ gases1 mix$ 9 prop] proportions1 is introduc$4 ,! reaction creates heat1 & means mu/ usually be tak5 to keep ! reaction boxes cool$4 ,! result+ phosg5e is cond5s$ to a liquid by pass+ ! gas ?r\gh a cond5s] :i* is surr\nd$ by br9e kept cold by refrig]ation4 ,! liquid is !n /or$ 9 /rong /eel conta9]s or run directly into ,liv5s drums or artill]y %ell4 ,prior to #aiag1 ! ,oldbury ,electro-,*emical ,co41 ( ,niag>a ,falls1 ,n4 ,y41 _h set up a small exp]im5tal phosg5e plant 9 ! hope t ! exp]im5ts might lead to ! comm]cial utilization ( c>bon monoxide :i* 0 obta9$ by ?is company z a by-product 9 ! manufacture ( phosphorus4 ,:5 we ent]$ ! w> ! company _h develop$ its process to su* effici5cy z to w>rant ! con/ruction ( a l>ge phosg5e plant1 & ! ,gov]nm5t ent]$ into a contract ) ! company = ! creation ( facilities ) a capacity ( #aj tons ( phosg5e p] day4 ,also1 because ( ! great importance ( phosg5e 9 w>f>e1 x 0 decid$ at ! same "t to build a ,gov]nm5t phosg5e plant at ,edgewood4 ,a little lat] ! ,gov]nm5t f9anc$ a phosg5e plant at ! factory ( ,frank ,hem+way 7,inc471 at ,b\nd ,brook1 ,n4 ,j4 ,! total output ( ! orig9al small exp]im5tal plant at ,niag>a ,falls1 :i* 0 lat] leas$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 #hc1jgj p\nds ( phosg5e1 ( :i* #bd1hjj p\nds 7 %ipp$ ov]seas4 ,! contract ) ! ,oldbury ,*emical ,co4 = its ma9 phosg5e plant 0 sign$ on ,janu>y #ae1 #aiah4 ,production "h began on ,augu/ #e & by ,augu/ #bj _h rea*$ a daily av]age ( #e tons4 ,on ,novemb] #a ! av]age daily production 0 #g tons4 ,! total quantity produc$ at ?is plant 0 #dce tons4 ,! plant load$ #ah1gfh ,liv5s drums ) phosg5e1 ea* drum hold+ ab\t #cj p\nds4 ,?is plant 0 op]at$ by enli/$ m54 ,! contract ) ,frank ,hem+way 7,inc47 call$ = a factory produc+ #e tons ( phosg5e p] day by a secret process controll$ by ! company4 ,! con/ruction ( ! plant 0 begun on ,febru>y #b1 #aiah1 & phosg5e 0 fir/ manufactur$ on ,may #ag4 ,?is conc]n rea*$ its maximum ( #e tons p] day by ,augu/ #a1 & produc$ 9 all #bje tons ( phosg5e4 ,con/ruction ( ! phosg5e plant at ,edgewood 0 begun on ,m>* #a1 #aiah4 ,! plant consi/$ ( f\r catalyz] build+s1 ea* build+ hav+ f\r units1 ea* unit possess+ a project$ capacity ( #e tons ( phosg5e p] day4 ,! total capacity1 !re=e1 0 design$ to be #hj tons p] day4 ,! c>bon monoxide us$ 9 ! process 0 produc$ by pass+ a mixture ( oxyg5 & c>bon dioxide ov] heat$ coke 9 a gas produc]1 ! oxyg5 be+ suppli$ by a ,claude ma*9e ) a capacity ( #ajj1jjj cubic feet ( oxyg5 e #bd h\rs4 ,! *lor9e us$ came p>tly f ! ,edgewood *lor9e plant & p>tly f outside s\rces4 ,! actual production ( phosg5e at ,edgewood began on ,july #e1 #aiah1 & work$ up to an output ( #bj tons p] day by ! date ( ! armi/ice4 ,! total production ( phosg5e at ,edgewood 0 #ice tons4 ,! total output ( phosg5e f all ?ree plants1 ,edgewood & ! ,b\nd ,brook & ,niag>a ,falls op]ations1 at ! date ( ! armi/ice 0 #ce tons p] day2 & ?is 0 increas+ to rea* #ie tons p] day by ,may #a1 #aiai4 ,! total phosg5e produc$ by all ! plants be=e ! armi/ice 0 #a1faf tons4 ,! ,g]mans1 9 spite ( _! atta9m5ts 9 *emi/ry1 7 nev] able to improve _! clumsy & exp5sive me?ods ( produc+ mu/>d gas4 ,! be/ reports we h %[ t at ! "t ! fight+ end$1 all ( ,g]many's *emical w>f>e facilities c\ld n produce m ?an #f tons ( mu/>d p] day4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates alone _h t5 times t capacity on ! same date1 :ile ,france & ,engl& bo? rea*$ a heavy output4 ,s conc]n$ 0 ! ,g]man high comm& because ( ! fact t ,g]many 0 be+ outdi/anc$ 9 ! production ( mu/>d gas t ! able/ spy ( ! ,g]man ,empire 0 s5t into ,france 9 ,octob]1 #aiah1 to f9d out ! ,fr5* me?od ( mak+ mu/>d4 ,"o ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e (fic]s :o accompani$ our =ces into ,g]man t]ritory report$ t ! ,g]mans _h decid$ to adopt ! ,am]ican me?od ( mak+ mu/>d gas & to /op _! =m] process4 ,mu/>d gas 0 by no means a *ild ( ! great w>1 hav+ be5 prep>$ 9 exp]im5tal quantities s9ce #ahhf4 ,x is a colorless1 slightly oily liquid1 boil+ at #bbj ,c4 ) "s decomposition4 ,:5 p]fectly pure x freezes at #ad ,c42 b1 s9ce x usually conta9s small p]c5tages ( impurities1 x usually rema9s liquid at #j ,c1 or ev5 bel[ t4 ,9 *emi/ry ! sub/ance is kn[n z di*lore?yl sulphide4 ,! fir/ comm]cial process propos$ = ! manufacture ( mu/>d gas dep5d$ ^u ! use ( e?yl5e *lorhydr92 & on ,april #ac1 #aiah1 a contract 0 made ) ! ,comm]cial ,rese>* ,co41 ,flu%+1 ,long ,isl&1 = ! manufacture ( #aj tons p] day by ?is process4 ,9 ! spr+ & summ] ( #aiah a new process 0 develop$ bo? abroad & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "o :i* us$ sulphur mono*loride4 ,accord+ly1 ! contract ) ! ,comm]cial ,rese>* ,co4 0 cancel$1 & ef=ts 7 conc5trat$ on ! lat] process4 ,?is process consi/$ 9 bl[+ gase\s e?yl5e into liquid sulphur mono*loride 9 l>ge iron reaction vessels4 ,! reaction develop$ mu* heat4 ,sulphur is set free by ?is reaction1 & ! temp]ature mu/ be controll$ 9 ord] to prev5t ! =mation ( solid sulphur 9 ! reaction ma*9e4 ,at ! date ( ! armi/ice ?ree mu/>d gas plants 7 ei!r complet$ or ne>+ completion4 ,! con/ruction ( ! ,edgewood plant 0 begun on ,may #ah1 #aiah1 & ! fir/ mu/>d 0 produc$ exactly a mon? lat]4 ,! *ang+ ( processes1 h[ev]1 hamp]$ production some:at1 b by ,septemb] #bj1 ! ars5al 0 produc+ #aj tons p] day1 & by ,novemb] #aa _h increas$ ?is to #cj tons p] day4 ,! total production ( mu/>d gas at ,edgewood dur+ ! w> p]iod 0 #gaa tons1 ( :i* approximately #cjj tons w5t into %ell4 ,on ,july #h1 #aiah1 ! ,gov]nm5t began ! con/ruction ( a mu/>d gas plant at ,ha/+s1 ,n4 ,y4 ,?is factory 0 to h a capacity ( #be tons p] day1 aft]w>ds increas$ to #ej tons p] day4 ,! fir/ unit ( ?is plant 0 ready to op]ate :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,on ,july #f1 #aiah1 ! ,gov]nm5t sign$ a contract ) ! ,national ,anil9e ,*emical ,co41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 call+ = a mu/>d gas plant ) a capacity ( #ej tons daily4 ,on ,novemb] #aa ?is plant 0 #hj p] c5t complete4 ,! co/ ( ! plant 0 met by ! ,gov]nm5t1 b ! op]ation 0 to be 9 ! h&s ( ! ,buffalo conc]n4 ,! total daily capacity ( all ?ree plants :5 complete 0 e/imat$ to be #bjj tons4 ,to insure an adequate supply ( sulphur mono*loride = its mu/>d gas production ! ,gov]nm5t built a special plant at ,edgewood ) a capacity ( #cjj tons ( sulphur mono*loride p] day4 ,z soon z toxic gas w>f>e _h develop$ to a consid]able ext5t1 ! p]fection ( gas-absorb+ masks _h giv5 almo/ a complete protection aga9/ ?is new weapon1 if ! soldi] put on 8 gas mask 9 "t4 ,b ! mask1 especially ! e>li] =ms ( x1 0 n easy ^u ! we>]1 due to ! difficulty ( brea?+ ?r\gh x & also because x re/rict$ ! soldi]'s vision4 ,x 0 soon discov]$ t a =ce compell$ to we> its gas masks = any consid]able p]iod lo/ 9 effici5cy4 ,! employm5t ( gas by bo? sides = ! purpose ( =c+ ! opposite sides to we> masks cont9ually 0 an important elem5t 9 w> at ! close ( ho/ilities4 ,= ?is purpose ! s-call$ te> gases 7 produc$4 ,gass+ ! enemy ) te> gas 0 mu* *eap] ?an ) poison gas1 yet x =c$ him to rema9 mask$4 ,! te> gases 7 highly effective4 ,ev5 a trace ( te> gas 9 ! air w\ld 9 a few mom5ts bl9d a man tempor>ily4 ,a s+le te>-gas %ell c\ld =ce ! we>+ ( masks ov] an area s wide t x w\ld require f #ejj to #a1jjj phosg5e %ell to produce ! same effect4 ,mo/ ( ! te> gases _h brom9e bases2 s x 0 e>ly det]m9$ t we %\ld h to increase ! ,am]ican supply ( brom9e consid]ably if we 7 to meet our gas-w>f>e requirem5ts4 ,brom9e is a deep r$ liquid :i* boils at #fc ,c4 ,! dome/ic s\rce ( brom9e is pr9cipally 9 c]ta9 subt]ranean br9es f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ^! solutions conta9+ brom9e 9 its comp\nds4 ,! br9es obta9$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,midl&1 ,mi*41 are especially ri* 9 brom9e1 & by f> ! l>ge/ am\nt ( brom9e obta9$ 9 ?is c\ntry comes f t locality4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 at a conf]5ce ) ,mr4 ,d[1 ( ! ,d[ ,*emical ,co41 ,midl&1 ,mi*41 x 0 decid$ t ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld f9ance ! s9k+ ( #ag br9e wells ne> ,midl&1 ! ,d[ ,*emical ,co4 to sup]vise ! "w & to produce ! brom9e f ! br9e4 ,! "w on ?is project 0 n begun until ,m>*1 #aiah1 b ! entire project 0 practically complet$ :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,?is plant is a future w> asset ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is capable ( yield+ approximately #fej1jjj p\nds ( brom9e p] ye>4 ,! te> gas :i* we prep>$ to manufacture 0 bromb5zyl cyanide4 ,x is a br[ni% oily liquid :i* solidifies to :ite or br[ni% cry/als at #bi ,c4 ,! production ( bromb5zyl cyanide involves a fairly intricate *emical process4 ,! fir/ /ep is to *lor9ate ord9>y toluol1 "o ( ! coal t> bases1 to produce b5zyl *loride4 ,?is *loride is !n mix$ ) sodium cyanide 9 alcoholic solution & di/ill$1 b5zyl cyanide be+ ! result4 ,x is !n only necess>y to brom9ate ! b5zyl cyanide by treat+ x ) brom9e vapor4 ,! fir/ manufacture ( bromb5zyl cyanide 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 conduct$ at an exp]im5tal plant at ! ,am]ican ,univ]sity ,/ation at ,wa%+ton4 ,aft] ?is a l>ge scale plant 0 au?oriz$ at ! plant ( ! ,f$]al ,dye ,*emical ,co41 at ,k+sport1 ,t5n4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is factory began on ,july #h1 #aiah1 & op]ations />t$ on ,octob] #bi1 ! total production ( bromb5zyl cyanide be+ a trifle ov] #e tons4 ,9 ,novemb] ! plant rea*$ a capacity ( #c tons p] day4 ,! brom9e gases 7 n poison\s 9 ! s5se ( be+ kill]s1 b 7 m]ely highly irritat+ to ! membranes ( ! eye4 ,! kill+ gases 7 phosg5e1 *lorpicr91 & *lor9e4 ,mu/>d gas 9 suffici5t am\nt 0 also fatal1 its effect be+ id5tical to t ( a deep burn4 ,x attack$ ! lungs1 ! eyes1 ! sk91 & ev5 ! inte/9es if food contam9at$ ) mu/>d gas 7 swall[$4 ,an insidi\s feature ( mu/>d gas is ! fact t its action is practically always delay$4 ,x might be sev]al h\rs aft] a man 0 gass$1 ev5 fatally1 ) mu/>d be=e he became aw>e ( x1 & !n x 0 too late to adm9i/] ! treatm5t t might save 8 life4 ,goggles alone w\ld h be5 suffici5t protection aga9/ te> gas1 except = ! fact t x 0 inv>iably mix$ ) ! deadli] gases4 ,! v>i\s exp]im5ts prelim9>y to our production ( gases 7 conduct$ 9 provisional laboratories at ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,bureau ( ,m9es1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ! ,geophysical ,laboratory1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,columbus1 ,ohio1 & ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,a control laboratory = ! solution ( problems aris+ 9 manufacture 0 ev5tually e/abli%$ at ,edgewood4 ,a total ( #afg1jib s+le *emical det]m9ations 7 made at ^! laboratories "u ! direction ( #bj commission$ (fic]s1 #de noncommission$ (fic]s1 & #bjd privates4 ,! production ( gases & o!r *emicals 0 only "p ( ! "w ( ! ,edgewood ,ars5al & its subsidi>y plants4 ,! o!r *ief activity 0 t ( fill+ artill]y %ell ) ! toxic sub/ances4 ,! description ( ! plant :i* fill$ %ell ) phosg5e w indicate ! scale ^u :i* ?is op]ation 0 conduct$4 ,! empty %ell1 aft] be+ inspect$1 7 load$ on trucks1 toge!r ) ! prop] numb] ( load$ boo/]s4 ,! boo/] 0 ! device :i* explod$ ! %ell & scatt]$ ! gas4 ,electric locomotives !n pull$ ! %ell trucks to ! fill+ build+s4 ,!re 7 f\r ( ^! to a s+le %ell-fill+ plant1 radiat+ at "r angles f a common c5t]4 ,f ! trucks ! empty %ell 7 lift$ by h& to a belt conveyor & ! conveyor c>ri$ ! %ell sl[ly ?r\gh a room kept cold by artificial refrig]ation4 ,al?\gh ! %ell mov$ only #gj feet ?r\gh ?is room ! conveyor travel$ s sl[ly t !y 7 #cj m9utes 9 transit1 & dur+ ?is "t !y 7 cool$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t #j ,f4 ,?is *ill+ 0 necess>y because phosg5e has a l[ boil+ po9t1 & x 0 necess>y to keep ! temp]ature ( ! metal ( ! %ell consid]ably bel[ ! boil+ po9t ( phosg5e 9 ord] t ! gas might rema9 9 liquid =m :ile ! fill+ 0 go+ on4 ,! *ill$ %ell cases 7 next transf]r$ to small trucks1 ea* c>ry+ six ( !m4 ,! load$ truck 0 !n drawn ?r\gh a fill+ tunnel by means ( a *a9 haul4 ,?is tunnel 0 s +5i\sly contriv$ t ! human assi/ance to ! fill+ & clos+ ma*9]y c\ld all be conduct$ f ! outside4 ,! phosg5e1 kept liquid by refrig]ation1 0 run into ! %ell by an automatic fill]4 ,! truck 0 !n mov$ =w>d a few feet to a po9t :]e ! boo/]s 7 ins]t$ into ! noses ( ! %ell by ! h&s ( ! op]ator rea*+ 9 ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 ! tunnel4 ,! f9al clos+ ( ! %ell 0 !n accompli%$ by motors4 ,! air 9 ! fill+ tunnel 0 con/antly )drawn by /rong v5tilation1 ! exhau/ air be+ wa%$ 9 /one t[]s by *emical ag5ts to neutralize any gases t might be pres5t4 ,! fill$1 inclos$ %ell 7 next convey$ to a dump1 :]e !y 7 classifi$ & !n /ood nose d[n = #bd h\rs to te/ !m = leaks4 ,!n !y 7 pa9t$1 /rip$1 & /5cil$ by air pa9t bru%es4 ,! f9al process 0 to pack !m 9 boxes & /ore !m = %ipm5t4 ,?is 0 done 9 l>ge /orage magaz9es on ! gr\nds ( ! ,edgewood ,ars5al4 ,a simil> me?od 0 us$ = fill+ %ell ) *lorpicr91 except t refrig]ation 0 unnecess>y4 ,mu/>d gas requir$ ano!r sort ( fill+ ma*9e4 ,sev]al fill+ plants 7 design$ & con/ruct$ = fill+ gr5ades ) /annic *loride & ) :ite phosphorus1 & also "o = fill+ inc5di>y drop bombs4 ,! capacity ( ea* ( ^! plants p] day 0 z foll[s3 ,/annic *loride plant1 h& gr5ades1 #be1jjj4 ,:ite phosphorus gr5ade plant1 #cj1jjj4 ,:ite phosphorus smoke-%ell plant1 #aee millimet] %ell1 #b1jjj2 or #d4g-;in* or #e-;in* %ell1 #d1jjj2 or #ge-millimet] %ell1 #f1jjj4 ,inc5di>y drop-bomb plant1 #b1jjj4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces summ>ize ! production & expectations ( ! ,edgewood ,ars5al3 7#a7 ,! gas program z ( ,m>* #aiah call$ = approximately #ede tons ( toxic gas weekly4 7#b7 ,! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice program ( ,augu/ #ab1 #aiah1 call$ = a mu* l>g] am\nt1 viz1 ab\t #d1ebe tons p] week4 7#c7 ,! approximate fill+ capacity ( ! ,edgewood ,ars5al plant f ,augu/ to ,novemb]1 #aiah1 0 ne>ly #a1jjj tons p] week4 7#d7 ,! toxic gas production dur+ ?is same p]iod increas$ f #dej to #fge tons p] week4 7#e7 ,! capacity ( all projectiles receiv$1 unlimit$ by boo/]s1 v>i$ dur+ ! same p]iod f #abe to #dej tons p] week4 7#f7 ,! maximum capacity correspond+ to boo/]s receiv$ 0 less ?an #ajj tons p] week4 ,9 ^! facts x w be se5 t ! numb]s ( empty %ell deliv]$ to ! plant 0 f> less ?an ! numb] requir$ to accommodate ! gas production4 ,_m ( ! %ell receiv$ 7 )\t boo/]s & !re=e )\t value until boo/]s 7 provid$1 s t ! limit+ factor 0 really ! supply ( boo/]s4 ,! boo/] supply 0 suffici5t to take c>e ( only a relatively small fraction ( ! toxic gas actually produc$4 ,! fill+ capacity ( ! plant 0 also 9 excess ( ! deliv]y ( %ell & boo/]s4 ,! #ge-millimet] %ell-fill+ plant _h a capacity ( #a1bjj1jjj %ell p] mon?1 ev5tually d\ble t1 :ile deliv]y ( %ell 0 slightly ov] #cjj1jjj p] mon? & ( boo/]s less ?an #bjj1jjj4 ,because ( ! nature ( toxic gas x is impossible to /ore x up 9 any l>ge quantities4 ,e>ly 9 ! summ] ( #aiah l>ge am\nts 7 %ipp$ 9 bulk ov]seas & !re load$ into %ell4 ,lat] we receiv$ in/ructions to /op all %ipm5ts 9 bulk except a limit$ am\nt ( *lor9e1 & !reaft] our production 0 limit$ to ! numb] ( %ell & boo/]s available4 ,9 ,june1 #aiah1 we %ipp$ 9 bulk #ae tons ( mu/>d gas1 #gje tons ( *lorpicr91 & #dh tons ( phosg5e4 ,?is 0 to be ex*ang$ = gas %ell produc$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,9 late ,july ! ,fr5* _h no m extra %ell to be fill$ ) ,am]ican gas & ?is fact t]m9at$ ! arrangem5t4 ,h[ev]1 we sold excess gas bo? to ,engl& & to ,france4 ,engl& receiv$ #ijj tons ( our *lorpicr9 & #cfh tons ( ,am]ican phosg5e4 ,france took #cjj tons ( *lorpicr9 & #a1djh tons ( *lor9e1 equival5t to #a1bbf tons ( phosg5e1 s9ce phosg5e is #hj p] c5t *lor9e includ+ all[ance = wa/age 9 manufacture4 ,france furni%$ phosg5e %ell to u 9 ex*ange = *lor9e4 ,9 addition #bjj tons ( mu/>d gas 7 %ipp$ to ,engl& & utiliz$ by ! ,engli%4 ,we !re=e %ipp$ to ,europe 9 bulk #c1ffb tons ( gas or its equival5t1 :i* gas 0 l>gely load$ 9 %ell & us$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates troops or ^? ( ! allies4 ,?is quantity 0 suffici5t to load #a1fjj1jjj %ell1 two-?irds ( !m be+ ( ! #ge-millimet] calib] & ! o!r "o-?ird #aee-millimet]1 ! total numb] be+ ?\ght to be at lea/ equal to ! total numb] ( gas %ell fir$ by ,am]ican troops 9 action4 ,?us :ile ,am]ican gas 0 n actually fir$ 9 ,am]ican %ell aga9/ ! ,g]mans1 ,am]ican gas 0 us$ aga9/ ! enemy & ,am]ica furni%$ at lea/ z mu* gas z %e fir$4 ,9 addition to ?is we %ipp$ #ah1fjj ,liv5s drums load$ ) phosg5e4 ,^! conta9$ #bgi tons ( gas1 & "s ( !m 7 fir$ at ! enemy4 ,we began produc+ load$ gas %ell 9 ! summ] ( #aiah & by ,augu/ #i _h %ipp$ #ge1jjj load$ #ge-millimet] %ell4 ,^! %ell 7 unassembl$ = fir+ 9 ! guns1 ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t hav+ decid$ 9 ,june to assemble gas %ell 9 _! c>tridge cases 9 ,france4 ,! ,*emical ,w>f>e production organization develop$ & manufactur$ a l>ge numb] ( special conta9]s = ! %ipm5t ( toxic gases4 ,^! 7 ( special con/ruction 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ dang]s t w\ld result f leaks1 & all _h to /& ! te/s requir$ by ! ,bureau ( ,explosives be=e !y w\ld be receiv$ = railroad %ipm5t4 ,! #a-ton conta9]s1 all ( :i* w\ld hold #a ton ( liquid *lor9e1 7 design$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t & w\ld )/& a pressure ( #ejj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! #cjj-p\nd phosg5e cyl9d]s1 design$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 7 made to )/& a #ejj-p\nd hydro/atic pressure & a #bej-p\nd air te/4 ,we pur*as$ /&>d #ee-;gallon acid drums & /&>d-patt]n cyl9d]s = hold+ #ge p\nds ( *lor9e4 ,we con/ruct$ *lor9e tank c>s1 ea* tank ) a capacity ( #ae tons & a /r5g? t c\ld )/& a pressure ( #ejj p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,we also design$ a tank c> orig9ally = ! %ipm5t ( *lorpicr9 & lat] us$ x = %ipp+ sulphur mono*loride4 ,,*emical ,,w>f>e ,,production ,,data4 ,production ( toxic mat]ial4 ,all figures are = tons ( #b1jjj p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,tita- #aiah ,liquid ,gase\s,*lor- ,phos-,mus- ,brom- ,:ite ,t9 nium *lor- *lor- picr94g5e4t>d b5zyl phos- tetra-tetra- ine4#cc;ine4#cd oil4 cyanide phorus *lor-*lor- ide ide4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,janu>y #aj ,febru>y #bg #cd ,m>* #dj #ei #gd #ch ,april #agf #cc #ae #ei #aaf ,may #cgh #acj #ah #gj #ea #ej ,june #edf #bfc #bc #f #fj #ie ,july #eab #dii #ajj #ba #hj #aab #bg ,augu/ #bdc #fdf #cad #cf #afb #id #ec ,septemb] #dch #aia #efd #cbg #add #abe #if #bf ,octob] #bdb #fdi #dde #ffd #cfa #bfe #ge #be ,novemb] #adh #bfd #ajj #aee #adc #e #gg #ah ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #b1gbc #a1ajd #b1ggf #a1faf #gaa #e #a1jjf #fie #aha ,am\nt #a1dhh #a1ijc #dbj #aij #aga #ajf %ipp$ ov]seas ,total #hie #a1ejj #a1ejja1jej #ijj #ij #ajj #ia #cj mon?ly produc+ capacity1 ,nov4 #a1 #aiah ,e/imat$ #a1ajj #b1bej #a1ejja1fejd1jjj #ij #ajj #ia #cj capacity1 ,jan4 #a1 #aiai ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #cc ,procur$ f comm]cial ag5cies4 #cd ,manufactur$ at ,edgewood4 ,%ell1 gr5ades1 ,liv5s drums1 & drop bombs fill$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ge-mm4 %ell4 ,gr5ades4 ,liv5s ,inc5di>y drop drums4 bombs4 #aiah ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,*loro-,phos-,mu/>d ,:ite ,t9 ,phos- picr9 g5e oil phos- tetra- g5e ,m>k ,i ,m>k ,,ii4 phorus *loride ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,july #fb1hff #h1fif #a1fci ,augu/ #abe1iea #agj1afj #ef1gfc #a1gch #cej ,septemb]#aaj1ceha1ihh #ge1ebi #ea1dba #abg1cai #f1cee #a1iih ,octob] #ji1gjd #ab #gi1bgbaaj1ibh #adg1ffi #ab1jbf #ahd #ajj ,novemb] #ae1hib #i #bbd #ih1idh #cj1chf #e1egj #h #f ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,total #dbd1ggab1jji #aee1jbeddj1aec #cfc1ggf #be1fhi #edb #b1ajd ,total #cjj1jjj #aej1jjjbbd1ihd #age1jhj #ah1fjj numb] %ipp$ ov]seas ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,total mon?ly capacity ( fill+ plants on date ( armi/ice 7,/okes %ell1 drop bombs1 & o!r special conta9]s n includ$74 #ge-mm4 %ell 7ultimate capacity7 #b1djj1jjj #d4g-;in* %ell #dej1jjj #aee-mm4 %ell #edj1jjj #f-;in* %ell #ahj1jjj ,gas gr5ades #gej1jjj ,smoke gr5ades #dhj1jjj ,liv5s drums #cj1jjj ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,gas ,,def5se ,,equipm5t4 ,dur+ ! spr+ & summ] ( #aiag two m>k$ t5d5cies 7 to be obs]v$ 9 ! fight+ 9 ,france4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! greatly increas$ use by bo? sides ( poison\s gases & *emicals1 frightful 9 _! effect2 ! o!r ! almo/ complete c5sor%ip t hid ! k ( ?is t5d5cy n only f ! p ( ,europe b p>ticul>ly f ^? ( ! newe/ bellig]5t1 ,am]ica4 ,! ,fr5* & ,briti% ,gov]nm5ts1 :o !n controll$ all news f ! front1 fe>$1 & p]haps ) reason1 t if ! picture ( gas w>f>e1 z x 0 !n develop+1 %\ld be plac$ be=e ! ,am]ican p1 x w\ld result 9 an unreasonable dread ( gases on ! "p ( ! ,am]ican ,nation & its soldi]s4 ,"o ye> lat]1 ) t5s ( ?\s&s ( ,am]ican troops fac+ ! ,g]mans1 !re 0 almo/ no c5sor%ip ^u ! details ( fight+ ) *emicals4 ,! my/]i\s gases ( #aiag 7 !n kn[n to almo/ e read+ individual 9 ! civiliz$ _w4 ,! once secret =mulas 7 publi%$ 9 ! te*nical j\rnals4 ,non-c5sor$ photographs ( def5sive equipm5t 7 freely publi%$1 & masks & o!r p>aph]nalia 7 exhibit$ = ! public int]e/4 ,except = secret plans = ! future & ! v>i\s surprises be+ prep>$ by "o or m ( ! bellig]5ts1 ! :ole subject ( *emical w>f>e _h become an op5 book4 ,:at occasion$ ?is *ange 9 policy on ! "p ( gov]n+ au?orities8 ,! reason 0 t ! ,am]ican troops br\ght ) !m to ,france ! be/ & mo/ protective gas masks ! _w _h se52 & !y br\ght ^! ) !m by ! millions4 ,/>t+ a mask-production ef=t 9 ,may1 #aiag1 ,am]ica turn$ out a total ( #e1bej1jjj gas masks be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 & s5t m ?an #d1jjj1jjj ( !m ov]seas4 ,z to ! quality ( ^! masks1 x is only necess>y to say t !y gave tw5ty times ! protection af=d$ by ! be/ ,g]man gas masks4 ,9 o!r words1 we protect$ our soldi]s aga9/ ! poisons :i* ,g]many _h br\ght into w>f>e1 & protect$ !m completely4 ,no ,am]ican soldi] 0 ev] gass$ due to ! failure ( an ,am]ican gas mask1 & su* gas casualties z did occur 7 due to ! fact t ! masks 7 n quickly en\gh utiliz$ :5 gas 0 ?r[n ov]1 or because ! soldi] 0 unaw>e ( ! pres5ce ( gas4 ,) su* protection !re 0 no long] reason to fe> t ! frightfulness ( *emical w>f>e w\ld r$uce ,am]ican morale4 ,! production ( gas masks 0 "o ( ! mo/ picturesque & successful phases ( our entire w> prep>ation4 ,x engag$ ! att5tion ( "s ( ! pr9cipal *emical eng9e]s ( ! c\ntry1 & millions ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates contribut$ some?+ to ! success ( ! und]tak+1 if only to obey ! ,eat ,m ,coconut slogan or to save pea* /ones = ! b5efit ( ! production ( ! *>coal ess5tial to effici5t gas masks4 ,! problem ( mak+ masks 9 su* quantity & "u su* supreme dem&s = p]fection 0 "o :i* might well /agg] manufactur]s accu/om$ to l>ge-scale op]ations4 ,we />t$ 9 ) practically no k :atsoev] ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( a p]fect mask4 ,yet ! app>atus 0 z difficult to build z a rifle4 ,x mu/1 p]=ce1 be made ( p]i%able mat]ials1 & ?is fact br\ght ! "q ( durability to ! =e at ! v />t4 ,x 0 evid5t t no *emical sub/ances kn[n 9 our pa/ comm]cial life w\ld give protection aga9/ ! new poisons :i* _h be5 develop$ 9 ,europe4 ,) ! exception ( phosg5e & *lor9e1 ! v>i\s w> gases :i* _h be5 br\ght out prior to our entrance 9 ! /ruggle 7 completely unkn[n 9 our trade or comm]ce & _h exi/$ only 9 our exp]im5tal laboratories4 ,!n x 0 discov]$ t z ^! tox9s increas$ 9 p[] !y c\ld p5etrate ! ord9>y fabrics kn[n 9 comm]ce1 & ?is necessitat$ ! creation ( new types ( mat]ials to be us$ 9 ! masks4 ,f9ally ! increas+ use ( gases =c$ ! soldi]s to we> _! masks = mu* long] p]iods ?an _h be5 necess>y at ! beg9n+ ( gas w>f>e2 s t ! problem ( com=t became "o ( great importance4 ,all ( ^! basic consid]ations indicate to "s ext5t ! difficulty ( ! und]tak+4 ,! *lor9e1 :i* float$ 9 a pale gre5i%-yell[ cl\d d[n ^u ! def5seless ,canadian troops at ,ypres1 ) su* t]rible effect ^u ! m51 01 z has be5 said1 ! fir/ gas us$4 ,*lor9e1 ?\gh easy to obta91 ! pr9cipal s\rce ( supply be+ common table salt1 01 f ! /&po9t ( /rategy1 f> f be+ ! ideal gas ( w>f>e4 ,troops c\ld be quickly & easily protect$ f x4 ,b ev5 z x 01 only lack ( fai? 9 _! new weapon prev5t$ ! ,g]mans f w9n+ ! w> ) x !n & !re4 ,_h !y br\ght into ! fight+ a suffici5t supply ( ?is *lor9e1 !y might h gass$ _! way to ,p>is 9 %ort ord]4 ,9 fact1 !y br\ght to ! l9e an almo/ negligible supply & !y !mselves 7 insuffici5tly protect$ to g ?r\gh _! own gas & foll[ up ! attack4 ,by ! "t !y 7 able to r5ew gas w>f>e ! ,fr5* & ,briti% _h equipp$ !mselves ) masks :i* 7 suffici5t to protect m5 aga9/ *lor9e4 ,!reaft] ! t5d5cy 0 t[>d new & /range gases :i* 7 heavy 9 weight & highly toxic 9 _! physiological action4 ,?is developm5t l$ to new1 slightly volatile liquids1 ! s-call$ mu/>d gas be+ ! be/ example4 ,mu/>d gas 7prop]ly call$ di*lore?yl sulphide7 is simil> to lubricat+ oil 9 _m ( its physical *>act]i/ics b smells l ord9>y mu/>d4 ,gr\nd soak$ ) ! mu/>d gas rema9s impregnat$ = days1 ! vapor ris+ cont9ually4 ,a p]fect mask is "o :i* w remove completely e trace ( gas or poison\s vapor be=e ! air c rea* ! eyes1 nose1 or m\? ( ! soldi]4 ,! fir/ masks adopt$ by ! allies 7 simply gauze pads saturat$ ) neutraliz+ *emicals4 ,^! became unsuitable z soon z new v>ieties ( p[]ful poisons 7 br\ght out4 ,! mask developm5t !reaft] progress$ to ! box respirator type4 ,?is consi/$ ( a mask or helmet connect$ to a box fill$ ) absorb+ & neutraliz+ *emicals :i* purifi$ ! air = ! mask we>]4 ,?is 0 ! type ( respirator 9 use to ! end ( ! fight+4 ,x is q cle> to u n[ t only su* a mask c\ld be effici5t 9 *emical w>f>e1 b 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aiag ! matt] 0 n cle> ei!r to u or to ! allies4 ,! fir/ requisitions f ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 call$ = masks ( two types1 ea* soldi] to be suppli$ ) "o ( ea*4 ,! res]ve mask 0 to be ( ! gauze type & ! regul> mask ( ! box respirator type1 af=d+ protection f ! m p[]ful poisons t 7 !n j com+ into use4 ,we wa/$ consid]able en]gy at ! beg9n+ 9 our attempt to produce bo? types4 ,ev5tually1 h[ev]1 :5 we 7 j ready to />t manufactur+ ! gauze-type mask1 ord]s came to ab&on ! ef=t1 s9ce x 0 ev5 !n app>5t t our soldi]s mu/ be prep>$ at all times to )/& all gases4 ,! box respirator equipm5t1 ! g5]al pr9ciple ( :i* 0 f9ally adopt$ by all ! nations at w>1 fell into two classes4 ,9 a s+le-protection mask ! we>] brea!d air f inside ( ! face piece1 s t any leakage ar\nd ! edges ( ! face piece w\ld result 9 a casualty :5 ! we>] 0 9 a /rong conc5tration ( gas4 ,! o!r sort1 kn[n z ! d\ble-protection mask1 consi/$ ( a gas-tight face piece1 simil> to t ( ! s+le-protection mask4 ,9 ?is type1 to gu>d aga9/ any possible leakage ar\nd ! edges betwe5 ! mask & ! we>]'s sk91 ! brea?+ sy/em 0 seal$ away f ! air inside ! face piece by means ( a rubb] m\?piece & a nose clip1 ! we>] inhal+ ?r\gh ! m\?piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v>i\s ,,types ,,( ,,gas ,,masks4 ,top r[1 left to "r4--,fir/ type ,u4 ,s4 ,navy mask1 n[ obsolete2 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy mask z f9ally develop$2 ,u4 ,s4 ,c4 ,e4 respirator 7production />t$ ,octob]1 #aiag72 ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,f4 ,k4 respirator 7production />t$ ,febru>y1 #aiah72 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,t4 respirator 7production />t$ ,augu/1 #aiah72 ,u4 ,s4 ,k4 ,t4 mask 7production />t$ ,augu/1 #aiah72 ,u4 ,s4 model #aiai mask 7ready = production :5 armi/ice 0 sign$74 ,middle r[1 left to "r--,briti% black veil mask 7fir/ mask us$ aft] initial gas attack 9 ,april1 #aiae72 ,briti% ,p4 ,h4 helmet 7/ops phosg5e b n te> gases72 /&>d ,briti% box respirator us$ by all ,briti% =ces aft] #aiaf2 ,fr5* ,m-#b mask us$ by ! ,fr5*2 ,fr5* ,tissot mask us$ by artill]ym52 ,fr5* ,a4 ,r4 ,s4 mask4 ,bottom r[1 left to "r4--,late type ( ,g]man mask2 ,exp]im5tal mask2 ,italian mask 7simil> to ,fr5* ,m-#b mask72 ,briti% ,motor ,corps respirator2 ,u4,s4 re> area em]g5cy respirator2 ,u4 ,s4 ,connell mask 7nev] pass$ ! exp]im5tal /age74 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,c4 ,e4 ,,type ,,( ,,box ,,respirator4 ,?is side view %[s face piece1 h>ness1 hose1 flutt] valve1 & knapsack4 ,?is is ! mask mo/ us$ by our troops4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engli% d\ble-protection masks consi/$ ( #aa pr9cipal p>ts z foll[s3 #a4 ,a knapsack slung f ! %\ld] or neck4 ,?is conta9$ ! cani/] & a pocket = /or+ away ! mask :5 n 9 use4 #b4 ,a metal cani/] 9 :i* 0 conta9$ ! absorptive neutraliz+ *emicals4 #c4 ,a flexible hose rea*+ f ! cani/] to ! face piece4 #d4 ,a flutt]1 or exhalation1 valve1 :i* op5$ :5 ! we>] exhal$ 8 brea? & clos$ :5 he inhal$1 ?us br++ ! inhalation ?r\gh ! cani/] b all[+ ! exhalation f ! lungs to pass out )\t pollut+ ! *emicals ( ! cani/]4 #e4 ,! face piece1 or hood1 fitt+ snugly ar\nd ! edges & cov]+ ! eyes1 *eeks1 l[] =ehead1 nose1 m\?1 & *94 #f4 ,! eyepieces1 or l5ses1 ?r\gh :i* vision 0 ma9ta9$4 #g4 ,an ela/ic h>ness = ! head1 to hold ! face piece 9 place4 #h4 ,a body cord to tie ar\nd ! *e/ & hold ! knapsack firmly1 s t ! mask c\ld be seiz$ 9 bo? h&s & pull$ out ( ! knapsack4 #i4 ,a metal flange connection or angle tube :i* c>ri$ ! hose ?r\gh ! face piece to ! m\?piece4 #aj4 ,a rubb] m\?piece ?r\gh :i* ! we>] brea!d & :i* help$ to hold ! mask 9 place4 #aa4 ,a wire nose spr+ & rubb] nose pad to hold ! no/rils %ut & =ce brea?+ ?r\gh ! m\?4 ,! fir/ ord] = gas masks 0 issu$ on ,may #af1 #aiag1 :5 ! ,*ief ( ,/aff ask$ ! ,surgeon ,g5]al to supply #a1ajj1jjj masks be=e ,june #cj1 #aiah1 or )9 ab\t "o ye>4 ,mean:ile #be1jjj masks 7 ne$$ at once 9 ord] to equip ,g54 ,p]%+'s fir/ division1 !n ab\t to sail ov]seas4 ,!re 0 b "o man 9 ! ,army :o knew any?+ at all ab\t ! subject & :o c\ld ev5 attempt to produce ?is quantity 9 ?ree weeks4 ,?is 0 ,maj4 7lat] colonel7 ,l4 ,p4 ,williamson1 ( ! ,surgeon ,g5]al's ,dep>tm5t1 :o _h be5 sp5d+ "s mon?s at ! ,army ,w> ,college at ,wa%+ton /udy+ z a side issue su* pap]s on gas w>f>e z came f abroad4 ,x 0 due to 8 k & ! volunte] /aff ( ! ,bureau ( ,m9es t we 7 able to beg9 ! actual manufacture ( masks )9 a few days aft] ! requirem5ts 7 fix$1 & actually to turn out #be1jjj masks 9 b little m ?an ?ree weeks' "t4 ,col4 ,williamson's fir/ /ep 0 to consult ) ,dr4 ,van4 ,h4 ,mann+1 ! ,director ( ! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 & ) 8 assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,burrell4 ,s9ce ,febru>y1 #aiag1 ! ,bureau ( ,m9es _h be5 exp]im5t+ ) gas masks & _h built up a corps ( sci5ti/s = ?is "w4 ,)9 ?is organization 0 ,mr4 ,bradley ,dewey1 a *emical eng9e]1 :o1 ?\gh !n director ( ! rese>* laboratory ( ! ,am]ican ,%eet ,t9 ,plate ,co41 ( ,pittsburgh1 _h be5 loan$ to ! ,bureau ( ,m9es4 ,to ,mr4 ,dewey 0 turn$ ov] ! job ( direct+ ! production ( ! fir/ #be1jjj masks = ! ,am]ican troops !n sail+4 ,to produce #be1jjj gas masks 9 ?ree weeks meant to compress ,engl&'s two ye>s ( exp]i5ce into #ba days4 ,! milit>y au?orities ( ?is c\ntry at t "t c\ld plead entire ignorance ( ! qualifications ( an effici5t gas mask4 ,! prevail+ idea seem$ to be t y c\ld g out into ! m>ket & buy !m by ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 z y might buy ,hall[e5 masks4 ,b ?is 0 n any ord9>y poison :i* we 7 to fight4 ,^! p[]ful *emicals attack$ ! human tissues z w\ld acid4 ,z ! result ( ! ef=t1 we did supply ! fir/ division go+ ov]seas 9 ,july4 ,h[ev]1 ! masks 7 inf]ior to ! ,briti% & 7 quickly replac$ 9 ,france by ,briti% equipm5t4 ,x 0 n until ! foll[+ ,janu>y t we develop$ an app>atus :i* we reg>d$ z satisfactory to und]go ! supreme te/ ( battle4 ,to indicate "s ( ! difficulties ov]come betwe5 ,may & ,decemb]1 #aiag1 !re are "h set =? "s ( ! features ( an effective mask4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! face piece mu/ fit p]fectly2 x mu/ n leak gas ar\nd ! edges4 ,x mu/ fit into ! holl[s ( ! temples & mu/ give ! jaws a free space 9 :i* to "w1 & yet n slip back & press aga9/ "o's ,adam's apple4 ,! pressure ( ! mask on ! =ehead mu/ come above ! supraorbital n]ves :i* are j above ! eyebr[s1 or else int5se heada*es w result f a few mom5ts' we>4 ,moreov]1 to fit all faces & heads1 sev]al graduat$ sizes ( masks are requir$4 ,we fir/ atta9$ ! gas-tight fit ) a padd$ b& ar\nd ! edge ( a flexible rubb]-clo? face piece4 ,lat] we develop$ a ?ick]1 /iff] face piece1 b ma9ta9$ a gas-tight fit by ! ela/icity ( ! face piece & ! head h>ness4 ,!n ! mat]ial ( ! face piece mu/ be gas-tight 9 itself4 ,at fir/ we manufactur$ a fabric made by spread+ rubb] on cotton sailclo?2 &1 aft] te/+ x1 we f\nd t ! smalle/ molecule kn[n1 t ( hydrog51 w\ld n pass ?r\gh x 9 l>ge am\nts4 ,?is seem$ to be a suitable fabric1 until te/$ by ! new] gases4 ,!n we f\nd t "s ( ^! gases 7 soluble 9 rubb] comp\nds & c\ld dissolve _! way ?r\gh ?9 rubb] s quickly t ! face piece clo? (f]$ practically no protection at all4 ,ano!r difficulty ) ! rubb] fabric 0 t x 0 likely to absorb & hold c]ta9 ( ! poisons1 s t a man might be gass$ by ! mask itself4 ,! rubb] companies1 pr9cipally at ,akron1 ,ohio1 exp]im5t$ cont9ually until !y discov]$ a coat+ t w\ld n only )/& gas conc5trations = a suffici5t "t1 b w\ld also a]ate promptly & lose z mu* gas z x _h absorb$4 ,! eyepieces or l5ses (f]$ ano!r problem4 ,celluloid is /rong b x is n s transp>5t z glass4 ,x ignites easily & is easily scrat*$4 ,glass is ideal 9 transp>5cy & w n burn1 b is fragile4 ,x 0 evid5t t we mu/ provide eyepieces :i* w\ld n break easily1 s9ce ev5 s slight an accid5t z ! break+ ( a l5s might co/ a soldi] 8 life by admitt+ conc5trat$ gas to ! mask4 ,a mat]ial kn[n z triplex glass _h be5 exp]im5tally made4 ,?is consi/$ ( a ?9 celluloid /rip s&wi*$ betwe5 two lay]s ( glass1 all ?ree weld$ toge!r4 ,?is glass w\ld n spl9t]1 & ev5 if crack$ or brok51 w\ld /ill be gas-tight4 ,h[ev]1 ?is _h nev] be5 made 9 quantity & x 0 necess>y to "w out _m k9ks & to />t a l>ge plant to provide ! necess>y millions ( l5ses4 ,!n !re 0 also to be ov]come ! t5d5cy ( ! eyepieces to dim1 p>ticul>ly 9 cold wea!r1 z ! we>] brea!d moi/ brea? into ! mask4 ,! answ] to ?is problem 0 a soapy comp\nd :i* put a slipp]y surface on ! glass & avoid$ ! droplets ( mi/4 ,! fir/ masks 7 also equipp$ ) deep plaits s t ! we>] c\ld wipe (f ! l5s ) ! int]ior ( ! face-piece itself1 ?\gh ! f9al developm5t 7! inv5tion ( a ,fr5*man by ! "n ( ,tissot7 0 to br+ ! cold air into ! mask s t x fl[$ directly aga9/ ! l5ses & evaporat$ any cond5s$ moi/ure4 ,?is kept !m cle> "u all ord9>y circum/ances4 ,x 0 evid5t t ! metal tube pass+ ?r\gh ! face piece mu/ n conta9 p9holes & mu/ be able to /& r\gh h&l+ )\t pull+ loose4 ,! h>ness mu/ ma9ta9 a gas-tight connection betwe5 ! we>]'s face & ! face piece1 b n at ! co/ ( pa9 or *af+ ( ! face or head4 ,! flutt] valve mu/ fit ) absolute tightness & mu/ "w p]fectly & in/antane\sly at all times4 ,! flexible hose lead+ f ! cani/] to ! face piece mu/ be /rong & )\t flaws or leaks1 & yet flexible 9 ! extreme4 ,a /iff hose w\ld be likely to sw+ & displace ! face piece :5ev] ! we>] mov$4 ,! m\?piece mu/ be com=table & mu/ be built along l9es to prev5t irritation to ! gums or lips1 yet x mu/ be re9=c$ s t 9 8 excitem5t ! soldi] c n bite d[n & %ut (f 8 air supply4 ,! cani/] mu/ )/& corrosion & mu/ be gas-tight4 ,smoo? sid$ cani/]s c n be us$1 = ! gas w\ld slip up ! sides )\t com+ 9 contact ) mu* ( ! *emical fill+4 ,! sides ( ! cani/]s 71 !re=e1 ribb$ s t ! *>coal & o!r +r$i5ts work+ into ^! ribs baffl$ ! gas & ?rew x out into ! body ( ! *emicals4 ,! cani/]1 moreov]1 mu/ be equipp$ ) a p]fectly work+ *eck valve :i* w /op exhalation ?r\gh ! cani/] & =ce ! air to pass out ?r\gh ! flutt] valve4 ,! web sl+ ( ! knapsack mu/ n curl & *afe ! neck or %\ld]s ( ! we>]4 ,! knapsack mu/ be wat]pro( & mu/ h easily & quickly workable fa/5+s4 ,! cani/]s 7 fill$ ) *>coal & ) cem5t granules4 ,^! 7 cru%$ into c>efully siz$ small bits ab\t ! size ( a p9head & pack$ 9 lay]s 9 ! cani/]s4 ,! air c\ld pass ?r\gh !m easily & ! p>ticles ( bo? sub/ances absorb$ gas4 ,! *ief quality requirem5ts = ! c>bon & ! cem5t 7 t !y mu/ h long life & great activity4 ,( ! cani/] +r$i5ts ! *>coal (f]$ ! m difficult te*nical problem4 ,x _h long be5 kn[n t *>coal 0 highly absorptive ( c]ta9 gases1 b except 9 r>e in/ances no ?or\gh /udy _h ev] be5 made ( ! subject4 ,x 0 evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! m *>coal or c>bon :i* c\ld be pack$ into ! cani/] & /ill all[ ! free passage ( air ! great] ! am\nt ( gas t w\ld be absorb$4 ,consequ5tly a se>* 0 made = c>bon exi/+ 9 ! natural /ate 9 ! mo/ compact =m4 ,?is se>* is describ$ lat]4 ,ea* cani/] also conta9$ concrete granules 9 a def9ite proportion to ! c>bon pieces4 ,^! granules 7 made ( cem5t mix$ ) /rong alkalis & oxidiz+ ag5ts to dige/ ! poisons z !y pass$ ?r\gh ! cani/]4 ,x w be se5 t ! manufacture ( good gas masks 0 a highly te*nical und]tak+1 "o call+ = ! be/ tal5ts ( em95t m5 ( sci5ce4 ,! mask 0 n some?+ t c\ld be improvis$ on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 b ea* "p ( x mu/ be work$ out aft] ! mo/ pa9/ak+ rese>*4 ,! ,gas ,def5se ,division ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice nev] at any "t approv$ a type ( mask :i* its own (fic]s or m5 did n !mselves we> 9 ! mo/ deadly conc5trations ( gas4 ,to get back to ! *ronological ord] ( developm5t1 on ,may #ba1 #aiag1 ! mak+ ( ! fir/ #be1jjj masks 0 />t$ ) frantic ha/e2 ?\gh1 z x develop$ lat]1 !re 0 no ne$ = su* an ef=t1 s9ce !re 7 available 9 ,engl& & ,france pl5ty ( masks = ! fir/ ,am]ican troops4 ,work+ to produce 9 ! %orte/ possible "t "s sort ( protection = ! fir/ ov]seas division1 ! (fic]s 9 *>ge 7 =c$ to adopt me?ods :i*1 _h !y be5 foll[$ ?r\gh\t ! manufactur+ program1 w\ld h be5 extremely co/ly4 ,!re 0 no "t !n to /op & /udy ! problem ei!r "h or abroad4 ,be=e ! end ( ,june #bj1jhh masks _h be5 />t$ ov]seas1 & #e1jjj m 7 ready a little lat]4 ,! mo/ t c be said = ?is ef=t 0 t x gave our (fic]s ! exp]i5ce :i* 0 ! gr\ndwork ( ! solid developm5t lat] on4 ,! production ( ^! fir/ #be1jjj masks call$ ^u ! s]vices ( v>i\s manufactur]s4 ,! assembl+ ( ! masks 0 conduct$ by ! ,am]ican ,c ,co41 at ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! ,b4 ,f4 ,goodri* ,co41 ( ,akron1 manufactur$ ! face pieces ) ! eyepieces ins]t$1 also ! connect+ hose1 ! *eck valve ( ! cani/]1 ! flutt] valve1 & ! rubb] m\?piece4 ,! ,am]ican ,c ,co4 produc$ ! cani/]s4 ,! ,day ,*emical ,co41 ( ,we/l9e1 ,pa41 gave ! *>coal its fir/ burn+4 ,! ,w>d ,bak+ ,co41 ( ,brooklyn1 patriotically bak$ ! *>coal--to activate x--9 _! bread ov5s free ( *>ge4 ,! ,g5]al ,*emical ,co41 ( ,new ,york1 suppli$ ! soda-lime granules4 ,! ,doehl] ,die ,ca/+ ,co41 ( ,brooklyn1 manufactur$ ! angle tubes4 ,! ,simmons ,h>dw>e ,co41 ( ,/4 ,l\is1 produc$ ! wat]pro( knapsacks4 ,! ,seav] ,h[l& ,press1 ( ,bo/on1 pr9t$ ! c>ds ( in/ructions t w5t ) ! mask outfit2 & ! ,beetle ,mac,lean ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,bo/on1 pr9t$ ! record tags4 ,?\gh ,maj4 7n[ colonel7 ,williamson 0 =mally 9 *>ge ( ?is em]g5cy "w1 he requisition$ ! masks f ! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 :i* took entire *>ge ( ! fir/ contract4 ,foll[+ ?is1 on ,augu/ #ca1 #aiag1 ! ,gas ,def5se ,s]vice ( ! ,surgeon ,g5]al's ,dep>tm5t 0 e/abli%$ by (ficial ord]1 & ,mr4 ,dewey1 :o _h be5 work+ z a volunte] 9 ! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 0 commission$ major & put 9 *>ge4 ,! next /ep 0 to prep>e = ! p]man5t developm5t & manufacture ( gas masks4 ,contracts 7 let = ! manufacture ( #cbj1jjj compon5t p>ts ( masks z we !n knew !m1 & a price 0 fix$ = ! assembl+ ( ! entire orig9al requirem5t ( #a1ajj1jjj masks4 ,! assembl+ contract w5t to ! ,h]o ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,philadelphia1 :i* rema9$ until ! end ( ! w> ! sole private contractor assembl+ our gas masks4 ,! _s ( coop]ation & desire to s]ve ! ,gov]nm5t 0 evid5t f ! />t4 ,! ,b4 ,f4 ,goodri* ,co4 _h be5 ! only produc]s ( ! rubb] p>ts ( ! fir/ #be1jjj masks4 ,9 ?is orig9al contract x _h ga9$ valuable te*nical & co/ k2 b 9 ord] t ! ,gov]nm5t might n be limit$ to "o s\rce ( supply = su* p>ts1 ! ,goodri* ,co4 volunt>ily imp>t$ to ! ,goodye> ,tire ,rubb] ,co4 & to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,rubb] ,co4 ! in=mation t w\ld enable !m to bid intellig5tly = portions ( ! "w4 ,?is 0 a di/9ct dep>ture f ! usual practice 9 competitive indu/ry4 ,all dur+ ! fall ( #aiag & e>ly w9t] ( #aiag-ah ! developm5t ( ! mask cont9u$1 ! ,gov]nm5t exp]ts work+ h& 9 h& ) private contractors4 ,because ( ! newness ( ?is sort ( manufacture & because ( ! wide v>iety ( unusual articles requir$1 entail+ 9 "s in/ances ! actual creation ( hi!rto unkn[n commodities1 ! ,gov]nm5t at all times 0 requir$ to act z ! procur] ( raw mat]ials = ! masks4 ,9 ?is p]iod ( developm5t ,am]ica design$ h] own typical mask--a gradual evolution1 b "o :i*1 ?\gh bas$ on ! ,briti% design1 arriv$ at a p]fection :i* _h be5 unkn[n 9 w>f>e be=e4 ,! triplex glass us$ 9 ! eyepieces 0 a pat5t$ commodity produc$ only 9 "o small factory 9 ,philadelphia4 ,x 0 necess>y to exp& ! facilities = ! production ( ?is necess>y mat]ial4 ,mean:ile "s ( ! m5 engag$ 9 ! "w _h improv$ ! eyepiece by provid+ x ) an alum9um m\nt+4 ,b ?is v improvem5t br\ght emb>rassm5t to ! "w1 s9ce ! ,akron rubb] contracts _h provid$ = eyepieces ins]t$ 9 ! fabric itself1 & to apply ! alum9um frame br\ght ab\t a radical *ange 9 ! manufactur+ me?ods at ! rubb] factories4 ,!re 7 also _m o!r problems t _h to be solv$ be=e our au?orities 7 satisfi$ to g ahead 9 quantity production4 ,!re 0 ! matt] ( rubb]iz+ ! face-piece fabric1 = in/ance4 ,two me?ods ( rubb]iz+ clo? 7 9 use4 ,! fir/ me?od 0 to roll out a ?9 %eet ( rubb] & !n press x into ! clo? fabric by runn+ ! :ole ?+ "u heavy roll]s4 ,?is 0 kn[n z ! cal5d] me?od4 ,! o!r me?od1 call$ ! spread] me?od1 0 m intricate4 ,9 ?is process ! sailclo?1 tightly /ret*$1 0 c>ri$ ar\nd a roll]4 ,above ! roll] a few ?\s&?s ( an in* 0 a knife blade ext5d+ f edge to edge4 ,! rubb] comp\nd 9 liquid =m 0 !n f$ ^u ! roll] 9 su* mann] t a ?9 film ( x press$ "u ! knife blade & ^u ! clo? on ! roll]4 ,! rubb]iz+ me?od f9ally adopt$ 0 a comb9ation ( ! cal5d] & spread] me?ods4 ,! rubb] 0 appli$ gre5 to ! clo?4 ,! cur+ process !reaft] 0 highly important4 ,if ! cur+ process 7 too %ort1 ! rubb] w\ld be /icky & w\ld pull (f ! sailclo? too easily4 ,if ! rubb] 7 ov]-cur$1 x w\ld crack & split4 ,no?+ %ort ( absolute p]fection 9 e "p w\ld d1 s9ce ! slighte/ imp]fection any:]e 0 likely to co/ a man 8 life4 ,consequ5tly we in/all$ at ! v>i\s produc+ plants n only #ajj p] c5t inspection1 b we con/ruct$ laboratories = putt+ ! mat]ials ?r\gh ! mo/ elaborate & exhau/ive sorts ( control te/s1 & !n re9spect$ ! p>ts at ! assembly plants1 bo? be=e & aft] ! assembly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*emical ,,developm5t ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,long ,,isl& ,,laboratory1 ,,gas ,,def5se ,,division1 ,,%[+ ,,int]mitt5t ,,fl[ ,,cani/] ,,te/+ ,,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,photo ,,tak5 ,,at ,,philadelphia ,,control ,,laboratory ,,( ,,gas ,,def5se ,,division1 ,,%[+ ,,app>atus ,,us$ ,,9 ,,exp]im5tal ,,"w ,,on ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,resi/ance ,,to ,,inhalation ,,& ,,exhalation ,,( ,,masks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,gas ,,*amb] ,,at ,,*emical ,,developm5t ,,laboratory1 ,,%[+ ,,subjects ,,on ,,outside ,,brea?+ ,,te/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ano!r ,,view ,,( ,,gas ,,*amb] ,,at ,,*emical ,,developm5t ,,laboratory1 ,,%[+ ,,subjects ,,inside4 ,all ! rubb] us$ 0 cont9ually sampl$ & analyz$ 9 ! laboratories4 ,! t5sile /r5g?s ( all fabrics 7 det]m9$ by /&>d de/ructive te/s4 ,we also te/$ ! adhesion ( ! rubb] coat+ by /&>d *emical me?ods & work$ out flexibility te/s = ! brea?+ tube4 ,aft] all ( ! factory inspection & mat]ial-control te/s1 ! masks !mselves 7 sampl$ & worn 9 highly toxic atmosph]es4 ,9 ?is "w ?\s&s ( our masks 7 worn by ! (fic]s & m5 ( ! ,gas ,def5se ,division 9 conc5trat$ atmosph]es ( ! mo/ deadly gases4 ,= su* "w we con/ruct$ te/+ rooms ^: atmosph]e c\ld be completely exhau/$ & *ang$ 9 #ij seconds4 ,! effici5cy ( cani/]s 0 te/$ ei!r by ! lungs ( ! inspectors or by me*anical brea?+ into telltale solutions4 ,! /ory ( ! c>bon 7*>coal7 :i* w5t into ! ,am]ican cani/] is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ phases ( ! :ole und]tak+4 ,inve/igations c>ri$ on by ! rese>* /aff ( ! ,national ,c>bon ,co41 aid$ by a clue f ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 l$ to ! selection ( coconut %ell z a raw mat]ial4 ,any c>bon absorbs a def9ite numb] ( times its weight ( gas4 ,!re=e ! d5se/ c>bons w be mo/ effici5t1 volume = volume1 z gas absorb]s 9 a giv5 space4 ,coconut %ells & o!r nut %ells 7 f\nd to be ! mo/ compact =m 9 :i* c>bon exi/s 9 nature 9 comm]cially practicable quantities1 be+ consid]ably sup]ior 9 ?is respect to an?racite coal & to su* woods z ironwood & mahogany4 ,ano!r ess5tial = *>coal us$ 9 ! cani/]s 0 t x mu/ be s h>d t x w\ld n crumble easily & produce du/ t w\ld clog up ! air passages & prev5t easy brea?+ ?r\gh ! cani/]4 ,coconut %ell fulfill$ bo? ( ^! conditions bett] ?an any o!r kn[n mat]ial4 ,fur!r /udy by ! ,national ,c>bon ,co41 back$ up by wond]ful l>ge-scale developm5t "w1 paid = & c>ri$ out by ! ,national ,electric ,lamp ,association "u ! direction ( _! ,mr4 ,f4 ,n4 ,dorsey 7:o lat] became ,col4 ,dorsey & *ief ( ! ,developm5t ,division ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice71 gave u ! details ( a new process = treat+ ! *>coal to make x absorptive4 ,aft] ! orig9al burn+ ( ! nut %ells1 or o!r c>bon mat]ials1 ! result+ c>bon 0 giv5 a second highly specializ$ heat treatm5t1 & ?is activat$ x until x _h a p[]ful aff9ity = gas4 ,su* c>bon1 made f nut%ell mat]ial1 w\ld absorb #aej times its own volume ( *lorpicr91 "o ( ! mo/ deadly ( ! w> gases1 ! action be+ approximately in/antane\s4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t inve/igation ( c>bons /opp$ ) ^! exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! se>* = ! ideal c>bon we exp]im5t$ ) almo/ e h>d vegetable sub/ance kn[n4 ,lit]ally1 hundr$s ( k9ds ( c>bon 7 te/$4 ,next to coconut %ells1 ! fruit pits1 sev]al common v>ieties ( nuts abundant 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & sev]al tropical nuts1 7 f\nd to make ! be/ c>bon4 ,pecan nuts1 & all woods rang+ 9 h>dness f ironwood d[n to ord9>y p9e & fir1 7 f\nd to be 9 ! second class ( effici5cy4 ,among o!r sub/ances te/$ 7 almonds1 ,arabian acorns1 grape se$s1 ,brazil-nut husks1 balsa1 osage oranges1 ,*9ese velvet beans1 syn!tic c>bons1 cocoa bean %ells1 c(fee gr\nds1 fl9t corn1 corn cobs1 cottonse$ husks1 peanut %ells & oil %ale4 ,:ile _m ( ^! sub/ances might h be5 us$ 9 an em]g5cy1 none ( !m w\ld produce c>bon z effici5t1 volume = volume1 z t ( ! coconut %ells & o!r h>d nuts4 ,"s idea ( ! scale ( ! ,am]ican mask production may be se5 9 our requirem5ts = coconut %ells4 ,9 our survey ( raw mat]ials we includ$ ! entire coconut res\rces ( ! _w4 ,su* figures 7 relatively easy to obta9 because ! copra1 or dri$ coconut meat1 indu/ry is an important "o1 p>ticul>ly 9 s\!rn ,asia & ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s ( ! ,pacific4 ,ceylon 0 ! greate/ s+le s\rce ( coconuts1 #b1cjj1jjj1jjj nuts be+ ga!r$ !re annually4 ,briti% ,india 0 next ) #a1ejj1jjj1jjj nuts4 ,our own ,philipp9e ,isl&s 7 ?ird1 ) an annual production ( #ijj1jjj1jjj nuts4 ,!n foll[$ 9 ord] ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 ,briti% ,malaya1 ,fr5* ,indo-,*9a1 ,siam1 & ! ,pacific ar*ipelagos1 ! total production ( ! ,ori5t be+ #g1dej1bjj1jjj nuts annually4 ,?is 0 a supply t w\ld provide #d1jjj tons ( coconut %ells e day4 ,! total production ( coconuts 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! ,we/ ,indies & ! ,c>ibbean coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica am\nt$ to #aca1jjj1jjj nuts annually1 equal to a supply ( #ge tons ( %ells daily4 ,:5 we fir/ began to build masks our dem&s = c>bonif]\s mat]ial rang$ f #dj to #ej tons a day ( raw mat]ial2 b by ! end ( ! w>1 due to va/ly increas$ mask requirem5ts1 we 7 9 ne$ ( a supply ( #djj tons ( coconut %ells p] day4 ,?is dem& w\ld absorb ! entire coconut production ( ! tropical ,am]icas five times ov]4 ,x 0 equal to "o-t5? ( ! total coconut production ( ! ,ori5t4 ,s9ce transportation f ! ori5tal c\ntries 0 out ( ! "q on ! scale dem&$ by our mask program1 x 0 evid5t t we 7 likely to be s]i\sly emb>rass$ by ! lack ( raw mat]ials2 &1 inde$1 at no "t be=e ,septemb]1 #aiah1 did we h on h& a res]ve supply ( %ells & o!r *>coal mat]ials t w\ld la/ = m ?an a few days1 ?\gh at no "t aft] ! />t 0 ! actual output ( masks ret>d$ by lack ( ^! mat]ials4 ,illu/ration3 ,,airplane ,,picture ,,( ,,c>bon ,,plant ,,& ,,cantonm5t ,,( ,,gas ,,def5se ,,division ,,at ,,a/oria1 ,,long ,,isl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,c>bon ,,plant ,,no4 #c ,,on ,,left ,,at ,,gas ,,def5se ,,division ,,plant1 ,,a/oria1 ,l4 ,i4 ,/orage b9s are 9 c5tral backgr\nd1 ) adm9i/ration build+ & c>bon plant ,no4 #b 9 ! "r =egr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>bon ,,plant ,,no4 #b ,,at ,,a/oria1 ,l4 ,i41 ,,%[+ ,,also ,,(fice ,,& ,,laboratory4 ,9 build+ up our supply ( coconut %ells we naturally turn$ fir/ to ! res\rces 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,am]ica normally consumes fre% coconuts at a rate suffici5t to supply ab\t #ej tons ( %ells daily4 ,! w> re/rictions on ! use ( sug> _h ! effect ( cutt+ d[n ! consumption ( coconuts1 us$ l>gely 9 c&y & cakes1 & consequ5tly "o ( our ef=ts 0 to increase by widespread propag&a ! use ( coconut4 ,! ,eat-,m-,coconut campaign m ?an d\bl$ ! ,am]ican consumption ( coconut 9 a brief space ( "t2 & ! #ej tons ( %ells daily1 :i* _h be5 ! orig9al supply1 grew 9 volume until 9 ,octob]1 #aiah1 ) ! help ( importations ( %ell1 we av]ag$ ab\t #aej tons p] day exclusive ( ! ,ori5t4 ,! fir/ heat+ ( coconut %ells to make *>coal r$uces _! weight #ge p] c5t4 ,!re=e x 0 evid5t t we c\ld mo/ economically %ip our ori5tal supply 9 ! =m ( *>coal produc$ on ! o!r side ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,= ?is purpose1 9 ,augu/1 we e/abli%$ "u ! direction ( an (fic] ( ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice a *>coal plant 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,f ?is plant ag5ts 7 s5t to ,ceylon1 ,india1 ,siam1 & o!r ori5tal c\ntries to pur*ase enorm\s supplies ( nut%ells4 ,?is "w 0 only ga9+ mom5tum :5 ! armi/ice 0 decl>$4 ,z x 01 ! ,philipp9e *>coal plant actually %ipp$ ov] #cjj tons ( coconut %ell c>bon to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & _h #a1jjj tons on h& ready = %ipm5t on ,novemb] #aa4 ,! me?od adopt$ 9 ! ,philipp9es 0 to burn ! %ells 9 long1 %all[ tr5*es4 ,z soon z ! smoke _h disappe>$ & ! flames came cle> & lamb5t ?r\gh ! inc&esc5t mass1 ! b$ ( coals 0 smo!r$ by means ( galvaniz$-iron lids ?r[n ov] ! tr5*es4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! coolies hir$ by ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice 9 ! ,philipp9es w\ld n "w at *>coal burn+ m ?an a few h\rs ea* day1 because !y decl>$ t ! heat f ! pits w\ld give !m tub]culosis & o!r lung tr\bles4 ,mean:ile ag5ts & (fic]s ( ! ,gas ,def5se ,division 7 se>*+ ! tropical regions ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica = o!r nuts valuable = ?is purpose4 ,! be/ ( ^! 0 f\nd to be ! cohune or corozo nut4 ,^! nuts are ! fruit ( ! ,manaca palm tree4 ,!y gr[ 9 clu/]s1 l bananas or dates1 "o to f\r clu/]s to a tree1 ea* clu/] yield+ f #fj to #ge p\nds ( nuts4 ,cohune nuts gr[ pr9cipally on ! we/ coa/ ( ,c5tral ,am]ica 9 l[1 swampy regions f ,mexico to ,panama1 b are also f\nd along ! ,c>ibbean coa/4 ,be=e ! w> creat$ a dem& = cohune nuts none ( !m _h ev] be5 import$ comm]cially 9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh x is und]/ood t ,france _h a prew> comm]cial use = !m4 ,! *ief virtue ( ! cohune nut f our po9t ( view 0 its extreme ?ickness ( %ell1 ! k]nel ( ?is l>ge nut1 :i* is #c in*es or m 9 l5g? & ne>ly #b 9 diamet]1 be+ relatively small4 ,we 7 import+ cohune nuts at ! rate ( #d1jjj tons p] mon? at ! "t ( ! armi/ice4 ,a disadvantage 9 ! use ( cohune nuts 0 t _! husks conta9$ a consid]able am\nt ( acid :i* rott$ ! jute bags & also caus$ ! heaps ( nuts to heat 9 /orage4 ,! fire dep>tm5t at ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice nut /oreh\se at ,a/oria1 ,n4 ,y41 0 kept busy putt+ out spontane\s blazes 9 ! /orage piles ( cohune nuts4 ,we also s5t ag5ts to ,we/ ,africa & !re arrang$ = ! %ipm5t ( "s hundr$ tons ( palm nuts a mon?4 ,a ?ird s\rce ( tropical mat]ial 0 9 ! ivory nuts us$ 9 consid]able quantities 9 ?is c\ntry by ! mak]s ( buttons4 ,9 ! button factories 9 ?is c\ntry !re is consid]able wa/e ( ?is nut mat]ial1 am\nt+ to #djj or #ejj tons a mon?1 ?is wa/e includ+ ! nut du/ :i* 0 useless to u & _h to be scre5$ out4 ,! price ( ivory-nut wa/e 0 high1 because ( ! use ( ?is mat]ial 9 ! manufacture ( lactic acid4 ,nev]!less1 we us$ a consid]able quantity ( x4 ,ano!r great bran* ( activity 9 secur+ c>bon supplies 0 und]tak5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ! se>* = fruit pits & = dome/ic nuts x 0 f\nd t ! quantity ( apricot pits1 pea* pits1 *]ry pits 7l>gely f ! cann+ indu/ry71 & walnut %ells on ! ,pacific coa/ am\nt$ to #bc1fjj tons annually4 ,we arrang$ = ! :ole ,pacific coa/ supply ( ^! commodities & conv]t$ a "p ( a ,san ,francisco plant ( ! ,pacific ,gas ,electric ,co4 into a plant = ! prelim9>y c>bonization ( #ajj tons a day ( ^! mat]ials4 ,! next /ep 0 to turn to ! consum]s ( ! c\ntry & ask !m to save _! pea* & apricot /ones1 _! prune1 plum1 & olive pits1 _! date se$s1 *]ry pits1 butt]nut %ells1 ,brazil nut %ells1 & _! walnut & hickory nut %ells4 ,! "w ( secur+ ^! & adv]tis+ ! ,gov]nm5t's ne$ to ! public 0 turn$ ov] to ! ,am]ican ,r$ ,cross4 ,!re 0 "s "q at ! />t z to :e!r ! *>t] ( ! ,r$ ,cross w\ld p]mit x to und]take su* a w> activity2 b1 s9ce x 0 det]m9$ t ?is 0 purely a def5sive op]ation1 ! legal =ces ( ! ,r$ ,cross decid$ t ! organization c\ld g into a campaign ( ?is k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b>efoot$ ,,negroes ,,9 ,,spani% ,,honduras ,,%ovel+ ,,corozo ,,nuts ,,into ,,baskets ,,to ,,be ,,load$ ,,into ,,boats ,,= ,,%ipm5t ,,to ,,gas ,,def5se ,,division4 ,illu/ration3 #e1jjj ,,tons ,,( ,,pea* ,,pits ,,pil$ ,,up ,,at ,,san ,,francisco4 ,?is is en\gh to produce #a1fjj tons ( c>bon = use 9 gas mask cani/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nut ,,%ells ,,/or$ ,,on ,,dock ,,( ,,ea/ ,,riv] ,,:>f1 ,,a/oria1 ,l4 ,i41 ,,aft] ,,be+ ,,unload$ ,,f ,,b>ges4 ,,%ell-,,crack+ ,,t[] ,,also ,,%[n4 ,illu/ration3 #a1bjj ,,tons ,,( ,,apricot ,,pits ,,at ,,san ,,francisco ,,ready ,,to ,,be ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,,c>bon ,,= ,,gas ,,masks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,troops ,,9 ,,tr5* ,,at ,,long ,,isl& ,,city ,,ready ,,= ,a ,,gas ,,attack4 ,illu/ration3 ,,troops ,,we>+ ,,gas ,,masks ,,*>g+ ,,9 ,,op5 ,,ord] ,,at ,,long ,,isl& ,,city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gas6 ,,troops ,,ha/ily ,,don ,,_! ,,masks ,,at ,,! ,,al>m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,troops ,,we>+ ,,gas ,,masks ,,cutt+ ,,b>b$-,,wire ,,entanglem5ts ,,9 ,,te/s ,,at ,,long ,,isl& ,,city4 ,help u to give him ! be/ gas mask4 ,t 0 ! slogan :i* 0 c>ri$ on ! po/]s1 cat*+ ! att5tion ( almo/ e p]son 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,m ?an #a1jjj1jjj pieces ( lit]ature 7 di/ribut$4 ,! ,r$ ,cross e/abli%$ #afc collection po9ts1 & collection b>rels appe>$ on ! /reets ( practically e community 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,junior ,r$ ,cross1 ! ,food ,adm9i/ration1 & ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture gave valuable assi/ance4 ,! ,boy ,sc\ts organiz$ nut ga!r+ p>ties4 ,! gov]nor ( ,massa*usetts proclaim$ ,novemb] #i1 #aiah1 to be gas mask day = ! collection ( c>bon mat]ial1 & #bh o!r ,/ates fix$ gas mask days 9 ,novemb]4 ,two reels ( motion pictures 7 %[n ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 ,j\rnali/s aid$ ! campaign 9 newspap]s & magaz9es4 ,fr$]ic ,j4 ,hask9 s5t out a valuable article :i* 0 publi%$ 9 _m ( ! important newspap]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"o ,oklahoma t[n took a day (f en masse & ga!r$ a :ole c>load ( nuts4 ,?is campaign />t$ ,septemb] #ac1 #aiah1 b 0 abruptly cut %ort on ! #aa? ( ,novemb]4 ,?us x is impossible to give exactly ! result ( x1 s9ce _m ( ! s*$ul$ %ipm5ts ( nuts & fruit pits 7 cancel$ & f\nd _! way into fuel b9s4 ,h[ev]1 at "o "t !re 7 on ! rails1 en r\te to ! c>bon plant at ,a/oria1 #ajj c>loads ( mat]ials suppli$ by ! patriotism ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t "s #d1jjj tons 7 collect$ 9 ?is brief p]iod1 exclusive ( ! mat]ial f ! ,cali=nia cann+ indu/ry4 ,! procurem5t ( ! nuts1 h[ev]1 0 b ! fir/ /ep 9 ! production ( c>bon = use 9 our mask cani/]s1 = aft] *>coal is fir/ burn$ its pores are /ill fill$ ) v>i\s impurities :i* may be summ$ up by ! ^w t>4 ,:5 ! *>coal 0 giv5 a second heat+1 "u c>eful temp]ature regulation1 ?is t> 0 burn$ out1 ) ! result t ! *>coal itself became mu* m active 9 its absorption ( gas4 ,9 fact1 prop]ly activat$ *>coal is m ?an absorptive--x is catalytic 9 its action t[>d ! gase\s poisons us$ 9 ! w>1 n only absorb+ !m b ha/5+ _! breakd[n 7dige/ion7 into less injuri\s sub/ances4 ,! activat+ ( *>coal (f]$ at ! />t consid]ably m ( a problem ?an ! "q ( mak+ ! *>coal itself1 s9ce activat+ _h nev] be=e be5 conduct$ on a comm]cial scale4 ,two mon?s ( exp]im5tation %[$ u t ! be/ di/illation ( %ells & pits = *>coal 0 t conduct$ 9 illum9at+-gas-mak+ retorts4 ,! activation !reaft] _h to be done 9 special equipm5t p]mitt+ ( f9e control ( temp]ature4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ev5tually sp5t m ?an #a1jjj1jjj 9 a *>coal activat+ plant1 provid+ = ,am]ica ! be/ protection kn[n to sci5ce aga9/ ! poisons :i* ,g]many _h introduc$ into w>f>e4 ,! cem5t granules1 :i* also _h to g into ! cani/]s1 suppli$ ano!r problem4 ,we orig9ally us$ a special soda-lime = ?is mat]ial1 b only obta9$ a satisfactory product aft] ,maj4 ,h4 ,w4 ,dudley1 ,r4,e41 came to ,am]ica z our ,briti% advisor & br\ght to u ! ,briti% granule =mula4 ,! basis ( ?is cem5t 0 lime1 to absorb gases ( an acid nature4 ,portl& cem5t 0 us$1 to give h>dness & prev5t dis9tegration & ! =mation ( du/ 9 ! cani/]4 ,!n infusorial e>? 0 add$1 to make ! comp\nd por\s 9 texture4 ,a little sodium hydroxide 0 put 91 to increase ! alkal9ity ( ! mixture4 ,f9ally !re 0 an infusion ( sodium p]manganate1 :i* is a p[]ful oxidiz+ ag5t4 ,?is latt] *emical 0 add$ z a precaution aga9/ ars9e4 ,ars9e & ars5ical comp\nds 7 difficult to use 9 w>f>e1 b ! ,g]mans _h introduc$ !m to "s ext5t1 ju/ify+ u 9 add+ ?is protection4 ,9 mak+ ! granules ! sodium p]manganate solution 0 mix$ ) ! cem5t4 ,! mixture 0 r\gh$ out into slabs1 all[$ to set = ?ree days1 dri$1 gr\nd up1 scre5$ to ! prop] size1 & pack$ 9 drums = future use4 ,z has be5 not$1 ! *>coal & cem5t 7 pack$ 9 ! cani/] 9 alt]nate lay]s4 ,! cem5t _h ! virtue ( work+ :ile ! c>bon slept--t is1 ! c>bon 0 active :5 !re 7 gases pres5t to be absorb$1 b ! cem5t kept on !reaft]1 dige/+ ! gases :i* _h be5 absorb$ by ! *>coal4 ,! cem5t 0 n quick 9 action1 b x _h a rem>kable capacity = consum+ "s poisons4 ,to return to ! *ronological developm5t ( manufactur+ facilities1 aft] we _h plac$ ! contracts = ! fir/ #a1jjj1jjj masks 9 ! e>ly fall ( #aiag1 we began look+ ar\nd = facilities = produc+ c>bon & cem5t 9 ! quantities :i* we %\ld ne$ 9 ! ne> future4 ,we f\nd at ,a/oria1 ! di/rict ne> ,hell ,gate at ! junction ( ! ,ea/ ,riv] & ,long ,isl& ,s\nd 9 ,new ,york1 ! l>ge gas works ( ! ,a/oria ,light1 ,heat ,p[] ,co4 p]haps ! l>ge/ illum9at+-gas plant 9 ! _w4 ,?is 0 a subsidi>y ( ! ,consolidat$ ,gas ,co4 ( ,new ,york1 :i* conc]n readily agre$ to turn ov] to ! ,gov]nm5t "s ( its retorts & to p]mit ! con/ruction ( a ,gov]nm5t-op]at$ plant on its gr\nds4 ,we might h be5 s]i\sly delay$ 9 ! production ( gas masks except = ! extraord9>y & cont9u+ ef=ts ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,cull5 ,morris1 ,*ief ,con/ruction eng9e] ( ! ,consolidat$ ,gas ,co41 & ,mr4 ,addicks1 its vice presid5t4 ,x 0 due to ,mr4 ,morris t a #aej1jjj granule plant 0 con/ruct$1 heavy complicat$ equipm5t in/all$1 & op]ations />t$ 9 ! %ort space ( #cj days4 ,let u n[ g back to ! hi/ory ( actual mask production4 ,at ! />t x 0 e/imat$ t :5 ! ,h]o ,manufactur+ ,co4 _h rea*$ full capacity x c\ld assemble & turn out #f1jjj masks a day4 ,! fuel %ortage & ! railroad conge/ion ( ! late fall & e>ly w9t] ( #aiag-ah hamp]$ our supply+ ! ,h]o ,manufactur+ ,co4 ) p>ts1 until ! mask production1 av]ag+ #b1dcj a day z x _h 9 ,novemb]1 dw9dl$ to #a1ejj a day 9 ,decemb]4 ,! ,goodye> ,co4 at ,akron _h mean:ile e/abli%$ its ,akron-,bo/on motor track l9e4 ,?is 0 put at ! s]vice ( ! ,gas ,def5se ,division1 haul+ v>i\s supplies f bo? ,akron & ,bo/on to ! assembl+ plant at ,philadelphia4 ,sometimes 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,p5nsylvania ! trucks w\ld be block$ 9 sn[ & ! patriotic citiz5s ( ! community w\ld get out ) %ovels & "w until ! supplies aga9 />t$ on _! way4 ,illu/ration3 ,slabb+ ! d\ghlike mixture ( c>bon & spread+ x on scre5-bottom$ trays at c>bon plant ,no4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,*emical laboratory %[+ app>atus = te/+ ! absorb5t p[] ( ! c>bon & gran p[d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,retort h\se4 ,dis*>g+ ma*9e draw+ out ! ne>] half & pu%+ out ! f> half ( ! hot c>bon4 ,illu/ration3 ,c>bon plant ,no4 #c1 %[+ treat] room & we/ side batt]ies ( ,dorsite treat]s4 ,,f\r ,,views ,,( ,,c>bon ,,plant ,,at ,,a/oria1 ,l4 ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,zigzagg+ & comb+ "w on masks4 ,illu/ration3 ,dop+ ! masks4 ,illu/ration3 ,assembly dep>tm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,f9al inspection dep>tm5t4 ,,f\r ,,int]ior ,,views ,,( ,,gas ,,mask ,,plant4 ,all ( ! masks produc$ 9 ! fall ( #aiag 7 /ill reg>d$ z exp]im5tal & n yet up to ! /&>d ( masks :i* we 7 will+ to supply = actual s]vice at ! front4 ,consequ5tly1 n "o ( !m 0 export$1 b ! entire #aiag production1 aft] ! fir/ ord] ( #be1jjj1 0 s5t only to ! tra9+ camps 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,by ,janu>y #h1 #aiah1 we 7 produc+ masks :i* we 7 will+ to put into actual s]vice1 & on t date ! manufacture ( masks = export 0 />t$4 ,9 ,janu>y we export$ #ed1jjj masks1 :i* 0 #af1jjj less ?an ! s*$ule :i* we _h set = ourselves4 ,b by ,febru>y #bj we _h wip$ out ?is deficit ) a little ov]1 = our s*$ule by t date call$ = ! production ( #ada1jjj gas masks1 & we _h produc$ #adb1jjj4 ,late 9 ! fall ( #aiag ! requirem5ts ( ! ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 7 reanalyz$ 9 ! light ( in=mation ga!r$ abroad & 9 accordance ) ! new milit>y program4 ,requirem5ts 7 multipli$ almo/ f\rfold4 ,let u see h[ ^! requirem5ts 7 met1 & :at difficulties 7 solv$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ef=t4 ,exp]i5ce _h already %[n t = _m reasons ! ,gov]nm5t ne$$ its own mask factory1 :]e improvem5ts c\ld be adopt$ z soon z made & :]e inspections & ! /orage ( p>ts c\ld be m c5traliz$ ?an 9 private plants4 ,) ! necess>y expansion !n confront+ u1 any o!r policy w\ld h meant mak+ face pieces 9 half a doz5 or m private plants1 all />t+ at once ) organizations untra9$ = ?is "w4 ,?is w\ld h be5 fatal1 = ev5 ) ! ,goodye> & ,goodri* companies manufactur+ face pieces 9 ,akron & ! ,k5yon ,manufactur+ ,co4 mak+ !m 9 ,brooklyn1 we f\nd x mo/ difficult to ma9ta9 uni=m /&>ds 9 all ! plants4 ,z new po9ts came up1 x 0 con/antly necess>y to int]*ange inspection p]sonnel & to s5d m5 f "o plant to ano!r to tea* manufactur+ wr9kles4 ,su* practices consum$ m p]sonnel ?an we c\ld tra9 9 ! "t available4 ,moreov]1 x 0 impossible "u ! conditions t we 7 !n fac+ to build up m ?an b>ely adequate supplies ( gas mask p>ts & su* raw mat]ials z special fabrics4 ,to h op]at$ _m m face-piece plants w\ld h meant to divide ^! /ocks ( fabrics1 ela/ic1 tape1 etc41 /ill fur!r4 ,to h kept ea* ( ^! plants prop]ly /ock$1 "u ! exi/+ traffic conditions1 w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,a big c5tral gas-def5se plant 0 ! only solution ( our difficulties4 ,! ord] approv+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! gas-def5se plant 0 sign$ by ,secret>y ,bak] on ,novemb] #bj1 #aiag4 ,! (fic]s ( ! ,gas ,def5se ,division f\nd 9 ,long ,isl& ,city1 n f> f ! new *emical plant at ,a/oria1 a gr\p ( mod]n concrete factory build+s :i* _h be5 put up 9 ?is newly develop$ section by sev]al diff]5t conc]ns1 among !m ! ,=d ,motor ,co41 ! ,goodye> ,tire ,rubb] ,co41 & ! ,national ,casket ,co4 ,"o ( ^! build+s1 kn[n z ! ,/ew>t ,build+1 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,gov]nm5t & mod]n ma*9]y 0 in/all$4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,r4 ,ri*>dson1 ( ,*icago1 0 appo9t$ plant manag] ) a sal>y ( #a p] ye>4 ,he quickly set to "w organiz+ ! factory & its /aff4 ,on ,janu>y #i1 #aiah1 ! fir/ few factory op]ators 7 hir$4 ,five days lat] ! executive (fices at ! plant 7 ready = occupancy4 ,! plant grew apace4 ,"o by "o ! o!r build+s 7 absorb$ & add$ to ! e/abli%m5t--fir/ ! ,goodye> ,tire ,rubb] build+1 !n ! ,national ,casket build+4 ,next a long /orage build+ 0 built betwe5 ! ,/ew>t & ! ,goodye> build+s4 ,runways 7 built :i* connect$ up ! v>i\s build+s1 &1 f9ally1 9 ,july1 ! ,=d ,motor build+ 0 tak5 ov] & connect$ up to complete ! gr\p4 ,?us by ! summ] ( #aiah we occupi$ five l>ge build+s1 ) a total ( ov] #a1jjj1jjj squ>e feet1 or #bj acres1 ( floor space1 connect$ up to make ! gas-def5se plant4 ,( ! #ab1jjj employees 9 ?is plant1 #h1fjj 7 wom54 ,endeavors 7 made z f> z possible to hire ^? :o _h ne> relatives ) ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,! degree ( c>e requir$ 9 ! manufacture ( masks 0 beyond any?+ kn[n 9 normal indu/ry1 & we rightly believ$ t ?is p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! "w w\ld br+ ab\t great] c>e 9 manufacture & inspection4 ,s9ce ! factory 0 work+ at top spe$ a great deal ( att5tion 0 paid to welf>e "w4 ,wom5 employees 7 giv5 #ab-m9ute re/ p]iods bo? 9 ! morn+ & ! aft]noon1 & completely furni%$ attractive re/ & recreation rooms 7 set ap>t = wom5 9 ! factory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gas-,,def5se ,,plant ,,at ,,long ,,isl& ,,city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,employees ,,( ,,gas-,,def5se ,,plant ,,long ,,isl& ,,city1 ,,novemb] #aa1 #aiah4 ,! plant 0 unique 9 m ?an "o respect4 ,at ! v />t x attempt$ ! suppos$ly impossible1 = x comb9$ 9 its /aff & 9 its work+ organization civilian & milit>y p]sonnel4 ,! manag] 0 a civilian1 ! assi/ant manag] 0 ,lieut4 ,col4 ,coonley4 ,bel[ !m on ! next ti] ( ! organization 7 ,army (fic]s 9 *>ge ( sev]al dep>tm5ts & civilians 9 *>ge ( o!rs4 ,?r\gh\t ! plant 7 c]ta9 gr\ps ( wom5 work]s or inspectors 9 *>ge ( civilians 7 o!rs2 9 *>ge ( s]geants or ev5 privates4 ,! arrangem5t work$ out well & ! :ole organization pull$ toge!r z "o team1 )\t ref]5ce to civilian or milit>y /atus4 ,aga91 at ! />t !re 0 laid d[n a policy ( inspection at e s+le /age ( manufacture4 ,! incom+ p>ts1 ?\gh already inspect$ at _! s\rce1 7 re9spect$ & rete/$4 ,aft] e op]ation 9 ! manufacture ( ! face piece !re came an inspection by specially tra9$ wom5 set ap>t f ! op]ators4 ,!n aga91 !re 0 a special control inspection4 ,aft] ! face piece 0 f9i%$1 & :5 assembly 0 complete1 ! entire mask w5t to a f9al inspection :]e x 0 look$ ov] by sev]al tra9$ wom51 :o work$ 9 d>k closets & inspect$ ! face pieces ov] a bright light to make sure t no p9 pricks _h be5 made1 ei!r malici\sly or o!rwise4 ,fur!rmore1 :]ev] !re 0 an inspector !re 0 a sy/em ( *eck+ 8 or h] accuracy1 = #e p] c5t ( e inspector's "w 0 p]iodically select$ at r&om & *eck$ ov] by o!r inspectors4 ,h& 9 h& ) ?is w5t _m ( ! late/ developm5ts ( factory op]ation4 ,! be/ ma*9]y 0 employ$1 conveyors 7 us$ :]ev] possible1 &1 :5 *anges 9 ! size ( ! op]ation or ! design ( ! mask made x advisable1 ! factory 0 at once re>rang$ 9 ord] t ! fl[ might always be ord]ly & cont9u\s4 ,f all ( ?is ! read] might judge t ! op]ation1 la/+1 z x did1 = only a little m ?an eight mon?s1 0 a co/ly "o4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 0 n ! case1 = a well-ord]$ & accurate co/ sy/em1 kept f ! v />t 9 accordance ) ! be/ practices ( factory acc\nt+1 %[$ t aft] *>g+ 9 all equipm5t *anges & ov]head1 ! plant made complete masks :i* co/ ! ,gov]nm5t ab\t #ej c5ts p] mask less ?an x co/ to get complete masks by pur*as+ p>ts & assembl+ !m "u private contracts4 ,along ) ?is manufactur+ developm5t w5t ! build+ up ( an elaborate procurem5t =ce *>g$ ) ! responsibility ( provid+ p>ts to be assembl$ at ! gas-def5se plant & ! ,h]o ,manufactur+ ,co4 ,?is section fac$ a h>d & intricate task1 b ?\gh !re 7 in/ances :]e a %ortage ( p>ts tempor>ily sl[$ d[n production1 ^! 7 rem>kably few4 ,_m 7 ! difficulties ( buy+ new p>ts2 _m ( ! p>ts 7 ! product ( elaborate die "w2 die mak]s 9 ! c\ntry 7 ov]work$4 ,specifications _h to be writt51 *eck$1 & approv$1 & a field inspection fir/ _h to be organiz$ & tra9$ s t ! product f all ! diff]5t plants c\ld be reli$ ^u z satisfactory = ! assembl+ plants4 ,b ?is problem 0 /ill fur!r complicat$ by ev]-recurr+ *anges 9 design1 made necess>y z improvem5t foll[$ improvem5t4 ,(fic]s _h to be tra9$ 9 a day & !n s5t out to tra9 inspection corps 9 manufactur+ plants 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,inspection & procurem5t deta*m5ts 7 ma9ta9$ 9 mo/ ( ! ea/]n indu/rial c5t]s4 ,!re 7 ov] #ajj enli/$ m5 & #i (fic]s 9 ,akron1 #cj enli/$ m5 ) #f (fic]s 9 ,bo/on1 & m5 & (fic]s 9 ov] #fj cities4 ,"h aga9 ! civilian & ,army (fic] work$ h& 9 h&2 = ,mr4 ,rob]t ,skemp1 a volunte] civilian f ,pittsburgh1 0 9 *>ge ( ?is procurem5t1 report+ to ,lieut4 ,col4 ,besse & direct+ an organization made up almo/ entirely ( (fic]s & enli/$ m54 ,! ,m>* output ( masks 0 #ahc1jjj2 t ( ,april1 #cfc1jjj2 ,may1 slightly less ?an ?is figure2 t ( ,june1 #ejd1jjj2 t ( ,july1 #fga1jjj4 ,9 all1 betwe5 ,janu>y #a & ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 we built m ?an #e1jjj1jjj gas masks4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aiah1 %ortly be=e ! ,g]man drive comm5c$1 we receiv$ requisitions = sample lots ( oil$ mitt5s & oil$ union suits z protection aga9/ mu/>d gas & also = *loride ( lime to neutralize poison-impregnat$ e>?4 ,9 _! ,m>* drive ! ,g]mans us$ gas 9 mu* m protract$ conc5trations ?an be=e4 ,orig9ally ! masks _h be5 worn only dur+ ! sporadic gas al>ms1 & !n only = a brief p]iod at a "t4 ,! d\ble-protection mask :i* we _h be5 build+ _h be5 admirable 9 its day1 b x 0 no long] adapt$ to ! sort ( use to :i* x 0 evid5t x mu/ n[ be put4 ,9 long-cont9u$ we> ! m\?piece w\ld irritate ! gums & lips ( ! soldi]1 & ! face-piece b& w\ld cause excruciat+ heada*es aft] a few h\rs4 ,x _h n[ become frequ5tly necess>y = m5 to we> _! masks = eight h\rs at a /ret*4 ,! ^w discom=t is a weak description ( ! feel+s ( a man we>+ "o ( our masks = t p]iod4 ,our au?orities 9 ,france decre$ = a s+le-protection mask & m com=t1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( a little safety4 ,! result ( ^! new conditions toge!r ) ! e/abli%m5t ( clos] relation%ip ) our ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 ?r\gh a visit ( ,col4 ,dewey to ,france1 0 ! det]m9ation to build masks 9 ?is c\ntry :i* %\ld give ! protection ( ! masks :i* we _h be5 turn+ out & at ! same "t be comp>atively com=table4 ,!re _h be5 br\ght out 9 ,france a s+le-protection mask1 t is1 a mask 9 :i* ! inlet tube ent]$ directly into ! space betwe5 ! mask & ! face1 ) ! orifices s arrang$ t ! fre% air 0 drawn across ! eyepieces4 ,?is 0 kn[n z ! ,tissot mask4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,tissot 0 correct z f> z com=t 0 conc]n$1 s9ce x did away ) ! irritat+ m\?piece1 b ! *ief dang] 9 ?is mask arose f ! fact t x 0 made ( ?91 pure gum rubb]4 ,we took ! ,tissot & endeavor$ to produce a mask ( ?is type :i* %\ld be gas-tight & yet rugg$4 ,9 ?is "w we exp]im5t$ on hundr$s ( subjects to det]m9e face & head sizes & %apes4 ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 ?is connection t ! size ( a man's face has no?+ to d ) ! size ( 8 head1 z l>ge heads ) small faces & small heads ) l>ge faces occur n infrequ5tly4 ,we made two developm5ts ( ! mask )\t m\?piece or nose clip4 ,bo? 7 ready = field te/s 9 ,augu/1 #aiah4 ,! "o produc$ 9 ,akron & assembl$ at ! ,philadelphia contract+ plant 0 kn[n z ! ,akron ,tissot1 or ,type ,a-,t4 ,at ! />t ( op]ations 9 ,long ,isl& ,city ,mr4 ,waldem> ,kops1 ( ,new ,york1 a manufactur] ( corsets1 came to ! ,gov]nm5t1 ask+ an opportunity to d 8 "p 9 ! w>4 ,he 0 assign$ to ! gas-def5se plant1 & lat]1 ) ! commission ( major1 took *>ge ( ! gas-def5se ,long ,isl& laboratories4 ,maj4 ,kops _h no exp]i5ce ) gas masks until he came to ! gas-def5se plant1 b 8 exp]im5ts soon l$ to an improvem5t 9 ! design ( ! ,tissot mask4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,type ,,kt mask--! ,kops-,tissot4 ,only a few hundr$ ?\s& 7 produc$1 ?\gh ! late/ model 0 s*$ul$ = enorm\s production beg9n+ 9 ,decemb]1 #aiah4 ,x possess$ mu* ( ! protective effici5cy ( ! old uncom=table mask1 ! cut ( ! face piece insur$ a gas-tight connection ) ! head1 x 0 relatively com=table1 & x 0 durable4 ,! call ( ! allies 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah = ,am]ican troops 9 z great numb]s z ! %ips c\ld c>ry !m to ,france result$ 9 /ill fur!r increases 9 our mask requirem5ts4 ,at ! height ( ! drive we 7 mak+ ov] #dj1jjj masks a day4 ,approximately #ce1jjj employees 7 engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( v>i\s gas-mask p>ts4 ,our c>bon requirem5ts 7 exp&+ at a rate t w\ld h ne$$ #djj tons ( raw mat]ials a day by ,decemb]1 #aiah4 ,we built #ccf1iai ,,kt masks & approximately #bjj1jjj ,a-,t masks4 ,9 exact figures ! total production ( masks ( all types 0 #e1fib1dii4 ,( ^! #c1fff1fhc 7 built at ! gas-def5se plant & #b1jbe1haf 7 assembl$ by ! ,h]o ,manufactur+ ,co4 ,9 addition1 we furni%$ #c1ahi1ceg extra fill$ cani/]s = ! replacem5t ( ^? us$ up by #dj h\rs ( field s]vice4 ,h& 9 h& ) ?is procurem5t & manufactur+ a*ievem5t w5t ! developm5t ( ! te*nical section ( ! ,gas ,def5se ,division4 ,?is 0 kn[n z ! ,long ,isl& laboratories1 mann$ by a p]sonnel ( sev]al hundr$ m5 & (fic]s4 ,"h 9 its laboratories 7 solv$ ! knotty problems t bridg$ ! gap betwe5 exp]im5tal "w & production4 ,_m new designs 7 work$ out1 only to be reject$ :5 te/$4 ,"h !re 7 workrooms t c\ld make sample lots ( #a1jjj masks1 & "h 7 locat$ ! *emical laboratories & ! gas *amb]s 9 :i* ! product ( ! gas-def5se plant 0 te/$ daily by control *emical analysis & by actual brea?+ & we>+ te/s4 ,9 spite ( ?is elaborate te*nical section1 ! te/+ ( masks did n /op ) x4 ,!re 0 a special field-te/+ section ( ! ,gas ,def5se ,division1 compos$ ( ab\t #aej m5 :o 7 tra9$ to ! m9ute 9 field maneuv]s & did mo/ ( _! "w 9 gas masks4 ,!y 7 con/antly 9 & out ( gas ) regul> production & exp]im5tal masks1 !y play$ baseball 9 !m1 !y dug tr5*es1 laid out wire1 cut wire1 & f\ght %am battles at night1 bo? ) & )\t actual gas4 ,?is section 0 n organiz$ until ,july1 b x %\ld h be5 "o ( ! fir/ ( our units4 ,x 0 !re t we le>n$ all ! f9e po9ts ( gas mask com=t & durability4 ,! "w ( ?is section ev5 w5t s f> 9 ! case ( ! lat] designs z to include a te/ :]e six m5 work$1 play$1 & slept 9 ! masks = an entire week1 only tak+ !m (f = #cj m9utes at ea* mealtime1 & ea* day ent]+ high conc5trations ( ! mo/ deadly gases1 )\t any ill effects :atsoev] to ! we>]s4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t eight h\rs 0 ! limit ( "t :i* a /rong man c\ld we> ! old-type mask1 some?+ ( ! effici5cy ( ! new mask may be realiz$4 ,we also built #cgg1hha horse masks4 ,inve/igation %[$ t a horse's eyes did n %$ te>s 9 ! pres5ce ( ev5 /rong la*rymatory gases4 ,moreov] a horse nev] brea!s ?r\gh 8 m\?2 & x 01 !re=e1 necess>y only to cov] 8 no/rils4 ,fur!rmore1 horses prov$ to be m resi/ant to ! toxic gases us$ 9 ,europe ?an 7 m51 & 8 mask1 accord+ly1 ne$$ to be only a bag ( _m lay]s ( *emically treat$ gauze4 ,! horse masks 7 all manufactur$ by ! ,fif? ,av5ue ,uni=m ,co41 ( ,new ,york ,city1 "u ! sup]vision ( a deta*m5t ( ! ,gas ,def5se ,division4 ,we furni%$ #aia1cch dug\t blankets to be us$ at ! doors ( dug\ts to make !m gas pro(4 ,^! 7 specially wov5 all-cotton blankets :i* 7 treat$ 9 ,france ) a special heavy oil1 %ipp$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! w> we receiv$ l>ge requisitions = protective suits & gloves to safegu>d m5 aga9/ mu/>d gas burns4 ,! suits 7 made ( oil$ fabric & ! gloves 7 ( clo? impregnat$ ) *emicals4 ,z a "w j />t+1 we produc$ #b1dej suits & #a1ggc pairs ( gloves4 ,a total ( #a1bdf tons ( a new o9tm5t kn[n z sag pa/e 0 made & %ipp$4 ,?is 0 an o9tm5t to protect ! sk9 aga9/ mu/>d-gas burns4 ,gas w>n+ signals 7 ( sev]al types1 wat*m5's rattles & ,klaxon horns be+ ! mo/ commonly us$ to s\nd ! gas al>ms4 ,we %ipp$ #de1ijf ( ^! special h& horns4 ,! rattles 7 secur$ 9 ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,akron ,,tissot ,,mask4 ,,an ,,improvem5t ,,ov] ,,! ,,mask ,,t ,,0 ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,use ,,among ,,our ,,troops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,kops ,,tissot ,,mask4 ,,our ,,late/ ,,developm5t ,,& ,,consid]$ ,,to ,,be ,,! ,,be/ ,,( ,,all ,,masks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gas ,,mask ,,( ,,flannelette ,,type ,,= ,,horse4 ,tr5* fans1 = fann+ out gas f tr5*es & dug\ts1 7 produc$1 to ! numb] ( #ej1edi4 ,production data ( gas def5se division ( ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice--,f9al /ati/ical report4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,production4 ,%ipp$ ov]seas-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,up to ,july,up to ,nov4 ,dec4 #ca1 ,july #a1 ,nov4 #aa1 ,item4 #a1 #aiah4 #aa1 #aiah4aiah7total #aiah4 #aiah4 product- ion74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,respirators #a1gai1dbd #e1bgf1eae #e1fib1diia1aif1ghgc1ich1hjh ,extra cani/]s #ejg1ffc #c1add1dhe #c1ahi1ceg #dhd1bcfa1hje1jgf ,horse masks #aed1jid #cff1ebi #cgg1hha #aja1bej #cea1bgj ,blea*+ p[d] #a1dhd #c1fgg #c1eij #ehf #a1hfg 7tons7 ,extra anti-dimm+ #b1hee1ggf #b1hee1ggf #b1hee1ggf 7tubes7 ,sag pa/e 7tons7 #bj #a1acf #a1bdf #iae ,dug\t blanket oil #ie1jjj #ie1jjj #e1jjj 7gallons7 ,protective suits #ejj #b1dej ,protective gloves #a1ggc #a1ggc ,dug\t blankets #aei1abg #aia1cch #cf1bba ,w>n+ devices #cc1bjb #de1ijf #ai1fbj ,tr5* fans #aa1cdc #bi1igg #ej1edi #i1fjj #bg1fij ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,book ,v4 ,,qu>t]ma/] ,,activities4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,subsi/5ce4 ,:5 ! ,am]ican soldi] w5t to w> aga9/ ,g]many he took 8 appetite ) him4 ,! task ( keep+ t appetite satisfi$ ) good food 7& ! soldi]1 !re=e1 cont5t$ & well7 fell to ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,g5]al4 ,! av]age ,am]ican soldi] at ! end ( ! fight+ 9 #aiah is said to h weigh$ #ab p\nds m ?an he did :5 ! ,selective-,s]vice ,act or 8 own enli/m5t br\ght him into ! ,army4 ,?is is ! complete te/imonial to ! quality & quantity ( ! food s]v$ to ! ,am]ican troops 9 #aiag & #aiah4 ,assum+ #c1gjj1jjj to h be5 ! greate/ numb] ( ,am]icans "u arms1 ?is av]age increase 9 weight means t ! beans & bacon & fre% meat ( ! ,am]ican ,army ration 7 transmogrifi$ into "s #de1jjj1jjj p\nds ( ,yankee brawn to be ! basis ( untold res\rces ( heal? & en]gy dur+ ! com+ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,consid] ^! millions ( soldi]s z "o composite1 gigantic man 9 khaki2 compress ! w> p]iod into a s+le h\r1 ! d9n] h\r2 & x w be se5 t ! ,am]ican fight] consum$ :at might be call$ a sizeable meal4 ,let u say t he />t$ (f ) ! ma9 c\rse4 ,! roa/ ( beef weigh$ ov] #hjj1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,x 0 flank$ by a ra%] ( bacon weigh+ #aej1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,ov] #a1jjj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( fl\r w5t into ! loaf ( bread1 :ile to spread ! bread 0 !re a lump ( butt] weigh+ #ag1ejj1jjj p\nds & ano!r lump ( oleom>g>9e weigh+ #aa1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,z a side di% ?is giant _h ov] #aej1jjj1jjj p\nds ( bak$ beans1 half ( ^! com+ 9 cans ready bak$ & flavor$ ) tomato sauce4 ,! potatoes weigh$ #dhg1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,to add gu/o to 8 appetite !re 7 #dj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( onions4 ,!n scatt]$ ov] ! table 7 su* items z #aej1jjj1jjj cans ( corn1 peas1 & /r+ beans2 :ile ! salad conta9$ #ej1jjj1jjj cans ( salmon & #gej1jjj t9s ( s>d9es4 ,!n !re 0 a huge b[l ( cann$ tomatoes1 ne>ly #aij1jjj1jjj t9s supply+ its cont5ts4 ,= dess]t he _h #fg1jjj1jjj p\nds ( prunes & #dj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( evaporat$ pea*es & apples4 ,! sug> = sweet5+ v>i\s di%es weigh$ #cej1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,he wa%$ x all d[n ) a draft made ( #ge1jjj1jjj p\nds ( c(fee ?9n$ ) #bjj1jjj1jjj cans ( evaporat$ milk4 ,! bill = ! meal1 paid by ! ,am]ican public1 am\nt$ to #gbg1jib1dcj4dd1 ?is figure to ,decemb] #a1 #aiah4 ,9 supply+ su* va/ quantities ( food1 sci5tific att5tion 0 conc5trat$ ^u ! details ( ! ef=t4 ,at ! "t ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ! ,am]ican troops 9 ,france 7 eat+ ab\t #i1jjj1jjj p\nds ( food e day4 ,nev] be=e 9 hi/ory _h any nation be5 compell$ to s5d subsi/5ce s great a di/ance to s _m m54 ,x 0 n possible to ask ,france & ,engl& to divide _! food supplies1 z !y 7 already ration+ _! civilian populations4 ,we 7 requir$ to pur*ase practically all food 9 ,am]ica & transport x ne>ly #e1jjj miles4 ,%ips 7 relatively sc>ce4 ,!re 0 a /rong bid = e in* ( tonnage space4 ,! tonnage allott$ to subsi/5ce mu/ be fill$ ) suffici5t food n only to supply ! imm$iate consumption1 b to ov]come losses due to ! s9k+ ( %ips & ! possible capture ( base depots4 ,^! cont+5cies requir$ two p\nds ( food to be %ipp$ :]e "o w\ld ord9>ily be s5t2 yet because ( ! %ortage ( %ips ! subsi/5ce au?orities 7 ask$ to pack ^! two p\nds into almo/ ! space ( "o4 ,! result 0 foods 9 =ms nev] be=e kn[n by ,am]ican soldi]s & 9 "s cases nev] be=e kn[n at all--su* =ms z dehydrat$ vegetables1 boneless beef1 & ! s-call$ %ankless beef4 ,tr5* w>f>e made new dem&s = food4 ,calls came = su* r>e articles z soluble c(fee or ! :eat-&-meat cake ( ! em]g5cy ration4 ,^! problems 7 solv$ only by ! assi/ance ( ! ,am]ican food indu/ry4 ,9 num]\s in/ances new factories1 or ev5 :ole new types ( food manufacture1 7 built up z rapidly z ?ree %ifts ( m5 c\ld "w & money accompli% results4 ,! co/ ( food rates high among ! w> co/s ( #aiag & #aiah4 ,back 9 #ahig ! av]age meal 9 ! ,army co/ ab\t #d c5ts1 & ! daily ?ree meals #ac c5ts4 ,at ! end ( #aiah ! co/ ( ! ration 0 approximately #dh c5ts4 ,! advance 0 n all due to ! advance 9 liv+ co/s4 ,mu* ( x 0 on acc\nt ( ! improv$ /&>ds ( ! ration4 ,9 #aiaf ,congress appropriat$ #aj1jjj1jjj to fe$ ! ,army2 ! fiscal ye> beg9n+ ,july #a1 #aiah1 br\ght an appropriation ( #hcj1jjj1jjj = ! same purpose4 ,! ,am]ican fight+ man ( #aiag-ah 0 a good fe$]4 ,he ate ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( a ton ( food ea* ye>1 or ov] t5 times 8 own weight4 ,)\t c\nt+ any transportation co/s or ! exp5se ( h&l+ at all1 ea* man's ye>ly supply ( food co/ m ?an #afe4 ,9 spite ( ! mo/ rigid & pa9/ak+ economies 9 ! pur*ase ( ?is subsi/5ce ! ,am]ican p 7 pay+ at ! peak ( ,army expansion m ?an #b1ejj1jjj p] day to fe$ ! troops4 ,! di/ance ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces f ! s\rce ( _! food supplies requir$ t _! food be l>gely pur*as$ 9 nonp]i%able =ms4 ,t is1 meats mu/ be cur$1 meats & vegetables t9n$1 vegetables & fruits dri$4 ,we lit]ally pav$ ! way to ,b]l9 ) t9 cans4 ,! v>i\s foods put up 9 t9s & pur*as$ dur+ ! ye> #aiah total$ ov] #a1jjj1jjj1jjj cans1 or en\gh1 /&+ on end1 to make a road wide en\gh & long en\gh = a =ce ( m5 m>*+ 9 columns ( f\r to g f ! port ( emb>kation at ,hobok51 ,n4 ,j41 to ! he>t ( ,g]many4 ,! l>ge/ clos+ ma*9e c seal #bdj t9 cans p] m9ute4 ,if su* a ma*9e c\ld be op]at$ eight h\rs a day sev5 days a week1 x w\ld take x #bc ye>s & #f mon?s to seal ^! t9s4 ,dur+ ! spr+ ( #aiah1 :5 ! dem& = m5 9 ,france result$ 9 r$uc+ ! available tonnage = supplies1 ! cry came f ,france to cut e noness5tial4 ,z a result mo/ ( ! cann$ vegetables & fruits1 includ+ peas1 corn1 sweet potatoes1 asp>agus1 p9eapple1 pe>s1 & apples 7 /rick5 f ! li/ ( food supplies = ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,f ,france came calls = tomatoes & m51 m5 & tomatoes4 ,?is phrase did n mean t bread & bacon1 beans & beef1 %\ld be elim9at$2 b x emphasiz$ ! importance ( ?is "o vegetable1 ! tomato4 ,! total pur*ases ( tomatoes exce$$ ^? ( all o!r vegetables comb9$4 ,9 addition to ! _m ways ( s]v+ tomatoes1 !y 7 us$ 9 ! tr5*es to relieve ?ir/1 be+1 p]haps1 m effective ?an any o!r sub/itute = wat]4 ,because ( its food value & slight acidity1 a qu>t ( tomato juice 0 wor? sev]al qu>ts ( wat] to ! ?ir/y m5 9 ! field4 ,! ,army took #de p] c5t ( ! total #aiah ,am]ican pack ( tomatoes4 ,^! tomatoes 7 b\ght f #e1jjj firms scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! rural di/ricts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! dem&s ( ! ov]seas =ces = meat dur+ ! summ] ( #aiah 7 s heavy t !y creat$ a %ortage ( beef 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,beef is ! ma9/ay ( ! soldi]'s diet4 ,! ,army all[s #def p\nds ( beef p] ye> = ea* soldi]4 ,?is does n mean t ! soldi] actually eats t mu* beef1 beef be+ simply ! ,army's meat /&>d4 ,pork1 usually 9 ! =m ( bacon1 is sub/itut$ = #cj p] c5t ( ?is quantity ( beef1 #ab ounces ( bacon be+ consid]$ ! equival5t ( #bj ounces ( beef4 ,! major portion ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces' beef 0 fre% beef %ipp$ froz5 all ! way f ! pack+ plants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! company kit*5s at ! front1 ?r\gh an elaborate sy/em ( cold-/orage w>eh\ses & refrig]ator c>s & %ips4 ,! ,food ,adm9i/ration ask$ t ! p sub/itute corn meal1 rye fl\r1 & o!r gra9 fl\r = #bj p] c5t ( ! :eat fl\r ord9>ily us$ 9 mak+ bread4 ,! troops 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates compli$ ) ?is rul+ & sav$ #a1jjj1jjj b>rels ( fl\r4 ,! use ( sub/itutes 9 ,france 0 n insi/$ ^u1 z bread mak+ 9 ! field is m difficult4 ,field bak]ies are n adapt$ to exp]im5t+ ) d\ghs & yea/s1 z is requir$ :5 sub/itutes = fl\r are us$4 ,! ,army all[ance ( fl\r = a ye> = "o man is #daj p\nds4 ,fl\r 0 usually issu$ 9 ! =m ( bread1 #a p\nd ( bread be+ all[$ = ea* man ea* day4 ,o!r ye>ly all[ances are #ef p\nds ( beans1 #bg p\nds ( prunes1 #bg p\nds ( c(fee1 #gc p\nds ( sug>1 #aa p\nds ( cond5s$ milk1 #c p\nds ( v9eg>1 & #ac p\nds ( salt4 ,= v>iety o!r items are specifi$ :i* may be sub/itut$ = ^! foods4 ,food 0 pur*as$ by ! ,qu>t]ma/]'s ,dep>tm5t & furni%$ to ! individual companies at co/ ( ! food4 ,9 *>ge ( ! mess 0 a s]geant1 :o _h _h special in/ruction 9 s*ools z to me?ods ( fe$+ ! ,army4 ,! mess s]geant *eck$ ov] 8 /ocks daily & made up a li/ ( :at he w\ld require = ! com+ day4 ,?is li/1 9 turn1 0 giv5 to ! camp supply (fic]1 "u ^: direction ! ord] 0 made up & deliv]$ to ! kit*5 on ,army trucks4 ,?is ord] 0 bas$ on a ration all[ance1 z has be5 /at$1 a ration be+ ! food requir$ to subsi/ "o man = "o day4 ,! g5]al compon5ts ( ! ov]seas camp ration consi/$ ( ! foll[+3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,compon5t articles ,sub/itutive articles & quantities4 & quantities4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,beef1 fre% ounces #bj ,mutton1 fre% ounces #bj ,beef1 fre%1 boneless ounces #af ,bacon ounces #ab ,pork1 fre% ounces #af ,sausages1 cann$ pork or ,vi5na ounces #af ,cann$ roa/ beef or corn$ beef ounces #af ,ha%1 corn$ beef ounces #af ,fi%1 dri$ ounces #ad ,*eese1 n exce$+ #aj p] c5t ( total issue ounces #aj ,fi%1 cann$ ounces #af ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,bread1 s(t ounces #af ,fl\r1 corn meal1 oatmeal1 or mac>oni1 9 lieu ( an equal quantity bread1 b n exce$+ #ae p] c5t ( total issue4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,bak+ p[d] 7to be issu$ only ) fl\r or corn meal1 #a ounce to #bj ounces71 ounce 4#jh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,beans1 dry 7n to exce$ #d issues ,beans1 bak$ 7n to exce$ #d 9 #aj days7 ounces #d issues 9 #aj days7 ounces #h ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,rice or hom9y 7n to exce$ #f issues 9 #aj days7 ounces #b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,potatoes1 fre% ounces #bj ,onions1 fre%1 9 lieu ( an equal quantity ( potatoes1 b n exce$+ #bj p] c5t ( total issue4 ,tomatoes1 cann$1 9 lieu ( an equal quantity ( potatoes1 b n exce$+ #bj p] c5t ( total issue4 ,cann$ potatoes ounces #ae ,o!r fre% vegetables 7n cann$7 :5 !y c be obta9$ 9 ! vic9ity by pur*ase or f ! ,u4 ,s4 ,g>d5 ,s]vice1 or c be transport$ 9 a :olesome condition f a di/ance1 9 lieu ( an equal quantity ( potatoes4 ,dehydrat$ vegetables to be issu$ only 9 case fre% vegetables are n available4 ounces #d ,corn1 cann$ ounces #ab ,peas1 cann$ ounces #bj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,jam ounces #c ,prunes1 or evaporat$ apples1 or pea*es1 or apricots1 or figs1 or dates1 or rais9s1 9 lieu ( an equal quantity ( jam4 ,sirup gill 4#fd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,c(fee1 ,r4 ,g ounces #a4ab ,tea1 black or gre5 ounces 4#cb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,sug> ounces #c4b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,milk1 evaporat$1 unsweet5$ ounce #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,v9eg> gill 4#af ,pickles1 cucumb]1 9 lieu ( an equal quantity ( v9eg>4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,salt ounce 4#fd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,pepp]1 black ounce 4#jb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,c9namon ounce 4#jad ,cloves1 or g+]1 or nutmeg1 or sage1 ?yme1 or allspice ounce 4#jad ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,butt] ounce 4#e ,oleom>g>9e or l>d or l>d sub/itute1 ounces 4#e ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,flavor+ extract1 vanilla ounce 4#jad ,flavor+ extract1 lemon 4#jad ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,c&y 7issu$ p\nd once 9 #aj days7 ounce 4#h ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,tobacco1 smok+ 7#ajj cig>ette ,cig>ettes numb] 4#d pap]s = ea* #d ounces ,tobacco1 *ew+ ounce 4#d smok+ tobacco7 ounce 4#d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,! ration at home 0 practically ! same4 ,! home ration1 h[ev]1 did n include c&y & tobacco4 ,! comm&+ (fic] _h au?ority to modify or *ange all rations to meet special conditions4 ,= in/ance1 9 times ( great cold & :5 ! m5 7 subject to great exposure1 or aft] long & t$i\s campaigns or m>*es1 or :5 ! "w requir$ ( ! troops 0 abnormal1 ! ration might be increas$4 ,! ration also includ$ soap1 c&les1 mat*es1 t[els1 & a few o!r items consid]$ necess>y 9 ! daily life ( a soldi]4 ,! value ( a ration fluctuat$ ) ! m>ket f mon? to mon?4 ,ea* day's food weigh$ ab\t #d4f p\nds p] man4 ,! m5 actually 9 ! tr5*es sometimes made use ( ! em]g5cy ration1 ! little flat c ( compress$ n\ri%m5t :i* e soldi] c>ri$ 9 8 pocket4 ,?is ration1 h[ev]1 0 us$ only 9 sev]e /raits1 on ! ord] ( an (fic]1 or on ! enli/$ man's own responsibility 9 ! dire/ em]g5cy1 :5 ! activity ( ! enemy made x impossible to get hot food to ! m5 dur+ daylight h\rs4 ,hot food 0 s]v$ 9 ! tr5*es :5ev] possible4 ,! hot food consi/$ pr9cipally ( s\ps & soluble c(fee4 ,specially con/ruct$ cans1 made on ! pr9ciple ( !rmos bottles1 kept ! food hot :5 x 0 be+ c>ri$ to ! front4 ,! *ief qu>t]ma/] ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces relates t on a t\r ( inspection made by him1 dur+ ! ,argonne-,meuse (f5sive1 on ,novemb] #a1 #aiah1 he inspect$ ! meals s]v$ at noon to ! troops ( ! ,fif? ,corps actually engag$ 9 battle on t day1 & f\nd 9 a numb] ( cases t ,artill]y organizations 7 be+ s]v$ beef/eak1 potatoes1 onions1 tomatoes1 :ite bread & butt]1 rice pudd+1 & hot c(fee1 ! m5 eat+ 9 reliefs 9 ord] t !re might be no cessation ( fire4 ,! hot meals = ! ,infantry 7 prep>$ at _! roll+ kit*5s a %ort di/ance 9 re> ( ! l9e1 & s5t =w>d to !m 9 m>mite cans4 ,! company 0 ! unit on :i* ! fe$+ ( ! m5 0 bas$4 ,ea* mon? ! company 0 giv5 cr$it at ! qu>t]ma/]'s /ore equal to ! numb] ( m5 9 ! company multipli$ by ?irty times ! ration all[ance4 ,on ! basis ( ?is cr$it ! mess s]geant ( ! company made pur*ases to fe$ 8 m54 ,he might be z economical z he desir$1 provid$ t he f$ ! m5 suffici5tly4 ,if ! entire cr$it ext5d$ him at ! camp qu>t]ma/]'s (fice 0 n us$ up dur+ ! mon?1 a *eck 0 giv5 = ! diff]5ce4 ,?is w5t into ! company's funds1 ) :i* ! mess s]geant might buy 9 ! op5 m>ket su* extras & delicacies z ! sav+s w\ld p]mit1 up to ! quantity specifi$ 9 ! ration4 ,b ?is sy/em 0 foll[$ only 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,sav+s 7 n all[$ 9 ,france1 all food !re be+ issu$ on a /raight ration basis4 ,?is 0 due to ! fact t ! %ortage ( tonnage made x imp]ative t no article n absolutely ess5tial be %ipp$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile difficulties ( transportation 9 ,france necess>ily elim9at$ all except ! mo/ ess5tial articles ( food4 ,"u ! proc$ure 9 vogue previ\s to ! rec5t w>1 subsi/5ce 0 pur*as$ by depot qu>t]ma/]s locat$ 9 #ac pr9cipal cities ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! plan gave ! ,army a l>ge numb] ( pur*as+ (fic]s = subsi/5ce1 work+ )\t coord9ation & ev5 9 active competition ) ea* o!r4 ,?is condition result$ 9 a wide range ( prices & a lack ( uni=m quality2 :ile "u w> conditions1 ) ! enorm\s quantities to be procur$1 x w\ld cause at times a conge/ion ( buy+ ord]s1 ) consequ5t di/urbance ( m>ket prices4 ,a plan ( control 0 soon work$ out :]eby ! ,subsi/5ce ,division1 ) headqu>t]s at ,wa%+ton1 receiv$ at regul> int]vals ! e/imates ( ! ne$s = subsi/5ce = ! ,army1 bo? at home & abroad4 ,^! e/imates 7 comp>$ & a budget made up4 ,bids 7 !n ask$ ?r\gh zone supply (fic]s1 :o report$ ! bids to ! control body 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,! l[e/ or mo/ advantage\s bid 0 accept$1 & ! pur*ase 0 complet$ by ! zone supply (fic] 9 ^: zone ! sell] 0 locat$4 ,! plan elim9at$ "o army zone bidd+ aga9/ ano!r4 ,at ! same "t x enabl$ e manufactur] or produc] to bid on ! ne$s ( ! ,army4 ,9 ?is way active competition 0 secur$ & l[ prices obta9$4 ,a decid$ advantage ( ! plan 0 t pur*ases 7 made ) a m9imum ( di/urbance to prices paid by ! civilian trade4 ,n only 0 x necess>y to coord9ate army organizations1 b x 0 also f\nd t ! indep5d5t buy+ ( ! ,army1 ! ,navy1 & ! ,alli$ ,provision ,export ,commission 0 hav+ ! effect ( increas+ prices ( a numb] ( food products4 ,^! buy+ ag5cies 7 unconsci\sly bidd+ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 at ! sugge/ion ( ! ,food ,adm9i/rator1 ) ! cons5t & approval ( ! ,secret>y ( ,w> & ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy1 ! food pur*ase bo>d 0 organiz$ to coord9ate all ( ! pur*ases ( food products 9 ?is c\ntry int5d$ = milit>y purposes4 ,! plan adopt$ 0 to allot ?r\gh ! ,food ,adm9i/ration ! requir$ quantity to ! indu/ry produc+ ! commodity 9 "q1 divid+ ! bus9ess among ! v>i\s produc]s 9 proportion to _! capacity4 ,products s controll$ 7 ^? 9 :i* !re 0 an actual or prospective %ortage4 ,! prices 7 det]m9$ by ! food pur*ase bo>d aft] /udy+ & inve/igat+ ! co/s ( production4 ,! products s pur*as$ includ$ fl\r1 sug>1 all cann$ vegetables1 cann$ & evaporat$ fruits1 salmon1 s>d9es1 cann$ milk1 rice1 &1 = a "t1 fre% beef4 ,^! products total$ ab\t #dj p] c5t ( all food requirem5ts = ! ,army4 ,practically all pur*as+ ( meat 0 done by ! ,subsi/5ce ,division's pack+-h\se bran*1 locat$ 9 ,*icago4 ,circul> proposals 7 submitt$ by ! v>i\s pack]s ^: headqu>t]s are locat$ !re4 ,! ,subsi/5ce ,division ord]$ ! requir$ pur*ases made1 & ! ,*icago (fice at once allott$ ! am\nt ne$$ among ! pack]s4 ,aft] ! but*]+ & inspection ( ! meat1 x 0 s5t to ! freez]s &1 aft] be+ froz51 0 load$ 9 ! c>s & %ipp$ to ! emb>kation po9ts4 ,! :ole process f ! "t ! animal 0 kill$ until x 0 load$ on ! boat took ab\t two weeks4 ,! ,middle ,we/ produc$ practically all ! beef :i* n\ri%$ our fight+ m54 ,"s ( ! cattle 7 b\ght 9 ,cali=nia1 inspect$ at ! pack+-h\se plants along ! ,pacific coa/1 & s5t to ,france via ! ,panama ,canal4 ,! pack]s ( ,*icago & o!r cities f\nd _! plants1 gigantic z !y 71 all too small to h&le ! dem& ( our troops = meat products pack$ 9 special =ms2 & ext5sive additions1 bo? 9 build+s & ma*9]y1 7 requir$ by ! ,army's dem&s4 ,x 0 only by c>eful vigilance on ! "p ( its inspection bran* t ! millions ( m5 dep5d5t on ! ,subsi/5ce ,division = _! food 7 protect$ f det]ioration ( supplies & abuses by c]ta9 deal]s & manufactur]s4 ,su* firms 7 9 ! m9ority1 = ! food indu/ry back$ ! ,army ) great loyalty1 giv+ hone/ & patriotic support4 ,9 a c]ta9 week ! inspection s]vice f\nd oatmeal fl\r moldy & unfit = use1 hav+ be5 /or$ too long be=e us+2 l>ge am\nts ( potatoes1 %ipp$ to ,camp ,dev5s1 und]size & fro/bitt52 #c1jjj p\nds ( butt] at ,camp ,gre5e too old = use2 & #ab c>loads ( tomatoes ( poor quality4 ,! sy/em 9 vogue ( dem&+ re9spection 0 responsible = discov]+ _m su* cases1 & travel+ inspectors also kept ! products up to ! highe/ /&>d4 ,any in=mation f outside s\rces 0 imm$iately inve/igat$4 ,samples ( all %ipm5ts ( food /uffs 7 requir$ to be s5t to ! inspection bran*4 ,9 ?is way _m violations ( ! food laws 7 f\nd4 ,"o pack] 0 f\nd to be us+ pork :i* conta9$ l>ge numb]s ( skipp]s4 ,ano!r tri$1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 to pass (f wormy dri$ fruits4 ,milk has 9 "s cases be5 f\nd to be mu* bel[ /&>d4 ,all ( ^! supplies 7 promptly reject$ z improp] = ,army use4 ,9 _m cases ! fault has be5 f\nd to be ! result ( improp] manufactur+ conditions1 & 9 ?is ev5t ! manufactur] has be5 compell$ to make good ! loss to ! ,army4 ,! g5]al result ( ?is inspection 0 t manufactur]s gave ! ,army _! v be/ products4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important divisions ( ! inspection bran* 0 ! meat & meat-products section4 ,its function 0 ! sup]vision ( ! re9spection1 /orage1 & h&l+ ( meat & meat products1 butt]1 & *eese4 ,special c>e 0 tak5 to see t !re 7 no embalm$ meats4 ,meat & meat products1 butt]1 & *eese are all highly p]i%able articles2 &1 al?\gh !y may be deliv]$ 9 p]fect condition1 _m imp]fections may develop if dilig5t c>e is n ex]cis$ dur+ %ipm5t1 h&l+1 & /orage4 ,"o ( ! fir/ /eps tak5 at ! camps 0 ! in/all+ ( complete cold-/orage plants ) adequate *ill rooms1 s t ! prop] pres]vation ( fre% meats 0 assur$ aft] arrival at camps4 ,f ! fir/ ! mo/ rigid inspection ( meat & meat products 0 insi/$ on & no product all[$ to pass :i* did n comply ) ,army specifications4 ,! c>cass might be f a p]fectly heal?y animal1 yet be reject$1 z lightweight c>casses 7 n approv$ = consumption 9 ! ,army4 ,in/ructions z to ,army requirem5ts 7 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( e inspector1 cov]+ ! inspection1 /orage1 & h&l+ ( meat & dairy products4 ,sup]visory travel+ inspectors visit$ all /ations at irregul> int]vals to insure ^! in/ructions be+ foll[$ & to in/ruct qu>t]ma/]s 9 po/s :i* 7 too small to w>rant a qualifi$ meat inspector be+ /ation$ !re4 ,"o object ( ! ,subsi/5ce ,division 0 to educate ! prop] (fic]s ?r\gh\t ! ,army to be inspectors4 ,to accompli% ?is ! inspection bran* compil$ a manual cov]+ practically all ! pr9cipal items ( ,army subsi/5ce1 ! exact me?ods ( inspection1 & h[ to detect imp]fections 9 foods4 ,complete ,army specifications = all supplies 7 includ$4 ,g54 ,p]%+ cabl$ = #bej copies to be us$ 9 ,france1 & ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia adopt$ ! manual to be us$ 9 zymology classes4 ,x plac$ exact k 9 ! h&s ( ! m5 :o receiv$ ! food & :o _h ! responsibility t x be up to specifications4 ,! ov]seas =ces 7 ! p>ticul> conc]n ( ! ,subsi/5ce ,division4 ,x 0 plann$ to h approximately ?ree mon?s' advance supply ( food s5t ov] ea* mon? = ! numb] ( troops actually s5t to ,france dur+ t mon?4 ,?is 0 call$ ! initial supply4 ,9 addition to ?is1 !re 0 s5t ov] a mon?ly automatic supply1 equival5t to ! am\nt ( food ! troops already 9 ,france w\ld consume dur+ t mon?4 ,9 ?is way a #ij days' res]ve 0 usually ma9ta9$ ov]seas4 ,! problems ( ! ov]seas =ces dem&$ quick solution4 ,! new modes ( w>f>e gave rise to _m ne$s unkn[n 9 peace times4 ,! result 0 t calls came 9 = commodities :i* 7 n at ! "t be+ produc$ 9 adequate quantities4 ,factories _h to be built1 labor secur$1 & ma*9]y manufactur$2 9 in/ances entirely new indu/ries _h to be creat$4 ,! ,s]vice ( ,supply f\nd x 0 impossible to secure suffici5t fre% vegetables 9 ,europe to take c>e ( ! requirem5ts ( our troops1 & ! ,subsi/5ce ,division at home 0 call$ ^u to supply dehydrat$ vegetables = ov]seas requirem5ts4 ,to s5d fre% vegetables f ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 impossible1 due to ! great necessity = cons]v+ %ip tonnage1 & a sub/itute 0 imp]ative4 ,to supply dehydrat$ vegetables meant ! developm5t ( an indu/ry4 ,dehydration 0 practically unkn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re be+ b ?ree small plants 9 exi/5ce4 ,! ,subsi/5ce ,division se>*$ ! c\ntry = advantage\s locations :]e !re 7 prospects ( hav+ su* factories e/abli%$4 ,)9 a few mon?s ! coop]ation ( companies 0 secur$ & factories 7 built ^: comb9$ output = ! mon? ( ,decemb]1 #aiah1 am\nt$ to #f1jjj1jjj p\nds1 !re be+ #ae l>ge plants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at t "t4 ,up to ! date ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice #fb1jjj1jjj p\nds ( dehydrat$ vegetables _h be5 ord]$ by ,g54 ,p]%+4 ,! difficulty ( supply 0 increas$ by ! delicate process :i* is requir$ to make dehydrat$ vegetables4 ,! moi/ure ( ! fre% product mu/ be remov$ )\t extract+ ! nutriti\s juices or de/roy+ ! food value or flavor4 ,aft] ! vegetables h be5 peel$ & slic$ or cub$1 !y are blan*$1 9 ord] t !y may reta9 _! />* compon5ts4 ,!y are !n plac$ on trays 9 huge kilns1 ?r\gh :i* heat$ air is bl[n until only ! small requir$ am\nt ( moi/ure is reta9$4 ,! product is !n pack$ 9 h]metically seal$ cans4 ,dehydrat$ vegetables occupi$ a prom95t place 9 ! soldi]'s m5u 9 ,france4 ,reports f ov]seas made by inspectors ( ! ,subsi/5ce ,division indicate t dehydrat$ vegetables 7 q satisfactory4 ,! ,surgeon ,g5]al's ,(fice has approv$ _! use4 ,h[ev]1 :5 fre% vegetables c\ld be pur*as$ 9 =eign m>kets !y 7 us$ 9 pref]5ce4 ,! use ( dehydrat$ vegetables sav$ two-?irds ( ! c>go space 9 %ips ov] ! am\nt requir$ = fre% vegetables4 ,_! use came at ! "t :5 ! c>go space 0 z valuable z life itself1 & x enabl$ m5 & munitions to be transport$ soon] ?an w\ld o!rwise h be5 possible4 ,dehydrat$ vegetables 7 also f\nd especially adapt$ = use at ! front :5 food 0 c>ri$ =w>d f ! rail heads to ! tr5* kit*5s "u %ell fire4 ,! em]g5cy ration & its production make ano!r int]e/+ /ory4 ,design$ to be us$ only 9 dire extremity1 prim>ily = ,no ,man's ,l& fight+1 ! ration 0 pack$ 9 small cans to be c>ri$ 9 ! soldi]'s pocket1 usually ! upp] left-h& jacket pocket4 ,?is ration correspond$ to ! />vation ration ( ! allies4 ,its compon5ts 7 adopt$ aft] exp]im5ts at ! battle front & aft] consultations ) food exp]ts4 ,x repres5t$ ! greate/ am\nt ( food t c\ld be conc5trat$ 9 ! smalle/ compass4 ,! complete ration consi/$ ( ?ree cakes ( a mixture ( beef & gr\nd cook$ :eat1 ea* cake weigh+ #c ounces2 ?ree #a-ounce cakes ( *ocolate2 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an ounce ( f9e salt2 & #a dram ( black pepp]4 ,f ! beef ! prep>ation process remov$ all fat1 s9ew1 & :ite fibr\s tissue4 ,! meat 0 !n heat$1 & all ( its moi/ure 0 evaporat$ s skillfully t no flavor 0 lo/4 ,! :eat or bread compon5t ( ! cake 0 prep>$ by remov+ ! *aff f cook$ :eat :i* _h be5 kiln-dri$1 p>*$1 & !n gr\nd to a co>se p[d]4 ,! meat & bread 7 comp\nd$ toge!r1 ab\t two p>ts ( bread to ea* "p ( meat1 mak+ a p]fectly homog5e\s cake4 ,! *ocolate ( ! ration 0 prep>$ by comb9+ equal weights ( f9e *ocolate1 conta9+ n less ?an #bj p] c5t ( cocoa butt]1 & pure sug>1 & mold+ ! product into cakes weigh+ #a ounce ea*4 ,! sev]al compon5ts 7 pack$ into oval t9 cans1 :i* 7 cam\flag$ to r5d] !m inconspicu\s4 ,^! cans bore ! leg5d3 ,u4 ,s4 ,army ,em]g5cy ,ration4 ,n to be op5$ except by ord] ( an (fic]1 or 9 extremity4 ,_m ways ( prep>+ ! em]g5cy ration = eat+ 9 ! field 7 f\nd by exp]im5ts4 ,! bread & meat cake c\ld be eat5 dry2 or1 :5 boil$ 9 #c p9ts ( wat]1 x made a palatable s\p2 boil$ 9 #a p9t ( wat]1 x produc$ a ?ick porridge :i* c\ld be eat5 hot or cold2 ! cold porridge c\ld be slic$ & fri$ :5 circum/ances p]mitt$4 ,! *ocolate c\ld be eat5 z c&y or made into a dr9k by plac+ ! *ocolate 9 a t9 cup ) hot wat]4 ,! gas attacks 9 ! tr5*es made x necess>y t ! soldi]'s food be pack$ 9 conta9]s imp]vi\s to mu/>d gas poison1 mu/>d gas1 :5 swall[$1 attack+ ! inte/9es4 ,! fir/ call = su* a ration came dur+ ,octob]1 #aiag1 & x call$ = ! %ipm5t ( #ajj1jjj seal$ rations a mon? = #bj mon?s4 ,! food 0 to be pack$ 9 h]metically seal$ galvaniz$ iron conta9]s1 hold+ #be rations ea*4 ,! cont5ts ( ea* c consi/$ ( #be p\nds ( meat 9 #a-p\nd cans1 #be p\nds ( h>d bread 9 #h-ounce cans1 & #be rations ea* ( soluble c(fee1 sug>1 & salt4 ,tobacco & cig>ettes 7 add$ = ! com=t ( ! m54 ,! addition ( tobacco & cig>ettes 0 accid5tal4 ,x 0 f\nd necess>y at fir/ to fill ! surplus space 9 ! conta9]s ) excelsior4 ,! (fice =ce ( a l>ge corporation le>n$ ( ?is fact & got p]mission to fill ! empty space 9 "s ( ! conta9]s ) tobacco4 ,! ,subsi/5ce ,division ?\ght s well ( ! idea t ord]s 7 issu$ = ! tobacco ration to be plac$ 9 all res]ve ration conta9]s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ difficult elem5ts 9 supply+ ! res]ve ration 0 ! secur+ ( t9 cans = h>d bread4 ,^!1 because ( _! unusual size & %ape1 c\ld only be manufactur$ aft] new c-mak+ ma*9es _h be5 design$4 ,! dem& = su* cans exce$$ #aj1jjj1jjj 9 numb]4 ,)9 a comp>atively %ort "t1 h[ev]1 h>d bread 9 cans = special res]ve rations 0 be+ produc$ on a l>ge scale1 & ! ov]seas requirem5ts 7 fill$4 ,next ! manufacture ( ! necess>y galvaniz$ conta9]s & crates 0 contract$ =4 ,a pack+ plant 0 !n design$ to pack ! compon5ts into ! conta9]s1 :i* 0 an intricate op]ation 9 itself1 ! numb] ( rations be+ s great4 ,?is plant 0 s contriv$ t ! p>ts ( ! pack+ mat]ial came 9 at "o end ( ! plant1 & ! h>d bread1 cann$ corn$ beef ha%1 cann$ roa/ beef1 & cann$ corn$ beef1 cann$ fi%1 c(fee1 sug>1 salt1 & c op5]s 7 pack$ into ! galvaniz$ conta9]s z !y travel$ on a conveyor belt1 until all ! compon5ts 7 includ$4 ,only ! be/ ( ,army pur*ases 7 put 9 ! res]ve ration4 ,a /udy 0 made ( ! be/ pack]s ( ! v>i\s commodities1 & _! products 7 us$ exclusively4 ,ev]yone connect$ ) ! pack+ knew ! purpose ( ! ration4 ,x 0 to be us$ only :5 ! tr5*es 7 "u ! heavie/ fire--:5 hot food c\ld n be c>ri$ =w>d1 & :5 ! m5 7 mo/ 9 ne$ ( good food4 ,! res]ve ration became ! quality ration ( ! ,army z a result4 ,aft] ! pack+ 0 complete1 ! cans 7 h]metically seal$ by sold] & cam\flag$ ) olive drab pa9t4 ,! conta9] ( ! ration1 :5 pack$1 0 s buoyant x w\ld support two m5 ^u x :5 ?r[n into ! sea1 ?us be+ a pot5tial life raft4 ,x 0 also necess>y to fe$ our m5 9 ,g]man prison camps4 ,a ration = ,am]ican prison]s 0 prep>$ by ! ,subsi/5ce ,division ( ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,corps1 9 conjunction ) ! ,food & ,nutrition ,division ( ! ,surgeon's ,g5]al (fice4 ,?is ration 0 di/ribut$ by ! ,am]ican ,r$ ,cross f ,d5m>k & ,switz]l&4 ,individual packages ea* conta9+ suffici5t food to supply "o man 7 s5t to ! prison camps ea* week4 ,! *ief compon5ts ( ! package 7 corn$ beef & salmon 7) an occasional sub/itution ( corn$ beef ha% & cann$ roa/ beef71 h>d dry bread1 dry beans1 rice1 bak$ beans1 & fre% potatoes 7:]e possible74 ,prunes1 jam1 apples1 pea*es1 c(fee1 sug>1 evaporat$ milk1 v9eg>1 salt1 pepp]1 & pickles 7 also suppli$4 ,potatoes & onions 7 procur$ :5 possible 9 ,irel&1 ,france1 & ,italy4 ,o!rwise dehydrat$ potatoes & onions 7 us$4 ,special food 0 s5t = ! invalid prison]s1 ?is ration conta9+ pott$ *ick51 crack]s1 conc5trat$ s\p1 dehydrat$ sp9a*1 cream$ oat meal1 corn/>* pudd+1 sweet *ocolate1 extract ( beef1 soluble c(fee1 etc4 ,!re 7 sev]al sub/itutes = all items m5tion$1 among ! sub/itutes be+ dri$ eggs1 pott$ veal1 *eese1 peanut butt]1 dri$ apricots1 honey1 corn meal1 gelat9e1 malt$ milk p[d]1 b\illon cubes1 apples1 oranges1 lemons1 cocoa1 & tea4 ,:5 ! ,am]ican troops ent]$ ! tr5*es x 0 f\nd impracticable to use ! ord9>y roa/$ & gr\nd c(fee4 ,its prep>ation requir$ too mu* fire1 ! smoke ( :i* made a t>get = ! enemy4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made ) soluble c(fee1 look+ t[>d gu>antee+ a w>m /imulant 9 ! tr5*es4 ,x 0 f\nd necess>y to give hot dr9ks to ! m5 be=e !y w5t ov] ! top or aft] !y _h und]gone p]iods ( exposure4 ,! ,briti% & ,fr5* troops 7 suppli$ ) br&y1 w9e1 or rum on su* occasions4 ,b issues ( intoxicants to soldi]s 7 contr>y to ! ,am]ican policy1 & quantities ( soluble c(fee 7 sub/itut$4 ,solidifi$ alcohol 0 suppli$ s t ! c(fee c\ld be s]v$ hot4 ,! soluble-c(fee indu/ry 0 9 its infancy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s great 0 ! dem& = soluble c(fee f ! ov]seas =ces t ! calls 7 = ov] ?irty times ! prew> production4 ,a cablegram 0 receiv$ 9 ,octob] in=m+ u t aft] ,janu>y #a1 #aiai1 ! troops w\ld require #be1jjj p\nds ( c(fee ea* day 9 addition to ! am\nts pack$ 9 ! tr5* rations1 ^! latt] quantities alone am\nt+ to #ab1jjj p\nds daily4 ,all[ance 0 also made = possible s9k+s ( #e1jjj p\nds daily1 mak+ a total ( #db1jjj p\nds necess>y to meet ! daily requirem5ts ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manufactur+ ,,b>r+ton-,,hall ,,soluble ,,c(fee ,,at ,,! ,,bak] ,,import+ ,,co4 ,,plant1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,?ree ,,batt]ies ,,( #ba ,,p]colators4 ,,capacity #e ,,cases ,,( ,,c(fee ,,ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manufactur+ ,,soluble ,,c(fee ,,= ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,9 ,,! ,,plant ,,( ,c4 ,j4 ,,blanke ,,tea ,,c(fee ,,co41 ,,/4 ,,l\is1 ,,mo4 ,! entire ,am]ican output ( soluble c(fee 0 tak5 ov] = ! ,army1 b ?is am\nt$ to only #f1jjj p\nds daily4 ,a numb] ( manufactur]s ( o!r food products 7 induc$ to turn _! entire plants into soluble-c(fee factories4 ,! greate/ difficulty 0 incurr$ 9 ! secur+ ( ! necess>y equipm5t = ^! new plants4 ,!re 0 b "o company 9 ! entire ,unit$ ,/ates :i* made ! revolv+ bronze drums ess5tial to ! manufactur+ process4 ,?is company ran its plant sev5 days a week1 ) ?ree %ifts daily1 to produce ! necess>y mat]ials4 ,! metals :i* w5t into ^! drums 7 vital 9 ! manufacture ( o!r munitions1 b x 0 ev5 m important t m5 9 ! front l9es be giv5 hot dr9ks :5 tir$ & worn f long fight+ & exposure4 ,! sign+ ( ! armi/ice saw ! difficulties ( supply+ soluble c(fee ab\t ov]come4 ,! ,subsi/5ce ,division _h won "o ( its h>de/ fights4 ,! coop]ation ( ,am]ican manufactur]s _h made ! a*ievem5t possible4 ,! problem ( supply+ good c(fee to ! troops 0 a difficult "o4 ,to make good c(fee = a unit z l>ge z a company is n easy = ! av]age cook4 ,to gu>antee t good c(fee w\ld always be available1 ! ,subsi/5ce ,division made "o ( its mo/ radical *anges 9 h&l+ supplies4 ,?is *ange 0 s complete t :]eas ! ,army =m]ly 0 s]v$ ) c(fee f ?ree to six mon?s out ( ! roa/]s1 x came to be suppli$ ) c(fee fre%ly roa/$ e day4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> c(fee 0 pur*as$1 ready roa/$ & gr\nd1 f competitive deal]s4 ,x 0 !n held 9 ,new ,york = ab\t #cj days be=e be+ %ipp$ ov]seas1 ! transportation requir+ #cj days m4 ,receiv$ 9 ,france1 ! c(fee (t5 0 kept = #ij days be=e x 0 di/ribut$ to ! troops4 ,9 addition1 a #cj days' supply mu/ be kept on h&1 mak+ ! c(fee #f mon?s old by ! "t x 0 us$4 ,! result 0 t :5 ! c(fee f9ally rea*$ ! m5 x _h lo/ half ( its value z a /imulant & 0 greatly det]iorat$ 9 flavor1 (t5 be+ 9 a crumbly condition4 ,muddy c(fee on ! mess tables result$4 ,! only way = ! troops to secure fre% c(fee 0 = u to s5d ov] ! gre5 product = roa/+ z x 0 ne$$4 ,build+s 7 erect$ to h\se c(fee-roa/+ ma*9]y at home & abroad2 m5 7 tra9$ z quickly z possible 9 ! process ( c(fee-roa/+1 & s5t out to take *>ge ( ! plants4 ,9 a relatively %ort l5g? ( "t #af plants 7 9 full op]ation 9 ,france1 & an increas+ numb] at home4 ,ev5tually all ! c(fee us$ 9 ,france 0 %ipp$ ov] gre5 & roa/$ 9 ! plants !re4 ,^! plants 7 capable ( roa/+ suffici5t c(fee to take c>e ( #c1jjj1jjj m5 at a consid]ably l[] co/ to ! ,gov]nm5t ?an "u ! old sy/em4 ,! ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 z is not$ else:]e1 organis$ a pur*as+ (fice 9 ,p>is4 ,its purpose 0 to save tonnage space by secur+ z _m products z possible 9 ,europe4 ,its scope cov]$ all classes ( supplies1 b a l>ge section 0 devot$ to subsi/5ce4 ,c&y1 h>d bread1 & mac>oni factories "u ! direction ( ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,corps 7 built or secur$ f ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t4 ,l>ge quantities ( beans1 fre% potatoes1 onions1 c(fee1 rice1 salt1 & v9eg> 7 secur$ f ,european m>kets4 ,_m ?\s&s ( tons ( food/uffs 7 pur*as$ & manufactur$ 9 ,europe = our ,army1 e ton repres5t+ space on %ips sav$ = additional m5 & munitions4 ,ov]seas pur*ases 7 g5]ally discont9u$ aft] ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice1 z ! ,director ( ,pur*ase & ,/orage & ! ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 7 firm = ! policy ( favor+ ,am]ican manufactur]s :]ev] possible4 ,to r$uce tonnage /ill fur!r1 ext5sive exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ! pack+ ( beef = ov]seas consumption4 ,all bones1 surplus fats1 & wa/e portions 7 remov$4 ,! rema9d]1 all edible1 0 press$ into #ajj-p\nd m\lds & froz54 ,! initial %ipm5t 0 compos$ ( #af c>loads ( boneless beef4 ,! meat arriv$ 9 ,france 9 spl5did condition1 & 0 c>efully wat*$ f its arrival at ! ports 9 ,france to its consumption 9 ! front-l9e tr5*es4 ,(fic]s1 mess s]geants1 & cooks 7 en?usia/ic ov] ! boneless beef1 z x took mu* less "t to prep>e x & s cons]v$ labor to a great ext5t4 ,! m5 7 gratifi$1 z ! inf]ior portions ( ! beef 7 n includ$1 & mu* bett] meat result$ = ! mess4 ,aft] ! success ( ?is exp]im5tal %ipm5t1 z mu* boneless beef z possible 0 s5t to ,france4 ,tr\ble 0 enc\nt]$ 9 secur+ ! skill$ but*]s to bone ! great quantities ne$$1 b ?is %ortage 0 l>gely ov]come4 ,no means 0 discov]$ s effective = r$uc+ tonnage z bon+ beef1 dehydrat+ vegetables1 & pur*as+ foods 9 ,france1 b 9 _m ( ! small] items !re 7 /ories j z int]e/+4 ,ef=ts to save tonnage br\ght ab\t ! r$uction ( moi/ure 9 soap4 ,:ile ! ,subsi/5ce ,division 0 secur+ toilet pap] x f\nd t ! entire supply = ! ,exp$ition>y ,=ces c\ld be /or$ 9 ! wa/e space ( ,army roll+ field kit*5s4 ,a special =mula = v9eg> 0 devis$1 & d\ble-/r5g? v9eg> 0 %ipp$4 ,?is1 :5 mix$ ) an equal quantity ( wat] 9 ,france1 0 a good product4 ,! sav+ ( space 9 ! transportation ( subsi/5ce /ores makes a long /ory 9 itself4 ,j s mu* tonnage 0 allott$ to food ea* mon?2 & ! able/ m5 9 ! food indu/ry sp5t mu* "t 9 work+ out h[ ! maximum am\nt ( ess5tials & luxuries 9 food/uffs c\ld be s5t 9 ! m9imum am\nt ( space4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c(fee-,,roa/+ ,,plant ,,z ,,op]at$ ,,at ,a ,,numb] ,,( ,,camps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,furni%+ ,,! ,,army ,,) ,,tobacco4 ,pack+ ma*9es 9 a ,w9/on-,salem1 ,n4 ,c4 plant4 ,^! ma*9es automatically weigh ! tobacco1 wrap & seal t9s 9 :i* ?is p>ticul> br& ( tobacco is m>ket$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,,cig>ettes ,,= ,,! ,,army4 ,leaf tobacco be+ bl5d$ = cig>ette-mak+ purposes 9 a ,ri*mond1 ,va41 tobacco plant4 ,! ,subsi/5ce ,division n only look$ aft] ! work+ fight] b ! play+ fight] z well4 ,! ,am]ican soldi] is fond ( c&y1 tobacco1 & *ew+ gum4 ,! supply ( ^! commodities br\ght mu* pleasure to ! troops4 ,long l9es ( m5 wait+ = free c&y & tobacco 9 ,france1 m5 :o j came f ! front1 =m$ "o ( ! int]e/+ sights ( ! w>4 ,tobacco has e/abli%$ its claim to a recogniz$ place 9 ! soldi]'s life4 ,probably #ie p] c5t ( ! soldi]s ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces us$ x 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,9 ,may ( #aiah x 0 decid$ to adopt ! practice ( ! allies1 namely1 to all[ ea* soldi] a c]ta9 am\nt ( tobacco p] day4 ,?is unusual innovation 0 ! (ficial recognition ( tobacco z a necessity = m5 9 active s]vice4 ,to m5 endur+ physical h>d%ips1 oblig$ to live )\t ! com=ts & (t5 ev5 ! necessities ( life 9 times ( battle1 tobacco fills a ne$ no?+ else c satisfy4 ,! daily ration ( f\r-t5?s ( an ounce 0 giv5 to e man ov]seas :o desir$ x4 ,! soldi] _h ! *oice ( cig>ettes1 smok+ tobacco1 or *ew+ tobacco4 ,if he *ose smok+ tobacco he receiv$ cig>ette pap]s ) x4 ,9 addition ! m5 c\ld buy at any ,army or o!r cante5 ! mo/ popul> br&s ( cig>s & cig>ettes 9 unlimit$ quantities4 ,! ,subsi/5ce ,division pur*as$ = ov]seas %ipm5t a mon?ly av]age ( #bj1jjj1jjj cig>s & #dbe1jjj1jjj cig>ettes4 ,abundant supplies ( tobacco 7 on h& 9 ! commiss>ies ov]seas1 & ! soldi] c\ld buy x at actual co/4 ,!re 0 no pr(it or tax add$ on any tobacco %ipp$ to ,france1 & x 0 sold at retail to ! troops at a co/ l[] ?an ! price paid by ! bigge/ :olesal]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! plan = ! pur*ase ( cig>s & cig>ettes 0 to divide ! contracts among ! mo/ popul> br&s 9 ! same proportions z ! latt] are sold 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,c&y 9 ! days ( ! old ,army 0 consid]$ a luxury4 ,! w> ) ,g]many witness$ a *ange4 ,! old popul>ity ( *ew+ tobacco wan$2 t ( c&y increas$4 ,approximately #cjj1jjj p\nds ( c&y repres5t$ ! mon?ly pur*ases dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ( ! w>4 ,?is am\nt includ$ bo? ! home & ov]seas consumption4 ,dem&s f ov]seas grew /eadily4 ,! soldi] f> f home & f 8 cu/om>y amusem5ts c\ld n be consid]$ an ord9>y individual liv+ accord+ to 8 own incl9ations1 & c&y became m & m s\ght aft]4 ,z ! dem& increas$1 ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,dep>tm5t came to recognize ! ne$ ( sy/ematic selection & pur*ase4 ,! fir/ pur*ases 7 made f (f]+s ( manufactur]s )\t any p>ticul> /&>d1 #dj p] c5t be+ assort$ *ocolates1 #cj p] c5t assort$ /ick c&y1 & #cj p] c5t lemon drops4 ,a /&>d 0 develop$ ?r\gh ! /eady "w ( confection]y exp]ts4 ,?is /&>d (f]$ no opportunities = deception1 & x gu>ante$ c&y made f pure sug> & ! be/ ( o!r mat]ials4 ,! specifications furni%$ all bidd]s cov]$ raw mat]ials1 ! me?ods ( manufacture1 pack+1 & cas+4 ,specifications 7 adopt$ aft] _m conf]5ces ) ! lead+ manufactur]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,^! m5 coop]at$ 9 ! "w by giv+ _! be/ sugge/ions & (t5 _! trade secrets4 ,huge pur*ases ( c&y 7 made dur+ ! days :5 sug> 0 sc>ce/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,food ,adm9i/ration 0 conv9c$ t ! ,army %\ld h all ! c&y x desir$1 & suffici5t quantities ( sug> 7 allott$ = ! purpose4 ,f #cjj1jjj p\nds mon?ly ! c&y pur*ases increas$ till !y equal$ #a1cgc1cjj p\nds 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah1 ! highe/ am\nt pur*as$ up to t "t4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiah1 an innovation 0 adopt$1 consi/+ ( giv+ ! troops a regul> mon?ly ration ( c&y4 ,! c&y :i* _h be5 %ipp$ e mon? = sale 9 ! v>i\s cante5s _h always be5 quickly dispos$ (4 ,_m m5 did n get ! opportunity to make pur*ases4 ,! ration plan1 h[ev]1 assur$ ea* man a p\nd & a half a mon?1 )\t exception4 ,x requir$ #c1die1jjj p\nds ! fir/ mon? ( ! ration sy/em to provide ea* soldi] ov]seas ) 8 allott$ portion4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiah1 ! ,subsi/5ce ,division took ov] ! pur*ase ( all c&y = ! v>i\s organizations conduct+ cante5s = our troops4 ,! pur*ase = t mon? total$ #aj1acg1jjj p\nds1 all ( :i* 0 %ipp$ ov]seas4 ,x 0 ! l>ge/ exportation ( c&y on record4 ,! c&y pur*as$ = ! cante5s1 commiss>ies1 & o!r ag5cies 0 manufactur$ by ! be/ kn[n c&y firms 9 ! c\ntry4 ,a portion ( ! c&y consum$ ov]seas 0 manufactur$ 9 ,france4 ,?is ,fr5* supply 0 discont9u$ ,janu>y #ae1 #aiai1 & !reaft] all requirem5ts 7 %ipp$ ov] f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! c&y 0 sold to ! m5 at j half ! price x w\ld h co/ individuals "h4 ,aft] ,decemb]1 #aiah1 #ej1jjj p\nds 7 furni%$ ea* mon? = sales purposes = e #be1jjj m5 9 ,france4 ,up to ,febru>y #a1 #aiai1 #ba1jjj1jjj p\nds ( c&y _h be5 s5t across4 ,! dem& = c&y jump$ skyw>d aft] ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice1 ! m5 !n hav+ m "t on _! h&s 9 :i* to enjoy luxuries4 ,tobacco dem&s likewise increas$4 ,! suff]+ sweet too? ( ! ,yank 0 n appeas$ by c&y alone4 ,! ?ird ( a billion p\nds ( sug> b\ght = ! ,army repres5ts a trem5d\s numb] ( cakes1 t>ts1 pies1 & cu/>ds4 ,an old soldi] rec5tly /at$ t ! ice cream eat5 by ! ,army dur+ ! w> w\ld />t a new ocean4 ,! s]i\s %ortage ( sug> :i* at "o "t ?reat5$ to r$uce sweets to an irr$ucible m9imum on ! civilian bill ( f>e did n int]f]e ) ! soldi]'s ration1 :i* cont9u$ to be #f p\nds mon?ly 9 ?is c\ntry & ab\t #i p\nds ov]seas4 ,! ration = ! civilian population 0 r$uc$ to #b p\nds mon?ly4 ,army (fic]s 7 plac$ on ! same /atus z ! civilian population & 7 all[$ to pur*ase only ! am\nt /ipulat$ = civilians = use 9 _! homes4 ,up to ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice ! total am\nt ( granulat$1 cut1 & p[d]$ sug> pur*as$ by ! ,subsi/5ce ,division equal$ #cdb1gde1hfb p\nds & co/ #bh1dfe1jej4 ,( ?is am\nt ! great] portion 0 %ipp$ to ! troops 9 ,france4 ,a close companion 9 popul>ity to c&y & tobacco 0 ! typical ,am]ican product1 *ew+ gum4 ,?is confection 0 f\nd ( great value on ! m>* z a sub/itute = wat]4 ,its importance is %[n 9 ! va/ am\nt s5t ov]seas4 ,a total ( #c1ejj1jjj packages repres5ts ! ov]seas %ipm5t 9 ,janu>y1 #aiai4 ,! %ipm5t = ,febru>y 0 #c1bjj1jjj packages4 ,! w9t] consumption ( gum 0 heavi] ?an t ( summ]1 ! av]age mon?ly supply be+ only #a1ejj1jjj packages dur+ ! summ] ( #aiah4 ,*ew+ gum came to be consid]$ a necessity by ! m5 9 ,france & has be5 f\nd to be an invaluable aid to keep+ up _! spirits 9 ! mid/ ( h>d%ips4 ,e compla9t aga9/ meals s]v$ 9 ! ,army rea*+ ! att5tion ( ! ,subsi/5ce ,division 0 inve/igat$4 ,^! inve/igations 7 made 9 conjunction ) ! ,inspector ,g5]al's ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,army4 ,:]e compla9ts 7 ju/ifi$1 rem$ial action 0 tak54 ,a /udy ( ! compla9ts reveal$ t mo/ dissatisfaction 0 among new troops :o1 :5 fir/ sep>at$ f ! luxuries ( home1 wrote ( _! adv5tures at ! mess table1 enl>g+ any lack ( home com=ts into /ories ( privation4 ,! m solid food1 h[ev]1 soon became popul>1 z ! h>d "w 9 tra9+ gave an appetite = su/a9+ r ?an = ! m fancy foods4 ,subsi/5ce to ! value ( #cbg1jfj1jig 0 %ipp$ to our =ces ov]seas f ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! />t ( ! w> to ,decemb] #a1 #aiah4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! quantity1 unit price1 & total value ( ^! subsi/5ce items3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,item4 ,quantity4 ,unit ,total price4 value4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,p\nds4 ,c5ts4 ,ham #a1ggb1iag #cd4db #faj1bch ,bacon #adg1ief1bbc #dd4db #fe1gbb1aed ,beef1 fre%1 froz5 #bej1ehd1fib #bc4cf #eh1ecf1ehd ,beef1 t9n$ #adj1hdc1dge #cb4df #de1gag1gib ,fi%1 salmon #cj1ifa1hja #ad4bd #d1djh1ifj ,*eese #cad1bjc #bg4ge #hg1aia ,fl\r #edb1hgd1gig #e4be #bh1ejj1ibg ,h>d bread #bg1igh1hcj #ab4ib #c1fad1hfe ,corn meal #af1jgd1fhg #d4eh #gcf1bba ,oatmeal #d1ffa1gcb #f4ce #bif1jbj ,beans1 dry #ci1fdf1fgg #aj4hd #d1big1gjj ,beans1 bak$ #ed1gca1ghf #i4ee #e1bbf1hhf ,rice #be1dff1edg #g4ig #b1jbi1fhd ,hom9y #a1hbf1bfi #h4ed #aee1ifc ,tomatoes #ajj1jha1ghi #f4jb #f1jbd1ibd ,peas1 gre5 #d1fhi1dbe #e4fj #bfb1fjh ,corn1 sweet #g1fci1ghf #e4fe #dca1fdh ,beans1 /r+less #b1adh1gei #e4ib #abg1bjg ,vegetables1 dehydrat$ #ab1iga1ice #cj4be #c1ibd1jaj ,prunes #ae1gdh1ica #aj4ce #a1fcj1jad ,fruit1 evaporat$ #h1igf1hdh #ac4bg #a1aia1bbh ,jam #bf1jbi1jbh #ah4gd #d1hgg1hdj ,apples1 cann$ #a1hca1jif #f4ci #aag1jjg ,pea*es1 cann$ #b1dae1ahb #aj4ef #bee1jdc ,apricots1 cann$ #hfc1dae #i4ab #gh1gdc ,pe>s1 cann$ #a1aej1abj #aj4bb #aag1edb ,*]ries1 cann$ #dbc1ddd #ab4ba #ea1gjc ,p9eapples1 cann$ #hii1beh #i4ab #hb1jab ,c(fee #ci1ahe1afg #ab4jg #d1gbi1fej ,sug> #ajf1afi1cde #g4dc #g1hhh1chb ,milk1 evaporat$ #db1ibb1gdc #aj4dh #d1dih1cjc ,l>d & sub/itutes #ae1gha1bbh #bd4dg #c1hfa1fff ,butt] & sub/itutes #af1bjj1gii #ci4ga #f1dcc1ccg ,c&y #g1hie1jec #bg4gf #b1aia1ffg ,tobacco #bg1ddi1fde #fg4jf #ah1djg1gcb ,salt #ac1gjg1bgf 4#hh #abj1fbd ,v9eg> gallons #a1cai1hgg #bg4he #cfg1ehf ,pickles d4 #a1ccc1baj #df4id #fbe1hji ,sirup d4 #f1aga1hjh #ei4bb #c1fed1ide ,cig>s ea* #afj1ahj1bbe #d4he #g1gfh1gda ,cig>ettes d4#b1dci1bfj1jig 4#fb #ae1abc1dab ,special res]ve rations d4 #ae1fbc1aej #gf4jj #aa1hgc1eid ,em]g5cy rations d4 #gfe1djj #eb4ej #dja1hce ------------ ,total #cbg1jfj1jig ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,meat ,,= ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,,army ,,receives ,,?or\gh ,,inspection4 ,,f$]al ,,inspectors ,,are ,,exam9+ ,,%eep ,,z ,,!y ,,pass ,,along ,,! ,,endless ,,trolley ,,9 ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,dress+4 ,,arm\r ,,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manufactur+ ,,razors ,,= ,,soldi]s3 ,,blade ,,hon+ ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,durham ,,duplex ,,razor ,,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,,uni=ms ,,= ,,! ,,army4 ,view ( ! cutt+ dep>tm5t ( a plant at ,r$ ,bank1 ,n4 ,j4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manufactur+ ,,spiral ,,puttees ,,= ,,! ,,army4 ,?is photo %[s y>n be+ w\nd 9 a ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 factory4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,clo?+ ,,& ,,equipage4 ,! ,army rais$ aga9/ ,g]many _h to h /\t %oes = its feet4 ,x requir$ w>m uni=ms & ov]coats & good socks & und]we>4 ,x _h to h heavy blankets = its b$s4 ,! m5 ne$$ ra9coats & rubb] boots = wet & muddy wea!r4 ,t5tage 0 requir$1 pup t5ts = ! front & l>ge t5ts & flies at ! camps4 ,belts & b&ole]s ( cotton webb+ add$ to ! soldi]'s effici5cy z a rifleman or ma*9e gunn]4 ,to procure ^! & o!r supplies = an ,am]ican ,army t ev5tually rea*$ ! /r5g? ( #c1gej1jjj m5 requir$ ! be/ bra9s 9 ! textile1 rubb] fabric1 & lea!r goods indu/ries4 ,f ! c\nt+ rooms1 f ! laboratories1 & f ! ,am]ican factories ! ne$s ( ! ,gov]nm5t call$ to ,wa%+ton sev]al hundr$ m51 exp]ts 9 a ?\s& l9es1 & put !m into ,am]ican (fic]s' uni=ms4 ,ev5tually ! v>i\s ag5cies ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t pur*as+ ^! supplies 7 c5traliz$ 9 a s+le division kn[n z ! ,clo?+ & ,equipage ,division ( ! ,(fice ( ! ,director ( ,pur*ase & ,/orage1 :i* 9 turn 0 "p ( ! ,division ( ,pur*ase1 ,/orage1 & ,traffic4 ,! total co/ ( ?is necess>y equipm5t ( textiles & lea!r & rubb] goods 0 approximately #b1ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,( ! enorm\s sum ( money appropriat$ = ! s-call$ qu>t]ma/] activities1 a full "o-qu>t] w5t = clo?+ & equipage ( ?is sort4 ,! gr\p :o h&l$ ?is enorm\s manufactur+ ef=t n only conduct$ "o ( ! bigge/ und]tak+s ( ! w> b did x 9 a way to comm& ! admiration ( ^? :o knew ! /ory ( :at 0 go+ on4 ,! division turn$ sci5tific att5tion1 & t means ! att5tion ( real sci5ti/s1 to ! prop] con/ruction ( all sorts ( articles4 ,x design$ new /yles ( soldi]s' clo?+ adapt$ 9 e curve & l9e to ! s]vice 9 ,france4 ,x /&>diz$ dyes & made /udies ( protective color+4 ,x produc$ highly specializ$ %oes4 ,x sav$ millions ( doll>s by ! sci5tific /udy ( specifications ( v>i\s articles4 ,x educat$ manufactur]s 9 ! production ( articles /range to _! exp]i5ce1 & 9 "s cases develop$ entirely new indu/ries4 ,at "o "t x con/itut$ ! entire wool trade ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s9ce x _h option$ e p\nd ( wool 9 sight & _h its ag5ts out ga!r+ up ! excess wool ( ! e>?4 ,x 0 a %ipma/]1 an employ] ( m51 a re=m] 9 labor conditions1 & an inv5tor & orig9ator ( new products4 ,! organization 0 important n only = ! size ( its bus9ess b because x dealt m intimately ) ! individual soldi] ?an p]haps any o!r production bran* ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 ) ! possible exception ( ! bran* :i* f$ him4 ,x might seem to be a fairly easy proposition to buy clo?+ = a soldi]1 8 t5t1 & ! b$ clo?+ t kept him w>m 9 active s]vice or :5 he 0 a pati5t 9 a milit>y hospital4 ,b x 0 n a simple task4 ,none ( ^! articles 0 /&>d = civilian use1 ei!r 9 mat]ial1 color1 or patt]n4 ,ev]y?+ _h to be made to ord]4 ,! ord9>y factory c\ld n beg9 "w on contracts = ^! supplies on a m9ute's notice1 b usually only aft] special & sometimes co/ly prep>ation4 ,& z ! ,army grew 9 size x _h to h l>ge quantities ( special clo?+4 ,cooks ne$$ cotton aprons1 & blacksmi?s lea!r ones4 ,l9em5 _h to h special gloves2 hospital ord]lies & wait]s at messes requir$ :ite duck suits2 motorcycli/s ne$$ hoods2 labor]s1 ov]alls2 & firem51 helmets4 ,!re 7 special g>m5ts = aviators4 ,we began captur+ prison]s & !y _h to h special uni=ms4 ,convalesc5ts at hospitals ne$$ special suits4 ,! wom5 nurses ( ! ,army 7 suppli$ ) uni=ms1 some?+ entirely outside ( previ\s ,army exp]i5ce4 ,! ,gov]nm5t 0 some?+ m ?an ! design] & manufactur] ( ^! goods1 draw+ ! specifications1 plac+ ! ord]s1 & !n tea*+ ! processes ( manufacture 9 ! ?\s&s ( factories :i* _h virtually become ,gov]nm5t plants4 ,! clo?+ & equipage organization _h to g fur!r back & become ! actual procur] ( ! raw mat]ials2 & ?is phase ( its "w ev5tually became "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ spectacul> & romantic elem5ts ( ! :ole und]tak+4 ,9 addition to procur+ ! raw cotton & ! raw wool & ! hides1 ! ,gov]nm5t _h to g into ! manufacture ( clo? & ! tann+ ( lea!r to supply ^! commodities to ! manufactur]s ( ! f9i%$ articles4 ,! ,gov]nm5t w5t into a raw mat]ials m>ket :i* 0 already glutt$ ) ord]s f ! alli$ gov]nm5ts & f dome/ic consumption4 ,x w5t into ?is m>ket at fir/ )\t money1 s9ce funds on ! scale dem&$ 7 n available betwe5 ,m>* #d1 #aiag1 & ,june #ae ( ! same ye>2 & x _h to buy on cr$it & secure ! commodities 9 ! face ( ca% bidd+ = !m4 ,nev]!less ! :ole enorm\s und]tak+ 0 successfully c>ri$ ?r\gh4 ,except 9 r>e in/ances1 ! ,am]ican soldi] nev] lack$ = necess>y supplies ( ?is "*4 ,! organization :i* h&l$ ! "w orig9ally consi/$ ( #f (fic]s & #be cl]ks4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ?is great pur*as+ & manufactur+ ag5cy _h an enrollm5t ( #a1fic p4 ,wool 0 ! mo/ important ( ! raw mat]ials to be procur$1 s9ce wool ent]$ into ! composition ( m items ?an any o!r mat]ial4 ,uni=ms1 ov]coats1 und]we>1 socks1 bree*es1 %irts1 & _m o!r articles _h to be made entirely or p>tially ( wool4 ,! pur*ases ( wool5 bree*es alone dur+ ! w> p]iod am\nt$ to #ac1agf1jjj pairs4 ,on ,septemb] #aj1 #aiah1 ! wool exp]ts ( ! army e/imat$ ! ,nation's total ne$s = wool up to ,june #cj1 #aiai4 ,! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 x 0 f\nd1 dur+ ?is "t w\ld require #bdf1jjj1jjj p\nds ( clean wool2 ! allotm5t to civilian ne$s 0 b #ae1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,9 o!r words1 ! w> dem&s 7 to absorb practically ! entire supply ( wool2 civilians 7 to be =c$ to d )\t x almo/ entirely4 ,soon aft] ! decl>ation ( w> ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,corps e/imat$ t x w\ld require ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( sc\r$ wool to meet ! initial dem&s ( ! ,army 9 #aiag4 ,a meet+ 0 call$ ( ! pr9cipal wool deal]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 mo/ ( !m f ,bo/on1 & a quick inv5tory 0 tak5 ( ! available wool supplies1 n only 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b on ord] f =eign c\ntries4 ,x 0 f\nd t !re 0 9 sight #gh1jjj1jjj p\nds ( greasy wool1 :i*1 aft] be+ sc\r$1 w\ld produce #ce1jjj1jjj p\nds ( wool ( ! quality ne$$4 ,?is 0 b>ely "o-?ird ( ! ,army's dem& alone4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t ?is inv5tory 0 tak5 j be=e ! annual ,am]ican clip1 :i* w\ld be f9i%$ by ! end ( ,july4 ,to insure t ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld secure e p\nd ( wool 9 sight1 options 7 promptly obta9$ on all wool 9 ,am]ican w>eh\ses or on ! sea1 & speculation 9 ! prices ( ! dome/ic clip = #aiag 0 ?us head$ (f by ! entry ( ! ,gov]nm5t itself 9 ! raw wool bus9ess4 ,! prices 7 fix$ = ! #aiag clip z ( ,july #ca4 ,a ye> lat] ! clo?+ & equipage division _h become ! entire wool trade ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re 0 no wool m>ket aga9 & no public sale ( wool until aft] ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,to h&le ?is enorm\s und]tak+ ! division appo9t$ a wool adm9i/rator to buy wool1 a wool pur*as+ qu>t]ma/] to pay = x1 & a wool di/ributor to sell x to ! ,gov]nm5t contractors4 ,! ,gov]nm5t's wool headqu>t]s 0 9 ,bo/on1 ) bran*es at ,philadelphia1 ,*icago1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,san ,francisco1 & ,seattle4 ,?is organization arrang$ to procure ! :ole #aiag clip1 if ne$$1 took ov] all wool de/9$ = ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u import lic5ses1 & s5t its ag5ts to =eign m>kets4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! =eign m>kets practically available f ! /&po9t ( di/ance 0 ! ,arg5t9e 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal& 71 ( c\rse1 enorm\s m>kets1 b ! de>? ( %ipp+ made x impossible to sp>e _m bottoms = ! long voyage into ! ,antipodes4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 :5 ! fight+ ceas$1 ! :ole _w 0 suff]+ = wool1 except ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&4 ,am]ica 0 %ort ( wool1 ,france _h practically none1 !re 0 a little 9 ,engl&1 b ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal& _h ! /agg]+ surplus ( #a1jjj1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,?is 0 due to ! fact t !re _h be5 no %ipp+ available to br+ ?is wool to ,am]ica or ,europe4 ,! ,gov]nm5t's wool adm9i/rator secur$ su* ,au/ralian & ,new ,zeal& wool z he c\ld2 b he _h to rely pr9cipally on sail+ vessels1 :i* c\ld n1 "u ! mo/ favorable conditions1 g to ,au/ralia & back aga9 9 less ?an sev5 mon?s1 :ile n9e or t5 mon?s 7 m (t5 requir$4 ,a quick sail+ voyage to ,arg5t9a & back requir$ five mon?s4 ,nev]!less1 & ?is 0 p>ticul>ly true 9 ! e>ly fall ( #aiah1 :5 prep>ations 7 be+ made = ! equipm5t ( ! ,army 9 #aiai1 e ef=t 0 made to secure =eign wool4 ,a ,s\? ,am]ican wool-buy+ commission 0 =m$ & s5t to ,bu5os ,aires1 arriv+ !re ,octob] #cj1 #aiah4 ,by t "t1 h[ev]1 ! end ( ! w> 0 9 sight1 & ! commission nev] op5$ up its ,arg5t9e headqu>t]s4 ,! ,gov]nm5t conduct$ its raw-wool bus9ess on ! l9es ( a great dep>tm5t /ore4 ,headqu>t]s 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,bo/on1 :]e ! wool di/ributors kept samples ( almo/ e k9d ( wool produc$ on e>?1 ^! samples repres5t+ /ocks on h& 9 ! v>i\s ,gov]nm5t w>eh\ses 9 ,bo/on & else:]e4 ,*>les ,j4 ,ni*ols1 a memb] ( a l>ge ,bo/on wool firm1 0 ! wool adm9i/rator & ,e4 ,w4 ,brigham 0 wool di/ributor4 ,prices 7 fix$1 & ! manufactur]s b\ght f ! samples4 ,c>pet wool 0 sold at an (fice 9 ,philadelphia4 ,! wool adm9i/rator did a bus9ess t av]ag$ #b1ejj1jjj p] day dur+ 8 incumb5cy1 8 total pur*ases am\nt+ to ab\t #gbb1jjj1jjj p\nds ( wool4 ,at fir/ ! supply ( ! bett] grades ( wool seem$ to be adequate to meet ! ,army's dem&s4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 *anges 7 made 9 ! specifications = v>i\s clo?s1 uni=m clo? be+ increas$ f #af to #bj ounces 9 weight1 ov]coat+ f #cj to #cb ounces1 %irt+ flannel f #h to #i ounces1 & blankets f #c to #d p\nds4 ,^! increases made x necess>y = ! ,army to use grades ( wool previ\sly made only into co>se mat]ials l c>pet4 ,! l[] grades ( wool 7 bl5d$ ) ! f9] grades to provide ! necess>y weight & w>m?1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( f95ess ( texture & appe>ance4 ,?is action expla9s :y at ! end ( ! p]iod ( ho/ilities "s ( ! ,am]ican soldi]s' uni=ms look$ r\gh & unev5 9 color4 ,b ! necess>y clo? 0 provid$1 & x 0 w>m4 ,! ,gov]nm5t sav$ e ounce ( wool t x possibly c\ld save4 ,m economical patt]ns & lay\ts = ! cutt+ ( uni=ms 7 design$ 9 ,wa%+ton & furni%$ to ! manufactur]s4 ,! ,am]ican soldi]'s uni=m did n meet ! approval ( (fic]s ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces z to /yle1 aft] ! latt] _h become us$ to see+ ! sm>tly dress$ troops ( ,europe4 ,accord+ly1 aft] ,g54 ,p]%+ _h recomm5d$ a bett]-appe>+ uni=m1 a new "o 0 design$1 incid5tally ) an eye to sav+ clo?4 ,! coat ( ! uni=m--=m]ly call$ ! bl\se1 a designation :i* is n[ obsolete--0 cut ) new l9es1 mak+ x slimm] )\t sacrifice ( w>m? or com=t4 ,! pat* pockets ( ! orig9al bl\se 7 usually unsightly bulges :5 ! soldi]s fill$ !m ) articles4 ,on ! new coat ! pat* pocket 0 reta9$ only 9 appe>ance1 ! pocket actually be+ on ! inside4 ,x is n kn[n to mo/ ,am]icans t ! bree*es1 :i* h be5 typical ( ! ,am]ican s]vice uni=m = _m ye>s1 7 ab&on$ late 9 ! w> 9 favor ( long tr\s]s4 ,?is *ange 0 also due to /udies made by ! army clo?+ exp]ts4 ,! soldi]s !mselves 7 n enamor$ ( bree*es1 s9ce !y _h to be ei!r lac$ or button$ bel[ ! knee1 a process :i* took "t always1 b seem$ to take m :5 a man 0 9 a hurry4 ,! laces sometimes *af$ ! leg "u ! legg9s4 ,!n1 too1 x 0 (t5 impossible to remove ! bree*es f soldi]s w\nd$ 9 _! legs )\t cutt+ ! clo?4 ,long tr\s]s did away ) all ^! objections & _h ! add$ virtue ( be+ w>m] ?an ! bree*es4 ,! ov]coat1 too1 0 r$esign$1 foll[+ ,g54 ,p]%+'s recomm5dations1 ! /ock ov]coat be+ too long to be worn 9 ! tr5*es4 ,a knee-l5g? g>m5t 0 provid$ :i* 0 mu* sm>t] ?an ! old] coat4 ,! r$esign+ ( ! ov]coat & ! uni=m 7al?\gh ! new uni=m nev] appe>$ 9 ! field7 accompli%$ num]\s economies4 ,m]ely by ! elim9ation ( lac+s1 eyelets1 tape1 & /ays1 ! new tr\s]s co/ #ie4be c5ts less ?an a pair ( army bree*es4 ,by ,july #a1 #aiai1 ?is *ange 9 design w\ld h sav$ ! ,gov]nm5t #af1ihh1ddj 9 ord]s = tr\s]s already plac$ or 9 sight4 ,! *ange 9 ov]coat /yles sav$ #fb c5ts p] g>m5t1 or a total sav+ to ,july #a1 #aiai1 e/imat$ at #hig1adj4 ,! s]vice coat1 made by r$esign+ ! bl\se1 sav$ ! ,gov]nm5t #a4eih on ea* g>m5t1 or an e/imat$ sav+ ( #d1igg1ggj to ,july #a1 #aiai4 ,?is 0 n only f9ancial sav+1 b :at 0 m important1 x 0 sav+ ! consumption ( ! raw mat]ial1 wool4 ,! ,gov]nm5t c\ld always raise m money2 b if ! wool supply 7 exhau/$1 all ! money on e>? c\ld n buy any m ( x4 ,a m economical cutt+ patt]n sav$ tw5ty-?ree "o-hundr$?s ( a y>d ( clo? 9 ! manufacture ( e pair ( tr\s]s4 ,?is result$ 9 ! total sav+ ( #b1cjj1jjj y>ds ( wool5 clo?4 ,"p ( ! fac+s ( ! s]vice coats & ov]coats 7 elim9at$ )\t sacrific+ w>m? or s]viceability1 & *eap] cotton l9+s 7 sub/itut$4 ,ano!r important clo? economy came :5 ! ,army design]s cut (f ! "r-h& pocket ( ! ,o4 ,d4 %irt1 on ! gr\nd t ?is pocket 0 seldom us$4 ,! design]s also sub/itut$ an oblong elb[ pat* on ! ,army %irt = ! circul> pat* =m]ly specifi$4 ,?is sub/itution 0 n economy 9 clo?1 b ! orig9al circul> pat*1 put on ! sleeve to re9=ce x at ! po9t ( greate/ we>1 actually result$ 9 r$uc+ or %ort5+ ! life ( ! g>m5t by te>+ loose at ! /it*es1 a fault :i* ! oblong pat* ov]came4 ,9 ! e>li] contracts ! g>m5t mak]s 7 /imulat$ to save wool by be+ all[$ a p]c5tage ( ! co/ ( y>dage sav$4 ,ea* contractor1 too1 0 p]mitt$ to sell 8 own clipp+s4 ,b z ! ,gov]nm5t obta9$ a m sci5tific grasp ( ! clo?+ problem & produc$ patt]n lay\ts :i* utiliz$ ! maximum p]c5tages ( ! clo?1 ! issues ( clo? to ! g>m5t mak]s 7 calculat$ m closely4 ,!reaft] ! contractors receiv$ no reimbursem5t = clo? sav+s1 & ! ,gov]nm5t itself took all ! clipp+s4 ,^! clipp+s 7 %ipp$ to a base sort+ plant at ,new ,york1 :]e !y 7 bal$ & %ipp$ out to mills to be us$ z rework$ wool 9 blankets & o!r articles4 ,! clipp+s 7 sort$ at a co/ ( #a4g c5ts p] p\nd & sold at an av]age price ( #bc c5ts p] p\nd1 ! total sales br++ 9 to ! ,gov]nm5t #e1ejj1jjj4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,gov]nm5t's wool ent]prise dur+ ! w> illu/rates h[ h>d x 0 to *eck ! mom5tum ( ! :ole production und]tak+ aga9/ ,g]many once x _h atta9$ full spe$4 ,a week be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ! wool /ocks look$ small1 & %ortages pla9ly exi/$ to cause anxiety = ! executives 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,t 0 because we 7 ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( consumption made famili> by ! t]rific de/ruction ( w>4 ,a week lat] ! same /ocks look$ ov]:elm+ 9 size1 & ! %ortages _h become enorm\s surpluses4 ,x _h be5 a con/ant worry to procure a suffici5t quantity ( blankets1 yet z soon z ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 we _h on h& a #dg-mon?s' supply ( blankets = #a1jjj1jjj m5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & #b1djj1jjj m5 ov]seas4 ,z soon z ! ,g]man pl5ipot5ti>ies affix$ _! signatures to ! armi/ice agreem5t at ,spa an app>5tly small /ock ( m>*+ %oes turn$ into a #d-ye> supply = #c1djj1jjj soldi]s at home & abroad4 ,on ,novemb] #a1 #aiah1 ! ,clo?+ & ,equipage ,division _h on h& a res]ve /ock ( goods valu$ at #haa1jjj1jjj4 ,! entire wool5 indu/ry1 f ! h&l]s ( raw wool to ! textile mills1 work$ spl5didly ) ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,at all times !re 0 pl5ty ( available ma*9]y to make all ! clo? = :i* wool c\ld be furni%$4 ,mills :i* f\nd no ,gov]nm5t use = _! regul> bus9ess output w5t he>tily to "w to make some?+ else t ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld ne$4 ,! ,gov]nm5t's uses = c>pet1 = in/ance1 7 practically negligible2 s t ! c>pet mills1 _m ( !m1 swung _! entire production to ,army blankets & ,army duck4 ,blankets1 9 fact1 7 "o ( ! l>ge/ items4 ,! total pur*ases br\ght to ! ,gov]nm5t w>eh\ses ab\t #bb1jjj1jjj blankets1 at a total co/ ( ov] #ade1jjj1jjj4 ,melton clo? = ov]coats & uni=ms consum$ an enorm\s quantity ( wool4 ,! total pur*ases ( melton am\nt$ to m ?an #ajj1jjj1jjj y>ds1 or en\gh to /ret* twice ar\nd ! _w at ! ,equator1 ) a /rip left ov] long en\gh to rea* f ,new ,york across ,g]many & ,russia & into ,sib]ia4 ,! total quantity ( raw wool b\ght by ! ,gov]nm5t up to ,decemb] #ad1 #aiah1 co/ ov] #ejd1jjj1jjj4 ,aft] ! ,gov]nm5t _h secur$ ! wool & v>i\s types ( clo?1 !re /ill rema9$ ! task ( mak+ ?is clo? into uni=ms4 ,! usual me?od 0 = ! ,gov]nm5t to furni% ! mat]ials & to pay ! contractor 8 co/ ( manufactur+4 ,all ,army clo?+ 0 made up accord+ to ! s-call$ t>iff sizes4 ,! av]age coat = a man is a #ch or #dj1 & exp]i5ce %[s h[ _m m5 9 a giv5 numb] w ne$ ?is av]age4 ,b !re 7 always exceptions4 ,"o camp s5t 9 a special ord] = #df ov]coats = fats4 ,?r\gh a sci5tific /udy ( ! problem1 notable re=ms 9 ! matt] ( fitt+ soldi]s 7 br\ght ab\t4 ,:5 ! m5 7 com+ 9 greate/ numb]s f civilian life to ! tra9+ camps !y 7 (t5 put to great inconv5i5ce 9 secur+ prop] clo?+4 ,ea* man w\ld ask = su* sizes z he ?\ght 7 correct1 b x (t5 happ5$ t ! g>m5ts suppli$ to him did n fit him1 & he !reaft] sp5t "s h\rs or ev5 days swapp+ g>m5ts ) o!r recruits until he ev5tually acquir$ an outfit some:]e ne> 8 size4 ,!n1 too1 !re 0 confusion 9 ! way ! articles 7 suppli$ to ! m51 :o sometimes _h to /& 9 l9e all day long1 await+ _! turn at ! issue w9d[s4 ,! matt] ( fitt+ 0 satisfactorily solv$ by adopt+ ! s-call$ foolpro( size labels4 ,! labels orig9ally us$ 7 m]ely pap] tags p9n$ to ! g>m5ts1 & 9 ! h&l+ ( g>m5ts by m5 unfamili> ) ! fitt+ ( ready-made clo?+ mi/akes (t5 result$4 ,z 9 ! case ( civilian clo?+1 all ,army clo?+ 0 divid$ into f\r classes1 kn[n z longs1 %orts1 /\ts1 & regul>s4 ,a g>m5t ( any size w\ld come 9 ^! f\r classes4 ,! labels 7 m>k$ ) diagonal1 color$ /ripes to indicate ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! g>m5t to :i* x 0 atta*$4 ,?us gre5 meant a %ort1 r$ indicat$ a long1 & yell[ %[$ ! g>m5t to be a /\t4 ,! soldi] 0 pretty sure to rememb] ! color ( ! /ripe atta*$ to ! g>m5t t fitt$ him4 ,if he 7 a gre5 /rip]1 he w\ld refuse to accept any?+ t did n be> a gre5 /ripe on its ticket4 ,be=e ho/ilities ceas$ a sy/em provid+ a m sci5tific issue ( clo?+ to recruits _h be5 introduc$4 ,"u ?is sy/em ! recruit w\ld ent] ! supply build+ at "o end & !re1 9 a special room1 /rip himself ( 8 civilian clo?+4 ,he w\ld !reupon ent] ! mill z nak$ z ! ,"l made him4 ,he w\ld /op fir/ at ! und]we> c\nt]1 :]e he w\ld procure g>m5ts t fitt$ him1 w\ld don !m1 & !n pass on to ! hosi]y c\nt]4 ,?us he w\ld progress d[n ! l9e1 ev5tually em]g+ f ! o!r end ( ! build+ a fully dress$ ,am]ican soldi]1 ! process rem9d+ "o ( ! progress ( an automobile ?r\gh ! ,=d factory4 ,x requir$ ! s]vices ( "s #d1jjj inspectors to sup]vise ! g>m5t-mak+ 9 ?\s&s ( %ops scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,?is inspection also look$ at ! "* ( ! %ops tak+ contracts1 & ! ,gov]nm5t 0 sometimes h>d put to x to prev5t *ild labor & sweat %op production 9 ! "w4 ,at "o "t !re came a ru% ord] f ,france to supply sev]al hundr$ ?\s& mack9aws4 ,an (fic] :o 0 famili> )1 mack9aws 0 s5t out f ,wa%+ton to buy !m f goods 9 /ock4 ,he accompli%$ 8 mission 9 #aj days1 lit]ally b>+ ! %elves ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ^! g>m5ts1 8 pur*ases includ+ ! ext5sive quantities ( mack9aws held by mail-ord] h\ses 9 ,*icago4 ,x 0 always a problem 9 clo?+ ! ,army to f9d olive-drab dyes t 7 fa/ 9 color4 ,! fir/ dyes us$ 7 apt to fade quickly4 ,a c]ta9 dye 0 ( ! prop] color1 yet x 0 f\nd on te/ to h ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( be+ visible at a di/ance4 ,z ! new ,am]ican syn!tic dye indu/ry exp&$ & processes 7 p]fect$1 ! (fic]s ( ! ,clo?+ & ,equipage ,division 7 able to coop]ate ) ! ,am]ican dye mak]s to produce satisfactory dyes4 ,yet :ile ! olive-drab dye us$ 9 dye+ coats & tr\s]s seem$ to )/& ! sun & ra91 t us$ 9 color+ ! legg9s prov$ to be fugitive to a rem>kable degree4 ,x seem$ to be impossible to produce a dye t w\ld hold its %ade 9 legg9s4 ,! exp]ts work+ on ! dye problem _h exp5d$ a good deal ( valuable en]gy 9 worry & _h gr[n a few gray hairs 9 _! heads ov] ! failure ( legg9 dyes :5 !y discov]$ ! true cause ( ! fad+4 ,! m5 7 delib]ately blea*+ out _! legg9s1 usually by us+ salt solutions on !m1 s9ce any?+ b a fad$ legg9 indicat$ t ! soldi] :o wore x 0 a rookie & a gre5horn4 ,! mat]ials :i* w5t into ! manufacture ( clo?+ came f v>i\s sections ( ! c\ntry1 s9ce ! sev]al g>m5t indu/ries _h gr[n up ar\nd c5t]s4 ,= in/ance1 ! melton clo? came g5]ally f ! ,bo/on di/rict4 ,l9+s 7 suppli$ f ,atlanta1 buttons f ,philadelphia1 & duck f ,*icago4 ,?is geographic di/ribution ( supplies simplifi$ ! ,gov]nm5t's problem ( supply+ mat]ials to ! v>i\s contractors4 ,x 0 possible to supply mat]ials on %ort notice to any g>m5t-mak+ di/rict4 ,at "o "t ,*icago wir$ t unless #ejj1jjj y>ds ( flannel %irt+ 7 suppli$ imm$iately hundr$s ( %irt factories 9 ,*icago & ! ,*icago di/rict w\ld h to close d[n4 ,accord+ly1 a special freight tra9 0 load$ ) %irt+ 9 ! ,ea/ & />t$ = ,*icago on a special movem5t 9 *>ge ( a live trac]--t is1 an (fic] :o saw t ! tra9 0 put ?r\gh to its de/9ation4 ,! tra9 arriv$ 9 ,*icago on ! second day aft] ! ord] 0 receiv$1 s rapidly _h ! goods be5 procur$ & load$4 ,9 addition to ! regul> uni=ms = ! m51 almo/ half a million articles ( clo?+ = (fic]s 7 also b\ght by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,qu>t]ma/] ,dep>tm5t w5t into an entirely new field :5 x b\ght uni=ms = ! wom5 nurses ( ! ,army4 ,!re 0 a ,norfolk suit :i* co/ ab\t #cj & a cotton uni=m t co/ ab\t #c1 an ov]coat co/+ ne>ly #bh1 & !n !re 7 wai/s made f navy blue silk & f :ite cotton1 & hats4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( clo?+1 x is int]e/+ to ref] aga9 to ! clo?+ furni%$ = int]n$ prison]s4 ,?is 0 n manufactur$ = ! purpose4 ,uni=ms disc>d$ by our own m5 7 reclaim$ & dy$ a special %ade ( gre54 ,ov] #ej1jjj ( ^! g>m5ts 7 prep>$ at an av]age co/ ( less ?an #cj c5ts p] g>m5t4 ,x _h be5 ! orig9al int5tion to make a special prison]'s uni=m /rip$ 9 resemblance to ! prison suits worn 9 ,am]ican p5it5ti>ies4 ,ano!r int]e/+ developm5t 9 ! manufacture ( ,army clo?+ 0 ! production ( a special uni=m = exp$ition>y troops s5t to ,russia4 ,! uni=ms 7 s w>m t !y c\ld well s]ve z ! equipm5t = an ,arctic exploration p>ty4 ,! det]m9ation to s5d an exp$ition to ,russia 0 made sudd5ly by ! ,gov]nm5t1 & ! decision br\ght ) x ! problem ( produc+ 9 a jiffy an equipm5t ( g>m5ts n only exp5sive 9 !mselves1 b ( a "* unkn[n to ! ,am]ican g>m5t trade4 ,an ag5t = ! division 9 ,new ,york at once b\ght on ! ,new ,york m>ket l>ge quantities ( muskrat1 wolf1 & m>mot fur4 ,o!r ag5ts 7 s5t into our own ,nor?we/ & to ,canada to pick up su* suitable g>m5ts z ^! m>kets af=d$4 ,! ,sib]ian equipm5t z specifi$ by ! comm&]s ( ! exp$ition call$ = fur caps1 fur mitt5s & fur ov]coats1 mucklucks1 moccas9s1 felt %oes1 fur p>kas1 & und]we> = #ae1jjj m5 or m4 ,! ord] = ! equipm5t came 9 ! latt] "p ( ,augu/1 #aiah1 s t only ! fa/e/ k9d ( "w w\ld produce ! g>m5ts 9 "t to cat* ! la/ /eam] t c\ld get into ! nor!rn ,russian & ,sib]ian ports be=e ! ice clos$ navigation = ! season4 ,! result 0 t :5ev] ! articles specifi$ c\ld n be procur$ on "t1 suitable sub/itutes 7 provid$4 ,! specifications call$ = #hj p] c5t wool und]we>4 ,und]we> ) t p]c5tage ( wool c\ld n be provid$1 b und]we> ( equal weight 0 sub/itut$4 ,:]e fur-l9$ g>m5ts 7 unobta9able1 fur-trimm$ ones 7 procur$4 ,! specifications call$ = ,buffalo coats4 ,! division s5t a man to ! nor? woods c\ntry ( ,m9nesota & ,wiscons91 & !re 9 ! supply cities he b\ght %eep-l9$ coats ) molesk9 or duck %ells z a sub/itute4 ,^! coats 7 ! sort us$ by woodsm5 & ,alaskan m9]s & explor]s4 ,!re 0 no "t to procure mucklucks1 moccas9s1 & felt %oes1 s an ag5t ( ! division 0 s5t into ,canada to buy %oe pacs 7or lumb]m5's boots7 & lumb]m5's knee-l5g? socks4 ,! total co/ ( ! :ole outfit 0 m ?an #ajj p] man4 ,x 0 impossible to f9d any sub/itute = ! ,alaskan p>ka4 ,a p>ka is a sort ( ov]%irt1 w9d pro( & wat]pro( & hood$1 to be worn ov] ! ov]coat & cap ( ! uni=m4 ,consequ5tly x 0 necess>y to produce ! p>kas 9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh our g>m5t mak]s 7 entirely unfamili> ) su* manufacture4 ,! "w 0 und]tak5 by ! ,int]national ,duplex ,coat ,co41 at #aad ,fif? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york4 ,x 0 necess>y f ! />t 9 turn+ out ?is ord] = ! employees ( ?is plant to "w ov]time4 ,9 ord] to spe$ ! production ! pr9cipal memb] ( ?is firm himself took 8 place at ! b5* & work$ almo/ day & night 9 cutt+ out g>m5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,clo?+ ,,worn ,,by ,,our ,,sib]ian ,,exp$ition>y ,,=ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manufactur+ ,,wool5 ,,und]we> ,,= ,,! ,,army4 ,! weav+ dep>tm5t ( a plant at ,cohoes1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manufactur+ ,,hosi]y ,,= ,,! ,,army4 ,! knitt+ room ( a hosi]y mill at ,durham1 ,n4 ,c4 ,! day approa*$ clos] & clos] :5 ! %ipm5t w\ld h to />t across ! c\ntry if x 7 to cat* ! la/ boat f ,san ,francisco4 ,on ! home /ret* ( ! race ! entire work+ =ce ( ! plant w5t #cf h\rs1 /opp+ only = meals4 ,! la/ /it* 0 tak5 at #a4cj o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,! g>m5ts 7 !n pil$ ^u auto trucks to be ru%$ to ! bal+ plant 9 ,brooklyn4 ,"o ( ! load$ trucks develop$ eng9e tr\ble & /opp$ 9 ! middle ( a bridge across ! ,ea/ ,riv]4 ,! (fic] 9 *>ge !reupon comm&e]$ e automobile t came along1 pil$ !m all full ( p>kas & s5t !m to ! bal+ plant4 ,! entire %ipm5t 0 abo>d ! tra9 less ?an "o h\r be=e its />t+ "t4 ,x 0 n only necess>y = ! ,gov]nm5t to furni% clo? = ! uni=ms1 %irts1 & o!r articles1 b x _h to supply ! fitt+s & f9d+s z well1 su* ne$s z l9+s1 tape1 buttons1 & hooks & eyes4 ,9 ! cal5d> ye> #aiah ! pur*ases am\nt$ to ov] #df1jjj1jjj y>ds ( cotton l9+ & #b1ejj1jjj y>ds ( felt l9+1 wor? ov] #ah1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,gov]nm5t sp5t ov] #ajj1jjj = hooks & eyes1 #aej1jjj = tape1 #a1bej1jjj = ?read1 & practically #c1jjj1jjj = buttons4 ,:5 x 0 f\nd t ! /&>d specifications = ,army uni=m buttons favor$ a c]ta9 class ( manufactur]s & exclud$ _m o!rs1 new specifications 7 drawn s z to make x possible = e button manufactur] 9 ! c\ntry to compete = contracts4 ,an exclusive /udy 0 made ( new mat]ials = buttons4 ,!y _h be5 made ( brass or bronze1 b due to o!r w> necessities = metals an ef=t 0 made to provide a sub/itute4 ,x 0 f\nd1 too1 t metal buttons sometimes result$ 9 infection ( w\nds receiv$ on ! battlefield4 ,sub/itution ( vegetable ivory = metal 9 buttons 0 attempt$4 ,! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds 9 ,wa%+ton te/$ ! taqua1 or ivory1 nuts f :i* buttons are made & f\nd !m suitable4 ,a vegetable ivory button ) a %ank 0 develop$1 al?\gh no su* ivory button _h be5 kn[n be=e1 & ! ,gov]nm5t's insignia 0 /amp$ on ?is button4 ,g54 ,p]%+ approv$ ! use ( ivory buttons1 & !reaft] _m manufactur]s produc$ millions ( gross ( !m4 ,e manufactur] :o took button contracts agre$ to turn ov] ! ivory nut wa/e to ! ,*emical ,w>f>e ,s]vice to be us$ 9 mak+ *>coal = ! gas-absorb+ cani/]s ( ! gas masks4 ,mo/ ( ! buttons 7 produc$ by firms 9 ,ro*e/] & ,philadelphia4 ,_m conc]ns made !m :o _h nev] made buttons be=e4 ,manufactur]s ( electric goods1 h>dw>e1 billi>d balls1 celluloid1 pe>l buttons1 & phonograph records turn$ _! plants into ivory-button factories4 ,enorm\s quantities ( buttons 7 requir$4 ,= ! ,army %irts alone ! ,gov]nm5t ne$$ #baf1jjj1jjj buttons 9 #aiah4 ,flags con/itut$ ano!r class ( goods requir+ wool4 ,9 all1 ! division produc$ #dj1jjj flags dur+ ! w> p]iod1 mo/ ( ^! be+ made at ! ,gov]nm5t's own %op at ,philadelphia4 ,x is a grim fact t _m ( ^! flags 7 us$ to wrap ar\nd ! bodies ( soldi]s :o di$ at sea4 ,?irty million *evrons = noncommission$ (fic]s 7 also turn$ out by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! production ( ov]seas caps = ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 0 likewise an ext5sive und]tak+4 ,:5 ! requisition = ov]seas caps came f ,france1 x 0 n possible to design "o "h because ( lack ( k ( :at 0 requir$4 ,lat] a c\ri] be>+ a sample cap came to ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,g54 ,p]%+4 ,z soon z ?is sample 0 receiv$ a meet+ ( cap mak]s 0 call$ 9 ,new ,york1 & #ajj manufactur]s att5d$4 ,"o & all agre$ to turn ov] _! factories to ! exclusive production ( ov]seas caps until ! requirem5ts 7 met4 ,x took ^! cap mak]s only two weeks to turn out ! fir/ ord]4 ,9 all #d1igb1jjj caps 7 deliv]$4 ,our exp]ts on ?is side ( ! wat] 7 n satisfi$ ) ! ov]seas cap4 ,x %rank aft] be+ wet1 x quickly lo/ %ape1 x absorb$ mu* wat] & did n dry out quickly1 & x 0 unattractive 9 appe>ance4 ,also x did n %ade ! eyes1 & ! exp]i5ce 9 ,france %[$ t ! soldi]s usually improvis$ peaks to _! caps by /ick+ _! girls' lett]s betwe5 _! caps & _! =eheads4 ,!n1 moreov]1 ! /&>d cap 0 made ( #bj-ounce melton1 :i* 0 a fabric h>d to get4 ,b !re 0 pl5ty ( rabbit fur available to make felt caps = an army ( #f1jjj1jjj or #g1jjj1jjj m54 ,accord+ly a new cap 0 design$1 made ( felt & do+ away ) ! bad features ( ! melton cap2 b ?is cap improvem5t came at ! end ( ! w> & 0 nev] us$4 ,wool 0 requir$ n only = ! out] clo?+ ( ! ,army--= ! uni=ms1 ov]coats1 & caps--b !re 0 also a trem5d\s w> dem& = x = ! manufacture ( su* knit goods z und]%irts1 draw]s1 /ock+s1 gloves1 & puttees4 ,! matt] ( provid+ ! ,army ) ^! necess>y articles (f]$ a problem ( peculi> difficulty1 s9ce1 9 addition to ! ev]-?reat5+ %ortage ( raw wool1 !re 0 an actual %ortage ( ma*9]y 9 ! knitt+ indu/ry4 ,:5 x 0 f\nd t ! regul> mills c\ld n turn out all ! wool5 knit goods ! ,army requir$1 num]\s mills :i* _h be5 turn+ out specialties exclusively1 su* z wom5's und]we> or m5's union suits1 7 conv]t$ into factories to knit g>m5ts accord+ to ! ,army specifications4 ,"s idea ( ! ext5t ( ! ,army's dem& = ?is class ( goods may be read 9 ! fact t t[>d ! close ( ho/ilities e ma*9e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t c\ld make hosi]y at all 0 knitt+ socks = ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sew+ ,,ov]seas ,,caps ,,9 ,a ,,/4 ,,paul4 ,,m9n41 ,,factory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,heaps ,,( ,,ov]seas ,,caps ,,ready ,,= ,,sew+ ,,9 ,a ,,/4 ,,paul ,,factory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,und]we> ,,= ,,! ,,army ,,at ,a ,,mill ,,9 ,,/4 ,,johnsville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,knitt+ ,,army ,,und]we> ,,9 ,a ,,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 ,,mill4 ,at "o "t !re 0 an acute %ortage ( ne$les4 ,g]many _h previ\sly suppli$ ,am]ica ) knitt+ ne$les4 ,:5 ?is s\rce 0 cut (f1 we turn$ to ,japan4 ,! ,japanese ne$les prov$ disappo9t+2 !y 7 n correctly temp]$ & frequ5t breakage caus$ great loss4 ,at "o "t x 0 rumor$ t !re 7 #aj1jjj1jjj knitt+ ne$les 9 ,sw$51 & ! ne$ "h 0 s urg5t t sev]al buy]s 7 s5t to t c\ntry4 ,_! ef=t 0 well wor? :ile1 = !y actually secur$ a million ne$les to help relieve ! situation "h4 ,mean:ile1 ,am]ican ne$les 7 improv$ & ,am]ican ne$le mak]s 7 pu%$ to ! limit2 b until ! close ( ! w> !re 0 always an acute %ortage ( ne$les = ! knitt+ indu/ry4 ,x 0 soon discov]$ t !re 0 n en\gh ma*9]y 9 ,am]ica to knit "o-t5? ( ! seamless wool5 gloves t ! soldi]s requir$4 ,consequ5tly x 0 necess>y to adopt a sub/itute--a glove ( knit fabric cut to patt]n & sew$ up ) seams4 ,9 actual s]vice ?is glove did n /& up to ! h>d usage requir$ ( x4 ,consequ5tly !re 0 design$ an ov]-glove ( canton flannel ) ! palm cas$ 9 lea!r1 ?is to be worn outside ! seam$ wool5 glove4 ,9 ! ef=t to produce gloves :i* w\ld give long] we> ! s-call$ ambidextr\s glove 0 design$ s cut t x c\ld be worn com=tably ^u ei!r h&4 ,puttees1 ! spirally w\nd legg9s t _h long be5 us$ by ! ,briti% ,army1 7 unkn[n articles to ,am]ican manufacture :5 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces adopt$ !m z /&>d articles ( equipm5t4 ,a puttee ( knitt$ wool 0 design$ & #f1jjj1jjj ( !m 7 ord]$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah1 ^! to be prelim9>y to future ord]s = #h1jjj1jjj4 ,! "w requir$ ! in/allation ( mu* new ma*9]y 9 ! textile plants4 ,on ,novemb] #a1 #aiah1 we _h produc$ all ! puttees requir$ by ! troops !n 9 ,france & _h a surplus ( #a1ejj1jjj ( !m4 ,9 ! production ( knit goods1 economies 9 ! use ( mat]ial 7 con/antly effect$4 ,an orig9al article ( equipm5t = ! ov]seas troops _h be5 a knitt$ wool5 toque1 :i* 0 a sort ( /ock+-cap4 ,! toques _h co/ ! ,gov]nm5t #a apiece1 & "s #a1ejj1jjj ( !m _h be5 pil$ up 9 ! qu>t]ma/] w>eh\ses be=e ! toque 0 ab&on$ z a piece ( /&>d equipm5t4 ,lat] a requisition 0 receiv$ = #djj1jjj wool5 muffl]s to be us$ by driv]s ( automobiles & motor trucks4 ,accord+ to ! specifications ^! w\ld co/ ab\t #c apiece4 ,!n x 0 discov]$ "h t ! ab&on$ toques might be sew$ toge!r to make muffl]s4 ,) ?is /ock 9 h& x co/ ! ,gov]nm5t only #bj c5ts ea* = ! muffl]s in/ead ( #c1 a cle> sav+ ( ov] #a1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,qu>t]ma/] ,dep>tm5t 0 ! ,mecca ( inv5tors dur+ ! w> p]iod1 :o came br++ real or fanci$ improvem5ts 9 _m l9es ( app>el & p]sonal equipm5t4 ,"o br\ght 9 a tr5* %[] ba?1 consi/+ ( a hot-wat] bag & a hose4 ,he 0 mu* *agr9$ :5 in=m$ t if ?is app>atus 7 set up 9 ! tr5* !re w\ld be no room = soldi]s to pass x4 ,9 no respect did ! inv5tors h m novel ideas ?an !y _h 9 ! manufacture ( und]we>4 ,"o ( !m br\ght 9 a pat5t$ vacuum suit ( und]we> :i* act$ on ! pr9ciple ( a fireless cook] or !rmos bottle to exclude ! cold f ! we>]'s body4 ,h[ev]1 he _h fail$ to take into consid]ation ! fact t n only mu/ cold be kept out1 b p]spiration mu/ be giv5 a *ance to escape4 ,! vacuum und]we> w\ld nev] dry out1 aft] a man _h become sweaty 9 x4 ,= t reason x 0 n adopt$4 ,a woman ( ,i[a inv5t$ cootie-pro( und]clo?+ by impregnat+ und]we> ) v]m9-de/roy+ *emicals4 ,! ,/ate ( ,i[a 0 s int]e/$ 9 h] inv5tion t !re 0 a public movem5t to clo! all ,i[a troops 9 ?is und]we>1 %\ld ! ,gov]nm5t fail to adopt x4 ,! und]we> 0 submitt$ to ! exp]ts ( ! ,bureau ( ,entomology 7! ,gov]nm5t ag5cy t deals ) bugs71 ^: exp]ts te/$ ! inv5tion4 ,!y f\nd t ! und]we> 0 inde$ dea? to ! cootie4 ,h[ev]1 if ! *emicals 7 appli$ 9 weak /r5g? !y soon evaporat$ & left ! und]we> h>mless to ! insect2 if appli$ 9 great /r5g?1 ! poison\s *emicals irritat$ ! sk9 ( ! we>]4 ,dur+ ! fir/ w9t] ! m5 7 9 camp1 ! w9t] ( #aiag-ah1 !re 0 no "t to provide ! troops ) /&>d ,army und]we>4 ,consequ5tly ,gov]nm5t ag5ts w5t into ! und]we> m>ket & b\ght outright :atev] 0 9 sight4 ,z a result1 ! soldi]s t fir/ w9t] wore und]we> ( almo/ e description & grade ( m]it4 ,?is gave ! ,army's und]we> exp]ts a f9e opportunity to /udy ! qualities ( und]we> ( v>i\s types z prov$ by actual use4 ,^! /udies conta9$ h9ts ( use to ! civilian4 ,= in/ance1 ! w>n+ is pla9ly giv5 to we> no fleece-l9$ und]we>4 ,a /udy 0 made ( ! causes ( colds1 & x 0 discov]$ t soldi]s we>+ fleece-l9$ und]we> caught cold m easily ?an ^? we>+ any o!r sort4 ,! fleece ( ! l9+ absorb$ p]spiration & reta9$ x1 /ay+ damp4 ,s9ce _m ( ! soldi]s slept 9 _! und]clo?+1 !y 7 ?us encas$ 9 damp clo!s #bd h\rs a day4 ,sick reports pla9ly %[$ ! result ( x4 ,:5 x comes to ! production ( cotton clo? = ! ,army's uses1 ! figures are s l>ge z to appe> almo/ fanta/ic4 ,9 all we procur$ ov] #hjj1jjj1jjj squ>e y>ds ( cotton textiles4 ,?is 0 en\gh to c>pet an area ne>ly f\r times z l>ge z ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,9 a /rip #c feet wide !re 0 en\gh ( x to wrap #ah lay]s ( clo? ar\nd ! equator4 ,spread ?is /rip out on "s cosmic floor1 & y c\ld place ^u x side by side #ee globes z l>ge z ! e>?4 ,9 addition to ! cotton khaki requir$ = uni=ms & o!r purposes1 ! pr9cipal o!r cotton items 7 duck1 d5im1 webb+1 gauze1 v5etian1 %eets1 pill[cases1 & t[els4 ,! pur*ases made by ! ,army 7 beyond any?+ t _h be5 kn[n 9 ! textile indu/ry4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 ! supplies ( cotton khaki on h& seem$ to indicate a surplus ( #ba1jjj1jjj y>ds beyond ! ne$s ( ! imm$iate future4 ,!n came ! />t ( ! ,g]man drive1 & by ! middle ( ,april ?is great surplus ( khaki clo? 0 n suffici5t to ! ne$4 ,9 o!r words1 !re 0 a %ortage ( khaki1 s9ce ! ,army ne$$ at once #be1jjj1jjj y>ds & !reaft] w\ld require a mon?ly supply ( #aj1jjj1jjj y>ds4 ,?is 0 look+ t[>d ! great increase 9 ! numb] ( m5 soon to be call$ to ! colors4 ,x 0 plann$ to draft #cjj1jjj 9 ,june alone1 & subsequ5t drafts w\ld be on a l scale4 ,9 ord] to supply summ] uni=ms = ^! m5 x 0 necess>y = ,army (fic]s to get e y>d ( khaki goods 9 ! c\ntry4 ,all /ocks ( goods 9 ! h&s ( deal]s & manufactur]s 7 inv5tori$1 & ! positive ord] w5t out ( ,wa%+ton =bidd+ ! use ( khaki 9 articles = civilians4 ,9 spite ( ! ,gov]nm5t's trem5d\s dem& ^u a limit$ supply1 ^! /ocks ( khaki 7 acquir$ at a price #bj p] c5t l[] ?an ! prevail+ m>ket4 ,! requirem5ts = cotton duck & cotton webb+ also leap$ upw>d z soon z ! ,unit$ ,/ates began to avalan*e soldi]s ^u ,france4 ,! dem&s 7 great] ?an c\ld be suppli$ by ! output ( mills regul>ly produc+ ^! mat]ials1 & consequ5tly ! ,clo?+ & ,equipage ,division call$ ^u manufactur]s ( simil> mat]ials to adapt _! plants to ! production ( duck & webb+4 ,?is !y did1 9 _m cases at consid]able inconv5i5ce & exp5se4 ,among ! conc]ns :i* assi/$ 9 supply+ ^! mat]ials 7 manufactur]s ( c>pets1 automobile tire fabric1 & ev5 lace4 ,ow+ to ! sc>city & ! high co/ ( lea!r a great deal ( cotton webb+ 0 sub/itut$ 9 ! manufacture ( su* equipm5t z c>tridge belts1 susp5d]s1 gun sl+s1 & horse bridles4 ,"h 0 additional dem&1 & to meet x factories :i* _h be5 mak+ su* ?+s z asbe/os brake l9+s1 hose1 lamp wicks1 susp5d]s1 g>t]s1 cotton belt+1 & o!r simil> fabrics1 became webb+ mills4 ,all ^! plants ?us adapt$ to ! em]g5cy manufacture ( webb+ 7 dep5d5t on pur*as$ y>ns1 :i* !y _h to secure 9 ! op5 m>ket f y>n manufactur]s4 ,9 ! ,s\? p>ticul>ly1 :]e mo/ ( ?is y>n 0 pur*as$1 ! secur+ ( p[] 0 a s]i\s "q4 ,_m ( ! mills dep5d$ ^u electricity g5]at$ by wat] p[]4 ,^! p[] plants did n always h good railway connections & _m ( !m _h no /eam p[] equipm5t ev5 if fuel c\ld h be5 furni%$4 ,9 ! late summ] ( #aiah ! riv]s ( ! ,s\? ran ne>ly dry1 & 9 ord] to op]ate _m ( ! s\!rn mills x 0 necess>y = ! ,gov]nm5t to allocate accord+ to mo/ press+ ne$s ! available p[] among ! mills work+ on contracts4 ,also1 = a long "t :5 transportation facilities 7 s]i\sly ov]tax$1 x 0 h>d to secure a /eady fl[ ( mat]ials f ! ,s\? to ! nor!rn mills4 ,) reg>d to labor1 employees 9 ! cotton & webb+ mills _h to be educat$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! new types ( "w to :i* ^! plants _h be5 %ift$4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 m especially1 !re 0 a "q ( *ild labor & ( h\rs ( labor = wom5 & m9ors2 = ! ,gov]nm5t ins]t$ clauses 9 ! lat] contracts requir+ c]ta9 /&>ds = ! b5efit & protection ( labor4 ,9 "s in/ances contracts 7 return$ because ( ! *ild-labor clause4 ,9 su* cases compulsory ord]s 7 (t5 issu$1 practically compell+ ! mills to produce ! goods call$ =4 ,consid]able burlap us$ = pack+1 z well z burlap bags1 silk = flags1 hat b&s1 & badges 7 also pur*as$ 9 quantity4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 nev] =c$ to turn to ! use ( pap] 9 ! manufacture ( clo?+1 z ! c5tral p[]s 7 compell$ to d2 nev]!less prep>ation 0 made = ! "t :5 ! cotton supply ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates might become unequal to ! dem&4 ,g>m5ts made ( pap] clo? captur$ f ! ,g]mans 7 %ipp$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & c>efully /udi$ by ! ,clo?+ & ,equipage ,division to le>n ! possibilities ( pap] fabrics %\ld ! ne$ = !m develop4 ,ov] #ajj1jjj1jjj y>ds ( d5im 7 b\ght4 ,d5im 0 us$ p>ticul>ly 9 mak+ work+ clo!s = ! soldi]s4 ,at "o "t ! factories 7 consum+ d5im at ! rate ( #ac1jjj1jjj y>ds a mon?4 ,br[n d5im :i* 0 requir$ by regulations 0 a mat]ial h>d to get1 blue d5im be+ ! /&>d fabric = ,am]ican ov]alls1 & consequ5tly heavy gray goods & drills 7 dy$ olive-drab & put into use4 ,z to gauze1 ab\t #adj1jjj1jjj y>ds ( x 7 pur*as$4 ,%eets & pill[cases 7 requir$ 9 su* quantities t at "o "t e mill 9 ! c\ntry ^: normal bus9ess 0 ! production ( %eet+ 0 work+ = ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,!re 7 ov] #abj1jjj1jjj y>ds ( webb+ pur*as$1 & ne>ly #cjj1jjj1jjj y>ds ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( duck4 ,! duck & webb+ j m5tion$ w5t into ! manufacture ( a num]\s class ( articles1 kn[n z textile equipm5t1 includ+ su* articles z belts1 tool bags1 tool kits1 flasks1 cante5 cov]s1 & ! l4 ,! procurem5t ( ! webb+ = ^! articles 0 9 itself a manufactur+ a*ievem5t4 ,be=e ! w> !re 7 only a half doz5 plants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* c\ld make webb+ ( ! grade dem&$ by ! ,army4 ,:5 ! armi/ice came !re !re 7 #aej su* plants4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> an ord] = #e1jjj1jjj y>ds ( webb+ fairly /agg]$ ! indu/ry1 b t indu/ry 0 to witness ! day :5 an ord] = #ej1jjj1jjj y>ds w\ld be absorb$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,b ev5 aft] ! webb+ 0 secur$ !re 7 practically no factories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t _h ma*9]y heavy en\gh to make ! ,army's textile equipm5t4 ,?is "w = ! /&+ ,army _h be5 done exclusively by ! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al4 ,9 ord] to increase ! manufactur+ capacity ( ! c\ntry x 0 necess>y to get ! ,s+] ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4 to build special ma*9es adapt$ to ?is heavy "w2 & we also _h to s5d exp]ts f ! ,rock ,isl& ,ars5al to tea* all new contractors h[ to make ! articles4 ,_m ( ! factory work]s 7 wom54 ,9 spite ( all difficulties production 0 wond]fully increas$4 ,along 9 ,janu>y1 #aiah1 ab\t #ajj1jjj pi/ol belts a mon? 7 be+ made2 :ile at ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice #efj1jjj 7 be+ manufactur$ mon?ly4 ,( c>tridge belts 9 ! same p]iod ! production 0 increas$ f #he1jjj to ab\t #daj1jjj mon?ly1 & ( hav]sacks f #bij1jjj to ab\t #hej1jjj mon?ly4 ,no soldi] c\ld be s5t ov]seas )\t a hav]sack1 a c>tridge belt1 & a cante5 cov]2 yet dur+ ! p]iod ( active ho/ilities no movem5t ( troops 0 delay$ "o day on acc\nt ( ! lack ( textile equipm5t4 ,up to ,decemb] #a1 #aiah1 ! production ( hav]sacks 0 ov] #b1ejj1jjj 9 numb]1 co/+ ov] #h1jjj1jjj2 ( cante5 cov]s1 ab\t #c1gej1jjj1 co/+ #b1bej1jjj2 ( c>tridge belts1 ab\t #a1ejj1jjj1 co/+ ov] #d1jjj1jjj4 ,ano!r l>ge item 0 b&ole]s1 :i* 7 procur$ to ! numb] ( ov] #ca1jjj1jjj at a co/ ( #e1ejj1jjj4 ,^! are only a few ( ! major items1 b !y s]ve to illu/rate ! ext5t ( ! pur*ases ( textile equipm5t4 ,at ! end ( ho/ilities ! ,gov]nm5t 0 buy+ textile equipm5t at ! rate ( #bb1jjj1jjj a mon?1 & 0 work+ t[>d ! goal ( be+ able to supply #gej1jjj m5 a mon? ) all articles ( textile equipm5t4 ,:5 ! ,army began to exp& 9 size at an unexpect$ rate 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah1 x creat$ a great %ortage 9 cotton und]we>4 ,gov]nm5t ag5ts w5t out ov] ! c\ntry & b\ght all cotton und]we> /ocks4 ,9 ord] to provide a suffici5t manufactur+ capacity = cotton und]we>1 wom5's und]we> factories 7 enli/$ = w> "w1 & s 7 ev5 corset factories4 ,! ,army exp]ts 9 cotton textiles also effect$ _m economies4 ,a /&>d patt]n lay\t 0 drawn = ! ov]all mak]s ) consequ5t l>ge sav+s ( clo? 9 ! manufacture ( br[n d5im fatigue clo?+1 or soldi]s' work+ clo!s4 ,at "o "t practically e ov]all factory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 mak+ fatigue clo?+ = ! ,army1 aft] ,g54 ,p]%+ _h cabl$ an ord] = #c1jjj1jjj g>m5ts to be deliv]$ 9 #ij days4 ,9 mak+ ! soldi]s' b>rack bags1 9 :i* !y pack _! clo?+ & p]sonal effects1 ! manufactur]s 9 cutt+ out ! patt]n left a #c-;in* /rip ( clo?4 ,army (fic]s discov]$ ^! #c-;in* /rips & also not$ ! fact t e b>rack bag mu/ be provid$ ) a draw-/r+4 ,! specifications 7 !reupon *ang$ s t ^! #c-;in* /rips c\ld be us$ z draw-/r+s 9 ! b>rack bags1 a trifl+ economy app>5tly1 yet am\nt+ to a sav+ ( #f c5ts 9 ! co/ ( ea* "o ( millions ( ^! bags4 ,a va/ am\nt ( t5tage 0 requir$1 n only = t5ts !mselves1 b also = su* articles z paul9s1 t5t cov]s1 b$ rolls & clo?+ rolls1 canvas bas9s & buckets1 bags = /akes1 tool bags1 coal bags1 & mail bags1 c>go cov]s1 wagon cov]s1 horse cov]s1 & _m simil> articles4 ,valuable "w 0 done 9 sub/itut+ cotton ?read = l954 ,l95 ?read became s sc>ce t ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t comm&e]$ ! :ole supply4 ,?is work$ havoc 9 ! %oe indu/ry1 & z a result ! ,c\ncil ( ,national ,def5se secur$ f ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t en\gh l95 ?read to take c>e ( ! ,army %oe contracts4 ,nev]!less x 0 discov]$ t cotton ?read might be sub/itut$ = l95 9 _m indu/ries4 ,9 fact1 x (t5 prov$ to be bett] ?an l954 ,valuable /&>d te/s = wat]pro( clo? 7 also work$ out4 ,^! te/s 7 develop$ at ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 a bran* ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,9 ^! te/s clo? 0 requir$ to )/& a deluge ( wat] equival5t 9 int5sity to a tropical ra91 & also to und]go a dry temp]ature ( #abj ,fahr5heit4 ,!re 7 also te/s to det]m9e "u :at conditions ! clo? w\ld mildew4 ,^! te/s are expect$ to h a use 9 ! wat]pro(-goods indu/ry 9 normal times4 ,ano!r important contribution ( ! ,army to peace-"t indu/ry 0 ! design ( ! ov]-suit = ! use ( truck driv]s4 ,?is 0 a wat]pro( g>m5t1 air-tight & cold-pro(4 ,x is expect$ t ?is new g>m5t w cont9ue 9 comm]cial use4 ,! pr9cipal items ( rubb] goods b\ght by ! ,army 7 rubb] boots & ov]%oes1 ra9coats1 & slick]s4 ,! production ( rubb] boots = ! ,army took practically ! entire capacity ( all mills 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! rubb] boot manufactur]s hav+ pl$g$ !mselves to discont9ue _! civilian bus9ess until ! ne$s ( ! ,gov]nm5t 7 tak5 c>e (4 ,( diff]5t types ( rubb] boots1 ! pur*ases 7 consid]ably ov] #d1jjj1jjj pairs1 at ! co/ ( #bj1ejj1jjj4 ,incid5tally !re 0 work$ out an improvem5t 9 rubb] boots to prev5t !m f bli/]+ ! heels ( we>]s4 ,x 0 discov]$ t a rubb] boot bli/]s ! heel because x rubs slightly z ! we>] walks1 no matt] h[ well fitt$ to ! foot ! boot may be4 ,to ! specifications = ! ,army's rubb] boots 0 add$ ! requirem5t t /raps be incorporat$ 9 ! article to be buckl$ bo? ar\nd ! ankle & ar\nd ! in/ep1 ?us hold+ ! boot s t x c n slip4 ,ra9coats caus$ a good deal ( tr\ble1 z !re 0 n a suffici5t manufactur+ capacity 9 ?is c\ntry to meet ! requirem5ts4 ,practically all /ocks ( comm]cial ra9coats 7 pur*as$1 on ! !ory t ev5 a poor cov] 0 bett] ?an none4 ,z ^! g>m5ts 7 made = civilian use1 !y 7 n built accord+ to ,army specifications1 & consid]able criticism 0 made z to _! quality4 ,:5 ! manufacture ( ra9coats comm5c$ on a l>ge scale1 _m new conc]ns w5t into ! bus9ess1 & "s ( !m1 ei!r ?r\gh lack ( exp]i5ce or ?r\gh c>elessness or int5t1 made g>m5ts t 7 n prop]ly cem5t$4 ,?is l$ to inve/igations & indictm5ts4 ,! total pur*ases ( pon*os1 ra9coats1 & slick]s am\nt$ to ab\t #aj1jjj1jjj g>m5ts1 co/+ ov] #df1jjj1jjj4 ,9 all #g1jjj1jjj s]vice hats ( felt 7 manufactur$ on ord]s plac$ by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,! felt = ^! hats 0 made ( rabbit fur import$ f ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 & ,russia & produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,hats 7 made pr9cipally at ,danbury1 ,conn41 & ,fall ,riv]1 ,mass41 ) small] s\rces ( supply at ,yonk]s & ,peekskill1 ,n4 ,y41 & ,read+1 ,pa4 ,! num]\s requirem5ts ( ! ,army = pill[s creat$ a %ortage 9 fea!rs4 ,9 all !re 7 manufactur$ on ,gov]nm5t ord] #ejj1jjj pill[s weigh+ #b p\nds ea*4 ,x _h be5 ! orig9al int5tion to fill ^! pill[s ) duck fea!rs2 b :5 ! ,am]ican duck-fea!r supply 0 exhau/$ & ?\s&s ( ! ducks ( ,*9a _h giv5 up _! plumage = ! com=t ( ! ,am]ican soldi]s1 & /ill !re 7 n en\gh fea!rs = ! pill[s1 adult]ations ) goose fea!rs & o!r light plumage 7 p]mitt$4 ,! procurem5t ( lea!r = ! ,army1 bo? ! raw mat]ial & ! f9i%$ products ( lea!r1 0 "o ( ! mo/ important und]tak+s1 ! pr9cipal w> uses = lea!r be+ 9 %oes = ! soldi]s & 9 h>ness = ! horses & mules4 ,:5 ! ,gov]nm5t ent]$ ! lea!r m>ket x f\nd a high level ( prices1 due to ! l>ge quantities ( lea!r & lea!r equipm5t :i* ,am]ica _h be5 export+ to ! ,european nations at w>4 ,! tann]s 7 call$ toge!r1 & !y came to an agreem5t ) ! ,gov]nm5t z to ! prices ( all grades ( equipm5t :i* ! ,army expect$ to buy4 ,! pack]s next agre$ on a maximum price = hides suitable = ,army lea!rs4 ,! ,gov]nm5t took an option on #gej1jjj hides !n 9 ! h&s ( ! pack]s4 ,by consult+ ) ! indu/ry at all times ! ,gov]nm5t (fic]s 7 able to /abilize prices ( lea!r4 ,! price ( h>ness lea!r1 :i* 0 orig9ally fix$ at #ff c5ts p] p\nd1 0 advanc$ only #d c5ts dur+ ! #ah mon?s ( ! w> p]iod1 :ile russet lea!r nev] advanc$ m ?an #d c5ts p] p\nd above ! #a4jc fix$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! w>4 ,z ! /ocks ( lea!r on h& dim9i%$ x became necess>y to /imulate ! production ( lea!r goods1 & !re 0 =m$ a hide & lea!r control bo>d1 ) a repres5tative on x f ea* bran* ( ! trade1 "o = h>ness1 "o = sole lea!r1 "o = upp] lea!r1 & "o = ! %eepsk9 trade4 ,?is bo>d also inspect$ lea!r at all ! tann]ies & ! f9i%$ lea!r 9 ! v>i\s factories1 a c\rse ( action :i* result$ 9 great improvem5t 9 ! quality ( lea!r1 p>ticul>ly 9 lea!r us$ 9 %oemak+4 ,at ! outset ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,corps1 ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 ! ,signal ,corps1 ! ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5t1 ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t1 ! ,navy1 & ! ,m>9e ,corps 7 all buy+ lea!r or lea!r equipm5t1 & ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 & ! ,r$ ,cross 7 also 9 ! m>ket = l>ge am\nts ( lea!r mat]ials4 ,^! activities1 except ^? ( ! ,navy & ,m>9e ,corps1 7 all ev5tually br\ght "u ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,clo?+ & ,equipage ,division1 ?us virtually elim9at+ competition 9 ! lea!r m>ket4 ,at ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice x is safe to say !re 0 en\gh lea!r equipm5t1 ei!r 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates or 9 ,france1 or 9 process ( manufacture "h1 to meet ! ne$s ( #e1jjj1jjj m54 ,lea!r equipm5t 0 available at all times4 ,! pr9cipal items ( lea!r 7 h>nesses1 %oes1 j]k9s1 gloves1 & mitt5s4 ,9 all1 #ge1jjj1jjj 0 sp5t = h>ness & lea!r equipm5t4 ,! procurem5t ( saddles 9 itself 0 a h>d problem1 s9ce !re 7 only ?ree or f\r mak]s ( saddletrees 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & only "o ( ^! c\ld get ! a% or basswood requir$4 ,! division induc$ v>i\s furniture factories to in/all ! special la!s requir$ = turn+ saddletrees1 & 9 ?is way built up eight factories1 :i* gave u suffici5t capacity4 ,belt+ manufactur]s & manufactur]s ( %oes 7 educat$ 9 ! art ( produc+ ! lea!r = ! saddles4 ,! ,army h>ness is ( russet lea!r1 a product = :i* !re is no comm]cial dem&4 ,! result is t surpluses ( ,army h>ness c n be dispos$ ( to advantage4 ,illu/ration3 ,die+ ,out ,upp]s ) ,click+ ,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,pull+ ,upp] ,ov] ,la/4 ,,manufactur+ ,,army ,,%oes4 ,illu/ration3 ,/it*+ ,vamp to ,qu>t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,atta*+ ,heels4 ,,manufactur+ ,,army ,,%oes4 ,! =m] ,am]ican ,army %oe built on ! ,munson la/ & kn[n z ! russet m>*+ %oe 0 ma*9e sew$1 _h an upp] ( calfsk9 ) ! r\gh side turn$ 91 & 0 l9$ ) duck4 ,?is %oe prov$ to be %ort liv$ :5 subject$ to ! sev]e s]vice 9 ,france4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> a new %oe 0 design$ = tr5* s]vice4 ,?is 0 a mu* heavi] %oe & ! calfsk9 ( ! upp] 0 turn$ r\gh side out4 ,!re 0 no l9+ 9 ! %oe4 ,! %oe _h two heavy soles1 ! out] "o be+ hobnail$4 ,yet ?is %oe1 too1 prov$ to be unsatisfactory = ! s]vice4 ,! upp]s wore fairly well1 b ! soles c\ld n /& ! con/ant subm]g+ 9 mud & wat]4 ,! dem&s ( tr5* s]vice ev5tually l$ to ! design ( :at 0 call$ ! ,p]%+ %oe4 ,?is 0 a %oe ) ?ree heavy soles1 /it*$1 screw$1 & nail$ toge!r4 ,x _h /eel re9=cem5ts on toe & heel4 ,! out] sole 0 /udd$ ) hobnails4 ,! orig9al requisitions f ,france = ?is %oe call$ = lea!r tann$ ) b>k4 ,z b>k tann+ is practically obsolete 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to-day1 x 0 necess>y to g into ! tann]ies & build up :at 0 virtually a new indu/ry4 ,x may be m5tion$ t ! design = ! ,p]%+ %oe 0 complet$ 9 #cj days4 ,! culm9ation ( ! %oe developm5t 0 ! model kn[n z ! ,victory %oe4 ,?is model correct$ c]ta9 defects 9 ! ,p]%+ %oe4 ,! ,p]%+ %oe 0 prone to rip along ! back /ays1 & ! upp] did n fit snugly4 ,9 ! ,victory %oe ! entire back ( ! upp] 0 "o piece4 ,at "o "t #eb %oe factories 9 #ac ,/ates 7 work+ on ,army %oe contracts4 ,a s*eme ( pack+ %oes = ov]seas %ipm5t 9 burlap bags in/ead ( 9 boxes 0 work$ out1 & x result$ 9 sav+ a great deal ( space on bo>d %ip4 ,ma*9]y & tools = ! %oe repair %ops ( ! salvage division 7 pur*as$ by ! ,clo?+ & ,equipage ,division4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "t t ,uncle ,sam _h ev] act$ z cobbl] = 8 soldi]s4 ,ab\t #b1jjj ma*9es = repair+ %oes 7 b\ght1 besides "s #bh1jjj repair kits1 ea* "o ( :i* co/ #ace4 ,among ! items ( supplies = ! ,army %oe repair %ops may be not$ #bj1jjj1jjj pairs ( half soles4 ,a %oe wat]pro(+ grease1 or dubb91 z x is call$1 :i* _h no odor & :i* w\ld n turn rancid1 0 develop$4 ,! exp]ts work$ closely ) (fic]s 9 ! field 9 tra9+ soldi]s 9 ! c>e ( %oes to make !m la/ z long z possible4 ,e man :o receiv$ a new pair ( %oes 0 requir$ to break ! pair 9 by /&+ 9 !m 9 wat] = a c]ta9 p]iod & !n walk+ = an h\r until ! %oes dri$ on 8 feet4 ,! m5 7 caution$ n to dry _! %oes by plac+ !m too closely to any heat+ app>atus1 z ?is %ort5s ! life ( ! lea!r4 ,good c>e ( ! soldi]'s feet has long be5 /&>d ,army practice ) u4 ,no soldi] 9 #aiag & #aiah 0 p]mitt$ to we> d>n$ socks1 unless he wore two pairs at once4 ,at regul> int]vals (fic]s inspect$ _! m5's feet1 treat$ any bli/]s or sores t might exi/1 & du/$ ! feet ) p[d]4 ,bad %oe fitt+ means foot tr\bles1 leg tr\bles1 & sometimes ev5 sp9al & m5tal tr\bles4 ,e4 ,j4 ,bliss1 a ,bo/on manufactur] ( %oes1 develop$ a %oe fitt+ sy/em :i* 0 adopt$ z be+ unexcell$4 ,! fitt] 0 an implem5t ab\t l a roll] skate1 ) movable w+s on ! sides & a movable plung] 9 front ( ! toes4 ,! soldi] to be fitt$ equipp$ himself ) rifle & load$ pack4 ,) ?is weight on 8 %\ld]s he /epp$ bo? feet ^u ! skate-l devices & !n rais$ on ! balls ( 8 feet1 until ! weight & movem5t press$ out ! w+s z f> z !y w\ld g & advanc$ ! front plung]s4 ,) ! size ?us automatically det]m9$1 ! next /ep 0 to *eck ! accuracy ( x4 ,?is 0 done by ins]t+ a pair ( implem5ts ) knob-l ends 9 ! toes ( ! %oes1 ! implem5ts j fill+ ! space 9 front ( ! soldi]'s toes4 ,we>+ %oes & implem5ts1 ! soldi] !n walk$ ab\t ! room1 /epp$ ^u a plat=m1 climb$ a cleat$ ramp1 & o!rwise simulat$ actual s]vice dem&$ ( %oes 9 ! field4 ,if ! *eck+ implem5ts 9 ! %oes did n hurt 8 toes ! fit 0 reg>d$ z correct4 ,clo?+ & equipage produc$ & %ipp$ to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces ,apr4 #f1 #aiag1 to ,nov4 #aa1 #aiah4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,produc$4 ,%ipp$ ov]seas4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,blankets #ai1dai1jjj #c1abg1jjj ,coats1 d5im #aj1bch1jjj #c1dbc1jjj ,coats1 wool #ab1cfe1jjj #c1hga1jjj ,draw]s1 summ] #ch1aah1jjj #c1hhi1jjj ,draw]s1 w9t] #cc1gff1jjj #aj1hab1jjj ,ov]coats #g1gdh1jjj #a1ghj1jjj ,%irts1 flannel #bb1aih1jjj #f1dja1jjj ,%oes1 m>*+ & field #bf1dbc1jjj #i1acf1jjj ,/ock+s1 wool1 light & heavy #hi1hga1jjj #bi1gcc1jjj ,tr\s]s & bree*es1 wool #ag1cdb1jjj #f1aia1jjj ,und]%irts1 summ] #dj1hie1jjj #d1efg1jjj ,und]%irts1 w9t] #bh1hfi1jjj #aa1abf1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,qu>t]ma/] ,,und]tak+s4 ,s]gt4 ,irv+ ,b]l91 "o ( ! f\nta9 s\rces ( ,am]ican jazz music1 f\nd a special job cut out = him :5 he 0 draft$ into ! milit>y s]vice4 ,! ne$s ( ! w> ma*9e call$ ^u a wide range ( individual tal5ts1 & ?is range did n exclude ! arti/s4 ,! pa9t]s engag$ 9 cam\flage "w & made sket*es & pictures ( su* ?+s z unusual surgical op]ations = ! p]man5t records ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! poets fir$ ! zeal ( ! c\ntry1 & ! musicians inspir$ ! soldi]s by provid+ !m ) music4 ,! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces z !y grew 9 size f\nd !mselves possess$ ( "s #cij regim5tal b&s4 ,^! b&s organiz$ !mselves1 ga!r$ su* music z !y c\ld get1 practic$1 & pres5tly regal$ ! soldi]s ( units to :i* !y 7 atta*$2 & !n ! inevitable happ5$--!y play$ & play$ ! same old pieces until _! audi5ces ye>n$ = some?+ new4 ,"o day a cry ( di/ress trickl$ ?r\gh ! cables1 & !n ! plight ( ! hapless lov] ( b& music 9 ,france became ! problem ( ! qu>t]ma/] organization 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 result+ 9 ! l>ge/ pur*ase ( b& music ev] made1 #bjj1jjj %eets ( x1 co/+ ne>ly #ej1jjj4 ,! music problem ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 0 put into ! h&s ( a special committee ( ?ree well-kn[n au?orities 9 ! musical _w4 ,s]gt4 ,b]l9 0 ! au?ority on popul> numb]s2 ,lieut4 ,r4 ,c4 ,dem+1 ! b&ma/] at ,camp ,meigs1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 0 ! memb] 9 *>ge ( ! c]emonial numb]s2 :ile ,mr4 ,w>d ,/eph5s1 ! well-kn[n compos]1 organi/1 & accompani/1 0 9 *>ge ( ! conc]t$ numb]s4 ,?is committee pick$ out a rep]toire ( #ccc selections1 consi/+ ( #agb conc]t pieces1 #dc c]emonial numb]s1 & #aah popul> numb]s4 ,f\r hundr$ complete sets ( ^! 7 b\ght1 "o = ea* ( ! #cij b&s ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 ) #aj sets z a res]ve4 ,! music 0 b\ght f "s #bg music publi%]s1 ! l>ge/ suppli]s be+ ,c>l ,fis*]1 ! ,wat]son1 ,b]l9 ,snyd] ,co41 ! ,leo ,fei/ ,co41 ! ,j]ome ,h4 ,remick ,co41 & ,g4 ,s*irm] 7,inc471 all ( ,new ,york1 & ! ,oliv] ,ditson ,co41 ( ,bo/on4 ,ea* complete set 0 pack$ 9 a sep>ate case s t ea* case ^u arrival 9 ,france c\ld be s5t imm$iately to a b& ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces )\t be+ di/urb$4 ,! sort+ & pack+ ( ?is consignm5t ( %eet music 0 h&l$ by ,s]gt4 ,b]l9 & a /aff ( te*nical musical assi/ants1 :o1 at 8 reque/1 contribut$ _! s]vices4 ,! supply ( music 0 b "o ( hundr$s ( ent]prises requir$ to make ! ,army effici5t1 com=table1 & happy1 q aside f ! m obvi\s ones ( supply+ guns & ammunition1 artill]y1 a]ial obs]vation1 & food & clo?+4 ,& ^! scatt]$ und]tak+s 9 milit>y supplies acc\nt$ = ! exp5diture ( hundr$s ( millions ( doll>s4 ,ne>ly all ( !m 7 qu>t]ma/] ent]prises4 ,b be=e we lift ! curta9 on ?is1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ bran*es ( our milit>y prep>ation1 involv+1 z x did1 ! sci5tific solution ( problems rang+ f ! production ( sup]-gasol9e = ! fight+ airplanes to ! prop] & mo/ economical me?od ( cutt+ up ! c>cass ( a /e]1 let u cont9ue ! musical ov]ture by obs]v+ h[ ! ,army secur$ its b& in/rum5ts4 ,!re 0 a special bran* ( ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,corps :i* conc]n$ itself exclusively ) ! musical requirem5ts ( ! ,army4 ,?is bran* b\ght 9 all approximately #adc1jjj musical in/rum5ts4 ,^! 7 secur$ at a sav+ ( ab\t #ejj1jjj "u ! prices :i* ! ,gov]nm5t _h be5 pay+ = su* in/rum5ts prior to ! w>4 ,)\t go+ into ! details ( h[ ?is economy 0 effect$1 "o typical in/ance may be cit$4 ,= ye>s x _h be5 ! cu/om ( manufactur]s ( musical in/rum5ts to embelli% ! trumpets & brass horns ( b&sm5 ) engrav+1 *as+s1 & o!r m>k+s4 ,^! 7 decorative only & _h no?+ to d ) ! quality ( tone produc$4 ,by elim9at+ all su* m>k+s f ! specifications1 a sub/antial sav+ 9 co/ 0 atta9$4 ,! pr9cipal suppli]s ( musical in/rum5ts 7 ! ,wm4 ,frank ,co41 ( ,*icago2 ,j4 ,m4 ,york ,son1 ( ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*42 & ! ,h4 ,m4 ,:ite ,co41 ( ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,c4 ,s4 ,conn ,co41 ( ,elkh>t1 ,ind42 ! ,eug5e ,geisl] ,co41 ( ,*icago2 & ! ,rudolph ,wurlitz] ,co41 ( ,c9c9nati1 also suppli$ sev]al ?\s& musical in/rum5ts4 ,,fuel1 ,,oil1 ,,& ,,pa9ts4 ,dur+ ! mon?s ( ho/ilities ! ,am]ican public 0 con/antly in=m$ 9 adv]tis+ lit]ature t fuel w\ld w9 ! w>1 & inde$ fuel w\ld w9 x1 & did w9 x1 9 ! s5se t )\t fuel or ) any grave %ortage ( fuel we c\ld n h won4 ,9 ?is s5se !re 0 no commodity contribut+ to success 9 ! great drama m important ?an coal4 ,coal n only furni%$ ! p[] t transport$ ! khaki-clad millions to ,france1 b x furni%$ ! manufactur+ p[] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & suppli$ ! coke1 :i* is ess5tial to ! manufacture ( /eel1 ?us ent]+ into e rifle & piece ( artill]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m9+ ,,coal ,,= ,,! ,,gov]nm5t',s ,,ne$s ,,) ,,electrically ,,op]at$ ,,ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 #f-,,ton ,,electric ,,locomotive ,,pull+ ,a ,,/r+ ,,( ,,coal ,,c>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pick+ ,,tables ,,& ,,load+ ,,booms ,,9 ,a ,,we/ ,,virg9ia ,,coal ,,m9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tw5ty-,,ton ,,electric ,,locomotive ,,br++ ,,coal ,,out ,,( ,,m9e4 ,am]ica began keep+ ! records ( coal m9+ 9 ! ye> #ahjg4 ,woodr[ ,wilson 0 inaugurat$ ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiac4 ,9 ! #ajf ye>s betwe5 #ahjg & #aiac1 & includ+ ^? ye>s1 ,am]ican m9es produc$ a total ( #i1hdd1aei1icg tons ( coal4 ,9 ! succe$+ five ye>s ( ,presid5t ,wilson's adm9i/ration ,am]ican m9es turn$ out #b1ifj1ich1eig tons ( coal1 almo/ "o-?ird z mu* z 0 m9$ 9 ! entire #ahjg-aiac p]iod1 & almo/ "o-f\r? ( all ! coal m9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s9ce records h be5 kept4 ,! ,am]ican coal m9]s 9 #aiah met ! w> em]g5cy by produc+ #aej1jjj1jjj tons ( coal m ?an !y _h dug 9 #aiad4 ,! %ortage ( coal 9 ! w9t] ( #aiag-ah 0 due n to ! inability ( ! m9es to produce ! requir$ tonnage b to inadequate railroad transportation facilities & sev]e wea!r conditions4 ,! w>-coal project 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fuel ,adm9i/ration1 b ! (fice ( ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,g5]al assi/$ 9 ! ef=t4 ,army (fic]s 7 /ation$ at ! (fices ( ! v>i\s di/rict repres5tatives ( ! ,fuel ,adm9i/ration ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,^! (fic]s kept 9 con/ant t\* ) ! factories mak+ w> supplies & saw to x t coal 0 div]t$ f less ess5tial ent]prises to ! munitions factories4 ,?is s]vice op]at$ ) su* excell5t effect t few manufactur]s work+ on ,gov]nm5t contracts 7 compell$ to susp5d op]ations because ( ! lack ( fuel1 & ^? :o did h to susp5d 7 able to resume aga9 )9 a few days4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aiah ! usual seasonal slack 9 ! dem& = fuel 0 tak5 up by ! action ( ! fuel bran* 9 absorb+ practically all ( ! excess coal 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & /or+ x at ,army po/s1 camps1 & /ations4 ,?is action kept ! m9es work+ at maximum capacity dur+ a p]iod :5 !re is normally a curtailm5t 9 output4 ,( c\rse1 at ! "t !re 0 no realization t ! fight+ 0 to end s soon1 & ?is policy 0 adopt$ 9 prep>ation = un*eck$ indu/rial activity dur+ ! w9t] ( #aiah-ai4 ,! ,army itself 0 a heavy us] ( fuel1 requir+ x n only at its v>i\s manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts b also at ! great camps = heat+ purposes4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! ,army pur*ases ( fuel = ! cal5d> ye> #aiah4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,am\nt4 ,co/4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,an?racite coal tons #gaj1cjd #d1cfb1bcg ,bitum9\s coal d4 #b1gjf1gcg #aa1gaa1cce ------------------------ ,total #c1dag1jda #af1jgc1egb ,coke d4 #i1egf #hj1fdc ,wood cords #ghf1agg #e1agh1afa ------------------------ ,total fuel #ba1ccb1cgf ---------------------------------------- --------- ,! ,army 0 an enorm\s consum] ( oil1 ! total oil pur*ases1 bo? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,france1 9 ! n9e-mon? p]iod f ,april #a to ,decemb] #ca1 #aiah1 am\nt+ to #cj1ebb1hcg4 ,!re 7 #di items 9 ! oil-pur*as+ s*$ule = ! troops 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone1 includ+ lubricat+ oils1 fuel oils1 oils = pa9ts & v>ni%es1 gasol9e = motor trucks & airplanes1 axle grease1 floor oil1 temp]+ oil1 oil = ! pres]vation & wat]pro(+ ( %oes1 h>ness1 & o!r lea!r equipm5t1 & num]\s o!r v>ieties ( oils4 ,! gasol9e pur*ases 7 heavie/ ( all1 ,army motor trucks & c>s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates requir+ #dhd1bhb b>rels ( x1 wor? #e1ddh1egj1 9 ! n9e mon?s betwe5 ,april #a & ,decemb] #ca1 #aiah4 ,! ,am]ican ,army motor trucks & c>s ) ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 7 suppli$ ) #gjc1ajd b>rels1 wor? #aj1ajd1dcg1 9 ! same p]iod4 ,= ,army airplanes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! same mon?s !re 7 pur*as$ #cjf1jhb b>rels ( special aviation gasol9e1 at a co/ ( #c1ijf1fej1 & = ! planes 9 ,france #adf1ghj b>rels1 wor? #b1gdh1hci4 ,to give ! ,am]ican aviator ! hotte/1 mo/ in/antane\sly explosive1 & sure/-fire gasol9e ev] produc$1 ! ,am]ican ref9]s turn$ out a naph?a along specifications drawn by ! ,gov]nm5t t 0 ! highe/ ref9em5t ( gasol9e ev] produc$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,?is 0 done by tak+ ! be/ gasol9e t _h ev] be5 produc$ 9 comm]cial quantities & giv+ x ano!r run ?r\gh ! di/ill+ retorts4 ,?us x 0 lit]ally ! cream ( ! cream1 conta9+ only ! mo/ combu/ible elem5ts ( liquid fuel & no?+ else4 ,?is ref9em5t became kn[n z #beg fight+ naph?a1 & ! ,army conf9$ its use to ! s]vice planes actually at ! front4 ,x 0 n suppli$ to ! aviation tra9+ camps1 ei!r 9 ?is c\ntry or 9 ,france4 ,9 ord] to di/+ui% ?is naph?a z ! f9e/ eng9e fuel available & to m>k x s t x w\ld n be wa/$ by accid5t 9 any use o!r ?an t ( s]vice at ! front1 x 0 color$ r$ ) anil9e dyes4 ,! ,army did n ev5 tru/ #beg fight+ naph?a to bulk transportation on tank %ips1 b /or$ x 9 /eel drums & freight$ x across ! ocean 9 ?is =m 9 c>go boats4 ,am]ica has always be5 ! l>ge/ produc] ( gasol9e1 & ! exp]i5ce & developm5t 9 ?is c\ntry has result$ 9 _m grades ( ! fuel4 ,! ord9>y comm]cial gasol9e comes 9 five grades1 ! be/ grade be+ kn[n z /raight-run gasol9e & ! o!r grades1 9 ! ord] ( _! co/ & purity1 z cas+-head1 bl5d$1 pressure-/ill1 & crack$4 ,= motor fuel = ! ,army ! qu>t]ma/] specifications w\ld accept no?+ b /raight-run gasol9e1 unbl5d$ & )\t dang]\s additions :i* h a damag+ effect ^u motor cyl9d]s4 ,?is gasol9e1 ! be/ t c\ld be b\ght by ! civilian us]s1 is kn[n z #dbh gasol9e2 & x 0 ! fuel us$ univ]sally 9 our motor trucks & motor c>s4 ,above t 7 ! ?ree grades ( gasol9e1 or r1 naph?a1 produc$ specially = ! ,am]ican ,army airplanes4 ,! l[e/ grade ( ^! 0 call$ dome/ic aviation gasol9e1 & x 0 ! be/ comm]cial gasol9e ref9$ until its boil+ po9t _h be5 br\ght d[n to #cdg ,f4 ,?is fuel 0 us$ by our aviators 9 ?is c\ntry & 0 kn[n z #cdg dome/ic aviation naph?a4 ,a /ill great] ref9em5t 0 ! spl5did #cjb export aviation naph?a1 :i* 0 us$ by planes 9 ,france1 o!r ?an ^? at ! front4 ,! fight+ naph?a 0 obta9$ by tak+ ! cream ( export aviation naph?a4 ,al?\gh pur*as$ 9 enorm\s quantities1 x co/ ! ,gov]nm5t m ?an #da c5ts a gallon4 ,! ,gov]nm5t paid slightly less ?an #bb c5ts a gallon = its motor gasol9e4 ,ano!r new developm5t 9 ! oil indu/ry br\ght ab\t by ! ,gov]nm5t's w> ne$s 0 kn[n z ,lib]ty a]o oil4 ,?is 0 an airplane lubricat+ oil ( pure m9]al orig91 a ref9$ lubricant ( excell5t viscosity & a l[ cold te/1 an oil :i* prov$ itself to be capable & reliable "u ! ev]-*ang+ atmosph]ic & pressure conditions ( me*anical flight at ! front4 ,lib]ty a]o oil 0 a success4 ,mo/ ( x :i* 0 %ipp$ ov]seas 0 made f p>aff9 base oils1 al?\gh 9 ?is c\ntry we us$ successfully _m a]o oils ( asphaltum base4 ,! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t submitt$ a requisition = a ?ree-mon?s' supply ( pure neat's-foot oil1 :i* 0 9 quantity almo/ twice ! total ,am]ican production ( neat's-foot oil 9 ! prec$+ ye>4 ,! ,gov]nm5t oil exp]ts work$ out a satisfactory sub/itute by comb9+ animal & m9]al oils4 ,?is 0 n only equal to neat's-foot oil "u te/s1 b x 0 consid]ably *eap]4 ,! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces submitt$ a ru% ord] = #f1jjj1jjj p\nds ( d>k axle grease4 ,! specifications call$ = conta9]s made ( t94 ,b x 0 almo/ impossible to secure ! t9 = su* a %ipm5t4 ,exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ ) all possible ha/e1 & ! result 0 a conta9] made ( black iron %eets treat$ ) a special v>ni% to prev5t ! moi/ure 9 ! grease f ru/+ ! iron4 ,?is conta9] prov$ to be satisfactory4 ,,bru%es4 ,(fh&1 "o w\ld sc>cely say t bru%es play any "p ( va/ importance 9 ! life ( an individual2 yet to buy ! bru%es = ! ,army requir$ a special organization1 compet5t to sp5d money by ! millions ( doll>s & get value receiv$ = x4 ,inde$ x 0 q surpris+ h[ _m bru%es 9 v>iety ! ,army requir$4 ,! too? bru%1 ! %av+ bru%1 ! hair bru%1 ! clo!s bru%1 ! %oe bru%1 & ! pa9t bru% might occur to anybody z necessities2 b ! ,army us$ all ^! & 9 addition1 arti/s' bru%es1 bottle bru%es1 *imney bru%es1 :itewa%+ bru%es1 gun-clean+ bru%es1 floor bru%es1 ro(+ bru%es1 /ove bru%es1 horse bru%es1 & doz5s ( o!r k9ds4 ,9 all1 ! ,gov]nm5t b\ght #i1bbd1baj bru%es1 at a co/ ( #c1jci1jjj4 ,x requir$ #ei factories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to manufacture ^! bru%es4 ,! mo/ num]\s class ( all 7 ! too? bru%es1 m ?an #a1ejj1jjj ( ^! be+ ord]$ f "o company alone4 ,bru%es are made f _m diff]5t mat]ials1 su* z bri/le1 horsehair1 fib] ( v>i\s k9ds1 imitation bri/le1 split quills1 & ! l1 b ! mo/ important is bri/le4 ,only a little bri/le is produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 comp>ison to ! dem& = x1 ! bulk ( ! supply com+ f ,*9a1 ,india1 ,sib]ia1 & ,russia4 ,! procurem5t ( bri/le 0 no small "p ( ! problem ( supply+ bru%es = ! ,army4 ,n "o 9 e #aj too? bru%es us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ( ,am]ican manufacture be=e ! w>1 ! re/ com+ f ,japan1 ,france1 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & ,au/ria4 ,:5 ! ,european supply 0 cut (f1 ,japan became ! pr9cipal s\rce ( supply4 ,! problem ( too? bru%es 0 fur!r complicat$ by an emb>go on bri/les com+ into ?is c\ntry & ano!r on ! export+ ( bone to ,japan4 ,! ,army b\ght no %av+ bru%es made ( horsehair1 ev5 9 "p1 s9ce horsehair is kn[n to be ! c>ri] ( ! mu* dread$ an?rax g]m4 ,! ,gov]nm5t specifi$ a %av+ bru% ) an abbreviat$ h&le1 mak+ x m conv5i5t to c>ry4 ,a h&le-less hairbru% 0 also specifi$4 ,pa9t bru%es 7 l>gely /&>diz$1 b x 0 impossible to /&>dize toilet bru%es because !re 7 n en\gh facilities 9 ! c\ntry to turn out suffici5t quantities1 if ma*9]y _h to be remodel$ to meet ,gov]nm5t specifications4 ,,roll+ ,,kit*5s4 ,^? 9 *>ge ( g5]al qu>t]ma/] pur*ases design$ & produc$ ! lib]ty roll+ field kit*51 an equipm5t :i* c\ld cook = #bjj m54 ,roll+ field kit*5s 7 n new to our ,army or ! trade1 !re be+ ab\t six types ( comm]cial kit*5s manufactur$ at ! "t we ent]$ ! w>4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7 be+ produc$ on =eign w> ord]s4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to secure a /&>diz$ kit*5 ) int]*angeable p>ts1 ?us insur+ a con/ant supply ( sp>e p>ts1 ! division design$ ! lib]ty kit*54 ,!re 7 two types ( x--! horse-drawn type & ! motor-drawn or trailmobile type4 ,ea* kit*5 consi/$ ( a /ove & a limb]4 ,! /ove unit conta9$ a bake ov5 & ?ree kettles4 ,! limb] conta9$ f\r bread boxes1 :i* 7 also us$ z wat] conta9]s1 "o cook's *e/1 f\r fireless cook]s1 & f\r kettles4 ,9 ,july1 #aiah1 contracts 7 aw>d$ = #ae1jjj complete kit*5s1 includ+ ! necess>y cook+ & camp ut5sils4 ,deliv]ies ( ^! kit*5s ev5tually rea*$ a rate ( ov] #bjj p] day4 ,two factories adopt$ & in/all$ track conveyor equipm5t on :i* ! assembl+ process 0 c>ri$ =w>d f op]ation to op]ation until ! f9i%$ kit*51 pa9t$ & box$1 0 deliv]$ to ! c> = %ipm5t to ! port ( emb>kation4 ,! kit*5s 7 pack$ ea* 9 a s+le crate1 ready to be deliv]$ to ! front aft] arriv+ 9 ,france4 ,be=e ?is kit*5 0 design$ ! ,army _h be5 pay+ f #gjj to #a1jej apiece = roll+ kit*5s4 ,! av]age price ( ! lib]ty kit*5 0 #ejb4 ,subsequ5t ord]s br\ght ! total project$ pur*ases ( mobile kit*5s to #be1jjj1 ( :i* #aj1jjj 7 ( ! animal-drawn type4 ,sub/antial %ipm5ts ( ^! kit*5s _h be5 receiv$ ov]seas be=e ho/ilities ceas$1 & 9 ,novemb] deliv]ies 7 exp&+ at a rate :i* w\ld h exce$$ sev]al times ! #c1jjj lib]ty kit*5s requir$ by ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces by ,janu>y #a1 #aiai4 ,ab\t #g1jjj roll+ kit*5s ( all types 7 %ipp$ to ,france4 ,,tools ,,& ,,tool ,,*e/s4 ,ano!r important result accompli%$ 9 ! pur*ase ( g5]al supplies 0 ! /&>dization ( tool *e/s4 ,at "o "t ! ,army 0 buy+ & us+ approximately #ajj diff]5t k9ds ( qu>t]ma/] tool *e/s4 ,a committee to /&>dize tools & tool *e/s 0 appo9t$1 & ?is committee r$uc$ ! numb] ( types ( tool *e/s to sev5 /&>diz$ ones--! c>p5t]'s *e/1 ! blacksmi?'s1 ! f>ri]'s1 ! saddl]'s1 ! electrician's1 ! plumb]'s1 & ! horse%o]'s em]g5cy *e/4 ,! committee also /&>diz$ ! tools4 ,_m v>ieties ( su* ?+s z drawknives & h&saws _h be5 pur*as$ previ\sly4 ,?is committee adopt$ a /&>d type ( draw knife & a /&>d h&saw1 & also /&>diz$ _m o!r tools4 ,/&>dization ( tool *e/s effect$ a l>ge sav+ 9 transportation space by keep+ ! dim5sions to a m9imum4 ,! /&>diz$ c>p5t]'s *e/ occupi$ #c cubic feet less space ?an ! old] type wood5 *e/4 ,s9ce at ! "t ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ! ,army 0 9 ! m>ket = approximately #ace1jjj tool *e/s ( ! sev5 /&>diz$ types1 ! sav+ 9 %ipp+ space w\ld h be5 no slight a*ievem5t4 ,b !re 0 also 9 sight an enorm\s sav+ ( money1 n to speak ( ! fact t /&>dization w\ld greatly increase ! rate ( manufactur+ ! *e/s4 ,,h>dw>e4 ,! g5]al supplies division ( ! qu>t]ma/] organization op]at$ mu* ( ! ,army's h>dw>e /ore4 ,9 ?is "w ! division n only /&>diz$ ,army tools1 b also /&>diz$ ! proportions 9 :i* ! v>i\s tools 7 b\ght4 ,?is 0 n only an int5sely int]e/+ developm5t1 b x 0 ( utmo/ importance to ! ,am]ican p1 s9ce x sav$ l>ge sums ( money & great quantities ( %ipp+ space4 ,! supply (fic]s ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces e>ly began mak+ up _! e/imates ( ! mat]ials t mu/ be produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & %ipp$ to ,france1 to ma9ta9 ! effici5cy ( an indef9itely gr[+ ,army ov] a protract$ p]iod ( "t4 ,9 ! matt] ( h>dw>e ^! e/imates came orig9ally f ! company units4 ,ea* repair unit1 = in/ance1 w\ld look ov] ! future1 & its (fic]s w\ld e/imate k9ds & quantities ( tools requir$ = su* & su* a p]iod4 ,^! little e/imates came toge!r 9 l>g] gr\ps1 & s on1 ! consolidation ( figures cont9u+ until ev5tually 9 ! case ( a c]ta9 tool !re w\ld be "o figure on file at headqu>t]s4 ,!n "o day "o ( ^? long daily cablegrams f ,france1 sign$ ,p]%+1 came to ,wa%+ton1 br++ ! future requirem5ts = tools & o!r h>dw>e4 ,!oretically x might be assum$ t ! proportion+ ( items 9 ^! requisitions w\ld be correct & t ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces might be expect$ to ne$ tools 9 ! proportions nam$4 ,( c\rse1 ,s]gt4 ,a1 9 a repair unit ) ! artill]y1 might e/imate too _m hamm]s & too few wr5*es1 b ,ma*9i/ ,x1 miles away 9 "s base %op1 might call = too _m wr5*es & too few hamm]s4 ,^! two e/imates w\ld ?us balance correctly2 &1 foll[+ out ?is l9e ( reason+1 x w\ld seem t ! entire ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces' h>dw>e requisitions1 compil$ z !y 71 w\ld be prop]ly proportion$4 ,yet :5 ^! requisitions came to ,wa%+ton & 7 f\nd to call = ! manufacture ( su* ?+s z files & bolts by ! t5s ( millions1 ! supply (fic]s "h w\ld n accept ! !ory t ! proportions ( v>i\s sizes call$ = 7 correct1 b turn$ ! se>*light ( sci5ce ^u ^! e/imates4 ,! me?od select$ ( *eck+ ^! e/imates 0 simplicity itself1 yet unique 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican indu/ry & almo/ maje/ic 9 ! scope ( its compreh5sive vision4 ,! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! procurem5t ( h>dw>e1 9 ! case ( files1 = in/ance1 simply call$ toge!r ! entire file-manufactur+ indu/ry--& t means t n a s+le manufactur] 0 ov]look$--& ask$ t indu/ry to assemble ! results ( its exp]i5ce ov] a p]iod ( ! la/ five or six ye>s4 ,ea* manufactur] w\ld %[1 = in/ance1 h[ _m flat files he _h sold ( ea* l5g? & ( ea* type ( cutt+ surface--ei!r ba/>d1 second cut1 or smoo?--h[ _m half-r\nd files1 h[ _m h& files1 h[ _m r\nd files1 h[ _m squ>e files1 h[ _m w>d+ files1 h[ _m knife files1 h[ _m tap] files1 etc41 all by l5g?s & by cutt+ surfaces4 ,?us :5 all ^! exp]i5ce figures 7 assembl$1 ! (fic]s 9 *>ge at ,wa%+ton knew exactly 9 :at proportions ! :ole ,am]ican indu/rial _w _h us$ files ( v>i\s types ?r\gh\t a consid]able p]iod ( "t4 ,?is proc$ure 0 foll[$ ) respect to _m common articles 9 h>dw>e4 ,! ,h>dw>e ,manufactur]s' ,organization = ,w> ,s]vice 0 =m$ to give j su* assi/ance1 coop]at+ up to #ajj p] c5t ( ! h>dw>e indu/ry4 ,! consolidation ( ! exp]i5ce figures 9 ,am]ican h>dw>e consumption result$ 9 a s*$ule ( supplies kn[n z ! ,army's h>dw>e t>iff1 a s*$ule %[+ ! proportions 9 :i* h>dw>e might be expect$ to be consum$4 ,! h>dw>e t>iff disclos$ "s surpris+ errors 9 ! e/imates f ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces' requisitions1 = in/ance1 _h call$ = a total ( #abg1ahj1chg bolts ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! exp]i5ce ( bolt consumption 9 ! ,am]ican indu/ry 0 able to correct ?is to a total ( #abe1bhe1jjj bolts1 or a sav+ ( ne>ly #b1jjj1jjj 9 numb] ( pieces4 ,! requisitions _h call$ = #ci1ide1deh l>ge c>riage bolts4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,am]ican consumption %[$ t only #i1gjj1jjj l>ge c>riage bolts w\ld be requir$4 ,! orig9al specifications _h call$ = #ca1hci1gda small c>riage bolts4 ,! exp]i5ce 9 ,am]ican consumption %[$ t #fj1cjj1jjj w\ld be necess>y4 ,9 o!r words1 ! (f-h& e/imates ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces _h call$ = #cj1jjj1jjj too _m l>ge c>riage bolts & ne>ly #cj1jjj1jjj too few small c>riage bolts4 ,! specifications f ,france call$ = #e1jjj1jjj /ove bolts ( ! five-eigh?s-in* dim5sion4 ,s9ce ?is size 0 n us$ or 0 n made at all by /ove-bolt manufactur]s1 ! item 0 cancel$1 & #b1jjj1jjj small]-dim5sion bolts sub/itut$4 ,all bolts 7 suppli$ 9 quantities & proportions det]m9$ by foll[+ ! proportions ( ! sci5tific t>iff4 ,!y 7 %ipp$ to ,france 9 ^! proportions1 :5ce reports f ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces %[$ t ! quantities s5t completely cov]$ ! ne$s ( ! troops 9 ! field4 ,! sav+ 9 ! manufacture ( bolts alone came to ne>ly #d1jjj1jjj1 & ?is says no?+ ( ! sav+ 9 railroad & ocean freight *>ges1 or ! /ill m important sav+ 9 ocean tonnage space1 s9ce ! bolts suppli$ accord+ to ! sci5tific t>iff occupi$ _m hundr$s ( cubic feet less space ?an ! bolts orig9ally specifi$ w\ld h fill$4 ,! same proc$ure 0 foll[$ 9 ! supply+ ( files4 ,! h>dw>e manufactur]s consult$ _! records & on ! basis ( actual consumption 9 ,am]ican indu/ry discov]$ t a repair unit consi/+ ( a ma*9e %op1 a horse%oe+ %op1 a blacksmi? %op1 & a woodwork+ %op1 ) #aa me*anics work+ 9 ! unit1 w\ld consume #cje doz5 files p] ye>1 ! exp]i5ce tables %[+ precisely ! proportions ( ! v>i\s sizes ( files 9 ?is consumption4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces reque/$ #dci1bjj doz5 files1 ! quantities ( ea* size1 k9d1 & /yle z specifi$ 9 ! requisition f ,france 7 disreg>d$1 & ! s-call$ t>iff proportions sub/itut$4 ,! files z suppli$ n only prov$ adequate 9 numb] 9 e /yle1 b !y co/ #bej1jjj less ?an x w\ld h co/ to fill ! orig9al ord]4 ,moreov]1 by us+ t>iff sizes ! indu/ry 0 able to make imm$iate %ipm5ts & to run at full production f ! />t1 s9ce x ne$$ only to produce files 9 ! proportions kn[n 9 ! regul> trade4 ,:at 0 done ) bolts & files 0 done 9 _m o!r l9es ( h>dw>e4 ,:5 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces saw t its h>dw>e 0 com+ 9 correct quantities1 its (fic]s notifi$ ! h>dw>e supply organization to %ip all tools & h>dw>e mat]ials 9 accordance ) ! s-call$ t>iffs4 ,! executive committee ( ! ,h>dw>e ,manufactur]s' ,association = ,w> ,s]vice1 :i* made possible ?is a*ievem5t 9 comm]cial sci5ce1 consi/$ ( ,messrs4 ,murray ,s>g5t1 ,alex&] ,/anley1 ,*>les ,w4 ,asbury1 ,fayette ,r4 ,plumb1 & ,isaac ,black4 ,! /&>dization ( proportions 9 ! h>dw>e supply succe$$ 9 cutt+ an orig9al requisition ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces = #h1gej t9n]s' ma*9es to #hfj1 & an orig9al requisition = #ba1fjj t9n]s' assort$ groov]s to #bdj1 & /ill met e ne$ ( ! ,army's t9 %ops 9 ,france4 ,! ,army h>dw>e (fice 0 also call$ ^u to supply su* small h>dw>e z fa/5]s = gas-mask knapsacks & pi/ol hol/]s1 & "s metallic p>ts = c>tridge belts & simil> goods4 ,less ?an two mon?s be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ord]s 7 9 sight = ! manufacture ( "s #ejj1jjj1jjj pieces ( ^! small metallic devices4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 to be made ( brass4 ,! uses ( ! ,army 9 ,octob]1 #aiah1 7 call+ = ^! articles 9 su* quantities t x requir$ approximately #bej1jjj p\nds ( brass p] work+ day to meet ! dem&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ambulance ,,body ,,box$ ,,= ,,%ipm5t ,,ov]seas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,photo ,,%[+ ,,me?od ,,( ,,crat+ ,,*assis ,,= ,,ov]seas ,,%ipm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,view ,,( ,,coat ,,factory ,,op]at$ ,,by ,,! ,,philadelphia ,,qu>t]ma/] ,,depot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,view ,,( ,,flag ,,& ,,*evron ,,factory ,,op]at$ ,,by ,,! ,,philadelphia ,,qu>t]ma/] ,,depot4 ,at "o "t !re came an ord] to procure #ace1jjj1jjj /ud fa/5]s )9 approximately #ij days4 ,! result 0 t "o manufactur]1 :o _h be5 produc+ #djj1jjj su* fa/5]s 9 a day succe$$ 9 rais+ 8 production to #a1jjj1jjj p] day1 & ?is 0 only typical ( ! expansion else:]e 9 ! indu/ry4 ,! dem&s ( ! ,army ov]tax$ ! brass roll+-mill capacity ( ! l&4 ,z a result ! h>dw>e speciali/s inve/igat$ ! possibility ( sub/itut+ iron & /eel = brass1 & ^! sub/itutes 7 "u consid]ation :5 ! w> came to an end4 ,va/ quantities ( l>ge sizes ( rope 7 reque/$ = ov]seas to replace /eel hoi/+ cables1 :i* c\ld n be secur$ 9 suffici5t quantities4 ,/&>d specifications drawn by ! ,gov]nm5t 9 coop]ation ) rope manufactur]s insur$ ! supply to ! ,army ( rope only ( ! highe/ grades4 ,approximately #ad1jjj1jjj p\nds ( manila rope1 #b1ejj1jjj p\nds ( halt] rope1 & #b1jjj1jjj p\nds ( cotton & jute tw9e 7 pur*as$ at a co/ ( approximately #i1jjj1jjj4 ,army h>dw>e m5 b\ght #a1ecd1fgi axes1 at a co/ ( #a1hch1igi4 ,!y b\ght #a1bef1iid %ovels at a co/ ( #a1adj1dab1 & #dbe1ebb wr5*es co/+ #cie1ggf4 ,!y pur*as$ #chj1geb fire ext+ui%]s at a co/ ( #a1gfa1gaa4 ,!y pur*as$ #b1fba1eba safety razors & #de1cjj1jjj safety razor blades1 ! razors co/+ #c1aga1hjf & ! blades #a1cah1gej4 ,^! items select$ at r&om give "s idea ( ! ext5t ( ! ,army's h>dw>e bus9ess4 ,,qu>t]ma/] ,,factory ,,ent]prises4 ,x may n be g5]ally kn[n t ! ,qu>t]ma/] organization 0 an ext5sive manufactur] ( w> goods 9 ,gov]nm5t %ops4 ,9 ano!r *apt] has be5 describ$ ! me?od by :i* ! ,army 0 suppli$ ) clo?+4 ,:ile _m ( ! clo?+ contractors 7 private manufactur]s1 ! ,gov]nm5t itself manufactur$ m uni=ms ?an x secur$ f any s+le outside s\rce4 ,!re 7 two ,gov]nm5t uni=m factories--"o at ! plant ( ! ,philadelphia ,qu>t]ma/] ,depot & ! o!r at ! ,jeff]sonville 7,ind47 ,qu>t]ma/] ,depot4 ,! ,philadelphia factory also manufactur$ *evrons1 flags1 & t5ts4 ,! ,jeff]sonville depot produc$ army %irts 9 addition to out] clo?+4 ,! ,jeff]sonville depot exp&$ 9 size dur+ ! w> until x became ! l>ge/ %irt manufactur+ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ! ,philadelphia uni=m factory 0 rapidly ga9+ ! em95ce ( be+ ! l>ge/ clo?+ manufactur+ plant 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! total value ( ! articles manufactur$ by ! ,philadelphia ,qu>t]ma/] ,depot dur+ ! w> 0 #bf1bcj1jjj4 ,! g>m5t factory at ,philadelphia 0 />t$ 9 ,june1 #aiah1 & 9 five mon?s x turn$ out #gea1hhc g>m5ts & #de1egh flags ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,x 0 work+ t[>d an output ( #ab1jjj pairs ( tr\s]s & #f1jjj wool5 coats p] day4 ,!re 7 #c1jjj employees 9 ! %op & #b1jjj outside seam/resses4 ,! outside seam/resses made d5im jump]s & tr\s]s1 :ite clo?+1 & olive drab %irts1 ! production ( %irts alone rea*+ a total ( #a1cei1hja g>m5ts4 ,! ,philadelphia factory atta9$ an output ( #e1jjj pairs ( *evrons p] day1 mo/ ( !m embroid]$ by h& or by ma*9]y4 ,be=e ! w> ! ,philadelphia factory _h a maximum capacity ( #fh pyramidal t5ts p] day4 ,?is output 0 rais$ to #cjj p] day4 ,! ,jeff]sonville uni=m factory 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,febru>y1 #aiah4 ,jeff]sonville is j a few m9utes' ride f ,l\isville1 ,ky41 :i* is a clo?+ c5t]1 & !re=e !re 0 little tr\ble 9 secur+ exp]i5c$ work]s4 ,! factory 0 op]at$ day & night ) two %ifts1 ea* work+ eight h\rs4 ,! plant rea*$ a capacity ( #gej wool5 coats & #a1ejj pairs ( wool5 tr\s]s p] day4 ,! sal>ies ( ! wom5 employees rang$ f #ej to #hj p] mon?4 ,! ,gov]nm5t e/abli%$ at ,jeff]sonville "o ( ! mo/ mod]n wool5 clo? %r9k+ plants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 co/+ approximately #ej1jjj & provid+ a capacity = spong+ #aj1jjj y>ds ( clo? p] day4 ,! ,army supply (fic]s pron\nc$ ! uni=ms turn$ out at ,jeff]sonville to be ! be/ & mo/ hone/ly made clo?+ deliv]$ to ! ,army dur+ ! w>1 yet ! co/ ( manufactur+ uni=ms 9 ?is plant 0 at lea/ #be p] c5t "u ! av]age price paid to private contractors4 ,! av]age co/ ( mak+ a wool5 s]vice coat at ,jeff]sonville 0 #a4jb1 & ! av]age co/ ( mak+ a pair ( wool5 tr\s]s 0 #ed c5ts4 ,! %irt factory at ,jeff]sonville 0 t depot's l>ge/ manufactur+ ent]prise4 ,! ,jeff]sonville depot _h be5 mak+ army %irts s9ce #ahgb4 ,! %irt factory greatly exp&$ dur+ ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w>1 until x 0 employ+ ne>ly #b1jjj op]atives1 mo/ly home work]s4 ,!reaft] ! depot cont9u$ to make %irts at ! rate ( ab\t #bjj1jjj p] ye> until ! ,unit$ ,/ates decl>$ w> aga9/ ,g]many1 & 9 t "t x _h accumulat$ a roll ( #b1jjj sew+ op]atives :o _h work$ = ! factory at "o "t or o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,pair ,,( ,,army ,,%oes ,,be=e ,,& ,,aft] ,,be+ ,,salvag$ ,,at ,,jeff]sonville ,,qu>t]ma/] ,,depot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,views ,,( ,,! ,,resco ,,%oe-,,fitt+ ,,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%oe-,,fitt+ ,,ma*9e ,,) ,,plung] ,,& ,,w+s ,,op54 ,illu/ration3 ,,%oe-,,fitt+ ,,s*ool1 ,,camp ,,meigs1 ,d4 ,c4 ,:5 ! great dem& = %irts came 9 ! spr+ ( #aiag1 ! mo/ exp]t ( ^! seam/resses 7 hir$ outright by ! mon? to act z in/ructors 9 ! homes ( new sew+ wom5 :o _h volunte]$ = ! "w4 ,adv]tisem5ts 7 !n s5t out ?r\gh ! newspap]s ( t entire section = wom5 work]s1 & pres5tly ! factory _h a sew+ =ce ( #bj1jjj op]atives f practically e t[n & village ?r\gh\t s\!rn ,indiana & nor?we/]n ,k5tucky4 ,! output ( %irts 0 increas$ f #fjj1jjj p] ye> to #h1ejj1jjj4 ,ea* home work] 0 suppli$ ) "o complete %irt to be us$ z a guide1 & %e secur$ f ! factory z (t5 z %e ne$$ x %irt mat]ial cut f ! patt]n & ti$ up 9 bundles ( #aj sets4 ,a l>ge corps ( sanit>y inspectors 0 employ$ to visit ! ?\s&s ( homes & see to x t ! %irts 7 made "u prop] conditions4 ,all %irts accept$ f ! home work]s 7 ?or\ghly fumigat$ be=e be+ issu$ f ! depot4 ,,%oe ,,fitt+4 ,! ,qu>t]ma/] ,dep>tm5t1 along ) its o!r activities1 0 a s*ool-tea*] on a l>ge scale4 ,)\t go+ into a g5]al description ( ! qu>t]ma/] s*ools & ! bran*es !y taught1 we w "h consid] "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ educational ent]prises su* z ! %oe-fitt+ s*ools1 ! s*ools = but*]s1 & ! s*ool ( goods pack+4 ,else:]e 9 ?is volume ! me*anical sy/em ( %oe measur+1 p]fect$ & adopt$ by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 0 describ$4 ,/udies made at ! camps at v>i\s times dur+ #aiag & #aiah1 /udies :i* exam9$ ne>ly #ei1jjj m51 %[$ t a little m ?an #gj p] c5t 7 we>+ %oes too %ort1 m ?an #i p] c5t 7 we>+ %oes too long1 :ile less ?an #ai p] c5t 7 correctly fitt$4 ,x is probable t ^! proportions ran cle> ?r\gh ! ,army be=e %oe fitt+ 0 sci5tifically tak5 up1 & !re is no reason to believe t 9 civil life ! av]ages ( correct %oe fitt+ are any bett]4 ,aft] ! s-call$ ,resco sy/em ( %oe fitt+ 0 adopt$1 s*ools = %oe measur+ 7 held at ,camp ,meigs1 ,d4 ,c41 & at ,jeff]son ,b>racks1 ,mo4 ,ea* camp & cantonm5t 9 ! c\ntry s5t two (fic]s to "o or ! o!r ( ^! s*ools4 ,! c\rse ( in/ruction la/$ five days & consi/$ ( lectures by exp]ts & demon/rations ( ! v>i\s appliances4 ,9 ?is way ! sci5ce ( correct %oe fitt+ 0 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,army4 ,,meat ,,cutt+4 ,x is no easy trick to tea* a man to cut meat prop]ly2 but*]+ is a skill$ trade4 ,z soon z x 0 app>5t t ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 9 ,france 7 to be greatly exp&$ 9 size1 our (fic]s ov]seas s5t reque/s t sev]al tra9$ & exp]i5c$ but*]y companies be s5t ov] to cut meats prop]ly = ! organizations abroad4 ,9 ord] to comply ) ?is reque/ !re 0 add$ to ! curriculum ( ! qu>t]ma/] tra9+ camp 9 ,florida a but*]y c\rse 9 ! cutt+1 bon+1 roll+1 & ty+ ( fre% & froz5 beef4 ,9 ?is c\rse !re 0 develop$ an entirely new me?od ( cutt+ beef kn[n z ! natural guide me?od2 & by x m5 :o _h nev] cut meat be=e 7 develop$ into practical meat cutt]s 9 less ?an eight weeks ( in/ruction & practice4 ,! natural guide me?od1 :i* 0 f\nd to be f> sup]ior = ,army use to any o!r meat-cutt+ sy/em :i* _h be5 kn[n1 0 exactly :at x 0 nam$1 z x 0 ess5tially a sep>at+ r ?an a cutt+ process4 ,! beef qu>t]s 7 bon$ & divid$ into _! major p>ts by foll[+ ! natural sep>ations betwe5 muscles1 tissues1 & bones4 ,?is me?od1 :i* is n at all l t 9 comm]cial use1 prov$ to be m economical ?an any meat-cutt+ sy/em kn[n1 because x utiliz$ e ounce ( meat & produc$ a great] proportion ( *oice cuts suitable = pot roa/s & o!r roa/s ?an ! old] ,army ,cooks' ,manual me?od ( meat cutt+4 ,! ,cooks' ,manual me?od 0 simil> to ! me?od us$ by ! retail but*]1 9 t x cut meat along artificial indet]m9$ l9es4 ,! natural guide me?od actually produc$ #c p] c5t m edible meat ?an ! o!r me?od1 s9ce ev5 ! mo/ exp]t meat cutt]s c n remove all meat f ! bones by ! ,cooks' ,manual me?od4 ,moreov]1 by ! natural guide me?od all cuts are uni=m1 & ! fats1 suets1 & bones are sep>at$ z clean1 sweet1 edible products4 ,but*]y companies 7 tra9$ by ! natural guide me?od & s5t ov]seas 9 numb]s suffici5t = ! requirem5ts ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,aft] ! discov]y ( ?is me?od & ! fact t x produc$ at lea/ #c p] c5t m meat ?an ev5 ! exp]t cutt]s c\ld secure by ! artificial cutt+ sy/em1 x 0 evid5t t fur!r rese>* "w along ?is l9e w\ld be pr(itable4 ,ev5 exp]t but*]s1 9 spite ( all _! skill & c>e1 wa/$ meat4 ,:at mu/ be ! conditions 9 ! mess kit*5s ( ! ,army :]e ! cooks1 ) no exp]t k ( but*]y1 cut ! meats8 ,x 0 evid5t t num]\s edible by-products ( meat1 su* z fats & m>r[1 7 go+ into ! kit*5 g>bage pails & !nce to ! r5d]+ plants4 ,! result ( ! inve/igation 0 a project to e/abli% c5tral meat-cutt+ & r5d]+ plants = all l>ge conc5trations ( troops1 :]e all meats w\ld be cut1 bon$1 roll$1 & ti$1 by exp]ts1 & deliv]$ direct to ! company kit*5s ready = roa/+ or cook+ 9 any mann]4 ,! fat & suet at su* plants w\ld n be soil$ or made uns\nd by h&l+1 & s x c\ld be r5d]$ & its food value reta9$4 ,! oil c\ld be cook$ f ! bones z a valuable by-product1 ! bones c\ld be dri$ & sold comm]cially1 & ! plant c\ld also h ma*9]y = mak+ sausage & hamburg /eak4 ,a plant ( ?is "* 0 put 9 op]ation dur+ ! summ] & autumn ( #aiah at ,camp ,john/on1 ! qu>t]ma/] tra9+ camp1 & x prov$ to be a complete success4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 ! ,g5]al ,/aff 0 consid]+ ! proposition ( e/abli%+ ^! c5traliz$ meat plants at all ! l>g] camps4 ,! meat exp]ts also effect$ notable economies 9 %ip space by develop+ :at 0 kn[n z %ankless beef4 ,%ank-less beef 0 beef qu>t]s ) ! f\r %anks remov$4 ,qu>t]s ?us prep>$ occupi$ #ad p] c5t less freez]1 c>go1 & %ipp+ space ?an qu>t]s ) _! %anks4 ,a /ill fur!r economy 9 %ipp+ space 0 project$ 9 ! plan to bone all beef at ! pack+ plants & %ip x box$ or froz5 9 molds & wrapp$ 9 burlap4 ,?is me?od sav$ ab\t #ej p] c5t ( c>go space1 & x began to be ext5sively us$ dur+ ! w9t] ( #aiah-ai4 ,"o set ( packages includ$ t5d]lo9s1 sirlo9s1 butts1 lo9 /eaks1 top r\nds1 & %\ld] /eaks4 ,ano!r set ( packages conta9$ roa/s1 includ+ prime ribs1 rumps1 bottom r\nds1 & bottom *ucks4 ,a ?ird set 0 = /ews1 includ+ flanks1 plates1 blades1 necks1 %anks1 & trimm+s4 ,,pack+4 ,am]ican export]s g5]ally = _m ye>s h _h ! reputation ( pack+ goods improp]ly = ov]seas %ipm5t4 ,"t & aga9 travel]s & inve/igators 9 =eign l&s h po9t$ out t if ,am]ica expect$ to compete successfully ) o!r manufactur+ nations 9 =eign trade1 %e mu/ le>n to pack goods s t ! packages w n break en r\te & damage ! cont5ts4 ,:5 we s5t an ,army ( ov] #b1jjj1jjj m5 to ,france1 x 0 evid5t t unless we le>n$ quickly h[ to put up our supplies prop]ly = ov]seas %ipm5t1 our lack ( k w\ld be co/ly to u4 ,accord+ly ! pack+ s]vice bran* ( ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,dep>tm5t 0 e/abli%$4 ,"o ( its fir/ acts 0 to set up a s*ool ( bal+1 pack+1 & crat+1 ?is s*ool be+ locat$ at ! ,=e/ ,products ,laboratory at ,madison1 ,wis41 :]e /udies ( pack+ 7 be+ made by sci5ti/s4 ,! s*ool />t$ 9 ,july1 #aiah1 & be=e ! armi/ice came x _h graduat$ #djj /ud5ts f its six-weeks' c\rse4 ,n[1 :ile x 0 important t ,army supplies rea*$ ! o!r side 9 good condition1 x 0 soon se5 t ( ev5 great] importance w\ld be ! economy t might be effect$ 9 %ipp+ space by ! sci5tific pack+ ( goods4 ,?is obscure & little kn[n pack+ s]vice bran* 0 really "o ( ! mo/ important ag5cies 9 ! :ole w> organization1 s9ce ! results :i* x accompli%$ 9 ! sav+ ( %ip space 7 no?+ %ort ( a/oni%+4 ,^! economies came at a "t :5 ! ,g]man subm>9es 7 /ill highly de/ructive to ,am]ican & alli$ %ipp+1 & ! %ortage ( ocean tonnage 0 "o ( ! mo/ di/urb+ factors 9 ! :ole w> situation4 ,! ,am]ican pack+ s]vice1 9 sav+ ?\s&s ( tons ( %ipp+ space1 9 reality (fset ! op]ations ( ! ,u-boats ov] a consid]able p]iod ( "t4 ,^! space economies result$ usually f specifications drawn by ! pack+ exp]ts r$uc+ ! sizes ( pack+ cases t 7 too l>ge = ! goods conta9$1 & also by pack+ articles m compactly4 ,= in/ance1 ^! exp]ts /udi$ ! roll+ kit*5 & det]m9$ ! mo/ compact assembly ( its p>ts 9 a crate4 ,! crate 0 !n c>efully design$ to occupy a m9imum am\nt ( space4 ,"s #ah1jjj roll+ kit*5s 7 pack$ ready = %ipm5t to ,france4 ,_h all ( ^! be5 float$1 a total ( #bb1ejj cubic tons ( %ip space w\ld h be5 sav$1 or ! equival5t ( five or six :ole %iploads4 ,z x 01 room abo>d %ip c\ld be f\nd = only #f1idj roll+ kit*5s1 :i* by be+ sci5tifically pack$ occupi$ #h1gjj cubic tons less c>go space1 or ab\t two :ole %iploads1 ?an !y w\ld h occupi$ o!rwise4 ,:]ev] possible1 entire units ( su* heavy articles z escort wagons & ambulances 7 pack$ 9 s+le crates4 ,:]ev] op5 spaces 7 inevitable 9 ! crat+1 ^! vacancies 7 fill$ ) v>i\s subsi/5ce /ores1 su* z dri$ peas or beans4 ,galvaniz$-iron cans1 = in/ance1 7 pack$ ) two sacks ( fl\r inside ea* "o4 ,! exp]ts /udi$ box+ to det]m9e ! be/ ?ickness ( wood requir$ by v>i\s commodities & ! prop] me?od ( /rapp+ or o!rwise fa/5+ ! boxes4 ,z a result !re 0 a great improvem5t 9 ! condition ( goods arriv+ 9 ,france4 ,9 no respect did ! pack+ s]vice effect great] space economy ?an 9 ! pack+ ( clo!s = ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,=m]ly clo?+ _h gone =w>d to troops pack$ loosely 9 wood5 boxes4 ,! pack+ s]vice devis$ ! sy/em ( bal+ all clo?+1 & a bal+ plant 0 set up at ! ,army supply base 9 ,brooklyn4 ,! s]vice gave sci5tific att5tion to ! prop] fold+ ( g>m5ts & ev5tually1 aft] exhau/ive exp]im5ts1 develop$ a sy/em ( fold+ t all[$ ! maximum numb] ( pieces :i* c\ld g into a bale4 ,x 0 f\nd t ^! new me?ods sav$ two-?irds ( ! space t _h be5 us$ =m]ly = ! %ipm5t ( ! same quantity ( goods 9 boxes1 to say no?+ ( ! great sav+ bo? 9 labor & 9 box+ mat]ials4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,field ,,( ,,roll+ ,,kit*5s ,,at ,,nev]s1 ,,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,field ,,kit*5 ,,equipm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mules ,,aft] ,,malle9+4 ,malle9+ is a s]um te/ to det]m9e if ! animal is suff]+ f gl&]s4 ,! bal+ plant at ,new ,york 9 ! cal5d> ye> #aiah %ipp$ to ,france approximately #a1jjj1jjj bales ( clo?+ & textile & o!r equipm5t t c\ld be bal$4 ,! sav+ 9 money to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t by ?is me?od ( pack+ at ?is "o plant 9 a s+le ye> am\nt$ to approximately #ee1jjj1jjj4 ,! l>ge/ item 9 ?is economy 0 ! matt] ( c>go space1 :i* is e/imat$ at #di1jhj1jjj sav$ to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! complete /atem5t ( ! f9ancial sav+ 9 ! %ipm5t ( ^! #a1jjj1jjj bales is z foll[s3 ,mat]ial #a1idj1jjj ,labor #ehc1jjj ,t>e weight #ge1jjj ,c>go space #di1jhj1jjj ---------- ,total #ea1fgh1jjj ,to ^! sav+s are to be add$3 ,sav+s effect$ 9 r5t & ma9t5ance #gjj1jjj ,freight to ! %ipp+ w>eh\ses #dij1jjj ,r5t ( additional w>eh\se await+ %ipm5t #cj1jjj ,freight f w>eh\se to %ip side #a1bej1jjj ,re-coop]age #bjj1jjj ,unload+ at ! =w>d+ /ations #a1jjj1jjj ---------- ,total #c1fgj1jjj ,gr& total #ee1cdh1jjj ,9 addition to ! f9ancial sav+ !re 0 a l>ge sav+ 9 raw mat]ials1 :i* c\nt = m ?an money to a nation engag$ 9 a desp]ate w>4 ,?is million bales ( clo?+ sav$ #eh1jjj1jjj bo>d feet ( lumb]1 :i* w\ld h be5 us$ 9 box+ _h ! old sy/em ( pack+ be5 foll[$4 ,! lumb] :i* might h gone into ^! boxes requires #cj ye>s = its gr[?1 b ! burlap cov]+ ! bales 0 made ( jute1 :i* is rais$ 9 semiannual crops4 ,! size ( ! bale adopt$ 0 #cj by #ae by #ad in*es & up to #ai in*es4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ?is size 0 det]m9$ ^u because x 0 f\nd t ! burlap cov]+ su* bales ( ?is size w\ld cut into s&bags ) a m9imum am\nt ( wa/e mat]ial4 ,! ,army abroad us$ great quantities ( s&bags4 ,?us1 by wrapp+ bales 9 burlap pieces ( prop] size1 !re 0 sav$ a consid]able am\nt ( c>go space previ\sly occupi$ by bal$ burlap be+ %ipp$ to ,france to be made into s&bags4 ,x is also notable t bal$ clo?+ arriv$ 9 ,france 9 mu* bett] condition ?an clo?+ :i* _h be5 pack$ 9 cases4 ,,horses ,,& ,,mules4 ,! ,qu>t]ma/] ,corps 0 *>g$ ) ! duty ( provid+ horses & mules = ! ,army4 ,?is function is kn[n te*nically z rem\nt1 & ! buy+ ( horses 0 9 ! h&s ( ! rem\nt division4 ,!re 7 ?ree p]man5t rem\nt depots 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :5 ! w> began 9 ,april1 #aiag--"o at ,front ,royal1 ,va41 "o at ,=t ,r5o1 ,okla41 & "o at ,keogh1 ,mont41--an auxili>y rem\nt depot at ,=t ,bliss1 ,tex41 & a pur*as+ headqu>t]s at ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,:5 x became app>5t t ! ,army w\ld ne$ a l>ge numb] ( horses1 "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ horsem5 & rid]s 9 ! c\ntry (f]$ _! s]vices z buy]s4 ,"s #ej ( !m 7 commission$ z capta9s 9 ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,res]ve ,corps & s5t to ! v>i\s pur*as+ headqu>t]s = %ort tra9+ 9 ! prop] types ( horses & animals requir$ by ! ,army4 ,^! buy]s pur*as$ a l>ge numb] ( excell5t animals4 ,9 addition to ! exi/+ ?ree rem\nt depots !re 7 e/abli%$ #cc additional auxili>y rem\nt depots & two animal emb>kation depots4 ,! horses pur*as$ 7 %ipp$ to ! v>i\s rem\nt depots & !re tra9$ & condition$ = ,army use4 ,x requir$ a l>ge numb] ( (fic]s & m5 to c>e = ! rem\nt e/abli%m5t4 ,%ortly be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$ !re 7 approximately #djj (fic]s & #ai1jjj enli/$ m5 9 ! ,am]ican rem\nt s]vice4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t %[s ! total numb]s ( horses & mules pur*as$ = ! ,am]ican ,army 9 ! cal5d> ye>s #aiag-ah1 includ+ ^? acquir$ by ! rem\nt s]vice 9 ,france3 7a7 ,numb] ( horses & mules pur*as$ f ,jan4 #a1 #aiag1 to ,jan4 #a1 #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,horses4 ,mules4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,gr& ,:]e pur*as$4 ,light ,heavy ,pack total4 ,cavalry4artill]y4artill]y4 ,draft4 & rid+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,f ,fr5* #ba1dej #fa1idd #db1igc #b1aha #g1afj #ace1gjh ,f ,spani% #a1djj #dbc #ac1cbi #c1bie #ah1ddg ,f ,briti% #b1fcc #f1chh #d1ceb #f1gad #idc #ba1jcj ,9 ,unit$ ,/ates #fj1dci #ajf1eed #i1abi #aad1fhg #i1dej #cjj1bei ,private m\nts #ejg #dg #eed ,"y horses #d1dgd #a1jde #e1eai ---------------------------------------- --------- ,total pur*as$ to #ij1ijc #agf1dja #ef1ded #acf1iaabj1hdh #dha1eag ,jan4 #a1 #aiai ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- 7b7 ,numb] ( horses & numb] ( mules lo/ 9 ,am]ica & abroad ,apr4 #f1 #aiag1 to ,jan4 #a1 #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,horses4 ,mules4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,9 ,am]ica #bd1add #f1jdj #cj1ahd ,abroad #cg1fae #e1ffg #dc1bhb ------------------------- ,total #fa1gei #aa1gjg #gc1dff ---------------------------------------- ---- 7c7 ,numb] ( horses & mules on h& 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & insul> possessions1 ,jan4 #a1 #aiai4 ,horses3 ,cavalry #hc1ggd ,draft #gg1agb ,mules3 ,draft #if1edb ,pack & rid+ #ac1iej ------- ,gr& total #bga1dch ,?\s&s ( ,am]ican animals 7 %ipp$ to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 9 ,france4 ,because ( ! lack ( tonnage !re 7 no animal %ipm5ts betwe5 ,m>* #bf1 #aiah1 & ,augu/ #aa4 ,betwe5 ! decl>ation ( w> & ,m>* #bf1 #aiah1 a total ( #cj1cbi animals 7 %ipp$ abroad1 & 9 ! ,augu/ #ab-,novemb] #cj p]iod #cg1fai animals cross$ ! ,atlantic1 mak+ a total ( #fg1idh ,am]ican horses & mules s5t to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,! total exp5ditures ( ! ,army bo? abroad & at home = horses & mules dur+ ! w> p]iod 0 #aae1ieg1jjj1 divid$ ab\t half & half betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ! "o h& & ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,spa9 on ! o!r4 ,! l>ge/ rem\nt depot develop$ dur+ ! w> is locat$ at ,camp ,jackson1 ,columbia1 ,s4 ,c4 ,?is depot has a capacity ( ab\t #aj1jjj animals & its con/ruction co/ 0 ab\t #cjj1jjj4 ,soon aft] ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 :5 x became app>5t t animals w\ld no long] be ne$$1 ?\s&s ( horses & mules at ! diff]5t rem\nt depots 7 sold at auction1 ^! auction sales draw+ l>ge cr[ds ( buy]s4 ,,/orage4 ,! problem ( /or+ ,army supplies became great only aft] ho/ilities _h ceas$4 ,be=e t "t supplies 7 go+ ?r\gh ! w>eh\ses & to ! %ips at ! deep-wat] ports s rapidly t !re 0 no back+ up ( ! tide ( !m 9 ! va/ w>eh\se facilities t _h be5 provid$ z a w> measure4 ,b z soon z ! armi/ice 0 sign$ & ! ,army no long] grew 9 size b rapidly dim9i%$ z m5 7 dis*>g$1 ! manufactur+ op]ations "u way1 necess>ily cont9u$ = a "t on a scale :i* _h be5 develop$ 9 prep>ation = an ,army ne>ly d\ble ! size ( ! "o t exi/$ on ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 soon began fill+ up ! w>eh\ses4 ,! total /orage capacity :i* ! ,army _h on h& at ! "t ( ! fight+1 exclusive ( t at ports & t = ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,milit>y ,a]onautics1 0 z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,zone4 ,depot4 ,w>eh\se4 ,op54 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,squ>e feet4 ,squ>e feet4 #a ,bo/on #a1bie1dfj #a1bie1dfj #b ,new ,york #b1ijj1ada #b1ijj1ada #c ,philadelphia #b1ccc1abd #b1ccc1abd #d ,baltimore #a1dfh1egb #a1dfh1egb #e ,atlanta #a1dii1hdh #ad1cjj #a1ead1adh #f ,jeff]sonville #b1jjj1jjj #b1jjj1jjj #g ,*icago #c1hbe1bhf #a1gdb1djj #e1efg1fhf #h ,/4 ,l\is #a1baf1ggf #a1baf1ggf #i ,new ,orleans #dje1agb #ajj1jjj #eje1agb #aj ,san ,antonio #iia1ehb #iia1ehb #aa ,omaha #acj1dgb #acj1dgb #ab ,el ,paso #bcb1hjc #hj1bab #cac1jae #ac ,san ,francisco #a1agj1ecc #a1agj1ecc #ad ,newport ,news #bcd1hgi #bcd1hgi #ae ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #hae1fjf #cdb1ajj #a1aeg1gjf ---------------------------------------- --- ,gr& total #bj1ebj1bed #b1bgi1jab #bb1gii1bff ,w>eh\se ,op5 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,squ>e feet4 ,squ>e feet4 ,camps #e1cbf1eij #e1ajd1ija #aj1dca1dia ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! op]ation ( "o ( ! ,qu>t]ma/] depot w>eh\ses might be describ$ at ?is po9t1 & ! g5]al supply depot at ,jeff]sonville1 ,ind41 is typical4 ,dur+ ! w> ?is depot procur$ = ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,corps ( ! entire ,army all horse-drawn vehicles & h>ness1 & su* items z b>rack ranges1 field ranges1 & ov5s1 pack-tra9 equipm5t1 & o!r supplies4 ,! w> deliv]ies began at ,jeff]sonville 9 ! late summ] ( #aiag4 ,receipts soon outgrew /orage space4 ,adjo9+ l&s 7 leas$1 & supplies1 cov]$ by paul9s1 7 /or$ 9 ! op54 ,?is e>ly p]iod ( ! w>1 prior to ! spr+ ( #aiah1 0 a back-up p]iod at all ! w>eh\ses1 z supplies 7 produc$ fa/] ?an m5 7 tra9$ & transport$ to ,france4 ,9 ! late spr+ ( #aiah ,jeff]sonville began mak+ heavy %ipm5ts ( supplies ov]seas & f !n on %ipm5ts exce$$ receipts4 ,= ?ree mon?s be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ! ,jeff]sonville depot's %ipm5ts av]ag$ #fj c>loads a day & its receipts ab\t #be c>loads4 ,aft] ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 ,jeff]sonville 0 designat$ z ! depot = ! /orage ( all surplus horse-drawn vehicles & black h>nesses !re=4 ,ext5sive tempor>y /orage %$s 7 erect$4 ,inb\nd %ipm5ts increas$ to ab\t #hj c>s a day4 ,! depot has /or$ #d1jjj roll+ kit*5s ( ! trailmobile type1 ^! kit*5s be+ pack$ 9 boxes1 ea* package weigh+ ab\t #d1cjj p\nds4 ,! "w ( /or+ ^! kit*5s is /ill 9 progress1 & ! pile ( boxes w ultimately be #de feet wide1 #cj feet high1 & #a1jjj feet long4 ,z ! pile is made1 corrugat$-iron ro(+ is plac$ on ! sides & top1 ?us =m+ a wat]pro( build+4 ,crat$ automobile trail]s1 weigh+ ab\t #i1jjj p\nds p] crate1 are be+ h&l$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,wagons are /or$ 9 galvaniz$-iron w>eh\ses1 ea* "o capable ( receiv+ #b1ejj wagons1 )\t :eels4 ,wagon :eels are /or$ 9 specially adapt$ %$s4 ,ab\t #b1jjj automobile trucks h already be5 receiv$ = /orage 9 specially con/ruct$ %$s4 ,^! trucks are ma9ly ,na% ,quads1 f\r-:eel-drive trucks1 & ,g4 ,m4 ,c4 ambulance *assis4 ,^! *assis are /or$ on end1 re/+ on ! bump]s4 ,! eng9es ( all trucks are well oil$ & ! magnetos are cov]$ ) wat]pro( mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/orage ,,( ,,automobile ,,*assis1 ,,jeff]sonville1 ,,ind4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/or+ ,,roll+ ,,kit*5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,me?od ,,( ,,/or+ ,,wagon ,,:eels ,,at ,,jeff]sonville ,,qu>t]ma/] ,,/orage ,,depot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,me?od ,,( ,,/or+ ,,horse ,,coll>s ,,at ,,jeff]sonville ,,depot4 ,z ! supplies back$ up into ! w>eh\ses1 x became necess>y = ! ,army to "k :]e x /ood 9 ! matt] ( prop]ty2 & a complete inv5tory 0 ord]$1 s9ce !re _h be5 no "t dur+ ! hurry & bu/le ( ! w> p]iod to take /ock4 ,?is inv5tory 9 itself 0 an enorm\s und]tak+4 ,to prep>e = x ! qu>t]ma/] tra9+ s*ool at ,camp ,meigs1 ,d4 ,c41 0 completely trans=m$ into a s*ool = tra9+ exp]ts = tak+ inv5tories4 ,a /&>d s*eme 0 work$ out4 ,! exp]ts1 aft] be+ tra9$ 9 ! /&>d me?od1 7 s5t out into e zone 9 ! c\ntry z in/ructors4 ,9 ea* zone !y conv5$ ! s-call$ t[n meet+s4 ,! t[n meet+ 0 made up ( ,army /orekeep]s f ea* depot1 po/1 camp1 & /ation 9 ! zone--any place :]e ,army supplies 7 /or$4 ,^! repres5tatives 7 s*ool$ 9 ! inv5tory me?od & !n s5t back to _! /ations ) in/ructions to />t ! inv5tory on ,decemb] #ca1 #aiah4 ,! next op]ation 0 to organize an inv5tory factory 9 ,wa%+ton z ! consolidat+ po9t = all ! inv5tories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"s idea ( ! numb] ( articles :i* ,uncle ,sam accumulat$ z a result ( ! w> may be ga9$ f ! fact t ! inv5tories receiv$ 9 ,wa%+ton fill$ #dj1fjj %eets ( pap]1 ! size ( an ord9>y l>ge lett]head1 ) typewrit+ s+le spac$4 ,to take ! inv5tory requir$ a =ce 9 ,wa%+ton ( approximately #ajj (fic]s & #djj civilians1 :ile !re 7 probably ov] #aj1jjj (fic]s & m5 engag$ 9 ! entire op]ation ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! inv5tory 0 und\bt$ly ! l>ge/ ev] tak5 9 ! _w4 ,be=e ! w> ! /&>d items ( ,army supplies _h be5 #bj1jjj4 ,! inv5tory 9 ! consolidation ( its figures 9 ,wa%+ton disclos$ ! fact t at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #aiai !re 7 #abj1jjj /&>d items1 & _m ( ^! /ood = l>ge quantities ( individual pieces4 ,z ?is report is writt51 a catalogue1 or /&>d nom5clature li/ ( supplies1 compris+ #abj1jjj items1 is be+ prep>$1 to e/abli% ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates "o language ( supply = all items /or$1 di/ribut$1 & issu$ "u ! direction ( ! ,director ( ,/orage4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,motor ,,& ,,horse-,,drawn ,,vehicles4 ,! punitive exp$ition into ,mexico 9 pursuit ( ,francisco ,villa m>k$ ! real beg9n+ ( ! use ( motor transportation = ! ,army1 al?\gh = _m ye>s ! motor truck _h receiv$ "s att5tion = milit>y purposes4 ,9 #aijd a few progressive (fic]s at ,we/ ,po9t made prelim9>y te/s ( #a-ton trucks1 b ^! te/s1 :ile demon/rat+ t ! truck w\ld d\btless be ( value to ! ,army 9 ! future1 7 n suffici5tly successful to create any p>ticul> int]e/4 ,a few trucks 7 9 use 9 ! ,army 9 #aijg1 b no sy/ematic te/s 7 made until #aiab4 ,at t "t (fic]s 7 s]i\sly /udy+ ! motor transportation ne$s & problems ( ! ,army4 ,9 #aiad ! ,society ( ,automobile ,eng9e]s1 hav+ le>n$ f ! exp]i5ce ( ,european nations !n at w> t motor transportation is "o ( ! mo/ vital factors 9 ! success ( any army1 (f]$ its s]vices to our ,w> ,dep>tm5t = ! purpose ( mak+ a complete survey ( ! automotive indu/ry1 9 ! hope t ! int]e/s ( ! indu/ry & ( ! ,army c\ld be coord9at$ s t 9 an extreme em]g5cy ! indu/ry might be able to provide ! necess>y motor equipm5t = ! ,army1 & t ! ,army might be able to use su* equipm5t 9 ! mo/ effici5t mann]4 ,pursuant to ?is (f]1 on ,april #bh1 #aiaf1 ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t ask$ ! society's coop]ation 9 issu+ revis$ specifications = ! pur*ase ( #a-ton & #c-ton ,army trucks4 ,9 ,may ( ! same ye>1 a committee consi/+ ( ! eng9e]s f five companies manufactur+ trucks1 f five companies assembl+ trucks1 & an eng9e] f a truck company n mak+ ! types ( trucks "u consid]ation1 0 appo9t$ to coop]ate ) ,army (fic]s 9 mak+ plans to provide our troops ) motor vehicles suitable to _! ne$s4 ,on ?is committee 7 repres5tatives ( ! ,locomobile ,co4 ( ,am]ica1 ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co41 ! ,pe]less ,motor ,c> ,co41 ! ,pi]ce-,arr[ ,motor ,c> ,co41 ! ,kelly-,spr+field ,motor ,truck ,co41 ! ,seld5 ,motor ,vehicle ,co41 ! ,comm]cial ,truck ,co4 ( ,am]ica1 ! ,:ite ,co41 & ! ,g5]al ,motors ,co4 ,?is committee w5t ov] ! ,gov]nm5t specifications = ! #a-ton & #c-ton trucks1 :i* _h be5 propos$ by ! ,army1 & aft] a few *anges _h be5 made1 ! specifications 7 drawn up = :at !n seem$ to be ! ideal trucks = ,army use 9 ^! two sizes4 ,trucks at ?is "t 7 urg5tly ne$$ = our =ces along ! ,mexican bord] & = ! punitive exp$ition ent]+ ,mexico4 ,consequ5tly ru% ord]s = ! fir/ l>ge quantities ( trucks ev] pur*as$ or us$ by our ,army 7 plac$ ) ! ,:ite ,co41 ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co41 ,! ,g>=d ,motor ,truck ,co41 ! ,kelly-,spr+field ,motor ,truck ,co41 ! ,f\r ,:eel ,drive ,co41 & ! ,jeff]y 7,na%7 ,quad4 ,x 0 ) ! trucks ( ^! conc]ns t our ,army (fic]s obta9$ _! fir/ real exp]i5ce on a big scale ) motor transportation4 ,! trucks !mselves also receiv$ ! mo/ sev]e te/s :ile 9 s]vice on ! bord] & 9 ,mexico4 ,n only did ! ,army (fic]s secure valuable exp]i5ce 9 op]at+ ?is motor equipm5t b ! manufactur] also took ?is exceptional opportunity to /udy motor vehicles 9 actual op]ation "u ,army conditions1 & e>ly 9 #aiag revis$ specifications = ,army trucks 7 issu$ z a result ( ! num]\s conf]5ces t _h be5 held betwe5 repres5tatives ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t & ! automobile indu/ry4 ,9 ,may /&>d specifications = ! s-call$ class ,a 7#a-ton to #b-ton7 & ! class ,b 7#c-ton to #e-ton7 motor trucks 7 e/abli%$1 %[+ t ! fundam5tal requirem5ts ( motor trucks = ! ,army 7 z foll[s3 l[-ge> r$uction1 l>g] eng9es1 #d-spe$ transmission 7) v l[ fir/ spe$71 maximum gr\nd cle>ance1 dem\ntable tires ( /&>diz$ size & specifications1 l>ge gasol9e tank1 electric light+ sy/em1 #c-po9t eng9e susp5sion1 lock+ diff]5tial1 extra quality alloy /eel spr+s1 & l>g] radiators4 ,aft] decid+ on ! requisites ( an ,army truck1 ! matt] ( /&>dization began to receive def9ite att5tion1 x be+ ! belief ( _m ( ! ,army (fic]s t x w\ld be entirely possible & practicable s to /&>dize ,army vehicles t b "o type ( truck w\ld be suffici5t = ea* size1 & x became q evid5t if ?is ideal c\ld be work$ out1 ! ma9t5ance ( ,army vehicles w\ld be a simple matt]4 ,)\t "s /&>dization1 ! provid+ ( ! prop] /ock ( sp>e p>ts became a problem ( extreme difficulty4 ,9 ! e>ly summ] ( #aiag an appropriation ( #age1jjj 0 set aside by ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,dep>tm5t = ! purpose ( f9anc+ ! co/ ( design+ & draw+ up specifications = a complete new vehicle1 :i* w\ld become a /&>diz$ truck = our milit>y =ces4 ,on ,augu/ #a1 #aiag1 !re 7 assembl$ 9 ,wa%+ton #ej automotive eng9e]s :o _h be5 9 t\* ) ! truck ne$s ( ! ,army2 & ^! m51 ) ! help ( ,army (fic]s1 began ! task ( design+ a sample /&>diz$ truck1 fir/ c5t]+ _! ef=ts on ! #c-ton size1 z ?is 0 at t "t mo/ urg5tly ne$$ by ! ,army4 ,on ,octob] #aj ( ?is same ye> ! eng9e]s _h f9i%$ design+ ! new type ( truck & _h complet$ ! fir/ two sample trucks ( ?is type1 aft]w>ds kn[n z ! ,/&>diz$ ,b4 ,^! two sample trucks 7 driv5 to ,wa%+ton on ,octob] #ai1 7 =mally pres5t$ to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 te/$1 & pron\nc$ :olly successful4 ,ord]s = #aj1jjj ( ^! class ,b trucks 7 plac$ )9 ! next few weeks4 ,five additional trucks 7 ru%$ ?r\gh ! plants z a *eck on tools & 7 complet$ ,janu>y #aj1 #aiah4 ,9 ,april1 actual production hav+ begun on ! fir/ #aj1jjj1 ! pur*ase ( an additional #h1jjj 0 au?oriz$1 & ord]s = !m 7 plac$ 9 ,may4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #aiah1 additional ord]s 7 plac$ = #be1jjj1 b on acc\nt ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice no trucks 7 deliv]$ "u ?is la/ ord]4 ,production ( ^! /&>diz$ class ,b trucks 0 direct$ by ! foll[+ m51 :o 7 call$ to ,wa%+ton3 ,*ri/ian ,girl1 head ( ! ,/&>d ,p>ts ,co41 ( ,clevel&2 ,james ,f4 ,b\rqu91 ,cont95tal ,motor ,co41 ,l\isville1 ,ky42 ,p]cy ,w4 ,tracy1 ( ! ,premi] ,motor ,co41 ,indianapolis2 ,walt] ,s4 ,qu9lan1 ( ! ,mayn>d ,h4 ,mur* ,co41 ,clevel&2 ,guy ,morgan1 ( ! ,mit*ell ,motors ,corporation1 ,rac9e1 ,wis42 ,j4 ,g4 ,utz1 ( ! ,/&>d ,p>ts ,co41 ,clevel&2 ,g4 ,w4 ,r&els1 ( ! ,foote-,burt ,co41 ,clevel&2 & ,a4 ,g4 ,drefs1 ( ! ,mill]-,frankl9 ,co4 ,all mat]ials = ! build+ ( a /&>diz$ truck 7 mobiliz$ ?r\gh (ficials at ,wa%+ton4 ,9 g5]al1 x 0 ! idea to h at lea/ ?ree or f\r s\rces ( supply = ea* "p t w5t into ! /&>diz$ truck1 & z a result #aej p>ts manufactur]s 7 giv5 contracts4 ,dur+ ! "t 9 :i* ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,dep>tm5t 0 attempt+ to /&>dize all ,army c>go-c>ry+ vehicles1 & up to ,may #ae1 #aiah1 ! o!r bran*es ( ! ,army 7 buy+ comm]cial trucks ( diff]5t makes = _! special uses4 ,! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t _h conc5trat$ on ! ,na% & ,f4 ,w4 ,d4 trucks = ammunition & o!r ordnance "w1 & _h ord]$ approximately #cj1jjj ( ^! two types4 ,! ,signal ,corps _h specializ$ 9 ! light & heavy aviation trucks1 ^! be+ assembl$ f kn[n & tri$ units1 su* z motors1 axles1 transmission1 etc41 & equipp$ ) special app>atus = ! ,signal ,corps4 ,approximately #d1jjj ( ! light aviation & #d1fjj ( ! heavy aviation trucks 7 ord]$4 ,! ,eng9e] ,corps _h adopt$ ! ,mack #e-ton truck & _h ord]$ approximately #c1fjj4 ,! ,m$ical ,corps _h gone 9 = ! ,g4 ,m4 ,c4 model #af = ambulances1 ( :i* approximately #e1hjj _h be5 ord]$1 & !y _h also pur*as$ approximately #b1fjj ,=d ambulances4 ,^! five bran*es ( ! ,army _h pur*as$ trucks ( o!r makes z well1 & dur+ ! w9t] ( #aiag & #aiah x became evid5t t ! buy+ ( s _m makes & f s _m diff]5t manufactur]s 0 n a logical solution ( ! motor transportation problem4 ,ea* corps _h its own ideas z to ! type ( truck requir$1 & ! sum ( ^! ideas result$ 9 a decid$ lack ( /&>dization = ! ,army z a :ole1 & no complete /&>dization = any corps z a unit4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( op]ations 9 ,france ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces _h pur*as$ v>i\s types ( vehicles abroad 9 ord] to fill _! imm$iate requirem5ts1 & ! result 0 t ov] #bjj diff]5t makes ( motor vehicles 7 actually 9 use by ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,?is div]sity 9 types 0 to "s ext5t caus$ by lack ( %ipp+ space 9 :i* to transport motor equipm5t abroad4 ,n be+ able to secure suffici5t trucks f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 due to %ortage ( ocean tonnage1 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 7 compell$ to pur*ase a miscellane\s assortm5t ( =eign-made vehicles1 ?us complicat+ ! ma9t5ance problem beyond ! possibility ( a satisfactory solution4 ,! buy+ ( motor equipm5t by s _m diff]5t ag5cies ( ! ,gov]nm5t 0 n only confus+ to ! manufactur]1 :o 0 sell+ to five diff]5t corps1 b x also preclud$ any possibility ( real /&>dization2 & ) a view ( elim9at+ ^! two evils1 ,special ,ord] #ia1 ,w4 ,d4 #aiah1 & ,g5]al ,ord] #ch1 ,w4 ,d4 #aiah1 7 issu$4 ,! fir/ creat$ a /&>dization bo>d & ! second consolidat$ ! procurem5t ( all motor vehicles 9 ! ,motor ,transport ,s]vice1 :i* s]vice op]at$ "u ! direction ( ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,g5]al4 ,"u ! special ord]s ! /&>dization bo>d 0 *>g$ ) select+ & approv+ ! prop] types = ! use ( ! ,army1 ! bo>d be+ compos$ ( repres5tatives f ea* ( ! v>i\s corps4 ,9 ?is mann] ! v>i\s ideas ( ! diff]5t corps 7 coord9at$ ?r\gh ! discussion ( ! bo>d1 & ! f9al result 0 t ! foll[+ *assis 7 /&>diz$ = use3 ,pass5g] c>s3 light1 ,=d & ,dodge2 heavy1 ,cadillac4 ,ambulances3 ,g4 ,m4 ,c4 & ,=d 7) long] :eel base74 ,trucks3 "o-half-ton to -ton1 ,=d & ,dodge 7same *assis z 9 pass5g] c>s72 -ton to #a-ton1 ,g4 ,m4 ,c4 ,model #af2 #a-ton to #b-ton1 ,:ite2 #c-ton to #e-ton1 ,qu>t]ma/] /&>diz$ ,b4 ,! #d-:eel-drive ,,tt type1 call$ ! ,militor1 0 also /&>diz$1 ?is be+ a special truck tractor design$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t4 ,^! latt] vehicles 7 nev] furni%$ to ! ,army1 z production _h n progress$ f> en\gh at ! "t ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,on ?is limit$ numb] ( *assis c\ld be m\nt$ any bodies requir$ by ! ,army4 ,= in/ance ! ,:ite -ton to #a-ton *assis c\ld be us$ z a pass5g] c> :5 equipp$ ) pneumatic tires & ) ! ordnance /aff obs]vation or reconnaissance body4 ,! ,=d & ,dodge *assis c\ld be us$ ei!r ) ! regul> pass5g]-c> bodies or ) light-deliv]y or light-repair bodies4 ,! ,g4 ,m4 ,c4 *assis c\ld be us$ ei!r z an ambulance or c\ld be equipp$ ) a light-c>go body1 ?us provid+ a -ton to #a-ton truck4 ,! /&>diz$ ,b *assis c\ld be us$ ) special ma*9e-%op bodies1 special ,signal ,corps app>atus1 or ! regul> ,b c>go body1 etc4 ,! "w ( ! bo>d 0 pa9/ak+ & ?or\gh1 & decisions 7 r5d]$ only aft] exp]ts _h be5 consult$ & exhau/ive te/s made4 ,:ile ! bo>d 0 /&>diz+ on ! types ( vehicles to be pur*as$ 9 ! future = ! ,army1 ! ,motor ,transport ,s]vice 0 be+ =m$1 & by ,june #a1 #aiah1 ! consolidation ( procurem5t1 inspection1 production1 ma9t5ance1 etc41 0 well und]way4 ,! ne$s ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces = motor equipm5t 7 increas+ by leaps & b\nds1 & ! ,motor ,transport ,s]vice f\nd t x 0 impossible to pur*ase ! trucks /&>diz$ by ! motorization bo>d 9 suffici5t quantities to meet ! ov]seas requirem5ts4 ,x 0 !re=e decid$1 aft] ! cons5t ( ! bo>d _h be5 receiv$1 t c]ta9 o!r types ( vehicles %\ld be procur$ to fill ! requirem5ts ( ! ,army until su* "t z production ( ! /&>diz$ truck c\ld be increas$4 ,!re=e1 ! makes ( trucks :i* 7 already 9 use 9 l>ge quantities ) ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 7 tempor>ily made /&>d to meet ! imm$iate ne$s ( ! ,army4 ,x be+ extremely difficult to pur*ase suffici5t trucks1 ev5 ( ^! additional makes1 to meet ! ne$s ov]seas1 x 0 decid$ t /ill o!r makes ( trucks w\ld be procur$ = use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?us all[+ all ! makes /&>diz$ = ov]seas use to be %ipp$ to ,france4 ,! ,motor ,transport ,s]vice op]at$ f ,may #ae until ,augu/ #ae1 #aiah1 :5 ! ,motor ,transport ,corps 0 organiz$ "u ,g5]al ,ord] ,no4 #ge4 ,?is ord] creat$ a sep>ate corps "u ! op]ations division ( ! ,g5]al ,/aff = ! op]ation z well z ! procurem5t ( all pass5g] & c>go c>ry+ motor equipm5t = ! ,army4 ,a few weeks lat]1 h[ev]1 ,supply ,circul> #hg1 ,p41 ,s4 ,t41 0 issu$1 plac+ ! procurem5t ( ! above "u ! ,director ( ,pur*ase1 ,/orage & ,traffic 7,motors & ,vehicles ,division71 b ! op]ation & ma9t5ance ( vehicles 0 left ) ! ,motor ,transport ,corps4 ,f ,septemb] on ^! organizations rema9$ un*ang$ up to & aft] ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,! table app5d$ %[s ! /atus ( ! procurem5t & production ( motor-vehicle ord]s z ( ,novemb] #a1 #aiah1 #aa days prior to ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,x w be not$ t !re _h be5 ord]$ = deliv]y be=e ,july #a1 #aiai1 a total ( #ahe1jjj trucks1 #bc1jec ambulances1 & #ch1dfb pass5g] c>s4 ,! ,army 9 ,april1 #aiag1 possess$ #c1jci trucks1 #dcg automobiles1 #fgj motor cycles1 & #ab tractors4 ,"o & "o-half ye>s lat] x own$ approximately #he1jjj trucks1 & _h ! w> cont9u$ until ,july #a1 #aiai1 !re w\ld h be5 approximately #ahe1jjj trucks provid$ = its use by ,am]ican indu/ry4 ,9 addition1 ?is same indu/ry w\ld h provid$ #cj1jjj ambulances1 #dj1jjj pass5g] c>s1 #gj1jjj motor cycles1 #gj1jjj bicycles1 mak+ a gr& total approa*+ #djj1jjj vehicles1 co/+ 7) sp>e p>ts7 ov] #gjj1jjj1jjj4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ! ,gov]nm5t receiv$ ! he>ty coop]ation ( ! entire indu/ry4 ,! ne$ 0 urg5t1 ! dem& trem5d\s1 & _m manufactur]s 7 call$ ^u to sacrifice _! own product 9 ord] to meet ! ne$s ( ! ,army1 & _m 7 on a #ajj-p]-c5t w>-"w basis4 ,motor truck production4 ,,vehicles ,,/&>diz$ ,,= ,,ov]seas ,,%ipm5t4 ,key3 7,a7 - ,class 7,b7 - ,capacity 9 tons 7,c7 - ,total ord]$ to ,nov4 #a1 #aiah 7,d7 - ,total complet$ to ,nov4 #a1 #aiah 7,e7 - ,float$ ov]seas ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,"n4 7,a7 7,b7 ,manufactur]4 _/ ,address4 7,c7 7,d7 7,e7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,g4 ,m4 ,c4 ,,aa #a ,comm]ce ,motor ,c> ,co4 #dej /&>d ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,,aa d4 ,velie ,motors ,corp4 #a1jjj ,mol9e4 ,ill4 ,d4 ,,aa d4 ,dort ,motor ,co4 #a1jjj ,fl9t1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,,aa d4 ,elg9 ,motor ,c> ,corp4 #ejj ,elg91 ,ill4 ,d4 ,,aa d4 ,lex+ton ,motor ,co4 #ejj ,conn]sville1 ,ind4 ,d4 ,,aa d4 ,auburn ,auto ,co4 #ejj ,auburn1 ,ind4 ,d4 ,,aa d4 ,hupp ,motor ,c> ,corp4 #ejj ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,,aa d4 ,g5]al ,motor ,truck ,co4 #a1jjj ,pontiac1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,,aa d4 ,saxon ,motor ,c> ,co4 #ejj ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,,aa d4 ,campbell ,motor ,c> ,co4 #bjj ,k+/on1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d4 ,,aa d4 ,columbia ,motor ,co4 #cjj ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,,aa d4 ,moon ,motor ,c> ,co4 #cjj ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,d4 ,,aa d4 ,lib]ty ,motor ,co4 #dej ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,g4 ,m4 ,c4 ,,aa d4 ,g5]al ,motors ,truck ,co4 #e1haa #e1eec #d1jja ambulance ,pontiac1 ,mi*4 ,:ite ,,aa d4 ,! ,:ite ,co4 #b1fie #b1aif #hji ,clevel&1 ,ohio ------------------- ,total #ae1gjf #g1gdi #d1haj ,dodge light ,,aa ,dodge ,bros4 ,co4 #i1ceb #b1fdd deliv]y ,detroit1 ,mi*4 #a1hjb ,dodge light ,,aa d4 d4 #a1jab #a1jab repair ,=d light ,,aa d4 ,=d ,motor ,co4 #ab1jjb #e1dib #g1bjf deliv]y d4 ,=d ,,aa d4 d4 d4 #aj1jdb #e1cdj #d1cfb ambulances ------------------- ,total #cb1djhad1dhh #ac1cgj ,:ite ,a #a ,! ,:ite ,co4 #i1bja #a1hac #a1ecb /&>d ,clevel&1 ,ohio ,d4 ,a d4 ,pe]less ,motor ,co4 #c1jjj d4 ------------------- ,total #ab1bja #a1hac #a1ecb ,light aviation ,a #a ,g5]al ,motor ,truck ,co4 #b1djj #a1hhh to #b ,pontiac1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,a d4 ,paige ,motor ,c> ,co4 #ejj #dhj ,detroit1 ,mi*4 #a1hbi ,d4 ,a d4 ,republic ,motor ,truck ,co4 #ejj #ced ,alma1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,a d4 ,d5by ,motor ,truck ,co4 #ejj #dhh ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,g>=d ,a #a ,g>=d ,motor ,truck ,co4 #e1jaj #a1jaj #dii ,lima1 ,ohio ,pack>d ,a d4 ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co4 #hca #fcf #ebf ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,pi]ce-,arr[ ,a d4 ,pi]ce-,arr[ ,motor ,c> ,co4 #d1jbc #b1dbc #ecd ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ------------------- ,total #ac1gfd #g1bgi #c1chh ,/&>diz$ ,b ,b #c ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co4 #e #e ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,gramm-,b]n/e9 ,motor #c1gej #a1jjj ,truck ,co4 ,lima1 ,ohio ,d4 ,b d4 ,kelly-,spr+field ,motor #a1jde #cja ,truck ,co4 ,spr+field1 ,ohio ,d4 ,b d4 ,indiana ,truck ,corporation #b1ede #dge ,m>ion1 ,ind4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,s]vice ,motor ,truck ,co4 #a1gie #ccg ,waba%1 ,ind4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,republic ,motor ,truck ,co4 #c1gej #ifg ,alma1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,pi]ce-,arr[ ,motor ,c> ,co4 #a1jjj #ige ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,seld5 ,truck ,sales ,co4 #c1gej #a1jjj ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,be?lehem ,motors #b1gbe #fge ,corporation ,all5t[n1 ,pa4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,diamond ,t ,motor ,co4 #c1bjc #fch ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,u4 ,s4 ,motor ,truck ,co4 #b1ede #dij ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio ,d4 ,b d4 ,brockway ,motor ,truck ,co4 #b1bjb #ehg ,cortl&1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,velie ,motors ,corporation #c1jde #dee ,mol9e1 ,ill4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,/]l+ ,motor ,truck #a1gie #dgi ,corporation ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,g>=d ,motor ,truck ,co4 #a1gej #igh ,lima1 ,ohio ,d4 ,b d4 ,hurlburt ,motor ,truck ,co4 #ajj ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,midl& ,motor ,truck ,co4 #ejj ,oklahoma ,city1 ,okla4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,att]bury ,motor ,c> ,co4 #gej ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,/&>d ,motor ,truck ,co4 #gej ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,macc> ,co4 #ejj ,scranton1 ,pa4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,clyde ,c>s ,co4 #ejj ,clyde1 ,ohio ,d4 ,b d4 ,r[e ,motor ,manufactur+ #ejj ,co4 ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,j4 ,c4 ,wilson ,co4 #ejj ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,lewis ,hall ,iron ,works #ejj d4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,d5by ,motor ,truck ,co4 #a1ejj d4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,w9!r ,motor ,truck ,co4 #ejj ,w9?rop ,h>bor1 ,ill4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,vim ,motor ,truck ,co4 #ejj ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,signal ,motor ,truck ,co4 #ejj d4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,unit$ ,motors ,co4 #ejj ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*4 ------------------- ,total #dc1jje #i1deb #g1fee ,pack>d ,b #c ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co4 #aj1ajf #d1hef #c1dgi ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,heavy aviation ,b d4 ,unit$ ,motors ,co4 #bjj #ahh ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,f$]al ,motor ,truck ,co4 #a1jjj #a1jjj ,detroit ,mi*4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,kelly-,spr+field ,motor #b1bbe #a1gbe #b1aaj ,truck ,co4 ,spr+field1 ,ohio ,d4 ,b d4 ,/&>d ,motor ,truck ,co4 #bej #ahf ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,b d4 ,velie ,motors ,corporation #a1jjj #gjj ,mol9e1 ,ill4 ,rik] ,b #d ,locomobile ,co4 ( ,am]ica #c1fij #a1fij #a1cea ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,pi]ce-,arr[ ,b #e ,pi]ce-,arr[ ,motor ,c> ,co4 #c1agj #a1igj #a1ffj ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mack ,b #e ,int]national ,motors ,co4 #e1ege #b1efc #a1cfe ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ------------------- ,total #bg1bafad1hgh #i1ife ,f\r-:eel ,,tt #b ,na% ,motors ,co4 #ad1fhd #h1aci drive ,k5o%a1 ,wis4 ,d4 ,,tt d4 ,hudson ,motor ,c> ,co4 #c1jjj #bai ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,,tt d4 ,national ,motor ,c> #c1jjj #ie ,vehicle ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 #g1jcd ,d4 ,,tt d4 ,paige ,motor ,c> ,co4 #c1jjj #ade ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,d4 ,w d4 ,na% ,motors ,co4 #ajj #ajj ,k5o%a1 ,wis4 ,d4 ,w #c ,f\r-,:eel ,drive ,auto ,co4 #hjj #cfd ,cl9tonville1 ,wis4 ,d4 ,,tt d4 d4 d4 #g1aej #d1bcc ,d4 ,,tt d4 ,mit*ell ,motors #e1jbc #hee ,corporation ,rac9e1 ,wis4 #d1gdh ,d4 ,,tt d4 ,premi] ,motor ,co4 #d1ejj #a1cjg ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,d4 ,,tt d4 ,kissel ,motor ,c> ,co4 #c1ejj #iig ,h>t=d1 ,wis4 ------------------- ,total #dd1gegaf1ded #aa1ghb ,cadillac1 ,p ,cadillac ,motor ,c> ,co4 #a1jdc #bbb lim\s9e ,detroit1 ,mi*4 #a1ejc ,cadillac1 op5 ,p d4 d4 #b1igj #a1gcd ,dodge1 op5 ,p ,dodge ,bros ,co4 #h1eei #e1jfe #c1cij ,dodge1 ,w9t] ,p d4 d4 #c1bja #b1abf top ,=d2 t\r+ ,p ,=d ,motor ,co4 #bj1bja #e1cgi #b1cdd d4 ------------------- ,total #ce1igdad1ebf #g1bcg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,key3 ,w - ,w9* ,p - ,pass ,,motor ,,vehicles ,,= ,,dome/ic ,,di/ribution4 ,key3 7,a7 - ,class 7,b7 - ,capacity 9 tons 7,c7 - ,ord]$ to ,nov4 #a1 #aiah 7,d7 - ,complet$ to ,nov4 #a1 #aiah 7,e7 - ,complet$ to ,dec4 #a1 #aiah 7,f7 - ,total float$ ov]seas ,p - ,pass5g] ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,"n4 7,a7 7,b7 ,manufactur]4_/,address4 7,c7 7,d7 7,e7 7,f7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,comm]ce ,,aa #a ,comm]ce ,motor ,c> ,co4 #a1edh #a1edh #a1edh #bgb ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,=d trucks ,=d ,motor ,co4 #b1did #b1dgd #b1dgd #a1ggb to #a d4 ------------------------- ,total #d1jdb #d1jbb #d1jbb #b1jdd ,:ite ,un- ,a #a ,! ,:ite ,co4 #cid #cid #cid #cbg /&>diz$ ,clevel&1 ,ohio ,kelly- ,a d4 ,kelly-,spr+field #cef #af #af ,spr+field ,motor ,co4 ,spr+field1 ,ohio ,d5by ,a d4 ,d5by ,motor ,truck ,co4 #ejj #ahb ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,int]national ,a d4 ,int]national #a1abe #abe #dhe ,h>ve/] ,co4 ,akron1 ,ohio ,miscellane\s ,a #a #idi #ide #idi #bbj to #b ,am]ican ,wilson ,a #a ,j4 ,c4 ,wilson ,co4 #bjj #ge to #b ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,morel& ,a d4 ,morel& ,motor ,truck #he #dc #gf ,co4 ,los ,angeles1 ,cal4 ,miscellane\s ,a d4 #gh #gh #gh ,am]ican ambulance ------------------------- ,total #c1fhg #a1fja #b1bee #edg ,:ite ,b #c ,! ,:ite ,co4 #cjf #cjf #cjf #bhj ,clevel&1 ,ohio ,pe]less ,b d4 ,pe]less ,motor ,c> #che #che #fig #che d4 ,mack ,b #c ,int]national ,motors #cfh #cfh #cfh #bgh ,co4 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,velie ,b d4 ,velie ,motors #abe #bh ,corporation ,mol9e1 ,ill4 ,gramm- ,b d4 ,gramm-,b]n/e9 #ajj #ff ,b]n/e9 ,truck ,co4 ,lima1 ,ohio ,f$]al ,b d4 ,f$]al ,motor ,truck #ejj #he ,co4 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,/&>d ,b d4 ,/&>d ,motor ,truck #bhg #ce #hi ,co4 d4 ,seld5 ,b d4 ,seld5 ,motor ,truck ,co4 #aga #ga #aba #e ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,republic ,b d4 ,republic ,motor ,truck #bej ,co4 ,alma1 ,mi*4 ,morel& ,b #d ,morel& ,motor ,truck #fj #dj ,co41 ,los ,angeles1 ,calif4 ,:ite ,b #e ,! ,:ite ,co4 #dh #dh #dh #cd ,clevel&1 ,ohio ,pack>d ,b d4 ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co4 #fe #fj #fj #ag ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,hurlburt ,b d4 ,hurlburt ,motor ,truck #bjj ,co4 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,f$]al ,b d4 ,f$]al ,motor ,truck #cjj #ec ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,miscellane\s ,b #c to #bgh #bgh #bej #bji ,am]ican #e ------------------------- ,total #c1ddc #a1eea #b1baa #a1bj ,dodge ,s$an ,p ,dodge ,bros4 #aj ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,dodge ,road/]d4 d4 d4 #eej #bb #age ,=d ,road/] d4 ,=d ,motor ,co4 #dce #ahe #ahf d4 ,=d ,clos$ d4 d4 d4 #af #af #af ,miscellane\s d4 #ieh #ieh #ieh ,am]ican ------------------------- ,total #a1ifi #a1aha #a1cce ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,motorcycles1 ,,side ,,c>s1 ,,& ,,bicycles4 ,! ne$ ( ! ,army = motorcycles1 side c>s1 & bicycles 0 s trem5d\s t = _m mon?s dur+ ! w> practically ! entire output ( ^! vehicles ( ! k9ds select$ z be+ mo/ suitable = ,army use 0 tak5 by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! ,indian & ,h>ley-,davidson motorcycles 7 be/ adapt$ to meet ! necessities ( ! ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 9 ,france1 & ^! types 7 /&>diz$ = ov]seas %ipm5t4 ,ord]s = a total ( #ci1jgj ,indian motorcycles 7 plac$ ) ! manufactur]s at ,spr+field1 ,mass41 & be=e ! end ( #aiah1 #ah1jha ( ^! _h be5 deliv]$4 ,f ! ,h>ley-,davidson manufactur]s at ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 ! ,gov]nm5t receiv$ #ad1fff ma*9es ( ! total ( #bf1dhg ord]$ be=e ! end ( #aiah4 ,9 addition to ! ,h>ley-,davidson & ,indian ma*9es1 #a1ebf ,clevel& motorcycles1 made 9 ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 7 contract$ =1 & #a1dgf deliv]$ previ\s to #aiai4 ,side-c> equipm5t = ! ,indian & ,h>ley-,davidson ma*9es 0 b\ght 9 almo/ z great quantities z ! motorcycles !mselves4 ,9 fact1 ! dem& = motorcycles & side c>s f ^! two conc]ns 0 s great t !y 7 work+ at #ajj-p]-c5t capacity = ! ,gov]nm5t be=e ! summ] ( #aiah4 ,! ne$s ( ! ,army = ma*9es increas$ s /eadily & ! requirem5ts 7 s va/ t bo? ! ,indian & ,h>ley-,davidson conc]ns _h made l>ge additions to _! plants = meet+ ! ,gov]nm5t ne$s at ! "t ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,a /&>d milit>y type ( bicycle 0 turn$ out = ! ,army by ! ,we/field ,manufactur+ ,co41 at ,we/field1 ,mass41 & o!r bicycles 7 ord]$ f ! ,great ,we/]n ,manufactur+ ,co41 at ,laporte1 ,ind41 & ! ,davis ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 at ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,motorcycles1 bicycles1 & side c>s4 ,,motorcycles4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,ord]$ ,complet$ to-- ,"n4 ,manufactur]4 ,address4 to ---------------- ,%ipp$ ,nov4 #a1 ,nov4 #a1 ,dec4 #ca1ov]seas4 #aiah4 #aiah4 #aiah4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,clevel& ,clevel& ,motors ,clevel&1 ,mfg4 ,co4 ,ohio #a1ebf #ghj #a1dgf #a1jjc ,h>ley- ,h>ley-,davidson ,milwaukee1 ,davidson ,motorcycle ,co4 ,wis4 #bf1dhe #ab1cgf #ad1fff ,spr+field1 #bj1jjg ,indian ,h5dee ,mfg4 ,co4 ,mass4 #ci1hgj #ad1jed #ah1jah --------------------------------- ,total #fg1hha #bg1baj #cd1afj #ba1jaj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,side ,,c>s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,h>ley- ,h>ley-,davidson ,milwaukee1 ,davidson ,motorcycle ,co4 ,wis4 #bf1jii #aa1icd #ad1ccb ,spr+field1 #ai1afj ,indian ,h5dee ,mfg4 ,co4 ,mass4 #ci1abd #ac1hfc #af1hjd --------------------------------- ,total #fe1bbc #be1gig #ca1acf #ai1afj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,bicycles4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,milit>y ,we/field ,we/field1 ,/&>d ,mfg4 ,co4 ,mass4 #cf1jjb #ai1afd #bb1ejb ,d4 ,great ,we/]n ,laporte1 ,mfg4 ,co4 ,ind4 #ae1gej #c1gej #bf1djg ,d4 ,davis ,sew+ ,dayton1 ,ma*9e ,co4 ,ohio #ae1gej #a1iib #c1beb --------------------------------- ,total #fg1ejb #ba1aef #bi1ejd #bf1djg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,horse ,,& ,,h& ,,drawn ,,vehicles4 ,x 0 e>ly realiz$ by ,army (fic]s ^u our entry 9 ! w> t procurem5t ( horse-drawn vehicles = ! ,army w\ld require mobilization ( practically ! entire wagon-mak+ indu/ry ( ! ,nation4 ,consequ5tly "o ( ! fir/ /eps tak5 to provide ! ,army ) ! necess>y vehicles ( ?is type 0 to call into conf]5ce repres5tatives ( ! f\r l>ge/ manufactur+ companies 9 ! indu/ry4 ,r4 ,v4 ,bo>d1 ( ! ,k5tucky ,wagon ,co42 ,a4 ,b4 ,?iel5s1 ( ! ,/udebak] ,corporation ( ,am]ica2 ,e4 ,e4 ,p>sonage1 ( ! ,john ,de]e ,wagon ,co42 & ,r4 ,w4 ,lea1 ( ! ,mol9e ,pl[ ,co41 7 nam$ memb]s ( an advisory committee to assi/ ! ,army 9 ! procurem5t ( vehicles4 ,our fir/ requisition call$ = ! manufacture ( #cd1jjj escort wagons4 ,?is ord]1 ) ! necess>y sp>e p>ts = ^! vehicles meant ! build+ ( ! equival5t ( ab\t #ej1jjj wagons4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> ! manufacture ( vehicles f kiln-dri$ lumb] 0 almo/ unkn[n1 z !re _h always be5 a suffici5t am\nt ( air-dri$ lumb] on h& to meet e dem& = f>m-wagon con/ruction4 ,our fir/ ord]1 h[ev]1 practically us$ up all ( ! air-dri$ lumb] !n 9 exi/5ce 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ord] t dry lumb] c\ld be obta9$ 9 suffici5t quantities to keep up ) ! dem&s = ,army vehicles1 ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t ent]$ into an arrangem5t by :i* dry-kilns 7 built by contractors ) ! ,gov]nm5t defray+ half ( ! co/1 ! wagon manufactur] be+ reimburs$ at ! rate ( #aj = ea* wagon produc$1 or on a basis ( #aj = ea* #ahe wor? ( sp>e p>ts fabricat$4 ,despite ! fact t ord9>ily six mon?s 7 requir$ ev5 ) kiln-dry+ be=e a log 0 ready = fabrication into a vehicle1 all ord]s = ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t 7 fill$ on "t & 9 accordance ) ! plans outl9$4 ,to make ?is possible e manufactur] ( ! indu/ry capable ( turn+ out ! class ( vehicles desir$ did 8 "p & did x s well t up to ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice approximately #aaj1jjj horse-drawn or h&-drawn vehicles _h be5 deliv]$1 ( ! total ( #ahe1gbg = :i* contracts _h be5 plac$4 ,escort wagons =m$ ! l>ge bulk ( ! requirem5ts at ! />t1 b z ! w> progress$1 ! necessity 0 creat$ = diff]5t designs ( vehicles4 ,s f "t to "t !re 7 design$ dr9k+-wat] c>ts & wagons1 m$ical & ration c>ts1 combat wagons1 vet]9>y ambulances1 spr9kl+ wagons1 & v>i\s o!r types to meet special ne$s4 ,9 ! e>ly spr+ ( #aiah x 0 f\nd t ! wagon indu/ry _h ab\t rea*$ its limit s f> z output 0 conc]n$1 & t1 if ! w> cont9u$ ano!r ye>1 new s\rces ( supply w\ld h to be develop$4 ,!n x 0 t ! furniture indu/ry 0 call$ ^u to produce sp>e p>ts = vehicles4 ,"u ! presid5cy ( ,p4 ,b4 ,s*raves&e1 presid5t ( ! ,gr& ,rapids ,s*ool ,equipm5t ,co41 ! ,furniture & ,fixture & ,light-wood ,indu/ry ,w> ,s]vice ,committee 0 organiz$ to coop]ate 9 arrang+ to h furniture mak]s ent] ! field ( manufacture ( sp>e p>ts4 ,x 0 arrang$ t ! furniture manufactur]s 7 to produce #ge p] c5t ( ! sp>e p>ts !n requisition$1 total+ 9 value ab\t #h1jjj1jjj4 ,:ile ! furniture indu/ry 0 prep>+ its plants = ! manufacture ( ^! p>ts1 ! wagon indu/ry cont9u$ to manufacture #be p] c5t ( ! requir$ p>ts 9 ord] to keep up a satisfactory fl[4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ practically all ! furniture manufactur]s _h prep>$ to fill ! sp>e-p>ts ord]s1 b none ( !m _h rea*$ quantity production4 ,automobile-:eel manufactur]s 7 induc$ to turn out ! imm5se quantity ( :eels ne$$ = escort wagons4 ,!re 7 9 all ab\t #bej manufactur]s ( wagons1 wagon p>ts1 & :eels4 ,among ! prom95t wagon companies engag$ 9 ?is "w 73 ,ba9 ,wagon ,co41 ,o%ko%1 ,wis42 ,columbia ,wagon ,co41 ,columbia1 ,pa42 ,de]e ,co41 ,mol9e1 ,ill42 ,em]son-,brant+ham ,co41 ,rock=d1 ,ill42 ,flor5ce ,wagon ,co41 ,flor5ce1 ,ala42 ,hackney ,wagon ,co41 ,wilson1 ,n4 ,c42 ,int]national ,h>ve/] ,co41 ,memphis1 ,t5n42 ,mol9e ,pl[ ,co41 ,mol9e1 ,ill2 ,mogul ,wagon ,co41 ,hosk9sville1 ,ky42 ,ow5sboro ,wagon ,co41 ,ow5sboro1 ,ky42 ,pek9 ,wagon ,co41 ,pek91 ,ill42 ,pet] ,s*uttl] ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill42 ,spr+field ,wagon ,co41 ,spr+field1 ,mo42 ,/\ghton ,wagon ,co41 ,/\ghton1 ,wis42 ,a4 ,/rei* ,bros4 ,co41 ,o%ko%1 ,wis42 ,?ornhill ,wagon ,co41 ,lyn*burg1 ,va42 ,tiff9 ,wagon ,co41 ,tiff91 ,ohio2 ,eagle ,wagon ,works1 ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y42 ,a4 ,a4 ,coop] ,wagon ,buggy ,co41 ,dubuque1 ,i[a2 ,w9ona ,wagon ,co41 ,w9ona1 ,m9n42 ,:ite ,hickory ,wagon ,co41 ,atlanta1 ,ga42 ,k5tucky ,wagon ,co41 ,l\isville1 ,ky42 ,/udebak] ,corporation1 ,s\? ,b5d1 ,ind42 ,am]ican ,c> ,f\ndry ,co41 ,jeff]sonville1 ,ind4 ,among ! lead+ automobile-:eel manufactur]s :o 7 giv5 contracts = escort-wagon :eels 7 ! foll[+3 ,mutual ,:eel ,co41 ,mol9e1 ,ill42 ,rog] ,:eel ,co41 ,aurora1 ,ind42 ,crane ,mc,mahon 7,inc471 ,/4 ,m>ys1 ,ohio2 ,hayes ,:eel ,co41 ,jackson1 ,mi*42 ,imp]ial ,:eel ,co41 ,fl9t1 ,mi*42 ,kelsey ,:eel ,co41 ,detroit1 ,mi*42 ,b9nel ,spoke ,auto ,:eel ,co41 ,portl&1 ,ind42 ,ar*ibald ,:eel ,co41 ,lawr5ce1 ,mass42 ,*attanooga ,wagon ,co41 ,*attanooga1 ,t5n42 ,hoopes ,bros4 ,dal+ton 7,inc471 ,we/*e/]1 ,pa42 ,prudd5 ,:eel ,co41 ,lans+1 ,mi*42 ,/&>d ,:eel ,co41 ,t]re ,haute1 ,ind42 ,avoca ,:eel ,co41 ,avoca1 ,n4 ,y42 ,new ,wapakoneta ,:eel ,co41 ,wapakoneta1 ,ohio2 ,pi$mont ,wagon ,co41 ,hickory1 ,n4 ,c4 ,furniture factories t assum$ contracts = mak+ sp>e p>ts = horse-drawn vehicles includ$ ab\t #cj furniture manufactur]s ( ,rock=d1 ,ill41 z well z ! foll[+3 ,gr& ,rapids ,s*ool ,equipm5t ,co41 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*42 ,%]man ,bros4 ,co41 ,jame/[n1 ,n4 ,y42 ,ramsey-,alton ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,portl&1 ,mi*42 ,conn]sville ,furniture ,co41 ,conn]sville1 ,ind42 ,p4 ,d]by ,co41 ,g>dn]1 ,mass42 ,eb]t ,furniture ,co41 ,r$ ,lion1 ,pa42 ,s4 ,k>p5 ,bros41 ,*icago1 ,ill42 ,*as4 ,t4 ,lamb]t ,co41 ,holl&1 ,mi*42 ,! ,macey ,co41 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*42 ,?os4 ,madd5 ,son ,co41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind42 ,sidney ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,sidney1 ,ohio2 ,basic ,furniture ,co41 ,waynesboro1 ,va42 ,bre*t ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,production data = horse-drawn vehicles4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,numb] ,value ( ,quantity ,quantity ,value ( ord]$ ord]s4 deliv]$ %ipp$ quantity betwe5 up to ov]seas4 %ipp$ ,apr4 #f1 ,nov4 #aa1 ov]seas4 #aiag1 & #aiah4 ,nov4 #aa1 #aiah4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,comm]cial vehicles #aha1jggda1bdg1iaa #hi1jbd #bh1iahg1bdg1ebb ,sp>e p>ts #ci1fij1bee #b1eea1fdb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total #aha1jgg #hj1ich1aff #hi1jbd #bh1iah #i1gii1afd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,! foll[+ table %[s ! pr9cipal items li/$ "u comm]cial vehicles1 ) ! total numb] ord]$1 value ( ! ord]1 & ! total numb] deliv]$ up to ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,value ( ,value ( ,item4 ,total numb] ,total numb] ord]$4 ord]$4 deliv]$4 deliv]$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,wagons4 ,ambulance #c1cci #a1afh1fej #c1cai #a1afa1fej ,escort1 model ,a #a1jjj #bdb1jjj #a1jjj #bdb1jjj ,escort1 ,j-#aah #ajb1jgh #bj1dae1fjj #cg1fac #g1ebb1fjj ,combat #ae1ejj #g1gej1jjj #g1jii #c1edi1ejj ,dr9k+ wat] #b1fhg #a1bfb1hij #b1fhg #a1bfb1hij ,m\nta91 #c-seat #a1jjj #cjj1jjj #a1jjj #cjj1jjj ,spr9kl+ #a1jef #dif1cbj #a1jef #dif1cbj ,bottom1 dump #dcf #ga1idj #bee #db1jge ,milk #d #a1djj #d #a1djj ,buckbo>d #a1hei #bcb1cge #a1aee #add1cge ---------------------------------------- ------- ,total #abh1iei #ca1ida1age #ee1ahh #ad1gbb1haj ,c>ts4 ,dr9k+ wat] #bb1jjj #f1jej1jjj #ad1gbi #d1jej1dge ,ration #ae1jjj #a1hge1jjj #aj1ahe #a1bgc1abe ,m$ical #e1ejj #hai1ejj #b1cej #cej1aej ,h& #g1cji #baa1ifa #d1fjg #acc1jjc ,dump #a1ahc #aah1cjj #a1jcg #ajc1gjj ,sanit>y #a1jji #bja1hjj #haa #afb1bjj ,vet]9>y ambulance #hj #bj1jjj #hj #bj1jjj ,dis9fect+ spray #cg #aj1age #cg #aj1age ---------------------------------------- ------- ,total #eb1aah #i1cjf1gcf #cc1hcf #f1ajc1dbh ,gr& total #da1bdg1iaa #bj1hbf1bch ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,?is table %[s ! total numb] ( horse-drawn vehicles s5t ov]seas dur+ ! w>2 also ! value ( ^! %ipm5ts & ! unit prices4 ,horse-drawn vehicles4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,items %ipp$4 ,article4 ,unit4 ,numb]4----------------- ,unit ,total value4 value4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,ambulances ,ea* #ejg #cej #agg1dej ,escort wagons d4 #ae1igi #bcj #c1fge1agj ,combat wagons d4 #b1fgb #ejj #a1ccf1jjj ,spr+ wagons d4 #adg #bce #cd1ede ,wat] c>ts d4 #e1cad #bge #a1dfa1cej ,ration c>ts d4 #c1bca #abe #djc1hge ,m$ical c>ts d4 #a1jfh #adi #aei1acb ---------- ,total #g1bdg1ebb ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,m$ical ,,& ,,d5tal ,,supplies4 ,le/ x be ?\ght t ! ,am]ican ,army 0 dep5d5t 9 any way = its hospital facilities & surgical supplies ^u private contributions1 x may be said t ! ,gov]nm5t dur+ ! p]iod betwe5 ,april #f1 #aiag1 & ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 plac$ contracts = m$ical supplies am\nt+ to #dbd1gfa1jca4 ,contract cancellations aft] ! armi/ice 0 sign$ am\nt$ to #ef1jjj1jjj4 ,! rema9+ #cgj1jjj1jjj approximately repres5ts ! co/ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( m$ic9e1 surgical in/rum5ts & dress+s1 ambulances1 hospital furniture1 equipm5t & supplies1 & d5tal & vet]9>y supplies = ! w>4 ,?is 0 consid]ably m money ?an 0 contribut$ by ! ,am]ican p to ! ,am]ican ,r$ ,cross1 a great "p ( ^: funds w5t to ! relief ( civilian populations 9 ,europe1 or to any o!r w> *>ity4 ,?us x w be se5 t ! ,gov]nm5t ) billions ( doll>s to sp5d c\ld well af=d ! few hundr$s ( millions necess>y to give ! ,am]ican soldi]s :o ne$$ x ! be/ possible hospital att5tion4 ,x accept$ ! gifts ( ?is sort1 rang+ f gauze b&ages to fully equipp$ motor ambulances1 z ! (f]+s ( ! p ^: he>ts ov]fl[$ ) love & gratitude to ! ,am]ican soldi]s & took ?is means ( %[+ _! conc]n2 b ! ,gov]nm5t 9 no s5se 0 dep5d5t ^u ^! donations4 ,be=e #aiad f\r-fif?s ( all surgical in/rum5ts us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 import$ f ,g]many4 ,?is c\ntry1 too1 0 practically dep5d5t ^u ,g]many = _m ( its mo/ important m$ic9es1 includ+ ! potassium salts & su* drugs z digital91 salv>san1 atrop91 etc4 ,:ile 9 a way we _h be5 develop+ sub/itute s\rces ( supply 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ^! indisp5sable commodities 9 ! mon?s betwe5 ! outbreak ( ! great w> & ! date ( our p>ticipation 9 x1 ! rais+ ( a va/ army & ! project to s5d ?is army to ! bloody battle fields ( ,france creat$ an ,am]ican dem& = m$ic9es & surgical in/rum5ts beyond any?+ ev] kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,yet1 ?r\gh ! coop]ation ( manufactur]s & ! (fic]s ( ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t's g5]al pur*as+ (fice1 :i* 0 on ,novemb] #ae1 #aiah1 incorporat$ 9 ! (fice ( ! ,director ( ,pur*ase & ,/orage1 suffici5t supplies 7 develop$1 n only ( m$ic9e b ( surgical in/rum5ts4 ,! developm5t ( ! production ( m$ic9es = ! use ( troops 9 ! field 0 p>ticul>ly notable4 ,! important drug1 salv>san1 us$ 9 ! treatm5t ( syphilis1 0 a pat5t$ =mula & _h be5 furni%$ =m]ly by a s+le ,g]man manufactur]4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we produc$ arsph5am9e z a sub/itute1 gradually increas+ ! supply & con/antly improv+ ! drug until at l5g? its toxicity _h be5 s r$uc$ t x equal$ or ev5 excell$ ! ,g]man product4 ,! facilities ( ! ,am]ican drug & tablet manufactur]s 7 tax$ to ! utmo/ to supply ! ,army4 ,= example1 dur+ ! ye> #aiah a total ( #df1jjj1jjj qu99e tablets 0 produc$1 :ile #agb1jjj1jjj aspir9 tablets 7 manufactur$ dur+ ! same p]iod1 & #hce1jjj p\nds ( calomel o9tm5t1 #de1jjj1jjj iod9e swabs1 #aj1bej1jjj t9s ( foot p[d]1 & #cjj1jjj1jjj tubes ( iod9e-potassium4 ,all o!r items ( m$ic9es1 antiseptics1 & dis9fectants1 requir$ by ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t1 7 increas$ 9 proportion4 ,?is production n only /ra9$ ! facilities ( ! manufactur]s ( *emicals & drugs b also call$ ^u ! glassw>e manufactur]s = ! necess>y bottles & tubes 9 :i* to pack ^! m$ic9es satisfactorily4 ,"h aga9 0 an ef=t t requir$ close coop]ation betwe5 ! trade & ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t 9 ord] to meet ! dem&4 ,:5 x became evid5t t a decl>ation ( w> aga9/ ,g]many 0 imm95t1 ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t proce$$ to analyze ! c\ntry's res\rces ( m$ical supplies4 ,^! res\rces 7 to a l>ge ext5t limit$4 ,! ,alli$ nations _h be5 mak+ heavy & con/ant dem&s = ^! mat]ials1 s mu* s t ev5 ! mobilization ( su* a relatively small numb] ( troops z 7 c5t]$ along ! ,mexican ,bord] put a sev]e burd5 ^u ! m$ical supply facilities ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,national ,def5se took up ! m$ical supplies problem at ! outset4 ,! v>i\s manufactur]s s5t _! repres5tatives to consult ) ! ,surgeon ,g5]al1 & committees on surgical in/rum5ts1 surgical dress+s1 m$ic9es1 & o!r important supplies 7 =m$4 ,^! committees allocat$ among ! v>i\s manufactur]s ! fir/ em]g5cy ord]s = ^! mat]ials4 ,! result 0 t ! base hospitals at ! #cb mobilization camps 9 #aiag 7 equipp$ 9 an amaz+ly %ort "t4 ,! ,new ,york ,m$ical ,supply ,depot1 :i* 0 !n ! l>ge/ pur*as+ ag5t1 0 call$ ^u to supply #ejj hospital b$s ea* to #bb ( ! camps4 ,?is "w 0 h&l$ s rapidly t 9 "s cases ! %ipm5ts _h to be held back to wait = ! completion ( ! hospital build+s4 ,p]haps ! mo/ difficult task 0 to det]m9e :at quantities ( m$ical supplies w\ld be ne$$ = a giv5 p]iod4 ,x is a comp>atively simple matt] to e/imate ! quantity ( clo?+ necess>y = a c]ta9 numb] ( troops1 or to figure :at food !y w require2 b x is n possible to =eca/ ! numb] ( m5 :o w be sick at a giv5 camp at a specifi$ "t1 nor is x possible to =etell ! nature ( diseases or injuries4 ,an epidemic ( measles or mumps requires diff]5t treatm5t ?an an epidemic ( influ5za1 & makes necess>y ! use ( a diff]5t v>iety ( m$ical supplies4 ,exp]i5ce %eets ( supplies actually us$ 9 ! pa/ =m$ ! basis ( our requirem5ts s*$ules4 ,ev5tually !re 0 work$ out a sy/em ( supply bas$ on ! initial requirem5ts ( ! unit ( #be1jjj m5 9 ! ,exp$ition>y ,=ces & ! automatic supply ( repl5i%m5t ( ?is equipm5t4 ,9 ?is sy/em use 0 made ( ! k & exp]i5ce obta9$ by ! ,briti% & ,fr5* m$ical =ces dur+ _! ne>ly ?ree ye>s ( w>f>e be=e ,am]ica w5t 94 ,! foll[+ /atem5t ( e/imat$ exp5ditures = ! fiscal ye> #aibj illu/rates ! diff]5ce 9 ! m$ical requirem5ts ( an army ( #ejj1jjj m5 "u peace conditions & an army ( #e1jjj1jjj m5 9 a w> su* z ! rec5t "o3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,peace--#ejj1jjj,w>--#e1jjj1jjj m54 m54 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,surgical dress+s #c1jei1ebe #aba1bcj1ibd ,textiles1 hospital supplies #hhj1abd #gj1fhb1fgc ,miscellane\s hospital supplies #bcj1dgg #ab1fbf1hdh ,m$ic9es1 etc #a1ifi1ija #ah1dca1fad ,hospital furniture & equipm5t #ejj1jjj #af1fjj1ahd ,surgical in/rum5ts #bjj1jjj #cd1gbg1hfc ,d5tal in/rum5ts1 equipm5t1 & supplies #aej1jjj #f1bef1dhb ,x-ray1 equipm5t1 & supplies #bjj1jjj #e1jjd1ijj ,field supplies #cjj1jjj #c1fjd1fie ,vet]9>y #gja1fib #f1fef1hid ,laboratory #heb1fgc #g1heh1jjd ,/ation]y #aei1ahc #b1bbh1fcd ---------------------------- ,total #i1bjc1ege #cje1iji1gae ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,civilian exp]ts 9 v>i\s l9es ( m$ical supplies 7 br\ght into ! organization to supply ! wide range ( specializ$ k requir$ 9 su* a univ]sal buy+ program z ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t 0 ab\t to conduct4 ,be=e ! w> ! ,army's pur*ases ( in/rum5ts = oral & bra9 surg]y1 or?op$ic supplies1 ,dak9 outfits1 & o!r special app>atus 7 practically negligible4 ,dur+ ! w> p]iod ^! pur*ases am\nt$ to millions ( doll>s4 ,x may be se5 readily t ! pur*as+ (fice _h to possess m ?an a sup]ficial und]/&+ ( ! mat]ials to be b\ght4 ,ord]s cu/om>ily w5t to ! l[e/ bidd]s1 ) a c>eful review 9 ,wa%+ton ( all prices nam$ 9 contracts4 ,! inspection ( mat]ial 0 an important phase ( ! "w4 ,?is inspection 0 h&l$ ?r\gh ! ,new ,york ,m$ical ,supply ,depot1 :i* call$ 9 z assi/ants ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bo>d ( ,cu/oms ,apprais]s at ,new ,york ,city4 ,t corps ( m5 _h _h long ye>s ( exp]i5ce 9 inspect+ & det]m9+ ! value ( surgical supplies1 z mo/ ( ^! supplies 9 ! pa/ _h come ?r\gh ! cu/omh\se f =eign c\ntries4 ,! inspection ( drugs 0 h&l$ by ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t's laboratories1 ! ,army ,m$ical ,s*ool1 & by ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds1 :i* r5d]$ valuable assi/ance 9 exam9+ & te/+ samples4 ,9 addition ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ma9ta9$ a corps ( inspectors to travel f "o factory to ano!r1 keep+ 9 close t\* ) ! progress & assi/+ 9 procur+ raw mat]ials & exp$it+ deliv]ies4 ,! m$ical supplies 7 divid$ "u ! foll[+ classifications3 7a7 ,hospital equipm5t1 su* z b$s1 b$side tables1 enamelw>e1 etc4 7b7 ,surgical dress+s4 7c7 ,surgical in/rum5ts4 7d7 ,m$ic9es1 antiseptics1 & dis9fectants4 7e7 ,field supplies 7*e/s & units = ext5d$ field s]vice74 7f7 ,d5tal supplies4 7g7 ,vet]9>y supplies4 7h7 ,laboratory supplies4 7i7 ,motor ambulance supplies4 7j7 ,x-ray supplies4 ,! ,new ,york depot 0 intru/$ ) ! pur*ase ( miscellane\s hospital equipm5t & d5tal & ,x-ray supplies4 ,! ,/4 ,l\is depot pur*as$ ! vet]9>y supplies1 & ! field m$ical supply depot at ,wa%+ton pur*as$ ! laboratory & field supplies4 ,! motor ambulance supply depot1 e/abli%$ at ,l\isville1 ,ky41 pur*as$ ambulances & ambulance sp>e p>ts4 ,appreciat+ ! necessity = a c]ta9 am\nt ( coop]ation :]e ! pur*ase ( conflict+ articles by ! v>i\s depots 0 conc]n$1 ! g5]al pur*as+ (fice ( ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t 0 organiz$ at ,wa%+ton4 ,?is pur*as+ (fice b\ght all surgical dress+s1 surgical in/rum5ts1 & m$ic9es & su* items z 7 us$ 9 ! field1 po/1 vet]9>y1 & d5tal /ations4 ,9 connection ) ! production ( surgical in/rum5ts 9 ?is c\ntry x 0 necess>y = ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t to educate 9 ! manufacture ( ^! in/rum5ts c]ta9 conc]ns :i* _h be5 engag$ 9 ! production ( simil> devices4 ,m5 skill$ 9 ! manufacture ( in/rum5ts1 ) long ye>s ( exp]i5ce1 7 s5t to ^! factories to "w out ) ! =ces !re satisfactory processes4 ,x 0 necess>y to recruit toolmak]s1 jewel]s1 & cutl]y manufactur]s 9 ord] to build up a suffici5t supply ( =g$ & f9i%$ in/rum5ts4 ,surgical ne$les1 = in/ance1 _h nev] be5 made 9 ?is c\ntry1 b _h all be5 obta9$ 9 ,engl&4 ,z a w> measure ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t plac$ ?is item on its li/ ( re/rict$ exports4 ,aft] long & cont9u$ ef=t ! g5]al pur*as+ (fice develop$ ,am]ican s\rces ( supply ( ne$les ) rem>kable success4 ,9 "o mon? we %ipp$ #fe tons ( surgical in/rum5ts to ,france4 ,a few ( ! pr9cipal in/rum5ts1 quantities pur*as$1 & ! prices paid 7 z foll[s3 ,av]age co/1 ea*4 #a1cja1dgf hmo/atic =ceps #a4jd #bhd1fjj tissue =ceps 4#ei #cdh1ejj m9or op]at+ knives 4#eg #bbe1jjj probes 4#jdg #cji1edh surgical scissors 4#gda #b1ajb g5]al op]at+ cases #aei4ee #c1djj small op]at+ cases #de4cj #aj1jjj in/rum5t cases = (fic]s' belts #e4bh #cjj1jjj enli/$ m5's belt cases #a4ce ,ea* g5]al op]at+ case conta9s m ?an #ej in/rum5ts & ! small op]at+ case m ?an #cj in/rum5ts1 & 9 ^! two items alone are m ?an #bjg1jjj =g+s1 practically all h&work4 ,! quantity ( surgical dress+s us$ 9 peace times 0 relatively small1 s t ! s\rces = supply+ ?is mat]ial _h to be increas$ enorm\sly4 ,to d ?is ! ,gov]nm5t w5t out into ! cotton goods indu/ry & induc$ su* conc]ns z curta9 mak]s & manufactur]s ( wai/s & :ite goods to make b&ages = surgical uses4 ,! ,gov]nm5t obta9$ ! raw mat]ial1 gray gauze1 & turn$ x ov] to ! v>i\s manufactur]s = blea*+1 cutt+1 /]iliz+1 & pack+ 9 ! necess>y c>tons4 ,among o!r items dur+ ! la/ ye> ( ! w> a total ( #ab1jjj1jjj individual dress+ packets 7 pur*as$ & #gie1jjj boxes ( gauze b&ages1 #egd1djj1jjj y>ds ( b&age1 #aj1jjj1jjj fir/-aid packets1 & #ajh1jjj1jjj y>ds ( gauze4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod a total quantity ( #c1had1jjj p\nds ( absorb5t cotton 0 also b\ght4 ,among ! miscellane\s items obta9$ 7 approximately #a1fjj1jjj blankets1 #beh1jjj litt]s1 & ov] #a1jjj1jjj cl9ical !rmomet]s4 ,! rate ( output ( cl9ical !rmomet]s 0 n all t ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ?\ght x %\ld be1 & z a result a l>ge quantity ( !rmomet]s 0 obta9$ on m&atory ord]s4 ,! heavie/ buy+ p]iod dur+ ! w> 0 betwe5 ,july #a & ,novemb] #cj1 #aiah4 ,! supplies pur*as$ or ord]$ 9 t p]iod 7 ! foll[+1 ) _! co/s3 ,m$ic9es1 antiseptics1 & dis9fectants #ai1gbh1gae ,hospital furniture & equipm5t #h1bbj1big ,hospital supplies1 textiles #fi1cba1ghg ,hospital supplies1 miscellane\s #a1hjh1dfe ,surgical in/rum5ts #f1egf1bch ,surgical dress+s #ge1gfb1chc ,x-ray equipm5t & supplies #b1dff1jhi ,d5tal equipm5t & supplies #d1icb1agh ,laboratory equipm5t & supplies #b1cja1fhc ,vet]9>y equipm5t & supplies #c1beh1aai ,motor ambulances & supplies #be1fbe1jjj ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! pur*ases made 9 ,france = ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t consi/$ mo/ly ( l>ge & bulky items1 ma9ly hospital furniture & equipm5t1 :i*1 if transport$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w\ld necessitate ! use ( consid]able valuable c>go space4 ,=eign pur*ases 7 made prim>ily to save %ip space & n because ( any %ortage or failure to function 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,al?\gh ,am]ica is fam\s ?r\gh\t ! _w = h] d5ti/s & d5ti/ry1 yet ! p>ticipation ( ?is c\ntry 9 ! w> creat$ a dem& = d5tal supplies t ! ,am]ican manufactur+ facilities 9 exi/5ce 9 #aiag 7 unable to fill4 ,= t reason x 0 necess>y to ext5d ! production capacity4 ,! manufactur]s 9 ! trade rose to ! occasion1 & z a result ! ,gov]nm5t 0 able to supply to ! ,a4 ,e4 ,f4 f ! ,unit$ ,/ates all d5tal mat]ials requir$1 ! only pur*ases made 9 ,france be+ ( exce$+ly bulky app>atus4 ,! total am\nt allott$ = d5tal supplies = an army ( #e1jjj1jjj m5 9 #aiai 0 #f1bef1dhb4 ,dur+ ! five mon?s betwe5 ,july #a & ,novemb] #cj1 #aiah1 ! d5tal pur*ases am\nt$ to approximately #e1jjj1jjj4 ,! six lead+ d5tal items pur*as$ by ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t & ! quantity & co/ ( ea* 7 z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,items4 ,quantity4 ,co/1 ea*4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,too?-extract+ =ceps #dg1cai #b4hf ,d5tal ,*airs3 ,hospital ,equipm5t #a1aab #afg4jf ,portable #c1bjj #di4jj ,la!s3 ,unique #aaj #aj4jj ,electric #gj #dc4if ,f\nta9 cuspidors #a1bec #cb4ea ,burs #c1hcf1ggf 4#jha ,eng9es3 ,portable #a1gij #fc4jj ,electric #had #abb4hj ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,salvage4 ,tables ( /ati/ics are apt to be tiresome affairs2 b 9 ! annals ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 z "p ( ! record ( ! ,am]ican ,army 9 ! great w>1 !re is a table ( /ati/ics t is replete ) human int]e/4 ,?is is ! table :i* depicts ! activities ( ! salvage op]ations ( ! ,army1 bo? at home & abroad4 ,until ! w> came to ,am]ica & br\ght to u ! necessity ( be+ provid5t1 ?rift & economy c\ld n be call$ *>act]i/ic ,am]ican qualities4 ,z virtues 9 ! individual we 7 apt to despise !m4 ,p>is c live on :at ,new ,york ?r[s away1 runs ! old say+4 ,= ! prud5t man we inv5t$ opprobri\s names4 ,su* names & phrases 7 b ! surface outcropp+s ( a national t5d5cy to be wa/eful4 ,b ! w> came along to put a /op to wa/e & to raise ?rift high 9 ! e/eem ( ,am]ica4 ,p>tly because ( ! m\nt+ prices ( food & clo?+ & p>tly because ( well-organiz$ & well-conduct$ propag&a on ! "p ( v>i\s ag5cies ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 *ief among !m be+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,food ,adm9i/ration & ! ,lib]ty ,bond & ,w> ,sav+ ,/amp organizations ( ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 ,am]ica began to practice economy 9 ! use ( mat]ials4 ,h[ mu* ( ! cr$it = ! *ange c be claim$ by ! ,gov]nm5t itself we may nev] "k2 b ?is may be said--9 urg+ ! p to save mat]ials 9 _! own homes1 ! ,gov]nm5t did n1 z x _h done 9 previ\s w>s1 all[ ! traditional wa/es ( milit>y campaigns4 ,! ,gov]nm5t practic$ :at x prea*$4 ,x clean$ up its own back y>d & utiliz$ e scrap ( useful mat]ial4 ,x m5d$ ! %oes & clo?+ ( ! ,army2 x d>n$ ! socks2 x t9k]$ ! t9 cans2 x />v$ ! g>bage pails by economy 9 ! mess kit*5s & recov]$ ! valuable compon5ts ( g>bage at r5d]+ plants2 x collect$ ! junk2 x swept ! /ables & put ! manure on ! l&1 & !n produc$ crops f ! increas$ f]tility4 ,all ( ^! adv5tures 9 cons]vation & reclamation 7 kn[n to ! ,army simply z ,salvage2 :i* aft] all 0 b ! sci5tific att5tion :i* ! ,army paid to ! p's & q's ( milit>y h\sekeep+--x 0 h\sehold economy on ! scale ( a family ( #c1ejj1jjj memb]s4 ,! figures ( ! ,army's ?rift are mo/ impressive4 ,! figures ( our w> salvage are z foll[s3 ,f9ancial summ>y ( ! activities ( ! salvage s]vice 9 ,france = #aiah4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,depots & %ops4 ,kit*5 economics bran*4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,mon?4 ,value ( output4 ,mon?4 ,recov]ies4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,janu>y ,no record ,may #a1cej4fe ,febru>y ,no record ,june #ag1hha4jc ,m>* #hej1jjj4jj ,july #gd1afg4ca ,april #ijj1jjj4jj ,augu/ #bc1eha4bj ,may #a1ejj1jjj4jj ,septemb] #ce1fgg4jc ,june #b1jjj1jjj4jj ,octob] #aji1jac4hd ,july #c1ejj1jjj4jj ,novemb] #abj1aeh4fc ,augu/ #e1ejj1jjj4jj ,decemb] #ib1fhe4dc ,septemb] #g1bea1eab4dj -------------- ,octob] #h1jjg1ihj4ci ,total #dgd1eae4ab ,novemb] #h1jgb1jdb4jh ,decemb] #i1dcf1hci4ad ------------------- ,total #dg1jah1cgd4ja ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,battle-field recov]ies4 ,octob] #h1jjj1jjj4jj ,novemb] #d1jjj1jjj4jj ,decemb] #c1ajj1jjj4jj ------------- ,total #ae1ajj1jjj4jj ,capitulation ( salvage activities 9 ,france = ye> #aiah4 ,value ( output1 depots & %ops #dg1jah1cgd4ja ,battle-field recov]ies #ae1ajj1jjj4jj ,kit*5 economies #dgd1eae4ab ,wa/e sales #ci1fhj4bc ,rubb] salvag$1 #a1eia1ehe p\nds1 at e/imat$ value ( #aj c5ts p] p\nd #aei1aef4ej ,wool clo? %ipp$ to ,briti%1 #cei1ibj p\nds1 at e/imat$ value ( #bj c5ts p] p\nd #ga1ihd4jj ,lumb] salvag$1 #a1gcg1idj bo>d feet #fi1jbe4bj -------------- ,total #fb1icb1gce4jf ,f9ancial summ>y ( ! activities ( ! salvage s]vice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ate f ,apr4 #a to ,dec4 #ca1 #aiah4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,e/imat$ ,e/imat$ ,activity4 ,total co/ value ,e/imat$ net articles4 ( s]vice4 reclaim$ sav+4 articles4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,clo?+1 %oe1 & hat repair #ab1fce1dehg1ajc1idj4jj #cg1fcb1aeh4jecj1ebh1bah4je ,cot repair #dhf1hib #ggi1jbg4bj #a1geb1haa4bj #igc1ghd4jj ,canvas repair #abb1dhj #faa1ijj4jj #c1jbc1dah4gi #b1daa1eah4gi ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,total #cc1iac1ebj4hd ,dry-clean+ op]ations #d1fhf1dae #b1bdg1bib4eb #ceaff1bcc4bi ,gov]nm5t laundry op]ations #gb1bfc1ifd #a1hhh1hbc4iccfc1aae1hdg4ca #a1bbg1jbc4ch ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,gr& total #ce1cjf1ggg4ea ,,disposition ,,( ,,wa/e ,,mat]ial ,e/imat$ value ( mat]ial turn$ ov] to organisations #ida1gji4jj ,ca% sales3 ,scrap mat]ial f ,june #a to ,dec4 #ca #a1aid1cie4ja ,g>bage1 ,may #a to ,dec #ca #dad1hcb4fj ,dead animals1 ,may #a to ,dec4 #ca #g1jdc4ia ,manure1 ,may #a to ,dec4 #ca #bbe1bbg4bi ,condemn$ hay1 /raw1 etc41 ,may #a to #ej1aeh4ib ,dec4 #ca -------------- ,total #a1hia1feg4gc ,f>m products invoic$ to qu>t]ma/]1 ,may #a to ,dec4 #ca #ajg1bga4gi -------------- ,e/imat$ net sav+ to ,gov]nm5t #ch1bdg1daf4jc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #ce ,on articles dry clean$ 9 ,gov]nm5t %ops4 #cf ,receipts & op]at+ cr$its4 ,a consolidation ( ^! figures %[s t ! total am\nt return$ to ! ,gov]nm5t 9 money value by ! sav+s ( ! salvage s]vice ( ! ,army = ! s+le cal5d> ye> ( #aiah 0 #aja1ahj1aea4 ,) ?is figure "s int]e/+ comp>isons may be made4 ,9 #aiab1 to meet e exp5se ( ! ,am]ican /&+ ,army1 ,congress appropriat$ #ii1fgf1gfg4dc2 9 #aiac ! appropriations 7 #ajj1bib1hee4jd4 ,salvage1 reclaim+ ! mat]ials once wa/$ & us+ !m ov] aga91 sav$ en\gh 9 #aiah to h ma9ta9$ ! entire ,milit>y ,e/abli%m5t 9 #aiab or #aiac4 ,b !re is ev5 a m /rik+ comp>ison4 ,dur+ ! fiscal ye> ( #ahih--! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w> ye>--! entire appropriations = ! support ( ! ,army am\nt$ to #gj1cid1gci4if4 ,salvage 9 #aiah sav$ #cj1jjj1jjj m ?an 0 appropriat$ to fight ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w> up to ,july #a1 #ahih1 at :i* date ! fight+ 0 ne>ly ov]4 ,take ! co/ ( clo?+ ! ,army rais$ to fight aga9/ ,spa91 & add to x ! appropriations = clo?+ ! ,army & equipp+ x ) %oes1 lea!r & rubb] goods1 & textile equipm5t = ! ye>s #aiac1 #aiad1 #aiae1 #aiaf1 & #aiag1 & y h a total ,gov]nm5t exp5diture ( #ajj1jej1bga4fe4 ,! sav+s ( salvage 9 #aiah c\ld pay ?is entire co/ ) #a1abi1hhj to sp>e4 ,x co/ #bj1bhj1jjj = ! clo?+ & equipage ( ! ,army = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aiag1 at :i* date ! w> ) ,g]many _h begun4 ,salvage 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone 9 #aiah sav$ to ! ,gov]nm5t #ag1ifg1daf m ?an ?is appropriation4 ,salvage und]tak+s t\*$ intimately e soldi] 9 ! ,army4 ,?is s]vice :i* taught economy 9 ! use ( mat]ials c\ld ) equal facility op]ate a laundry or dry-clean+ plant1 or run a f>m1 or drive a good b>ga9 9 ! sale ( junk1 or return goods t did n meet specifications & be reimburs$ = !m4 ,:]ev] ! exp]ts ( ! s]vice saw a leak ?r\gh :i* ! ,gov]nm5t's money might fl[ out1 !y plugg$ x4 ,an innovation 9 w>f>e z we knew x1 x _h to fight its way aga9/ prejudice at ! />t1 b x develop$ :at =m]ly 0 wa/e & a liability into a trem5d\s asset4 ,yet :5 ! armi/ice came salvage _h only comm5c$ to %[ its possibilities4 ,x _h m]ely scrat*$ ! surface1 b x _h op5$ up unlimit$ fields = utiliz+ worn-out or uns]viceable products or by-products ( w>4 ,x _h sav$ ?\s&s ( tons ( %ipp+ space 9 ! transportation ( supplies to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces by us+ ov] aga9 9 ,france ! ?+s t o!rwise w\ld h _h to be replac$ by new2 x sav$ ?is tonnage at ! "t :5 e ton sav$ c\nt$ heavily4 ,9 ?is & 9 ! sav+ ( mat]ials at a "t :5 all ! raw mat]ials ( ! e>? w\ld sc>cely meet ! insatiable dem&s ( ,molo*1 ! value ( salvage c sc>cely be measur$ by ! money figures ( its record4 ,,salvage ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,w> salvage 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates />t$ on ,octob] #e1 #aiag1 :5 ! cons]vation bran* 0 creat$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,dep>tm5t4 ,x />t$ ) an executive =ce ( two commission$ (fic]s & "o /5ograph]4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ab\t #ac mon?s lat]1 ! salvage s]vice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone _h a =ce ( approximately #ejj commission$ (fic]s1 #bj1jjj enli/$ m51 & #b1jjj civilian employees4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! me?od ( clo?+ & fe$+ ! ,am]ican soldi] _h be5 revolutioniz$4 ,! old way 0 to issue a uni=m to a soldi] & hold him responsible = ! repair & clean+ ( x4 ,he own$ 8 uni=m & _h to keep x 9 good condition at 8 own exp5se out ( ! #ae p] mon? ! ,gov]nm5t paid him4 ,! new way 0 = ! ,gov]nm5t itself to reta9 own]%ip ( ! uni=m & to repair & clean x at public exp5se4 ,! soldi] 0 requir$ to pay only = 8 laundry "w at a uni=m *>ge ( #a p] mon?1 mu* "u :at he w\ld h _h to pay at comm]cial rates4 ,=m]ly ! soldi] _h to repair 8 own %oes4 ,! soldi] pref]s repair$ %oes to new ones = campaign s]vice because ! =m] are brok5 9 & are com=table4 ,aft] ! salvage s]vice 0 e/abli%$ ! ,gov]nm5t reta9$ own]%ip ( ,army %oes & repair$ !m at ,gov]nm5t exp5se4 ,once ! ,army seldom conduct$ sales ( ! boxes & crates 9 :i* supplies 7 pack$4 ,salvage und]took su* sales1 !reby br++ consid]able rev5ue to ! ,army4 ,b 9 ^! & simil> economies1 x 0 n s mu* ! sav+ ( money t 0 important z x 0 ! sav+ ( mat]ials at a "t :5 ! supply ( all mat]ials 0 sc>cely adequate to ! w> dem&s4 ,:5 our troops fir/ rea*$ ,france ! (fic]s 7 surpris$ at ! emphasis plac$ ^u salvage op]ations by ! ,briti% & ,fr5* armies4 ,!y 7 soon to le>n t salvage 0 /ress$ because x suppli$ mat]ials :i* 7 sc>ce4 ,glyc]9e1 a compon5t ( high explosives1 _h become s %ort 9 supply t ! ,briti% ,m9i/ry ( ,munitions paid z mu* z #a1bej a ton = x4 ,! ,briti% army di/ill$ its g>bage & procur$ f ! op]ation glyc]9e at a co/ ( #bej p] ton4 ,?is 0 a f9ancial sav+ ( #a1jjj a ton2 b1 m important1 x suppli$ glyc]9e at ! "t :5 money did n c\nt4 ,! ,briti% ,m9i/ry ( ,munitions got ! glyc]9e1 :i* meant explosives = use aga9/ ! ,g]mans1 :i* 0 ! ma9 ?+4 ,! ,briti% appreciat$ ! importance ( salvage s mu* t "o ( ! (fic]s s5t ) ! ,briti% mission to ! ,unit$ ,/ates e>ly 9 ! w> 0 a salvage exp]t1 includ$ 9 ! mission s t we might e>ly h ! b5efit ( ! ,briti% exp]i5ce 9 ?is "w4 ,al?\gh ! salvage s]vice ( ,am]ica 0 au?oriz$ 9 ! autumn ( #aiag1 x 0 n until w9t] 0 decl9+ into ! spr+ ( #aiah t ! s]vice became a work+ organization fully clo!d ) au?ority4 ,consequ5tly its record 0 accompli%$ )9 a p]iod ( #i or #aj mon?s4 ,! purpose & ideals ( ! s]vice 7 embodi$ 9 its code1 kn[n z special regulations ,no4 #gg1 promulgat+ rules & regulations = ! cons]vation & reclamation ( ,army supplies & mat]ials4 ,! pr9cipal provisions ( ^! regulations 7 z foll[s3 7a7 ,! repair ( clo?+ & equipage4 7b7 ,laund]+ & dry clean+ ( clo?+ & equipage4 7c7 ,sup]vision ( contracts = ! r5ovation ( clo?+ & equipage4 7d7 ,! developm5t ( agricultural1 m9]al1 & =e/ l&s = ! b5efit ( ! ,army4 7e7 ,! organization1 discipl9e1 & tra9+ ( m5 ( special units1 companies1 battalions1 & regim5ts = salvage "w4 ,^! regulations likewise-- 7a7 ,creat$ salvage companies ( #g (fic]s & #ehh enli/$ m5 ea*1 bas$ on a camp /r5g? ( #bg1jjj troops :]e all salvage utilities exi/4 7b7 ,provid$ me?ods ( receiv+ & dispos+ ( clo?+ & equipage turn$ 9 = r5ovation4 7c7 ,provid$ me?ods = ! cons]vation ( food & ! r$uction ( wa/e ?r\gh a sy/ematic *eck on ! disposal ( g>bage4 7d7 ,fix$ ! responsibility ( organization 9 connection ) salvage "w4 7e7 ,provid$ def9ite rules & in/ructions to be foll[$ by organization comm&]s & _! comm&s 9 ! c>e ( clo?+ & equipage 9 ord] t ! co/ ( ma9t5ance might be r$uc$ to a m9imum & t usefulness might be cons]v$ to ! utmo/1 consi/5t ) ! heal? & well be+ ( ! troops4 7f7 ,provid$ a basis = ! op]ation & f9anc+ ( camp laundries & dry-clean+ plants op]at$ 9 connection ) base salvage plants4 7g7 ,provid$ a uni=m mon?ly laundry *>ge ( #a p] enli/$ man at ea* camp & /ation :]e !re 0 a ,gov]nm5t-op]at$ laundry1 z well z a uni=m *>ge = s]vice r5d]$ to (fic]s1 civilians1 hospitals1 & o!r camp ag5cies4 ,?us x may be se5 t special regulations ,no4 #gg 7 n only a *>t] = ! salvage s]vice b a code ( conduct 9 economy & ?rift = ! soldi] ( ! ,am]ican ,army4 ,al?\gh ! regulations did n become (ficial until midsumm] ( #aiah1 !y _h a pr(\nd effect 9 ! few mon?s be=e ! fight+ 9 ,europe came to an end4 ,prior to ,july #a1 #aiah1 all reports ( g>bage collection1 etc41 9 ! milit>y camps 9 ?is c\ntry indicat$ t ! ,am]ican soldi] 9 tra9+ wa/$ on ! av]age ( #b p\nds ( food p] day4 ,?is 0 n excessive1 judg$ by civilian /&>ds1 s9ce our l>ge cities1 a great "p ( ^: population are f$ n ne>ly s well z soldi]s 7 f$ 9 ! camps1 %[ a food wa/e ne>ly z great4 ,b ! camp wa/e ( food 0 reg>d$ z excessive by ! salvage (fic]s4 ,special regulations ,no4 #gg conta9$ m9ute directions = cons]v+ food 9 ! camp kit*5s4 ,! result ( ^! regulations 0 t 9 ! f\r-mon? p]iod beg9n+ ,july #a1 #aiah1 ! av]age mess wa/e p] man 9 ! camps fell to #j4c ( a p\nd p] day4 ,s9ce !re 0 an av]age /r5g? ( #a1ejj1jjj m5 9 tra9+ dur+ ^! f\r mon?s1 ! r$uction ( wa/e am\nt$ to _m ?\s&s ( tons ( food4 ,^! regulations also set up a salvage equipm5t = ! use ( ! ,army4 ,z a rule ea* camp _h a %oe-repair %op l>ge en\gh to fix #djj to #ejj pairs ( %oes p] day2 a clo?+-repair %op l>ge en\gh to take c>e ( ! ev]yday m5d+ ( #cj1jjj troops2 a hat-repair %op suffici5t 9 size to re/ore ! headge> ( #cj1jjj m52 & o!r miscellane\s %ops4 ,b at ! *ange ( seasons !re c\ld be expect$ an exceptionally l>ge turn 9 ( worn-out clo?+1 & to h&le ^! p]iodical floods ( g>m5ts l>ge base salvage plants 7 e/abli%$ at ,=t ,sam ,h\/on1 ,tex42 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c42 ,atlanta1 ,ga42 ,new ,york ,city2 ,philadelphia2 ,el ,paso2 & ,newport ,news1 ,va42 ) a base salvage plant = rejuv5at+ %oes at ,jeff]sonville1 ,ind4 ,small] base plants 7 e/abli%$ at ,*icago1 ,new ,orleans1 ,san ,francisco1 & at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,discipl9>y ,b>racks at ,=t ,leav5wor?1 ,kans41 & at ,alcatraz ,isl&1 ,calif4 ,o!r base plants to receive & classify & dispose ( wa/e mat]ials 7 e/abli%$ at ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,*icago1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,=t ,sam ,h\/on1 & ,atlanta4 ,! %oe-salvage base plant at ,jeff]sonville ,depot 0 m ?an a repair %op 9 ! accept$ s5se ( ! t]m1 = x became "o ( ! mo/ complete %oe factories to be f\nd any:]e 9 ! c\ntry4 ,:5 ?is %op 0 be+ project$ z a plant to take c>e ( ! ov]fl[ ( worn %oes f ! camps & depots1 ! ,unit$ ,%oe ,ma*9]y ,co4 agre$ to furni% ma*9]y suffici5t to repair #b1jjj pairs ( %oes a day1 supply+ ?is equipm5t = a p]iod ( six mon?s )\t any exp5se to ! ,gov]nm5t1 except upkeep & ! co/ ( supplies4 ,at ! ,jeff]sonville %op %oes w5t ?r\gh ! mill f dep>tm5t to dep>tm5t mu* z ma*9es are assembl$ 9 ! famili> quantity-production mann]4 ,%oes arriv+ 7 fir/ c\nt$1 & !n sort$ & grad$ z foll[s3 ,class #a4 ,unrepairable4 ,class #b4 ,inn] soles requir$4 ,class #c4 ,regul> run ( repairs 7half soles or full soles1 heels1 pat*+ ( upp]s1 & o!r m9or repairs74 ,class #d4 ,civilian4 ,! %oes arriv+ at ?is plant 7 9 a condition t w\ld h result$ 9 _! be+ disc>d$ altoge!r 9 ! old days4 ,! exp]i5ce at ,jeff]sonville %[$ t #fe ( ea* #ajj pairs arriv+ at ! factory c\ld be repair$1 & repair$ *eaply4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aiai1 ( #acb1aab pairs ( %oes sort$1 #de1jjj 7 9 irrep>able condition & _h to be ?r[n away4 ,!re 7 #aa1dge pairs ( class #b %oes1 #gd1cfb pairs ( class #c1 & #a1age pairs ( class #d4 ,f ! sort+ room ! %oes w5t to ! wa% room1 :]e !y 7 dis9fect$ & clean$ 9 a ba? conta9+ a solution ( #dj ounces ( =maldehyde & #a p\nd ( ca/ile soap to ea* #aj gallons ( wat]4 ,aft] be+ wa%$ ! %oes 7 plac$ on roll+ racks1 ea* rack hold+ #bd pairs ( ! same size & wid?4 ,! load$ racks 7 :eel$ to ! la/+ section :]e la/s 7 ins]t$ accord+ to sizes4 ,next1 ma*9es cut (f ! worn portions ( ! old heels1 aft] :i* ! %oes w5t to ! /ripp+ b5*1 :]e ! old soles 7 remov$ & ! %ank pieces skiv$ to prep>e a smoo? jo9t = ! new half sole4 ,! next process 0 welt+4 ,! welts 7 prep>$1 & t>r$ felt 0 glu$ to ! old inn] sole to fill out unev5 p>ts & prev5t squeak+4 ,! next op]ation 0 to lay on ! half sole 9 a sett+ ( rubb] cem5t4 ,ano!r ma*9e r\gh r\nd$ ! soles to con=m ) ! %ape ( ! %oes4 ,!n ! %oes rea*$ ! /it*+ ma*9es1 :]e ! soles 7 sew$ on1 & !n ! level+ ma*9es1 :i* smoo!d out ! wr9kles ( ! inn] soles4 ,! next /ep br\ght !m to ! heel+ ma*9es1 :]e ! complete heels 7 atta*$ 9 "o motion4 ,next1 ma*9]y = nail+ soles & heels1 & !n ! trimm+ ma*9]y = smoo?+ (f ! "w4 ,! f9al me*anical op]ation 0 on ! sc\r+ & f9i%+ ma*9es4 ,mean:ile1 if ! %oes ne$$ pat*+ on ! upp]s1 ?is "w 0 done by wom5 op]at+ sew+ ma*9es4 ,! f9al process 0 to give ! field %oe a ?or\gh coat ( wat]pro( dubb94 ,a good poli% 0 put on ! russet %oes4 ,a split lea!r insole 0 ins]t$ 9 ea* %oe to insure p]fect smoo?ness ( ! bottom4 ,a pair ( laces 0 ti$ to ea* pair ( %oes1 & !n ! %oes 7 pack$ 9 boxes ( #bd pairs ea* & turn$ 9 to ! ,army /ores4 ,! ,jeff]sonville %op repair$ #bbb1ace pairs ( %oes 9 sev5 mon?s ( op]ation4 ,?\s&s ( pairs ( %oes 7 discov]$ to h be5 fitt$ too %ort4 ,?is 0 %[n by ! fact t _m ( ! %oes 7 worn out entirely 9 ! toes4 ,a %oe t is too long w turn up at ! toes1 :ile "o t is too %ort w /ub ) ne>ly e /ep tak54 ,on ,augu/ #h1 #aiah1 ! ,secret>y ( ,w> au?oriz$ ! exp5diture ( #e1bhg1heb = ! con/ruction ( laundries to s]ve f #bj1jjj to #dj1jjj m5 9 ea* ( #bj camps & po/s4 ,ab\t ?is same "t repair %ops 7 au?oriz$ at ea* ( ! tra9+ camps & special dry-clean+ plants at ,atlanta1 ,=t ,sam ,h\/on1 ,el ,paso1 & ,alcatraz ,isl&4 ,be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$ _m ( ^! plants 7 9 op]ation4 ,9 addition to ^! ! salvage s]vice ev5tually op]at$ pr9t+ plants1 wagon repair %ops1 & c>p5try %ops1 s t at ! "t ! armi/ice 0 sign$ !re 0 h>dly any?+ ( qu>t]ma/] issue n subject to rehabilitation by ! salvage division4 ,ea* %oe-repair %op at ! tra9+ camps _h equipm5t suffici5t to repair #ejj pairs ( %oes p] day1 utiliz+ ! s]vices ( #dj to #ej m54 ,:5 ! %ops 7 (ficially au?oriz$1 an inv5tory ( ! ,army's old %oes %[$ !re 7 approximately #a1ejj1jjj pairs on h& 9 ne$ ( rehabilitation4 ,9 ord] to assi/ ! camp %ops 9 ! "w1 ! salvage s]vice br\ght betwe5 #ej & #ee %oe factories into ! reclamation ef=t1 ^! private factories repair+ ab\t #ejj1jjj pairs until ! camp %ops 7 able to cat* up4 ,because ( ! %ortage ( l95 ?read x 0 decid$ to use nails = atta*+ half soles1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! repair %ops 9 ,france4 ,m ?an #b1ejj nail+ ma*9es 7 b\ght & %ipp$ to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces adopt$ ! ,engli% sy/em ( company cobbl]s & regim5tal repair %ops4 ,upw>d ( #aa1jjj cobbl]s' kits 7 %ipp$ to ,france4 ,9 ,july1 #aiah1 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces reque/$ ma*9]y = a base %oe-repair plant 9 ,france4 ,?is ma*9]y 0 %ipp$ consid]ably be=e ho/ilities ceas$4 ,! s]vice ma9ta9$ a corps ( civilian in/ructors1 :o travel$ f camp to camp & improv$ ! effici5cy ( ! ,army cobbl+4 ,! accumulation ( worn %oes at ! emb>kation camps 0 s5t to v>i\s contractors = repairs4 ,by ,novemb]1 #aiah1 ! %oe-repair facilities ( ! ,army _h rea*$ full op]ation1 #ejj1jjj pairs ( %oes be+ repair$ t mon?1 a figure repres5t+ all ! repair+ requir$ by #a1ejj1jjj m54 ,all %oe-repair+ activities 7 "u ! direction ( ,philip ,h4 ,frah]1 :o 0 assi/$ by ,joseph ,caunt1 ( ,pasad5a1 ,calif41 a retir$ %oe manufactur] ) a wide exp]i5ce bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,engl&4 ,9 its clo?+-repair activities ! salvage s]vice dry-clean$ uni=ms & wool5 equipm5t1 repair$ & r5ovat$ hats1 & reclaim$ out] clo?+ & und]clo?+4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 dry-clean+ hi/ory1 a me?od 0 work$ out to de/roy all liv+ organisms & a consid]able am\nt ( bact]ia1 a process :i* is likely to h a la/+ effect 9 ! dry-clean+ indu/ry4 ,! specifications ( ?is process 7 ! result ( coop]ative laboratory rese>* by ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds1 ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 & ! salvage division4 ,9 addition to de/roy+ g]ms & bact]ia ! process also ?or\ghly cleans$ ! g>m5ts4 ,exp]ts f ! salvage division 7 on h& to see to x t ! v>i\s contractors liv$ up to ! /&>d specifications4 ,! au?oriz$ ,gov]nm5t-own$ dry-clean+ plants1 :i* 7 to be ! la/ ^w 9 :at su* e/abli%m5ts %\ld be1 7 n complet$1 due to ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,dr4 ,h>ry ,e4 ,me*l+1 a graduate physician & presid5t ( ! ,swiss ,clean]s ,dy]s1 ( ,l\isville1 ,ky41 0 9 *>ge ( ! ,army's dry-clean+ activities4 ,9 ! repair ( clo?+ ! s]vice receiv$ mu* assi/ance f ! ,r$ ,cross4 ,local ,r$ ,cross units 9 ! vic9ity ( camps work$ 9 conjunction ) ! (fic]s ( ! salvage s]vice 9 ! reclamation ( su* g>m5ts z wool5 %irts1 und]clo?+1 sweat]s1 helmets1 socks1 & gloves4 ,! base salvage plants at ,atlanta & ,=t ,sam ,h\/on rea*$ a high /ate ( effici5cy 9 ! repair ( clo?+4 ,%ipm5t aft] %ipm5t 0 made f su* conge/$ c5t]s z ,newport ,news & ,hobok5 to ^! plants1 & )9 a comp>atively %ort "t ! prop]ty 0 ready = re%ipm5t & reissue4 ,capt4 ,h>vey ,a4 ,ros5?al1 a graduate ( ! fir/ (fic]s' tra9+ s*ool1 & 9 civil life 9 ! clo?+ bus9ess1 0 9 *>ge ( clo?+ repairs4 ,all ( ! camps _h %ops = r5ovat+ & repair+ hats4 ,! av]age co/ = repair+ a hat 0 #ce c5ts1 :]eas ! l[e/ contract price 0 #fe c5ts1 & ! quality ( "w at ! ,gov]nm5t %ops 0 f> bett] ?an t obta9$ f private contractors4 ,! foll[+ table gives an idea ( ! approximate sav+ to ! ,gov]nm5t 9 hat-repair op]ations3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,co/ ( ,place4 ,quantity4 repair ( ,e/imat$ ea*4 total co/4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,gov]nm5t %op #aha1gfd #j4ce #fc1fag4jj ,contract #eci1die 4#fe #cej1fga4jj --------------------------------- #gba1bei #dad1bhh4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,e/imat$ value ( hats made s]viceable #a1jjj1gdf ,e/imat$ net sav+ #ehf1dfh ,co/ ( #gba1bei new hats #a1ccd1cbi ,mr4 ,e4 ,l]oy ,cumm+s1 ( ! ,john ,b4 ,/etson ,co41 ( ,philadelphia1 0 9 *>ge ( hat-repair activities4 ,ext5sive repairs to canvas mat]ials 7 conf9$ to ! base plants at ,philadelphia1 ,el ,paso1 ,=t ,sam ,h\/on1 & ,atlanta1 &1 on a small] scale1 at ,jeff]sonville4 ,m9or repairs 7 conduct$ at camp %ops1 "s ( :i* 7 only 9 ! c\rse ( con/ruction :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,t5ts 7 g5]ally recondition$ :ile /&+4 ,pat*es to t5ts 7 atta*$ by means ( a nitrocellulose cem5t1 ! be/ cem5t = ! purpose :i* ! salvage s]vice f\nd1 be+ call$ vanite4 ,exp]im5ts at ! ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry result$ 9 ! adoption ( ?ree wat]pro(+ comp\nds nam$ ,pres]vol1 ,c&el9e1 & ,truscon4 ,^! comp\nds 7 appli$ to bo? /&+ t5ts & t5ts :i* _h be5 tak5 d[n1 ) complete & effective results4 ,laund]+ 0 n a new activity = ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 s9ce :5 ! w> 0 decl>$ ! ,gov]nm5t already own$ #ad small /eam laundries4 ,lat] ! ,gov]nm5t w5t into ! laundry bus9ess on ! scale dem&$ by ! great *a9 ( tra9+ camps1 build+ cantonm5t laundries at a co/ ( approximately #cjj1jjj ea*4 ,exp]i5c$ laundrym5 7 plac$ 9 *>ge ( camp laundries4 ,?r\gh ! coop]ation ) ! ,gov]nm5t's insect exp]ts ( ! ,bureau ( ,entomology1 laund]+ processes 7 work$ out successfully to dis9fect all clo?+ :ile wa%+ x & to free x f v]m9 )\t %r9k+ fabrics or caus+ o!r damage4 ,gov]nm5t laundries dur+ ! w> op]at$ #bd h\rs p] day ) ?ree labor %ifts & clean$ an av]age ( #aj1iji1hej pieces ( clo?+ mon?ly1 ) gross receipts ( ov] #ejj1jjj p] mon?1 approximately half ( :i* 0 pr(it4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( laundry activity 0 ! developm5t ( mobile laundry units = ov]seas use ne> ! front4 ,! m5 to op]ate ^! units 7 tra9$ 9 a special s*ool at ,camp ,meigs1 ,d4 ,c4 ,ea* mobile unit requir$ a crew ( #cg m54 ,! m5 ( ! ,army nicknam$ ^! special troops ! ,fight+ ,*9am54 ,! ne$ ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces = wa%-up & del\s+ /ations at ! front1 s t ev5 troops engag$ 9 battle might h clean clo!s1 call$ ! mobile laundry units into be+4 ,! fir/ exp]im5tal equipm5t 0 design$ & con/ruct$ e>ly 9 #aiah4 ,aft] t ! salvage s]vice produc$ #ej o!rs1 #cb ( :i* 7 %ipp$ to ,france4 ,ea* unit consi/$ ( a l>ge /eam tractor & f\r trail]s1 an outfit :i* on ! road made up a tra9 ov] #ajj feet long4 ,! trail]s c\ld be plac$ toge!r 9 ! field to =m a build+ #cj feet long & #bh feet wide1 ! tractor act+ z ! p[] plant4 ,on ! trail]s 7 wa%+ ma*9es1 wr+]s1 dry+ ma*9es1 tanks = wat] & soap1 a pump1 & a dynamo to supply electric lights4 ,"o ( ^! plants work+ #bd h\rs p] day c\ld d ! wa%+ ( #aj1jjj m54 ,?is unit 0 design$ by (fic]s ( ! salvage division4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,army',s ,,mobile ,,laundries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,view ,,( ,,mobile ,,laundry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,salvag+ ,,army ,,hats ,,9 ,,france4 ,?is photo 0 tak5 at ,t\rs1 ,france1 #a ,febru>y1 #aiah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,salvag+ ,,army ,,%oes ,,9 ,,france4 ,picture tak5 at ,t\rs 9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 %[+ a few %oes worn out by ! soldi]s ov]seas4 ,army laundry activity 0 9 *>ge ( ?ree ,new ,york laundrym53 ,j4 ,e4 ,dann1 presid5t ( ! ,pilgrim ,laundry1 ( ,brooklyn1 & 8 assi/ants1 ,william ,longfeld]1 ( ,h4 ,kohn/amn ,co41 & ,e4 ,d4 ,tribbett1 ( ! ,am]ican ,laundry ,ma*9]y ,co4 ,:]ev] possible wa/e mat]ials 7 reclaim$ = use by ! ,army in/ead ( be+ sold z junk4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly true ( bags & burlap4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( bags & great quantities ( burlap furni%$ by ! salvage division 7 utiliz$ = army purposes4 ,)\t salvage1 all ( ?is w\ld h be5 ?r[n away or sold at junk prices4 ,:5 ! fight+ end$ ! base salvage plant at ,*icago 0 be+ equipp$ to repair ab\t #ae1jjj bags daily4 ,! purpose ( g>bage sep>ation 0 ?reefold--! r$uction ( mess wa/e1 ! increase 9 rev5ue to ! ,gov]nm5t1 & ! recov]y ( glyc]9e cont5ts = milit>y purposes4 ,be=e ! w> ) ,g]many ! ,army regulations requir$ ! burn+ ( g>bage at camps4 ,:5 ! great tra9+ camps 7 e/abli%$1 ! ,gov]nm5t adopt$ g5]ally ! policy ( sell+ g>bage to contractors1 except at ,camps ,fremont1 ,hancock1 ,mc,clellan1 ,sevi]1 & ,%elby1 :]e x 0 inc9]at$4 ,orig9ally contracts _h be5 let on a p]-man basis1 ! contracts ext5d+ = sev]al mon?s1 comp>able to municipal contracts = ! disposal ( g>bage4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 ! policy 0 adopt$ ( lett+ contracts = p]iods ( "o mon? only1 s9ce ! numb] ( m5 at ! camps 0 cont9ually increas+1 & ! g>bage grew correspond+ly bulki]4 ,x is e/imat$ t ?is *ange 9 contract+ sav$ ! ,gov]nm5t consid]ably ov] #djj1jjj4 ,contract sale prices rang$ f #a c5t to #i c5ts p] man p] mon?1 ! latt] price 9 mo/ cases includ+ ! manure f ! /ables4 ,) a view to obta9+ glyc]9e1 ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t au?oriz$ ! con/ruction ( #af g>bage-r5d]+ plants at ! l>g] conc5tration c5t]s1 b only "o1 t at ,camp ,lee1 0 actually con/ruct$1 s9ce x 0 det]m9$ lat] by an inve/igation ( our national res\rces t ! am\nt ( glyc]9e to be obta9$ 9 ?is mann] did n ju/ify ! exp5diture ( ! money4 ,also ! project ( e/abli%+ pigg]ies at camps 0 ab&on$1 aft] inve/igation by ! salvage s]vice1 s9ce x w\ld h requir$ #ah mon?s to cle> ! inve/m5t1 & 9 ! meantime ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld h be5 depriv$ ( rev5ue f ! sale ( g>bage4 ,! disposition ( wa/e mat]ials 0 "u ! direction ( ,l\is ,birk5/e91 ( ,*icago1 assi/$ by ,r4 ,d4 ,cunn+ham1 ( ,troy1 ,n4 ,y4 ,9 response to an insi/5t dem& t f>ms be op]at$ at v>i\s camps1 ! salvage division1 on ,may #ae1 #aiah1 secur$ #fj1jjj f ! vocational fund = ! tra9+ ( soldi]s & allott$ sums to #ae camps4 ,on ,novemb] #d1 #aiah1 ,congress appropriat$ #bej1jjj = ! same purpose1 b little ( ?is money 0 exp5d$4 ,! total acreage "u cultivation 9 #aiah 0 #c1dhc1 & ! equival5t rev5ue d]iv$ f ! camp f>ms am\nt$ to #ajh1jjj4 ,! f>m "w 0 "u ! direction ( ,capt4 ,h5ry ,g4 ,p>sons1 a practical & sci5tific f>m]4 ,salvage activities1 9 g5]al1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 "u ! direction ( ,philip ,w4 ,wr5n1 :o 0 *ief ( ! salvage division dur+ ! mo/ active p]iod ( its exi/5ce4 ,,salvage ,,9 ,,france4 ,salvage 9 ,france 0 "u ! direction ( ! *ief qu>t]ma/] ) ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,at fir/1 x 0 und]tak5 9 a smatt]+ way1 b z ! ,am]ican ,army grew 9 size1 salvage increas$1 until ! salvage s]vice became "o ( ! features 9 ! field1 ) ?\s&s ( m5 & wom5 work+ 9 salvage activities1 ) salvage plants1 bran*es1 & depots1 l>ge & small1 sav+1 repair+1 cons]v+1 & putt+ into %ape1 ready = reissue1 mat]ials ( all sorts & descriptions4 ,! ^w salvage became ! wat*word & pride ( _m an organization at ! front4 ,ea* field army _h its *ief salvage (fic]4 ,ea* division ( troops _h its salvage organization "u a salvage (fic]4 ,ea* organization _h its salvage dump1 9 :i* x took a j pride1 & !re 0 a _s ( fri5dly rivalry betwe5 diff]5t organizations z to :i* c\ld save ! mo/ = ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! flood times ( battle1 :5 wa/e mat]ials pil$ up on ! fields1 ! regul> salvage speciali/s 7 assi/$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,9 "s divisions ! regim5tal b&s 7 designat$ to act z em]g5cy salvage companies4 ,sometimes aft] an engagem5t :ole battalions & regim5ts 7 enli/$ to clean up an area1 & !re is "o in/ance on record :]e a wise g5]al ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces turn$ out 8 entire field army to clean up = salvage ! area :i* x _h j won f ! enemy4 ,! salvage s]vice 9 ,france h&l$ n only ! recov]y ( qu>t]ma/] supplies1 b x also collect$ & dispos$ ( all mat]ials captur$ f ! enemy1 includ+ ordnance mat]ials1 & also all mat]ials ab&on$ by our own troops & f\nd on ! battle fields4 ,:5 troops mov$ into combat !y took ) !m only su* equipm5t z !y c\ld c>ry on _! backs or on ! meag] transportation facilities all[$4 ,?us !y frequ5tly left beh9d !m an enorm\s quantity ( _! possessions2 includ+ p]sonal baggage4 ,! salvage units w5t ?r\gh su* areas1 visit$ e billet1 & collect$ all ,gov]nm5t & p]sonal prop]ty & c>$ = x4 ,z an indication ( ! magnitude ( ?is "w1 !re 0 "o salvage dump 9 ,france #dj acres 9 area pil$ z high z goods c\ld be ?r[n f trucks4 ,! salvage op]ations 9 ,france 7 conduct$ ov] an area ( #d1jjj squ>e miles1 & !re 7 approximately #d1jjj m5 9 ! salvage s]vice field =ce4 ,! v>i\s salvage depots & %ops 9 ,france occupi$ a floor space ( #gcf1jjj squ>e feet & _h a p]sonnel ( #aa1fcb on ,decemb] #ca1 #aiah4 ,ev5 be=e ! w>1 ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,corps ( ! ,army 0 a good-siz$ organization1 yet !re 7 m ,fr5* wom5 & girls m5d+ clo?+ = ! ,am]ican ,army 9 ,france at "o "t ?an !re 7 commission$ (fic]s & enli/$ m5 9 ! :ole ,qu>t]ma/] ,s]vice be=e ! w>4 ,clo?+ g5]ally = ! ,am]ican troops 9 ,france 0 repair$ at special %ops & at ! homes ( seam/resses 9 ! small t[ns & communes4 ,ea* t[n _h a =ewoman :o di/ribut$ ! damag$ clo?+1 aft] x _h be5 dis9fect$ & laund]$1 & kept all c\nts4 ,!re 7 #hhj ( ^! home work]s1 ne>ly all ( !m f ne$y families4 ,! be/ record = d>n+ socks 0 made by an old ,fr5* gr&mre1 ag$ m ?an #hj4 ,num]\s soldi]s 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces :o 7 unfit physically = ! h>d s]vice on ! front l9e4 ,^! 7 p]mitt$ to g into ! v>i\s salvage depots & %ops1 :]e !y le>n$ to be %oemak]s1 h>ness mak]s1 saddle mak]s1 wood work]s1 pa9t]s1 metal work]s1 tailors1 laundrym51 electricians1 me*anics1 *eck]s1 w>eh\sem51 etc41 occupations 9 :i* _m ( !m expect$ to engage aft] _! sep>ation f ! milit>y s]vice4 ,! salvage troops 9 ,france 7 9 five classes--! salvage headqu>t] deta*m5ts1 depot battalions1 field salvage battalions1 laundry units1 & ! clo?+ & ba?+ units4 ,"o ( ! la/ nam$ 0 atta*$ to ea* division to h&le field ba?h\ses & del\s+ & dis9fect+ plants1 to receive old clo!s1 & to issue new or reclaim$ s]viceable g>m5ts4 ,! ordnance prop]ty salvag$ 9 ! field 9 ! p]iod betwe5 ,janu>y #a1 to ,octob] #ca1 #aiah1 includ$ #e1jjj1jjj r\nds ( small-arms ammunition1 #ga1iji %ell ( ! #ge-millimet] size1 & #af1aie ( ! #aee-millimet] size1 m ?an #cb1jjj rifles1 & #ba1jjj ma*9e guns & automatic rifles4 ,! unexplod$ or dud %ell is a m5ace to life1 & ! duty ( de/roy+ ^! 9 imm5se quantities fell to ! salvage s]vice4 ,"s ( ! salvage squads 9 ! field 7 compos$ ( m5 :o ?r\gh lack ( education or lack ( k ( ! ,engli% language 7 unable to d front-l9e s]vice4 ,!y 7 l>gely compos$ ( ,am]ican troops ( ali5 bir?4 ,! divisional salvage squads sort$ ! mat]ials at ! railhead dumps = %ipm5t to ! v>i\s depots4 ,:5 trucks br\ght up supplies to ! front & unload$1 ! salvage deta*m5ts !re fill$ !m up aga9 ) all sorts ( mat]ials :i* _h be5 pick$ up1 & ! trucks c>ri$ _! loads back to ! railheads1 ! railroad /ations ( ! division4 ,?is que] conglom]ation ( tra% consi/$ ( ev]y?+ f a hairbru% to a #gg-millimet] enemy gun4 ,to %[ ! sorts ( articles t are pick$ up 9 an area ov] :i* an army has f\ght1 !re is giv5 "h ! foll[+ li/ ( items select$ at r&om f ! *eck ( a salvage %ipm5t f ! railhead ( ! ,tw5ty-six? ,division on ,augu/ #ab1 #aiah3 #a1ajj pairs ( legg9s4 #ba pairs ( %oes4 #cj lea!r gun cases4 #ba bags ( h>ness4 #cej mess kits4 #gej condim5t cans4 #gej bacon cans4 #aej fir/-aid packets4 #ej fe$ bags4 #cjj pi/ol hol/]s4 #a wagon b$4 #bge ,g]man rifles4 #c boxes t5t poles4 #g boxes gun repairs4 #aej rifle gr5ade ?r[]s4 #d ,g]man ma*9e guns4 #bjj ,g]man cante5s4 #f1jjj gas masks4 #ej saddlebags4 #a1djj cante5s4 #bjj caps4 #ijj helmets4 #a1jbe pack c>ri]s4 #gej cante5 cov]s4 #a wagon4 #gf wagon p>ts4 #a ammunition c>t4 #d ration c>ts4 #ag wagon :eels4 #d boxes artill]y mat]ial 7telephones1 etc474 #a1djj ,am]ican cante5s4 #djj ,am]ican rifles4 #dg ,g]man automatic guns4 #ge gun bolts4 #ajj respirators4 ,! kit*5 economics bran* ( ! salvage bran* ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 9 ! recov]y ( fats & glyc]9e & o!r kit*5 by-products dur+ ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #aiah1 sav$ #eg1djd4ai to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! value 0 increas$ 9 ,octob] to #aji1jac4hd1 & 9 ,novemb] to #abj1aeh4fc4 ,9 addition to ?is sav+1 kit*5 salvage 9 ,octob] produc$ ov] #be1jjj p\nds ( grease & ov] #ad1jjj p\nds ( dubb9 = wat]pro(+ %oes4 ,?is bran* ( ! s]vice also _h ! disposition ( uns]viceable food supplies1 entail+ ! salvage ( l>ge quantities ( fl\r1 sug>1 rice1 & beans damag$ 9 transportation or injur$ by exposure to wea!r s z to become unfitt$ = troops4 ,su* vegetables z peas & cann$ corn1 unsatisfactory = use1 7 dri$ & gr\nd & sold = *ick5 fe$ or hog fe$1 br++ 9 a consid]able rev5ue4 ,! "q ( laund]+ = ! field hospitals1 p>ticul>ly aft] h>d fight+1 0 a vital "o4 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,decemb]1 #aiah1 a total ( #g1haa1eff pieces ( laundry 0 h&l$ by ! laundry bran* ( ! salvage s]vice4 ,?is includ$ #c1gjj1jjj pieces = ! hospitals alone4 ,! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 7 requir$ to e/abli% ?ree l>ge %ops = m5d+ clo?+ s5t to ! laundries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,outpo/ ,,& ,,field ,,wire ,,salvag$ ,,f ,,battle ,,area1 ,,gievres1 ,,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,portion ,,( ,,op5 ,,/orage ,,y>d4 ,,sapp9ets ,,= ,,tempor>y ,,l9es ,,9 ,,=egr\nd1 ,,cable ,,reels ,,9 ,,backgr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g]man ,,prison]s ,,work+ ,,f>m ,,l&4 ,illu/ration3 #ajj ,,soldi]s ,,h>ve/+ ,,snap ,,beans ,,at ,,camp ,,gordon ,,f>m ,,ne> ,,atlanta1 ,,ga4 ,! salvage s]vice 9 ,france r5d]$ a peculi> s]vice 9 be+ ! repository = lo/ articles4 ,! baggage bran* ( ! salvage s]vice work$ 9 close coop]ation ) ! ,army transportation s]vice1 railroad transportation s]vice1 ! c5tral records (fice1 ! graves regi/ration s]vice1 ! effects depot1 ! ,fr5* railroad (ficials1 & o!r ag5cies :i* might assi/ !m to recov] & h&le all lo/ baggage = ! memb]s ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces or = _! heirs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! g>d5 s]vice ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 0 op]at$ z a sep>ate bran* ( ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,corps1 b a ^w ab\t its "w may n be amiss "h4 ,9 addition to g>d5s at ! camps & hospitals 9 ,france1 !re 0 a l>ge c5tral f>m at ,v]sailles1 ne> ,p>is1 :]e ,am]ican (fic]s & m5 7 assembl$ to le>n int5sive f>m+ be=e be+ s5t to ! v>i\s /ations to assume *>ge ( g>d5 "w4 ,?is s]vice 0 compos$ entirely ( m5 :o _h be5 w\nd$ or gass$1 or 7 o!rwise physically unfit = s]vice at ! front4 ,! g>d5 op]ations provid$ welcome additions ( fre% vegetables to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces' diet & also gave _m ,am]icans an insight ( ! ,fr5* me?ods ( int5sive f>m+4 ,! #he1jjj ,g]man helmets us$ 9 adv]tis+ ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t's fif? w> loan--! ,victory loan ( ,april1 #aiai--7 all collect$ & %ipp$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! salvage s]vice ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,9 fact ! imm5se quantities ( dunnage & junk collect$ by ! s]vice are expect$ to be ( untold hi/oric value z "t goes on4 ,v>i\s hi/orical societies & museums are tak+ /eps to secure collections ( ?is w> mat]ial4 ,civilians 9 ,europe are n[ we>+ %oes built orig9ally = ,am]ican troops1 lat] worn out by !m1 & /ill lat] recondition$ by ! salvage s]vice 9 ,france4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ^! %oes rec5tly sold = approximately #d4cj a pair4 ,s9ce ! av]age total co/ to repair %oes 0 #a4je a pair1 ! ,gov]nm5t realiz$ a net ga9 ( #c4be f e pair ( ^! %oes4 ,9 connection ) ! cons]vation ( wa/e mat]ials ! salvage s]vice conduct$ a consid]able manufactur+ ent]prise 9 ,france4 ,x turn$ wa/e into a l>ge numb] ( small articles1 su* z metal m>k]s = graves or effects ( deceas$ soldi]s1 %eet t9 7?is f disc>d$ t9 conta9]s7 = l9+ ! /ables at ! rem\nt depots1 l>ge %ipp+ bags1 cem5t sacks1 coll> ornam5ts1 divisional insignia1 brass>ds1 ov]seas caps1 guidons1 curta9s = eng9e cabs1 & _m o!r ?+s4 ,! s]vice took disc>d$ campaign hats & old uni=m & ov]coat clo? & made hospital slipp]s ) clo? tops & felt soles4 ,su* ?+s z wa/e cotton scrap1 wa/e pap]1 %r$d$ rope1 t9 cans1 & wool5 rags collect$ 9 ,france 7 sav$ & sold1 b no?+ 0 sold t c\ld be utiliz$ = repair+ or manufactur+ purposes4 ,lea!r scrap 0 us$ to make lea!r /raps or %oe laces1 & ! wor/ ( ! lea!r scrap 0 burn$ at ! p[] plants ( ! salvage depots z a fair sub/itute = coal4 ,old h>ness1 books1 small scraps1 lea!r wa%]s1 & ! l1 canvas & burlap scrap1 w5t to ! cam\flage scre5 mak]s4 ,wool5 rags 7 %r$d$ & us$ ov] aga9 = mak+ clo?4 ,cotton rags too poor = o!r purposes w5t to ! pap] mills4 ,rubb] scrap became new rubb] mat]ial4 ,no?+ :i* _h a value 0 all[$ to g to wa/e4 ,! salvage depot at ,t\rs1 ,france1 alone 9 ! p]iod f ,m>* to ,novemb]1 #aiah1 inclusive1 produc$ goods to ! value ( #ai1chc1cec4eh1 at a total exp5se ( #bfh1iee4cg1 giv+ ! ,gov]nm5t a net pr(it ( #ai1aad1cih4ba4 ,! value ( all ?is "w w5t f> beyond ! value ( ! figures 9 doll>s & c5ts1 :i* is ! only concrete way 9 :i* x c be express$4 ,! sav+ 9 raw mat]ial alone :i* x effect$ 0 an important factor 9 ! w>2 yet ( ev5 great] s]vice 0 ! salvage production ( mat]ials1 p>ticul>ly ordnance mat]ials1 :i* took mu* "t to manufacture at home & aft] t requir$ a long haul to get !m to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,"s ( ! mat]ials recov]$ on ! battle field 7 sc>ce & h>d to get1 & e p\nd ( !m recov]$ add$ t mu* to ! p[] ( ! ,am]ican ,army 9 ,france4 ,,book ,,vi4 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,division4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,cantonm5ts ,,& ,,camps4 ,z soon z ,am]ica _h arrang$ to raise an army by selective conscription1 ! ,gov]nm5t proce$$ to provide liv+ qu>t]s = ! soldi]s to be mobiliz$ = tra9+4 ,?is 0 a job magnific5t 9 its proportions1 c>ri$ out ) a spe$ t 0 little %ort ( magical4 ,at #af po9ts1 widely scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry1 ! con/ruction exp]t & ! civil eng9e] /ruck ! e>? ) _! pot5t w&s2 workm5 sw>m$ =?2 ! /accato ( myriads ( hamm]s & ! :9e ( saws m]g$ into a roll+ *orus ( indu/ry2 & #af new cities arose--almo/ ov]night1 x seem$--built ( wood to be sure1 raw & unpa9t$ x is true1 b snug & taut & equipp$ ) e necess>y conv5i5ce kn[n to ! dwell]s ( mod]n ,am]ican cities4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates _h be5 wont to measure o!r public works by t ( ! ,panama ,canal1 :i* _h be5 ! l>ge/ con/ruction op]ation ev] und]tak5 by ,am]ica1 or any o!r nation1 prior to ! great w>4 ,! con/ruction co/ ( ! ,panama ,canal 0 approximately #cge1jjj1jjj & ! op]ation cont9u$ ov] a p]iod ( #aj ye>s4 ,! #af cantonm5ts = ! ,national ,army & ! #af camps = ! ,national ,gu>d co/ ab\t sev5-t5?s z mu* z ! ,panama ,canal1 b !y 7 complet$ 9 %ort] "t ?an x takes to build an ord9>y suburban dwell+ h\se4 ,! sci5ce ( w>f>e _h made mighty /rides s9ce ,am]ica's la/ great w>1 t ( #ahfa to #ahfe1 b 9 no respect m ?an 9 ^? matt]s relat+ to ! individual soldi]'s com=t & bodily welf>e4 ,! soldi] ( #ahfc liv$ 9 a t5t1 or 9 ! *ance %elt] ( a billet4 ,:5 ! wea!r 0 cold he might alt]nately toa/ & congeal at 8 camp fire1 & at night he roll$ himself 9 8 blanket & repos$ on a pallet ( /raw4 ,8 gr&son w>rior :o w5t to ! tra9+ camp 9 #aiag f\nd life com=table 9 a sub/antial b>rack1 w>m$ ) /eam heat or /oves4 ,a good mattress on a hygi5ic metal b$ woo$ 8 slumb]s aft] a h>d day ( tra9+4 ,! soldi] ( #ahfa ba!d :]e he c\ld & :5 he c\ld4 ,he ( #aiag kept clean daily "u ! %[] ba?4 ,! soldi] ( #ahfa slak$ 8 ?ir/ at neighbor+ wells or /reams2 & wat]-borne diseases1 su* z typhoid fev]1 reap$ a h>ve/ ( lives4 ,8 successor drank wat] :i* 0 te/$ & filt]$1 /]iliz$ :5 necess>y1 & ! once fatal epidemics ( armies 7 kept away f 8 cantonm5t4 ,?is wat]1 moreov]1 came to him 9 a pipe "u a pressure suffici5t to ?r[ a /ream f a nozzle cle> ov] 8 b>rack1 an effici5t safegu>d aga9/ ! fire t might de/roy 8 wood5 city4 ,! soldi] 9 ! ,civil ,w> wa%$ out 8 own clo?+ on ! infrequ5t occasions :5 he possess$ bo? wat] & leisure4 ,! ,national ,army recruit receiv$ 8 khaki immaculate f a mod]n laundry equipp$ ) ! late/ types ( labor-sav+ ma*9]y4 ,! latt]'s gr&fa!r suff]$ f scurvy because ( ! limitations ( 8 diet4 ,! soldi] ( #aiag ate t5d] beef & gre5 vegetables kept fre% 9 ammonia-cool$ refrig]ators4 ,! fight] ( #ahfa reli%$ ! hoecake bak$ 9 ! a%es2 8 successor p>took ( :ite bread fre% f camp ov5s4 ,! camps ( #ahfa 7 arrang$ 9 haphaz>d fa%ion2 ^? ( #aiag 7 laid out by exp]t city plann]s4 ,9 ! spr+ ! soldi] ( #ahfa wad$ & toil$ ?r\gh mud2 ! soldi] ( #aiag walk$ dry-%od ^u walks or drove 8 autotruck ^u macadamiz$ or concrete or brick camp roads4 ,! illum9ation ( ! camps ( #ahfa 0 ! light ( ! />s & ! biv\ac fires2 ! #aiag b>racks 7 built along /reets radiant ) electrical inc&esc5ce4 ,= amusem5t ! soldi]s ( #ahfa _h _! campfire *oruses & r\gh milit>y sports1 b ! private 9 ! ,national ,army _h ! !at]1 ! motion picture1 a libr>y ( good read+ matt]1 ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 & simil> clubh\ses1 ! gymnasium1 ! po/ ex*ange :]e he c\ld buy p]iodicals1 c&y1 fruit1 & o!r small luxuries4 ,& s ! contra/ might be c>ri$ along4 ,! m>vel ( ! cantonm5ts ( #aiag 0 n t a grateful ,republic gave to its conscript$ soldi]s ! conv5i5ces ( exi/5ce enjoy$ by all urban communities1 b t x provid$ !m 9 su* %ort "t4 ,n9ety days aft] ! fir/ spade /ruck into ! gr\nd ! cantonm5ts 7 ready to receive two-?irds ( _! m51 :ile "o or two ( ! l>ge/ ( all 7 complete 9 e ess5tial respect4 ,! h\ses ( ! ,national ,army & ! ,national ,gu>d w5t up at ! rate ( #b1jjj1jjj a day4 ,x is almo/ impossible to visualize ?is spe$ or to compreh5d ! feat ( nail+ fifte5 hundr$ & "s odd million bo>d feet ( lumb] into place 9 ab\t ?ree mon?s1 or t ( /r++ wire 9 t "t 9 l5g? suffici5t to rea* f ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco & back & we/w>d aga9 to ,clevel&1 or t ( tack+ en\gh ra9-tight ro(+ pap] to make a canopy = ! isl& ( ,manhattan1 ano!r = ,atlantic ,city1 ) ne>ly a squ>e mile ( x left ov]4 ,! cantonm5t job took s _m nails & spikes t x creat$ an actual %ortage 9 t indu/ry4 ,all ( ! factories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t make metal pipes c\ld n turn out en\gh to supply ! ne$s ( ! wat]1 sanit>y1 & heat+ sy/ems ( ! cantonm5ts1 & s wood5 pipes made f /aves 7 us$ 9 mo/ ( ! camps = pip+ wat]4 ,9 ! matt] ( lumb] alone x has be5 comput$ t ! total am\nt ord]$ & mobiliz$ by ! ,wa%+ton (fice = ! #cb camps w\ld build a bo>d walk #ab in*es wide & #a in* ?ick to ! moon & half way back aga94 ,9 addition to ?is va/ quantity ( lumb] !re 7 us$ 9 ! camps & cantonm5ts ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj squ>e feet ( wall bo>d--wall bo>d be+ univ]sally us$ in/ead ( la? & pla/] to l9e & ceil rooms--#ab1jjj1jjj squ>e feet ( w9d[ glass1 & #ajj1jjj1jjj squ>e feet ( ro(+4 ,! #b1jjj1jjj1jjj eight-p5ny nails us$1 if plac$ end to end1 w\ld girdle ! e>? ?ree & "o-half times4 ,! heat+ sy/ems w\ld make a s+le /eam radiator #ajj miles long1 :ile ! heat+ boil]s 7 equival5t to "o boil] #f feet 9 diamet] & #c miles long4 ,! rate ( ! fl[ ( mat]ials to ! army ( #bjj1jjj workm5 on ! cantonm5t jobs gives an inkl+ ( ! spe$ ) :i* !y put lumb] & nails toge!r to make b>racks4 ,x took #ab heavy freight tra9s a day1 #ej load$ c>s to ! tra91 to keep wood & metal supplies at ! build]s' elb[s4 ,^! build]s erect$ ! camps at ! rate ( #cj1jjj tons ( mat]ial a day4 ,am]ica _h nev] se5 con/ruction progress to equal t4 ,we lik5 swift build+ to ! mu%room's gr[?1 b almo/ always ?is figure ( spee* is us$ z hyp]bole4 ,"s ( ! feats ( ! cantonm5t build]s1 h[ev]1 equal$ ! gr[? ( ! mu%room 9 fact4 ,9 m ?an "o in/ance at spots :]e ! sod sp>kl$ ) dew at dawn1 :5 ! build]s put away _! tools at sunset !re /ood /ructures ro($ & inclos$1 ne$+ only a few int]ior t\*es ea* to be ready to %elt] #bjj m54 ,effici5cy 9 w> is a matt] ( teamwork4 ,e vital bran* ( ! milit>y organization mu/ d its "p well if ! :ole ef=t is n to fail4 ,! weak l9k 9 ! *a9 might well h be5 ! con/ruction organization ( ! ,army1 = "h 0 an em]g5cy job on a scale beyond any?+ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( our greate/ build]s4 ,am]ica 9 h] fir/ #ah mon?s ( w> 0 able to s5d to ,france across #c1jjj miles ( dang]\s wat] m m5 ?an ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 a simil> p]iod c\ld s5d to ! front ov] ! nett$ & lan$ #dj miles ( ,engli% ,*annel4 ,no slight %>e ( ! cr$it = ?is a*ievem5t mu/ g to ! cantonm5t build]s1 :o despite great difficulties _h ! h\s+ ready = ! new armies :5 !y 7 call$ =? = tra9+4 ,z soon z ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! w> ! ,gov]nm5t s5t out ! call = te*nical exp]ts ( all sorts4 ,= a qu>t] ( a c5tury ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h be5 specializ+ 9 te*nical tra9+ = its "y m51 & n[ 9 ! h\r ( ne$ ! ability exi/$ to conduct ! w>1 :i* 9 its fir/ ye> 0 to be l>gely a matt] ( con/ruction & manufacture ( equipm5t4 ,!re 0 a wond]ful outp\r+ ( ^! m5 ( action1 ! te*nicians :o _h be5 build+ ! bridges & skyscrap]s ( ! ,nation1 develop+ its m9es1 provid+ its wat] sy/ems1 design+ its ma*9]y1 organiz+ & comm&+ its tra9$ & untra9$ work]s1 engag+ 9 public & private works ( e description & magnitude4 ,! ,army prior to ! #f? ( ,april1 #aiag1 consi/$ ( a relatively insignificant =ce ( m54 ,= ?is ,army ! con/ruction ( b>racks & o!r qu>t]s _h be5 9 ! h&s ( ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,g5]al4 ,! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! ,con/ruction & ,repair ,division ( ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,g5]al's ,(fice 0 reliev$ ( 8 =m] duties & plac$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,w> 9 *>ge ( a new & almo/ entirely indep5d5t division1 report+ directly to ! ,secret>y1 call$ ! ,cantonm5t ,division1 & *>g$ ) provid+ ! necess>y con/ruction & camp facilities = ! ,national ,army & ! ,national ,gu>d4 ,?is 0 9 ,may1 #aiag1 at :i* "t ! commission$ p]sonnel ( ! division consi/$ ( only ?ree (fic]s4 ,?is /ep 0 recomm5d$ by ! ,g5]al ,/aff1 act+ 9 accordance ) ! advice ( civilian con/ruction exp]ts on ! ,c\ncil ( ,national ,def5se4 ,"o ye> lat] ! p]sonnel ( ?is division _h gr[n to #bfc (fic]s & #a1ajj civilians 9 ,wa%+ton1 ! be/ con/ructors1 eng9e]s1 draftsm51 manag]s1 pur*as+ ag5ts1 & o!r speciali/s obta9able by ! ,gov]nm5t2 !re 7 hundr$s ( o!r (fic]s & civilian exp]ts 9 ! field = ?is organization2 x _h an enli/$ p]sonnel ( "s #af1jjj m5 & employ$ ov] #bjj1jjj labor]s & craftsm52 x _h jobs on h&1 complete & incomplete1 aggregat+ #fjj1jjj1jjj1 or ne>ly twice ! co/ ( ! canal at ,panama1 :ile future works !n be+ plann$ & lat] actually und]tak5 came to ano!r #fjj1jjj1jjj2 x _h n[ become ! ,con/ruction ,division ( ! ,army1 atta*$ directly to ! (fice ( ! ,secret>y ( ,w>1 *>g$ ) all ! army con/ruction )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,su* 0 ! expansion ( "o bran* ( ! ,army to meet ! em]g5cy4 ,con/ruction op]ations = ! ,army ov]seas1 conduct$ pr9cipally ) troop labor1 0 9 *>ge ( ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s4 ,congress pass$ ! selective s]vice bill on ,may #ah1 #aiag4 ,be=e ! end ( ,may ! milit>y au?orities _h decid$ to call ! fir/ levies ( ! ,national ,army on ,septemb] #a4 ,! little ,cantonm5t ,division1 :i* _h 9 ! week aft] its bir? gr[n to a p]sonnel ( #cj (fic]s & num]\s civilian exp]ts1 receiv$ ord]s to h ! camps--#af complete cities to accommodate #dj1jjj inhabitants ea* & #af t5t camps1 ) _m incid5tal build+s & public utilities--ready 9 #ij days4 ,actually ! "t all[$ = con/ruction 0 mu* %ort] ?an t1 = ! la/ site 0 n approv$ until ,july #f4 ,ab\t #fj days lat]1 on ,septemb] #d1 ! ,national ,army cantonm5ts 7 ready = #dcj1jjj m51 two-?irds ( ! fir/ draft4 ,al?\gh "s con/ruction1 subsequ5tly au?oriz$1 0 n entirely complete until lat]1 ! cantonm5ts nev]!less 7 at all times prep>$ to receive ! conscript$ soldi]s fa/] ?an ! ,army c\ld assimilate !m4 ,h[ev] irksome to ! impati5t con/ruction (fic]s ! int]val betwe5 ! "t :5 ! cantonm5ts 7 ord]$ & ! day :5 ! la/ sites 7 approv$1 x 0 n "t wa/$ by any means4 ,!re 0 mu* prelim9>y "w to be done4 ,! magnitude ( ! task ahead 0 appall+4 ,yet ! ,cantonm5t ,division1 ) sc>cely any?+ to />t )1 ) n ev5 ! gr\nd select$ = a s+le camp site1 mu/ design & adopt types = build+s1 mobilize mat]ials1 /&>dize ev]y?+ possible1 adopt an em]g5cy contract t %\ld protect ! ,gov]nm5t f ! graft] & ! pr(ite]1 locate /ores ( mat]ials1 comm&e]+ !m if necess>y1 & also discov] manufactur+ plants capable ( turn+ out supplies z rapidly z !y 7 ne$$1 build up an organization to h&le ! "w 9 e detail1 & be ready to />t hamm]+ 9 ! nails on ! day ! mat]ials arriv$ on ! jobs4 ,actually ^! (fic]s _h some?+ less ?an #bj days 9 :i* to accompli% ?is feat4 ,!re _h be51 h[ev]1 a measure ( pione]+ 9 sev]al ( ^! directions4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,national ,def5se _h an organization ( civilian exp]ts 9 _m l9es ga!r$ toge!r 9 ,wa%+ton to give advice to ! milit>y au?orities4 ,?r\gh its committees ! c\ncil prep>$ a =m ( contract ^u :at came to be kn[n z ! co/-plus ) slid+ scale & fix$ maximum fee plan1 :i* limit$ ! cantonm5t contractor 9 ea* case to a maximum fee ( n m ?an #bej1jjj1 ! ,army itself reta9+ control ( ! co/ ( mat]ials & ! wages paid to labor4 ,s9ce ! cantonm5ts co/ any:]e f #h1jjj1jjj to m ?an #ab1jjj1jjj ea*1 ! av]age fee to ! contractor 0 slightly less ?an #b p] c5t1 out ( :i* ! contractor _h to pay ov]head exp5ses1 su* z 8 ma9 (fice exp5ses & ! l2 s x w be se5 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates drove a close b>ga9 ) its cantonm5t build]s 9 spite ( ! brea?less ha/e to get ! "w done4 ,x 0 n until ! #a/ ( ,june t ! w> au?orities decid$ ^u wood con/ruction = ! #af ,national ,army cantonm5ts & canvas t5tage = ! #af camps ( ! ,national ,gu>d4 ,accord+ to ! orig9al plan1 s f> z c\ld be =ese51 ! cantonm5ts 7 to be p]man5t camps to receive fre% cont+5ts ( selectives z long z ! w> %\ld la/1 :]eas aft] receiv+ its tra9+ ! ,national ,gu>d w\ld g to ,france & leave its ,am]ican camps des]t$4 ,! wood con/ruction 0 mu* m exp5sive ?an t5tage--am\nt+ to #bae p] man ( ! fir/ draft1 z x prov$--b x 0 p]man5t2 once in/all$ x made no fur!r dem&s = mat]ials1 & 9 conv5i5ce & com=t1 especially 9 w9t]1 x 0 f> sup]ior to t5tage4 ,mean:ile ! ,cantonm5t ,division _h design$ a model b>rack build+1 #dc feet wide & #adj long1 to h\se #aej m51 or "o company1 z ! company 0 9 ! spr+ ( #aiag4 ,"h1 9 ! adoption ( ?is model & g5]al camp plans1 !re might easily h occurr$ 9 ,wa%+ton a fatal indecision4 ,bo? ! ,briti% & ! ,fr5* armies _h f\nd by exp]i5ce t a company ( #bej m5 0 a m conv5i5t size = tr5* w>f>e ?an a small] "o4 ,!re 0 "s "q :e!r ! ,am]ican ,army w\ld be guid$ by ?is exp]i5ce4 ,g54 ,p]%+ 0 to decide ?is matt]1 b he did n rea* ,europe until ,june #ae4 ,a weak executive control 9 ,wa%+ton might h ju/ifi$ itself 9 wait+ = ?is decision be=e />t+ 9 at full spe$ to build ! cantonm5ts4 ,^? 9 *>ge ( ! program took ^u !mselves ! responsibility ( build+ ! #aej-man b>rack1 tru/+ to _! own ability to adju/ ! build+s lat] to *ang$ conditions4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 :5 ! company unit 0 enl>g$ to #bej m51 x 0 readily possible to h\se two companies 9 ?ree b>racks1 leav+ space 9 two ( !m = ! kit*5 & mess room4 ,/ill lat] ! ,con/ruction ,division built small] b>racks = #ff m5 ea*1 provid+ f\r su* b>racks to ! company4 ,be=e a s+le site 0 select$ ! exp]ts 9 ,wa%+ton _h design$ ! build+s & mapp$ out ! future cities4 ,am]ica1 leav+ beh9d h] ! decorative atrocities ( ! old ,victorian days1 _h be5 seek+ beauty2 & ?is ye>n+ _h produc$ a new pr(ession1 t ( t[n plann+4 ,t[n plann]s 9 ! ,con/ruction ,division gr\p$ ! #a1ejj build+s requir$ by ea* cantonm5t into two typical arrangem5ts1 kn[n z ! /raight-l9e & ! ,u-%ape lay\ts4 ,lat] at ea* cantonm5t !re 0 a t[n plann] :o adapt$ "o or ! o!r ( ^! plans to 8 local camp topography4 ,! selection ( camp sites 0 9 ! h&s ( bo>ds ( (fic]s designat$ by ! comm&+ (fic]s ( ! six ,army dep>tm5ts4 ,e>ly 9 ,may ^! bo>ds set =? on _! que/4 ,!n ensu$ a lively bidd+ on ! "p ( ,am]ican cities to secure cantonm5ts = _! own neighborhoods4 ,! ,gov]nm5t took ! utmo/ advantage ( su* inducem5ts z 7 (f]$4 ,! city ( ,tacoma1 ,wa%41 sold its municipal bonds to ! am\nt ( #b1jjj1jjj & ) ! proce$s b\ght #fa1jjj acres at ,am]ican ,lake & pres5t$ ! l& to ! ,army4 ,?is tract became ! site ( ,camp ,lewis1 mo/ beautiful ( all ! cantonm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,/>t at #g a4 m4 ,illu/ration3 #aj4cj a4 m4 ,illu/ration3 #a p4 m4 ,illu/ration3 #e p4 m4 ,a ,,day',s ,,"w ,,9 ,,b>rack ,,con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,camp ,,grant ,,at ,,rock=d1 ,,ill4 ,?is photograph1 tak5 f kites at an elevation ( #a1jjj feet1 %[s a typical cantonm5t1 ( :i* sixte5 7 built to tra9 ! ,national ,army 9 #aiag4 ,! site = ,camp ,upton1 at ,yaphank1 ,long ,isl&1 #ae1aih acres1 0 provid$ = ! ,gov]nm5t at an annual r5tal ( #a p] acre4 ,san ,diego1 ,calif41 gave #h1jjj acres at ,l9da ,vi/a to ! ,gov]nm5t r5t free = five ye>s4 ,?is became ! location ( ,camp ,ke>ney = ! ,national ,gu>d4 ,camp ,fremont1 ano!r ,national ,gu>d tra9+ c5t]1 0 pit*$ on #g1bjc acres ( gr\nd donat$ r5t free = "o ye> by ! city ( ,san ,francisco4 ,l\isville gave ! site ( ,camp ,za*>y ,taylor = ! ,national ,army r5t free = two ye>s4 ,& !re 7 num]\s o!r simil> inducem5ts4 ,9 all ! ,national ,army cantonm5ts occupi$ #afg1gda acres :i* ! ,gov]nm5t obta9$ at an av]age annual r5tal ( #c4ic p] acre aft] ! second ye> ( occupancy4 ,! ,national ,gu>d camps cov]$ #gh1fci acres1 at a r5tal ( #aab1jdb ! second ye> ( occupancy & !reaft]4 ,! cle>+ ( ! sites 0 no mean "p ( ! cantonm5t job4 ,! site ( ,camp ,upton at ,yaphank1 ,long ,isl&1 prov$ to be cov]$ ) und]bru%1 & :5 ?is 0 cle>$ (f x 0 discov]$ t ! rema9s ( an old =e/ 7 /ill !re1 & /umps 7 ?ickly scatt]$ ov] ! entire site4 ,^! _h to be bla/$ or pull$ out be=e any build+ op]ations c\ld proce$4 ,! sites 9 "* rang$ f ! s&y loam ( ,camp ,dev5s1 9 ,massa*usetts1 to ! r$ clay ( ,virg9ia & ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 f ! f>m l&s ( ,mi*igan to ! prairie on :i* 0 built ,camp ,travis1 ,tex4 ,"s 7 flat2 "s roll+2 all 7 diff]5t 9 %ape & ext5t2 & ! lay\t ( ! camp & ! arrangem5t ( ! build+s 9 ea* case _h to be adapt$ to ! local conditions by ! con/ruct+ qu>t]ma/] on ! job4 ,to give a picture ( a typical cantonm5t1 let u take ,camp ,grant1 at ,rock=d1 ,ill41 z an illu/ration4 ,x co/ approximately #aa1jjj1jjj2 x c\ld accommodate #de1jjj m5 & #ab1jjj horses2 its build+s numb]$ #a1fjj4 ,wat] 0 suppli$ f six wells drill$ #age feet deep4 ,!re 7 #ch miles ( wat] ma91 :ile ! res]voir tanks c\ld hold #eej1jjj gallons4 ,its electric light+ sy/em entail$ ! use ( #a1dej miles ( copp] wire1 #a1bjj poles1 & #ce1jjj inc&esc5t lamps4 ,dur+ ! con/ruction p]iod #ej c>loads ( build+ mat]ial 7 unload$ at ,camp ,grant e day1 & an av]age ( #ejj1jjj bo>d feet ( lumb] 0 put up e day ov] a p]iod ( weeks4 ,9 ! ,camp ,grant s*$ule we f9d su* items z #ej1jjj1jjj feet ( lumb]1 #gjj tons ( nails1 #d1jjj1jjj squ>e feet ( ro(+1 & #c1jjj1jjj squ>e feet ( wall bo>d4 ,only a build] ( secure f9ancial /&+ c\ld h&le su* a con/ruction contract4 ,frequ5tly 8 pay roll & curr5t bills = supplies am\nt$ to half a million doll>s 9 a week4 ,let ! ,gov]nm5t delay a few days 9 its paym5ts to him & he might f9d himself oblig$ to raise a million doll>s 9 ca% on ! in/ant to meet 8 imm$iate obligations4 ,to avoid su* emb>rassm5ts ! ,con/ruction ,division adopt$ ! policy ( pay+ its bills ! day & sometimes ! h\r !y 7 incurr$4 ,at ea* cantonm5t job x /ation$ a disburs+ (fic] ) a *eckbook4 ,?is (fic] report$ by telegraph ea* night1 & ! next morn+ !re 0 deposit$ to 8 cr$it 9 ! ,treasury a sum ( money suffici5t = 8 imm$iate ne$s4 ,on num]\s occasions ?is (fic] paid = mat]ials ! in/ant !y 7 unload$ f ! c>s & *eck$4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ma9ta9$ an audit+ organization at ea* job4 ,?is organization *eck$ & inspect$ all mat]ial z x 0 receiv$1 comp>+ ! deliv]y 9 ea* case ) ! orig9al ord]1 & c\nt$ ! workm5 at lea/ twice a day4 ,an int5se rivalry sprang up 9 ! con/ruction ( ! #af cantonm5ts4 ,sixte5 teams1 ) an av]age ( #aj1jjj m5 on ea* team1 began rac+ = ! goal1 :i* 0 to be #hj p] c5t completion by ,septemb] #e1 ! date :5 ! fir/ cont+5ts ( selective soldi]s 7 to be receiv$ by ! cantonm5ts4 ,x 0 m excit+ ?an any campaign 9 any pr(essional baseball league1 because ! "t 0 %ort] & ! /ake va/ly great]4 ,! ,cantonm5t ,division kept alive ?is _s ( rivalry by po/+ ea* day 9 ea* cantonm5t ! figures %[+ ! rates ( con/ruction at all ( !m4 ,! team1 f ! sup]9t5d5ts d[n to ! humble/ unskill$ labor]s1 discuss$ ^! rat+s z fans talk ab\t ! baseball av]ages4 ,! race 0 a close "o1 be+ won by ,camp ,taylor at ,l\isville1 :i* 0 #gi4d p] c5t complete on ! day ! conte/ end$1 lack+ only six-t5?s ( #a p] c5t ( com+ up to ! maximum #hj p] c5t ( completion reg>d$ z possible 9 ! "t available4 ,b o!r con/ruction gangs 7 press+ t at ,camp ,taylor closely3 ,camp ,travis1 ) #gh4f p] c5t ( completion at ! end ( ! conte/2 ,camp ,lee1 #gh4e complete2 ,camp ,dev5s1 #gd2 ,camp ,lewis1 #gb2 & ,camp ,%]man1 #gj4 ,! ,camp ,lewis p]c5tage 0 tak5 on ,augu/ #ca4 ,all con/ruction "w1 includ+ num]\s additions n contemplat$ 9 ! orig9al plans1 0 virtually complete by ,novemb] #cj4 ,^! additional /ructures includ$ cantonm5t base hospitals1 on :i* ! ,gov]nm5t sp5t #aj1jjj1jjj = ! ,national ,army & #g1ejj1jjj at ! ,national ,gu>d camps4 ,) "o or two exceptions ^! hospitals ea* _h facilities = #a1jjj pati5ts at once1 be+ ! l>ge/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at t "t4 ,at sev]al ( ! cantonm5ts ! wat] problem 0 simplifi$ by ! ne> pres5ce ( wat] ma9s ( ! sy/ems ( adjac5t cities4 ,at ! o!r camps1 h[ev]1 x 0 necess>y to con/ruct indep5d5t wat] sy/ems suffici5t to furni% #ee gallons ( wat] daily to ea* ( #de1jjj m54 ,?is is ne>ly twice z mu* wat] z 0 !n be+ furni%$ to ! av]age ,european army camp1 & x meant 9 ea* case a sy/em ( c5trifugal pumps & gravity tanks ) a capacity ( #b1bej1jjj gallons daily4 ,! local wat] supply 0 secur$ ei!r f runn+ /reams or f dug wells4 ,if ! purity ( ! wat] 0 9 d\bt x 0 /]iliz$ by ! *lor9e process & sometimes filt]$ 9 addition4 ,! purity ( ! wat] & ! c>e ex]cis$ 9 scre5+ kit*5s1 mess halls1 & lat] ! dormitories !mselves1 f flies is se5 9 ! hospital record = ! fir/ ye> ( ! w>4 ,( all ! soldi]s :o s\ght hospital treatm5t = sickness dur+ t fir/ ye>1 only "o pati5t 9 #e1jjj 0 suff]+ f a wat]-borne disease4 ,9 ea* cantonm5t !re 7 ab\t #a1ejj wood5 build+s1 pres5t+ a con/ant fire m5ace4 ,z a protection f su* disa/]s ea* cantonm5t organiz$ its own fire dep>tm5t ) mod]n motor equipm5t /ation$ 9 ?ree or m fire h\ses4 ,! m5 ( ! fire companies 7 usually ^? :o _h _h previ\s tra9+ z memb]s ( city fire dep>tm5ts4 ,!re 0 n a s+le s]i\s fire at ! cantonm5ts dur+ ! w> p]iod4 ,besides keep+ soldi]s well & clean1 ! camp facilities provid$ !m ) opportunity = moral & heal?y amusem5t4 ,v>i\s organizations comb9$ to supply ! camps ) amusem5t facilities4 ,!re 7 ! libr>y build+s1 ! ,r$ ,cross build+s & halls1 ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 build+s1 ! ,knights ( ,columbus build+s1 ! ,salvation ,army build+s1 ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a4 build+s1 & ! ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d build+s4 ,al?\gh ! ,am]ican soldi] b\ght lib]ally ( ,lib]ty bonds1 took out ,w> ,risk insurance1 & s5t to 8 family ! great] portion ( 8 mon?ly pay1 /ill he _h a small am\nt ( money to sp5d = little luxuries or necessities4 ,^! includ$ small supplies su* z c&y & fruits1 & !y 7 on sale at ! usual po/ ex*ange or company /ore4 ,?is 0 a small build+1 usually ) a broad cov]$ por* or %elt] ar\nd ?ree sides1 s t ! m5 9 bad wea!r c\ld be dry z !y wait$ 9 l9e = _! turn at ! w9d[s4 ,! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 ,k4 ( ,c41 ,r$ ,cross1 ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a41 ,jewi% ,welf>e ,bo>d1 & ,salvation ,army build+s (f]$ read+ & writ+ rooms & g5]al ga!r+ places2 yet ^! 7 insuffici5t = a total camp population av]ag+ #dj1jjj4 ,h5ce ! ,commission on ,tra9+ ,camp ,activities built ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! ,con/ruction ,division a ,lib]ty ,!at] at ea* camp4 ,! ,lib]ty ,!at]s 7 ( tempor>y con/ruction1 b 9 size comp>$ favorably ) ! l>ge/ !at]s 9 our mod]n cities4 ,to provide ^! amusem5t facilities ! ,con/ruction ,division put up approximately #e1jjj1jjj bo>d feet ( lumb]1 #i1jjj1jjj squ>e feet ( wall bo>d1 & #dj1jjj squ>e feet ( ro(+4 ,! av]age l>ge city laundry 0 insuffici5t 9 capacity to h&le ! laundry "w ( an av]age ( #f1jjj p p] day1 :i* 0 ! requirem5t to keep "s #dj1jjj m5 9 clean clo?+4 ,consequ5tly ! camps & cantonm5ts 7 provid$ ) _! own laundries built by ! ,con/ruction ,division4 ,?is put su* a dem& ^u ! manufactur]s ( laundry ma*9]y t x creat$ a %ortage1 & lat] !re 0 a %ortage ( soap & p[d]4 ,! #cj laundries built us$ up #ac1jjj1jjj bo>d feet ( lumb] & #cjj1jjj squ>e feet ( wall bo>d4 ,! h\sehold] may ?r[ 8 old %oes into ! tra% box & sell 8 old suit to ! ragman1 b ! ,army ?rew no?+ away4 ,consequ5tly ! ,con/ruction ,division 0 call$ ^u to build reclamation plants at _m /ations4 ,usually "o l>ge plant 0 built at a c5t] conv5i5t to sev]al camps1 & to ?is c5t] 7 s5t ! worn-out uni=ms1 %oes1 legg9s1 & all o!r equipm5t4 ,e camp ( consid]able size 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 provid$ ) model bak]ies4 ,! total capacity ( all ! bak+ equipm5t in/all$ by ! ,con/ruction ,division w\ld turn out #a1jjj tons ( bread p] day4 ,?is is a total ( #b1jjj1jjj loaves ( #a p\nd ea*4 ,ea* camp bak]y ov5 w\ld take c>e ( #d1ejj m5 p] day 9 two #h-;h\r %ifts1 or x c\ld bake #e1jjj loaves 9 #bd h\rs4 ,!re 7 requir$ at all ! camps & cantonm5ts num]\s /oreh\ses = mat]ials to be us$ imm$iately by ! troops4 ,! ,con/ruction ,division built #ghi ( ^! small /oreh\ses at ! ,national ,army cantonm5ts alone4 ,! "q ( cold-/orage facilities = ! camps (f]$ a knotty problem4 ,c]ta9 camps g5]ally reli$ ^u cold-/orage space obta9$ ne> by1 or else ^u refrig]ator c>s ic$ 9 ! vic9ity1 b 9 ! o!r camps x 0 necess>y to build special refrig]ation plants4 ,^! _h an ice-mak+ capacity rang+ f #f to #ce tons daily4 ,! ice consumption ( ! ,am]ican soldi]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates prov$ to be #b p\nds p] man p] day4 ,! kit*5s 9 ! camps & hospitals w\ld be p>adise to any woman :o _h drudg$ ) old-fa%ion$ me?ods & equipm5t 9 cook+4 ,z f> z possible ! ,army's h\sekeep+ 0 done by ma*9]y4 ,! bread slic] 9 common use w\ld cut #bjj slices ( bread p] m9ute & /ack ! slices automatically1 ! loaves fe$+ automatically into ! slic]4 ,! meat *opp]s w\ld cut up #bj p\nds ( meat or vegetables 9 five m9utes1 & ! electrically op]at$ potato peel] w\ld peel #dj p\nds ( potatoes 9 ?ree m9utes4 ,! meat slic]s w\ld cut meat at ! rate ( #dj slices to ! m9ute4 ,vegetables 7 cook$ & meats roa/$ by high-pressure /eam4 ,! vegetable cook] c\ld turn out #ce gallons ( cook$ product 9 #ae m9utes4 ,! di%-wa%+ ma*9es c\ld wa%1 dry1 & /]ilize #aj1jjj di%es p] h\r4 ,at ! hospitals ! food 0 tak5 f ! c5tral kit*5 to ! outly+ w>ds 9 mobile fireless cook]s1 design$ to keep ! food hot until s]v$4 ,to prep>e food = #de1jjj m51 #cej kit*5s 7 requir$ by ea* cantonm5t4 ,! ,national ,army 9 tra9+ us$ #i1jjj hotel ranges4 ,9 mo/ ( ! cantonm5ts1 p>ticul>ly ^? 9 ! ,s\?1 ! heat+ ( qu>t]s 9 w9t] 0 accompli%$ by means ( room heat]s & cannon /oves4 ,! con/ructors in/all$ #ge1jjj ( ^!4 ,! (fic]s' qu>t]s ev]y:]e & f\r entire cantonm5ts 9 ! ,nor?--,dev5s 9 ,massa*usetts1 ,grant 9 ,ill9ois1 ,cu/] 9 ,mi*igan1 & ,dodge 9 ,i[a--7 heat$ by /eam ei!r f c5tral heat+ plants or by means ( ord9>y boil]s su* z are us$ 9 resid5ces4 ,! total surface ( ! /eam radiators in/all$ w\ld make five gigantic /oves #cjj feet squ>e & z high z ! ,woolwor? ,build+ 9 ,new ,york4 ,besides ! camps & cantonm5ts us$ by ! l9e troops1 ! ,con/ruction ,division also built v>i\s special camps requir$ by ! mobilization1 tra9+1 & transportation ( ! ,army4 ,^! includ$ ! qu>t]ma/] tra9+ camp at ,jacksonville1 ,fla41 accommodat+ approximately #ce1jjj m52 & ! camps = ! ,eng9e]+ ,corps1 camps = heavy & light artill]y tra9+ s*ools1 & = o!r special units4 ,camp ,joseph ,f4 ,john/on at ,blackpo9t1 ! qu>t]ma/] camp ne> ,jacksonville1 is a good example ( "o ( ^! special tra9+ camps4 ,?is consi/$ ( qu>t]s = #aej (fic]s1 #cb b>racks to h\se #bjj m5 ea*1 toge!r ) b>racks = wagon companies1 pack companies1 truck companies1 & a bak]y company1 z well z /ables = #a1bjj animals & #ej rid+ horses1 toge!r ) /or]oom build+s & truck & auto g>ages4 ,camp ,holabird1 ne> ,baltimore1 us$ = tea*+ m5 to repair & crate motor trucks & vehicles1 _h accommodations = ab\t #g1ejj m54 ,ano!r special camp 0 ,camp ,humphreys1 = ! tra9+ ( m5 9 ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 locat$ a few miles d[n ! ,potomac ,riv] f ,wa%+ton4 ,?is camp c\ld accommodate #cc1jjj m5 9 #a1cej build+s locat$ on a camp area ( #b1ejj acres4 ,e foot ( ?is site _h to be cle>$ ( timb] & und]bru% dur+ "o ( ! sev]e/ w9t]s ( rec5t ye>s4 ,all mat]ial _h to be haul$ 9 trucks ov] fe>ful roads p5d+ ! con/ruction ( a #e-mile spur ( railroad track1 yet ! job 0 complet$ approximately on "t4 ,o!r special camps includ$ ,camp ,bragg = tra9+ ,field ,artill]y1 locat$ at ,fayetteville1 ,n4 ,c41 ) qu>t]s = #aa1jjj m52 ,camp ,knox at ,/i?on1 ,ky41 = #cj1jjj m51 hav+ an area ( ne>ly #fj1jjj acres = tra9+ troops 9 ! use ( ,field ,artill]y2 & ,camp ,frankl91 locat$ on "p ( ! ,camp ,meade cantonm5t res]vation1 a special camp = ,signal ,corps in/ruction1 ) accommodations = #aa1jjj m54 ,!n !re 0 ! ,coa/ ,artill]y tra9+ cantonm5t1 ,camp ,eu/is at ,lee ,hall1 ,va41 :i* _h accommodations = #ag1jjj m52 ,camp ,meigs at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 a qu>t]ma/] camp1 provid+ accommodations = #d1jjj m52 & ,camp ,b5n+1 at ,columbus1 ,ga41 an infantry s*ool ( arms1 to accommodate #e1jdj m51 on a camp area ( #ih1jjj acres4 ,at ,camp ,r>itan1 at ,r>itan ,riv]1 ,n4 ,j41 ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t e/abli%$ a tra9+ s*ool = #f1bej m54 ,camps & cantonm5ts built by ,con/ruction ,division4 ,key3 7,a7 - ,maximum capacity4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,approximate ,"n4 ,location4 7,a7 co/4 ,contractors4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,camp ,beaureg>d ,alex&ria1 ,la4 #bi1aba #d1cjj1jjj,/ew>t ,mc,gehee1 ,hudson ,con/ruction ,co41 ,j4 ,w4 ,snyd]4 ,camp ,b[ie ,=t ,wor?1 ,tex4 #da1hgi #c1djj1jjj;,j4 ,w4 ,?ompson1 ,h4 ,g4 ,bu%4 ,camp ,bragg ,fayetteville1 ,n4,c4#aa1hca #aa1jjj1jjj;,james ,/ew>t ,co4 ,camp ,cody ,dem+1 ,n4 ,mex4 #dd1iei #c1hjj1jjj;,j4 ,w4 ,?ompson ,co41 ,h4 ,g4 ,bu%4 ,camp ,cu/] ,battle ,creek1 ,mi*#di1jad #ac1jjj1jjj,port] ,bros41 ,r4 ,g4 ,phelps1 ,w4 ,e4 ,wood ,co4 ,camp ,dev5s ,ay]1 ,mass4 #cf1hcb #aa1hjj1jjj;,fr$ ,t4 ,ley ,co41 ,coleman ,bros4 ,camp ,dix ,wright/[n1 ,n4 ,j4#db1hjf #ab1cjj1jjj;,irw9 ,leighton ,co41 ,j4 ,s4 ,rog]s ,co41 ,j4 ,w4 ,f]guson ,co4 ,camp ,dodge ,des ,mo9es1 ,i[a #di1bbi #aj1hjj1jjj;,*>les ,weltz ,sons4 ,camp ,doniphan ,lawton1 ,okla4 #df1ahc #b1gjf1jjj,seld5-,breck ,con/ruction ,co41 ,trope ,c>ney4 ,camp ,abraham ,lee ,hall1 ,va4 #af1gei #aa1gjj1jjj,w9/on ,co4 ,eu/is ,camp ,fremont ,palo ,alto1 ,calif4 #cj1jjj #b1eef1jjj,l9dgr5 ,co41 ,e4 ,a4 ,hett+]4 ,camp ,fun/on ,=t ,riley1 ,kans4 #db1hjf #aj1ejj1jjj;,george ,a4 ,full] ,con/ruction ,co41 ,h5ry ,b5net ,son1 ,gray ,con/ruction ,co4 ,camp ,gordon ,atlanta1 ,ga4 #df1fab #aa1ajj1jjj;,ar?ur ,tufts ,co41 ,mackie ,con/ruction ,co41 ,s\!rn-,f]ro ,con/ruction ,co4 ,camp ,meade ,od5ton1 ,md4 #eb1ege #af1bjj1jjj;,claiborne ,johnson ,co41 ,smi?1 ,h\s] ,mc,isaacs4 ,camp ,meigs ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #c1ggd #fee1jjj,philip ,f4 ,gormley1 ,frank ,l4 ,wagn]4 ,camp ,m]ritt ,dumont1 ,n4 ,j4 #ci1jgi #ad1ejj1jjj,mc,arthur ,bros4 ,co41 ,w4 ,h4 ,fissell ,co4 ,camp ,mills ,g>d5 ,city1 ,l4 ,i4#be1jjj #ac1jjj1jjj;,cl\gh-,b\rne ,co4 ,we/+h\se-,*ur*- ,k]r ,co41 ,hampton ,camp ,hill ,newport ,news1 ,va4 #e1hebaf1abe1jjj ,roads ,eng9e]+ ,camp ,/u>t d4 #bd1bcd ,con/ruction ,co41 ,boyle-,rob]tson ,con/ruction ,co4 ,camp ,ogle?orpe ,=t ,gre5leaf #bd1deg #e1fjj1jjj,p>k-,grimes ,co4 ,=re/ ,camp ,pike ,little ,rock1 ,ark4 #ee1jaj #ab1gjj1jjj;,james ,/ew>t ,co4 7,inc471 ,/ew>t ,mc,gehee ,co4 ,camp ,polk ,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c4 #cg ,holliday-,kr\se ,co4 ,camp ,sevi] ,gre5ville1 ,s4 ,c4 #da1fic #f1ejh1jjj;,gallivan ,build+ ,co4 ,camp ,%elby ,hattiesburg1 ,miss4#cf1jaj #e1djj1jjj,t4 ,s4 ,m\dy ,co41 ,ri*>d ,mc,carthy ,co4 ,camp ,%]idan ,montgom]y1 ,ala4 #da1eic #c1ejj1jjj;,alg]non ,blair1 ,pas*5 ,bros4 ,camp ,%]man ,*illico!1 ,ohio #di1aab #ab1ijj1jjj,?omas ,a4 ,b5tly ,sons1 ,d4 ,w4 ,mc,grath ,sons4 ,camp ,taylor ,l\isville1 ,ky4 #de1dbd #h1jjj1jjj,mason ,hang]1 ,alfr$ ,/ruck ,co4 ,camp ,travis ,san ,antonio1 ,tex4 #db1hji #h1bjj1jjj,/one ,web/]1 ,mc,kenzie ,con/ruction ,co4 ,camp ,upton ,yaphank1 ,l4 ,i4 #dc1efg #ac1ejj1jjj,?ompson-,/>rett ,co41 ,m>k ,c4 ,tr$5nick ,co41 ,c4 ,h4 ,r4 ,c4 ,peckwor? 7,inc474 ,camp ,grant ,rock=d1 ,ill4 #fb1fge #ad1djj1jjj;,bates ,rog]s ,con/ruction ,co41 ,ross ,t4 ,beck/rom ,co41 ,h5ry ,erickson ,co4 ,camp ,gre5 ,*>lotte1 ,n4 ,c4 #dh1cje #d1cjj1jjj;,consolidat$ ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ,j4 ,a4 ,jones ,co4 ,camp ,hancock ,augu/a1 ,ga4 #de1jii #f1jjj1jjj,t4 ,o4 ,br[n ,co41 ,william ,craw=d4 ,camp ,humphreys ,belvoir1 ,va4 #cb1dcd #ab1gde1jjj,phillip ,f4 ,gormley ,co4 ,camp ,jackson ,columbia1 ,s4 ,c4 #dd1jji #aj1jjj1jjj;,h>daway ,con/ruction ,co41 ,columbia ,lumb] ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,h4 ,b4 ,hann4 ,camp ,jackson1 d4 #cg ,h>daway ,con/ruction ,no4 ,co4 ,camp ,john/on ,jacksonville1 ,fla4#ah1bfe ,t4 ,a4 ,b5tley ,sons41 ,j4 ,y4 ,wilson4 ,camp ,ke>ney ,san ,diego1 ,calif4 #cb1jff #e1hch1jjj,w4 ,e4 ,hampton ,co41 ,john ,rob]ts ,co4 ,camp ,knox ,/i?ton1 ,ky4 #bg1hje #ah1gcc1ahd;,john ,w4 ,griffi? ,sons4 ,camp ,las ,casas ,san ,juan1 #ac1bfe #b1ejj1jjj,purdy ,h5d]son ,co4 ,porto ,rico ,camp ,lee ,pet]sburg1 ,va4 #fj1cce #af1ejj1jjj,rh9eh>t ,d5nis 7,inc471 ,h>rison ,con/ruction ,co41 ,john ,t4 ,wilson ,co4 7,inc474 ,camp ,lewis ,am]ican ,lake #df1bcb #h1djj1jjj;,hurley ,mason ,co41 7,tacoma71 ,wa%4 ,! ,con/ruction ,co4 ,camp ,logan ,h\/on1 ,tex4 #dd1hii #c1cjj1jjj;,am]ican ,con/ruction ,co41 ,horton ,horton4 ,camp ,mc,arthur ,waco1 ,tex4 #de1jgd #d1jjj1jjj;,fr$ ,a4 ,jones ,con/ruction ,co41 ,blome ,s9ek ,co41 ,edg> ,h4 ,bruy]e4 ,camp ,mc,clellan ,anni/on1 ,ala4 #eg1gdf #i1hjj1jjj;,john ,o4 ,*i%olm ,co41 ,lab>re ,erw91 ,a4 ,w4 ,/oolman4 ,camp ,wadswor? ,sp>tanburg1 ,s4 ,c4#ef1bdi #d1jjj1jjj;,fiske ,c>t] ,co4 ,camp ,:eel] ,macon1 ,ga4 #dc1jaa #c1bjj1jjj,w4 ,z4 ,williams4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #cg ,ab&on$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,con/ruction4 ,great z 0 ! job ( build+ ! army camps & cantonm5ts1 x 0 nev]!less only a "p ( ! "w :i* fell to ! ,con/ruction ,division1 & mu* ! small] "p at t4 ,on ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 ! ,con/ruction ,division 0 conduct+ #ece build+ op]ations 9 #ddb localities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! involv$ an aggregate exp5diture ( m ?an #a1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,includ+ ! v>i\s camps & cantonm5ts1 ^! activities 7 be+ conduct$ or _h be5 conduct$ 9 e ,/ate ( ! ,union b "o4 ,an av]age ( m ?an #bjj1jjj workm51 pr9cipally ( ! build+ trades1 _h be5 engag$ cont9u\sly = mon?s4 ,9 ! executive adm9i/ration ( ! "w ! organization requir$ #a1dhg (fic]s & #ab1cee civilian ,gov]nm5t employees1 ( :om #b1eee 7 locat$ at ! (fices ( ! division 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,m]ely = ! ma9t5ance & ! op]ation ( ! v>i\s complet$ projects a =ce ( #af1cei enli/$ m5 0 requir$4 ,9 a little m ?an a ye> ! organization _h gr[n f a h&ful ( cl]ks & executives to "o ( ?is size4 ,! brigadi] g5]al :o head$ ! ,con/ruction ,division _h be5 a ,capta9 :5 w> 0 decl>$4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! organization _h h\s$ a population equal to t ( ! city ( ,philadelphia 9 #dj l>ge camps1 ea* 9 numb] ( inhabitants comp>+ 9 size to su* cities z ,rac9e1 ,wis41 ,c$> ,rapids1 ,i[a1 or ,:eel+1 ,w4 ,va4 ,x _h con/ruct$ /orage depots & w>eh\ses t w\ld cov] #hij acres4 ,x _h built hospitals ) b$s = #abh1cgh pati5ts4 ,x _h pur*as$ & nail$ up #b1fdg1fje1dbf bo>d feet ( lumb]1 en\gh to /ret* ar\nd ! ,equator tw5ty times 9 bo>ds #ab in*es wide & #a in* ?ick4 ,load$ on freight c>s to _! capacity ?is lumb] w\ld require a tra9 rea*+ f ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 to ,kansas ,city4 ,x _h us$ en\gh brick to build an #ah-;foot road f ,kansas ,city to ,*icago4 ,x _h con/ruct$ #fde miles ( railroads & made #a1jha miles ( wagon roads1 mo/ly ( concrete4 ,^! are only a few ( ! high po9ts 9 ?is build+ record4 ,!re are few und]tak+s ( mank9d 9 all hi/ory :i* c be comp>$ ) ?is ent]prise4 ,! price paid = ! ,panama ,canal & ! ,canal ( ,suez1 ! co/ ( damm+ ! ,nile & tunnel+ ! ,alps1 & ! money sp5t on build+ ! ,gov]nm5t railway into ! he>t ( ,alaska might be lump$ toge!r & /ill ! aggregate w\ld n equal ! co/ ( provid+ ! build+s1 exclusive ( ^? ( ! tra9+ camps1 :i* ! ,am]ican ,army _h to h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates aft] x w5t to w>4 ,we c ga9 a picture ( ! size ( ?is con/ruction by consid]+ ! build+ records ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ?is c\ntry !re are ab\t #aej cities l>ge en\gh & ambiti\s en\gh to keep annual build+ /ati/ics z ! indices ( _! prosp]ity4 ,9 ^! cities1 ^: populations range 9 size f t ( ,new ,york d[n to ^? ( communities ( #bj1jjj or #be1jjj inhabitants1 dwell ne>ly a qu>t] ( all ! ,am]icans4 ,!y are metropolitans1 ! p :o dem& mo/ ( ! build] = _! com=t & luxury4 ,yet 9 no "o ye> _h ! build+ con/ruction 9 ^! #aej l>ge/ ,am]ican cities comb9$ approa*$ 9 am\nt )9 #bej1jjj1jjj ( ! co/ ( our milit>y con/ruction und]tak5 dur+ ! w>4 ,! ,gov]nm5t became n only ! greate/ ( cu/om]s = ! build+ indu/ry b almo/ ! sole cu/om]4 ,?is :ole great indu/ry1 "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ! c\ntry1 :i* _h be5 busy 9 its int]m9able task ( provid+ ! mansions ( peace1 0 sudd5ly conv]t$ "u milit>y direction into a ma*9e = build+ a titantic w> plant4 ,be=e ! ,nation c\ld mobilize its mat]ial res\rces or tra9 its human ones = w> x mu/ h build+s--headqu>t]s = its executives1 b>racks = its m51 /ructures = its v>i\s ars5als = ! manufacture ( explosives & *emicals1 w>eh\ses = ! /orage ( res]ves ( mat]ial1 t]m9als = ! transf] ( ov]seas %ipm5ts1 s*ools1 laboratories1 prov+ gr\nds = te/+ its weapons1 hospitals1 emb>kation depots1 & a va/ numb] ( /ructures = less conspicu\s activities4 ,x 0 ! "w ( ! ,con/ruction ,division to provide ^! facilities4 ,exclusive ( ! cantonm5ts !mselves1 ?is "w fell into projects rang+ 9 size f small build+ gr\ps co/+ a few ?\s& doll>s to enorm\s p[d] plants1 huge t]m9al docks1 va/ w>eh\ses & o!r great und]tak+s co/+ #aj1jjj1jjj1 #af1jjj1jjj1 #be1jjj1jjj1 #dj1jjj1jjj1 & z high z #gj1jjj1jjj = a s+le project4 ,,ordnance ,,con/ruction4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ ( ^! und]tak+s 7 ! v>i\s con/ruction jobs call$ = by ! ordnance program4 ,!re 7 m ?an #fj ( ^!1 & !y rang$ 9 co/ f #ajj1jjj up to #gj1jjj1jjj4 ,"o ( ! l>g] ( ^! projects 0 t ( ! ,ab]de5 prov+ gr\nds on ,*esapeake ,bay1 n f> di/ant f ,baltimore4 ,?is res]vation1 ) its area ( #ce1jjj acres & its magnific5t te/+ & obs]vation ranges1 #ge miles 9 l5g?1 ov] ! wat]s ( ! bay1 w und\bt$ly be reta9$ p]man5tly by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,z ! plant exi/s to-day x has a capacity ( te/+ #e1jjj %ell betwe5 daylight & d>k4 ,at ,ab]de5 ! ,con/ruction ,division built b>racks to h\se #h1jjj m51 qu>t]s = #bcj (fic]s1 & all ! accessories ( conv5i5ce & amusem5t :i* a community ( t size %\ld h4 ,guns came to ! prov+ gr\nds unassembl$1 s t x 0 necess>y to build an assembly plant4 ,?is build+ is #afe feet wide & #ejj feet long & co/ #a1jjj1jjj4 ,z an adjunct to ! assembly plant !re is a ma*9e %op :i* is "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,m5tion %\ld be made ( ! #be miles ( /&>d railway trackage :i* ! ,con/ruction ,division put d[n at ,ab]de54 ,?is 0 exclusive ( ! spur tracks = ! heavy guns m\nt$ on railway c>riages4 ,^! tracks approa*$ ! fir+ range on app>5tly outl&i% curves & at e v>iety ( angle4 ,! guns 7 fir$ at ^! v>i\s angles to det]m9e if ! recoil w\ld pu% ! c>riages f ! track or w\ld spread ! rails4 ,! developm5t ( a]ial bomb+ & ! necessity = te/+ our own a]ial bombs requir$ ! con/ruction at ,ab]de5 ( hang>s & qu>t]s = an aviation squadron4 ,9 addition to ^! facilities1 ! project involv$ ! con/ruction ( p[d] magaz9es1 %ell-load+ plants1 & w>eh\ses4 ,!re 7 built #ae miles ( concrete roads & #cj miles ( roads ( o!r types4 ,g>age accommodations 7 provid$ = #ajj trucks & automobiles4 ,! fir+ ranges requir$ obs]vation t[]s ( v>i\s sorts4 ,! obs]vation dug\ts _h to be ( special /r5g?1 because c]ta9 ( ! te/s at ,ab]de5 involv$ ! actual bur/+ ( gun b>rels1 mak+ necess>y specially heavy protection = ! obs]v]s4 ,ab]de5 is equipp$ ) a complete wat]works sy/em & ) a hospital = #bej pati5ts4 ,an int]e/+ laboratory con/ruct$ on ! gr\nds is t 9 :i* ! s-call$ dud %ell1 or ^? :i* fail to explode1 are analyz$ = _! defects4 ,! ,ab]de5 project 0 />t$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 & fir/ te/s 7 made )9 a mon?4 ,! entire project co/ ov] #cj1jjj1jjj4 ,"o section ( ! ,ab]de5 res]vation1 ab\t #d1jjj acres ( x1 0 set ap>t = ! uses ( ! gas-w>f>e organization ( ! ,army & 0 lat] kn[n z ! ,edgewood ,ars5al4 ,! progress at ,edgewood is indicative ( ! mann] 9 :i* *emical w>f>e increas$ 9 importance dur+ our p]iod ( bellig]5cy4 ,x 0 orig9ally e/imat$ t #bej1jjj w\ld provide a plant at ,edgewood suffici5t = our *emical-w>f>e ne$s4 ,! actual co/ ( ! ,edgewood ,ars5al at ! date ( ! armi/ice1 s great _h be5 ! expansion ( *emical w>f>e1 0 ab\t #dc1jjj1jjj4 ,at t "t !re _h be5 con/ruct$ or 7 9 process ( con/ruction fill+ plants t c\ld turn out #abj1jjj load$ gas %ell p] day4 ,! equipm5t at ,edgewood includes a cantonm5t = #aj1jjj m51 "s ( x ( p]man5t con/ruction4 ,!re 7 built #aj miles ( macadam road at ,edgewood & #ae miles ( railway1 9 addition to l>ge w>eh\ses & a dock :]e load$ %ell c\ld be freight$ ^u light]s to deep wat]4 ,ano!r project made necess>y by ! expansion ( *emical w>f>e 0 ! gas prov+ gr\nds at ,lakehur/1 ,n4 ,j41 ! entire project co/+ #a1ejj1jjj4 ,! site ( #e1jjj acres provid$ space = two t>get ranges1 ea* #d miles long4 ,ext5sive laboratories 7 built at ,lakehur/1 & ! prov+ gr\nd 0 op]at$ by a =ce ( #a1ejj m54 ,9 addition to ?is !re 0 locat$ at ,lakehur/ a camp = #c1djj troops 9 tra9+4 ,all build+s = ^! facilities 7 provid$ by ! ,con/ruction ,division4 ,9 addition to ,ab]de5 & ,lakehur/ ! ,con/ruction ,division built a prov+ gr\nd at ,cle> ,spr+s1 ,md41 us$ = te/+ out #cg-millimet] guns2 ano!r su* in/itution at ,port ,cl9ton1 ,ohio1 = te/+ #aee-millimet] & #bdj-millimet] h[itz]s2 & o!rs at ,scituate1 ,mass41 & ,savanna1 ,ill4 ,! comb9$ co/ ( ^! la/ f\r projects 0 #f1ejg1ebj4 ,"o important und]tak+ ( ! ,con/ruction ,division 0 t ( provid+ w>eh\se depots = ordnance mat]ials4 ,^! supplies diff] f ord9>y ,army supplies 9 ! important p>ticul> t !y mu/ be treat$ g5tly & h&l$ ) c>e4 ,a qu>t]ma/] /oreh\se c be ( em]g5cy con/ruction type1 t is1 m or less built ( wood1 b an ordnance /oreh\se1 s9ce x usually conta9s high explosives1 mu/ be /rictly firepro(4 ,9 und]tak+ ! creation 9 record "t ( a numb] ( ordnance depots ! ,con/ruction ,division fac$ n only ! problem ( ! type ( build+ requir$ b also ! location ( ^! build+s4 ,x 0 necess>y to locate !m at deep wat] 9 ord] to avoid frequ5t h&l+ ( ! high explosives1 yet no depot c\ld be situat$ 9 any ?ickly settl$ c5t] because ( ! dang] to ! civilian population4 ,at mo/ deep-wat] po9ts on ! ,atlantic coa/ :i* _h railway connections ! available sites 7 already occupi$4 ,! result 0 t ! ordnance depots _h to be built on m>%es & mead[s1 on l& :i* = con/ruction purposes _h always be5 reg>d$ z impossible4 ,yet !y _h to be complet$ 9 z mu* ( a ru% z any build+s :i* ! ,army dem&$4 ,!re are n[ five ( ^! great ordnance depots on ! ,atlantic coa/ built by ! ,con/ruction ,division3 at ,metu*51 ,n4 ,j42 ,curtis ,bay1 ,md42 ,pig ,po9t1 ,va42 ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c42 & ,p$rickt[n1 ,del4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! is ! "o at ,metu*51 kn[n z ! ,r>itan ,ars5al4 ,! ,r>itan site conta9s ab\t #b1bjj acres ( salt m>%4 ,high tides us$ to subm]ge ! :ole area almo/ completely4 ,be=e any build+ c\ld be />t$ ! ,con/ruction ,division _h to build a dike #i miles long ar\nd ! :ole res]vation4 ,! entire project 0 p]*$ on piles1 & ^! piles1 by ! t5s ( ?\s&s1 7 driv5 into ! froz5 gr\nd dur+ ! sev]e w9t] ( #aiag-ah4 ,labor 0 h>d to get & h>d to keep4 ,aft] ! labor]s' qu>t]s _h be5 built & a few p[d] magaz9es _h be5 erect$1 x became almo/ impossible to keep m5 on ! job because ( ! dang] ( work+ 9 a p[d] ars5al4 ,mo/ ( ! ,r>itan build+s are ( t]ra-cotta con/ruction4 ,!re are #he complet$ magaz9es1 ea* #ea feet wide & #bah feet long1 = ! /orage ( %ell1 black p[d]1 & miscellane\s items1 ?is numb] n includ+ #ab magaz9es ( %eet-metal con/ruction1 ea* #bf by #db feet1 = ! /orage ( high explosives4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ! ,con/ruction ,division 0 build+ #fj simil> magaz9es int5d$ = ! /orage ( smokeless p[d]4 ,at ,r>itan 0 also locat$ a s*ool ( in/ruction = ordnance troops1 ) a cantonm5t to accommodate #aj1jjj m54 ,a #aej-;b$ hospital 0 "p ( ! equipm5t1 z 0 also an assembly %op & a motor-in/ruction s*ool4 ,along ! riv] a dock 0 built #b1jjj feet long4 ,on ! dock 7 con/ruct$ sev]al huge w>eh\ses = ! /orage ( mat]ial4 ,fifty miles ( railway 7 con/ruct$4 ,! project on ! armi/ice date 0 probably ! be/ equipp$ ordnance depot 9 ! _w4 ,x co/ ab\t #ad1jjj1jjj4 ,! next l>ge/ ordnance depot is t at ,curtis ,bay ne> ,baltimore4 ,x is half ! size ( ! ,r>itan project & co/ ab\t #g1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,pig ,po9t ordnance depot is locat$ at ,hampton ,roads1 ab\t #ab miles f ,portsm\?1 ,va4 ,9 ord] to obta9 b]?+ facilities = trans-,atlantic %ips x 0 necess>y to build a dock m ?an a mile long out to deep wat]4 ,! dock is said to be ! longe/ :>f 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s\? ( ,philadelphia4 ,! ,pig ,po9t job co/ ab\t #c1ejj1jjj4 ,! ,*>le/on ,ars5al co/ #e1jjj1jjj2 :ile #g1jjj1jjj 0 ! am\nt provid$ = ! ars5al at ,p$rickt[n4 ,! ,p$rickt[n job1 h[ev]1 0 />t$ late1 & n ov] #b1jjj1jjj _h be5 sp5t :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,9 addition to ^! five t]m9al depots ! ,con/ruction ,division provid$ two o!r ordnance w>eh\ses = ! /orage ( miscellane\s supplies--"o at ,middlet[n1 ,pa41 co/+ #a1bej1jjj1 & ! o!r at ,augu/a1 ,ga41 co/+ #bej1jjj4 ,! description ( ! p[d] bag-load+ plants1 :i* 7 built by ! ,con/ruction ,division1 is conta9$ 9 ! *apt] ( ?is report relat+ to ! production ( p[d] & o!r explosives4 ,!re 7 ?ree ( ^! plants1 "o locat$ at ,woodbury1 ,n4 ,j41 ano!r at ,tullyt[n1 ,pa41 & ! ?ird on ! hi/oric battle gr\nd at ,sev5 ,p9es1 ,va4 ,s9ce ^! plants 7 p]=ce locat$ at isolat$ places x 0 necess>y 9 ea* case to provide h\s+ accommodations = ! work]s1 _m ( :om 7 wom54 ,! ,con/ruction ,division built ! h\ses at ,tullyt[n & ,woodbury :ile ^? at ,sev5 ,p9es 7 provid$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,indu/rial ,h\s+ ,corporation4 ,^! bag-load+ plants co/ f #d1ejj1jjj to #f1jjj1jjj apiece1 & !y 7 erect$ 9 a rem>kably %ort "t4 ,"w 0 />t$ on ! ,woodbury project on ,m>* #ai1 #aiah1 & ! plant 0 ready = op]ation on ,may #bh1 al?\gh ! plant did n actually />t op]at+ until ,june #ae4 ,! spade 0 fir/ /ruck into ! gr\nd at ,tullyt[n on ,m>* #f1 #aiah1 & on ,july #ag ! #bej build+s ( ! project 7 ready4 ,! "w at ,sev5 ,p9es began ,april #bd1 & ! plant 0 ready = op]ation on ,augu/ #bd1 #aiah4 ,,aviation ,,s*ools ,,& ,,te/+ ,,fields4 ,! ,signal ,corps1 ne$+ a special type ( con/ruction1 und]took ! "w itself at ! />t ( w>1 b by ,octob]1 #aiag1 ! ,con/ruction ,division _h prov$ itself s effici5t t all ,army build+ "w 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+ t ( ! ,signal ,corps1 0 turn$ ov] to x4 ,! "w = ! ,signal ,corps entail$ ! con/ruction ( ! necess>y build+s = fly+ fields1 te/+ fields1 a]ial photography1 & gunn]y s*ools1 balloon obs]vation s*ools1 repair & te/+ %ops1 & trem5d\s /orage depots t _h to be ( special firepro( con/ruction because ( ! inflammable nature ( ! oil & o!r mat]ials us$ by ! ,signal ,corps4 ,at ! aviation fields a special type ( portable hang> built ( /eel1 #fe by #adj feet1 0 adopt$4 ,= ! big bomb+ planes l>g] hang>s 7 requir$ b ( ! same-type ( con/ruction4 ,at ea* aviation field 7 b>racks = a l>ge numb] ( m51 toge!r ) wat] & sanit>y conv5i5ces4 ,!re 7 #ca ( ^! fields locat$ pr9cipally 9 ! ,we/ or ,s\?we/4 ,9 addition to ^! !re 7 f\r te/+ fields = ! aircraft s]vice1 locat$ 9 ! ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e ! fly+ ma*9es & ! eng9es 7 be+ produc$4 ,"o ( ^! 0 at ,dayton1 ano!r at ,buffalo1 a ?ird at ,detroit1 & a f\r? at ,elizabe?1 ,n4 ,j4 ,! a]ial gunn]y s*ool at ,miami1 ,fla41 0 "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! aviation-con/ruction projects4 ,?is plant includ$ build+s1 t>get ranges1 /eel hang>s1 photographic laboratories & o!r equipm5t--all built at a co/ ( #a1ejj1jjj4 ,! balloon s*ool at ,lee ,hall1 ,va41 co/ #a1jjj1jjj1 & t at ,arcadia1 ,calif41 #ejj1jjj4 ,at ea* ( ^! s*ools !re 7 b>racks = ! m51 qu>t]s = ! labor]s1 & exp]im5tal build+s1 n to speak ( ! huge %$s1 #bjj or m feet 9 l5g?1 9 :i* ! balloons 7 h\s$4 ,,qu>t]ma/] ,,bases ,,& ,,w>eh\ses4 ,con/ruction = ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,dep>tm5t involv$ ! build+ ( w>eh\ses on a scale hi!rto unkn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! w>eh\se plan 0 c>efully work$ out z "p ( ! /rategy ( conduct+ ! w>1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,national ,def5se mak+ ! fir/ inve/igations ( ! prop] locations ( supply depots1 & ^! e>ly f9d+s be+ lat] am5d$ by ! ,g5]al ,/aff4 ,sev]al important consid]ations det]m9$ ! locations ( ^! depots & w>eh\ses4 ,9 ! fir/ place we w\ld require great /orage & %ipp+ facilities at tidewat]2 yet1 if ^! 7 all to be locat$ 9 "o spot or 9 "o g5]al region1 !re 0 a possibility t a subm>9e blockade (f ! ,atlantic coa/ c\ld /op ! %ipm5t ( supplies to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,?us ! fir/ project 0 to locate ! great supply bases at ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1 ,philadelphia1 & ,norfolk4 ,b x 0 evid5t t a relatively small numb] ( enemy subm>9es op]at+ 9 a comp>atively re/rict$ area c\ld block %ipm5t f ^! f\r ports4 ,!re=e ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c41 & ,new ,orleans 7 add$ to ! supply-base project4 ,!re 0 ano!r ?+ to be tak5 into consid]ation1 namely1 ! provid+ ( suffici5t w>eh\se space1 s t1 if !re %\ld be any blockade ( ocean transportation1 ! manufacture ( supplies c\ld cont9ue at its w> rate & /ill f9d places to :i* to %ip its important products4 ,yet if ! /orage 7 all provid$ at ! tidewat] bases1 !re w\ld be dang] ( railroad conge/ion at ! ports4 ,consequ5tly1 z auxili>y to ! t]m9al w>eh\ses1 !re 0 provid$ a sy/em ( enorm\s w>eh\ses built 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! sy/em ev5tually work$ out to give sev5 exp$ition>y supply bases locat$1 six ( !m1 at ! cities j nam$1 9 addition to "o t _h be5 built at ,port ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 dur+ ! w9t] ( #aiag1 & n9e int]ior depots locat$ respectively at ,baltimore1 ,*icago1 ,columbus1 ,ohio1 ,jeff]sonville1 ,ind41 ,new ,cumb]l&1 ,pa41 ,philadelphia1 ,pittsburgh1 ,s*5ectady1 ,n4 ,y41 & ,/4 ,l\is4 ,^! latt] 7 c5tral 9 v>i\s produc+ di/ricts4 ,! t]m9al projects alone involv$ con/ruction on a scale t 0 )\t prec$5t4 ,! int]ior depots & ! huge t]m9al bases provid$ #fij acres ( /orage space1 all inclos$ 9 re9=c$ concrete ( ! mo/ mod]n type4 ,!y 7 all built 9 a little ov] #ab mon?s4 ,into !m w5t con/ruction en\gh to build a concrete build+ #gj feet wide f ,new ,york to ,philadelphia & a :>f ne>ly #h miles long1 ) b]?+ accommodations = #fe %ips at once4 ,! facilities includ$ #fej miles ( railroad & #a1jjj miles ( concrete roadway4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,orleans ,,army ,,supply ,,base4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brooklyn ,,army ,,supply ,,base4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brooklyn ,,army ,,supply ,,base4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bo/on ,,army ,,supply ,,base4 ,! ,army supply bases at ,brooklyn & at ,bo/on are examples ( ! imm5sity ( ! exp$ition>y depots built along ! ,atlantic seacoa/4 ,! base at ,brooklyn has approximately #d1jjj1jjj squ>e feet ( /orage space 9 its two huge #h-/ory re9=c$ concrete w>eh\ses4 ,"o ( ^! w>eh\ses is #ihj feet long by #bjj feet wide & ! o!r is #ihj feet long by #cjj feet wide4 ,9 addition to ^!1 ! in/allation at ! base consi/s ( ?ree d\ble-deck pi]s1 ea* #aej feet wide & #a1cjj feet long1 & "o op5 pi] #fj feet wide & #a1cjj feet long4 ,9 its railroad y>ds !re is /orage space = #a1cjj c>s at "o "t4 ,! capacity ( ! base is #gjj1jjj tons ( supplies1 or ! equival5t ( ab\t #ajj %iploads4 ,twelve %ips ( #h1jjj tons1 dead weight ea*1 c be load$ at "o "t1 & ! load+ ( ^! vessels c be complet$ )9 #bd h\rs1 s va/ & complete are ! facilities at ?is project4 ,con/ruction />t$ at ! site on ,may #ae1 #aiah4 ,m ?an #g1jjj workm5 7 engag$ on ?is job at "o "t1 & ! entire project 0 to be complet$ be=e ,july #a1 #aiai1 :ile x 0 to be 9 p>tial op]ation by ,janu>y #a4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 #d1chg1cfj squ>e feet ( floor space _h be5 complet$ & #ahg1agc cubic y>ds ( concrete _h be5 p\r$4 ,! base at ,bo/on is #h /ories high1 built ( concrete1 & gives #b1gej1jjj feet ( /orage room4 ,its :>ves are #d1jjj feet long4 ,! "w on x 0 />t$ ,may #ad1 #aiah1 & end$ ,octob] #c4 ,9 t "t #bjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( concrete _h be5 p\r$1 #bb1jjj tons ( re9=c+ & /ructural /eel put into position1 #c1jjj1jjj brick laid1 #cj1jjj piles driv51 #a1ejj1jjj cubic y>ds dr$g$1 & #cj miles ( track laid4 ,9 all1 #g1jjj c>loads ( mat]ial 7 h&l$ 9 ?is build+4 ,! ,norfolk base is locat$ at ,bu% ,bluff1 #d miles f ! city4 ,! *ief feature ( ?is project is a gr\p ( eight #a-/ory concrete build+s provid+ #b1jjj1jjj squ>e feet ( /orage space4 ,! pi] %$s are built ( concrete bl[n by compress$ air ^u /eel la?4 ,! docks total a mile 9 l5g?4 ,! base c h&le #fjj c>s ( supplies 9 a day4 ,9 addition to ! /orage & %ipp+ build+s !mselves1 ! ,con/ruction ,division provid$ qu>t]s = a regim5t ( /ev$ores & a battalion ( gu>ds4 ,a #abj-;b$ hospital 0 erect$ at ! project4 ,! :>fage front 0 made ( concrete piles weigh+ #ab tons apiece1 & #bag acres ( l& 7 made by dr$g+ outside ( ! piles & fill+ 9 beh9d !m4 ,! "w 0 />t$ 9 ,may & 0 ne>ly f9i%$ :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,! ,norfolk & ,hampton ,roads di/rict has ! di/9ction ( be+ ! c5t] ( m w> con/ruction ?an 0 conduct$ at any o!r po9t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re 7 locat$ "h ! ,navy ars5al1 ! ,navy y>d1 ! ,navy tra9+ /ation1 & ! great ,norfolk naval base4 ,! l>ge/ con/ruction project ( all at ,norfolk 0 ! qu>t]ma/] t]m9al :i* ! ,con/ruction ,division built !re4 ,b 9 addition to ^! !re 0 ! ,pig ,po9t ordnance depot1 describ$ above1 ,camp ,/u>t & ,camp ,hill1 bo? emb>kation camps1 ! ,artill]y s*ool at ,=tress ,monroe1 ,camp ,eu/is1 & ! ,langley aviation field ( ! ,army4 ,) s _m con/ruction und]tak+s go+ on at once1 ! labor problem prov$ to be an e>ly emb>rassm5t at ! ,norfolk qu>t]ma/] t]m9al job4 ,h[ev]1 good qu>t]s & good food = ! con/ruction gangs at ! t]m9al l>gely solv$ ?is problem4 ,at "o "t 9 ! developm5t on ! %ores ( ?is "p ( ,*esapeake ,bay1 ! /reet c> & electric light+ sy/em ( ,norfolk broke d[n "u ! /ra94 ,! ,gov]nm5t !reupon took ! p[] h\se & op]at$ x !reaft] = ! duration ( ! em]g5cy4 ,! int]ior /orage depots ( ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,dep>tm5t provide #ab1jjj1jjj squ>e feet ( /orage4 ,!y are all ( p]man5t con/ruction4 ,!y range 9 size f ! "o at ,pittsburgh1 ) #ahd1jjj squ>e feet1 to t at ,s*5ectady ) #b1ejj1jjj squ>e feet4 ,! depot at ,*icago 0 built by ! ,c5tral ,manufactur+ ,di/rict z contractor on a site sold by its tru/ees to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,?is /ructure1 co/+ #c1jjj1jjj & giv+ #bi acres ( /orage1 0 built completely 9 ! p]iod betwe5 ,m>* #d & ,septemb] #ae1 #aiah4 ,,motor ,,transport ,,con/ruction4 ,!re 0 ext5sive con/ruction = ! ,motor ,transport ,corps4 ,few civilians p]haps realize ! size atta9$ by ?is bran* ( ! ,army1 ) its m ?an #c1jjj (fic]s & #ajj1jjj m5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & abroad4 ,! ,con/ruction ,division design$ a /&>diz$ repair %op to be us$ 9 ?is c\ntry or to be transport$ ov]seas z desir$4 ,!re 7 ?ree c5t]s ( repair1 %ipm5t1 & ! tra9+ ( m5 = ! ,motor ,transport ,s]vice1 ! l>ge/ be+ ,camp ,holabird at ,baltimore & ! o!rs1 ,camp ,jesup at ,atlanta1 & ,camp ,normoyle at ,san ,antonio1 ,tex4 ,:5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ ! ,army _h 9 ?is c\ntry ?\s&s ( motor trucks1 motorcycles1 & ambulances4 ,p]haps #hj p] c5t ( ^! 7 locat$ 9 ! di/ricts subsidi>y to ,camp ,holabird4 ,consequ5tly1 !re 7 con/ruct$ at ,holabird an enorm\s repair %op & a %op = ! tak+ d[n & %ipp+ ( motor vehicles4 ,! ma*9e %ops at ^! camps 7 ( p]man5t con/ruction4 ,l>ge /orage facilities 7 also furni%$4 ,! exp]i5ces ( ! ,army 9 ,mexico taught t to be effective motor transport mu/ h adequate facilities = repair4 ,! /&>diz$ army repair %op is ( glass1 /eel1 & concrete con/ruction4 ,x is op]at$ by #ee (fic]s & #a1djj m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,qu>t]ma/] ,,/orage ,,depot ,,built ,,by ,,con/ruction ,,division ,,at ,,/4 ,,l\is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*icago ,,p]man5t ,,qu>t]ma/] ,,depot ,,w>eh\ses4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ build+s provid$ = ! ,motor ,transport ,corps 0 ! crat+ %op at ,camp ,holabird4 ,! fir/ motor trucks s5t ov]seas 7 %ipp$ completely assembl$4 ,9 addition to tak+ up unnecess>ily mu*-ne$$ c>go space on ! transports1 !y frequ5tly arriv$ 9 poor condition1 due to ! effects ( ! salt air ^u _! metal p>ts4 ,consequ5tly1 x 0 decid$ to %ip trucks disassembl$ 9 crates4 ,"o ( ^! huge vehicles c\ld be tak5 ap>t &1 except = its truck body1 wrapp$ up 9 a p>cel #bj feet long1 #dj in*es wide & #dj in*es deep4 ,! truck body c\ld be pack$ 9 a crate #ab feet long & #f feet wide & #a foot ?ick4 ,^! crates 7 moi/ure pro(4 ,! crat+ ( trucks sav$ #ge p] c5t ( ! %ip space =m]ly requir$4 ,! crat+ crews became s facile t !y c\ld take d[n & pack 9 a s+le day f a mile & a half to two miles ( trucks4 ,?is unique %op co/ #ejj1jjj4 ,! con/ruction at ,camp ,holabird />t$ ,febru>y #d1 #aiah4 ,! camp n[ occupies #add acres & has a cantonm5t = #g1jjj m54 ,! #bb build+s ( an ab&on$ di/ill]y on ! gr\nd 7 remodel$ to s]ve z p]man5t /oreh\ses = ! millions ( doll>s' wor? ( tools & motor-vehicle p>ts :i* ! ,gov]nm5t acquir$ 9 ! w>4 ,,army ,,hospitals4 ,= ! ,surgeon ,g5]al's ,dep>tm5t ! ,con/ruction ,division con/ruct$ hospitals 9 ?is c\ntry provid+ accommodations = a total ( #aba1jjj pati5ts1 #ab1jjj nurses1 #d1jjj doctors1 & #cd1jjj hospital op]ation & ma9t5ance troops4 ,!re 7 #bid ( ^! hospitals 9 all1 built at a total co/ ( #abg1gbe1jjj & divid$ into ?ree types3 base hospitals locat$ at ! v>i\s tra9+ camps1 dep>tm5tal hospitals locat$ at v>i\s o!r ,army po/s1 & g5]al hospitals = ! reception ( sick & w\nd$ m5 return+ f ,france4 ,! con/ruction ( g5]al hospitals did n cease ) ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice1 & at a rec5t date x _h provid$ #ig1jjj b$s = pati5ts4 ,! build]s adopt$ a /&>diz$ type ( hospital con/ruction4 ,! unit 9 ?is type 0 a s+le-/ory w>d build+ ( frame con/ruction l9$ 9 ! int]ior ) gypsum bo>d or "s simil> mat]ial4 ,an op5 por* along ! entire l5g? ( "o side ( ! w>d build+ provid$ opportunity = convalesc5ts to be :eel$ outdoors4 ,ea* w>d _h room = #cd b$s & also _h a diet kit*51 a nurses' room1 a doctors' room1 lavatories1 & an inclos$ sol>ium at ! end4 ,^! build+s 7 connect$ ) ea* o!r by inclos$ corridors runn+ ?r\gh ! cle>4 ,at ! ,fox ,hills ,hospital1 ,/at5 ,isl&1 ,n4 ,y41 !re 0 a mile & a qu>t] ( ?is corridor con/ruction4 ,! corridors 9 ea* case f$ 9 t[>d ! c5tral adm9i/ration gr\p ( build+s 9 :i* 7 locat$ ! op]at+ rooms & ! v>i\s laboratories4 ,z crews develop$ _! teamwork "s m>vel\s in/ances ( spe$ 7 %[n 9 putt+ up ! build+s4 ,"o crew ( #eff m5 at ,fox ,hills erect$ a complete hospital w+ 9 "o work+ day4 ,at #g o'clock 9 ! morn+ ! gr\nd ( ! site 0 unt\*$4 ,t night at #f o'clock a #dj-;b$ w>d 0 /&+ f9i%$ on ! site--pa9t$1 equipp$ ) heat+ & v5tilat+ app>atus1 all plumb+ in/all$1 ! la/ electric bulb screw$ 91 & 9 e respect ready = occupancy4 ,x 0 l magic2 yet soon !reaft] ! ,con/ruction ,division _h set ! p]iod ( #aj h\rs z ! /&>d "t = build+ "o ( ^! w+s4 ,g5]al ,hospital ,no4 #c locat$ at ,otisville1 ,n4 ,y41 has a capacity ( #egi b$s & is a complete milit>y hospital plant design$ = ! treatm5t ( tub]cul> cases4 ,a %ort summ>y ( ! "w done ^u x w give an idea ( ! g5]al nature ( ! con/ruction problems incid5t to ! build+ ( ! milit>y hospitals dur+ ! w9t] & spr+ ( #aiah4 ,on ,febru>y #b1 #aiah1 ! ,con/ruct+ ,qu>t]ma/] ) a few (fic]s & cl]ks arriv$ at ! site ( ! hospital1 ab\t #cg acres ( l&1 ne> ! village ( ,otisville1 ,orange ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 on ! s\!rn slope ( ,%awangunk ,m\nta94 ,! contractor & 8 organization came on ! same day4 ,!y f\nd ! site cov]$ ) sn[ & ) no accommodations ev5 = ! (fice =ce ( ! ,con/ruct+ ,qu>t]ma/] or ! contractor1 except an old cream]y build+1 :i* 0 promptly r5t$ & into :i* ! two organizations mov$ ! next day4 ,actual "w 0 />t$ ,febru>y #e & cont9u$ ?r\gh e sev]ity ( wea!r until ! project 0 complet$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,july4 ,! "w 0 int]rupt$1 h9d]$1 & hamp]$ by sn[ & mud1 by transportation conge/ion prev5t+ ! deliv]y ( mat]ials on "t1 by ! abs5ce ( local labor & ! necessity = import+ labor f ne>-by m>kets :]ev] x c\ld be procur$1 & by ! consequ5t necessity = runn+ special tra9s to transport labor]s to & f ! job4 ,no local facilities exi/$ = h\s+ any ( ! workm51 & tempor>y accommodations _h to be built to accommodate #bjj ,italian labor]s bo? 9 ! matt] ( %elt] & food4 ,! av]age height above sea level ( ! site ( ?is hospital is a little ov] #a1jjj feet4 ,x 0 f\nd aft] con/ruction began t ! site 0 full ( spr+s1 :i* caus$ fur!r tr\ble & difficulty 9 develop+ ! build+ op]ations4 ,! co/ ( ! project 0 #a1fha1jjj4 ,ab\t #cjj c>loads ( mat]ial 7 us$1 includ+ approximately #c1jjj1jjj feet ( lumb]4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( labor]s employ$ at any "o "t 0 #a1gie1 ) a work+ day1 z a rule1 ( n9e h\rs1 union & nonunion labor be+ employ$ )\t discrim9ation4 ,wat] supply1 sew] con/ruction1 roads1 #ccj feet ( railway sid+1 sewage disposal plant1 electrical in/allation1 & boil] h\ses1 all _h to be built4 ,! "w 0 all complet$ e>ly 9 ,july1 #aiah4 ,9 addition to ! b$ capacity ( ! hospital1 accommodations 7 provid$ = a hospital p]sonnel ( #bbd4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ hospitals involv+ entirely new con/ruction is ,g5]al ,hospital ,no4 #ba1 ,d5v]1 ,colo4 ,?is is also a hospital = ! treatm5t ( tub]culosis cases4 ,! con/ruction is p]man5t1 holl[ tile & /ucco1 & ! hospital facilities are suffici5t to accommodate #b1jjj b$s = recup]ative & curative "w4 ,! plant consi/s ( hospital w>ds1 tub]culosis w>ds1 (fic]s' qu>t]s1 nurses' qu>t]s1 mess halls1 /oreh\ses1 laundry1 s*oolh\se1 p[] h\se1 wat] & sew] in/allation1 & all ( ! necess>y utilities = ! adequate op]ation ( a completely self-conta9$ unit4 ,! orig9al au?orization cov]$ only #a1jjj b$s4 ,subsequ5tly !re 0 au?oriz$ an addition equally z l>ge1 & ! entire project 0 complet$ on ,m>* #a1 #aiai4 ,! actual capacity ( ! hospital is 9 excess ( ! capacity e/imat$ :5 ! "w 0 begun1 & x is e/imat$ t #b1dhf pati5ts c be c>$ =1 ! co/ p] b$ runn+ less ?an #a1cej4 ,9 view ( ! nature & "* ( ! p]man5t con/ruction involv$1 & ! fact t ?is is a milit>y hospital ) ! usual num]\s con/ruction details n f\nd 9 civilian hospitals1 ! con/ruction at ?is figure is reg>d$ z exceptional4 ,,incid5ts ,,( ,,! ,,"w4 ,:5 ! ,gov]nm5t und]took ! :ole enorm\s milit>y con/ruction program1 x 0 f\nd t !re 7 few build]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o _h equipm5t en\gh to h&le ! bigg] jobs4 ,consequ5tly ! ,con/ruction ,division adopt$ ! policy ( acquir+ equipm5t ( v>i\s sorts1 usually pay+ r5t = x4 ,su* equipm5t includ$ locomotive cranes1 concrete mix]s1 locomotives = tr5* ma*9es1 road ma*9]y1 & o!r heavy app>atus4 ,?is equipm5t 0 r5t$ "u an agreem5t t :5ev] ! r5t paid _h aggregat$ ! co/ ( ! article r5t$1 ! latt] %\ld become ! prop]ty ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ?is way ! ,gov]nm5t has acquir$ prop]ty ( ?is sort wor? ab\t #c1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,con/ruction ,division at all times procur$ raw mat]ials = ! contractors engag$ ^u ! projects4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aiah ! division 0 procur+ mat]ial at an av]age rate ( ne>ly #a1jjj1jjj p] day4 ,!re 7 _m int]e/+ incid5ts 9 connection ) ?is activity4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aiag1 :5 ! cantonm5ts 7 go+ up1 x became necess>y to provide "s #fj1jjj /oves & heat]s1 yet !re 7 n t _m /oves = sale 9 ! c\ntry includ+ all exi/+ /ocks1 nor 0 ! capacity ( ! v>i\s /ove works suffici5t to make up ! numb] 9 ! ?ree mon?s' p]iod be=e ! soldi]s w\ld be go+ to ! camps4 ,accord+ly1 (fic]s ( ! division 7 s5t out to make addresses to ! workm5 at ! /ove factories1 & z a result ( su* ef=ts ! companies spe$$ up _! output until !y 7 able to supply all ( ! camps ) heat+ facilities by ,octob] #a1 #aiag4 ,9 ?is ef=t ! ,gov]nm5t w5t into ! m>ket & procur$ ! pig iron1 coke1 & o!r supplies = ! /ove f\ndries4 ,! ,con/ruction ,division 0 also able to obta9 #ae1jjj ,army kit*5 ranges 9 ?ree mon?s1 al?\gh t numb] is a normal ye>'s output ( ! entire manufactur+ facilities ( ! c\ntry4 ,:5 ! project = ! exp$ition>y supply base at ,port ,new>k 0 tak5 up--9 ! late fall ( #aiag--! ,con/ruction ,division set ab\t x to get #fc1cgg piles = ! f\ndations ( ?is con/ruction4 ,!re 7 #fd pile driv]s on ! job1 driv+ 9 a total ( #a1eff piles 9 a day2 & to supply ^! ! woodsm5 ( ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,new ,j]sey 7 call$ ^u = _! be/ ef=ts4 ,due to ! un=ese5 sev]ity ( ! w9t]1 ! riv]s 7 froz5 & ! railroads *ok$ ) freight4 ,ne> by 0 ! ,hog ,isl& %ipbuild+ project at ,philadelphia1 ne$+ m piles ?an ! railroads c\ld deliv]4 ,! trees 9 ! woods 7 froz5 & (t5 broke to pieces :5 !y fell4 ,9 ! s\!rn logg+ di/ricts ! negro woodsm5 refus$ to /ay on ! job because ( ! cold4 ,! ,con/ruction ,division !n took hold1 s5t soldi]s into ! woods1 fell$ ! trees1 & !n put gu>ds on ! c>s ( pil+1 to see t !y 7 n lo/ 9 transit4 ,z a result1 ! piles = ! ,port ,new>k job 7 deliv]$ on "t4 ,9 addition to procur+ mat]ials = its own contractors1 ! ,con/ruction ,division also procur$ build+ mat]ials = ! ,%ipp+ ,bo>d & = ! ,bureau ( ,indu/rial ,h\s+4 ,! peak load ( labor on ! ,army con/ruction jobs came 9 ! summ] ( #aiah1 :5 #bcj1jjj m5 7 on ! pay roll1 draw+ #g1fbf1hjj a week 9 pay1 & /ill ! jobs 7 %ort #aej1jjj unskill$ m54 ,9 g5]al1 ! union scale ( wages & h\rs ( labor 7 adopt$1 b ! op5 %op 0 ma9ta9$4 ,labor tr\bles 7 infrequ5t & n s]i\s4 ,to prev5t /rikes ! ,gov]nm5t =m$ ! ,cantonm5t ,adju/m5t ,commission1 consi/+ ( ?ree memb]s1 ! ,army repres5tative be+ ,col4 ,j4 ,h4 ,alex&]1 ( ! ,con/ruction ,division4 ,( all ! /rikes t hamp]$ our w> activities1 less ?an #a p] c5t 7 /rikes ( ! build+ trades4 ,:5 ! labor %ortage ( #aiah 0 mo/ acute ! ,con/ruction ,division turn$ to ,porto ,rico & ! ,bahamas = unskill$ labor1 import+ #b1fjj ,bahamans & #ac1jjj ,porto ,ricans4 ,?is import$ labor 0 exclusively us$ on s\!rn build+ projects & 0 s5t back home :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,! ,con/ruction ,division _h *>ge ( ! op]ation & ma9t5ance ( ! utilities ( ! v>i\s tra9+ camps1 a "w requir+ a =ce ( #deb (fic]s & #af1eei m54 ,9 all !re 7 #ed1hjh build+s at ^! camps to be kept 9 repair4 ,?is 0 done at ! co/ ( #h4aj a ye> = ea* man h\s$4 ,! ,gov]nm5t suppli$ electricity to ! camps at an av]age co/ ( #j4jb p] kil[att h\r4 ,9 a s+le ye> ( op]ation1 ! #cb camps burn$ ab\t #b1jjj1jjj tons ( coal = heat+4 ,?is 0 at a co/ ( approximately #aj p] man4 ,! utilities ( ! camps 7 "u ! managem5t ( m5 :o c\ld qualify to be city manag]s4 ,!y _h ! op]ation ( wat] sy/ems1 fire dep>tm5ts1 & o!r common conv5i5ces ( cities4 ,wat] 0 suppli$ at ! rate ( #ee gallons daily p] man4 ,! purity ( ! wat] & ! adequacy ( ! sanitation may be gaug$ f ! fact t 9 ,july & ,augu/1 #aiah1 ! annual dea? rate at ! camps 0 #b4h p] ?\s&4 ,9 our ,mexican ,w> ! annual dea? rate ( ,am]ican troops f disease 0 #aaj p] ?\s&2 9 ! ,civil ,w> x 0 #fe p] ?\s&2 9 ! ,spani% ,w> #bf p] ?\s&2 & among ,japanese troops 9 ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> x 0 #be p] ?\s&4 ,! dea? rate 9 civil life = m5 ( ! draft age is #f4g p] ?\s&4 ,ea* camp & cantonm5t 0 adequately protect$ by fire companies equipp$ ) ! mo/ mod]n app>atus1 ne>ly all ( x motoriz$4 ,ea* camp fire company _h #fj m54 ,a l[ annual fire loss 9 civil life is #b p] capita4 ,9 #aiag1 #bj ,am]ican cities ( ab\t #ca1jjj population ea* %[$ an annual fire loss ( #b4ae p] capita4 ,! av]age = ! ,unit$ ,/ates is #b4db p] capita4 ,at ! tra9+ camps1 9 spite ( _! inflammable con/ruction1 ! av]age annual loss f fire p] capita 0 only #df c5ts4 ,,table #a4--;,army supply bases & int]ior depots built by ,con/ruction ,division betwe5 ,april1 #aiag1 & ,janu>y1 #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,project4 ,squ>e feet ,approximate ,g5]al ( floor area4 co/4 contractor4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,port ,new>k t]m9al #a1ffb1djj #aj1bfj1jjj ,mason ,hang]- #chceg1jjj ,mc,arthur ,bros4 ,norfolk ,army supply base #b1jae1jjj #be1ige1ggj ,port] ,bros4 #cihhd1ejj ,philadelphia ,army supply base #cde1egj #ae1eaj1aab ,sn>e ,trie/ ,co4 ,*>le/on qu>t]ma/] #a1aeb1jjj t]m9al #chcgi1bjj #ab1fge1jjj ,mason ,hang]4 #cibfi1jjj ,bo/on ,army supply base #a1fea1ajd #bh1jdj1jjj ,w4 ,f4 ,ke>ns ,co4 #hhb1jjj ,brooklyn ,army supply base #c1icf1jjj #cb1ejj1jjj ,turn] ,con- #cia1adc1jjj /ruction ,co4 ,new ,orleans ,army supply base #a1gib1jjj #aa1ffj1hge ,george ,w4 ,full] #bhj1jjj ,co4 ,int]ior /orage depots4 ,baltimore ,int]ior depot #ffc1hjj #b1adc1fgf ,san=d ,brooks4 ,bo/on tempor>y w>eh\ses #cbg1fjj #a1bfe1jgi ,w4 ,f4 ,ke>ns ,co4 ,*icago int]ior depot #ehj1djj #hji1cjj ,c5tral ,manufactur+ ,di/rict4 ,*icago p]man5t w>eh\se #a1bcj1djj #c1fia1hjj ,d4 ,columbus int]ior /orage #b1feg1fjj #f1abh1jbb ,hunk9-,conkey ,co4 depot #chbdf1djj ,jeff]sonville qu>t]ma/] #cbj1jjj #a1bhb1efc ,caldwell int]ior depot ,m>%all ,co4 ,hobok5 qu>t]ma/] #afb1edj #bja1jjj ,b>ney-,hooks- exp$ition>y depot ,ahl]s4 ,new ,cumb]l& int]ior #a1efh1jjj /orage depot #chdjj1jjj #d1gjj1bgj ,bates-,rog]s ,con- /ruction ,co4 ,philadelphia int]ior /orage #iag1hjj #c1dgj1idj ,william ,/eele ,sons4 ,philadelphia qu>t]ma/] #bjh1ijj #a1jia1jej ,d4 exp$ition>y depot #chea1djj ,pittsburgh int]ior /orage #agh1fjj #fcj1ijj ,! ,au/9 ,co4 depot ,s*5ectady int]ior /orage #b1jhj1hjj #f1jea1eej ,fe5ey ,%eehan4 depot #checg1fjj ,/4 ,l\is int]ior depot #chd1cjj #a1cfh1edj ,we/ly ,con- /ruction ,co4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #ch ,%$s4 #ci ,pi] %$s4 ,,table #b4--;,hospitals built by ,con/ruction ,division betwe5 ,june1 #aiag1 & ,janu>y1 #aiai4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,"n4 ,location4 ,capacity,approximate,contractor4 79 co/4 b$s74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,azalea ,t4 ,b4 ,azalea1 ,n4 ,c4 #a1ejj #b1gae1jjj;,gude ,co4 ,bo/on ,city1 we/ ,we/ ,roxbury1 #dj #dg1jjj;,*as4 ,logue dep>tm5t ,mass4 ,build+ ,co4 ,cape ,may ,g5]al ,cape ,may1 ,n4 ,j4 #gjj #df1aej;,cauldwell-,w+ate ,hospital ,no4 #aa ,co4 ,c>lisle ,g5]al ,c>lisle1 ,pa4 #abj #ahj1jjj,w>r5 ,moore ,co1 ,hospital ,no4 #ca ,colonia ,g5]al ,colonia1 ,n4 ,j4 #a1fej #b1cfg1hhd;,cauldwell-,w+ate ,hospital ,no4 #c ,co4 ,coop]-,monitah ,*icago1 ,ill4 #ejj-fbe #aeh1cfh;,*as4 ,logue ,no4 #cb ,build+ ,co4 ,d5v] ,g5]al ,d5v]1 ,colo4 #b1bfe #c1ajj1acc;,c4 ,s4 ,lambie ,co4 ,hospital ,no4 #ba ,ea/field ,g5]al ,we/*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 #a1eej #bcg1jjj;,frank ,h4 ,goble4 ,hospital ,no #ch ,elks & ,robt4 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 #gjj #h1jjj;,*as4 ,logue ,br+ham ,build+ ,g5]al ,hospital ,co4 ,no4 #aj ,=d ,hospital1 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 #b1jjj #ajg1gej;,alb]t ,a4 ,g5]al ,hospital ,albrea*t4 ,no4 #cf ,=t ,bay>d ,=t ,bay>d1 ,n4 #a1jdf #fej1jjj,v4 ,e4 ,v>e4 ,g5]al ,hospital ,mex4 ,=t ,des ,mo9es ,des ,mo9es1 ,i[a #a1bff #bdd1adh;,*as4 ,welts ,sons4 ,hospital ,=t ,d\glas ,=t ,d\glas1 ,utah #bbg #fij1jjj,lyn*-,cannon ,eng4 ,hospital ,co4 ,=t ,mc,henry ,baltimore1 ,md4 #b1hjj #b1cbg1ige;,j4 ,h5ry ,mill] ,g5]al ,hospital ,co4 ,no4 #b ,=t ,mc,pherson ,=t ,mc,pherson1 #b1jjj #fhj1jjj;,gude-,krebs ,co4 ,hospital ,ga4 ,=t ,ogle?orpe ,=t ,ogle?orpe1 #a1cjj #ifg1cgg,p>k-,grimes ,co4 ,g5]al ,hospital ,ga4 ,no4 #ad ,=t ,ont>io ,=t ,ont>io1 ,n4 #ffj #eeg1jjj;,j4 ,j4 ,turn] ,hospital ,no4 #e ,y4 ,sons4 ,=t ,root ,g5]al ,little ,rock1 ,ark4 #ejj #af1dee ,hospital ,no4 #cc ,=t ,%]idan ,=t ,%]idan1 #e1jjj #b1eae1ghf,summ]-,sollitt ,co4 ,g5]al ,hospital ,ill4 ,no4 #bh ,=t ,snell+ ,=t ,snell+1 #a1ghj #dhi1fjj;,h4 ,n4 ,leighton ,co4 ,hospital ,m9n4 ,fox ,hills ,fox ,hills1 ,/at5 #a1hjh #b1ibi1eef,?ompson-,/>rett ,deb>kation ,co4 ,hospital ,no4 #b ,isl& ,g5]al ,hospital ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 #gjj #cfj1fgj,sp]ry ,no4 #af ,eng9e]+ ,co4 ,gr& ,c5tral ,new ,york ,city #c1ejj #bae1jjj;,day labor4 ,palace ,deb>kation ,hospital ,no4 #e ,gre5hut ,build+ ,new ,york ,city #c1acj #dbj1jjj;,d4 ,deb>kation ,hospital ,no4 #c ,infirm>y ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #a1jjj #fe1jjj,m>* ,con/ruction ,co4 ,lakewood ,g5]al ,lakewood1 ,n4 ,j4 #a1jbj #bhb1gce;,geo4 ,d4 ,morr[4 ,hospital ,no4 #i ,lett]man ,g5]al ,presidio1 ,calif4 #a1bej #aab1gaf ,hospital ,madison ,b>racks ,madison1 ,wis4 #bgc #abe1ece;,j4 ,j4 ,turn] ,hospital ,sons4 ,m>kelton ,g5]al ,m>kelton1 ,pa4 #ejj #ic1ehj;,dawson ,hospital ,con/ruction ,no4 #ag ,co4 ,nassau ,g5]al ,long ,bea*1 #a1ejj #be1jjj;,day labor4 ,hospital ,no4 #ci ,long ,isl&1 ,n4 ,y4 ,norfolk ,/ate ,norfolk1 ,mass4 #gjj #abj1jjj;,*as4 ,logue ,g5]al ,build+ ,no4 #cd ,co4 ,otisville ,g5]al ,otisville1 ,n4 ,y4 #a1jbj #a1fhe1gff,r4 ,h4 ,h[es ,hospital ,con/ruction ,no4 #h ,co4 ,p>k ,view ,g5]al ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #a1bjj #bjh1idj;,day labor4 ,hospital ,no4 #bd ,plattsburg ,plattsburg1 ,n4 ,y4 #b1jjj #bca1idh;,d4 ,callahan4 ,g5]al ,hospital ,ri*mond ,college ,ri*mond1 ,va4 #ifj #ea1gej;,john ,t4 ,wilson ,co4 ,deb>kation ,hospital ,no4 #ea ,rol& ,p>k ,baltimore1 ,md4 #ejj #cbi1fag;,j4 ,h5ry ,mill] ,g5]al ,hospital ,co4 ,no4 #g ,g5]al ,hospital ,we/ ,bad51 ,ind4 #a1ejj #abe1jjj;,*as4 ,w4 ,g9dle ,no4 #ce ,co4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,biltmore1 ,n4 ,c4 #eea #cg1jej;,gude ,co4 ,army ,g5]al ,hospital ,no4 #ab ,unit$ ,/ates ,waynesville1 ,n4 ,c4 #djj #gc1gjj;,gude-,krebs ,co4 ,army ,g5]al ,hospital ,no4 #ah ,unit$ ,/ates ,hot ,spr+s1 ,n4 ,c4 #gej #ajc1bjj;,d4 ,army ,g5]al ,hospital ,no4 #bc ,walt] ,re$ ,takoma ,p>k1 #b1jic #a1fge1aea,sk9k] ,g>rett4 ,g5]al ,hospital ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,:ipple ,b>racks ,prescott1 ,ariz4 #a1jjj #a1fbi1fhc;,james ,e4 ,morgan4 ,g5]al ,hospital ,no4 #bj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #dj ,"p ( ,g5]al ,hospital ,no4 #aj1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,table #c4--;,approximate quantities ( mat]ials pur*as$ by mat]ials bran*1 ,con/ruction ,division1 ,june #ae1 #aiag1 to ,dec4 #ae1 #aiah4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,item4 ,quantity4 ,co/4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,brick #cbe1ghc1djj #b1fca1gii ,w\ld build a road #ah feet wide approximately #chj miles long1 or equal to ! di/ance f ,indianapolis to ,pittsburgh2 load$ 9 c>s hav+ a capacity ( #ae1jjj brick1 w\ld require #ba1gbj c>s to load4 ,lumb] #b1fdg1fje1dbf #fi1ggc1hbe ,if consid]$ #a-;in* pieces #ab #da in*es wide & plac$ end to end1 w\ld rea* #ejj1jjj miles1 or #bj times ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>?4 ,x w\ld take #age1jjj c>s to haul ?is mat]ial1 figur+ #ae1jjj feet bo>d measure mat]ial to ea* c>4 ,figur+ ea* c> #ce feet long1 w\ld make a tra9 #a1afj miles long1 or ! di/ance f ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 to ,kansas ,city4 ,total weight1 #e1jjj1jjj tons4 ,wood /ave #dab1ijj1jhj #b1cbe1jjj ,if plac$ 9 "o s+le l9e1 pipe w\ld ext5d #eej miles4 ,?is is approximately ! same miles ( pipe z all ( ! wat] & gas l9es 9 ! city ( ,new ,orleans1 ,la41 :i* supplies a population betwe5 #djj1jjj & #ejj1jjj p4 ,/ructural #db #fd1jjj #f1caa1jib ,?is w\ld require #a1jjj c>s /eel hav+ a capacity ( #hj1jjj p\nds ea*4 ,x w\ld require /ructural-/eel %ops employ+ #ajj m5 fabricat+ #b1jjj tons p] mon? ?ree ye>s to complete ! fabrication4 ,?is is suffici5t mat]ial to erect tw5ty #bj-/ory build+s #ge feet squ>e4 ,ro(+ #dca1djj1jjj #c1fej1jjj ,suffici5t to ro( #e squ>e miles1 or w\ld ro( #ajj1jjj ord9>y h\ses ( #ad squ>es to ea* h\se4 ,cable #dda1ajc1efj #beg1bcc ,approximately #baj miles4 ,copp] #ddcc1bhc1jjj #a1dji1fjj #f1cjc miles4 wire ,cem5t #def1aha1aid #ac1gbc1aec #cf1adh c> loads1 approximately1 ( #aga b>rels to c> load4 ,load$ on c>s #ce feet total l5g?1 w\ld make "o tra9 #bci miles long1 or great] ?an ! di/ance f ,bo/on to ,new ,york4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #da ,feet4 #db ,tons4 #dc ,squ>es ( #ajj squ>e feet4 #dd ,feet4 #de ,b>rels4 ,procurem5t bran* dur+ p]iod ( #ah mon?s1 ,june #ae1 #aiag1 to ,decemb] #ae1 #aiah1 pur*as$ & allocat$ mat]ials to ! am\nt ( #bde1aae1ddc4 ,,book ,,vii4 ,,! ,,signal ,,corps4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,signal ,,corps ,,mat]ial4 ,! sp5t runn] :o hurl$ himself ?r\gh ! gate ( anci5t ,a!ns & ) 8 dy+ brea? gasp$ out ! news ( ! brilliant success ( ! ,a!nian troops aga9/ ! ,p]sian at ,m>a?on 9 ! ye> #dij ,b4 ,c4 0 ! fir/ fam\s soldi] ( a signal corps2 b s9ce !n ! exploits ( ! be>]s ( milit>y tid+s h fill$ ! pages ( leg5d & /ory4 ,j z o!r bran*es ( milit>y sci5ce h be5 br\ght to a high p]fection 9 mod]n times1 s 9 equal degree has ! art ( milit>y signal+ progress$ 9 effici5cy4 ,:]e ! anci5t a?lete once exhau/$ 8 /r5g? 9 be>+ milit>y messages long di/ances 9 ! field1 ! mod]n ,m]cury uses ! wireless phone4 ,9 ,civil ,w> days ! pony express rid] br\ght f "s desp]ate /& ! /ory ( ! lack ( ammunition2 to-day ! ammunition-supply organization is 9 con/ant t\* ) ! front by means ( telegraph or ! long-di/ance telephone4 ,9 ! ,indian campaigns 9 our own ,we/ messages f beleagu]$ p>ties 7 sometimes convey$ by signal smokes2 ! lo/ battalion 9 ! ,argonne s5t news ( its plight by c>ri] pigeon4 ,mod]n w>f>e has inde$ reta9$ ! old1 b x has also develop$ ! new1 9 transmitt+ milit>y tid+s4 ,s important is ?is bran* ( fight+ t x is put 9 ! h&s ( a specializ$ organization1 :i* 9 ! ,am]ican ,army is kn[n z ! ,signal ,corps4 ,! ,signal ,corps n only _h *>ge ( ! op]ation ( ! v>i\s communicat+ devices 9 #aiag & #aiah 9 ! field ( op]ations 7except latt]ly 9 ! air71 b x also _h *>ge ( ! manufacture ( ! equipm5t = ?is "w4 ,! production ( signal+ equipm5t 0 f> great] ?an ! un9=m$ p]son w\ld imag9e4 ,z an in/ance1 !re 0 "o special type ( telephone wire1 a =m unkn[n to comm]cial use be=e ! w>1 :i*1 be=e ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 0 be+ produc$ at ! rate ( #bj1jjj miles a mon?1 at a co/ ( #e1fej1jjj p] mon?1 requir+ ! complete capacity ( ! day & night op]ation ( all f9e wire ma*9]y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 except t :i* 0 work+ on ,navy contracts4 ,_m o!r production activities ( ! ,signal ,corps 7 c>ri$ ?r\gh on a simil> scale4 ,until aft] ! ,civil ,w>1 ! op]ation ( l>ge units ( troops 0 greatly h&icapp$ by ! limitations ( milit>y signal+ z !n kn[n4 ,a =ce c\ld n be effective 9 combat t c\ld n be readily rea*$ 9 all qu>t]s by runn]s or rid]s or by visual signals4 ,! developm5t ( ! telegraph & telephone & ! inv5tion ( radio *ang$ all ?is1 s t 9 ! great w> armies /ret*$ out on fronts #ajj miles or m 9 l5g? ) e "p ( !m 9 imm$iate t\* ) e o!r "p ?r\gh ! exact & complete sy/ems ( signal+ on ! field4 ,milit>y signals to-day include ! telephone1 ! telegraph1 radio telegraphy & telephony1 ! buzz]1 ! buzz]phone1 panels1 pyrote*nics1 flags1 smoke signals1 pigeons1 dogs1 m\nt$ ord]lies1 & runn]s4 ,ea* ( ^! means ( signal+ is an adjunct to ! o!rs2 :5 "o fails1 ano!r is employ$ to get ! message ?r\gh4 ,"s h special uses = bran*es ( ! s]vice ) peculi> requirem5ts4 ,! radiophone is especially suit$ = communicat+ f airplanes4 ,artill]y fire is direct$ by wire & wireless communication4 ,tra9$ pigeons are sometimes able to get messages ?r\gh :5 all o!r means ( communication h fail$4 ,! ,army did n h a great quantity ( signal+ equipm5t :5 x w5t to w> ) ,g]many1 b :at x did h 0 good4 ,! ,am]ican punitive exp$ition 9 ,mexico1 :]e long l9es ( communication ov] rugg$ c\ntry 7 requir$1 _h giv5 opportunity = te/+ mod]n signal app>atus 9 ! field4 ,_m ( ! signal+ devices us$ by ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 71 at lea/ 9 type1 9 common use by ! civilian population2 yet ! procurem5t ( ?is equipm5t (f]$ heavy difficulties4 ,?is 0 because ! ,army 0 mu* m exact+ ?an 0 comm]cial dem& z to ! quality ( mat]ial us$4 ,= in/ance1 a telephone in/rum5t = use 9 ! field h>dly c be comp>$ ) ! telephone 9 a bus9ess man's private (fice4 ,! field set dem&s /rong] connections1 bett] insulation aga9/ ! dampness ( outdoor "w1 & m rugg$ con/ruction to )/& r\gh usage by an army on ! m>*4 ,"o ( ! l>g] tasks ( ! ,signal ,corps 9 ,france 0 t ( provid+ facilities = communication = ! s]vice ( supply4 ,! fir/ ,signal ,corps (fic]s s5t to ,france soon realiz$ t ! =?com+ ,am]ican ,army c\ld n dep5d ^u ! ,fr5* telegraph & telephone sy/ems 9 ! v>i\s zones ( op]ation1 because ^? sy/ems 7 already ov]burd5$ by ! uses ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t4 ,consequ5tly1 x became necess>y to set up our own telegraph & telephone sy/ems1 ext5d+ !m f ! ports ( deb>kation ?r\gh ! v>i\s bases & zones up to ! battle regions4 ,! magnitude ( ! sy/em :i* f9ally 0 con/ruct$ is %[n 9 ! fact t on ,novemb] #aa1 ! date ( ! armi/ice1 !re 7 9 ,france #if1jjj miles ( ,am]ican telegraph & long-di/ance telephone circuits4 ,?is wire 0 all us$ by ! s]vice ( supply & by ! v>i\s ,army bases beh9d ! front4 ,yet 9 ! field ( fight+ ! requirem5ts = wire 7 ev5 great]4 ,at "o "t dur+ ! height ( ! op]ations x 0 evid5t t ! "t 0 n f> di/ant :5 ! ,signal ,corps w\ld ne$ #fh1jjj miles a mon? ( :at 0 kn[n z outpo/ wire1 = use simply 9 connect+ up ! telephone & telegraph sy/ems c>ri$ along by ! troops 9 _! advances4 ,outpo/ wire 0 entirely a developm5t ( ! w> aga9/ ,g]many4 ,! orig9al telephone sy/em us$ at ! front _h be5 ! s+le telephone wire gr\nd$ to complete ! circuit4 ,b all ! armies 9 ,france p]fect$ _! li/5+ in/rum5ts to su* a degree t !y c\ld he> conv]sations conduct$ on ! gr\nd$ telephone circuits1 ! s\nds be+ detect$ 9 ! e>? itself4 ,consequ5tly1 x became necess>y to c>ry =w>d ) troops two-wire telephone circuits1 ?us do+ away ) gr\nd connections4 ,ev5 !n c>e _h to be tak5 t ! insulation ( ?is d\ble wire 0 p]fect$1 le/ ! impulses ent] ! gr\nd ?r\gh gaps 9 ! insulation4 ,wireless = outpo/ communication 0 equally impracticable1 s9ce ! enemy c\ld easily li/5 9 & he> radio phone messages4 ,outpo/ wire insur$ secret communication at ! front4 ,outpo/ wire 0 a twi/ ( two wires1 ea* s+le wire be+ made up ( sev5 f9e wires1 f\r ( !m ( bronze1 & ?ree ( !m ( h>d c>bon /eel4 ,^! 7 /r&$ toge!r1 coat$1 fir/ ) rubb] & !n ) cotton y>n1 & f9ally p>aff9$4 ,! wire 0 produc$ 9 six colors--r$1 yell[1 gre51 br[n1 black1 & gray--= easy id5tification 9 ! field1 ea* unit employ+ its own color4 ,! wa/age ( outpo/ wire 0 enorm\s4 ,9 an advanc+ movem5t x 0 folly to und]take to pick up ! wire4 ,! ab&on$ miles ( x _h to be left 9 ! field to be salvag$ lat] by ! clean-up p>ties4 ,! proposition ( produc+ #fh1jjj miles ( outpo/ wire e mon? /agg]$ ! wire manufactur]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re 7 n en\gh braid+ ma*9es to complete su* an ord]1 & new ones _h to be built be=e su* a quantity ( outpo/ wire c\ld be atta9$4 ,9 addition to ! v>i\s means ( communication1 ! ,signal ,corps 0 also call$ ^u to supply 9 l>ge quantities su* o!r articles z wire reel c>ts1 flag /affs1 field glasses1 photographic equipm5t1 *e/s1 tools1 meteorological app>atus1 & wri/ wat*es4 ,9 ! production ( its supplies1 ! ,signal ,corps 0 confront$ ) ! same ob/acles ( inadequate indu/rial capacity1 de>? ( raw mat]ials1 & conge/ion ( railroad transportation1 t emb>rass$ almo/ e l9e ( milit>y production4 ,to meet ^! difficulties ! ,signal ,corps organiz$ an elaborate inspection =ce :i* n only *eck$ ! "w at ! v>i\s factories = quality & rate ( production1 b 0 also con/antly on h& to help ! h>ass$ manufactur] out ( 8 difficulties z !y arose4 ,! ,signal ,corps nev] slept4 ,at night & on holidays !re 0 at lea/ "o (fic] on ! job 9 ,wa%+ton to receive telegrams or long-di/ance telephone messages & to be ready to act quickly 9 any em]g5cy4 ,f ! production /&po9t1 signal equipm5t 0 divid$ into sev]al g5]al classifications3 7#a7 telephone & telegraph app>atus2 7#b7 radio app>atus2 7#c7 l9e-con/ruction mat]ials2 7#d7 batt]ies2 7#e7 wire & cables2 7#f7 field glasses2 7#g7 wire c>ts2 7#h7 photographic supplies1 pigeons1 & pigeon supplies2 & 7#i7 *e/s1 kits1 & tools1 me*anical signals1 electric signals1 meteorological app>atus1 & wri/ wat*es4 ,,telephones ,,& ,,telegraphs4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! conflict ! con/ruction ( signal mat]ials 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 devot$ to su* basic supplies z wire1 cable1 tools1 & ! /&>d types ( telephone equipm5t1 su* z telephone sets & swit*bo>ds4 ,! fir/ great task 9 ,france 0 to in/all ! l9es ( communication = ! s]vice ( supply1 a sy/em t requir$ ,am]ican equipm5t because x 0 plann$ to op]ate x ) ,am]ican-tra9$ telegraph & telephone op]ators4 ,n[1 !re 7 num]\s /yles ( comm]cial telephone equipm5t manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! plan1 !re=e1 0 adopt$ ( all[+ ! v>i\s manufactur+ conc]ns to bid on a t5tative production s*$ule1 giv+ an exclusive contract to ! l[e/ bidd] 9 ea* type ( app>atus4 ,?is exceptional policy 0 adopt$ 9 ord] to avoid multiplicity ( types ( equipm5t to be us$ abroad4 ,if _m makes 7 adopt$ 9 ea* type !y w\ld necessitate ! procurem5t ( _m types ( sp>e p>ts & replacem5t mat]ials4 ,! conc]ns :i* produc$ ! telephone equipm5t = ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 7 ! ,we/]n ,electric ,co41 ( ,kansas ,city2 ! ,kellogg ,swit*bo>d ,supply ,co41 ( ,*icago2 ! ,/romb]g-,c>lson ,telephone ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,ro*e/]2 ! ,frank ,black ,co41 ( ,*icago2 & ! ,reliable ,electric ,co41 ( ,*icago4 ,at ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice !re 7 #bhb ,am]ican telephone ex*anges 9 ,france1 ) #ad1ief telephone l9es rea*+ #h1iei /ations4 ,! #bhb ex*anges rang$ f ! small f\r-l9e monocord unit1 su* z may be se5 9 any bus9ess (fice1 to ! /&>d ,am]ican multiple bo>d ( ! city telephone ex*ange4 ,( ^! latt] !re 7 ov] #cj 9 use by ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,multiplex ,,pr9t+ ,,telegraph4 ,,s*ool ,,( ,,radio ,,& ,,multiplex ,,telegraphy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,signal ,,corps ,,s*ool ,,= ,,telephone ,,electricians1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,mi*igan1 ,,in/rum5t ,,& ,,swit*bo>d ,,repair ,,class4 ,illu/ration3 ,,field ,,"w ,,) ,,undamp$ ,,wave ,,transmitt] ,,& ,,tr5* ,,ant5na4 ,illu/ration3 ,,signal ,,corps ,,equipm5t ,,in/all$ ,,9 ,a ,,dug\t4 ,left to "r--,s4 ,c4 field telephone1 type ,,ee-#d2 field s]vice buzz]2 signal lamp 7projector71 type ,,ee-#f2 ,s4 ,c4 radio set1 ,,scr-#gf & ,s4 ,c4 radio set1 ,,scr-#ed;,a4 ,! special telephones adopt$ = use 9 ! field 7 diff]5t f any 9 comm]cial use 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,signal ,corps _h develop$ c]ta9 special in/rum5ts comb9+ bo? telephone & telegraphic pr9ciples4 ,! field telephone1 model #aiag1 = in/ance1 0 a telephone :i* includ$ a telegraph buzz] on its telephone circuit4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 us$ :5 great secrecy 9 communication 0 requir$4 ,! messages 7 s5t 9 telegraphic code1 ! buzz]s be+ he>d by ! receiv]4 ,ano!r in/rum5t 0 kn[n simply z ! buzz]4 ,?is 0 an in/rum5t :i* utiliz$ ! telephone receiv] = telegraphic messages4 ,x 0 a supreme developm5t = use ov] defective l9es4 ,an in/rum5t closely relat$ to ! buzz]1 b :i* gave ev5 great] secrecy1 0 kn[n z ! buzz]phone4 ,! buzz]phone 0 put into production j be=e ! close ( ho/ilities4 ,! mobile swit*bo>d 9 mo/ g5]al use by our troops at ! front 0 develop$ orig9ally by ! ,fr5* & 0 kn[n z ! monotype4 ,x 0 design$ 9 units & c\ld be ext5d$ to accommodate up to #ab trunk l9es lead+ away f ! bo>d4 ,?is app>atus 0 ! c5tral ( ! front-l9e dug\ts4 ,x c\ld be put into op]ation 9 a few m9utes & 0 easily c>ri$ by a soldi]4 ,! swit*bo>d ( ! dug\ts 0 ! only telephone equipm5t n ( ,am]ican design us$ by ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,x 0 put into production 9 ! autumn ( #aiag 9 ?ree ,am]ican plants1 "u ! g5]al policy ( ! ,signal ,corps to contract ) m ?an "o factory = ! production ( any important device4 ,ano!r type ( field swit*bo>d :5 pack$ = transit resembl$ a salesman's trunk4 ,x 0 us$ 9 ! camps & provid$ = #dj l9es4 ,?is bo>d 0 be+ con/antly r$esign$ z field ne$s develop$4 ,a new type ( camp swit*bo>d 0 com+ into heavy production at ! end ( ho/ilities4 ,/ill a ?ird type ( portable swit*bo>d 0 built 9 units resembl+ ! units ( a sectional bookcase & 0 set up 9 ! same way4 ,! telegraph app>atus ( ! l9es ( communication 9 ! ,s4 ,o4 ,s4 0 design$ along purely comm]cial l9es4 ,x includ$ ! late/ type ( pr9t+ telegraph equipm5t1 ! app>atus fir/ adopt$ be+ ! multiplex pr9t+ telegraph z us$ by ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,co4 ,lat]1 ! ,morkrum pr9t+ telegraph 0 also adopt$4 ,at ! close ( ho/ilities #acc complete telegraph /ations ) full equipm5t 7 9 op]ation 9 ! s]vice ( supply4 ,! peak load ( ?is s]vice1 j prior to ! armi/ice1 0 #dg1eee telegrams1 av]ag+ #fj words ea*1 s5t f ^! /ations 9 a s+le day4 ,! daily av]age 9 ! f9al weeks ( ! fight+ 0 #dc1hde telegrams4 ,,radio4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! w>1 ! field radio equipm5t 9 active use by ! ,army 0 limit$ to two sets1 bo? ( comp>atively high p[]4 ,on ! o!r h& ! alli$ =ces _h develop$ a complicat$ & ext5sive use ( radio sets ( small p[]1 _m ( !m op]at$ f airplanes1 & ! ,signal ,corps f\nd itself confront$ ) ! task ( develop+ an entire new l9e ( complicat$ electrical app>atus1 & putt+ x into l>ge quantity production 9 ! %orte/ possible "t4 ,! progress made is indicat$ by ! fact t at ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice ! numb] ( types ( complete sets on :i* developm5t "w _h be5 c>ri$ out 0 #ge4 ,( ^! approximately #be 7 9 quantity production4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ea* ( ^! sets consi/$ ( hundr$s ( p>ts1 _m ( :i* requir$ c>eful /udy & exp]im5tation z well z design1 ! magnitude ( ! problem is appreciat$4 ,! initial /ep 9 ! reorganization ( ?is bran* ( ! ,signal ,corps' "w consi/$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a radio section 9 ,wa%+ton & a correspond+ section 9 ,france4 ,! =m] 0 *>g$ ) ! design ( app>atus & ! prep>ation ( manufactur+ draw+s & specifications1 :ile ! latt] s]v$ z ! fir/ h& obs]v] ( actual s]vice requirem5ts & approv$ all equipm5t be=e x 0 us$ 9 ! field4 ,an important auxili>y ( ! developm5t organization 9 ,wa%+ton 0 ! radio laboratories e/abli%$ at ,camp ,alfr$ ,vail1 :]e all necess>y te*nical facilities1 su* z model %ops1 draft+ rooms1 rese>* laboratories1 a completely equipp$ fly+ field1 etc41 7 ma9ta9$4 ,) ?is eng9e]+ organization & ! production organization :i* h&l$ all ,signal ,corps equipm5t1 ! "w "h detail$ 0 c>ri$ out4 ,%ortly aft] ! decl>ation ( w>1 ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t s5t to ?is c\ntry a di/+ui%$ commission :i* includ$ ! =emo/ radio exp]ts1 :o 7 ?or\ghly famili> ) ! late/ milit>y developm5ts4 ,te*nical in=mation & samples ( radio app>atus 7 also obta9$ f ,briti% s\rces4 ,) ?is beg9n+1 ! eng9e]+ "w naturally divid$ itself into two g5]al problems--fir/1 to duplicate ! approv$ =eign designs1 & !n to create designs = new types ( app>atus :i* w\ld be sup]ior to any 9 s]vice4 ,"w on ^! two gr\ps ( problems 0 prosecut$ simultane\sly ) ! result t !re 7 soon 9 production ,am]ican equival5ts ( a numb] ( ,fr5* & ,briti% sets1 toge!r ) improv$ orig9al types ( ,am]ican radio app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,radio ,,receiv+ ,,set1 ,,scr-#ed1 ,,us+ ,,cry/al ,,detector4 ,illu/ration3 ,,re> ,,panel ,,view1 ,,radio ,,telephone ,,gr\nd ,,set4 ,,type ,,scr-#fg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,radio ,,telegraph ,,transmitt+ ,,set ,,9 ,,case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,radio ,,telegraph ,,transmitt+ ,,set ,,) ,,case ,,remov$4 ,probably ! mo/ notewor?y te*nical developm5t dur+ ! w>1 9 s f> z radio communication is conc]n$1 0 ! ext5sive use made ( vacuum tubes4 ,^! bottles1 :i* make practical use ( ! electrons ( ! new physics & :i* are sometimes call$ audions or pliotrons1 are lit]ally m>vels 9 ! realms ( eng9e]+1 & _! applications are z yet h>dly realiz$4 ,"o =m 0 us$ = ! reception ( signals prior to ! w>2 b ! milit>y developm5ts1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,france1 _h s progress$ t :5 ?is c\ntry ent]$ ! w> !y 7 us$ bo? = receiv+ & transmitt+ signals1 & mo/ ( ! m important sets dep5d$ on !m4 ,to meet ?is dem& ! s]vices ( ! ?ree =emo/ vacuum-tube eng9e]+ organizations ( ! c\ntry 7 enli/$1 & "u ! direction ( ! ,signal ,corps radio eng9e]s ! progress t[>d satisfactory design & con/ruction ( ! requir$ types 0 rapid4 ,)9 less ?an six mon?s /&>diz$ tubes 7 turn$ out by ! quantity production me?od at rates suffici5t to insure ! requisite supply4 ,"w 0 cont9u$1 h[ev]1 on ! developm5t ( /ill bett] types ( tubes4 ,! improvem5ts t h be5 made f "t to "t h be5 incorporat$ 9 ! tubes be+ produc$ on a l>ge scale1 s t tubes ( rec5t manufacture are a great improvem5t ov] ^? made a ye> ago4 ,z indicative ( ! ext5t & v>iety ( ! radio developm5t "w :i* 0 c>ri$ on1 !re is giv5 bel[ a p>tial li/ ( ! types ( sets :i* 7 completely develop$ & plac$ 9 production dur+ ! w> p]iod3 ,,l& ,,radio ,,equipm5t4 ,sp>k sets1 s5d+ & receiv+ 7?ree types74 ,cont9u\s-wave ,army radio telegraph sets 7?ree types74 ,radio telephone set 7"o type74 ,tank radio telegraph set 7"o type74 ,t4 ,p4 ,s4 7e>? telegraphy7 7f\r types74 ,wavemet]s4 ,batt]y-*>g+ sets4 ,radio op]at+ & repair trucks4 ,miscellane\s special equipm5t4 ,,airplane ,,radio ,,equipm5t4 ,int]phone sets 7= use ( two to five p]sons74 ,radio telephone sets 7?ree types74 ,radio telegraph sets 7?ree types74 ,direction-f9d+ radio-receiv+ set 7"o type74 ,! magnitude ( ! production ( special items involv$ may be ga!r$ f su* figures ( exp5ditures z ! foll[+3 ,= vacuum tubes #a1fej1fjj ,= /orage batt]ies #e1cae1cej ,= dry batt]ies #fjb1dgj ,= batt]y *>g+ sets #a1ebd1djj ,^! are1 ( c\rse1 only "s ( ! items4 ,! total production au?oriz$ 0 valu$ at approximately #de1jjj1jjj4 ,! rem>kable developm5t & improvem5t ( milit>y radio equipm5t :i* has tak5 place "u ! direction ( ! ,signal ,corps dur+ ! la/ #ah mon?s w und\bt$ly mat]ially *ange ! sy/em ( ,army communications & ev5 ! tactical use ( milit>y equipm5t & p]sonnel4 ,a typical example ( ?is developm5t is ! airplane radio telephone1 describ$ else:]e1 ! use ( :i* has made possible ! voice-comm&$ air squadron4 ,! milit>y value ( an air squadron has be5 enorm\sly increas$ by virtue ( ?is device1 :i* enables ! squadron comm&] to direct ! movem5ts ( ! individual airplanes 9 any mann] :i* circum/ances may require4 ,c]ta9 o!r radio devices rec5tly p]fect$1 ! nature ( :i* c n be reveal$1 w und\bt$ly affect ! tactical use ( troops to su* an ext5t z to make c]ta9 k9ds ( radio equipm5t z indisp5sable to ! op]ations ( milit>y units z ! rifle or ! ma*9e gun4 ,,l9e ,,equipm5t4 ,! fir/ requisition = l9e equipm5t = ,france call$ = ! con/ruction ( #ejj miles ( telephone & telegraph ma9 pole l9es1 c>ry+ #aj copp] telephone & telegraph wires4 ,x 0 f\nd t %ip space c\ld n be sp>$ = poles 9 su* quantity4 ,consequ5tly a =e/ry unit 0 s5t to ,france to get ^! poles f ! ,fr5* woodl&s4 ,all ( ! o!r mat]ials = ! #ejj miles ( l9e1 toge!r ) mat]ials = approximately #fjj miles ( ext5sions1 7 procur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & %ipp$ to ,france )9 six mon?s aft] ! requisition 0 receiv$4 ,?is mat]ial 0 secur$ 9 su* %ort "t only by ! coop]ation ( ! l>ge comm]cial companies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :o lit]ally /ripp$ _! w>eh\ses b>e ( _! supplies4 ,9 ! late summ] ( #aiah ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t began anticipat+ ! advance ( ! alli$ =ces into ,g]many1 & ! ,signal ,corps put into production a res]ve equipm5t = long di/ance l9e approximat+ #ejj miles4 ,soon !re 0 receiv$ f ,france a cablegram ask+ = ! %ipm5t ( ?is mat]ial1 & x 0 all float$ be=e ! armi/ice4 ,h[ev]1 z x turn$ out1 ?is equipm5t 0 nev] requir$1 s9ce ! t]ms ( ! armi/ice gave ! ,am]ican =ces ! ,g]man telephone & telegraph l9es 9 ! occupi$ t]ritory4 ,?is l9e equipm5t 0 all ( a type /&>d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,= ! fight+ zone special l9e equipm5t 0 requir$4 ,be=e ! w> ) ,g]many ,am]ican signal troops _h set up _! em]g5cy telephone & telegraph l9es on ! /&>d lance poles4 ,^! poles s]v$ admirably 9 op5 w>f>e1 b prov$ to be impracticable = ! /atic conditions ( fight+ 9 ,france4 ,aft] a consid]able supply ( lance poles _h be5 %ipp$ abroad _! production 0 curtail$4 ,!reaft] ! tr5* telephone & telegraph l9es 7 support$ on %ort /akes ) special cross arms1 9 appe>ance ! conv5tional telegraph poles 9 m9iature4 ,! enorm\s mileage ( tr5* l9es call$ = a great quantity ( insulators & cross arms4 ,! wa/age ( ^! fitt+s1 due to _! be+ expos$ to artill]y fire1 became increas+ly great] 9 ! clos+ mon?s ( ! w>4 ,9 wire itself1 ! ,am]ican production 0 enorm\s4 ,?is production includ$ ! comm]cial type ( copp] l9e wire & ! drop wire = connect+ up individual telephones to ! pole l9es4 ,mu* comm]cial cable = connect+ conge/$ c5t]s ) bran* swit*bo>ds 0 also requir$4 ,yet all ( ?is wire us$ 9 ! sy/em )9 ! ,s]vice ( ,supply 0 b a small quantity comp>$ ) ! requirem5ts 9 ! fight+ zone4 ,! production ( d\ble-conductor wire1 or ! s-call$ outpo/ wire ( ,no ,man's ,l&1 :i* _h relegat$ to ! scrap heap ! /&>d field wire ( op5 w>f>e1 necessitat$ an extraord9>y ef=t4 ,! wire _h to be light en\gh = easy transportation & lay+1 /rong en\gh to )/& ! abrasions f traffic cross+ x z x lay on ! gr\nd1 & exce$+ly well insulat$4 ,! fir/ e/imate 0 t an ,am]ican ,army 9 ! field might use #a1jjj miles p] mon? ( outpo/ wire4 ,:5 ! fir/ ,am]ican =ce actually w5t into action1 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah1 a res]ve supply ( #bj1jjj miles ( outpo/ wire 0 9 ! ,am]ican w>eh\ses 9 ,france1 ) a va/ quantity ( cable 9 res]ve4 ,cable1 at fir/ us$ 9 l>ge quantities at ! front1 0 inv>iably buri$ sev]al feet und]gr\nd & ab&on$ at e *ange ( headqu>t]s4 ,z ! fight+ grew m int5se & cov]$ a wid] & wid] area1 ! wa/age ( outpo/ wire became enorm\s4 ,! dem& ( our =ces = cable dropp$ to a negligible quantity1 b wire requirem5ts rose4 ,outpo/ wire became ! ma9 dep5d5ce ( ourselves & ! allies = all communication 9 ! active sectors4 ,a high] quality ( wire 0 specifi$4 ,s great 0 ! de/ruction ( wire t by ,july1 #aiah1 ! orig9al e/imate ( #a1jjj miles p] mon? to be suppli$ by ,am]ican factories _h jump$ to #bj1jjj miles4 ,z a sub/itute = outpo/ wire to fill ! imm$iate ne$s ! famili> twi/$ drop wire1 ) :i* ! ord9>y telephone is connect$ ) ! ma9 circuit1 0 adopt$4 ,our field (fic]s lik$ drop wire1 its only objectionable feature be+ its relative bulk4 ,all available drop wire 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 %ipp$ across1 & its manufacture 0 pu%$ until ! new type ( outpo/ wire c\ld be produc$4 ,! ,signal ,corps suppli$ ! m\nt+ ne$s ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces ?r\gh ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 #aiah1 ) ! available drop wire plus ! gr[+ production ( ! new outpo/ wire4 ,9 e>ly ,augu/ all ! wire mak]s 9 ,am]ica 7 summon$ to a conf]5ce1 9 :i* ! ,signal ,corps made kn[n ! necessity ( pu%+ production4 ,! result 0 an expansion :i* rea*$ a total production ( #dj1jjj miles ( outpo/ wire 9 ,novemb]4 ,j be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$1 ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces indicat$ t !y w\ld require #ej1jjj miles ( outpo/ wire e mon?1 beg9n+ 9 ,janu>y1 #aiai4 ,?is requirem5t _h already be5 fully anticipat$1 s9ce ! ,am]ican manufactur]s _h set = !mselves a maximum production ( #fh1jjj miles p] mon? by ,augu/1 #aiai4 ,to secure ?is production e wire mill 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates work$ #bd h\rs p] day4 ,:5 ! production 0 at its height1 inquiries came f ! alli$ gov]nm5ts1 indicat+ t !y w\ld call on ,am]ican wire mak]s = a quantity ( wire equal to :at ! latt] 7 already produc+ = ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is proposition call$ = ! d\bl+ ( a production :i* _h already atta9$ great size4 ,yet1 _h ! fight+ cont9u$1 !re is e reason to believe t ! indu/ry w\ld h ris5 to ! dem&4 ,! production ( outpo/ wire 0 an intricate op]ation4 ,to fill ! dem& = #ej1jjj miles ( outpo/ wire a mon? call$ = #cjj1jjj miles ( /eel /r& & #djj1jjj miles ( bronze /r& e mon?4 ,! /eel /r& _h to be giv5 repeat$ heat treatm5ts be=e x _h acquir$ ! necess>y t5sile /r5g?4 ,,electric ,,batt]ies4 ,! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces consum$ great quantities ( electric batt]ies1 ! famili> dry batt]y ( comm]ce be+ mo/ us$4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! fight+ arrangem5ts 7 be+ made to e/abli% 9 ,france a plant at :i* dry batt]ies w\ld be assembl$ by ,fr5* labor1 utiliz+ p>ts made 9 ,am]ica4 ,! necess>y app>atus & mat]ials = ! fir/ op]ation _h rea*$ ,france prior to ! armi/ice1 b ! plant 0 n 9 production at t "t4 ,/orage-batt]y requirem5ts ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 7 heavy & exact+4 ,! /orage batt]y 0 ! only practicable s\rce ( electrical en]gy = ! op]ation ( small portable radio outfits4 ,field conditions requir$ a /orage batt]y t w\ld n spill its cont5ts1 ) a j> n easily brok51 ! :ole equipm5t be+ z light z possible4 ,a rubb] composition j> 0 f9ally adopt$4 ,! *ief reliance ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces 0 9 /orage batt]ies ( ,european manufacture1 :i* 7 to be us$ until ,am]ican production got und]way4 ,:5 by ! summ] ( #aiah ,am]ica _h p]fect$ h] own designs ( radio equipm5t1 ! ,signal ,corps took up ! matt] ( /orage batt]ies = radio & decid$ ^u types4 ,?is 0 9 ,july1 #aiah4 ,a conf]5ce ( batt]y manufactur]s 0 call$ & ! ord]s 7 allocat$ among practically all ! /orage-batt]y plants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t 7 9 a position to und]take quantity production4 ,! end ( ho/ilities /opp$ ?is production on ! eve ( heavy deliv]ies4 ,,field ,,glasses4 ,:5 ! w> began1 ! ,signal ,corps _h ! duty ( provid+ field glasses = all bran*es ( ! ,army1 issu+ !m to noncommission$ (fic]s & sell+ !m at co/ to commission$ (fic]s engag$ 9 combat4 ,! fir/ e/imates %[$ t ^! glasses w\ld be ne$$ by ! t5s ( ?\s&s1 :]eas ! manufactur+ facilities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h turn$ !m out m]ely by ! hundr$s4 ,! optical-glass indu/ry _h nev] be5 develop$ 9 ,am]ica1 our field glasses be+ suppli$ ) l5ses ( ,european glass1 & pr9cipally ,g]man glass4 ,9 #aiad ! imports ( optical glass 7 #fda1jjj 9 value4 ,! foll[+ ye> !y 7 almo/ no?+4 ,! advance ( ! ,g]man army t[>d ,p>is encompass$ ! glass plants ( ,belgium & _m ( ^? ( ,france4 ,engl& ne$$ ! entire output ( h] own glass factories4 ,9 ! autumn ( #aiad ! ,am]ican optical-in/rum5t mak]s began to develop an optical-glass indu/ry1 l>gely /imulat$ by ! possibility ( obta9+ heavy ord]s at high prices f ! ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 & ,russian gov]nm5ts4 ,! mo/ important "w 0 done by ! ,baus* ,lomb ,optical ,co41 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y42 ! ,sp5c] ,l5s ,co41 ( ,buffalo1 & ! ,pittsburgh ,plate ,glass ,co41 ( ,pittsburgh4 ,!y 7 aid$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,/&>ds & by ! geophysical laboratory ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itution4 ,! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds e/abli%$ a laboratory at ,pittsburgh :]e exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ ) #cj-p\nd pots ( glass4 ,optical glass diff]s greatly f ord9>y glass4 ,x mu/ be cle>1 )\t /riae1 & !re mu/ be no /ra9s 9 x1 result+ f ! f9al /irr+ & cool+4 ,x mu/ give a high transmission ( light4 ,ab\t ! "t ( ,am]ica's decl>ation ( w> ! ,am]ican exp]im5ts _h produc$ glass suitable = optical in/rum5ts4 ,?is glass1 h[ev]1 0 be+ turn$ out 9 quantities q insuffici5t to meet ! dem& dur+ ! fir/ few mon?s4 ,9 addition to ! difficulties surr\nd+ ! glass supply1 !re 0 only a limit$ numb] ( e/abli%m5ts capable ( manufactur+ field glasses aft] ! glass 0 procur$4 ,^! conc]ns 7 locat$ pr9cipally 9 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 :]e !y _h be5 manufactur+ a wide v>iety ( optical in/rum5ts1 includ+ op]a glasses1 cam]a l5ses1 sci5tific & educational app>atus1 batt]y comm&]s' telescopes1 m>9e glasses1 microscopes1 & gun sights4 ,9 ord] to meet ! w> requirem5ts ( ,am]ica = field glasses1 ^! factories _h to in/all l>ge quantities ( new equipm5t & to run day & night4 ,! equipm5t consi/$ ( l5s-gr9d+ app>atus1 la!s1 dies1 & automatic screw ma*9]y4 ,9 addition to ! ,ro*e/] factories !re 0 a conc]n 9 ,d5v]1 ,colo41 ! ,weiss ,electrical ,in/rum5ts ,co41 :i* 9 a small] way _h be5 manufactur+ surveyors' levels & o!r eng9e]+ app>atus4 ,! ,talbot ,reel ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,kansas ,city1 _h be5 mak+ fi%+ reels 9 a small plant ab\t #cj feet squ>e4 ,?is factory 0 pur*as$ 9 #aiag by ,mr4 ,l4 ,h>ris1 :o1 aft] f9i%+ a contract = gun sights = ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 built a factory especially = ! production ( ,army field glasses & rea*$ ! quantity manufacture ( ^! in/rum5ts be=e ! armi/ice came4 ,! *ief c5t] ( supply1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ to be ,ro*e/]1 :]e ! plants ( ,baus* ,lomb1 ! ,gundla*-,manhattan ,optical ,co41 & ! ,cr[n ,optical ,co4 are locat$4 ,^! factories exp&$ _m times1 & ! output ( field glasses w5t beyond :at ! executives at ! outset ( ! ent]prise imag9$ c\ld be possible4 ,! ,baus* ,lomb ,co4 0 />t$ 9 ,ro*e/] ab\t #ej ye>s ago by ,j4 ,j4 ,baus*1 :o 0 born 9 ,g]many4 ,! plant develop$ gradually1 mak+ a full l9e ( spectacle l5ses & optical in/rum5ts4 ,! ,c>l ,zeiss ,works1 ( ,j5a1 ,g]many1 _h a f9ancial int]e/ 9 ! plant1 & ,baus* ,lomb _h a f9ancial int]e/ 9 ! ,zeiss plant4 ,?is connection1 h[ev]1 0 dissolv$ 9 #aiae1 :5 ,baus* ,lomb took on contracts = ! manufacture ( field glasses = ! ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 & ,russian gov]nm5ts4 ,be=e #aiad ?is conc]n _h nev] manufactur$ m ?an #a1hjj pairs ( field glasses 9 a ye>4 ,! output 0 spe$$ up until 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah1 a total ( #c1ejj pairs 0 be+ produc$ ea* week1 :ile ! developm5t 0 aim+ t[>d an output ( #e1ejj pairs ( glasses p] week beg9n+ 9 ,janu>y1 #aiai4 ,at ! date ( ! armi/ice ! ,baus* ,lomb factory _h a floor space ( #cb acres & employ$ #f1jjj m5 & wom54 ,! ,gundla*-,manhattan ,co41 :i* _h made cam]a l5ses *iefly1 0 ev5tually able to produce #fjj pairs ( field glasses a week4 ,! ,cr[n ,optical ,co4 0 n s rapid 9 its expansion2 & 9 late #aiag ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t comm&e]$ x & !reaft] op]at$ x 9 *>ge ( ,lieut4 ,comm&] ,l4 ,c4 ,s*eibla4 ,"u naval managem5t ! output ( ?is factory increas$ s t ! ,signal ,corps 0 able to obta9 f x ab\t #a1bjj pairs ( high quality field glasses ea* week1 ! plant cont9u+ also to supply ! ne$s ( ! ,navy4 ,out ( a situation t seem$ impossible at ! outset ! ,signal ,corps built up an indu/ry )9 a comp>atively few mon?s :i* provid$ all ! field glasses t 7 necess>y 9 ! op]ations ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,(t5 to keep ! optical factories equipp$ ) suffici5t workm5 ! ,signal ,corps obta9$ ! furl\gh ( draft$ m5 ) exp]i5ce 9 ?is l9e s t !y might g to "w mak+ field glasses4 ,all ,army organizations except ,artill]y 7 suppli$ ) a six-p[] glass hav+ an angul> field t took 9 a view #aej y>ds wide at a di/ance ( #a1jjj y>ds4 ,! glasses 7 ( ! prismatic type ) individual focus = ea* eye4 ,ea* glass 0 provid$ ) a lea!r c>ry+ case & %\ld] /rap4 ,on ! top ( ! case a compass 0 m\nt$4 ,! ,artill]y organizations 7 suppli$ ) eight-p[] field glasses1 all ( :i* 7 pur*as$ 9 ,france4 ,! total requirem5ts ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces = field glasses ( ! six-p[] type dur+ ! p]iod ( ho/ilities 7 approximately #ajj1jjj pairs4 ,! total %ipm5ts f ,am]ica 7 approximately #ajf1jjj pairs4 ,,miscellane\s ,,supplies4 ,! ,signal ,corps took up ) ?ree conc]ns--! ,hampd5 ,wat* ,co41 ! ,ill9ois ,wat* ,co41 & ! ,elg9 ,wat* ,co4--! matt] ( provid+ wri/ wat*es = ! ,army4 ,a #g-;jewel movem5t 0 adopt$ z /&>d = issue to troops & a #ae-;jewel movem5t = sale to (fic]s4 ,a wat]pro( case 0 adopt$1 be>+ ! s]ial numb] ( ! movem5t on ! outside1 ! case be+ s con/ruct$ z to require a special tool to ga9 access to ! movem5t4 ,! production ( wire c>ts = ! ,signal ,corps did n exce$ #be p] ye> prior to #aiag4 ,! dem& = ^! c>ts1 :i* 7 h>d to build1 increas$ at su* a rate t dur+ ! autumn ( #aiah ! matt] ( procur+ !m 0 "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s production problems fac$ by ! ,signal ,corps4 ,! ,holmes ,automobile ,co41 ( ,canton1 ,ohio1 ab&on$ ! production ( automobiles & 9 ,septemb]1 #aiah1 turn$ ov] its entire plant to ! production ( wire c>ts4 ,o!r manufactur]s 7 ! ,george ,b4 ,m>x ,co41 ( ,brooklyn2 ! ,j4 ,g4 ,brill ,co41 ( ,philadelphia2 ! ,am]ican ,in/rum5t ,tool ,co41 ( ,new ,york2 & ! ,wesel ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,brooklyn4 ,9 all1 #gba wire c>ts 7 manufactur$ & #cbg %ipp$ ov]seas4 ,a total ( #b1djb tool *e/s = ! ,signal ,corps 0 produc$ dur+ ! w> p]iod4 ,! plan ev5tually adopt$ 0 to split up ! ord]s = tools among ! v>i\s manufactur]s & to give ! manufacture ( ! empty *e/s to prison labor at ,=t ,leav5wor?1 :]e ! tools 7 to be %ipp$ & pack$ 9 ! *e/s4 ,?is plan1 h[ev]1 requir$ ! con/ruction ( a special build+ at ,=t ,leav5wor?1 & 9 ! meantime ! assembl+ ( tool *e/s 0 conduct$ at ! ,signal ,corps supply depot at ,philadelphia & at ! port ( emb>kation4 ,! armi/ice /opp$ ! con/ruction ( ! assembl+ factory at ,=t ,leav5wor?4 ,! ,signal ,corps produc$ a suitable numb] ( gas al>m signals kn[n z /rombos horns4 ,?is equipm5t consi/$ ( an al>m horn op]at$ by air pressure act+ aga9/ a diaphragm & !reby produc+ a l\d & di/9ct *att]4 ,compress$ air 0 suppli$ 9 small /eel cyl9d]s connect$ to ea* horn by hose4 ,! air tanks 7 *>g$ beh9d ! l9es f a portable air compressor :i* c\ld pump into sev]al cyl9d]s at once4 ,! horns 7 manufactur$ by ! ,klaxon ,co41 ( ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 ! cyl9d]s by ! ,h>risburg ,pipe ,pipe ,b5d+ ,co41 ,h>risburg1 ,pa41 & ! air compressors by ! ,+]soll-,r& ,co41 ( ,new ,york4 ,flag kits 7 n us$ to any great ext5t by ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces1 al?\gh l>ge quantities ( ^! 7 produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,signal ,corps orig9ally _h jurisdiction ov] all w> photography1 ei!r ( l& or air1 except = a small am\nt conduct$ by ! eng9e]s 9 connection ) _! own op]ations2 b lat] a]ial photography became a bran* ( ! ,milit>y ,a]onautics & ,aircraft ,bureaus4 ,aft] t ! ,signal ,corps 0 *>g$ ) tak+ all photographs ( hi/orical nature or o!r int]e/4 ,9 connection ) ?is "w two types ( cam]as 7 necess>y--/ill cam]as & motion-picture cam]as4 ,lat] 9 ! w> !re 0 be+ develop$ a new motion-picture cam]a :i* 0 expect$ to be ! ideal type = use 9 ! field4 ,x 0 ) great difficulty t a suffici5t numb] ( photographic l5ses 0 obta9$ = ! use ( milit>y cam]as1 s9ce ! l>ge l5s factories ( ,am]ica 7 ti$ up ) o!r w> ord]s4 ,a campaign 0 conduct$ by ! lead+ newspap]s & magaz9es ( ! c\ntry :i* result$ 9 ! ,gov]nm5t's secur+ f amateur photograph]s a l>ge numb] ( high-grade l5ses1 mo/ly ( =eign manufacture4 ,! ,signal ,corps scatt]$ its cam]a op]ators broadca/ ov] ! c\ntry1 photograph+ cantonm5ts & o!r w> activities to ! mo/ m9ute details4 ,^! photographs & films 7 !n made public 9 newspap]s1 p]iodicals1 & motion-picture !at]s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ! result t ! p saw ) _! own eyes h[ _! soldi]s 7 prep>+ !mselves = ! def5se ( ! ,nation4 ,an int]e/+ developm5t ( w> photography 0 ! production ( motion pictures %[+ ! tra9+ ( soldi]s4 ,_m pictures 7 tak5 to %[ graphically on ! scre5 ! diff]5t *apt]s ( ! ,army drill regulations4 ,^! pictures w h a future use to ! ,gov]nm5t 9 tra9+ soldi]s effici5tly 9 ! %orte/ possible "t4 ,! ,signal ,corps photograph]s also develop$ a new k9d ( hi/ory ( ! w>1 a hi/ory writt5 entirely 9 pictures = future g5]ations to scan4 ,,pigeons4 ,al?\gh ne>ly e ,european army = #dj ye>s has tra9$ ! c>ri] pigeon to be a field mess5g]1 ! ,am]ican ,army nev] adopt$ ! bird until #aiag4 ,9 a s+le ye> ! ,signal ,corps e/abli%$ hundr$s ( pigeon l(ts 9 ?is c\ntry & ov]seas & b\ght & tra9$ m ?an #ae1jjj pigeons = s]vice 9 ,france4 ,9 actual use on ! field ! pigeons deliv]$ m ?an #ie p] c5t ( ! messages intru/$ to !m1 fly+ safely ?r\gh ! heavie/ %ell & gas b>rages4 ,! /&>d pigeon l(t adopt$ by ! ,signal ,corps _h a unique trap arrangem5t :i* p]mitt$ ! entry b n ! exit ( return+ pigeons1 & an electrical al>m :i* automatically notifi$ ! att5dants ( an arrival4 ,su* l(ts1 h[ev]1 7 ( ! /ation>y type & n practicable = use 9 ,france4 ,= ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces ! ,signal ,corps pur*as$ mobile l(ts4 ,x 0 f\nd t pigeons w\ld come home z well to mobile l(ts1 :i* 7 con/antly *ang+ position1 z !y w\ld to /ation>y l(ts4 ,! fir/ mobile l(ts built 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 top-heavy1 b ?is defect 0 ov]come by increas+ _! wid? & add+ heavi] :eels4 ,!y 7 all built by ! ,trailmobile ,co41 ( ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4 ,civilian pigeon fanci]s 7 appeal$ to & urg$ to bre$ "y birds to /ock ! ,gov]nm5t l(ts4 ,! ,signal ,corps di/ribut$ small alum9um b&s to be put on ! legs ( squeak]s1 z ! newly-hat*$ pigeons are call$1 :i* 7 int5d$ = sale to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! uni=m price ( #b p] bird 0 paid1 & ov] #aj1jjj y\ng/]s 7 b\ght = /ock+ purposes4 ,tons ( pigeon fe$ 7 pur*as$ & %ipp$ to ,europe4 ,"s ( ?is gra91 su* z millet1 ,arg5t9e corn1 pop corn1 hemp se$1 & ,canada peas1 0 h>d to obta92 b nev]!less ! supply 0 well ma9ta9$4 ,x 0 %ipp$ 9 h]metically seal$ conta9]s to prev5t x f becom+ mildew$4 ,! ,am]ican ,army copi$ ! ,fr5* & ,engli% models ( will[ & re$ baskets to hold ! birds4 ,"o type ( basket 0 c>ri$ on ! back ( ! soldi] & conta9$ small corselets 9 :i* ! pigeons 7 securely fa/5$4 ,corselets 7 susp5d$ f ! sides ( ! basket by ela/ic contrivances p]mitt+ consid]able joggl+ )\t injury to ! birds4 ,all ( ^! baskets 7 made by ! ,a4 ,l4 ,r&ell ,co41 ( ,*icago4 ,message books 7 manufactur$ 9 accordance ) a ,fr5* model4 ,aft] ! message _h be5 writt51 x 0 plac$ 9 an alum9um capsule :i* 0 fitt$ 9 a hold] ( alum9um4 ,?is hold] 0 atta*$ to ! pigeon's leg by means ( alum9um b&s4 ,^! b&s 7 f\nd to break easily1 & pure copp] b&s 7 lat] sub/itut$4 ,! message hold]s 7 manufactur$ by ,?omas ,a4 ,gey1 ( ,norri/[n1 ,pa4 ,?\s&s ( items ( supply 7 includ$ 9 ! supply s*$ules ( ! ,signal ,corps4 ,9 ! foll[+ li/s "s ( ! m important items are %[n1 ! production indicat$ 9 ea* case be+ t betwe5 ,april #f1 #aiag1 & ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah4 ,telephone equipm5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,produc$4 ,float$ ov]seas4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,batt]ies1 dry #igj1aga #cif1dbg ,bells3 ,ext5sion #hfe #dgj ,vibrat+ #ac1gef #ab1icd ,blocks1 connect+ #f1ejj #f1ejj ,cab9ets1 wire *ief1 te/+ #bbe #bbe ,coils3 ,induction #bee #ej ,repeat+ #hja #hja ,cond5s]s #aj1bje #f1ghh ,cords3 ,= telephones #e1jjj #e1jjj ,= swit*bo>ds #bc1eci #aa1hij ,fuses1 = monocord swit*bo>d #fgj1jjj #cda1jjj ,receiv] diaphragms #b1gjj #b1jej ,receiv]s1 telephone #ab1iej #i1ced ,repeat]s1 telephone #cfb #cfb ,/aples1 insulat$ #iab1cjj #hji1hjj ,swit*bo>ds3 ,camp1 #dj-l9e #aaa #fh ,comm]cial types #cjd #cjd ,swit*bo>d1 telephone1 monotype #ad1dfb #ac1bfd ,telephones3 ,artill]y type 7,w4 ,e4 #acge7 #ff1edd #df1abc ,camp #ch1def #cb1ffh ,comm]cial types #b1ffi #a1ead ,telephone (fices1 truck #a #a ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,telegraph equipm5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,buzz]s1 s]vice #c1ihc #c1dgh ,connectors1 /ud #h1jbg #h1jbg ,disks1 ciph] #f1aeg #f1aeg ,keys #a1hcj #a1hcj ,relays #a1fgb #a1adg ,s\nd]s #a1iih #a1iih ,swit*bo>d1 telegraph #a1cba #eej ,telegraph (fice1 truck #a #a ,typewrit]s #ibj #hhj ,vibroplex1 transmitt] #dgj #dbj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,radio equipm5t4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total produc$4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,airplane int]phone set #d1bfc ,airplane radio telegraph receiv+ set #g1jbi ,airplane radio telegraph transmitt+ set #c1iga ,airplane radio telephone set #c1ahf ,amplifi]s #a1bej ,batt]y *>g+ sets #dee ,gr\nd radio telegraph receiv+ set #h1jeb ,gr\nd radio telegraph transmitt+ set #b1fcg ,gr\nd radio telephone set #ebg ,/orage batt]ies #bbg1aci ,t4 ,p4 ,s4 receiv+ sets #b1eaj ,t4 ,p4 ,s4 transmitt+ sets #a1iie ,t4 ,p4 ,s4 two-way set #b1jaj ,vacuum tubes #ddf1hah ,wavemet]s #h1jdb ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,photographic equipm5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,production4 ,%ipp$ ov]seas4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,*emicals p\nds #ej1gbc #da1hha ,cam]as3 #d by #e spe$ graphic #eda #bhc #d by #e ,,rb graflex #caj #bcg #f by #h cycle graphic #bhj #bdi ,miscellane\s /ill #dj #dj ,motion-picture #dgj #ade ,pap]1 photo1 all sizes gross #ba1cfd #af1cfd ,d4 rolls #e1ahf #c1fhf ,l5ses #b1gig #fif ,tripods1 ,m4,p4 #eeh #adg ,plates doz5 #fh1hgc #dh1hgc ,hold]s1 plate #bh1bih #ah1bih ,film1 ,m4,p4 feet #g1ejj1jjj #d1jjj1jjj ,film1 /ill rolls #dh1had #bh1had ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,l9e con/ruction mat]ial4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,an*ors1 guy #ag1cfj #ag1abj ,belts1 l9eman's #f1gcc #e1ccb ,bolts1 lag screws1 etc4 #a1aci1fdh #a1acg1ibh ,braces1 cross-arm #abc1afb #ih1ddj ,brackets3 ,oak #bhg1jjj #bhg1jjj ,pole1 galvaniz$ #ac1ibi #ac1ibi ,transposition #bf1ije #bf1bhj ,cable3 ,telephone1 circul> loom feet #ffb1igh #cif1bej ,telephone1 lead cov]$ miles #hj1bjb #a1fif ,cable comp\nd p\nds #f1afj #c1gfj ,c>ts1 reel #gcg #bbg ,clamps1 guy #ci1bej #bf1jjj ,climb]s1 ) /raps pairs #aa1hbh #aj1fai ,cross arms #ch1ejj #ch1ejj ,gloves1 l9eman's pairs #hdi #gdh ,hang]s1 cable #ea1jjj #ea1jjj ,insulators1 = lance poles #bia1abd #bf1gjj ,insulators1 glass #a1aeh1hcf #a1aeh1hcf ,insulators1 porcela9 #b1daa1fgj #a1gih1bbj ,knives1 electrician's #bfd1ged #ada1ibj ,knobs1 wood5 #iec1edj #djj1jjj ,m>l9 p\nds #d1ebg #a1dbg ,musl91 cable-splic]s y>ds #a1bea #a1bea ,nails1 = insulators p\nds #cf1jjj #cf1jjj ,pikes1 wire #a1iib #a1gbh ,p9s1 cross-arm #hjg1fec #dgg1djj ,pli]s1 l9eman's #aic1ecc #hd1fdb ,poles1 lance #bji1jjj #bc1fhe ,reels1 brea/ #f1aji #f1ajh ,sleeves1 copp]1 splic+ #adf1icd #ea1icd ,sold] p\nds #ba1hjh #ad1fjf ,tape3 ,friction d4 #ajf1jdb #ij1cah ,rubb] d4 #bj1ebc #af1gac ,t]m9als1 cable #a1bij #a1bij ,wire3 ,/r&$1 mess5g] feet #b1dgj1egg #b1dgj1ceg ,telephone-- ,copp]1 b>e miles #abf1ffd #gh1hhj ,g4,i4 b>e d4 #ad1daa #g1igj ,s+le1 insulat$ d4 #bc1iej #ad1jaa ,twi/$ pair1 ,insulat$ d4 #ge1jbb #de1deg ,wire c>ts #gba #cbg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,conclusion4 ,! read] :o has come to ?is po9t has be=e him ! picture ( ! ,nation's indu/ry at w>--! :ole teem+ ef=t 9 its ma9 outl9es1 its myriad ramifications1 its b\ndless activity1 its t5 ?\s& ent]prises1 its inf9ite toil1 its ho/s ( work]s1 its wond]s ( sci5tific a*ievem5t1 its atta9m5ts1 ev5 its failures--9 %ort t humm+ complex ( "w1 plann+1 ambition1 disappo9tm5t1 triumph1 %ortcom+s1 ability1 & driv+ =ce :i* 0 a mighty p conc5trat$ ) all ( its p[]s ^u a s+le objective4 ,x rema9s n[ to describe ! place occupi$ by ?is ef=t 9 ! :ole /rategic plan ( ! w> aga9/ ,g]many4 ,we did n g into ! /ruggle z if we expect$ to fight a s+le-h&$ w>4 ,:atev] we did ei!r ) milit>y p]sonnel or ) munitions we did ) ref]5ce to :at ! nations associat$ ) u 7 do+ or c\ld d 9 ! same respects4 ,! :ole plan 0 coord9at$ m or less p]fectly1 & ^! int]national und]/&+s & agreem5ts t\*$ & influ5c$ ev5 ! mo/ trivial ( our ent]prises4 ,! read] :o has 9 m9d ! record set d[n on ! prec$+ pages is n[ prep>$ to compreh5d ! =ce & ext5t ( ! int]national coop]ation 9 ! w> & to judge h[ well ,am]ica play$ h] "p 9 ! g5]al s*eme4 ,let u g back1 !re=e1 & review ! hi/ory ( ^! agreem5ts4 ,= _m mon?s be=e ,am]ica came into ! /ruggle1 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,italy _h be5 engag$ 9 grappl+ ) ! sci5tifically organiz$ =ces ( ,g]man milit>y autocracy4 ,! _w w> _h become a conflict ( mat]ials1 almo/ z mu* z ( m54 ,all p>ticipants _h mobiliz$ _! indu/rial res\rces 9 a mann] & to an ext5t undream$ ( 9 times ( peace4 ,! allies _h m>%al$ all available raw mat]ials & factory production 9 _! own l&s1 & /ill fac$ colossal defici5cies 9 supplies = _! milit>y programs4 ,!y _h be5 =c$ to rea* out into ! m>kets ( ! _w to meet ^! defici5cies4 ,!y _h come to ,am]ica & plac$ huge ord]s = raw mat]ials & f9i%$ products4 ,! normal capacity ( ,am]ica's peace-"t production _h be5 insuffici5t to meet _! ov]:elm+ ne$s4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aiad1 ! total factory capacity 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! manufacture ( p[d] 0 #f1jjj1jjj p\nds a ye>4 ,9 ,april1 #aiag1 "u ! /imulation ( ord]s plac$ by ! allies1 ! capacity _h be5 increas$ m ?an sixty-fold4 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,italy 7 tak+ ?is entire production & ask+ = m4 ,!y _h absorb$ our entire output4 ,a huge /ream ( mat]ials1 supplies1 & ammunition 0 fl[+ /eadily f ,am]ica to ! front l9e tr5*es 9 ,france4 ,! alli$ gov]nm5ts _h m\ld$ _! milit>y programs 9 reliance ^u ! cont9uation ( ?is s\rce ( supply4 ,_! troops 7 on ! front & 9 contact ) ! enemy4 ,failure ( supply meant disa/]4 ,! fl[ ( mat]ials f ,am]ica to ! armies 9 ,france c\ld n1 "u any circum/ances1 be int]f]$ ) or curtail$4 ,?is fact 0 promptly recogniz$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! alli$ gov]nm5ts 7 assur$ t ,am]ica's milit>y program w\ld be =mulat$ & p]=m$ )\t int]f]5ce ) ! alli$ programs ( supply f ?is c\ntry4 ,am]ica's indu/rial contribution to ! w>1 z a nation1 0 to be ov] & above ! indu/rial contribution to ! allies !n be+ made by our individual produc]s4 ,?is fundam5tal plank 9 ! int]alli$ plat=m ( coop]ation 0 laid d[n at ! v comm5cem5t ( ,am]ica's prep>ation1 & x 0 /rictly adh]$ to until ! end ( ho/ilities4 ,a compreh5sive coop]ative plan = ,am]ica's indu/rial p>ticipation 9 ! w> rema9$ to be work$ out4 ,a survey _h to be conduct$ ( ! new p>tn]'s /r5g? & weakness 9 supply4 ,a det]m9ation _h to be made ( :at ! allies c\ld give to ! new p>tn]1 & :at !y mu/ receive f h]4 ,?is 0 done by ! ,int]alli$ ,munitions ,c\ncil sitt+ 9 ,p>is1 by ! =eign missions 9 ,wa%+ton 9 conf]5ce ) ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 & by ! alli$ w> m9i/ries & ,g54 ,p]%+ abroad4 ,an analysis ( ! facts ( ! situation disclos$ t3 ,a4 ,! _w ov]-- 7#a7 ,!re 0 a critical %ortage ( ocean tonnage :i* promis$ to become m critical z "t pass$ on acc\nt ( ! success ( ,g]man subm>9e op]ations4 ,b4 ,9 ,france & ,engl&-- 7#a7 ,! output ( factories 0 be+ s]i\sly curtail$ & limit$ by lack ( raw mat]ials & semif9i%$ products4 7#b7 ,if an adequate supply ( raw mat]ials & semif9i%$ products c\ld be made available1 ! factories _h a sub/antial surplus manufactur+ capacity :i* c\ld be plac$ at ! disposal ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,c4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates-- 7#a7 ,a surplus ( raw mat]ials & semif9i%$ products = transport to ,france & ,engl& c\ld quickly be made available4 7#b7 ,x w\ld be impossible1 )9 less ?an a ye>1 to build up additional manufactur+ capacity 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates suffici5t to supply a l>ge army4 ,! lack ( ocean tonnage 0 recogniz$ by all z ! vitals ( ! problem4 ,france1 ,italy1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h comp>atively little m]*ant tonnage4 ,engl&'s va/ tonnage 0 suff]+ rapid depletion by subm>9e losses & 0 totally inadequate to meet alli$ ne$s4 ,%ips 7 ! bigge/ s+le defici5cy 9 ! int]alli$ program4 ,! coop]ative indu/rial program ( ! ,allies & ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h to be ge>$ into ! %ipp+ problem4 ,to d ?is ! det]m9ation ( :at mat]ials %\ld be %ipp$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h to be decid$ fir/ on ! basis ( :at economies c\ld be effect$ 9 %ipp+ space4 ,if raw mat]ials = aircraft occupi$ less c>go space ?an ! f9i%$ product1 ! maximum utilization ( available tonnage dem&$ ! %ipm5t to ,france ( ^! raw mat]ials to be made into ! f9i%$ product !re4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 f9i%$ nitrocellulose p[d] = artill]y %ell propellants1 or f9i%$ picric acid = artill]y %ell explosives1 occupi$ less c>go space ?an ! raw compon5t mat]ials us$ 9 _! production1 ! %ipp+ %ortage dem&$ manufacture ( ^! explosives & propellants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,n a s+le %ip c\ld be freight$ ) an extra p\nd or cubic foot ( c>go :i* by any ef=t c\ld be sav$4 ,! ,fr5* ,mission 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates e>ly recogniz$ ?is fact & urg$ ! manufacture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( picric acid to be us$ z explosive 9 #ge-millimet] & #aee-millimet] %ell1 po9t+ out t ! f9i%$ product occupi$ b "o-n9ete5? z mu* c>go space z ! raw mat]ials4 ,g54 ,p]%+ recogniz$ ! po9t1 & 9 ,augu/1 #aiag1 cabl$ z foll[s3 ,a jo9t ,fr5*-,am]ican commission has exam9$ ! "q ( ! production 9 ,france ( p[d]s & explosives & reports z foll[s3 ,france mu/ import by ,decemb] #d ! great] "p ( ! raw mat]ials us$ 9 ! manufacture ( p[d]s & explosives4 ,! weight ( raw mat]ials requir$ is #aj to #bj times ! weight ( ! f9i%$ product4 ,! %ipp+ situation is su* t by ,decemb] ! output ( ,france w be limit$ by ! am\nt ( raw mat]ial produc$ 9 ,france or easily obta9able4 99 99 99 ,! pres5t outlook is t 9 ,decemb] ! ,fr5* output w n be m ?an half ( ! pres5t output4 ,to avoid calamity ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ n only furni% p[d] & explosives = all ( its own =ces b mu/ supply ab\t half ( ! ,fr5* requirem5ts4 ,x is !re=e recomm5d$3 7,a7 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t furni% all p[d]s & explosives ne$$ = pres5t contracts ) ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t2 7,b7 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t prep>e to furni% by ,decemb] #cjj tons p] mon? ( explosives & #bjj tons p] mon? ( p[d] = ,fr5* consumption2 7,c7 t /udy be imm$iately comm5c$ = ! purpose ( adapt+ ,am]ican p[d]s to ,fr5* cannon ( diff]5t types1 ?is /udy to be made bo? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,france by compet5t exp]ts2 7,d7 t ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t put at ! disposition ( ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t compet5t exp]ts bo? 9 ! manufacture & use ( ^! p[d]s 9 ! guns4 99 99 99 ,subsequ5t computations made on ?is side ( ! ocean indicat$ t 9 ! case ( picric acid & o!r explosives ?is ratio betwe5 raw mat]ials & f9i%$ product 9 bulk 0 too great1 yet 9 pr9ciple ^! computations did n affect ! desirability ( %ipp+ ! f9i%$ product r ?an ! raw mat]ials4 ,aga91 ,g54 ,p]%+ cabl$ to ! ,*ief ( ,/aff 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates urg+ ! pur*ase ( complet$ artill]y1 artill]y ammunition1 & airplanes abroad1 9 ord] t sav+ ( tonnage might be effect$1 & po9t+ out ! sav+ ( c>go space result+ f ! %ipm5t to ,france ( raw mat]ials in/ead ( f9i%$ products1 say+3 ,foll[+ is comp>ison 9 tonnage ( ! pr9cipal manufactur$ articles ( ordnance obta9$ 9 ,europe & ! replacem5ts 9 raw mat]ials contract$ = ! same4 ,all tonnage ratios %[n are 9 favor ( raw mat]ials3 ,field ,artill]y guns #a to #g #aee millimet] h[itz]s & ammunition #a to #a #h millimet] ammunition #a to #c-c_/af ,tr5* mort>s #a to #ab-a_/c ,gr5ades #a to #d ,9 airplane production3 ,pack$ airplanes1 9 weight #a to #b ,pack$ airplanes1 9 cubic capacity #a to #b ,pack$ airplanes 9 area cov]$ by boxes on bo>d %ip #a to #i ,9 ! above comp>ison 9 ! ammunition item1 f9i%$ explosives are reg>d$ z raw mat]ials4 ,! ,int]alli$ ,munitions ,c\ncil1 sitt+ 9 ,p>is & conta9+ among its memb]%ip ! be/ milit>y & indu/rial bra9s at ! comm& ( ! alli$ cause1 includ+ ,g54 ,p]%+1 ,g54 ,rob]tson1 *ief ( ! imp]ial g5]al /aff ( ,great ,brita91 & ,g54 ,fo*1 !n *ief ( ! g5]al /aff ( ! ,fr5* ,army1 came to ! same conclusion1 & ,g54 ,bliss transmitt$ its f9d+s 9 a memorable cable1 a "p ( :i* 0 reproduc$ 9 ! preface to ?is report4 ,e m9d 0 9 accord4 ,tonnage mu/ be sav$4 ,x c\ld be sav$ & 9 va/ am\nts by call+ ^u ! ,unit$ ,/ates to supply ! raw & semif9i%$ mat]ials1 & ^u ! ,fr5* & ,briti% w> factories to utilize ^! raw & semif9i%$ mat]ials 9 ! manufacture ( ! f9i%$ products4 ,b c\ld ?is solution ( ! vital %ipp+ "q be dovetail$ into ! indu/rial situations ( ! v>i\s nations conc]n$8 ,c\ld ! ,unit$ ,/ates supply ! ess5tial raw & semif9i%$ mat]ials 9 quantities equival5t to ! am\nts consum$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! f9i%$ product8 ,did ! ,fr5* & ,briti% factories1 ) ^! mat]ials laid d[n 9 _! y>ds1 h available a suffici5t manufactur+ surplus to supply ! ne$s ( _! own armies & also to produce 9 "p = ! armies ( ,am]ica8 ,! =eign missions 7 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,!y knew intimately ! economic & indu/rial situations 9 _! respective c\ntries2 !y knew ! milit>y plans ( _! g5]al /affs2 !y knew 9 :at respects _! programs ( supply = _! armies 9 ! field ne$$ assi/ance1 & 9 :at respects ^! programs c\ld be met or exce$$4 ,) ?is in=mation available1 !y 7 prep>$ to furni% ! answ] z to ! manufactur+ capacities ( alli$ ,europe4 ,! ,briti% ,w> ,mission 9 ,wa%+ton communicat$ to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t a cable f ! ,briti% m9i/] ( armam5t1 sett+ out ! position ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t on reciprocal supply3 ,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t is will+ z f> z possible 9 matt]s ( urg5cy to manufacture = use ( ! ,am]icans any products necess>y to ! m spe$y equipm5t ( ! ,am]icans t ! ,am]icans consid] !y c obta9 9 ,engl& m promptly or bett] ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,fur!rmore1 ! situation z to manufacture ( /eel products is bett] ?an x has be54 ,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t w help to its utmo/ ability )\t mak+ actual & imm$iate replacem5t ( raw mat]ial an indisp5sable condition :5 any ord] is giv54 ,on ! o!r h& ! g5]al pr9ciple ( replacem5ts ( raw mat]ials z soon z possible %\ld be obs]v$4 ,x has become m a "q ( furni%+ supplies promptly to ! allies ?an a m]e "q ( replac+ :at has be5 furni%$ ,am]ican troops2 9 o!r words1 ! ne$s ( ! allies %\ld be consid]$ z "o1 & ,engl& %\ld manufacture = ! allies any?+ t is necess>y or be/ got t way1 & ,am]ica %\ld 9 ! g5]al int]e/ ( ! allies furni% z soon z conv5i5t raw mat]ial to replace t us$4 99 99 99 ,writ+ to ,maj4 ,g54 ,crozi]1 ,*ief ( ,ordnance1 ! ,fr5* high commission urg$ ! placem5t 9 ,france ( ord]s = artill]y & artill]y ammunition & po9t$ out ! exi/5ce ( surplus factory capacity available = _! production4 ,! commission summ>iz$ ! indu/rial situation 9 ,france 9 ! foll[+ language3 ,ev5 9 su* rem>kable te*nical conditions z y\rs1 x takes "t to realize su* a program1 to organize manufactures & to h m5 to direct !m4 ,y w take less "t ?an we did 9 ,france1 :]e ! output ( big guns 0 n adequate to our ne$s be=e ! end ( #aiaf4 ,b "t--m or less--_h to be an ess5tial factor1 s t aft] c>eful consid]ation1 x has be5 f\nd t ! only plan to be c>ri$ out 9 ord] to supply ! fir/ ,am]ican divisions ) mat]ial on _! l&+ 9 ,france 0 to avail ourselves ( ! surplus capacity ( production ( ! ,fr5* factories1 :i* _h be5 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! w> v p[]fully equipp$ & 7 able to turn out great] quantities ?an ^? correspond+ to our supply ( raw mat]ial4 ,! allies c\ld deliv] ! artill]y1 artill]y ammunition1 & airplanes if ,am]ica c\ld deliv] ! raw & semif9i%$ mat]ials4 ,am]ica answ]$ t %e c\ld & w\ld produce & transport to ,europe raw mat]ials & semif9i%$ products 9 am\nts equival5t to ! am\nts consum$ by alli$ factories 9 manufactur+ ! complet$ guns1 %ell1 & airplanes4 ,! details rema9$ to be work$ out4 ,! ,fr5* high commission submitt$ /atem5ts %[+ ! am\nts ( ea* compon5t mat]ial consum$ 9 ,fr5* factories 9 ! production ( guns & ammunition ( ! v>i\s calib]s4 ,!re 7 to be suppli$ by ,am]ica #f tons ( /eel = ea* #ge-millimet] gun1 #dj tons ( /eel = ea* #aee-millimet] h[itz]1 & #fj tons ( /eel = ea* #aee-millimet] gun1 & prop] proportionate am\nts ( necess>y mat]ials us$ 9 ! manufacture ( artill]y ammunition4 ,! program ( indu/rial & economic coop]ation betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! allies ?us took =m4 ,x us$ 9 ! mo/ effici5t mann] e nook & cranny ( e available %ip4 ,x utiliz$ to ! utmo/ ! surplus manufactur+ capacity ( ,france & ,engl&4 ,x br\ght into ! w> at ! e>lie/ mom5t ! res\rces ( ,am]ica 9 raw & semif9i%$ mat]ials4 ,x spann$ ! p]iod dur+ :i* ,am]ica c\ld g =w>d ) h] gigantic mobilization ( manufactur+ p[] & lat] conv9ce ! ,c5tral ,empires ( ! futility ( fur!r /ruggle4 ,) ! program mapp$ out1 reciprocal agreem5ts = supply rema9$ to be made4 ,ord]s 7 promptly plac$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ord]$ f ,france a total ( #e1hed pieces ( field & tr5* artill]y ( v>i\s calib]s1 ( :i* #c1hcd 7 deliv]$ to ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces prior to ! armi/ice4 ,by ,augu/1 #aiag1 m artill]y ammunition 0 on ord] ) ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t ?an 0 fir$ by ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces f ,janu>y #ah1 #aiah1 :5 ! fir/ complete ,am]ican division ent]$ ! l9e1 until ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 :5 ! end ( ho/ilities 0 ann\nc$ to ! _w4 ,( ! am\nt ord]$ #aj1jjj1jjj r\nds 7 deliv]$ be=e fir+ ceas$4 ,9 aircraft equipm5t1 ! ,fr5* factories also _h a surplus capacity & deliv]$ to ,g54 ,p]%+ up to ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 a total ( #d1hha f9i%$ airplanes4 ,by ! t]ms ( our agreem5t ) ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 ,am]ica obligat$ h]self to supply ! raw mat]ials & compon5t p>ts ( ! f9i%$ products deliv]$ to our =ces 9 ,france4 ,?is agreem5t ,am]ica p]=m$ twice ov]4 ,= e ton ( raw mat]ials & semif9i%$ products ,am]ica agre$ to furni% to ,france1 %e furni%$ two tons4 ,accord+ to ,fr5* /atem5ts1 our replacem5t obligation 9 raw mat]ials 0 #cej1jjj tons4 ,am]ica furni%$ ov] #hjj1jjj tons4 ,9 ex*ange = ! artill]y & artill]y ammunition ( ,fr5* manufacture fir$ by ,p]%+1 ,am]ica suppli$ to ,france 9 metals alone ov] #gjj1jjj tons ( /eel1 #cj1jjj tons ( pig iron1 #e1jjj tons ( brass & spelt]1 & #ej1jjj tons ( copp]4 ,9 addition1 & = use 9 ! artill]y ammunition receiv$ f ,fr5* factories1 ,am]ica manufactur$ & suppli$ to ,france 9 a f9i%$ /ate all ! pr9cipal mat]ials us$ 9 load+ all %ell deliv]$ to ! ,am]ican ,army4 ,^! mat]ials consi/$ ( smokeless p[d]1 us$ z a propellant to drive ! %ell f ! guns1 & ( picric acid1 us$ z a high-p[]$ detonative to bur/ ov] ! enemy l9es4 ,! ,fr5* us$ #ab1jjj tons ( smokeless p[d] 9 our %ell4 ,am]ica deliv]$ an equival5t am\nt ( f9i%$ p[d]4 ,! ,fr5* consum$ #ah1jjj tons ( picric acid 9 load+ %ell = ,am]ican use4 ,am]ica suppli$ #ah1ejj tons4 ,9 ex*ange = ! f9i%$ airplanes1 aga9 ,am]ica suppli$ ! raw mat]ials & compon5t p>ts4 ,= ! framework ( ! ,fr5* planes driv5 by ,am]ican aviators1 ,am]ica furni%$ #cd1ejj1jjj feet ( spruce1 fir1 & c$>1 en\gh to manufacture ov] #af1jjj f9i%$ planes2 = ! propellors1 ,am]ica furni%$ #g1jjj1jjj feet ( mahogany & walnut1 en\gh = #dj1jjj propellors2 #d1jjj tons ( alum9um1 en\gh = ?\s&s ( planes2 & dopes = pa9t+ airplane w+s1 & miscellane\s aircraft mat]ials & supplies f> 9 excess ( ! numb] ( f9i%$ planes deliv]$ to ,g54 ,p]%+4 ,"u special contract made 9 ,augu/1 #aiag1 & 9 addition to ! above1 ,am]ica furni%$ to ,france all mat]ials = #e1jjj f9i%$ planes & all p>ts = #h1ejj f9i%$ airplane eng9es1 :i* 7 to be assembl$ 9 ,france = ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,! eng9e p>ts 7 9 =g+s & ne$$ only to be ma*9$4 ,= ! use ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t 9 ma*9+ ^! eng9e p>ts1 ,am]ica built & deliv]$ ! necess>y equipm5t & ma*9]y4 ,?\s&s ( additional small] items ( all k9ds 7 suppli$ by ! v>i\s gov]nm5ts to ea* o!r f day to day4 ,no defici5cy 9 ! milit>y programs ( any ( !m 0 p]mitt$ to exi/1 if x c\ld be made good by any ( ! o!rs4 ,all ( ,am]ica's va/ contribution to ! alli$ program ( supply 0 n only produc$ 9 ,am]ica1 b x 0 tak5 to ,france 9 army transports4 ,f ,augu/1 #aiag1 to ,novemb] #aa1 #aiah1 an av]age ( #b1jjj tons ( ,am]ican mat]ials = ,fr5* factories left ,am]ican ports e day abo>d ,am]ican army transports4 ,?r\gh a subm>9e-infe/$ ocean1 9 :i* ! ,g]mans sank ov] #ba1jjj1jjj tons ( dead-weight %ipp+1 ^! mat]ials 7 c>ri$ 9 army transports mann$ by ,am]ican crews1 & laid d[n at ! doors ( ,fr5* factories4 ,by ,febru>y1 #aiah1 ,g54 ,p]%+ e/imat$ t #b1jjj1jjj tons ( c>go space _h be5 sav$ by ! adoption ( ?is program ( int]national & reciprocal supply1 a sav+ ( m tonnage ?an 0 !n available = ! use ( ! ,am]ican ,exp$ition>y ,=ces4 ,! ,franco-,am]ican commission on explosives e/imat$ a r$uction ( #ge p] c5t 9 c>go space 9 ! %ipm5t ( explosives alone4 ,s ! sil5t drama ( int]national coop]ation 0 c>ri$ out4 ,! /ory ( ,briti% & ,am]ican mutual aid dur+ ! w> is ! same /ory 9 sub/ance z t ( ,franco-,am]ican coop]ation1 ) *anges only 9 ! figures4 ,economy ( %ipp+ 0 effect$4 ,briti% & ,fr5* factory capacity 0 utiliz$4 ,! va/ res]voir ( ,am]ican raw mat]ials & explosives 0 ?r[n aga9/ ! enemy4 ,int]national coop]ation on a scale & 9 a _s ( cordial1 mutual helpfulness1 su* z ! _w _h nev] dream$ (1 help$ to equip #b1jjj1jjj ,am]ican soldi]s 9 ,france4 ,& x 0 done1 all ( x1 )\t curtailm5t ( ! huge /ream ( mat]ial :i* 0 fl[+ f ,am]ica to ! allies :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! w>4 ,france & ,engl& receiv$ ev]-increas+ quantities to ! la/ day4 ,! m ?an #hjj1jjj tons ( replacem5t mat]ials = artill]y1 artill]y ammunition1 & airplanes deliv]$ to ,am]ica 0 ov] & above ! millions ( tons secur$ by ! allies = _! own use directly f ,am]ican produc]s4 ,x 0 p>tly by reason ( ! adoption ( ?is program & its complete p]=mance t ,g54 ,p]%+1 aft] ! armi/ice1 c\ld say3 ,dur+ active op]ations ext5d+ f ,janu>y1 #aiah1 :5 our fir/ division ent]$ ! l9e1 until ! close ( ho/ilities on ,novemb] #aa1 our troops 7 suppli$ ) ! equipm5t & ammunition necess>y to c>ry _! "w to a successful conclusion4 ,beyond all ?is1 our ,gov]nm5t1 z "p ( ! int]alli$ program1 creat$ va/ faculties = ! manufacture ( supplies :i* ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,italy /ill requir$ = _! own ne$s & :i* a compreh5sive consid]ation ( ! entire program1 ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to %ipp+1 %[$ c\ld be be/ produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,factories = ! production ( imm5se additional quantities ( picric acid1 p[d]1 & o!r mat]ials 7 built by our ,w> ,dep>tm5t to fill ! defici5cies 9 ! milit>y programs ( our associates 9 ! w>4 ,& beyond & beh9d all ?is ,am]ica w5t =w>d ) h] own gigantic prep>ations = ! conque/ ( ! d>k =ces :i* ?reat5$ _w civilization4 ,x 0 ?is mobilization ( h] might almo/ z mu* z ! effect ( h] imm$iate =ce :i* help$ to conv9ce ! ,g]man g5]al /aff ( ! futility ( fur!r resi/ance & assi/$ to br+ ! w> to an e>ly end4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,p4 #abb correct$ table sum f #bhd1gcj to #cca1gcj4 ,p4 #cdc correct$ table sum f #a1fje1ehb to #hfj1gjj4 ,p4 #cdd correct$ table sum ,total produc$ f #ag1fhd1hec to #ag1fhc1cec & ,total manufactur$ f #abe1hjj to #abc1hjj4 ,p4 #cej correct$ table sum f #a1hah1ahb to #a1hah1agb & also #c1cfj1aaa to #c1cfj1aja4 ,p4 #djj swapp$ title captions ,,fill+ ,,h& ,,gr5ades ,,) ,,:ite ,,phosphorus & ,,fill+ ,,mu/>d ,,gas ,,%ell ,,at ,,edgewood ,,ars5al s ! title agrees ) ! photo & ! explanatory captions4 ,p4 #dea correct$ ,h>d bread ,total ,value f #c1fad1cfe to #c1fad1hfe4 ,p4 #dic correct$ table ,gr& total f #bj1ebj1bea to #bj1ebj1bed & #bb1gii1bfc to #bb1gii1bff4 ,p4 #eje correct$ table sum f #d1jdc to #c1ddc4 ,p4 #eac correct$ table ,total f #i1bjc1egg to #i1bjc1ege & #cje1iji1gai to #cje1iji1gae4 ,simple spell+1 gramm>1 & typographical errors 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,ana*roni/ic & non-/&>d spell+s reta9$ z pr9t$4 ,italics m>kup is enclos$ 9 und]scores4 ,bold m>kup is enclos$ 9 equals4