,,the ,lives of the ,saints ,,rev4 ,s4 ,,baring-,,gould ,,sixteen ,,volumes ,,volume ,,the ,,third ,illustration3 ,,the ,,annunciation4 ,after ,francia1 in the ,church of ,s4 ,john ,lateran1 ,rome4 ,march4--,front4 ,the ,lives of the ,saints ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,s4 ,,baring-,,gould1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,edition in #af ,volumes ,revised with ,introduction and ,additional ,lives of ,english ,martyrs1 ,cornish and ,welsh ,saints1 and a full ,index to the ,entire ,work ,,illustrated ,,by ,,over #djj ,,engravings ,,volume ,,the ,,third ,march ,,london ,,john ,c4 ,,nimmo #ad ,,king ,,william ,,street1 ,,strand ,,mdcccxcvii ,printed by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,at the ,ballantyne ,press ,illustration3 ,virgin and ,child surrounded by a host of worshippers ,,contents ,a ,,page ,,ss4 ,abraham and ,mary #bge ,s4 ,adrian1 ,b4 of ,s4 ,andrews #ei ,adrian1 ,m4 at ,wintershoven #ccc ,agricola #bhe ,alberta #bab ,albinus #af ,alexander of ,apamea #bjc ,alexander of ,jerusalem #cab ,alfwold #dfj ,alkmund #ccd ,amantius #ccc ,ambrose of ,sienna #cfi ,angus of ,keld #bag ,aninas #bgd ,annunciation3 ,b4 ,v4 ,mary #dej ,s4 ,ansewin #beb ,antonina #h ,aphrodisius of ,beziers #djg ,aphrodisius of ,carthage #bef ,apollonius #aef ,aristobulus #bff ,,ss4 ,armogastes and comp4 #dif ,s4 ,asterius #db ,augusta #dhc ,b ,s4 ,balbina #eac ,,ss4 ,balther and ,bilfred #id ,s4 ,barachisius #dia ,basil of ,ancyra #djg ,,ss4 ,basiliscus and comp4 #dd ,s4 ,basinus #ei ,,ss4 ,bathus1 ,verca1 and children #dfh ,s4 ,benedict #chh ,benjamin #eae ,bilfrid #id ,boniface ,quiritine #bgi ,bosa #age ,braulio #dfh ,c ,,ss4 ,caius and ,alexander #bjc ,caius the ,palatine and comp4 #eg ,s4 ,camin of ,iniskeltra #deh ,casimir1 ,prince #fj ,castulus #dfg ,catherine of ,bologna #ahb ,chad #bc ,b4 ,charles the ,good #ch ,s4 ,chelidonius #dd ,chrodegang #if ,cleonicus #dd ,,ss4 ,codratus and comp4 #bjc ,s4 ,colette #ig ,columba #bgd ,constantine #bad ,crucifixion1 ,memorial of #bed ,s4 ,cuthbert #ccg ,cyril1 ,patr4 of ,jerusalem #cad ,cyril of ,heliopolis #dib ,,ss4 ,cyril and ,methodius #agf ,d ,s4 ,daniel #eag ,david #aj ,deogratias #daa ,dionysius of ,csarea #ddd ,dionysius of ,corinth #bjc ,domangart #dde ,domnina #i ,dorotheus #bbb ,drausinus #gd ,droctoveus #bji ,dula #deg ,duthac #afd ,e ,s4 ,edward #cbd ,b4 ,eelko ,liaukaman #dac ,,ss4 ,emetherius and ,chelidonius #dd ,s4 ,enda #cgf ,ethelwold #dda ,eubulus #aad ,eudocia #b ,eulogius #bah ,euphrasia #bda ,eusebia #bgi ,eustace #dih ,euthymius #baf ,eutropius #dd ,f ,s4 ,felicitas #ajb ,felix #afc ,fina #bci ,,ss4 ,fingar and ,piala #dcg ,s4 ,finnian #cba ,,ss4 ,forty ,martyrs of ,sebaste #bjd ,s4 ,frances of ,rome #ahe ,fridolin #ia ,frigidian #cba ,g ,s4 ,gabriel1 ,archangel #cab ,gerasimus #fc ,gertrude #cjf ,gorgo #bab ,gorgonius #bbb ,gregory the ,great #bbf ,gregory of ,nyssa #agb ,h ,s4 ,heribert #bha ,hesychius #a ,,ss4 ,hilary and comp4 #bga ,s4 ,hildelitha #ddf ,b4 ,hugo #ejb ,s4 ,humbert #deh ,hymelin #baj ,i ,s4 ,irenus #deg ,j ,s4 ,joachim #ccf ,joavan #bb ,john of ,civita-di-,penne #cbi ,john ,climacus #ejf ,john of ,egypt #dhd ,john of ,god #afe ,john-,joseph #hg ,,ss4 ,jonas and ,barachisius #dia ,s4 ,joseph1 husband of ,b4 ,v4 ,mary #cbg ,joseph of ,arimathea #bhc ,julian of ,anazarbus #bgc ,k ,s4 ,katharine of ,sweden #dba ,kennocha #bee ,kessog #bjh ,kieran #ff ,kunegund #eb ,,ss4 ,kyneburga and comp4 #ic ,s4 ,kyneswitha #ic ,l ,s4 ,lactean #cca ,landoald #ccc ,leo1 ,archb4 ,rouen #ai ,longinus #bff ,lubin #beg ,lucius #ee ,ludger #dfi ,lupicinus #cga ,lydia #dhb ,m ,s4 ,macarius #bjh ,mark of ,arethusa #dib ,,ss4 ,marinus and ,asterius #db ,martyrs under ,alexander #ba ,martyrs under the ,lombards #bc ,martyrs under ,nero #bef ,martyrs of ,sebaste #bef ,martyrs in the ,serapion #bhd ,s4 ,mathilda #bfj ,matrona #bfh ,matthew of ,beauvais #dhh ,maxima of ,nicomedia #bbb ,maxima of ,sermium #dfg ,memorial of the ,crucifixion #ded ,s4 ,methodius #agf ,mochoemog #bde ,monan #ah ,,ss4 ,montanus and ,maxima #dfg ,s4 ,muran #bch ,n ,s4 ,narcissus #cac ,nicander #bfg ,nicephorus #bdi ,b4 ,nicholas von der ,flue #dba ,o ,s4 ,owen #eg ,p ,s4 ,pacian #agb ,pancharius #cbh ,papas #bgc ,patrick #bhe ,paul of ,cyprus #caa ,paul of ,leon #bbc ,paul of ,narbonne #djf ,paul the ,simple #aad ,penitent ,thief1 the #def ,,ss4 ,perpetua and comp4 #ajb ,peter and comp4 of ,carthage #bef ,peter and comp4 of ,nicomedia #bbb ,b4 ,peter of ,castelnau #gd ,s4 ,peter the ,spaniard #bba ,,ss4 ,philemon and ,apollonius #aef ,philetus and comp4 #dhb ,s4 ,phocas #fc ,piala #dcg ,piran or ,kieran #ff ,proculus #dce ,q ,s4 ,quirinus of ,rome #def ,quirinus the ,tribune #ejd ,r ,s4 ,regulus #ejd ,renovatus #eae ,,ss4 ,ruderick and ,salomon #bed ,s4 ,rudesind #ai ,s ,s4 ,salomon #bed ,secundus #ejc ,senan of ,iniscatthy #aei ,serapion #cga ,sezin #ij ,simon of ,trent #ddg ,simplicius #bb ,sixtus #dhi ,sophronius #bae ,spes #dhi ,swibert the elder #af ,t ,s4 ,tatian #bga ,tetricus #cbb ,thomas ,aquinas #aaf ,b4 ,thomas of ,lancaster #dad ,s4 ,tibba #ic ,,ss4 ,timolaus and comp4 #ddd ,twenty ,monks at ,s4 ,sabas #cfe ,v ,s4 ,verca and children #dfh ,victorian #dci ,vincent #bac ,vindician #bae ,virgilius #gb ,w ,s4 ,william of ,norwich #dfa ,winwaloe #di ,withburga #cji ,wulfram #cfa ,x ,s4 ,xystus1 ,pope #dhi ,z ,s4 ,zacharias #bfh ,zosimus of ,syracuse #ejh ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,the ,,annunciation ,frontispiece ,after ,,francia1 in the ,church of ,s4 ,john ,lateran1 ,rome4 ,s4 ,,david to face p4 #aj ,s4 ,,rudesind #ah ,after ,,cahier4 ,,lichfield ,,cathedral 7see p4 #bc7 on p4 #bj ,s4 ,,chad to face p4 #bd ,s4 ,,kunegund1 ,,empress ,,of ,,germany #eb ,,forms ,,of ,,mitre on p4 #ed ,s4 ,,casimir1 ,,prince ,,of ,,poland to face p4 #fj ,after ,,cahier4 ,,group ,,of ,,angels on p4 #fb ,,marriage ,,of ,,the ,,virgin #hi ,after a ,bas-,relief by ,,orcagna4 ,s4 ,,thomas ,,aquinas to face p4 #abh ,after ,,cahier4 ,s4 ,,john ,,of ,,god #afh ,after ,,cahier4 ,,jesus ,,christ1 ,,in ,,the ,,character ,,of ,a ,,pilgrim1 ,,accepting ,,the ,,hospitality ,,of ,,two ,,dominicans on p4 #aga ,from a ,fresco by ,,fra ,,angelico at ,florence4 ,s4 ,,gregory ,,of ,,nyssa to face p4 #agb ,after a ,picture by ,,dominichino at ,rome4 ,s4 ,,gregory ,,of ,,nyssa 7,,with ,,square ,,nimbus7 #agd ,after ,,cahier4 ,,cathedral--,,modena #ahb ,from ,,stoughton',s ,italian ,reformers4 ,,hatred ,,and ,,malice on p4 #bjb ,symbolic ,carving at the ,abbey of ,s4 ,denis4 ,,deceitfulness ,,and ,,vanity #baa ,symbolic ,carving at the ,abbey of ,s4 ,denis4 ,s4 ,,gregory ,,the ,,great to face p4 #bbf ,after ,,cahier4 ,,mass ,,of ,s4 ,,gregory #bch ,,pusillanimity on p4 #bdj ,symbolic ,carving at the ,abbey of ,s4 ,denis4 ,,slothfulness ,,and ,,gluttony #bfe ,symbolic ,carving at the ,abbey of ,s4 ,denis4 ,,ss4 ,,joseph ,,and ,,nicodemus ,,anointing ,,the ,,body ,,of ,,christ to face p4 #bhb ,from an old ,painting4 ,s4 ,,patrick #bhh ,after ,,cahier4 ,s4 ,,gertrude ,,of ,,nivelles #cjf ,after ,,cahier4 ,,portion ,,of ,a ,,monstrance on p4 #caa ,,murder ,,of ,s4 ,,edward to face p4 #cbd ,s4 ,,joseph1 ,,husband ,,of ,,the ,,blessed ,,virgin ,,mary #cbf ,from the ,vienna ,missal4 ,,death ,,of ,s4 ,,joseph #cbh ,s4 ,,cuthbert ,,reasoning ,,with ,,the ,,monks #cdb ,,death ,,of ,s4 ,,cuthbert #cdb ,s4 ,,cuthbert ,,in ,,his ,,hermit',s ,,cell #cdd ,s4 ,,benedict #chh ,after ,,cahier4 ,s4 ,,benedict ,,exorcising ,,an ,,evil ,,spirit ,,which ,,had ,,interrupted ,,the ,,workmen ,,employed ,,in ,,building ,a ,,chapel #cib ,from a ,fresco1 by ,,spinelli ,d',,arezzo1 in the ,church of ,san ,miniato1 near ,florence4 ,s4 ,,benedict ,,reproving ,,totila1 ,,and ,,predicting ,,his ,,death #djj ,from a ,fresco1 painted by ,,spinelli ,d',,arezzo1 in the ,church of ,san ,miniato1 near ,florence4 ,,the ,,two ,,thieves 7see p4 #def73 ,s4 ,,dimas ,,penitent1 ,,with ,,angel ,,bearing ,,his ,,happy ,,soul ,,to ,,paradise2 ,,the ,,impenitent1 ,,with ,,demon ,,dragging ,,forth ,,his ,,unwilling ,,soul on p4 #ddc ,,the ,,heavenly ,,messenger to face p4 #dej ,the ,angel ,gabriel was sent from ,god unto a city of ,galilee1 named ,nazareth1 to a virgin espoused to a man whose name was ,joseph1 of the house of ,david2 and the virgin's name was ,mary4 ,,the ,,annunciation to face p4 #deb ,after ,,israel ,,van ,,mecken1 in the ,museum at ,munich4 ,,the ,,annunciation #ded ,after a ,picture in the ,museum at ,madrid787 ,,memorial ,,of ,,the ,,crucifixion #def ,after a ,picture by ,,roger ,,van ,,der ,,weyden1 in the ,museum at ,madrid4 ,,fortitude on p4 #dha ,,hope #dij ,s4 ,,amadeus ,,of ,,savoy to face p4 #eab ,after ,,cahier4 ,,lives ,,of ,,the ,,saints ,march #a4 ,s4 ,,hesychius1 ,b4,m4 at ,carteja1 in ,spain1 #ast cent4 ,s4 ,,eudocia1 ,m4 at ,heliopolis1 in ,phnicia1 #bnd cent4 ,s4 ,,antonina1 ,m4 at ,nica1 #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,domnina1 ,v4,h4 in ,syria1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #dfj4 ,s4 ,,simplicius1 ,abp4 of ,bourges1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #dhj4 ,s4 ,,david1 ,abp4 of ,menevia1 in ,wales1 ,a4,d4 #edd4 ,s4 ,,herculanius1 ,b4,m4 at ,perugia1 ,a4,d4 #edg4 ,s4 ,,albinus1 ,b4 of ,angers1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #edi4 ,s4 ,,marnon1 ,b4 in ,scotland4 ,s4 ,,siward1 ,ab4 of ,s4 ,calais1 in ,france1 ,a4,d4 #fhg4 ,s4 ,,swibert1 ,b4 ,ap4 of the ,frisians1 ,a4,d4 #gac4 ,s4 ,,monan1 ,archd4 of ,s4 ,andrews1 in ,scotland1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #hgd4 ,s4 ,,leo1 ,m4 ,abp4 of ,rouen and ,ap4 of ,bayonne1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #ijj4 ,s4 ,,leo ,,luke1 ,ab4 of ,muletta1 in ,calabria1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #ijj4 ,s4 ,,rudesind1 ,b4 of ,dumium1 in ,portugal1 ,a4,d4 #igg4 ,b4 ,,roger1 ,abp4 of ,bourges1 ,a4,d4 #acfh4 ,b4 ,,bonavita1 ,c4 ,blacksmith of ,lugo1 in ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #acge4 ,s4 ,,hesychius1 ,b4,m4 7#a,,st ,,cent47 ,spanish ,martyrologies4 ,not in the ,roman4 ,hesychius is traditionally said to have been one of seven apostles sent by ,s4 ,peter into ,spain4 ,he is supposed to have preached in the neighbourhood of ,gibraltar1 and to have made ,carteja1 or ,carcesia1 the modern ,algeziras1 his head-quarters4 ,nothing authentic is known of this mission1 or of his labours and martyrdom4 ,s4 ,,eudocia1 ,m4 7#b,,nd#a ,,cent47 #a ,in the reign of ,trajan1 says the ,life1 but this is very questionable4 ,monastic life was not developed then to the extent shown in this story4 ,greek ,mena1 and ,roman ,martyrology4 ,this saint does not occur in any of the ancient ,latin ,martyrologies4 ,her name was inserted in the ,roman ,martyrology by ,baronius4 ,she is called ,eudoxia or ,eudocia4 ,authority3--,an ancient ,greek ,life which1 however1 from its using the word homo-ousios1 and calling the ,prtor1 ,count1 proves to be later than the times of ,constantine4 ,the story has a foundation of fact1 no doubt2 but a large amount of addition to it has been made of fabulous matter1 to convert it into a religious romance4 ,there was a ,samaritan woman named ,eudocia1 of great beauty1 who lived as a harlot1 in the city of ,heliopolis1 in ,phnicia4 ,she had amassed much wealth by her shameful mode of life1 and she thought only of how she might gratify the lust of the flesh1 the lust of the eye1 and the pride of life4 ,but the word of ,god is like a hammer that breaketh the rocks in pieces4 ,there was a monk1 named ,germanus1 passing through the city1 and he lodged with an acquaintance next door to the house of ,eudocia4 ,and in the middle of the night he arose1 as was his wont1 and sang his ,psalms1 and1 opening a book began1 by the light of his lamp1 to read a spiritual lecture with a loud voice4 ,and this happened to be its subject1--the coming of ,jesus ,christ on the clouds of heaven to judge all men according to their works1 when they that have done well shall enter into life1 and they that have done evil shall be cast into eternal fire4 ,now1 it fell out that there was only a lath and plaster wall between the room where the monk was and that in which ,eudocia lay4 ,and when he began to sing she awoke1 wondering1 and listened1 annoyed at first at the disturbance1 but afterwards interested and alarmed4 ,then1 when she heard him read the sentence of ,god on sinners1 she was filled with remorse for the past1 present shame1 and fear for the future4 ,and when morning dawned1 she sent for the monk1 and she asked him if that was true which he had read during the night4 ,he answered that it was so4 ,then looking round1 and wondering at the costly furniture and luxuries that abounded1 he said simply1 ,what a rich man thy husband must be6 ,then she reddened with shame1 and said1 in a low voice1 ,i have many lovers1 but no husband4 ,oh1 my daughter1 cried ,germanus1 ,would'st thou rather be poor now1 and live in joy and glory hereafter1 or be wealthy now and perish miserably in everlasting death8 ,then ,eudocia said1 ,how hard thy ,god must be to hate riches4 ,god forbid1 exclaimed the monk1 it is not riches that ,he abhors1 but goods unjustly gotten4 ,then he declared to her in order what she must do and believe to be saved4 ,and first1 send for a priest of the city who may give thee proper instruction1 that thou mayest be baptized1 for baptism is the beginning and the foundation of the whole ,christian life4 ,and now1 prepare thyself with fasting and prayer4 ,so ,eudocia bade her servants close the house1 as though she had gone into her country villa1 and should any one come to the door1 refuse him admission4 ,and she sent for a priest1 and when he came she said1 ,oh1 sir6 ,i am a grievous sinner1 a sea of guilt4 ,be of good cheer1 my daughter1 was his salutation4 ,the sea of guilt may be changed into a port of salvation1 and the waves tossing with passion sink into an ineffable calm4 ,then he instructed her on the nature of repentance1 and bade her wear a mean dress1 putting away her trinkets and silk gown1 and fast for seven days2 and he diligently taught her what she must believe and do4 ,and before he went on his way1 ,germanus visited her once again1 to confirm the good work that was begun in her4 ,then she asked him why he lived in the desert1 and in the practice of severe mortification4 ,oh1 my daughter1 he said2 ,we monks labour incessantly to cleanse from every spot of sin the garments of our souls4 ,and she said1 ,i have now fasted and eaten nothing for seven days4 ,and ,i will declare to thee what befel me last night4 ,in my exhaustion ,i sank into a trance1 and saw1 and lo6 an angel took me by the hand1 and led me into ,heaven1 where was unspeakable light1 and there ,i saw the blessed ones in white1 with shining faces1 and all their countenances lit up as ,i approached1 and they came running towards me1 and greeted me1 even me1 as a sister4 ,then there came up a shadow1 horrible and black1 and it shrieked1 saying1 ',this woman is mine4 ,i have used her to destroy many1 she has worked for me as a bond slave1 and shall she be saved8 ,i1 for one little disobedience1 was cast out of heaven1 and here is this beast1 steeped from head to foot in pollution1 admitted to the company of the elect6 ,have done with this2 take them all1 scrape all the rascals and harlots on earth together1 and admit them into your society4 ,i will off into my ,hell1 and grovel there in fire for ever4' ,and then ,i heard a voice from the ineffable light answer and say1 ',god willeth not the death of a sinner1 but rather that he should be converted and live4' ,and after that the angel took me by the hand and led me home again1 and saying to me1 ',there is joy in heaven over one sinner that repenteth1' signed me thrice with the cross1 and vanished4 ,then ,germanus rejoiced1 and bade ,eudocia be of good courage1 and continue in the good path she had elected to walk in4 ,now1 when the time of her preparation was over1 ,eudocia was baptized by the bishop1 ,theodotus1 and when the sacrament of illumination had been administered1 she went home and made an inventory of all that she had1 and sent it to the bishop4 ,and when ,theodotus had looked at it he went to her house1 and said1 ,what is this little book that thou hast sent me8 ,and she answered1 ,this is the list of all my precious things1 which ,i pray thy holiness to order the steward of the ,church to receive of me1 and distribute1 as seemeth fitting1 to those that have need4 ,then the bishop did as he was desired1 and the ,church treasurer came1 and collected1 and disposed of all her costly things4 ,it may interest some to know what these were4 ,besides money1 and jewels1 and pearls1 of which there was great store1 he carried off two hundred and seventy-five boxes of silk dresses1 and four hundred and ten chests of linen1 one hundred and sixty boxes of gowns embroidered with gold1 one hundred and fifty cases of dresses with jewelled work1 one hundred and twenty-three large chests of various garments1 twelve boxes of musk1 thirty-three of ,indian storax1 a large number of silver vessels1 several silk curtains ornamented with gold bullion1 satin curtains1 and many other things too numerous to mention4#b #b ,the wealth of some of the harlots of olden times was enormous4 ,phryne offered to rebuild the walls of ,thebes at her own cost if allowed to inscribe on them1 ,what ,alexander1 the conqueror1 pulled down1 ,phryne1 the harlot1 set up4 ,now1 as soon as all her valuables had been distributed to the most needy1 ,eudocia1 still in her white baptismal robe1 departed into the desert to a convent of thirty nuns directed by ,germanus1 the monk1 who had been the means of converting her4 ,and never did she change the colour or character of her garment till her dying day2 only in winter she put over it a sackcloth gown to her ankles1 and a hooded cloak of the same material4 ,thirteen months after her admission1 the superior of the convent died1 and ,germanus appointed the penitent ,eudocia to be superior in her room4 ,there was a young man1 who had been a lover of ,eudocia1 who was greatly vexed at her conversion1 and resolved1 partly out of passion1 and partly out of love of adventure1 to seek her out in her seclusion1 and entice her back into the world of pleasure4 ,to accomplish his object he assumed a monastic habit1 and went to the convent1 and tapped at the door4 ,the portress partly opened the window1 and1 peeping through it1 asked who was there4 ,then the man answered1 after the manner of monks1 ,i am a sinner1 and seek to communicate in your prayers and benedictions4 ,then the sister answered1 ,thou art mistaken in coming here4 ,no men are admitted into the house4 ,but go on thy way1 and thou wilt find a monastery governed by the blessed ,germanus2 he will take thee in4 ,then she shut the window in his face4 ,the young man1 whose name was ,philostratus1 made his way to the monastery of ,germanus1 and he found the old man sitting in the porch1 reading4 ,he fell at his feet1 and declared himself a sinner1 who desired to amend his life4 ,germanus looked hard at him1 and a certain wantonness of the eye made him hesitate about receiving him4 ,we are all old men here1 said he2 and are not the proper advisers and guides of a hot-headed1 fire-blooded youth4 ,go elsewhere my son1 and get a director who is nearer thine age4 ,my father6 exclaimed the dissembler1 ,how cans't thou reject me1 after that thou hast received ,eudocia4 ,she has passed through the fires of temptation such as assail youth1 and could well advise me4 ,let her give me some counsel1 and ,i will go my way strengthened thereby4 ,germanus had acted somewhat injudiciously in appointing a reclaimed harlot to be superior of a sisterhood after only thirteen months' probation2 he now committed another indiscretion in allowing the strange monk ingress into the convent4 ,but he was guileless himself1 and thought no evil of another1 so he listened to the petition of ,philostratus1 and calling to him the monk who offered the incense in the convent1 and was1 therefore1 allowed to enter it1 bade him take with him the stranger1 and give him audience of the superior4 ,so ,philostratus was led back to the convent1 and the door was opened1 and he was admitted into the room of ,eudocia1 some of the sisters standing afar off1 according to the rule of the house1 to witness the meeting1 though out of hearing of the conversation4 ,then ,philostratus looked at the sordid room1 and the horsehair cover thrown over the pallet bed1 and the haggard cheeks and sunken eyes of his former mistress1 and he burst forth into entreaties that she would leave this wretched life of constant self-watching and self-denial1 and return to the gaiety of city life1 smart gowns1 and pearl necklaces1 costly feasts1 and obsequious admirers4 ,all ,heliopolis awaits thee1 he urged1 ready once more to lavish on thee its gold and its adulation2 return once more to the raptures and liberty of a life of pleasure4 ,but she had chosen that better part which was not to be taken away from her1 and she resisted all his persuasion1 and dismissed him1 startled1 humbled1 and resolved to lead a better life4 ,so far the story of ,eudocia is natural and devoid of improbabilities4 ,but the ,greek writer was not content to leave it thus deficient in marvels1 and he has added several chapters of fanciful adventures1 as insipid as they are untrue2 and the contrast they make with the earlier portion of the history1 and of the final chapter1 points them out as an interpolation4 ,in this interpolation ,eudocia converts ,king ,aurelian at ,heliopolis1 and appears before the governor1 ,diogenes1 armed only with a particle of the ,holy ,eucharist1 which she bears in her bosom4 ,the king orders her to be stripped1 and when she has been divested of her clothes1 till the ,host is exposed1 then the ,b4 ,sacrament is suddenly transmuted into a blazing fire1 which consumes the governor and all the bystanders1 and an angel veils modestly the naked shoulders and bosom of ,eudocia4 ,the sudden extinction of a governor could hardly have been passed over by profane history had it really occurred1 and1 therefore1 the falsifier of the ,acts found it advisable to revive him4 ,accordingly1 ,eudocia is represented as taking the charred corpses by the hand and restoring them instantly to perfect soundness4 ,but putting aside this absurd story1 which is to be found repeated ad nauseam in almost all the forged and falsified ,greek ,acts of martyrdoms1 with slight variations1 we pass to the last chapter of the ,life1 which simply narrates the execution1 by the sword1 of ,eudocia in her convent1 by order of ,valerius1 the governor1 without any sermons1 inflated declamations1 and theological disquisitions1 such as usually accompany corrupted1 interpolated acts1 and are an invariable feature in forgeries4 ,s4 ,,antonina1 ,m4 7#d,,th ,,cent47 ,greek ,mena1 and ,menologium of the ,emperor ,basil4 ,inserted in the ,roman ,martyrology by ,baronius4 ,authority3--,the account in the ,menologium4 ,antonina is said to have lived in the city of ,nica1 in the reign of ,maxentius4 ,on account of her refusal to offer incense to the gods she was stripped of her clothes1 hung up1 and her sides torn with rakes4 ,then she was thrust into a sack1 or earthen vessel 7it is uncertain which71 and was drowned in a lake near the city4 ,a head and body are shown at ,bologna as those of ,s4 ,antonina1 but whether of this one or of another we are not able to divine1 say the ,bollandists4 ,a curious instance of the facility with which some forgeries may be detected is connected with ,s4 ,antonina4 ,canisius published an edition of the ,greek ,menologium in the #afth century2 in it occurred a mistake4 ,s4 ,antonina was stated to have suffered at ,ca1 a misprint for ,nica4 ,shortly after1 the ,jesuit1 ,hieronymus ,romanus de ,higuera1 forged a chronicle of ,flavius ,dexter1 ,bishop of ,barcelona1 in the #dth century4 ,he had seen the ,menologium of ,canisius1 and1 as there was a ,ceija in ,spain1 he inserted ,s4 ,antonina in his ,spanish ,chronicle as having suffered there1 and this blunder was partly the means of the detection of the forgery4 ,s4 ,,domnina1 ,v4 ,h4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #dfj47 ,greek ,menologium4 ,authority3--,theodoret4 ,theodoret1 after relating the virtues of ,s4 ,maro the hermit1 7,feb4 #adth7 goes on to tell of a holy virgin1 named ,domnina1 who lived in a small shed1 and attended prayers in the ,church at cock-crow4 ,she was emaciated with continuous fasting2 she neither looked at any one1 nor suffered her own face to be seen4 ,whenever she took the hand of ,theodoret1 the bishop1 to kiss it1 he drew it away moistened with her tears4 ,she spent her time1 when not engaged in prayer1 in ministering to the necessities of travellers4 ,s4 ,,david1 ,,abp4 ,,of ,,menevia1 ,,and ,,patron ,,of ,,wales4 7,a4,d4 #edd47 ,roman1 ,irish1 ,scotch1 and ancient ,anglican ,martyrologies4 ,his festival was celebrated in ,england with rulers of the choir1 and nine lessons4 ,pope ,callixtus ,,ii4 ordered him to be venerated throughout the ,christian world4 ,there are no very ancient accounts of ,s4 ,david1 ,the oldest is a life existing in ,,ms4 at ,utrecht1 which was not known to ,usher or ,colgan4 ,usher cites ,ricimer1 ,giraldus1 and ,john of ,tynemouth1 a ,durham priest1 who collected the ,acts of the ,english1 ,scottish1 ,welsh1 and ,irish ,saints1 and who lived in #acfj4 ,ricimer was ,bishop of ,s4 ,david's about #ajhe1 and died about #ajif4 ,his life of ,s4 ,david seems to have been the foundation of all subsequent biographies of that saint4 ,several ,,mss4 of this life are extant2 and a portion of it containing matter not found in the life of the same saint by ,giraldus ,cambrensis1 was printed by ,wharton in the ,anglia ,sacra4 ,giraldus ,cambrensis wrote his life of ,s4 ,david about #aagg4 ,s4 ,kentigern 7d4 #eij7 mentions ,s4 ,david1 and there are numerous allusions to him in the lives of contemporary ,welsh and ,irish saints4 ,s4 ,david1 or ,dewi1 as the ,welsh call him1 was born about #ddf1 at ,mynyw1 which was named ,s4 ,david's after him4 ,his father was ,sandde1 son of ,ceredig1 who was the son of ,cunedda1 the great conqueror of ,n4 ,wales4 ,his mother's name was ,nn2 she was the daughter of ,gynyr of ,caergawch4 ,giraldus says he was baptized at ,porth ,clais by ,alveas1 ,bishop of ,munster1 who by divine providence had arrived at that time from ,ireland4 ,the same author says he was brought up at ,henmenen1 which is probably the ,roman station ,menapia4 ,s4 ,david was educated under ,iltyt at ,caerworgon4 ,he was afterward ordained priest1 and studied the ,scriptures for ten years with ,paulinus at ,ty-gwyn-ar ,df1 or ,whitland1 in ,caermarthenshire4 ,he then retired for prayer and study to the ,vale of ,ewias1 where he raised a chapel1 and a cell on the site now occupied by ,llanthony ,abbey4 ,the river ,honddu furnished him with drink1 the mountain pastures with meadow-leek for food4 ,his legendary history states that he was advised by an angel to move from under the shadow of the ,black ,mountains to the vale of ,rhos1 and to found a monastery at ,mynyw1 his birth place4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,david4 ,march #a4 ,he built a monastery on the boggy land which forms nearly the lowest point of that basin-shaped glen3 on1 or near its site stands the present ,cathedral of ,s4 ,david4 ,he practised the same rigorous austerities as before4 ,water was his only drink1 and he rigorously abstained from animal food4 ,he devoted himself wholly to prayer1 study1 and to the training of his disciples4 ,he1 like many other abbots at that time1 was promoted to the episcopate4 ,a wild legend makes him to have started on a pilgrimage to ,jerusalem1 and to have received consecration at the hands of the patriarch ,john ,,iii4 ,this tale was invented by some ,british monk to show that the ,welsh bishops traced their succession to the oldest1 if not the most powerful1 of the patriarchates4 ,except when compelled by unavoidable necessity he kept aloof from all temporal concerns4 ,he was reluctant even to attend the ,synod of ,brefi4 ,this was convened by ,dubricius about #eai at ,llandewi ,brefi1 in ,cardiganshire1 to suppress the ,pelagian heresy1 which was once more raising its head4 ,the synod was composed of bishops1 abbots1 and religious of different orders1 together with princes and laymen4 ,giraldus says1 ,when many discourses had been delivered in public1 and were ineffectual to reclaim the ,pelagians from their error1 at length ,paulinus1 a bishop with whom ,david had studied in his youth1 very earnestly entreated that the holy1 discreet1 and eloquent man might be sent for4 ,messengers were therefore despatched to desire his attendance3 but their importunity was unavailing with the holy man1 he being so fully and intently given up to contemplation1 that urgent necessity alone could induce him to pay any regard to temporal or secular concerns4 ,at last two holy men1 ,daniel and ,dubricius1 persuaded him to come4 ,after his arrival1 such was the grace and eloquence with which he spoke1 that he silenced the opponents1 and they were utterly vanquished4 ,but ,father ,david1 by common consent of all1 whether clergy or laity1 7,dubricius having resigned in his favour71 was elected primate of the ,cambrian ,church4 ,dubricius retired to the ,isle of ,bardsey4 ,a beautiful yet wild legend tells us3--,while ,s4 ,david's speech continued1 a snow white dove descending from heaven sat upon his shoulders2 and moreover the earth on which he stood raised itself under him till it became a hill1 from whence his voice was heard like a trumpet1 and was understood by all1 both near and far off3 on the top of which hill a church was afterwards built1 and remains to this day4 ,s4 ,david at first strenuously declined the primacy2 at last he accepted it on the condition that he was to be allowed to transfer the archiepiscopal chair from the busy city of ,caerleon upon the ,usk--the former capital of ,britannia ,secunda--to the quiet retreat of ,mynyw4 ,arthur1 the famous king1 and ,pendragon1 who is said to have been a nephew of our saint1 assented to this4 ,doubtless the advances westward which the heathen ,english were making1 filled ,s4 ,david with dread lest the seat of the primacy should one day fall into their hands4 ,so he thought it prudent to remove it to the iron-bound shores of ,pembroke1 where the ,english could not so easily land4 ,after his elevation1 ,s4 ,david1 in spite of his retiring disposition1 proved a vigorous and hard-working prelate4 ,he occasionally resided at ,caerleon1 and in #ebi he convened a synod1 which exterminated the ,pelagian heresy1 and was in consequence named ,the ,synod of ,victory4 ,it ratified the canons and decrees of ,brefi1 as well as a code of rules which he had drawn up for the regulation of the ,british ,church1 a copy of which remained in the ,cathedral of ,s4 ,david's until it was lost in an incursion of pirates4 ,giraldus says1 ,in his times1 in ,cambria1 the ,church of ,god flourished exceedingly1 and ripened with much fruit every day4 ,monasteries were built everywhere2 many congregations of the faithful of various orders were collected to celebrate with fervent devotion the ,sacrifice of ,christ4 ,but to all of them ,father ,david1 as if placed on a lofty eminence1 was a mirror and pattern of life4 ,he informed them by words1 and he instructed them by example2 as a preacher he was most powerful through his eloquence1 but more so in his works4 ,he was a doctrine to his hearers1 a guide to the religious1 a light to the poor1 a support to the orphans1 a protection to widows1 a father to the fatherless1 a rule to monks1 and a path to seculars1 being made all things to all men that he might bring all to ,god4 ,he founded several churches and monasteries4 ,it is also generally agreed that ,wales was first divided into dioceses in his time4 ,geoffrey of ,monmouth states that he died in his monastery at ,mynyw i4e41 ,s4 ,david's1 where he was honourably buried by order of ,maelgwn ,gwynedd4 ,this event is recorded by him as if it happened soon after the death of ,arthur1 who died #edb4 ,according to the computations of ,archbishop ,usher1 ,s4 ,david died #edd1 aged #hb4 ,the ,bollandists agree with ,usher on the date of his death1 but they put his birth back as far as #ddf1 so that according to their calculation he lived to the age of #ih4 ,numerous legends have gathered round the history of ,s4 ,david4 ,thus an angel is said to have foretold his birth thirty years before to his father in a dream4 ,on the morrow1 said the angelic voice1 thou wilt slay a stag by a river side1 and wild find three gifts there1 to wit1 the stag1 a fish1 and a honeycomb4 ,thou shalt give part of these to the son who shall be born thirty years hence4 ,the honeycomb proclaims his honied wisdom1 the fish1 his life on bread and water1 the stag his dominion over the old serpent4 ,the mention of the stag doubtless arose from the old fancy that that animal kills serpents by trampling on them3 thus did ,david trample the ,pelagian heresy under foot4 ,when ,s4 ,patrick settled in the vale of ,rhos1 a voice bade him depart1 for it was reserved for the abode of a child who should be born thirty years after4 ,at his baptism1 ,s4 ,david splashed some water on to the blind eyes of the bishop who was baptizing him1 and restored their power of sight4 ,his schoolfellows at ,henmenen saw a dove teaching him1 and singing hymns with him4 ,after studying with ,paulinus1 he journeyed to ,glastonbury4 ,he was intending to dedicate afresh the church which had been re-built1 when the ,lord appeared to him in a dream1 and told him that ,he had already dedicated it3 as a sign that ,he had spoken unto him ,he pierced the saint's hand with ,his fingers4 ,so our saint contented himself with building a ,lady ,chapel at the east end4 ,he is said to have founded twelve monasteries on this journey4 ,he returned to ,wales1 and then established a monastery at ,mynyw1 which was soon filled with monks and disciples4 ,they worked hard with their own hands in the fields2 they harnessed themselves to the plough instead of using oxen for that purpose2 they tended bees that they might have some honey to give to the sick and the poor4 ,the bees became so attached to one monk1 ,modemnoc1 that they followed him on board ship when he was about to set sail for ,ireland4 ,he returned to the monastery and made several attempts to embark unobserved by his winged friends2 but all his efforts failed4 ,so at last he asked ,s4 ,david's leave to take them with him2 the saint blessed the bees1 and bade them depart in peace1 and be fruitful and multiply in their new home4 ,thus ,ireland1 where bees had been hitherto unable to live1 was enriched by their honey4 ,he opened many fountains in dry places1 healed many brackish streams1 raised many dead to life1 and had many visions of ,god and of ,angels4 ,in one of these visions he was warned that he should depart1 ,march #ast4 ,thenceforth he was more zealous in the discharge of his duty3 on the ,sunday before his death he preached a sermon to the assembled people1 and after consecrating and receiving the ,lord's ,body1 he was seized with a sudden pain3 then turning to the people he said1 ,brethren1 persevere in the things which ye have heard of me3 on the third day hence ,i go the way of my fathers4 ,on that day1 while the clergy were singing the ,matin ,office1 he had a vision of his ,lord2 then1 exulting in spirit1 he exclaimed1 ,raise me after ,thee4 ,with these words he breathed his last4 ,he was canonized by ,pope ,callixtus ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #aabj2 who is also said to have granted an indulgence to all those who made a pilgrimage to his shrine4 ,three kings of ,england--,william the ,conqueror1 ,henry ,,ii41 and ,edward ,i4--are said to have undertaken the journey1 which when twice repeated was deemed equal to one pilgrimage to ,rome2 whence arose this saying3-- ,roma semel quantum1 dat bis ,menevia tantum4 ,a noble ,english matron1 ,elswida1 in the reign of ,edgar1 transferred his relics1 probably in #ifd1 from ,s4 ,david's to ,glastonbury4 ,s4 ,david's plain but empty shrine stands now in the choir of ,s4 ,david's ,cathedral to the north of ,edward ,tudor's altar tomb4 ,s4 ,,albinus1 ,b4 ,,of ,,angers4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #edi47 ,s4 ,albinus seems to have enjoyed an amount of popularity as a saint which it is difficult to account for4 ,besides receiving great veneration at ,angers1 where his feast is a double1 and in ,brittany1 where it is a semi-double1 in ,gnesen1 in ,poland1 it was observed as a double4 ,his name appears in most ,martyrologies1 as those of ,usuardus1 ,hrabanus1 ,wandelbert1 c4 ,authority3--,his life written by ,fortunatus1 a priest1 his contemporary4 ,s4 ,albinus1 or ,s4 ,aubin1 as he is called in ,france1 belonged to an ancient family at ,vannes1 in ,brittany4 ,he embraced the religious life in the abbey of ,cincillac1 called afterwards ,tintillant1 near ,angers4 ,at the age of thirty-five1 in the year #ejd1 he was chosen abbot1 and twenty-five years afterwards1 bishop of ,angers4 ,in the #crd ,council of ,orleans1 in #ech1 he caused the thirtieth canon of the ,epaone to be revived1 which declared excommunication to those who contracted marriage within the first or second degree of consanguinity4 ,his life is singularly devoid of incident which could mark it off from that of many another abbot and bishop1 and it is therefore difficult to account for his undoubted popularity in ,france in ancient times4 ,s4 ,,swibert1 ,,the ,,elder1 ,b41 ,,ap4 ,,of ,,the ,,frisians4 7,a4,d4 #gac47 ,ado1 ,usuardus1 ,molanus1 ,belgian1 and ,cologne ,martyrologies1 ,gallican and ,roman ,martyrologies4 ,authorities3--,bede1 lib4 ,v4 ,c4 #ab2 and the life of ,s4 ,willibrod4 ,there exists a forged life of ,s4 ,swibert1 under the name of ,marcellinus1 which was composed in the #aeth century1 and which is undeserving of attention4 ,s4 ,swibert is called the ,elder to distinguish him from ,s4 ,swibert1 ,b4 of ,verden1 in ,westphalia1 in #hjg4 7,april #cj72 there was also another ,swibert about #gej1 abbot in ,cumberland1 mentioned by ,bede4 ,many writers have confounded together ,s4 ,swibert the ,elder1 and ,s4 ,swibert the ,younger4 ,s4 ,swibert was a ,northumbrian monk who had been trained under ,s4 ,egbert1 whom he accompanied to ,ireland4 ,egbert desired greatly the conversion of ,friesland1 but was unable himself to attempt it1 and his zeal communicated itself to his disciple ,swibert1 and when ,s4 ,willibrord sailed in #fij for that country1 ,swibert1 at ,egbert's desire1 accompanied him4 ,they landed at the mouth of the ,rhine1 at ,katwyck1 and ,willibrord established his head quarters at ,utrecht4 ,two years before1 ,pepin l',herstall had conquered ,radbod1 king of ,frisia1 and had obliged him to ask peace1 and abandon to the mayor of the palace his most important possessions1 amongst others the whole basin between the ,meuse and the ,rhine1 where stand now the town of ,leyden1 ,delft1 ,gouda1 ,brill1 and ,dortrecht1 as well as the city of ,utrecht4 ,finding it difficult to make headway against the superstitions of paganism1 ,willibrord appealed to the authority of ,pepin1 who sent ,willibrord to ,rome to receive mission and benediction for his work from the ,holy ,see4 ,on his return1 success declared for the apostles1 and four years after1 ,pepin sent ,willibrord again to ,rome with letters praying the pope to ordain him bishop to the nation he had converted4 ,pope ,sergius consecrated him in #fif1 and ,willibrord fixed his see at ,utrecht1 of which he was the first bishop4 ,in the meantime1 ,swibert had been labouring in ,hither ,friesland1 or the southern part of ,holland1 the northern part of ,brabant1 and the counties of ,guelders and ,cleves1 with great success4 ,in #fig1 ,swibert was in ,england1 probably in quest of fellow-helpers for the harvest1 for the fields were white thereto1 and he received episcopal consecration from the hands of ,s4 ,wilfred of ,york1 then in banishment from his see4 ,swibert1 invested with this sacred character1 returned to his flock1 and committing them to the care of ,s4 ,willibrord1 penetrated further up the ,rhine1 and preached to the ,boructarii1 a people living below ,cologne1 with success4 ,but the ,saxons invading the country1 swept away his work1 and he retired into the islet of ,kaiserwerth in the ,rhine1 which ,pepin had given him1 where he founded a monastery1 which flourished for many ages1 till it was converted into a collegiate church of secular canons4 ,his relics were found in #afbf1 at ,kaiserwerth1 in a silver shrine1 and there are preserved and venerated4 ,s4 ,,monan1 ,,archd4 ,,and ,c4 7,a4,d4 #hgd47 ,aberdeen ,breviary4 ,s4 ,adrian1 bishop of ,s4 ,andrews1 trained the holy man from his childhood1 and appointed him to be his archdeacon4 ,he afterwards sent him to preach the ,gospel in the island of ,may1 at the mouth of the ,frith of ,forth2 he then went into ,fife4 ,the ,church suffered severely from the incursions of the ,northmen who ravaged the coasts1 burning churches and monasteries1 robbing them of their sacred vessels1 and carrying off the unfortunate people captive4 ,s4 ,monan is said by ,butler to have been martyred by these invaders1 but this is inaccurate4 ,there is no evidence that he died any other than a peaceful death4 ,he was buried at ,inverny4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,rudesind4 ,after ,cahier4 ,march #a4 ,s4 ,,leo1 ,,abp4 ,,of ,,rouen1 ,m4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #ijj47 ,gallican ,martyrology2 on this day at ,bayonne4 ,by ,saussaye and ,ferrarius on ,march #crd4 ,authority3--,two lives of no great antiquity1 one written shortly after #abic4 ,leo1 ,gervase1 and ,philip1 were the three sons of pious parents in the ,north of ,france2 ,leo was elected to be archbishop of ,rouen1 but resigned his government of the diocese into the hands of vicars1 and betook himself with his two brothers to ,bayonne1 where ,christianity had made but small progress1 much heathen superstition remained1 and a colony of ,moors had settled there4 ,he was well received1 and succeeded in making many converts1 but was killed by some pirates who had lived in the town1 but had been ejected by the citizens on account of their nefarious deeds4 ,according to the legend1 a spring of water bubbled up where ,s4 ,leo fell1 and he arose and carried his head to the place where he had last been preaching4 ,he is represented in ,art1 at ,bayonne1 where he is greatly venerated1 as a bishop1 holding his head in his hands4 ,s4 ,,rudesind1 ,b4 ,c4 7,a4,d4 #igg47 ,spanish and ,benedictine ,martyrologies4 ,office with twelve lections in the ,coimbra ,breviary4 ,his translation is observed on ,sept4 #ast4 ,authority3--,a life by ,brother ,stephen of ,cella-nuova1 about #aahj4 ,the ,blessed ,rudesind was the son of a ,count ,gutierre da ,mendenez1 in ,gallicia4 ,his mother is said to have had a foretoken of the sanctity of the child that was about to be given her1 whilst praying in the ,church of ,s4 ,salvador on ,mount ,corduba4 ,when the child was born1 she desired to have him baptised in the church1 but as there was no font there1 one had to be brought up the hill in a cart4 ,the cart broke down1 says the popular legend1 however1 the font continued its journey without it4 ,the child grew up to be a good man1 and he was appointed to the bishopric of ,dumium1 a see which has ceased to exist4 ,his kinsman1 ,sisnand1 bishop of ,compostella1 was a scandal to the ,church1 spending all his time in sports1 excesses1 and vanities1 and paying no attention to his duties4 ,wherefore1 at the request of the king1 ,sancho1 and the nobles and people1 ,rudesind undertook the government of it1 and ,sancho put ,sisnand in prison4 ,during the absence of the king against the ,moors1 the ,normans invaded ,gallicia1 whereupon the bishop called together an army1 marched against them1 and drove them back to their ships1 and then turned his arms against the ,moors1 and routed them4 ,on the death of ,sancho1 ,sisnand escaped from prison1 attacked ,rudesind on ,christmas night1 whilst engaged with the canons in the sacred offices1 and threatened him1 sword in hand1 unless he resigned the see4 ,rudesind at once laid aside his office1 and retired into a monastery1 where he assumed the habit1 and after some years was chosen abbot4 ,illustration3 ,lichfield ,cathedral4 ,see page #bc4 ,march #b4 ,,ss4 ,,martyrs1 under the ,emperor ,alexander at ,rome1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #bai4 ,,ss4 ,,jovinus ,,and ,,basileus1 ,,mm4 at ,rome1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #beh4 ,,ss4 ,,ducius1 ,b4,m41 ,,absalom1 ,,largius1 ,,herolus1 ,,primitius1 ,,and ,,januarius1 ,,mm4 at ,csarea in ,cappadocia4 ,,ss4 ,,paul1 ,,heraclius1 ,,secundola1 ,,januaria1 ,,and ,,luciosa1 ,,mm4 in the ,port of ,rome4 ,s4 ,,simplicius1 ,pope of ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #dhc4 ,s4 ,,joavan1 ,p4 at ,s4 ,paul de ,leon1 #fth4 cent4 ,,ss4 ,,martyrs1 under the ,lombards1 in ,italy1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #egi4 ,s4 ,,ceadda1 ,,or ,,chad1 ,b4 of ,lichfield1 ,a4,d4 #fgb4 ,s4 ,,willeich1 ,p4 at ,keiser-werdt1 on the ,rhine1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #gbf4 ,b4 ,,charles ,,the ,,good1 ,m41 ,count of ,flanders1 ,a4,d4 #aabg4 ,,ss4 ,,martyrs ,,under ,,alexander4 7,,circ4 ,a4,d4 #bai47 ,nearly all the ,latin ,martyrologies commemorate these martyrs1 without giving their names4 ,baronius added to the ,roman ,martyrology1 that they suffered under ,ulpian the prfect2 this was a conjecture of his1 for ,ulpian was bitterly hostile to the ,christians1 and it was under him that ,s4 ,martina 7,jan4 #ast7 suffered4 ,alexander himself1 only seventeen when he came to the throne1 was of mild disposition1 and the reins of government were in the hands of his mother ,mama1 who1 with the approbation of the senate1 chose sixteen of the wisest and most virtuous senators as a council of state1 and at the head of this placed the learned ,ulpian1 a prudent governor1 and severe disciplinarian1 who could not brook that certain citizens should worship ,god in any way than that of the established religion1 and looked on ,christianity as a dangerous political element in the state1 which demanded extirpation4 ,s4 ,,simplicius1 ,,pope4 7,a4,d4 #dhc47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authorities3--,evagrius1 ,hist4 ,eccl41 and his own letters4 ,s4 ,simplicius was born at ,tivoli1 and succeeded ,s4 ,hilary in the papal throne1 in #dfh4 ,he strongly resisted the ,emperor ,leo1 who desired to elevate the patriarch of ,constantinople to the second rank in the ,church1 above the patriarchs of ,antioch and ,alexandria4 ,he was also engaged in controversy with ,acacius of ,constantinople concerning the appointment of ,peter ,mongus to the see of ,alexandria4 ,after having governed the ,church in most difficult and stormy times1 ,simplicius died on ,march #bnd1 in the year #dhc2 and was buried in ,s4 ,peter's4 ,s4 ,,joavan1 ,p4 ,c4 7#f,,th ,,cent47 ,venerated in ,brittany4 ,authorities3--,a ,life by ,albert ,le ,grand1 and the lections of the ,church of ,s4 ,paul de ,lon4 ,albert ,le ,grand wrote his life in #afbc1 from old ,,mss4 histories and legends preserved at ,lon in his time4 ,this saint was an ,irishman by birth1 and nephew of ,s4 ,paul de ,lon4 ,he studied with his uncle in ,britain1 and then returned to ,ireland1 but hearing that ,s4 ,paul had gone into ,brittany1 he departed for that country1 and after having passed his noviciate in the monastery of ,llanaterenecan1 under ,s4 ,judulus1 he departed to ,lon1 and received priest's orders from his uncle1 who appointed him to the isle of ,baz4 ,he is patron of two parishes in the diocese of ,s4 ,paul de ,lon4 ,,ss4 ,,martyrs ,,under ,,the ,,lombards4 7,,circ4 ,a4,d4 #egi47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,the ,dialogues of ,s4 ,gregory the ,great1 lib4 iii4 ,the ,lombards in their ravages of the ,north of ,italy put to death forty husbandmen1 who refused to eat meats they had offered to their idols1 and about four hundred who refused to pay reverence to the head of a goat1 which they regarded with a peculiar veneration4 ,s4 ,,chad1 ,b4 ,,of ,,lichfield4 7,a4,d4 #fgb47 ,roman1 ,anglican1 ,scottish1 and ,irish ,martyrologies4 ,authorities3--,a life is given by ,bede1 lib4 #c1 cap4 #bc1 #bd1 #bh2 ,lib4 #d1 cap4 #b1 #c1 also in a ,,ms4 printed in the ,monasticon1 and a ,metrical ,life attributed to ,robert of ,gloucester4 ,s4 ,chad or ,ceadda was1 perhaps1 the youngest of the four brothers1 ,cedd1 ,cynebil1 and ,celin1 all of whom were eminent priests4 ,our saint has sometimes been confounded with his brother ,cedd1 bishop among the ,east ,saxons1 whose life was related on ,january #gth4 ,we know neither the date nor the place of his birth4 ,it is certain he was an ,angle1 and a native of ,northumbria1 and that he flourished in the #gth century1 though ,dempster wishes to claim him as a ,scottish1 and ,colgan as an ,irish1 saint4 ,the date #fbj ,a4,d4 has been suggested as the probable time of ,chad's birth4 ,bede tells us that ,s4 ,chad was a pupil of ,aidan4 ,that bishop required the young men who studied with him to spend much time in reading ,holy ,writ1 and to learn by heart large portions of the ,psalter1 which they would require in their devotions4 ,at the death of ,aidan1 in #fea1 he went to ,ireland1 which was then full of men of learning and piety4 ,the ravages of the ,teutonic hordes on the continent had driven thither many illustrious foreigners4 ,then ,ireland was fulfilling the mission ascribed to the ,celtic race1 that of supplying the link between ,latin and ,teutonic civilization4 ,s4 ,chad1 while in ,ireland1 made the acquaintance of ,egbert1 who was afterwards abbot of ,iona4 ,cedd had1 at the request of ,ethelwald1 ,king of ,deira1 established a monastery at ,lastingham1 in ,yorkshire4 ,it stood just on the edge of that wide expanse of moorland which extends thirty miles inland from the coast4 ,bishop ,cedd returned thither from his diocese of ,london many years after1 at a time when a plague was raging4 ,he caught it1 and whilst lying on his death-bed1 bequeathed the care of the monastery to his brother1 ,chad1 who was still in ,ireland4 ,s4 ,chad1 on his return1 ruled the monastery with great care and prudence1 and received all who sought his hospitality with kindness and humility4 ,one day a stranger arrived at the gate1 praying to be received into the brotherhood4 ,this was ,owini1 lately steward of ,queen ,ethelreda4 ,tradition relates that as he pursued his toilsome journey from the fens which surrounded the abbey of ,ethelreda into ,yorkshire1 the pilgrim erected crosses by the roadside to guide any burdened souls who might hereafter seek the same haven of rest4 ,while quietly keeping the strict rule of ,s4 ,columba at ,lastingham1 our saint was summoned to the episcopate by ,king ,oswy1 of ,northumbria4 ,but we must go back a little in our history4 ,when the decision of the council or parliament1 held at ,whitby1 in #ffd1 was adverse to the ,keltic rite1 ,cedd renounced the customs of ,lindisfarne1 but ,colman1 bishop of ,lindisfarne1 obstinately holding to them1 withdrew from ,northumbria into ,scotland with all those who were willing to follow him4 ,tuda succeeded him in the pontificate of ,northumbria1 but died soon after4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,chad4 ,march #b4 ,in the meanwhile1 says ,bede1 ,king ,alchfrid 7of ,deira7 sent ,wilfrid the priest to the king of the ,gauls1 to have him consecrated bishop for himself and his subjects4 ,now he sent him to be ordained to ,agilbert1 of whom we said above that he left ,britain1 and was made bishop of the city of ,paris4 ,wilfrid was consecrated1 ,a4,d4 #ffe1 by him with great pomp2 many bishops coming together for that purpose in a village belonging to the king 7,clothair ,,iii4 of ,neustria7 called ,compiegne4 ,while he was still making some stay abroad1 after his ordination1 king ,oswy1 following the example of his son1 sent to ,kent a holy man of modest character1 sufficiently well read in the ,scriptures1 and diligently carrying out into practice what he had learnt from the ,scriptures1 to be ordained bishop of the ,church at ,york4 ,now this was a priest named ,ceadda 7,chad71 brother of the most reverend prelate ,cedd1 of whom we have made frequent mention1 and abbot of the monastery called ,lastingham4 ,the king also sent with him his own priest1 ,eadhed by name1 who was afterwards1 in the reign of ,egfrid1 made bishop of the ,church of ,ripon4 ,but when they arrived in ,kent1 they found that ,archbishop ,deusdedit had departed this life1 and that no other prelate was as yet appointed in his place4 ,whereupon they turned aside to the province of the ,west ,saxons1 where ,wini was bishop1 and by him the above-mentioned person was consecrated bishop2 two bishops of the ,british nation1 who kept ,easter ,sunday according to canonical custom from the #adth to the #bjth day of the moon1 being associated with him2 for at that time there was no other bishop in all ,britain canonically ordained1 except ,wini4 ,chad then1 being consecrated a bishop1 began at once to devote himself to ecclesiastical truth and to chastity2 to apply himself to the practice of humility1 continence1 and study2 to travel about1 not on horseback1 but after the manner of the apostles1 on foot1 to preach the gospel in the towns1 the open country1 cottages1 villages1 and castles2 for he was one of the disciples of ,aidan1 and endeavoured to instruct his hearers by the same actions and behaviour1 according to his master's example and that of his own brother ,cedd4 ,wilfrid also1 who had already been made a bishop1 coming into ,britain1 ,a4,d4 #fff1 in like manner by his doctrine brought into the ,english ,church many rules of ,catholic observance4 ,whence it came to pass that the ,catholic institutions daily gained strength1 and all the ,scots that dwelt in ,england either conformed to these or returned into their own country4 ,this is ,bede's account of the consecration of ,wilfrid and ,chad4 ,at that time the diocese of ,york comprised the whole of ,northumbria1 including the south of ,scotland4 ,under ,oswald the see of ,lindisfarne--the ,iona of the ,anglo-,saxons--was founded1 containing within its jurisdiction the kingdom of ,bernicia1 until the establishment by ,theodore of another see at ,hexham4 ,the writer of ,wilfrid's life tells us that he objected to being consecrated by the ,english bishops1 inasmuch as they were converts to the ,scottish calculation regarding the celebration of ,easter1 or had received consecration from those who were of that opinion4 ,though ,wini1 who had been consecrated in ,gaul1 cannot be placed in either of these classes1 yet ,wilfrid knew he would summon to assist him two bishops who belonged to one of them2 hence his preference for ,gaul4 ,wilfrid's delay in ,gaul1 perhaps1 excited the ,king's suspicions that he1 like his friend ,agilbert1 was seeking a mitre there2 or it may be that the king1 influenced by the ,scottish party 7who could not forgive ,wilfrid for the victory he gained over them at ,whitby71 consented to the election of ,chad to the see4 ,chad has been severely censured for accepting the bishopric under these circumstances4 ,it may be1 however1 that he1 stirred by sorrow at seeing the diocese left without a head1 and doubting too1 perhaps1 whether ,wilfrid would return1 adopted this course1 which may be condemned as uncanonical4 ,s4 ,chad is commemorated in some ,breviaries as an archbishop4 ,but he was only a bishop1 for that dignity had fallen into abeyance from the time that ,paulinus fled into ,kent4 ,but though no suffragans acknowledged ,chad as their superior1 he had ample scope for the most abundant energy4 ,we have given above ,bede's account of his untiring labours2 let us now hear that of the metrical ,life attributed to ,robert of ,gloucester4 ,he endeavoured earnestly1 night and day1 when he had thither come1 ,to guard well holy ,church1 and to uphold ,christendom4 ,he went into all his bishopric1 and preacht full fast1 ,much of that folk1 through his word1 to ,god their hearts cast1 ,all afoot he travelled about1 nor kept he any state1 ,rich man though he was made he reckoned there of little great4 ,the ,archbishop of ,york had not him used to go ,to preach about on his feet1 nor another none the mo1 ,they ride upon their palfreys1 lest they should spurn their toe1 ,but riches and worldly state doth to holy ,church woe4 ,theodore1 the new archbishop of ,canterbury1 arrived in ,england in ,a4,d4 #ffi4 ,soon after1 says ,bede1 he visited the whole island1 wherever the tribes of the ,angles dwelt1 for he was willingly entertained and heard by all persons2 and everywhere he taught the right rule of life1 and the canonical custom of celebrating ,easter4 ,he was the first archbishop whom all the ,english ,church obeyed4 ,visiting ,northumbria1 he charged ,chad with not being duly consecrated4 ,the saint replied with great humility1 ,if thou knowest that ,i have not duly received the episcopate1 ,i willingly resign the office1 for ,i never thought myself worthy of it2 but1 though unworthy1 ,i consented to undertake it for obedience sake4 ,theodore hearing his humble answer1 said that he should not resign the episcopate1 but he himself completed his ordination again after the ,roman manner4 ,he probably advised ,chad to resign his see to ,wilfrid1 for we next hear of our saint in retirement at ,lastingham4 ,in #ffi1 ,jaruman1 bishop of the ,mercians1 died4 ,king ,wulfhere asked ,theodore to send them a bishop4 ,the archbishop did not wish to consecrate a fresh one1 so he begged ,king ,oswy to let ,chad1 who was then at ,lastingham1 be their bishop4 ,theodore knowing that it was ,chad's custom to go about the work of the gospel on foot1 rather than on horseback1 bade our saint ride whenever he had a long journey to perform1 but1 finding ,chad unwilling to comply1 the archbishop with his own hands lifted him on horseback1 for he thought him a holy man1 and obliged him to ride wherever he had need to go4 ,though ,chad was bishop of ,lindisfarne for so short a time1 he left his mark on the affections of the people1 for we find that at least one chantry was dedicated in his name at ,york ,minster4 ,soon after his election to the bishopric of the ,mercians1 he set out for ,repton in ,derbyshire1 where ,diuma1 the first bishop of the ,mercians1 had established his see4 ,whether our saint desired a more central position for the episcopal see1 or was influenced by the wish to do honour to a spot enriched with the blood of martyrs1 ,bede does not tell us1 but ,chad established the ,mercian see at ,lichfield1 then called ,licetfield1 or the ,field of the ,dead1 where one thousand ,british ,christians are said to have been put to death4 ,his new diocese was not much less in extent than that of ,northumbria4 ,it comprised seventeen counties1 and stretched from the banks of the ,severn to the shores of the ,german ,ocean4 ,theodore1 years afterwards1 detached from it the sees of ,worcester1 ,leicester1 ,lindesey 7in ,lincolnshire71 and ,hereford4 ,though it was far beyond the power of one man to administer it effectually1 yet ,bede witnesses that ,chad took care to administer the same with great rectitude of life1 according to the example of the ancients4 ,king ,wulfhere also gave him land of fifty families to build a monastery at the place called ,ad ,barve1 i4e41 ',at the wood1' in the province of ,lindesey1 wherein monks of the regular life instituted by him continue to this day4 ,ad ,barve is conjectured by ,smith1 of ,durham1 to be ,barton-on-,humber1 where there is still standing a very ancient church1 admitted by ,rickman to be partly ,saxon1 dedicated to ,s4 ,peter4 ,after fixing his see at ,lichfield1 ,bede tells us he built himself a habitation not far from the ,church1 wherein he was wont to pray and read with seven or eight of the brethren1 as often as he had any spare time from the labour and ministry of the ,word4 ,when he had most gloriously governed the ,church in that province two years and a half1 in the dispensation of the ,most ,high ,judge1 there came round the time of which ,ecclesiastes speaks4 ,there is a time to cast stones1 and a time to gather them together1 for a deadly sickness sent from heaven came upon that place1 to transfer1 by the death of the flesh1 the living stones of the ,church from their earthly abodes to the heavenly building4 ,and after many of the ,church of that most reverend prelate had been taken out of the flesh1 his hour also drew near wherein he was to pass out of this world to our ,lord4 ,it happened that one day1 ,owini1 a monk of great merit1 the same that left his worldly mistress to become a subject of the heavenly king1 at ,lastingham1 was busy labouring alone near the oratory1 where the bishop was praying1 the other monks having gone to the ,church1 this monk1 ,i say1 heard the voice of persons singing most sweetly1 and rejoicing1 and appearing to descend from heaven4 ,he heard the voice approaching from the south-east1 till it came to the roof of the oratory1 where the bishop was1 and entering therein1 filled the same and all about it4 ,after a time he perceived the same song of joy ascend from the oratory1 and return heavenwards the same way it came1 with inexpressible sweetness4 ,presently the bishop opened the window of the oratory1 and1 making a noise with his hand1 ordered him to ask the seven brethren who were in the church1 to come to him at once4 ,when they were come1 he first admonished them to preserve the virtue of peace among themselves1 and towards all the faithful1 also to practise indefatigably the rules of regular discipline1 which they had either been taught by him or seen him observe1 or had noticed in the words or actions of the former fathers4 ,then he added that the day of his death was at hand3 ',for1' said he1 'that amiable guest who was wont to visit our brethren1 has vouchsafed to come to me also to-day1 and to call me out of this world4 ,return1 therefore1 to the church1 and speak to the brethren1 that they in their prayers recommend my passage to the ,lord1 and that they be careful to provide for their own1 the hour whereof is uncertain1 by watching1 prayer1 and good works4' ,when they1 receiving his blessing1 had gone away in sorrow1 ,owini returned alone1 and casting himself on the ground prayed the bishop to tell him what that song of joy was which he heard coming to the oratory4 ,the bishop1 bidding him conceal what he had heard till after his death1 said1 ',they were angelic spirits1 who came to call me to my heavenly reward1 which ,i have always longed after1 and they promised they would return seven days' hence1 and take me away with them4' ,his languishing sickness increasing daily1 on the seventh day1 when he had prepared for death by receiving the ,body and ,blood of our ,lord1 his soul being delivered from the prison of the body1 the angels1 as may justly be believed1 attending him1 he departed to the joys of heaven4 ,it is no wonder that he joyfully beheld the day of his death1 or rather the day of our ,lord1 which he had always anxiously looked for till it came2 for notwithstanding his many merits of continence1 humility1 teaching1 prayer1 voluntary poverty1 and other virtues1 he was so full of the fear of ,god1 so mindful of his last end in all his actions1 that1 as ,i was informed by one of the brothers1 who instructed me in divinity1 and who had been bred in his monastery1 whose name was ,trumhere1 if it happened that there blew a strong gust of wind1 when he was reading or doing anything else1 he at once called upon ,god for mercy1 and begged it might be extended to all mankind4 ,if it blew stronger1 he1 prostrating himself1 prayed more earnestly4 ,but if it proved a violent storm of wind or rain1 or of thunder and lightning1 he would pray and repeat ,psalms in the church till the weather became calm4 ,being asked by his followers why he did so1 he answered1 ',have ye not read1--',the ,lord also thundered in the heavens1 and the ,highest gave forth ,his voice2 yea1 ,he sent out his arrows and scattered them1 and he shot out lightnings and discomfited them4' ,for the ,lord moves the air1 raises the winds1 darts lightning1 and thunders from heaven to excite the inhabitants of the earth to fear ,him2 to put them in mind of the future judgment2 to dispel their pride and vanquish their boldness1 by bringing into their thoughts that dreadful time when1 the heavens and the earth being in a flame1 ,he will come in the clouds with great power and majesty1 to judge the quick and the dead4 ,wherefore it behoves us to answer ,his heavenly admonition with due fear and love4' ,chad died on the second of ,march1 and was first buried by ,s4 ,mary's ,church1 but afterwards1 when the ,church of the most ,holy ,prince of the ,apostles1 ,peter1 was built1 his bones were translated into it4 ,in both which places as a testimony of his virtue1 frequent miraculous cures are wont to be wrought4 ,the place of the sepulchre is a wooden monument1 made like a little house covered1 having a hole in the wall1 through which those that go thither for devotion usually put in their hand and take out some of the dust1 which they put into water and give to sick cattle or men to drink1 upon which they are presently eased of their infirmity and restored to health4 ,we have told the life of ,s4 ,chad in the reverent language of ,bede1 who1 as he says1 had some of the details direct from those who had studied under the saint4 ,though his episcopate was short1 it was abundantly esteemed by the warm-hearted ,mercians1 for thirty-one churches are dedicated in his honour1 all in the midland counties1 and either in or near the ancient diocese of ,lichfield4 ,the first church ever built in ,shrewsbury was named after him1 and when the old building fell1 in the year #aghh1 an ancient wooden figure of the patron escaped destruction1 which is still preserved in the new church4 ,the carver has represented him in his pontifical robes and a mitre1 with a book in his right hand1 and a pastoral staff in his left4 ,his well is shown at ,lichfield4 ,there was one in ,london called ,chad's ,well1 the water of which was sold to valetudinarians at sixpence a glass4 ,doubtless1 from the miracles alleged to have been wrought by mixing a little dust from his shrine with water1 he got the character of patron saint of medicinal springs4 ,at ,chadshunt there was an oratory and well bearing his name4 ,the priest received as much as #af a-year from the offerings of pilgrims4 ,chadwell--one source of the ,new ,river--is1 perhaps1 a corruption for ,s4 ,chad's ,well4 ,no writings of our saint have survived1 but in ,lichfield ,cathedral library there is a ,,ms4 of the #gth century in ,anglo-,saxon character1 containing the ,gospels of ,s4 ,matthew1 ,s4 ,mark1 and part of ,s4 ,luke1 which is known by the name of ,chad's ,gospel4 ,among the ,bodleian ,,mss4 there is an ,anglo-,saxon homily for ,s4 ,chad's day1 written in the ,middle ,anglian dialect1 which stretched from ,lichfield to ,peterborough4 ,his relics were translated from the wooden shrine to the cathedral1 when it was rebuilt by ,bishop ,roger1 in honour of ,,ss4 ,mary and ,chad4 ,in #abif1 ,walter ,langton was raised to the see of ,lichfield4 ,he built the ,lady ,chapel1 and there erected a beautiful shrine1 at the enormous cost of #b1jjj1 to receive the relics of ,s4 ,chad4 ,this was spared by ,henry ,,viii4 ,his emblem in the ,clog ,almanacks is a branch4 ,perhaps this was suggested by the ,gospel1 viz41 ,s4 ,john v41 formerly read on the ,feast of his ,translation1 which speaks of the fruitful branches of the vine4 ,this translation was formerly celebrated with great pomp at ,lichfield1 on ,august #bnd4 ,as long as the virtues of chastity1 humility1 and a forsaking all for ,christ's sake are esteemed among men1 the name of the apostle of the ,mercians ought not to be forgotten4 ,a beautiful legend formerly inscribed beneath the cloister windows of ,peterborough1 recorded the conversion of ,king ,wulfhere's sons1 ,wulfade and ,rufine1 by ,s4 ,chad1 and their murder by their father1 for he had turned heathen again in spite of the entreaties of ,queen ,ermenild3-- ,by ,queen ,ermenild had ,king ,wulfere ,these twey sons that ye see here4 ,wulfade rideth as he was wont1 ,into the forest the hart to hunt2 ,fore all his men ,wulfade is gone1 ,and sought1 himself1 the hart alone4 ,the hart brought ,wulfade to a well1 ,that was beside ,seynt ,chaddy's cell4 ,wulfade asked of ,seynt ,chad1 ,where is the hart that me hath led8 ,the hart that hither thee hath brought1 ,is sent by ,christ1 that thee hath bought4 ,wulfade prayed ,chad1 that ghostly ,leech1 ,the faith of ,christ him for to teach4 ,seynt ,chad teacheth ,wulfade the feyth1 ,and words of baptism over him seyth4 ,seynt ,chad devoutly to mass him dight1 ,and hoseled ,wulfade ,christy's knight4 ,wulfade wished ,seynt ,chad that day1 ,for his brother ,rufine to pray4 ,the legend goes on to say that ,rufine was baptized also by the saint4 ,the king's steward1 ,werbode 7who had been rebuked by the two princes for seeking the hand of their sister1 ,werburga71 told ,wulfere of their becoming ,christians1 and that they were then praying in ,s4 ,chad's oratory4 ,the king took horse thither at once1 and slew them both with his own hand4 ,stung with remorse1 he fell ill1 and was counselled by his queen to ask ,chad to shrive him4 ,as a penance the saint told him to build several abbeys1 and amongst the number he completed ,peterborough ,minster1 which his father had begun4 ,this legend is told with very full and touching details in a ,latin version printed in the ,monasticon4#c #c ,many of these details of ,s4 ,chad's life are taken from ,mr4 ,warner's excellent life of ,s4 ,chad4 ,the ,latin version is this4 ,king ,wulfere1 son of ,penda the ,strenuous1 had been baptized many years before by ,b4 ,finan1 and promised at the font1 and again when he wedded ,ermenilda1 of the royal house of ,kent1 to destroy all the idols in his realm4 ,he neglected to do so1 and let his three sons1 ,wulfade1 ,rufine1 and ,kenred remain unbaptized4 ,his beauteous daughter1 ,werburga1 had been dedicated to ,christ as a virgin by the ,queen2 yet1 when ,werbode1 his chief councillor1 and the chief supporter of idolatry in the realm1 sought her hand in marriage1 the king consented4 ,the queen1 ,ermenilda1 however1 sharply rebuked him for his presumption4 ,the brothers threatened him with their sore vengeance if he again preferred his low-born suit to their sister4 ,their disdainful words cost them dear4 ,while ,chad was praying by a fountain near his cell1 a hart1 with quivering limbs and panting breath1 leaped into the cooling stream4 ,pitying its distress1 the saint covered him with boughs1 then placing a rope round its neck1 he let it graze in the forest4 ,wulfade came up1 heated in the chase1 and asked where the beast had gone4 ,the saint replied1 ,am ,i keeper of the hart8 ,yet1 through the ministry of the hart ,i have become the guide of thy salvation4 ,the hart bathing in the fountain foreshoweth to thee the laver of baptism1 as the text says3 ,as the hart panteth after the water-brooks1 so panteth my soul after thee1 ,o ,god4 ,many other things did the saint set forth about the ministry of dumb animals to the faithful4 ,the dove from the ark told that the waters were dried up4 ,the young prince replied1 ,the things you tell me would be more likely to work faith in me if the hart you have taught to wander in the forest with the rope round its neck were to appear in answer to your prayers4 ,the saint prostrated himself in prayer1 and lo6 the hart burst from the thicket4 ,the saint exclaimed1 ,all things are possible to him that believeth4 ,hear then1 and believe the faith of ,christ4 ,the saint instructed him1 and baptized him4 ,the next day he received the ,eucharist1 and went home1 and told his brother ,rufine that he had become a ,christian4 ,the other said1 ,i have long wished for baptism2 ,i will seek holy ,chad4 ,the brothers set out together4 ,rufine espying the hart with the cord round its neck1 gave hot chase2 the animal made for the saint's cell1 and leaped into the fountain as before4 ,rufine saw a venerable man praying near4 ,he said1 ,art thou1 my lord1 father ,chad1 guide of my brother ,wulfade to salvation8 ,he answered1 ,i am4 ,the prince earnestly desiring baptism1 ,chad baptized him1 ,wulfade holding him at the font1 after the manner taught by holy ,church4 ,then they departed1 but returned daily to him4 ,werbode stealthily spied their ways and doings1 and told their father that they had become ,christians1 and were then worshipping in ,chad's oratory1 adding that their conversion would alienate his subjects4 ,the king set out in anger for the cell1 the queen sending ,werbode before to tell the princes of his approach1 that they might hide4 ,but ,werbode only looked in at the window of the oratory1 and saw them praying earnestly4 ,he returned to the king1 and told him that his sons were obstinate in their purpose of worshipping ,christ4 ,the king1 pale with anger1 rushed towards the oratory4 ,he threatened them with his vengeance for breaking the laws of the land by becoming ,christians1 and bade them renounce ,christ4 ,wulfade replied1 ,they did not want to break the laws1 and that the king himself once professed the faith which now he renounced4 ,they wished to retain his fatherly affection1 but no tortures could turn them from ,christ4 ,the king rushed furiously upon him1 and cut off his head4 ,his brother1 ,rufine1 fled1 but his father pursued him1 and gave him a mortal wound4 ,thus these two departed to celestial glory4 ,werbode was smitten with madness when they returned to the castle and told the murder in the ears of all4 ,the queen buried her sons honourably in one stone tomb1 and withdrew with her daughter1 ,werburga1 to the monastery at ,sheppey1 and then to that of ,ely4 ,the king1 overcome with remorse1 fell dangerously ill4 ,the queen counselled him to seek out ,chad1 and confess to him4 ,wulfere took her advice1 and starting one morning with his thanes1 as if to follow the chase1 his attendants got scattered from him1 and he was left alone4 ,soon he espied the meek hart with the rope round its neck2 he followed its track gladly1 till he came to ,chad's cell4 ,the king1 approaching the oratory1 espied the saint saying mass2 he dared not enter till he had been shriven4 ,when the canon began1 so great a light shone through the apertures in the wall1 that priest and sacrifice were covered with such splendour that the king was nearly blinded by it1 for it was brighter than that of the natural sun4 ,the saint knew what the king wanted1 so when the office was ended he hastily put off his vestments1 and1 thinking to lay them upon the appointed place1 unwittingly hung them upon a sunbeam1 for the natural sun was now streaming through the window4 ,he found the king prostrate before the door2 raising him up he heard the penitent's confession1 and enjoined him as a penance1 to root out idolatry1 and to found monasteries4#d ,he then motioned to the king that he should enter the oratory and pray4 ,wulfere1 chancing to lift up his eyes1 with wonder saw the vestments hanging on the sunbeam4 ,he rose from his knees1 and1 drawing near1 placed his own gloves and baldric upon the beam1 but they immediately fell to the ground4 ,the king understood by this that ,chad was beloved by the ,sun of ,righteousness1 since the natural sun paid him such homage4 #d ,the reader will here recall the account of ,lancelot and the ,sacring in the ,tower by ,joseph of ,arimatha1 in the ,morte d',arthur4 ,b4 ,,charles ,,the ,,good1 ,m41 ,,count ,,of ,,flanders4 7,a4,d4 #aabg47 ,hermann ,greven and ,molanus in their additions to ,usuardus1 ,galesinius1 ,canisius1 ,saussaye1 and the ,belgian ,martyrologies4 ,authorities3--,a life by a contemporary1 ,walter1 archdeacon of ,throuanne1 another life by ,gualbert of ,bruges1 written about two years after the death of the count1 and another by ,suger1 abbot of ,s4 ,denys1 d4 #aaea4 ,charles the ,good1 ,count of ,flanders1 the son of ,s4 ,canute1 ,king of ,denmark1 and ,adelheid1#e daughter of ,robert the ,frisian1 was taken to ,bruges after the martyrdom of his father1 7see ,jan4 #aith71 and received a careful education from ,robert ,,ii41 ,count of ,flanders1 his uncle on his mother's side1 who trained him to be a good knight1 'without fear and without reproach1' and at the same time to be a good ,christian4 ,charles distinguished himself by his bravery in the ,holy ,land1 and in the war carried on by his uncle against the ,english1 and after the death of ,baldwin ,,vii41 who succeeded his father1 ,robert ,,ii41 in #aaaa1 and died without issue1 he was declared his successor by acclamation of the nobility and people1 in accordance with the dying wish of his uncle4 ,his elevation was not1 however1 acceptable to every party in the state1 and his government1 which began in the midst of plots1 was brought to a close by one4 #e ,aleidis or ,alice4 ,he was married to ,margaret de ,clermont1 sister of the ,bishop of ,tournai1 and of the royal blood of ,france4 ,on the sea-banks1 in the midst of the sand-hills1 living by piracy1 and by fishing1 were colonies of ,flemings4 ,furnes is the centre of this district4 ,it was held by ,clmence of ,burgundy1 the widow of ,count ,robert ,,ii41 as her dowry4 ,she had married one of her nieces to ,king ,louis ,,vi41 another to ,william de ,loo1 ,viscount of ,ypres1 son of ,philip1 her brother-in-law4 ,consequently there were several ambitious and powerful parties ready to lay claim to the ,county of ,flanders1 and wrest it from the hands of ,charles4 ,the ,flemings of the sea-coast rose1 at the instigation of ,clmence1 and were secretly favoured by the ,king of ,france2 whilst1 at the same time1 ,william de ,loo asserted his claim4 ,the feudal nobles desired to profit by these circumstances1 to increase their own power4 ,one of them1 ,godfrey of ,louvain1 married the dowager countess1 ,clmence4 ,the ,counts of ,hainault1 ,boulogne1 ,s4 ,pol1 and ,hesdin1 took arms4 ,clmence took ,audenarde1 the ,count of ,s4 ,pol invaded ,west ,flanders1 but ,charles fell suddenly on them with an army1 subjugated ,de ,loo1 deprived ,s4 ,pol of his castle1 and the countess of her dowry1 dispersed the armed men of ,hainault1 ,boulogne1 and ,coucy1 and as ,walter of ,throuanne says1 ,the land held its tongue before him4 ,the king of ,france was the first to strike an alliance with him4 ,these successes excited the mistrust of the king of ,england and the emperor ,henry ,v4 ,the latter1 under pretext of a war against the duke of ,saxony1 assembled an army in ,august #aabd1 crossed the ,rhine1 and marched towards ,metz1 threatening to destroy ,rheims1 where pope ,callixtus ,,ii4 had lately excommunicated him4 ,in this imminent peril1 all the vassals of the king rallied around ,louis ,,vi4 ,the noble ,count of ,flanders1 says the abbot ,suger1 brought with him ten thousand brave soldiers1 and if there had been time1 he would have brought thrice as many4 ,in face of these preparations to resist his invasion the emperor withdrew to ,utrecht4 ,on his death1 all eyes turned to ,charles1 and the imperial crown was offered him4 ,he refused it1 as he did also the crown of ,jerusalem1 offered him by the ,christians in the ,holy ,land4 ,he now devoted himself to the administration of his country with great zeal4 ,he enacted wise laws1 and laboured to make justice prevail in all the courts of judicature4 ,nevertheless a vague uneasiness prevailed amongst his subjects4 ,the sea had overleaped the sand-hills1 fires had broken out and consumed certain monasteries1 and an eclipse of the sun gave prognostication of further evils4 ,the winter of #aabe was of unparalleled severity2 ice and snow prevailed till the end of ,march1 and no sooner had the fields and woods begun to resume their verdant tints1 than furious gales and a deluge of rain dissipated the hopes of the farmers4 ,a dreadful famine ensued4 ,some1 says ,gualbert1 perished before they could reach the towns and castles1 where food was obtainable2 others died in extending their hands for alms4 ,in all our land the natural colour of the face had become exchanged for the pallor of death4 ,despair was general1 for those who were not themselves in want sickened with grief at the sight of such miseries4 ,in these calamities the ,count of ,flanders exhibited more greatness than if he had reigned at ,aachen1 or at ,jerusalem4 ,he exempted the farmers from their taxes and rents1 and required them to house and feed so many poor4 ,at ,ypres he distributed #ahjj loaves in one day4 ,he forbade the consumption of barley for the manufacture of beer1 that it might be used for bread1 and he ordered the immediate sowing of such vegetables as are of rapid growth4 ,the ensuing winter was also severe1 but with the spring the distress gave signs of alleviation1 for the crops were abundant1 and in the autumn plenty reigned once more4 ,during the stress of famine1 ,charles learnt that ,lambert1 brother of ,bertulf1 dean of ,s4 ,donatus1 at ,bruges1 had bought up all the grain of the monasteries of ,s4 ,winoc1 ,s4 ,bertin1 ,s4 ,peter1 and ,s4 ,bavo1 together with all the foreign corn that had been brought into the ports from the ,baltic1 and was keeping it back so as to sell it at an enormous profit4 ,charles sent for ,lambert and the dean1 and bitterly reproached them4 ,the ,count sent one of his councillors1 ,tankmar van ,straten1 to examine the granaries of these two men1 and they were found to be filled to overflowing with stored-up grain4 ,tankmar offered a reasonable price for the store1 but it was indignantly refused by the avaricious men4 ,he1 therefore1 by the ,count's orders1 insisted on their receiving it1 and opening the granaries1 distributed the corn to the starving poor4 ,this aroused the wrath of the brothers1 who had powerful friends among the people of ,furnes1 and to avenge themselves1 a project was formed to assassinate the prince4 ,one day1 as he was hearing mass in a chapel of the ,cathedral of ,s4 ,donatus1 at ,bruges1 one of the conspirators cut off his arm with a hatchet1 and another clave his skull4 ,his body was buried in the ,church of ,s4 ,christopher1 but was afterwards translated to the ,cathedral of ,s4 ,donatus1 where they remained till the period of the ,french ,revolution1 when the cathedral was levelled with the ground4 ,the relics of the holy martyr were1 however1 preserved with respect1 and on ,march #bnd1 #ahbg1 seven hundred years after the death of ,charles1 were solemnly replaced above an altar in the ,church of ,s4 ,sauveur1 now used as the cathedral4 ,the day of his festival attracts a great concourse of the faithful2 those afflicted with fever especially come from all quarters to cure themselves by drinking out of the skull of the ,blessed ,charles the ,good4 ,illustration3 ,decorative motif1 snowdrops ,march #c4 ,,ss4 ,,marinus1 ,m41 ,,and ,,asterius1 ,c4 at ,csarea1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #bfj4 ,,ss4 ,,felix1 ,,castus1 ,,luciolus1 ,,florian1 ,,justus1 ,,and ,,others1 ,,mm4 in ,africa4 ,,ss4 ,,emetherius ,,and ,,chelidonius1 ,,mm4 at ,calahorra1 in ,spain4 ,,ss4 ,,basiliscus1 ,,eutropius1 ,,and ,,cleonicus1 ,,mm4 at ,amasea and ,comana1 in ,pontus1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cjh4 ,s4 ,,camilla1 ,v4 ,r4 at ,ecoulives1 near ,auxerre1 ,a4,d4 #dcg4 ,s4 ,n,n1 ,w4 in ,wales1 the ,mother of ,s4 ,david1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #dfj4 ,s4 ,,winwaloe1 ,ab4 of ,landevenec1 in ,brittany1 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,titian1 ,b4 of ,brescia1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #ebf4 ,s4 ,,calupanus1 ,h4 at ,clermont1 ,a4,d4 #egf4 ,s4 ,,kunegund1 ,empss4 ,v41 ,wife and ,wid41 at ,bamberg1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #ajdj4 ,,ss4 ,,marinus1 ,m41 ,,and ,,asterius1 ,c4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #bfj47 ,usuardus1 ,ado1 ,notker1 ,bede1 ,wandelbert1 and ,roman ,martyrologies4 ,authority3--,eusebius1 ,hist4 ,eccl4 lib4 vii4 c4 #ae1 #af4 ,peace being restored to the ,church1 writes ,eusebius1 ,marinus of ,csarea1 in ,palestine1 who was one of the army1 distinguished for his military honours1 and illustrious for his family and wealth1 was beheaded for his confession of ,christ1 on the following occasion4 ,there is a certain honour among the ,romans1 called the vine1 which they who obtain are said to be centurions4 ,a place becoming vacant1 ,marinus1 by order of succession1 was called to be promoted1 but another1 advancing to the tribunal1 objected1 saying that he was a ,christian1 and refused to sacrifice to the emperor1 and therefore legally could not share in ,roman honours2 but that the office devolved on himself1 the objector1 who was second on the list4 ,the judge1 whose name was ,achus1 roused at this1 began first to question ,marinus on his opinions2 and when he saw that he was constant in affirming that he was a ,christian1 granted him three hours for reflection4 ,but as soon as he came out of the judgment hall1 ,theotecnus1 bishop of that place1 coming to him1 took him by the hand1 and drawing him to the ,church1 placed him before the altar1 raised his cloak a little1 and pointing to the sword at his side1 at the same time that he presented before him the book of the ,holy ,gospels1 told him to choose which of the two he would retain4 ,without hesitation1 ,marinus extended his hand and took the book4 ',hold fast1 then1 hold fast to ,god1' said ,theotecnus1 'and strengthened by him1 mayest thou obtain what thou choosest4 ,go in peace4' ,immediately on his return thence1 a crier proclaimed before the prtorium that the appointed time had elapsed4 ,marinus then was arraigned1 and after exhibiting a still greater fervour for the faith1 was led away and made perfect by martyrdom4 ,mention is also made of the confidence of ,asterius1 a man of senatorial rank1 in great favour with the emperors1 and well known for his nobility and wealth4 ,as he was present at the death of the above-mentioned martyr1 taking up the corpse1 he bore it on his shoulder in a splendid and costly dress1 and covering it in a magnificent manner1 gave it a decent burial4 ,asterius is venerated by the ,greeks on ,august #gth as a martyr1 who suffered decollation1 and ,marinus is not mentioned by them4 ,eusebius says nothing of the martyrdom of ,asterius1 as he certainly would have done1 had he died for ,christ1 for he says1 ,many other facts are stated of this man by his friends1 who are alive at present1 and then he relates his counteracting by his prayers the drowning of a victim annually offered to the river ,jordan4 ,the ,roman ,martyrology1 however1 accepts the ,greek tradition4 ,asterius received the honour he rendered to the martyr1 becoming himself a martyr2 but perhaps the word martyr is here to be taken in the sense frequently given to it anciently1 of a confessor1 or witness to ,christ1 not necessarily by losing his life for his testimony1 but only by imperilling it4 ,,ss4 ,,emetherius ,,and ,,chelidonius1 ,,mm4 7,,uncertain ,,date47 ,commemorated in the ,mozarabic ,missal and ,breviary2 the ,evora and ,toledo ,breviaries1 and as a double at ,burgos and ,leon2 ,martyrology of ,s4 ,jerome1 those of ,usuardus1 ,ado1 ,notker1 and the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,a hymn of ,prudentius1 and ,acts of no great antiquity1 printed by ,tamayus ,salazar1 and an ,elogium by ,gregory of ,tours4 ,these martyrs were put to death with the sword at ,calahorra1 in ,navarre1 on the ,ebro4 ,according to the hymn of ,prudentius1 and the story of ,gregory of ,tours1 on their execution1 the ring of one martyr1 and the stole 7orarium7 of the other1 were caught up in a cloud1 and ascended into ,heaven4 ,probably this legend contains a reminiscence of an incident such as the wind wafting away some of the martyrs' garments during the execution4 ,relics at ,calahorra4 ,,ss4 ,,basiliscus1 ,,eutropius1 ,,and ,,cleonicus1 ,,mm4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #cjh47 ,by the ,greeks on this day1 but ,s4 ,basiliscus alone on ,may #bbnd4 ,menologium of the ,emperor ,basil1 ,modern ,roman ,martyrology4 ,tamayus ,salazar1 trusting to the forged ,flavius ,dexter1 claims them to be ,spanish martyrs4 ,this is a common trick of some ,spanish hagiologists1 who have appropriated all martyrs that are not1 in ,martyrologies1 given a place of martyrdom1 and the pseudo-,dexter simply mentioned these saints without saying that they were of ,amasea and ,comana2 therefore ,salazar audaciously says1 ,in ,caspetana 7,sierra di ,guadalupe7 in ,spain1 ,,ss4 ,felix1 ,luciolus1 444 ,cleontius1 ,eutropius1 ,basiliscus1 who1 in the persecution of ,maximian1 under ,asclepiades1 the ,governor1 endured torments1 and the cross itself1 and as martyrs ascended to ,heaven4 ,the forger of ,flavius ,dexter took the names from the modern ,roman ,martyrology1 where the name of the place of martyrdom is not mentioned1 and set them down as martyrs in some unknown city of ,spain2 ,salazar improved on the ,pseudo-,dexter by planting them in the ,sierra di ,guadalupe4 ,the life of ,s4 ,basiliscus1 if genuine1 is by ,eusignius1 who knew the martyr1 and was himself1 probably1 a martyr in the persecution afterwards1 and is commemorated on ,august #eth4 ,in the life are many passages which show that ,eusignius was well acquainted with the facts he describes1 such as ,christ accompanied ,his martyr1 as ,basiliscus afterwards told me1 ,eusignius4 ,he was eye-witness of the events2 he says1 ,as we approached the city1 we heard1 c41 444 we tasted 444 and when we went in1 we heard1 444 we1 to whom it was granted to see this terrible mystery 444 we asked the speculator1 and gave him thirty gold pieces1 and he gave us the body1 and we buried it1 and we sowed vegetables 444 and we went to rest4 ,the ,acts1 if they are genuine1 and not an impudent forgery1 have undergone much interpolation4 ,some of these additions are apparent from a change of the we to they in the account of the journey to ,comana4 ,in the reign of ,maximian and ,maximin1 ,agrippa was sent into ,pontus1 to be governor in the room of ,asclepiades1 with orders to constrain all ,christians to sacrifice4 ,basiliscus1 ,eutropius1 and ,cleonicus1 three ,christians of ,amasea1 were seized and thrown into prison4 ,and when ,eutropius and ,cleonicus had suffered1 the blessed ,basiliscus with many tears prayed1 saying1 ,o ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 remember me1 even unto the end1 and make my calling manifest unto all1 that ,i may not be separated from these holy men who have been taken with me1 and who have suffered before me1 and are crowned6 ,then the ,lord appeared to him and said1 ,i will not forget thee4 ,thy name is written with those who have been with thee4 ,but be not downcast because thou art last2 for thou shalt precede many4 ,but go1 bid farewell to thy mother and thy brethren1 and when thou returnest1 thou shalt receive thy crown4 ,fear not the torments prepared for thee1 for ,i shall be at thy side4 ,then ,basiliscus asked1 and prevailed on1 the jailor to let him go to the village of ,cumiala1 near ,amasea1 where his mother lived1 that he might say farewell to her4 ,now it fell out that early in the morning ,agrippa unexpectedly sent for ,basiliscus1 and when he heard of the indulgence that had been granted him--though soldiers had been sent as guards with the prisoner--he was filled with rage1 and threatened the jailor with capital punishment4 ,then he called to him a city officer named ,magistrianus1 a brutal fellow1 implacable in his detestation of ,christianity1 and commissioned him to take a band of soldiers and convey ,basiliscus to ,comana1 whither he himself was starting4 ,magistrianus mounted his ass1 and ambled to ,cumiala1 and surrounded the doors of the house1 as ,basiliscus was parting with his mother and three brothers1 before returning4 ,magistrianus ordered a pair of boots to be put on ,basiliscus1 with the nails in them protruding1 and then bade him limp along among the guards back to ,amasea4 ,the nails made his feet bleed1 and as he walked through the street of ,amasea a crowd gathered1 murmuring against the tyranny of the governor and his satellites4 ,magistrianus1 in a rage1 leaped off his ass1 and cudgelled the mob with the stick he had used to make the ass go1 and the soldiers assisted him to disperse the crowd4 ,basiliscus was then led along the road to ,comana1 singing1 ,though an host of men be set against me1 yet shall not my heart be afraid2 for thou1 ,o ,christ1 art with me6 ,at mid-day the party1 which consisted of fifteen1 came to a little village1 and a lady's villa4 ,the lady very courteously invited the officer and his men into the house to refresh themselves1 and they tied ,basiliscus with his hands behind his back to a plane tree in the court yard4 ,a number of the villagers came up to stare at the martyr1 who stood under the dry tree1 suffering intensely from the heat1 and with blood dribbling from his wounded feet1 whilst ,magistrianus and his folk were feasting in ,trojana's house1 on all kinds of delicacies1 meats1 and costly wines1 served up in the cool summer dining hall1 says ,eusignius1 bitterly4 ,but ,god did not forget the poor martyr under the blazing mid-day sun1 for the plane tree put forth leaves1 and overshadowed him1 and a fountain bubbled at his feet1 and cooled and laved his festering wounds4 ,on the party reaching ,comana1 ,magistrianus led ,basiliscus direct to the temple of ,apollo1 where was the governor at the moment4 ,the governor at once ordered him to be brought in4 ,basiliscus smilingly entered4 ,why wilt thou not sacrifice1 fellow8 asked the governor4 ,who told thee that ,i will not sacrifice8 answered ,basiliscus4 ,ah6 the gods be praised6 thou wilt sacrifice then4 ,i will offer to ,god the sacrifice of praise4 ,offer to whom you please1 said the governor1 sharply1 only sacrifice and have done with this folly4 ,who is that8 asked ,basiliscus1 pointing to the image of ,apollo4 ,that is the god ,apollo1 answered ,agrippa4 ,the name is appropriate enough1 said ,basiliscus1 for he brings to destruction all who trust in him4#f ,then he cried aloud to all in the temple1 ,hearken1 all men1 to my prayer1 to the ,lord of ,heaven and earth4 ,and he prayed1 ,god1 who art alone and true1 with thine only-begotten ,son1 and the ,holy ,spirit2 who art invisible1 incomprehensible1 whom none can describe and include1 who art good and merciful1 and acceptest not the person of man1 who createst the things that are out of that which is not1 and enlightenest us who sat in darkness1 and gavest us the bright knowledge of ,thy deity3 ,thou art the helper of all them that trust in ,thee4 ,god1 who art alone holy1 and dwellest in ,thy saints1 in me1 thy humble servant1 exhibit ,thy mercy1 and confirm my prayer1 for ,i pray to ,thee of ,thy great goodness1 ,thou who spreadest out the heavens as a curtain1 and by ,thy command makest them fast1 and adornest them with the bright shining stars1 and with the glory of the sun1 and the moon walking in brightness1 and givest us the hours of day2 ,thou didst make ,thy sun a chamber1 and gavest him everlasting limits1 and didst set the moon to rule the course of time1 and didst divide the hours and days and months2 ,thou didst found the earth by ,thy command1 that it should be an habitation for man1 and didst give to it an everlasting bound1 and didst clothe it with trees and flowers2 ,thou didst lay the sea and bound it by ,thy precept1 and madest a way over it2 and didst fashion man with ,thine own holy hands after ,thine image1 and didst give him wisdom and reason1 and didst breathe into his face the breath of life4 ,lord1 who didst create the whole world1 who from ,adam till this present1 and hereafter till endless ages1 keepest those that love ,thee1 and glorifiest those that fear ,thee6 ,lord ,jesus ,christ6 hear the prayer of ,thy servant1 and be present with me at this hour1 and destroy this deaf1 and dumb1 and blind1 and senseless idol2 break and dissolve this god made with hands1 and shew to these heathen the madness of their worship1 and ,whom we worship and adore as ,god4 ,why do the heathen rage1 and the people imagine a vain thing against ,thy saints8 ,look1 ,o ,lord1 and keep not still silence1 for thus behoves all honour and glory and magnificence to ,thee1 ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost1 through ages of ages4 ,amen4 #f ,a pun in the ,greek1 impossible to translate4 ,and when he had said ,amen1 there was an earthquake1 and a thunder underground1 and the temple shook to its foundations1 and the image of ,apollo fell and was broken4 ,then all who were in the temple fled1 leaving ,basiliscus alone with the broken idol at his feet4 ,and when the earthquake was past1 the governor sent1 and brought ,basiliscus forth1 and his head was struck off with the sword4 ,the governor ordered the body to be thrown into the river1 but ,eusignius bribed the soldier who was carrying it away to let him have it1 and he buried it in a field1 and sowed herbs over it4 ,s4 ,basiliscus died on ,july #bast4 ,he appeared in vision to ,s4 ,chrysostom the night before that aged saint died2 7see ,jan #bgth1 p4 #dab47 ,s4 ,,winwaloe1 ,,ab4 7#f,,th ,,cent47 ,anglican ,martyrologies2 ,saussaye1 in his ,gallican ,martyrology1 the ,belgian ,martyrologies4 ,his translation from the old wooden church at ,landevenec1 to a stone one1 is commemorated on ,april #bhth1 and to ,montreuil-sur-,mer1 on ,august #ast4 ,authorities3--,three ,lives2 the first by an anonymous writer1 given by the ,bollandists1 is full of fable1 and by no means early4 ,the second is still less trustworthy1 and is given by ,surius4 ,the third is by ,gurdestin1 ,monk of ,landevenec4 ,the life by ,albert le ,grand is deserving of notice1 but the historical particulars are not accurate4 ,there is great difficulty about this saint4 ,it is probable that there were two of his name1 and only by this means can the very different accounts of his life be reconciled4 ,one ,winwaloe is a native of ,brittany1 and a disciple of ,s4 ,corentine1 and was translated to ,montreuil4 ,another ,winwaloe is a native of ,britain1 a disciple of ,s4 ,sampson1 of ,dol1 and afterwards of ,s4 ,similian1 abbot of ,tauriac2 and his body lies at ,ghent4 ,m4 ,ch4 ,barthelemy1 in his ,annales ,hagiologiques de la ,france1 #eth cent41 claims for the first anonymous life to have been written by a disciple of ,winwaloe4 ,but this is more than improbable4 ,it has none of the elements of a contemporary account4 ,the writer says that the name of the mother of the saint was not known2 and he does not name his master in the religious life1 ,s4 ,corentine or ,s4 ,budock1 but calls him a holy man1 or that man of ,god2 and the life1 like all late compilations1 gives scanty details of persons and places1 but abounds in fables4#g #g ,the following is a specimen of the stories told by this author3 ,winwaloe had a sister at home1 who was one day playing with the geese belonging to her father1 when one of them flew at her1 pecked out1 and swallowed her eye4 ,the parents were in despair4 ,then an angel appeared to the holy boy1 ,winwaloe1 and told him of the trouble4 ,winwaloe at once hastened home1 singled out the guilty goose1 sliced open its belly1 removed the eye of his sister from its crop1 and replaced it in his sister's head1 and she saw as well as before4 ,the boy then miraculously healed the goose1 and dismissed it to rejoin the flock4 ,after this he returned to his master and studies4 ,winwaloe was born about the year #dee2 his father was ,fragan1 related to ,conan ,meriadec4 ,fragan was governor of ,lon 7,lyoness7 and ,cornonaille1 under ,king ,grallo1 or ,gradillon4 ,fragan married a noble and wealthy lady named ,gwen1 of the ,three ,breasts1 and resided with her at ,lesgwen1 in the parish of ,plonkin4 ,by her he had a son1 whom he called ,gwenaloe1#h or ,he that is white1 on account of his beauty4 ,when ,winwaloe was about fifteen years old he was given to a holy man1 ,s4 ,corentine1 or ,s4 ,budock1 it is uncertain which1 together with his brothers1 ,gwethenoc and ,jacut1 and they lived together1 serving ,god in the islet of ,isle-vert4 #h ,he is called ,guennole1 or ,vignevale1 in ,french4 ,at ,montreuil-sur-,mer1 of which place he is patron1 he is called ,s4 ,valois4 ,his name has also been corrupted into ,valvais and ,vennole4 ,one day that ,winwaloe was with his father1 a fleet of pirates appeared off the coast1 and hovered about the harbour of ,guic ,sezne1 near ,lauvengat4 ,s4 ,winwaloe is said in the popular tradition to have exclaimed on the occasion1 ,me a vel mil ,guern1 ,i see a thousand sails2 and a cross which commemorates the spot is called therefrom to this day1 ,croas al mil ,guern1 the cross of the thousand sails4 ,the pirates landed1 but ,fragan1 having gathered his retainers1 fell upon them and utterly defeated them4 ,many were cut to pieces1 and a few escaped in their vessels4 ,during the combat1 ,winwaloe1 like a second ,moses1 prayed with fervour2 and after the victory he exhorted his father to employ the spoil they had taken in building a monastery on the spot where the battle took place1 in ,isel-,vez1 in the parish of ,plou-,nevez4 ,he did so1 and the monastery was called ,loc-,christ4 ,after some years1 ,winwaloe left his master1 and settled in the island of ,sein1 off the ,point du ,raz2 but1 finding it exposed to the full swell of the ,atlantic1 and to every gale1 he was obliged to desert it1 and found a more suitable place of settlement at ,llandevenec1 on the opposite side of the harbour of ,brest1 where he established a monastery1 into which he gathered many disciples1 and there1 after many years1 he died1 standing at the altar1 after having bestowed the kiss of peace on the brethren1 on ,saturday1 the #crd of ,march1 in the first week in ,lent2 a date which may be either #ejg1 #eah1 or #ebi4 ,another version of the history of ,s4 ,winwaloe makes him to have been born in ,wales1 and to have had ,s4 ,budock for his preceptor4 ,the body of ,s4 ,winwaloe is preserved at ,montreuil-sur-,mer1 whither it was translated through fear of the invasion of the ,normans1 after having first just found shelter at ,ghent4 ,the chasuble1 alb and bell of ,s4 ,winwaloe1 are preserved in the ,jesuit ,church of ,s4 ,charles1 at ,antwerp4 ,at the same time1 the body of a ,s4 ,winwaloe is also at ,blandinberg1 near ,ghent2 and the story told of this saint is in many particulars like that of the ,s4 ,winwaloe at ,montreuil1 but it differs in others4 ,s4 ,winwaloe is represented in art vested as an abbot1 with staff in one hand and bell in the other1 standing by the sea1 with the fish rising out of the water as if obeying the summons of his bell4 ,illustration3 ,decorative motif ,s4 ,,kunegund1 ,,empss4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #ajdj47 ,german1 ,cologne1 ,basle1 and ,roman ,martyrologies2 also in the ,benedictine ,martyrology of ,wyon4 ,proper offices in the ,brussels1 ,passau ,ratisbon1 ,salzburg1 ,frisingen1 ,bamberg1 ,eichstadt1 ,vienna1 and other ,breviaries4 ,her translation is celebrated on ,september #ith2 and her canonization on ,march #bith4 ,at ,bamberg she is again commemorated on ,august #ast4 ,her life was written after #aaij4 ,this life forms the ,breviary lessons at ,bamberg on ,march #crd and ,august #ast4 ,other authorities are the historians of the time4 ,s4 ,kunegund1 or ,cunegundes1 was the daughter of ,sigfried1 count of ,luxemburg1 and ,hedewig1 his pious wife4 ,she was married to ,s4 ,henry1 duke of ,bavaria4 ,her sister was married to ,gerard1 ,count of ,alsace4 ,her brothers were ,henry1 created1 in #ajc1 duke of ,bavaria1 when ,s4 ,henry was emperor2 ,frederick1 count of ,luxemburg on the death of his father2 ,dietrich1 bishop of ,metz2 and others4 ,on the death of the emperor ,otho ,,iii41 ,s4 ,henry was elected king of the ,romans1 and was crowned at ,mentz on ,june #fth1 #ajjb4 ,kunegund was crowned empress at ,paderborn1 on ,august #ajth1 in the same year4 ,immediately on his coronation his cousin1 the ,margrave1 ,henry of ,schwein-furt1 demanded the dukedom of ,bavaria1 and his own brother1 ,bruno1 made a similar claim4 ,but the emperor refused to give it to either1 and bestowed it on ,henry1 ,count of ,luxemburg1 his wife's brother4 ,the two disappointed competitors then conspired against him with ,boleslas ,,ii41 of ,bohemia1 but they were defeated by the emperor near ,creusen1 in #ajjc1 and were pardoned4 ,adalbert1 another brother of ,kunegund1 then expelled ,megingod1 archbishop of ,treves1 and seized on the diocese for himself1 but the emperor deposed him1 and restored the rightful archbishop4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,kunegund1 ,empress of ,germany4 ,march #c4 ,in #ajac1 ,henry and ,kunegund received the imperial crown at ,rome1 from the pope4 ,it was on this occasion that the pope bestowed on the emperor the golden ball1 the emblem of the globe over which he was destined to rule4 ,the imperial pair1 it is said1 had taken the vow of chastity1 but of this there is no evidence4 ,kunegund's virtue1 however1 did not escape slander1 and she voluntarily underwent the ordeal by fire1 and walked unharmed over glowing ploughshares to testify her innocence4 ,s4 ,henry founded the bishopric of ,bamberg1 partly at the instigation of ,s4 ,kunegund1 who obtained for the city such privileges1 that it became a popular saying there1 that ,kunegund's silk threads defended ,bamberg better than walls and towers4 ,pope ,benedict ,,viii4 visited ,bamberg in #ajbj1 for the purpose of consecrating the new establishment4 ,kunegund also built and endowed a ,benedictine abbey for nuns1 at ,kaufungen1 near ,cassel4 ,before it was finished1 in #ajbd1 ,s4 ,henry died4 ,on the anniversary of his death1 in #ajbe1 she assembled a great number of prelates to the dedication of her church at ,kaufungen2 and after the singing of the gospel1 she offered on the altar a piece of the true cross1 and then put off her imperial robes1 and clothed herself with a poor habit2 her hair was cut off1 and the bishop put on her a veil1 and a ring as a pledge of her fidelity to her heavenly ,spouse4 ,after she was consecrated to ,god in religion1 she seemed entirely to forget that she had been empress1 and behaved as the last in the house1 being persuaded that she was so before ,god4 ,she feared nothing more than whatever could bring to her mind the remembrance of her former dignity4 ,she prayed and read much1 worked with her hands1 and took a singular pleasure in visiting and comforting the sick4 ,thus she passed the fifteen last years of her life1 never suffering the least preference to be given her above any one in the community4 ,her mortifications at length reduced her to a very weak condition1 and brought on her last sickness4 ,her monastery and the whole city of ,cassel were grievously afflicted at the thought of their approaching loss2 she alone appeared without concern1 lying on a coarse hair-cloth1 ready to give up the ghost1 whilst the prayers of the dying were read by her side4 ,perceiving they were preparing a cloth fringed with gold to cover her corpse after her death1 she ordered it to be taken away2 nor could she be at rest till it was promised that she should be buried as a religious in her habit4 ,she died on the #crd of ,march1 #ajdj4 ,her body was carried to ,bamberg1 and buried near that of her husband4 ,the greatest part of her relics still remains in the same church4 ,she was solemnly canonized by ,innocent ,,iii4 in #abjj4 ,she is represented in art with the ploughshares at her feet ,illustration3 ,forms of ,mitre4 ,march #d4 ,s4 ,,lucius1 ,pope1 ,m4 at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #bec4 ,,ss4 ,,nine ,,hundred ,,martyrs on the ,appian ,way1 at ,rome1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #bfj4 ,s4 ,,caius the ,palatine1 ,,and ,,xxvii4 ,,companions1 ,,mm4 at ,rome4 ,s4 ,,owen1 ,mk4 at ,lastingham1 end of #gth cent4 ,s4 ,,basinus1 ,b4 of ,treves1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #fgb4 ,,ss4 ,,adrian1 ,b4 of ,s4 ,andrews1 ,,and ,,comp41 ,,mm4 in the ,isle of ,may1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #hgj4 ,s4 ,,casimir1 ,prince of ,poland1 ,a4,d4 #adhd4 ,s4 ,,lucius1 ,,pope1 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #bec47 ,usuardus1 ,ado1 ,notker1 ,wandelbert1 and ,roman ,martyrologies4 ,authorities3--,eusebius1 the letters of ,s4 ,cyprian1 ,anastasius ,bibliothecarius1 and a ,life by ,guaiserius1 a monk1 7#aath cent47 ,saint ,lucius was a ,roman by birth1 and one of the clergy of that church under ,,ss4 ,fabian and ,cornelius4 ,this latter having been crowned with martyrdom1 in #beb1 ,s4 ,lucius succeeded him in the pontificate4 ,the emperor ,gallus having renewed the persecution of his predecessor ,decius1 at least in ,rome1 this holy pope was no sooner placed in the chair of ,s4 ,peter1 than he was banished1 though to what place is uncertain4 ,thus1 says ,s4 ,dionysius of ,alexandria1 did ,gallus deprive himself of the succour of heaven1 by expelling those who every day prayed to ,god for his peace and prosperity4 ,s4 ,cyprian wrote to ,s4 ,lucius to congratulate him both on his promotion1 and on having had grace to suffer banishment for ,christ4 ,our saint had been but a short time in exile when he was recalled1 to the great joy of his people1 who went out of ,rome in crowds to meet him4 ,s4 ,cyprian wrote to him a second letter of congratulation on this occasion4 ,he says1 ,he had not lost the dignity of martyrdom because he had the will1 as the three children in the furnace1 though preserved by ,god from death2 this glory added a new dignity to his priesthood2 so that he1 a bishop1 assisted at ,god's altar1 who could exhort his flock to martyrdom by his own example as well as by his words4 ,by giving such graces to his pastors1 ,god showed where his true ,church was3 for he denied the like glory of suffering to the ,novatian heretics4 ,the enemy of ,christ only attacks the soldiers of ,christ3 heretics he knows to be already his own1 and passes them by4 ,we supplicate ,god the ,father and ,his ,son1 our ,lord1 giving thanks and praying together1 that ,he who perfects all may bring you to the glorious crown of your confession1 who1 perhaps1 has only recalled you that your glory might not be hidden2 for the victim who owes his brethren an example of virtue and faith1 ought to be sacrificed before their eyes4 ,eusebius says that ,lucius did not occupy the pontifical throne for above eight months4 ,he seems to have died on ,march #dth1 under ,gallus1 but how we know not4 ,his body was found in the ,catacombs1 and was laid in the church of ,s4 ,cecilia at ,rome1 where it is now exposed to the veneration of the faithful4 ,considerable portions of the body of ,s4 ,lucius1 ,m41 are preserved at ,bologna1 and a head1 purporting to be that of ,s4 ,lucius1 was anciently one of the great relics of ,roeskilde ,cathedral4 ,but these must be the remains of other saints of the same name1 and it was an error of the clergy of ,bologna and of ,roeskilde to assert that these relics belonged to the martyred pope4 ,that such a mistake may easily have been made is seen from the fact that two martyrs of the name of ,lucius are commemorated on this day1 the second being a companion of ,caius the ,palatine2 and six in ,january1 and as many in ,february1 not to mention those in the other months4 ,in the ,schleswig ,breviary1 published in #aeab1 the feast of ,s4 ,lucius1 ,pope1 ,m41 was observed on account of the presence of the head of a ,s4 ,lucius1 ,m41 at ,roeskilde1 with nine lessons at matins1 of which the six first were taken from the account of the ,life and ,translation of ,s4 ,lucius the pope1 made by pope ,paschal in #hab4 ,s4 ,,caius ,,the ,,palatine1 ,,and ,,comp41 ,,mm4 7,,date ,,uncertain47 ,bede1 ,usuardus1 ,ado1 ,notker1 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,the names of the companions of ,s4 ,caius vary in the ,martyrologies4 ,s4 ,caius1 and twenty-seven fellow soldiers1 suffered for the faith at ,rome4 ,caius was an officer of the palace1 but under what emperor is not known4 ,he was drowned in the sea4 ,s4 ,,owen1 ,,mk4 7,,end ,,of #g,,th ,,cent47 ,anglican and ,benedictine ,martyrologies4 ,authority3--,bede1 ,hist4 ,eccl41 lib4 iv4 c4 #c4 ,the venerable ,bede says1 ,owen was a monk of great merit1 having forsaken the world with the pure intention of obtaining the heavenly reward2 worthy in all respects to have the secrets of our ,lord revealed to him1 and worthy to have credit given by his hearers to what he said2 for he came with ,queen ,etheldreda from the province of the ,east ,angles1 and was her prime minister1 and governor of her household4 ,as the fervour of his faith increased1 resolving to renounce the world1 he did not go about it slothfully1 but quitting all he had1 clad in a plain garment1 and carrying an axe and hatchet in his hand1 came to the monastery of ,s4 ,chad1 at ,lastingham3 denoting that he did not go to the monastery to live idly1 as some do1 but to labour1 and this he confirmed by his practice2 for as he was less capable of meditating on the ,holy ,scriptures1 he the more earnestly applied himself to the labour of his hands4 ,in short1 he was received by the bishop into the house aforesaid1 and there entertained with the brethren1 and whilst they were engaged within in reading1 he was without doing such things as were necessary4 ,one day1 when he was thus employed abroad1 and his companions were gone to the church1 the bishop was alone1 reading or praying in the oratory of that place1 when1 on a sudden1 as he afterwards said1 he heard voices singing most sweetly1 and rejoicing1 and appearing to descend from heaven4 ,and this sound seemed to come from the south-east1 and it afterwards drew nigh him to the oratory1 where the bishop then was1 and entering therein1 filled the same and all around4 ,he listened attentively to what he heard1 and after about half an hour noticed the same strain of joy ascend from the roof of the oratory1 and return to heaven the same way it came1 with inexpressible sweetness4 ,when he had stood some time wondering1 the bishop opened the window of the oratory1 and1 making a noise with his hand1 ordered him to come in to him4 ,then the holy ,chad told him that the day of his death was at hand1 and that the angelic spirits had told him that in seven days they would return and take him with them4 ,and so it was3 seven days after1 ,s4 ,chad entered into his rest4 ,nothing more is known of ,owen4 ,a stone cross put up by ,owen remains at ,ely1 and is preserved in that cathedral4 ,s4 ,,basinus1 ,b4 ,,of ,,treves4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #fgb47 ,treves and ,cologne ,martyrologies2 ,molanus and ,greven4 ,authority3--,his ,life by ,nizo1 ,abbot of ,metloch 7,mediolanum7 on the ,saar1 #aath cent41 which is very untrustworthy4 ,basinus1 of the illustrious family of the ,dukes of ,austrasia1 was received as monk into the monastery of ,s4 ,maximin1 at ,treves4 ,he was afterwards made abbot1 and later1 when ,s4 ,numerian1 bishop of ,treves1 was dead1 he was constrained to assume the mitre in his room4 ,he held the see in the reign of ,childebert ,,ii41 king of ,austrasia4 ,he was a friend of ,s4 ,willibrord4 ,after his death1 his body was laid in the basilica of ,s4 ,maximin1 under the high altar4 ,it was taken up in #afba1 and placed in a more conspicuous position4 ,he was succeeded by his nephew1 ,s4 ,lutwin4 ,s4 ,,adrian1 ,m4 ,b4 ,,of ,s4 ,,andrews4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #hgj47 ,aberdeen ,breviary4 ,authority3--,the ,lections from the same4 ,s4 ,adrian1 bishop of ,s4 ,andrews1 in ,scotland1 was a native of ,pannonia4 ,he laboured to spread the faith among the ,picts1 together with his companions1 ,clodian1 ,caius1 ,monan1 and ,stobrand4 ,as they were in the island of ,may1 the ,danish pirates landed in it1 and put ,adrian and ,clodian to death4 ,s4 ,,casimir1 ,,prince ,,of ,,poland4 7,a4,d4 #adhd47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authorities3--,zacharias ,ferrier1 ,papal ,legate in ,poland1 ,a4,d4 #aebe4 ,s4 ,casimir was the second son of ,casimir ,,iii41 king of ,poland1 and of ,elizabeth of ,austria1 daughter to the emperor ,albert ,,ii41 a most virtuous woman1 who died in #aeje4 ,he was born in #adeh1 on the #eth of ,october4 ,from his childhood he was remarkably pious and devout4 ,his preceptor was ,john ,dugloss1 called ,longinus1 canon of ,cracow1 a man of extraordinary learning and piety1 who constantly refused all bishoprics1 and other dignities of the ,church and state which were pressed upon him4 ,vladislas1 the eldest son1 was elected king of ,bohemia in #adga1 and became king of ,hungary in #adij4 ,casimir was the second son2 ,john ,albert1 the third son1 succeeded his father in the kingdom of ,poland in #adib2 and ,alexander1 the fourth son1 was called to the same in #aeja4 ,casimir and the other princes were warmly attached to the holy man who was their preceptor2 but ,casimir profited most by his pious maxims and example4 ,he consecrated the flower of his age to the exercises of devotion and penance2 his clothes were plain1 and under them he wore a hair shirt4 ,he often slept upon the ground1 and spent a considerable part of the night in prayer and meditation1 chiefly on the passion of our ,saviour4 ,he was wont at times to go out in the night to pray before the church-doors1 and in the morning waited before them till they were opened for matins4 ,he was especially devout to the passion of our blessed ,saviour1 the very thought of which excited him to tears4 ,he was no less piously affected towards the ,sacrifice of the altar1 at which he always assisted with such reverence and attention that he seemed in raptures4 ,and as a mark of his singular devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin1 he composed1 or1 at least1 frequently recited1 the long hymn that bears his name1 a copy of which was1 by his desire1 buried with him4 ,his love for ,jesus ,christ showed itself in his regard for the poor1 who are ,his members1 to whose relief he applied whatever he had1 and employed his credit with his father1 and his brother1 ,vladislas1 king of ,bohemia1 to procure them succour4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,casimir1 ,,prince ,,of ,,poland4 ,after ,cahier4 ,march #d4 ,the nobles of ,hungary1 dissatisfied with ,matthias ,corvinus1 their king1 son of the great ,huniades1 begged the king of ,poland to allow them to place his son ,casimir on the throne4 ,the saint1 then not quite fifteen years of age1 was very unwilling to consent2 but in compliance with his father's will1 he went at the head of an army of twenty thousand men to the frontiers in #adga4 ,there hearing that ,matthias had formed an army of sixteen thousand men to oppose him1 and that pope ,sixtus ,,iv4 had sent an embassy to divert his father from the expedition1 and finding that his soldiers were deserting him in great numbers1 he joyfully returned4 ,however1 his conduct gave such offence to his father1 whose ambition had been roused1 that he was forbidden by him to enter ,cracow1 and ordered to take up his residence in the castle of ,dobzki4 ,after this1 nothing would again induce him to resume the attempt1 though again pressed by the ,hungarians1 and urged by his father4 ,as the old ,russian churches were falling out of repair1 ,casimir1 with more zeal than discretion1 persuaded his father to pass an edict forbidding the restoration and reconstruction of churches which did not belong to the ,latin rite4 ,falling into a decline1 the physicians recommended that he should relax his rigid chastity1 but the young prince indignantly refused to defile his virgin body on the chance of thus prolonging his life a few months2 and he died at the age of twenty-three1 on ,march #dth1 #adhd1 and was buried at ,wilna1 where his body is still preserved4 ,illustration3 ,angels praying ,march #e4 ,s4 ,,theophilus1 ,b4 of ,csarea1 in ,palestine1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #bjj4 ,s4 ,,adrian1 ,m4 at ,csarea1 in ,palestine1 ,a4,d4 #cjh 7see ,s4 ,eubulus1 ,march #gth74 ,s4 ,,phocas1 ,m4 at ,antioch1 in ,syria1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cbj4 ,s4 ,,gerasimus1 ,ab4 in ,palestine1 ,a4,d4 #dge4 ,s4 ,,kieran ,,or ,,piran1 of ,saigir1 ,b4 of ,ossory1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #eeb4 ,s4 ,,virgilius1 ,abp4 of ,arles1 #gth cent4 ,s ,,drausinus1 ,b4 of ,soissons1 after ,a4,d4 #fge4 ,s4 ,,peter ,,de ,,castelnau1 ,mk4 ,m4 at ,s4 ,gilles1 in the ,narbonnaise1 ,a4,d4 #abji4 ,s4 ,,john-,,joseph ,,of ,,the ,,cross1 ,c4 at ,naples1 ,a4,d4 #agcd4 ,s4 ,,phocas1 ,m4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #cbj47 ,all the ,latin ,martyrologies1 from the mention in which all that is known of him is derived4 ,at ,antioch1 after many sufferings endured for the name of ,christ1 ,phocas triumphed over the ,old ,serpent1 a victory which is testified1 to this day1 by a miracle4 ,for whoever is bitten by a serpent1 having touched1 full of faith1 the door of the basilica of the martyr1 is immediately cured1 the poison at once losing its power2 so says the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,s4 ,,gerasimus1 ,,ab4 ,,in ,,palestine4 7,a4,d4 #dge47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,by the ,greeks on ,march #dth and #bjth4 ,authorities3--,mention in the lives of ,s4 ,euthymius and ,s4 ,quiriacus1 by ,cyril the ,monk1 fl4 #edh ,s4 ,gerasimus embraced the monastic life in ,lycia2 he afterwards passed into ,palestine1 at a time when ,eutychianism prevailed1 and he had the misfortune to embrace the errors of that heresy2 but ,s4 ,euthymius 7,jan4 #bjth7 visited him1 and restored him to the unity of the faith4 ,he expiated his error by the most rigorous fasting4 ,he became very intimate with ,s4 ,euthymius1 ,s4 ,john the ,silentiary1 ,s4 ,sabas1 and ,s4 ,theoctistus4 ,a great number of disciples placed themselves under his conduct1 and he built a laura near ,jordan1 consisting of seventy cells1 amidst which was a monastery for the lodging of those who were to live in community1 and disciplined those who afterwards occupied the hermitages of the laura4 ,the anchorites assembled in the church on the ,sabbath and the ,sunday to participate in the sacred mysteries1 and on these two days they ate common food that had been cooked1 and drank a little wine2 on other days they ate only bread and dates1 and drank water4 ,fires were never lighted in the cells1 and the hermits slept on rush mats4 ,s4 ,gerasimus carried his abstinence further than his brethren4 ,throughout ,lent he took no other nourishment than the ,divine ,eucharist4 ,one day as the old abbot was walking on the banks of the ,jordan1 he saw a lion limping1 and roaring with pain4 ,the lion1 instead of attempting to escape1 held up its paw1 which was much swollen1 and ,gerasimus taking it on his lap1 examined it1 and saw that a sharp splinter had entered the flesh4 ,he withdrew the piece of reed1 and bathed the paw4 ,the lion afterwards gratefully followed him to his cell1 and never after left him1 but was fed by the abbot4 ,there was an ass belonging to the monastery which brought water from the ,jordan1 for the necessities of the brethren2 and ,gerasimus sent the ass out to pasture under the guardianship of the lion4 ,one day the lion had gone away from his charge1 and an ,arabian camel driver passing by1 stole the ass4 ,in the evening the lion returned depressed in spirits to the monastery1 without the ass4 ,gerasimus naturally concluded that the lion had eaten the animal1 and he cried out1 ,sirrah1 where is the ass8 ,the lion stood still1 and looked back over his shoulder4 ,you have eaten him6 said the abbot2 ,let us praise ,god4 ,well1 what the ass did1 you shall do now4 ,and thenceforth the lion carried the water for the brethren4 ,now one day a certain soldier came to the monastery1 and seeing the lion toiling under the water bottles1 he pitied the lordly beast1 and gave some money to the abbot to buy an ass on the next opportunity1 and release the lion from its office of water-carrier4 ,some days after this1 as the lion was near ,jordan1 there came by the driver who had stolen the ass1 with three camels1 and the stolen beast itself4 ,the lion set up its mane and roared1 and made towards the man1 whereupon the driver took to his heels4 ,then the lion caught the end of the ass's halter1 and drew it along with the camels to the door of the monastery4 ,and thus the abbot learned that he was wrong in accusing his dumb friend of having devoured his charge4 ,for five years the lion was the constant companion of the old abbot1 going in and out among the monks2 and at the expiration of that time ,gerasimus died4 ,now the lion was out when he departed to his rest2 but when the lion returned home1 he went about searching for the old man4 ,then the abbot ,sabbatius1 a disciple of the dead saint1 seeing the uneasiness of the lion1 said to him ,jordan1 7for by that name the lion was called71 our old friend has gone away and left us orphans1 and has migrated to the ,lord2 but here is food1 take and eat4 ,but the lion would not and paced to and fro seeking the dead man1 and every now and then throwing up his head1 and roaring4 ,then ,sabbatius and some of the other brethren came and rubbed his neck1 and said1 ,the old man is departed to the ,lord1 and has left us4 ,but this did not appease the lion2 and the more they caressed him1 and spake to him1 the more agitated he became1 and the louder he roared1 showing with mouth and eyes how great was his distress1 because he saw not the old man4 ,then the abbot ,sabbatius said to him1 ,come along with me1 as you will not believe me1 and ,i will show you where our old friend is laid4 ,and he led the lion to the place where ,gerasimus was buried2 and the abbot ,sabbatius1 standing at the tomb1 said1 ,see here is where he is buried4 ,and then he knelt and wept upon the grave4 ,so when the lion saw this1 he went1 and stretched himself on the grave1 with his head on the sand1 and moaned1 and remained there1 and would not leave the place1 but was found there dead1 a few days after4 ,it is almost needless to say that this beautiful incident has given to the abbot ,gerasimus his symbol of a lion1 in art4 ,s4 ,,kieran ,,or ,,piran1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,saigir4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #eeb47 ,irish ,hagiologies1 and an addition of ,usuardus published in #adij4 ,a saint of this name was venerated on this day in the ,dumblane ,breviary1 but it is uncertain if it was the same4 ,the ,life of ,s4 ,kieran1 published by ,colgan1 and that given by the ,bollandists1 are of later date1 and like so many of the ,acts of ,celtic ,saints1 abound in fables4 ,according to the ,irish legendary lives1 ,kieran of ,saigir was bishop in ,ireland before the arrival of ,s4 ,patrick4 ,after honouring him with the title of the first-born of the saints of ,ireland1 these lives proceed to inform us that his father was ,lugneus1 a noble of ,ossory1 and his mother ,liadain1 of ,corcalaighde1 7,carberry71 in ,south ,munster4 ,s4 ,kieran was born in ,cape ,clear ,island4 ,having spent thirty years in ,ireland still unbaptized1 he heard of the ,christian religion as flourishing at ,rome1 and went thither for the purpose of being instructed4 ,there he was baptized1 and remained twenty years1 studying the ,scriptures and canons1 after which he was ordained bishop1 and sent to preach in his own country4 ,on his way to ,ireland he met ,s4 ,patrick in ,italy1 who was not as yet a bishop1 and who told ,kieran that he would follow him to ,ireland in thirty years from the date of their meeting4 ,this must have happened in #djb1 and accordingly ,kieran1 being then fifty years old1 was born in #ceb4 ,when arrived in ,ireland he was miraculously directed1 as ,s4 ,patrick had told him he would1 to the place since called ,saigir1 7,seir-,kieran1 in ,king's ,county71 where he erected a monastery4 ,having ordained an innumerable multitude of bishops and priests1 he died at the age of #cjj6 ,other accounts state that ,kieran's meeting with ,s4 ,patrick somewhere out of ,ireland occurred several years after the latter had commenced his apostolical labours in this country4 ,jocelin places it at a time when ,s4 ,patrick was returning from ,britain1 whither he had gone to obtain a supply of additional helpers for his mission1 and tells us that ,kieran was then one of the six ,irish priests who were proceeding to foreign countries for religious improvement1 and all of whom afterwards became bishops in their own country4 ,in the ,tripartite history of ,s4 ,patrick the precise place of meeting is not given2 but1 what is more to the purpose1 it is represented as having occurred at least twelve years after ,s4 ,patrick had begun his mission in ,ireland1 and ,kieran is stated to have then received directions from the saint concerning the district in which he should erect his monastery4 ,it appears1 however1 that he was no disciple of ,s4 ,patrick at all1 and did not live in his times4 ,his name does not occur in ,tirechan's list1 nor in any of the ,lives of ,s4 ,patrick1 except in those two just quoted1 and his appearance in them is evidently due to the legends in circulation concerning the meeting4 ,had ,s4 ,kieran been a disciple of the apostle1 how could he have become a scholar of ,s4 ,finnian of ,clonard1 in the #fth century8 ,for such he is stated to have been1 not only in the ,life of ,s4 ,finnian1 and in that of his illustrious namesake of ,clonmacnois1 but also in the tract which is called his first life1 and which enters into more particulars than the other4 ,s4 ,finnian's school could not have become celebrated before #ecd4 ,in both ,kieran's lives his namesake of ,clonmacnois1 who died in #edi1 and the two ,brendans1 one of whom died in #egg1 and the other a few years earlier1 are spoken of as having had transactions with him4 ,we may then safely conclude that he belonged to the sixth century1 became distinguished towards the middle of it1 and died during its latter half4 ,as this was known to be the case1 his blundering biographers strove to reconcile their nonsense concerning the antiquity and privileges of ,saigir1 with the true date of his death1 by making him die at the age of about #cjj years1 although1 had they calculated better1 about #bbj years might have sufficed4 ,kieran1 we may safely conclude1 was made a bishop about the year #ech4 ,having retired to a lonesome spot1 since called ,saigir1 he led at first the life of a hermit1 and after some time erected a monastery1 around which a city gradually grew up4 ,next he established a nunnery in the neighbourhood for his mother ,liadania1 and some pious virgins1 her companions1 whence the church ,killiadhuin got its name4 ,besides the care of his monastery1 ,kieran was assiduously employed in preaching the ,gospel in ,ossory1 and he converted a great number of heathen4 ,he is usually considered to have been the first bishop of ,ossory1 and founder of that see4 ,it is singular that1 notwithstanding all that is said in the lives1 in praise of ,kieran1 he is not much spoken of in the accounts of contemporary saints1 and that none of the ,irish annals or hagiologies give the date of his death4 ,hence ,colgan was inclined to think that he died in ,cornwall1 and is to be identified with ,s4 ,piran1 of ,peranzabulo4 ,but the first life hints that he died at ,saigir4 ,although the year of his death is unknown1 there can be little doubt of his having been alive after the year #eej4 ,if ,s4 ,piran of ,peranzabulo be the same as ,s4 ,kieran of ,saigir1 his bones have been discovered of late years1 when the ancient oratory of ,peranzabulo1 near ,padstowe1 in ,cornwall1 was dug out of the sand4 ,in favour of this identification1 ,colgan points out that ,s4 ,piran was commemorated at ,padstow on the #eth ,march1 the same day as ,s4 ,kieran in ,ireland2 and ,john of ,tynemouth asserts that ,s4 ,kieran did retire from ,ireland into ,cornwall where he spent the latter part of his life1 and died4 ,the ,cornish1 moreover1 change the ,k4 of ,irish names into ,p4 ,some of the legends related of ,s4 ,kieran deserve to be recorded4 ,he is said when a little boy to have been bitterly distressed at seeing a hawk carry off a little bird in its talons4 ,then he cried to ,god1 and the hawk dropped its prey4 ,one day a king or chief in the neighbourhood carried off one of the nuns of the convent governed by his mother4 ,kieran pursued him full of wrath1 and coming to the castle1 bade the chief restore the poor maiden to her cell4 ,not unless the cuckoo should rouse me to-morrow morning1 answered the chief4 ,now it was mid-winter4 ,but that night no snow fell round the house where lodged the abbot1 and at early dawn a bird perched on the roof under the window of the chief1 and began to call ,cuckoo1 cuckoo1 cuckoo6 ,then the ravisher1 in alarm1 started from his bed1 and restored the nun to her convent4 ,on an autumn day1 ,kieran noticed a magnificent bank of blackberries1 so large and ripe1 that he thought it a sad pity the winter should come and destroy them4 ,therefore he cast a cloak over the bramble4 ,now it fell out that the next ensuing ,april1 ,ethnea ,vacha the wife of king ngus was ill1 and felt a craving for blackberries4 ,she was then1 with her husband1 the guest of ,concraidh1 king of ,ossory4 ,concraidh told ,s4 ,kieran of the strange wish of the lady1 and instantly the saint remembered the hedge of blackberries covered by his cloak1 and he went and plucked as many as he could carry1 and brought them to the sick queen1 and she ate them and revived4 ,one day ,s4 ,kieran of ,clonmacnois and the two ,brendans visited the monastery4 ,the steward came to the abbot in dismay1 and said1 ,there is nothing to offer these distinguished guests except some scraps of bacon1 and water4 ,then serve up the bacon and the water1 said the saint4 ,and when they were brought on the table1 the bacon tasted to every man better than anything he had ever tasted before1 and as for the water1 the benediction of the man of ,god had converted it into wine4 ,but there was at the table a lay-brother1 and when he had some bacon put before him1 he thrust his platter away angrily1 for he was tired of bacon1 and had expected something better1 when distinguished visitors were present4 ,hah6 said the abbot1--'not by way of condemnation1 but of prophecy1'--,the time will come when you1 son of ,comgall1 shall eat ass's flesh in ,lent1 and soon after you will lose your head4 ,it is also related that there was a boy came to ,saigir called ,crichidh of ,clonmacnois1 and remained for a while under the abbot ,kieran4 ,now it was the custom and rule of ,s4 ,kieran1 that the blessed ,paschal fire should burn all the year4 ,but out of mischief1 as we moderns should say1 instigante diabolo1 as the medival chronicler expresses it1 the boy put the fire out4 ,then ,s4 ,kieran said to the brethren1 ,look6 our fire is extinguished by that confounded boy 7a maledicto puero71 ,crichidh1 purposely1 for he is always up to mischief 7sicut solet semper nocere74 ,and now we shall be without fire till next ,easter1 unless the ,lord sends us some4 ,as for that boy1 he will come to a bad end shortly4 ,and so it was1 for on the morrow a wolf killed the boy4 ,now ,s4 ,kieran of ,clonmacnois1 to whom the boy belonged1 hearing of this1 came to ,saigir1 and was courteously received by ,s4 ,kieran the ,elder4 ,but there was no fire1 and the snow fell in large flakes2 and it was bitterly cold1 so that ,s4 ,kieran of ,clonmacnois and his companions sat blue with frost1 and their teeth chattering4 ,then ,s4 ,kieran of ,saigir raised his hands to heaven1 and prayed1 and there fell a globe of fire into his hands1 and he spread the lap of his chasuble 7casula71 and went with the fireball in it before his guests1 and they warmed themselves thereat4 ,and after that1 dinner was served4 ,then said ,s4 ,kieran of ,clonmacnois1 ,i will not eat till my boy is restored to me4 ,brother1 answered ,s4 ,kieran of ,saigir1 ,i knew wherefore thou didst come2 the boy is now on his way hither4 ,and presently the door opened1 and the boy that the wolf had eaten1 walked in alive and well4 ,king ngus of ,munster had seven bards who were wont to sing before him1 harping1 the deeds of heroes1 but these seven men were murdered and drowned in a bog1 and their harps were hung upon a tree by the side of the morass4 ,s4 ,kieran1 at the king's request1 restored the seven harpers to life1 after their having been steeped in bog-water for a whole month4 ,now when he was dying1 ,kieran besought the ,lord to bless all such as should keep his festival4 ,and1 says his historian1 on ,march #eth1 ,god introduced him into the lot of his inheritance in the vineyard1 and planted him in the mountain of his possession1 even in the celestial ,jerusalem1 which is the mother of us all4 ,wherefore1 then1 my brothers1 let us hold a most solemn feast to the most holy ,kieran1 and let the voice of praise resound in the tabernacles of the righteous2 for the right hand of the ,lord made virtue to spring up in this man1 which may ,jesus ,christ for the merits of his servant ,kieran cause to grow in us present likewise1 that we may be meet1 ,he being our leader1 to enter into the courts of our eternal inheritance4 ,amen4 ,s4 ,,virgilius1 ,,abp4 ,,of ,,arles4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #fah47 ,benedictine and ,galican ,martyrologies2 but at ,arles on ,october #ajth1 and ,greven in his additions to ,usuardus4 ,authority3--,a life by an anonymous writer1 long posterior1 and very credulous4 ,it contains much idle fable4 ,s4 ,virgilius1 a native of ,aquitania1 retired in childhood to the monastery of ,lerins1 where he distinguished himself by his virtues1 and was in time elected abbot4 ,one night1 says the historian of his life1 who deals somewhat largely in popular legend1 as he was walking round the island1 as a good pastor keeping guard over his sheep-fold1 he saw a strange ship drawn up against the shore1 and by the star light he saw the sailors moving on the deck4 ,then two descended from the vessel1 and coming towards him1 said1 ,reverend father1 we know who thou art1 and greatly esteem thy incomparable virtue1 the fame of which is spread abroad through the round world1 and many there are of the faithful in far-off lands who desire to see thy sanctity1 and hear the words of wisdom that distil from thy lips4 ,and now we are bound for ,jerusalem1 come therefore with us and make this journey to the holy sites1 and thy name will be praised by all men4 ,but ,virgilius mistrusted this address1 and he answered1 ,ye cannot thus deceive an old soldier of ,christ6 and he made the sign of the cross4 ,then the ship and the crew vanished1 and he saw only the stars winking in the waves4 ,from ,lerins he was called1 in #ehh1 to take charge of the diocese of ,aries1 by the unanimous voice of the people4 ,he is said to have been the consecrator of ,s4 ,augustine of ,canterbury to his mission in ,england1 by order of ,s4 ,gregory the ,great1 from whom he received the pall4 ,he built several churches in ,aries2 amongst others1 the cathedral1 which he dedicated to ,s4 ,stephen1 and the church of the ,saviour and ,s4 ,honoratus4 ,whilst erecting this latter church1 the legend says that the people toiled ineffectually to move the pillars to their destined place4 ,at last they sent word to ,s4 ,virgil that the truck was fast1 and the pillars could neither be taken on nor carried back4 ,then ,virgil hurried to the spot1 and saw a little devil1 like a negro boy1 sitting under the truck1 arresting the progress of the wheels4 ,virgil drove him away1 and then the columns were easily moved4 ,by his prayers he is also reported to have killed a monstrous serpent which infested the neighbourhood4 ,he was buried in the church of ,,ss4 ,saviour and ,honoratus1 which he had built4 ,s4 ,,drausinus1 ,b4 ,,of ,,soissons4 7,a4,d4 #fge47 ,venerated at ,soissons4 ,mentioned in some of the additions to ,usuardus1 and later ,martyrologies4 ,authority3--,a ,life by a native of ,soissons shortly after his translation1 four years after the death of the saint4 ,drausinus or ,drausius was a native of ,soissons1 and was the son of pious parents of noble rank4 ,he was educated by ,s4 ,anseric1 bishop of ,soissons1 on whose death he was called to fill his place4 ,his virtues and charity caused him to be venerated as a saint immediately after his death4 ,s4 ,thomas--,becket had recourse to his intercession when he was in ,france1 before returning to ,england4 ,his relics were dispersed at the ,french ,revolution1 but his tomb1 a very interesting specimen of ,gallo-,roman art1 is preserved in the ,louvre4 ,the ,society of ,antiquaries at ,soissons has made many attempts to recover it for the cathedral at ,soissons1 but hitherto in vain4 ,b4 ,,peter ,,of ,,castelnau1 ,,mk4 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #abji47 ,benedictine ,martyrology1 and ,saussaye in his ,gallican ,martyrology4 ,authorities3--,william of ,puis-,laurent1 and other contemporary historians of the ,albigensian war1 and the letters of ,innocent ,,iii4 ,the name of the ,albigenses probably arose from the condemnation of these heretics at the council of ,albi1 under the presidence of ,gerard1 bishop of that diocese1 in the year #aagf4 ,under the name was included that vast body of heretics which agreed on certain fundamental dogmas1 but differed on minor particulars1 as they borrowed more or less from ,christianity4 ,they inhabited the ,duchy of ,narbonne1 the ,marquisate of ,toulouse1 and the southern portion of the ,duchy of ,aquitaine1 mixed with ,catholics in some parts1 in other parts comprising the entire population4 ,before their condemnation by the ,council1 they had been known as ,cathari1 ,patareni or ,populicians1 a corruption of ,paulicians2 and were a branch of that great ,manichan inroad which entered ,germany1 ,hungary1 ,bulgaria1 and ,bohemia1 where the name ,cathari was corrupted into ,ketzer1 and which spread from ,northern ,italy into the southern provinces of ,france1 where ,manichism completely displaced ,christianity over a wide area1 and gained a head and strength it was unable to acquire elsewhere4 ,the fundamental principle of the new ,manichans1 from which1 as from a centre1 the different sects radiated1 was a ,dualism of ,good and ,evil ,principles equally matched1 the ,evil ,principle1 the origin of the visible creation2 the ,good ,principle1 the author of that which is invisible4 ,this opposition of matter and spirit constituted the basis of their moral systems4 ,these systems were diverse2 some1 regarding everything natural and carnal as pertaining to the ,evil ,principle1 abstained from meat1 cheese1 and eggs1 from marriage1 and from whatever employment attached them to the earth2 whilst others1 regarding the soul as so distinct from the body as to be incapable of being soiled or affected by the actions of the fleshy envelope1 gave themselves up to the grossest licentiousness4 ,into the theology of these new ,manichans1 contact with ,christianity had introduced the person of ,christ1 but in their scheme ,he occupied no necessary place4 ,he was held to be subject to ,god1 and to have had but a phantom body2 ,he neither suffered1 died1 nor rose again1 except in appearance4 ,but in opposition to this ,docetism1 ,john de ,lugio taught that ,christ had a real body2 and some of the ,cathari--the late ,albigenses--held that the true body was born of ,mary and ,joseph1 and proceeded from the ,evil ,principle1 and that this body died on the ,cross1 but that the spiritual and good ,christ was by no means to be confused with the historical ,christ of the ,gospels4#i #i ,the best account of the ,manichan tenets of the medval heretics is in ,hahn3 ,geschichte der ,ketzer1 vol4 i42 the texts are given in notes1 upon which he bases his opinion4 ,see also ,gieseler's ,ecclesiastical ,hist41 #crd division1 chap4 vii42 but ,gieseler is less full and impartial than ,hahn4 ,with the doctrines specially professed by the ,albigenses it is possible for any one1 who chooses1 to become thoroughly acquainted1 as there is abundant material from which the requisite information can be drawn4 ,such are the decrees of councils condemning categorically their errors2 the bulls of popes and imperial ordinances denouncing them2 the letters of ,innocent ,,iii42 the statutes of ,raymond1 ,count of ,toulouse2 the controversial treatises written against the heretics1 taking each of their doctrines in order1 to refute them2 and lastly1 the valuable transactions of the ,inquisition at ,toulouse1 published by ,limborch1 containing a great number of cases1 the interrogations1 and confessions1 and sentences2 the archives of the ,inquisition at ,carcassonne1 portions of which are published in ,vaissette1 and the ,inquisitorial formulary of questions put to ,albigenses as to their faith1 in ,ricchinus4 ,the doctrines peculiar to the ,albigenses were these3--,there were two ,creators1 the good ,god1 who was the author of the ,new ,testament1 and who made the world of good spirits2 and the bad ,god1 who was the author of the ,old ,testament1 and ,creator of the visible world1 and of the evil spirits4#aj ,this latter ,god they called a liar1 because he told the first man3 ,the day thou eatest of the tree thou shalt surely die1 and man did not die the same day that he broke the commandment2 they also called him a murderer because he slew ,pharaoh and his host1 and the inhabitants of the ,plain4 ,this bad ,god was either a fallen angel1#aa or the ,son of the chief ,god and ,creator1 who had two sons1 ,christ and ,satan4#ab ,others held that the good ,god had two wives1 ,colla and ,coliba1 by whom he begat many sons and daughters4#ac ,others1 that the men made by the good ,god were good1 but that through union with women1 whom they derived from the ,evil ,principle1 they fell4#ad ,the creation of men was veiled in the following myth by some of the ,albigenses4 ,the devil made men out of clay1 and bade ,god send into them souls4 ,god answered1 that men thus constructed would be too strong1 ,they would dethrone me4 ,whereupon ,satan made man of the foam of the sea2 and ,god said1 ,that is good1 he is a mixture of strength and fragility4 ,and he sent a soul into the man thus made4#ae ,generally the ,albigenses held that there were two ,christs2 one bad1 who was born in ,bethlehem of ,mary1 and who was crucified2 and another good1 who had a phantom body and was purely spiritual1 and who appeared on earth in the body of the ,apostle ,paul4 ,the good ,christ neither ate nor drank1 but the bad ,christ1 the ,son of ,mary1 lived as do other men1 and had for concubine1 ,mary ,magdalene4#af #aj ,hreticus ponit duo principia1 diabolum dicens creatorem omnium visibilium4 ,pet4 ,vallium ,sarnaii1 apud ,bouquet xix4 p4 #e4 ,reiner in ,max4 ,bibl4 xxv4 p4 #bfc4 ,quorum finis est ,manichorum induere sectam et duos fateri ,deos1 quorum malignus1 ut procaciter mentiuntur1 creavit omnia visibilia4--,lucas ,tudens4 xvi41 p4 #bdj4 #aa ,sathanam magnum ,luciferum qui propter elevationem et nequitiam suam de throno bonorum cecidit angelorum1 creatorem cli et terr1 omniumque rerum visibilium et invisiblium1 spirituum malorum creatorem et principem et ,deum esse profitebantur ipsumque legem ,moysi dedisse asseverant4--,chron4 ,gonfredi in ,bouquet xii41 p4 #ddh4 #ab ,erant alii hretici qui dicebant quod unus est ,creator2 sed habuit filios1 ,christum et diabolum4 ,petr4 ,vall4 ,sarn4 apud ,bouquet xix4 p4 #e4 #ac ,petr4 ,vall4 ,sarn4 ib41 c4 #b4 #ad ,ibid41 p4 #e4 #ae ,arch4 ,inquisit4 ,carcass4 in ,vaissette iii41 p4 #dce4 #af ,dicebant in secreto suo1 quod ,christus ille qui natus est in ,bethleem1 terrestori et visibili1 et in ,hierusalem crucifixus1 malus fuit2 et quod ,maria ,magdalena fuit ejus concubina1 et ipsa fuit muiler in adulterio deprehensa1 de qua legitur in ,evangelio4 ,bonus enim ,christus 444 nunquam comedit vel bibit1 nec veram carnem assumpsit1 nec unquam fuit in hoc mundo nisi spiritualiter in corpore ,pauli4 ,petr4 ,vall4 ,sarn4 apud ,bouquet xix4 p4 #e ,quod ,dei filius non assumpsit in beata et de beata ,virgine carnem veram1 sed fantasticam4 ,reg4 ,inquisit4 ,carcass4 apud ,vaissette ii4 p4 #cgb4 ,the ,trinity was naturally rejected by the ,albigenses1 as incompatible with their ,dualism4 ,they also rejected the ,old ,testament as the work of the ,evil ,principle2 and regarded ,moses1 the ,prophet1 and even ,john the ,baptist1 as possessed with evil demons4#ag #ag ,petr4 ,vall4 ,sarn4 ib4 xix4 p4 #e2 ,reiner1 in ,mar4 ,bibl4 xxv4 p4 #bfc2 ,lucas ,tudens4 ib4 p4 #bda2 ,acta ,conc4 ,lumbar4 ,bouquet xiv4 p4 #dch4 ,with regard to the future1 some of the ,albigenses taught that the souls of men were the fallen angels condemned to spend seven lives in human bodies4 ,others denied the existence of the soul altogether4#ah ,with such disbelief in the immortality of the soul1 or such notion of its being an angel in a state of purgation1 the resurrection of the body1 ,purgatory and ,hell were rejected2 and with them1 prayer for the dead and invocation of saints--for how pray for a soul which is annihilated1 or how invoke an apostate angel8#ai #ah ,petr4 ,vall4 ,sarn4 ib4 p4 #e1 #f4 ,dicunt quod anima hominis non est nisi purus sanguis1 ,reg4 ,inq4 ,carcass4 ,vaissette p4 #cbg4 #ai ,lucas ,tud4 in ,max4 ,bibl4 xxv4 ,de altera vita1 p4 #aic-bab4 ,the idea of a visible ,church1 and the necessity of sacraments1 could not be entertained with such a creed2 and the ,albigenses repudiated baptism1 communion1 and other rites4 ,marriage they denounced as fornication1 and they condemned intercourse between man and woman as sin in the higher ranks of the elect4#bj ,others1 however1 said that fornication was no sin4#ba ,but this refers to the lower order of the faithful4 #bj ,reiner1 in ,max4 ,bibl4 xxv4 p4 #bfc4 ,petr4 ,vall4 ,sarn4 apud ,bouquet xix4 p4 #e1 etc4 ,sacrum matrimonium meretricium esse1 nec aliquem in ipso salvari posse prdicabant1 filios et filias generando4 #ba ,dicunt quod simplex fornicatio non est peccatum aliquod4 ,reg4 ,inq4 ,carcass4 ,vaissette iii4 p4 #cga4 ,the faithful were divided into two orders3 the higher1 or perfect1 who wore a black dress1 abstained from marriage1 the eating of flesh1 eggs1 and cheese2 and the believers1 who gave free scope to their lusts1 and whose salvation was due to a certain ceremony being performed over them by one of the perfect1 which was called the consolation4 ,if one of the perfect ate the least morsel of meat or cheese or egg1 he sinned mortally1 and all who had been consoled by him fell at the same time out of a state of grace1 and it was necessary for them to be re-consoled2 and even those who were saved fell out of heaven for the sins of him who had consoled them4 ,the sacrament of consolation was performed by one of the perfect laying his hands upon one of the believers1 who repeated a ,pater ,noster2 and such act placed the believer in a state of grace from which he could only fall by the fall of his consoler4 ,this ceremony was performed at the point of death4 ,the ceremony of reception is thus described by ,peter of ,vaux-,cernaix3-- ,when any one went over to the heretics1 he who received him said1 ',friend1 if you wish to be one of us1 it behoves you to renounce the whole faith that is held by the ,roman ,church4' ,he must answer1 ',i renounce4' ',then receive the ,holy ,spirit from the good men1' and then he breathes seven times in his face4 ,also he says to him1 ',you must renounce that cross which the priest made on you in baptism1 on your breast1 and on your shoulders1 and on your head1 with oil and chrism4' ,he must answer1 ',i renounce it4' ',do you believe that water can work your salvation8' ,he answers1 ',i do not believe it4' ',you must renounce that veil which the priest placed on your head when you were baptized4' ,he must answer1 ',i renounce it4' ,thus he receives the baptism of the heretics1 and denies the baptism of the ,church4 ,then they all place their hands upon him1 and kiss him1 and clothe him with a black garment1 and from that hour he is as one of themselves4 ,the ceremony of consolation1 or heretication1 was only performed at the point of death2 but if the sick person should show signs of recovery1 he or she was required to abstain from food1 or to open a vein1 so as to prevent convalescence and precipitate death4 ,i may as well give a few instances which came under the notice of the inquisitors of ,toulouse1 from ,limborch3-- ,this admission was believed to save the soul of the person admitted1 and was called spiritual baptism1 the consolation1 the reception1 and the good end2 and it was believed that those sanctified by it were bound from that moment to abstain from touching a person of another sex1 and from food1 or the soul fell from its state of purification4 ,thus we read of the trial of a woman whose father had been received amongst the ,albigenses1 'that she was forbidden by her father to touch him1 because after his reception no woman ought to touch him1 and from that time she never did touch him4' 7,fol4 #di47 ,and in another woman's trial1 'that it was unlawful for her to touch ,peter ,sancii1 and that she heard that it was reported amongst them that they neither touch a woman1 nor suffer themselves to be touched by one4' 7,fol4 #fh47 ,but inasmuch as it was possible that the person received might return to his former pollutions 7says ,limborch in his introduction to the ,acts of the ,inquisition71 his reception was delayed to his last sickness1 when there was no more hopes of recovery1 that so he might not lose the good he had received2 for which reason some were not admitted1 though one of the ,albigenses was present1 because it was not believed they would immediately die4 ,thus it is reported of ,peter ,sancii 7fol4 #fh7 that having called 'to hereticate a certain sick woman1 she was not then hereticated1 because he did not think it proper1 upon account of her not being weak enough4' ,and afterwards1 though the distemper grew more violent1 ,peter ,sancii did not hereticate her1 because she recovered4 ,as for those who were received during their illness1 they were commanded to make use of the ,endura1 that is1 fasting1 and to hasten death by opening a vein and bathing4 ,thus it is related of a certain woman1 that 'she persevered in the abstinence which they call the ,endura many days1 and hastened her bodily death by losing her blood1 frequent bathing1 and greedily taking a poisonous draught of the juice of wild cucumbers1 mixing it with broken glass1 that1 by tearing her bowels1 she might sooner die4' 7,fol4 #ad-;b47 ,of another1 it is said1 'that she was forbidden by her mother-in-law to give her little daughter1 who had been hereticated by ,peter ,sancii1 any milk to drink1 by which the child died4' 7,fol4 #df47 ,another confesses1 'that she had not seen her father since his heretication eating or drinking anything but cold water4' 7,fol4 #di47 ,but one ,hugo1 who continued several days in the ,endura1 did afterwards1 by his mother's persuasion1 eat and recover4 7,fol4 #fc47 ,the same year1 ,peter ,sancii invited him 'to enter into the ,endura1 and so to make a good end2 but he would not agree to it till he came to die4' ,the same ,hugo saw 'that ,sancii procured and hastened his own death by bleeding1 bathing1 and cold4' ,peter ,auterii is said to have received another woman1 'and after her reception to have forbidden any meat being given to the said hereticated sick woman2 and that there were two women who attended her1 and watched that there should be neither meat nor drink given her the whole night1 nor the following day1 lest she should lose the good she had received1 and contradict the order of ,peter ,auterii2 although the said sick woman begged them to give her some food4 ,but the third day after she did eat and grew well4' 7,fol4 #fe-;b47 ,in the sentence of ,peter ,raymund and of the ,hugos1 we read these things concerning the ,endura3 ',you voluntarily shorten your own corporal life1 and inflict death upon yourself2 because you put yourself in that abstinence1 which the heretics call ,endura1 in which ,endura you have now remained six days without meat or drink1 and would not eat1 nor will1 though often invited to do so4' 7,fol4 #hb-;b47 ,however1 all would not subject themselves to so severe a law4 ,for we read of a certain woman 'that she suffered not her sick daughter1 though near death1 to be received2 because then her said daughter must be put in the ,endura4' 7,fol4 #ga47 ,there is also an instance of a woman1 who1 for fear she should be taken up by the ,inquisitors1 put herself in the ,endura2 and sending for a surgeon1 ordered him to open one of her veins in a bath1 and after the surgeon was gone1 she unbound her arm in the bath1 that so the blood running out more freely1 she might sooner die4 ,after this she bought poison in order to destroy herself4 ,afterwards she produced a cobbler's awl1 which in that barbarous age they called alzena1 intending to run it into her side2 but the women disputing among themselves1 whether the heart was on the right side or the left1 she at last drank up the poison1 and died the day after4 7,fol4 #cj-;b74#bb #bb ,historia ,inquisitionis1 ,amst4 #afib1 c4 #h4 ,now a great deal of abuse has been poured on the ,inquisition1 and its crimes have been vastly exaggerated4 ,gieseler speaks of the bloodthirsty ,inquisition as a monster raging with most frightful fury in ,southern ,france1--strong language for so calm an historian4 ,but we ask1 was it not necessary that such a system1 destructive of life1 should be put down8 ,that the fautors of this atrocious self-murdering should be summarily dealt with1 when they persuaded mothers to let their children perish on their sick-beds1 men to pine themselves to death1 and women to swallow broken glass1 to tear their bowels1 when their health began to amend8 ,we have got the ,acts of the ,inquisition at ,toulouse during sixteen years that it raged with frightful fury1 i4e41 between #acjg and #acbc4 ,the whole number of cases reported is #icb2 but it is obvious that the same individual might1 and in fact did1 often reappear before the ,inquisition more than once in the course of sixteen years4 ,having confessed some connection with heresy1 he was sentenced to wear a little cross1 or tongue of red cloth1 let into the garments1 or simply to wear a cross round the neck1 or to make a pilgrimage to a certain church1 or to use certain prayers2 of such sentences #agd are recorded4 ,if the person condemned to do this disobeyed1 he was put in prison for a while2 there were #bah such cases4 ,if he escaped from prison1 or ran away from the country1 he was condemned as a fugitive2 there were #ch of these4 ,some of the leaders of the heresy who had caused the death of many persons1 and incorrigible heretics who had broken out of prison1 were condemned to death2 there were #dj fautors of heresy sentenced--twenty-nine ,albigenses1 seven ,waldenses1 and four ,beghards2 thirty-two of these were men1 and eight were women4 ,among the sentences recorded are #aac remissions of penances1 #aci discharges from prison1 and #ij sentences of heresy pronounced against persons deceased4#bc #bc ,a large number of the sentences--all the most important--are translated and published in ,maitland's ,tracts and ,documents1 together with many of the letters1 bulls1 edicts1 and controversial writings on the ,albigenses4 ,now when we consider what these ,albigensian perfect men were1 and how dangerous they were to the well-being of society1 by their influence over superstitious and ignorant peasants1 urging them to self-murder1 and thus causing the death of very many persons1 we do not think that the ,inquisition at ,toulouse deserves all the odium that has been cast upon it4 ,many of those whom it condemned to death would probably have received a sentence of transportation for life in ,england at the present day2 and though the execution of from two to three persons a year is certainly to be deplored1 it is not just to denounce the ,inquisition as bloodthirsty1 when it sentenced to death those who had caused many innocent and ignorant persons to immolate themselves4 ,we do not for a moment pretend to justify the ,albigensian war2 but we can understand the alarm caused to the ,pope and to ,christian ,france by the heathen reaction in ,provence1 ,narbonne1 and ,toulouse4 ,nor were the ,albigenses free from blame in other particulars4 ,they exhibited their contempt for ,christian churches and sacraments in a peculiarly offensive manner1 likely to exasperate ,catholics to the uttermost4 ,one instance shall suffice1 and that is so gross that it must be given in ,latin3-- ,erat quidam pessimus hreticus apud ,tolosam1 ,hugo ,faber nomine1 qui quondam lapsus est in dementiam1 quod juxta altare cujusdam ecclesi purgavit ventrem1 et in contemptum ,dei1 cum palla altaris tersit posteriora sua 444 qu omnia cum vir venerabilis abbas ,cistercii4444 ,comiti retulisset1 et eum moneret ut puniret qui tantum faciens perpetrarat1 respondit comes quod nullo modo propter hoc puniret in aliquo cives suos4 ,peter of ,castelnau1 of whom we have now to speak1 sprang from an illustrious family in the diocese of ,montpellier1 and was archdeacon of ,maguelonne1 when he was appointed by the ,pope to be one of his legates in the southern provinces infected with heresy4 ,but the desire of a higher perfection led ,peter to renounce the honours of the world1 and in #abjj1 to receive the ,cistercian habit in the abbey of ,fontfroide4 ,in #abjc1 he was again obliged to resume his labours as legate1 together with ,brother ,raoul1 his colleague1 a ,cistercian monk like himself4 ,he visited ,toulouse1 where his efforts to repress heresy met with indifferent success4 ,in #abjd1 he met the leaders of the ,albigenses in conference at ,carcassonne4 ,hopeless of effecting any good result1 ,peter of ,castelnau implored the ,holy ,father to relieve him of the burden laid on him1 which1 he said1 was more than he could bear4 ,but the ,pope refused to permit him to resign his office1 and ,peter was obliged to revisit ,toulouse in #abje1 and exact of the ,count of ,toulouse an oath that he would suppress by fire and sword the heresy that pervaded his domains4 ,he was ordered on pain of excommunication to become the inquisitor and executioner of his own subjects4 ,at the same time ,peter deposed ,raymond1 bishop of ,toulouse1 and thus prepared the way for the election of his friend ,foulques1 a fierce and bloodthirsty1 if zealous soul4#bd ,then the legate turned to the ,rhone1 and traversed the provinces of ,arles and ,vienne4 ,in #abjf1 he was at ,montpellier1 deploring with his colleague1 ,raoul1 the sterility of their united efforts4 ,at this time of disappointment1 ,god1 who1 to use the words of ,william de ,puylaurens1 knows always how to hold in reserve ,his arrows in the quiver of ,his ,providence1 sent them out of ,spain two holy and valiant athletes4 ,in ,july1 #abjf1 the venerable ,diego di ,azebes1 bishop of ,osma1 accompanied by the sub-prior of his church1 tapped at their door with his pilgrim's staff4 ,they opened1 and admitted with the bishop that sub-prior1 who was ,s4 ,dominic4 #bd ,foulques was famous as a troubadour for his licentious poetry4 ,his biography is given ,december #be3 by an irony of fate1 the commemoration of this firebrand is on ,christmas ,day1 when ,peace on earth was sung by angels4 ,the legates opened their hearts to the bishop1 and told him of their despair4 ,the bishop gently reproved them1 and bade them have a good courage1 and preach the ,word in season and out of season1 and be careful to set a holy example4 ,let them go forth with neither scrip nor purse1 like the apostles2 and the success which had not attended two legates ambling over the country on their mules1 would attend two apostles going barefoot4 ,the advice of the bishop was approved2 the legates only asked of him to accompany them with his sub-prior4 ,the bishop consented1 and the four set forth one morning out of ,montpellier1 without shoes on their feet1 and no money in their pouch4 ,at once the difficulties melted away1 and numerous conversions were made4 ,at ,beziers and ,carcassonne1 they met with great success4 ,the whole town of ,caraman1 on the ,lauraguais1 abjured heresy4 ,but their success was not lasting3 ,peter saw that the only way in which he could hope to extinguish heresy was by a more persuasive weapon than the tongue4 ,however1 he returned into the heat of the battle shortly after1 to attend the conference with the heretics1 held at ,montreal4 ,after this the four apostles separated to preach in different parts4 ,peter1 finding that ,raymond1 ,count of ,toulouse1 hung back from using the sword to constrain his people to abjure their heresy1 excommunicated him1 and the ,count at once swore1 as he had done before1 that he would put down the errors of ,albigensianism4 ,peter of ,castelnau felt that1 to use his own words1 ,the cause of ,jesus ,christ will not succeed in these lands1 till one of us who preach in ,his name shall die in defence of the faith2 may it please ,god that ,i shall be the first to feel the sword of the persecutor4 ,the ,count met the legate at ,s4 ,gilles1 on the banks of the ,rhone1 for conference1 which led to nothing4 ,on ,january #aeth1 #abji1 ,peter had said ,mass1 and was preparing to cross the river1 when two men ran up1 and one of them pierced him through the sides with a lance4 ,peter fell down1 exclaiming1 ,lord1 pardon him1 as ,i forgive him6 then he said a few words to his fellows1 and died1 praying fervently4 ,the ,count seems to have been guiltless of ordering or approving the murder4 ,s4 ,,john-,,joseph ,,of ,,the ,,cross1 ,c4 7,a4,d4 #agcd47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,his ,life by the ,p4 ,diodati1 published at ,naples1 in #agid4 ,he was inscribed by ,pius ,,vi4 among the number of the ,beatified on ,may #aeth1 #aghi2 and he was canonized by ,gregory ,,xvi4 on ,may #bfth1 #ahci4 ,s4 ,john-,joseph of the ,cross1 who must not be confounded with ,s4 ,john of the ,cross 7,nov4 #afth71 was born in the island of ,ischia1 on the ,feast of the ,assumption1 in the year #afed1 of respectable parents1 ,joseph ,calosirto and ,laura ,garguito1 and was baptized under the name of ,charles ,cajetan1 ,the family must have been one of singular piety1 for five of his brothers entered religion4 ,the subject of our memoir1 as a child1 exhibited a precocious piety4 ,he chose as his room a small chamber in the most retired portion of the house1 where he erected a little altar to ,our ,lady1 on whose great festival he had been born1 and towards whom1 through life1 he manifested a filial devotion4 ,from the earliest age also he manifested a great repugnance from sin4 ,his pure childish soul shivered and shrank from the breath of evil1 as a young spring flower from a frozen blast4 ,the knowledge of evil without bringing guilt to the soul1 unless voluntarily received and harboured with delight1 leaves on it a mark1 so that the soul knowing evil cannot have the freshness of a guiltless and ignorant soul4 ,the little saintly boy1 taught of ,god1 seems unconsciously to have felt this1 and he manifested none of that curiosity after evil which is one of the tokens of our fallen nature1 and which leads the young mind first to the knowledge of evil1 and then1 it may be1 to the perpetration of it4 ,feeling a great desire for the religious life1 he entered the order of ,s4 ,francis1 as reformed by ,s4 ,peter of ,alcantara1 in ,naples1 and assumed the habit at the age of sixteen1 taking at the same time the name of ,john-,joseph of the ,cross4 ,this was in #afga4 ,his noviciate lasted three years2 and at the age of nineteen1 his superior found him sufficiently perfect to be entrusted with the direction of the building of a convent at ,piedimonte di ,agila1 and the organizing of discipline therein4 ,on arriving at the proper age1 he was ordained priest1 and soon after retired into a forest1 where he built himself a cell1 and resided as a hermit4 ,soon five little hermitages clustered around his cell1 and a church was built for the accommodation of the anchorites4 ,but his superiors recalled him to the monastery to undertake the charge of the novices1 and somewhat later he was appointed superior of the house at ,piedimonte di ,agila1 which had risen under his care4 ,he suffered about this time from extreme dryness4 ,it was to him as though the face of ,god were turned away from him1 and he felt agonies of fear1 thinking that through want of judgment or unbecoming example1 he might have retarded the advance1 and perhaps lost some1 of the souls of the novices who had been entrusted to his care4 ,but one of the brethren who had lately died appeared to him in a vision1 and comforted him1 assuring him that his novices were all leading an edifying life4 ,he was afterwards appointed ,superior of the convent1 an office in which he displayed great judgment1 but which withdrew him too much from spiritual meditation and reading to be congenial with his tastes4 ,at his request he was relieved of the office of ,superior1 and was again made director of the novices1 and fulfilled the duties of this office for four years4 ,he died on ,march #eth1 #agcd1 in the convent of ,s4 ,lucia1 at ,naples4 ,illustration3 ,,marriage ,,of ,,the ,,virgin4 ,after a bas-relief by ,orcagna4 ,march #f4 ,s4 ,,marcian1 ,b4,m4 at ,tortona1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #abj4 ,,ss4 ,,victor1 ,,victorinus1 ,,claudian ,,and ,,bassa1 ,,mm4 at ,nicemedia and ,apamea1 #crd cent4 ,s4 ,,quiriacus1 ,p4,c4 at ,treves1 #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,evagrius1 ,patr4 of ,constantinople1 end of #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,sezin1 ,ab4 in ,brittany1 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,fridolin1 ,ab4 of ,sickingen1 end of #gth cent4 ,,ss4 ,,kyneburga1 ,,kyneswitha ,,and ,,tibba1 ,,vv4 at ,peterborough1 end of #gth cent4 ,,ss4 ,,balther ,,and ,,bilfred1 ,,hh4 at ,lindisfarne1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #gef4 ,s4 ,,chrodegang1 ,b4 of ,metz1 ,a4,d4 #gff4 ,,ss4 ,,forty-,,two ,,martyrs1 under the ,saracens1 in ,syria1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #hda ,s4 ,,cadroe1 ,ab4 at ,metz1 ,a4,d4 #ihh4 ,b4 ,,oldegar1 ,b4 of ,barcelona1 and ,archb4 of ,tarragona1 ,a4,d4 #aacg4 ,s4 ,,colette1 ,v4 at ,ghent1 ,a4,d4 #addg4 ,s4 ,,sezin1 ,,ab4 ,,in ,,brittany4 7#fth cent47 ,venerated in ,brittany1 patron of the parish of ,guic-,sezni1 in the diocese of ,s4 ,pol-de-,lon4 ,of this abbot nothing certain is known4 ,colgan attempted to identify him with ,s4 ,isserninus1 the companion of ,s4 ,patrick4 ,according to ,albert le ,grand1 ,s4 ,sezin was born in ,ulster1 in #djb1 studied at ,rome1 became a bishop in ,ireland1 and passed into ,brittany in #dgg1 where he died as late as #ebi1 having lived #abg years4 ,but the lections in the ,breviary of ,s4 ,pol de ,lon1 from which ,albert le ,grand made up this history1 are for the most part taken word for word from the ,life of ,s4 ,kieran4 ,we may allow that the saint was an ,irishman1 and that he died at ,guic-,sezni1 in the beginning of the #fth century1 but that is all we can say of him4 ,s4 ,,fridolin1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,sickingen4 7,,end ,,of #g,,th ,,cent47 ,molanus and ,greven in their additions to ,usuardus4 ,canisius in his ,german ,martyrology4 ,anglican and later ,irish and ,scottish ,martyrologies4 ,the ,acts of ,fridolin were preserved in a monastery on the ,moselle1 where they were found1 and recast in a more ornate style1 by a monk1 ,balther1 in the beginning of the #abth cent4 ,the story of this is rather curious4 ,in the monastery of ,sickingen there was no copy of the life of ,s4 ,fridolin1 on account of the monastery having been destroyed by the ,huns about #ich4 ,but ,balther1 a monk of ,sickingen1 happening to visit a monastery on the ,moselle1 which had been founded by ,s4 ,fridolin1 found the life there4 ,he asked for it1 but the prior refused to give it him1 so he learned it by heart1 as well as he could1 partly carrying it away word for word1 and partly gathering the subject-matter1 after which he set to work and re-wrote it1 incorporating the portions he knew by heart with that portion which he wrote in his own words4 ,he says that he was puzzled to find that in the ,,ms4 the saint was called ,fridhold1 whereas at ,sickingen they were wont to call him ,fridolin4 ,fridhold was undoubtedly the ancient and most correct form of the name1 and ,fridolin is a diminutive4 ,fridolin the ,traveller was a native of ,ireland1 what his name there was is not known1 as we only hear of him by his ,teutonic appellation1 signifying ,gentle ,peace4 ,his birth was illustrious1 and he is usually said to have been the son of a king1 but ,balther merely says he was a person of distinguished piety4 ,having embraced the ecclesiastical state1 he was raised to the priesthood1 and preached with great zeal for some time in various parts of ,ireland4 ,wishing to visit foreign countries1 he passed over to ,france1 and after preaching there1 became a member of ,s4 ,hilary's monastery at ,poitiers1 where he remained for a considerable time1 and was so much esteemed by the community1 and the bishop and clergy1 that he was elected abbot4 ,he then completed an object which he had greatly at heart1 the rebuilding of ,s4 ,hilary's ,church1 in which he was assisted by king ,clovis1 and by the bishop and the inhabitants2 and he placed in it the remains of the saint1 reserving a few portions of the relics for himself4 ,during this time he was visited by two priests1 relatives of his1 who had been labouring as missionaries in ,northumberland4 ,leaving them at ,poitiers1 and taking with him some of the relics of ,s4 ,hilary1 ,fridolin went to the east of ,france1 and erected a monastery on the banks of the ,moselle1 which he dedicated to ,s4 ,hilary1 and which was called ,helera4 ,having remained there only as long as was necessary to complete that foundation1 he built a church amidst the ,vosges1 likewise in honour of ,s4 ,hilary1 perhaps that which was named ,hilariacum1 the modern ,s4 ,avold1 in the ,department of ,moselle4 ,thence he proceeded to ,strassburg1 where also he erected a church under the same invocation4 ,next we find him at ,coire1 in the ,grisons1 and there likewise founding a ,church of ,s4 ,hilary4 ,while there1 he inquired of the inhabitants if there were any island in the ,rhine as yet uninhabited1 and was informed there was one1 of which1 however1 they could not give him a precise account4 ,he went in search of it1 and at length found the island of ,sickingen1 a few miles above ,basle4 ,when examining it for the purpose of discovering whether it were fit for the erection of a church1 he was beaten and ill-treated by the inhabitants of the neighbouring district4 ,but having obtained a grant of the island from the king1 he founded a church1 and a religious house for women1 towards the endowment of which he got some lands from ,urso1 a nobleman of ,glarus4 ,thenceforth he spent the remainder of his life at ,sickingen1 together with some disciples of his1 of whom he formed a community1 prior1 it is said1 to his having established the nunnery4 ,he died there on the #fth of ,march1 but in what year is not known4 ,there are great doubts even as to the century in which he flourished2 but it is most probable that he belonged to the latter part of the #gth century4 ,some writings have been attributed to the saint1 but upon no sufficient authority4 ,many writers suppose that he arrived in ,france in the reign of ,clovis ,i41 but it is more probable that it was in the reign of ,clovis ,,iii4 ,according to ,balther1 ,christianity seems to have been completely established in ,ireland at the time of ,fridolin's departure for ,france1 and this representation does not suit the religious state of ,ireland at the period when ,clovis ,i4 reigned4 ,the holy expeditions of missionaries from ,ireland to the continent1 had not begun as early as the #fth century4 ,next comes the very remarkable circumstance of the priests1 the nephews of ,fridolin1 coming from ,northumberland4 ,there were no ,irish priests in ,northumberland until the year #fce4be #be ,see ,dr4 ,lanigan's ,irish ,eccl4 ,hist4 ii4 p4 #dhc-f4 ,s4 ,fridolin is regarded as the tutelar patron of the ,canton of ,glarus1 which bears on its coat of arms a figure of the saint4 ,,ss4 ,,kyneburga1 ,,abss41 ,,kyneswitha ,,and ,,tibba1 ,,vv4 7,,end ,,of #g,,th ,,cent47 ,anglican ,martyrologies4 ,authorities3--,bede1 lib4 iii4 c4 #ba1 ,ingulf1 and ,william of ,malmesbury4 ,an obstinate tradition found in the ancient ,english ,chronicles asserts that two daughters of the savage old heathen ,penda1 king of ,mercia1 ,kyneburga and ,kyneswitha1 both gave up the thought of marriage to consecrate themselves to ,god4 ,the eldest1 who was married to ,alcfrid1 the eldest son of king ,oswy of ,northumbria1 is said to have left him with his consent1 after having lived with him some years in virginal continence1 to end her life in the cloister4 ,the youngest1 sought in marriage by ,offa1 king of the ,east ,saxons1 used her connection with him only to persuade the young prince to embrace the monastic life as she herself desired to do4 ,but it has been proved that the two daughters of the bloody ,penda contributed with their brothers to the establishment of the great abbey of ,medehampstede1 or ,peterborough1 that their names appear in the list of the national assembly which sanctioned this foundation1 and that it was not till after1 that they retired to lead a religious life at ,dermundcaster1 now ,caister1 near ,peterborough1 on the confines of ,huntingdon and ,northampton4 ,there ,kyneburga became the abbess of a community of nuns1 when she was shortly joined by her sister ,kyneswitha1 and a kinswoman ,tibba4 ,after their death1 they were buried at ,peterborough4 ,when the ,danes wasted ,england1 their bodies were carried to ,thorney1 but were brought back again in the days of king ,henry ,i4 ,camden1 in his account of ,rutland1 informs us that ,s4 ,tibba was held in particular veneration at ,ryall on the ,wash4 ,,ss4 ,,balther ,,and ,,bilfred1 ,h4 ,h4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #gef47 ,anglican and ,scottish ,martyrologies4 ,authorities3--,aberdeen ,breviary1 ,hector ,boece1 ,hist4 ,scot4 lib4 ix4 ,matthew of ,westminster under date #ida2 ,turgot of ,durham1 c4 ,s4 ,balther is supposed to be identical with ,s4 ,baldred1 commemorated the same day in the ,scottish ,martyrologies4 ,s4 ,baldred is said to have lived a solitary life on the ,bass-rock4 ,at the entrance of the ,firth of ,forth was a dangerous rock just above the level of low tide which proved a cause of continual shipwreck4 ,baldred1 says the lection in the ,aberdeen ,breviary1 compassionating the sailors1 went to the rock1 and standing on it1 it swam away under him like a boat1 and he conducted it to a place where it could do no mischief1 and there he rooted it again4 ,he died at ,aldham 7,alderstone71 and his body was claimed by the neighbouring parishes of ,tyningham and ,preston4 ,a contest arose between the three parishes1 and the story is told1 which occurs also in that of ,s4 ,tyllo1 that in the morning there were three precisely similar bodies1 so that each parish was able to possess ,s4 ,baldred4 ,in #iea1 ,anlaf the ,dane burnt the church and monastery of ,tyningham1 and immediately after was struck with sudden sickness1 and died4 ,the body of ,s4 ,balther was rediscovered by revelation1 by a priest1 ,elfrid1 two centuries later1 whose mission seems to have been the recovery of lost relics1 for he found also those of ,,ss4 ,bilfred1 ,acca1 ,alkmund the bishop1 king ,oswin1 and the abbesses ,ebba and ,ethelgitha1 being directed to them all by visions4 ,the bones of ,s4 ,balther and ,s4 ,bilfred were put together with the body of ,s4 ,cuthbert in his shrine at ,durham4 ,but they were removed from the shrine again in #aajd1 the head of ,s4 ,oswald being alone left with ,s4 ,cuthbert1 and were put in the shrine of the ,venerable ,bede4 ,s4 ,bilfred was a goldsmith1 who is said to have chased a book of the ,gospels with gems in gold1 which was long preserved at ,durham1 and is now in the ,cottonian library in the ,british ,museum4 ,on the cover is ,eadfrid1 ,oetilwald1 ,billfrith1 ,aldred hoc ,evangelium ,deo et ,cuthberto uonstruxerunt et ornaverunt2 above this in ,saxon characters1 and in a ,northumbrian dialect1 ,and ,billfrith1 the anchorite1 he fabricated the curious works that are on the outside1 and it adorned with gold and with gems1 also with silver overgilded1 a priceless treasure4 ,billfrith is supposed to be a local form of ,bilfred4 ,s4 ,,chrodegang1 ,b4 ,,of ,,metz4 7,a4,d4 #gff47 ,metz ,martyrology1 ,molanus and ,herimann ,greven in their additions to ,usuardus4 ,belgian ,martyrologies1 and ,saussaye in his ,gallia ,christiana4 ,authority3--,his life by ,paulus ,diaconus 7fl4 #gij71 and a larger one by ,john1 abbot of ,gorze1 7d4 #gic71 published in ,pertz1 ,mon4 ,sacr4 ,t4 x4 p4 #eeb-egb4 ,this saint was a native of ,hasbain1 that portion of ,brabant which surrounds ,louvain1 and was educated in the abbey of ,s4 ,tron4 ,on account of his learning and general talents he was made chancellor of ,france by ,charles ,martel1 mayor of the palace1 in #gcg4 ,soon after the death of ,charles1 he was elected bishop of ,metz1 in #gdb4 ,in #ged he was sent on an embassy by king ,pepin to ,astulph1 king of the ,lombards1 who had overrun the ,north of ,italy1 praying him not to commit degradations in ,rome1 nor to force the ,romans to desert their faith4 ,but the embassy proved fruitless4 ,in #gee the saint organised a regular community to serve as chapter to his cathedral1 requiring them to live together in one house1 and observe certain rules1 which he drew up in thirty-four articles4 ,amongst other rules1 he required his canons to confess at least twice in the year to the bishop1 before the beginning of ,advent and ,lent4 ,he built and endowed the monasteries of ,s4 ,peter1 of ,gorze1 and of ,lorsch2 and died on ,march #fth1 #gff4 ,he was buried at ,gorze4 ,his relics disappeared at the ,revolution4 ,s4 ,,colette1 ,v4 7,a4,d4 #addg47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,her festival was celebrated with proper office at her convent in ,ghent1 by permission of ,clement ,,viii42 and ,paul ,v4 extended this privilege to all other convents of her order4 ,she was canonized by ,pius ,,vii41 in #ahjg4 ,her life was written by ,peter ,vallisus1 or de ,rheims1 for many years her confessor1 in ,french1 and it was translated by ,etienne ,julliac1 a contemporary1 into ,latin2 and an epitome of her life was written by ,jodocus ,clichthrove4 ,colette ,boillet1 a carpenter's daughter1 was born at ,corbie1 in ,picardy1 on ,jan4 #acth1 #achj4 ,her parents gave her at the font the name of ,nicoletta1 and this has been contracted into ,colette1 the name by which she is now usually known4 ,from her earliest infancy she seems to have been singled out for a special work1 and her young soul1 from the first1 opened to divine grace1 as a spring flower to the sun4 ,at the age of seven1 she yearned for a retired life1 and she fashioned for herself a little oratory in the back premises of the carpenter's wood-yard1 into which she retreated for prayer1 and there spent many hours in communion with ,god4 ,when her childish companions sought her that they might draw her into their sports and pastimes1 she hid under her bed2 but when anything was really wanted of her1 or any of her companions were in trouble1 she was at once at hand to assist and console4 ,if a poor person came to the door whilst the family was at meals1 she would rise and give him her share4 ,in #adjb1 at the age of twenty-two1 ,colette bade farewell to nature1 to her friends1 to all of life that was most lovely1 and enclosed herself in an anchorite's cell1 built against the walls of the church of ,corbie4 ,these voluntary recluses were common in the ,middle ,ages4 ,those who desired to live this life of seclusion1 entered living into these tombs1 which were built up1 leaving only a window open1 through which they were fed and communicated4 ,throughout all ,picardy the fame of the austerities of ,colette spread1 and many sought her counsel and prayers4 ,fearing that her humility would suffer1 for three years she maintained a complete silence1 only opening her window to receive the ,holy ,sacrament4 ,at length the call came1 which it was impossible for her to resist4 ,henry de la ,balm1 her confessor1 saw in a dream a vine full of leaves1 but fruitless2 then came ,colette and pruned the vine1 and it began to yield abundantly4 ,shortly after this ,colette saw1 in vision1 a great tree growing in her cell1 laden with golden fruit1 and numerous saplings springing up about its roots4 ,fearing a deception of ,satan1 she tore up the young plants1 but there appeared more in their place4 ,then she thought ,god summoned her to reform the ,order of the ,poor ,clares4 ,but she still hesitated2 whereupon she was struck blind for three days1 and after that for three days dumb4 ,she hesitated no longer1 but came forth ready1 in ,god's name1 to undertake her mission4 ,she left her cell with regret2 turning at the door1 and kissing the threshold1 she sobbed forth1 ,oh1 dear little home1 farewell6 farewell my joy and repose6 ,oh1 if men knew how much happiness ,i have enjoyed in thee1 they would desert palaces to inhabit thy narrow walls4 ,it was the close of autumn in #adjf4 ,the vines were heavy with grapes1 the trees had put on their many-coloured autumnal tints1 and the last shocks of yellow harvest were being gathered in4 ,for four years1 in her seclusion1 she had seen nothing of all this1 only the golden light playing on the wall of her chamber1 sometimes pale1 and sometimes burning as flame1 and the blue sky and the drifting clouds1 now dark grey with winter rains1 and then white and fleecy in summer light4 ,colette had written all that she had deemed expedient for the reformation of the ,franciscan ,order2 she placed her writings in a pouch attached to her girdle1 and on foot she started for ,nice1 where ,benedict ,,xiii4 resided1 on account of the schism4 ,the pope received ,colette with honour2 she made profession of the rule of ,s4 ,clare at his feet1 and he appointed her superior-general of the whole order2 naming ,henry de la ,balm1 her confessor1 as assistant for the reformation of the ,friars of ,s4 ,francis4 ,this young and feeble woman now set her hand with incredible energy to the accomplishment of her task4 ,she traversed ,france1 ,savoy1 ,germany1 and ,flanders1 meeting in some places with violent opposition as a crazy fanatic1 but in other succeeding in establishing a reform4 ,the provinces of ,france were ravaged by war1 and all the evil passions of wicked men were let loose2 but ,colette walked through all dangers1 relying on ,divine protection1 and never relying in vain4 ,she was accused of heresy1 and even of unchastity1 but she was not crushed by slander1 despising reproach as she had defied danger4 ,in #adaj1 she founded a convent at ,besanon2 in #adae1 she introduced a reform into the convent of the ,cordeliers1 at ,dole1 and in succession into nearly all the convents in ,lorraine1 ,champagne1 and ,picardy4 ,in #adaf1 she founded a house of her order at ,poligny1 at the foot of the ,jura1 and another at ,auxonne4 ,i am dying of curiosity to see this wonderful ,colette1 who resuscitates the dead1 wrote the ,duchess of ,bourbon1 about this time4 ,for the fame of the miracles and labours of the carpenter's daughter was in every mouth4 ,in #adbb1 ,colette started for ,moulins to meet the duchess1 and to found there a religious house4 ,the ,duchess of ,nevers summoned her into her duchy1 and she obeyed the summons4 ,it was on her way to ,moulins that she met another maiden1 also acting under a special call1 though one of a very different nature4 ,one maiden was called to wear cord and veil1 the other to gird the sword and wear the casque4 ,it was ,joan of ,arc1 then on her way with ,dunois at the head of an army to besiege ,charit-sur-,loire4 ,in ,auvergne1 ,colette converted ,isabeau de ,bourbon1 and at the age of nineteen the young princess exchanged her diamonds for the knotted cord of ,s4 ,clare4 ,after having founded the convent of ,le ,puy1 at the request of ,amadeus ,,vii41 ,colette carried her reformation into ,savoy4 ,on the north shore of the ,lake of ,geneva1 she found a still sweet spot1 itself silent and secluded as a monastery1 its white walls reflected in the deep blue of the lake1 and looking out on a range of snowy mountains4 ,at ,vevey she rested to look around her1 relax her weary soul1 and breathe in the soft air1 sweet from the fields of narcissus4 ,but ,god had not yet called her to rest4 ,from all sides devotees came to her1--the ,duchess of ,valentinois1 the unfortunate ,jacques de ,bourbon1 in turn jailor and prisoner of his wife1 ,jeanne of ,sicily1 with his children1 who1 having tasted the life of the cloister1 found it was so sweet1 that they abandoned for it the pleasures and ambitions of the world4#bf #bf ,jacques ,,ii4 of ,bourbon1 ,count of la ,marche and de ,castres1 married to ,jeanne ,q4 of ,naples and ,sicily1 was imprisoned by his wife1 but escaped1 and becoming a third ,order brother of ,s4 ,francis1 at ,besancon1 died there1 ,sept4 #bd1 #adbh4 ,after having spent two years at ,vevey1 ,colette went to ,nozeroy1 to the princess of ,orange1 and remained with her till #adcj4 ,philip the ,good1 ,duke of ,burgundy1 recalled ,colette to ,flanders1 where she founded several houses1 and glorified ,god by many miracles4 ,in the memoirs of ,oliver de la ,marche1 a ,burgundian gentleman of this time1 occurs the following notice of ,s4 ,colette2 ,en celui temps1 rgnoit une moult sainte et dvote femme1 religieuse de ,sainte-,claire1 au pays de ,bourgoigne1 nomme soeur ,colette4 ,cette femme allait par toute la chrtient1 menant moult sainte vie1 et difiant maisons et glises de la religion de ,saint ,franois et de ,sainte ,claire4 ,et ai t acerten1 que1 par son pourchas et par sa peine1 elle avait difi de son temps trois cent quatre-vingts glises4 ,it would seem almost as if ,colette had a natural love for mountains1 so generally do we find her returning to them1 and laying at their feet the foundations of her dearest homes4 ,perhaps the mystery of their blue-veined valleys1 and the wondrous changes wrought by the sun and clouds on their sides1 filled her with a sense of love and awe4 ,but it was not from among the mountains that she was summoned away4 ,the call to the everlasting hills came to her on the flats of ,flanders1 in the city of ,ghent4 ,there she died on ,march #fth1 #addg1 laying herself down to repose as gladly as the weary labourer in harvest time1 who returns to his home and to sleep after a day of incessant toil4 ,when the ,emperor ,joseph ,,ii4 suppressed many religious houses in his dominions1 in #aghe1 the ,poor ,clares of ,ghent took up the body of ,s4 ,colette1 and traversing ,france1 laid it beneath the mountain shadows at ,poligny4 ,the holy relics were secreted at the time of the ,french ,revolution1 and on the return of tranquillity1 they were placed in the parish church2 but the ,poor ,clares having re-established themselves at ,poligny1 the bones of the saint have been restored to them4 ,illustration3 ,decorative motif ,march #g4 ,,ss4 ,,perpetua1 ,,felicitas1 ,,saturus1 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm4 in ,africa1 ,a4,d4 #bjc4 ,s4 ,,eubulus1 ,m4 at ,csarea in ,palestine1 ,a4,d4 #cjh4 ,s4 ,,paul ,,the ,,simple1 ,h4 in the ,thebaid1 #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,gaudiosus1 ,b4 of ,brescia1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #dde4 ,s4 ,,easterwin1 ,ab4 of ,wearmouth1 ,a4,d4 #ghe4 7,see ,s4 ,benedict ,biscop1 ,jan4 #abth2 p4 #agb47 ,s4 ,,thomas ,,aquinas1 ,doct41 ,o4,p41 at ,fossa ,nuova1 ,a4,d4 #abgd4 ,,ss4 ,,perpetua1 ,,felicitas1 ,,and ,,comp41 ,,mm4 7,a4,d4 #bjc47 ,roman and all ,western ,martyrologies on this day1 but by the ,greeks on ,march #ast4 ,authorities3--,the genuine ,acts of these martyrs1 and a sermon by ,s4 ,augustine of ,hippo on them4 ,the names of ,perpetua and ,felicitas occur in the ,canon of the ,mass4 ,the first part of the ,acts was written by ,s4 ,perpetua herself1 and reaches to the eve of her martyrdom4 ,s4 ,saturus then took the pen1 and added the account of his vision2 and when he had gained his crown1 an eye-witness of their passion closed the account4 ,tertullian quotes these ,acts in his ,book ,de ,anima1 c4 #ee2 and ,s4 ,augustine in his ,sermons1 #bhj1 #bhc1 and #bid4 ,they were anciently read publicly in the churches of ,africa4 ,a violent persecution broke out under the ,emperor ,severus1 in #bjb4 ,it reached ,africa the following year2 when1 by order of ,minutius ,timinianus1 or ,firminianus1 five catechumens were apprehended at ,carthage for the faith2 namely1 ,revocatus1 and his fellow-slave ,felicitas1 ,saturninus1 and ,secundulus1 and ,vivia ,perpetua4 ,felicitas was expecting her confinement2 and ,perpetua had an infant at her breast1 was of a good family1 twenty-two years of age1 and married to a person of quality in the city4 ,she had a father1 a mother1 and two brothers2 the third1 ,dinocrates1 died about seven years old4 ,these five martyrs were joined by ,saturus1 probably brother to ,saturninus1 and who seems to have been their instructor3 he underwent a voluntary imprisonment1 because he would not abandon them4 ,the father of ,s4 ,perpetua1 who was a ,pagan1 and advanced in years1 loved her more than all his other children4 ,her mother was probably a ,christian1 as was one of her brothers1 the other a catechumen4 ,the martyrs1 for some days before they were committed to prison1 were kept under a strong guard in a private house3 and the account ,perpetua gives of their sufferings to the eve of their death1 is as follows3 ,we were in the hands of our persecutors1 when my father1 out of the affection he bore me1 made new efforts to shake my resolution4 ,i said to him1 ',can that vessel1 which you see1 change its name8' ,he said1 ',no4' ,i replied1 ',nor can ,i call myself any other than ,i am1 a ,christian4' ,at that word my father in a rage fell upon me1 as if he would have pulled out my eyes1 and beat me2 but went away in confusion1 seeing me invincible4 ,after this we enjoyed a little repose1 and in that interval received baptism4 ,the ,holy ,ghost1 on our coming out of the water1 inspired me to pray for nothing but patience under bodily sufferings4 ,a few days after this we were put into prison2 ,i was shocked at the horror and darkness of the place2 for till then ,i knew not what such sort of places were4 ,we suffered much that day1 chiefly on account of the great heat caused by the crowd1 and the ill-treatment we met with from the soldiers4 ,i was1 moreover1 tortured with concern1 because ,i had not my baby with me4 ,but the deacons1 ,tertius and ,pomponius1 who assisted us1 obtained1 by money1 that we might pass some hours in a more commodious part of the prison1 to refresh ourselves4 ,my infant was then brought to me almost famished1 and ,i gave it the breast4 ,i recommended him afterward carefully to my mother1 and encouraged my brother2 but was much afflicted to see their concern for me4 ,after a few days my sorrow was changed into comfort1 and my prison itself seemed agreeable4 ,one day my brother said to me1 ',sister1 ,i am persuaded that you are a special favourite of heaven2 pray to ,god to reveal to you whether this imprisonment will end in martyrdom1 or not4' ,i1 knowing ,god gave me daily tokens of ,his goodness1 answered1 full of confidence1 that ,i would inform him on the morrow4 ,i therefore asked that favour of ,god1 and had this vision4 ,i saw a golden ladder1 which reached from earth to heaven2 but so narrow that only one could mount it at a time4 ,to the two sides were fastened all sorts of iron instruments1 swords1 lances1 hooks1 and knives2 so that if any one went up carelessly1 he was in great danger of having his flesh torn4 ,at the foot of the ladder lay a dragon of enormous size1 who kept guard to turn back and terrify those that endeavoured to mount it4 ,the first that went up was ,saturus1 who was not apprehended with us1 but voluntarily surrendered himself afterward on our account3 when he had reached the top of the ladder1 he turned towards me1 and said1 ',perpetua1 ,i wait for you2 but take care lest the dragon bite you4' ,i answered1 ',in the name of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 he shall not hurt me4' ,then the dragon1 as if afraid of me1 gently lifted his head from under the ladder1 and ,i1 having got upon the first step1 set my foot upon his head4 ,thus ,i mounted to the top1 and there ,i saw an extensive garden1 and in the middle of it a tall man sitting down dressed like a shepherd1 having white hair4 ,he was milking his sheep1 surrounded with many thousands of persons clad in white4 ,he called me by my name1 bid me welcome1 and gave me some curds made of the milk which he had drawn3 ,i put my hands together1 and took and ate them2 and all that were present said aloud1 ,amen4 ,the noise awakened me1 chewing something very sweet4 ,as soon as ,i had related this vision to my brother1 we both concluded that we should suffer death4 ,after some days1 a rumour having got about that we were to be examined1 my father came from the city to the prison1 overwhelmed with grief4 ',daughter1' said he1 'have pity on my grey hairs1 if ,i yet deserve to be called your father2 if ,i have brought you up4 ,i pray you consider that my love of you made me always prefer you to your brothers1 and make me not now a reproach to mankind4 ,have respect for your mother and your aunt2 have compassion on your child that cannot survive you2 lay aside this obstinacy1 lest you ruin us all2 for not one of us will dare open his lips any more if misfortune befall you4' ,he took me by the hands at the same time1 and kissed them2 he threw himself at my feet in tears4 ,i confess1 ,i was pierced with sorrow when ,i considered that my father was the only person of our family that would not rejoice at my martyrdom4 ,i endeavoured to comfort him1 saying1 ',father1 grieve not2 nothing will happen but what pleases ,god2 for we are not at our own disposal4' ,he then departed1 much concerned4 ,next day1 whilst we were at dinner1 a person came in suddenly to summon us to examination4 ,the report of this soon brought a vast crowd of people into the audience chamber4 ,we were placed on a sort of scaffold before the judge1 ,hilarian1 procurator of the province1 the proconsul having lately died4 ,all who were questioned before me boldly confessed ,jesus ,christ4 ,when it came to my turn1 my father stood forward1 holding up my infant4 ,he drew me a little aside1 conjuring me in the most tender manner not to be insensible to the misery ,i should bring on that innocent creature1 to which ,i had given life4 ,the president ,hilarian joined with my father1 and said1 ',what6 will neither the gray hairs of a father1 nor the tender innocence of a child1 move you8 ,sacrifice for the prosperity of the emperors4' ,i replied1 ',i will not do it4' ',are you then a ,christian1' said ,hilarian4 ,i answered1 ',yes1 ,i am4' ,as my father attempted to draw me from the scaffold1 ,hilarian commanded him to be beaten off1 and he had a blow given him with a stick1 which ,i felt as much as if ,i had been struck myself1 so much was ,i grieved to see my father thus treated in his old age4 ,then the judge pronounced our sentence1 by which we were all condemned to be exposed to wild beasts4 ,we then joyfully returned to our prison2 and as my infant was not yet weaned1 ,i immediately sent ,pomponius the deacon1 to demand him of my father1 but he refused to send him4 ,and ,god so ordered it1 that the child no longer required to suck1 nor did my milk incommode me4 ,secundulus1 being no more mentioned1 seems to have died in prison before this interrogatory4 ,before ,hilarian pronounced sentence1 he had caused ,saturus1 ,saturninus1 and ,revocatus to be scourged2 and ,perpetua and ,felicitas to be beaten on the face4 ,they were reserved for the shows which were to be exhibited for the soldiers in the camp1 on the festival of ,geta1 who had been made ,csar four years before1 by his father ,severus1 when his brother ,caracalla was created ,augustus4 ,s4 ,perpetua relates another vision with which she was favoured1 as follows3 ,a few days after receiving sentence1 when we were all together in prayer1 ,i happened to name ,dinocrates1 at which ,i was astonished1 because ,i had not before had him in my thoughts2 and ,i that moment knew that ,i ought to pray for him4 ,this ,i began to do with great fervour before ,god2 and the same night ,i had the following vision3 ,i saw ,dinocrates coming out of a dark place1 where there were many others1 exceedingly hot and thirsty2 his face was dirty1 his complexion pale1 with the ulcer in his face of which he had died at seven years of age1 and it was for him that ,i had prayed4 ,there seemed a great distance between him and me1 so that it was impossible for us to come to each other4 ,near him stood a vessel full of water3 he attempted to drink1 but could not reach it4 ,this mightily grieved me1 and ,i awoke4 ,by this ,i knew my brother was in pain1 but ,i trusted ,i could relieve him by prayer3 so ,i began to pray for him1 beseeching ,god with tears1 day and night1 that he would grant me my request2 and ,i continued doing this till we were removed to the camp prison3 being destined for a public show on the festival of the ,csar ,geta4 ,the day we were in the stocks#bg ,i had this vision2 ,i saw the place1 which ,i had beheld dark before1 now luminous2 and ,dinocrates1 with his body very clean and well clad1 refreshing himself2 and in the place of his wound was a scar only4 ,i awoke1 and knew he was relieved from his pain4#bh #bg ,these stocks1 called ,nervus1 were a wooden machine with many holes1 in which the prisoners' feet were fastened and stretched to great distances1 as to the fourth or fifth holes1 for the increase of their torments4 ,s4 ,perpetua remarks1 they were chained1 and also set in this engine during their stay in the camp-prison1 which seems to have been several days1 in expectation of the day of the public shows4 #bh ,it is evident from the visions ,s4 ,perpetua had of her little brother1 that the ,church1 at that early age1 believed the doctrine of ,purgatory1 and prayed for the faithful departed4 ,some days after1 ,pudens1 the officer who commanded the guards of the prison1 seeing that ,god favoured us with many gifts1 had a great esteem of us1 and admitted many people to visit us1 for our mutual comfort4 ,on the day of the public shows1 my father came overwhelmed with sorrow4 ,he tore his beard1 threw himself on the ground1 cursed his years1 and said enough to move any creature2 and ,i was ready to die with sorrow to see my father in so deplorable a condition4 ,on the eve of the shows ,i was favoured with the following vision4 ,the deacon ,pomponius1 methought1 knocked very hard at the prison door1 which ,i opened to him4 ,he was clothed with a white robe1 embroidered with innumerable pomegranates of gold4 ,he said to me1 ',perpetua1 we wait for thee1 come along4' ,he then took me by the hand and led me through very rough places into the middle of the amphitheatre1 and said1 ',fear not4' ,and1 leaving me1 said again1 ',i will be with thee in a moment1 and bear a part with thee in thy pains4' ,i was wondering the beasts were not let out against us1 when there appeared a very ill-favoured negro1 who came to encounter me with others4 ,but another beautiful troop of young men declared for me1 and anointed me with oil for the combat4 ,then appeared a man of a great stature1 in rich apparel1 like the master of the gladiators1 having a wand in one hand1 and in the other a green bough on which hung golden apples4 ,having ordered silence1 he said that the bough should be my prize1 if ,i vanquished the negro3 but that if he conquered me1 he would kill me with a sword4 ,after a long and obstinate engagement1 ,i threw the negro on his face1 and trod upon his head4 ,the people applauded my victory loudly4 ,i then approached the master of the amphitheatre1 who gave me the bough with a kiss1 and said1 ',peace be with thee1 my daughter4' ,after this ,i awoke1 and found that ,i was not to combat with wild beasts so much as with devils4 ,here ends the relation of ,s4 ,perpetua4 ,s4 ,saturus had also a vision1 which he wrote down himself4 ,he and his companions were conducted by a bright angel into a most delightful garden1 in which they met some holy martyrs lately dead1 namely ,jocundus1 ,saturninus1 and ,artaxius1 who had been burned alive for the faith1 and ,quintus1 who had died in prison4 ,they inquired after other martyrs of their acquaintance1 and were conducted into a most stately palace1 shining like the sun2 and in it saw the king of this most glorious place surrounded by his happy subjects1 and heard the voice of a great multitude crying1 ,holy1 holy1 holy4 ,saturus1 turning to ,perpetua1 said1 ,thou hast here what thou didst desire4 ,she replied1 ,god be praised1 ,i have more joy here than ever ,i had in the flesh4 ,he adds1 that on going out of the garden they found before the gate1 on the right hand1 the bishop of ,carthage1 ,optatus1 and on the left1 ,aspasius1 priest of the same church1 both of them alone and sorrowful4 ,they fell at the martyrs' feet1 and begged that they would reconcile them together1 for a dissension had happened between them4 ,the martyrs embraced them1 saying1 ,art not thou our bishop1 and thou a priest of our ,lord8 ,it is our duty to prostrate ourselves before you4 ,perpetua was discoursing with them2 but certain angels came and drove away ,optatus and ,aspasius2 and bade them not to disturb the martyrs1 but be reconciled to each other4 ,the bishop1 ,optatus1 was also charged to heal the divisions that reigned in his church4 ,the angels after these reprimands seemed ready to shut the gates of the garden4 ,here1 says he1 we saw many of our brethren and martyrs likewise4 ,we were fed with an ineffable odour1 which delighted and satisfied us4 ,such was the vision of ,saturus4 ,the rest of the ,acts were added by an eye-witness4 ,god had called to himself ,secundulus in prison4 ,felicitas was eight months gone with child1 and as the day of the shows approached1 she was inconsolable lest she should not be confined before then2 fearing that her martyrdom would be deferred on that account1 because women with child were not allowed to be executed1 before they were delivered3 the rest also were sensibly afflicted on their part to leave her behind4 ,therefore they unanimously joined in prayer to obtain of ,god that she might be delivered before the day of the shows4 ,scarce had they finished their prayer1 when ,felicitas found herself in labour4 ,she cried out under the violence of her pain2 then one of the guards asked her1 if she could not bear the throes of childbirth without crying out1 what she would do when exposed to the wild beasts4 ,she answered1 ,it is ,i myself that am enduring these pangs now2 but then there will be another with me who will suffer for me1 because ,i shall suffer for ,him4 ,she was then delivered of a daughter1 which a certain ,christian woman took care of1 and brought up as her own child4 ,pudens1 the keeper of the prison1 having been already converted1 secretly did them all the good offices in his power4 ,the day before they suffered they were given1 according to custom1 their last meal1 which was called a free supper1 and they ate in public4 ,their chamber was full of people1 with whom they talked1 threatening them with the judgments of ,god1 and extolling the happiness of their own sufferings4 ,saturus1 smiling at the curiosity of those that came to see them1 said to them1 ,will not to-morrow suffice to satisfy your inhuman curiosity8 ,however you may seem now to pity us1 to-morrow you will clap your hands at our death1 and applaud our murderers4 ,but observe well our faces1 that you may know them again at that terrible day when all men shall be judged4 ,they spoke with such courage and intrepidity that they astonished the infidels1 and occasioned the conversion of several among them4 ,the day of their triumph having come1 they went out of the prison to the amphitheatre full of joy4 ,perpetua walked with a composed countenance and easy pace1 with her eyes modestly cast down2 ,felicitas went with her1 following the men1 not able to contain her joy4 ,when they came to the gate of the amphitheatre1 the guards would have given them1 according to custom1 the superstitious habits with which they adorned such as appeared at these sights4 ,for the men1 a red mantle1 which was the habit of the priests of ,saturn2 for the women1 a little fillet round the head1 by which the priestesses of ,ceres were known4 ,the martyrs rejected those idolatrous vestments2 and1 by the mouth of ,perpetua1 said they came thither of their own accord1 on the promise made them that they should not be forced to anything contrary to their religion4 ,the tribune then consented that they should appear in the amphitheatre habited as they were4 ,perpetua sang1 as being already victorious2 ,revocatus1 ,saturninus1 and ,saturus threatened the people that beheld them with the judgments of ,god3 and as they passed before the balcony of ,hilarian1 they said to him1 ,thou judgest us in this world1 but ,god will judge thee in the next4 ,the people1 enraged at their boldness1 begged that they might be scourged1 and this was granted4 ,they accordingly passed before the ,venatores1#bi or hunters1 each of whom gave them a lash4 ,they rejoiced exceedingly in being thought worthy to resemble our ,saviour in his sufferings4 ,god granted to each of them the death they desired2 for when they had discoursed together about what kind of martyrdom would be agreeable to each1 ,saturninus declared that he should prefer to be exposed to beasts of several sorts1 in order that his sufferings might be aggravated4 ,accordingly1 he and ,revocatus1 after having been attacked by a leopard1 were also assaulted by a bear4 ,saturus dreaded nothing so much as a bear1 and therefore hoped a leopard would despatch him at once with his teeth4 ,he was then exposed to a wild boar1 but the beast turned upon his keeper1 who received such a wound from him1 that he died in a few days after1 and ,saturus was only dragged along by him4 ,then they tied the martyr near a bear1 but that beast came not out of his lodge1 so that ,saturus1 being sound and not hurt1 was called upon for a second encounter4 ,this gave him an opportunity of speaking to ,pudens1 the gaoler that had been converted4 ,the martyr encouraged him to constancy in the faith1 and said to him1 ,thou seest ,i have not yet been hurt by any beast1 as ,i desired and foretold3 believe then stedfastly in ,christ2 ,i am going where thou wilt see a leopard with one bite take away my life4 ,it happened so1 for a leopard being let out upon him1 sprang upon him1 and in a moment he was deluged with blood1 whereupon the people jeering1 cried out1 ,he is well baptized4 ,the martyr said to ,pudens1 ,go1 remember my faith1 and let our sufferings rather strengthen than trouble thee4 ,give me the ring thou hast on thy finger4 ,saturus1 having dipped it in his wound gave it him back to keep as a pledge to animate him to steadfastness in his faith1 and soon after1 fell down dead4 ,thus he went first to glory1 to wait for ,perpetua1 according to her vision4 #bi ,pro ordine venatorum4 ,venatores is the name given to those that were armed to encounter the beasts1 who put themselves in ranks1 with whips in their hands1 and each of them gave a lash to the ,bestiarii1 or those condemned to the beasts1 whom they obliged to pass naked before them in the middle of the pit or arena4 ,in the mean time1 ,perpetua and ,felicitas had been exposed to a wild cow2 ,perpetua and ,felicitas were the first attacked1 and the cow having tossed the former1 she fell on her back4 ,then putting herself in a sitting posture1 and perceiving her clothes were torn1 she gathered them about her in the best manner she could1 to cover herself1 thinking more of decency than her sufferings4#cj ,getting up1 not to seem disconsolate1 she tied up her hair1 which was fallen loose1 and perceiving ,felicitas on the ground much hurt by a toss of the cow1 she helped her to rise4 ,they stood together1 expecting another assault from the beasts1 but the people crying out that it was enough1 they were led to the gate ,sanevivaria1 where those that were not killed by the beasts were despatched at the end of the shows by the confectores4 ,perpetua was here received by ,rusticus1 a catechumen4 ,she seemed as if just returning out of a long ecstasy1 and asked when she was to fight the wild cow4 ,when told what had passed1 she could not believe it till she saw on her body and clothes the marks of what she had suffered4 ,she called for her brother1 and said to him and ,rusticus1 ,continue firm in the faith1 love one another1 and be not distressed at our sufferings4 ,all the martyrs were now brought to the place of their butchery4 ,but the people1 not yet satisfied with beholding blood1 cried out to have them led into the middle of the amphitheatre1 that they might have the pleasure of seeing them receive the last blow4 ,upon this1 some of the martyrs rose up1 and having given one another the kiss of peace1 went of their own accord into the arena2 others were despatched without speaking1 or stirring out of the places they were in4 ,s4 ,perpetua fell into the hands of a very timorous and unskilful apprentice of the gladiators1 who1 with a trembling hand1 gave her many slight wounds1 which made her languish a long time4 ,thus1 says ,s4 ,augustine1 did two women1 amidst fierce beasts and the swords of gladiators1 vanquish the devil and all his fury4 ,the day of their martyrdom was the #gth of ,march1 as it is marked in the most ancient martyrologies1 and in a ,roman ,martyrology as old as the year #eed4 ,s4 ,prosper says they suffered at ,carthage1 which agrees with all the circumstances4 ,their bodies were preserved in the great church of ,carthage1 in the #eth century1 as ,victor of ,utica relates4 ,the body of ,s4 ,perpetua is said to be preserved at ,bologna1 in the ,church of the ,franciscans1 but it is very questionable whether it is that of the ,s4 ,perpetua of ,carthage1 whose passion has just been narrated4 #cj ,does not this remind the classic scholar of the description of the death of ,polyxena1 by ,talthybius1 in the ,hecuba1 ,she even in death showed much care to fall decently4 ,s4 ,,eubulus1 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #cjh47 ,by the ,greeks on ,feb4 #crd1 in conjunction with ,s4 ,adrian2 but by the ,roman ,martyrology on this day1 and ,s4 ,adrian on ,march #eth4 ,authority3--,eusebius1 ,hist4 ,eccl4 lib4 viii41 c4 #aa4 ,in the persecution in ,palestine1 carried out under the ferocious governor ,firmilian1 ,adrian and ,eubulus1 natives of ,mangana1 suffered4 ,they came to ,csarea1 and were asked the cause of their coming1 as they entered the gates of the city4 ,they confessed that they had come to see and minister to the martyrs of ,jesus ,christ4 ,they were at once apprehended and brought before ,firmilian4 ,he ordered them to be scourged and torn with hooks1 and then to be devoured by the beasts4 ,after the lapse of two days1 on the third of the nones of ,march1 ,adrian was cast before a lion1 and afterwards slain with the sword4 ,eubulus was also reserved to the nones of ,march1 and was then cast to the beasts4 ,he was the last to suffer for the faith at ,csarea in that persecution4 ,s4 ,,paul ,,the ,,simple1 ,h4 7#d,,th ,,cent47 ,greek ,mena and ,roman ,martyrology on the same day4 ,but some ,latin ,martyrologies on ,dec4 #ahth1 others on ,jan4 #aath4 ,authorities3--,palladius1 in his ,hist4 ,lausiaca2 ,ruffinus1 in his ,lives of the ,fathers of the ,desert2 and ,sozomen1 ,hist4 ,eccles41 lib4 i41 c4 #ac4 ,paul the ,simple was one of the first disciples of ,s4 ,antony4 ,he did not embrace the religious life till he was sixty1 and then it was in consequence of the bad conduct of his wife4 ,he had been a labourer in a village of the ,thebaid1 and was very ignorant4 ,he came to ,s4 ,antony1 but the patriarch of hermits refused to admit him1 thinking him too old to adopt the monastic life4 ,paul1 however1 remained three days and nights outside the cell of ,antony1 and would not leave4 ,antony then came forth1 and found that the man had no food2 he1 therefore1 received him for a while1 hoping to disgust him with the life of a hermit by the severity of his discipline4 ,he set ,paul to pray outside his door1 and told him not to desist till he was released4 ,the simple old labourer obeyed1 and ,antony observed him1 unseen1 praying with the blazing sun shining down on his head at noon-day1 and the moon looking on him at night1 as rigid and immoveable as one of the date palms of the desert4 ,he then brought him into his cave1 and gave him some platting to do4 ,when it was accomplished he rebuked ,paul for his having doing it badly1 and bade him undo his work again4 ,the postulant did as ordered without a murmur4 ,then ,antony brought bread1 and set the table in order for supper1 and called the hungry ,paul to it2 then he said1 ,before we eat1 let us recite twelve psalms and twelve prayers1 and he did so2 and when the psalms and prayers were done1 ,antony said1 ,we have looked on the bread1 that will suffice for supper2 now let us retire to rest4 ,yet ,paul murmured not2 so ,antony saw that he was qualified to be a monk4 ,once1 as ,antony and some of his guests were discoursing on spiritual matters1 ,paul asked very simply1 ,were the prophets before ,jesus ,christ1 or ,jesus ,christ before the prophets8 ,then ,antony reddened1 and bade him keep in the background1 and hold his tongue4 ,now ,paul at once obeyed1 and remained for some time silent1 and out of sight1 and they told ,antony of it4 ,then he said1 ,oh1 my brethren6 learn from this man what our obedience towards ,god ought to be4 ,if ,i say anything1 he does it instantly and cheerfully1 and we--do we thus behave towards our ,god8 ,s4 ,,thomas ,,aquinas1 ,d41 ,o4,p4 7,a4,d4 #abgd47 ,the oldest notices of ,s4 ,thomas are found in ,gerard de ,fracheto2 in ,thos4 ,cantipratensis2 ,stephen de ,salanacho2 ,tocco1 a ,dominican1 who had seen ,s4 ,thomas1 and heard him preach1 left an account of his life and miracles1 this work formed the basis of the labours of the ,inquisition into our saint's miracles1 held in #acai4 ,this1 and the bull of his canonization1 issued by ,john ,,xxii41 in #acbc1 is the foundation of the first part of ,guido's life and acts of ,s4 ,thomas2 the latter part contains the miracles substantiated at the second ,inquisition1 or those told on trustworthy authority4 ,there are many other lives1 as also histories of the translations of his body4 ,john ,,xxii4 ordered his festival to be kept as that of a confessor1 on ,march #gth2 ,pius ,v41 in #aefg1 ordered it to be honoured in the same manner as were the feasts of the ,four ,doctors of the ,church4 ,the age of ,s4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 says ,bareille1 was that of ,innocent ,,iii41 and of ,s4 ,louis1 of ,albert the ,great1 and of ,roger ,bacon1 of ,giotto1 and of ,dante4 ,that age witnessed the birth of the cathedral of ,cologne1 and the ,summa ,theologi1 of the ,divine ,comedy1 and ,la ,sainte ,chapelle1 of the ,imitation of ,jesus ,christ1 and the cathedral of ,amiens4 ,it was so fruitful in great men and great monuments1 that it would need an entire volume to give a complete list of both4 ,when we wander amidst the marvels of the thirteenth century1 we are astonished at the injustice done to it through the ignorance of mankind4 ,this astonishment is increased when we consider more attentively the vast movement which was then going on in the bosom of mankind4 ,this was the age in which the ,universities of ,oxford and ,paris were founded1 in which ,s4 ,louis established his kingdom on a legitimate basis2 in which the barons wrung the ,magna ,charta from king ,john2 in which the great religious orders of ,s4 ,dominic and ,s4 ,francis sprung up2 in which gunpowder was invented1 the telescope discovered1 the laws of gravitation recognized2 in which the principles of political representation and of parliamentary debate sprang into fresh life2 in which1 lastly1 the great nationalities of modern times were settling themselves decisively into their places4 ,in the middle of this century ,s4 ,thomas appeared4 ,this man sums up in his own person all that was purest and strongest in his age2 he is a personification of that power which subjugates all other powers to its sway--the power of great ideas4 ,hitherto men have seen in ,s4 ,thomas nothing but the pious cenobite1 or1 at best1 the saintly and profound theologian1 who theorises in his cloister1 scarce deigning to bestow a glance on the age in which he lives4 ,but if we study the real facts of his history1 if we put his works in connection with his actions1 we see in him one of those active and impressionable minds which keep an anxious watch over the ideas of their time1 either to array against them all the fulness of their power1 as a dam against their disorderly movements1 or to dash into their midst and to master them by guiding them4 ,his was1 indeed1 an extraordinary genius1 whose power contemporary minds were forced to recognize1 whether they came to bruise themselves against his logic1 or whether they came to submit themselves to his direction4 ,he reigned in both ways1 but more by seconding1 than by checking1 the movements of his age4 ,s4 ,thomas1 the most saintly of the learned1 and the most learned of the saints1 sprang from a noble race4 ,his mother1 ,theodora1 was descended from the ,caraccioli1 a ,norman family1 and was countess of ,hano in her own right4 ,her ancestors had left ,normandy #bjj years before1 and having driven the ,saracens and ,greeks out of the plains of ,southern ,italy1 had established themselves at ,naples and ,messina1 and having made prisoner the ,roman pontiff1 had received the crown from his trembling hands4 ,landulf1 ,theodora's husband1 of the house of ,sommacoli1 otherwise called ,counts of ,loreto1 ,ditcerra1 and ,belcastro1 belonged to one of the most remarkable families of middle ,italy4 ,his father1 ,thomas1 achieved so high a military reputation1 that the emperor1 ,frederick ,barbarossa1 nominated him ,lieutenant-,general of the ,holy ,roman empire1 and gave him his sister1 ,frances of ,suabia1 to wife4 ,his ancestors had been ,dukes of ,capua1 but when their inheritance was wrested from them1 they assumed the title of ,aquino1 and settled themselves between the ,volturno and the ,garigliano4 ,in the reign of ,otto ,,iii41 one of these rough warriors took ,rocca ,sicca from the abbot of ,monte ,cassino1 and levelled it with the ground 7#iif74 ,thus ,s4 ,thomas was nephew of ,frederick the ,first and ,henry the ,fourth1 and cousin of ,frederick the ,second1 and could claim connection with the royal houses of ,arragon1 ,sicily1 and ,france4 ,yet1 noble and illustrious as he was by birth1 he was to be made nobler and more illustrious still by the brightness of his virtues and by the splendour of his intellect4 ,the saint's father seems to have combined a martial spirit with a firm devotion to the faith4 ,theodora1 a woman of immense energy of character1 kept herself in control by severe fasts and frequent vigils4 ,the little town of ,aquino occupies the centre of a vast and fertile plain1 commonly called ,campagna ,felice4 ,one of the rugged mountains which hem it in on all sides pushes forward a spur1 called ,rocca ,sicca2 on the summit of this crag still stand the ruins of the castle of the ,aquinos4 ,it was in a chamber of this castle that a ,dominican friar appeared to ,theodora1 and exclaimed1 ,rejoice1 ,o lady1 for thou art with child1 and thou shalt bring forth a son1 whom thou shalt call ,thomas2 both thou and thy husband will think to make him a monk in the monastery of ,monte ,cassino1 where the body of blessed ,benedict rests1 hoping to obtain possession of the great income of that monastery by his elevation1 but ,god has ordained otherwise concerning him1 for he will become a brother of the ,order of ,preachers1 and famous for his knowledge and the sanctity of his life4#ca ,she replied1 ,i am not worthy to bear such a son2 but may the will of ,god be done6 ,in due course ,theodora gave birth to him1 who was afterwards called the ,angelic ,doctor1 in the same year that ,s4 ,louis became king1 and ,s4 ,francis of ,assisi died4 ,the date1 however1 is contested4 ,most trustworthy authorities put it at the year #abbg4 ,some say it took place at ,rocca ,sicca1 some at ,aquino1 others at ,belcastro4 ,theodora had two other boys1 both of whom adopted a military life2 and three daughters3 the eldest became a nun1 and died an abbess2 the second married ,count ,san ,severino2 the youngest1 when an infant1 was sleeping with ,thomas and his nurse1 when a fork of lightning shot through the castle window1 burnt the little girl to death1 but left ,s4 ,thomas uninjured in his nurse's arms4 #ca ,such is the legend1 but possibly it may have been coined after the death of ,s4 ,thomas4 ,at the age of five1 ,s4 ,thomas was sent to ,monte ,cassino1 his parents hoping1 in spite of the prophecy1 if the prophecy had ever been really uttered1 that he would eventually join the order1 and become master of those vast possessions which were under the dominion of its abbots4 ,the monastery in the early days of ,s4 ,thomas was the most distinguished school of letters in the land4 ,the little child was doubtless dedicated to ,god1 as others were2 he was brought into the sanctuary in the arms of his parents1 he spoke by their mouth1 as at the font1 he put out his tiny hand for the sacred corporal to be wrapped round it1 and thus vowed himself to ,god4 ,the education of the child was committed to a large-hearted and ,god-fearing man1 whose chief object was to fill his soul with ,god4 ,as a result of this training it came to pass that ,s4 ,thomas's constant question to his teachers was1 ,what is ,god8 ,doubtless1 they answered him in the apostle's words1 ,god is love4 ,the personal appearance of the young ,s4 ,thomas indicated the presence of a governing spirit2 not the command of brute force1 but the command of intellect4 ,he possessed that rare class of spiritual beauty which tells of gentleness1 purity1 and power4 ,his massive head betokened strength2 his broad tranquil brow1 his meditative eyes1 produced the impression1 not so much of quickness and vivacity1 as of breadth and command4 ,he seemed to live in a sort of spiritual light1--as the sunbeam striking upon a landscape naturally beautiful invests it with a kind of transfiguration4 ,though he seldom spoke1 when he did speak1 he set hearts beating faster2 and often1 whilst thus conversing with his companions1 the monks would approach the little gathering by stealth1 to listen to the precocious wisdom of this extraordinary child4 ,after seven years quiet study1 ,s4 ,thomas was forced to take refuge with his family from the violence of the imperial soldiers1 who had sacked the abbey1 and made a prey of all its wealth in plate and gems1 the legacies of emperors1 kings1 and knights4 ,the change to the feudal castle of ,loreto must have been a violent one for the young saint4 ,the tramp of armed men1 the free carousing1 the shouts and songs of mirth1 must have been sources of temptation to a boy of twelve1 whose life had hitherto been passed in the silence of the cloister1 or amid the sacred songs of the monks1 but the holy impressions already made on his soul shielded it from corruption4 ,an anecdote is related of him at this period which shows how full his young heart was of charity4 ,during his sojourn at ,loreto1 a terrible famine ravaged ,southern ,italy4 ,the ,aquinos were extremely charitable to the poor1 and ,thomas acted as his father's almoner4 ,but not satisfied with this1 he sometimes stole secretly into the kitchen1 filled his cloak with whatever came to hand1 and hurried to the castle gate to divide his spoils amongst the famishing people4 ,having been reprimanded for doing so1 he still persisted2 but one day1 as he was carrying his cloak full of provisions1 he met his father unexpectedly1 and was commanded to show what he was hiding with so much care4 ,the child let fall his burden1 but in the place of bread1 a shower of flowers hid the feet of the boy1 and the old man1 ,landulf1 burst into tears1 and1 embracing his son1 bade him follow at liberty the inspirations of his charity4 ,his parents determined to send ,s4 ,thomas to the ,university of ,naples1 which was then at the height of its prosperity4 ,tasti states that he commenced the study of theology under the profound ,erasmus1 the ,benedictine professor of that science in the ,university4 ,tocco states1 however1 that the abbot of ,monte ,cassino advised his removal from ,monte ,cassino1 and his being placed at the ,university of ,naples1 where he studied grammar and logic under ,martin1 and natural science under ,peter de ,hibernia4 ,it was the custom for the students1 after the professor had delivered his lecture1 to present themselves at a stated time1 and deliver what they had heard before their companions in the schools4 ,when it came to ,s4 ,thomas's turn1 he repeated the lectures with greater depth of thought1 and greater lucidity of method1 than the learned professor himself was able to command4 ,a youth1 who was a more brilliant expositor of truth than its professors1 would surely1 during his stay in the gay centre of ,southern ,italy1 have observed with interest the various phases of the period in which he lived2 he must have felt1 too1 that an organized power alone could meet the world4 ,he saw what an immense power monasticism had been in the age which was passing away4 ,but he also perceived that the world had changed4 ,the efforts of the solitaries and contemplatives had not been able to direct its course4 ,citeaux and ,clairvaux had done a work indeed1 but it was not the work of directing the stream of human thought4 ,they had not perceptibly affected the world4 ,the old methods seemed to have dropped out of use4 ,discovery1 and travel1 and enterprise excited the imagination of the men of that age2 they loved activity better than meditation4 ,they congregated in towns1 and the teaching of the monastery gave way to the excitement and uproar of university life4 ,what then8 ,thomas would ask himself1 is the instrument1 or the organization adapted to oppose the powers of the world8 ,the ,order of ,s4 ,francis1 and that of ,s4 ,dominic1 were created by the ,church for resisting the mighty pressure4 ,the former1 in its characteristics of poverty and love1 the latter1 in its specialities of eloquence and learning1 were designed to manifest the perfection of ,christianity in a world full of the pomp of riches and the maddening influences of pantheistic mysticism4 ,these two ,orders had chairs at ,naples4 ,probably young ,aquino was struck by the devotedness and ability of the ,dominican professors4 ,the special scope of the ,order1 its love for learning1 its active ministrations to humanity1 while still retaining the self-restraint of solitaries1 and the humility of monks1 must have struck a new chord1 or an old chord in a new fashion1 in the heart of the saint4 ,anyhow1 he soon became intimate with the ,fathers of the ,order1 and especially with his dear friend1 ,john ,sancto ,facundo4 ,in the end1 ,s4 ,thomas1 who was then either sixteen or seventeen years old1 petitioned for the habit of ,s4 ,dominic4 ,the fathers determined to put his perseverance to the proof4 ,they required him to make the demand in public4 ,on the day appointed1 from a very early hour1 the church was flooded by a great crowd1 amongst which might be observed persons of the highest distinction in the city4 ,the religious of the house ranged themselves in the choir4 ,thomas advanced into the midst of these two clouds of witnesses1 and received from the ,superior1 ,fra ,tomaso d',agni di ,lentino1 the badges of penance and subjection4 ,when ,s4 ,thomas entered the order1 ,john of ,germany was general 7#abci-abed71 and a constellation of famous men shone with a steady light from the ,corona ,fratrum4 ,in ,germany there was ,albertus ,magnus4 ,hugh of ,s4 ,caro edified all ,france by his sanctity2 and ,peter of ,verona1 and ,john of ,vicenza1 were its ornaments in ,italy4 ,it may be imagined that ,theodora was not pleased when she heard of the ceremony from the lamentations of some of her vassals1 who had seen the young count dressed up as a ,dominican friar4 ,she forthwith hastened to ,naples with a large retinue4 ,no sooner did the ,dominicans learn that she was on her way1 than they hurried the boy off1--some say at his own request--with several companions1 to ,rome1 by a different route from that usually followed by travellers4 ,theodora speedily followed him to ,rome4 ,in vain she tried to obtain a sight of him by entreaties the most imploring1 and by threats the most indignant4 ,she then bewailed her hard lot amongst the ,roman nobility1 and denounced to the pope the rapacity of the friars1 who had robbed her of her boy4 ,the ,dominicans1 dreading her influence in the city1 sent ,s4 ,thomas to ,paris4 ,theodora1 hearing of his departure1 sent off a courier to his two brothers1 who were ravaging ,lombardy with a band of ,frederick's soldiers1 beseeching them to secure the fugitive4 ,they set guards to watch the passes through which the ,dominicans could escape4 ,as the friars lay resting under a tree1 near ,acquapendente1 they were surrounded by armed men1 and ,thomas found himself a prisoner in the hands of his brothers4 ,the two young soldiers behaved with great brutality to the saint1 and forcing him on horseback1 they carried him to ,san ,giovanni4 ,his mother made use of every argument she could invent to turn him from his purpose2 she brought into play all the passions of her nature1 her tears1 her entreaties1 her threats1 her love2 but without effect4 ,perceiving that he remained unmoveable1 she threw him into prison1 and set guards to watch outside4 ,his sisters seconded their mother2 they alone were allowed to wait on him1 and they practised all their arts to turn him from his vocation4 ,but in the end1 his calm deportment1 his resignation and tenderness1 won them over4 ,they put him in a position to communicate with the brethren4 ,the saint procured a ,bible1 the ,book of the ,sentences1 and some of the works of ,aristotle1 and learned them by heart4 ,thus it was that he prepared himself for his mighty labours in the future4 ,his brothers persevered in their attempts to force him from religion4 ,they were furious when they found that1 far from being changed himself1 ,thomas had converted both his sisters4 ,they forbade the girls to approach him2 and bursting in upon him1 insulted him with brutal jests1 and ended by tearing his habit1 piece by piece1 from off his back4 ,then ,brother ,john of ,s4 ,giuliano brought another habit for him from ,naples1 which he had concealed beneath his own4 ,this made his brothers more enraged than before4 ,they formed the infamous expedient of hiring a prostitute1 and shutting her up in the cell with ,thomas4 ,while waiting the issue1 a fearful shriek proceeding from the prison1 summoned the two brothers2 they arrived in time to see the girl rushing away in an agony of terror1 and the young man chasing her with a blazing brand1 which he had plucked out of the fire4 ,even the brutality of the young soldiers was overcome by this2 and from that day forth1 they ceased their persecutions4 ,before his death1 the saint told his familiar friend1 ,rainald1 that no sooner had the girl been driven out1 than he made a cross with the charred brand upon the wall1 and casting himself upon his knees before it1 made a vow of chastity for life4 ,whilst thus praying1 he fell into a calm sleep1 and was vouchsafed a vision4 ,he saw angels descending from the clouds1 who bound his loins with the girdle of continence1 and armed him for life as the warrior of ,heaven4 ,this girdle is said to have been given after his death to the ,dominicans of ,vercelli1 who refused to part with it at the command of a pope4 ,still his relations kept him in confinement1 some say for two years1 and would have detained him longer1 had it not been for the influence of the ,dominicans with the pope4 ,the holy father was roused4 ,he not only brought the case before the emperor1 but he ordered him to set the prisoner free1 and threatened to visit the perpetrators of the outrage with condign punishment4 ,frederick1 having latterly been humiliated by the ,viterbesi1 and having1 in consequence1 been abandoned by some of his supporters1 was not sorry for an opportunity of gratifying the pontiff4 ,orders were at once sent to ,landolf and ,rainald to set the captive free4 ,still these stubborn soldiers with their haughty mother would take no active steps to give ,thomas his liberty4 ,however1 his sisters informed ,john of ,s4 ,giuliano of the position of affairs1 and he at once hurried to the castle accompanied by one or two companions4 ,and finally1 the girls let their brother down1 through the window1 like another ,s4 ,paul1 into the hands of his delighted brethren below1 who at once hurried him off to ,naples4 ,tocco says that ,john of ,s4 ,giuliano1 others that ,tomaso d',agni di ,lentino1 was ,superior of the ,convent1 and received our saint's profession4 ,theodora1 repenting that she had let him escape1 applied to the pope to annul his vows4 ,the holy father sent for ,s4 ,thomas1 and questioned him in the presence of the court4 ,he1 with his natural modesty1 and yet with gentle firmness1 told the pope how unmistakeable was the voice which had called him to religion1 and implored the holy father to protect him4 ,innocent1 and the prelates about him1 could not suppress their emotion4 ,the pope acted with great benevolence4 ,knowing ,theodora's weakness1 he proposed to make ,thomas abbot of ,monte ,cassino1 whilst still allowing him to wear the habit of ,s4 ,dominic1 and to partake of the privileges of the friars4 ,his mother and his brothers implored ,thomas to accept the tempting offering4 ,but he was inexorable4 ,he besought the pope to leave him to abide in his vocation4 ,thenceforward his mother no longer worried him1 and his brothers left him alone to pursue his own course4 ,from the first1 the ,dominicans seem to have had a kind of fore-knowledge of the great combat that would have to be waged in the arena of human reason4 ,from the first1 with prudence1 forethought1 and wise economy1 they prepared a system for turning the abilities of their members to the fullest account4 ,with them no intellect was lost4 ,power was recognised1 trained1 and put in motion4 ,those who were less gifted1 were set to less intellectual employments3 those who had great powers were fitted to become lights of the world and ornaments of the ,order4 ,with such an intellectual capital as our saint possessed1 he might fairly have been set to work in the active ministrations of his ,order4 ,but1 fortunately1 his superiors were men who looked into the future1 and knew how a present sacrifice would be repaid4 ,thus1 instead of looking on ,s4 ,thomas's education as finished1 they considered it as only just begun4 ,who was to be his master to ripen his active mind8 ,this question ,john of ,germany1 #dth ,general of the ,dominicans1 must have asked himself4 ,at last he set out with ,s4 ,thomas on foot1 from ,rome to ,paris1 and from ,paris to ,cologne1 where ,albertus ,magnus then was4 ,it is related that as they descried the beauty of ,paris in the distance1 the general turned to ,thomas and said1 ,what would you give to be king of that city8 ,i would rather have ,s4 ,chrysostom's treatise on ,s4 ,matthew1 replied the young man1 than be king of the whole of ,france4 ,s4 ,thomas met his match in ,albertus ,magnus4 ,nothing is a greater blessing for a master-mind than to come in contact with another master-mind1 more highly educated1 and with a more matured experience than itself4 ,albert was born of noble family at ,lavingen1 in ,suabia1 7#aaic ,a4,d47 ,some say that1 like ,s4 ,isidore1 he was dull as a boy4 ,at ,padua1 where he was studying medicine and mathematics1 he was drawn by ,brother ,jordan's eloquence to join the ,dominicans4 ,he was sent to ,bologna1 then the second centre of the intellectual world4 ,next he began to teach4 ,as a lecturer he was unrivalled3 all classes thronged into the hall of this extraordinary man4 ,the logic1 ethics1 and physics of ,aristotle1 and portions of ,holy ,writ1 were the subject matter of his lectures4 ,after settling at ,cologne1 he was summoned to ,paris in #abbh1 to put the studies on a footing to meet the requirements of the age4 ,then he returned to ,cologne4 ,it was at this period that he first met ,s4 ,thomas1 who became his favourite disciple1 and to whom1 in private1 he opened the stores of his capacious mind4 ,the companions of ,s4 ,thomas in ,albert's school1 were men filled with the impression that to exert the reasoning faculties in debating scholastic questions1 was one of the principal ends of all philosophy4 ,it is not extraordinary that such men as these1 when they saw young ,aquino so silent1 should imagine that nothing occupied his thoughts2 especially when they perceived that he was equally reserved in school4 ,they soon came to the conclusion that he was a naturally obtuse lad4 ,what is more strange is this1--that ,albert at first held him to be deficient4 ,he was called by master and pupils1 the great dumb ,sicilian ox4 ,once1 when studying in his cell1 he heard a voice crying to him1 ,brother ,thomas1 here6 quick1 look at this flying ox6 ,when ,s4 ,thomas went to the window1 he was received with shouts of derision4 ,in explanation he said incisively3 ,i did not believe an ox could fly1 nor did ,i1 till now1 believe that a religious could tell a lie4 ,a companion one day offered to assist him in his lesson4 ,s4 ,thomas assented2 presently his friend came to a hard passage1 which was beyond his depth1 the saint took the book from him1 and explained the passage with great clearness4 ,albert had selected a difficult question from the writings of ,dionysius the ,areopagite2 this the scholars passed to ,s4 ,thomas2 he took it to his cell2 and first stating all the objections that could be made against it1 he then answered them4 ,a brother picked up this paper1 and carried it to ,albert4 ,his master ordered him to defend a thesis the next day before the whole school4 ,thomas spoke with such clearness1 established his thesis with such dialectical skill1 saw so far into the difficulties of the case1 and handled the whole subject in so masterly a manner1 that ,albert exclaimed1 ,thou seemest to me not to be defending the case1 but to be deciding it4 ,master1 he replied1 ,i know not how to treat the question otherwise4 ,albert1 to test him further1 started objections1 but ,thomas solved every difficulty so successfully1 that ,albert cried out1 ,we call this youth ',dumb ,ox1' but the day will come when the whole world will resound with his bellowing4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,thomas ,,aquinas4 ,after ,cahier4 ,march #g4 ,in #abde1 it was determined by the ,dominican ,chapter that ,albert should leave ,cologne for ,paris1 and that ,thomas should finish his three years under him there4 ,the one absorbing science of the middle ages was theology4 ,learning1 in all its branches1 pointed to the study of religion as the great terminus of the human mind1 and the one right road from heaven to earth4 ,the liberal arts were but a careful and laborious preparation for philosophy or logic2 logic1 in turn1 was only valuable inasmuch as it was an instrument for the ordering1 defending1 and proving the great truths of revelation4 ,the great object of life was to know ,god4 ,jacques de ,vitry beautifully says1 ,all science ought to be referred to the knowledge of ,christ4 ,it may be laid down roughly that the ,scriptures1 ,peter ,lombard's ,book of ,sentences1 and ,aristotle1 were the three great bases on which the active intellect of the #acth century rested in its development and analysis of truth4 ,the students of the ,paris ,university may be divided into three classes3 those who lived in seminaries1 those who lived in monasteries1 and those who lived as best they could4 ,some were destitute1 living on charity1 or in hospitia2 others were rich and lordly1 great spendthrifts and swaggerers1 studying out of mere curiosity1 or pure conceit4 ,john of ,s4 ,alban had founded a hospitium for pilgrims1 with a chapel dedicated to ,s4 ,james2 this he handed over to the ,dominicans1 which gift the ,university confirmed on condition that mass was said for its living and dead members twice a year4 ,thus the ,dominicans came in contact with the ,university4 ,from the first they attended the theological schools of the ,church of ,paris4 ,s4 ,louis built them a convent1 and at his death left them a part of the library he had collected at the ,sainte ,chapelle4 ,novices were taught ,latin and logic2 and disputations echoed in the cloister4 ,meditation was made to counterbalance the excitement of study4 ,the lectures were given in large halls4 ,in the middle stood the chair of the master1 with another seat below1 and in front of him a stool for the bachelor who was going through his training4 ,if there was not room on the benches1 the students sat on the straw which covered the floor4 ,the teaching was principally done by question and answer1 by exposition1 repetition1 and disputation4 ,no book was used1 the teacher might have the text before him1 and sometimes the students took notes in shorthand1 which they wrote out at their leisure4 ,nothing has been handed down1 of any moment1 regarding the studies of ,s4 ,thomas at ,paris during this period4 ,albert was at the height of his reputation4 ,his lecture-hall was so crowded1 that he was forced to lecture in a square1 near ,notre ,dame1 known as the ,place ,maubert4 ,the same year in which ,s4 ,thomas finished his studies 7#abdh71 a general chapter of ,dominicans was held at ,paris4 ,here it was ruled that four new schools should be started on the model of that at ,paris4 ,bologna for ,lombardy2 ,montpellier for ,provence2 ,oxford for ,england2 ,cologne for ,germany4 ,albert was to take the chair at ,cologne1 re-arrange the studies1 and be regent2 whilst ,thomas1 who was not twenty-three1 was to be second professor1 and ,magister ,studentium4 ,albert's old reputation attracted crowds4 ,thomas was not long before he also acquired a brilliant reputation4 ,his distinctions1 even compared with those of ,albert1 were so new1 his arguments so ingenious1 that all were dazzled at his great ability4 ,it was at ,cologne that he first gave evidence as a teacher1 of that depth1 balance1 and expansion1 which1 in after life1 made him the weightiest of authorities on the most momentous of religious questions4 ,in his treatment of the ,scripture and of the ,sentences1 he had ample opportunity for displaying his many-sided gifts4 ,nor did he confine himself to teaching in the schools4 ,he preached and wrote4 ,his first pieces were ,de ,ente et ,essentia1 and ,de ,principiis ,natur4 ,these two works contain the germ of a future system1 and were remarkable productions for a youth of twenty-two4 ,the saint's practice in teaching1 and the accuracy he acquired by writing1 from an early age1 were of great assistance to him in developing his powers4 ,he possessed1 moreover1 a gift--most valuable at all times--calmness and self-possession1 which was the result1 partly of education1 greatly of character2 partly of breadth of mind1 and chiefly of grace4 ,under the most trying provocation he was never known to lose his self-control4 ,his humility and sweetness came out strikingly when arguing in the schools4 ,though his opponent1 in the heat of disputation1 might forget himself1 ,thomas never did4 ,once1 when a young student arrogantly defended a thesis of which he knew the saint did not approve1 he was suffered to proceed in silence4 ,but the next day1 when he continued his argument with still greater arrogance1 the saint with infinite sweetness1 but crushing power1 put a few questions1 made a few distinctions1 and upset the student with such ease1 first on one point1 then on another1 that the whole school was in an uproar of admiration4 ,both the youth and his fellows were taught a lesson which they did not easily forget4 ,again1 while he was preaching at ,s4 ,james's1 an official of the ,university walked up the church1 and beckoned the saint to stop1 and then read out an offensive document1 drawn up by the secular party1 in opposition to the ,friars' ,preachers4 ,when the congregation had somewhat recovered from their surprise1 ,s4 ,thomas proceeded with his sermon with undisturbed composure4 ,conrad ,de ,guessia1 his intimate friend1 declared him to be3 ,a man of holy life and honest conversation1 peaceful1 sober1 humble1 quiet1 devout1 contemplative1 and chaste2 so mortified that he cared not what he ate or what he put on4 ,every day he celebrated with great devotion1 or heard1 one or two masses2 and except in times proper for repose1 he was occupied in reading1 writing1 praying or preaching4 ,his science1 says ,rainald1 was not acquired by natural talent1 but by the revelation and the infusion of the ,holy ,ghost1 for he never set himself to write without having first prayed and wept4 ,when he was in doubt1 he had recourse to prayer1 and with tears he returned1 instructed and enlightened in his uncertainty4 ,it was about this time that ,s4 ,thomas was ordained priest4 ,it is mortifying that no certain information can be procured regarding the time at which it took place4 ,all his biographers lay stress on his great devotion while celebrating4 ,he was frequently rapt in spirit whilst at mass1 when the tears would spring to his eyes1 and flow copiously4 ,after mass1 he prepared his lectures1 and then went to the schools4 ,next1 he wrote or dictated to several scribes2 then he dined1 returned to his cell1 and occupied himself with ,divine things till time for rest2 after which he wrote again1 and thus ordered his life in the service of his ,master4 ,the duty of preaching also fell upon him4 ,a man so filled with the ,spirit of ,god would1 almost of necessity1 manifest the passion which ruled supreme4 ,his reputation even at this period was great enough to draw a large congregation into the ,dominican ,church4 ,the language in which at this period sermons were preached was the vernacular4 ,even when written in ,latin1 and this was generally the case1 they were delivered to the people in the vernacular4 ,the biographers of ,s4 ,thomas speak of the simplicity of his sermons4 ,once1 in a discourse on the ,passion1 during ,lent1 he so vividly brought home to the congregation the sufferings of the cross1 and drew so touching a picture of the compassion1 mercy1 and love of ,christ1 that his words were interrupted by the passionate crying of the people4 ,on ,easter ,day1 his sermon on the ,resurrection filled the congregation with such jubilant triumph that they could scarcely be restrained from giving public expression to their feelings4 ,in manner he was gentle1 calm1 self-possessed4 ,tocco says that preaching at ,naples on the text1 ,hail1 ,mary6 he was seen to keep his eyes closed in the pulpit1 and his head in a position as if he were looking into heaven3 he tells us also that the people reverenced his word as if it came from the mouth of ,god4 ,in the two hundred and twenty-five skeleton sermons which he has left1 he divides his subject into three or four grand divisions1 which are again sub-divided into three or four sections4 ,after four years at ,cologne our saint received orders to take his degree at ,paris1 7#abdh47 ,the ,dominicans wished to place their most promising subjects there1 that the ,order might maintain its credit4 ,albert and ,cardinal ,hugh of ,s4 ,charo were instrumental in his removal3 the former saw that the saint possessed all the needed qualifications for a professorship2 a work requiring something more than learning--tact and temper4 ,thomas1 when he heard of it1 was much concerned4 ,his distaste for honour and position made him wish to be left alone4 ,nevertheless1 in obedience to authority1 he set out to beg his way to ,paris4 ,he passed through ,brabant and ,flanders1 and preached before the ,duchess ,margaret4 ,the learned men of ,paris had heard of his successes at ,cologne1 and he was received by them with marks of unusual distinction4 ,the ,dominican professors of theology at this time were ,hugh of ,metz and ,elias ,brunetus4 ,it was as teacher in the school of ,elias that the saint began to expound ,holy ,writ1 and the writings of ,peter ,lombard4 ,his influence over young men far surpassed that of any other master4 ,they were conscious that his teaching had something about it of another world2 and the feeling crept over all1 and finally mastered them1 that he spoke as one having authority4 ,the opinions he then formed1 he committed to writing1 and held them and defended them with little change in his maturer years4 ,from his youth he had dedicated himself to ,wisdom as his spouse4 ,only one thing he asked for--that was wisdom4 ,rainald said1 ,one thing ,i know of him1 that it was not human talent1 but prayer1 which was the secret of his great success4 ,this was his daily prayer3 ',grant me1 ,i beseech ,thee1 ,o merciful ,god1 prudently to study1 rightly to understand1 and perfectly to fulfil that which is pleasing to ,thee1 to the praise and glory of ,thy ,name4' ,when a child1 if conversation did not turn on ,god1 or on matters which tended to edification1 the ,angelical ,doctor would go away2 he used to wonder how men1 especially religious men1 could talk of anything but ,god or holy things4 ,he wept for the sins of others1 as if they had been his own4 ,though ever dwelling in the unseen kingdom1 he was keenly alive to the tendency of the intellectual world around him4 ,his saintliness1 and his great ability1 seem to have pointed him out as destined to sway the philosophical and theological tendencies of an age in which the human mind was in a condition of flux4 ,the corroding rationalism of the school of ,abelard1 and the dissolving mysticism of the ,east1 had to be faced1 and to be withstood4 ,thomas fixed himself1 therefore1 on the immoveable basis of authority1 and grounded his teaching on the monastic methods of the ,sentences4 ,doubtless the surprise caused by his distinctions1 and the admiration created by his novelty in argument1 proceeded in great measure from his vivid apprehension of the work he had to do1 of the enemy he was contending with1 and of the powers by which alone that enemy could be overthrown4 ,he followed ,albert1 but his teaching was more incisive1 more definite1 more strictly to the point4 ,many of his disciples became distinguished men4 ,s4 ,thomas assisted others beside his own pupils4 ,sovereigns1 cardinals1 bishops1 superiors of orders1 and professors1 wrote to him for advice1 and for solutions of their difficulties4 ,the ,opusculum on the difference between the ,divine and human word2 and the somewhat larger treatise1 on the nature of the intellectual word1 are full of close reasoning2 and state principles which are fundamental regarding the method of human knowledge4 ,one of the most important of his treatises is that addressed ad ,fratrem ,rainaldum1 on the nature of the ,angels4 ,it was begun during his bachelorship1 but he never got beyond the #cjth chapter4 ,it shows his grasp of some of the cardinal questions of the day1 and how masterfully he dealt with errors of the most promising minds in the ,paris schools4 ,but whilst thus engaged upon the ,scriptures and the ,lombard1 ,s4 ,thomas was frequently in the pulpit1 and he regularly delivered lectures to crowded halls4 ,his versatility1 his power of abstraction1 his astonishing memory1 his zealous husbanding of time1 carried him with ease through works which would have broken the spirit of any ordinary man4 ,he possessed that marvellous gift which ,origen and ,csar are said to have had1 of being able to dictate to three or even four scribes on different and difficult subjects at the same time1 and that1 too1 without losing the thread of each argument4 ,frigerius says that1 as ,professor1 he elucidated the ,sentences with such sublimity of thought that he seemed rather the author of the work than its expositor4 ,tocco1 that he surpassed all the masters of the ,university1 and by the lucidity of his expositions drew1 beyond all others1 the intelligences of his disciples towards a love of science4 ,students from every part of ,europe flocked around his chair4 ,in touching on ,s4 ,thomas's commentary on the ,sentences1 the influence of ,alexander ,hales must not be forgotten1 but he far eclipsed the ,minorite in his proofs of the non-eternity of the world--a question of momentous importance in the ,middle ,ages1 as well as in his discussion of the possibility and fitness of the ,incarnation4 ,thomas carried his teaching on ,grace to such perfection that in the ,middle ,ages it was always received as a standard authority4 ,if judged by its bulk1 this ,commentary would seem sufficient to have occupied a life4 ,it fills over #abej pages of the large quarto ,parma edition1 printed in double columns4 ,it is a monument of ceaseless labour1 great skill1 and patient thought4 ,the work of the ,lombard is a confusion compared with the lucid style and admirable arrangement of the saint4 ,in place of the crabbed inverted language of ,peter1 we have the simple1 logical1 direct use of words1 which go straight to the point1 and express the complete idea4 ,he has these weighty words on the subject of theology1 ,since the end of all philosophy is contained within the end of theology1 and is subservient to it1 theology ought to command all other sciences1 and turn to its use those things which they treat of4 ,he adds1 ,the more sublime knowledge is1 so much greater is its unity1 and so much wider the circle of its expansion1 whence the ,divine intellect1 which is the most sublime of all1 by the light1 which is ,god ,himself1 possesses a distinct knowledge of all things4 ,he also shows how the intellect becomes illuminated when led by faith1 illustrating the motto of the monastic school1 ,nisi credideritis1 non intelligetis4 ,and he shows that theology is deduction1 and philosophy induction2 and that the basis of theology must be authority1 i4e41 a ,revelation4 ,during the ,lent of #abej or #abec1 the city patrol came in collision with a party of students1 killed one of them1 wounded three others1 and carried them off to prison4 ,the secular professors of the ,university refused to lecture1 until the beadles were punished1 but the ,dominican and ,franciscan teachers went on with their lectures4 ,when redress had been granted to the ,university for the outrage1 that body drew up an oath to observe all the laws of the ,university1 which it was intended should be taken by all persons before taking the degree as master4 ,the regulars refused to take it2 then the ,university issued a decree1 declaring the friars excluded from its body1 and deprived of their chairs4 ,the latter appealed to ,rome4 ,the pope commissioned the bishop of ,evreux1 and ,luke1 canon of ,paris1 to re-establish the friars in their chairs1 which was done4 ,this pope dying1 his successor issued a bull1 binding all to stop teaching in case of insult1 but re-establishing the friars4 ,the king1 returning home1 stopped the execution of the papal briefs4 ,the pope issued another bull more stringent than the first4 ,since #abef1 ,s4 ,thomas had been lecturing as licentiate4 ,at the same time he was enjoying the friendship of ,s4 ,bonaventura1 who was lecturing under the ,franciscan professor4 ,both men exhibited1 in a striking manner1 the fundamental quality of the order to which they respectively belonged4 ,bonaventura loved to look into the placid1 earnest soul of ,thomas1 as into a deep sea1 with its marvellous transparency1 and awful stillness2 whilst ,thomas was roused and brightened by the ardent gushing nature of his friend4 ,s4 ,thomas was angelical2 ,s4 ,bonaventura was seraphic--the one1 the deep thinker2 the other1 the tender poet4 ,thomas was famous in the schools for the keenness of his thought1 and for his depth and clearness2 ,bonaventura for his eloquence and vivacity in exposition2 the former was a child of contemplation1 the latter of activity4 ,once ,s4 ,thomas asked ,s4 ,bonaventura to show him the books out of which he got his sublime thoughts4 ,there is the book1 replied ,s4 ,bonaventura1 pointing to the crucifix4 ,during this time ,s4 ,thomas wrote his ,exposition on the ,apostles' ,creed1 the ,lord's ,prayer1 the ,angelic ,salutation1 the ,ten ,commandments1 and the ,law of ,love4 ,another work on the ,articles of the ,faith and the ,sacraments falls within this period1 as well as a commentary on ,isaiah4 ,meanwhile1 ,william of ,s4 ,amour1 the celebrated philosopher and doctor of the ,university1 was endeavouring to turn the mendicant ,orders out of ,paris by getting people to withhold their alms1 and by forbidding the members of these ,orders to attend the secular lectures4 ,he also endeavoured to fix the authorship of an heretical work1 called ,the ,everlasting ,gospel1 on the ,franciscans and ,dominicans4 ,but he himself had written a book1 called ,perils of the last times4 ,this the king sent by two doctors of theology for the pope's examination4 ,the ,university sent a deputation to make the ,holy ,father acquainted with ,the ,everlasting ,gospel4 ,william was leader of this deputation4 ,s4 ,thomas was sent to defend his order2 ,s4 ,bonaventura that of ,s4 ,francis4 ,s4 ,thomas1 after examining the ,perils1 reported to the ,dominican chapter that ,god had given him grace to discover whatever is false1 captious1 erroneous1 impious in it1 and that after the holy ,see had pronounced judgment on it1 the faithful would only notice it to condemn it4 ,in a few days the saint prepared his defence of the order1 and his answer to the ,perils4 ,he pleaded before the pope and sacred college with such success as to gain their applause4 ,when he had done1 the four cardinals gave in their report on the ,perils1 which stated that it was full of false doctrine1 injurious to the authority of the pope and the bishops1 and to the honour of several religious orders approved by the holy ,see4 ,after examining the report1 the pope condemned the ,perils by a bull1 dated ,october #eth1 #abef1 and ordered the book to be burnt4 ,the deputation from the ,university arrived after the work of their leader had been burnt4 ,they endeavoured to obtain a revocation of the condemnation1 but1 instead1 they were compelled to take pen and themselves subscribe it4 ,they swore1 moreover1 to receive into the body of the ,university the ,dominicans and ,franciscans1 especially ,,ss4 ,thomas and ,bonaventura4 ,william of ,s4 ,amour refused to comply1 and being forbidden to enter ,france1 retired to his estate in ,burgundy4 ,a few years later he was allowed to return to ,paris4 ,he died in #abgj4 ,it was partly in reply to ,william's attack on the religious orders1 that ,s4 ,thomas wrote his ,opusculum1 ,against those who attack religion and the worship of ,god1 and that ,against those who hinder men from entering religion1 which are the best defence and exaltation of monastic principles ever penned4#cb #cb ,for this part of the history of ,s4 ,thomas1 treated at greater length1 see ,the ,life and ,labours of ,s4 ,thomas of ,aquin1 by the ,very ,rev4 ,r4 ,b4 ,vaughan4 ,s4 ,thomas having been recalled by his superiors before the winter of the same year 7#abef71 embarked on board a ship bound for ,france4 ,the vessel was overtaken by a furious storm2 the pilot and sailors tried every artifice to escape the shoals1 on which they were being driven by wind and wave4 ,thomas1 like a second ,s4 ,paul1 preserved his confidence1 and prayed ,god to give him all the souls that were with him4 ,his prayer was heard3 the aspect of nature changed1 and the ship pursued her course in safety4 ,several bulls followed the deputies to ,paris4 ,the prudence and kindness of ,s4 ,louis helped greatly to restore peace between the ,university and the friars4 ,the ,university seal was set to the summons addressed to ,,ss4 ,thomas and ,bonaventura to take their doctor's degrees1 which had been delayed two years by the troubles4 ,s4 ,thomas thought many other ,dominicans more deserving of the honour than himself4 ,whilst sadly meditating on this1 he thought an old man appeared to him1 asking the cause of his sadness4 ,he replied1 ,it is not right that they should force me to take rank among the doctors1 a thing of which ,i am not capable4 ,the old man said1 ,the order thou hast received is assurance enough2 it destroys thy own will1 and points to ,god's will in that of thy superiors4 ,take as the text of thy thesis3 ',he watereth the hills from above3 the earth is filled with the fruit of ,thy works4 ,ps4 ciii4 #ac4' ,on the morrow1 after a struggle between ,s4 ,bonaventura and himself for the last place1 ,thomas1 as being the younger1 gained it4 ,he preached from the text given him1 and it has been regarded as a prophecy of the influence which the new doctor was to exercise over ,christendom4 ,the day on which he took his degree was the #bcrd ,october1 #abeg4 ,the epoch on which we have now entered is the most glorious period of our saint's life4 ,the star of his genius mounted1 without a cloud to obscure it1 in the firmament of the ,church4 ,in spite of all the eulogies of his contemporaries1 it is difficult for us to comprehend now-a-days the extent of the power which ,aquinas exercised over the men and the ideas of his time4 ,s4 ,thomas now drew up his famous ,summa contra ,gentiles4 ,he begins this treatise by stating that he will discuss all questions on the ground of human reason1 seeking therein a common ground on which to combat his adversaries1 or rather seeking in their natural intelligence a point on which to rest that bridge which might lead them from human reason to the truth of ,god2 then he establishes the necessity of faith2 he shows next that reason affords ground for expecting a supernatural revelation2 lastly1 he cements together reason and faith4 ,then he makes his general division3 he considers ,god in ,himself1 in relation to men1 and men in relation to ,god4 ,to these three parts he joins a fourth1 viz41 revelation properly so-called2 therein he expounds the ,trinity1 the ,incarnation1 with all the dogmas which attach themselves to it1 the whole destiny of man in the plan of ,christianity4 ,this we may call the theological evolution of his great work4 ,in that which may be called its philosophical introduction he resolves all such difficult questions2 as the falsehood of pantheism1 evil and its origin1 its nature1 and its effects1 which he turns into a proof of ,god's existence in opposition to those unquiet spirits1 who saw in it a reason for doubting ,his existence4 ,this work was followed immediately by one upon all the ,epistles of ,s4 ,paul4 ,the question of the ,eucharistic accidents was then much mooted in the schools1 especially in those of ,paris4 ,the question was1 whether those accidents had anything real1 or were only an appearance1 in other words1 whether the form under which ,jesus hides ,himself in the ,eucharist exists in the ,sacrament itself1 or in a false relation of the senses8 ,wearied with a struggle to which they could foresee no end1 all the doctors determined to refer the question to the decision of ,s4 ,thomas1 and to accept that decision as conformable to the light of reason and faith4 ,the saint braced himself to the contemplation of this subject1 and having prayed1 he wrote as the ,spirit inspired him4 ,he was loth to take into the presence of the doctors and of the schools1 the fruit of his science and his prayer1 before he had consulted ,him of ,whom he was speaking1 ,whose aid he had implored4 ,he came to the altar1 and placing before the tabernacle as before the ,master of masters1 that which he had written on the subject of the controversy1 he raised his hands towards the image of ,jesus crucified1 and prayed in this fashion3 ,o ,lord ,jesu1 ,who dost verily dwell in this wonderful ,sacrament1 ,whose works are incomprehensible marvels1 ,i humbly beseech ,thee1 if what ,i have written about ,thee is agreeable to the truth1 grant that ,i may teach it1 and persuade my brethren of it on ,thy behalf2 but if1 on the contrary1 there be anything in this writing which errs from the ,catholic faith1 make it impossible for me to bring it before their eyes4 ,now the doctor had been followed by his habitual companion and by several other religious of our order1 and they saw ,jesus ,christ standing on the leaves which had been written by the hand of ,thomas1 and saying to him1 ,thou hast written worthily1 my son1 of the ,sacrament of ,my ,body4 ,and the doctor's prayer still continuing1 he was seen to raise himself nearly to the height of a cubit in the air4 ,the author who gives this account says he received it from a religious who was at ,s4 ,james's with ,s4 ,thomas4 ,the members of the ,university submitted to the decision1 though given by a young man of only thirty-two years of age4 ,louis ,,ix4 had forced our saint to enter his council chamber4 ,whenever an important affair was coming on for deliberation in the royal council1 the king caused brother ,thomas to be instructed about it over night1 that he might reflect thereon in solitude1 and might remember it at the ,sacrifice4 ,he was consulted by the king not so much as the man of genius1 but as the man of ,god4 ,the saint1 in spite of his earnest entreaties to be excused1 was sometimes compelled1 both by loyalty and courtesy1 to appear at the royal table4 ,for a while he would join in the general conversation1 soon to be withdrawn by his inward thoughts4 ,once1 at dinner1 after a long silence1 he smote the table smartly1 exclaiming1 ,that is an overwhelming argument against the ,manichans4 ,his superior bade him remember that he was in the king's presence4 ,thomas apologised for his absence of mind4 ,but the king1 smiling1 requested him to dictate to one of his secretaries the argument which had engrossed his attention1 that it might lose none of the force which marks the thoughts of genius at their first conception4 ,the ,dominican ,chapter1 held at ,valenciennes1 in #abei1 appointed ,thomas1 ,albertus ,magnus1 and ,pierre de ,tarentaise as a commission to establish order and uniformity in all schools of the ,dominicans4 ,alexander ,,iv4 died at ,viterbo1 on ,may #beth1 #abfa4 ,jacques ,pantalon1 ,latin patriarch of ,jerusalem1 who was at ,viterbo imploring protection for the ,christians of the ,east1 was1 to his surprise1 raised to the pontifical throne1 under the title of ,urban ,,iv4 ,wishing to unite into one the divided portions of east and west ,christianity1 he summoned ,s4 ,thomas to ,rome to help him in realising his project4 ,it was in the same year that ,s4 ,thomas came to ,rome in answer to this appeal4 ,his general gave him at once a chair of theology in the ,dominican college at ,rome1 where he obtained the like success that had gained at ,cologne and ,paris4 ,here he wrote his literal commentary on ,job1 and the ,catena ,aurea4 ,the chain of comments from the fathers is so perfect1 the links of gold in it are so well rivetted to one another1 that a biographer says that1 ,he speaks with all1 and all speak and explain themselves by him4 ,it was dedicated to the ,pope1 at whose solicitation it had been undertaken4 ,in the midst of the toil these works must have cost him1 he did not forget the purpose for which he was summoned4 ,all the time he was thinking out and penning his treatise1 ,contra errores ,grcorum4 ,in his hands1 and by the force of his irresistible logic1 he showed that the ancient ,greek fathers unanimously agreed with those of the ,latin ,church4#cc #cc ,it is necessary to point out here that ,s4 ,thomas was misled by forgeries in this treatise4 ,a ,latin theologian1 who had resided among the ,greeks1 composed a catena of spurious passages of ,greek ,councils and ,fathers1 and in #abfa it was laid before ,urban ,,iv41 who1 entirely deceived thereby1 sent it to ,s4 ,thomas1 who also accepted it without the least suspicion of its not being genuine4 ,this work was sent by the pope at once to ,michael1 emperor of ,constantinople1 as a message of peace4 ,he had just returned to his capital1 which ,latin princes had held for more than half a century4 ,the object of all his efforts was to reconstitute the power of the empire4 ,to this task he brought an energy1 a perseverance1 and talents hitherto unknown among the sovereigns of that nation4 ,he turned his eyes for help towards the pope2 but it was the politician1 rather than the ,christian1 that solicited the re-establishment of ,catholic unity4 ,s4 ,thomas1 at the request of an ,eastern prince1 wrote a treatise in refutation of the errors that were rife in that part of the world4 ,nothing could be more modest than the way in which he stated his purpose1 nothing more grand than the way in which he worked it out4 ,urban wished to reward his distinguished services4 ,the great wealth he offered1 the saint directed should be given to the poor4 ,he declined the offer of the patriarchate of ,jerusalem1 and1 shortly after1 the honour of a cardinal's hat1 for ,thomas had thoroughly realized both the mysterious treasures of voluntary poverty and the hidden force of evangelical humility4 ,the pope1 finding he could not attach our saint to his court by the ties of honours or riches1 bade him lecture at the various places where he took up his abode1 ,viterbo1 ,orvieto1 ,perugia1 ,fondi4 ,everywhere a prodigious number of pupils pressed around his chair4 ,the churches were too small to receive the numbers who flocked to hear him4 ,historians only record one course of ,lent sermons preached by him in ,rome4 ,one ,christmas-eve he held a disputation with two ,jewish ,rabbis at the villa of a cardinal4 ,after asking them to return in the morning1 he passed the whole night in meditation and prayer4 ,the ,rabbis returned in the morning1 but it was to ask for baptism4 ,in #abfc1 ,thomas was sent to the ,dominican general chapter1 held in ,london1 as definitor1 in the name of the ,roman province4 ,soon after his return to ,italy1 ,s4 ,thomas proposed to ,urban the institution of a special festival throughout the ,catholic ,church in honour of the ,holy ,sacrament4 ,when ,urban was archdeacon of ,lige1 in the convent of ,mont ,cornillon1 near one of the gates of the city1 a poor religious named ,juliana 7,april #crd71 as she prayed had a vision of the moon shining in all its splendour1 but disfigured by one little breach4 ,she desired to know its meaning1 and an inner voice told her it was the ,church1 and that the breach represented the defect of a festival in honour of the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,after a time1 an office in honour of the ,blessed ,sacrament was drawn up by a young religious4 ,robert de ,torote1 bishop of ,lige1 in #abdf1 appointed ,thursday1 in the octave of ,trinity1 for this feast4 ,henry of ,gueldres succeeded him as bishop1 and treated the revelations of ,juliana as folly4 ,she died on #eth ,april1 #abeh1 and left as a legacy to her friend ,eve the duty of reviving this festival4 ,eve was a recluse built up in a niche of a wall near the church of ,s4 ,martin1 at ,lige1 and through the hole by which she received light1 air1 and alms1 besought the canons as they passed to seek out the bishop and entreat him to write to the pope on the subject of the proposed festival4 ,the bishop did not disdain this humble prayer1 but transmitted her message to the pope1 who received at the same time the petition of the first doctor in the ,church to the same effect4 ,he wrote a letter to the poor recluse of ,s4 ,martin1 in #abfd1 telling her of the issuing of a bull in answer to her prayer1 and transmitting a copy of the office which the ,angelical doctor had drawn up4 ,clement ,,iv4 succeeded ,urban on the #bbnd of ,february1 #abfe4 ,shortly after his elevation he issued a bull appointing ,s4 ,thomas archbishop of ,naples1 and conferring on him the revenues of the convent of ,s4 ,peter ad ,aram4 ,but the pope was induced to recall it by the prayers and tears of our saint4 ,in this year we must place the first commencement of the ,summa ,theologi4 ,this was the greatest monument produced by that age4 ,disgusted1 as ,s4 ,thomas says in his preface1 at the exuberance1 the disorder1 the obscurity of the scholastic treatises then extant1 he had conceived the plan of a methodical and luminous summary1 which should contain the whole of ,christianity from the existence of ,god to the least precept of morality1 all the speculative and practical points of revealed truth following in natural and logical order4 ,the saying current at the time1 that some proposition was true according to the master1 ,aristotle1 but false according to the ,gospel1 clearly shows the antagonistic attitude occupied by the two powers in the opinion of the schools4 ,the ,summa ,theologi is divided into three great but unequal parts2 for the second1 much larger than the other two1 is divided into two distinct sections4 ,the first part is a complete treatise on all existences1 and especially on all intellectual existences1 from that intelligence which is infinite in its nature as in its operations1 to the intelligence which is bounded and severed by matter4 ,it treats of ,god1 of the ,holy ,angels1 their qualities1 and their abode1 and of the ,creation4 ,the first section of the second part contains a theory of man4 ,it treats of happiness1 as man's final object1 of the passions1 and of human acts1 of the virtues in general1 of sins1 in their origin1 nature1 and effects4 ,the second section is closely allied to the first4 ,it treats of the conditions of happiness and the moral laws1 the three great virtues1 ,faith1 ,hope1 and ,charity4 ,the impulse given to the soul by these three theological virtues communicates itself to the moral virtues as well2 in treating of them afresh ,s4 ,thomas forms a universal theory of human duty4 ,the third part expounds the whole plan of ,redemption4 ,after having studied the work of ,redemption in itself1 ,s4 ,thomas studies it in its application to each individual4 ,thus he arrives at the theory of the ,sacraments4 ,but death did not give him time to finish this part of the work4 ,it is interrupted where he treats on the fourth ,sacrament1 that of penance4 ,an attempt has been made to complete it by various extracts from his other works1 but one misses in this compilation the living hand of genius4 ,before quitting this great subject1 one word must be added on ,s4 ,thomas's method4 ,it may be defined as geometry applied to theology4 ,s4 ,thomas states1 first of all1 the theorem he is about to develop1 or the problem which he proposes to solve4 ,then he considers the difficulties and solves them4 ,he follows this up with a train of sustentations drawn from holy writ1 tradition1 and theological reason1 and he ends by a categorical answer to all the objections which were made at the beginning4 ,this order is invariably observed in every part of the work4 ,at the ,council of ,trent1 on a table set in the midst of the council chamber1 was placed the ,summa1 alongside of the ,holy ,scriptures and the decrees of the popes4 ,well might ,dante declare that the doctor inhabits a sphere above the reach of praise1 or1 with ,lacordaire1 exclaim1 that ,god alone can praise this great man in the eternal council of the ,saints4 ,the ,summa ,theologi occupied the last nine years of our saint's life4 ,the world was ignorant of the monument which was being raised in silence4 ,thomas preached1 lectured1 wrote as before4 ,about this time ,william of ,s4 ,amour republished his attack upon the religious orders1 under the fresh title of ,collectiones ,s4 ,scriptur2 our saint replied to it by issuing a fresh edition of his defence of the religious orders1 and this silenced his foe4 ,during these nine years1 ,thomas visited several towns and convents of ,italy4 ,at ,milan he wrote an epitaph on ,s4 ,peter ,martyr4 ,at ,bologna he lectured with his usual success on theology4 ,in #abfg1 he published at ,bologna a work on the duties of kings1 but his task was interrupted in the same year by the death of his royal pupil1 ,hugo ,,ii41 king of ,cyprus4 ,jean de ,verceil had just sent to ,thomas a famous tract in which the efficaciousness of the sacrament of penance was denied4 ,he refuted it in a treatise called ,de forma ,absolutionis1 with so much force and clearness that the ,council of ,trent adopted his very words in framing their canon4 ,about this time he was one day walking in the cloister of the convent at ,bologna1 plunged in deep meditation1 when a lay brother1 who did not know him1 came up to him and said that he was obliged to go out on some matters of business1 and that the superior had given him leave to take with him the first religious he met4 ,s4 ,thomas1 without excusing himself on the score of lameness from which he was then suffering1 or of more serious engagements1 went cheerfully with the lay brother2 but the latter walked so fast1 that ,thomas was often left behind4 ,but he was soon recognised1 and the escort of citizens who respectfully followed the saint1 opened the eyes of the lay brother4 ,when they returned to the convent1 the lay brother threw himself at the feet of ,thomas and begged his pardon4 ,thomas raised him from the ground1 saying1 ,it is not your duty1 but mine to make an apology2 for ,i ought to have remembered that my sore leg would not let me walk as fast as you wanted4 ,in #abfi1 ,thomas was summoned to ,paris1 as definitor of the ,roman province1 to attend the general chapter of his order4 ,s4 ,thomas prolonged his last sojourn in ,paris for a year after the departure of ,s4 ,louis on his ill-fated crusade1 in #abgj1 and during the whole time he continued to lecture1 and to write his ,summa4 ,s4 ,thomas was recalled to ,bologna by his superiors early in #abga4 ,shortly after his return thither1 he brought the second part of his ,summa to a conclusion4 ,at the beginning of the year #abgb1 the chapter general of the order received requests from nearly all the universities of ,europe that ,s4 ,thomas might lecture in them4 ,the decision was in favour of ,naples1 for which he started at once4 ,he visited ,rome on his way1 and there he began the last part of the ,summa1 and wrote his commentaries on several books of ,boetius4 ,whilst he was explaining that book which treats of the ,trinity1 the candle which he held to light him1 burnt down between his fingers1 and scorched them severely1 before his attention was aroused from his work4 ,after leaving ,rome1 ,thomas and his inseparable friend ,rainald were entertained at the villa of ,cardinal ,richard1 where the two ,rabbis were converted4 ,here ,thomas fell ill1 but the attack was slight1 and quickly passed away4 ,in spite of all the precautions of ,christian humility1 his entry into ,naples was a triumph4 ,all classes1 the lettered and the unlettered1 the great and the small1 hurried to welcome him4 ,an excited yet respectful crowd accompanied him as far as the gates of that ,dominican convent1 where he had embraced religion4 ,what would ,theodora have said if she had seen her son entering in triumph that same house which she had regarded as the tomb of his glory8 ,the king1 ,charles ,i41 assigned him a monthly pension1 rather as a token of his royal favour1 than as a reward for his services4 ,the pilgrim who visits the ,dominican convent at ,naples1 sees at the entrance of the great hall a representation of ,s4 ,thomas1 and beneath it an inscription1 ,before thou enterest1 venerate this image and this chair1 from which ,thomas ,aquinas uttered his oracles to a large number of disciples for the glory and felicity of his age4 ,the cardinal-legate of the holy see1 wished to have an interview with our saint1 and invited the archbishop of ,capua1 an old pupil of ,s4 ,thomas1 to accompany him4 ,the saint on being told of their arrival1 went down into the cloister1 but happening to be absorbed in thought1 he forgot the object for which he had been summoned1 and gravely continued his walk without taking any notice of them4 ,the cardinal was offended1 but the archbishop explained the cause of the saint's apparent rudeness4 ,when ,thomas woke from his reverie1 he apologised1 laying the blame on his feebleness of mind1 which had not allowed him to find the solution of a theological difficulty without trouble and delay4 ,the cardinal-legate withdrew1 not knowing which to admire most1 the learning1 or the humility1 of the doctor4 ,during the short space of a year and a half ,s4 ,thomas composed the #edi articles1 which are all that we have of the last part of his ,summa4 ,some commentaries on divers passages of ,holy ,writ came from his pen at the same time4 ,the fleeting elements of this world faded gradually from his thoughts2 his eye was fixed on other horizons4 ,the transports which he had always experienced in prayer1 became daily more frequent4 ,yielding to the entreaties of his friends1 to the vow of obedience which he had taken1 contrary to the inclination to which his natural humility led him1 he revealed some of the supernatural favours which ,heaven had vouchsafed to him4 ,whilst praying in the church at ,naples one day1 we are told that ,romanus1 whom he had left in ,paris as master of theology1 stood before him4 ,s4 ,thomas approached his friend and said1 ,welcome here1 when didst thou come8 ,i have passed from this life1 replied the figure1 and am permitted to appear on thine account4 ,the ,angelical exclaimed1 ,i adjure thee then to answer me these questions4 ,how do ,i stand8 ,are my works pleasing to ,god8 ,thou art in a good state1 and thy works do please ,god1 was the reply4 ,then what about thyself8 enquired the ,angelical4 ,i am now in ,eternal ,bliss1 but ,i have been in ,purgatory4 ,tell me1 continued ,thomas1 whether the habits which are acquired in this life remain to us in heaven8 ,brother ,thomas1 was the reply1 ,i see ,god1 and do not ask for more4 ,how dost thou see ,god1 rejoined the saint1 dost thou see ,him immediately1 or by means of some similitude8 ,the other answered1 ,like as we have heard1 so have we seen in the city of the ,lord of ,hosts1 ,ps4 xlvii4 #i1 7xlviii4 #h17 and then instantly vanished4 ,while ,thomas was writing his articles on the fourth ,sacrament1 he was praying one day in a chapel dedicated to ,s4 ,nicolas1 when1 as the story goes1 the figure on the crucifix turned towards him and said1 ,thomas1 ,thou hast written well of ,me2 what reward desirest thou8 ,nought1 save ,thyself1 ,lord1 was the saint's spontaneous reply4 ,at length he became so absorbed in ,divine things1 that even the ,summa itself failed to interest him4 ,he ceased to write1 after a marvellous rapture which seized him whilst celebrating mass in the chapel of ,s4 ,nicolas4 ,after this mass1 he did not sit down to his desk1 nor would he consent to dictate anything4 ,when ,rainald urged him to finish the ,summa1 he replied1 ,i cannot1 for everything that ,i have written appears to me worthless compared with what ,i have seen1 and what has been revealed to me4 ,gregory ,x4 wishing to carry out the union of the ,greek and ,latin churches1 summoned ,s4 ,thomas1 by special bull1 to the ,second ,council of ,lyons1 and requested him to bring his famous treatise with him4 ,our saint set out with ,rainald for ,lyons1 towards the end of ,january1 #abgd4 ,his health was feeble1 and his mind was still fixed on the visions of another world4 ,they travelled by way of the ,campagna1 and called at the castle of ,maienza1 in the diocese of ,terracina1 where ,frances1 wife of ,hannibal ,ceccano1 niece of the ,angelic ,doctor1 resided4 ,here the saint became much weaker1 and did not rally4 ,he wholly lost his appetite4 ,after a while he felt himself a little stronger4 ,the rumour of his proximity reached the ,benedictine ,abbey of ,fossa ,nuova1 six miles from the castle4 ,the monks came to invite him thither1 and he gladly accepted the invitation1 saying1 ,if the ,lord means to take me away1 it were better that ,i should die in a religious house1 than in the midst of seculars4 ,he rode in their midst to the abbey2 the monks helped him to dismount1 and sustained him to the ,church1 where he knelt in silent adoration4 ,then rising1 the abbot conducted him through the church into the cloister4 ,then the whole past seemed to break in upon him like a burst of overpowering sunlight2 the calm abbey1 the meditative corridor1 the gentle ,benedictine monks1 recalled to him ,monte ,cassino1 as in his boyish days4 ,completely overcome by the memories of the past1 he turned to the monks accompanying him1 and exclaimed1 ,this is the place where ,i shall find repose2 and to ,rainald he said1 ,this shall be my rest for ever and ever3 here will ,i dwell1 for ,i have a delight therein4 7,ps4 cxxxi4 #ad1 ,a4,v41 cxxxii4 #ae47 ,his fever increasing1 he was conducted to the abbot's cell1 which out of respect had been prepared for him4 ,here1 during the whole of his illness1 which lasted about a month1 the community watched over him with the tenderness and reverence of sons towards a father4 ,they excluded all servants from waiting on him2 even the wood to make his fire was cut down in the forest by the hands of the brethren1 and borne on their willing shoulders to his hearth4 ,they were overjoyed to receive him into their home1 and to minister to him of their choicest and best4 ,he1 patient as a child1 knew that he was amongst his own1 and yearned continually for his release1 repeating continually the words of ,s4 ,augustine3 ,so long as in me there is ought which is not wholly ,thine1 ,o ,god1 suffering and sorrow will be my lot4 ,but when ,i shall be ,thine alone1 then shall ,i be filled with ,thee1 and wholly set at liberty4 ,knowing how illumined this man of ,god was1 concerning the union of the soul with its ,beloved1 the monks1 notwithstanding his feeble condition1 could not refrain from asking him to expound to them the ,canticle of canticles4 ,ever since his great vision1 the saint had put aside his pen4 ,still the monks implored him1 reminding how blessed ,bernard had done the like4 ,the ,angelical ,doctor looked at them with unutterable gentleness1 and said1 ,get me ,bernard's spirit1 and ,i will do your bidding4 ,finally he yielded to them1 and surrounding the bed on which he lay1 they heard from the lips of the dying theologian1 his last lecture and sermon4 ,growing still weaker1 ,s4 ,thomas foresaw that his hour was drawing nigh4 ,he sent for ,rainald1 and with deep contrition and many sighs made a general confession4 ,having done this1 he begged the brethren to bring him the ,body of our ,lord--that ,lord1 who from his infancy1 had been the mainstay of his life1 and the one desire of his heart4 ,the abbot1 accompanied by his community1 came solemnly bearing the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,immediately the great ,angelical perceived his ,master's presence1 with the help of the brethren1 he rose from the pallet1 and kneeling upon the floor1 adored his ,king and ,saviour2 and amidst the sobs of the monks1 he made his act of faith in the ,real ,presence of his ,lord4 ,when he had made an end1 and the abbot was on the point of administering the ,saving ,host to him1 he exclaimed1 in the hearing of all the monks3 ,i receive ,thee1 the price of my soul's redemption1 for love of ,whom ,i have studied1 watched1 and laboured4 ,thee have ,i preached1 ,thee have ,i taught1 against ,thee never have ,i breathed a word1 neither am ,i wedded to my own opinion4 ,if ,i have held ought which is untrue regarding this blessed ,sacrament1 ,i subject it to the judgment of the ,holy ,roman ,church1 in whose obedience ,i now pass out of life4 ,then1 as the abbot lifted up the spotless ,host to administer to him1 with a torrent of tears he uttered his favourite ejaculation3 ,thou1 ,o ,christ1 art the ,king of ,glory3 ,thou art the everlasting ,son of the ,father6 and received upon his tongue the ,bread of ,heaven4 ,as the end was approaching1 the abbot with the brethren watched about his bed2 and those senses1 which had served their ,master with such generous loyalty1 were one by one anointed with sacred unction by loving ,benedictine hands at his request1 whilst he1 quite conscious of what was going on1 answered ,amen to the prayers of the minister of ,god4 ,the brethren1 with untold tenderness and reverence1 followed his countenance with their eyes1 and watched life gradually ebbing away4 ,he was taken from exile in the early morning of the #gth of ,march1 #abgd1 in the prime of manhood1 being scarcely forty-eight years of age4 ,the religious of ,fossa ,nuova committed all that was mortal of ,s4 ,thomas to its resting place with the honour due to the remains of such a saint1 and such a genius4 ,the whole country side followed him mourning4 ,the superior of the convent1 a blind old man1 was led to the side of the corpse to pay it a last tribute of respect4 ,seized with a sudden impulse of faith1 he placed his sightless eyes to those of our saint1 and the blind eyes of the dead restored the vision of the living monk4 ,rainald with tears1 and choked with emotion1 pronounced a funeral elegy over his master and friend1 before he was laid at rest in the convent church4 ,many other miracles were wrought by his body4 ,on ,sunday1 ,jan4 #bhth1 #acfi1 his relics were deposited with great pomp at ,toulouse1 where they still repose in the ,church of ,s4 ,sernan4 ,the king1 ,charles ,v41 wished his arm to be brought to ,paris1 and he received it on his knees in the chapel royal1 which he had built for it at ,s4 ,james's convent4 ,this relic was at the ,french ,revolution taken to ,italy4 ,march #h4 ,s4 ,,pontius1 ,d4 at ,carthage1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #bfb4 ,,ss4 ,,philemon ,,and ,,apollonius1 ,,mm4 at ,antinoe1 in ,egypt1 ,a4,d4 #cje4 ,,ss4 ,,cyril1 ,b4,m41 ,,rogatus1 ,,felix1 ,,and ,,others1 ,,mm4 in ,africa4 ,s4 ,,quintillus1 ,b4,m4 at ,nicomedia4 ,s4 ,,senan1 of ,iniscatthy1 ,b4 ,ab4 in ,ireland1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #edf4 ,s4 ,,felix1 ,b4 among the ,east ,saxons1 ,a4,d4 #fed4 ,s4 ,,julian1 ,b4 of ,toledo1 ,a4,d4 #fij4 ,s4 ,,theophylact1 ,b4,c4 at ,nicomedia1 ,a4,d4 #hde4 ,s4 ,,humphrey1 ,b4 of ,therouane1 ,a4,d4 #hga4 ,s4 ,,duthac1 ,b4 of ,ross1 ,a4,d4 #abej4 ,s4 ,,john ,,of ,,god1 ,c4 at ,granada1 ,a4,d4 #aeej4 ,,ss4 ,,philemon ,,and ,,apollonius1 ,,mm4 7,a4,d4 #cje47 ,by the ,greeks on ,december #adth4 ,by the ,latins on ,march #hth4 ,arian and ,theotychus1 who are included in the ,roman ,martyrology1 are not mentioned in any ancient ,martyrologies except that of ,usuardus4 ,authority3--,the ,acts1 which as they now exist1 are very corrupt4 ,the original ,acts have apparently been made a foundation to which a later ,greek writer has added a superstructure of fable4 ,the conversion and the martyrdom of the governor ,arian has all the appearance of being an addition by a later hand1 to complete the story1 for the fabulous ,greek ,acts generally wind up with the conversion or destruction of the judge4 ,this seems to have been regarded as the proper conclusion of every martyrdom4 ,arianus the judge1 who had condemned ,s4 ,asclas 7,jan4 #bcrd7 to a cruel death1 at ,antino in ,upper ,egypt1 did not leave the place till many other ,christians had suffered by his orders4 ,now there was at ,antino a deacon named ,apollonius1 who feared torture1 being by nature of a highly sensitive and timorous constitution1 and when the governor had given orders that every inhabitant should appear before him and sacrifice1 he went to ,philemon1 a stage piper and dancer1 and offered him money if he would go and sacrifice in his name1 and bring him a ticket to the effect that ,apollonius had sacrificed4 ,christians who thus acted were called libellatics2 and on the return of tranquillity were put to penance1 but were not regarded in the same light as apostates4 ,philemon asked ,apollonius for one of his hooded cloaks1 which would conceal his face1 and then went before the judge4 ,then ,arian said1 ,well1 fellow1 what art thou8 ,a ,christian perhaps1 muffled thus1 as if thou fearedst to be seen4 ,philemon1 filled with the grace of ,god1 answered gravely1 ,yes1 my lord1 ,i am a ,christian4 ,thou knowest the choice that is set before thee1 torture or sacrifice1 said the magistrate4 ,i will not sacrifice1 answered the piper1 ,i saw how1 by the power of ,god1 ,asclas held thee stationary in the midst of the river4 ,then ,arian1 leaning back in his seat1 said to his officers1 ,send for ,philemon the piper2 perchance his sweet melodies will drive away the fancies of this fool1 and allure him to the worship of our gods4 ,but ,philemon was not to be found2 then his brother ,theonas was brought in1 and ,arian asked him where was the piper ,philemon4 ,theonas1 looking intently at the prisoner1 said1 ,that is he4 ,then the hood was plucked off the face of ,philemon1 and the cloak drawn from his shoulders1 and it was the merry piper shod with his gay buskins1 and with the tuneful reeds in his hands4 ,arian laughed heartily1 and exclaimed that this was a rare joke4 ,we make no account of all this1 man6 said he1 for to this thou wast born1 and to this bred1 that thou shouldst shake our sides with laughter4 ,now sacrifice1 and end the farce4 ,but ,philemon steadfastly refused1 and ,arian saw that no jest was meant1 but that this was sober earnest4 ,so putting on an angry look1 he said1 ,it is foolery for thee to pass thyself off as a ,christian1 piper6 for thou art not baptized4 ,then the poor man was filled with tribulation1 and in his doubt and grief he cried to the ,lord ,jesus ,christ to accept and baptize him4 ,and as he prayed1 there came down a soft sparkling spring shower1 and the piper1 stretching his hands to heaven1 cried joyously1 ,he has heard me1 and has baptized me in the cloud6#cd ,and he took his pipes and broke them up1 and cast them away4 ,now the officer had taken the deacon ,apollonius1 and they brought him before ,arian1 who reproached him for his cowardice2 the deacon in shame admitted that he had done wrong4 ,but now1 said he1 in a firm voice1 know that ,i will not sacrifice4 ,then the judge ordered him and ,philemon to be executed with the sword4 #cd ,there are several versions of this event4 ,according to one1 the judge and assistants were blinded whilst ,philemon was carried to the river and baptized by a priest4 ,but his prayer afterwards1 ,thou hast baptized me in the cloud1 proves this to have been an interpolation4 ,so far the ,acts seem to be trustworthy1 but what follows is fabulous2 some of these incidents shall however be given4 ,philemon before his execution1 bade the officers bring a brass pot1 and put a baby in it1 cover it1 and take aim at it with their arrows4 ,the pot was soon transfixed2 but when it was opened1 the child within was found unhurt4 ,then ,philemon said1 ,like that vessel is a ,christian's body1 riddled with wounds1 but the soul within1 like that infant1 is unharmed4 ,and when the governor ordered a flight of arrows to be discharged at him1 he raised his hand1 and the arrows remained stationary in the air1 but one returning put out the eye of ,arian4 ,then ,philemon said1 ,when ,i am dead1 go to my grave1 and make clay of the dust there1 and anoint thine eye1 and it will be restored whole4 ,this ,arian does and is healed1 and in consequence converted4 ,then ,dioclesian1 hearing of his conversion1 sends four officers to judge him1 and these in turn are converted1 and finally ,arian and the four officers are sewn up in sacks and flung into the sea4 ,all this may safely be rejected as fabulous4 ,s4 ,,senan ,,of ,,iniscatthy1 ,,ab4 ,b4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #edf47 ,irish ,martyrologies4 ,he died on ,march #ast1 but was buried on the #hth1 on which day his festival is kept4 ,his name occurs in the ,festology of ,s4 ngus4 ,authorities3--,a life written by ,s4 ,colman1 versified by a later hand1 and full of fables1 also an ,irish life written in the #abth cent4 ,senan was a native of ,corco-baskin1 a district in the western part of ,thomond4#ce ,his parents were ,christians and noble4 ,ercan1 his father1 is said to have been of the royal blood of ,conary ,i41 king of ,ireland4 ,coemgalla1 his mother1 was likewise of an illustrious ,munster family4 ,an odd legend of his childhood is told4 ,his parents were moving house1 and ,senan remained immersed in prayer1 lending no hand to the work4 ,then his mother1 provoked1 threw some water over him to wake him up1 and scolded him soundly4 ,senan resumed his devotions1 and instantly the pots and pans of the domestic establishment came flying through the air from the kitchen of the old house into the kitchen of the new one4 #ce ,in the county ,clare4 ,when arrived at a certain age1 he was forced by the prince of ,corco-baskin to join in an expedition undertaken against the territory of ,corcomroe1 for the purpose of carrying off plunder4 ,this did not suit the disposition of young ,senan1 and accordingly he contrived to avoid taking any share in the devastation of the country4 ,he was rewarded for this1 for1 when the party to which he belonged was routed with great loss1 and he had fallen into the hands of their opponents1 he was allowed to depart without injury1 and go whithersoever he pleased4 ,he therefore placed himself under the abbot ,cassidan1 and having received from him the monastic habit1 became a proficient in piety and learning4 ,next he repaired to the monastery of ,s4 ,natalis1 or ,naal1 with whom he spent some years4 ,several legends are connected with this period4 ,he had to keep cows1 and one day seeing the calves sucking them1 and dreading lest there should be a deficiency of milk for the brethren1 he put his stick between them1 and neither could approach the other4 ,another story is to the effect that he read at night using the fingers of his left hand as candles1--a story told also of ,s4 ,columba1 ,s4 ,kentigern1 and other ,irish and ,scottish saints4 ,a monk observed him2 then ,senan said1 ,for peeping and prying1 a stork shall peck out your eye4 ,and as the monk left the place1 a stork rushed at him1 and had one of his eye balls out in a trice4 ,but when ,s4 ,natalis heard of this1 he ordered ,senan to replace the eye1 and cure it instantly1 and this he did4 ,after ,senan had left the monastery of ,s4 ,naal1 he is said to have gone into foreign parts1 to have visited ,rome and ,tours1 and on his return to have tarried with ,s4 ,david of ,menevia1 with whom he continued very intimate until his death4 ,senan's first establishment was at ,inis-,carra1 near the river ,lee1 about five miles from ,cork1 in the barony of ,barrets4 ,while he was in that place1 a vessel arrived in ,cork harbour1 bringing fifty religious persons1 passengers from the continent1 who came to ,ireland for the purpose of improving themselves in monastic studies4 ,senan retained ten of them with himself1 the others were distributed in various establishments4 ,he was not long at ,inis-,carra1 before ,lugadh1 prince of that country1 insisted on his submitting to certain exactions1 which ,senan refused to comply with4 ,the dispute was soon settled through the interference of two young noblemen1 who were then at the court of ,lugadh4 ,not long after1 ,senan1 having left eight of his disciples at ,inis-,carra1 went to ,inis-luinge1 an island in the ,shannon1 where1 having erected a church1 he gave the veil to the daughter of ,brendan1 the prince of that country4 ,thence1 setting out by water to ,inis-mor1 he was driven by adverse winds to an island called ,inis-tuaiscert4 ,thinking that it was a special providence which had brought him there1 he erected a church1 and left it to the care of some of his disciples4 ,he then made his way to ,inis-mor1#cf and there founded a monastery1 which he governed for some time4 ,we afterwards find him settled in the island of ,inis-cathaig1 now ,iniscatthy1 at the mouth of the ,shannon1 where he erected a monastery in spite of the opposition of ,mactael1 the prince of the country4 ,one of his rules was that no females should be admitted into the island4 ,this regulation was observed even with regard to the most saintly virgins4 ,s4 ,kannera1 a nun of ,bantry1 wished to receive the ,holy ,viaticum from the hands of ,senan1 and to be buried at ,iniscatthy4 ,accordingly she set out for the island1 but1 just as she drew near1 ,senan met her1#cg and obstinately refused to allow her to land1 and requested her to go to the house of his mother1 who lived not far distant1 and was related to ,kannera4 ,the conversation given in the metrical life between the abbot and the dying nun1 is very quaint4 ,the abbot said1 ,what have monks in common with women8 ,we will not let you step on to our island4 ,she said1 ,but if ,christ will receive my spirit1 why should you reject my body8 ,that1 answered the venerable ,senan1 is true2 but for all that ,i will not suffer you to come here1 go back1 and do not be a plague to us4 ,you may be pure enough in soul1 but you are a woman1 nevertheless4 ,i will die1 before ,i go back6 said ,s4 ,kannera4 ,like many another woman1 she gained her point1 and1 dying on the shore1 was there buried4 #cf ,inchmore1 or ,deer ,island1 in the river ,fergus1 where this river joins the ,shannon4 #cg ,according to the legend1 an angel brought her to ,iniscatthy1 and ,s4 ,senan ran out over the water1 stick in hand1 to arrest her4 ,senan was a bishop when he founded his monastery of ,iniscatthy1 but when1 or by whom he was consecrated1 we are not informed4 ,it is related that1 perceiving the time of his departure draw nigh1 he determined to go to the monastery of ,s4 ,cassidus1 and to the nunnery of ,s4 ,scotia1 his paternal aunt1 that he might apply himself more fervently to prayer in these retreats1 and prepare himself for his wished-for departure4 ,on his way thither he turned off a little towards the church of ,kill-eochaille1 for the purpose of visiting certain holy virgins1 the daughters of one ,naereus1 who had received the veil from him4 ,having performed his devotions in the church of ,s4 ,cassidus1 he was returning to ,iniscatthy1 when1 in a field near the church of ,kill-eochaille1 he heard a voice announcing to him that he was to be removed to heaven without delay4 ,accordingly1 he died on that very day1 and his body remained at ,kill-eochaille until the next1 when several of the principal members of his monastery arrived1 and had it brought to ,iniscatthy4 ,notice of his death was then sent to the prelates1 clergy1 and principal persons of the neighbouring churches1 and his obsequies were celebrated on the octave4 ,a foolish story1 incorporated in some of the martyrologies1 relates that on the day of his burial1 as he was being carried to the grave1 he sat up and informed the assistants that his anniversary was to be celebrated on the #hth ,march1 instead of the #ast4 ,the year of his death is unknown2 but there can be no doubt that it was later than #edd1 the date assigned to it by some writers4 ,the reputation of ,s4 ,senan has not been confined to ,ireland1 and his ,acts have been published among those of the saints of ,brittany1 by ,albert le ,grand1 as one of the chief patrons of the diocese of ,s4 ,pol de ,lon2 but the ,s4 ,san there venerated seems not to be the same1 but some local saint of whom nothing is known4 ,s4 ,,felix1 ,b4 7,a4,d4 #fed47 ,roman and ,gallican ,martyrologies4 ,salisbury ,breviary1 and more modern ,anglican ,martyrologies4 ,also ,molanus and ,greven1 in their addition to ,usuardus4 ,authorities3--,bede and ,malmesbury4 ,s4 ,felix was a native of ,burgundy1 where he made the acquaintance of ,sigebert1 prince of the ,east ,angles1 who had been banished by ,redwald4 ,this prince was instructed in the ,christian faith1 and was baptized by ,felix1 at that time a priest4 ,some time after this1 upon the death of his half-brother1 king ,espenwald1 the son of ,redwald1 who had been killed at the instigation of the cruel ,penda1 king of ,mercia1 ,sigebert was called to ,england to succeed to the kingdom1 and he made it his care to introduce ,christianity among the ,east ,angles1 who occupied ,norfolk1 ,suffolk1 and ,cambridgeshire4 ,for this purpose he invited ,s4 ,felix to his court1 and he1 without demur1 quitted country1 friends1 and home1 to preach the faith to an uncivilized pagan people4 ,but first he visited ,honorius1 archbishop of ,canterbury1 and from him he received his mission to the ,east ,angles1 and1 as some say1 his episcopal consecration4 ,king ,sigebert appointed ,dunwich1 on the ,suffolk coast1 as the head-quarters of his mission4 ,felix went about1 preaching1 founding churches and schools1 and1 through his exertions1 the ,christian faith took deep root in the land4 ,some attribute to him the foundation of the first school at ,cambridge4 ,s4 ,felix lived till after the year #fej1 and having discharged the duty of a most zealous pastor of souls for the space of seventeen years1 he departed to the ,lord1 and was buried in his church of ,dunwich1 from which place his body was afterwards translated to ,soham1 near ,ely1 and thence to the abbey of ,ramsey4 ,s4 ,,duthac1 ,b4 ,,of ,,ross4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #abej47 ,aberdeen ,breviary4 ,authorities3--,leslie1 ,dempster1 and the lections in the ,aberdeen ,breviary4 ,s4 ,duthac was a member of an illustrious ,scottish family4 ,several legends are told of his life in the ,aberdeen ,breviary1 and little else is known of his acts4 ,for instance1 when a child1 he was sent by his mother to bring fire from a forge1 as all the fires in the house were extinguished4 ,the blacksmith1 in brutal jest1 put some red-hot charcoal in the lap of the child1 and ,duthac brought the glowing embers thus to his mother4 ,he was afterwards in ,ireland1 where he studied1 and on his return was appointed to the bishopric of ,ross4 ,one day he was dining with a noble1 and a guest becoming very drunk1 gave his gold ring and a slice of meat to one of ,duthac's disciples1 ordering him to take them to his home4 ,the disciple was on his way1 when passing through a churchyard1 he laid down the meat and the ring1 whilst he said a prayer for the repose of the souls of those who lay there4 ,at that moment a kite swooped down and carried off ring and meat4 ,the young man ran to ,s4 ,duthac in dismay1 and the bishop summoned the kite1 which obeyed1 and bringing the meat and the ring1 deposited them at his feet4 ,duthac took the ring and gave it to the young man1 but allowed the kite to consume the meat4 ,on the feast of ,s4 ,finbar1 a canon at ,dornock slew a fat ox1 roasted it1 and distributed slices amongst the poor4 ,surely some one will take ,duthac his share of the beef1 said the canon4 ,then a man offered himself1 and lo6 as he travelled by night with the meat for the bishop1 a light like that of a lamp shone on his way1 guiding him2 and thus the bishop received his share before it had lost its freshness4 ,s4 ,,john ,,of ,,god1 ,c4 7,a4,d4 #aeej47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,his ,life1 written twenty-five years after his death4 ,s4 ,john1 surnamed of ,god1 was born in ,portugal1 in #adie4 ,his parents were of the lowest rank1 but good and pious people4 ,john spent a considerable part of his youth in service1 under the chief shepherd of the count of ,oropeusa1 in ,castile1 and in great innocence and virtue4 ,in #aebb1 he enlisted himself in a company of foot soldiers1 raised by the count1 and served in the wars between the ,french and ,spaniards2 and afterwards in ,hungary1 against the ,turks1 whilst the emperor ,charles ,v4 was king of ,spain4 ,by the licentiousness of his companions1 he by degrees lost his fear of offending ,god1 grew careless1 and fell into many grievous sins4 ,the troop to which he belonged having been disbanded1 he went into ,andalusia in #aecf1 where he entered the service of a rich lady near ,seville1 as a shepherd4 ,he was now about forty years of age1 and being stung with remorse for his past misconduct1 he resolved to amend his life and do penance for his sins4 ,he accordingly employed the greatest part of his time1 both by day and night1 in the exercises of prayer and mortification2 bewailing his ingratitude towards ,god1 and deliberating how he could best dedicate himself to ,his service4 ,his compassion for the distressed moved him to pass into ,africa1 that he might there comfort and succour the slaves1 not without hopes of meeting with the crown of martyrdom4 ,at ,gibraltar he met a ,portuguese gentleman condemned to banishment1 whose estate had been confiscated by king ,john ,,iii4 ,he was then in the hands of the king's officers1 together with his wife and children1 and was on his way to ,ceuta in ,barbary1 the place of his exile4 ,john1 out of compassion1 served him without wages4 ,at ,ceuta the gentleman fell sick1 and was reduced to dispose of the small remains of his shattered fortune for the support of his wife and children1 who were with him in exile4 ,john1 not content to sell what little stock he had to relieve them1 hired himself as a day labourer at the public works to earn all he could for their subsistence4 ,the apostasy of one of his companions alarmed him1 and his confessor telling him that his going in quest of martyrdom was an illusion1 he determined to return to ,spain4 ,coming back to ,gibraltar1 his piety suggested to him to turn pedler1 and sell little sacred pictures and books of devotion1 which might furnish him with opportunities of exhorting his customers to virtue4 ,his stock increasing considerably1 he settled in ,granada1 where he opened a shop in #aech1 being then forty-three years of age4 ,the great preacher and servant of ,god1 ,john ,d',avila1 surnamed the ,apostle of ,andalusia1 preached that year at ,granada1 on ,s4 ,sebastian's day1 which is there kept as a great festival4 ,john having heard his sermon1 was so affected with it1 that1 melting into tears1 he filled the whole church with his cries1 beating his breast1 and calling aloud for mercy4 ,then1 frenzied with compunction1 he ran about the streets1 tearing his hair1 and behaving in such a manner that he was followed by the rabble with sticks and stones1 and came home besmeared with dirt and blood4 ,he then gave away all that he had in the world1 and having thus reduced himself to absolute poverty1 continued his frantic racing about the streets as before1 till some had the charity to take him to the venerable ,john ,d',avila1 covered with dirt and blood4 ,the holy man spoke to him in private1 heard his general confession1 gave him proper advice1 and promised his assistance4 ,john returned soon after to his extravagances4 ,he was1 thereupon1 taken up and put into a madhouse1 on supposition of his being disordered in his senses1 where1 according to the barbarous practice of the time1 the severest methods were employed to bring him to himself4 ,he underwent all the pains inflicted on him as an atonement for the sins of his past life4 ,d',avila being informed of his conduct1 came to visit him1 and found him reduced almost to the grave by weakness2 and his body covered with wounds and sores2 but his soul was still vigorous1 and thirsting after new sufferings and humiliations4 ,d',avila1 however1 told him that being sufficiently exercised in so singular a method of penance and humiliation1 he had better employ himself for the time to come in something more conducive to his own and the public good4 ,his exhortation had its desired effect2 and ,john became at once calm1 to the great astonishment of his keepers4 ,he continued1 however1 some time longer in the hospital serving the sick1 but left it entirely on ,s4 ,ursula's day1 in #aeci4 ,he then thought of executing his design of doing something for the relief of the poor2 and1 after a pilgrimage to ,our ,lady of ,guadalupe1 to recommend himself and his undertaking to her intercession1 he began to sell wood in the market-place1 and expend the proceeds in feeding the poor4 ,soon after he hired a house in which to shelter poor sick persons1 whom he served and provided for with such ardour1 prudence1 and economy1 that it surprised the whole city4 ,this was the foundation of the ,order of ,charity1 in #aedj1 which1 by the benediction of heaven1 has since been spread all over ,christendom4 ,john was occupied all day in serving his patients2 in the night he went out to find new objects of charity1 rather than to seek provisions for them2 for people of their own accord brought him in all necessaries for his little hospital4 ,the archbishop of ,granada1 highly pleased with the discipline and order maintained in the establishment1 gave largely towards its support1 and his example was followed by others4 ,indeed1 the charity1 patience1 and modesty of ,s4 ,john1 and his wonderful care and foresight1 made every one admire and favour the institution4 ,the bishop of ,tuy1 president of the royal court of judicature in ,granada1 having invited the holy man to dinner1 put several questions to him1 to all of which he answered in such a manner1 as gave the bishop the highest opinion of his prudence and good sense4 ,it was this prelate who gave him the name of ,john of ,god1 and prescribed him a kind of habit1 though ,s4 ,john never thought of founding a religious order2 for the rules which bear his name were drawn up only in #aeef1 six years after his death2 and religious vows were not introduced among his brethren before the year #aegj4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,john ,,of ,,god4 ,after ,cahier4 ,march #h4 ,to make trial of the saint's disinterestedness1 the marquis of ,tarifa came to him in disguise to beg an alms1 on pretence of a necessary law-suit1 and received from his hands twenty-five ducats1 which was all he had4 ,the marquis was so much edified by his charity1 that1 besides returning the sum1 he bestowed on him one hundred and fifty crowns of gold1 and sent to his hospital every day1 during his stay at ,granada1 one hundred and fifty loaves1 four sheep1 and six pullets4 ,but the holy man gave a still more illustrious proof of his charity when the hospital was on fire2 for he carried out most of the sick on his own back2 and though he passed and repassed through the flames1 and staid in the midst of them a considerable time1 he received no hurt4 ,but his charity was not confined to his own hospital2 he looked upon it as his own misfortune if the necessities of any distressed person in the country remained unrelieved4 ,he1 therefore1 made strict inquiry into the wants of the poor over the whole province1 relieved many in their own houses1 found employment for those that were able to work1 and with wonderful sagacity laid himself out in every way to comfort and assist the afflicted members of ,christ4 ,he was particularly active and vigilant in providing for young maidens in distress1 to prevent the dangers to which they are often exposed4 ,he also reclaimed many who were already leading a course of sin1 seeking them out1 crucifix in hand1 and with many tears exhorting them to repentance4 ,though his life seemed to be taken up in continual action1 he accompanied it with perpetual prayer and incredible corporal austerities4 ,and his tears of devotion1 his frequent raptures1 and his eminent spirit of contemplation1 gave a lustre to his other virtues4 ,but his sincere humility appeared most admirable in all his actions1 even amidst the honours which he received at the court of ,valladolid1 whither business called him4 ,the king and princes seemed to vie with each other who should show him the greatest courtesy1 or put the largest alms in his hands4 ,only the most tried virtue could stand the test of honours1 but ,john remained the same retiring1 modest man he was before1 preferring humiliation to honour4 ,one day1 when a woman called him a hypocrite1 and loaded him with invectives1 he gave her a piece of money1 and desired her to repeat all she had said in the market-place4 ,worn out at last by ten years' hard service in his hospital1 he fell sick4 ,the immediate occasion was excess of fatigue in saving wood and other such things for the poor1 in a great flood4 ,he at first concealed his sickness1 that he might not be obliged to diminish his labours1 but in the meantime he carefully went over the inventories of all things belonging to his hospital1 and inspected all the accounts4 ,he also revised the rules he had made for its administration1 the distribution of time1 and the exercises of piety to be observed in it4 ,upon a complaint that he harboured idle strollers and bad women1 the archbishop sent for him4 ,the man of ,god threw himself at his feet1 and said1 ,the ,son of ,god came for sinners1 and we are obliged to seek their conversion4 ,i am unfaithful to my vocation because ,i neglect this2 and ,i confess that ,i know no other bad person in my hospital but myself4 ,this he spoke with go much humility that all present were moved1 and the archbishop dismissed him with respect1 leaving all things to his discretion4 ,his illness increasing1 the news of it spread4 ,the lady ,anne ,ossorio was no sooner informed of his condition1 than she came in her carriage to the hospital to see him4 ,the servant of ,god lay in his habit in his little cell1 covered with a piece of an old coat instead of a blanket1 and having under his head the basket in which he was wont to collect alms for his hospital4 ,the poor and sick stood weeping round him4 ,the lady1 moved with compassion1 despatched secretly a message to the archbishop1 who sent immediately an order to ,s4 ,john to obey her as he would himself1 during his illness4 ,by virtue of this authority she obliged him to leave his hospital4 ,in going out1 he visited the ,blessed ,sacrament1 and poured forth his heart before ,it with fervour2 remaining there absorbed in his devotions so long1 that the lady ,anne ,ossorio caused him to be taken up and carried into her carriage1 in which she conveyed him to her own house4 ,she herself prepared1 with the help of her maids1 and gave him with her own hands1 broth and medicine1 and often read to him the history of the passion of our ,divine ,redeemer4 ,the whole city was in tears2 all the nobility visited him2 and the magistrates came to beg he would give his benediction to the city4 ,he answered1 that his sins rendered him the scandal and reproach of their country1 but recommended to them his brethren the poor1 and his religious that served them4 ,at last1 by order of the archbishop1 he gave the city his dying blessing4 ,the archbishop said ,mass in his chamber1 heard his confession1 gave him the viaticum and extreme unction1 and promised to pay all his debts and to provide for all his poor4 ,the saint expired on his knees1 before the altar1 on the #hth of ,march1 in #aeej1 at the age of fifty-five4 ,he was buried by the archbishop1 and all the clergy1 both secular and regular1 accompanied by the court1 the nobles1 and the whole city1 with the utmost pomp4 ,he was honoured by many miracles1 beatified by ,urban ,,viii41 in #afcj1 and canonized by ,alexander ,,viii41 in #afij4 ,his relics were translated into the church of his brethren in #affd4 ,his ,order of ,charity to serve the sick was approved of by pope ,pius ,v4 ,illustration3 ,jesus ,christ in the ,character of a ,pilgrim accepting the ,hospitality of two ,dominicans4 ,from a ,fresco by ,fra ,angelico at ,florence4 ,march #i4 ,s4 ,,pacian1 ,b4 of ,barcelona1 in ,spain1 before ,a4,d4 #cij4 ,s4 ,,gregory ,,nyssen1 ,b4,c4 in ,cappadocia1 circ4,a4,d4 #cij4 ,s4 ,,bosa1 ,b4 in ,northumbria1 ,a4,d4 #gje4 ,,ss4 ,,cyril ,,and ,,methodius1 ,app4 of the ,sclaves1 #ith cent4 ,s4 ,,vitalis ,,of ,,sicily1 ,ab41 ,a4,d4 #iid4 ,s4 ,,catharine ,,of ,,bologna1 ,v4 in ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #adfc4 ,s4 ,,frances ,,of ,,rome1 ,w41 ,a4,d4 #addj4 ,s4 ,,pacian1 ,b4 ,,of ,,barcelona4 7,,before ,a4,d4 #cij47 ,roman ,martyrology1 and those of ,ado1 ,notker1 c4 ,authority3--,mention by ,s4 ,jerome in his ,ecclesiastical ,writers1 c4 #ajf1 #ajg1 #acb4 ,very little is known of this ,spanish bishop1 except that he was the author of some short works1 of which one1 named ,cerbus1 is lost4 ,his ,epistles against the ,novatians1 his ,call to ,penitence1 and ,book on ,baptism1 addressed to catechumens1 are extant4 ,his son1 ,flavius ,dexter1 probably born before ,pacian received episcopal orders1 was an intimate friend of ,s4 ,jerome4 ,pacian died at an advanced old age in the reign of ,theodosius4 ,s4 ,,gregory1 ,b4 ,,of ,,nyssa4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #cij47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,greek ,mena on ,jan4 #ajth2 the ,coptic ,church on ,oct4 #adth and ,nov4 #bbnd4 ,authorities3--,his own works2 ,s4 ,gregory ,nazianzen1 in his letters2 ,socrates and ,theodoret1 in their ,ecclesiastical ,histories4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,gregory ,,of ,,nyssa4 ,after ,dominichino4 ,march #i4 ,s4 ,gregory was a younger brother of the great ,s4 ,basil1 7,june #adth17 and ,s4 ,macrina1 7,july #aith71 and son of the holy ,eusebius and ,emmelia1 who are commemorated on ,may #cjth4 ,having lost his parents1 he grew to reverence his brother ,basil as a father1 and his sister was to him as a mother1 the instructress of his youth4 ,he was educated in every accomplishment of the age1 and became a rhetorician4 ,he was married to a virtuous wife1 named ,theosebia1 who is highly praised by ,s4 ,gregory ,nazianzen in his ninety-fifth epistle1 in after years1 as an honour to the church1 an ornament of ,christ1 the utility of our age1 the confidence of women1 the fairest and most illustrious amidst the beauty of the brethren1 truly holy wife of a priest1 his peer in honour and worthy of the great mysteries4 ,these expressions1 though somewhat exaggerated1 at least point ,theosebia out as having been held in high honour by the great saint of ,nazianzus4 ,gregory took the order of ,reader1 but instead of pressing forward to the diaconate and priesthood1 showed an inclination to pursue a wholly secular avocation as a rhetorician1 and this drew down on him a sharp reprimand from ,gregory ,nazianzen4 ,moved by this admonition1 ,gregory now resolved to turn his back upon worldly ambition1 and devote himself wholly to the service of ,god4 ,he was ordained bishop by his brother1 ,s4 ,basil1 in #cga1 when he was aged about thirty-two2 and it is supposed by ,baronius that ,gregory lived with his wife in continence after his ordination1 and that she was a deaconess4 ,nazianzen calls her his holy and blessed sister1 but this is slender ground for the conjecture4 ,it must be remembered that the celibacy of the clergy1 which is now required by the ,western ,church1 with such advantage1 was not a matter of rule for some centuries1 and never prevailed in the ,oriental ,church4 ,there cannot be much doubt as to the great benefit to the ,church of a celibate priesthood1 but it is a mistake to endeavour to force the facts of history to demonstrate that celibacy was of primitive obligation4 ,it was always felt to be most seemly1 and when ,western ,christendom became sufficiently organized to admit of the rule being made1 the popes and councils did what was evidently for the good of the ,kingdom of ,christ in requiring the clergy to lead celibate lives4 ,the see of ,gregory was ,nyssa1 a city of ,cappadocia1 of no great importance1 but the brilliant qualities of the bishop1 and his orthodoxy1 made him soon conspicuous as a leader of the ,catholics1 and an object of great dread to the ,arians1 who prevailed on ,demosthesus1 the deputy-governor of the province1 under the ,arian ,emperor ,valens1 to banish him4 ,he spent eight years in exile1 wandering from place to place1 suffering everywhere persecution from the ,arians4 ,shortly after the accession of ,gratian1 ,gregory was restored to his see1 and assisted at the ,synod of ,antioch1 in #cgi1 where he received the charge of visiting the scattered churches in ,arabia4 ,to enable him to execute this arduous work1 the emperor ,theodosius accorded to him the use of the government post-horses and chariots4 ,he assisted at the council of ,constantinople1 in #cha1 when he was chosen to make the funeral oration upon ,s4 ,meletius1 patriarch of ,antioch1 and was delegated to be one of the bishops to visit ,pontus4 ,in #che1 he preached at ,constantinople the funeral oration of the empress ,flacilla1 and he was present at the dedication of the church of the ,ruffini1 in ,constantinople1 in #cid4 ,the exact date of his death is not known1 but it is certain that he died at an advanced age4 ,it is unnecessary here to give a list of the writings of this eloquent doctor1 a large number of which have been preserved4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,gregory ,,of ,,nyssa 7with square nimbus74 ,after ,cahier4 ,march #i4 ,s4 ,,bosa1 ,b4 ,c4 7,a4,d4 #gje47 ,wilson1 in his ,anglican ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,bede4 ,the monastery of ,streaneshalch1 now ,whitby1 was founded and governed by ,s4 ,hilda1 towards the middle of the seventh century4 ,it was a double community1 under the rule of ,s4 ,columba1 which ,s4 ,aidan had introduced among the ,northumbrians4 ,s4 ,hilda governed a congregation of men1 as well as one of women1 who lived in separate dwellings2 and such was her care that no less than five bishops issued from this monastery1 all of them men of singular merit and sanctity4 ,the first of these saint-like prelates named by ,bede1 was ,bosa1 who1 upon the removal of ,s4 ,wilfrid1 was taken from the solitude of the cloister1 and ordained bishop of ,york by ,s4 ,theodore1 archbishop of ,canterbury1 in the year #fgh4 ,he most worthily administered the see till #gjj1 when ,s4 ,wilfrid being recalled1 he humbly resigned his charge1 and returned to his monastery4 ,but ,s4 ,wilfrid being again expelled1 ,s4 ,bosa was once more called forth to the pastoral administration of the see of ,york1 and this he discharged till his death1 which took place in the year #gje4 ,he was a man of great sanctity and humility1 says ,bede4 ,he had for his successor ,s4 ,john of ,beverley1 from the same monastery4 ,,ss4 ,,cyril ,,and ,,methodius1 ,,app4 7#i,,th ,,cent47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,s4 ,cyril by the ,greeks on ,feb4 #adth1 and ,s4 ,methodius on ,may #aath4 ,authorities3--,the ,life of ,s4 ,clement1 a pupil of ,methodius1 pub4 by ,pampereus1 ,vienna1 #ahjb2 the ,pannonian ,life of ,methodius2 notices in the ,life of ,s4 ,ludmilla2 the ,chronicle of ,nestor2 ,cosmas of ,prague1 c4 ,the chronology in this article is from the treatise on ,cyril and ,methodius by ,philaret1 ,b4 of ,rig1 ,milan1 #ahdg4 ,cyril and ,methodius1 the apostles of the ,sclaves1 were brothers1 the sons of a man of rank in ,thessalonica4 ,constantine1 who afterwards in religion assumed the name of ,cyril1 the younger1 was educated at the court of ,constantinople1 along with the youthful emperor ,michael1 from the year #hdb1 by the illustrious ,photius1 who instructed him in logic1 philosophy1 mathematics1 and languages4 ,his talents and accomplishments afforded him every prospect of a brilliant career in the world1 but he chose to lay them at the foot of the cross1 and1 receiving sacred orders1 was appointed librarian to the palace4 ,soon after1 he retired to a little monastery1 but was drawn from it again to give lectures on philosophy4 ,methodius1 his elder brother1 as soon as his education was accomplished1 entered the army1 and was appointed to the government of the ,grco-,sclavonic province1 which1 according to the ,pannonian legend1 he held for ten years4 ,in the year #hea1 ,cyril retired to ,mount ,olympus1 along with his brother1 who had also resolved to desert the world1 and lived in seclusion and the practice of self-discipline4 ,in #heh1 some dignitaries of the ,chazars1 a ,hunnish race1 besought the emperor to send them a learned man to instruct them in the true faith1 and ,cyril and ,methodius were chosen for this purpose4 ,how long they spent on this mission is not known exactly4 ,they tarried till they could organise the church among the ,chazars1 and then retired to the ,crimea where they worked together at making a ,sclavonic translation of the ,holy ,gospels4 ,it was whilst there that they discovered what they believed to be the relics of ,s4 ,clement of ,rome1 lying together with the anchor1 which had been attached to his neck1 where the faithful had reverently laid him4 ,they raised the holy remains1 and translated them to ,constantinople4 ,in #hfb1 the ,sclavonic princes of ,pannonia1 ,rostislaw1 ,swaetopolk1 and ,kotel requested the emperor ,michael and the patriarch ,photius1 to send them teachers1 because they were without true instructors for the people1 and they desired to have instruction and divine worship in their own language4 ,it appears that missionaries of the ,latin ,church had already penetrated amongst them1 but probably had been unable to master the ,sclavonic tongue2 at any rate1 the ,pannonians refused to accept them1 and turned instead to the ,east4 ,none were better calculated to execute this mission than the brothers ,methodius and ,cyril1 the former of whom had for some years governed a ,sclavonic province1 and both had been born at ,thessalonica1 on the confines of ,sclavonic peoples1 and where the language was familiar to the natives4 ,the emperor and the patriarch felt this1 and sent for them1 and laid before them the desire of these heathen princes for the ,gospel4 ,the brothers at once undertook the mission1 and set forth4 ,on their way1 ,methodius was the means of converting the king of the ,bulgarians4 ,boris had a sister1 who was a ,christian1 having been brought up at ,constantinople1 whither she had been carried captive4 ,the prince1 who was passionately fond of hunting1 desired the emperor to procure him a picture1 which should illustrate his favourite pursuit1 and adorn the hall of a new palace he had erected4 ,methodius was commissioned by the emperor to execute this task1 and he appeared before king ,boris1 not as a missionary1 but as a painter4 ,let it be a good picture1 said the prince1 large and terrible4 ,so shall it be1 answered ,methodius1 but one thing ,i demand1--that ,i may be left undisturbed here to complete my picture1 that no one may see it till it is finished4 ,the king reluctantly gave his consent1 and day after day passed1 and the painter was not seen4 ,he remained closely shut up within the palace4 ,weeks rolled by1 and ,boris chafed with impatience and curiosity4 ,at length the doors were thrown open1 and the king entered4 ,methodius had painted the ,last ,judgment on the wall of the new hall4 ,above sat ,christ on the great white throne1 and below were men receiving sentence1 and the angels dividing them4 ,an awe and wonder fell on the king's heart as he contemplated the picture4 ,what meaneth this8 he asked4 ,and ,methodius seized the opportunity of preaching to him righteousness1 temperance1 and judgment to come4 ,he explained to the king the whole doctrine of the final judgment of men1 their fate depending on their works in this world1 and the king trembled4 ,he went on to speak of the glories prepared for the baptized who keep the faith4 ,great and purifying thoughts swelled the bosom of the prince1 and going up to the painter1 he said1 with his head bowed1 ,take me1 and teach me1 that ,i too may pass to the beautiful side of the picture4 ,and when ,cyril and ,methodius had preached the ,word of ,god among the ,bulgarians1 they journeyed on1 bearing the bones of ,s4 ,clement1 and their ,sclavonic translation of the ,holy ,gospels1 into ,moravia1 where they laboured about four and a half years with great success4 ,the bishops of the neighbouring ,german provinces1 however1 viewed the mission of these ,easterns with jealousy1 and complained to pope ,nicolas ,i4 of their performing the liturgy in the ,sclavonic language4 ,the unsuccessful war waged by ,rostislaw with the ,germans1 and the deposition of ,photius at ,constantinople1 who had commissioned the two apostles1 gave ,nicolas the opportunity of summoning the two ,greek missionaries to ,rome4 ,on their journey 7in #hfh7 they were subjected to vexatious treatment at ,venice1 on account of their cause1 but pope ,adrian ,,ii41 who had succeeded ,nicolas1 dreading to lose ,moravia and ,pannonia1 received them with great cordiality1 permitted them to celebrate the divine mysteries in ,sclavonic at the grave of the ,apostles1 ordained their disciples1 ,formosus and ,gonderik1#ch bishops1 three others priests1 and two lectors4 ,he also sanctioned the use of the ,sclavonic liturgy4 ,the following account from the ,lections of the ,olmutz ,breviary will not prove uninteresting4 ,the blessed ,cyril1 by the grace of ,god1 after he had converted the ,moravians1 invented new alphabetical letters1 and translated the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 and many other things from ,greek or ,latin1 into the ,sclavonic tongue2 and he appointed to be sung ,mass1 and the other canonical hours in the church4 ,and to this day they are thus sung in ,sclavonic parts1 especially in ,bulgaria1 and thereby many souls are drawn to ,christ the ,lord4 ,and when after some time the said ,cyril went to ,rome out of devotion1 he was rebuked by the sovereign pontiff and the other rulers of the church1 because1 contrary to the canons1 he had appointed the holy ,mass to be sung in the ,sclavonic tongue4 ,but he1 humbly endeavouring to satisfy them1 but not able to convince them wholly1 snatched up the ,psalter1 and read the words of the ,psalmist1 ',let everything that hath breath praise the ,lord4' ,omnis spiritus laudet ,dominum4 ,and he said1 ',if every one that hath breath is to praise the ,lord1 why1 my fathers1 do ye forbid me to perform the ,mass in the ,sclavonic tongue1 or to translate other things from ,latin and ,greek into the vernacular8 ,finding the people simple and ignorant of the ways of the ,lord1 ,i1 by the inspiration of ,god1 found this means of drawing many to ,god4 ,therefore1 pardon me1 my fathers1 and1 following the example of ,s4 ,paul1 the doctor of the ,gentiles1--,forbid not to speak with tongues4 7,i ,cor4 xiv4 #ci47' ,and they1 hearing him1 and wondering at his sanctity and faith1 gave him authority in those parts to say ,mass1 and sing the ,canonical ,hours1 in the aforesaid tongue4 #ch ,gonderik1 bishop of ,viliterni1 was the author of the ,life of ,s4 ,clement1 which contains much information on the life and acts of ,,ss4 ,cyril and ,methodius4 ,cyril died in ,rome shortly after1 ,feb4 #adth1 #hfi1 in a monastery into which he had retired2 but ,methodius1 according to the entreaty of his dying brother1 returned to ,moravia1 to find that the hostility of the ,german prelates and clergy was not allayed4 ,political disturbances1 fomented by the ,germans1 broke out between #hfi and #ija1 and ,rostislaw was reduced to ruin4 ,methodius held himself aloof from these contests1 and in #hgj went with his disciples into ,pannonia1 where the court received him and gave up to him the castle of ,salava in ,mosburg1 as a residence4 ,kotel now besought the pope to consecrate ,methodius archbishop of ,pannonia1 and his request was complied with4 ,but the ,german clergy1 especially the archbishops of ,salzburg and ,mainz1 who unfortunately were ambitious rather of extending their authority than of preaching the ,gospel to the people1 were exasperated by this to the highest pitch1 and they stirred up against him the ,german emperor and the ,moravian prince ,swaetopolk1 and brought matters so far that he was driven into banishment for a year and a half or two years4 ,pope ,john ,,viii4 restored to him his see in #hgd4 ,at last the ,moravian ,sclaves saw through the ambition of the bishops his opponents1 and expelled them the country1 at the same time writing to the pope to request him to appoint ,methodius archbishop of ,moravia4 ,this ,john ,,viii4 consented to1 and from this time1 says the contemporary writer of the ,pannonian history of ,s4 ,methodius1 the divine doctrine began to grow and spread rapidly1 and heathenism and superstition to disappear4 ,but the archbishops of ,salzburg and ,mainz1 who claimed jurisdiction over the ,sclavonic races1 though not converted by them1 could not forgive ,methodius the loss of their power and position in the country4 ,they hastened to ,rome1 and complained that ,methodius was heretical on the subject of the ,double ,procession1 that he taught the independence of the ,moravian ,church1 and that he celebrated the ,liturgy in the vulgar tongue4 ,pope ,john thereupon1 in #hgh1 forbade the performance of the ,liturgy in ,sclavonic1 and in the following year summoned ,methodius to appear before him in ,rome4 ,the ,german-,latin prelates triumphed2 they appeared in ,moravia1 and declared that ,methodius was deposed1 and that his authority had been transferred to them4 ,but pope ,john1 on the appearance of the apostle before him1 was satisfied of his orthodoxy1 and confirmed him in his position and authority over the ,moravian ,church4 ,disappointed in their hope of ruining ,methodius at ,rome1 the ,german prelates now spread the report that the archbishop had incurred the displeasure of the emperor by his submission to the pope4 ,methodius was therefore obliged to make a journey to ,constantinople1 where he was cordially received by the emperor ,basil1 and then dismissed with many presents4 ,as soon as it was proved that the report of the anger of the imperial court was false1 the enemies of ,methodius endeavoured to dispose ,swaetopolk1 the prince1 against him2 and this they were the more able to effect1 because the prince was a man of immoral life1 and had incurred the reprimand of the archbishop on more than one occasion4 ,gradually1 influenced by these treacherous apostles of ,mammon1 rather than of ,jesus ,christ1 ,swaetopolk became alienated from ,methodius2 but in spite of all their efforts1 and the coldness of the prince1 all the ,sclavonic races1 from ,croatia and ,dalmatia to the confines of ,poland1 heard in their own tongue the celebration of the ,divine mysteries1 and looked to ,methodius as their archbishop4 ,moreover he effected the conversion of the ,bohemian ,duke ,borivoi1 and introduced ,christianity into his lands4 ,he founded at ,prague the church of ,our ,lady1 and another dedicated to ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul2 and died on ,april #fth1 #hhe4 ,relics of ,s4 ,cyril at ,rome in ,s4 ,clemente1 and at ,brunn1 in ,moravia4 ,in ,art ,s4 ,cyril is represented in a philosopher's long habit1 and bearded4 ,s4 ,methodius as an archbishop with the pallium1 holding in one hand a picture of the ,last ,judgment4 ,s4 ,,catharine ,,of ,,bologna1 ,v4 7,a4,d4 #adfc47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,her name was inserted by ,clement ,,viii41 in #aeib2 and she was canonized by ,benedict ,,xiii41 in #agbd4 ,authority3--,her life written by ,f4 ,paleotti1 about fifty years after her death4 ,illustration3 ,,cathedral ,,modena4 ,from ,stoughton's ,italian ,reformers4 ,march #i4 ,catharine was the daughter of noble parents4 ,her father1 ,john ,vigri1 was high in favour with ,nicholas d',este1 prince of ,ferrara4 ,she was born on the ,nativity of the ,b4 ,virgin1 #adab1 at ,bologna1 where she spent her childhood2 but growing up to girlhood she removed with her parents to ,ferrara1 and became the associate of ,margaret1 daughter of the prince4 ,at the age of eleven she joined the order of the ,poor ,clares1 and entered the convent of that society in ,bologna1 with the consent of her parents4 ,thus withdrawn from all terrestral occupations1 says her biographer1 she began to serve ,god with such fervour of soul1 that all began to marvel at her4 ,so great was her gentleness1 so great her reverence and obedience towards others1 as long as she lived1 that she soon became beloved and pleasant to all1 and almost venerable in her early girlhood4 ,wherever she was1 and with whomsoever she conversed1 she spoke either of ,god or with ,god1 so that1 though her body was on earth1 her soul was ever in heaven4 ,and although she was tormented with grievous temptations which tried her almost out of measure1 yet was she always of a glad countenance4 ,she grew daily more devoted to prayer2 and her greatest delight was to spend many hours in close communing with ,god4 ,one ,christmas ,eve she obtained permission to spend the night in the church1 having resolved to recite a thousand times the ,angelic ,salutation in honour of her who that night bore the ,saviour of the world4 ,the hours glided away in the church in all stillness1 save for the click of the beads in ,catharine's fingers1 and in all darkness1 save for the glimmer of the red lamp before the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,suddenly1 a glory filled the church1 and she saw before her the holy ,mother bearing her infant ,son in her bosom1 and smiling on the young religious1 ,s4 ,mary laid the child ,jesus in her arms4 ,it was a moment of supreme felicity1 and one painters have loved to recall1 as she held to her heart her ,redeemer and ,god1 and looked down on ,his radiant face4 ,then1 trembling between love and fear1 she bent her lips to his mouth1 and instantly all was dark2 the vision had fled4 ,when she returned to her cell she wrote down what she had seen on the margin of her breviary1 where it was found after her death4 ,margaret d',este1 her little friend in childhood1 had grown up1 and was married to a good man1 ,robert ,malatesta1#ci who1 however1 died and left her a disconsolate widow4 ,the prince of ,ferrara was desirous of marrying his daughter again1 but ,margaret clung to the memory of her first husband1 and besought her friend ,catharine to assist her with her prayers4 ,and it fell out that on the very day of the second marriage the bridegroom died4 ,next night ,margaret saw ,robert come to her1 and extending to her the wedding ring1 say1 ,margaret1 ,i marry thee again1 thou must be mine alone6 and she spent the rest of her days in a holy widowhood4 ,a convent of ,poor ,clares having been founded in ,bologna1 ,s4 ,catharine was appointed to be the first prioress1 in spite of her tears and entreaties to be left to the calm seclusion of her cell1 and the subordinate duties of a sister4 ,she dreaded lest the cares and business which fall to a superior should leave her less time for contemplation and prayer4 #ci ,robert was only eighteen when he married her1 and she was much younger4 ,on her way from ,ferrara to her new home she sickened1 but persevered in her journey1 though carried on a litter to the boat1 and when placed in it1 was given a blessed candle to hold1 as is usual with dying persons1 in case she should die on the journey4 ,she however recovered1 sufficiently to set the new house in order1 and to complete the construction of some of the buildings2 and then after the flame of life had again sunk1 and once more flickered up1 calmly entered into the joy of her ,lord on ,march #ith1 #adfc1 at the age of fifty-one4 ,her body1 incorrupt1 is shown in the church of her convent1 through glass1 sitting1 richly habited1 but with face1 hands1 and feet bare4 ,s4 ,,frances ,,of ,,rome1 ,w4 7,a4,d4 #addj47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,canonized by ,paul ,v41 in #afjh4 ,authorities3--,her life by her confessor1 ,john ,mattiotti1 and another by ,maria ,magdalena d',aguillar4 ,the following life is condensed from that by ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton4 ,frances of ,rome was born in stormy days4 ,war was raging all over ,europe4 ,italy was torn by inward dissentions1 and the ,church was afflicted1 not only by the outward persecutions which strengthens her vitality1 though for a while they appear to cripple her action1 but by trials of a far deeper and more painful nature4 ,heresy had torn from her arms a great number of her children1 and repeated schisms were dividing those who1 in appearance1 and even in intention1 remained faithful to the ,holy ,see4 ,the successors of ,s4 ,peter had removed the seat of their residence to ,avignon1 and the eternal city presented the aspect of one vast battle-field1 on which daily and hourly conflicts were occurring4 ,in the capital of ,western ,christendom ruins of recent date lay side by side with the relics of past ages2 the churches were sacked1 burned1 and destroyed1 and the eyes of the people of ,rome were turned beseechingly to ,heaven to restore to them that tranquillity to which they had almost become strange4 ,it was at that time1 during the pontificate of ,urban ,,vi41 in the year #achd1 that ,francesca was born at ,rome2 that she rose as a star in a dark night1 according to the expression of the most ancient of her biographers4 ,her father's name was ,paul ,russa2 her mother's ,jacobella de' ,roffredeschi2 they were both of noble descent4 ,on the day of her birth she was carried to the ,church of ,s4 ,agnes1 and there baptized4 ,little could the worshippers who may have been praying there that day for a blessing on their bereaved and distracted city1 have guessed in what form that blessing was bestowed1 and that that little babe1 a few hours old1 was to prove a most powerful instrument in the hands of ,god for the extinction of schism1 the revival of piety1 and the return of peace4 ,from her infancy1 ,francesca was not like other children4 ,at two or three years old she manifested a precocious intelligence and piety4 ,instead of playing1 she loved to retire into a silent corner of her father's palace1 and kneeling down join her little hands in prayer4 ,from the time that ,francesca had understood the meaning of the words1 her greatest desire had been to enter a convent2 it was therefore with profound grief that she received1 at the age of twelve1 the announcement from her father that he had promised her hand to ,lorenzo ,ponziano1 a young nobleman of illustrious birth1 and not less eminent for his virtues and talents than from his fortune and position4 ,she flew to her director and besought his advice4 ,if your parents persist in their resolution1 said he1 take it1 my child1 as a sign that ,god expects of you this sacrifice4 ,offer up to him in that case your earnest desire for the religious life4 ,he will accept the will for the deed2 and you will attain at once the reward of that wish1 and the peculiar graces attached to the sacrament of marriage4 ,francesca submitted1 and was married to ,lorenzo ,ponziano1 and took up her abode in his palace in the heart of the ,trastevere4 ,it is a well-known spot2 and on the #ith of ,march1 the people of ,rome flock to it in crowds4 ,the modern building erected on the foundations of the old palace is the ,casa dei ,esercizii ,pii4 ,on the day of her festival its rooms are thrown open1 every memorial of the gentle saint is exhibited1 lights burn on numerous altars1 flowers deck the passages1 leaves are strewn in the chapel1 on the stairs1 in the entrance court2 figured tapestry and crimson silks hang over the door1 and crowds of people go in and out1 and kneel before the relics and pictures of the dear saint of ,rome1 and gaze on each altar1 and linger in these chambers1 like kinsfolk met on a birthday to rejoice together4 ,francesca was received into her new home tenderly and joyfully by her father-in-law ,andrew1 his wife ,cecilia1 and ,vannozza1 the wife of her husband's brother1 a holy and loving woman1 in whom ,francesca found a kindred spirit4 ,the manner of ,francesca was so gentle and kind1 that it inspired affection in all who approached her2 but there was also a profound and awful purity in her aspect and in her demeanour1 which effectually checked the utterance of a free or licentious word in her presence4 ,faithful to her early habits of piety1 she continued every ,wednesday to visit the church of ,s4 ,maria ,nuova2 and after confessing to her director1 ,antonio ,savelli1 she communicated4 ,rising betimes in the morning1 ,francesca devoutly said her prayers1 made her meditations1 and read attentively out of a spiritual book4 ,in the course of the day1 whenever she had a moment's leisure1 she withdrew into a church1 or into her own room1 and gave herself up to prayer4 ,at the same time1 so devout a life in a young person of twelve years old could not fail to attract the attention and draw down the censures of the worldly4 ,many such began to laugh at ,francesca1 and to turn her piety into ridicule4 ,but her husband was to her a shield1 as far as in him lay1 against spiteful tongues4 ,his young wife was much too precious to him1 much too perfect in his sight1 her whole life bore too visibly the stamp of ,god's dealings with her1 for him to dream of interfering with the course she had taken4 ,on the contrary1 he looked upon her with that affectionate veneration which the presence of true sanctity always awakens in a noble and religious mind4 ,there was not a single member1 friend1 or servant1 of that noble family into which she had been received1 that did not love her4 ,paluzzo1 ,lorenzo's brother1 delighted in encouraging the intimacy that had arisen between his young sister-in-law and his own wife ,vannozza4 ,day by day her influence--her tender1 noiseless1 gentle influence--was felt subduing1 winning1 drawing them all to ,god4 ,the happiness which the family of ,ponziano had enjoyed since ,lorenzo's marriage was interrupted by the sudden and dangerous illness of his wife1 which baffled all medical skill1 and soon brought her to the verge of the grave4 ,she endured excruciating pain1 and was unable to take nourishment4 ,she declined rapidly1 and all hope of her recovery was abandoned1 when1 one night1 as she was lying motionless on her couch of suffering1 listening to the breathing of her nurses who had fallen asleep1 a sudden light filled the room1 and she saw standing before her in pilgrim's robe1 ,s4 ,alexis1 the noble ,roman penitent1 who had passed many years as a despised beggar at the door of his father's palace4 ,drawing near to ,francesca's bed1 he said ,i am ,alexis1 and am sent from ,god to enquire of thee if thou choosest to be healed8 ,i have no choice but the good pleasure of ,god1 she answered4 ,then live1 said he1 for ,he choosest that thou shouldest remain in the world to glorify ,his name4 ,then he drew his mantle over ,francesca and vanished1 leaving her perfectly recovered4 ,confounded at this extraordinary favour1 she rose in haste1 and slipping out of the room without awaking her nurses1 she hurried to the bedside of her sister-in-law4 ,my dear ,vannozza1 my own ,vannozza6 she exclaimed1 putting her arm round her neck1 and her cheek next hers4 ,vannozza suddenly awoke1 and distrusting the evidence of her senses1 said1 ,who are you8 ,am ,i dreaming8 ,it sounds like the voice of my little ,frances8 ,yes1 it is your little sister who is speaking to you4 ,what6 ,i left you only an hour ago at the point of death6 ,it is ,i1 nevertheless1 come to thank you1 dear companion1 for having nursed me so tenderly1 and now help me to thank ,god for his wonderful mercy towards me4 ,then sitting on her bed1 with the hands of her sister clasped in her own1 she related to her the vision1 and the instantaneous recovery that had followed2 and then1 as the light began to break into the chamber1 she added with eagerness1 ,now let us hasten to ,s4 ,maria ,nuova1 and then to the church of ,s4 ,alexis1 that ,i may return him my thanks1 before others learn what ,god has done for me4 ,the year #adjj opened under melancholy auspices4 ,the wars for the succession of the kingdom of ,naples between ,louis of ,anjou and ,ladislas were agitating the whole of ,italy2 and ,rome was exposed to all the fury of the contending parties4 ,lorenzo ,ponziano1 from his rank and fidelity to the sovereign pontiff1 was especially marked out as an enemy by the adverse faction4 ,but while on every side the storm was brewing1 and the aspect of public affairs each day became more gloomy1 a blessing was granted him1 which for the last five years he had ardently desired4 ,francesca became the mother of a little son1 who received at the font the name of ,john ,baptist1 or1 in ,italian1 ,giovanni ,baptista4 ,it was not at that time the custom for ladies of rank to nurse their children2 but ,francesca set aside all such considerations1 and never consented to forego a mother's sacred privilege4 ,in obedience to her director1 and guided by her own sense of duty1 she modified1 for the time being her usual mode of life1 and occupied herself with the care of her child in preference to all other observances of charity or of devotion4 ,about a year after1 ,lorenzo's mother died1 and ,francesca was called to take her place as head of the household1 and to superintend all the domestic affairs4 ,distressed at the proposal1 she pleaded her youth and inexperience1 and urged that ,vannozza1 as the wife of the eldest brother1 was1 as a matter of course1 entitled to that position4 ,vannozza1 however1 steadily refused it1 and at length1 overcome by the general importunity1 ,francesca found herself obliged to comply4 ,now it was that her merit shone conspicuously4 ,placed at the head of the most opulent house in ,rome1 no symptom of pride revealed itself in her looks or in her actions4 ,she was never heard to speak a harsh or impatient word4 ,firm in requiring every person in her house to fulfil their duties1 she did it in the gentlest manner4 ,always courteous to her servants1 she watched over their souls as precious treasures entrusted to her custody by ,god4 ,francesca had just attained the age of twenty when her second son was born4 ,he was baptized on the day of his birth1 and received the name of ,john ,evangelist4 ,he might well have been termed his mother's own child2 for in his veriest infancy1 he showed that he had inherited her sweetness and spirit of devotion4 ,he was to her as one of ,god's own angels1 and tears of joy filled her eyes as she mused on the extraordinary signs of grace which he daily evinced4 ,evangelista was not quite three years old when his little sister ,agnes was born1 who in beauty1 heavenly sweetness of temper1 and precocious piety1 proved the counterpart of her brother4 ,in the year #adji1 when she was about twenty-seven years old1 ,francesca's temporal calamities began4 ,after ,ladislas of ,naples1 befriended by the enemies of the pope1 had in #adih gained possession of ,rome1 he left behind him as governor of the city the count of ,troja1 a rough and brutal soldier4 ,in an engagement with the count's soldiers ,lorenzo ,ponziano was stabbed1 and taken up and carried home as if dead4 ,francesca however found that he still breathed1 and by her unremitting attention1 he was restored to health4 ,meanwhile the count of ,troja1 pressed on every side1 began to foresee the necessity of leaving ,rome2 but1 in his exasperation1 resolved previously to wreak his vengeance on the families most devoted to the pope1 and especially on that of the ,ponziani4 ,he accordingly arrested ,paluzzo1 ,vannozza's husband1 and understanding that ,lorenzo had a son of eight or nine years old1 he commanded that he should be given up into his hands as a hostage4 ,this was to ,francesca a trial almost beyond endurance1 as she trembled for the soul of her little one about to be committed to unprincipled soldiers4 ,the report of the order had spread through ,rome1 and as she passed through the streets clasping the hand of her dear child whom she was about to surrender1 crowds of commiserating women pressed round her4 ,she mounted the ,capitol1 walked straight to where the tyrant was standing1 and gave up her son to him1 and then1 without once looking back1 she hastened to the church of ,ara ,cli1 and falling prostrate before the feet of the ,mother of ,mercy1 poured out her soul in tears and supplication4 ,in the mean time the count of ,troja had ordered one of his officers to take little ,baptista on his horse1 and carry him away to a place he appointed2 but from the instant the child was placed on the saddle1 no efforts could induce the animal to stir4 ,four of the knights of ,naples renewed the attempt with other horses1 and the same result4 ,there is a strength greater than man's will2 there is a power that defeats human malice4 ,struck with a secret terror by this evident prodigy1 the count of ,troja gave up the unequal contest1 and ordered the child to be restored to his mother4 ,before the altar of ,ara ,cli1 where in her anguish she had fallen1 ,francesca received back into her arms the son of her love1 and blessed the ,god who had given her strength to go through this the severest of her trials4 ,the ,states of the ,church and ,rome were again overrun by the troops of ,ladislas1 in #adaj4 ,the horrors of this invasion1 and of the sack that followed it1 surpassed in atrocity almost all those that had previously afflicted the capital of ,western ,christendom4 ,lorenzo1 scarcely recovered from his long illness1 fled into a distant province4 ,it had been impossible to remove his wife and children2 and ,francesca remained exposed to a succession of the most trying disasters4 ,the wealth of the family chiefly consisted in their country possessions2 and day after day intelligence was brought to her that one farmhouse or another was burnt or pillaged1 the cattle dispersed or destroyed1 and the peasants murdered by a ruthless soldiery4 ,one fatal morning a troop of savage ruffians1 drunk with rage1 broke into the palace1 and after pillaging1 and all but destroying the time-honoured residence of the ,ponziani1 carried off her son ,baptista4 ,in the space of a few hours that gorgeous abode was turned into a heap of ruins4 ,bereft of her husband1 of her son1 and of all the conveniences of life1 ,francesca1 with her two younger children1 remained alone1 and unprotected1 for her brother-in-law1 ,paluzzo1 was still a prisoner in the tyrant's hands4 ,how ,baptista escaped is not recorded1 but by some means or other he was enabled to get away from ,rome and rejoin his father4 ,francesca took shelter in a corner of her ruined habitation2 and there1 with ,evangelista and ,agnese1 she managed to live in the most complete seclusion4 ,these two children were now their mother's only comfort1 as their education was her principal occupation4 ,evangelista1 as he advanced in age1 in no way belied the promise of his infancy4 ,he lived in spirit with the angels and saints1 and seemed more fitted for their society than for any earthly companionship4 ,to be with ,god1 was his only dream of bliss4 ,the hour for another sacrifice was at hand4 ,the second invasion of ,rome was succeeded by a dreadful famine1 which was followed in its turn by a severe pestilence4 ,evangelista sickened and died of it4 ,francesca wept over the loss of her dearly-beloved child1 but did not grieve for him4 ,it was not a time for indulgence of sorrow4 ,want and sickness were turning ,rome into a charnel house4 ,wild voices were screaming for bread on every side4 ,the streets were encumbered by the victims of the plague4 ,the ruin of private property1 the general penury occasioned by the extortion of ,ladislas1 and the sacking of ,rome by his soldiers1 had cut off almost all the resources of private charity4 ,francesca1 bereaved of everything but her one little girl1 and lodged with ,vannozza in a corner of their dismantled house1 had no longer at her command the resources she had formerly possessed for the relief of the poor4 ,a little food from their ruined estates was now and then supplied to these lonely women2 and they stinted themselves1 that they might bestow the greatest part on the sick and poor4 ,there was a large hall in the lower part of the palace2 the sisters converted it into a temporary hospital2 out of the shattered furniture that lay scattered about the house1 they contrived to make up beds and covering1 and to prepare some clothing for the wretched creatures they were about to receive4 ,when all was ready they brought in sufferers1 carrying the weakest in their arms4 ,they washed and dressed their wounds and sores1 prepared both medicine and food1 watched the sick by day and by night2 laboured incessantly for their bodies1 and still more for their souls4 ,the example which the ruined and bereaved wives of the ,ponziani had given kindled a similar spirit among the hitherto apathetic inhabitants of ,rome1 and in several places hospitals were opened to the perishing multitudes4 ,often ,francesca and ,vannozza were without a morsel of food for themselves and their poor1 then they went forth to beg1 and gratefully accepted the broken bits that fell from the table of the wealthy4 ,each remnant of food1 each rag of clothing1 they brought home with joy2 and the best was invariably bestowed on their guests4 ,evangelista had been dead about a year1 when one morning as ,francesca was praying in her oratory1 she became conscious that the little room was suddenly and supernaturally illumined4 ,she raised her eyes1 and ,evangelista stood before her2 his familiar aspect unchanged1 but his features transfigured and beaming with ineffable splendour4 ,by his side stood an angel of exquisite beauty4 ,evangelista smiling on his mother1 told her of his present happiness1 and then bade her prepare to surrender her little ,agnese1 for ,god called the child4 ,but a consolation was promised her4 ,thenceforth the angel who stood beside ,evangelista was to be ever with her1 as a visible companion4 ,having said this1 ,evangelista disappeared1 but the angel remained1 and to the day of her death was ever present to her sight4 ,the following is the description of the angel as given by ,francesca to her confessor1 and written down by her1 at his order3-- ,his stature is that of a child1 of about nine years2 his countenance full of sweetness and majesty2 his eyes generally turned towards heaven4 ,words cannot describe the divine purity of that gaze4 ,his brow is always serene2 his glances kindle in the soul the flame of ardent devotion4 ,when ,i look upon him1 ,i understand the glory of the angelic nature1 and the degraded condition of our own4 ,he wears a long1 shining robe1 and over it a tunic1 either as white as the lilies of the field1 or of the colour of a red rose1 or of the hue of the sky1 when it is most deeply blue4 ,when he walks at my side his feet are never soiled by the mud of the streets1 or the dust of the roads4 ,the presence of her heavenly guide was to her as a mirror1 in which she could see reflected every imperfection of her character4 ,much as she had discerned1 even from her earliest childhood1 of the corruption of her heart1 yet she often told her director that it was only since she had been continually in the presence of an angelic companion that she had realised its amount4 ,so that this divine favour1 far from exalting her in her own eyes1 served to maintain her in the deepest humility4 ,when she committed any fault1 the angel faded away1 and it was only when she had felt compunction and confessed her fault1 that he shone out upon her once more in all his brilliancy4 ,and now her little ,agnes was taken from her1 and was laid beside her brother ,evangelista4 ,four long years had elapsed1 during which ,rome had been given up to war1 famine1 and pestilence4 ,the exertions of ,francesca told at last on her enfeebled frame1 and she fell dangerously ill4 ,vannozza never left her bedside1 and nursed her with such love and care that she restored her to health4 ,it was during this illness that ,francesca had a vision of ,hell4 ,and now1 in #adad1 ,ladislas died1 and peace was restored to the ,states of the ,church4 ,the ,ponziani were recalled from banishment1 and their property was restored4 ,lorenzo and his son ,baptista returned to their home1 and to the wife and mother they had so longed to behold again4 ,but the cup of joy was mixed with sorrow4 ,lorenzo1 who a few years back was strong and active1 was now broken by long sufferings1 aged more through exile and grief than through years4 ,we are told that when he entered his palace and looked upon his wife1 deep sobs shook his breast1 and he burst into tears4 ,the two beautiful children whom he had left by her side were gone1 and ,francesca herself1 pale with recent sickness1 spent with ceaseless labour1 was changed in form1 and bloom1 and brightness1 by what she also had endured4 ,the household life was now to some extent restored4 ,francesca devoted all her leisure moments to prayer1 but never allowed her spiritual exercises to interfere with her duty as a wife and mistress of a household4 ,her attention to ,lorenzo's slightest wants and wishes was unceasing4 ,she never complained of any amount of interruption or of trouble which his claims1 or those of the house1 or of her position in society1 occasioned4 ,one day that she was reciting in her room the office of the ,blessed ,virgin1 her husband sent for her4 ,instantly rising from her knees1 she obeyed his summons4 ,when she had performed the trifling service he required1 she returned to her prayers4 ,four successive times1 for the most insignificant of purposes1 was she sent for2 each time with unwearied good humour she complied1 and resumed her devotions without a shadow of discontent or annoyance4 ,on resuming her book the last time that this occurred1 great was her astonishment in finding the antiphon which she had begun four times1 and had four times left unfinished1 written in letters of gold4 ,vannozza1 who was present1 witnessed the miracle1 and the gilded letters remained in the book to the day of her death4 ,her son1 ,baptista1 had now arrived at the age of eighteen1 and at his father's advice he married a maiden1 named ,mobilia1 of noble birth and singular beauty4 ,immediately upon her marriage1 the bride came to reside under the same roof as her father and mother-in-law4 ,she was received as a beloved daughter by ,francesca and ,vannozza1 but she neither returned their affection nor appeared sensible to their kindness4 ,her head was completely turned at finding herself her own mistress1 adored by her husband1 and furnished with the most ample means of gratifying all her fancies4 ,she gave no thought to anything but her beauty1 her dress1 and all the amusements within her reach4 ,wholly inexperienced1 she declined to ask or to receive advice1 and chose in every respect to be guided by her inclinations alone4 ,imperious with her equals1 haughty with her superiors1 she treated her mother-in-law with the most supreme contempt4 ,in the gay societies which she frequented1 it was her favourite amusement to turn ,francesca into ridicule1 and mimic her manners and style of conversation4 ,how can one feel respect1 said she1 for an old woman who thinks of nothing but the poor1 dresses plainly1 and goes about the streets carrying bread and old clothes8 ,it was in vain that ,baptista1 seriously annoyed at the insults offered to his dearly-loved mother1 remonstrated with his wife4 ,mobilia persisted for long1 till struck with sudden illness in the midst of a sharp and bitter speech addressed to her mother-in-law1 she became alarmed lest ,god should punish her with greater severity1 and she resolved to behave towards her with respect and love4 ,and this grew till the young wife became passionately fond of ,francesca1 and venerated her for her virtues1 which she strove hard to imitate4 ,francesca1 with the most watchful love1 nursed ,mobilia in her confinements1 and bestowed on her grandchildren the same cares that she had lavished on her own children4 ,it was a great relief to her that ,mobilia was able to assume the management of the house1 and thus enable her to devote herself more unreservedly to the service of the poor and of the hospitals4 ,a new epoch was now at hand in her career4 ,god had placed in her heart many years ago a hope1 which she had nursed in secret1 and watered with tears1 and fostered by prayer4 ,never impatient1 never beforehand with ,god's providence1 she waited4 ,lorenzo's admiration and affection for his wife had gone on increasing with advancing years2 the perfection of her life1 and the miracles he had so often seen her perform1 inspired him with unbounded reverence4 ,taking her aside one day1 he offered to release her from all the obligations imposed by the state of marriage1 to allow her the fullest liberty of action1 and the most absolute control over her person1 her time1 and her conduct1 on one condition1 that she would promise never to cease to inhabit his house4 ,she accepted his proposal joyfully and gratefully1 but she continued to devote herself to her excellent husband1 and with the most attentive solicitude to render him every service in her power4 ,he was now in very declining health1 and she rendered him by day and by night all the cares of the tenderest nurse4 ,seeing the necessity of a religious society for women living in the world1 ,francesca now formed a congregation of pious women1 which was affiliated to the ,olivetian monastery of ,s4 ,maria ,nuova1 and which comprised about ten noble ,roman ladies1 devoted like herself and ,vannozza1 to the service of ,god and the poor4 ,she now lost her beloved sister ,vannozza1 and her director1 ,antonio ,savelli1 who had instructed her childhood1 and guided her ever since with wisdom and faithfulness4 ,she chose as her director and that of her congregation1 ,giovanni ,mattiotti1 curate of ,s4 ,maria in ,trastevere1 to whom she had already sometimes been to confession4 ,he was a man of distinguished piety1 but of an irresolute and vacillating disposition1 easily disheartened4 ,her society1 which was called the ,congregation of ,oblates of ,mary1 had lasted seven years1 when ,francesca decided that it would be advisable that it should have a convent in which to dwell4 ,she took a house adapted to the requirements of a religious community1 on the spot where an old tower1 named ,tor di ,specchi1 used to stand4 ,various obstacles arose to the purchase of this house1 which disheartened ,mattiotti2 but they were finally overcome1 and the acquisition was completed towards the end of the year #adcb4 ,this house1 which was at first considered only as a temporary residence1 was subsequently added to1 and has remained to this day the central house of the order4 ,it was1 doubtless1 a trial to ,francesca that whilst she was providing a home for her disciples1 she was unable to avail herself of it1 but she never hesitated as to her line of duty4 ,lorenzo had released her from all obligations but one1 that of residing in his house1 and watching over his old age4 ,his infirmities were increasing1 and her attentions were indispensable to his comfort4 ,the rule adopted by the ,oblates of ,tor di ,specchi remains the same to this day4 ,they are not1 strictly speaking1 nuns3 they take no vows1 and are bound by no obligations under pain of sin2 they are not cloistered1 and their dress is that which was worn at the period of their establishment by the widows of the ,roman nobles4 ,it was on the ,feast of the ,annunciation1 #adcc1 that the ,oblates1 ten in number1 met in the church of ,s4 ,maria in ,trastevere1 heard ,mass1 and communicated1 then went in procession to the house they were thenceforth to inhabit4 ,that house1 which now-a-days is thrown open during the ,octave of the ,feast of ,s4 ,frances1 is no gloomy abode4 ,the beautiful chapel2 the garden1 with its magnificent orange trees2 the open galleries1 with their little oratories1 where a holy picture or figure takes you by surprise1 and meets you at every turn2 the light1 airy rooms1 where religious prints and ornaments1 with flowers1 birds1 and ingenious toys1 testify that innocent enjoyments are encouraged among the children educated therein by the ,oblates of ,s4 ,mary4 ,but on the day when ,francesca's companions first entered these walls1 there was nothing very fair or beautiful to greet them1 though they carried thither1 in their hearts1 from the altar they had just left1 the source of all light and love4 ,with delight they exchanged their ordinary dress for that which the rule prescribed4 ,francesca alone stood among them no nun in her outward garb1 but the truest nun of all1 through the inward consecration of her whole being to ,god4 ,francesca had been forty years married to ,lorenzo ,ponziano1 and blessed had that union been by the tender affection which had reigned between the husband and the wife1 and sanctified by the exercise of no common virtues1 by the pursuit of no transitory object4 ,francesca had led the way1 in meekness1 in humility1 in subjection1 but with a single aim and an unwavering purpose4 ,lorenzo's health had been breaking up for some years past1 and now it utterly failed1 and his disease assumed an alarming character4 ,few men would have shown themselves as worthy as he did of such a wife as ,francesca4 ,from the moment of his marriage he had appreciated her virtues1 rejoiced in her piety1 encouraged her good works1 and to a great extent shared in them4 ,he had his reward4 ,francesca tended him to the last with indefatigable love4 ,he had been a just man1 and his death was the death of the righteous4 ,francesca was now free to follow the bent of her desire4 ,she took leave of ,mobilia and her son1 and went straight to ,tor di ,specchi4 ,it was on the #bast of ,march1 the feast of ,s4 ,benedict1 that she entered its walls1 not as the foundress1 but as a humble suppliant for admission4 ,at the foot of the stairs1 having taken off her black gown1 her veil1 and her shoes1 she knelt down1 and made her general confession in the presence of the community1 and then asked permission to dwell amongst the ,oblates4 ,the spiritual daughters of ,s4 ,frances hastened to raise and to embrace her1 and clothing her with their habit1 they led the way to the chapel1 where they all returned thanks to ,god4 ,at the same moment1 her angel guardian was changed2 another1 brighter and more beautiful1 stood beside her1 weaving a golden woof out of threads1 which he drew from a palm branch4 ,and this angel1 ever busy on this mystic work1 remained beside her till her death1 in place of the other4 ,agnes de ,lellis1 the superior1 then resigned her office1 and the sisters with one accord insisted on ,francesca assuming the direction of the house4 ,she positively refused to do so1 but her objections were overruled by the director1 and unable to resist his orders1 she assumed the office on ,march #beth4 ,we have not space to give an account of the life of the blessed ,francesca as a superior1 or to detail the miracles she was enabled to work2 for these we refer the ,english reader to the life of this saint by ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton4 ,on ,march #crd1 #addj1 when ,francesca was fifty-six years old1 she was sent for to see her son ,baptista1 who was laid up with a sharp attack of fever4 ,she instantly obeyed the summons1 and spent the day at the ,ponziano palace2 but towards evening she grew so ill that she could scarcely stand4 ,however1 she persisted in returning to her convent4 ,on her way she stopped at the church of ,s4 ,maria in ,trastevere1 and found there her confessor1 ,giovanni ,mattiotti1 who1 noticing her altered looks1 ordered her at once to return to her son's house4 ,the order was a trial to her1 for she felt that she would never again enter the hallowed walls of ,tor di ,specchi2 but1 faithful to the spirit of perfect obedience1 she went back to the palace4 ,in the course of the night a virulent fever came on1 and she became so seriously ill that all hopes of her recovery were abandoned4 ,and now the angel had nearly done his mystic task1 the golden web was complete1 and he folded up the glistening tissue about the palm4 ,the day of ,march #ith was far advanced4 ,what are you saying8 asked her confessor1 seeing her lips move4 ,the vespers of the ,blessed ,virgin1 she answered1 in a scarcely audible voice4 ,as an infant she had begun the practice2 and on the eve of her death she had not omitted it4 ,s4 ,francesca was canonized ,may #bith1 #afjh4 ,relics in ,s4 ,maria ,nuova1 at ,rome4 ,in art she appears with an angel by her side1 sometimes contemplating ,hell open4 ,illustration3 ,,hatred ,,and ,,malice4 ,symbolic carving at the ,abbey of ,s4 ,denis4 ,march #aj4 ,,ss4 ,,caius ,,and ,,alexander1 ,,mm4 at ,apamea1 in ,phrygia1 after ,a4,d4 #aga4 ,,ss4 ,,codratus1 ,,dionysius1 ,,cyprian1 ,,anectus1 ,,and ,,others1 ,,mm4 at ,corinth1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #beh4 ,,ss4 ,,forty ,,martyrs ,,of ,,sebaste1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cbj4 ,s4 ,,macarius1 ,b4 of ,jerusalem1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cce4 ,s4 ,,kessog1 ,b4 in ,scotland1 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,anastasius ,,the ,,patrician1 ,c4 in ,egypt1 ,a4,d4 #efg4 ,s4 ,,droctoveus1 ,ab4 at ,s4 ,germain1 in ,paris1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #egf4 ,s4 ,,attalus1 ,ab4 of ,bobbio1 in ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #fbf4 ,s4 ,,hymelin1 ,p4 at ,visenaeken1 in ,belgium1 #hth cent4 ,b4 ,,john ,,sarcander1 ,p4,m4 at ,holleschan1 in ,upper ,silesia1 ,a4,d4 #afbj4dj #dj ,roman ,martyrology4 ,he was born at ,skotsoehan1 in #aegf1 then became priest of ,holleschan1 where he was put to death with the utmost barbarity by ,protestants1 on ,march #ajth1 #afbd1 partly out of hatred to his religion1 partly because he would not disclose the secrets of the confessional4 ,,ss4 ,,caius ,,and ,,alexander1 ,,mm4 7,,after ,a4,d4 #aga47 ,roman ,martyrology1 and those of ,ado1 ,notker1 c4 ,authority3--,eusebius1 lib4 v4 c4 #af4 ,nothing more of these martyrs is known than the brief mention in ,eusebius1 quoting from ,apollinaris of ,hierapolis1 that they were natives of ,eumenia1 and that they suffered at ,apamea4 ,,ss4 ,,codratus1 ,,dionysius1 ,,and ,,others1 ,,mm4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #beh47 ,inserted in the ,menologium of the ,emperor ,basil ,porphyrogeneta1 also in the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,a ,greek life published by ,bollandus1 of uncertain date1 and very questionable authority4 ,in the persecution of ,decius many ,christians fled to the mountains and deserts until the tyranny was overpast4 ,amongst these was a woman who was expecting her confinement2 she hid in a wild place amongst the rocks1 and there brought forth a child whom she named ,codratus4 ,he was brought up in the desert during his infancy1 and growing to maturity1 was joined by other young men desirous of a retired life4 ,they were taken before the governor ,jason1 at ,corinth1 and were executed4 ,,the ,,forty ,,martyrs ,,of ,,sebaste4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #cbj47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,amongst the ,greeks on ,march #ith2 the ancient ,martyrology attributed to ,s4 ,jerome on ,march #ith1 as also that of ,bede1 and most ancient ,martyrologies4 ,in the ,roman1 it has been transferred to the #ajth1 because the feast of ,s4 ,frances is a double4 ,authorities3--,the ,ancient ,latin and ,greek ,acts1 the former a recension of more ancient ,acts1 made in #ijj2 the latter of less antiquity1 also the ,armenian ,acts4 ,these saints are spoken of by ,s4 ,ephraem ,syrus1 7d4 #cgh71 and by ,s4 ,gregory ,nyssen1 7d4 #cif71 and ,s4 ,basil has a sermon on them4 ,there is also a homily upon them extant by ,s4 ,gaudentius1 ,b4 of ,brescia1 7#cge47 ,the invention of their relics is mentioned by ,sozomen1 ,hist4 ,eccl4 lib4 ix4 c4 #b4 ,when the ,emperor ,licinius had broken with his brother-in-law ,constantine1 he threw off the mask of toleration he had worn1 and openly persecuted the ,christians4 ,when in ,cappadocia1 he published an edict commanding every ,christian1 on pain of death1 to abandon his religion4 ,agricola1 governor of ,cappadocia and ,lesser ,armenia1 resided at ,sebaste1 where ,s4 ,blaise1 bishop of that city1 was one of the first victims4 ,in the army which was quartered there was the ,thundering ,legion4 ,its commanding officer was ,lysias4 ,forty soldiers of that legion1 natives of different countries1 but all young1 brave1 and distinguished for their services1 refused to sacrifice to the idols4 ,when ,agricola announced the imperial order to the army1 these forty brave men advanced to his tribunal1 and announced themselves to be ,christians4 ,they were at once cast into prison1 where they raised the #ijth 7#iast7 psalm1 in solemn chant1 as the darkness closed upon them2 ,whoso dwelleth under the defence of the ,most ,high2 shall abide under the shadow of the ,almighty4 ,our blessed ,lord appeared to them1 and bade them play the man1 and win the crown of victory4 ,then ,cyrio1 one of the confessors1 said to his brethren1 ,it has pleased ,god to unite us forty brethren in one communion of faith and warfare1 let us not part in life or in death4 ,let us ask of ,god to send us forty to our crown together4 ,six or seven days after they were brought again before the governor1 and were sentenced to be exposed naked through the bitter winter night on the ice of a pond2 but he ordered that a fire and warm bath should be prepared in a small building opening on the pond1 and that any of the confessors who should take advantage of this should be regarded as having apostatized4 ,night closed in over the city4 ,the shops were shut2 the streets were still4 ,men went not willingly forth into the bitter cold4 ,no friendly cloud hung in the sky--it was a clear1 starry night2--the constellations glowed in the intense frost4 ,the citizens heaped up their fires1 and gathered closer around them4 ,the soldiers canvassed the constancy of the sufferers4 ,there1 on the frozen pool1 stood the martyrs of ,jesus ,christ4 ,from the open door of the hut1 a bright cheerful gleam of fire-light shone2 reflecting itself on the clear dark ice4 ,some presently fell1 and slept that sleep which ends only in death2 some walked hurriedly up and down1 as if to keep in the heat of life2 some stood with their arms folded1 almost lost in prayer2 some consoled themselves and their brethren in the conflict4 ,they prayed earnestly that ,he1 who had in a special manner consecrated the number forty to ,himself2 who had bade ,moses tarry in the mount forty days1 who had fed ,elijah with that food1 in the strength whereof he went forty days and forty nights2 who had given ,nineveh forty days for repentance2 they called on ,him who had ,himself fasted forty days1 and had lain forty hours in death1 not to fail them then4 ,forty wrestlers1 they said1 ,o ,lord1 we have entered the arena2 let forty victors receive the prize6 ,one of the soldiers guarding the pond was waiting by the fire1 and slept4 ,and in his sleep he beheld this vision4 ,he stood by the side of the pool1 and saw the martyrs in their conflict4 ,as he gazed on them1 an angel came down from the sky with a golden crown in his hands4 ,its brightness was not of this world2 it was most bright1 most beautiful4 ,he brought another1 and another1 and another1 till the dreamer perceived that he was charged with the everlasting diadems of the victorious martyrs4 ,nine-and-thirty crowns he brought1 but he came not with the fortieth4 ,what may this mean8 he asked1 as he awoke4 ,as he was wondering1 there was a stir without1 and the soldiers brought in one of the confessors4 ,he could endure it no more1 he had come to the fire and the warm bath4 ,he who had dreamed went forth4 ,still the cloudless night2 still the intense piercing blast from the range of the ,caucasus4 ,most of the sufferers1 on the frozen pool1 had fallen where they stood4 ,to them the bitterness of death was past2 for they were in the last fatal sleep2 and their diadem1 though not yet attained1 were certain4 ,others were praying1 ,forty wrestlers we have entered the arena2 let forty victors receive the prize4 ,o wonderful power of prayer in all6 but most wonderful virtue of intercession in ,christ's martyrs6 ,at that moment a thought rushed into the mind of the soldier2 a thought so sweet1 so cheering1 that the bitter ,armenian night seemed to him as pleasant as the breath of a ,may morning4 ,one has fallen from his crown2 ,i may attain to it4 ,in half-an-hour he had roused the governor from his sleep1 and had professed himself a ,christian4 ,in half-an-hour more he stood himself on the frozen pool1 a confessor among the other confessors4 ,and there was yet life in some of the sufferers to hail this new brother in arms in the spiritual warfare4 ,he1 too1 contending to the end1 received the prize2 the virtue of ,baptism1 as the ,church has ever taught1 being supplied to him in this case by the grace of that martyrdom whereof he was accounted worthy4 ,morning broke at last1 and a few still lived1 amongst others ,melithon1 the youngest of the soldiers4 ,agricola ordered the legs and arms of those who survived to be broken1 and as the order was carried into execution1 they sang faintly with their frozen lips1 ,our soul hath escaped out of the snare of the fowler2 the snare is broken1 and we are delivered4 ,the mother of ,melithon was present4 ,she raised him in her arms1 and laid him with the other bodies in the wagon which was to convey them to a fire in which they were all to be consumed4 ,melithon still lived1 and smiled faintly upon her4 ,oh1 son of my bosom1 how glad am ,i to see thee offer to ,christ the last remains of thy life4 ,blessed is the womb that bare thee1 and the paps that thou hast sucked6 ,and she followed the tumbril to the fire into which her yet breathing son was cast1 together with the frozen bodies of his comrades4 ,a few fragments still remain of the church1 which in after years was raised on the scene of the martyrdom4 ,the names of these martyrs were ,quirio or ,cyrio1 ,candidus1 ,domnus1 ,melitho1 ,domitian1 ,eunoicus1 ,sisinius1 ,heraclius1 ,alexander1 ,john1 ,claudius1 ,athanasius1 ,valens1 ,helianus1 ,ecditius1 ,acacius1 ,vivianus1 ,helias1 ,theodulus1 ,cyrillus1 ,flavius1 ,severian1 ,valerius1 ,chudio1 ,sacerdo ,priscus1 ,eutychius1 ,smaragdus1 ,philoctimo1 ,aetius1 ,nicolas1 ,lysimachus1 ,theophilus1 ,xantheas1 ,augias1 ,leontius1 ,hesychius1 ,caius and ,gorgo4 ,s4 ,,macarius1 ,b4 ,,of ,,jerusalem4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #cce47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authorities3--,eusebius1 ,theodoret ,socrates4 ,s4 ,macarius was created bishop of ,jerusalem in the year #cad4 ,he was present at the great council of ,nica1 against ,arius1 whom he always opposed from the beginning of his heretical teaching4 ,the historian ,socrates has preserved for us a letter written to him by the ,emperor ,constantine4 ,there was another ,macarius1 bishop of the same see1 in the reign of the ,emperor ,justinian1 who was driven from his see for defending the heresy of the ,origenists2 but having recanted1 was restored4 ,s4 ,,kessog1 ,b4 ,c4 7#f,,th ,,cent47 ,aberdeen ,breviary4 ,authority3--,david ,camerarius1 ,thomas ,dempster1 and the ,lections in the ,breviary4 ,kessog or ,makkessog1 as he is otherwise called1 an ,irish prince by birth1 and an itinerary bishop in the province of ,boyne1 laboured for the spread of the ,gospel in ,scotland4 ,he is said to have settled in ,lennox2 and ,thomas ,dempster says he was represented in art dressed as a soldier with a bow in his hand and a quiver at his back4 ,s4 ,,droctoveus1 ,,ab4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #egf47 ,roman and ,gallican ,martyrologies4 ,usuardus1 and ,maurolycus4 ,authority3--,an ancient life written after the destruction of the original life by the ,danes when they burnt the monastery of ,s4 ,germain4 ,s4 ,droctoveus1 vulgarly called in ,france ,s4 ,drott1 was born in the diocese of ,autun1 in ,burgundy4 ,in his youth he was placed with ,s4 ,germain1 in the abbey of ,s4 ,symphorian1 at ,autun1 of which he was abbot4 ,he was formed there upon the most perfect model of virtue4 ,s4 ,germain having been elevated to the bishopric of ,paris1 wished to continue to live as a monk4 ,wherefore he withdrew his disciple ,droctoveus from the abbey of ,s4 ,symphorian1 and brought him to ,paris4 ,king ,childebert having built a church in which to place the stole of ,s4 ,vincent1 which he had carried back with him from ,saragossa in the year #edb1 on his return from his ,spanish expedition1 and chosen this church as his place of sepulture1 he was buried there in #eeh1 and ,s4 ,germain dedicated the church on the same day as his burial1 under the title ,,ss4 ,cross and ,vincent4 ,he established a monastery adjoining it1 over which he set ,s4 ,droctoveus1 with whose virtues he was well acquainted4 ,droctoveus governed the monastery for twenty years1 and established its fame4 ,the monks afterwards embraced the rule of ,s4 ,benedict1 and the house and church took the name of ,s4 ,germain after the body of that prelate had been transferred to it4 ,s4 ,,hymelin1 ,p4 7#h,,th ,,cent47 ,belgian ,martyrology of ,molanus1 ,aberdeen ,breviary1 and ,anglican ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,a life founded on notices in the ,martyrologies and popular tradition1 by ,john ,gilleman1 about #adhj4 ,the ,blessed ,hymelin1 priest and confessor1 was a near relative of ,s4 ,rumbold1 and an ,irishman4 ,of his early life nothing is known4 ,he undertook a pilgrimage to ,rome1 and on his return was attacked by a virulent fever at ,vissenaeken1 near ,tirlemont1 in ,brabant4 ,he sank exhausted on a bank1 and a girl noticed his haggard looks and evident sickness as she was returning from the well with her pitcher4 ,hymelin extended his hands to her1 and implored her to give him a draught of water1 but she had received strict orders from her master1 the curate of the place1 not to let any one touch the pitcher1 as the plague was then raging1 and he feared infection4 ,she therefore reluctantly refused the draught4 ,i am very sick1 and perhaps dying1 said the ,irish pilgrim2 ,i pray you deny me not this little gift4 ,my good friend1 answered the maid1 ,i would gladly refresh you1 were it not that ,i am under orders4 ,but come home to my master1 and he will give you food and drink of the very best4 ,i cannot stir from this place1 ,i am far too ill1 said ,hymelin2 ,i pray you let me taste the cool water4 ,i am consumed with thirst4 ,she looked at the man's ghastly countenance with fiery spots on the cheek1 and was unable to refuse any longer1 so she held her pitcher to his lips2 he drank1 thanked her1 and she went to her master with the vessel4 ,the curate took the pitcher1 set it to his lips1 and drawing it suddenly away1 exclaimed1 ,thou hast brought me wine1 not water6 ,and it was so4 ,the water had been converted into wine4 ,then she told him all that she had done2 and he ran and brought the wayfarer to his house1 and laid him on his bed1 and nursed him till he died4 ,and as the soul of ,hymelin fled1 the chimes of the church began to play sweetly in the air1 though no man touched the bells4 ,hymelin was buried in the parish church of ,vissenaeken1 where his body still remains1 and every year1 on ,march #ajth1 attracts a large concourse of pilgrims4 ,illustration3 ,,deceitfulness ,,and ,,vanity4 ,symbolic carving at the ,abbey of ,s4 ,denis4 ,march #aa4 ,s4 ,,gorgo1 ,m4 at ,tours4 ,s4 ,,alberta1 ,v4,m4 at ,agen1 ,a4,d4 #bhf4 ,,ss4 ,,trophimus ,,and ,,thalus1 ,,mm4 at ,laodicea1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cjj4 ,s4 ,,vincent1 ,ab41 ,m4 at ,leon1 in ,spain1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #eee4 ,s4 ,,constantine1 ,k41 ,monk and ,m41 in ,scotland1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #egf4 ,s4 ,,sophronius1 ,patr4 of ,jerusalem1 ,a4,d4 #fch4 ,s4 ,,vigilius1 ,b4,m4 of ,auxerre1 ,a4,d4 #fhi4 ,s4 ,,vindician1 ,b4 of ,cambrai and ,arras1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #gab4 ,s4 ,,euthymius1 ,b4,m4 at ,sardis1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #hbg4 ,s4 ,,angus ,,of ,,keld1 ,b4 and ,ab4 in ,ireland1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #hbd4 ,s4 ,,eulogius1 ,p4,m4 at ,cordova1 ,a4,d4 #hei4 ,s4 ,,peter ,,the ,,spaniard1 ,h4 at ,babuco1 in the ,campagna of ,rome4 ,s4 ,,auria1 ,v4 in ,spain1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #aajj4 ,s4 ,,gorgo1 ,m4 7,,date ,,unknown47 ,gallican ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,an account of the ,translation of his relics by an eye-witness in #hdg1 published by ,bollandus4 ,at ,tours1 on this day is celebrated the festival of ,s4 ,gorgo the martyr1 whose body1 found at ,rome1 on the ,appian way1 near that of ,s4 ,cecilia1 was transported to the great monastery of ,tours in #hdg1 and on the way worked many miracles of healing4 ,the ,roman ,martyrology names on the same day another ,gorgo1 martyr at ,antioch1 of whom nothing further is known4 ,s4 ,,alberta1 ,v4 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #bhf47 ,venerated at ,agen4 ,authority3--,the ,agen ,breviary4 ,alberta1 the sister of ,s4 ,faith in blood and religion1 and one of the first martyrs of the ,agenois1 earned the double crown of virginity and martyrdom4 ,her relics1 long preserved at ,prigueux with those of ,s4 ,phebadas1 were translated to the church of ,benerque1 on the ,arige1 where they are preserved to this day4 ,s4 ,,vincent1 ,,ab4 ,m4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #eee47 ,benedictine ,martyrology1 and that of ,leon1 and other ,spanish churches4 ,tamayus ,salazar complains1 ,the ,acts of ,s4 ,vincent are shut up in the ,spanish ,benedictine ,libraries1 and are never shown by the most reverend fathers1 possibly lest they should become too common1 content rather that they should lie in bags and boxes1 buried in dust and cobwebs1 rather than exposed for the public benefit4 ,we have1 accordingly1 in ,bollandus1 only a compendium of the ,acts by the historian1 ,antonio ,yepes1 gathered from ,,mss41 at ,leon1 and the lections of the monastic breviary of ,coimbra4 ,when the ,vandals overran ,spain1 in company with the ,suevi and the ,alani1 the ,suevi settled down in ,gallicia and part of ,portugal1 whilst the ,vandals crossed into ,north ,africa4 ,they were ,arians1 and their king1 ,hermanrik1 and his son1 ,richild1 harassed the ,catholics in every way possible1 destroying or seizing on their churches4 ,the ,arians drew ,vincent1 abbot of ,s4 ,claudius1 before the prince1 charging him with contempt of the laws made against the ,catholics4 ,he boldly proclaimed the divinity of ,jesus ,christ before the king1 and was ordered to be beaten and thrown into prison4 ,next day he was again brought before the king1 and was condemned to death4 ,the executioner struck at him with his sword1 and clave his skull4 ,his martyrdom was followed by that of the prior1 ,ramirus1 and twelve of the monks of his house4 ,relics3 the body of ,s4 ,vincent in the cathedral of ,oviedo4 ,the body of ,s4 ,ramirus was translated1 ,april1 #bfth1 #aeif1 to the monastery of ,s4 ,claudius1 at ,leon4 ,s4 ,,constantine1 ,k4 ,,monk ,,and ,m4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #egf47 ,aberdeen ,breviary1 ,cologne and ,german ,martyrologies4 ,not to be confused with ,constantine1 the successor of king ,arthur1 nor with ,constantine1 the ,scottish king1 who resigned his throne to live as a monk at ,s4 ,andrews1 in #idc4 ,authority3--,the ,aberdeen ,breviary1 ,john ,fordun1 ,john of ,tynemouth1 and mention in the ,life of ,s4 ,david4 ,constantine1 son of ,padarn1 king of ,cornwall1 was married to the daughter of the king of ,brittany1 but had the misfortune to lose his wife by death shortly after4 ,he was so deeply attached to her1 that he could find no rest in his loneliness4 ,therefore1 resigning his crown1 and bidding farewell to his subjects1 he crossed over into ,ireland1 and entered a monastery1 without declaring who he was1 and whence he came4 ,he was ordered to grind the corn for the brothers2 and for seven years he filled this situation4 ,but one day as he sat in the granary1 working the rude stone quern with his hands1 and thinking himself alone1 he laughed1 and said1 ,is this then1 king ,constantine of ,cornwall1 who wore helm and bore shield1 who drudges thus at a hand-mill8 ,it is the same1 and it is not the same4 ,now it happened that one of the brethren was in the granary and heard this1 therefore he stole off unperceived to the abbot1 and told him who his miller was4 ,then the abbot called the others1 and all the brethren hasted to the mill1 and drew ,constantine therefrom1 and made him one of themselves1 instructed him in letters2 and finally1 by the grace of ,god1 he was ordained priest4 ,and after that1 he bade them all farewell1 and crossed over into ,scotland1 and was with ,s4 ,columba and ,s4 ,kentigern1 who sent him to preach the ,word in ,galloway4 ,and afterwards he was made abbot1 but of what monastery is not specified1 though there can be little doubt it was ,glasgow4 ,now1 when he was very old1 he went a mission into ,kintyre1 where he was assailed by the heathen1 who knocked him down and cut off his right arm4 ,having called his brethren about him1 and blessed them1 he gently bled to death4 ,he is regarded as the first martyr of ,scotland4 ,s4 ,,sophronius1 ,,patr4 ,,of ,,jerusalem4 7,a4,d4 #fch47 ,greek ,menologium and ,mena on this day1 also the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authorities3--,his ,life collected from various sources1 by ,bollandus1 and an epitome of his life in the ,greek ,mena4 ,sophronius1 surnamed the ,sophist1 was the son of pious parents at ,damascus4 ,his learning and virtue caused his election to the patriarchal throne of ,jerusalem4 ,on the invasion and capture of ,jerusalem1 by ,chosroes1 king of ,persia1 ,sophronius fled to his friend1 ,s4 ,john the ,almsgiver1 7,jan4 #bcrd17 patriarch of ,alexandria1 who supported him till he was able to return to his see4 ,he held a synod at ,jerusalem1 against the ,monothelites1 and drew up a synodal letter on that occasion1 which was sent to pope ,john ,,iv4 ,s4 ,,vindician1 ,b4 ,,of ,,arras4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #gab47 ,arras ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,a ,life by ,balderic1 bishop of ,noyon4 ,this saint was a disciple of ,s4 ,eligius4 ,he was born at ,bulcourt1 in ,bapaume1 about the year #fbj4 ,he spent many years in seclusion on ,mont ,s4 ,eloi1 where ,s4 ,eligius lived with ten others1 in the practice of great austerities4 ,he was nominated by ,s4 ,aubert1 bishop of ,arras1 his vicargeneral4 ,in #fge1 on the death of ,s4 ,aubert1 he was elected bishop of ,cambrai and ,arras4 ,he completed1 in #fia1 the abbey of ,s4 ,waast1 begun by his predecessor1 dedicated the church of the monastery of ,elnone1 and that of the abbey of ,hasnon4 ,s4 ,leger1 bishop of ,autun1 having been killed by ,ebroin1 mayor of the palace1 and as the king1 ,thierry ,,iii41 was suspected of having connived at the deed1 several bishops deemed it expedient to remonstrate with the king1 through some one of authority and renown for his sanctity4 ,vindician was chosen for this dangerous task1 and he executed the commission with such prudence and firmness1 that he attracted the admiration of the court1 and succeeded in bringing the king to repentance4 ,on his return to his diocese1 he built the monastery of ,honcourt2 and at last1 wearied with the cares of his diocese1 he laid them aside1 and retired1 to be alone with ,god1 and prepare for his passage1 into a hermitage on ,mont ,s4 ,eloi1 and died at the age of ninety-two4 ,his relics are preserved in the cathedral of ,arras4 ,s4 ,,euthymius1 ,m4 ,b4 ,,of ,,sardis4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #hbg47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,by the ,greeks on ,dec4 #aath4 ,authorities3--,the ,greek ,mena1 and the ,acts of the second council of ,nica1 also the ,chronography of ,leo the ,grammarian1 ,cedrenus1 ,zonaras1 c4 ,s4 ,euthymius1 bishop of ,sardis1 was one of the most zealous defenders of images against the ,iconoclastic emperors4 ,he flourished under the empress ,irene1 and her son1 ,constantine ,,vi41 as abbot1 but was then created bishop1 and took a prominent part in the second council of ,nica4 ,under the emperor ,nicephorus he was sent into exile1 together with other bishops1 to ,patalarea1 for having admitted a virgin to the religious life4 ,for the next nine-and-twenty years he did not see his diocese4 ,when ,leo the ,armenian assumed the purple1 he recalled ,euthymius1 but before restoring him to his see1 he demanded of him whether he venerated images4 ,the saint boldly replied1 ,o emperor1 it belongs not to thee to meddle with the affairs of the ,church4 ,to thee is given the care of the ,state and the government of the army4 ,attend to them1 and suffer the ,church to remain faithful4 ,this answer so angered ,leo1 that he ordered him to be banished to ,assos4 ,on the death of ,leo by assassination1 his successor1 ,michael the ,stammerer1 recalled ,euthymius1 and again demanded whether he reverenced sacred images4 ,and when ,euthymius protested that he reverenced whatever represented or recalled ,christ1 the tyrant banished him to ,acrita1 where he was cast into a noisome dungeon1 and afterwards1 by the emperor's orders1 was brought out and stretched on the ground1 with his hands and feet attached to posts1 at the utmost distention possible1 and then was cut and lashed with cow-hide scourges1 till he died4 ,s4 ,,angus ,,of ,,keld1 ,b4 ,,ab4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #hbd47 ,irish ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,colgan4 ,angus1 surnamed ,kel-,dhu1 a man of great love and fervour in the service of ,god1 was born in ,ireland in the eighth century1 of the race of the ,dalrhidians1 kings of ,ulster4 ,in his youth1 renouncing the pomp and vanities of the world and all earthly pretensions1 he chose ,christ for his inheritance1 and entered religion in the famous monastery of ,cluain-,edneach1 in ,east ,meath1 under the holy abbot ,malathgen4 ,there he became such a proficient in virtue and learning that he was thought to excel all others in ,ireland4 ,he is said to have sung a hundred and fifty psalms every day1 fifty of which he recited standing up to his neck in water1 in winter and summer2 and three hundred times a day he adored ,god on his bended knees4 ,finding that his sanctity attracted attention1 he privately withdrew from his monastery1 and disguising himself1 took refuge in that of ,tamlacht1 three miles from ,dublin1 where he was received as an outside novice by the abbot ,moelruan1 and for seven years was given the meanest drudgery of the monastery4 ,at length his great merit was discovered1 and his name having been found out1 the abbot apologised to him for having set him such degrading tasks1 and brought him into the brotherhood4 ,s4 ,angus became afterwards abbot of ,desert-,aenguis and ,cluain-,edneach1 where he was raised to the office of bishop1 the abbots in the ancient ,irish ,church being very generally bishops as well1 but without territorial jurisdiction4 ,s4 ,angus is regarded as one of the most famous writers of ,ireland4 ,he composed a metrical martyrology1 and five books of lives of the saints of ,ireland1 together with other treatises4 ,s4 ,,eulogius1 ,p4 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #hei47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,an account of his life and martyrdom by his friend ,alvar4 ,eulogius belonged to one of the principal families of ,cordova1 then in the hands of the ,moors1 who had constituted it their capital4 ,these ,mohammedans1 who had ruined the ,gothic kingdom in ,spain1 had not succeeded in trampling out ,christianity4 ,they did1 indeed1 suffer ,christians to exercise their religion1 and for this indulgence they obliged them to pay a heavy tax1 but ,christians were strictly forbidden1 on pain of death1 to make converts4 ,eulogius had a fellow scholar at ,chute-,clar1 a monastery on the north-west of ,cordova1 named ,alvar1 to whom he was warmly attached1 and who became afterwards his biographer4 ,on reaching his maturity1 ,eulogius taught letters in ,cordova1 and was ordained priest4 ,in the year #hej1 the ,moors began to persecute the ,christians1 and the metropolitan bishop of ,andalusia1 ,reccafred1 instead of defending his flock against the wolves1 basely taking the part of the king1 ,abderahman1 arrested all the clergy of ,cordova1 together with their bishop1 and threw them into prison4 ,s4 ,eulogius1 from his dungeon1 wrote an exhortation to two virgins1 named ,flora and ,mary1 exhorting them to stand fast in the faith4 ,they threaten to sell you as slaves1 and dishonour you1 my daughters1 but know that whatever infamy they may heap upon you1 they cannot defile the virginal purity of your souls4 ,but these holy maidens were spared this terrible humiliation1 being executed with the sword4#da ,s4 ,eulogius and the other prisoners heard with joy of their triumph1 and celebrated a mass of thanksgiving to ,god in their dungeon4 #da ,it is not known what the occasion of the persecution was1 and why the metropolitan sided against the bishop of ,cordova and his clergy1 but there is every probability that it was because they had attempted the conversion of some of the ,moors2 and ,reccafred1 as a moderate man1 preferred quiet and toleration to missionary efforts and persecution4 ,six days after1 ,s4 ,eulogius and the other priests were released2 and he at once composed a metrical account of the passion of the virgins ,flora and ,mary4 ,under ,mohammed1 the successor of ,abderahman1 the persecution became still more cruel1 and ,s4 ,eulogius was constantly employed in encouraging timorous ,christians1 who1 to escape death1 or the irksome disabilities and petty tyranny to which they were subjected1 were prepared to desert ,christ4 ,the number of martyrs at this time was very great1 and ,eulogius collected all the acts of their passion into a history1 in three books1 entitled ,the ,memorial1 which still exists4 ,he then composed an ,apology against those who disputed their title1 as martyrs1 because1 firstly1 they wrought no miracles like the ancient martyrs2 secondly1 they had offered themselves to death2 thirdly1 they had died by a stroke of the sword instead of through lingering torture2 fourthly1 they had not been killed by idolators1 but by ,mohammedans1 who worshipped the ,one true ,god4 ,after the death of the archbishop of ,toledo1 the clergy and people of that city cast their eyes on ,eulogius1 as his successor4 ,but ,god was about to crown him with martyrdom4 ,there was in ,cordova a girl named ,leocritia1 who had been converted from ,mohammedanism to ,christianity4 ,for a ,moslem to profess the religion of ,christ was death4 ,to save her1 ,eulogius hid her in the house of his sister1 ,annulona1 and when the officers of justice were in pursuit of her1 he conveyed her from one ,christian house to another4 ,but this could not last long4 ,the place of her concealment was discovered1 and ,leocritia was taken1 and ,eulogius1 for having secreted her1 was also confined4 ,he was ordered to execution1 and was decapitated on ,saturday1 ,march #aath1 #hei1 and ,leocritia suffered the following ,wednesday1 and was buried in the church of ,s4 ,genes1 at ,cordova4 ,because ,march #aath usually falls in ,lent1 the ,church of ,cordova transfers the feast of ,s4 ,eulogius to ,june #ast1 the day of the first translation of his body1 and observes it with an ,octave4 ,the body was afterwards carried to ,oviedo1 together with that of ,s4 ,leocritia1 on ,jan4 #aith1 #hhc1 and a third translation took place to ,camarasanta1 in #acjj4 ,for ,flora and ,mary1 see ,november #bd4 ,s4 ,,peter ,,the ,,spaniard1 ,h4 7,,date ,,uncertain47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authorities3--,a ,life from ,,ms4 of ,babuco1 published by ,bollandus4 ,s4 ,peter was the son of noble parents in ,spain1 and was brought up in the profession of arms4 ,in the army he distinguished himself as much by his zeal for souls and purity of life1 as by his courage4 ,his parents having insisted on his marriage1 he yielded with great repugnance1 for his heart was drawn elsewhere1 and he desired to live a virgin life to his dear master ,jesus4 ,the marriage ceremony took place1 and when the banquet was over1 he retired to the bridal chamber1 where he saw the fair young girl who had given him her hand lying asleep on the bed4 ,she looked so pure and innocent in her slumber1 that he gazed on her with reverence1 and kneeling at her feet1 prayed long and earnestly2 and then stealing away1 left the house1 and fled the country4 ,taking his passage on a boat for ,italy1 he reached the eternal city1 and going forth into the ,campagna1 found a place suitable for a cell1 and there buried himself from the world4 ,illustration3 ,holy ,spirit ,march #ab4 ,,ss4 ,,peter1 ,,gorgonius1 ,,dorotheus1 ,,maxima1 ,,and ,,others1 ,,mm4 at ,nicomedia1 ,a4,d4 #cjb4 ,s4 ,,paul ,,of ,,leon1 ,b4,c4 in ,brittany1 ,a4,d4 #egc4 ,s4 ,,gregory ,,the ,,great1 ,pope1 ,d41 ,a4,d4 #fjd4 ,s4 ,,peter1 ,deacon of ,s4 ,gregory1 at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #fje4 ,s4 ,,muran1 ,ab4 of ,fathinis1 in ,ireland1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #fej4 ,s4 ,,theophanes1 ,ab4 ,c41 at ,constantinople1 ,a4,d4 #hbj4 ,s4 ,,alphege ,,the ,,bald1 ,b4 of ,winchester1 ,a4,d4 #iea4 ,see ,september #a4 ,s4 ,,bernard1 ,b4,c4 at ,capua1 ,a4,d4 #aaji4 ,s4 ,,fina1 ,v4 in ,tuscany1 ,a4,d4 #abec4 ,,ss4 ,,peter1 ,,gorgonius1 ,,dorotheus1 ,,maxima1 ,,and ,,others1 ,,mm4 7,a4,d4 #cjb47 ,usuardus1 those of ,,ss4 ,jerome1 ,bede1 c41 the ,irish ,martyrology of ,tamlach1 and the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authorities3--,eusebius1 lib4 viii4 c4 #f1 and the notices in the ,martyrologies4 ,the ,emperor ,diocletian having discovered that ,peter1 one of his officers of the bed-chamber1 was a ,christian1 ordered him to be tortured4 ,then ,gorgonius and ,dorotheus1 two other officers1 filled with indignation1 exclaimed1 ,why1 ,sire1 dost thou thus torment ,peter for what we all profess in our hearts8 ,the emperor at once ordered them to execution1 together with ,migdo1 a priest1 and many other ,christians of ,nicomedia4 ,eusebius says that ,peter was scourged till his bones were laid bare1 and that then vinegar and salt was poured over the wounds2 and as he bore this without showing anguish1 ,diocletian ordered him to be broiled on a gridiron slowly1 and his flesh1 as it roasted1 to be taken off slowly1 so as to protract his torments4 ,gorgonius and ,dorotheus1 after having been tortured1 were hung4 ,s4 ,,paul ,,of ,,leon1 ,b4 ,c4 7,a4,d4 #egc47 ,venerated in ,brittany1 in the ,churches of ,lon1 ,nantes1 c41 and introduced into later ,martyrologies4 ,authority3--,a life written by ,worwonock1 monk of ,landevenec1 in the #ith cent41 but rewritten1 or added to1 in the following century by an anonymous monk of the abbey of ,feury4 ,paul1 son of a ,welsh prince1 was a disciple of ,s4 ,iltut1 along with ,s4 ,samson and ,gildas4 ,at the age of sixteen he left his master1 and retired across the sea into a solitary place among his ,brittany moors1 where he erected an oratory and a cell4 ,in course of time1 other young men1 seeking like himself a better country than earth1 congregated about him1 and he became their superior4 ,he received priest's orders along with twelve of his companions4 ,near his congregation lived a prince named ,mark1 who invited him to come into his territory1 and instruct his people in the ,word of ,god4 ,he accordingly went with his twelve priests to ,vannes1 and was well received by the king4 ,after he had spent some time in that country1 he felt a desire to go into solitude once more4 ,therefore he went before the king and asked him to let him depart1 and to give him a bell2 ,for at that time1 says the chronicler1 it was customary for kings to have seven bells rung before they sat down to meat4 ,mark1 however1 refused to give him the bell1 being vexed that ,paul should leave him4 ,so the holy man went his way without it4 ,and before he took boat to depart1 he visited his sister1 who lived in solitude with some other holy women on a little island in the ,morbihan4 ,and when all was ready for his departure1 and the boat was on the shore1 he said1 ,sister1 ,i must depart4 ,then she wept1 and entreated him to tarry four days4 ,and as he saw her tears1 he consented to remain three days4 ,then1 when he was about to depart1 she said1 ,i know1 my brother1 that thou art powerful with ,god4 ,therefore ,i pray thee grant me my request4 ,and he said1 ,say on4 ,then she said1 ,this island is small and incommodious for landing1 being violently beaten by the angry surge4 ,pray to the ,lord that he extend it a little1 with a gentle shore1 into the sea4 ,ah1 my sister6 exclaimed the holy man1 thou hast asked what is beyond my strength4 ,but let us together beseech the ,lord to be gracious1 and grant thee thy desire4 ,so they both kneeled down and prayed4 ,then the sea began to retreat1 and leave smooth yellow sands1 where all had been blue water before4 ,so the nuns hasted and ran and told the brother and sister1 and they rose1 and went down to the sea1 and stepped on the newly recovered land4 ,and now follows a part of the legend which has evidently sprung up among the peasants of the ,morbihan to explain the existence of the ,druidical circles and avenues in the islet4 ,the story goes on to tell that the sister gathered pebbles and laid them round the land laid bare1 and strewed them down the road she and her brother had taken4 ,and lo6 these pebbles grew into tall pillars of rude rock1 and the avenue is to this day called the road of ,s4 ,paul4 ,then ,paul stepped into his boat1 followed by his disciples1 and they rowed to the island of ,ouessant1 and the port where they disembarked was called ,portus-boum1 and at the present day is ,paimbuf4 ,then ,paul tarried there many years till ,god called him to work again4 ,and he took boat and went ashore and travelled through ,brittany1 till he came to ,count ,withur1 a good man and lord of the country under king ,childebert4 ,and ,paul settled in the island of ,batz1 which was off the coast1 near the small town encompassed with mud walls1 which has since gone by his name4 ,and there he found wild bees in a hollow tree1 and they were swarming1 so he gathered the swarm and set them in a hive1 and taught the people how to get honey4 ,he also found a wild sow with its litter1 and patted her gently1 and she became tame4 ,her descendants remained at ,lon for many generations1 and were regarded as royal beasts4 ,probably this legend points to ,s4 ,paul having taught the people to keep pigs4 ,one day ,paul was with the count ,withur1 when a fisherman brought the count a bell he had picked up on the shore2 ,withur gave it to ,s4 ,paul1 who smiled and said that though king ,mark had refused him a bell1 yet now ,god had sent him one1 after many years of waiting and wishing for it4 ,that bell1 says the historian1 has received from the people a special name1 on account of its colour and shape1 for it is green and oblong4 ,s4 ,paul erected a church at ,lon1 and was appointed its first bishop4 ,withur could only obtain his consecration by having recourse to an artifice1 for he knew that ,paul could not be persuaded to accept the dignity4 ,he gave him a letter to king ,childebert1 and entreated him to take it in person to the king1 as it contained matter of urgent importance4 ,paul1 full of simplicity1 and eager to oblige his friend1 hasted to court4 ,and when the king broke the seal and opened the letter1 he read that ,withur had sent ,paul to be ordained bishop1 and invested with the see of ,lon4 ,then ,childebert caught a staff from a prelate who stood by him1 and said1 ,receive the pastoral dignity1 to discharge thy office for the good of many souls1 and he called three bishops to him to ordain ,paul4 ,then the holy man wept1 and implored the king to desist1 but ,childebert turned a deaf ear to his entreaties1 and had him consecrated1 and then sent him back to ,lon1 where he was received with the liveliest demonstrations of joy4 ,he built a monastery on the isle of ,batz1 and filled it with monks1 and thither he retired whenever he could escape from the business of his see4 ,he lived to a very advanced age1 and laying aside his episcopal government1 ordained three of his disciples in succession to it1 and survived two of them4 ,his body reposed in his cathedral church1 but his relics were dispersed by the ,huguenots in the religious wars of the #afth century4 ,in art he is represented either 7#a7 with a bell1 or 7#b7 with a cruse of water and a loaf of bread1 as he lived on nothing else1 or 7#c7 driving a dragon into the sea1 to signify that he expelled the ,druidical superstition out of ,brittany4 ,s4 ,,gregory ,,the ,,great1 ,,pope1 ,d4 7,a4,d4 #fjd47 ,roman and all other ,western ,martyrologies2 by the ,greeks on ,march #aath4 ,authorities3--,a life by ,paulus ,diaconus1 another by ,joannes ,diaconus1 #ith cent41 the writings of ,s4 ,gregory1 c4 ,the following is in part condensed from the elegant life of ,s4 ,gregory by the ,count de ,montalembert1 in his ,monks of the ,west4 ,s4 ,gregory the ,great will be an everlasting honour to the ,benedictine ,order and to the ,papacy4 ,by his genius1 but especially by the charm and ascendancy of his virtue1 he was destined to organise the temporal power of the popes1 to develop and regulate their spiritual sovereignty1 to found their paternal supremacy over the new-born crowns and races which were to become the great nations of the future1 and to be called ,france1 ,spain1 and ,england4 ,it was he indeed1 who inaugurated the middle ages1 modern society1 and ,christian civilisation4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,gregory ,,the ,,great4 ,after ,cahier4 ,march #ab4 ,issued from one of the most illustrious races of ancient ,rome1 the son of a rich senator1 and descendant of ,pope ,felix ,,iii41 of the ,anician family1 ,gregory was early called to fill a dignified place1 which1 in the midst of the ,rome of that day1 the vassal of ,byzantium1 and subject to the ceaseless insults of the ,barbarians1 retained some shadow of ancient ,roman grandeur4 ,he was prtor of ,rome during the first invasion of the ,lombards4 ,in the exercise of this office he gained the hearts of the ,romans1 while habituating himself to the management of public business1 and while acquiring a taste for luxury and display of earthly grandeur1 in which he still believed he might serve ,god without reproach4 ,but ,god required him elsewhere4 ,gregory hesitated long1 inspired by the divine breath to seek religion1 but was retained1 led back and fascinated to the world1 by the attractions and habits of secular life4 ,at last he yielded to the influence of his intimate and close relations with the disciples of ,s4 ,benedict in ,monte ,cassino1 and obeying the grace that enlightened him1 he abruptly broke every tie1 devoted his wealth to the endowment of six new monasteries in ,sicily1 and established in his own palace in ,rome1 upon the ,clian hill1 a seventh1 dedicated to ,s4 ,andrew1 into which he introduced the ,benedictine rule1 and where he himself became a monk4 ,he sold all that remained of his patrimony1 to distribute it to the poor2 and ,rome1 which had seen the young and wealthy patrician traverse its streets in robes of silk covered with jewels1 saw him now1 in #ege1 with admiration1 clothed like a beggar1 serving1 in his own person the beggars lodged in the hospital which he had built at the gate of his paternal house1 now changed into a monastery4 ,once a monk1 he would be nothing less than a model of monks1 and practised with the utmost rigour all the austerities sanctioned by the rule1 applying himself specially at the same time to the study of the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,he ate only pulse1 which his mother1 who had become a nun since her widowhood1 sent him1 already soaked1 in a silver porringer4 ,this porringer was the only remnant of his ancient splendour1 and did not long remain in his hands1 for one day a shipwrecked sailor came several times to beg from him while he was writing in his cell1 and finding no money in his purse1 the ,saint gave him that relic of his former wealth4 ,continually engaged in prayer1 reading1 writing1 or dictation1 he persisted in pushing the severity of his fasts to such an extent1 that his health succumbed4 ,he fell so often into fainting fits1 that more than once he would have sunk under them had not his brethren supported him with more substantial food4 ,in consequence of having attempted to do more than others1 he was soon obliged to relinquish the most ordinary fasts1 which everybody observed4 ,he was in despair at not being able to fast even on ,easter eve1 a day on which even the little children abstain1 says his biographer4 ,he remained weak and sickly all his life1 and when he left his monastery1 it was with health irreparably ruined4 ,pope ,benedict ,i4 drew him first from the cloister in #egg1 to raise him to the dignity of one of the seven cardinal deacons1 who presided over the seven principal divisions of ,rome4 ,pelagius ,,ii41 successor to ,benedict ,i41 chose ,s4 ,gregory to head an embassy to ,constantinople to congratulate the ,emperor ,tiberius on his accession in ,a4,d4 #egh4 ,during his stay at the imperial court1 ,s4 ,gregory refused to have any intercourse with the patriarch ,eutychius1 who had published an heretical treatise on the nature of the resurrection body4 ,on his death-bed1 however1 ,eutychius acknowledged his former errors4 ,after six years of this honourable and laborious exile1 he returned to ,rome1 and regained the shelter of his monastery of ,s4 ,andrea1 the monks of which elected him abbot soon after his return4 ,he enjoyed there for some time longer the delights of the life he had chosen4 ,tenderly cherished by his brethren1 he took a paternal share in their trials and spiritual crosses1 provided for their temporary and spiritual necessities1 and specially rejoiced in the holy deaths of several among them4 ,he has related the details of these in his ,dialogues1 and seems to breathe in them the perfume of heaven4 ,the tender solicitude he bore to souls was on the point of separating him from his dear monastery and from ,rome4 ,seeing one day exhibited in the market some poor pagan children1 of extraordinary beauty and fairness1 who were said to be of the country of the ,angles1 ,not ,angles1 said he1 but ,angels4 ,then hastening to the pope1 he begged him to send missionaries into that great island of ,britain1 where the pagans sold such slaves2 failing others1 he offered himself for this work1 surprised the pontiff into consent1 and prepared instantly for his departure4 ,but when the ,romans understood his intention1 the love with which they had formerly regarded him was re-awakened4 ,they surrounded the pope as he went to ,s4 ,peter's1 and intreated him to recall ,gregory4 ,the astonished pope yielded to the popular voice4 ,he sent messengers after ,gregory1 who overtook him at three days' journey from ,rome2 and led him back forcibly to his monastery4 ,it was not as a missionary1 but as a pope1 that he was to win ,england to the ,church4 ,in #eij1 ,pelagius ,,ii4 died of the plague1 which then depopulated ,rome4 ,gregory was immediately elected pope by the unanimous voice of the senate1 the people1 and the clergy4 ,it was in vain that he refused1 and appealed to the emperor ,maurice not to confirm his election4 ,the ,romans intercepted his letter2 the imperial confirmation arrived4 ,then he disguised himself1 and fleeing from ,rome to seek some unknown retreat1 wandered three days in the woods4 ,he was followed1 discovered1 and a second time led back to ,rome1 but this time to reign there4 ,he bowed his head1 weeping1 under the yoke imposed upon him by the ,divine will and the unanimity of his fellow-citizens4 ,it was during the interval between his election and the imperial confirmation that1 filled with a paternal anxiety for the safety of the people1 he organized a great procession1 with solemn litanies1 to seek to avert the wrath of ,almighty ,god4 ,it proceeded from seven stations in the city1 in as many divisions1 to the ,church of ,s4 ,maria-,maggiore4 ,the first company consisted of the secular clergy1 the second of the abbots and their monks1 the third of the abbesses and their nuns1 the fourth of children1 the fifth of laymen1 the sixth of widows1 and the seventh of matrons3 each band was led by the priests of the quarter of the city from which it came4 ,while the procession lasted1 eighty persons in it died of the plague2 yet ,s4 ,gregory persevered1 and the prayers of the city were heard4 ,this was the origin of the ,greater ,litanies1 which were afterwards held on ,s4 ,mark's ,day1 and which acquired the popular name of ,the ,black ,crosses1 from the penitential hue of the vestments and banners used therein4 ,while the procession defiled before ,gregory1 he saw an angel appear upon the summit of the ,mole of ,hadrian1 putting back his sword into its sheath1 the image of which1 standing upon the colossal mausoleum1 has given its name to the castle of ,s4 ,angelo1 and perpetuated to our day the recollection of ,s4 ,gregory's vision4 ,the supreme pontificate1 perhaps1 never fell upon a soul more disturbed and afflicted than that of this monk1 who saw himself thus condemned to exchange the peace of the cloister for the cares of the government of the ,church1 and the special defence of the interests of ,italy4 ,not only then1 but during all his life1 he did not cease to lament his fate4 ,i have lost1 he wrote to the sister of the emperor1 the profound joys of repose4 ,i seem to have been elevated in external things1 but in spiritual ,i have fallen4 ,to the patrician ,narses3 ,i am so overcome with melancholy1 that ,i can scarcely speak4 ,i cannot cease considering the height of tranquillity from which ,i have fallen1 and the height of embarrassment ,i have ascended4 ,to his friend ,leander3 ,i am so beaten by the waves of this world1 that ,i despair of being able to guide to port this rotten old vessel with which ,god has charged me4 ,i weep when ,i recall the peaceful shore which ,i have left1 and sigh in perceiving afar what ,i now cannot attain4 ,the poor monk who showed so much despair when he was thrown into the political whirlpool by the unanimous voice of the ,romans1 could yet perceive with a bold and clear glance the dangers of the situation1 and adopt a line of conduct most suitable to the emergency of the times4 ,first of all he concerned himself with the ,lombards4 ,after nine years' exertion1 in overcoming ,byzantine repugnance to acknowledge any right whatever on the side of the ,lombards1 he concluded a peace between the two powers1 which made ,italy1 exhausted by thirty years of war and brigandage1 thrill with joy4 ,it was of short duration2 but when hostilities recommenced1 he entered into direct negociations with king ,agilulf1 and obtained from that prince a special truce for ,rome and its surrounding territory4 ,he had besides found a powerful advocate with the ,lombard king in the person of the illustrious queen ,theodelinda4 ,this princess1 a ,bavarian and ,catholic by birth1 had gained the hearts of the ,lombards4 ,the queen was always the faithful friend of the pope2 she served as a medium of communication between him and her husband4 ,gregory1 from the very beginning of his pontificate1 had exhorted the ,italian bishops to make special exertions for the conversion of these formidable heretics4 ,his constancy and courage were called forth in contest with the ,greeks1 with that ,eastern ,empire which was represented by functionaries whose odious exactions had quite as great a share in the despair of the people as the ravages of the ,barbarians1 and whose malice was more dreadful than the swords of the ,lombards4 ,his entire life was a struggle with the patriarch of ,constantinople1 who aimed at supplanting the ,roman pontiff1 as well as with the emperor1 who would have dominated ,italy without defending her1 and ruled the ,church as if she were a department of the ,state4 ,among so many conflicts1 we shall dwell only on that one which arose between him and ,john the ,faster1 patriarch of ,constantinople4 ,relying on the support of most of the ,eastern bishops1 this patriarch took to himself the title of ,universal ,bishop4 ,gregory stood up with vigour against this pretension4 ,he did not draw back before the emperor1 who openly sided with the patriarch of his capital1 nor before the patriarchs of ,antioch and ,alexandria1 who sided with the ,byzantine patriarch4 ,what6 wrote ,gregory to the emperor1 ,s4 ,peter1 who received the keys of heaven and earth1 the power of binding and loosing1 the charge and primacy of the whole ,church1 was never called the ,universal ,apostle2 and yet my pious brother ,john would name himself ,universal ,bishop6 ,for himself he says1 ,i desire to increase in virtue and not in words4 ,i do not consider myself honoured in that which dishonours my brethren4 ,it is the honour of the universal ,church that is my honour4 ,away with these words which inflate vanity and wound charity4 ,the holy council of ,chalcedon and other fathers have offered this title to my predecessors1 but none of them have ever used it1 that they might guard their own honour in the sight of ,god1 by seeking here below the honour of all the priesthood4 ,this weighty difference1 the prohibition addressed by the emperor to soldiers against their becoming monks1 and the contest which arose between the pope and the emperor touching the irregular election to the metropolitan see of ,salona1 contributed to render almost permanent the misunderstanding between them4 ,these perpetual contests with the ,byzantine court may explain1 without excusing1 the conduct of ,gregory at the death of the ,emperor ,maurice4 ,this prince1 infected1 like all his predecessors1 with a mania for interfering in ecclesiastical affairs1 was very superior to most of them4 ,gregory himself has more than once done justice to his faith and piety1 to his zeal for the ,church1 and respect for her canons4 ,after twenty years of an undistinguished reign1 a military revolt broke out1 which placed ,phocas upon the throne4 ,this wretch not only murdered the emperor ,maurice1 gouty1 and incapable of defending himself1 but also his six sons1 whom he caused to be put to death under the eyes of their father1 without even sparing the youngest1 who was still at the breast1 and whom his nurse would have saved by putting her own child in his place2 but ,maurice1 who was too noble to allow of such a sacrifice1 disclosed the pious deception to the murderers4 ,he died like a ,christian hero1 repeating the words of the psalm1 ,thou1 ,o ,lord1 art just1 and all ,thy judgments are right4 ,this massacre did not satisfy ,phocas1 who sacrificed the empress and her three daughters1 the brother of ,maurice1 and a multitude of others in his train4 ,the monster then sent his own image and that of his wife to ,rome1 where the senate and people received them with rejoicings4 ,gregory unfortunately joined in these mean acclamations4 ,he carried these images of his new masters1 bathed in innocent blood1 into the oratory of the ,lateran palace4 ,afterwards1 he addressed extraordinary congratulations to ,phocas1 not in the surprise of the first moment1 but seven months after the crime4 ,this is the only stain upon the life of ,gregory4 ,we do not attempt either to conceal or to excuse it4 ,it can scarcely be explained by recalling all the vexations he had suffered from ,maurice1 annoyances of which he always complained energetically1 though he did not fail to do justice to the undeniable piety of the old emperor4 ,perhaps ,gregory adopted this means to secure the help of ,phocas against the new incursions of the ,lombards1 or to mollify beforehand the already threatening intentions of the tyrant4 ,it must also be remembered that these flatteries were in some sort the official language of these times2 they resulted from the general debasement of public manners1 and from the tone of the language invariably used then at each change of reign4 ,his motives were undoubtedly pure4 ,notwithstanding1 a stain remains upon his memory1 and a shadow upon the history of the ,church1 which is so consoling and full of light in this age of storm and darkness4 ,but among the greatest and holiest of mortals1 virtue1 like human wisdom1 always falls short in some respect4 ,long crushed between the ,lombards and ,byzantines1 between the unsoftened ferocity of the barbarians and the vexatious decrepitude of despotism1 ,gregory1 with that instinctive perception of future events which ,god sometimes grants to pure souls1 sought elsewhere a support for the ,roman ,church4 ,his eyes were directed to the new races1 who were scarcely less ferocious than the ,lombards1 but who did not1 like them1 weigh upon ,italy and ,rome1 and who already exhibited elements of strength and continuance4 ,it is impossible to do more here than touch on these noble enterprises4 ,he entered into correspondence with ,childebert1 the ,gallo-,frank king1 and with the ,french bishops1 to obtain the rectification of abuses and the purification of the ,gallican church from simony1 and the nomination of laymen to the episcopal office1 two vices which consumed the vitals of ,christianity in ,france4 ,spain had become ,arian under the ,visigoths1 but the ,catholic faith had triumphed with the accession of ,recared1 in #ehg4 ,s4 ,leander1 bishop of ,seville1 was the principal author of the conversion of the ,visigoths4 ,gregory wrote to him and to other bishops of ,spain4 ,they consulted him1 and he gave them his advice4 ,he wrote1 and gave councils full of wisdom to the king ,recared1 himself4 ,he brought back to the unity of the ,church the schismatical bishops of ,istria1 and wholly suppressed the ,donatist schism in ,africa4 ,but one of the most striking points in the life of ,s4 ,gregory is his zeal for the conversion of ,england4 ,amid the labours of his exalted position1 ,s4 ,gregory never remitted his anxiety for the evangelization of that distant isle4 ,in ,july1 ,a4,d4 #eif1 he dispatched ,s4 ,augustine 7,may #bfth71 with forty companions1 on that mission to which we owe so much1 that1 with every feeling of love and veneration for the remnant of ,celtic ,christianity which had then escaped the sword of ,pagan ,saxondom1 we may yet say1 with the ,venerable ,bede1 ,if ,gregory be not to others an apostle1 he is one to us1 for the seal of his apostleship are we in the ,lord4 ,the services which he rendered to the ,liturgy are well known4 ,completing and putting in order the work of his predecessors1 he gave its definite form to the holy sacrifice of the ,mass1 in that celebrated ,sacramentary which remains the most august monument of ,liturgical science4 ,it may be said also that he created1 and1 by anticipation1 saved1 ,christian art1 by fixing1 long before the persecution of the ,iconoclasts1 the true doctrine respecting the veneration of images1 in that fine letter to the bishop of ,marseilles1 in which he reproves him for having1 in the excess of his zeal against idolatry1 broken the statues of the saints1 and reminds him that through all antiquity the history of the saints has been pictorically represented1 and that painting is to the ignorant what letters are to those who can read4 ,but his name is specially associated1 in the history of ,catholic worship1 with that branch of religious art which is identified with worship itself1 and which is of the utmost moment to the piety as to the innocent joy of the ,christian people4 ,the name of ,gregorian ,chant reminds us of his solicitude for collecting the ancient melodies of the ,church1 in order to subject them to rules of harmony1 and to arrange them according to the requirements of divine worship4 ,he had the glory of giving to ,ecclesiastical music that sweet and solemn character which has descended through ages1 and to which we must always return after the most prolonged aberrations of frivolity and innovation4 ,he made out himself1 in his ,antiphonary1 the collection of ancient and new chants2 he composed the text and melodies of several hymns1 which are still used in the ,church2 he established at ,rome the celebrated school of sacred music1 to which ,gaul1 ,germany1 and ,england came in turns1 trying with more or less success to assimilate their voices to the purity of ,italian modulations4 ,and when ,gregory was too ill to leave his little chamber and his couch1 he gathered about him the boys of the choir1 and continued their instructions4 ,the gout made the last years of his life a kind of martyrdom4 ,the cry of pain rings in many of his letters4 ,for nearly two years1 he wrote to the patriarch of ,alexandria1 ,i have been imprisoned to my bed by such pangs of gout1 that ,i can scarcely rise for two or three hours on great holidays to celebrate solemn mass4 ,and the intensity of the pain compels me immediately to lie down again1 that ,i may be able to endure my torture1 by giving free course to my groans4 ,my illness will neither leave me nor kill me4 ,i entreat your holiness to pray for me1 that ,i may be soon delivered1 and receive that freedom which you know1 and which is the glory of the children of ,god4 ,up to his last moments he continued with unwearied activity to dictate his correspondence1 and to concern himself with the interests of the ,church4 ,he died on the #abth ,march1 #fjd1 aged nearly fifty-five1 in the thirteenth year of his pontificate4 ,he was buried in ,s4 ,peter's2 and in the epitaph engraved on his tomb1 it is said that1 after having conformed all his actions to his doctrine1 the consul of ,god went to enjoy eternal triumph4 ,s4 ,hildefonsus1 ,archbishop of ,toledo1 in the seventh century1 writes thus of him--,he surpassed ,antony in holiness1 ,cyprian in eloquence1 and ,augustine in wisdom4 ,yet so great was his humility1 that he subscribed himself1 ,servant of the servants of ,god--a style which his successors in the chair of ,s4 ,peter have retained till this day4 ,he was buried in the basilica of ,s4 ,peter4 ,his pallium1 reliquary1 and girdle were preserved as precious memorials4 ,he had1 like so many other great hearts1 to struggle with ingratitude1 not only during his life1 but after his death4 ,rome was afflicted with a great famine under his successor1 ,sabinian1 who put an end to the charities which ,gregory had granted to the poor1 on the plea that there was nothing remaining in the treasury of the ,church4 ,the enemies of the deceased pope then excited the people against him1 calling him prodigal and a waster of the ,roman patrimony2 and that ungrateful people1 whom he had loved and helped so much1 began to burn his writings1 as if to annihilate or dishonour his memory4 ,but one of the monks1 who had followed him from the monastery to the palace1 his friend the deacon ,peter1 interposed4 ,he represented to the incendiaries that these writings were already spread through the entire world1 and that it was1 besides1 sacrilege to burn the work of a holy doctor1 upon whom he swore he had himself seen the heavenly dove fluttering4 ,and as if to confirm his oath1 after having ended his address1 he breathed forth his last sigh1 a valiant witness of truth and friendship1 and is commemorated by the ,church on the same day with ,s4 ,gregory4 ,in the year #hbf1 the body of this holy pontiff was brought into ,france1 and placed in the celebrated monastery of ,s4 ,medard1 in ,soissons4 ,the head was given to archbishop ,agesil1 and deposited in the abbey of ,s4 ,pierre-le-,vif1 at ,sens1 and a bone was given to ,rome at the request of pope ,urban ,,viii41 in #afbh4 ,in art1 ,s4 ,gregory is represented as a pope1 with a dove hovering over him1 or at his ear1 and with music in his hand3 a frequent subject with ,medival sculptors and painters was his ,mass4 ,according to the legend1 as he was about to communicate a woman1 and said1 ,the ,body of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ preserve thy body and soul unto ,eternal ,life1 he saw her smile1 wherefore he refused to give her the host1 and questioning her1 found that she doubted how what her senses told her was bread could be the flesh of ,christ4 ,then ,s4 ,gregory prayed that her eyes might be opened1 and instantly the ,host was visibly changed into ,christ enduring ,his passion4 ,s4 ,,muran1 ,,ab4 7#g,,th ,,cent47 ,irish ,martyrologies4 ,authority3--,colgan4 ,s4 ,muran was the son of ,feradach1 of the noble race of the ,o',neills1 and was abbot of ,fathinis1 in the peninsula of ,inis-coguin1 five miles from ,derry1 in the north of ,ulster4 ,he was famous for his sanctity2 and was greatly honoured of old in that part of ,ireland1 where the church of ,fathinis was dedicated in his name2 but the particulars of his life have not been handed down4 ,illustration3 ,,mass ,,of ,s4 ,,gregory4 ,march #ab4 ,s4 ,,fina1 ,v4 7,a4,d4 #abec47 ,venerated in ,tuscany1 especially at ,s4 ,geminiani4 ,authority3--,a ,life written by the famous preacher1 ,john de ,s4 ,geminiani 7#acaj74 ,s4 ,fina was the daughter of very poor parents at ,s4 ,geminiani1 in ,tuscany4 ,her name was probably ,seraphina1 but it is only known by its diminutive of endearment1 ,fina4 ,the young girl was singularly beautiful1 and at the same time exceedingly bashful1 ever walking abroad with her soft dark eyes modestly lowered4 ,whilst yet young she was suddenly paralysed through her whole body1 with the exception of her head4 ,for six years she lay on one side upon a hard board1 and would not suffer her mother or the neighbours to make her a soft bed1 desiring rather to be like our ,blessed ,lord1 stretched on ,his ,cross4 ,the father seems to have been dead1 and the poor mother begged for subsistence for herself and daughter4 ,the girl's skin broke1 and formed terrible sores1 but she bore all her sufferings with sweetness4 ,when left alone1 the mice and rats1 which infested the miserable hut1 would often come and attack her1 and horribly mangle her sores1 and the poor child being paralysed in all her members was unable to protect herself from them4 ,yet not a murmur escaped her lips1 nor did a cloud darken the serenity of her temper4 ,she was always gentle1 loving1 and considerate of others4 ,a new misfortune now befel her4 ,her mother died suddenly whilst crossing the threshold1 on her return from begging1 and ,fina was left wholly unprovided for4 ,she was thus left perfectly helpless1 to the mercy of poor neighbours4 ,but their desultory attention was not like that of a mother1 and it soon became evident that she would die through partial neglect4 ,in the midst of her sufferings she had been comforted by being told of ,s4 ,gregory the ,great and his cruel pains1 and the young girl had formed a strong attachment and devotion to him4 ,one night1 as she lay alone1 uncared for in her hut1 the great pontiff and doctor of the ,church shone out of the darkness by the side of the pauper cripple1 and bade her be of good cheer4 ,dear child1 on my festival ,christ will give thee rest4 ,and it was so4 ,on the feast of ,s4 ,gregory she died4 ,when the neighbours lifted the poor little body from the board on which it had lain1 lo6 that board was covered with white violets exhaling a delicious perfume1 and to this day1 at ,s4 ,geminiani1 the peasants call these flowers which bloom about the day of her death1 ,s4 ,fina's flowers4 ,illustration3 ,,pusillanimity4 ,symbolic carving at the ,abbey of ,s4 ,denis4 ,march #ac4 ,s4 ,,euphrasia1 ,v4 in ,egypt1 after ,a4,d4 #daj4 ,s4 ,,mochoemog1 ,ab4 of ,liathmor1 in ,ireland1 middle of #gth cent4 ,s4 ,,gerald1 ,ab4 and ,b4 of ,mayo1 in ,ireland1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #gjj4 ,s4 ,,nicephorus1 ,patr4 of ,constantinople1 ,a4,d4 #hbh4 ,s4 ,,ansewin1 ,b4 of ,camerino1 in ,italy1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #hdj4 ,,ss4 ,,ruderick1 ,p4,m41 ,,and ,,salomon1 ,m4 at ,cordova1 ,a4,d4 #heg4 ,s4 ,,eldrad1 ,ab4 of ,novalese1 in ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #hge4 ,s4 ,,kennocha1 ,v4 in ,scotland1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #ajjg4 ,b4 ,,eric ,,or ,,henrick1 ,c4 at ,perugia1 ,a4,d4 #adae4 ,s4 ,,euphrasia1 ,v4 7,,after ,a4,d4 #daj47 ,roman ,martyrology1 on the authority of ,usuardus4 ,by the ,greeks on ,july #beth4 ,authority3--,an ancient ,greek life1 published by ,bollandus1 quoted by ,s4 ,john ,damascene 7#gcj74 ,there are other1 more modern1 versions of the ancient life4 ,in the reign of ,theodosius the ,first1 ,antigonus1 governor of ,lycia1 and his wife1 ,euphrasia1 were blessed by ,god with a little daughter1 who was named after her mother4 ,antigonus and his wife feared ,god1 and served ,him with all their hearts1 and with one consent resolved to bring up their little child as a bride of ,christ4 ,shortly after ,antigonus had formed this resolution he was called out of the world4 ,when the child was five years old1 the emperor1 who had taken the little girl under his protection1 proposed to the mother that she should be given in marriage to the son of a wealthy senator1 in accordance with the custom of the times1 to betroth maidens of high rank from infancy4 ,the mother consented1 and received the betrothal presents from the parents of the boy1 and the marriage was arranged to take place as soon as the maiden was of a sufficient age4 ,but in the meantime1 some changes in the imperial household having thrown ,euphrasia1 the mother1 out of favour1 she retired into ,egypt with her daughter1 under pretext of visiting her relatives1 and whilst there she travelled into ,upper ,egypt1 and saw with admiration and respect the holy lives of the solitaries who inhabited the deserts of the ,thebaid4 ,in the ,thebaid was a convent of a hundred holy women1 and the widow found great delight and exceeding profit in visiting it frequently1#db taking with her each time her little child1 who was then aged seven4 ,the mother superior was warmly attached to the beautiful girl1 and one day drawing the child towards her1 before her mother1 asked ,euphrasia if she loved her4 ,that do ,i1 answered the child1 looking up into her face4 ,well1 will you come and live with us1 then8 enquired the superior1 playfully4 ,i would1 replied ,euphrasia1 if ,i did not think it would trouble my mother4 ,and now1 my pet1 said the superior1 which do you love best1 your little husband or us sisters4 ,i have never seen my little husband1 nor has my little husband ever seen me1 so we cannot love each other much1 answered the child2 but ,i do love you sisters very much1 because ,i know you4 ,which do you love best1 my little husband or me8 ,oh1 said the nun1 ,i love you much the best2 but ,i love ,jesus ,christ above all4 ,so do ,i1 said the child1 ,i love you very much1 but ,i love ,jesus ,christ best4 #db ,she gave the sisters1 we are told1 candles and incense for their altar1 and oil for their oratory lamp1 but gold they would not receive4 ,the mother1 ,euphrasia1 looked on smiling1 and with tears in her eyes1 as this simple conversation1 which has been blown down to us through more than fifteen centuries1 passed between the old nun and the child4 ,then she took her child's hand to lead her away4 ,but the young ,euphrasia implored her mother to let her remain1 and she1 supposing this was a mere infantine caprice1 consented1 thinking that she would soon weary of the cloister life4 ,but it was not so4 ,the child clung to the sisters1 in spite of every hardship and trial inflicted on her to persuade her to go4 ,she was told she must fast1 and learn the ,psalter by heart1 if she remained1 and sleep on the hard ground4 ,she was ready for all1 rather than depart4 ,then the superior said to the mother1 ,leave the little girl with us1 for the grace of ,god is working in her heart4 ,your piety and that of ,antigonus have opened to her the most perfect way4 ,then ,euphrasia1 the mother1 took her child in her arms1 and going before an image of our ,blessed ,lord1 she held up the little girl1 and said1 weeping1 ,my ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 receive this child into ,thy protection1 since she desires ,thee only1 and devotes herself to ,thy service alone4 ,and she blessed her daughter1 saying1 ,may the ,lord1 who made the mountains so strong that they cannot be moved1 confirm thee in ,his holy fear4 ,but when the parting came1 she burst into a flood of tears1 and the whole community wept with her4 ,a few days after1 the superior brought the young ,euphrasia into the chapel1 and vested her in the religious habit1 and kneeling down by the tiny novice1 she prayed1 ,o ,king of ages1 finish in this child the work of sanctification that ,thou hast begun4 ,give her grace to follow in all things ,thy holy will1 and to place in ,thee her hope and confidence4 ,when her mother saw her in her austere habit1 she asked her if she were content4 ,oh1 mother6 cried the child1 ,it is my marriage garment1 given me on my espousals to ,jesus4 ,may ,he1 sweet child1 make thee worthy of ,his love1 said the mother4 ,years passed away1 and the little flower grew up and bloomed in the cool shade of the cloister1 and her mother had rejoined ,antigonus in bliss1 when the emperor wrote to ,euphrasia to order her instantly to return to ,constantinople and marry the young man to whom he had betrothed her4 ,she was of imperial blood1 and ,theodosius considered that1 on the death of her mother1 the charge of ,euphrasia1 who was now an heiress and very wealthy1 devolved on him4 ,she replied1 imploring him to allow her to follow her vocation1 and requested him to dispose of all her property for the benefit of the poor4 ,euphrasia was then aged twelve4 ,theodosius1 satisfied that she was in earnest1 obeyed her request1 and troubled her no more about the marriage4 ,but now arrived a critical time of life1 when youthful spirits and passions were in effervesence1 and she was cruelly tormented with vain imaginations and temptations to go forth into that wondrous world of which she knew so little1 but which1 clothed in the rainbow tints of infantine remembrance1 allured her fancy4 ,to divert her attention1 and at the same time to prove her obedience1 the superior one day pointed to a great heap of stones1 and bade her carry them to the top of a little sand hill1 some distance off4 ,euphrasia obeyed cheerfully1 toiling at removing the stones under the hot sun1 one by one1 to the place indicated4 ,then she came joyously to the superior1 and signified to her that the task was accomplished4 ,bring them all back again1 said the mother superior4 ,and the young nun hasted to obey4 ,next day she presented herself before the superior once more4 ,i have changed my mind1 said the mother2 take the stones back again to the top of the mound4 ,and thirty times did she make ,euphrasia carry them back2 and each time was she obeyed with cheerfulness4 ,she was then sent into the kitchen1 and made to chop up the wood for the fire1 bake the bread1 and cook the food4 ,the sister who undertook this arduous task was usually exempt from attending the midnight offices1 but ,euphrasia never missed being present in choir with the others1 and when she was twenty1 she was taller and plumper than any of the other sisters1 her face had lost none of its beauty and freshness1 but beamed with amiability4 ,she had her trials1 being for some time vexed with the contradiction of one of the sisters1 who took a spite against her1 being filled with jealousy of her virtues1 and she once seriously injured her foot with the axe when chopping up wood4 ,but ,god favoured her1 and gave her the power of working miracles1 and she cast evil spirits out of many that were possessed1 and healed many that were sick4 ,and when she was about to die1 ,julia1 a favourite sister1 who inhabited the same cell1 implored ,euphrasia to obtain for her the grace to be her companion in heaven1 as she had been her associate on earth4 ,then1 when ,euphrasia was dead1 sister ,julia cast herself on her tomb1 and wept and prayed1 and the third day she was called away to be with her friend in the heavenly kingdom4 ,now1 when the aged superior saw this1 she longed greatly to enter also into her rest2 it was she who had admitted ,euphrasia1 and it grieved her sore to be left in the desert when her spiritual daughter had entered the ,promised ,land4 ,so she prayed also1 and when the nuns looked into her cell in the morning1 she had joined ,euphrasia and ,julia4 ,s4 ,,mochoemog1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,liathmor4 7,,middle ,,of #g,,th ,,cent47 ,irish ,martyrologies1 also the ,german ,martyrology of ,canisius4 ,authority3--,a life purporting to be written by a disciple1 but this is certainly false4 ,it can not have been written before the #abth century4 ,i give the story1 and the reader may believe as much as he likes of the wonderful details4 ,the abbot ,mochoemog was born in ,connaught4 ,his father1 on account of a feud1 came into ,munster and settled on the lands of ,o',connell-,ghabhra4 ,the father1 ,beoan by name1 loved a certain beautiful damsel1 called ,nessa1 of the race of the ,nan-desi1#dc the sister of ,s4 ,ytha1 and having wedded her1 he went with his wife to ,s4 ,ytha1 and built her a beautiful convent1 for ,beoan was a skilful architect4 ,then ,s4 ,ytha said to him1 ,what recompense shall ,i give thee8 ,then he said1 ,thou knowest that ,i have no heir2 beseech the ,lord that ,he may grant me one4 ,and ,ytha answered1 ,a son shalt thou have1 elect before ,god and men4 #dc ,decies1 county ,waterford4 ,now there was a certain king1 named ,crunmhoel1 who made war on the ,o',connells1 and a great battle was fought1 and ,beoan was in the battle1 and he fell4 ,then his wife went over the field seeking him1 and she found his head1 and knew it again1 and she took it and carried it to ,s4 ,ytha1 and said1 ,where is thy promise1 sister1 that he should have an heir8 ,then the holy abbess said1 ,weep not1 my sister1 but put his head on to his body again4 ,how can ,i know his body in the midst of so many headless corpses8 asked ,nessa4 ,be not discouraged1 answered the holy abbess1 ,go into the field1 and call ,beoan thrice in the name of the ,holy ,trinity1 and he will come after his head1 then put it on again4 ,so ,nessa did so4 ,and when she had called the third time1 a dead man got up out of his place1 and he had lost his head1 but he seemed to be looking about for it with his stump4 ,so he came to ,nessa1 and she put his head on1 and then he opened his mouth1 and said1 ,oh1 woman6 why didst thou call me8 ,and he was sound again4 ,therefore he and his wife came to ,s4 ,ytha1 who asked him1 ,friend1 desirest thou to tarry longer here below1 or to go direct to heaven8 ,beoan answered1 ,i esteem this world as nothing compared to eternal glory4 ,that is well1 answered ,ytha2 ,however1 my promise must be kept4 ,thou must go home with thy wife4 ,then she washed his head and neck1 and not even a scar remained4 ,and after that ,nessa became pregnant4 ,now there was in the east of ,ireland1 at ,momyfechta1 a blind abbot1 named ,fechean1#dd and he prayed that he might recover his sight4 ,then an angel appeared to him1 and bade him go and wash his eyes in the milk from the breast of the wife of ,beoan4 ,but ,s4 ,fechean knew not where ,beoan lived1 and had never heard his name before4 ,then he went to ,s4 ,ytha1 to ask her to direct him1 and she told him whither he was to go4 ,and ,fechean hasted1 guided by his disciples1 and they came to a mill1 and there he found ,beoan and his wife4 ,then ,fechean related in order his vision1 and the journey he had undertaken1 and when he had made his petition1 ,nessa gave him some of her milk1 and therewith he washed his eyes1 and straightway he saw plain1 and returned with great joy to his monastery4 #dd ,not to be mistaken for ,s4 ,fechin of ,fore4 ,colgan mistakes in so thinking4 ,now when ,nessa was near the term of her pregnancy1 she went in a chariot to her sister4 ,and ,ytha heard the driving of the car1 and she sent one of her maidens forth1 saying1 ,i hear a chariot sounding as though a king rode therein4 ,who cometh to me8 ,then the maiden answered1 ,it is thy sister ,nessa4 ,it is well1 said ,ytha2 ,she bears in her womb a child who will sit enthroned in heaven1 therefore did the chariot sound royally4 ,now as soon as ,nessa bore a son1 it was told to ,ytha1 and she gave him a name1 ,mochoemog 7,mo-choem-og71 meaning ,my-gentle-youth1 and in ,latin he is called ,pulcherius4 ,then his parents gave him to ,s4 ,ytha1 that she might rear him in the service of ,god1 and he grew up in her house till he was twenty years old4 ,and after that he went into ,ulster1 to ,s4 ,comgall1 and was ordained priest by him1 and he resided many years in ,banchor under his guidance4 ,but at length ,s4 ,comgall bade him depart and found a new monastery1 and become father of a new generation of monks4 ,so he went into ,leinster1 to ,enacht1 in ,mount ,blaine1 and there he built a cell4 ,but being driven forth1 he went into ,ossory1 and the chief of that part offered him his castle1 but ,mochoemog would not accept it1 but went into a desert place seeking a home2 and the chief said to him1 ,i have a great and dense forest near the bog ,lurgan which ,i will give thee4 ,then ,mochoemog was pleased1 and he went into the forest1 and he carried in his hand a bell4 ,now ,ytha had given him this bell when he was a child1 and it sounded not4 ,but1 said she1 when thou comest to the place of thy resurrection1 then the bell will tinkle4 ,so ,mochoemog walked on till he reached a wide spreading oak1 under which lay an old gray boar2 and instantly the bell began to sound4 ,so ,mochoemog knew that he had reached the place of his resurrection1 and he settled there1 and because of the great grey boar1 he called the place ,liathmor 7,liath1 grey2 mor1 great47#de #de ,in ,king's ,county4 ,here he dwelt for many years1 training saints4 ,he was greatly troubled by princes1 for on the death of his protector1 the chief who had given him ,liathmor1 his son endeavoured to drive the aged abbot and his community away1 but was miraculously prevented from doing so4 ,once the horses of the king of ,munster were driven to pasture on the lands of the abbey1 because the grass there was very rich4 ,mochoemog drove them all off1 and hearing that the king was exceedingly incensed against him1 and had ordered that he and his monks should be forcibly ejected from the country1 the old man hasted to ,cashel1 where was the king4 ,the prince seeing him1 exclaimed1 ,what6 little old bald head1 thou here6 ,i shall have thee driven from the place4 ,i may be bald1 answered the abbot1 but thou shalt be blind of an eye4 ,then suddenly there came an inflammation in the eye of the king1 and he lost the sight of it4 ,the king1 humbled1 implored relief from the pain4 ,he shall be freed from his pain1 answered ,mochoemog1 but he shall remain blind of an eye4 ,then he blessed a vessel of water1 and therewith the king's eye was washed1 and the inflammation ceased4 ,the wonders wrought by ,mochoemog are too many to be further related here4 ,we have given a few specimens1 and must refer the reader to the original life for the rest4 ,mochoemog died at ,liathmor1 and was there buried4 ,s4 ,,nicephorus1 ,,patr4 ,,of ,,constantinople4 7,a4,d4 #hbh47 ,this is the festival of the ,translation of ,s4 ,nicephorus in the ,roman ,martyrology and ,greek ,mena4 ,june #bnd is the day of his death also observed in his honour by the ,greeks4 ,authorities3--,his life by ,ignatius deacon of ,constantinople1 and afterwards bishop of ,nica1 a contemporary1 and an account of his banishment by ,theophanes1 a fellow sufferer in the persecution4 ,the father of this saint1 named ,theodore1 was secretary to the emperor ,constantine ,copronymus1 but when that tyrant declared himself a persecutor of the ,catholic church1 the faithful minister preferring to serve ,god rather than man1 maintained the honour due to holy images with so much zeal1 that he was stripped of his honours1 scourged1 tortured1 and banished4 ,the young ,nicephorus grew up with his father's example before his eyes to stimulate him to confession of the truth at any sacrifice2 his education was not neglected1 and he made rapid progress in all the accomplishments of the age4 ,when ,constantine and ,irene were placed on the imperial throne1 and restored the use of sacred pictures and images in churches1 ,nicephorus was introduced to their notice1 and by his sterling merit obtained their favour4 ,he was by them advanced to his father's dignity1 and1 by the lustre of his sanctity1 he became at once the ornament of the court1 and the support of the state4 ,he distinguished himself greatly by his zeal against the ,iconoclasts1 and acted as secretary to the second council of ,nica4 ,after the death of ,s4 ,tarasius1 7,feb4 #beth71 patriarch of ,constantinople1 in #hjf1 no one was found more worthy to succeed him than ,nicephorus4 ,to give an authentic testimony of his faith1 during the time of his consecration he held in his hand a treatise he had written in defence of holy images1 and after the ceremony was concluded1 he laid it up behind the altar1 as a pledge that he would always maintain the tradition of the ,church4 ,as soon as he was seated in the patriarchal chair1 he set about endeavouring to effect a reformation of manners of the clergy and people1 and his precepts from the pulpit received double force from his example4 ,he applied himself with unwearied diligence to all the duties of the ministry2 and1 by his zeal and invincible meekness and patience1 was able to effect much which a less earnest or harsher character would have found it impossible to achieve4 ,constantine was blinded1 ,irene banished1 ,nicephorus ,i41 her successor1 had fallen before the ,bulgarians4 ,michael ,i4 was driven from the throne1 and ,leo the ,armenian became emperor in #hac4 ,he was an ,iconoclast1 and endeavoured both by artifices and open violence to establish that heresy4 ,his first endeavour1 however1 was1 by crafty suggestions1 to gain over the holy patriarch to favour his design of destroying the sacred pictures and images which had resumed their places in the churches and streets1 after the second council of ,nica had sanctioned their use4 ,but ,s4 ,nicephorus answered him1 ,we cannot change the ancient traditions3 we respect holy images as we do the cross and the book of the gospels4 ,for it must be observed that the ancient ,iconoclasts venerated the book of the gospels1 and the figure of the cross1 though with singular inconsistency1 they forbade the rendering of the like honour to holy images4 ,the saint showed1 that far from derogating from the supreme honour of ,god1 we honour ,him when we for ,his sake respect ,his angels1 saints1 prophets1 and ministers2 and also when we show reverence towards all such things as belong to ,his service1 like sacred vessels1 churches1 and images4 ,but the tyrant persisted in his error1 and the first steps he took against images were marked by caution4 ,he privately encouraged some soldiers to maltreat an image of ,christ on a great cross at the brazen gate of the city2 and then he ordered the image to be taken off the cross1 pretending he did it to prevent a second profanation4 ,s4 ,nicephorus saw the storm gathering1 and spent most of his time in prayer1 in company with several holy bishops and abbots4 ,shortly after1 the emperor1 having assembled certain ,iconoclastic bishops in his palace1 sent for the patriarch and his fellow-bishops4#df ,they obeyed the summons1 but entreated the emperor to leave the government of the ,church to her pastors4 milian1 bishop of ,cyzicus1 one of their body1 said1 ,if this is an ecclesiastical affair1 let it be discussed in the ,church1 according to custom1 not in the palace4 ,euthymius1 bishop of ,sardis1 said1 ,for these eight hundred years past1 since the coming of ,christ1 there have been pictures of ,him1 and ,he has been honoured in them4 ,who shall now have the boldness to abolish so ancient a tradition8 ,s4 ,theodore of the ,studium spoke after the bishops1 and addressed the emperor1 ,my lord1 do not disturb the order of the ,church4 ,god hath placed in it apostles1 prophets1 pastors1 and teachers4#dg ,you he hath entrusted with the care of the ,state2 the ,church hath he entrusted to the care of her ,bishops4 ,the emperor1 in a rage1 drove them from his presence4 ,some time after1 the ,iconoclast bishops held an assembly in the imperial palace1 and cited the patriarch to appear before them4 ,to their summons he returned this answer1 ,who gave you this authority8 ,if it was he who pilots the vessel of old ,rome1 ,i am ready4 ,if it was the ,alexandrine successor of the ,evangelist ,mark1 ,i am ready4 ,if it was the patriarch of ,antioch1 or he of ,jerusalem1 ,i make no opposition4 ,but who are ye8 ,in my diocese you have no jurisdiction4 ,he then read the canon which declares those excommunicate who presume to exercise any act of jurisdiction in the diocese of another bishop4 ,they1 however1 proceeded to pronounce against him a sentence of deposition2 and the holy pastor1 after several attempts had been made secretly to take away his life1 was sent by the emperor into banishment4 ,michael the ,stammerer1 who succeeded ,leo the ,armenian1 in #abj1 also favoured the ,iconoclastic faction1 and continued to harass ,s4 ,nicephorus1 who died in exile1 on ,june #bnd1 #hbh1 in the monastery of ,s4 ,theodore1 which he had erected1 at the age of seventy4 ,by order of the empress ,theodora1 his body was brought to ,constantinople with great pomp1 in #hdf1 on the #acth of ,march4 #df ,for a further account of this assembly and the ensuing persecution1 see the life of ,s4 ,nicetas1 ,april #crd4 #dg ,eph4 iv4 #aa4 ,s4 ,,ansewin1 ,b4 ,,of ,,camerino4 7,,circ4 ,a4,d4 #hdj47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,a life written by ,eginus the monk1 about the year #ifj1 not1 apparently entire1 and the ,lections of the ,breviary of ,camerino4 ,s4 ,ansewin1 or ,hanse-win1 was a native of ,camerino1 in ,tuscany4 ,he retired in early life into the solitude of ,castel-,raymond1 near ,torcello1 after his ordination as priest4 ,he was appointed chaplain and confessor to the emperor ,louis1 and in #hbb1 he was nominated to the bishopric of his native city4 ,a strange legend of his expedition to ,rome to receive consecration has been recorded by his biographer4 ,on arriving at ,narni1 with a cavalcade of nobles and friends who accompanied him from ,camerino1 they put up at a tavern for refreshment1 and asked for wine4 ,the publican1 an ill-conditioned fellow1 served them with what they desired1 but ,ansewin1 looking at it1 detected that it was watered1 and sharply rebuked the taverner4 ,the man surlily replied that they must drink what was set before them1 and that it was no odds to him whether they liked his wine or not4 ,now1 friend1 said the bishop-elect1 we have no drinking vessels with us1 so bring us forth horns or goblets4 ,not ,i1 answered the publican1 ,i provide wine1 but customers usually bring their own cups4 ,but1 friend1 we have none with us4 ,that is your affair1 not mine1 answered the fellow rudely4 ,then we must do what we can1 said ,ansewin1 drawing off his cape1 and holding out the hood4 ,come1 host6 pour the wine in here4 ,the man stared1 and then burst into a roar of laughter4 ,but ,ansewin persisted4 ,then1 fool1 ,i will do so1 and waste the liquor1 but mind1 you pay for it1 said he4 ,pour boldly1 said the bishop-elect1 holding the hood distended2 and the inn-keeper obeyed4 ,then two marvels occurred1 the hood retained the liquor1 and served as a drinking horn to all the company1 and the water which had diluted the wine separated from it1 and flowed away over the edge4 ,he ruled his diocese with great prudence1 and in time of famine1 by his wise regulations and abundant alms1 greatly relieved the sufferings of the poor4 ,he was absent from his dear city where he had been born1 and which he had ministered to with so much love1 when he was stricken with mortal sickness4 ,he was greatly distressed at the prospect of dying out of his diocese1 and ordered a horse to be brought that he might ride home4 ,his companions1 seeing death in his face1 remonstrated2 but he persisted in his command1 and when his horse was brought to the door1 he descended1 supported by his friends to it4 ,then the horse knelt down1 and suffered the dying man to mount him without effort4 ,as soon as he was in ,camerino1 he ordered all his flock to assemble to receive his final blessing1 and then gently expired4 ,relics at ,camerino1 in the cathedral1 and a portion of the shoulder in the ,vatican4 ,in art he is represented with his hood full of wine4 ,,ss4 ,,ruderick1 ,p4 ,m41 ,,and ,,salomon1 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #heg47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,s4 ,eulogius1 7,march #aath71 himself a martyr in the same persecution1 #hei1 wrote the ,acts of all those who suffered at that time1 either from his own knowledge1 or from the testimony of eye witnesses4 ,during the persecution of the ,christians under the ,moorish occupation of ,spain1 there was a priest in the village of ,cabra1 about five-and-twenty miles from ,cordova1 named ,ruderick1 who had two brothers1 whereof one had renounced ,christianity and become a ,moslem4 ,one night this apostate brother and the other were quarrelling1 and came to blows1 when ,ruderick rushed between them to separate them1 but was so mauled by both1 that he fell senseless on the ground4 ,the ,mussulman brother then placed him on a litter1 and had him carried about the country1 walking by his side1 and showing him off as a renegade priest4 ,ruderick was too much bruised and strained to resist for a while1 but he bore this with greater anguish than his bodily injuries1 and as soon as ever he was sufficiently recovered1 he effected his escape4 ,the renegade meeting him some time after in the streets of ,cordova1 dragged him before the cadi1 and denounced him as having professed the ,mussulman religion1 and then returned to ,christianity4 ,ruderick indignantly denied that he had ever apostatized1 but the cadi1 believing the accusation1 ordered him to be cast into the foulest den of the city prison1 reserved for parricides4 ,there he found a ,christian1 named ,salomon1 awaiting sentence on a similar charge of having conformed to the established religion for a while1 and then returned to the worship of ,christ4 ,they were retained in prison for some time1 the cadi hoping thus to weary them into apostasy4 ,but the two confessors encouraged each other to stand fast4 ,being made acquainted with this1 the cadi ordered them to be separated1 but when this also failed1 he sentenced them both to decapitation4 ,s4 ,,kennocha1 ,v4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #ajjg47 ,aberdeen ,breviary4 ,authority3--,the same4 ,on ,march #acth1 the ,ancient ,scottish ,church commemorated ,s4 ,kennocha1 a virgin1 who1 desirous of consecrating herself wholly to ,jesus ,christ1 met with long and vehement opposition from her parents and friends1 and underwent from them great hardships and persecution1 without shaking her constancy4 ,she led a life as a solitary of great severity1 and attained a good old age4 ,she was buried in the church of ,kyle4 ,march #ad4 ,,ss4 ,,forty-,,seven ,,martyrs1 under ,nero1 in ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #fg4 ,,ss4 ,,peter1 ,,aphrodisius1 ,,and ,,others1 ,,mm4 at ,carthage4 ,,ss4 ,,two ,,monks ,,and ,a ,,deacon1 ,,mm4 in the ,abruzzi1 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,lubin1 ,b4 of ,chartres1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #eeg4 ,s4 ,,eutychius1 ,,or ,,eustasius1 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm4 at ,charr1 in ,mesopotamia1 ,a4,d4 #gda4 ,s4 ,,mathilda1 ,emp4 of ,germany1 ,a4,d4 #ifh4 ,,ss4 ,,martyrs ,,under ,,nero4 7,a4,d4 #fg47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,the ancient ,acts of ,,ss4 ,processus and ,martinian4 ,these forty-seven martyrs are believed to have been converted by ,s4 ,peter1 at the time when he was confined along with ,s4 ,paul1 in the ,mamertine prison1 in which they spent nine months4 ,according to tradition ,s4 ,peter brought water out of the rock wherewith to baptize them4 ,they suffered execution by the sword4 ,,ss4 ,,peter1 ,,aphrodisius1 ,,and ,,others1 ,,mm4 7,,date ,,uncertain47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,the greatest confusion and uncertainty exists relative to these martyrs4 ,in the ,roman ,martyrology they are said to have suffered in the ,vandal persecution1 in ,africa4 ,but there is some mistake1 as the ,bollandist fathers have pointed out4 ,aphrodisius there can be no doubt is wrong1 and should be ,euphrosius1 who in ancient ,martyrologies is mentioned with ,,ss4 ,donatus1 ,frumentius1 and others1 but not with ,peter2 and that the martyrdom took place in the ,vandal persecution is an error of ,baronius1 trusting to ,galesinius1 with whom it was pure conjecture4 ,there is also no evidence that ,peter ought to be coupled with ,euphrosius and ,donatus2 but on the authority of ancient ,martyrologies1 with ,alexander1 ,mamerius1 ,nabor1 and others1 of equally unknown date4 ,s4 ,,lubin1 ,b4 ,,of ,,chartres4 7,a4,d4 #eeg47 ,gallican ,martyrology4 ,his translation is commemorated in the ,roman1 on ,september #aeth4 ,authority3--,an ancient life of uncertain date and unknown authorship4 ,s4 ,lubin1 7,leobinus71 was the son of poor parents near ,poitiers1 and was born in the reign of ,clovis ,i4 7the latter half of the #eth cent47 ,his boyhood was spent in ploughing the fields and feeding cattle4 ,but he had a great desire to learn to read1 and having made the acquaintance of a good monk1 he persuaded him to ink the letters of the alphabet on his leather girdle1 so that he might carry them about with him when he went after the cattle1 and learn them by heart4 ,his intelligence opening1 he was sent to a monastery of that country1 but whether it was ,ligug or ,nouaille is not certain1 and was made cellarer1 and required to ring the hours4 ,these duties gave him little leisure for pursuing his studies2 he therefore curtailed his hours of sleep1 and as his lamp troubled the sleep of the brethren1 he hung a curtain over his window to screen the light from them4 ,after having spent eight years in this monastery1 the desire came upon him to visit ,s4 ,avitus1 who lived as a hermit in ,perche1 7,july #agth47 ,having gone into this country1 he met first with ,s4 ,calais1 who had not then left ,s4 ,avitus1 to settle in ,maine1 7,july #ast72 this great master of the spiritual life advised ,lubin not to attach himself to the service of any church or chapel1 as it would be the means of drawing him into the world1 and interfere with the exercise of his religious rule1 and not to seek a small monastery1 for in such every one wants to be master4 ,s4 ,avitus counselled ,lubin to spend some time longer in a monastery before he retired into the desert4 ,he therefore took the road to ,lerins1 but a monk of that abbey whom he met assuring him that it was unhealthy1 he turned aside with the monk1 and went to ,javoux1 where ,s4 ,hilary1 the bishop of that place1#dh received them into his community4 ,but he did not long remain there1 thanks to his new acquaintance from ,lerins1 who seems to have been nowhere content1 and they went together to ,ile-,barbe1 near ,lyons4 ,after a while the vagabond monk wanted to make another change1 and draw ,lubin away with him1 but ,lubin shook himself free of this restless spirit1 and remained five years in ,ile-,barbe4 #dh ,the seat was afterwards transferred to ,mende4 ,during a war which broke out between the ,franks and ,burgundians1 ending in the defeat of the latter by the sons of ,clovis1 in #ebe1 the abbey of ,ile-,barbe was invaded by the soldiers greedy of plunder4 ,they found it deserted by all the monks1 who had escaped1 save ,s4 ,lubin and an old man4 ,the old man1 on being asked where the treasures of the church were concealed1 meanly said that ,s4 ,lubin knew better than he2 and the soldiers cruelly tormented the saint by winding whipcord tightly round his head1 and then running a stick under it behind the head1 and turning the stick so as to tighten the cord till it sank into the temples4 ,this was a favourite torture with the barbarians1 when they wanted to extract the secret of hidden treasures from prisoners4 ,they also tied his feet1 and let him1 head down into the river1 but were unable to extract from him the information they desired1 and of which he may have been ignorant4 ,thinking him dead1 the soldiers threw him on the bank and left him4 ,he recovered1 and made his way into ,perche to ,s4 ,avitus1 and served as cellarer in his monastery4 ,on the death of ,s4 ,avitus1 #dcj1 he and two others retired into the wilderness of ,charbonnirs1 on the extremities of the forest of ,montmirail1 which separates ,beauce from ,maine4 ,there they built three little cells1 and spent five years in solitude4 ,but miracles proclaimed the sanctity of ,s4 ,lubin2 by his intercession a fire which had broken out in the forest1 and threatened to consume it1 was arrested4 ,hearing this1 therius1 bishop of ,chartres1 ordained him deacon1 and made him abbot of the monastery of ,brou1 in ,perche2 he afterwards ordained him priest to give him more authority over his monks4 ,s4 ,aubin1 bishop of ,angers1 being on his way to visit ,s4 ,csarius of ,arles1 persuaded ,s4 ,lubin to accompany him 7#ecf74 ,when they came into ,provence1 ,lubin yearned to retire into the peaceful retreat of ,lerins1 and escape the burden of the charge of his monastery1 but ,s4 ,aubin sharply rebuked him1 and made him see that he had no right to resign without sufficient cause a burden laid on him by ,god4 ,in #edd1 therius died1 and ,lubin was elected to the see of ,chartres by the almost unanimous voice of the clergy and laity4 ,the saint on his ordination introduced various reforms into the see4 ,s4 ,lubin assisted in the fifth council of ,orleans1 in #edi1 and in the second of ,paris1 #eea4 ,he died in #ehg1 and was buried in the church of ,s4 ,martin-du-,val1 where his body was religiously preserved till the ,calvinists sacked the church in the #afth century1 when they burnt his bones1 and cast the ashes to the winds4 ,his skull was1 however1 preserved1 but it also was lost at the ,revolution4 ,s4 ,,mathilda1 ,,empress4 7,a4,d4 #ifh47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,the ,life drawn up by order of the emperor ,henry1 her grandson4 ,the father of the empress ,mathilda was ,dietrich1 count of ,ringelheim1 a descendant of the famous ,witikind1 prince of the ,saxons1 who had maintained so long and stubborn a resistance against ,charlemagne4 ,her mother1 ,reinhild1 was of royal ,danish and ,frisian blood4 ,in her childhood ,mathilda was entrusted to the tender care of her grandmother ,hedwig1 who had quitted the world1 and had become abbess of ,erfurt4 ,henry the ,fowler1 son of duke ,otho of ,saxony1 fell in love with ,mathilda1 and married her4 ,the ,life of ,s4 ,mathilda1 written by order of ,henry the ,pious1 her grandson1 says that ,otho1 hearing of the virtues of ,mathilda1 entered into negotiations with the count of ,ringelheim to have her married to his son ,henry4 ,this is1 no doubt1 true1 but it is only half the truth4 ,the other part was suppressed by the pious historian4 ,in fact1 ,henry was already married to ,hathburg1 daughter of ,erwin of ,altstadt1 whom he had taken from the cloister1 where she was being educated1 and by whom he became father of ,thankmar1 who afterwards waged war with ,otho the ,great1 son of ,henry and ,mathilda1 claiming the duchy of ,saxony as his own by right of seniority of birth4 ,henry saw and fell in love with ,mathilda1 and the young simple girl was probably hardly consulted in the matter1 when ,henry divorced his wife ,hathburg1 sent her back to her convent1 and demanded the hand of ,mathilda of her parents4 ,the wrong done to ,hathburg was bitterly atoned for in after years1 for ,mathilda was sorely tried by the ingratitude of her own sons1 and saw ,otho engaged in a bloody war with ,thankmar1 whom he had supplanted4 ,henry was one to captivate hearts4 ,he is described as lofty and majestic in stature1 although slight and youthful in form1 powerful and active in person1 with a commanding and penetrating glance1 his very appearance attracting popular favour1 and securing the heart of his wife4 ,he excelled in prudence and wisdom1 and his stature became his kingly dignity4 ,too much addicted to hunting1 he was joyous in festivities1 but without diminishing his regal dignity4 ,in war he was alike loved and feared4#di #di ,witikind1 lib4 i41 p4 #fda4 ,henry had been elected emperor of ,germany4 ,in his new position1 his life was one of warfare4 ,he subjugated the ,hevelli#ej and the ,bohemians1 and in #icc1 routed the ,hungarians4 ,the ambassadors of the ,hungarians demanded of him the payment of an ancient tribute4 ,according to the legendary account1 ,henry caused a mangy dog to be thrown before them1 and declared a deadly war with their nation4 ,the ,hungarians instantly crossed the frontier in two enormous hordes1 the lesser of which was routed by the arrire-ban of ,saxony and ,thuringia1 near ,sondershausen4 ,the other body advanced along the ,saal1 in the vicinity of ,merseburg1 against the emperor4 ,henry entrenched himself on a mountain1 since known as the ,keuschberg1 or ,mountain of ,chastity1 owing to the circumstance of no woman being permitted to enter the camp of the ,christians1 who strengthened themselves for the coming conflict by devotional exercises4 ,the news of the defeat of their countrymen at ,sondershausen soon reached the ,hungarians1 who instantly kindled enormous fires along the banks of the river as signals of recall to all those of their number who were engaged in plundering the country1 and the battle commenced with the coming morn4 ,henry addressed his troops4 ,the picture of ,s4 ,michael was borne in the van1 as the banner of the empire4 ,a murderous struggle commenced1 the ,hungarians shouting1 ,hui6 hui6 and the ,germans1 ,kyrie-eleison6 ,victory long wavered1 but was at length decided by the discipline and enthusiastic valour of the ,germans4 ,an immense number of ,christian slaves were restored to liberty4 ,after the victory1 ,henry knelt1 at the head of his troops1 and returned thanks to ,heaven4 ,the terror of the ,hungarians now equalled that with which they had formerly inspired the ,germans4 ,in the belief that the archangel ,michael1 whose gigantic picture they ever beheld borne in the van of the ,german army1 was the god of victory1 they made golden wings1 similar to those with which he was represented1 for their own idols4 ,the hand of the emperor1 and1 underneath1 a horse shoe1 are still to be seen cut in the rock at ,keuschberg1 as a token of the victory4 ,germany remained undisturbed in this quarter during the rest of the reign of ,henry the ,fowler4 ,henry afterwards planned a visit to ,rome1 but died without accomplishing that project1 in #icf1 when at the height of his splendour and renown4 ,he was buried at ,quedlinburg1 his favourite residence4 #ej ,a ,sorbian tribe on the ,havel4 ,the union of ,mathilda with her husband had been a very happy one4 ,both endeavoured to advance the kingdom of ,god by every means in their power1 and together they concerted laws full of justice1 to increase the prosperity of their dominions4 ,henry left behind him three sons by ,mathilda1 ,otho1 who was elected to the imperial throne on the decease of his father1 ,henry the ,quarrelsome1 duke of ,bavaria1 and ,bruno1 archbishop of ,cologne4 ,mathilda spent her time in devotion1 and gave abundant alms to the needy4 ,she was very sober in her repasts1 gentle in conversation1 and ready to do with promptitude and cheerfulness whatever she deemed consistent with her position4 ,otho had been unanimously elected emperor1 and was crowned at ,aix-la-,chapelle with more than ordinary solemnity4 ,he was invested with the gigantic crown of ,charlemagne1 the sceptre1 the sword1 the cross1 the sacred lance of ,longinus1 and the golden mantle4 ,and he looked an emperor4 ,witikind says of him in later years1 ,his demeanour was replete with majesty4 ,his white hair waved over his shoulders4 ,his eyes were bright and sparkling2 his beard of an extraordinary length2 his breast like that of a lion1 and covered with hair4 ,proud of his position and power1 the young emperor was impatient of his mother's advice and authority4 ,listening to those who viewed her virtues with impatience1 as a restraint on the licence of a court1 they persuaded ,otho that she had lavished the money of the empire in charities4 ,he at once ordered his mother to retire from court to ,engern1 in ,ravensberg4 ,it was grief to ,mathilda to be thus treated by her eldest son1 but it was greater grief to her to find that her favourite son1 ,henry of ,bavaria1 had been the prime instigator of her banishment4 ,but it was not long before ,henry fell dangerously ill1 and ,edith1 the wife of ,otho1 deeming this a punishment for the wrong done to the saintly dowager empress1 and dreading the same for her husband1 persuaded ,otho to recall his mother4 ,he wrote to her1 asking her pardon1 and expressing his deep contrition for his past ingratitude4 ,mathilda was not one to bear resentment1 and she returned to court4 ,mathilda now reaped with sorrow the harvest of her early involuntary fault in marrying a divorced man4 ,thankmar was in rebellion1 for ,otho had not been content with depriving him of the imperial throne1 but had also seized his large maternal inheritance in ,saxony1 and had bestowed it on an adherent and friend4 ,thankmar took arms1 and was upheld by the ,saxons4 ,the emperor marched against his half-brother1 besieged him in ,everburg1 and ,thankmar was slain at the foot of the altar1 whither he had fled for safety4 ,thankmar had been joined by ,eberhardt1 duke of ,franconia1 who1 now that all was lost1 fell at the feet of ,henry of ,bavaria1 and besought him to intercede in his behalf with the emperor4 ,to his surprise1 ,henry replied1 that he was willing to join with him in his designs against ,otho1 in order to deprive him of the crown1 which he coveted for himself4 ,for the present the two confederates dissembled their projects1 and ,eberhardt made his submission to ,otho with expressions of the deepest contrition for his guilt4 ,henry gained confederates to his conspiracy1 and suddenly attacked ,otho as he was crossing the ,rhine at ,zante1 but was defeated with great slaughter4 ,otho pardoned his brother1 who remained afterwards true to his allegiance1 finding that it was his best interest to cling to his powerful brother4 ,he was a man of treacherous and cruel heart1 and when his ,bavarian subjects rose against him1 and called the ,hungarians to their assistance1 having defeated them with the aid of ,otho 7#iee71 he buried alive1 or burnt in beds of quicklime1 the leaders of the adverse party1 put out the eyes of the bishop of ,salzburg1 and the patriarch ,lupus of ,aquileia met with a still more wretched fate at his hands4 ,in the midst of all these civil wars the dowager empress laboured to relieve the sorrows of the peasants upon whom the state of hostilities weighed most heavily4 ,her time was devoted to nursing the sick1 releasing debtors from prison1 and feeding the starving4 ,but at length1 saddened beyond endurance by the conduct of her sons1 and despairing of the world1 she retired into the monastery of ,nordhausen1 which she had built1 and gathering about her three thousand sisters1 spent the rest of her days in tears and prayer4 ,she lived to receive her grand-daughter1 ,mathilda1 the child of the emperor ,otho1 into her house1 and to commit into her hands the government of the community4 ,she died on ,march #adth1 #ifh1 and was buried in the church of ,s4 ,servetus1 at ,quedlinburg1 by the side of her husband1 ,henry4 ,illustration3 ,,slothfulness ,,and ,,gluttony4 ,symbolic carving at the ,abbey of ,s4 ,denis4 ,march #ae4 ,s4 ,,aristobulus1 ,m41 #ast cent4 ,s4 ,,longinus1 ,m41 #ast cent4 ,s4 ,,nicander1 ,m4 in ,egypt1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cjb4 ,s4 ,,matrona1 ,m4 at ,thessalonica4 ,s4 ,,matrona1 ,v4 in ,portugal4 ,s4 ,,matrona1 ,v4,m4 at ,barcelona1 in ,spain4 ,s4 ,,magorian1 ,c4 at ,trent1 #eth cent4 ,s4 ,,tranquillius1 ,ab4 at ,dijon1 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,zacharias1 ,pope of ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #geb4 ,s4 ,,leocritia1 ,v4,m4 at ,cordova4 7,see p4 #bbj47 ,s4 ,,aristobulus1 ,m4 7#a,,st ,,cent47 ,roman ,martyrology1 ,greek ,menologium and ,mena1 on ,march #afth4 in the ,anglican ,martyrology he is entitled bishop and martyr4 ,authority3--,notice in the ,martyrologies and ,mena4 ,nothing is known for certain of ,s4 ,aristobulus1 who was one of the seventy disciples of our ,lord4 ,he is said by the ,greeks to have preached in ,britain4 ,he may be the ,arystly who1 according to the ,welsh ,triads1 was one of the founders of ,christianity in ,britain4 ,the ,spaniards claim him as one of their apostles4 ,the ,greeks say that he was the brother of ,s4 ,barnabas1 that he was ordained bishop1 and died a martyr4 ,s4 ,,longinus1 ,m4 7#a,,st ,,cent47 ,modern ,roman ,martyrology4 ,the name of ,longinus was not known to the ,greeks previous to the patriarch ,germanus1 in #gae4 ,it was introduced amongst the ,westerns from the ,apocryphal ,gospel of ,nicodemus4 ,there is no reliable authority for the ,acts and martyrdom of this saint4 ,the name ,longinus1 given in the gospel of ,nicodemus to the soldier who pierced the side of ,christ1 is probably due to a mistake4 ,the name is probably ,latinized from ,longche1 a spear4 ,some think that the soldier who pierced the side1 and the centurion who exclaimed at the earthquake1 confessing the ,sonship of ,christ1 are the same1 but there is the greatest uncertainty on every point connected with ,longinus4 ,the ,greeks commemorate ,longinus the ,centurion on ,october #afth4 ,the ,latin ,acts of ,s4 ,longinus confuse the centurion and the soldier together4 ,the ,greek ,acts pretend to be by ,s4 ,hesychius 7,march #bhth71 but are an impudent forgery of late date4 ,it is pretended that the body of ,s4 ,longinus was found at ,mantua in #acjd1 together with the sponge stained with ,christ's blood1 wherewith he had assisted in cleansing our ,lord's body when it was taken down from the cross4 ,these relics have been distributed in various places4 ,part are in ,prague1 others in ,carlstein1 the body in the ,vatican at ,rome4 ,but the ,sardinians assert that they possess the body of ,s4 ,longinus1 which was found in their island1 where he had suffered under ,nero4 ,and the ,greeks say he suffered in ,gabala1 in ,cappadocia4 ,the head is1 however1 also said to have been found in ,jerusalem1 and carried into ,cappadocia4 ,s4 ,,nicander1 ,m4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #cjb47 ,roman ,martyrology and ,greek ,mena4 ,s4 ,nicander flourished in the reign of ,diocletian1 in ,egypt4 ,he visited the ,christian confessors in their dungeons1 and ministered to their necessities2 and when they suffered1 he gathered their ashes and bones1 and reverently buried them4 ,this devotion could not long remain unobserved by the heathen1 and he was denounced to the governor1 who sentenced him to death4 ,s4 ,,matrona1 ,v4 ,m4 7,,date ,,unknown47 ,three saints of this name are commemorated on this day4 ,at ,barcelona one called ,virgin and ,martyr1 another of ,thessalonica1 in the ,roman ,martyrology1 called ,martyr1 but it is not said that she was a ,virgin2 another at ,capua1 in ,campania1 where she is said to be a ,virgin and a native of ,portugal4 ,they were three distinct persons living at different dates1 as their histories testify1 but on account of the names of the ,barcelonese and ,capuan ,saints being identical with that of ,s4 ,matrona in the ,roman ,martyrology1 their festivals are kept on the same day4 ,matrona of ,thessalonica is commemorated by the ,greeks on ,march #bgth4 ,s4 ,matrona of ,barcelona was early left an orphan and was adopted by her aunt1 who went with her to ,italy1 and settled in the ,campagna4 ,the girl was given a crucifix1 which she ever carried about with her4 ,having been denounced as a ,christian1 she was thrown into prison and starved to death4 ,s4 ,matrona of ,thessalonica was the slave of a ,jewess1 who having discovered that her servant was a ,christian1 beat her to death with a stick4 ,s4 ,,zacharias1 ,,pope4 7,a4,d4 #geb47 ,roman ,martyrology1 and those of ,ado1 ,maurolycus1 and ,notker1 on ,march #adth1 so also ,molanus in his additions to ,usuardus4 ,authority3--,his life by ,anastasius the ,librarian4 ,zacharias1 a ,greek by birth1 the son of ,polychronius1 was educated with care in every science4 ,he went to ,rome1 where he was ordained priest1 at a time when the eternal city was subject to constant alarms from the ,lombards4 ,luitprand1 king of the ,lombards1 ill satisfied because ,gregory ,,iii4 extended his favour to ,thrasymund1 duke of ,spoleto1 laid siege to ,rome1 and did not retire till his troops had pillaged the church of ,s4 ,peter1 which the ,goths had hitherto respected4 ,at this moment1 just as ,gregory had asked help of ,charles ,martel against ,luitprand1 the see became vacant through his death4 ,zacharias was elected to the throne of ,s4 ,peter4 ,the innocence of his life1 and the vigour of his understanding1 were accompanied by a natural kindliness which fascinated all with whom he was brought in contact4 ,he was consecrated on ,november #aith1 #gda1 nine days after the death of his predecessor1 and nine days before his interment4 ,resolved to expose himself to everything for the sake of his people1 ,zacharias sent a nuncio to king ,luitprand with a letter overflowing with expressions of courtesy and respect1 which so touched the barbarian1 that he gave token of being disposed to negotiate with the new pontiff4 ,zacharias knew how to profit by the opportunity2 he went1 accompanied by many of his clergy1 to ,terni1 in ,umbria1 and met king ,luitprand1 who received him with the utmost courtesy4 ,he concluded a treaty with him1 released his prisoners1 recovered to the ,holy ,see the towns that had been taken1 and on the morrow assisted at the ordination of a bishop for ,terni1 which took place in the ,church of ,s4 ,valentine4 ,the ceremony produced a lively effect upon the ,lombards1 many of whom wept4 ,after the ordination1 the pope invited the barbarian prince to dinner1 and gave him his blessing2 ,luitprand is reported to have observed that he had never enjoyed a dinner so much4 ,zacharias was afterwards the means of procuring peace for many of the distressed states and cities of ,northern ,italy4 ,luitprand was succeeded by ,hildebrand1 who only reigned seven months2 and the ,lombard throne was then filled by ,rachis1 duke of ,forli1 who concluded a peace of twenty years with all ,italy4 ,zacharias now turned his attention to the discipline of the ,church1 which had become much relaxed by the troubles that had fallen on the land4 ,he encouraged ,s4 ,boniface in his mission to ,germany4 ,in the ,east he laboured to soften the violence of the emperor ,constantine ,copronymus1 who opposed sacred images and pictures in churches4 ,pepin1 mayor of the palace1 who was master of ,france1 under the shadow and name of ,childeric ,,iii41 sent ,burchard1 bishop of ,wurtzburg1 and ,fulrad1 abbot of ,s4 ,denys1 to ,zacharias to consult him on the accomplishment of his ambition1 the assumption for himself of the crown of ,france from the heads of the ,faineant race4 ,zacharias1 who desired help and protection against the ,lombards1 not content with approving his design1 wrote secretly to ,pepin urging him not to refuse the crown which ,providence extended to him2 at the same time his more cautiously worded epistle to the ,frank nobles on the subject did not a little serve towards determining them to place the sovereignty in the bold1 firm hand of the mayor4 ,for1 without recommending the deposition of ,childeric1 or the election of ,pepin1 ,zacharias urged that he who had the power in fact ought to be the king4 ,this was enough for ,pepin4 ,every one considered this expression to be an approval of the design2 the election of ,pepin was regarded as approved by heaven2 and he was crowned at ,soissons the year following1 by ,boniface1 archbishop of ,mentz4 ,this coronation took place on ,may #ast2 ,zacharias did not live to see it1 for he died on the preceding ,march #crd4 ,the day of his burial in the ,church of ,s4 ,peter1 ,march #aeth1 is that on which the ,church honours his memory4 ,march #af4 ,,ss4 ,,hilary1 ,b4,m41 ,,tatian1 ,d4,m41 ,,felix1 ,,largus ,,and ,,dionysius1 ,,mm4 at ,aquileja1 ,a4,d4 #bhe4 ,s4 ,,julian ,,of ,,anazarbus1 ,m4 in ,cilicia4 ,s4 ,,papas1 ,m4 in ,lycaonia1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cjj4 ,s4 ,,agapitus1 ,b4 of ,ravenna1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cdj4 ,s4 ,,columba1 ,v4,m4 in ,england4 ,s4 ,,aninas1 ,h4 on the banks of the ,euphrates4 ,s4 ,,hesychius1 ,b4 of ,vienne1 in ,france1 #eth cent4 ,,ss4 ,,abraham1 ,h41 ,,and ,,mary1 ,p41 his niece1 in ,syria1 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,finan ,,the ,,leper1 ,ab4 of ,inisfathlen1 in ,ireland1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #faj4 ,s4 ,,boniface ,,quiritine1 ,b4 of ,ross1 in ,scotland1 #gth cent4 ,s4 ,,eusebia1 ,abss4 of ,hamage1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #fhj4 ,s4 ,,gregory ,,the ,,armenian1 ,b4,h4 at ,pluviers1 in ,france1 #aath cent4 ,s4 ,,heribert1 ,archb4 of ,cologne1 ,a4,d4 #ajba4 ,,ss4 ,,hilary1 ,b4 ,m41 ,,tatian1 ,d4 ,m41 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm4 7,a4,d4 #bhe47 ,roman ,martyrology and that of ,usuardus4 ,notker mentions ,hilary alone4 ,hilary and ,tatian in that of ,bede1 and some copies of that of ,s4 ,jerome4 ,authority3--the ,acts which are genuine4 ,saint ,hilary1 bishop of ,aquileja1 in ,northern ,italy1 had a deacon named ,tatian1 whom he appointed to be his archdeacon4 ,in the reign of ,numerian1 during which they flourished1 there was at ,aquileja a heathen priest1 named ,monofantus1 who went before the governor ,beronius1 and obtained from him authority to hale the bishop before his tribunal4 ,then ,monofantus went to the house of ,hilary1 and found him engaged in reading1 together with his deacon ,tatian4 ,he said1 ,the ,governor wants you4 ,hilary said1 ,what is that you say1 friend8 ,i have already said once1 the governor wants you4 ,s4 ,hilary answered1 ,we will go in the ,name of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,and when they had come to the place of judgment1 and the governor saw ,hilary enter with a smiling countenance1 he asked1 ,what is thy name8 ,the bishop answered1 ,my name is ,hilary1 and ,i am bishop of the ,christians here4 ,well1 said the governor1 the command has gone forth that all are to sacrifice to the immortal gods4 ,therefore be speedy1 obey1 and go thy way4 ,s4 ,hilary replied1 ,from my childhood ,i have learnt to sacrifice to the living ,god1 and to worship ,jesus ,christ with pure heart2 ,i cannot worship demons4 ,the governor said1 ,christ1 whom thou sayest that thou worshippest1 was crucified by the ,jews4 ,hilary replied1 ,if thou knewest the virtue of ,his cross1 thou wouldest leave the error of idols1 and adore ,him who would heal the wounds of thy soul4 ,come1 exclaimed the governor1 do as ,i bid1 or ,i will have thy tongue cut out4 ,sir1 answered the bishop1 do so1 instead of threatening me4 ,then ,beronius had him drawn into the temple of ,hercules1 and beaten with rods4 ,and as ,hilary constantly refused to adore the idols1 the governor ordered his back to be burnt with red hot coals1 then the raws to be rubbed with coarse hair-cloth1 and vinegar and salt to be poured into the wounds4 ,after which he was taken and cast into prison4 ,tatian1 the deacon1 was next brought up to be tried1 he was sentenced to be beaten1 and thrown into prison with his bishop4 ,and during the night they prayed1 and sang praises to ,god1 the ,lord of heaven and earth2 and as they prayed there was an earthquake1 and the temple of ,hercules was shaken down4 ,then1 on the morrow1 ,hilary the bishop1 and ,tatian the deacon1 and ,felix1 ,largus and ,dionysius1 three ,christians then in the prison1 were slain by order of ,beronius1 some of them by having their heads smitten off1 and some by having swords thrust through their breasts4 ,s4 ,,julian ,,of ,,anazarbus1 ,m4 7,,date ,,uncertain47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,greek ,menology of ,basil ,porphyrogenitus1 same day4 ,authority3--,a sermon by ,s4 ,john ,chrysostom1 ,hom4 xlvii41 and the notices in the ,menologium and ,mena4 ,this saint was a native of ,cilicia1 the same province which had the honour of producing ,s4 ,paul4 ,in one of the persecutions of the ,church he was sentenced to be tied up in a sack with vipers and scorpions1 and thrown into the sea4 ,s4 ,,papas1 ,m4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #cjj47 ,roman ,martyrology and ,greek ,mena4 ,authority3--,the hymn in the ,mena4 ,s4 ,papas suffered in ,lycaonia during the persecution of ,maximian4 ,he was first beaten1 and his cheeks bruised1 and then the inhuman persecutors1 to make sport1 nailed horse-shoes to his feet1 and made him run before chariots through the streets of ,laranda1 the drivers1 armed with whips1 lashing him till he sank1 bleeding and exhausted1 on the pavement4 ,a compassionate woman1 like another ,veronica1 hastened up to wipe away the blood and sweat1 and he died in her arms4 ,s4 ,,columba1 ,v4 ,m4 7,,date ,,unknown47 ,anglican ,martyrology4 ,there are two other saints of this name1 virgins and martyrs1 one at ,sens1 the other at ,cordova4 ,the ,columba of ,sens is commemorated on ,dec4 #cast1 and is very famous2 she suffered under ,aurelian4 ,the ,cordovan saint gained the palm in the ,moorish persecution in #hia1 and is commemorated on ,sept4 #agth4 ,the great glory of the virgin martyr1 ,columba of ,sens1 has eclipsed the fame of the other two saintly virgin martyrs of this name4 ,of the ,s4 ,columba venerated in ,cornwall on this day1 nothing is known1 but she is believed to have formed one of the company of ,s4 ,ursula4 ,s4 ,,aninas1 ,h4 7,,date ,,unknown47 ,greek ,mena4 ,this saint is commemorated by the ,greeks on different days4 ,this hermit1 called variously ,aninas and ,ananias1 lived in the flat deserts of the ,euphrates1 in a cave1 with two lions1 out of the foot of one of which he had drawn a thorn which hurt it4 ,the lions followed him whenever he went to the ,euphrates1 distant four or five miles1 to draw water4 ,this he was obliged to do daily1 and the bishop of ,csarea1 hearing of this1 sent him the present of an ass to carry the water jars for him2 but ,aninas would not keep the ass1 but gave it to some poor folk who were destitute4 ,now there was a hermit who lived on a pillar in the same country1 and ,aninas heard that he was sore troubled in mind2 then1 the story goes1 he wrote a letter comforting him1 and sent it to him by one of his lions4 ,aninas died on ,march #afth1 at the age of one hundred and ten4 ,,ss4 ,,abraham1 ,h41 ,,and ,,mary1 ,p4 7#f,,th ,,cent47 ,roman ,martyrology1 inserted by ,baronius1 after ,molanus2 but the ,greeks venerate these saints on ,october #bith4 ,authority3--,the ,life of ,,ss4 ,abraham and ,mary1 by ,ephraem1 the companion of ,abraham1 but not1 as has been commonly stated1 ,s4 ,ephraem ,syrus4 ,abraham was the son of very wealthy parents at ,chidama1 in ,mesopotamia1 near the city of ,edessa4 ,his father sought a young and beautiful girl in marriage for his son1 and ,abraham was married to her with all the pomp befitting the splendour of the rank and wealth and the family4 ,the young man had now tasted all that the world could give1 riches1 honour1 and love1 and his heart was still void and craving for something more4 ,then he felt1 with a conviction it was impossible to resist1 that ,god alone could fill that void1 and that satisfaction could alone be found in serving ,him most perfectly4 ,so1 secretly in the night1 seven days after his marriage1 he escaped1 and hid himself in the desert4 ,his parents1 who had refused him nothing for which he had expressed a wish1 his wife1 who had given him no occasion of offence1 were in amazement4 ,they searched for him everywhere1 and at the end of seventeen days discovered him in the desert1 resolved to live alone4 ,it was in vain that parents and bride urged him to return2 he was inexorable1 and they were obliged to leave him in his solitude4 ,he had found a small hut1 and now he walled up the door1 leaving only a window1 through which bread and water could be passed in to him by a friend4 ,he had spent ten or twelve years in this retreat when his parents died1 and left their immense property to him4 ,he entrusted it to the care of his most intimate friends1 to be used for relieving the necessities of the poor4 ,now there was1 not far off1 a village of idolaters1 who had stubbornly resisted every missionary effort made to convert them4 ,the bishop of ,edessa bethought him of ,abraham the hermit1 visited him in person1 and insisted on his coming forth and preaching to these heathen4 ,in vain did the hermit implore to be permitted to remain in his dear solitude3 the bishop put the matter on his obedience1 brought him forth1 ordained him priest1 and sent him amongst the pagans4 ,abraham then built a church in their midst1 and finding that they were deaf to his exhortations1 he spent his nights and days in tearful intercession for them1 and then1 armed with zeal1 he rushed upon their idols and overthrew them4 ,a mob at once assembled1 and he was beaten till he could not move2 and whenever he appeared in the streets1 he was assailed with sticks and stones4 ,undeterred by this opposition1 ,abraham continued instant in prayer2 and1 after three years1 saw the tide of popular opinion turn1 and the villagers who had treated him so ill1 now venerated him as an apostle of the truth4 ,abraham tarried with them another year1 to confirm them in the faith1 then commended them to the supervision of the bishop1 and returned to his cell4 ,now it happened that a little girl1 named ,mary1 the niece of ,abraham1 had been left an orphan1 and she was brought to the hermit1 as her sole relative1 to educate4 ,she was aged seven4 ,abraham bade a cell be built for her near his own1 and there the child grew up under his supervision till she was twenty1 when a young man1 having conceived a violent passion for her1 led her away1 and then abandoning her1 the unfortunate girl fell deeper into degradation1 and became a common harlot in the city of ,assos1 in the ,troad4 ,her the uncle had bewailed her fall with the deepest grief1 and had instituted inquiries as to her whereabouts4 ,hearing that she was at ,assos1 ,abraham broke down the wall which closed his door1 and came forth1 cast off his habit and sackcloth1 and disguising himself as a soldier1 went to ,assos4 ,and when he came there1 he hired a lodging next door to the house of ill-fame where dwelt his niece1 and he sought opportunity to meet and speak with her1 but could not4 ,then he went to the house1 and ordered supper1 and bade that ,mary should eat with him4 ,so she1 knowing him not1 lost to shame1 came1 tricked out with necklaces and rings1 in gaudy wanton dress4 ,then ,abraham reddened with grief1 and could ill restrain his tears4 ,but making an effort1 he controlled his emotion4 ,so they sat down1 and ate1 and drank1 and she laughed noisily1 and talked in a light and wanton way2 and as she spake the shadow on ,abraham's brow deepened1 the corners of his mouth quivered with pain1 and a film formed on his eyes4 ,then the girl kissed him1 and looked at him1 and suddenly saw in the grave1 suffering face before her1 something that recalled past days1 and she moaned4 ,the man of the house hearing this1 said1 ,mary1 what is the matter with thee8 ,these two years that thou hast been with me thou hast been ever gay4 ,but she looked up again1 and met the tearful eyes of ,abraham2 then she cried out1 ,oh1 ,god6 would that ,i had died three years ago4 ,this man recalls to me my dear old uncle in the desert1 and days of innocence and pure joy4 ,then ,abraham put the man forth1 and locked the door1 and turning1 threw back his hood1 and caught ,mary by both hands1 and looked at her and said1 ,mary1 my child6 ,then she knew him1 and became cold and motionless as a stone4 ,and he said1 ,my dearest child1 what has befallen thee8 ,how hast thou sunk from heaven in the abyss6 ,o why didst thou not disclose to me thy first temptation1 and ,i and ,ephraem would have besieged heaven with tears and prayers to save thee8 ,why didst thou desert me like this1 and bring this intolerable anguish of soul upon me8 ,but she1 frightened and trembling1 answered not a word4 ,and he1 holding her hands fast in his own1 said again1 ,my own ,mary1 wilt thou not speak to me8 ,then his tears burst forth1 and the whole man was shaken with sobs4 ,upon me be thy sin1 my child1 he said2 ,i will answer for it at the ,judgment day to ,god4 ,i will do penance and suffer in expiation of thy crime2 only return1 my child6 ,then she burst forth with1 ,i cannot look thee in the face1 uncle1 and how can ,i call on ,god1 whom ,i have so outraged8 ,i will bear the burden of the sin1 let it weigh on me1 ,mary1 said the hermit vehemently2 only return to the old place1 and dear ,ephraem and ,i will pray instantly to ,god for thee4 ,come child1 follow me4 ,then she fell down1 and laid her brow on his feet1 and sobbed1 and held them1 and kissed them1 and stammered1 ,i will follow thee1 uncle4 ,what reward shall ,i give unto the ,lord for all the benefits ,he has done unto me8 ,but he caught her up1 and would not suffer her thus to lie4 ,and she fell again and kissed the ground he had trodden1 bringing her hopes of pardon and salvation4 ,and he urged her to fly at once4 ,then she said1 ,uncle1 ,i have here some valuable trinkets1 and some dresses4 ,what shall ,i do with them8 ,shall ,i not pack them up and carry them with me8 ,but he cried out1 ,leave them1 leave them1 they scent of evil4 ,and he took her on his back1 as a shepherd carrying his strayed sheep1 and unlocked the door1 and ran out4 ,and when he came to his hut1 he set ,mary in the inner cell1 and went into the outer room himself4 ,and she1 bitterly repenting the past1 served ,god instantly1 night and day1 with tears4 ,abraham lived ten years longer1 and rejoiced to behold the sincerity of his niece's contrition1 and died at the age of seventy1 in the fiftieth year of his solitary life2 and ,mary lived five years after her uncle's death4 ,god wrought miracles of healing by her hands1 to comfort the penitent soul1 and assure her that her tears had blotted out her transgression4 ,s4 ,,boniface ,,quiritine1 ,b4 ,,of ,,ross4 7#g,,th ,,cent47 ,aberdeen ,breviary4 ,authorities3--,david ,camerarius and ,hector ,boece1 and the lections in the ,aberdeen ,breviary4 ,alban ,quiritine1 or ,kiritine1 surnamed ,boniface1 is fabulously said to have been of ,israelite race1 and a descendant of ,radia1 sister of the apostles ,peter and ,andrew4 ,all that is known of him is that he was bishop of ,ross1 in ,scotland1 and that he laboured to suppress the ,keltic ritual and to establish ,roman uniformity1 doing in ,scotland the work accomplished by ,s4 ,wilfrid in ,northumbria4 ,he preached to and converted large numbers of ,picts and ,scots1 during sixty years of evangelical labours4 ,it is said that as many as thirty-six thousand received the faith through him1 and that he built a hundred and fifty churches1 amongst others1 that of ,s4 ,peter1 at ,rosmarkyn1 in which he was buried before the altar4 ,s4 ,,eusebia1 ,,abss4 ,,of ,,hamage4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #fhj47 ,molanus1 ,wyon1 ,menardus1 ,mirus in his ',belgian ,saints1' and ,saussaye in his ,gallican ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,a life1 probably by ,hucbald of ,elnone 7#ijg71 derived from various earlier accounts and traditions4 ,s4 ,eusebia was the eldest daughter of ,s4 ,adalbald1 of ,douai 7,feb4 #bnd7 and ,s4 ,richtrudis4 ,probably on the occasion of the assassination of her father1 she was sent to the convent of ,hamage1 which was governed by her grandmother1 ,s4 ,gertrude4 ,on the death of ,s4 ,gertrude1 ,eusebia1 at the age of twelve1 was elected abbess of ,hamage1 according to a custom of the time1 which required abbesses1 if possible1 to be of noble birth1 so as to secure for the convent protection from powerful families in times of difficulty or war4 ,but ,s4 ,richtrudis1 who had become abbess of ,marchiennes1 thinking that the girl was far too young to manage the community1 and that under her light hand grave disorders might prevail1 peremptorily ordered ,eusebia to come with all her nuns to ,marchiennes4 ,eusebia hesitated1 but when the orders were repeated1 she reluctantly obeyed1 and with all the community1 bearing the body of ,s4 ,gertrude1 she came to ,marchiennes1 where they were received by a procession with lights and incense4 ,eusebia was not happy in her new home1 and sighed for ,hamage4 ,during the night1 when every one slept1 she was wont to steal out1 barefooted1 and run to the deserted convent1 to watch and pray over the home of her infancy1 fragrant with memories of a beloved guide and spiritual mother4 ,richtrudis1 hearing of these nocturnal excursions1 and not approving of them1 ordered the child-abbess a sound flogging1 and asked her brother ,maurontius to administer it4 ,eusebia writhed and danced about under the correction1 to elude the blows1 and in so doing ran against the point of the sword of ,maurontius1 which slightly wounded her side4 ,according to a popular legend1 which the historian records merely as such1 one of the twigs of the birch with which ,eusebia was corrected1 rooted itself on the spot where it had fallen1 and grew up into a stately tree4 ,richtrudis1 seeing that her child continued bent on returning to ,hamage1 consulted the bishop1 who advised her to yield4 ,accordingly ,eusebia and her community went back to the deserted convent1 and she governed it with prudence1 living in piety1 till the day of her death4 ,she was buried in the church of the ,apostles1 at ,hamage2 but the body was afterwards translated to ,marchiennes4 ,in ,belgium she is called ,s4 ,isoie1 or ,eusoye4 ,s4 ,,heribert1 ,,archb4 ,,of ,,cologne4 7,a4,d4 #ajba47 ,german ,martyrologies4 ,at ,cologne the festival of his translation is observed on ,august #cjth4 ,authority3--,a ,life1 by ,lambert of ,deutz1 written twenty years after the death of ,heribert4 ,heribert was born at ,worms4 ,his father was a gentleman of rank4 ,his mother had been carried off into captivity by the ,huns1 and had been sold to an honest and good man1 who restored her to her parents4 ,she was grand-daughter of ,reginbald1 count of ,swabia4 ,heribert was educated in the abbey of ,gorze1 in ,lorraine1 in the diocese of ,metz4 ,his father having recalled him to ,worms1 the archbishop ,hildebald was so pleased with the young man1 that he made him dean of his cathedral1 and destined him to become his successor1 but his death before ,heribert had sufficiently established his reputation prevented the fulfilment of this design4 ,some years after1 ,otho ,,iii41 who had not as yet received the imperial crown1 having been informed of the merit of ,heribert1 made him his chancellor1 and perceiving his great virtue1 obtained his ordination4 ,shortly after1 the archdiocese of ,cologne became vacant1 and this gave rise to party contests1 productive of schism in that ,church4 ,the contest was brought to a conclusion by an almost unanimous election of the chancellor ,heribert4 ,he received notice of his having been chosen1 with great regret1 and on his induction1 on ,christmas-eve1 walked barefoot to the cathedral4 ,his reign was a true blessing to the diocese1 through his wise regulations for the maintenance of discipline among the clergy1 and for the systematic relief of the necessitious4 ,he built and endowed the abbey of ,deutz1 on the opposite bank of the ,rhine to ,cologne2 he rebuilt the church of the ,apostles1 at ,cologne1 and the chapel of ,s4 ,stephen4 ,in a time of great drought1 when the country was suffering great distress1 and the cattle of the poor were perishing1 he went in procession to the church of ,s4 ,severinus1 and kneeling before the altar1 bowed his head on his hands1 and weeping for the misfortunes of his people1 did not raise his head till a thunderstorm broke over the church4 ,illustration3 ,two pictures of ,saints877 preaching to monks below images of day and night sky ,illustration3 ,,ss4 ,,joseph ,,and ,,nicodemus ,,anointing ,,the ,,body ,,of ,,christ4 ,from a ,painting4 ,march #ag4 ,march #ag4 ,s4 ,,joseph ,,of ,,arimath,a1 #ast cent4 ,,ss4 ,,alexander1 ,b4,m41 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm4 at ,rome4 ,,ss4 ,,martyrs in the temple of ,serapis at ,alexandria1 ,a4,d4 #cij4 ,s4 ,,agricola1 ,b4 at ,chalons-sur-,saone1 ,a4,d4 #ehj4 ,s4 ,,patrick1 ,b4 ,apostle of ,ireland1 ,a4,d4 #dfe4 ,s4 ,,gertrude1 ,v4 ,abss4 of ,nivelles1 in ,brabant1 ,a4,d4 #ffd4 ,s4 ,,withburga1 ,v4 at ,dereham and ,ely1 ,a4,d4 #gdc4 ,s4 ,,paul1 ,m4 in ,cyprus1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #gjj4 ,s4 ,,joseph ,,of ,,arimath,a4 7#a,,st ,,cent47 ,roman ,martyrology1 inserted by ,baronius1 because observed as a double by the ,canons of the ,vatican1 who possess an arm of the saint4 ,in ,liege1 where other relics are preserved1 on ,feb4 #bbnd2 by the ,greeks on ,july #cast4 ,when ,christ came into the world1 one ,joseph took ,him into his arms and cherished ,him in ,his infancy2 another ,joseph received ,him when ,he was dead1 and ministered to ,his inanimate body4 ,joseph1 a native of ,arimatha1 said by ,s4 ,matthew to have been rich1 and called by ,s4 ,mark a counsellor1 appears to have lived in ,jerusalem1 where he possessed a garden4 ,according to ,s4 ,john1 he was a disciple in secret of the ,son of ,god2 that he was a just man1 we are told by ,s4 ,luke4 ,after the ,crucifixion he cast aside the fears which had restrained him from professing openly his conviction1 and going boldly to ,pilate1 he craved of him the body of ,jesus4 ,he then bought the winding sheet1 and going to ,calvary1 detached from the ,cross the dead body of ,christ1 assisted by ,s4 ,john the ,evangelist1 ,s4 ,mary ,magdalene1 and ,mary the wife of ,cleopas4 ,joseph and ,nicodemus anointed the body with myrrh and aloes1 and laid it in the sepulchre of ,joseph4 ,many strange traditions have attached themselves to ,joseph of ,arimatha1 as that he came to ,britain1 and planted his staff at ,glastonbury2 but as these legends are wholly worthless1 they must be here passed over4 ,his body is said to have been buried by ,fortunatus1 patriarch of ,grado1 in the abbey of ,moyen-,moutier2 but no relics of it now remain there1 though some are shown elsewhere4 ,,ss4 ,,martyrs ,,in ,,the ,,serapion4 7,a4,d4 #cij47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authorities3--,socrates1 ,hist4 ,eccl4 lib4 v4 c4 #af2 ,sozomen1 lib4 vii4 c4 #ae4 ,the temple of ,bacchus at ,alexandria having been given to the ,christians to be converted into a church1 the patriarch ordered its thorough purification4 ,whilst this was being performed1 many abominations and much evidence of trickery were brought to light4 ,this so exasperated the pagans that a sedition broke out1 and rushing down from the ,serapion1 a magnificent temple situated on a hill and fortified1 they carried off a number of ,christians1 and bringing them into the temple1 endeavoured to force them to sacrifice to ,serapis4 ,as they refused1 the pagans crucified some1 broke the bones of others1 and put others to death in various ways4 ,when the emperor ,theodosius heard of the tumult1 he ordered those who had fallen victims to be enrolled in the number of the blessed1 but forbade any reprisals upon their executioners1 hoping that this exhibition of mercy would be efficacious in attracting them to the true faith4 ,he1 however1 ordered the ,serapion to be levelled with the dust4 ,s4 ,,agricola1 ,b4 ,,of ,,chalons-,,sur-,,saone4 7,a4,d4 #ehj47 ,roman and ,gallican ,martyrologies4 ,authority3--,his contemporary1 ,gregory of ,tours4 ,s4 ,agricola was born of a senatorial family4 ,in stature he was diminutive1 but the greatness of his soul redeemed him from that disrespect which his short stature might have brought upon him4 ,he was eloquent1 of refined manners1 prudent in judgment4 ,in his youth he formed a warm attachment for ,s4 ,venantius ,fortunatus1 the ,christian poet1 and author of the magnificent hymn1 ,vexilla regis1 ,the royal banners forward go4 ,in #ecb1 he was appointed bishop of ,chlons-sur-,sane4 ,he died at the age of eighty-three1 in the year #ehj1 and was buried in the ,church of ,s4 ,marcellus1 near ,chlons1 where his relics are preserved over the high altar4 ,s4 ,,patrick1 ,,ap4 ,,of ,,ireland4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #dfe47 ,roman1 and almost all ,western ,martyrologies1 ,bede1 ,usuardus1 ,ado1 c4 ,authorities3--,the most authentic are ,s4 ,patrick's ,confession1 and his letter against ,coroticus1 ,fiech's hymn1 or metrical sketch of the life of the saint1 and the life by ,probus4 ,the hymn is attributed to ,fiech1 bishop of ,sletty1 who lived in the #eth cent4 ,the ,bollandists and other critics doubt his having been the author of it2 but at any rate it is very ancient1 and not later than the #gth1 or perhaps the #fth cent4 ,probus is supposed to have been teacher of a school at ,slane1 who was burnt in a tower fired by the ,danes1 in #iej4 ,there is also a hymn attributed to ,secundinus1 one of ,s4 ,patrick's first companions1 in which the saint is spoken of as still living4 ,a very interesting document1 of the early part of the #gth cent41 is a litany in ,anglo-,saxon characters1 published by ,mabillon1 in which ,s4 ,patrick is invoked4 ,the ,antiphonarium ,benchorense1 apparently of the #hth cent41 contains a hymn in honour of ,s4 ,patrick4 ,there exist some notes or scholia on ,fiech's metrical life1 which are usually quoted under the title of ,fiech's ,scholiast4 ,they were written partly in ,irish1 and partly in ,latin4 ,these notes are of various dates1 and by different hands1 and consequently of very different values4 ,colgan gives some lives1 which he calls the second1 third1 and fourth1 but these are full of fables1 and seem to have been copied either from each other1 or from some common original4 ,here and there they contain facts1 but these are smothered in fable4 ,colgan is utterly wrong in assigning to them a high antiquity4 ,the ,tripartite ,life1 so called because it is divided into three parts1 is published by ,colgan1 and attributed by him wrongly to ,s4 ,evin1 who lived in the #fth cent4 ,this work1 though founded on older lives1 was really put together in the #ajth century1 as certain persons are named in it who lived about that period4 ,with the exception of certain fables it contains1 it is a very useful work1 and contains a much greater variety of details concerning the proceedings of ,s4 ,patrick during his mission in ,ireland than any other of his lives4 ,it is not to be confounded with a ,latin work quoted by ,usher under the same title1 and which belongs to a later period4 ,of all the lives of ,s4 ,patrick this is the worst1 though it has been published oftener than the others4 ,so wretched a composition is scarcely worth attending to1 says ,dr4 ,lanigan4 ,another authority is ,jocelin of ,furness1 who flourished about #aahe1 and compiled ,s4 ,patrick's life at the request of ,thomas1 archbishop of ,armagh1 ,malachias 7another ,irish prelate7 and ,john de ,courcy1 the conqueror of ,ulster4 ,it is of little historical value compared with the earlier and more authentic sources of information1 which it not unfrequently contradicts on the authority of some idle legend4 ,the precise time at which ,christianity was originally introduced into ,ireland cannot be ascertained4 ,nor is it to be wondered at1 that1 while the first establishment of ,christian ,churches in ,britain1 ,gaul1 and ,spain1 is enveloped in obscurity1 a similar difficulty should meet those seeking the origin of the ,irish ,church4 ,palladius1 according to ,prosper1 was the first bishop sent from ,rome to ,ireland4 ,he was a deacon of the ,roman ,church1 who had already distinguished himself by his exertions in delivering ,britain from the ,pelagian heresy4 ,from this and other circumstances1 it seems probable that he was a native of that country4 ,he was consecrated bishop and sent into ,ireland1 accompanied by some missionaries1 four of whom1 ,sylvester1 ,solonius1 ,augustine1 and ,benedict1 are mentioned by name in some of the lives of ,s4 ,patrick4 ,it seems that his arrival was early in the year #dca4 ,the most authentic accounts of his mission agree in stating that1 besides having baptized some persons1 he erected three churches2 and the news of his success1 perhaps magnified in its transit1 excited such a confident assurance in ,rome of his complete conquest of the island to the ,cross1 that ,prosper did not hesitate to say that1 through the exertion of pope ,celestine1 ,ireland was become a ,christian country4 ,this book ,against ,cassian1 was written not long after the mission of ,palladius1 and before he had heard of the reverses which that pioneer of the ,gospel had met with4 ,the success ,palladius had met with alarmed the heathen1 and he was denounced to the king of that part of ,ireland in which he then was1 as a dangerous person1 and he was ordered to quit the country4 ,he sailed from ,ireland towards the latter end of the same year1 #dca1 in which he had landed1 and arriving in ,britain1 died1 not long after1 as is commonly reported1 at ,fordun1 in the district of ,mearns1 in ,scotland4 ,the great work of the general conversion of the people of ,ireland was reserved for the ministry of ,s4 ,patrick1 according to the ,irish adage that1 ,not to ,palladius1 but to ,patrick1 did ,god grant the conversion of ,ireland4 ,the variety of opinions1 and the many questions that have been agitated1 concerning the country and time of the birth of ,s4 ,patrick1 render it necessary to clear up these disputed points before proceeding with the main story of his life4 ,it would be a waste of time to examine all the various opinions1 that have been started on this subject1 such as his having been born in ,cornwall1 in ,pembrokeshire1#ea or1 what is strangest of all1 in ,ireland itself4 ,the prevalent opinion since ,usher's time has been that he was born at ,kilpatrick1 near ,dumbarton4 ,usher was led astray by the scholiast on ,fiech's hymn4 ,fiech says that ,s4 ,patrick was born at ,nemthur 7the holy tower7 in ,britain1 and the scholiast identified this place with ,alcwith1 now ,dumbarton4 ,the scholiast guessed this1 not knowing that the term ,britain also applied to the whole of the ,north of ,gaul1 inhabited by the ,armorican ,gauls4#eb ,indeed ,probus calls ,s4 ,patrick's country1 and the town where his family lived1 ,arimuric1 or ,armorica4 ,in the life of ,s4 ,fursey1 we are told that this saint crossed the sea into the province of ,britain1 and proceeded through ,ponthieu4 ,now ,ponthieu is a maritime tract in ,picardy1 near ,boulogne2 and it is also to be observed that this district is said in the life of ,s4 ,fursey to be called by the moderns ,normandy4 ,but ,s4 ,patrick in his confession says1 ,my father was ,calpurnius1 a deacon1 son of ,potitus1 a priest1 of the town of ,bonavem ,taberni4 ,he had near the town a small villa ,enon1 where ,i became a captive4 ,bonavem 7,ben-avon1 ,british1 the headland above the river7 is the modern ,boulogne-sur-mer1 and the district of ,taberni is ,terouanne1 in which it is situated4 ,boulogne was the ,bonona#ec of the ,romans1 and its ,gallic name ,ben-avon1 exactly describes its situation on the summit of a hill4 ,on the very edge of the cliff1 a little east of the port1 are the remains of the tower built by ,caligula 7,a4,d4 #dj71 when he marched to the shore of the channel with an army of #ajj1jjj men1 boasting that he intended to invade the opposite coast of ,britain1 but contenting himself with gathering a few shells1 which he called the spoils of the ocean4 ,the tower is supposed to have been intended for a lighthouse1 and its modern name ,la ,tour d',orde1 a corruption of ,turris ,ardens1 points it out as having been used for this purpose4 ,a very good case is1 however1 made out for a site on the ,roman ,wall1 in which case ,patrick would be the son of one of the ,roman colonists or defenders of the wall1 and a native of ,cumberland4 ,in his epistle against ,coroticus1 ,s4 ,patrick tells us he was of an honourable family according to the flesh1 his father having held the office of decurion1 which conferred a certain amount of nobility4 ,clerks were not then forbidden to hold such offices4 ,he calls the ,romans his fellow citizens1 and this circumstance1 coupled with the fact1 that the names of ,s4 ,patrick1 of his father1 and of his grandfather1 are purely ,latin1 points to the conclusion that the family was of ,roman extraction2 but his mother1 whose name was ,conchessa1 was the daughter of ,erkbalius1 or ,ocbasius1 7,erkbald87 a ,frank4 #ea ,a ,welsh tradition claims ,s4 ,patrick as the son of ,mawon of ,gower1 in ,glamorganshire4 #eb ,the ,morini occupied this part of ,gaul2 the name signifies their maritime position1 as does ,amorica1 the district by the sea4 ,the ancient ,amorica stretched along the whole of the north coast of ,gaul2 but the ,norman invasion and settlement cut the two ,celtic peoples of the ,bretons and ,morini apart4 #ec ,this name1 about the time of ,constantine1 supplanted the older ,latin name of ,gessoriacum4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,patrick4 ,after ,cahier4 ,march #ag4 ,his birth took place about the year #chg1 for at his consecration to the episcopate1 a person divulged a fault he had committed thirty years before1 when a boy of fifteen2 and he was consecrated at the end of #dca1 or the beginning of #dcb2 when the news of the death of ,palladius reached him4 ,when ,s4 ,patrick was sixteen years old1 ,nial ,navigiallach1 or ,nial of the ,nine ,hostages1 an ,irish king1 in ravaging the coasts of ,great ,britain and ,gaul1 entered the port of ,bonona1 in #djc1 and carried off ,s4 ,patrick and many other youths captive4 ,on being brought to ,ireland1 ,s4 ,patrick became the servant or slave of a man named ,miliac1 or ,milcho1 who lived in ,dalrhidia1 which is now comprised within the county of ,antrim4 ,some say that he was a prince2 others that he was a magus1 that is1 invested with a religious function2 and others represent him only as a rich man4 ,s4 ,patrick calls his master merely a man1 without adding anything concerning his situation in life4 ,with that profound humility1 which every line written by this truly great saint breathes1 he tells us that he had been very careless about religion when a boy2 but that1 when he found himself in the misery of slavery1 ,god opened his eyes to behold the wondrous things of ,his law4 ,his occupation was to tend sheep on the wild brown bogs2 and amidst snow1 frost1 or rain1 he rose before daylight1 that he might prevent the day-break with his prayers4#ed #ed ,an instance of the way in which later writers have amplified the incidents may here be given4 ,probus adds that he diligently perused the psalter and hymns1 and ,jocelin that he read the whole psalter through every day4 ,as if1 says ,dr4 ,lanigan1 he could have found books containing them in the ,north of ,ireland at that period1 or1 when suddenly made a prisoner1 had time to provide himself with religious tracts1 or1 while still a careless boy1 was anxious about them4 ,one night1 after he had been in service for six years1 as he slept1 he heard a voice cry to him1 ,thou fastest well1 and soon shalt return to thy country4 ,presently once more the voice said1 ,behold1 a ship is ready for thee4 ,he tells this story himself4 ,moreover he heard that the ship was far off on the coast1 a great many miles from where he then lived4 ,so he betook himself to flight4 ,and by ,god's power1 he adds1 ,i came to a good end2#ee and ,i was under no apprehension until ,i reached the ship4 ,she was then clearing out and ,i asked for a passage4 ,the master of the vessel angrily bade me not think of going with him4 ,on hearing this ,i retired to the hut where ,i had been received and lodged1 and on my way prayed4 ,but1 before ,i had finished my prayer1 ,i heard one of the men shouting after me1 ',come along6 they are asking for thee4' ,so ,i returned immediately4 ,and they said1 ',come1 we will take thee on trust1 7i4e41 on the chance of getting paid the fare on reaching ,bononia72 we are about to sail1 and hope to reach land in three days4' #ee ,et veni 444 ad bonum1 according to the ,bollandists ought to be ad ,benam1 that is to ,bantry ,bay4 ,they at once set sail1 and reached the coast of ,gaul in three days1 at ,treguier1 in ,brittany4 ,they travelled for twenty-eight days through a country rendered desolate by the ravages of the ,franks4 ,whilst on their way1 he and his fellow travellers were near perishing for want of food2 and then the master of the ship or merchant1 who had received ,patrick and given him a passage1 and who was now travelling along the same road with his wares1 exclaimed1 ,christian6 thy ,god is powerful4 ,pray for us1 for we are starving4 ,the saint desired them to turn with faith to the ,lord1 and he prayed1 and suddenly a drove of swine appeared crashing through the bushes1 and they chased and killed many of them1 and halted two days to recover and refresh themselves4 ,the merchants gave thanks to the ,god of ,patrick1 and shortly after1 finding some wild honey1 they gave him a part1 saying1 ,this is an offering4 ,god be thanked4 ,a very curious story of this journey is told by the saint in his ,confession4 ,having feasted on the pork1 after long hunger1 the natural result was an attack of night-mare1 that same night1 which he says seemed to him in his dream like ,satan rolling a great rock upon his chest4 ,in an ecstasy of fear he screamed out ,elias1 ,elias6 and thereupon he says1 ,lo6 the splendour of the sun shone on me1 and dispelled all the burden on me4 ,dr4 ,lanigan says this is evidence of his invoking a saint4 ,there can be little doubt that every well-instructed ,christian of the time would have invoked a saint1 but it seems probable here that this was not an invocation of the prophet ,elias1 but an invocation common perhaps among the heathen and half-converted ,roman settlers1 of ,helios6 the sun1 which had passed into an exclamation2 and this will explain the passage which immediately follows about the sun at once shining upon him4 ,patrick at this time was not well instructed in ,christianity1 and he had been stolen as a thoughtless boy from his home1 before his education was complete1 or his mind had turned to the truths of ,christianity4 ,in his old age he related this anecdote of himself1 but it is impossible to conclude from the context what he meant by the exclamation4 ,s4 ,patrick reached home about the year #dji1 and remained there for a while4 ,he was then aged twenty-two4 ,perhaps it was soon after this that he went to ,tours and studied for four years4 ,he then returned home to ,bonona1 and was again made captive1 probably by a roving band of ,frank marauders2 but his captivity was of short duration1 lasting only sixty days4 ,his friends entreated him not to leave them1 after all he had endured1 but he relates that he saw in a vision of the night a man named ,victoricius#ef bringing him a letter1 at the head of which were the words1 ,the voice of the ,irish4 ,and then he thought he heard the cry of many persons from one of the ,irish forests1 where they strayed in darkness and error1 ,we entreat thee1 ,o holy boy1 come and walk still in the midst of us6 ,and greatly affected1 ,patrick awoke4 #ef ,probably ,s4 ,victricius1 one of the apostles of the ,morini1 afterwards bishop of ,rouen4 ,about the year #dah1 he placed himself under the direction of ,s4 ,germain of ,auxerre4 ,after this period it is difficult1 if not impossible1 to arrange correctly the succeeding transactions of his life1 until near the time of his mission4 ,nine years he spent in retirement in an island which has been conjectured to be ,lerins4 ,it was during the same interval1 that ,s4 ,patrick accompanied ,s4 ,germain and ,s4 ,lupus of ,troyes in their spiritual expedition to ,great ,britain1 in the year #dbi1 for the purpose of extirpating the ,pelagian heresy1 which had taken root in that island4 ,this is stated in some accounts of ,s4 ,patrick's proceedings2 and the lives1 though they are silent about it1 give nothing which might tend to invalidate it ,,ss4 ,germain and ,lupus returned to ,gaul at ,easter1 in #dcj4 ,it is very probable that the information which they might have obtained1 during their residence in ,great ,britain1 concerning the wants of the ,irish ,christians1 was communicated to pope ,celestine1 who either had already determined on sending a bishop to ,ireland1 or was advised to do so by these prelates4 ,and who was better calculated to take part in this mission than ,patrick1 who had lived six years in ,ireland1 and had acquired a sufficient knowledge of the language of that country8 ,in #dca1 he was sent to ,rome by ,s4 ,germain1 recommended by him to the pope as a person fit to be employed in the work1 of which ,palladius was appointed the chief4 ,whether he arrived in ,rome before ,palladius set out1 or not long after1 cannot be ascertained4 ,from the pope he received a benediction for the great mission which he was about to undertake2 but he does not appear to have received episcopal ordination at ,rome1 for ,palladius was already consecrated1 and the news of his banishment had not as yet arrived4 ,it appears1 also1 from the ,confession of ,s4 ,patrick that he was consecrated not far from his own country4 ,the account of ,s4 ,patrick's consecration by ,celestine is not to be met with in any of the lives except those two compilations of legendary matter1 ,jocelin's and the ,tripartite2 whence it made its way into certain ,breviaries4 ,s4 ,patrick left ,rome either late in #dca1 or early in #dcb4 ,he was perhaps accompanied by ,auxilius and ,serenus or ,iserninus4 ,these were certainly afterwards in ,ireland with ,s4 ,patrick1 but whether they accompanied him from ,rome1 or were selected by him from among his acquaintance in ,gaul1 cannot be ascertained2 and it is not certain that they came to ,ireland till some years later4 ,we next hear of ,patrick at ,eboria 7,eborica71 ,evreux1 where he heard the news of the failure of the mission of ,palladius4 ,on receiving this information1 it became necessary for him to be consecrated1 and for this purpose he applied to a bishop resident in the neighbourhood1 and from him received episcopal orders4 ,his relations and friends hurried to ,evreux to prevent his ordination2 he was insensible to their entreaties1 and then1 hoping to raise a prejudice against him1 a friend divulged a fault ,patrick had committed when a boy4 ,but all their efforts were in vain1 for ,god was with him1 and had marked him out for his great work4 ,everything being arranged1 ,s4 ,patrick embarked1 probably at the mouth of the ,seine1 and had a prosperous voyage to ,great ,britain4 ,according to ,probus and some of the lives he crossed that country without stopping on the way4 ,he landed in ,wicklow some time after ,april in #dcb4 ,pope ,celestine was dead1 and ,sixtus ,,iii4 sat in the ,chair of ,s4 ,peter4 ,having landed1 ,patrick went to a place in the neighbourhood which cannot now be identified1 and being repulsed by the natives1 was obliged again to go on board his ship4 ,he landed again at ,lecale in the county of ,down4 ,a herdsman1 thinking it was a party of marauders1 ran to the lord of the district1 named ,dichu1 and informed him of the arrival of a party of strangers4 ,dichu armed his retainers and hasted to the shore1 but the peaceable appearance of the missioners disarmed him1 and he brought them to his house1 which was at the place now called ,saul1 and hospitably entertained them4 ,there the saint had an opportunity of announcing to him the ,christian faith1 and ,dichu was the first-fruits of his mission4 ,all his family followed his example1 and likewise became ,christians2 and ,s4 ,patrick celebrated divine worship in the barn of ,dichu1 which in after times became known as ,sabhall ,padruic1 or the ,barn of ,patrick2 and in after years it was converted into a church1 and a monastery was attached to it4 ,s4 ,patrick did not remain many days at the house of ,dichu1 and left his ship or boat in the care of this new convert1 until he should return4 ,he then set out by land for the place where his old master1 ,milcho1 lived4 ,he was an obstinate unbeliever1 and on hearing of ,s4 ,patrick's approach1 was determined not to see and receive him4#eg #eg ,an instance of the rodomontade of some of the later lives may be quoted here4 ,they say that to escape ,s4 ,patrick's persuasive eloquence only one way lay open to him1 to set fire to his house and furniture and property1 and precipitate himself into the flames4 ,as a specimen of the absurdity of some of the legends1 the following will suffice4 ,a robber stole one of ,s4 ,patrick's goats and ate it4 ,s4 ,patrick called his goat1 and it bleated to him out of the man's belly4 ,s4 ,patrick1 finding his efforts for the conversion of ,milcho unavailing1 returned to the district in which ,dichu resided1 and remained there for several days1 preaching the ,gospel with great success4 ,one of his principal converts on this occasion was ,ross1 son of ,trichem1 who lived near the present town of ,downpatrick4 ,in this neighbourhood he met a youth1 called ,mochoe1 whom1 after instruction1 he baptized and tonsured1 thus dedicating him to the ecclesiastical state4 ,he also gave him the book of the ,gospels and some sacred vessels4 ,this must not1 however1 be understood as having all taken place during the present stay of ,s4 ,patrick at ,lecale4 ,s4 ,patrick resolved on celebrating the ,easter of #dcc near ,tarah1 where the princes and nobles of the whole kingdom were to be assembled about that time4 ,he1 therefore1 left his friend and convert1 ,dichu1 and sailing southwards1 arrived at ,colp1 in the mouth of the ,boyne1 and leaving his boat there1 set out with his companions on foot for the plain of ,bry1 in which the city of ,tarah was situated4 ,on their way they passed the night in the house of a man of substance1 named ,seschuen1 who became obedient to the faith1 and was baptized1 with all his house1 by ,s4 ,patrick4 ,a son of his1 whom at his baptism our saint1 considering his sweet disposition1 called ,benignus1 became so attached to him that he insisted on accompanying ,s4 ,patrick1 and he became one of the saint's most favourite disciples1 and was afterwards consecrated archbishop of ,armagh4 ,it is not1 however1 to be supposed that the baptism of ,seschuen and his family was accomplished on that occasion1 but probably took place after the ,paschal solemnity1 which was near at hand4 ,on ,easter-eve1 ,s4 ,patrick arrived at ,slane4 ,he pitched his tent1 and made preparations for celebrating the festival of ,easter1 and accordingly lighted the ,paschal fire about night-fall4 ,it happened that at this very time the king ,leogaire 7,lear7 and the assembled princes were celebrating a religious festival in honour of the return of the sun to power and heat4 ,part of the ritual of this festival consisted in every fire being extinguished for some days previous1 that all might be relighted from the sacred fire in the palace or temple of ,temora1 on ,tarah hill1 which was kindled on a certain day1 now near at hand4 ,twilight had settled over the great plain1 and all men waited for the red flame to shoot up on ,tarah hill1 a signal that the festival was begun1 and that all might rekindle their hearth fires from the consecrated blaze4 ,but a spark shone out far away on the plain1 from the tent of ,patrick1 and consternation at this sacrilege and infringement of precedent became general4 ,the king at once galloped to ,slane1 followed by a crowd1 and accompanied by two priests1 who assured him that unless this fire were extinguished1 it would overpower their fires1 and bring the kingdom to its downfall4 ,on arriving within a short distance of the tent and fire1 the king dismounted1 seated himself1 ordered his followers to seat themselves1 and not to rise or show any respect to the violator of their laws1 and then ordered ,patrick to be brought before him4 ,on his presenting himself1 one alone rose and saluted him1 breaking the king's command2 this was the little lad ,herc1 son of ,drogo1 and the saint thereupon blessed him4 ,he was afterwards bishop of ,slane1 and celebrated for his sanctity4 ,he was ordered to declare his object in coming to ,ireland1 and contend with the wise men1 or priests1 next day4 ,on ,easter-day1 therefore1 he preached before the king and his nobles1 and strove with the captious objections of the ,wise-men4 ,it was then1 probably1 when explaining the mystery of the ,trinity1 and when questioned as to the triple ,personality of the ,one ,god1 that he stooped and plucked a shamrock1 and exhibited it as a symbol of the ,catholic doctrine of the ,triune ,god4#eh #eh ,jocelin tells some absurd stories about his contest with the ,magi or ,wise-men4 ,he relates how that one of them1 ,lochu1 a great friend of the king1 to show the power of his religion1 rose in the air1 as though ascending to the skies4 ,then ,patrick prayed1 and angelic hands flung a snow-ball at him out of heaven1 which knocked him down1 head foremost1 on a sharp stone at ,patrick's feet1 and that was the end of him4 ,another miracle was as follows3--,a house was built1 one-half of green wood1 the other of dry timber4 ,a ,magus was vested in ,s4 ,patrick's chasuble1 and placed in the green wood part of the house2 and ,benignus in the ,magus's habit in that part which was of dry wood4 ,the house was set on fire4 ,the green timber was burnt1 with the ,magus1 but not the chasuble2 the dry timber would not burn1 and ,benignus escaped1 only his coat was reduced to ashes4 ,passing over certain contests between ,s4 ,patrick and the ,wise-men1 which are absurd parodies of those between ,moses and the ,egyptian enchanters1 we find ,dubtach1 an eminent bard1 boldly submitting to the faith1 and dedicating his poetic talents to ,christ4 ,some of his works are still extant4 ,the king was not converted1 but he permitted ,patrick to preach freely the ,word of ,god4 ,from ,tarah the saint proceeded to ,tailten1 where public games were celebrated2 and it seems that the chiefs lately assembled for the religious solemnity at ,tarah had adjourned thither4 ,the apostle preached to ,carlre1 a brother of ,leogaire1 but was badly received by him4 ,the conduct of ,conall1 another brother1 was different2 he listened to ,s4 ,patrick with delight1 believed1 and was baptized4 ,to this memorable ,easter week1 which was the first that occurred since the saint's arrival on his mission1 must be referred the origin of the festival of ,s4 ,patrick's ,baptism1 anciently held in ,ireland on ,april #eth4 ,henceforth it becomes extremely difficult and next to impossible to arrange1 with chronological accuracy1 the subsequent transactions of ,s4 ,patrick's mission4 ,after having celebrated ,easter week1 he set out on the following ,monday for other places in ,meath1 in which he seems to have passed a considerable time4 ,he tells us in his ,confession1 that to gain the goodwill of the chieftains1 he used to make presents to them1 and take some of their sons with him to educate them4 ,when on the point of quitting for some time these parts of ,ireland1 after having established many flourishing colonies of ,christians1 and ordained priests to minister to them1 he turned a little northward for the purpose of destroying the ,crom-cruach 7crooked-heap71 a monument dedicated to the sun2 probably a great ,druidical pile of stones1 superposed on uprights1 standing in a plain near ,feanagh1 in the county of ,leitrim4 ,after this1 probably in #dce1 he set out for ,connaught1 and crossing the ,shannon1 arrived at ,dumha-graidh1 where a remarkable incident occurred4 ,as he was advancing into the plain of ,connaught1 he stopped with his companions at a fountain near the royal residence ,cruachan 7now ,croghan1 near ,elphin71 and at break of day began to chant the praises of the ,lord4 ,ethnea the fair1 and ,fethlima the ruddy1 daughters of king ,leogaire1 were there1 and had come very early to the fountain for the purpose of washing themselves1 when1 looking up1 they saw men clothed in white garments1 holding books in their hands1 advance1 chanting4 ,the damsels1 full of wonder1 asked them what manner of men they were1 and ,patrick seized the opportunity of announcing to them the true ,god4 ,they asked him many strange questions1 as to where ,god dwelt1 whether he was rich1 and young or old1 and how he was to be revered2 and ,patrick explained to them the principal truths of the ,christian religion in answer to their questions4 ,delighted with his discourse1 they declared themselves ready to adopt this new and wondrous creed1 so beautiful and awful1 and besought the stranger to instruct them further4 ,he did so1 and on their having professed their belief in the doctrines he had propounded1 he baptized them4 ,then they told him that they desired to see1 face to face1 that dear ,lord who had come on earth for them on ,mary's knee1 and had died on ,calvary top so cruel a death2 so ,patrick explained to them that great answer of the heart of ,jesus to the heart of man1 crying to see ,him--the ,eucharistic ,presence4 ,give us the ,sacrifice of the ,body and ,blood of ,christ1 they asked1 that we may be freed from the corruption of the flesh1 and see our ,spouse who is in heaven4 ,then ,s4 ,patrick celebrated ,mass1 and communicated them4 ,he proceeded west to ,sligo and ,roscommon1 making many converts1 and building several churches1 to which he attached priests4 ,in ,lent1 he ascended ,croagh ,aigle1 now ,croagh ,padrig1 in ,mayo1 for meditation and prayer4 ,he preached at ,firawley to an assembly of seven princes1 and baptized them and #a1bjj of their subjects4 ,passing through ,north ,connaught1 he continued his course through ,west ,cashel1 to ,ulster4 ,thus ended his mission in ,connaught1 which lasted seven years4 ,in #ddc1 he entrusted bishop ,secundinus1 who1 with ,iserninus and ,auxilius1 had received consecration in ,great ,britain or ,gaul1 with the oversight of his converts in ,meath and ,north ,ireland1 while he went on a mission through ,east ,leinster and ,munster4 ,in ,leinster he baptized two princes4 ,in ,wicklow he was ill-received by prince ,deichin1 but was hospitably entertained by ,killan1 a poor man1 who slew his only cow to feed ,patrick and his followers4 ,dubtach having recommended ,fiech1 his pupil in bardic lore1 as a fit person for ordination1 ,fiech received the tonsure and books for study from ,s4 ,patrick1 and afterwards became chief bishop of the district1 and fixed his seat at ,sletty4 ,entering ,munster1 in #dde1 ,s4 ,patrick went straight to ,cashel2 and the king came forth to meet him4 ,his son ngus was converted1 and afterwards baptized1 when he came to the throne on the death of his father4 ,during the performance of the ,sacrament1 as the bishop raised his hands above the head of the king1 he allowed his pastoral staff to fall unintentionally on the foot of ngus1 and the sharp point wounded him4 ,the king made no remark1 but bore the pain without flinching1 supposing this act formed a portion of the ceremony4#ei #ei ,this was too good a story for ,jocelin not to spoil it4 ,so he relates1 in contradiction to the other historians1 that the king felt no pain1 and the wound was miraculously healed on ,s4 ,patrick resuming his staff4 ,s4 ,patrick here made many converts4 ,he spent seven years in ,munster1 and set out1 in #dcb1 to return to ,leinster4 ,he was followed by many chieftains1 and by much people1 desiring his parting blessing1 and to take a last look of the dear face of him who had brought them out of darkness into the clear light of the glorious ,gospel of ,christ4 ,moved by their love1 ,patrick ascended a hill1 and spreading forth his arms1 gave his apostolic benediction to the whole of ,munster4 ,thus was he parted from their sight in the act of blessing1 like to his ,divine ,master1 who ascended out of ,his disciples' sight1 with his hands extended in benediction4 ,during his stay in ,munster1 ,secundinus had died1 the first bishop who had expired in ,ireland4 ,an alphabetical hymn1 in honour of ,s4 ,patrick is1 with good reason1 attributed to him4 ,about the same time also1 ,cerotian1 or ,caradoc1 a ,welsh prince1 made a descent on the coast1 and carried off captives4 ,this called forth from ,s4 ,patrick a letter1 which is still extant4 ,the particulars of this inroad have been elsewhere related 7,march #bcrd1 ,s4 ,fingar71 and need not be repeated here4 ,neither need we repeat here the escape of ,s4 ,patrick from a chieftain in ,leinster who sought his death1 through the generous self-sacrifice of his charioteer1 ,odran 7,feb4 #aith74 ,when ,s4 ,patrick reached ,sabhall1 his favourite retreat in ,ulster1 he would not take that rest he so much needed1 but spent his time in completing the conversion of the natives1 and building churches4 ,but the time had come for fixing on a spot for a metropolitan see4 ,he1 therefore1 went through the land1 and coming into the district where is the present ,armagh1 a man1 named ,macka1 offered him a site on an eminence4 ,there he built a church and a monastery4 ,a legend in the ,book of ,armagh is too good not to be true2 it could hardly have been invented4 ,according to this book1 the owner of the hill was one ,daeri1 and ,patrick having set his heart on the site1 asked for it2 but it was refused1 and a portion of the valley offered him instead4 ,one day the noble brought to ,s4 ,patrick a large cauldron of foreign manufacture1 and presented it to him1 saying1 ,there6 this cauldron is thine4 ,gratias agam 7,i thank thee71 answered the saint in ,latin4 ,daeri went home muttering1 ,what a fool that fellow is to say only ',gratzacham1' for a wonderful cauldron containing three firkins4 ,ho6 slaves1 go and fetch it back to me again4 ,so the thralls went and brought back the vessel4 ,well1 what said he to you1 churls8 ,he said ',gratzacham' again1 they replied1 ,gratzacham when ,i give1 and ,gratzacham when ,i take away6 ,the saying is so good1 that for these ,gratzachams he shall have his cauldron back again4 ,ho6 slaves1 take the vessel back to ,patrick4 ,daeri accompanied the cauldron1 and praised the saint for his imperturbable self-possession2 and then1 in a fit of good-nature1 gave him the hill which he had at first refused him4 ,patrick went forth to view the site1 and found a roe with her fawn lying on the place where the altar of the ,northern ,church now is4 ,his companions would have killed it1 but the saint raised the fawn and laid it on his shoulders1 and the roe trotted after him1 till he laid the fawn down in another place4 ,he held two ,synods at ,armagh1 at which canons for the whole of ,ireland were drawn up4 ,s4 ,patrick having thus established the see of ,armagh1 spent the remainder of his life between it and his favourite retreat of ,sabhul or ,saul4 ,he may have made excursions to some of the districts adjacent to both places2 but we do not find any account that can be depended upon1 of his having thenceforth visited again the other provinces of ,ireland1 much less of having undertaken any long journey4 ,for we are not to listen to ,jocelin1 who says that he then set out for ,rome with the intention of getting the privileges of the new metropolis confirmed by the ,holy ,see2 and that when he arrived there1 the pope decorated him with the pallium1 and appointed him his legate in ,ireland4 ,this pretended tour to ,rome1 and the concomitant circumstances are all set aside by the testimony of ,s4 ,patrick himself1 who gives us to understand that from the commencement of his mission he constantly remained in ,ireland1 until he published his ,confession1 which was not written till after the foundation of ,armagh2 and that he did not leave it afterwards is equally plain1 from his telling us that he was afraid to be out of ,ireland even for as much time as would serve for paying a visit to his relations1 because in that case he would be disobeying the orders of ,christ1 who had commanded him to stay among the ,irish for the remainder of his life4 ,a singular fact is related as having occurred about the time of the building of ,armagh1 which shows how strictly the fasting rules were observed by the ancient ,irish4 ,one of the disciples of ,s4 ,patrick1 named ,colman1 having been one day greatly fatigued by getting in the harvest1 became exceedingly thirsty1 but from fear of breaking the rule of fasting till vesper-time1 would not taste a drop of water4 ,the consequence was that he died of exhaustion4 ,had the saint been apprized of the danger in which ,colman was1 he would certainly have dispensed with his observance of the rule on this occasion4 ,at length we come to the last days of ,s4 ,patrick4 ,in his extreme old age he wrote his ,confession1 and he seems to have felt that his dissolution was close at hand1 for he concludes with these words3 ,and this is my confession before ,i die2 and provides how the work is to be carried on after his death4 ,he had been through every province of ,ireland1 and he speaks of the bulk of the nation as then ,christian1 and of his having ordained clergy everywhere4 ,his object in writing it was to return thanks to the ,almighty for his singular mercies to himself and to the ,irish people1 and to confirm them in their faith1 by proving that ,god had assisted him in a most remarkable way4 ,he also wished that all the world1 and particularly his relatives on the continent1 who had so urgently opposed his going to ,ireland1 should know how that the ,almighty had prospered his handiwork4 ,for this reason he composed his book in ,latin1 apologizing1 however1 for the rudeness of the style2 for his long sojourn in ,ireland1 and constant use of the ,erse language1 had blunted his ease in expressing himself in his native tongue4 ,he was at ,saul when attacked with his last illness4 ,perceiving that his departure was at hand1 he desired to go to ,armagh1 there to breathe his last and lay his bones4 ,but he is said to have been arrested on his way thither by an angel1 who ordered him to return to ,saul4 ,be this as it may1 to that place he went back1 and there he died seven days after1 on the #agth ,march1 ,a4,d4 #dfe4fj ,in ,fiech's hymn we read that his soul joined that of another ,patrick1 and that they proceeded together to heaven4 ,in this singular passage the author alludes to a second ,patrick1 who1 as he supposed1 died just about the same time4 ,who this ,patrick was we do not know4 #fj ,this is the date assigned by ,dr4 ,lanigan4 ,dr4 ,todd is certainly wrong in giving #dic4 ,it is curious to notice a mistake which has crept into some martyrologies1 where we find a ,patrick1 bishop of ,avernia1 or ,auvergne1 mentioned on ,march #afth4 ,but no such a ,patrick is known in ,auvergne2 and this ,patrick is simply due to a mistake of some copyist1 who wrote ,avernia for ,hivernia or ,hibernia1 and so got his name into the martyrologies as a separate saint1 and1 to avoid confusion1 this ,patrick of ,auvergne was placed on a different day4 ,there was also1 or was supposed to be1 a ,patrick ,senior1 who is commemorated on ,august #dth4 ,this ,patrick1 according to ,ranulph of ,chester 7,polychronicron1 lib4 v4 c4 #d7 was an ,irish abbot1 who in #hej retired to ,glastonbury1 and there died on the #beth of ,august4 ,but that being ,s4 ,bartholomew's day there1 his festival was put back to the day before4 ,a great confusion arose1 partly from this and partly from ,s4 ,patrick being spoken of in the ,annals as ,sen ,patrick1 or ,senex ,patrick1 the old man ,patrick1 dying in #deh4fa ,now1 some of the writers of the ,lives were determined to give to ,s4 ,patrick a long life1 equal to that of ,moses1 just as they made the contest of ,moses and the magicians a model for a contest of ,patrick and the ,wise-men2 so they made this ,sen ,patrick into a ,patrick the elder1 distinct from the great apostle4 ,and this mistake has found its way into the catalogues of the archbishops of ,armagh1 which has1 besides ,s4 ,patrick1 a namesake of his surnamed ,senior4 ,but this subject has been further obscured by the fables concerning ,glastonbury1 as the monks there1 having a body of a ,patrick of ,ireland1 supposed or pretended that it was the body of the great ,s4 ,patrick1 and they asserted that he had come over to ,glastonbury1 and had died and been buried there4 ,the ,irish writers finding themselves puzzled by these ,glastonbury stories1 and unwilling to allow the ,glastonians the honour of having among them the remains of ,s4 ,patrick1 endeavoured to compromise the matter by giving them1 instead of the apostle1 ,sen-,patrick1 or ,patrick ,senior4 ,this1 however1 was not what those monks wished for4 ,they insisted on having the right ,s4 ,patrick1 and him alone they understood by the name of ,patrick ,senior4 #fa ,and in some of the most ancient lives1 which speak of ,s4 ,patrick at the end of his career as ,sen-,patrick1 the old man ,patrick4 ,as soon as the news of the saint's death had spread throughout ,ireland1 the clergy flocked from all quarters to celebrate his funeral4 ,this they did with extraordinary pomp and great profession of lights1 insomuch that for a considerable time1 during which the obsequies were continued1 both day and night1 we are told1 darkness was dispelled1 and the whole time seemed one continuous day4 ,this expression of the ancient hymn of ,fiech has given source to a legend that on this eventful occasion the sun went not down1 but real daylight lasted for the whole function4 ,it is said that a furious contest was very near breaking out concerning the place in which ,s4 ,patrick's remains should be deposited4 ,to prevent bloodshed1 matters were providentially so managed that his body was interred at ,down4 ,it is said to have been discovered and translated in #aahe4 ,in art1 ,s4 ,patrick is usually represented expelling serpents and other reptiles from the island with his pastoral staff1 or holding a shamrock leaf4 ,he is said to have had the golden rod of ,jesus1 given him by a hermit in ,gaul1 wherewith he smote and slew the ,peishta-,more1 or ,monster of the ,lakes1 and this is also frequently represented in art4 ,s4 ,,gertrude1 ,v4 ,,abss4 ,,of ,,nivelles4 7,a4,d4 #ffd47 ,roman ,martyrology1 and those of ,bede1 ,usuardus1 and ,ado4 ,german1 ,gallican1 and ,belgian ,martyrologies commemorate the elevation of her relics on ,feb4 #ajth2 and the translation on ,may #cjth and ,april #ajth4 ,authorities3--,a ,life1 by an eye-witness of her acts1 apparently a canon or chaplain of the monastery4 ,he says1 ,i have endeavoured in writing to narrate what ,i have seen myself or heard from trustworthy witnesses4 ,another ,life1 written in polished style from the testimony of ,rinchin1 an acquaintance of ,s4 ,gertrude4 ,s4 ,gertrude was the daughter of the ,b4 ,pepin of ,landen 7,feb4 #bast7 and ,s4 ,itta or ,iduberga 7,may #hth74 ,her brother1 ,grimoald1 succeeded her father4 ,her sister1 ,s4 ,begga 7,dec4 #agth71 who married duke ,ansigis1 and became the mother of ,pepin1 the father of ,charles ,martel4 ,s4 ,aldegund 7,jan4 #cjth71 and ,s4 ,waltrudis 7,april #ith71 the wife of ,s4 ,vincent 7,july #adth71 were also relatives of hers4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,gertrude ,,of ,,nivelles4 ,after ,cahier4 ,march #ag4 ,dagobert1 king of the ,franks1 who had made ,pepin of ,landen mayor of the palace1 asked him to allow him to give ,gertrude in marriage to a young ,frank nobleman4 ,the father hesitated1 knowing that his daughter desired to lead the religious life1 and the king seeing his reluctance to force his daughter to a match for which she was not inclined1 sent for ,gertrude herself1 then aged about ten1 and endeavoured to persuade her to accept the hand offered her4 ,but ,gertrude resolutely refused1 declaring that she would have no other bridegroom but ,jesus ,christ4 ,the king dismissed the child1 and she returned to her mother1 who educated her in the love and fear of ,god4 ,on the death of ,pepin1 in #fdf1 ,iduberga1 following the advice of ,s4 ,amandus1 bishop of ,maestricht1 built the celebrated convent of ,nivelles1 and retired into it with her daughter1 then aged fourteen4 ,they were soon followed by a numerous company of maidens1 and a community was formed1 to which the blessed ,iduberga gave rules4 ,the sisters were called canonesses1 and ,iduberga appointed her daughter abbess4 ,thus the mother obeyed the child4 ,the holy woman spent twelve years in this peaceful retreat1 and died in the odour of sanctity4 ,after her mother's death1 ,gertrude made some alterations in the community4 ,she instituted canons1 who should attend to the temporal affairs of the house1 whilst she devoted herself to the internal government of the sisterhood1 and their spiritual training4 ,for this latter purpose ,gertrude devoted herself especially to the study of ,holy ,scripture1 and nearly learnt the whole by heart4 ,she also built hospitals for the reception of pilgrims1 widows1 and orphans1 and entrusted the discipline of them to the canons and canonesses of her community4 ,after having spent many years in the practice of every virtue1 feeling a great langour come over her1 so that she was unable to discharge her duties with that activity which had been so conspicuous in her government of the house1 she resigned the office of superior1 and created her niece1 ,s4 ,wilfetrudis1 abbess in her place4 ,wilfetrudis was aged twenty2 she had been brought up by ,s4 ,gertrude1 who had made of her a mirror of perfection4 ,gertrude now redoubled her austerities1 wore a rough horsehair shirt1 and adopted an old veil which a nun who had lodged in the convent1 on her way elsewhere1 had left behind her1 deeming it too poor to be worth preserving4 ,gertrude cast it over her1 and bade the sisters bury her in it when she was dead4 ,when she felt that her hour was approaching1 she sent one of her canons to the monastery of ,fosse1 in the diocese of ,lige1 to ask ,s4 ,ultan1 brother of ,,ss4 ,fursey and ,forillan1 when she must die4 ,the saint replied to the messenger1 ,to-morrow1 during the celebration of the holy ,mass1 ,gertrude1 the spouse of ,jesus ,christ1 will depart this life1 to enjoy that which is eternal4 ,tell her not to fear1 for ,s4 ,patrick1 accompanied by blessed angels1 will receive her soul into glory4 ,and it was so1 that after she had received extreme unction1 and the priest was reciting the prayers before the preface in the holy ,sacrifice1 on the morrow1 the second ,sunday in ,lent1 she breathed forth her pure soul4 ,her relics are preserved to this day at ,nivelles1 together with a goblet 7,patera ,nivigellensis71 in which the custom to drink to the honour of ,s4 ,gertrude 7,sinte ,geerts-,minne74 ,from the saint having established large hospices for the reception of pilgrims and travellers1 whom she entertained with great liberality1 arose the custom of travellers drinking a stirrup cup to her honour before starting on their journey4 ,she became the patroness of travellers4 ,then1 by a curious popular superstition1 she was supposed to harbour souls on their way to paradise4 ,it was said that this was a three days' journey4 ,the first night they lodged with ,s4 ,gertrude1 the second with ,s4 ,gabriel1 and the third was in ,paradise4 ,she1 therefore1 became the patroness and protector of departed souls4 ,next1 because popular ,teutonic superstition regarded mice and rats as symbols of souls1 the rat and mouse became characteristics of ,s4 ,gertrude1 and she is represented in art accompanied by one of these animals4 ,then1 by a strange transition1 when the significance of the symbol was lost1 she was supposed to be a protectress against rats and mice1 and the water of her well in the crypt at ,nivelles was distributed for the purpose of driving away these vermin4 ,in the chapel of ,s4 ,gertrude1 which anciently stood in the enclosure of the castle of ,moha1 near ,huy1 little cakes were distributed1 which were supposed to banish mice4 ,for long the right to distribute these cakes belonged to the ,jesuits2 after the suppression of that order1 the ,augustinians of ,huy usurped the right1 but it was resisted by the cur of ,moha1 who claimed the privilege as belonging to the parochial clergy4 ,the chapel was destroyed at the ,french ,revolution1 and with it the custom disappeared4 ,in order to explain the significance of the mouse in pictures of ,s4 ,gertrude1 when both of these meanings were abandoned1 it was related that she was wont to become so absorbed in prayer that a mouse would play about her1 and run up her pastoral staff1 without attracting her attention4 ,s4 ,,withburga1 ,v4 7,a4,d4 #gdc47 ,some ancient martyrologies1 others on ,july #hth4 ,authority3--,the ,ely ,chronicle1 and a ,life supposed to be by ,goscelin1 the historian of ,s4 ,werburga4 ,the royal race of the ,uffings of ,east ,anglia was remarkable for the crowd of saints which it produced4 ,king ,anna1 who married the sister of ,hilda1 the celebrated abbess of ,whitby1 became father of three daughters and a son4 ,the son became in his turn the father of three daughters1 two of whom were in succession abbesses of ,hackness in ,northumbria1 founded by their grand-aunt ,s4 ,hilda1 and the last1 ,eadburga1 became abbess of ,repton4 ,the three daughters of ,anna1--,etheldreda1 ,sexburga1 and ,withburga--are all counted among the saints4 ,withburga was sent into the country to be nursed1 and remained there till she heard1 while still quite young1 of her father's death on the battle-field4 ,she resolved immediately to seek a refuge for the rest of her life in claustral virginity4 ,she chose as her asylum a modest remnant of her father's lands at ,east ,dereham1 in ,norfolk1 and there built a little monastery4 ,but she was so poor that she1 her companions1 and the masons who built her future dwelling1 had to live on dry bread alone4 ,one day1 after she had prayed long to the blessed ,virgin1 she saw two does come out of the neighbouring forest to drink at a stream whose pure current watered the secluded spot4 ,their udders were heavy with milk1 and they permitted themselves to be milked by the virginal hands of ,withburga's companions1 returning every day to the same place1 and thus furnishing a sufficient supply for the nourishment of the little community and its workmen4 ,this lasted till the ranger of the royal domains1 a savage and wicked man1 who regarded with an evil eye the rising house of ,god1 undertook to hunt down the two helpful animals4 ,he pursued them with his dogs across the country1 but1 in attempting to leap a high hedge1 his horse was impaled on a post1 and the hunter broke his neck4 ,withburga ended her life in this poor and humble solitude2 but the fragrance of her gentle virtues spread far and wide4 ,the fame of her holiness went through all the surrounding country4 ,the veneration given to her by the people of ,norfolk was maintained with the pertinacity common to the ,anglo-,saxon race1 and went so far that1 two centuries after her death1 they armed themselves to defend her relics from the monks of ,ely1 who came1 by the king's command1 to unite them to those of her sisters at ,ely4 ,there still exists at ,east ,dereham a well bearing the name of ,s4 ,withburga4 ,it is fed by a spring rising in the very place where the saint's body was laid before its translation to ,ely4 ,s4 ,,paul1 ,m4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #gfj47 ,roman ,martyrology and ,greek ,menology4 ,authority3--,the ,acts of ,s4 ,stephen the junior 7,nov4 #bhth74 ,in the furious persecution waged by ,constantine ,copronymus against images and those who reverenced them1 ,paul1 a ,cypriot1 was brought before the governor of that island1 ,theophanes ,lardotyrus1 and was ordered to choose whether he would stamp on a crucifix laid before him1 or suffer torture on the rack4 ,in answer1 he stooped and kissed the image of his ,master1 saying1 ,far be it from me1 ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 only begotten ,son of ,god1 to trample on ,thy sacred representation4 ,he was at once stripped1 pressed between two boards1 his body torn with iron combs1 and then hung head downwards over a fire1 which was heaped about him1 till he was consumed4 ,illustration3 ,portion of a ,monstrance4 ,march #ah4 ,s4 ,,gabriel ,,the ,,archangel4 ,s4 ,,alexander1 ,m4,b4 of ,jerusalem1 ,a4,d4 #bej4 ,,ss4 ,,ten ,,thousand ,,martyrs1 at ,nicomedia1 #dth cent4 ,,ss4 ,,trophimus ,,and ,,eucarpus1 ,,mm4 at ,nicomedia1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cjj4 ,,ss4 ,,narcissus1 ,b4,m41 ,,and ,,felix1 ,d4,m4 at ,gerona1 beginning of #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,cyril1 ,patr4 of ,jerusalem1 ,a4,d4 #chi4 ,s4 ,,frigidian ,,or ,,finnian1 ,b4 of ,lucca1 ,a4,d4 #ehi4 ,s4 ,,tetricus1 ,b4 of ,langres1 ,a4,d4 #egb4 ,s4 ,,edward1 ,k4,m4 in ,england1 ,a4,d4 #igh4 ,s4 ,,anselm1 ,b4 of ,lucca1 ,a4,d4 #ajhf4 ,s4 ,,gabriel1 ,,archangel4 ,on this day is commemorated ,gabriel the ,archangel1 who was sent to announce to the ,blessed ,mary that she was to become the ,mother of ,god4 ,he is commemorated in the ,roman ,martyrology1 and in those of the ,camaldoli1 the ,trinitarians1 the ,franciscans1 the ,carmelites1 the ,augustinians1 the ,discalceate ,carmelites1 and the ,servites4 ,s4 ,,alexander1 ,m4 ,b4 ,,of ,,jerusalem4 7,a4,d4 #bej47 ,usuardus1 ,ado1 ,notker1 some editions of the ,martyrology of ,bede2 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,by the ,greeks on ,december #abth4 ,in the ,breviary of the ,knights of ,s4 ,john of ,jerusalem1 this festival is observed with nine lections4 ,his life is gathered from the ecclesiastical ,hist4 of ,eusebius4 ,alexander1 a ,cappadocian bishop1 having come to ,jerusalem to venerate the holy places1 was elected by revelation of ,god to take the see of ,jerusalem in place of ,narcissus1 who1 on account of his extreme old age1 was unable to execute the functions of his office4 ,in the persecution of ,decius1 when ,alexander was advanced in years1 with white hair1 he was conducted to ,csarea1 where he was imprisoned1 and died in his dungeon4 ,s4 ,,narcissus1 ,m4 ,b4 ,,of ,,gerona4 7,,beginning ,,of #d,,th ,,cent47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,the ,conversio of ,s4 ,afra1 which existed in the ninth century1 but of no historical value4 ,narcissus1 bishop of ,gerona1 being driven from his see in the persecution of ,diocletian1 wandered homeless as far as ,augsburg1 where finding that the ,christians were mightily oppressed1 and well nigh exterminated1 he and his deacon ,felix1 not knowing whither to take refuge1 received the hospitality offered them by a courtesan named ,afra4#fb ,and they not knowing who and what manner of woman she was that invited them into her house1 went in nothing doubting4 ,then ,afra marvelled what manner of men these were1 who ate little1 and spent their time in prayer4 ,and before they departed1 she believed and was baptized1 with all her house4 ,now when nine months had elapsed1 ,narcissus and his deacon1 finding the violence of persecution had abated1 returned into ,spain1 and recommenced their work of converting the heathen4 ,the success of ,narcissus so exasperated them that they waylaid him and assassinated him4 ,when king ,philip of ,france took ,gerona1 his soldiers pillaged the shrine of ,s4 ,narcissus1 whereupon a swarm of hornets issued from it and stung them4 ,consequently in art he is represented with hornets issuing from his tomb4 ,relics at ,gerona4 #fb ,in the ,life of ,s4 ,afra 7,aug4 #eth71 it will be shown that it is a late mistake to call her a courtesan4 ,s4 ,,cyril1 ,,patr4 ,,of ,,jerusalem4 7,a4,d4 #chi47 ,roman1 ,greek1 and ,syriac ,kalendars4 ,authorities3--,sozomen1 ,theodoret1 and his own writings4 ,cyril succeeded ,maximus in the patriarchal see of ,jerusalem1 about the year #cej4 ,the story that ,maximus was deposed1 and ,cyril substituted by ,acacius1 ,bishop of ,csarea1 is inconsistent with probabilities1 and with the testimony borne by the second general ,council to the canonical regularity of his consecration4 ,the other tale1 which ,jerome credited1 that ,cyril obtained the see from ,acacius on condition of disclaiming the ordination which ,maximus had bestowed1 is utterly incredible1 and probably sprang from the prejudices of a rigid party which mistrusted ,cyril4 ,the paschal season of #cea was marked at ,jerusalem by the luminous appearance of a cross1 which appeared in the sky over the city4 ,it produced a great impression1 and ,s4 ,cyril sent an account of it to ,constantius4#fc #fc ,the genuineness of this letter1 in which he mentions also the finding of the cross1 has been doubted4 ,one objection is that it contains the word consubstantial1 which at that period ,cyril would hardly have used4 ,but it is by no means improbable that this word was interpolated by copyists1 for the purpose of obtaining the authority of ,cyril for that term4 ,cyril1 a man of gentle spirit1 eminently a peace-maker1 was cast in times of great difficulty4 ,the ,arian party was in power1 through the favour of the emperor2 and a large number of prelates were semi-,arians2 not disbelieving in the divine nature of ,christ as consubstantial with the ,father1 but doubting the expedience of stating the doctrine in plain words which could not be misunderstood4 ,all who were timorous1 not thoroughly illumined with the ,holy ,spirit1 and wanting in that keenness of theological discrimination which makes doctors of the ,church1 hesitated and temporised4 ,it was inexpedient to take too harsh an attitude towards these weak brethren1 and drive them into the arms of the ,arians1 and this ,cyril felt4 ,firm in his own faith1 deprecating the injudicious fire of some ,catholics who were resolved at all costs to produce a rupture between those who walked in the clear light of ,catholic certainty1 and those who fluttered in the twilight1 he laboured with words of conciliation to avert such a catastrophe4 ,at the end of #ceg1 or the beginning of #ceh1 an important change took place at ,jerusalem4 ,for two years ,cyril had been forced into opposition to the demands of ,acacius4 ,he maintained for ,jerusalem1 as the mother ,church1 possessing an ,apostolic throne1 and marked out for honour in the ,nicene ,council1#fd an independence of ,csarea which ,acacius would not grant2 and he was also obnoxious to ,acacius on theological grounds1 as holding the orthodox doctrine4 #fd ,canon ,,vii4 ,since a custom and old tradition has obtained1 that the bishop of lia 7,jerusalem7 should receive honour1 let him hold the second place1 the metropolitan 7of ,csarea7 being secured in his own dignity4 ,acacius now summoned a small council of bishops of his own party1 which ,cyril declined to attend4 ,this was regarded as contumacy2 and he was gravely accused of having committed an offence in selling some of the church ornaments to provide food for the famine-stricken poor4 ,sozomen says that he sold ,church treasures and sacred veils4 ,theodoret mentions a vestment of cloth of gold presented by ,constantine to be worn by the bishop when baptizing4 ,such an accusation does ,cyril honour1 and ranks him with other illustrious prelates1 ,ambrose1 ,augustine1 ,exuperius1 ,gregory the ,great1 ,ethelwold of ,winchester1 who all in like manner sanctioned the principle that the law of love is the highest law of all4 ,it is worth remark that in this case1 as in that of ,s4 ,john ,chrysostom1 the alliance of a narrow formalism was found1 not with orthodoxy1 but with heresy4 ,by the synod convened by ,acacius1 ,cyril was condemned and expelled from ,jerusalem4 ,he appealed1 with more formality1 as it appears1 than had been usual in such cases1 to a higher court2 proceeded to ,antioch1 where he found that the patriarch ,leontius was dead1 and that no one had been appointed his successor2 and ultimately found a welcome at ,tarsus1 where ,silvanus1 the bishop1 one of the best of the semi-,arians1 received him1 in disregard of the remonstrances from ,acacius4 ,this circumstance brought ,cyril1 for the next few years1 into connection with the semi-,arian party2 and he illustrates the fact that it contained men of whom ,athanasius could say1 in his noble readiness to discern substantial unity under verbal difference1 ,we do not treat as enemies those who accept everything else that was defined at ,nica1 and scruple only about the word consubstantial2 for we do not attack them as raging ,arians1 nor as men who fight against the fathers1 but we discuss the matter with them as brothers with brothers1 who mean what we mean1 and differ only about the word4 ,considerable excitement had been caused in ,antioch in #cej by the ordination of ,aetius as deacon1 by the patriarch ,leontius4 ,this man1 the most odious of the extreme ,arians1 had gone through many changes of life1 as a vinedresser's slave1 a goldsmith1 a medical man1 a guest and pupil of ,arian bishops1 and a professor of that disputatious logic in which the heresy was at first embodied4 ,he was the first to affirm openly that the ,son was essentially unlike the ,father4 ,leontius intended his diaconate to be a means of propagating ,arianism4 ,but ,flavian and ,diodorus1 the pillars of ,catholicism in ,antioch1 had threatened formally to renounce his communion2 and he thought it best to depose ,aetius4 ,now ,leontius was dead1 and his throne was filled by ,eudoxius1 the intriguing and thoroughly irreligious bishop of ,germanicia4 ,he gained his promotion by fraud1 and the aid of court eunuchs2 and he openly patronized ,aetius1 whose views he had imbibed4 ,the state of confusion and discord had become intolerable1 and a ,general ,council was resolved upon4 ,consultations were held as to the best place2 and ,constantius the emperor lent his ear to the mischievous counsel of ,acacius and his party1 which recommended the breaking the single council into two1 in the hopes of being able thereby to divide and govern4 ,constantius agreed1 and ,ancyra and ,ariminum were named as the two places4 ,but ,ancyra was afterwards thought unsuitable1 and it was decided that one portion of the council should meet at ,seleucia instead of ,ancyra4 ,the ultra-,arian ,valens was governing in the ,west4 ,both councils met in #cei4 ,four hundred bishops of the ,west1 including some from ,britain1 assembled at ,ariminum4 ,about eighty were ,arians1 for the most part of the advanced school4 ,the ,easterns met at ,seleucia1 and numbered one hundred and sixty2 of these the great majority1 one hundred and five1 were semi-,arians1 and of the rest a party were shifty followers of ,acacius4 ,only one small party of ,egyptians were loyal to the faith of ,nica2 nevertheless the council of ,seleucia restored ,s4 ,cyril to his see1 annulled his deposition decreed by ,acacius1 and deposed ,acacius himself1 and ,eudoxius of ,antioch4 ,in the mean time trickery and violence had been at work at ,ariminum4 ,a creed approved by the ,arian emperor was sent to the bishops1 and they were most falsely assured on imperial authority1 that the council of ,seleucia had accepted it4 ,the bishops' patience began to give way4 ,they shrank from a winter on the shore of the ,adriatic2 they were utterly weary of so long a sojourn at ,ariminum1 and their weariness disposed them to concession4 ,bishop after bishop signed the imperial creed2 but about twenty held out1 headed by two ,gallicans1 ,phbadius and ,servatius4 ,taurus1 the emperor's officer1 appointed to keep order and enforce his object1 tried both menaces and tears4 ,at last1 by a miserable sophistry1 ,valens carried his point1 and won for ,arianism a scandalous victory1 whilst it exposed the untruthfulness which characterized the ,arian policy4 ,acacius had returned to ,constantinople with wrath in his heart1 resolved to ruin the semi-,arians and ,cyril4 ,he persuaded ,constantius to allow a council to be summoned to meet at ,constantinople next year1 ,january1 #cfj4 ,about fifty bishops were present4 ,acacius ruled the assembly2 ,aetius was made a scape-goat by the ,acacians for having too boldly given expression to the error which they sought to propagate insidiously4 ,the council then deposed the leading semi-,arians1 but not on doctrinal grounds4 ,cyril of ,jerusalem1 and ,silvanus of ,tarsus were deposed1 and with the emperor's power to back their decisions1 they were driven into banishment4 ,at the same time the unreality of their censure of ,aetius was shown by the enthronement of ,eudoxius1 who was his chief supporter1 at ,constantinople1 on ,jan4 #bgth4 ,on ,feb4 #aeth he dedicated the restored church of the ,eternal ,wisdom1 for the service of which ,constantius offered splendid vessels1 curtains1 altar-cloths1 blazing with gold and jewels4 ,in the midst of the ceremonial1 ,eudoxius began his sermon with these words1 ,the ,father is irreligious1 the ,son is religious4 ,a commotion followed2 the bishop bade the people calm themselves4 ,surely the ,father worships none1 and the ,son worships the ,father6 ,a burst of laughter followed this speech1 which became a good jest in the society of the capital4 ,this was the man ,acacius and his packed council had set up1 when they cast down ,cyril4 ,eudoxius was well fitted to hand on the old traditions of ,arian profanity4 ,the emperor ,constantius died1 ,nov4 #crd1 #cfa1 and ,julian having recalled the exiled bishops1 ,s4 ,cyril returned to his see4 ,the unhappy man who was now lord of the empire had been for some ten years a hypocrite in his ,christian profession4 ,no sooner was he proclaimed emperor1 than he openly professed himself a restorer of the old religion4 ,then it was that he washed off the laver of baptism by a hideous self-immersion in bull's blood1#fe and sought to cleanse his hands from the touch of the bloodless ,sacrifice by holding in them the entrails of victims4 ,he set up an image of ,fortune in the great church1 and while he was sacrificing there1 ,maris1 bishop of ,chalcedon1 now a blind old man1 was led up to him at his own request1 and rebuked his impiety4 ,will thy ,galilan ,god cure thy blindness8 asked ,julian4 ,i thank my ,god1 said ,maris1 for the blindness which saves me from seeing the face of an apostate4 #fe ,the ,rite of ,taurobolia1 ,prudent4 ,peristreph4 #aj4 ,the last of ,julian's attacks upon ,christianity was his attempt to rebuild the temple of ,jerusalem4 ,he did indeed wish to aid the ,jews in their desire of renewing the ,levitical sacrifices1 and to secure their attachment to his government in spite of its paganism2 but his main object was to confound the ,gospel by raising up the fabric which it had expressly doomed1 and thus reviving the system of which that fabric had been the symbol and centre4 ,the rapturous hopes of the ,jews were expressed in the scene which followed the imperial mandate1 when silver spades and mattocks were employed1 and earth was carried away from the excavations in the rich dresses of delicate women4 ,the faith of the ,christians was expressed by ,cyril's denunciations of the predestined failure4 ,full of confidence he proclaimed that the enterprise1 so far from succeeding1 would prove to all men the impossibility of resisting the decree of ,god4 ,great must have been his faith1 for every appearance was against him4 ,the heathen historian1 ,ammianus ,marcellinus1 tells us what ensued4 ,after all possible assistance had been given by the authorities1 fearful balls of fire breaking out near the foundations with repeated attacks1 scorched the workmen several times1 and rendered the place inaccessible2 and in this way1 after obstinate repulses by the fiery element1 the undertaking was brought to a stand4 ,various details are added by ,christian writers1 as of an earthquake1 a whirlwind1 fire from heaven1 a luminous cross in the air1 and marks of crosses on the garments of the ,jews4 ,it is possible that in these particulars there is an element of exaggeration1 and that in the fiery eruption itself1 natural agencies were employed4 ,but that those agencies should manifest themselves at that particular crisis will appear accidental1 as men speak1 to those only who do not estimate the exceeding awfulness of the occasion1--the unparalleled historical position of ,julian1 the mystery of iniquity in his general policy1 and the specially anti-,christian malignity of this attempt at a confutation of ,christ's words4 ,his shafts1 not at the ,church1 but at her ,lord addrest1 might well be cast back upon himself by a manifestation of the finger of ,god1 as real and awe-inspiring as any of those natural phenomena1 the presence of which under particular circumstances made them a sign of judgment against ,pharaoh4 ,julian promised1 in his vexation1 says ,orosius1 to revenge his failure on ,s4 ,cyril on his return from the ,persian war4 ,but this return never took place4 ,cyril was again exiled by the ,arian emperor ,valens1 in #cfg4 ,he returned in #cgh1 when the emperor ,gratian ordered the restoration of the ,catholics4 ,he found his diocese rent by schism1 corrupted by heresy4 ,adultery1 robbery1 and poisoning were general4 ,the council of ,antioch in #cgi1 informed of the deplorable condition of the diocese1 sent ,gregory of ,nyssa1 already charged with reforming the churches of ,arabia1 to assist him in pacifying spirits1 and repressing immorality2 but his labours were without result4 ,in #cha1 ,s4 ,cyril was present at the ,general ,council of ,constantinople1 and subscribed the condemnation of the semi-,arians and ,macedonians4 ,he died in #chf1 at the age of seventy4 ,s4 ,,frigidian ,,or ,,finnian1 ,b4 ,,of ,,lucca4 7,a4,d4 #ehi47 ,roman and ,irish ,martyrologies4 ,at ,lucca the feast of his translation is observed on ,nov4 #aith4 ,authorities3--,mention in life of ,s4 ,enda1 ,march #bast4 ,s4 ,finnian of ,moville is mentioned in the life of ,s4 ,enda as one of his disciples in ,aran1 the ,isle of ,saints4 ,this remarkable man was the son of ,ultach1 an ,irish king1 and was baptized without his father's consent4 ,he was first placed under the care of ,s4 ,colman of ,dromore1 who flourished about the year #eaj4 ,it is expressly mentioned in the life just referred to1 that it was from ,aran he set out on his pilgrimage to ,rome4 ,this was probably his first visit to the apostolic ,see4 ,being of an active temperament1 he there devoted himself with great ardour for several years to the study of the ecclesiastical and apostolic traditions4 ,he then returned to ,ireland1 carrying with him a rich store of relics of the saints given him by the pope1 and the penitential canons1 which in his biographer's time1 were still called ,the ,canons of ,s4 ,finnian4 ,he also brought to ,ireland the earliest copy of ,s4 ,jerome's translations of the ,gospels2 a treatise of such value in the estimation of his ecclesiastical contemporaries1 that the records of this period very frequently refer to them as ,s4 ,finnian's ,gospels4 ,in #edj1 he founded the great monastery of ,moville1 where ,s4 ,columba spent a portion of his youth4 ,after labouring with energy in ,ireland1 ,s4 ,finnian returned to ,italy1 where1 according to the best authorities1 he was made bishop of ,lucca1 in ,tuscany1 in which ,church he is venerated under the name of ,frigidian1 or ,fridian4 ,during the twenty-eight years that he governed the see of ,lucca1 he built twenty-eight churches2 the chief of these he dedicated to the three holy ,levites1 but it has since borne his name4 ,he is said to have carried a huge stone towards the erection of the church1 which none else could lift4 ,it is still preserved in the church as a monument of his strength and zeal4 ,s4 ,gregory the ,great relates a story of his miraculous power4 ,one day the river ,arno had overflowed the country1 devastating the fields4 ,the saint ran a plough down to the flood1 and it recoiled before the share4 ,the ,italian annals give #ehh as the year of his death2 the annals of ,ulster and ,tigernach #ehi4 ,s4 ,,tetricus1 ,b4 ,,of ,,langres4 7,a4,d4 #egb47 ,gallican ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,s4 ,gregory of ,tours 7#edb7 his kinsman4 ,s4 ,tetricus was the son of ,s4 ,gregory of ,langres1 whose life has been given on ,jan4 #dth4 ,his mother's name was ,armentaria4 ,by her ,s4 ,gregory had two sons1 ,tetricus1 who succeeded him in the see of ,langres1 and ,gregory1 the father of ,armentaria1 mother of ,s4 ,gregory of ,tours1 the historian1 who has recorded all that we know of the life of his great-uncle4 ,this is not much4 ,the choice of the clergy and people fell on ,tetricus as a successor to his father1 almost unanimously moved thereto by the hopes that he would inherit the virtues of ,s4 ,gregory4 ,nor were these hopes frustrated4 ,tetricus ruled with prudence1 and was a burning and a shining light in his diocese4 ,one ,sunday at ,dijon1 as the prelate was ministering in the ,church of ,s4 ,john1 ,chramn1 the rebel son of king ,clothaire1 entered it1 and besought that he might be allowed to consult the divine ,oracles on the future4 ,three books were accordingly placed on the altar1 the ,prophets1 the ,gospel1 and the ,epistles2 and the clergy prayed along with ,chramn that the future might be unfolded to him4 ,then he opened the book of the ,prophets1 and lighted on the words of ,isaiah1 v4 #d1 #e4 ,what could have been done more to my vineyard1 that ,i have not done in it8 ,wherefore1 when ,i looked that it should bring forth grapes1 brought it forth wild grapes8 ,and now1 go to2 ,i will tell you what ,i will do to my vineyard3 ,i will take away the hedge thereof1 and it shall be eaten up3 and break down the wall thereof1 and it shall be trodden down4 ,then the book of ,epistles was opened at the place1 ,when they say1 ,peace and safety2 then sudden destruction cometh upon them1 as travail upon a woman with child2 and they shall not escape1 #a ,thess4 v4 #c2 and the book of the ,gospels when interrogated gave the following answer1 ,matt4 vii4 #bf1 #bg1 ,a foolish man1 which built his house upon the sand3 and the rain descended1 and the floods came1 and the winds blew1 and beat upon that house1 and it fell3 and great was the fall of it4 ,chramn went away much dispirited4 ,shortly after1 hearing that his father was marching upon ,dijon1 he retired into ,aquitaine1 but being pursued by ,clothaire1 he fled into ,brittany to ,count ,conovre4 ,shortly after ,clothaire attacked them and defeated them in a battle in which the count fell4 ,he then took his son and shut him up in a cottage with his wife and children1 set fire to the place1 and burnt them all4 ,s4 ,,edward1 ,k4 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #igh47 ,anglican ,martyrologies1 also modern ,anglican ,kalendar4 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,the elevation of his body1 ,june #bjth2 his translation1 ,feb4 #ahth4 ,authorities3--,the ,chronicle of ,john of ,brompton1 ,osbern of ,canterbury1 ,william of ,malmesbury4 ,in the year #ige1 ,king ,edgar died1 and was buried at ,glastonbury4 ,he had been twice married4 ,his first wife was the beautiful ,ethelfleda1 who died shortly after the birth of her son ,edward4 ,after her death ,edgar married1 in #ifd1 ,elfrida1 daughter of ,ordgar1 earl of ,devonshire1 and she became the mother of two sons by him1 ,edmund1 who died young1 and ,ethelred4 ,as soon as king ,edgar was dead1 ,edward1 who was thirteen years old1 a good youth1 upright in all his dealings1 and fearing ,god1 was elected to the crown1 much to the discontent of ,elfrida1 who desired to see her son ,ethelred on the throne4 ,illustration3 ,,murder ,,of ,s4 ,,edward4 ,march #ah4 ,in the year #igi1 when ,edward was aged seventeen1 he was murdered4 ,now1 certainly he was not a martyr for the ,christian faith1 nor for right and truth in any shape2 but he was a good youth1 and was unjustly and cruelly killed1 so people looked on him as a saint1 and called him ,edward the ,martyr4 ,the ,anglo-,saxon ,chronicle greatly laments his death1 and says that a worse deed had never been done since the ,english came into ,britain4 ,it does not1 however1 say who killed him1 but only that he was killed at eventide1 at ,corfe ,castle4 ,henry of ,huntingdon says that king ,edward was killed by his own people2 ,florence of ,worcester1 that he was killed by his own people by order of his step-mother1 ,elfrida4 ,william of ,malmesbury1 in one part of his book1 says he was killed by earl ,elfhere1 but this is improbable1 as no reason for such an act appears4 ,but in recording his death1 ,malmesbury attributes the crime to ,elfrida1 and tells the story thus3-- ,when ,edward was elected1 ,elfrida hated him1 because she wished her own son1 ,ethelred1 to be king1 and she ever sought how she might slay ,edward4 ,now1 one day the young king was hunting in ,dorsetshire1 hard by the castle of ,corfe1 where ,elfrida and ,ethelred her son dwelt4 ,and the king was weary and thirsty1 so he turned away alone from his hunting1 and said1 ,now will ,i go to rest myself at ,corfe1 with my step-mother ,elfrida1 and my brother ,ethelred4 ,so king ,edward rode to the gate of the house1 and ,elfrida came out to meet him1 and kissed him4 ,and he said1 ,give me to drink1 for ,i am thirsty4 ,and ,elfrida commanded1 and they brought him a cup1 and he drank eagerly4 ,but while he drank1 ,elfrida made a sign to her servant1 and he stabbed the king with a dagger2 and when the king felt the wound1 he set spurs to his horse1 and tried to join his comrades1 who were hunting4 ,but he slipped from his horse1 and his leg caught in the stirrup1 so he was dragged along till he died1 and the track of his blood showed whither he had gone4 ,and ,elfrida bade that he should be buried in ,wareham1 but not in holy ground1 nor with any royal pomp4 ,but a light from heaven shone over his grave1 and wonders were wrought there4 ,but when the child ,ethelred heard of his brother's murder1 he began to cry and bewail him1 for ,edward had always been very kind to the little boy4 ,his mother1 stung by her conscience1 and angry with him for his lamentations1 rushed on the child to beat him1 and having no stick at hand1 she pulled a wax candle out of its socket1 and thrashed him with it4 ,but afterwards1 when she heard of the mighty works which were done at the grave of king ,edward1 how the sick were healed1 and the lame walked1 she resolved to go and see the miracles with her own eyes4 ,but when she mounted her horse to ride1 the horse would not stir4 ,so ,elfrida's hard heart was shaken1 and she became alarmed about her sin that she had committed1 and she retired into the convent of ,wherwell1 that she might repent in ashes the wickedness she had done4 ,the body was afterwards translated to the minster at ,shaftesbury 7,june #bjth74 ,s4 ,edward is usually drawn with a youthful countenance1 having the insignia of royalty1 with a cup in one hand and a dagger in the other4 ,sometimes he has a sceptre instead of the cup2 and at other times a falcon1 in allusion to his last hunt4 ,illustration3 ,image of ,saint 7or ,christ7 with scroll reading ,,beati ,,pauperes ,,spiritu4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,joseph1 ,,husband ,,of ,,the ,,blessed ,,virgin ,,mary4 ,from the ,vienna ,missal4 ,march #ai4 ,march #ai4 ,s4 ,,joseph1 ,husband of the ,b4 ,virgin ,mary1 before ,a4,d4 #cj4 ,,ss4 ,,quintus1 ,,quintillius1 ,,and ,,comp41 ,,mm4 at ,sorrento4 ,s4 ,,pancharius1 ,m4 at ,nicomedia1 #crd cent4 ,s4 ,,john1 ,ab4 at ,civita-di-,penne1 near ,spoleto1 #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,leontius1 ,b4 of ,saintes in ,france1 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,lactean1 ,ab4 in ,ireland1 ,a4,d4 #fbb4 ,,ss4 ,,landoald1 ,p4,c41 ,,amantius1 ,d41 ,,and ,,adrian1 ,m4 at ,wintershoven1 in ,belgium1 #hth cent4 ,s4 ,,alemund1 ,m4 at ,derby1 ,a4,d4 #hjj4 ,s4 ,,joseph4 7,,before ,a4,d4 #cj47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,his festival was ordered by pope ,sixtus ,,iv4 to be observed as a double2 ,gregory ,,xv4 recommended its general observance by the faithful1 and this recommendation was confirmed by ,urban ,,xiii41 by bull in #afdb4 ,all we know for certain concerning ,s4 ,joseph1 the husband of ,mary the mother of ,god1 is derived from the ,holy ,gospels4 ,to him was confided the most precious treasure ever entrusted to man1 the guardianship of ,mary and ,jesus1 of the ,mother and the ,son of ,god2 whence we may infer the great sanctity and merit of ,s4 ,joseph4 ,he was of the lineage of ,david1 and therefore of royal race1 but was poor1 and gained his livelihood as a carpenter4 ,according to ,s4 ,matthew his father's name was ,jacob1 according to ,s4 ,luke it was ,heli1 this discrepancy in the accounts is explained by the supposition that one of the genealogies represents the direct line of natural generation1 the other the legal descent of royal prerogative4 ,we are expressly told that he was a just man4 ,on perceiving that his virgin wife was with child1 he resolved secretly to put her away1 for having lived with her in the purest relations1 he knew that the child could be none of his2 and by secretly divorcing her1 he would spare her the scandal which would attach itself to her1 for the world would regard her offspring as his son1 and he alone would know that this was not the case4 ,but he was warned by ,god in a dream to believe in the innocence of his wife1 and was told that she was to become the mother of the ,son of ,god4 ,afterwards1 when ,herod sought the life of the young child1 he took ,him and ,his mother by night and fled with them into ,egypt1 till hearing that ,herod was dead1 in obedience to an angelic order1 he returned to ,palestine2 but finding that ,archelaus the son of ,herod was reigning in ,judea1 he thought it imprudent to enter his dominions1 and therefore settled at ,nazareth4 ,he and ,mary went once every year to ,jerusalem to offer their sacrifice in the temple1 in obedience to the requirements of the law1 and on one of these occasions ,jesus accompanied them4 ,the child ,jesus grew up under the care of ,joseph1 assisting him in his shop4 ,it is believed that ,joseph died before our ,lord began his ministry2 for we hear of him no more4 ,the girdle of ,s4 ,joseph is said to be preserved among the sacred treasures of the church of ,joinville1 in the diocese of ,langres4 ,s4 ,,pancharius1 ,m4 7#c,,rd ,,cent47 ,roman ,martyrology and ,greek ,mena4 ,authority3--,the account in the ,mena4 ,illustration3 ,,death ,,of ,s4 ,,joseph4 ,march #ai4 ,pancharius1 a young ,christian1 well-favoured1 and active1 having gained the favour of the emperor ,maximian1 became his secretary4 ,his mother and sister1 hearing this1 were filled with anxiety lest his soul should be imperilled4 ,they therefore wrote to him a letter urging him not to be ashamed of ,christ1 and to remember that it profits a man little to gain the whole world if he lose his own soul4 ,on reading this letter1 ,pancharius was moved1 and lifting up his voice he prayed to ,god1 ,have mercy upon me1 ,almighty ,god1 and bring not thy servant to confusion in the face of men and angels1 but according to thy great mercy1 spare me4 ,some one overheard this prayer1 and told the emperor that his favourite was a ,nazarene4 ,the emperor sent for him and asked him if this were true4 ,then the young man confessed that he was4 ,the emperor urged him to renounce his religion4 ,but as ,pancharius refused1 he ordered him to be scourged1 and sent to ,nicomedia to be tried and sentenced by the governor4 ,at ,nicomedia he was subjected to fresh interrogation1 but maintaining his constancy1 was condemned to execution by the sword4 ,s4 ,,john1 ,,ab4 ,,at ,,civita-,,di-,,penne4 7#d,,th ,,cent47 ,usuardus1 ,ado1 ,notker1 some copies of ,bede's ,martyrology1 and the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,an ancient life published by the ,bollandists1 but evidently founded on tradition4 ,the life of this saint shall be translated from the original1 as it deserves1 from its quaint simplicity and freshness4 ,it fell out in those days that as the blessed ,john was going forth from ,syria1 he prayed1 saying1 ',lord ,god of heaven and earth1 ,god of ,abraham1 ,isaac1 ,jacob1 and of our ,fathers1 who madest heaven and earth with all their adornments1 who by a word didst suspend the sea1 who didst close the abyss and sign above it gloriously1 whose mighty name all things revere1 and before the face of whose virtue all things quake2 ,i pray ,thee1 who art the true light1 illumine me hoping in thee1 and make my way prosperous before me1 in which ,i go1 and let this be to me for a sign that there ,i should rest1 when that person to whom ,i give my psalter shall not return it to me the self-same day4' ,and it came to pass that he came to ,italy1 and was near to the metropolitan city 7of ,spoleto7 and had gone about five miles into the ,angellan farm1 when he met with a certain handmaiden of ,god1 and he gave to her his psalter4 ,and afterwards he asked the handmaid for it again1 and she said1 ',servant of ,god1 whither goest thou8 ,tarry here1 and go thy way to-morrow4' ,and when they had long spoken1 she insisted that he should remain there that night2 so he remained4 ,and the blessed ,john remembered his prayer that he had made1 and he said in his heart1 ',verily this is what ,i besought of the ,lord2 here will ,i dwell4' ,so when the morning came1 having received his psalter again1 he went forth no more than four bow-shots4 ,and1 behold6 an angel of ,god appeared to him1 and went before him1 and when they came to the place1 the angel said to him1 ',sit down here1 servant of the most high ,god1 for the ,lord hath commanded thee to dwell here1' and so saying1 he led him under a tree and said1 ',here shalt thou have a great congregation1 and find rest4' ,then ,s4 ,john1 the ,confessor of ,christ1 sat down under the tree4 ,now it was the month of ,december1 and according to the custom of the month1 it froze hard1 and all the ground was stiff2 but the tree under which the blessed ,john reposed1 blossomed as the lily4 ,and at that time hunters went by1 and they found him sitting under the tree1 and they thought that he was a spy1 and they questioned him1 saying1 ',whence comest thou8' ,then the blessed ,john told them all1 and how he had come to ,italy4 ,so they marvelled greatly1 for they had never seen a habit like his4 ,but he said to them1 ',do not1 my sons1 do not harm me1 for ,i have come here in the service of ,jesus ,christ4' ,then they observing the tree1 that it shone as a lily1 knew that the ,lord was with him1 and they told all things to the bishop of ,spoleto4 ,and when bishop ,john heard this1 he was filled with great joy1 and he hasted1 and went to where the blessed ,john was praying4 ,and when they saw one another1 for joy they wept4 ,and all that were present gave glory to ,god4 ,now through the mercy of ,god many people were collected there1 and he built a monastery1 and he lived therein all the rest of the days of his life4 ,and he was there forty and four years1 and he fell asleep in peace1 and was buried with hymns and songs1 where he reposes to this day1 and there the blind receive their sight1 devils are expelled1 lepers are cleansed1 and the divine offices are there performed to the present day1 through the assistance of ,jesus ,christ1 our ,lord1 who liveth and reigneth1 through ages4 ,amen4 ,s4 ,,lactean1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,clon-,,fert4 7,a4,d4 #fbb47 ,irish ,martyrologies4 ,authority3--,a fragmentary life published by the ,bollandists1 based on tradition4 ,the legend of this saint comes under the same category as so many of the other ,irish legends4 ,it exists only in fragments1 and was written several hundreds of years after the death of ,s4 ,lactean1 from oral tradition4 ,it shall be given without any attempt at sifting truth from fable1 as a specimen of these ,irish biographies4 ,an angel appeared to ,s4 ,molua 7d4 about #fjh71 monk of ,banchor1 in ,ireland1 when he was wondering who would become his pupil1 and announced to him that after the lapse of fifteen years a child would be born1 who would become his disciple4 ,and for those fifteen years ,molua did not laugh1 being instant in expectation4 ,now there was a man in ,munster named ,torphur1 who had a wife named ,senecha1 and she was with child4 ,and before the child was born1 her breasts filled with milk4 ,an old man1 named ,mohemath1 passed by1 and he was blind4 ,then ,senecha struck his eyes with her milk1 and his eyes opened1 and he saw so plain that the city of ,rome1 bathed in clear light1 was visible instantly to his so long darkened orbs4 ,now when ,lactean was born1 ,mohemath was near at hand4 ,and the place was without water4 ,so ,mohemath took the finger of the new-born babe1 and with it signed a cross on the earth4 ,then instantly a fountain burst forth1 and therein ,lactean was baptized4 ,and when ,lactean was a month old1 he was taken to ,s4 ,alpheus1 to be rebaptized1 but when he saw the child full of the grace of ,god1 he knew that he had already been bathed in the laver of regeneration1 and1 therefore1 he refused to repeat the sacrament4 ,also there was in that country a grain1 which acted on whomsoever ate thereof as an emetic1 but the infant ,lactean was fed thereon1 and was none the worse1 for indeed nothing injured him4 ,now a grievous murrain broke out amongst the cattle of his father1 and they died4 ,but there was a white cow with a red face1 on whose milk ,lactean was nourished1 and this cow died4 ,then the child was carried in his mother's arms to the dead cow1 and it recovered1 and her milk was distributed amongst the other cows1 and they recovered of their disorder4 ,now when ,lactean was aged fifteen1 the angel ,muriel1 who was commissioned to be his guardian1 led him to ,banchor1 and ,s4 ,comgal gave him to be the pupil and companion of ,s4 ,molua1 who instructed him in letters and the reading of the ,divine ,scriptures4 ,afterwards ,lactean went to ,s4 ,mochuda1 and as he drew nigh1 he sent and asked ,mochuda for milk4 ,then ,mochuda filled a vessel with pure water1 and signed it1 and it became milk1 but ,lactean took it1 and signed it again1 and it was reconverted into water4 ,afterwards ,lactean founded the abbey of ,clonfert1 and he died in the odour of sanctity4 ,it is evident that his name was the occasion of so many milky legends attaching themselves to it4#ff #ff ,baine is the common ,irish for milk1 but there is a ,welsh word1 probably adopted from the ,latin1 ,llth1 which means milk4 ,colgan has confounded this ,s4 ,lactean with another of the same name1 a contemporary of ,s4 ,senan of ,iniscatthy1 from whom the church of ,lis-lachtin1 in ,kerry1 took its name1 and who died about the year #efj4 ,the ,s4 ,lactean of ,clonfert belonged to the house of ,corpre ,muse1 of ,muskerry1 ,cork1 and was a friend of ,s4 ,mochoemog 7,pulcherius71 abbot of ,achadur 7,aghour71 in ,kilkenny4 ,,ss4 ,,landoald1 ,p41 ,,amantius1 ,d41 ,,and ,,adrian1 ,m4 7#h,,th ,,cent47 ,belgian ,martyrologies4 ,s4 ,landoald is venerated especially at ,ghent4 ,also ,roman and ,gallican ,martyrologies4 ,the translation of ,s4 ,landoald is commemorated on ,dec4 #ast1 and the elevation on ,june #acth4 ,the original ,acts were lost in #ied1 and by order of ,notker1 ,b4 of ,liege1 new ones were compiled in #iha1 by one ,herdger1 abbot of ,lobie1 who died #ajjg4 ,s4 ,amandus having resigned the see of ,maestricht into the hands of ,s4 ,remacle1 to resume his first vocation of mission work in the ,low ,countries1 went to ,rome to obtain the approval of his design by pope ,martin4 ,the pope not only approved of it1 but gave him ,landoald1 a priest of the ,roman ,church1 of ,lombard family1 to accompany and assist him in his work4 ,s4 ,amandus was also joined by the deacon ,amantius4 ,they left ,rome1 and after visiting some of the monasteries of ,france1 arrived in the country between the ,meuse and the ,scheldt1 where ,s4 ,remacle met ,s4 ,amandus1 and persuaded him to allow him to keep ,landoald with him to assist him in the work of evangelising his diocese4 ,landoald had a large field for the exercise of his zeal in the diocese of ,maestricht1 only partially converted to the faith4 ,a rich man named ,aper gave him a piece of land at ,wintershoven1 on the river ,herck1 to the west of ,maestricht1 where he built a church1 which he dedicated to ,s4 ,peter1 in #fei4 ,landoald continued his labours under ,s4 ,theodard1 the successor of ,s4 ,remacle1 making ,wintershoven his head-quarters1 and sending from time to time one of his little community to ,maestricht to beg4 ,one of his disciples1 ,adrian by name1 was returning from his quest of alms1 when he was waylaid by some robbers1 and murdered4 ,s4 ,landoald did not long survive him1 and there is reason to believe that he died before ,s4 ,lambert succeeded1 in the see of ,maestricht1 to ,s4 ,theodard1 who was martyred in #ffh4 ,he was buried in the church of ,wintershoven1 but his body was taken up in #gce1 and transported into ,maestricht1 but from fear of the ,normans it was concealed1 and taken up again along with the bodies of ,s4 ,amantius and ,s4 ,adrian1 by ,euraculus1 bishop of ,lige1 but they were claimed by the monks of ,s4 ,bavo1 at ,ghent1 who were proprietors of ,wintershoven1 and the bodies were translated to ,ghent in #ihj4 ,s4 ,,alkmund1 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #hjj47 ,anglican ,martyrologies4 ,authorities3--,florence of ,worcester1 ,william of ,malmesbury1 ,simeon of ,durham1 and ,thurgot of ,durham4 ,a great discrepancy exists in the accounts given of this saint4 ,malmesbury is certainly not to be trusted in his relation1 and we must follow the account of ,simeon of ,durham4 ,ceolwulf1 king of ,northumbria1 abdicated in #gcg1 and was succeeded by ,egbert1 who was succeeded in #geh by his brother ,osulf1 who was killed in #gei1 leaving a son1 named ,ethelwald4 ,he was succeeded1 not by his son ,ethelwald1 but by another ,ethelwald1 surnamed ,moll1 who was banished in #gfe1 when ,alcred1 son of ,eanwin1 a descendant of ,ida1 came to the throne4 ,he was banished in #ggd1 and the crown rested on the head of ,ethelred1 son of ,ethelwald ,moll1 who was banished in #ggi1 and succeeded by ,ethelwald1 son of ,osulf4 ,but this ,ethelwald was killed in #ghh1 whereupon ,osred1 son of ,alcred1 came to the throne4 ,osred's younger brother was ,s4 ,alkmund1 the subject of this memoir4 ,but ,osred was deposed1 in #gij1 by ,ethelred1 son of ,ethelwald ,moll1 who had been exiled in #ggi1 and this king put ,osred to death in #gib2 and ,alkmund1 in #hjj1 was murdered by order of king ,eardulf1 who came to the throne in #gig1 after the assassination of ,ethelred in #gif4 ,alkmund had spent some years in banishment among the ,picts1 and was loved and revered for his spotless innocence and gentleness in a period of crime and violence4 ,harpsfield1 following ,radulph ,diceto1 says ,alkmund fell in battle against the ,west ,saxons1 which is certainly wrong4 ,he also makes ,alkmund the son of ,ethelred1 which is also a mistake2 and ,malmesbury calls his father ,alfred4 ,the name probably was ,alcfred4 ,s4 ,alkmund was buried at ,lilleshut1 in ,shropshire1 but his body was afterwards translated to ,derby1 and he is honoured as the patron of that town4 ,march #bj4 ,s4 ,,joachim1 ,father of the ,b4 ,virgin ,mary4 ,,ss4 ,,photina1 ,,joseph1 ,,victor1 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm41 #ast cent4 ,s4 ,,archippus1 ,companion of ,s4 ,paul1 #ast cent4 ,,ss4 ,,paul1 ,,cyril1 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm4 in ,syria4 ,,ss4 ,,alexandra1 ,,claudia1 ,,and ,,others1 ,,mm4 at ,amisa1 #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,urbicius1 ,b4 of ,metz1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #dbj4 ,s4 ,,martin1 ,archb4 of ,braga1 in ,portugal1 ,a4,d4 #ehj4 ,s4 ,,cuthbert1 ,b4 of ,lindisfarne1 ,a4,d4 #fhg4 ,s4 ,,herbert1 ,p4,h4 in an island of ,derwentwater1 ,a4,d4 #fhg4 ,s4 ,,wulfram1 ,b4 of ,sens1 ,a4,d4 #gda4 ,,ss4 ,,john1 ,,sergius1 ,,cosmas1 ,,and ,,companions1 ,monks ,,mm4 in the ,laura of ,s4 ,sabas1 near ,jerusalem1 ,a4,d4 #gig4 ,s4 ,,nicetas1 ,b4,m4 at ,apollonia1 #hth cent4 ,b4 ,,ambrose1 ,o4,p4 at ,sienna1 ,a4,d4 #abhg4 ,b4 ,,hippolytus ,,galantini1 ,founder of the ,institute of ,christian ,brothers1 at ,florence1 ,a4,d4 #afai4 ,s4 ,,joachim4 ,roman ,martyrology2 by the ,greeks on ,sept4 #ith4 ,the insertion of this name in the ,martyrologies is not earlier than the #afth century4 ,the ,roman ,breviary of #aebb1 pub4 at ,venice1 contained it with special office1 but this was expunged by pope ,pius ,v41 and in the ,breviary of #aegb1 neither name nor office are to be found4 ,nothing whatever is known of ,s4 ,joachim1 except what is related in the ,apocryphal ,gospels1 whence the name is derived4 ,it is probable1 however1 that the name was traditionally preserved1 and adopted by the author of the ,apocryphal ,gospels4 ,s4 ,,cuthbert1 ,b4 ,,of ,,lindisfarne4 7,a4,d4 #fhg47 ,martyrologies of ,bede1 ,usuardus1 ,ado1 ,rabanus ,maurus2 the ,anglican1 ,scottish1 and ,irish ,martyrologies2 the ,benedictine and the ,roman as well4 ,authorities3--,bede's ,life of ,s4 ,cuthbert1 another by a monk of ,lindisfarne1 written in the reign of ,egfrid 7d4 #gje74 ,the following life is extracted from ,montalembert's ,monks of the ,west4 ,of the parentage of ,cuthbert1 nothing for certain is known4 ,the ,kelts have claimed him as belonging to them1 at least by birth4 ,they made him out to have been the son of an ,irish princess1 reduced to slavery1 like ,bridget1 the holy patroness of ,ireland1 but who fell1 more miserably1 victim to the lust of her savage master4 ,his ,celtic origin would seem to be more conclusively proved by his attitude towards ,s4 ,wilfrid1 the introducer of ,roman uniformity into the north of ,england1 than by the tradition of the ,anglo-,saxon monks of ,durham4 ,his name is certainly ,saxon1 and not ,keltic4 ,but1 to tell the truth1 nothing is certainly known either of his place of birth1 or the rank of his family4 ,his first appearance in history is as a shepherd in ,lauderdale1 a valley watered by a river which flows into the ,tweed near ,melrose4 ,it was then a district annexed to the kingdom of ,northumbria1 which had just been delivered by the holy king ,oswald from the yoke of the ,mercians and ,britons4 ,as he is soon afterwards to be seen travelling on horseback1 lance in hand1 and accompanied by a squire1 it is not to be supposed that he was of poor extraction4 ,at the same time1 it was not the flocks of his father which he kept1 as did ,david in the plains of ,bethlehem2 it is expressly noted that the flocks confided to his care belonged to a master1 or to several masters4 ,his family must have been in the rank of those vassals to whom the great ,saxon lords gave the care and superintendence of their flocks upon the vast extent of pastures which1 under the name of folcland or common1 was left to their use1 and where the cowherds and shepherds lived day and night in the open air1 as is still done by the shepherds of ,hungary4 ,popular imagination in the north of ,england1 of which ,cuthbert was the hero before1 as well as after1 the ,norman ,conquest1 had thus full scope in respect to the obscure childhood of its favourite saint1 and delighted in weaving stories of his childish sports1 representing him as walking on his hands1 and turning somersaults with his little companions4 ,a more authentic testimony1 that of his contemporary1 ,bede1 informs us that our shepherd boy had not his equal among the children of his age1 for activity1 dexterity1 and boldness in the race and fight4 ,in all sports and athletic exercises he was the first to challenge his companions1 with the certainty of being the victor4 ,the description reads like that of a little ,anglo-,saxon of our own day--a scholar of ,eton or ,harrow4 ,at the same time1 a precocious piety showed itself in him1 even amid the exuberance of youth4 ,one night1 as he said his prayers1 while keeping the sheep of his master1 he saw the sky1 which had been very dark1 broken by a track of light1 upon which a cloud of angels descended from heaven1 returning afterwards with a resplendent soul1 which they had gone to meet on earth4 ,next morning he heard that ,aidan1 the holy bishop of ,lindisfarne1 the apostle of the district1 had died during the night4 ,this vision determined his monastic vocation4 ,some time afterwards we find him at the gates of the monastery of ,melrose1 the great ,keltic establishment for novices in ,northumbria4 ,he was then only fifteen1 yet1 nevertheless1 he arrived on horseback1 lance in hand1 attended by a squire1 for he had already begun his career in the battle-field1 and learned in the face of the enemy the first lessons of abstinence1 which he now meant to practise in the cloister4 ,he was received by two great doctors of the ,keltic ,church1--the abbot ,eata1 one of the twelve ,northumbrians first chosen by ,aidan1 and the prior ,boswell1 who conceived a special affection for the new-comer1 and undertook the charge of his monastic education4 ,five centuries later1 the copy of the ,gospels in which the master and pupil had read daily1 was still kissed with veneration in the cathedral of ,durham4 ,the robust and energetic youth very soon showed the rarest aptitude for monastic life1 not only for cenobitical exercises1 but1 above all1 for the missionary work1 which was the principal occupation of monks in that country and period4 ,he was not content merely to surpass all the other monks in his devotion to the four principal occupations of monastic life--study1 prayer1 vigil1 and manual labour--but speedily applied himself to the work of casting out from the hearts of the surrounding population the last vestiges of pagan superstition4 ,not a village was so distant1 not a mountain side so steep1 not a village so poor1 that it escaped his zeal4 ,he sometimes passed weeks1 and even months1 out of his monastery1 preaching to and confessing the rustic population of the mountains4 ,the roads were very bad1 or rather there were no roads2 only now and then was it possible to travel on horseback2 sometimes1 when his course lay along the coast of the district inhabited by the ,picts1 he would take the help of a boat4 ,but generally it was on foot that he had to penetrate into the glens and distant valleys1 crossing the heaths and vast table-lands1 uncultivated and uninhabited1 where a few shepherd's huts1 like that in which he himself had passed his childhood1 and which were in winter abandoned even by the rude inhabitants1 were thinly scattered4 ,but neither the intemperance of the seasons1 nor hunger1 nor thirst1 arrested the young and valiant missionary in his apostolic travels1 to seek the scattered population1 half ,celts1 and half ,anglo-,saxons1 who1 though already ,christian in name and by baptism1 retained an obstinate attachment to many of their ancient superstitions1 and who were quickly led back by any great calamity1 such as one of the great pestilences which were then so frequent1 to the use of magic1 amulets1 and other practices of idolatry4 ,the details which have been preserved of the wonders which often accompanied his wanderings1 show that his labours extended over all the hilly district between the two seas--from the ,solway to the ,forth4 ,they explain to us how the monks administered the consolations and the teaching of religion1 before the organization of parishes1 ordained by archbishop ,theodore1 had been everywhere introduced or regulated4 ,as soon as the arrival of one of these apostolic missionaries in a somewhat central locality was known1 all the population of the neighbourhood hastened to hear him1 endeavouring with fervour and simplicity to put in practice the instruction they received from him4 ,cuthbert1 especially1 was received among them with affectionate confidence2 his eloquence was so persuasive that it brought the most rebellious to his feet1 to hear their sins revealed to them1 and to accept the penance which he imposed upon them4 ,cuthbert prepared himself for preaching and the administration of the ,sacraments1 by extraordinary penances and austerities4 ,stone bathing-places1 in which he passed the entire night in prayer1 lying in the frozen water1 according to a custom common among the ,keltic saints1 are still shown in several different places4 ,when he was near the sea1 he went to the shore1 unknown to any one1 at night1 and plunging into the waves up to his neck1 sang his vigils there4 ,as soon as he came out of the water he resumed his prayers on the sand of the beach4 ,on one occasion1 one of his disciples1 who had followed him secretly in order to discover the aim of this nocturnal expedition1 saw two otters come up out of the water1 which1 while the saint prayed on his knees1 lick his frozen feet1 and wipe them with their hair1 until life and warmth returned to the benumbed members4 ,by one of those strange caprices of human frivolity which disconcert the historian1 this insignificant incident is the only recollection which now remains in the memory of the people4 ,s4 ,cuthbert is known to the peasant of ,northumberland and of the ,scottish borders only by the legend of those compassionate otters4 ,he had been some years at ,melrose1 when the abbot ,eata took him along with him to join the community of ,keltic monks established by king ,alchfrid at ,ripon4 ,cuthbert held the office of steward1 and in this office showed the same zeal as in his missions4 ,when travellers arrived through the snow1 famished and nearly fainting with cold1 he himself washed their feet and warmed them against his bosom1 then hastened to the oven to order bread to be made ready1 if there was not enough4 ,cuthbert returned with his countrymen to ,melrose1 resumed his life of missionary preaching1 and again met his friend and master1 the prior ,boswell1 at whose death1 in the great pestilence of #ffd1 ,cuthbert was elected abbot in his place4 ,he had been himself attacked by the disease2 and all the monks prayed earnestly that his life might be preserved to them4 ,when he knew that the community had spent the night in prayer for him1 though he felt no better1 he cried to himself1 with a double impulse of his habitual energy1 ,what am ,i doing in bed8 ,it is impossible that ,god should shut ,his ears to such men4 ,give me my staff and my shoes4 ,and getting up1 he immediately began to walk1 leaning upon his staff4 ,but this sudden cure left him subject to weakness1 which shortened his life4 ,however1 he had not long to remain at ,melrose4 ,the triumph of ,wilfrid and the ,roman ritual at the conference of ,whitby1 brought about a revolution in the monastic metropolis of ,northumbria1 and in the mother monastery of ,melrose1 at ,lindisfarne4 ,bishop ,colman had returned to ,iona1 carrying with him the bones of ,s4 ,aidan1 the first apostle of the country1 and followed by all the monks who would not consent to sacrifice their ,keltic tradition to ,roman unity4 ,it was of importance to preserve the holy island1 the special sanctuary of the country1 for the religious family of which its foundress had been a member4 ,abbot ,eata of ,melrose undertook this difficult mission4 ,he became abbot of ,lindisfarne1 and was invested with a kind of episcopal supremacy4 ,he took with him the young ,cuthbert1 who was not yet thirty1 but whom1 however1 he held alone capable of filling the important office of prior in the great insular community4 ,the struggle into which ,eata and ,cuthbert1 in their own persons1 had entered against ,wilfrid1 on the subject of ,roman rites1 did not point them out as the best men to introduce the novelties so passionately defended and insisted upon by the new bishop of ,northumbria4 ,notwithstanding1 everything goes to prove that the new abbot and prior of ,lindisfarne adopted without reserve the decisions of the assembly of ,whitby1 and took serious pains to introduce them into the great ,keltic community4 ,cuthbert1 in whom the physical energy of a robust organization was united to an unconquerable gentleness1 employed in this task all the resources of his mind and heart4 ,all the rebels had not left with bishop ,colman2 some monks still remained1 who held obstinately by their ancient customs4 ,cuthbert reasoned with them daily in the meetings of the chapter2 his desire was to overcome their objections by patience and moderation alone2 he bore their reproaches as long as that was possible1 and when his endurance was at an end1 raised the sitting without changing countenance or tone1 and resumed next morning the course of the debate1 without ever permitting himself to be moved to anger1 or allowing any thing to disturb the inestimable gift of kindness and light-heartedness which he had received from ,god4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,cuthbert reasoning with the monks4 ,illustration3 ,,death ,,of ,s4 ,,cuthbert4 ,march #bj4 ,but his great desire was the strict observance of the rule when once established2 and his historian boasts1 as one of his most remarkable victories1 the obligation he imposed for ever upon the monks of ,lindisfarne of wearing a simple and uniform dress1 in undyed wool1 and thus giving up the passionate liking of the ,anglo-,saxons for varied and brilliant colours4 ,during the twelve years which he passed at ,lindisfarne1 the life of ,cuthbert was identical with that which he had led at ,melrose4 ,within doors this life was spent in the severe practice of all the austerities of the cloister1 in manual labour1 united to the punctual celebration of divine worship1 and such fervour in prayer that he often slept only one night in the three or four1 passing the others in prayer1 and in singing the service alone while walking round the aisle to keep himself awake4 ,outside1 the same zeal for preaching1 the same solicitude for the salvation and well-being1 temporal as well as spiritual1 of the ,northumbrian people1 was apparent in him4 ,he carried to them the ,word of ,life2 he soothed their sufferings1 by curing miraculously a crowd of diseases which were beyond the power of the physicians4 ,but the valiant missionary specially assailed the diseases of the soul1 and made use of all the tenderness and all the ardour of his own spirit to reach them4 ,when he celebrated mass before the assembled crowd1 his visible emotion1 his inspired looks1 his trembling voice1 all contributed to penetrate and overpower the multitude4 ,the ,anglo-,saxon ,christians1 who came in crowds to open their hearts to him in the confessional1 were still more profoundly impressed4 ,though he was a bold and inflexible judge of impenitent vice1 he felt and expressed the tenderest compassion for the contrite sinner4 ,he was the first to weep over the sins which he pardoned in the name of ,god2 and he himself fulfilled the penances which he imposed as the conditions of absolution1 thus gaining by his humility the hearts which he longed to convert and cure4 ,but neither the life of a cenobite1 nor the labours of a missionary could satisfy the aspirations of his soul after perfection4 ,when he was not quite forty1 after holding his priorship at ,lindisfarne for twelve years1 he resolved to leave monastic life1 and to live as a hermit in a sterile and desert island1 visible from ,lindisfarne1 which lay in the centre of the ,archipelago1 south of the holy isle1 and almost opposite the fortified capital of the ,northumbrian kings at ,bamborough4 ,no one dared to live on this island1 which was called ,farne1 in consequence of its being supposed to be the haunt of demons4 ,cuthbert took possession of it as a soldier of ,christ1 victorious over the tyranny of evil1 and built there a palace worthy of himself1 hollowing out of the living rock a cell from which he could see nothing but the sky1 that he might not be disturbed in his contemplations4 ,the hide of an ox suspended before the entrance of his cavern1 and which he turned according to the direction of the wind1 afforded him a poor defence against the intemperance of that wild climate4 ,his holy historian tells us that he exercised sway over the elements and brute creation as a true monarch of the land which he had conquered for ,christ1 and with that sovereign empire over nature which sin alone has taken from us4 ,he lived on the produce of a little field of barley sown and cultivated by his own hands1 but so small that the inhabitants of the coast reported among themselves that he was fed by angels with bread made in ,paradise4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,cuthbert4 ,in ,his ,hermit's ,cell4 ,march #bj4 ,the legends of ,northumbria linger lovingly upon the solitary sojourn of their great national and popular saint in this basaltic isle4 ,they attribute to him the extraordinary gentleness and familiarity of a particular species of aquatic birds which came when called1 allowed themselves to be taken1 stroked1 caressed1 and whose down was of remarkable softness4 ,in ancient times they swarmed about this rock1 and they are still to be found there1 though much diminished in number since curious visitors have come to steal their nests and shoot the birds4 ,these sea fowl are found nowhere else in the ,british ,isles1 and are called the ,birds of ,s4 ,cuthbert4 ,it was he1 according to the narrative of a monk of the thirteenth century1 who inspired them with a hereditary trust in man by taking them as companions of his solitude1 and guaranteeing to them that they should never be disturbed in their homes4 ,it is he1 too1 according to the fishers of the surrounding islands1 who makes certain little shells of the genus ,entrochus1 which are only to be found on this coast1 and which have received the name of ,s4 ,cuthbert's ,beads4 ,they believe that he is still to be seen by night seated on a rock1 and using another as an anvil for his work4 ,the pious anchorite1 however1 in condemning himself to the trials of solitude1 had no intention of withdrawing from the cares of fraternal charity4 ,he continued to receive frequent visits1 in the first place from his neighbours and brethren at ,lindisfarne1 and in addition from all who came to consult him upon the state of their souls1 as well as to seek consolation from him in adversity4 ,the number of these pilgrims of sorrow was countless4 ,they came not only from the neighbouring shores1 but from the most distant provinces4 ,throughout all ,england the rumour spread1 that on a desert rock of the ,northumbrian coast there lived a solitary who was the friend of ,god1 and skilled in the healing of human suffering4 ,in this expectation no one was deceived2 no man carried back from the sea-beaten island the same burden of suffering1 temptation1 or remorse which he had taken there4 ,cuthbert had consolation for all troubles1 light for all the sorrowful mysteries of life1 counsel for all its perils1 a helping hand to all the hopeless1 a heart open to all who suffered4 ,he could draw from all terrestrial anguish a proof of the joys of heaven1 deduce the certainty of those joys from the terrible evanescence of both good and evil in this world1 and light up again in sick souls the fire of charity--the only defence1 he said1 against those ambushes of the old enemy which always take our hearts captive when they are emptied of divine and brotherly love4 ,to make his solitude more accessible to these visitors1 and above all to his brethren from ,lindisfarne1 he had built some distance from the cave which was his dwelling1 at a place where boats could land their passengers1 a kind of parlour and refectory for the use of his guests4 ,there he himself met1 conversed1 and ate with them1 especially when1 as he has himself told1 the monks came to celebrate with him such a great feast as ,christmas4 ,at such moments he went freely into all their conversations and discussions1 interrupting himself from time to time to remind them of the necessity of watchfulness and prayer4 ,the monks answered him1 ,nothing is more true2 but we have so many days of vigil1 of fasts and prayers4 ,let us at least to-day rejoice in the ,lord4 ,the ,venerable ,bede1 who has preserved to us the precious memory of this exchange of brotherly familiarity has not disdained to tell us also of the reproaches addressed by ,cuthbert to his brothers for not eating a fat goose which he had hung on the partition-wall of his guest's refectory1 in order that they might thoroughly fortify themselves before they embarked upon the stormy sea to return to their monastery4 ,this tender charity and courteous activity were united in him to treasures of humility4 ,he would not allow any one to suspect him of ranking the life of an anchorite above that of a member of a community4 ,it must not be supposed1 he said1 because ,i prefer to live out of reach of every secular care1 that my life is superior to that of others4 ,the life of good cenobites1 who obey their abbot in everything1 and whose time is divided between prayer1 work1 and fasting is much to be admired4 ,i know many among them whose souls are more pure1 and their graces more exalted than mine2 especially1 and in the first rank my dear old ,boswell1 who received and trained me at ,melrose in my youth4 ,thus passed1 in that dear solitude1 and among these friendly surroundings1 eight pleasant years1 the sweetest of his life1 and precisely those during which all ,northumberland was convulsed by the struggle between ,wilfrid and the new king ,egfrid4 ,then came the day upon which the king of the ,northumbrians1 accompanied by his principal nobles1 and almost all the community of ,lindisfarne1 landed upon the rock of ,fame1 to beg1 kneeling1 and with tears1 that ,cuthbert would accept the episcopal dignity to which he had just been promoted in the synod of ,twyford1 presided over by archbishop ,theodore4 ,he yielded only after a long resistance1 himself weeping when he did so4 ,it was1 however1 permitted to him to delay his consecration for six months1 till ,easter1 which left him still a winter in his dear solitude1 before he went to ,york1 where he was consecrated by the primate ,theodore1 assisted by six bishops4 ,he would not1 however1 accept the diocese of ,hexham1 to which he had been first appointed1 but persuaded his friend ,eata1 the bishop and abbot of ,lindisfarne1 to give up to him the monastic bishopric1 where he had already lived so long4 ,the diocese of ,lindisfarne spread far to the west1 much beyond ,hexham4 ,the ,britons of ,cumbria who had come to be tributaries of the ,northumbrian kings1 were thus included in it4 ,king ,egfrid's deed of gift1 in which he gives the district of ,cartmell1 with all the ,britons who dwell in it1 to bishop ,cuthbert1 still exists4 ,the ,roman city of ,carlisle1 transformed into an ,anglo-,saxon fortress1 was also under his sway1 with all the surrounding monasteries4 ,his new dignity made no difference in his character1 nor even in his mode of life4 ,he retained his old habits as a cenobite1 and even as a hermit4 ,in the midst of his episcopal pomp he remained always the monk and missionary of old4 ,his whole episcopate1 indeed1 seems to bear the character of a mission indefinitely prolonged4 ,he went over his vast diocese1 to administer confirmation to converts1 traversing a crowd more attentive and respectful than ever1 lavishing upon it all kinds of benefits1 alms1 clothing1 sermons1 miraculous cures--penetrating as of old into hamlets and distant corners1 climbing the hills and downs1 sleeping under a tent1 and sometimes indeed finding no other shelter than in the huts of branches1 brought from the nearest wood to the desert1 in which he had made the torrent of his eloquence and charity to gush forth4 ,here also we find illustrations1 as at all previous periods of his life1 of the most delightful feature of his good and holy soul4 ,in the obscure missionary of ,melrose1 in the already celebrated prior of ,lindisfarne1 and still more1 if that is possible1 in the powerful and venerated bishop1 the same heart1 overflowing with tenderness and compassion is always to be found4 ,the supernatural power given to him to cure the most cruel diseases was wonderful4 ,but in his frequent and friendly intercourse with the great ,anglo-,saxon earls1 the ealdormen1 as well as with the mixed populations of ,britons1 ,picts1 ,scots1 and ,english1 whom he gathered under his crosier1 the principal feature in the numerous and detailed narratives which remain to us1 and which gives to them a beauty as of youth1 always attractive1 is his intense and active sympathy for those human sorrows which in all ages are the same1 always so keen1 and capable of so little consolation4 ,the more familiar the details of these meetings between the heart of a saint and true priest1 and the simple and impetuous hearts of the first ,english ,christians1 the more attractive do they become1 and we cannot resist the inclination of presenting to our readers some incidents which shew at once the liveliness of domestic affections among those newly-baptized barbarians and their filial and familiar confidence in their master4 ,one of the ealdormen of king ,egfrid arrived one day in breathless haste at ,lindisfarne1 overwhelmed with grief1 his wife1 a woman as pious and generous as himself1 having been seized with a fit of violent madness4 ,but he was ashamed to disclose the nature of the attack1 it seemed to him a sort of chastisement from heaven1 disgracing a creature hitherto so chaste and honoured2 all that he said was that she was approaching death2 and he begged that a priest might be given him to carry to her the viaticum1 and that when she died he might be permitted to bury her in the holy isle4 ,cuthbert heard his story1 and said to him with much emotion1 ,this is my business2 no one but myself can go with you4 ,as they rode on their way together1 the husband wept1 and ,cuthbert1 looking at him and seeing the cheeks of the rough warrior wet with tears1 divined the whole2 and during all the rest of the journey consoled and encouraged him1 explaining to him that madness was not a punishment of crime1 but a trial which ,god inflicted sometimes upon the innocent4 ,besides1 he added1 when we arrive we shall find her cured2 she will come to meet us1 and will help me to dismount from my horse1 taking1 according to her custom1 the reins in her hand4 ,and so the event proved2 for1 says that historian1 the demon did not dare to await the coming of the ,holy ,ghost1 of which the man of ,god was full4 ,the noble lady1 delivered from her bondage1 rose as if from a profound sleep1 and stood on the threshold to greet the holy friend of the house1 seizing the reins of his horse1 and joyfully announcing her sudden cure4 ,on another occasion1 a certain count ,henma1 from whom he sought hospitality during one of his pastoral journeys1 received him on his knees1 thanking him for his visit1 but at the same time telling him that his wife was at the point of death1 and he himself in despair4 ,however1 said the count1 ,i firmly believe that were you to give her your blessing1 she would be restored to health1 or at least delivered by a speedy death from her long and cruel sufferings4 ,the saint immediately sent one of his priests1 without entering into the sick room himself1 to sprinkle her with water which he had blessed4 ,the patient was at once relieved2 and herself came to act as cupbearer to the prelate1 offering him1 in the name of all her family1 that cup of wine which1 under the name of the loving cup1 has continued since the time of the ,anglo-,saxons to form a part of all solemn public banquets4 ,a contagious disease at another time broke out in one part of his diocese1 to which ,cuthbert immediately betook himself4 ,after having visited and consoled all the remaining inhabitants of one village1 he turned to the priest who accompanied him1 and asked1 ,is there still any one sick in this poor place1 whom ,i can bless before ,i depart8 ,then1 says the priest1 who has preserved this story to us1 ,i showed him in the distance a poor woman bathed in tears1 one of whose sons was already dead1 and who held the other in her arms1 just about to render his last breath4 ,the bishop rushed to her1 and taking the dying child from its mother's arms1 kissed it first1 then blessed it1 and restored it to the mother1 saying to her1 as the ,son of ,god said to the widow of ,nain1 ',woman1 weep not2 have no more fear or sorrow2 your son is saved1 and no more victims to this pestilence shall perish here4' ,no saint of his time or country had more frequent or affectionate intercourse than ,cuthbert with the nuns1 whose numbers and influence were daily increasing among the ,anglo-,saxons1 and especially in ,northumberland4 ,the greater part of them lived together in the great monasteries1 such as ,whitby and ,coldingham1 but some1 especially those who were widows or of advanced age1 lived in their own houses or with their relatives4 ,such was a woman devoted to the service of ,god1 who had watched over ,cuthbert's childhood 7for he seems to have been early left an orphan71 while he kept his sheep on the hills near ,melrose1 from the eighth year of his age until his entrance into the convent at the age of fifteen4 ,he was tenderly grateful to her for her maternal care1 and when he became a missionary1 took advantage of every occasion furnished to him by his apostolic journeys to visit her whom he called his mother1 in the village where she lived4 ,on one occasion1 when he was with her1 a fire broke out in the village1 and the flames1 increased by a violent wind1 threatened all the neighbouring roofs4 ,fear nothing1 dear mother1 the young missionary said to her2 this fire will do you no harm2 and he began to pray4 ,suddenly the wind changed2 the village was saved1 and with it the thatched roof which sheltered the old age of her who had protected his infancy4 ,from the cottage of his foster-mother he went to the palaces of queens4 ,the noble queen of ,northumberland1 ,etheldreda1 the saint and virgin1 had a great friendship for ,cuthbert4 ,she overwhelmed him and his monastery with gifts from her possessions1 and wishing1 besides1 to offer him a personal token of her close affection1 she embroidered for him1 with her hands 7for she embroidered beautifully71 a stole and maniple covered with gold and precious stones4 ,she chose to give him such a present that he might wear this memorial of her only in the presence of ,god1 whom they both served1 and accordingly would be obliged to keep her always in mind at the holy sacrifice4 ,cuthbert was on still more intimate terms with the holy princesses1 who1 placed at the head of great communities of nuns1 and sometimes even of monks1 exercised so powerful an influence upon the ,anglo-,saxon race1 and particularly on ,northumbria4 ,while he was still at ,melrose1 the increasing fame of his sanctity and eloquence brought him often into the presence of the sister of king ,oswy1 who then reigned over the two ,northumbrian kingdoms4 ,this princess1 ,ebba1 was abbess of the double monastery of ,coldingham1 the farthest north of all the religious establishments of ,northumbria4 ,cuthbert was the guest for several days of the royal abbess1 but he did not intermit on this occasion his pious exercises1 nor1 above all1 his austerities and long prayers by night on the sea-shore4 ,to the end of his life he maintained a very intimate and constant friendship with another abbess of the blood-royal of ,northumbria1 ,elfleda1 niece of ,s4 ,oswald1 and of king ,oswy1 who1 though still quite young1 exercised an influence much greater than that of ,ebba upon the men and the events of her time4 ,she had the liveliest affection for the prior of ,lindisfarne1 and at the same time an absolute confidence in his sanctity4 ,when she was assailed by an alarming illness1 which fell into paralysis1 and found no remedy from physicians1 she cried1 ,ah6 had ,i but something which belonged to my dear ,cuthbert1 ,i am sure ,i should be cured4 ,a short time after1 her friend sent her a linen girdle1 which she hastened to put on1 and in three days she was healed4 ,shortly before his death1 and during his last pastoral visitation1 ,cuthbert went to see ,elfleda in the neighbourhood of the great monastery of ,whitby1 to consecrate a church which she had built there1 and to converse with her for the last time4 ,they dined together1 and during the meal1 seeing his knife drop from his trembling hand in the abstraction of supernatural thoughts1 she had a last opportunity of admiring his prophetic intuition1 and his constant care for the salvation of souls4 ,the fatigue of the holy bishop1 who said1 laughingly1 ,i cannot eat all day long1 you must give me a little rest--the eagerness and pious curiosity of the young abbess1 anxious to know and do everything1 who rushes up breathless during the ceremony of the dedication to ask from the bishop a memento for a monk whose death she had just heard of--all these details form a picture complete in its simplicity1 upon which the charmed mind can repose amid the savage habits and wild vicissitudes of the struggle1 then more violent than ever1 between the ,northumbrians and the ,picts1 the ,saxons and the ,kelts4 ,but the last of all his visits was for another abbess less illustrious and less powerful than the two princesses of the blood1 but also of high birth1 and not less dear to his heart1 if we may judge by the mark of affection which he gave her on his death-bed4 ,this was ,verca1 abbess of one of that long line of monasteries which traced the shores of the ,northern ,sea4 ,her convent was on the mouth of the ,tyne1 the river which divided the two ,northumbrian kingdoms4 ,she gave ,cuthbert a magnificent reception2 but the bishop was ill1 and after the mid-day meal1 which was usual in all the ,benedictine monasteries1 he became thirsty4 ,wine and beer were offered to him1 yet he would take nothing but water1 but this water1 after it had touched his lips1 seemed to the monks of ,tynemouth1 who drank the remainder1 the best wine they had ever tasted4 ,cuthbert1 who retained nothing of the robust health of his youth1 already suffered from the first attacks of the disease which carried him off4 ,his pious friend was no doubt struck by his feebleness1 for she offered him1 as the last pledge of spiritual union1 a piece of very fine linen to be his shroud4 ,two short years of the episcopate had sufficed to consume his strength4 ,after celebrating the feast of ,christmas1 in #fhf1 with the monks of ,lindisfarne1 the presentiment of approaching death determined him to abdicate1 and to return to his isle of ,farne1 there to prepare for the last struggle4 ,he lived but two months1 in the dear and pleasant solitude which was his supreme joy1 tempering its sweetness by redoubled austerities4 ,when his monks came to visit him in his isle1 which storms often made inaccessible for weeks together1 they found him thin1 tremulous1 and almost exhausted4 ,one of them1 who has given us a narrative of the end of his life1 revived him a little by giving him warm wine to drink1 then seating himself by the side of the worn-out bishop upon his bed of stone1 to sustain him1 received from his beloved lips the last confidences and last exhortations of the venerated master4 ,the visits of his monks were very sweet to him1 and he lavished upon them to the last moment proofs of his paternal tenderness and of his minute care for their spiritual and temporal well-being4 ,his last illness was long and painful4 ,he fixed beforehand the place of his burial1 near the oratory which he had hollowed in the rock1 and at the foot of a cross which he had himself planted4 ,i would fain repose1 said he1 in this spot1 where ,i have fought my little battle for the ,lord1 where ,i desire to finish my course1 and from whence ,i hope that my merciful ,judge will call me to the crown of righteousness4 ,you will bury me1 wrapped in the linen which ,i have kept for my shroud1 out of love for the abbess ,verca1 the friend of ,god1 who gave it to me4 ,he ended his holy life preaching peace1 humility1 and the love of that unity which he thought he had succeeded in establishing in the great ,anglo-,keltic sanctuary1 the new abbot of which1 ,herefrid1 begged of him a last message as a legacy to his community4 ,be unanimous in your counsels1 the dying bishop said to him in his faint voice2 live in good accord with the other servants of ,christ2 despise none of the faithful who ask your hospitality2 treat them with friendly familiarity1 not esteeming yourself better than others1 who have the same faith1 and often the same life4 ,but have no communion with those who withdraw from the unity of ,catholic peace1 either by the illegal celebration of ,easter1 or by practical ill-doing4 ,remember always1 if you must make a choice1 that ,i infinitely prefer that you should leave this place1 carrying my bones with you1 rather than that you should remain here bent under the yoke of wicked heresy4 ,learn1 and observe with diligence1 the ,catholic decrees of the fathers1 and also the rules of monastic life which ,god has deigned to give you by my hands4 ,i know that many have despised me in my life1 but after my death you will see that my doctrine has not been despicable4 ,this effort was the last4 ,he lost the power of speech1 received the last sacraments in silence1 and died raising his eyes and arms to heaven1 at the hour when it was usual to sing matins1 in the night of the #bjth of ,march1 #fhg4 ,one of his attendants immediately mounted to the summit of the rock1 where the lighthouse is now placed1 and gave to the monks of ,lindisfarne1 by waving a lighted torch1 the signal agreed upon to announce the death of the greatest saint who has given glory to that famous isle4 ,he was but fifty1 and had worn the monastic habit for thirty-five years4 ,among many friends1 he had one who was at once his oldest and most beloved1 a priest called ,herbert1 who lived as an anchorite in an island of ,lake ,derwentwater4 ,every year ,herbert came from his peaceful lake to visit his friend in the other island1 beaten and undermined continually by the great waves of the ,northern ,sea2 and upon that wild rock1 to the accompaniment of winds and waves1 they passed several days together1 in a tender solitude and intimacy1 talking of the life to come4 ,when ,cuthbert1 then a bishop1 came for the last time to ,carlisle1 ,herbert seized the opportunity1 and hastened to refresh himself at that fountain of eternal benefits which flowed for him from the holy and tender heart of his friend4 ,my brother1 the bishop said to him1 thou must ask me now all that thou wantest to know1 for we shall never meet again in this world4 ,at these words ,herbert fell at his feet in tears4 ,i conjure thee1 he cried1 do not leave me on this earth behind thee2 remember my faithful friendship1 and pray ,god that1 after having served ,him together in this world1 we may pass into ,his glory together4 ,cuthbert threw himself on his knees at his friend's side1 and after praying for some minutes1 said to him1 ,rise1 my brother1 and weep no more2 ,god has granted to us that which we have both asked from ,him4 ,and1 in fact1 though they never saw each other again here below1 they died on the same day and at the same hour2 the one in his isle bathed by the peaceful waters of a solitary lake1 the other upon his granite rock1 fringed by the ocean foam2 and their souls1 says ,bede1 reunited by that blessed death1 were carried together by the angels into the eternal kingdom4 ,this coincidence deeply touched the ,christians of ,northumbria1 and was long engraven in their memory4 ,seven centuries later1 in #acgd1 the bishop of ,carlisle appointed that a mass should be said on the anniversary of the two saints1 in the island where the ,cumbrian anchorite died1 and granted an indulgence of forty days to all who crossed the water to pray there in honour of the two friends4 ,after many translations1 the body of ,s4 ,cuthbert found repose in ,durham cathedral1 where it rested in a magnificent shrine till the reign of ,henry ,,viii41 when the royal commissioners visited the cathedral with the purpose of demolishing all shrines4 ,the following is a condensed account of this horrible profanation1 given by a writer of the period1 or shortly after#fg3-- #fg ,a description or briefe declaration of all ye auntient monuments1 c41 written in #aeic1 but this seems to have been written originally in ,latin somewhat earlier4 ,it has been several times republished1 lastly by ,sanderson1 in #agfg4 ,the sacred shrine of holy ,s4 ,cuthbert was defaced at the visitation held at ,durham1 by ,dr4 ,lee1 ,dr4 ,henly1 and ,mr4 ,blithman4 ,they found many valuable jewels4 ,after the spoil of his ornaments1 they approached near to his body1 expecting nothing but dust and ashes2 but perceiving the chest he lay in strongly bound with iron1 the goldsmith1 with a smith's great forge hammer1 broke it open1 when they found him lying whole1 uncorrupt1 with his face bare1 and his beard as of a fortnight's growth1 and all the vestments about him1 as he was accustomed to say mass4 ,when the goldsmith perceived he had broken one of his legs in breaking open the chest1 he was sore troubled at it1 and cried1 ',alas6 ,i have broken one of his legs'2 which ,dr4 ,henly hearing1 called to him1 and bade him cast down his bones4 ,the other answered1 he could not get them asunder1 for the sinews and skin held them so that they would not separate4 ,then ,dr4 ,lee stept up to see if it were so1 and turning about1 spake in ,latin to ,dr4 ,henly that he was entire1 though ,dr4 ,henly1 not believing his words1 called again to have his bones cast down4 ,dr4 ,lee answered1 ',if you will not believe me1 come up yourself and see him4' ,then ,dr4 ,henly stept up to him1 and handled him1 and found he lay whole2 then he commanded them to take him down1 and so it happened1 that not only his body was whole and uncorrupted1 but the vestments wherein his body lay1 and wherein he was accustomed to say mass1 were fresh1 safe1 and not consumed4 ,whereupon the visitors commanded him to be carried into the revestry1 till the king's pleasure concerning him was further known2 and upon the receipt thereof1 the prior and monks buried him in the ground under the place where his shrine was exalted4 ,harpsfield1 who flourished at the time1 and who was a most faithful and zealous ,catholic1 gives a similar account2 he1 however1 does not say that the leg bone was broken1 but that the flesh was wounded2 and that the body was entire except that the prominent part of the nose1 ,i know not why1 was wanting4 ,and he adds that1 a grave was made in the ground1 in that very spot previously occupied by his precious shrine1 and there the body was deposited4 ,and not only his body1 but even the vestments in which it was clothed1 were perfectly entire1 and free from all taint and decay4 ,there was upon his finger a ring of gold1 ornamented with a sapphire1 which ,i myself once saw and handled and kissed4 ,there were present1 among others1 when this sacred body was exposed to daylight1 ,doctor ,whithead1 the president of the monastery1 ,dr4 ,sparke1 ,dr4 ,tod1 and ,william ,wilam1 the keeper of the sacred shrine4 ,and thus it is abundantly manifest1 that the body of ,s4 ,cuthbert remained inviolate and uncontaminated eight hundred and forty years4 ,in ,may1 #ahbg1 the place which these and other authorities had indicated as that where the body of ,s4 ,cuthbert was buried1 was very carefully examined1 and the coffin and a body were exhumed4 ,the ,anglo-,saxon sculpture1 and everything about and within this coffin1 left no doubt that what was discovered was the ancient coffin1 the vestments1 and relics which had accompanied the body of ,s4 ,cuthbert4 ,but the body by no means agreed with the minute accounts of ,s4 ,cuthbert4 ,there was evidence that it had not been uncorrupt when buried1 and there was no trace of any injury done to the leg-bone4 ,hence it is difficult not to conclude that the garments and shrine were those of ,cuthbert1 but that the body was not his1 but was one which had been substituted for it4 ,and when we remember that the incorrupt body was left in the vestry under the charge of the prior and monks till the king's pleasure could be ascertained as to what was to be done with it1 there can be little doubt that they who so highly valued this sacred treasure substituted for it another body1 which they laid in the pontifical vestments of ,cuthbert1 which was buried as his in his coffin4 ,where the prior and monks concealed the holy relics1 if this conjecture prove true1 it is impossible to state4 ,that there is ground for this conjecture may be concluded from the existence of a tradition to this effect1 and it is said that the true place of the interment of the saint is only known to three members of the ,benedictine ,order1 who1 as each one dies1 choose a successor4 ,another line of tradition is said to descend through the ,vicars ,apostolic1 now ,roman ,catholic bishops of the district4 ,this is the belief to which reference is made in ,marmion4 ,the supposed place of interment indicated by the secular tradition1 7under the stairs of the bell-tower71 has been carefully examined4 ,no remains were found1 and it is evident that the ground had never been disturbed since the construction of the tower4#fh ,there can be no question as to the genuineness of all the articles found in the tomb1 for they exactly agree with accounts of the things contained in the shrine1 described by pre-reformation writers2 but the genuineness of the body is more than questionable4 ,mr4 ,raine1 who was present at the investigation1 and has written an account of it1 ,s4 ,cuthbert2 with an ,account of the ,state in which his ,remains were found upon the ,opening of his ,tomb in ,durham ,cathedral1 in the year #ahbg1 ,durham #ahbh1 endeavours to establish their identity by repudiating as absurd the account of the contemporary writers who assert that the body was uncorrupt1 and of the breaking of the leg-bone1 though he accepts all their other statements4 #fh ,this secular tradition was preserved in the following words3--,subter gradus saxeos 7secundum et tertium7 climacis ascendentis et ducentis erga turrim campanarum in templo cathedrali civitatis ,dunelmensis1 prope horologium grande quod locatur in angulo australi fani ejusdem1 sepultus jacet thesaurus pretiosus1 7corpus ,s4 ,cuthberti47 ,the earliest notice of such a tradition is in ,serenus ,cressy1 7#afhh71 ,church ,history1 p4 #ijb4 ,the next in two ,,mss4 in ,downside ,college by ,f4 ,mannock 7#agdj71 who states that he had heard it from ,f4 ,casse 7#agcj47 ,both these statements pointed to the removal of the body in the time of ,henry ,,viii4 ,the next notice of it is in #ahbh1 when ,f4 ,gregory ,robinson wrote to ,lingard1 7see ,lingard's ,remarks1 p4 #ej71 but in this account the removal was described as taking place in ,mary's time4 ,the secresy was partly broken when1 in #ahjj1 the sketch of the cathedral which exists in the archives of the ,northern 7,r4,c47 ,province was allowed to be seen4 ,lingard's tradition 7,anglo ,saxon ,church1 ii4 p4 #hj71 about the exchange of ,s4 ,cuthbert's body for another skeleton is unknown to the ,benedictines1 who assert that they possess the secret4 ,it is said that the ,benedictine tradition concerning the site does not agree with the secular4 ,what started the diggings in #ahfg1 under the stairs1 was that a hereditary ,roman ,catholic of ,gateshead became a ,protestant1 and gave up a small piece of paper on which was written the above secular tradition1 subter gradus1 c4 ,his father or grandfather had been servant to a ,vicar ,apostolic1 after whose death he had some of his clothes1 among which was a waistcoat1 inside which the above was secured4 ,it was ascertained that this was not a hoax1 and the late ,dean ,waddington invited some of the fathers from ,ushaw over1 and the head of the ,english ,benedictines to see the diggings4 ,it was supposed that the precious treasure was something else1 perhaps the ,black ,rood of ,scotland1 containing a portion of the true cross1 and that the words above in parenthesis1 7corpus ,sti4 ,cuthberti7 are a gloss4 ,however they dug1 but found nothing but concrete and rock4 ,s4 ,,wulfram1 ,b4 ,,of ,,sens4 7,a4,d4 #gda47 ,gallican and ,roman ,martyrologies4 ,also those of ,usuardus and ,wyon4 ,authority3--,a life written by a contemporary1 ,jonas1 a monk of the same abbey of ,fontenelle to which ,s4 ,wulfram retired1 of this there are several editions1 some much interpolated4 ,some of these additions are gross errors4 ,according to the life which ,surius publishes1 ,jonas dedicated it to his abbot ,bainus4 ,but ,bainus died seven years after ,wulfram had undertaken his mission4 ,possibly ,bainus is an error of the copyist for ,wando1 who translated the body of ,s4 ,wulfram in #gdb4 ,in the prologue1 moreover1 ,owen1 or ,ovus1 the lad whom ,s4 ,wulfram had resuscitated after he had been hung1 is quoted as the authority for much of what the bishop did in ,friesland1 ,owen being then priest in the abbey of ,fontenelle4 ,this indicates the date of the life as being about the time of the translation4 ,wulfram was born at ,milly1 three leagues from ,fontainebleau1 of a noble and wealthy family4 ,his father1 whose name was ,fulbert1 was held in great esteem by ,dagobert ,i4 and ,clovis ,,ii4 on account of the signal services he had rendered them in their wars4 ,although brought up1 and constantly engaged in the camp1 ,fulbert took care that his son should receive an excellent education in letters2 and as ,wulfram exhibited a marked partiality for the clerical over the secular life1 he suffered him to take holy orders4 ,wulfram was not1 however1 allowed to follow the bent of his wishes in every particular1 for notwithstanding his desire to live a quiet secluded life of study1 he was called in #fgj to serve ,god in the court of ,clothaire ,,iii4 and ,thierry ,,iii41 kings of the ,franks1 till the death of his father4 ,about the same time1 ,lambert1 bishop of ,sens1 having died1 ,wulfram was unanimously elected to fill his room1 by clergy and people1 and the royal consent having been obtained1 he was consecrated to the see of ,sens1 in #fic4 ,but the ,spirit breatheth where ,he wills1 and thou canst not tell whence ,he cometh and whither ,he goeth4 ,moved by a divine call which could not be gainsaid1 after having occupied the see for only two years and a half1 ,wulfram abdicted his charge in #fhe1 probably moved by religious scruples as to the canonicity of his appointment1 for ,s4 ,amus1 the rightful bishop of ,sens1 in the banishment to which he was sent by ,thierry ,,iii4 in #fgd1 had survived the appointment of ,lambert4 ,wulfram1 freed from his charge1 at once undertook a mission to ,friesland4 ,he conferred on his design with ,s4 ,ansbert1 then archbishop of ,rouen1 after having been abbot of ,s4 ,vandrille4#fi ,by his advice he retired for a while into that abbey of ,fontenelle to prepare for his apostolate to the ,frisians1 in solitude1 with prayer4 ,after awhile he came forth refreshed1 and having divested himself of his property at ,milly1 his native place1 which he gave to the abbey of ,s4 ,vandrille1 that he might go unimpeded into the battle2 and having obtained from the abbot1 ,hilbert1 some monks to accompany him and assist him in his mission1 he embarked at ,caudebec1 in #gjj1 spread the white sail to the breeze1 and flew out into the sea4 #fi ,anciently ,fontenelle4 ,to the ship's bow he ascended1 ,by his choristers attended1 ,round him were the tapers lighted1 ,and the sacred incense rose4 ,on the bow stood bishop ,wulfram1 ,in his robes1 as one transfigured1 ,and the crucifix he planted ,high amid the rain and mist4 ,then with holy water sprinkled ,all the ship2 the mass-bells tinkled2 ,loud the monks around him chanted1 ,loud he read the ,evangelist4#gj #gj ,longfellow's ,saga of king ,olaf4 ,but as the deacon was wiping the paten1 during mass1 it slipped from his fingers1 and glanced down through a green wave and was lost4 ,then he uttered a cry of dismay1 for they had no other paten with them in the vessel4 ,but ,wulfram turning himself about from the altar in the ship's-bows1 bade him thrust his hand over the side into the water4 ,and he did so1 nothing doubting1 and brought up the paten1 dripping with sea-water4 ,this paten was preserved in the monastery of ,s4 ,vandrille till the year #afba1 when it was stolen4 ,now when they had come into ,friesland1 ,wulfram went before the king1 ,radbod1 and preached boldly to him the ,word of ,god4 ,the king listened1 and allowed the missionaries to settle in the land1 and to declare the ,gospel of the ,kingdom to his subjects1 but he himself put off giving attention to what they taught till a more convenient season4 ,and as ,wulfram dwelt in the land1 and saw it wholly given up to the worship of false gods1 and to the performance of cruel sacrifices1 his spirit was stirred within him1 and he denounced the hideous offerings of children made to the false gods4 ,it was then the custom among the ,frisians to offer to ,wodin their sons1 by hanging them on gibbets4 ,this method of sacrifice was common to all the ,scandinavian and ,teutonic peoples4 ,one horrible instance is related1 for instance1 in one of the old ,norse ,sagas1 of a mother thus sacrificing her child to ,wodin to obtain from him the secret of brewing better ale than the second wife of her husband1 in order that she might thus be able to attach him to herself more closely4 ,wulfram preached in vain1 king ,radbod replied to all his remonstrances that it was the custom of the country1 and that he could not1 or would not alter it4 ,and this was the way in which the victims were chosen4 ,lots were cast on the children of the nobles1 and those who were taken1 were hung on a tree or gibbet1 to ,wodin1 or else were fastened to a post between tides1 and left to drown with the rising flood1 as an offering to ,ran1 the sea-goddess1 to stay her from bringing her waves over the low1 flat land1 and submerging it4 ,hearing that a child was about to be hung1 ,wulfram hasted to the spot1 but was unable to prevent the perpetration of the sacrifice4 ,then after the boy had been hanging two hours1 the rope broke1 and the bishop casting himself on the body1 cried to the ,lord1 and ,he heard his voice1 and the child revived1 and the bishop restored him to his parents4#ga ,and on another occasion1 he was present when two youths1 sons of a widow1 were being sacrificed to the sea4 ,he saw the poor lads waiting on the wet sand1 and shrieking with fear as the waves tumbled at every instant nearer to them1 whilst all the people looked on1 shouting to drown their cries1 upon the dyke4 ,then ,wulfram1 unable to endure the spectacle1 knelt down1 and covered his eyes1 and prayed4 ,and when he looked up1 he saw the sea was washing around the youths1 but had not touched them4 ,so he prayed more fervently1 and the people standing on the dyke shouted1 to drown the shrieks of the young men2 and ,wulfram looked1 and they were up to their chins in water1 battling with the angry waves4 ,then ,radbod called to the bishop and said1 ,see6 there be the youths1 go1 save them if thou canst4 ,then ,wulfram rose1 and made the sign of the cross1 and cast his mantle from him1 and went boldly down to the sea1 and walked thereon without fear1 trusting in the ,lord1 and he took the two children1 one by each hand1 and he came to the land leading them1 with foot unwet4 #ga ,the boy was afterwards sent to ,fontenelle1 and he is the authority for the events of ,s4 ,wulfram's mission in ,friesland4 ,then the people were filled with wonder1 and a great fear fell upon them1 and many renounced their false gods1 and came and submitted their necks to the sweet yoke of ,christ4 ,king ,radbod also1 convinced against his will1 consented to receive baptism4 ,but as he was stepping down into the water1 he suddenly halted1 with one foot in the stream1 and asked1 ,where are my ancestors1 are they in the heaven thou promisest to me8 ,be not deceived1 answered ,wulfram1 ,god knoweth the number of ,his elect4 ,thy ancestors have died without baptism1 therefore they have certainly received the sentence of damnation4 ,it was an injudicious answer4 ,it is by no means certain that those who have not had an opportunity of knowing the truth1 but have lived up to the light ,god has given them1 are eternally lost4 ,the result of this harsh answer was1 that ,radbod withdrew his foot from the water1 saying1 ,i will go to hell with my ancestors1 rather than be in heaven without them4 ,it is only just to remark that this story is not to be found in the most correct and ancient copies of the life by ,jonas of ,fontenelle4 ,after about twenty years of labour in ,friesland1 his health failed1 and he returned in haste to ,fontenelle1 to die amongst the brethren in the peace of a cloister4 ,he died on ,march #bjth1 in the year #gbj4 ,nine years after1 ,wando1 abbot of ,fontenelle1 took the body from its grave1 and translated to the church of ,s4 ,peter4 ,in #ajeh1 it was taken to ,notre ,dame at ,abbeville1 and this church in course of years1 assumed the name of ,s4 ,wulfram4 ,the sacred relics remain there1 enclosed in a rich shrine4 ,an annual procession is made on this day at ,abbeville with the shrine4 ,,ss4 ,,twenty ,,monks1 ,,mm4 ,,at ,s4 ,,sabas4 7,a4,d4 #gig47 ,commemorated by the ,greeks4 ,authority3--,the ,acts by ,s4 ,stephen of ,s4 ,sabas1 an eye-witness of what he relates4 ,the account in the ,greek ,menology is full of inaccuracies1 which proves that the compiler of it had not seen the ,acts1 but wrote his account from tradition4 ,the laura of ,s4 ,sabas between ,jerusalem and ,bethlehem stood in a situation exposed to hostile attack4 ,in the invasion of ,palestine by ,chosroes1 the monastery did not escape1 but yielded up sixty martyrs to ,god4 ,in #gig1 twenty more perished in an incursion of the ,arabs4 ,the account of this latter catastrophe1 written by ,stephen1 a monk of that monastery1 at the time1 and one of those who escaped1 is full of interest4 ,it is far too long to be inserted here4 ,we have only space for a brief outline of the events4 ,the ,arabs had been devastating the whole country for some time past1 and news of the ruin of the laura of ,s4 ,charito had reached the monks of the laura of ,s4 ,sabas4 ,a laura is a collection of separate cells1 of caves1 or huts1 the monks assembling only in the church2 whereas a monastery consists of one or more large buildings1 in which the monks live in community4 ,on hearing of the pillage of the laura of ,s4 ,charito1 the brethren assembled in the church to pray ,god to deliver them from a like infliction1 or should ,he deem expedient to send it upon them1 to strengthen them to meet it manfully4 ,as they were in prayer1 a brother who was on the look-out1 came running to tell that he saw a party of some sixty ,arabs1 armed with lances and bows1 galloping over a sand hill in the direction of the laura4 ,it was the #acth of ,march1 and the second hour of the morning4 ,then there went forth a deputation of the monks to meet the marauders1 and to beseech them to spare the defenceless brethren4 ,but they were greeted with shouts of derision1 and were driven before the arrows and stones of the robbers back into the church1 some of their number mortally wounded1 and in all1 thirty were wounded4 ,the physician ,thomas extracted the arrows and bound up their wounds1 as they were brought in4 ,but he had little space for attending to them1 before the ,arabs came into the laura1 and gathering thorns into bundles1 piled them about the cells and set fire to them4 ,they were preparing to do the same to the church1 when an alarm was given that succour to the monks was at hand1 and in an instant the ,arabs had vanished over the sand hills4 ,throughout the following week the monks were kept in incessant alarm and expectation of a renewed attack4 ,messengers came to them from the old ,laura1 to warn them that a band of ruffians had attacked it and was on its way to the ,laura of ,s4 ,sabas4 ,the news reached them on ,saturday night late1 as they were keeping the vigil of the ,lord's day in the ,church4 ,their terror and anxiety was greatly increased somewhat later1 when an old white-haired monk arrived from the monastery of ,s4 ,euthymius1 bearing a letter from the abbot1 to tell them that a second party of ,arabs was on its way to attack them4 ,a bright full moon was in the sky1 shining in at the church windows1 and by its light the frightened monks deciphered the epistle4 ,some fled over the desert1 vainly seeking hiding places2 some retired to their cells1 some remained praying in the ,church4 ,here occurs a great gap in the history1 a whole sheet of the ,,ms4 is lost1 and we next hear of the ,arabs driving the flying monks before them with bow1 and spear1 and club1 towards the church1 scouring the desert around and catching the runaways1 penetrating into the cells1 and dragging them forth4 ,john1 the guest-master1 was found among some rocks1 the barbarians pelted him with stones1 then ham-strung him1 and dragged him down the rocks by his feet to the church1 till1 mangled and bleeding1 he fainted4 ,sergius1 the sacristan1 had concealed the sacred vessels1 and had sought refuge in flight1 but was caught1 and because he refused to surrender the holy vessels1 was hacked to pieces by the barbarians4 ,a number of the monks had secreted themselves in a cave4 ,the ,arabs ran into it1 thrusting their swords and spears into every corner1 and one of the monks1 a young man1 named ,patricius1 resolved to sacrifice himself to save the others4 ,he1 therefore1 cried out that he would surrender1 and1 coming forth1 delivered himself up4 ,the robbers1 supposing he was the only one there concealed1 left the others unmolested4 ,he was one of those who were afterwards suffocated4 ,now there was a winding cave under the guest-house1 which was used for various purposes4 ,into this a number of monks were driven1 and they were threatened with death unless they would ransom their lives by surrendering the ,eucharistic vessels and vestments4 ,this they refused to do4 ,then the ,arabs bade them point out which were the heads of the community4 ,they replied1 with truth1 that the abbot was now absent1 he having gone away on some business a few weeks before4 ,then they insisted on the physician being indicated to them1 for they had an idea that he was possessed of money4 ,again the monks refused to declare which of them was physician4 ,then the ,arabs thrust them all into the cave1 and choking up the entrance with thorns and grass1 set fire to it4 ,and when there had been a blaze and smoke for some little while1 they shouted to the monks within to come forth2 so the unfortunate men came through the blaze and over the red coals1 and fell panting for breath on the ground4 ,their hair1 beards1 eyelashes1 and their garments were burnt1 and their faces were discoloured with smoke4 ,the ,arabs again bade them deliver up their superiors1 and as they again refused1 they drove them back through the flames into the cave1 and heaped on more fuel1 and kept up the blaze1 till all within had been suffocated4 ,then they dispersed themselves over the ,laura1 and entered every cell1 and took from them all that they wanted1 and laded the camels belonging to the monks with the spoil that they had found1 and departed4 ,and after many hours1 the brethren who had escaped came forth from their places of concealment1 and sought water and food to satisfy their appetites2 and they scattered the embers of the great fire1 and as the smoke rolled forth from the cavern1 and a pure air entered1 they lighted tapers and went in1 at the setting of the sun1 and found all the fathers therein dead1 with their faces to the ground1 and in various attitudes1 some as though creeping into a corner in quest of air4 ,and they made great lamentation over them1 and drew them forth and washed them1 and buried them with reverence4 ,s4 ,,ambrose ,,of ,,sienna1 ,o4 ,p4 7,a4,d4 #abhg47 ,at ,sienna on the ,saturday before ,passion ,sunday2 but by the ,dominican ,order on ,march #bbnd2 the ,roman ,martyrology on ,march #bjth1 the day of his death4 ,he was beatified by ,gregory ,,xv4 ,his ,acts were written by friars ,gisberti1 ,recuperato di ,petromala1 ,aldobrandini ,paparoni1 and ,olvado1 by order of ,honorius ,,iv41 the then reigning pope1 from documents transmitted to them within a month of the decease of ,s4 ,ambrose4 ,these originals also exist1 and have been printed along with the ,acts by the ,bollandists4 ,s4 ,ambrose was of the family of the ,sansedoni1 on his father's side1 and of the ,stribelini on that of his mother1 both illustrious in ,sienna4 ,he was deformed at his birth1 his legs and feet being twisted1 but as his nurse was hearing mass one holy-day1 in the church of the ,dominicans1 and was praying before some holy relics1 afterwards exposed to the veneration of the faithful1 the child suddenly pronounced the name of ,jesus thrice1 and lost at the same moment every trace of deformity4 ,as he grew up1 his play was connected with holy things4 ,till he was seven1 he amused himself with carving little crosses1 making little oratories1 imitating with other children the processions and psalmody of the ,church4 ,when he grew older1 he obtained his father's consent to his lodging pilgrims4 ,he furnished for the purpose a room in the house1 and went to the gate of the city every ,saturday to bring home with him the first five pilgrims whom he encountered4 ,he then washed their feet1 and ministered in every way to their comforts4 ,on the morrow he went with them to mass1 and guided them about the town to all the places of devotion4 ,every ,sunday evening after vespers he visited the hospital1 and every ,friday the prison4 ,he continued these holy exercises till he was seventeen1 when he entered the ,dominican order4 ,he made his full profession next year1 in #abch1 and was then sent to ,paris and to ,cologne to prosecute his studies4 ,at ,cologne he became the pupil of ,albertus ,magnus1 along with the great ,s4 ,thomas ,aquinas4 ,when his education was complete1 he taught theology in ,paris for two years1 and then preached in ,france1 ,germany1 and ,italy4 ,the people of ,sienna having taken part with ,mansfeld1 the bastard of ,frederick ,,ii41 who was in hostility with the pope1 were placed under an interdict4 ,ambrose undertook to reconcile them with the ,holy ,see1 and was so successful1 that the ,siennese have chosen him1 on account of this eminent service rendered them1 as the patron of their city4 ,during the forty-nine years of his monastic life1 he maintained the utmost self-discipline4 ,he never slept more than four hours every night4 ,after matins he remained for two hours in prayer in the choir1 and spent the rest of the night in study till prime4 ,he preached with singular fire and action4 ,in the ,lent of #abhf1 he broke a blood-vessel as he was preaching1 and was obliged to leave the pulpit4 ,the hmorrhage ceasing next day1 he insisted on resuming his sermon1 but the vessel burst again1 and he lost so much blood that he felt his hour was at hand4 ,he made his general confession1 and having received the last sacraments1 breathed forth his pure soul in the sixty-sixth year of his age1 on ,march #bjth1 #abhf4 ,march #ba4 ,,ss4 ,,serapion1 ,monk1 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm41 at ,alexandria4 ,,ss4 ,,martyrs ,,of ,,alexandria1 in the reign of ,constantine1 ,a4,d4 #cfg4 ,s4 ,,serapion1 ,b4 of ,thmuis1 #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,lupicinus1 ,ab4 of ,condate1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #dcj4 ,s4 ,,enda1 ,ab4 in ,aran-more1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #edj4 ,s4 ,,benedict1 ,ab4 of ,monte ,cassino1 ,a4,d4 #edc4 ,s4 ,,elias1 ,b4 of ,sion in the ,valais4 ,s4 ,,serapion1 ,b4 ,,of ,,thmuis4 7#d,,th ,,cent47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,in the ancient ,latin ,martyrologies is found the mention of ,s4 ,serapion1 ,monk and ,martyr1 and many ,companions at ,alexandria2 but ,baronius1 instead1 inserted in the ,modern ,roman ,martyrology another and wholly different ,serapion1 bishop of ,thmuis and ,confessor in one of the ,arian persecutions1 when ,s4 ,athanasius suffered their pursuit4 ,this ,serapion is mentioned by ,s4 ,athanasius4 ,serapion bishop of ,thmuis1 in ,egypt1 a friend of ,s4 ,antony the ,great1 and a champion of ,s4 ,athanasius1 wrote an epistle to the great defender of orthodoxy1 and another on the death of ,arius1 together with treatises on the titles of the ,psalms1 and on ,manichism4 ,he is said by ,s4 ,jerome to have suffered for his zeal in the orthodox cause1 under ,constantius1 when the ,arians were in power4 ,s4 ,,lupicinus1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,condate4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #dcj47 ,roman and ,benedictine ,martyrologies2 that of ,usuardus1 and that attributed to ,bede4 ,authority3--,a life by a contemporary1 a monk of ,condate1 ,ego adhuc puerulus1 he says4 ,this life is very curious from its barbarous ,latin1 teeming as it does with words and phrases adopted from the ,burgundian language4 ,also a life of ,,ss4 ,romanus and ,lupicinus by ,s4 ,gregory of ,tours1 written in the #eth cent41 see ,feb4 #bhth4 ,lupicinus and his younger brother ,romanus1 seeking solitude1 climbed the rocks among the pines of the ,jura1 and established themselves in the wilderness of ,joux1 living on wild fruits and plants4 ,they were both young2 and they soon found that it was impossible for them to maintain life on the scanty food yielded by the mountains4 ,they therefore descended to the plains1 and entered the cottage of a poor woman1 and told her how they had tried to serve ,god in the midst of the rocks1 but had found such a life insupportable4 ,the woman sharply rebuked them for having put their hand to the plough1 and then turned back1 and they filled with shame1 turned their faces once more to the mountains1 and penetrated its recesses4 ,and then many came to them from all quarters1 and the grain and herbs they had sown and planted sprang up1 and they cut down trees1 and built the monastery of ,condate4#gb ,but soon the place was too strait for them1 and a colony went forth1 and founded ,lauconne1 also in the ,jura1 and another was established at ,romainmoutier4 ,lupicinus was abbot1 and all obeyed him4 ,he is said by ,s4 ,gregory of ,tours to have been very austere and stern in the maintenance of discipline1 so that from his harshness some brethren fled1 but the contemporary writer gives a very different picture of him4 ,a story of his severity1 with which the mildness of his brother contrasts pleasingly1 has been related in the life of ,s4 ,romanus 7,feb4 #bhth74 #gb ,afterwards ,s4 ,ouyan1 and then ,s4 ,claude1 after the bishop of ,besancon1 who reformed it in #fce4 ,but if he could be harsh at times1 at others he overflowed with gentleness4 ,he wore a rough garment made of the skins of beasts stitched together1 and wooden shoes1 or rather sandals4#gc ,when others retired to rest after singing vespers1 he retreated to his oratory1 however cold the weather1 meditating and dozing till the midnight office2 in the quaint ,latin of his biographer it is said that he entered the oratory mditaturus potius quam repausaturus 7to meditate rather than to repose47 #gc ,lignea sola1 qu vulgo soccos monasteria vocitant ,gallicana1 continuato est usu4 ,a pretty story is told of the tender care of the abbot ,lupicinus for a monk whose exaggerated fasting had brought him to such a pass that it was thought he could not live many days4 ,this man1 who was younger than ,lupicinus1 not content with the strict rule of the house1 refused to eat and drink till after vespers1 and then he would touch nothing but the crumbs which the brethren had let fall on the floor1 which he collected in his palm1 and moistened with a little water4 ,the result was that he was struck down as with paralysis1 and lay unable to move on his pallet1 ghastly1 and scarce breathing4 ,this monk was so set on maintaining his self-imposed rule that the abbot doubted for some while how to treat him4 ,at last when all the brethren were at work one bright spring day1 he remained behind1 and going to the monk's side1 said1 ,come1 my brother1 and let me carry you on my back into the little garden2 you have long been shut in here in this dull cell1 unable to set foot on the ground1 and glad your eyes with the fresh green grass4 ,so he set him on his back1 and carried him into the garden1 and spread some sheepskins on the herb1 and lay the emaciated brother on it1 and then lay down beside him as though he were also suffering from exhaustion and rheumatism4 ,after a while he began to rub his arms and legs1 and say1 ,good ,god6 how comforted ,i am by this4#gd ,brother1 come1 let me rub your back and legs and arms also1 it makes them feel so much better4 ,and when he had done this for a while1 the brother1 who lay half torpid1 began to stretch himself a bit1 and spread out his legs in the sun4 #gd ,deus bone1 qualiter comfortatus1 qualiter sum reparatus ad horam4 ,seeing this1 the abbot ran to the kitchen1 and got some bits of broken bread1 and then went into the cellar and sopped them in the best wine1 and after that poured a little oil upon them1 and came back into the garden1 holding out what he had got1 exclaiming1 ,look6 sweetest brother1 away with your self-imposed severity1 and doubt not it has been too hard for you1 follow my example1 and obey my advice1 and then he gave him half of what he had prepared1 eating the rest himself1 to encourage the monk4 ,so having rubbed him a little more1 and sung a hymn1 and said a prayer1 he took him up on his back once more1 and carried him back to his cell again4 ,next day he did precisely the same1 and so on till the monk was able to totter into the garden1 leaning upon him1 and then he amused him and occupied him by making him pick berries4 ,and thus1 by degrees1 he restored to his vigour a man who was thought to be on the brink of the grave4 ,he lived many years longer4 ,there were two monks who1 tired of the discipline1 or offended at being set to work that displeased them1 resolved to go away4 ,they met in the oratory at night1 going thither under pretence of keeping vigil1 and one said to the other1 ,you take spade and axe1 and ,i will carry off the coverlets1 and so we shall do well where we are going4 ,now in a dark corner was the abbot praying1 and he heard them1 and he cried out1 ,how1 my children1 is this6 ,will ye1 going away1 and disturb our peace8 ,then the two monks fell down dismayed at his feet1 but he extending his hands1 put one under each of their chins1 and stooping gently1 kissed them1 said no one word of reproach1 but betook himself to the arms of prayer to ,god4 ,then the two monks stole back1 penitent and humbled1 to their beds1 and one remained at ,condate till he died1 twenty years after2 but the second after a while ran away1 but returned again to ,lupicinus1 sorrowful for what he had done1 and resolved to continue with him through the rest of his life4 ,when ,lupicinus was old1 he sought king ,chilperic who governed ,burgundy1 and who was then in ,geneva4#ge #ge ,the ,burgundian king ,gondecar had a brother and a son1 both named ,chilperic1 who reigned at ,geneva4 ,the son reigned only one year after his father2 he was killed by ,gondebald in #dgg4 ,s4 ,romanus died in #dfj4 ,it is probable that his elder brother died before him1 and that ,lupicinus visited the elder ,chilperic4 ,i have therefore supposed that he died about #dcj4 ,the ,bollandists supposing that it was the younger ,chilperic he visited1 have fixed his death at #dhj4 ,he went to him to plead the cause of some poor natives of the ,sequanaise1 who had been reduced into slavery by a subordinate potentate4 ,this petty tyrant was one of those degenerate ,romans1 courtiers and oppressors1 who1 by flattering the new-born authority of the barbarian kings1 found means of trampling on and spoiling their inferiors4 ,he was perhaps one of those senators of ,gaul whom the ,burgundians had admitted in #def to a share of the conquered soil1 and ,lupicinus1 although of ,gallo-,roman origin1 seems to have been less favourably disposed towards the ,roman government than that of the ,barbarians4 ,gregory of ,tours has recorded a tradition which well depicts the impression made on the popular imagination by this apparition of the monks confronted with the triumphant ,barbarians4 ,he relates that when ,lupicinus crossed the threshold of the palace of ,chilperic1 the throne upon which the king was seated trembled1 as if there had been an earthquake4 ,reassured at the sight of the old man clothed in skins1 the ,burgundian prince listened to the curious debate which arose between the oppressor and the advocate of the oppressed4 ,it is then thou1 said the courtier to the abbot1 it is thou1 old impostor1 who hast already insulted the ,roman power for ten years1 by announcing that all this region1 and its chiefs1 were hastening to their ruin4 ,yes1 truly1 answered the monk1 pointing to the king1 who listened1 ,yes1 perverse traitor1 the ruin which ,i predicted to thee and to thy fellows1 there it is4 ,seest thou not1 degenerate man1 that thy rights are destroyed by thy sins1 and that the prayers of the innocent are granted8 ,seest thou not that the fasces and the ,roman purple are compelled to bow before a foreign judge8 ,take heed that some unexpected guest does not come before a new tribunal to claim thy lands and thy domains4 ,the king of the ,burgundians not only justified the abbot by restoring his clients to liberty1 but overwhelmed him with presents1 and offered him fields1 and vineyards for his abbey4 ,lupicinus would only accept a portion of the produce of these fields and vineyards1 fearing that the sentiment of too vast a property might make his monks proud4 ,then the king decreed that they should be allowed every year three hundred measures of corn1 three hundred measures of wine1 and a hundred gold pieces for vestments2 and the treasury of the ,merovingian kings continued to pay these dues long after the fall of the kingdom of the ,burgundians4 ,the old abbot was true to his profession of self-mortification to the last4 ,as he lay a dying he asked for a drink of water4 ,one of the brethren sweetened it1 by pouring in a spoonful of honey4 ,but the dying man1 when he tasted the sweetness1 turned his head away1 and refused to drink4 ,s4 ,,enda1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,aran-,,more4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #edj47 ,irish ,martyrologies4 ,authority3--,a fragment of the ,life by ,augustine ,mac,crodin1 published by ,colgan1 written about #acij4 ,the following account of the home of ,s4 ,enda1 and sketch of his life1 is taken from the ,bishop of ,ardagh's charming ,visit to ,aran-more1 ,brown and ,nolan1 ,dublin1 #ahgj4 ,s4 ,enda1 whose name in ,irish is written ,einne and ,ende1 and in ,latin1 ,endeus and ,anna1 was born in ,louth about the middle of the fifth century1 and was the only son of ,conall1 king of ,oriel1 whose territories included the modern counties of ,louth1 ,monaghan1 ,armagh1 and ,fermanagh4 ,three of his sisters1 ,fanchea1 ,lochinia1 and ,carecha1 were nuns1 and ,darenia1 the fourth sister1 was wife of ,engus1 king of ,cashel1 whose death is placed by the ,four ,masters in the year #dhi4 ,on the death of his father1 the youthful ,enda was chosen to succeed him as head of the men of ,oriel4 ,the warlike spirit of the times took strong hold of the young prince's heart1 and we find him at an early period of his life captivated by the love of glory1 and eager to show by his military prowess that he was worthy of the royal race from which he had sprung1 and of the throne which he filled4 ,his holy sister1 ,fanchea1 was incessant in her exertions to win for ,god her brother's heart1 which1 with all its defects1 she knew to be chivalrous and pure4 ,for a time her words of warning and entreaty remained without result2 but the season of grace came soon4 ,enda had asked from his sister in marriage one of the royal maidens who were receiving their education in the convent which she ruled4 ,fanchea communicated his request to the maiden3 ,make thou thy choice1 whether wilt thou love ,him whom ,i love1 or this earthly bridegroom8 ,whom thou lovest1 was the girl's sweet reply1 ,him also will ,i love4 ,she died soon after1 and gave her soul to ,god1 the ,spouse whom she had chosen4 ,the holy virgin1 says the ancient life1 covered the face of the dead girl with a veil1 and going again to ,enda1 said to him3 ,young man1 come and see the maiden whom thou lovest4 ,then ,enda with the virgin entered the chamber where was the dead girl1 and the holy virgin uncovering the face of the lifeless maiden1 said to him3 ,now look upon the face of her whom thou didst love4 ,and ,enda cried out3 ,alas6 she is fair no longer1 but ghastly white4 ,so also shalt thy face be1 replied the holy virgin4 ,and then ,s4 ,fanchea discoursed to him of the pains of hell1 and of the joys of heaven1 until the young man's tears began to flow4 ,o6 the wondrous mercy of ,god in the conversion of this man to the true faith6 for even as ,he changed the haughty ,saul into the humble ,paul1 so out of this worldly prince did he make a spiritual and a holy teacher and pastor of ,his people4 ,for having heard the words of the holy virgin1 despising the vanities of the world1 he took the monk's habit and tonsure1 and what the tonsure signified1 he fulfilled by his actions4 ,after having founded a monastery in his native place1 ,s4 ,enda is said to have proceeded to ,rosnat or ,abba1 in ,britain1 where he remained for some time under the spiritual direction of ,s4 ,mansenus or ,manchan4 ,thence1 according to the above-mentioned life1 he went to ,rome1 where attentively studying the examples of the saints1 and preparing himself in everything for the order of priesthood1 having at length been ordained priest1 he was pleasing to the most high ,god4 ,he built a monastery called ,ltinum or the ,place of ,joy2 and rightly so called1 adds the life1 because therein the command of loving ,god and our neighbour was most faithfully carried out4 ,returning to ,ireland1 he landed at ,drogheda1 and built several churches on either side of the river ,boyne4 ,he then proceeded southwards to visit his brother-in-law1 ,engus1 king of ,munster1 from whom he asked the island of ,aran1 that he might dwell thereon4 ,the king was first unwilling to comply with his request2 not because he was ungenerous1 but because he had learned from ,s4 ,patrick not to offer to the ,lord his ,god any lands save such as were good and fertile1 and easy of access4 ,but ,s4 ,enda declared that ,aran was to be the place of his resurrection2 and at length the king made an offering of the island to ,god and to ,s4 ,enda1 asking in return the blessing of the saint4 ,having thus obtained possession of what he rightly deemed a place of singular retirement1 and well suited for the rigours of a penitential life1 ,s4 ,enda returned to his brethren1 and conducted them in safety to the island1 which was then inhabited by ,pagans from the adjacent coast of ,clare4 ,he divided the island into ten parts1 and built thereon ten monasteries1 each under the rule of its proper superior4 ,he chose a place for his own residence on the eastern coast1 and there erected a monastery1 the name and site of which is preserved to this day in the little village of ,kil-eany 7,kill-,enda71 about a mile from ,kilronan4 ,one half of the island was assigned to this monastery4 ,then began the blessed days1 when the sweet odour of penance ascended to heaven from the angelic band of monks1 who1 under the severe rule of ,s4 ,enda1 made ,aran a burning light of sanctity for centuries in ,western ,europe4 ,the virginal saint from ,aran ,island1 as ,marianus ,o',gorman styles ,s4 ,enda1 was to them a model of all the virtues of the religious life1 but1 above all1 he excelled in the exercise of penitential mortifications4 ,s4 ,cuimin of ,connor tells us that3-- ,enda loved glorious mortification ,in ,aran--triumphant virtue6 ,a narrow dungeon of flinty stone1 ,to bring the people to heaven4 ,aran1 says ,froude1#gf is no better than a wild rock4 ,it is strewed over with the ruins1 which may still be seen1 of the old hermitages2 and at their best they could have been but such places as sheep would huddle under in a storm1 and shiver in the cold and wet which would pierce through the chinks of the walls4444 ,yes2 there on that wet soil1 with that dripping roof above them1 was the chosen home of these poor men4 ,through winter frost1 through rain and storm1 through summer sunshine1 generation after generation of them1 there they lived and prayed1 and at last lay down and died4 #gf ,short ,studies1 vol4 #b1 page #baf4 ,these miracles of penance were the first and immediate results of ,s4 ,enda's work in ,aran4 ,it was in his life that these holy men had daily before them the personal realization of all they were striving after2 he taught them to cherish the flinty dungeon and the dripping cave for love of the hard manger and the harder cross2 he bade them dwell amid the discomforts and dreariness of their island home1 because in the tabernacles of sinners the blessed majesty of ,god was daily outraged by the crimes of men4 ,we cannot1 indeed1 describe the details of his life1 for they have been hidden from human view1 as it is becoming that such secrets of the ,heavenly ,king should be hidden4 ,but there yet survives the voice of one of those who lived with him in ,aran1 and in the ideal of an abbot which ,s4 ,carthage sets before us1 we undoubtedly find re-produced the traits which distinguished the abbot of ,aran-more1 from whom ,s4 ,carthage first learned to serve ,god in the religious life4 ,s4 ,enda was his first model of the patience1 humility1 prayer1 fast1 and cheerful abstinence2 of the steadiness1 modesty1 calmness that are due from a leader of religious men1 whose office it is to teach in all truth1 unity1 forgiveness1 purity1 rectitude in all that is moral2 whose chief works are the constant preaching of the ,gospel for the instruction of all persons1 and the sacrifice of the ,body of the great ,lord upon the holy altar4#gg #gg ,rule of ,s4 ,carthage1 ,irish ,ecclesiastical ,record1 vol4 #a1 p4 #aag4 ,the fame of ,s4 ,enda's austere holiness1 and of the angelical life which so many were leading in ,aran under his guidance1 soon spread far and wide throughout the land4 ,soon1 the ,galway fishermen1 whom ,s4 ,enda had blessed1 found day after day their corachs crowded with strangers--religious men1 of meek eye and gentle face--seeking to cross over to the island4 ,and thus ,aran gradually came to be1 as the writer of the life of ,s4 ,kieran of ,clonmacnoise describes it1 the home of a multitude of holy men1 and the sanctuary where repose the relics of countless saints1 whose names are known only to the ,almighty ,god4 ,great indeed is that island1 exclaims another ancient writer1 and it is the land of the saints1 for no one1 save ,god alone1 knows how many holy men lie buried therein4#gh #gh ,magna est illa insula1 et est terra sanctorum2 quia nemo scit numerum sanctorum qui sepulti sunt ibi1 nisi solus ,deus4 ,vita ,s4 ,albei4 ,colgan1 ,acta ,,ss4 ,but1 although it is not possible to learn the names of all the saints who were formed to holiness by ,s4 ,enda in ,aran1 the ancient records have preserved the names of a few at least out of that blessed multitude4 ,the history of these men is the history of ,s4 ,enda's work on ,aran4 ,first among ,s4 ,enda's disciples must be ranked ,s4 ,kieran1 the founder of ,clonmacnoise1 who came to ,aran in his youth1 and for seven years lived faithfully in the service of ,god1 under the direction of ,s4 ,enda4 ,during these seven years1 says the ancient life of our saint1 ,kieran so diligently discharged the duties of grinding the corn1 that grain in quantity sufficient to make a heap never was found in the granary of the island4 ,upon these humble labours the light of the future greatness of the founder of ,clonmacnoise was allowed to shine in visions calling him elsewhere1 but he could not bring himself to sever the happy ties that bound him to his abbot4 ,he still longed to be under his guidance1 and when recommending himself to the prayers of his brethren1 he said to ,s4 ,enda1 in the presence of all1 ,o father1 take me and my charge under thy protection1 that all my disciples may be thine likewise4 ,not so1 answered ,enda1 for it is not the will of ,god that you should all live under my care in this scanty island4 ,and when they had thus spoken1 a cross was set up in the place1 in sign of the brotherhood they had contracted between themselves1 and those who were to come after them2 and they said3 whosoever in after times shall break the loving bond of this our brotherhood1 shall not have share in our love on earth1 nor in our company in heaven4 ,the love which ,s4 ,enda bore towards his holy pupil1 for his many and wonderful virtues1 made their parting singularly painful to them both4 ,for a time the holy abbot felt as if the angels of ,god were leaving ,aran with ,kieran1 and he could find no relief for his anguish but in prayer4 ,the sternness of religious discipline had not crushed but chastened the tenderness of an affectionate disposition in ,s4 ,enda4 ,the entire community of the island shared the sorrow that had come on their venerable abbot4 ,when the moment of departure was at hand1 and the boat that was to bear him from ,aran was spreading its sails to the breeze1 ,kieran came slowly down to the shore1 walking between ,s4 ,enda and ,s4 ,finnian1 and followed by the entire brotherhood4 ,his tears flowed fast as he moved along1 and those who accompanied him mingled their tears with his4 ,peter de ,blois1 when leaving the abbey of ,croyland to return to his own country1 stayed his steps seven times to look back and contemplate once again the place where he had been so happy2 so1 too1 did ,kieran's gaze linger with tenderness upon the dark hills of ,aran and on the oratories where he had learned to love ,god1 and to feel how good and joyous a thing it is to dwell with brethren whose hearts are at one with each other in ,god4 ,and when the shore was reached1 again he knelt to ask his father's blessing1 and1 entering the boat1 was carried away from the ,aran that he was never to see again4 ,the monastic group stayed for a while on the rocks to follow with longing eyes the bark that was bearing from them him they loved2 and when at length1 bending their steps homewards1 they had gone some distance from the shore1 ,s4 ,enda's tears once more began to flow4 ,o my brethren1 cried he1 good reason have ,i to weep1 for this day has our island lost the flower and strength of religious observance4 ,what was loss to ,aran1 however1 was gain to ,clonmacnoise1 and through ,clonmacnoise to the entire ,irish ,church4 ,next among the saints of ,aran comes ,s4 ,brendan4 ,s4 ,finnian of ,moville 7,march #ahth7 is also mentioned in the ancient life of our saint as one of ,s4 ,enda's disciples at ,aran4 ,the ,irish life of ,s4 ,columbkille makes mention of the sojourn of that great saint on ,aran4 ,the deep love of ,s4 ,columba for ,aran1 the sorrow with which he quitted its shores for ,iona1 are expressed in a poem1 written by him on his departure4 ,aran1 the ,rome of the pilgrims4 ,aran thou sun--,o6 ,aran thou sun6 ,my affection lies with thee westward2 ,alike to be under her pure earth interred1 ,as under the earth of ,peter and ,paul4 ,the ancient life of ,s4 ,enda also reckons among the inhabitants of ,aran ,s4 ,finnian the elder1 the founder of the great school of ,clonard2 ,s4 ,jarlath1 the founder of the see of ,tuam2 ,s4 ,mac ,creiche1 of the race of the men of ,corcomroe1 who were in possession of ,aran when ,s4 ,enda first went thither4 ,the ,martyrology of ,donegal makes mention of ,s4 ,guigneus2 the ,martyrology of ngus adds ,s4 ,papeus1 ,s4 ,kevin of ,glendaloch1 ,s4 ,carthage of ,lismore1 ,s4 ,lonan ,kerr1 ,s4 ,nechanus1 and ,s4 ,libeus1 brother of ,s4 ,enda4 ,in the midst of this holy brotherhood ,s4 ,enda died in #edj or #edb4 ,the sight of ,aran peopled by this host of saints forcibly recalls to mind that other island1 where1 in an age of wild and fierce passions1 the arts of peace1 religious learning1 and the highest ,christian virtues1 found a sanctuary4 ,at the beginning of the sixth century1 ,aran may1 with truth1 be styled the ,lerins of the ,northern seas4 ,true1 its bare flags and cold grey landscape contrast sadly with the gushing streams1 the green meadows1 the luxuriant wealth of vines1 the fair valleys1 and the fragrant scents which1 according to ,s4 ,eucherius1 made ,lerins the paradise of those who dwelt thereon4#gi ,however1 its very wildness did but make it richer in those attractions so well described by ,s4 ,ambrose1 which made the outlying islands so dear to the religious men of that time4#hj ,they loved those islands1 which1 as a necklace of perils1 ,god has set upon the bosom of the sea1 and in which those who would fly from the irregular pleasures of the world1 may find a refuge wherein to practise austerity and save themselves from the snares of this life4 ,in it these faithful and pious men find incentives to devotion4 ,the mysterious sound of the billows calls for the answering sound of sacred psalmody2 and the peaceful voices of holy men1 mingled with the gentle murmur of the waves breaking softly on the shore rise in unison to the heavens4 #gi ,s4 ,eucherius ,de laude ,eremi1 #ddb4 #hj ,hexaemeron1 lib4 #c1 c4 #e4 ,on a summer's day in the year #ahgj1 says the ,bishop of ,ardagh1 we set sail to visit the remote ,aran1 which the virtues of ,s4 ,enda had changed from a ,pagan isle into ,aran of the ,saints4 ,and as the faint breeze bore us slowly over the waters that lay almost motionless in the summer calm1 we gazed with admiration upon a scene which was but little changed since ,s4 ,enda and his pilgrim band had first looked upon it4 ,before us there lay stretched out the same expanse of sea1 fringed on one side by the dark plains of ,iar-,connaught1 along which the eye travelled from the white cliffs of ,barna to where the ,connemara mountains1 in soft blue masses1 stood out in fantastic clusters against the sky4 ,on the other side ran the ,clare coastline1 now retreating before the deep sea-inlets1 and now breasting the ,atlantic with bold promontories like that of gloomy ,black-,head1 or with gigantic cliffs like those of ,mohir4 ,and as the day closed1 and we watched the evening breeze steal out from land1 crisping the water into wavelets that rippled against the vessel's side2 and as we saw the golden glory of the sunset flush with indescribable loveliness1 earth1 and sea1 and sky1 we thought how often in bygone days1 the view of ,aran rising1 as we then saw it1 out of the sunlit waves1 had brought joy to the pilgrim who was journeying to find rest upon its rocky shore4 ,the ,aran isles are three in number1 named respectively1 ,inishmore 7the large island71 ,inishmain 7the middle island71 and ,inisheen 7the eastern island74 ,the eastern island is the smallest of the three1 and is about two-and-a-half miles long2 the middle island is three miles long2 the largest is about nine miles in length1 and twenty-four in circumference4 ,our chief interest was naturally centred in the group of buildings which exist at ,killeany1 and consist of the church of ,s4 ,benignus1 the church of ,s4 ,enda1 the round tower of ,s4 ,enda1 and the stone houses in its immediate vicinity4 ,our readers will have remarked that the first six churches named in ,dr4 ,keely's list1 all stood near each other1 and to the north of the present village of ,killeany4 ,out of six churches which existed here as late as #afde1 four have almost entirely disappeared4 ,they were demolished by unholy hands for the sake of materials to build the castle of ,arkin4 ,the church known as ,teglach ,enda1 wherein ,s4 ,enda was laid1 still exists on the shore2 it is in good preservation1 and is a fine specimen of the single church without chancel4 ,it is twenty-four feet in length and fourteen in breadth4 ,all the walls now standing are by no means of an equal antiquity4 ,the eastern gable and part of the northern side wall are the only parts belonging to ,s4 ,enda's time1 the remainder of the building being the work of a later period4 ,around the church spreads the cemetery1 now almost completely covered up by the sands1 in which the body of ,s4 ,enda1 and those of one hundred and fifty other saints1 are interred4 ,on the hill side1 are ,s4 ,enda's well1 and altar2 the latter surmounted by a rude cross4 ,s4 ,enda's well1 and indeed all the other wells we saw in the island1 are carefully protected by the ,araners2 the scarcity of water rendering the possession of a well almost as precious to them as it was to the ,eastern shepherds in the days of ,rebecca4 ,at a short distance to the left of the well1 stands the remnant of the round tower of ,s4 ,enda4 ,once its height was worthy of the cluster of sacred temples which stood within the circle traversed by the shadow it projected in the changing hours2 but now it is little more than thirteen feet high4 ,an aged man who joined our group1 told us that in ,s4 ,enda's time the mass was not commenced in any of the churches of the island1 until the bell from ,s4 ,enda's tower announced that ,s4 ,enda himself had taken his place at the altar in his own church4 ,with the permission of the excellent priest who has charge of the island1 we resolved1 on the last morning of our stay on ,aran1 to celebrate mass in the ruined church of ,teglach-,enda1 where in the year #edj or #edb1 ,s4 ,enda was interred4 ,the morning was bright and clear1 and the rigid outlines of the rocks were softened by the touch of the early sunshine4 ,the inhabitants of ,killeany1 exulting in the tidings that the ,holy ,sacrifice was once again to be offered to ,god near the shrine of their sainted patron1 accompanied or followed us to the venerable ruins4 ,the men1 young and old1 were clothed in decent black1 or in white garments of home-made stuff1 with sandals of undressed leather1 like those of the peasants of the ,abruzzi1 laced round their feet2 the women were attired in gay scarlet gowns and blue bodices1 and all wore a look of remarkable neatness and comfort4 ,the small roofless church was soon filled to overflowing with a decorous and devout congregation4 ,we can never forget the scene of that morning3 the pure bright sand1 covering the graves of unknown and unnumbered saints as with a robe of silver tissue2 the delicate green foliage of the wild plants2 on one side1 the swelling hill crowned with the church of ,s4 ,benignus1 and on the other the blue sea1 that almost bathed the foundations of the venerable sanctuary itself2 the soft balmy air that hardly stirred the ferns on the old walls2 and the fresh1 happy1 solemn calm that reigned over all4 ,the temporary altar was set up under the east window1 on the site where of old the altar stood2 and there1 in the midst of the loving and simple faithful1 within the walls which had been consecrated some twelve hundred years before1 over the very spot of earth where so many of the saints of ,ireland lay awaiting their resurrection to glory1 the solemn rite of the ,christian ,sacrifice was performed1 and once more1 as in the days of which ,s4 ,columba wrote1 the angels of ,god came down to worship the ,divine ,victim in the ,churches of ,aran4 ,s4 ,,benedict1 ,,ab4 7,a4,d4 #edc47 ,roman ,martyrology1 ,benedictine1 that of ,bede4 ,greek ,menologium on ,march #adth4 ,authorities3--,life written by ,s4 ,gregory the ,great1 in the second book of his dialogues2 ,s4 ,gregory received his information from the lips of four disciples of the holy patriarch1 ,constantine1 ,honoratus1 ,valentinian1 and ,simplicius1 the two first of whom had succeeded him as abbots respectively of ,monte ,cassino and ,subiaco4 ,also the ,chronicon ,casinense1 the first three books containing the life of ,s4 ,benedict by ,leo ,marsicanus1 ,b4 of ,ostia1 a monk of ,monte ,casino2 the fourth book was added by ,paulus ,diacomus4 ,the following life has been condensed from that by ,m4 de ,montalembert in his ,monks of the ,west4 ,s4 ,benedict was born in the year of our ,lord #dhj4 ,europe has1 perhaps1 never known a more calamitous or apparently desperate period than that which reached its climax at this date4 ,confusion1 corruption1 despair1 and death were everywhere2 social dismemberment seemed complete4 ,authority1 morals1 laws1 sciences1 arts1 religion herself1 might have been supposed condemned to irremediable ruin4 ,the germs of a splendid and approaching revival were still hidden from all eyes under the ruins of a crumbling world4 ,the ,church was more than ever infected by heresy1 schisms1 and divisions1 which the obscure successors of ,s4 ,leo the ,great in the ,holy ,see endeavoured in vain to repress4 ,in all the ancient ,roman world there did not exist a prince who was not either a pagan1 an ,arian1 or an ,eutychian4 ,the monastic institution1 after having given so many doctors and saints to the ,church in the ,east1 was drifting toward that descent which it never was doomed to reascend2 and even in the ,west1 some symptoms of premature decay had already appeared4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,benedict4 ,after ,cahier4 ,march #ba4 ,germany was still entirely pagan1 as was also ,great ,britain1 where the new-born faith had been stifled by the ,angles and ,saxons4 ,gaul was invaded on the north by the pagan ,franks1 and on the south by the ,arian ,burgundians4 ,spain was overrun and ravaged by the ,visigoths1 the ,sueves1 the ,alans1 and the ,vandals1 all ,arians4 ,the same ,vandals1 under the successor of ,genseric1 made ,christian ,africa desolate1 by a persecution more unpitying and refined in cruelty than those of the ,roman emperors4 ,in a word1 all those countries into which the first disciples of ,jesus ,christ carried the faith1 had fallen a prey to barbarianism4 ,the world had to be re-conquered4 ,amidst this universal darkness and desolation1 history directs our gaze towards those heights in the centre of ,italy1 and at the gates of ,rome1 which detach themselves from the chain of the ,apennines1 and extend from the ancient country of the ,sabines to that of the ,samnites4 ,a single solitary was about to form there a centre of spiritual virtue1 and to light it up with a splendour destined to shine over regenerated ,europe for ten centuries to come4 ,fifty miles to the west of ,rome1 among that group of hills where the ,anio hollows a deep gorge1 the traveller1 ascending by the course of the river1 reaches a basin1 which opens out between two immense walls of rock1 and from which a limpid stream pours from fall to fall1 to a place called ,subiaco4 ,this grand and picturesque site had attracted the attention of ,nero4 ,he confined the waters of the ,anio by dams1 and constructed artificial lakes below1 before a delicious villa1 which1 from its position1 assumed the name of ,sublaqueum1 and of which some shapeless ruins remain4 ,four centuries after ,nero1 when solitude and silence had long replaced the imperial orgies1 a young patrician flying from the delights and dangers of ,rome1 sought there a refuge with ,god4 ,he had been baptized under the name of ,benedictus1 or the ,blessed4 ,he belonged to the illustrious ,anician family2 by his mother's side he was the last scion of the lords of ,nursia1 where he was born1 as has been said1 in #dhj4 ,he was scarce fourteen when he resolved to renounce fortune1 his family1 and the happiness of this world4 ,leaving his old nurse1 who had been the first to love him1 and who alone followed him still1 he plunged1 in #did1 into these wild gorges1 and ascended those savage hills4 ,on the way he met a monk1 named ,romanus1 who gave him a hair shirt and a monastic habit made of skin4#ha ,proceeding on his ascent1 and reaching the middle of the abrupt rock1 which faces the south1 and which overhangs the ,anio1 he discovered a dark cave1 a sort of den1 unillumined by the sun4 ,he there took up his abode1 and remained unknown to all1 except the monk ,romanus1 who fed him with the remainder of his own scanty fare1 but who1 not being able to reach his cell1 transmitted to him every day1 at the end of a cord1 a loaf and a little bell1 the sound of which warned him of this sustenance which charity had provided for him4 #ha ,the locality of the meeting is indicated by a chapel called ,s4 ,crocella4 ,he lived three entire years in this tomb4 ,the shepherds who discovered him there at first took him for a wild beast1 but by his discourses1 and the efforts he made to instil grace and piety into their rustic souls1 they recognised in him a servant of ,god4 ,temptations were not wanting to him4 ,the allurements of voluptuousness acted so strongly on his excited senses1 that he was on the point of leaving his retreat to seek after a woman whose beauty had formerly impressed him1 and whose memory haunted him incessantly4 ,but there was near his grotto a clump of thorns and briers3 he took off the vestments of skins1 which was his only dress1 and rolled himself among them naked till his body was all one wound1 but also till he had extinguished for ever the infernal fire which inflamed him even in the desert4 ,seven centuries later1 another saint1 father of the most numerous monastic family which the church has produced after that of ,s4 ,benedict1 ,s4 ,francis of ,assisi1 came to visit that wild site1 which was worthy to rival the bare ,tuscan rock1 where the stigmata of the passion were imprinted on himself4 ,he prostrated himself before the thicket of thorns which had been a triumphal bed to the masculine virtue of the patriarch of the monks1 and after having bathed with his tears the soil of that glorious battle-field1 he planted there two rose trees4 ,the roses of ,s4 ,francis grew1 and have survived the ,benedictine briers4 ,this garden1 twice sanctified1 still occupies a sort of triangular plateau1 which projects upon the side of the rock1 a little before and beneath the grotto which sheltered ,s4 ,benedict4 ,the eye1 confined on all sides by rocks1 can survey freely only the azure of heaven4 ,it is the last of those sacred places visited and venerated in the celebrated and unique monastery of the ,iagro ,speco1 which forms a series of sanctuaries1 built one over the other1 backed by the mountain which ,benedict has immortalized4 ,such was the hard and savage cradle of the monastic order in the ,west4 ,it was from this tomb1 where the delicate son of the last patricians of ,rome buried himself alive1 that the definite form of monastic life--that is to say1 the perfection of ,christian life--was born4 ,the solitude of the young anchorite was not long respected4 ,the faithful in the neighbourhood1 who brought him food for the body1 asked the bread of life in return4 ,the monks of a neighbouring monastery1 situated near ,vico ,varo1 obtained1 by dint of importunity1 his consent to become their ruler1 but1 soon disgusted by his austerity1 they endeavoured to poison him4 ,he made the sign of the cross over the vessel which contained the poison1 and it broke as if it had been struck with a stone4 ,he left these unworthy monks1 to re-enter joyfully his beloved cavern1 and to live by himself alone4 ,but it was in vain3 he soon found himself surrounded by such a multitude of disciples1 that1 to give them a shelter1 he was compelled to found in the neighbourhood of his retreat twelve monasteries1 each inhabited by twelve monks4 ,he kept some with him1 in order to direct them himself1 and was thus finally raised to be the superior of a numerous community of cenobites4 ,clergy and laymen1 ,romans and barbarians1 victors and vanquished1 alike flocked to him1 attracted by the fame of his virtue and miracles4 ,while the celebrated ,theodoric1 at the head of his ,goths1 up to that time invincible1 destroyed the ephemeral kingdom of the ,hercules1 seized ,rome1 and overspread ,italy1 other ,goths came to seek faith1 penitence1 and monastic discipline under the laws of ,benedict4 ,at his command they armed themselves with axes and hatchets1 and employed their robust strength in rooting out the brushwood and clearing the soil1 which1 since the time of ,nero1 had again become a wilderness4 ,the ,italian painters of the great ages of art have left us many representations of the legend told by ,s4 ,gregory1 in which ,s4 ,benedict restores to a ,goth who had become a convert at ,subiaco1 the tool which that zealous but unskilled workman had dropped to the bottom of the lake1 and which the abbot miraculously brought forth4 ,take thy tool1 said ,benedict to the barbarian woodcutter1--take it1 work1 and be comforted4 ,symbolical words1 in which we find an abridgment of the precepts and examples lavished by the monastic order on so many generations of conquering races3 ,ecce labora4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,benedict ,,exorcising ,,an ,,evil ,,spirit ,,which ,,had ,,interrupted ,,the ,,workmen ,,employed ,,in ,,building ,a ,,chapel4 ,from a ,fresco1 by ,spinelli d',arezzo1 in the ,church of ,san ,miniato1 near ,florence4 ,march #ba4 ,beside these barbarians already occupied in restoring the cultivation of that ,italian soil which their brethren in arms still wasted1 were many children of the ,roman nobility1 whom their fathers had confided to ,benedict to be trained to the service of ,god4 ,among these young patricians are two whose names are celebrated in ,benedictine annals3 ,maur1 whom the abbot ,benedict made his own coadjutor2 and ,placidus1 whose father was lord of the manor of ,subiaco1 which did not prevent his son from rendering menial services to the community1 such as drawing water from the lake of ,nero4 ,the weight of his pitcher one day overbalanced him1 and he fell into the lake4 ,we shall leave ,bossuet to tell the rest1 in his panegyric1 delivered twelve centuries afterwards before the sons of the founder of ,subiaco3-- ,s4 ,benedict ordered ,s4 ,maur1 his faithful disciple1 to run quickly and draw the child out4 ,at the word of his master1 ,maur went away without hesitation1 444 and full of confidence in the order he had received1 walked upon the water with as much security as upon the earth1 and drew ,placidus from the whirlpool1 which would have swallowed him up4 ,to what shall ,i attribute so great a miracle1 whether to the virtue of the obedience or to that of the commandment8 ,a doubtful question1 says ,s4 ,gregory1 between ,s4 ,benedict and ,s4 ,maur4 ,but let us say1 to decide it1 that the obedience had grace to accomplish the command1 and that the command had grace to give efficacy to the obedience4 ,walk1 my fathers1 upon the waves with the help of obedience2 you shall find solid support amid the inconstancy of human things4 ,the waves shall have no power to overthrow you1 nor the depths to swallow you up2 you shall remain immovable1 as if all was firm under your feet1 and issue forth victorious4 ,however1 ,benedict had the ordinary fate of great men and saints4 ,the great number of conversions worked by the example and fame of his austerity1 awakened a homicidal envy against him4 ,a wicked priest of the neighbourhood attempted first to decry and then poison him4 ,being unsuccessful in both1 he endeavoured at least to injure him in the object of his most tender solicitude--in the souls of his young disciples4 ,for that purpose he sent1 even into the garden of the monastery1 where ,benedict dwelt1 and where the monks laboured1 seven wretched women1 whose gestures1 sports1 and shameful nudity1 were designed to tempt the young monks to certain fall4 ,when ,benedict1 from the threshold of his cell1 perceived these shameless creatures1 he despaired of his work2 he acknowledged that the interest of his beloved children constrained him to disarm so cruel an enmity by retreat4 ,he appointed superiors to the twelve monasteries which he had founded1 and1 taking with him a small number of disciples1 he left for ever the wild gorges of ,subiaco1 where he had lived for thirty-five years4 ,without withdrawing from the mountainous region which extends along the western side of the ,apennines1 ,benedict directed his steps toward the south1 along the ,abruzzi1 and penetrated into that land of labour1 the name of which seems naturally suited to a soil destined to be the cradle of the most laborious men whom the world has known4 ,he ended his journey in a scene very different from that of ,subiaco1 but of incomparable grandeur and majesty4 ,there upon the boundaries of ,sammim and ,campania1 in the centre of a large basin1 half-surrounded by abrupt and picturesque heights1 rises a scarped and isolated hill1 the vast and rounded summit of which overlooks the course of the ,liris near its fountain head1 and the undulating plain which extends south towards the shores of the ,mediterranean1 and the narrow valleys which1 towards the north1 the east1 and the west1 lost themselves in the lines of the mountainous horizon4 ,this is ,monte ,cassino4 ,it was here1 amidst this solemn nature1 and upon that predestinated height1 that the patriarch of the monks of the west founded the capital of the monastic order4 ,he found paganism still surviving there4 ,two hundred years after ,constantine1 in the heart of ,christendom1 and so near ,rome1 there still existed a very ancient temple of ,apollo1 and a sacred wood1 where a multitude of peasants sacrificed to the gods and demons4 ,benedict preached the faith of ,christ to these forgotten people2 he persuaded them to cut down the wood1 to overthrow the temple and the idol4 ,upon these remains ,benedict built two oratories1 one dedicated to ,s4 ,john the ,baptist1 the first solitary of the new faith2 the other to ,s4 ,martin1 the great monk-bishop1 whose ascetic and priestly life had edified ,gaul1 and reached as far as ,italy4 ,round these chapels rose the monastery which was to become the most powerful and celebrated in the ,catholic universe2 celebrated especially because there ,benedict wrote his rule1 and at the same time formed the type which was to serve as a model to innumerable communities submitted to that sovereign code4 ,it is for this reason that emulous pontiffs1 princes1 and nations have praised1 endowed1 and visited the sanctuary where monastic religion1 according to the expression of ,pope ,urban ,,ii41 flowed from the heart of ,benedict as from a fountain-head of ,paradise4 ,benedict ended his life at ,monte ,cassino1 where he lived for fourteen years1 occupied1 in the first place1 with extirpating from the surrounding country the remnants of paganism1 afterwards in building his monastery by the hands of his disciples1 in cultivating the arid sides of his mountain1 and the devastated plains around1 but above all1 in extending to all who approached him the benefits of the law of ,god1 practised with a fervour and charity which none have surpassed4 ,although he had never been invested with the priestly character1 his life at ,monte ,cassino was rather that of a missionary and apostle than of a solitary4 ,he was1 notwithstanding1 the vigilant head of a community which flourished and increased more and more4 ,accustomed to subdue himself in everything1 and to struggle with the infernal spirits1 whose temptations and appearances were not wanting to him more than to the ancient fathers of the desert1 he had acquired the gift of reading souls1 and discerning their most secret thoughts4 ,he used this faculty not only to direct the young monks1 who always gathered in such numbers round him1 in their studies and the labours of agriculture and building which he shared with them2 but even in the distant journeys on which they were sometimes sent1 he followed them by a spiritual observation1 discovered their least failings1 reprimanded them on their return1 and bound them in everything to a strict fulfilment of the rule which they had accepted4 ,he exacted from all1 the obedience1 sincerity1 and austerely regulated life of which he himself gave the first example4 ,many young men of rich and noble families came here1 as at ,subiaco1 to put themselves under his direction1 or were confided to him by their parents4 ,they laboured with the other brethren in the cultivation of the soil and the building of the monastery1 and were bound to all the services imposed by the rule4 ,some of the young nobles rebelled in secret against that equality4 ,among these1 according to the narrative of ,s4 ,gregory1 was the son of a defender--that is to say1 of the first magistrate of a town or province4 ,one evening1 it being his turn to light the ,abbot ,benedict at supper1 while he held the candlestick before the abbotial table1 his pride rose within him1 and he said to himself1 ,what is this man that ,i should thus stand before him while he eats1 with a candle in my hand like a slave8 ,am ,i then made to be his slave8 ,immediately ,benedict1 as if he had heard him1 reproved him sharply for that movement of pride1 gave the candle to another1 and sent him back to his cell1 dismayed to find himself at once discovered and restrained in his most secret thoughts4 ,it was then that the great legislator inaugurated in his new-formed cloister that alliance of aristocratic races with the ,benedictine ,order which we shall have many generous and fruitful examples to quote4 ,he bound all--nobles and plebians1 young and old1 rich and poor--under the same discipline4 ,but he would have excess or violence in nothing1 and when he was told of a solitary in the neighbouring mountain1 who1 not content with shutting himself up in a narrow cave1 had attached to his foot a chain1 the other end of which was fixed in a rock1 so that he could not move beyond the length of this chain1 ,benedict sent to tell him to break it1 in these words1 ,if thou art truly a servant of ,god1 confine thyself not with a chain of iron1 but with the chain of ,christ4 ,and extending his solicitude and authority over the surrounding populations1 he did not content himself with preaching eloquently to them the true faith1 but also healed the sick1 the lepers and the possessed1 provided for all the necessities of the soul and body1 paid the debts of honest men oppressed by their creditors1 and distributed in incessant alms the provisions of corn1 wine1 and linen which were sent to him by the rich ,christians of the neighbourhood4 ,a great famine having afflicted ,campania in #eci1 he distributed to the poor all the provisions of the monastery1 so that one day there remained only five loaves to feed all the community4 ,the monks were dismayed and melancholy3 ,benedict reproached them with their cowardice4 ,you have not enough to-day1 he said to them1 but you shall have too much to-morrow4 ,and accordingly they found next morning at the gates of the monastery two hundred bushels of flour1 bestowed by some unknown hand4 ,thus were established the foundations of that traditional and unbounded munificence to which his spiritual descendants have remained unalterably faithful1 and which was the law and glory of his existence4 ,so much sympathy for the poor naturally inspired them with a blind confidence in him4 ,one day1 when he had gone out with the brethren to labour in the fields1 a peasant1 distracted with grief1 and bearing in his arms the body of his dead son1 came to the monastery and demanded to see ,father ,benedict4 ,when he was told that ,benedict was in the fields with the brethren1 he threw down his son's body before the door1 and1 in the transport of his grief1 ran at full speed to seek the saint4 ,he met him returning from his work1 and from the moment he perceived him1 began to cry1 ,restore me my son6 ,benedict stopped and asked ,have ,i carried him away8 ,the peasant answered ,he is dead2 come and raise him up4 ,benedict was grieved by these words1 and said1 ,go home my friend this is not a work for us2 this belongs to the holy apostles4 ,why do you come to impose upon us so tremendous a burden8 ,but the father persisted1 and swore in his passionate distress that he would not go till the saint had raised up his son4 ,the abbot asked him where his son was4 ,his body said he is at the door of the monastery4 ,benedict1 when he arrived there1 fell on his knees1 and then laid himself down1 as ,elijah did in the house of the widow of ,sarepta1 upon the body of the child1 and rising up1 extended his hands to heaven1 praying thus2 ,lord look not upon my sins but on the faith of this man1 and restore to the body the soul ,thou hast taken away from it4 ,scarcely was his prayer ended1 when all present perceived that the whole body of the child trembled4 ,benedict took him by the hand1 and restored him to his father full of life and health4 ,his virtue1 his fame1 the supernatural power which was more and more visible in his whole life1 made him the natural protector of the poor husbandmen against the violence and rapine of the new masters of ,italy4 ,the great ,theodoric had organized an energetic and protective government1 but he dishonoured the end of his reign by persecution and cruelty2 and since his death barbarism had regained all its ancient ascendancy among the ,goths4 ,the rural population groaned under the yoke of these rude oppressors1 doubly exasperated1 as ,barbarians and as ,arians against the ,italian ,catholics4 ,to ,benedict1 the ,roman patrician1 who had become a serf of ,god1 belonged the noble office of drawing towards each other the ,italians and ,barbarians1 two races cruelly divided by religion1 fortune1 language1 and manners1 whose mutual hatred was embittered by so many catastrophes inflicted by the one1 and suffered by the other1 since the time of ,alaric4 ,the founder of ,monte ,cassino stood between the victors and the vanquished like an all-powerful moderator and inflexible judge4 ,the facts which we are about to relate1 according to the narrative of ,s4 ,gregory1 could be told throughout all ,italy1 and1 spreading from cottage to cottage1 would bring unthought of hope and consolation into the hearts of the oppressed1 and establish the popularity of ,benedict and his order on an immortal foundation in the memory of the people4 ,it has been seen that there were already ,goths among the monks at ,subiaco1 and how they were employed in reclaiming the soil which their fathers had laid waste4 ,but there were others who1 inflamed by heresy1 professed a hatred of all that was orthodox and belonged to monastic life4 ,one especially1 named ,galla1 traversed the country panting with rage and cupidity1 and made a sport of slaying the priests and monks who fell under his power1 and spoiling and torturing the people to extort from them the little that they had remaining4 ,an unfortunate peasant1 exhausted by the torments inflicted upon him by the pitiless ,goth1 conceived the idea of bringing them to an end by declaring that he had confided all that he had to the keeping of ,benedict1 a servant of ,god2 upon which ,galla stopped the torture of the peasant1 but1 binding his arms with ropes1 and thrusting him in front of his own horse1 ordered him to go before and show the way to the house of this ,benedict who had defrauded him of his expected prey4 ,both pursued thus the way to ,monte ,cassino2 the peasant on foot1 with his hands tied behind his back1 urged on by the blows and taunts of the ,goth1 who followed on horseback1 an image only too faithful of the two races which unhappy ,italy enclosed within her distracted bosom1 and which were to be judged and reconciled by the unarmed majesty of monastic goodness4 ,when they had reached the summit of the mountain they perceived the abbot seated alone1 reading at the door of his monastery4 ,behold1 said the prisoner turning to his tyrant1 there is the ,father ,benedict of whom ,i told thee4 ,the ,goth1 believing that here1 or elsewhere1 he should be able to make his way by terror1 immediately called out with a furious tone to the monk4 ,rise up1 rise up1 and restore quickly what thou hast received from this peasant4 ,at these words the man of ,god raised his eyes from his book1 and1 without speaking1 slowly turned his gaze first upon the ,barbarian on horseback1 and then upon the husbandman bound1 and bowed down by his cords4 ,under the light of that powerful gaze the cords which tied his poor arms loosed of themselves1 and the innocent victim stood erect and free1 while the ferocious ,galla1 falling on the ground1 trembling1 and beside himself1 remained at the feet of ,benedict1 begging the saint to pray for him4 ,without interrupting his reading1 ,benedict called his brethren1 and directed them to carry the fainting ,barbarian into the monastery1 and give him some blessed bread1 and1 when he had come to himself1 the abbot represented to him the extravagance1 injustice1 and cruelty of his conduct1 and exhorted him to change it for the future4 ,the ,goth was completely subdued1 and no longer dared to ask anything of the labourer whom the mere glance of the monk had delivered from his bonds4 ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,benedict ,,reproving ,,totila1 ,,and ,,predicting ,,his ,,death4 ,from a ,fresco1 painted by ,spinelli d',arezzo1 in the ,church of ,san ,miniato1 near ,florence4 ,march #ba4 ,but this mysterious attraction1 which drew the ,goths under the influence of ,benedict's looks and words1 produced another celebrated and significant scene4 ,the two principal elements of reviving society in their most striking impersonation--the victorious ,barbarians and the invincible monks--were here confronted4 ,totila1 the greatest of the successors of ,theodoric1 ascended the throne in #edb1 and immediately undertook the restoration of the monarchy of the ,ostrogoths1 which the victories of ,belisarius had half overthrown4 ,having defeated at ,faenza1 with only five thousand men1 the numerous ,byzantine army1 led by the incapable commanders whom the jealousy of ,justinian had substituted for ,belisarius1 the victorious king made a triumphal progress through ,central ,italy1 and was on his way to ,naples when he was seized with a desire to see this ,benedict1 whose fame was already as great among the ,romans as among the ,barbarians1 and who was everywhere called a prophet4 ,he directed his steps towards ,monte ,cassino1 and caused his visit to be announced4 ,benedict answered that he would receive him4 ,but ,totila desirous of proving the prophetic spirit which was attributed to the saint1 dressed the captain of his guard in the royal robes and purple boots1 which were the distinctive marks of royalty1 gave him a numerous escort1 commanded by the three counts who usually guarded his own person1 and charged him1 thus clothed and accompanied1 to present himself to the abbot as the king4 ,the moment that ,benedict perceived him1 ,my son1 he cried1 put off the dress you wear2 it is not yours4 ,the officer immediately threw himself upon the ground1 appalled at the idea of having attempted to deceive such a man4 ,neither he nor any of the retinue ventured so much as to approach the abbot1 but returned at full speed to the king1 to tell him how promptly they had been discovered4 ,then ,totila himself ascended the monastic mountain1 but when he had reached the height1 and saw from a distance the abbot seated1 waiting for him1 the victor of the ,romans1 and the master of ,italy was afraid4 ,he dared not advance1 but threw himself on his face before the servant of ,christ4 ,benedict said to him three times1 ,rise4 ,but as he persisted in his prostration1 the monk rose from his seat and raised him up4 ,during the course of their interview1 ,benedict reproved him for all that was blamable in his life1 and predicted what should happen to him in the future4 ,you have done much evil2 you do it still every day2 it is time that your iniquities should cease4 ,you shall enter ,rome2 you shall cross the sea2 you shall reign nine years1 and the tenth you shall die4 ,the king1 deeply moved1 commended himself to his prayers1 and withdrew4 ,but he carried away in his heart this salutary and retributive incident1 and from that time his barbarian nature was transformed4 ,totila was as victorious as ,benedict had predicted that he should be4 ,he possessed himself first of ,benevento and ,naples1 then of ,rome1 then of ,sicily1 which he invaded with a fleet of five hundred ships1 and ended by conquering ,corsica and ,sardinia4 ,but he exhibited everywhere a clemency and gentleness which1 to the historian of the ,goths1 seem out of character at once with his origin and his position as a foreign conqueror4 ,he treated the ,neapolitans as his children1 and the captive soldiers as his own troops1 gaining himself immortal honour by the contrast between his conduct and the horrible massacre of the whole population1 which the ,greeks had perpetrated ten years before1 when that town was taken by ,belisarius4 ,he punished with death one of his bravest officers1 who had insulted the daughter of an obscure ,italian1 and gave all his goods to the woman whom he had injured1 and that despite the representations of the principal nobles of his own nation1 whom he convinced of the necessity of so severe a measure1 that they might merit the protection of ,god upon their arms4 ,when ,rome surrendered1 after a prolonged siege1 ,totila forbade the ,goths to shed the blood of any ,roman1 and protected the women from insult4 ,at length1 after a ten years' reign1 he fell1 according to the prediction of ,benedict1 in a great battle which he fought with the ,greco-,roman army1 commanded by the eunuch ,narses4 ,placed as if midway between the two invasions of the ,goths and ,lombards1 the dear and holy foundation of ,benedict1 respected by the one1 was to yield for a time to the rage of the other4 ,the holy patriarch had a presentment that his successors would not meet a second ,totila to listen to them and spare them4 ,a noble whom he had converted1 and who lived on familiar terms with him1 found him one day weeping bitterly4 ,he watched ,benedict for a long time1 and then1 perceiving that his tears were not stayed1 and that they proceeded not from the ordinary fervour of his prayers1 but from profound melancholy1 he asked the cause4 ,the saint answered1 ,this monastery which ,i have built1 and all that ,i have prepared for my brethren1 has been delivered up to the pagans by a sentence of ,almighty ,god4 ,scarcely have ,i been able to obtain mercy for their lives4 ,less than forty years after1 this prediction was accomplished by the destruction of ,monte ,cassino by the ,lombards4 ,benedict1 however1 was near the end of his career4 ,his interview with ,totila took place in #edb1 in the year which preceded his death1 and from his earliest days of the following year1 ,god prepared him for his last struggle1 by requiring from him the sacrifice of the most tender affection he had retained on earth4 ,the beautiful and touching incident of the last meeting of ,benedict with his twin sister1 ,scholastica1 has been already recorded 7,feb4 #ajth74 ,at the window of his cell1 three days after1 ,benedict had a vision of his dear sister's soul entering heaven in the form of a snowy dove4 ,he immediately sent for the body1 and placed it in the sepulchre which he had already prepared for himself1 that death might not separate those whose souls had always been united in ,god4 ,the death of his sister was the signal of departure for himself4 ,he survived her only forty days4 ,he announced his death to several of his monks1 then far from ,monte ,cassino4 ,a violent fever having seized him1 he caused himself on the sixth day of his sickness to be carried to the chapel of ,s4 ,john the ,baptist2 he had before ordered the tomb in which his sister already slept to be opened4 ,there1 supported in the arms of his disciples1 he received the holy ,viaticum1 then placing himself at the side of the open grave1 but at the foot of the altar1 and with his arms extended towards heaven1 he died1 standing1 muttering a last prayer4 ,died standing6--such a victorious death became well that great soldier of ,god4 ,he was buried by the side of ,scholastica1 in a sepulchre made on the spot where stood the altar of ,apollo1 which he had thrown down4 ,the body of ,s4 ,benedict was carried by ,s4 ,aigulf1 monk of the abbey of ,fleury1 from ,monte ,cassino1 which had been ruined by the ,lombards1 into ,france1 to his own monastery4 ,this translation took place on ,july #aath1 and is commemorated in all the monasteries of ,france on that day4 ,another solemnity1 called the ,illation1 has been instituted in honour of the transfer of the same relics from ,orleans1 whither they had been conveyed1 from fear of the ,normans1 back again to ,fleury-sur-,loire4 ,in #ahch1 the bishop of ,orleans resolved on sending the relics to the ,benedictine abbey of ,solesmes1 in the diocese of ,le ,mans1 but the project met with so great opposition that he contented himself with sending only the skull to ,solesmes4 ,the reliquary which was opened in #ahje1 by ,mgr4 ,bernier1 bishop of ,orleans1 was found to contain1 together with the bones1 several papal bulls authenticating the relics4 ,it is1 however1 necessary to add that the abbey of ,monte ,cassino claims to possess the body of ,s4 ,benedict1 and adduces a bull of pope ,urban ,,ii41 declaring anathema against all who deny the authenticity of that body4 ,it is possible that if the relics in both places were examined carefully1 it would be found that the portions missing in one place would be found in the other4 ,it is certain that ,s4 ,odilo of ,cluny sent one of the bones of ,s4 ,benedict to ,monte ,cassino out of ,france1 in the #aath cent41 and that it was received there with great joy1 so that the monks there cannot have possessed the body at that date4 ,in ,art1 ,s4 ,benedict is represented with his finger on his lip1 as enjoining silence1 and with his rule in his hand1 or with the first words of that rule1 ,ausculta1 ,o fili6 issuing from his lips1 and with a discipline1 i4e4 a scourge1 or a rose bush at his side1 or holding a broken goblet in his hand4 ,illustration3 ,saint giving benediction ,march #bb4 ,s4 ,,paul1 ,b4 of ,narbonne1 #crd or #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,aphrodisius1 ,b4 of ,beziers1 #crd or #dth cent4 ,,ss4 ,,callinica ,,and ,,basilissa1 ,,mm4 in ,galatia1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #beb4 ,,ss4 ,,saturninus ,,and ,,ix4 ,,companions1 ,,mm4 in ,africa4 ,s4 ,,basil1 ,p4,m4 at ,ancyra1 ,a4,d4 #cfc4 ,s4 ,,lea1 ,w4 at ,rome1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #chc4 ,s4 ,,deogratias1 ,b4 of ,carthage1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #def4 ,,ss4 ,,herlinda ,,and ,,reinilda1 ,v4,v4 ,abss4 at ,maeseyck1 in ,belgium1 #hth cent4 ,s4 ,,benvenutus1 ,b4 of ,osimo1 in the ,marches of ,ancona1 ,a4,d4 #abgf4 ,s4 ,,eelko ,,liaukman1 ,ab4 of ,lidlom1 in ,holland1 ,a4,d44 #accb4 ,b4 ,,thomas ,,of ,,lancaster1 ,m4 at ,pontefract1 ,a4,d4 #acba4 ,s4 ,,katharine ,,of ,,sweden1 ,v4 daughter of ,s4 ,bridget1 ,a4,d4 #acha4 ,b4 ,,nicolas ,,von ,,der ,,flue1 ,h4 at ,sachseln1 in ,switzerland1 ,a4,d4 #adhg4 ,s4 ,,paul1 ,b4 ,,of ,,narbonne4 7#c,,rd ,,or #d,,th ,,cent47 ,ancient ,martyrology of ,s4 ,jerome2 ,gallican ,roman ,martyrologies4 ,saint ,paul1 mentioned by the early martyrologies as bishop of ,narbonne1 and confessor1 has been conjectured to be ,sergius ,paulus1 the proconsul1 converted in the island of ,cyprus by the apostle ,paul1 when ,elymas1 the sorcerer1 withstood ,s4 ,paul4 ,there is no evidence substantiating this1 nor does it appear to rest on any very ancient tradition4 ,the most ancient martyrologies do not assert it1 though some of them say that he was a convert of the ,apostle of the ,gentiles4 ,the ,roman ,martyrology mentions the report1 but does not authorise it4 ,the ,acts of his life are not deserving of credence4 ,s4 ,paul certainly lived much later than he is represented to have done4 ,some relics are preserved in the ,church of ,s4 ,paul at ,narbonne4 ,s4 ,,aphrodisius1 ,b4 ,,of ,,beziers4 7#c,,rd ,,or #d,,th ,,cent47 ,roman ,martyrology1 the ,evora ,breviary1 and others4 ,this bishop1 an ,egyptian by birth1 accompanied ,s4 ,paul of ,narbonne1 in his mission into ,gaul4 ,a foolish legend#hb 7fabulosa narratio it is called by ,henschenius7 is to the effect that he was governor of ,egypt at the time when ,s4 ,joseph and the ,b4 ,virgin went down thither with the ,holy ,child ,jesus1 to escape the persecution of ,herod who sought the young child's life4 ,on the arrival of the child ,jesus in ,egypt all the idols fell1 and ,aphrodisius1 recognising in ,him his ,god1 bowed before ,him in adoration1 and defended the ,holy ,family from the rage of the idolatrous priests4 ,after the ,ascension he laid down his prefectship and went to ,antioch where he was baptized by ,s4 ,peter1 and afterwards sent with ,s4 ,sergius ,paulus into ,gaul4 ,s4 ,aphrodisius1 however1 certainly lived much later than he is represented to have done4 #hb ,related by ,peter de ,natalibus1 lib4 iii4 c4 #bah4 ,s4 ,,basil1 ,p4 ,m4 ,,at ,,ancyra4 7,a4,d4 #cfc47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,by the ,greeks on the same day4 ,in the ,syriac ,church1 a ,s4 ,basil and his ,companions are commemorated on ,march #ast1 and another ,s4 ,basil and his ,companions on ,march #hth1 and ,s4 ,basil1 ,p4 ,m41 on ,march #bhth in the ,coptic ,kalendar4 ,the ,greek ,acts are genuine1 and were written by a contemporary4 ,other versions of the ,acts exist1 but they are corrupted by the intermixture of the ,acts of another ,s4 ,basil1 a frequent mistake1 when there are several saints of the same name4 ,s4 ,basil was a priest of ,ancyra1 very fervent in spirit1 zealous in upholding the ,catholic faith1 and combating the ,arian heresy foot to foot4 ,an ,arian synod of bishops ordered his degradation from his office1 in #cfj1 and appointed ,eudoxius1 a bishop1 and an ,arian1 in his place4 ,but ,basil encouraged by the ,catholic bishops refused to budge1 but maintained his ground1 and was indefatigable in stimulating the courage of the faithful1 and encouraging the half-hearted4 ,he was the means of restoring large numbers of those who had been taught by the ,arians to disbelieve in the consubstantiality of the ,son with the ,father to full ,catholic faith1 thereby exasperating the heretics against him4 ,he was one of those fiery enthusiasts of resistless energy1 uncompromising with himself and others1 a type as needful as the soft and gentle saint1 winning through love4 ,the burning faith of ,basil carried him dauntless into danger1 and made him regardless of opposition1 and those spirits which looked to a strong nature for support found a rock in ,basil4 ,as soon as ,julian assumed the purple1 paganism was revived2 and if the ,christians were not openly persecuted1 every means which craft could devise of breaking their resolution were resorted to1 and with such success that the mild measures of ,julian proved more dangerous to the ,church than the fiery persecution of ,decius4 ,but the patience of ,julian gave way towards the end of his career1 and it is certain that in some cases he encouraged1 and in others connived at the resort to violence to punish the most zealous upholders of ,christianity4 ,the charges against those most obnoxious were not always their religion1 but contempt of the edicts or seditious conduct4 ,basil worked so effectually in ,ancyra to counteract the imperial policy that the pagan priests and governor were resolved to destroy him1 hoping that1 if the prop of the ,ancyran ,christians were removed1 their faith would yield with a crash4 ,macarius1 one of the priests of the idols1 laid hold of ,basil as he was publicly denouncing heathen worship1 and drew him before the magistrate1 ,saturninus1 on the charge of stirring up the people against the established religion4 ,what meanest thou1 cried ,macarius1 going to and fro in the city1 agitating the people against the religion established by the emperor8 ,god break thy jaws1 thou bondslave of ,satan6 answered ,basil4 ,it is not ,i who ruin thy religion1 but ,he who is in ,heaven who confounds thy counsel and dissipates thy lies4 ,then ,macarius cried out to the proconsul1 ,i charge this fellow with making sedition in the city1 stirring up the people to overthrow our altars and defy the emperor4 ,who art thou1 asked ,saturninus1 who art so audacious as to do these things8 ,basil replied1 ,i am the best of everything1--a ,christian4 ,then why1 if thou art a ,christian1 dost not thou behave as a ,christian8 ,i do1 answered ,basil2 it behoves every ,christian to make bare all acts4 ,why dost thou make revolt in the city1 transgressing good laws1 and blaspheming the emperor8 ,i do not blaspheme the emperor or his religion4 ,god is my emperor1 and ,he will bring your petty established religion to naught in no time4 ,so the religion of the emperor is not true6 ,how can ,i regard that religion as true1 and that worship as true which consists in men running howling about the streets like rabid dogs with raw flesh in their mouths4#hc #hc ,he is alluding to the ,omophagic rites of ,zeus ,zagreus1 in which the worshippers fell on a sheep and tore it with their teeth and ran about with the blood dripping from their jaws4 ,hang him up and scrape him1 said the proconsul4 ,so ,basil was suspended by his wrists and ankles1 and his flesh was torn with rakes4 ,and as he suffered he cried1 ,lord ,god of ages1 ,i thank thee that ,i am deemed worthy to enter into the way of life through these torments1 walking through which ,i may behold the heirs of thy promises6 ,then he was taken down and cast into prison4 ,and after that the proconsul sent to the emperor ,julian1 to announce what had taken place1 and to ask further orders4 ,then the emperor sent three renegade ,christians1 and advised the proconsul to endeavour by all means to persuade and flatter ,basil into apostasy4 ,but though all efforts were used to shake his resolution they failed1 and ,basil remained in chains till ,julian himself passed through ,ancyra on his way east to the ,persian war4 ,then ,basil was summoned before the emperor1 and ,julian endeavoured to persuade him to conform to his religion1 but the holy martyr blazed forth in righteous zeal against the apostate4 ,thou renegade hast abdicated the throne prepared for thee in heaven1 he said2 ,and verily ,i believe that ,christ whom thou hast abjured will take thee and pluck thee out of thy dwelling1 that thou mayest know how great is that ,god whom thou hast offended4 ,thou hast not thought of ,his judgments1 nor venerated ,his altar where thou wast given salvation2 thou hast not kept ,his law which often thou didst declare with thy lips2 wherefore the great emperor ,christ will not remember thee1 but will take from thee speedily thy earthly empire1 and thy body shall be deprived of a sepulchre1 and thou shalt breathe forth thy soul in greatest anguish4 ,then ,julian ordered him to be taken away1 and seven thongs to be cut daily from his skin4 ,this command was given to ,frumentinus1 ,count of the ,squires 7,comes ,scutariorum47 ,and when this had been done1 the martyr gathered up one of the strips of skin cut off him1 in his hand1 and besought that he might be conducted before the emperor4 ,and as ,frumentinus believed that he was about to make adjuration of his religion1 he brought him into the council hall before ,julian4 ,then he cried1 ,dumb and deaf and blind are thy idols1 ,apostate6 ,to me to live is ,christ1 and to die is gain4 ,he is my helper in whom ,i trust1 and for whom ,i suffer4 ,here is meat for thee1 ,julian6 and he flung the strip of skin in his face4 ,then the count1 alarmed at having occasioned this scene1 by suffering ,basil to return into the emperor's presence1 hurried him out and cast him into prison4 ,on the morrow ,julian departed for ,antioch1 without having seen the count1 who feared that he had fallen into disgrace1 and therefore vented his spleen on the martyr4 ,he had iron spikes heated red-hot1 and ,basil thrown upon them1 so that they burnt into his bowels4 ,but ,basil prayed1 ,christ is my light1 and ,jesus is my hope1 a calm port in tempest4 ,i give ,thee thanks1 ,lord ,god of my fathers1 because thou hast saved my soul from the abyss2 keep ,thy ,name inviolate in me1 and make me an heir of eternal quiet1 for the promise made unto my fathers by the great ,high ,priest1 ,jesus ,christ1 our ,lord2 through whom ,i pray ,thee receive my spirit into peace1 persevering in my confession2 for ,thou art merciful and long-suffering and full of compassion2 who livest and abidest through ages of ages4 ,amen4 ,and when he had ended his prayer1 as one overcome with slumber1 he ceased and gave up his spirit4 ,s4 ,,deogratias1 ,b4 ,,of ,,carthage4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #def47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,victor of ,utica4 ,hist4 ,persec4 ,vandalorum1 lib4 i4 ,carthage was taken by ,genseric king of the ,vandals in ,october1 #dci1 and then began that fearful ,arian persecution of the ,catholics which almost surpassed those of the heathen emperors in horror4 ,bishop ,quodvultdeus had been sent adrift along with his clergy in a broken vessel1 and had been carried by the wind in safety to ,naples4 ,the church of ,carthage was without a chief pastor for about fourteen years1 till in #ded1 ,deogratias was created bishop4 ,in #dee1 ,genseric entered ,rome1 which he found undefended4 ,pope ,s4 ,leo met him at the gates and obtained from him that the city should not be burnt1 nor should the inhabitants be massacred1 but that the ,vandal conquerors were to content themselves with the pillage4 ,rome was therefore pillaged deliberately during a fortnight1 and then the ,vandals retired carrying with them an immense treasure1 amongst other things of value1 the sacred vessels which ,titus had taken from the temple of ,jerusalem4 ,they returned to ,africa also encumbered with crowds of captives whom they sold to the ,moors and amongst themselves4 ,wives were separated from their husbands1 and children from their parents4 ,the holy bishop1 stirred to the depths of his soul by the misery that he saw1 sold all the gold and silver vessels of the churches of ,carthage1 and spent the proceeds in redeeming those slaves whose cases were most urgent and distressing4 ,and1 because there was not found any other place sufficiently capacious to receive the ransomed multitude1 he devoted to their accommodation the church of ,s4 ,fausta1 and the new church1 which he filled with straw and with beds4 ,as there were many sick amongst this crowd1 some who had suffered from sea-sickness1 and others from the disorders consequent on being crowded together in small vessels1 the holy prelate visited them at all hours1 with medicines1 and proper food1 and ministered to their necessities with his own hands4 ,he did not even rest at night1 but walked up and down the churches visiting the beds1 and seeing that order and comfort prevailed4 ,the emergency gave the aged and decrepid man new strength4 ,the ,arians envious of his virtue1 made several attempts on his life1 but they failed4 ,the labour and exhaustion consequent on this tax on his energies overcame him1 and he died peaceably after having held the see only three years4 ,he was secretly buried1 whilst the ,catholics were engaged in their churches at prayer1 for fear lest the people1 who loved him as a father1 should carry off his revered body4 ,after his death ,genseric forbade the ordination of bishops in the whole proconsular province and in ,zeugitania1 where there were as many as sixty-four4 ,thus1 by deaths and imprisonment1 the number of ,catholic bishops in thirty years was reduced to three4 ,b4 ,,eelko ,,liaukaman1 ,,ab4 7,a4,d4 #accb47 ,norbertine ,martyrology4 ,venerated anciently at ,lidlom1 in ,holland4 ,authority3--,life by ,sibrand ,leonius1 ,norbertine ,canon1 #aehj4 ,the blessed ,eelko ,liaukaman was abbot of the wealthy ,norbertine house of ,lidlom1 in ,friesland1 at a time when the wealth of the abbey had tended greatly to the relaxation of discipline4 ,the possessions of the abbey were far apart1 and the lay-brothers were sent about to the different farms and cells to attend to the secular interests of the society4 ,the abbot soon ascertained that these men took advantage of their being away from supervision to lead disorderly lives1 drinking and not unfrequently falling into worse offences4 ,he at once undertook to correct this scandalous conduct as far as possible1 and visited the farms and places whither the lay-brothers had been sent at unexpected times2 the consequence of which was that he sometimes caught them tripping1 and as a necessary corollary1 incurred their deadly enmity4 ,the chief malefactors determined on his destruction1 and planned to murder him when he was at his castle of ,ter-poort4 ,he had retired for the night1 shut his door1 put on his night-shirt1 drawers1 belt and cap1 gone to bed1 poured forth his prayers1 and composed himself to sleep1#hd when the conspirators burst in through the window4 ,hearing the noise1 the abbot rose up in his bed1 and asked gently what was the matter4 ,then the disorderly lay-brothers began to shower abuse on him1 and call him a hypocrite1 a glutton1 and a drunkard4 ,my sons1 when saw ye me drunk8 ,oh1 you put your tipple away up your sleeves1 so as to drink on the sly1 they said4 ,go1 said he1 shake my sleeves and see for yourselves4 ,they did so1 and a shower of red roses fell on the floor4 ,then rushing on him with sticks they beat his brains out1 and drawing his body through the window flung it into the moat4 ,next morning a woman who was passing saw a portion of his white night gear above the water and gave the alarm4 ,the body was raised from the moat4 ,the murderers were afterwards caught and executed4 #hd ,clauso cubile1 interula1 caligis1 cingulo1 pileoque nocturno instructus1 lecto sese colocat2 fusis ad ,deum precibus1 somno se componit4 ,before the so-called ,reformation the ,b4 ,eelko was venerated as a saint1 and represented in art shaking roses out of his habit4 ,b4 ,,thomas ,,of ,,lancaster4 7,a4,d4 #acba47 ,inscribed in his additions to ,usuardus by ,herman ,greven1 in the ,german ,martyrology of ,canisius1 and by ,ferrarius in his ,general ,catalogue of the ,saints4 ,not mentioned in the ,anglican or ,roman ,martyrologies1 but it is certain that ,thomas of ,lancaster received veneration shortly after his execution1 and that miraculous cures were attributed to his relics4 ,there have been1 as there probably ever will be1 great differences of opinion as to the justice of beheading ,thomas1 ,earl of ,lancaster1 cousin-german to king ,edward ,,ii4 ,edward of ,carnarvon had received his father's final instructions before ,edward ,i4 died4 ,of these the principal were2 that he should devote a certain sum to the succour of the ,holy ,land2 that he should persist in the conquest of ,scotland2 and that he should not recall his favourite1 ,piers de ,gaveston 7a young ,gascon1 whom the king had lately banished71 without the consent of parliament4 ,every one of these commands were directly violated by the young king4 ,his first act was to send for ,gaveston2 and to confer on him the royal earldom of ,cornwall4 ,the old ministers and judges were nearly all dismissed4 ,langton1 bishop of ,coventry1 the treasurer of the late king1 who had formerly reproved the extravagance of the prince and his favourite1 was thrown into prison4 ,gaveston received the money left for the crusade1 was made lord chamberlain2 betrothed to ,margaret de ,clare1 niece of the king2 and presently1 when ,edward went to marry ,isabel of ,france at ,boulogne1 left regent of ,england4 ,the jealousy of the great nobles was already excited2 but when they beheld the king1 on his return1 rush into the arms of his favourite without regarding them2 and when they saw ,gaveston take precedence of them all at the coronation of ,edward1 their anger burst forth4 ,three days after the ceremony they called upon the king to dismiss his minion4 ,edward deferred the matter until parliament should meet1 hoping by that time to soothe their resentment4 ,all his efforts1 however1 was rendered nugatory by the pride and insolence of ,gaveston1 and the nobles insisted on his expulsion4 ,edward was obliged to give way1 and ,gaveston to swear that he would never return4 ,the king1 however1 escorted him to ,bristol with every mark of honour1 and mortified his enemies still more by appointing the exile his lieutenant in ,ireland4 ,from the day of ,gaveston's departure the king laboured to effect his recall4 ,he solicited the intervention of the pope2 and having obtained a conditional abrogation of the oath taken by ,gaveston1 ordered him to return4 ,receiving him in person at ,chester1 he brought him to meet parliament4 ,here he induced the bishops and peers to consent that his favourite should remain in ,england2 but they added1--as long as he conducted himself well4 ,in a very short time1 however1 the absolute ascendancy of ,gaveston over the king1 his ostentation and presumption1 had revived the animosity of the barons4 ,lancaster and his friends refused to attend the next parliament4 ,edward1 who wanted money1 found it necessary to yield4 ,he prologued the parliament to ,london1 and leaving ,gaveston in retirement1 repaired to the capital4 ,the great barons attended with such a military force1 that ,edward was obliged to grant all their demands4 ,a committee of seven prelates1 eight earls1 and six barons1 under the name of ordainers1 was appointed1 with full powers to redress the grievances of the nation4 ,gaveston was again banished and as speedily was recalled by the king in defiance of his parliament4 ,the barons then took up arms1 and captured ,gaveston at ,scarborough 7,may #aith1 #acab71 and executed him by order of ,lancaster and the other insurgent nobles at ,blacklow1 near ,coventry4 ,the news of this audacious deed affected the king with the most passionate grief1 to which was quickly added a fierce desire for revenge4 ,his anger was not diminished when the barons followed up the blow by a peremptory demand that the ordinances for the better government of ,england and the rectification of flagrant abuses should be carried into effect4 ,a superficial reconciliation was however effected4 ,the parliament assembled at ,westminster hall1 and ,edward having taken his seat on the throne1 the earl of ,lancaster and his associates knelt before him1 and solicited a pardon for the acts which had offended him4 ,taking each petitioner by the hand1 the king bestowed upon him the kiss of peace1 promised1 and the next day published1 a general amnesty4 ,some time after the death of ,gaveston1 the ordainers had imposed upon the king1 as chamberlain1 a young man named ,hugh le ,despenser1 son of one of the great barons4 ,from an object of dislike1 he soon became the favourite of ,edward4 ,with his father1 he had ably supported the king in his resistance to the earl of ,lancaster1 and he had become especially odious to the earl's party4 ,but1 however loyal1 the chamberlain was undoubtedly rapacious2 and a harsh attempt to enforce the feudal law to his own advantage1 excited the lords ,marchers of ,wales to arm against him4 ,the earl of ,lancaster soon joined them2 and the united barons1 marching upon ,london1 decreed that the ,despensers 7who were both absent71 should be banished4 ,the bishops protested2 but the king and his friends were forced to assent to this lawless proceeding4 ,two months after the king recalled the ,despensers1 and took the field against the barons4 ,the earl assaulted the royal castle of ,tichhill2 but failing in his attempts1 he hurried southwards to stop the advance of ,edward at ,burton-on-,trent4 ,the king1 however1 forced the passage of the river1 and the barons retreated hastily to ,pontefract4 ,there a stormy council was held4 ,lancaster was for making a stand at that point2 but over-borne by his associate1 he resumed the retreat4 ,at ,boroughbridge1 however1 he found the way barred by a strong force under ,sir ,andrew ,harkeley1 governor of ,carlisle1 and ,sir ,simon ,ward1 sheriff of ,yorkshire4 ,after a vain endeavour to gain the adhesion of ,harkeley1 who had formerly received knighthood at his hands1 ,lancaster resolved to force the passage of the bridge2 but the earl of ,hereford having been slain in the attempt1 and an attack by a ford having been repulsed1 earl ,thomas took refuge in a chapel1 saying1 as he looked upon the crucifix2 ,lord1 ,i render myself to ,thee and ,thy mercy4 ,he was1 nevertheless1 dragged out by the royalists1 who1 despoiling him of his rich surcoat1 clothed him in a common livery1 and conveyed him down the river to ,york1 where he was received with every kind of insult4 ,thence he was taken to ,pontefract ,castle1 which he at that time possessed in the right of his wife1 the heiress of the ,de ,lacys1 and presented to the king4 ,the death of ,gaveston was now to be avenged4 ,the earl of ,lancaster was brought a prisoner into his own hall2 and there the king1 with the earls of ,kent1 ,richmond1 ,pembroke1 the elder ,spenser1 and other of his party1 condemned him to be drawn1 hanged1 and beheaded4 ,edward1 however1 remitted the more degrading parts of the sentence4 ,the earl was at once delivered into the hands of a band of ,gascons1 who put an old cap on his head1 set him on a lean white pony1 and led him out to immediate execution4 ,the presence of his confessor1 a ,dominican monk1 who walked by his side1 did not save the earl from the insults of the royalist rabble4 ,they threw pellets of dirt at him1 and derisively saluted him as king ,arthur4 ,in this manner he was conducted to the summit of a hill without the town1 where he was ordered to kneel1 with his face to the north1 and then his head was stricken off by a villain of ,london4 ,a martyr to religion ,thomas of ,lancaster was not1 but he was a martyr for the rights and liberties of ,english people4 ,he both furthered the cause of public liberty1 and perished in its defence4 ,witness the part he took in framing the ordinances for the common benefit of the kingdom1 and the peace and prosperity of all the people generally4 ,all his transactions show that the earl was a man of noble purposes1 naturally averse to arbitrary power1 and a lover of liberty in the true and rational sense of its value4 ,the sentence pronounced against him was formally revoked by act of parliament2 and the priory church at ,pontefract1 which claimed to have his body buried on the right hand of the high altar1 became the scene of a series of miracles4 ,there is a record in the ,corpus ,christi ,college at ,cambridge of the miracles ,god wroughte for ,seint ,thomas of ,lancaster3 wherefore the king lete close the church doors of ,pountfret of the ,prioree1 for no man shall come therein to the body for to offeren4 ,the veneration extended to ,london and became so prominent that a royal proclamation was issued denouncing and threatening the worshippers of the effigy3 ,inimici et rebelli nostri fotue accedentes eam absque auctoritate ,ecclesi ,roman tanquam rem sanctificatam colunt et adsunt1 asserentes ibi fieri miracula1 opprobrium totius ,ecclesi1 nostri et vestri dedecus1 et animarum populi predicti periculum manifestum1 ac pernisiosum exemplum aliorum4 ,this reverence therefore1 however produced1 was of a national and unauthorized character2 but within five weeks after the accession of ,edward ,,iii4 a special mission was sent to the pope from the king1 imploring the appointment of a commission to institute the usual canonical investigation preparatory to the canonisation of a ,christian hero4 ,in ,june of the same year a king's-letter was given to ,robert de ,weryngton1 authorising him and his agents to collect alms throughout the kingdom for the erection of a chapel on the hill where the earl was beheaded4 ,three years later 7that is in #accj7 the embassy was repeated1 urging the attention of the court of ,rome to a subject that so much interested the ,church and people of ,england2 and in the ,april of the following year three still more important envoys were sent with letters to the pope1 to nine cardinals1 to the refendary of the papal court1 and to the three nephews of his holiness1 intreating them not to give ear to the invectives of malignant men who had asserted that the earl of ,lancaster connived at some injury offered to certain cardinals at ,durham in the late king's reign4 ,it is affirmed that1 on the contrary1 the earl defended those high personages at his own great peril2 and the reiterated demand for his sanctification appeals to the words of ,scripture1 ,knock1 and it shall be opened unto you4 ,of this strange story no continuation appears till fifty-nine years later1 when ,walshingham1 the ,benedictine monk of ,st4 ,alban's1 chronicling the events of #acij 7the thirteenth year of ,richard ,,ii471 writes1 hoc quoque anno sanctus ,thomas de ,lancastria canonizatus est4 ,the same event is recorded by ,john ,capgrave with the discrepancy of one year4 ,writing of #achi1 he narrates3 ,and this same year was ,thomas of ,lancaster canonised1 for it was seid commounly that he should nevir be canonised onto the time that all the juges that set upon him were ded1 all her issew4 ,notwithstanding the distinct assertions of these two ecclesiastical historians1 the festival of ,thomas of ,lancaster is not set down in any of the ,salisbury ,service books either printed or in manuscript4 ,nor does his feast come among those which ,lyndwode speaks of as introduced in later years4 ,butler makes no mention of him in his ,lives of the ,saints1 nor do the ,bollandists give to him more than half-a-dozen lines1 mentioning him amongst those whom they do not propose to notice4 ,a stone coffin found in a field not far from ,s4 ,thomas's ,hill1 near ,pontefract1 in the year #ahbh1 which in local histories has been supposed to contain the bones of the earl1 is still to be seen in the grounds of ,lord ,houghton1 at ,fryston ,hall4#he ,the heavy lid was removed in the presence of ,mr4 ,t4 ,wright1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,hartshorne1 and other members of the ,archological ,association1 and the bones taken out and examined4 ,the head was found between the leg bones4 ,all were of unusually large proportions4 ,they were afterwards restored1 with the exception of the skull1 to their ancient resting-place4 ,the skull is preserved in ,fryston ,hall4 #he ,see ,observations on the ,history of ,thomas1 earl of ,lancaster1 by ,lord ,houghton in the ,transactions of the ,archological ,association for #ahfc1 and ,notes and ,queries for #ahej2 also ,the ,honour and ,castle of ,pontefract1 by ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hartshorne4 ,s4 ,,katharine ,,of ,,sweden1 ,v4 7,a4,d4 #acha47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,danish1 ,norwegian1 and ,swedish ,kalendar4 ,her office was sanctioned by ,innocent ,,viii4 ,authority3--,her life by ,ulph1 a ,brigittine friar1 written thirty years after her death4 ,s4 ,katharine of ,sweden was the daughter of ,ulph1 prince of ,nierck1 in ,sweden1 and ,s4 ,bridget4 ,at the age of seven she was placed in the nunnery of ,risborg4 ,being very beautiful1 her father contracted her in marriage to ,egard1 a young nobleman of great virtue2 but she persuaded her husband to live with her a life of perpetual chastity4 ,after the death of her father1 ,s4 ,katharine out of devotion undertook a pilgrimage with her mother to various holy places1 and came to ,rome1 where ,s4 ,bridget died in #acgc4 ,katharine returned to ,sweden and died abbess of ,vatzen1 in the diocese of ,lincopen1 on ,march #bdth1 #acha4 ,b4 ,,nicolas ,,von ,,der ,,flue1 ,h4 7,a4,d4 #adhg47 ,venerated in ,unterwalden1 in ,switzerland1 whence his cultus has spread into ,france and the ,netherlands4 ,his life was written the year after his death by ,heinrich von ,gundelfingen1 canon of ,bern4 ,see also ,albrecht v4 ,bonstetten1 ,leben d4 ,selig4 ,nicolaus von der ,flue1 vom j4 #adhg aus einer ,nrnberger ,handschrift herausgegeben v4 ,c4 ,morel1 ,einsiedeln1 #ahfb4 ,the following account is condensed from ,catholic ,legends1 ,burns1 ,london4 ,nicolas von der ,flue was born in ,unterwalden in the year #adag1 near the village of ,sachseln4 ,he was descended from a race of good and pious shepherds1 in whom were transmitted from father to son the ancient virtues of the ,swiss1 and who enjoyed during successive centuries the esteem of their fellow-countrymen4 ,his parents had an honest competence2 and1 after the example of their fathers1 they adhered stedfastly to the true and ancient faith1 respected the laws of their country1 and brought up their children in piety and virtue4 ,they tended their flocks with unwearied care2 and1 after a life of tranquility1 fell asleep in ,god1 full of confidence2 for they had walked before ,him1 like the patriarchs1 to the borders of ,jordan4 ,the young ,nicolas grew up beneath their salutary tutelage1 and manifested always an obedient spirit and a love of virtue2 gentle and pious even from the days of his childhood4 ,it was often remarked by those around him1 that after the hard labour of a whole day in the fields1 when he returned home in the evening1 he would disappear by stealth to pray in some secret place4 ,his spirit began thus early to mortify the body1 in order to give itself without distraction to elevated contemplation4 ,when some one1 out of kindness1 warned him not to ruin his health in his youth by such severe fasts as he was accustomed to observe1 he replied1 with sweetness1 that such was the will of ,god concerning him4 ,notwithstanding his fervent and austere devotion1 his demeanour was cheerful and affable2 and he discharged with fidelity all the duties which his condition of life imposed upon him4 ,he entered upon manhood endowed with a noble firmness of soul1 a penetrating intelligence1 and great purity of heart4 ,in his twenty-third year he took arms1 at the call of the magistrates1 in the campaign against ,zurich2 and again1 fourteen years later1 at the time of the occupation of ,thurgau1 when he commanded1 as captain1 a company of #ajj men1 and manifested such bravery1 that his country decreed him a gold medal as a recompense4 ,a yet more honourable circumstance in the same expedition was the saving of the monastery of the valley of ,s4 ,katharine1 near ,diessenhofen1 which to this day reveres him as its deliverer4 ,it was owing to his exhortations that the ,swiss relinquished their design of setting fire to the abbey1 in order to expel the enemy1 who abandoned it soon after of their own accord4 ,in battle he carried his sword in one hand1 his chaplet in the other3 he showed himself at once a fearless soldier and a merciful ,christian1 protecting the widow and the orphan1 and not permitting the conquerors to perpetrate acts of violence against the vanquished4 ,arrived at manhood1 ,nicolas married a virtuous young girl1 named ,dorothea ,wysyling4 ,they had ten children1 five sons and five daughters4 ,nicolas was himself unanimously elected governor and judge of ,obwalden4 ,the high dignity of ,landaman was decreed him by the general assembly several times2 but he feared the great responsibility2 and1 without doubt1 he felt also that ,god had reserved him for some other and greater thing4 ,nicolas had thus lived fifty years for the good of his country and family1 and esteemed by all1 when1 in the year #adfg1 he felt himself drawn to a closer walk with ,god1 in a life of entire separation from the world4 ,his eldest son1 ,john von der ,flue1 thus speaks of him3 ,my father always retired to rest at the same time as his children and servants2 but every night ,i saw him rise again1 and heard him praying in his chamber until morning4 ,many times1 also1 he would repair in the silence of the night to the old church of ,s4 ,nicholas1 or to other holy places4 ,these hours of solitude were to him the happiest moments of his life2 and the interior impulse became even more powerful to consecrate the remainder of his life to the devout contemplation of eternal truths4 ,god also favoured him frequently with miraculous intimations of ,his divine will4 ,on one occasion1 when he went to visit his flock at a place called ,bergmatt1 according to his wont1 he knelt upon the grass1 and began to pray1 when ,god vouchsafed him a consoling vision4 ,he beheld a fragrant lily1 white as snow1 come out of his mouth1 and rise towards heaven4 ,whilst he regaled himself with the perfume and beauty of the flower1 his flock came gambolling towards him1 and amongst them a noble horse4 ,as he turned to look1 the lily inclined itself towards the horse1 which advanced and drew it from his mouth2 by which ,nicolas was made to understand that the treasure to which he should aspire was in heaven3 and if his heart was not wholly detached from the things of earth1 he would forfeit the possession of the celestial joys reserved for him4 ,another time1 while engaged in the ordinary business of his house1 he saw three men approach him1 of venerable aspect1 one of whom addressed him thus3-- ,tell us1 ,nicolas1 wilt thou put body and soul into our power8 ,i give myself to none1 replied he1 but the ,almighty ,god1 whom ,i have long desired to serve with my soul and body4 ,at these words the strangers turned with a smile one towards the other1 and the first answered3 ,because thou hast given thyself wholly to ,god1 and art bound to ,him for ever1 ,i promise that in the #gjth year of thine age thou shalt be delivered from all the troubles of this world4 ,remain constant in thy resolution4 ,thou shalt bear in heaven a glorious banner amidst the armies of ,god1 if thou hast borne with patience the cross that we lay upon thee4 ,upon this the three men disappeared4 ,these visions confirmed him in his resolution of separating from the world4 ,he disclosed to his wife the desire of his soul1 and entreated her1 for the love of ,god1 to give him permission to fulfil this vocation4 ,she consented with calm resignation1 and ,nicolas began at once to arrange the affairs of his house1 assigning to each of his children his part of the inheritance4 ,he then assembled all his household1--his old father1 #gj years of age1 his wife1 his children1 and his friends2 he appeared before them barefoot and bareheaded1 clothed in the long robe of a pilgrim1 with a staff and chaplet in his hand2 he thanked them for all the kindness they had shown him1 exhorted them for the last time to fear ,god before all things2 then he gave them his blessing1 and departed4 ,that this separation was a trial to him1 was evidenced by his frequent expressions of thankfulness to ,god that ,he had strengthened him to overcome for ,his service the love he bore to his wife and children4 ,nicolas set out with a tranquil heart for the place which ,god had chosen for him4 ,crossing valleys and mountains1 he arrived at the limits of the ,confederation4 ,when not far from ,aarau1 at a spot whence he could see beyond the frontiers the little town of ,liechstall1 he had a remarkable vision4 ,the town1 with its houses and towers1 appeared to him enveloped in flames4 ,terrified with this spectacle1 he entered into conversation with a peasant whom he found in a neighbouring farmhouse1 and made known to him his purpose1 begging him to point out a solitary spot where he might be able to carry it into effect4 ,this man counselled him to remain in his own country2 because1 as the ,confederates were not always well received in other parts1 he might be unfavourably regarded1 and his retreat be disturbed4 ,brother ,nicolas thanked his host for this good counsel1 and turned his face again towards home4 ,he rested not till he reached ,melchthal1 his native place2 where he repaired to one of his pastures called the ,kluster4 ,there he made a little hut of branches and leaves under a larch tree1 in the midst of thorny bushes1 and remained without discovery till the eighth day1 neither eating nor drinking1 but absorbed in prayer4 ,some hunters in pursuit of game first became aware of his retreat1 and spoke of him to his brother1 ,peter von der ,flue1 who visited him1 and besought him not to suffer himself to die of hunger in so wild a solitude4 ,brother ,nicolas assured him that he need be without uneasiness on his account1 as he had experienced no evil result up to that time4 ,nevertheless1 that he might not seem to tempt ,god1 he sent secretly for the cur of ,kerns1 named ,oswald ,isner1 and acquainted him with the whole case4 ,this good man gave the following testimony after the hermit's death1 as may be read in the parish record of the year #adhh3-- ,when ,bro4 ,nicolas had passed eleven days without food1 he sent for me1 and asked me whether he should take some nourishment or continue his trial1 as he had always desired to be able to live without eating1 in order that he might be more effectually separated from created things4 ,when ,i saw that this could come only from the source of divine love1 ,i counselled ,bro4 ,nicolas to persevere as long as he was able2 and from this time to the day of his death1 a period of more than twenty years1 he continued to dispense with bodily food4 ,as the pious brother was more familiar with me than with any other person1 ,i sought earnestly to learn from him how his strength was sustained2 and one day he told me1 in great secrecy1 that when he assisted at ,mass1 and the priest communicated1 he received a strength which enabled him to refrain from all other nourishment4 ,when the fame of this miraculous life spread abroad1 people flocked from all parts to see a man whom ,god had so distinguished1 and to convince themselves of its reality by personal observation4 ,his quiet life was1 in consequence1 so much disturbed1 that he determined to seek a more isolated spot4 ,after traversing several of the wildest valleys with this intention1 he beheld above a gloomy gorge1 down which the ,melch precipitates itself with deafening roar1 a brilliant light descending from heaven4 ,obedient to this indication of the will of ,god1 he built there a little hut4 ,but the same year1 his neighbours1 the inhabitants of ,obwalden1 edified by his holy life1 built him a chapel with a small cell attached1 and presented it to him as a mark of their affection4 ,brother ,nicolas entered this new dwelling1 and continued there to serve ,god in the same supernatural life4 ,meanwhile1 the renown of his extraordinary mode of existence extended far and wide3 many were unwilling to believe that a man could thus live miraculously by the sole grace of the ,almighty1 whilst others glorified ,god on his behalf4 ,the magistrates of the canton1 desiring to verify the fact of the monastic life of ,blessed ,nicolas1 sent officers1 who1 for the space of a month1 occupied day and night all the avenues of his retreat1 in order that no person might bring provisions4 ,thomas1 suffragan bishop of ,constance1 subjected the brother to a similar test when he consecrated the chapel2 and after him bishop ,otho visited the hermit4 ,the archduke ,sigismund of ,austria sent1 for the same purpose1 his physician1 the learned and skilful ,binhard de ,horneck1 in order that he might attentively observe ,nicolas during several days and nights4 ,frederick ,,iii41 the emperor1 also appointed delegates to examine him2 but all these expedients served only to confirm the truth4 ,those who visited him were so struck with the piety and humility of the servant of ,god1 that all their doubts vanished1 and they left him penetrated with the most profound respect4 ,when asked how he could exist without food1 his simple reply was1 ,god knows4 ,it was only on ,sundays and festival days that he left his cell1 and assisted with the rest of his parishioners at divine service in the church of ,sachseln4 ,once a year he repaired to ,lucerne for the great procession1 and to visit the celebrated places of pilgrimage4 ,when the journey became too fatiguing on account of his advanced age1 and the gifts of pious persons enabled him to procure the services of a priest1 he heard ,mass daily in his own chapel1 and confessed and received the ,holy ,communion frequently4 ,he consecrated to the service of ,god all the hours from midnight to midday1 at which time he prayed and meditated1 especially on the passion of ,jesus ,christ our ,saviour1 who1 as he said1 communicated to him in the exercise a miraculous strength1 a supernatural food4 ,during the remainder of the day1 from midday to the evening1 he received those who visited him2 or1 when the weather was fine1 he would traverse the mountains praying1 or visit his friend1 ,brother ,ulrich1 and converse with him on divine things4 ,ulrich was a ,german gentleman1 originally from ,bavaria1 who1 after many remarkable adventures1 had quitted the world to establish himself near ,nicolas1 in this solitude4 ,lodged in the hollow of a rock1 he led a life similar to his1 save only that he could not dispense with food1 which the pious country-people provided for him4 ,in the evening ,brother ,nicolas resumed his prayers2 then he went to take a short repose upon his couch1 which consisted only of two planks1 with a piece of wood or a stone for a pillow4 ,at this period the cities and states of the ,swiss ,confederation were at the height of their prosperity2 the fruit of three memorable victories over the forces of the ,duke of ,burgundy4 ,six years had not elapsed since the first of these--that of ,granson4 ,in this famous engagement1 the ,confederates had humbled the haughty arrogance of ,charles the ,bold3 his fine army1 three times stronger than their own1 had been cut in pieces2 and this hitherto unconquered hero1 the master of the richest provinces on this side the ,alps--the two ,burgundies1 ,gueldres1 and almost all ,belgium1--this warrior1 before whom ,france trembled1 and whom ,lorraine had been unable to resist1 fled from the field of battle with only six companions4 ,four hundred pieces of artillery1 six hundred banners1 his ducal hat1 his sword of state1 the three large diamonds1 celebrated throughout ,europe1 which were destined at a subsequent period to adorn the crowns of mighty potentates2--in a word1 a camp which was unequalled in richness and magnificence throughout ,christendom1 and could only be compared to the camps of the ,turks1 fell into the hands of poor mountaineers1 who1 with the help of ,god1 had defended their liberty against the cupidity and pride of a foreign foe4 ,the second battle took place on the plains of ,morat4 ,charles of ,burgundy was again routed with enormous loss1 and obliged to fly a second time1 having with him only thirty men4 ,the ,confederates1 after the battle1 fell on their knees in thanksgiving for the success of their arms2 the trumpets poured forth a joyous blast2 messengers1 decorated with green branches1 ran in all haste through the towns and villages1 and the bells rang out exulting peals4 ,the third of these great battles was fought by the ,swiss near ,nancy4 ,the ,burgundian1 in his despair1 had collected all that remained of his forces1 and having on this occasion to contend with troops superior to his own1 he displayed a valour worthy of his name and ancestors4 ,but all his efforts were in vain2 and ,charles1 the last of his house on the throne of ,burgundy1 was once more totally defeated4 ,the reputation of the ,swiss became so great in consequence of these successes1 that the most powerful princes of ,europe sent ambassadors to their assemblies1 and sought their alliance4 ,at the negotiations held at ,zurich1 in #adgh1 for concluding peace with ,burgundy1 were to be seen envoys from the emperor of ,germany1 the king of ,france1 the ,archduke of ,austria1 and counts and lords from far and near4 ,the ,swiss had no longer a single enemy to fear4 ,the immense booty taken from the ,burgundians1 and the payments made on various accounts by ,france1 had occasioned large sums of money to circulate among the people2 and the ,swiss had lost something of their pure and disinterested love for their country4 ,at the close of the year1 #adha1 on ,s4 ,thomas's ,eve1 the deputies of the ,cantons met at ,stanz1 in ,unterwalden1 for deliberation on matters of the highest importance connected with the welfare of the ,confederacy4 ,the minds of the delegates had been already so warped by jealousy and selfishness1 that the members of the assembly of ,stanz could come to no mutual understanding1 and were unceasingly embittered against each other4 ,there were two parties in the assembly at variance with each other2 that of the towns1 and that of the country4 ,the peasants of ,uri1 of ,schwytz1 and ,unterwalden desired peace1 and distrusted the ambition of the citizens1 who would draw them needlessly into war4 ,they sought to maintain the ,swiss ,confederation within its ancient limits1 and were not disposed to strengthen the opposite party by the admission of new towns4 ,on the contrary1 the towns of ,lucerne1 of ,berne1 and of ,zurich exerted themselves to obtain admittance into the ,confederation for ,soleure and ,friebourg2 because they themselves lay exposed to the attacks of the enemy1 ,switzerland not having as yet any natural frontier2 and these towns had fought faithfully for ,switzerland in the wars against ,charles1 and the ,confederates in the hour of danger had promised to admit them into the league4 ,to this source of discord was added the envy excited by the division of the ,burgundian booty4 ,it was in vain that the cantons of ,glarus and ,zug sought to interpose their mediation1 and that meetings were held in various places to reconcile differences4 ,and now the ,confederates were assembled for consultation for the last time at ,stanz4 ,the animosity of party1 however1 was so great1 that after three sessions of angry debates1 the members rose with agitated countenances1 and separated without taking leave of one another1 to meet again1 perhaps1 only in the conflict of civil war4 ,that which neither the power of ,austria1 nor the fury of ,charles of ,burgundy had ever been able to accomplish1 the ,swiss were themselves in danger of bringing about by their own internal dissensions2 and the liberty and happiness of their country stood in jeopardy4 ,these considerations filled all good citizens with sorrow and alarm1 and1 amongst others1 a cur of ,stanz1 named ,henry ,im ,grand1 a man full of zeal for the good of his country4 ,as he reflected on the danger which threatened her1 his thoughts turned to ,brother ,nicolas4 ,this man1 said he to himself1 is1 perhaps1 the only one whose voice will command attention now1 and1 taking his staff1 he went in quest of him4 ,brother ,nicolas replied to his entreaty to come to ,stanz with his usual gravity3 ,return1 said he1 tell the envoys of the ,confederation that ,brother ,klaus has something to propose to them4 ,the priest1 full of hope1 resumed his journey with all possible speed2 he hastened to the inns where the deputies were preparing for departure1 and conjured them to be again reconciled1 and to listen for the last time to the counsels and proposition of the pious hermit4 ,they consented2 and some hours after1 the brother appeared in the midst of the assembly4 ,notwithstanding his great age1 ,nicolas had performed this long and difficult journey without resting2 his fine majestic figure--which time had scarcely bent1 was seen advancing across the market-place of ,stanz to the town-hall4 ,he wore1 according to custom1 his simple1 dark-coloured dress1 which descended to his feet2 he carried his chaplet in one hand1 and grasped his staff with the other2 he was1 as usual1 barefoot and bareheaded2 and his long hair1 a little touched by the snows of age1 fell upon his shoulders4 ,when the holy man entered the hall before all the ,confederates1 they rose with one accord to greet him4 ,after a few moments1 silence was broken by the sonorous voice of the hermit1 who addressed them with earnest words1 and ,god gave such grace to his words that in one hour all difficulties were smoothed away1 and base passions were silent through shame before the severe counsel of a man who appeared before this assembly with hands raised towards heaven1 as a prophet sent from ,god4 ,the ,confederates1 in accordance with ,nicolas's advice1 received into their league the towns of ,freibourg and ,soleure2 the ancient treaties of alliance were confirmed1 and further consolidated by being established on the basis of new laws unanimously enacted4 ,the pacification of all the ,swiss cantons1 the maintenance of public order1 and of the authority of the magistrates against disturbers of the peace1 the division of booty according to the rule given by ,nicolas1--such were the points upon which the ,confederates1 who had so long contended with so much animosity1 came this same day to an entire agreement4 ,the brother returned the same evening to his peaceful hermitage4 ,at ,stanz the bells were rung1 and sounds of rejoicing floated across the lakes and through the valleys to all the villages and towns of ,switzerland1 from the snowy heights of ,s4 ,gothard to the smiling plains of ,thurgau4 ,there was as much joy and gladness everywhere as after the victories of ,granson and ,morat1 and with as just cause2 for there the ,confederates had delivered their country from foreign enemies2 here they saved it from their own passions4 ,their true deliverer1 who had obtained from them this victory over themselves1 was the poor ,brother ,nicolas1 and as such he was everywhere recognised and extolled4 ,the towns and countries of the ,confederation1 and above all1 ,soleure and ,freibourg1 satisfied with the happy termination of their dissensions1 testified their gratitude to the brother by sending him letters of thanks and precious gifts4 ,he accepted the latter only when they were destined to adorn his chapel4 ,berne sent a courier with a letter of thanksgiving and a handsome present4 ,the answer which the brother returned1 through the medium of his son ,john1 exists to this day in the archives of ,soleure1 to which city it was presented by ,berne4 ,from this time the general veneration for ,brother ,klaus increased continually4 ,nicolas lived six years longer in his peaceful retreat1 rich in benedictions4 ,at length the time arrived when ,god would call ,his faithful servant from the miseries of the world to eternal joy4 ,before his death1 ,god sent him a sharp sickness1 in which he suffered indescribable pain4 ,in this condition of suffering he turned from side to side1 writhing upon his couch like a worm trodden under foot4 ,these frightful pains lasted eight days4 ,he bore them with perfect resignation1 and continued to exhort those who surrounded his bed of death so to conduct themselves in this life as to leave it with a peaceful conscience4 ,death1 said he1 is terrible2 but it is still more terrible to fall into the hands of the living ,god4 ,when his pains were a little relieved1 and the moment of death drew near1 ,nicolas desired with all the ardour of devotion to receive the sacred ,body of the ,saviour1 and to be strengthened by the ,sacrament of ,extreme ,unction4 ,near the dying man stood his faithful companion1 ,brother ,ulrich1 his old friend ,henry ,im ,grand1 and the pious anchorite1 ,cecil1 who after his death led for seventy years the same solitary life in a neighbouring cell2 his faithful wife and children also gathered round him4 ,in their presence he received the holy ,sacraments with tokens of deep humility2 then he thanked ,god anew for all the benefits ,he had dispensed to him1 prostrated himself1 and died the death of the just4 ,this event took place on the first day of the spring of the year #adhg1 the feast of ,s4 ,benedict1 the same on which seventy years previous he was born4 ,the lily had been the favourite symbol of this pure calm soul2 the lily in flower1 resplendent with a divine glory1 was ,brother ,klaus himself1 the humble servant of ,god1 whose name1 it is said1 even ,s4 ,charles ,borromeo never pronounced but with uncovered head4 ,the skeleton of ,brother ,klaus reposes in a shrine above the high altar of the ,church at ,sachseln1 where also are preserved the habit1 staff1 and rosary of the saint4 ,a contemporary portrait exists in the town-hall of ,sarnen4 ,he is represented as deadly pale1 with deep sunk eyes1 which are red with constant weeping4 ,his chapel and hermitage are still shown in ,melchthal4 ,illustration3 ,decorative motif ,march #bc4 ,s4 ,,proculus1 ,b4 of ,verona1 #dth cent4 ,,ss4 ,,fingar1 ,,piala1 ,v41 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm4 in ,cornwall1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #dej4 ,s4 ,,victorian1 ,proconsul of ,carthage1 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm41 circ4 ,a4,d4 #dhd4 ,,ss4 ,,liberatus1 ,,physician1 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm4 in ,africa1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #dhd4 ,s4 ,,benedict1 ,monk in ,campania1 #fth cent4 ,s4 ,,ethelwold1 ,p4,h4 in the ,isle of ,farne1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #gbc4 ,s4 ,,alphonso ,,toribio1 ,b4 of ,lima1 in ,peru1 ,a4,d4 #afjf4 ,b4 ,,joseph ,,oriol1 ,p4 at ,barcelona1 ,a4,d4 #agjb4 ,s4 ,,proculus1 ,b4 ,,of ,,verona4 7#d,,th ,,cent47 ,modern ,roman ,martyrology4 ,maurolycus1 ,greven and ,canisius give ,dec4 #ith2 ,galesinus gives both days4 ,the ,roman ,martyrology says that ,s4 ,proculus confessed ,christ in the persecution of ,dioclesian2 all the other ,martyrologies1 that of ,verona included1 and all the versions of the ,acts extant make a mistake1 and say he confessed under ,maximin1 the emperor1 when he was at ,milan1 before ,anulinus the consul4 ,but ,maximin never was at ,milan2 and ,annius ,cornelius ,anulinus was consul in the year #bie1 when ,dioclesian and ,maximian were emperors2 and ,maximian was at ,milan more than once4 ,anulinus was proconsul of ,africa in #cjc1 and we meet with him in the ,acts of some of the ,african martyrs4 ,the ,acts of ,,ss4 ,firmus and ,rusticus are not precisely in their original form1 or this error would not have crept in1 of making ,maximian into ,maximin2 otherwise they seem to be trustworthy4 ,saint ,proculus was the fourth bishop of ,verona4 ,during the persecution waged by ,dioclesian and ,maximian against the ,church1 ,anulinus the consul came to ,milan breathing out threatenings and slaughter against the faithful4 ,and when he had laid his hands on ,,ss4 ,firmus and ,rusticus1 the holy bishop ,proculus went to them into their prison to encourage them to strive manfully for ,christ4 ,and he kissed them and said1 ,be strong in the ,lord ,jesus1 and receive me1 my brethren1 as your fellow in death2 for ,i desire greatly to be your companion1 that we may have but one will and one struggle for the ,lord1 so that we may merit to enter into ,his glory and sing ,his praises eternally8 ,and they answered1 ,so be it4 ,now ,anulinus had sent to have the martyrs brought before him2 and the officers came to the door1 and saw the old man sitting with ,firmus and ,rusticus1 and they laughed1 and said1 ,what does that old man want with these condemned criminals8 ,then the blessed ,proculus answered1 ,they are not condemned criminals1 but crowned victors of the ,lord2 and would that ,i might share their glory6 ,so saying he held out his hands to the officers that they might be bound2 so they bound him4 ,anulinus sat on his judgment seat1 and they brought before him ,firmus and ,rusticus1 and after them the venerable ,proculus4 ,who is this old man8 asked the magistrate2 and when they told him1 ,anulinus said1 ,he drivels1 send him off4 ,so they unbound him and beat him about the face1 and drove him out of the city4 ,so far from the ,acts of ,,ss4 ,firmus and ,rusticus1 other accounts of ,s4 ,proculus are less authentic4 ,according to these latter1 he went to ,jerusalem together with some companions1 when the persecution was at an end1 and was taken captive and sold as a slave2 but was released1 on account of his advanced age4 ,on his way home he passed through ,pannonia1 and an odd story is related of the journey4 ,the old man felt the want of a razor1 and was ill-content at remaining unshaven so long4 ,at length1 passing through a country where there was no water1 and unable to endure the growth on his chin and place of tonsure any longer1 he summoned water out of the rock1 and giving an old blunt knife to his attendant bade him shave boldly4 ,then wondrous to relate the bristles on the old man came off lightly1 as though mown by the keenest razor4 ,the relics of the saint were discovered on the rebuilding of the confession or church of ,s4 ,proculus1 in #adib4 ,,ss4 ,,fingar1 ,m41 ,,and ,,piala1 ,v4 ,m4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #dej47 ,anglican ,martyrology of ,j4 ,wilson4 ,in ,brittany at ,lok-,eguignar1 where the church is dedicated to him2 the saint is commemorated on ,december #adth4 ,colgan by mistake1 ,february #bcrd4 ,the ,life and ,martyrdom of ,s4 ,fingar1 written by one ,anselm1 but not ,s4 ,anselm of ,canterbury1 is fabulous4 ,there was a prince named ,corotic#hf of ,cornwall or ,south ,wales1 who was a pirate and a persecutor at once4 ,in1 or about1 ,a4,d4 #dej1 but certainly just before ,s4 ,patrick left ,munster1 in #deb1 ,corotic landed with a party of his armed followers1 many of whom were ,christians1 at a season of solemn baptism1 and set about plundering a district in which ,s4 ,patrick had just baptized and confirmed a great many converts1 and on the very day after the holy chrism was seen shining on the brows of the white-robed neophytes4 ,having murdered several persons1 these marauders carried off a considerable number of people1 whom they sold as slaves to the ,scots and ,picts4 ,s4 ,patrick wrote a letter1 now extant1 which he sent to these pirates1 requesting them to restore the baptized captives1 and some part of the booty4 ,the letter was received with scorn1 and ,s4 ,patrick was under the necessity of issuing a circular epistle against them and their chief ,corotic1 in which he proclaimed that he excommunicated and cut off from ,christ those same robbers and murderers1 and forbade ,christian people receiving them and giving them meat or drink4 ,he requested the faithful to read the epistle everywhere1 and before ,corotic himself1 and to communicate it to his soldiers1 in the hope that they and their master might return to ,god4 #hf ,the ,caradenc of the ,britons1 ,caraduc of the ,welsh1 the ,latinized ,caractacus4 ,it is probable that ,s4 ,fingar was one of the sufferers in this expedition4 ,he and his sister ,piala were probably carried to ,cornwall1 and there put to death4 ,but all this is very uncertain4 ,the life by ,anselm tells the story thus3 ,fingar or ,guigner1 the son of the ,irish king ,clito1 and a convert to ,christianity through the preaching of ,s4 ,patrick1 fled his country to avoid the consequences of his father's wrath1 together with several young nobles to ,brittany1 where he was kindly received by the chief of the province1 and having got ample possessions from him1 erected an oratory4 ,afterwards he returned to ,ireland1 and there collected nearly eight hundred faithful1 among whom were seven bishops and his sister ,piala4 ,leaving ,ireland they arrived at the port of ,hayle1 in ,cornwall1 anciently called ,pen-dinas1 but now called ,hayle1 after ,s4 ,hija1 an ,irish virgin1 who had set out after them1 on a leaf of a tree which had been blown into the sea1 and on which she was wafted to the ,cornish coast4 ,s4 ,hija received them hospitably1 and forwarded them on their way4 ,at night they reached the hut of a pious woman who invited them all in1 and as there were not beds enough for the whole company1 pulled the thatch off her roof1 and strewed it on the floor4 ,then she killed her only cow1 and served its meat to the holy comrades1 who satisfied themselves thereon1 and then ,s4 ,fingar took the skin1 put the bones inside it1 and having prayed1 the cow rose up whole1 and began to low4 ,theodoric--this is ,anselm's version of the name ,corotic--the earl of ,cornwall1 hearing of the passage through his lands of this large party of saints1 waylaid and massacred them4 ,s4 ,fingar planted his staff at his side1 and stretched forth his neck1 and his head was smitten off at one blow4 ,then a spring bubbled up from the ground moistened by his blood1 and his staff grew and put forth leaves beside the holy well4 ,it is almost needless to point out the utter worthlessness of this fable4 ,that there was a ,s4 ,fingar1 and that he suffered under ,corotic is likely enough4 ,the violence and murders committed by this piratical prince are established historical facts4 ,but if ,s4 ,fingar had been a king's son1 he would certainly have been mentioned in some of the lives of ,s4 ,patrick1 which he is not4 ,anselm says that his father1 ,clito1 was the most noble and powerful of the seven ,irish kings who received ,s4 ,patrick4 ,now there is nothing better authenticated than that the head king at that time was ,leogaire4 ,the chief difficulty according to ,colgan1 consists in the name ,theodoric2 but the name was not unknown among the ,britons4 ,a ,teudric1 or ,theodoric1 was king of ,glamorgan1 about the latter end of the sixth century1 7,usher1 p4 #efb47 ,but ,albertus ,magnus maintains 7,de ,sanctis ,britan4 ,armor71 that the ,cornubia spoken of in ,fingar's ,acts was ,cornouaille1 in ,brittany1 and informs us that ,fingar's festival is celebrated at ,vannes1 on ,december #acth4 ,lobineau1 in his ,history of ,brittany1 mentions a ,theodoric son of ,budic1 and count of ,cornouaille1 but he lived late in the sixth century4 ,but probably ,theodoric is a mistake for ,corotic1 made by some copyist4 ,s4 ,,victorian ,,and ,,others1 ,,mm4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #dhd47 ,usuardus1 ,ado1 ,notker1 ancient and modern ,roman ,martyrologies4 ,authority3--,victor of ,utica's ,history of the ,vandal ,persecution4 ,victorian1 proconsul of ,carthage1 a native of ,adrumetum1 was one of the wealthiest men in ,north ,africa1 and had discharged several important offices under ,hunneric1 the ,vandal king1 son of ,genseric4 ,but ,hunneric being resolved to trample out the faith in the ,godhead of ,christ1 and establish the ,arian heresy throughout his dominions1 offered ,victorian the highest honours1 and his own special favour1 if he would regard ,christ as a creature4 ,victorian replied1 ,nothing can separate me from the faith and love of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,in the confidence that ,i have in so mighty a master1 ,i am ready to suffer all kinds of torments rather than to consent to ,arian impiety4 ,you may burn me or expose me to wild beasts1 or kill me by other tortures2 but never will you prevail on me to desert the ,catholic ,church in which ,i was baptized4 ,this reply so exasperated the tyrant that he made the saint undergo the worst and most protracted torments his ingenuity could devise4 ,victorian endured them all with a good courage1 and gained the martyr's crown4 ,in the city of ,tambala also many suffered for the right faith1 and in that of ,aqu regi two brothers exhibited great constancy4 ,they were hung up by their wrists1 with heavy weights attached to their feet4 ,after having thus hung all day1 the endurance of one brother gave way1 and he cried out to be released4 ,then the other exclaimed1 ,do not so1 brother6 or ,i will accuse thee at the judgment seat of ,christ2 for have we not sworn over ,his ,body and ,blood to suffer together for ,him8 ,then the weaker brother was strengthened to endure1 and the ,vandals incensed at their obstinacy1 applied red-hot plates of iron to their flesh1 and tore them with iron rakes1 and so1 they entered into the joy of their ,lord4 ,two merchants of ,carthage1 both named ,frumentius1 also sold all that they had1 even to their lives1 to gain the most precious pearl of eternal life4 ,the ,church honours also on the same day ,s4 ,liberatus1 his wife1 and sons1 who suffered in the same persecution4 ,liberatus1 a physician of ,carthage1 was exiled1 along with his wife1 on account of his faith4 ,he felt keenly the being separated from his children1 but his wife consoled him1 saying1 ,think no more of thy children1 ,jesus ,christ will be their guardian4 ,the husband and wife were incarcerated in separate prisons1 so as not to see one another4 ,thy husband has submitted to the orders of the king1 said the ,arians to the wife3 therefore do thou yield also4 ,but she answered1 ,let me see him and speak with him4 ,then she was conducted to where he was1 and she reproached him for his apostasy4 ,but he exclaimed1 ,they have deceived thee1 ,o my wife1 never have ,i renounced my faith4 ,then she gave praise to ,god4 ,it is not known how these saints suffered1 but they are honoured by the ,church as martyrs4 ,s4 ,,ethelwold1 ,h4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #gbc47 ,menardus on ,jan4 #fth4 ,edward ,mayhew in his ,tropha ,cong4 ,anglic4 ,o4,s4,b4 on ,march #bcrd4 ,so ,heronymus ,porter in his ,flores ,vitarum ,sanct4 ,angli1 ,scoti1 and ,hiberni4 ,the revised ,anglican ,martyrology of #afdj1 on same day4 ,authority3--,bede in his life of ,s4 ,cuthbert4 ,s4 ,ethetwold1 or ,ethelwold1 was for some time a monk at ,ripon1 where having received the priestly office1 says ,bede1 he sanctified it by a life worthy of that degree4 ,after the death of that man of ,god1 ,cuthbert1 this venerable priest succeeded him in the exercise of a solitary life1 in the cell which the saint had inhabited in the islet of ,farne1 before he was made bishop4 ,he found the oratory of ,cuthbert so rudely put together1 that the sea-wind shrieked in through the joints of the planks1 and though patched up with clay and stubble1 the chapel was so full of draughts that ,ethelwold asked for and obtained a calf's skin1 and this he nailed against the wall where he was wont to pray1 to keep the wind from blowing into his ear4 ,bede says1 ,i will relate one miracle of ,ethelwold1 which was told me by one of the brothers who was concerned1 and for whose sake it was wrought1 ,guthfried1 the venerable servant and priest of ,christ1 who afterwards presided in quality of abbot over the church of ,lindisfarne1 in which he was educated4 ,i came1 said he1 to the islet of ,farne1 with two other brothers1 desiring to speak with the most reverent father ,ethelwold2 and when we had been comforted by his discourses1 and having asked his blessing1 were returning home1 when on a sudden1 as we were in the sea1 the fair weather that was wafting us over changed1 and so great and furious a storm fell on us1 that neither sail nor oars availed1 and we despaired of life4 ,having a good while struggled in vain with the wind and waves1 we looked back at last to see if by any means we might return to the island1 but found that we were equally beset with the tempest on all sides2 but we could perceive ,ethelwold at the mouth of his cavern1 contemplating our danger4 ,for1 hearing the howl of the wind1 and the roar of the sea1 he came forth to see how we fared4 ,and when he saw our desperate condition1 he bent his knees to the ,father of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 to pray for our life and safety4 ,as he finished his prayer1 the swelling sea immediately abated its violence1 and the rage of the winds ceased1 and a fair gale springing up bore us over the smooth waters to the shore4 ,but no sooner had we arrived1 and drawn our boat out of the water1 than the same storm began to rage again1 and ceased not all that day2 to the end that it might plainly appear1 that this small intermission had been granted from heaven at the prayer of the man of ,god1 that we might escape4 ,s4 ,ethelwold spent twelve years at ,farne1 and died there2 but he was buried in ,lindisfarne1 in the ,church of ,s4 ,peter1 near the bodies of ,,ss4 ,cuthbert and ,eadbert4 ,his bones were afterwards taken up in the time of the ,danish ravages1 #hge1 and were translated to ,durham in #iie1 and more honourably enshrined in #aafj4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,two ,,thieves4 see p4 #def4 ,s4 ,dimas1 ,penitent4 ,with ,angel bearing his happy ,soul to ,paradise4 ,the ,impenitent4 ,with ,dmon dragging forth his unwilling ,soul4 ,march #bd4 ,s4 ,,latinus1 ,b4 of ,brescia1 #bnd cent4 ,,ss4 ,,mark ,,and ,,timothy1 ,,mm4 at ,rome1 #bnd cent4 ,,ss4 ,,timolaus1 ,,dionysius1 ,,and ,,others1 ,,mm4 at ,csarea1 ,a4,d4 #cjc4 ,s4 ,,pigmenius1 ,p4,m4 at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #cgc4 ,s4 ,,domangart1 of ,slieve ,donarth1 ,b4 in ,ireland4 ,s4 ,,hildelitha1 ,v4 ,abss4 of ,barking1 in ,essex1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #gbj4 ,s4 ,,bernulf1 ,b4,m4 of ,aste1 #ith cent4 ,s4 ,,simon1 ,child ,m4 at ,trent1 ,a4,d4 #adge4 ,,ss4 ,,timolaus1 ,,dionysius1 ,,and ,,others1 ,,mm4 7,a4,d4 #cjc47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,by the ,greeks on ,march #aeth4 ,authority3--,eusebius on the ,martyrs of ,palestine4 ,eusebius writes of the persecution under ,dioclesian1 at ,csarea1--,who could fail to be struck with admiration at the sight or recital of the things that then took place8 ,for1 as the heathen in every place were on the point of celebrating their accustomed games and festivals1 it was much noised abroad that besides the other exhibitions1 those who had been condemned to wild beasts were to be made to fight4 ,this report having gained ground1 there were six young men1 who1 first binding their hands1 hastened to ,urbanus 7the governor of the province71 to prove their readiness to endure martyrdom1 as he was on his way to the amphitheatre4 ,their names were ,timolaus1 a native of ,pontus1 ,dionysius of ,tripolis in ,phnice1 ,romulus1 a subdeacon of the church at ,diospolis ,paesis1 and ,alexander1 both ,egyptians2 and another ,alexander from ,gaza4 ,they were immediately committed to prison4 ,not many days after1 two others were added to the number1 of whom one had already witnessed a good confession several times1 under various dreadful tortures4 ,his name was ,agapius1 but the other1 who supplied them with the necessaries of life1 was named ,dionysius4 ,all these1 being eight in number1 were beheaded in one day at ,csarea1 on the twenty-third day of the month ,dystrus1 that is1 the ninth of the ,kalends of ,april4 ,s4 ,,domangart ,,of ,,slieve ,,donart1 ,b4 7,,uncertain47 ,irish ,martyrologies4 ,he is not to be confounded with ,s4 ,domangart1 the brother of ,s4 ,domnoch1 or ,modomnoc 7,feb4 #acth47 ,giraldus ,cambrensis calls him ,dominick4 ,usher1 thinking this ,s4 ,dominick was the same as ,dominick of ,ossory mentioned elsewhere by ,giraldus1 and not acquainted with the history of ,s4 ,domangart1 fell into the mistake of making the mountain ,slieve ,slainge1 called afterwards ,slieve ,donart1 to be ,grenore point1 in ,wexford4 ,ware followed ,usher4 ,archdall calls the saint ,s4 ,domangard of ,ossory1 whereas the saint of ,ossory was ,domnoc1 or ,modomnoc1 and not ,domangart at all1 and makes the promontory ,carnsore4 ,s4 ,domangart is said to have been the son of ,euchodius1 king of ,ulster1 in the latter part of the #eth century1 and during a part of the #fth4 ,in the ,tripartite ,life of ,s4 ,patrick he is represented as a bigoted heathen and a persecutor4 ,his two daughters having embraced ,christianity made a vow of perpetual virginity1 and their father1 highly incensed1 ordered them to be cast into the sea4 ,therefore ,s4 ,patrick cursed him and his seed for ever1 excepting1 however1 his unborn son1 at the petition of the queen1 who was with child4 ,the son born to him after this was ,domangart1 and his birth is placed a short time before the foundation of ,armagh1 and it is added that he afterwards became a disciple of the apostle4 ,but1 as ,dr4 ,lanigan has proved in his ,irish ,ecclesiastical ,history1 ,s4 ,patrick did not survive the foundation of ,armagh more than about ten years4 ,how then could ,domangart have been his disciple8 ,then we are given to understand1 that ,domangart was not born till after his father's death1 which the ,four ,masters assign to ,a4,d4 #ejc 7#ejd47 ,this sets aside the whole story2 for ,s4 ,patrick was dead many years before this date4 ,jocelin1 who follows the ,tripartite as to ,euchodius1 ,domangart1 c41 omits what is said of the latter having been a disciple of ,s4 ,patrick4 ,there is a fable concerning ,s4 ,domangart having been raised from the dead at ,rome by ,s4 ,patrick1 according to which he would have lived in the #eth cent4 ,such contradictory stories show what little reliance can be placed in the accounts of the saint4 ,all that we can be certain of is that he founded a monastery on the promontory of ,slieve ,slainge1 where in ,colgan's time stood two churches dedicated to him4 ,s4 ,,hildelitha1 ,v4 ,,abss4 ,,of ,,barking4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #gbj47 ,ancient ,anglican ,martyrologies1 and ,gallican ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,bede1 ,ecc4 ,hist4 l4 iv4 c4 #aj4 ,hildelitha was one of the first virgins of the ,english nation who consecrated herself a spouse to ,christ1 going abroad to a ,french monastery1 there being1 at that time1 none in ,england4 ,when ,s4 ,erkonwald had founded the monastery of ,chertsey for himself1 and the convent of ,barking1 in ,essex1 for his sister ,ethelburga1 he sent to ,france for ,s4 ,hildelitha1 and committed his sister to her care1 to be by her instructed in monastic discipline4 ,thus ,s4 ,ethelburga herself1 who was the first abbess of ,barking1 was a disciple of ,s4 ,hildelitha1 though she died before her1 and was succeeded by her in the government of the community4 ,bede highly commends the piety of this saint1 and that she was highly esteemed by others we may gather from ,s4 ,aldhelm having addressed to her his poetical treatise on virginity1 and from mention of her in one of the epistles of ,s4 ,boniface1 where he relates what great things he had learned of her4 ,s4 ,hildelitha departed to our ,lord in a good old age1 but the date of her death is undetermined4 ,s4 ,,simon1 ,,boy ,m4 7,a4,d4 #adge47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,the ,acts of ,canonization by ,benedict ,,xiv41 and the ,acts published in the ,italian immediately after the event took place4 ,through the ,middle ,ages1 in ,europe the ,jews were harshly treated1 suffering from sudden risings of the people1 or from the exactions of princes and nobles4 ,this nourished in them a bitter hatred of ,christians and ,christianity1 and in some instances led to cruel reprisals4 ,such was1 perhaps1 the case in ,trent1 where on ,tuesday in ,holy ,week1 #adge1 the ,jews met to prepare for the approaching ,passover1 in the house of one of their number named ,samuel1 and it was agreed between three of them1 ,samuel1 ,tobias1 and ,angelus1 that a child should be crucified1 as an act of revenge against their tyrants1 and of hatred against ,christianity4 ,the difficulty1 however1 was how to get one4 ,samuel sounded his servant ,lazarus1 and attempted to bribe him into procuring one1 but the suggestion so scared the fellow1 that he packed up all his traps and ran away4 ,on the ,thursday1 ,tobias undertook to get the boy1 and going out in the evening1 whilst the people were in church during the singing of ,tenebr1 he prowled about till he found a child sitting on the threshold of his father's door in the ,fossati ,street1 aged twenty-nine months1 and named ,simon4 ,the ,jew began to coax the little fellow to follow him1 and the boy did so1 and he conducted him to the house of ,samuel1 where he was put to bed1 and given raisins and apples to amuse him4 ,in the mean time the parents1 ,andrew and ,mary1 missing their child1 began to seek him everywhere1 but not finding him1 and night falling darkly upon them1 they returned1 troubled and alarmed to their home4 ,during the night1 when all was still1 a ,jew named ,moses took the child from its bed1 and carried it into the vestibule of the synagogue1 which formed a part of the house of ,samuel1 and sitting down on a bench began to strip the infant2 a handkerchief being twisted round its throat to prevent it from crying4 ,then stretching out his limbs in the shape of a cross they began the butchery of the child1 cutting the body in several places1 and gathering his blood in a basin4 ,the child being half dead1 they raised him on his feet1 and whilst two of them held him by the arms1 the rest pierced his body on all sides with their awls4 ,when the child was dead1 they hid the body in a cellar behind the barrels of wine4 ,all ,friday the parents sought their son1 but found him not1 and the ,jews1 alarmed at the proceedings of the magistrates1 who had taken the matter up1 and were making investigations in all quarters1 consulted what had better be done4 ,they could not carry the body away1 as every gate was watched1 and the perplexity was great4 ,at length they determined to dress the body again and throw it into the stream which ran under ,samuel's window1 but which was there blocked by an iron cage in which the refuse was caught4 ,tobias was to go to the bishop and chief magistrates and tell them that there was a child's body entangled in the grate1 and he hoped that by thus drawing attention to it all suspicion of having been implicated in the murder would be diverted from him and his co-religionists4 ,this was done1 and when ,john de ,salis1 the bishop1 and ,james de ,sporo1 the governor1 heard the report of the ,jew1 they at once went1 and the body was removed before their eyes1 and conveyed to the cathedral1 followed by a crowd4 ,as1 according to a popular medival superstition1 blood is supposed to flow from the wound when the murderer approaches1 the officers of justice examined the body as the crowds passed it2 and they noticed that blood exuded as ,tobias approached4 ,on the strength of this the house of ,samuel and the synagogue were examined1 and blood and other traces of the butchery were found in the cellar1 and in the place where the deed had been done1 and the bowl of blood was discovered in a cupboard4 ,the most eminent physicians were called to investigate the condition of the corpse1 and they unanimously decided that the child could not have been drowned1 as the body was not swollen1 and as there were marks on the throat of strangulation4 ,the wounds they decided were made by sharp instruments like awls and knives1 and could not be attributed to the gnawing of water-rats4 ,the popular voice now accusing the ,jews1 the magistrates seized on the ,jews and threw them into prison1 and on the accusation of a renegade ,jew named ,john1 who had been converted to ,christianity seven years before1 and who declared that the ,jews had often sought to catch and kill a child1 and had actually done this elsewhere1 more than five of the ,jews were sentenced to be broken on the wheel1 and then burnt4 ,the blood found in the basin is preserved in the cathedral of ,trent1 and the body of the child is also enshrined there in a magnificent mausoleum4 ,march #be4 ,the ,annunciation of ,s4 ,mary4 ,,memorial ,,of ,,the ,,crucifixion4 ,,the ,,penitent ,,thief1 ,a4,d4 #cc4 ,s4 ,,quirinus1 ,m4 at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #bfi4 ,s4 ,,iren,,us1 ,b4,m4 at ,sirmium1 ,a4,d4 #cjd4 ,s4 ,,pelagius1 ,b4 of ,laodica1 end of #dth cent4 ,s4 ,,dula1 ,v4,m4 at ,nicomedia4 ,s4 ,,camin1 ,ab4 of ,iniskeltra1 in ,ireland1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #fec4 ,s4 ,,humbert1 ,p4,c4 at ,marolles1 in ,hainault1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #fhj4 ,,ss4 ,,barontus ,,and ,,desiderius1 ,,hh4 at ,pistoria1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #gbe4 ,s4 ,,hermeland1 ,ab4 of ,hindre1 in ,france1 #hth cent4 ,s4 ,,alfwolf1 ,b4 of ,sherborne1 ,a4,d4 #ajge4 ,s4 ,,william1 ,child ,m4 at ,norwich1 ,a4,d4 #aadd4 ,s4 ,,richard1 ,child ,m4 at ,paris1 ,a4,d4 #aagi4 ,s4 ,,ida1 ,abss4 of ,argensolles1 in the diocese of ,soissons1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #abej4 ,,the ,,annunciation ,,of ,s4 ,,mary4 ,in the sixth month1 the angel ,gabriel was sent from ,god unto a city of ,galilee1 named ,nazareth1 to a virgin espoused to a man whose name was ,joseph1 of the house of ,david1 and the virgin's name was ,mary4 ,and the angel came in unto her1 and said1 ,hail1 full of ,grace1 the ,lord is with thee3 ,blessed art thou among women4#hg #hg ,s4 ,luke1 i4 #bf-bh4 ,the angel1 to manifest his reverence and love1 saluted the holy virgin with an ,ave1 or ,hail1 and he named not her proper name1 ,mary1 but gave her the title ,full of ,grace4 ,this he did that we might understand1 that as ,almighty ,god gave to the ,messiah the names of ,wonderful1 ,counsellor1 the mighty ,god1 the everlasting ,father1 the ,prince of ,peace1#hh so also ,he gave to the ,virgin a new and most glorious name1 which1 for excellency1 is to be attributed to her in the ,church2 so that as we call ,solomon the ,wise1 and ,s4 ,paul the ,apostle of the ,gentiles1 so we should call the ,blessed ,virgin the ,full of ,grace1 and the ,blessed among women4 #hh ,isaiah ix4 #f4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,heavenly ,,messenger4 ,the angel ,gabriel was sent from ,god unto a city of ,galilee1 named ,nazareth1 to a virgin espoused to a man whose name was ,joseph1 of the house of ,david2 and the virgin's name was ,mary4 ,march #be4 ,the festival of the ,annunciation is at least as ancient as the ,council in ,trullo 7,a4,d4 #fhj71 and is supposed1 on the authority of a sermon attributed to ,s4 ,cyril1 to have been kept in the #eth century4 ,it has always been very highly observed in ,england4 ,the ,synod of ,worcester1 ,a4,d4 #abdj1 by one of its canons1 forbade all servile work upon it1 and this was afterwards confirmed by various provincial and diocesan councils in all respects except agricultural labour4 ,the tenth council of ,toledo1 in #fef1 ordered that this festival should be solemnized on ,december #ahth1 eight days before ,christmas1 because of its proper day arriving in ,lent1 and sometimes in ,holy ,week4 ,nevertheless1 it has been observed on its proper day1 but is transferred in the ,western ,church to after ,easter1 whenever it occurs in ,holy ,week or on ,easter-day4 ,it is said that in the church of ,notre ,dame du ,puy en ,valey has the privilege of making it over-ride ,good ,friday1 when it occurs on that day2 and that on that day there are great indulgences as a jubilee in that church4 ,the ,council of ,constantinople1 in ,trullo1 already mentioned1 ordered that the mass of the pre-sanctified should be said on all days in ,lent except the ,sabbath1 the ,lord's day1 and the ,feast of the ,annunciation4 ,pope ,urban ,,ii41 in a council held at ,clermont1 in #ajie1 ordered that every day the church bell should be rung1 morning1 noon1 and evening1 and that each time it was rung the faithful should recite the ,angelic ,salutation4 ,this is called the ,angelus4 ,the object of the ,holy ,father was to stir up the faithful to thank ,god for the benefit of the ,incarnation4 ,popes ,john ,,xxii41 ,calixtus ,,iii41 ,paul ,,iii41 ,alexander ,,vii41 and ,clement ,x41 have recommended this practice and attached indulgences to it4 ,these were confirmed by ,benedict ,,xiii4 ,the ,greeks observe the same day as the ,latins4 ,in the ,menologium of the emperor ,basil the younger1 it is thus described3 ,on the #beth day of ,march1 the ,annunciation of the most holy ,mother of ,god4 ,our ,god1 most loving and merciful to human salvation1 who ever careth for the sons of men1 when ,he beheld man1 the work of ,his hands1 brought under the bondage of ,satan1 willed to send ,his only begotten ,son1 ,jesus ,christ1 our ,lord1 into the world1 to pluck man out of the power of the devil4 ,but willing not that ,satan1 nay1 nor the celestial powers should know thereof1 he committed this secret to one of the archangels1 ,gabriel the ,glorious4 ,and having made by ,his providence that a ,virgin pure and immaculate should be born meet for so high an honour1 to her was ,gabriel sent1 and he came to the city called ,nazareth1 and said to her1 ',hail1 ,full of ,grace1 the ,lord is with thee6' ,but she asked1 ',how shall these things be8' ,to whom he made reply1 ',the ,holy ,ghost shall descend on thee1 and the power of the ,most ,high shall overshadow thee4' ,and she said1 ',behold the handmaid of the ,lord1 be it unto me according to thy word4' ,and having thus spoken1 she conceived above nature a son1 the ,word of ,god2 and thereafter were fulfilled all the mysteries of the ,word of ,god incarnate pertaining to our salvation4 ,in the ,greek ,mena also1 it is said1 ,march #beth1 the commemoration of the ,annunciation of the most holy ,mother of ,god1 our ,lady1 when the arch-warrior1 ,gabriel1 captain of the celestial armies1 being instructed in the secret from eternity and unknown to angels1 the mystery hidden of the divine incarnation of the ,son of ,god1 was sent to the most pure ,mary1 unstained with any spot of sin1 in the city of ,nazareth1 that he might declare to her the will of ,god the ,father1 and the favour and efficacious help of the life-giving ,spirit for the salvation of man4 ,and he said to her1 ',hail1 ,full of ,grace1 the ,lord is with thee4' ,illustration3 ,,the ,,annunciation4 ,after ,israel ,van ,mecken1 in the ,museum at ,munich4 ,march #be4 ,this is the exordium of a ,greek hymn on the ,annunciation1 by ,s4 ,joseph1 the hymnographer3--,when ,gabriel1 the great archangel1 saw thee1 ,o pure one6 the living book of ,christ1 sealed with the ,holy ,ghost1 he cried to thee1 ',rejoice1 oh house of joy6 through whom is abolished the malediction pronounced on our first parents4' ,the ancient ,arabian-,egyptian church also observed this festival4 ,in an ,arabic martyrology1 the entry on ,march #beth is as follows1 ,the memorial of the ,annunciation of the ,mother of ,god1 and the ,incarnation of the ,son of ,god1 this day the first-fruits of our salvation and the manifestation of a mystery kept hidden from all ages4 ,the ,son of ,god issued forth ,son of the ,virgin1 and ,gabriel announced the favour4 ,and now we with him exclaim1 ',rejoice1 ,o ,full of ,grace1 the ,lord is with thee6' ,the same festival is observed by the ,copts1 and found in the ,syriac and ,chaldee1 and ,russian ,kalendars4 ,in the sacramentary of ,s4 ,gregory the ,great1 the proper preface for this day runs thus3 444 through ,christ our ,lord1 whom ,gabriel1 the archangel1 announced was to be born for man's salvation1 the ,virgin ,mary1 by the co-operation of the ,holy ,ghost1 conceived2 that what angelic sublimity announced1 virginal purity might believe1 and ineffable ,deity might perform4 ,and thus we hope1 by ,thy assistance1 to behold ,his face without confusion1 in the solemnity of whose ,incarnation we now rejoice4 ,in the ,church of ,milan1 according to the ,ambrosian rite1 throughout the whole of ,lent1 no festival of any saint is observed1 and the office for the ,annunciation of ,s4 ,mary is celebrated on the last ,sunday in ,advent4 ,,memorial ,,of ,,the ,,crucifixion4 ,in the ,martyrology attributed to ,s4 ,jerome1 in those of ,ado1 ,notker1 ,rabanus ,maurus1 and many others1 on this day is marked1 ,in ,jerusalem1 our ,lord ,jesus ,christ was crucified1 or words to this effect4 ,this being by many supposed to be the day of the month on which ,christ died4 ,in an ancient ,roman ,martyrology1 published by ,rosweydus1 on ,march #beth is inserted1 ,annuntiatio ,dominica et ,crucifixio4 ,some ancient lines on this day1 which occur in some ,martyrologies1 deserve quotation3 ,in hac die multa1 mirabilia facta sunt1 qu notantur in his versibus3-- ,salve festa dies1 qu vulnera nostra coerces2 ,angelus est missus1 est ,christus in cruce passus4 ,est ,adam factus1 et eodem tempore lapsus4 ,ob meritum decim cadit ,abel fratris ab ense1 ,offert ,melchisedech1 ,isaac supponitur aris1 ,est decollatus ,christi ,baptista ,joannes4 ,est ,petrus ereptus1 ,jacobus sub ,herode peremptus4 ,corpora ,sanctorum cum ,christe multa resurgunt4 ,latro dulce tamen per ,christum sucipit4 ,amen4 ,molanus1 in his additions to ,usuardus1 adds to the two mysteries of the ,annunciation and the ,crucifixion1 ,on the same day the genesis of the world2 also the victory of ,michael1 the archangel1 over the dragon4 ,this victory is commemorated on this day in many old martyrologies4 ,an old ,brussels ,,ms4 ,martyrology adds1 ,on the same day the formation of ,adam and his ejection from ,paradise4 ,many insert the death of ,abel2 in that of ,canisius1 ,abel the just1 the proto-martyr of the ,old ,testament1 at once virgin1 priest1 and martyr1 and the first of mankind to die4 ,also the sacrifice of ,melchisedek1 and the sacrifice of ,isaac1 are inserted on this day in many martyrologies4 ,in some likewise1 ,on this day ,israel crossed the ,red ,sea2 in some1 ,s4 ,veronica1 who wiped the face of ,christ2 in some also the decollation of ,s4 ,john the ,baptist1 the passion of ,s4 ,james1 and the liberation of ,s4 ,peter4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,annunciation4 ,after a painting in the ,museum at ,madrid4 ,march #be4 ,but in the ,greek ,mena1 ,march #bcrd is marked as that of the ,crucifixion and memorial of the ,penitent ,thief3 on ,march #bbnd is commemorated the ,last ,supper2 on ,march #bdth the ,repose in the ,tomb2 and on ,march #beth1 the ,resurrection4 ,,the ,,penitent ,,thief4 ,modern ,roman ,martyrology4 ,the modern ,roman ,martyrology has on this day3 ,in ,jerusalem the commemoration of the ,blessed ,thief1 who confessed ,christ on the ,cross1 and merited to hear from him3 ,this day shalt thou be with ,me in ,paradise4 ,baronius1 in his notes to the ,martyrology1 adds that the thief is traditionally called ,dimas1 under which name chapels have been dedicated to him1 but that as this name is derived from apocryphal sources1 it is not sanctioned by the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,masinus asserts that the body of ,s4 ,dimas1 the ,penitent ,thief1 is preserved in the church of ,,ss4 ,vitalis and ,agricola at ,bologna4 ,s4 ,,quirinus1 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #bfi47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,another ,s4 ,quirinus on ,march #cjth1 and another on ,june #dth4 ,the ,quirinus on this day1 ,march #beth1 is mentioned in the ,acts of ,,ss4 ,maris1 ,martha1 ,andifax1 and ,habakkuk 7,jan4 #aith71 which are genuine4 ,all other accounts of ,quirinus are fabulous4 ,quirinus is said1 but the statement is palpably false1 to have been the son of the emperor ,philip1 and to have been converted by his ,christian mother1 ,severa4 ,putting this idle fable aside1 we know of ,quirinus only that he was executed with the sword in prison in #bfi1 and the body was thrown into the ,tiber1 but was recovered by a priest named ,pastor1 who buried it in the ,pontiani cemetery1 whence it was removed in the pontificate of pope ,s4 ,zacharias 7,march #aeth71 and it found a shrine and resting-place eventually in the monastery of ,tengern-see1 in ,bavaria4 ,a spring of naphtha rising there goes by the name of ,quirinus-oil4 ,the ,s4 ,quirinus of ,rome commemorated on ,march #cjth1 according to the ,roman ,martyrology1 is supposed to have been a military tribune1 chiefly from the fact that he has been represented in armour seated on horseback4 ,he is the patron ,saint of ,cologne1 ,correggio1 and ,neuss4 ,this ,s4 ,quirinus is often represented with a falcon1 which circumstance has been said to indicate his high birth1 and has also led to his being reputed to have been of the ,imperial family1 and so being identified with the ,s4 ,quirinus commemorated on ,march #beth4 ,the real reason for the falcon's presence seems1 however1 to lie in the story related of his martyrdom 7see page #ejd74 ,illustration3 ,,memorial ,,of ,,the ,,crucifixion4 ,after a ,picture by ,roger ,van der ,weyden1 in the ,museum at ,madrid4 ,march #be4 ,s4 ,,iren,,us1 ,b4 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #cjd47 ,by the ,greeks on ,aug4 #beth2 by the ,latins on this day1 or ,march #fth or #beth4 ,authorities3--,the authentic ,acts of his martyrdom4 ,s4 ,irenus1 bishop of ,sirmich or ,mitrovitz on the ,save1 in ,pannonia1 the modern ,hungary1 died on ,march #beth1 in the year #cjd4 ,he was arrested by order of ,probus1 the governor of ,pannonia1 and was led before his tribunal4 ,all his family were present4 ,his mother1 wife1 and children surrounded him1 and some of the younger children clung to his knees and implored him not to leave them4 ,his wife cast her arms round his neck and burst into tears on his breast1 and conjured him to submit to the imperial edict so as to preserve himself for her and his innocent children4 ,the governor joined in this attempt to shake his constancy4 ,but ,s4 ,irenus said1 ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ hath declared that the man who loveth father or mother1 wife or children1 more than ,him1 is not worthy of ,him1 so that ,i forget ,i am a father1 a husband1 and a son4 ,irenus was then ordered to have his head struck off and his body cast into the river ,save4 ,s4 ,,dula1 ,v4 ,m4 7,,date ,,unknown47 ,roman and most ancient ,western ,martyrology4 ,nothing is known of this saint1 except that she was a servant or slave-girl--as indeed her name implies--to a soldier at ,nicomedia1 and that she steadfastly resisted his importunities1 till1 exasperated at her opposition to his passion1 he killed her1 in an explosion of anger4 ,her real name is unknown2 the name ,dula is simply the ,greek word for servant-maid4 ,s4 ,,camin ,,of ,,iniskeltra1 ,,ab4 7,a4,d4 #fec47 ,irish ,martyrologies4 ,authority3--,scattered notices in lives of other ,irish saints collected by ,colgan4 ,s4 ,camin was of the princely house of ,hy-kinselogh by his father ,dima1 a half-brother of ,guair1 king of ,connaught1 by his mother ,cumania4 ,little else is recorded of him1 until he retired to the island of ,iniskeltra1 in ,lough ,derg1 where he led a very austere and solitary life1 but after some time was obliged to erect a monastery to accommodate the numbers of disciples who resorted to him4 ,although of a delicate constitution1 he closely applied himself to ecclesiastical studies1 and wrote a commentary on the ,psalms1 collated with the ,hebrew text4 ,s4 ,,humbert1 ,p4 ,c4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #fhj47 ,belgian1 ,french1 and ,german ,martyrologies4 ,authority3--,a life of ,s4 ,humbert by a monk of ,marolles1 in the #acth cent41 based apparently on older documents4 ,this saint was born at ,maizires1 on the river ,oise1 in the province anciently called ,upper ,picardy2 his parents were noble1 and the virtue of his father ,everard obtained for him1 after his death1 the title of ,benedictus1 or the ,blessed4 ,the child from infancy showed the utmost delight in the practice of religion1 and his parents took him to a monastery in ,laon1 where he received the clerical tonsure4 ,he was educated and ordained priest in the monastery1 and remained in it till the death of his parents1 when he was obliged to leave it that he might take possession and dispose of his inheritance1 which was considerable4 ,he left the city of ,laon with the blessing of the bishop1 and the sanction of his superiors1 and returned to ,maizires1 where he lived in great retirement4 ,after a while he received ,s4 ,amandus1 who had just laid aside his bishopric of ,maestricht1 and was on his way to ,rome with ,s4 ,nicasius1 monk of ,elno4 ,he accompanied them to ,italy4 ,one night as they were camping on their journey a bear attacked their sumpter horse1 and killed it4 ,when ,humbert went in quest of the horse next morning to lay on it the baggage1 he found it lying dead on the grass1 and the bear mangling it4 ,humbert at once ordered the wild beast to come to him1 and when it obeyed he laid on it the pack-saddle and the baggage1 and made the bear carry for them all they needed till they reached the gates of ,rome1 when he dismissed ,bruin1 who retired1 looking every now and then behind him1 as if expecting a recall4 ,he afterwards made a second pilgrimage to ,rome1 and on his return from it1 he went to visit ,s4 ,amandus in his monastery of ,elno1 on the ,scarpe2 and after having deliberated with him on a suitable place for a retreat1 he retired into the monastery of ,marolles1 or ,maroilles1 in ,hainault1 on the little river ,hespres1 which flows into the ,sambre4 ,this house had been built shortly before by count ,rodobert1 or ,chonebert1 in his territory of ,famart4 ,humbert having resolved to spend the rest of his days there1 gave to the new monastery all his lands at ,maizires1 in #fga4 ,it was then a poor little cell lost in a forest1 but this donation made it very wealthy4 ,a story is told of ,humbert at ,marolles which resembles many recorded in the lives of other saints1 and which shows that the old hermits and monks were the protectors of wild animals4 ,one day as ,humbert was busy tearing up the brambles and thistles which covered the land which he was desirous of reclaiming1 and had cast off his cloak on account of the heat1 the horns of the hunters proclaimed that a large party was engaged in the chase near the monastery1 and shortly after he saw a frightened beast which the dogs pursued dart over the open ground and fall panting and wearied out on his cloak4 ,the dogs surrounded the mantle1 yelping1 but did not venture to fall on the wild creature1 and the arrows of the hunters fell short of the mark4 ,seeing this remarkable interposition in behalf of the poor animal1 the sportsmen withdrew1 highly extolling the virtue of the holy man who by his mantle could protect a beast from injury4 ,humbert seldom left his monastery1 except to meet ,s4 ,aldegunda1 abbess of ,maubeuge1 with whom he had contracted an intimate union of charity and prayers4 ,he is sometimes called abbot or superior of ,marolles2 at all events he had disciples1 in whose arms he died1 about the year #fhj1 on ,march #beth4 ,in art he is represented with a bear by his side1 and a cross marked on his shaven crown1 which1 according to the legend1 was miraculously impressed4 ,s4 ,,alfwold1 ,b4 ,,of ,,sherborne4 7,a4,d4 #ajge47 ,mayhew in ,tropha ,cong4 ,angl4 ,o4,s4,b42 ,gabriel ,bucelinus in his ,menologium ,benedictinum4 ,hieron4 ,porter1 in his ,flores ,vitarum ,sanct4 ,angli4 ,authorities3--,william of ,malmesbury1 and ,henry ,knyghton4 ,in the reign of the ,confessor1 ,alfwold1 a monk of ,winchester was raised to the bishopric of ,sherborne4 ,at that time the ,english people were greatly addicted to the pleasures of the table1 and it was expected of the bishops to keep open house and have their tables well provided with abundant and delicate fare4 ,but ,alfwold1 though ready to show all hospitality1 lived plainly himself1 drinking water out of a common bowl1 and eating out of a wooden platter4 ,he had ,s4 ,cuthbert's life and example ever before his eyes1 and repeated to himself constantly the antiphon for his festival1 ,the blessed bishop ,cuthbert1 a man perfect in all things1 in the midst of a crowd remained a monk1 and to all was venerable4 ,he visited ,durham1 and opening the shrine of ,s4 ,cuthbert addressed him lovingly as a friend1 and deposited by his side a token of his regard4 ,s4 ,,william1 ,,child ,m4 7,a4,d4 #aadd47 ,anglican ,martyrologies4 ,but the day of his invention1 ,april #aeth1 was observed as his festival at ,norwich4 ,authority3--,an account of his martyrdom in ,capgrave4 ,according to the legend related by ,capgrave1 there lived in ,norwich in the #abth century a couple named ,wenstan and ,elwina1 of the peasant class1 who became parents of a boy1 named ,william4 ,one day ,wenstan went to a feast and took his little son with him4 ,during the meal a beggar came in with irons on his hands1 worn as an act of penance2 the child put out his hands to touch the chains and manacles1 and instantly they broke and fell at the feet of the mendicant4 ,at the age of seven the boy was so filled with the ardour of self-mortification1 that he fasted three days in the week1 and was constantly in the church singing psalms and reciting prayers4 ,on the ,passover in #aadd1 some ,jews of ,norwich took the child1 and having strangled him1 crucified him1 and then took the body in a sack out of the town1 to bury it in a wood4 ,but a certain ,aelward saw them entering the wood1 and followed them4 ,then1 in alarm1 the ,jews ran away1 and considering that their only chance of safety lay in bribing the viscount1 who was chief magistrate of the town1 they offered him a hundred marks of silver if he would hush the matter up4 ,the viscount took the money1 sent for ,aelward1 and threatened and persuaded him to hold his tongue about what he had seen4 ,aelward kept the secret for five years1 till he was on the point of death1 when the martyred boy appeared to him1 and bade him disclose what he had witnessed4 ,now at the same time1 early in the morning1 a nun was walking in the wood1 when she came suddenly on a child's body lying at the foot of an oak tree1 with two ravens fluttering over it1 and the woman was so frightened that she ran into ,norwich and told what she had seen4 ,then a crowd of people went forth and took up the body1 which though it had lain five years unburied in the wood1 was incorrupt1 and brought it into ,norwich2 at the same time ,aelward made his confession1 and thus the whole of the circumstances were made clear2 the people readily concluding that this newly found body was the same that had been left by the ,jews1 according to ,aelward's account1 unburied in the wood1 five years before4 ,the body was buried1 and a rose bush was planted at the head1 about the festival of ,s4 ,michael1 7,sept4 #bith71 and it at once put forth fresh leaves and flowers1 and bloomed till the feast of ,s4 ,edmund1 7,nov4 #bjth74 ,many miracles were performed at the grave4 ,it does not appear that this discovery was followed by a massacre of the ,jews4 ,throughout the ,middle ,ages three accusations were constantly brought against the ,jews by the populace2 all three were denounced by the authorities of the time as imaginary4 ,they were accused of killing children4 ,a law of the duke of ,poland1 in #abfd1 renewed in #acdc1 rebuked those who made this charge1 and required that it should be substantiated by the testimony of three ,jews4 ,they were accused of poisoning the wells4 ,pope ,innocent ,,iv4 in a bull denounced this charge1 and in #acdi1 the king of the ,romans ordered that the ,jews in ,luxemburg should be protected against the insolence of the people1 because1 said he1 the pope and he regarded them as innocent of the many crimes attributed to them4 ,lastly1 they were accused of sacrilege4 ,the ,abb ,fleury1 in his ,ecclesiastical ,history gives one instance of the manner in which this charge was made1 ,in a little town called ,pulca1 in the diocese of ,passau1 a layman found a bloody ,host before the house of a ,jew1 lying in the street upon some straw4 ,the people thought that this ,host was consecrated1 and washed it and took it to the priest1 that it might be taken to the church1 where a crowd full of devotion assembled1 supposing that the blood had flowed miraculously from wounds dealt it by the ,jews4 ,on this suspicion1 and without any other examination1 or any other judicial procedure1 the ,christians fell on the ,jews1 and killed several of them2 but wiser heads judged that this was rather for the sake of pillaging their goods than avenging the pretended sacrilege4 ,this conjecture was fortified by a similar accident which took place a little while before at ,neuburg1 in the same diocese of ,passau1 where a certain clerk placed an unconsecrated ,host steeped in blood in the church1 but confessed afterwards in the presence of the bishop ,bernhard and other persons deserving of credit1 that he had dipped these ,hosts in blood for the purpose of rousing hostility against the ,jews4#hi #hi ,hist4 ,eccles4 vi4 p4 #aaj4 ,if1 however1 we consider the intolerable treatment of the ,jews throughout the ,middle ,ages1 it makes it by no means improbable that their pent-up wrongs should have exasperated them into committing acts of vengeance1 when they had the opportunity4 ,through centuries they were ground under an intolerable yoke4 ,they could call nothing really their own1 not even their persons4 ,they were obliged to wear a distinctive mark1 like outlaws and harlots2 if they emigrated1 their feudal lords were under mutual agreement to seize them in foreign lands2 their children were stolen from them to be baptized2 if their wives wished to abjure1 they were divorced2 they were taxed on going in and coming out of and sojourning in any city2 on the smallest pretext1 their debtors refused to pay their debts4 ,at ,toulouse on every ,good ,friday a ,jew was brought upon the cathedral stairs to have his ears publicly boxed2 their lives were at the mercy of every one4 ,the magistrates burnt them1 the people massacred them1 the kings hunted them down to despoil them of all1 when their exchequer was low4 ,all these insults1 outrages and injustices must have created an intense hatred of ,christianity1 and every thing and person that was ,christian1 and may well have found vent occasionally in some savage murder in parody of the ,crucifixion1 or sacrilegious outrage on the ,blessed ,sacrament1 which the ,jews knew full well was the great object of ,christian love and devotion4 ,they would not have been human had it not been so1 and though many of the stories of murders and sacrileges told against them were undoubtedly false1 yet some may have been true4 ,but at the same time it is impossible to doubt that most of these charges brought against them were invented by their enemies for the purpose of plundering them2 and that others had their origin in the imagination of the people1 ready to believe anything against those whose strong-boxes they lusted to break open4 ,the first mention of the crucifixion of a boy by the ,jews is in ,socrates1 7,hist4 ,eccl4 lib4 vii4 c4 #af47 ,he says that about ,a4,d4 #dad1 at a place called ,immestar1 between ,antioch in ,syria and ,chalcis1 the ,jews1 while amusing themselves in their usual way with a variety of sports1 impelled by drunkenness1 were guilty of many absurdities4 ,at last they began to scoff at ,christians1 and even at ,christ himself2 and in derision of the cross and those who put their trust in the ,crucified1 they seized a ,christian boy1 and having bound him to a cross1 began to laugh and sneer at him4 ,but in a little while they became so transported with fury that they scourged the child until he died under their hands4 ,the emperors being informed of this ordered the delinquents to be punished with the utmost severity4 ,the ,jews in ,england were accused of having crucified a child in #aafj1 a boy1 ,robert1 at ,bury ,s4 ,edmunds1 in #aaha1 at whose tomb miracles were also wrought4 ,another boy1 ,hugh1 is said to have met with the same fate at ,lincoln1 in #abee1 the place of whose image and shrine is still shown in the cathedral of that city4 ,matthew ,paris1 in his ,english history1 under the date #abci1 says1 ,in this year1 on the feast of ,s4 ,alban1 and on the following day1 a great massacre and destruction of the ,jews took place by order of ,geoffry the ,templar1 a particular councillor of the king1 who oppressed1 imprisoned1 and extorted money from them4 ,at length1 after great suffering1 these wretched ,jews1 in order to enjoy life and tranquillity1 paid the king a third part of all their money debts1 as well as chattels4 ,the original cause of this calamity was the perpetration of a clandestine murder committed by the ,jews in the city2 and not long after this1 owing to a boy having been circumcised by the ,jews at ,norwich1 four of the richest of that community1 having been clearly convicted of that offence1 were hung4 ,and again1 under #abdj1 ,about this time the ,jews circumcised a ,christian boy at ,norwich2 they then kept him to crucify him4 ,the father of the boy1 however1 from whom the ,jews had stolen him1 after a diligent search1 at length discovered him1 and with a loud cry pointed out his son1 shut up in a room in one of the ,jew's houses4 ,when this came to the knowledge of ,william de ,rele1 the bishop1 a wise and circumspect prelate 767 and of some other nobles1--that such an insult to ,christ might not be passed over unpunished1 all the ,jews in the city were made prisoners1 and when they wished to place themselves under the royal protection1 the bishop said1 ',these matters belong to the ,church1 they are not to be decided by the king's court4' ,four of the ,jews1 having been found guilty1 were dragged at the tails of horses1 and afterwards hung on a gibbet4 ,six boys are reported to have been martyred by the ,jews at ,ratisbon1 in #aehf2 another1 named ,johannet1 at ,siegesburg1 another at ,bacharach1 another1 ,s4 ,richard1 at ,paris1 in #aahb1 ,simon of ,trent has already been spoken of 7,march #bdth71 and ,raderus in his ,bavaria ,sancta mentions another1 ,george1 at ,sappendalf1 in #aedj4 ,there was another ,s4 ,richard1 child-martyr at ,pontoise2 and the last we hear of was in #afej1 in ,bohemia4#ij #ij ,see for fuller particulars1 and more instances1 the ,lives of ,s4 ,werner1 ,april #aith1 ,s4 ,albert1 ,april #bjth1 and ,s4 ,ludwig1 ,april #cjth4 ,illustration3 ,decorative motif ,march #bf4 ,s4 ,,castulus1 ,m4 at ,rome1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #bhf4 ,,ss4 ,,montanus ,,and ,,maxima1 ,,mm4 at ,sirmium4 ,,ss4 ,,bathus1 ,p4,m41 ,,verca ,,and ,,children1 ,,mm4 among the ,goths1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #cgj4 ,s4 ,,eutychius1 ,subd4 ,m4 at ,alexandria1 ,a4,d4 #cef4 ,s4 ,,felix1 ,b4 of ,treves1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #dbf4 ,s4 ,,braulio1 ,b4 of ,saragossa1 ,a4,d4 #fdf4 ,s4 ,,mochelloc1 ,ab41 in ,ireland1 between ,a4,d4 #fci-fef4 ,s4 ,,ludger1 ,b4 of ,munster1 ,ap4 of ,westphalia1 ,a4,d4 #hji4 ,s4 ,,basil ,,the ,,less1 ,h4 at ,constantinople1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #ieb4 ,s4 ,,castulus1 ,m4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #bhf47 ,roman and almost all ,latin ,martyrologies4 ,in the ,archdiocese of ,prague the feast of this saint is kept as a double2 so also in the dioceses of ,ratisbon1 ,frisingen1 and ,passau4 ,by the ,greeks on ,dec4 #ahth4 ,authorities3--,the ,acts1 and another account of his passion in the ,acts of ,s4 ,sebastian4 ,saint ,castulus1 chamberlain of the palace to ,diocletian1 was wont to receive ,christians into his house1 and screen them from the pursuit of the magistrates4 ,he was denounced to ,fabian1 the prefect of the city1 who1 after having tortured him in many ways1 had him cast into a pit and buried in sand4 ,he was betrayed by a renegade ,christian named ,torquatus1 the same whom ,cardinal ,wiseman has introduced into his historical sketch of ,fabiola4 ,,ss4 ,,montanus ,,and ,,maxima1 ,,mm4 7,,date ,,uncertain47 ,roman ,martyrology1 and those of ,bede and ,s4 ,jerome4 ,authority3--,the notices in the ,martyrologies4 ,s4 ,montanus was a priest at ,sirmium1 in ,pannonia1 and ,maxima was his wife4 ,they were drowned for the faith either in a river or in a lake2 probably during the persecution of ,maximian4 ,,ss4 ,,bathus1 ,p41 ,,verca1 ,,and ,,their ,,children1 ,,mm4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #cgj47 ,greek ,mena and ,menology of the ,emp4 ,basil the ,younger4 ,bathus1 a ,gothic priest1 his wife ,verca1 their two sons and two daughters1 and some others were burned in the church by the ,gothic ,jungeric4 ,gaatha1 a ,gothic queen1 collected their relics1 and conveyed them into ,roumania2 but on her return she was stoned to death4 ,s4 ,,braulio1 ,b4 ,,of ,,saragossa4 7,a4,d4 #fdf47 ,roman ,martyrology4 ,saragossa ,martyrology on ,march #ahth4 ,authority3--,the letters of his great friend ,s4 ,isidore4 ,s4 ,braulio is traditionally said to have been divinely designated for the episcopate1 when the clergy and people were assembled to elect to the vacant see of ,saragossa1 by the appearance of a tongue of flame on his head4 ,he was an intimate friend of ,s4 ,isidore1 bishop of ,hispalis1 or ,seville1 and he has been by some writers erroneously called the brother of ,isidore and ,leander4 ,s4 ,braulio sat in the #eth and #fth ,councils of ,toledo4 ,after having held the bishopric twenty years he died4 ,the day of his death was spent in incessant psalmody4 ,a pleasing modern legend1 which the ,bollandists have shown to be without ancient authority1 tells that he heard angelic voices chant in choir1 ,arise1 my friend1 and come away1 to which he replied1 ,behold1 here am ,i4 ,s4 ,,ludger1 ,b4 ,,of ,,munster4 7,a4,d4 #hji47 ,roman ,martyrology1 ,molanus and ,greven in their additions to ,usuardus4 ,the ,treves ,martyrology1 those of ,utrecht and ,s4 ,gudule at ,brussels1 the ,benedictine ,martyrology1 and many others4 ,authorities3--,his life by ,altfrid1 ,b4 of ,mnster1 his disciple1 derived from personal knowledge1 or from information furnished by the saint's brother ,hildegrim1 or by his nephew1 ,gerfried1 or by his sister1 ,heriburgh4 ,there are other lives of him in prose1 and three styled litanies1 written in rhyme4 ,one of the former is by an anonymous ,frieslander1 a contemporary2 another by the monks of ,werden1 composed about #hij4 ,our saint's name appears in three forms3 viz41 ,ludger1 ,liudger1 and ,luidger4 ,he is commonly called ,ludger1 a spelling he himself adopts in his life of ,gregory1 abbot of ,utrecht4 ,he is styled ,liudger both in ,altfrid's life of him1 and in the verses sent to him from ,york by a disciple of ,alcuin4 ,the abbey of ,utrecht1 under the presidency of the devoted ,gregory1 had sent forth many noble labourers into the mission-field1 and many more had come over from ,england to take their share in the good work1 and to spread the knowledge of the truth4 ,one of the most eminent of these was ,ludger1 the subject of this memoir4 ,his grandfather ,wrffing ,ado1 a noble ,frieslander1 though not a believer in the ,trinity1 was yet a help to the poor1 a defence to the oppressed1 and a just judge1 respecting the person of no man4 ,radbod1 king of ,friesland1 who had cruelly oppressed his people1 banished his best nobles1 and sold their estates1 laid a plot against his life4 ,wrffing received timely warning of it from one of the king's council1 and fled with his wife and son to ,grimoald1 ,duke of the ,franks1 who received him well4 ,there he was converted to the ,catholic faith2 he and all his were baptized4 ,grimoald was the son-in-law of ,radbod1 and son of ,pepin of ,heristal4 ,while the latter was lying on his death-bed1 ,grimoald went to see him1 and was assassinated by a ,frieslander1 in the church of ,s4 ,lambert1 in #gad4 ,wrffing received the same kindness from his successors4 ,radbod entreated ,wrffing to return2 when he refused to do so1 ,radbod asked him to let his son come back1 promising to reinstate him in his inheritance4 ,accordingly the younger son ,thiadgrim was sent to ,friesland2 the king insisted on his living with him1 and restored his father's lands to him4 ,when ,charles ,martel added ,friesland to his ,frankish dominions1 extincto ,radbodo1 he not only reinstated ,wrffing in his former possessions1 but also gave him land in the neighbourhood of ,utrecht to hold in feoff for ,s4 ,willibrord1 who was then labouring among the ,frisians1 and had fixed his see at ,utrecht4 ,willibrord received all support and countenance from ,wrffing and his family4 ,both he and his successor1 ,s4 ,boniface1 were on very friendly terms with them4 ,perhaps it was at his grandfather's house that ,s4 ,ludger first saw ,s4 ,boniface4 ,thiadgrim1 the younger son1 married ,liafburg1 the daughter of ,nothrad and ,aldeburga4 ,the latter gave her two brothers to ,s4 ,willibrord1 to educate1 and they first of all the ,frisians received the clerical tonsure4 ,willibraht1 the elder brother1 died a deacon1 the younger1 before he reached that degree4 ,liafburg1 ,s4 ,ludger's mother1 narrowly escaped being murdered at the time of her birth4 ,her grandmother by the father's side1 a fierce old pagan1 was enraged because her daughter-in-law had borne no sons but only daughters4 ,she sent officers to snatch the new born babe from its mother1 before it had sucked the breast1 for it was the custom of these heathen to kill a child before it had tasted earthly food4 ,this statement is corroborated by some old ,frisian laws edited by ,sibrand ,siccaum4 ,the officers consigned the child to a servant to be drowned4 ,as the man held the infant over a bucket of water1 she stretched out her tiny arms and grasped with her hands the edge of the bucket1 and with all her feeble might resisted his efforts to drown her4 ,a woman1 who chanced to be near1 touched with pity1 snatched the infant from the servant's hands1 and ran away with it to her own home2 fastening the door behind her1 she hastened to a chamber and placed some honey in the child's mouth1 which it instantly swallowed4 ,the officers were sent by the heathen beldame to demand the infant3 the woman said1 ,she has eaten honey1 and at the same time she held up to them the child1 still licking its lips3 for this reason it was unlawful to kill the child4 ,the woman gave ,liafburg suck from a horn filled with milk1 and receiving all necessaries from the child's mother1 she nursed her till the death of her unnatural grandmother1 when ,liafburg was received into her father's house4 ,liafburg many years after1 when pregnant with ,ludger1 heard suddenly of the return of her husband ,thiadgrim from a long journey4 ,she ran out to greet him1 and her foot slipping1 she fell on a stake1 which entered her side4 ,she was taken up for dead2 but by ,god's mercy she revived1 and in a few days gave birth to ,ludger unhurt4 ,this event took place probably about #gdd4 ,at his baptism1 which is erroneously said by one chronicler to have been performed by ,s4 ,willibrord1 who was then dead1 he received the name of ,ludger4 ,as soon as he was able to run about1 he used to collect the bark of trees1 and to sew them into books1 while the other children were at play4 ,then he scribbled on them with reeds dipped in a black liquor and gave them to his nurse to keep as useful books4 ,if asked1 ,what hast thou done to-day8 he said1 ,i have made books1 or ,i have written or read all day4 ,if asked again1 ,who taught thee8 he replied1 ,god taught me4 ,then1 as he grew in grace and years1 he earnestly besought his parents to entrust him to some man of ,god to be brought up4 ,they accordingly1 probably in #geg1 gave him to abbot ,gregory1 a noble ,frank1 and a disciple of the great ,s4 ,boniface1 who had a monastery at ,utrecht4 ,either here1 or before this1 ,ludger1 as he tells us in his life of ,s4 ,gregory1 saw with his own eyes ,s4 ,boniface when his head was white with hoar hairs1 and his body decrepit with age4 ,gregory1 he adds1 was his preceptor1 ab infantia1 he brought up his disciples with as much love1 zeal1 and care1 as if he was their father1 and they his children2 they were joined to him by a tie of strong affection4 ,he proclaimed both in deed and in truth1 as well as in word the ,apostolic utterance of ,s4 ,peter1 concerning the calling and election of all nations1 ,in every nation he that feareth ,god and worketh righteousness is accepted with him4 ,acts x4 #ce4 ,for his disciples were gathered not from one tribe only1 but were the flower of all the neighbouring nations2 they were enlightened with wondrous gentleness and spiritual joy1 and joined into one body1 because they were begotten in charity of one spiritual father1 and of the one mother of all4 ,some were of noble ,frank families2 some were ,english2 some of the new planting of ,god begun amongst the ,frisians and ,saxons2 some of the ,baquarii and the ,suevi2 some of whatever nation ,god hath sent thither3 of all these ,i1 ,ludger am the least1 yea1 the weakest and most insignificant4 ,the holy father ,gregory bestowed on all these gathered from all parts into one fold the spiritual food of ,god's doctrine and ,word4 ,inspired by ,god he burned with love for his disciples and for their instruction1 so that scarce a day passed on which he did not sit in the morning to receive his disciples singly1 and to hear their questions1 and then he gave them to drink of the cup of life1 and watered them with ,god's ,word as each had need4 ,altfrid tells us that ,gregory received ,ludger with joy1 and found great pleasure in instructing him1 as he was an intelligent and sagacious child4 ,under his loving care ,ludger advanced in the fear of the ,lord1 and laid aside his secular habit in that monastery2 perhaps in #gfj1 and devoted himself wholly to the study of the spiritual science4 ,some of his schoolfellows became bishops or teachers of ,churches4 ,ludger was much loved by them1 by reason of his wondrous gentleness and kindness3 his face was cheerful1 though he was not easily provoked to laughter2 he combined prudence with moderation in all his actions1 for he constantly meditated on ,holy ,scripture1 and especially upon those portions of it which pertained to the praise of ,god1 and to the ,catholic faith1 for all which reasons he was loved by his venerable master as an only son4 ,alubert came to ,utrecht in #gff1 or #gfg1 being sent by the bishop of ,york to preach the ,gospel in ,frisia4 ,gregory besought him to be made a bishop4 ,he consented after some reluctance1 provided ,gregory would despatch him to ,england with some native clergy4 ,accordingly he received as companions ,sigibod and ,ludger4 ,sigibod was ordained priest1 ,ludger deacon1 and ,alubert bishop at ,york1 probably by ,elbert1 who succeeded ,egbert in that see on his death in #gff4 ,elbert on his accession had ordained ,alcuin1 who was his favourite pupil1 deacon1 and made him master of the cathedral seminary4 ,his fame as a teacher spread far and wide2 and students from all parts eagerly sought in ,york that instruction which no other master could supply4 ,ludger assiduously drank of the stream of knowledge which flowed from his lips1 and it was with reluctance that he accompanied his friends at the end of a year to ,utrecht1 which they reached in #gfh4 ,his first act was to petition ,gregory for leave to return to ,alcuin1 and sate himself with the honey which he had tasted4 ,gregory gently but firmly refused his request3 finding that in spite of all persuasion he cherished the determination of journeying to ,york1 he sent for his father to induce him to desist from his purpose4 ,but the studious ,ludger remained firm1 and at last vanquished all opposition by entreaty4 ,he was accordingly furnished with all necessaries for his journey4 ,he stayed three years and a half at ,york1 under ,alcuin1 where he was beloved by all for his good character and holy studies4 ,at this time1 when the citizens of ,york were going forth to battle against their enemies1 the son of an earl of that province was killed in a quarrel by a ,frisian merchant4 ,all ,frisians deemed it prudent to quit ,england for fear of the wrath of his relatives4 ,alcuin sent his deacon ,patal with ,ludger1 lest his love of learning should induce him to go to some other town of those parts1 and he should there fall a victim to the vengeance of the young earl's friends4 ,he returned home1 in #ggd1 with a large stock of learning and books1 and was received warmly by ,gregory4 ,about or before this time1 ,liafwin or ,lebuin1 a learned priest1 was sent from ,england to ,utrecht4 ,he desired to preach the gospel to the people who dwelt by the river ,yssel4 ,the faithful of those parts first built him a church at ,wulfre1 on the west side of that river4 ,afterwards one was erected at ,deventer1 on the east side4 ,he gained so many converts there that the ,saxons made a furious attack on the place1 drove out the ,christians1 and burned the church4 ,when the enemy had retired1 he returned1 and rebuilt the church1 and laboured there peacefully and successfully till his death1 when he was buried in the church4 ,then the ,saxons again sacked and burned the church1 after making an ineffectual search for his body4 ,albric succeeded his uncle ,gregory1 who had died about this time4 ,ludger gives a touching account of the old man's death4 ,he had been smitten with paralysis some years before3 as he grew weaker1 he eagerly looked forward for his nephew's return from ,italy4 ,when ,albric arrived1 he entrusted the monastery to his charge1 and prophesied his own immediate decease4 ,he bade them carry him to the oratory of ,s4 ,saviour1 and set him in front of the tabernacle2 there he prayed for a time1 and then received the ,lord's ,body2 then1 with his eyes fixed on the altar1 and his soul fixed on heaven1 he departed to the ,lord1 whom he had served so long in sincerity4 ,his death occurred in #ggf1 according to the ,bollandists2 in #gha according to the editors of the ,benedictine ,acta ,sanctorum4 ,albric besought ,ludger to assume ,liafwin's charge1 and to rebuild the church over his body4 ,being unable to discover his remains1 he laid the foundations of the church within the space in which he thought they lay4 ,liafwin appeared to him in a vision of the night1 telling him that his body was buried deep beneath the south wall of the foundations4 ,the next day it was found in the spot pointed out1 and the foundations were transferred so as to include the saint's tomb within the church4 ,many miracles were afterwards wrought at it4 ,perhaps the ,romanesque crypt of the present vast church of ,s4 ,lubien at ,deventer marks the site of this tomb4 ,afterwards ,albric sent ,ludger and others to destroy the heathen temples and places of worship throughout ,friesland4 ,they found a vast quantity of treasure in them1 of which ,charlemagne reserved two-thirds1 and gave the other to ,albric for his own uses4 ,when ,albric1 in #ggh1 was consecrated bishop at ,cologne1 he caused ,ludger to be raised to the priesthood at the same time1 and then sent him to be teacher of the ,church in the canton of ,ostracha1 where ,s4 ,boniface was martyred4 ,it seems that ,ludger erected a church on the site of his martyrdom1 near ,dockum1 for ,alcuin afterwards sent him some ,latin heroic verses to be inscribed on it4 ,these verses will be found in ,migne's edition of ,alcuin's works4 ,the two first of the fourteen lines run thus3-- ,hic pater egregiis meritis ,bonifacius almis1 ,cum sociis pariter fundebat sanguinis undam4 ,he also1 in turn with ,albric and two others1 presided over the monastery at ,utrecht for three months in every year4 ,once1 after he had said the night office1 and had laid himself down to rest1 in solario ecclesi1 ,s4 ,salvatoris1 which probably corresponded to our parvise1 or prophet's chamber1 abbot ,gregory appeared to him in a vision1 and bade him follow him4 ,the old man cast down to him from a higher place1 as it were1 pieces of garments and parchments1 which he bade him distribute well4 ,ludger gathered them into three heaps4 ,marchelm1 the custodian of the church1 in the morning interpreted the dream to mean that ,ludger would be spiritual ruler over three peoples4 ,then ,ludger exclaimed1 ,would that the ,lord would give me1 instead1 fruit in the place now entrusted to my charge4 ,ludger zealously exercised his office among the ,frisians1 and the seeds of life1 sown by him1 watered by dew from above1 bore abundant fruit in the hearts of many4 ,thus did he avenge the death of ,s4 ,boniface by bringing to the knowledge of the truth those very peoples who had shed his blood4 ,again was verified the old saying1 ,the blood of the martyrs is the seed of the ,church1 for that land afterwards brought forth rich crops of the corn of ,god's elect4 ,when ,ludger had toiled there nearly seven years1 that root of evil1 ,wittikind1 in #ghd1 leader of the ,saxons1 drove out the servants of ,god1 burned the churches1 and made the ,frisians1 as far as the river ,fleo1 sacrifice again to the false gods4 ,so ,ludger dismissed his disciples1 and taking with him his brother1 ,hildegrim1 and another1 went to ,rome1 where pope ,adrian received him kindly1 in #ghe4 ,thence he went on to ,s4 ,benedict's monastery at ,monte ,cassino1 for he was anxious to build a monastery on his own estate1 and this was afterwards done at ,werden4 ,though ,s4 ,ludger's name occurs in ,benedictine ,martyrologies1 he seems never to have become formally a monk of that order4 ,probably he wore their habit at ,monte ,cassino4 ,the author of the ,third ,metrical ,life says1 though he wore the cowl4 ,nec hujus ,regul1 ullum observanti fecerat promissum4 ,the fact that the monasteries founded by him both at ,werden and ,munster observed the rule of the ,canons ,regular1 seems to settle the matter4 ,he was called abbot simply because he presided over a ,cnobium4 ,in #ghg1 he passed through ,rome on his way home1 where he obtained some relics of our ,lord1 of the ,blessed ,virgin1 and of some of the saints4 ,the news of ,wittikind's conversion1 or rather submission1 had recalled him to his old field of labour4 ,charlemagne had been at war with the ,saxons1 who then occupied nearly the modern circles of ,westphalia and ,lower ,saxony1 with short intervals of peace1 for nearly thirty years4 ,in #ggi1 he defeated the ,westphalians at ,bochold1 and received their submission1 which entailed that of the ,ostphali and the ,angrarii4 ,the following year he overran the country as far as the ,elbe1 where he encamped4 ,wittikind took refuge at the court of the king of ,denmark1 his father-in-law4 ,the solemn sacrament of baptism was administered to an immense multitude at ,horheim4 ,charlemagne determined to secure the people by a systematic occupation of their territory4 ,it was divided into districts1 whither bishops1 priests1 and abbots were sent4 ,the king gave them the lands1 but ,god alone could give them the souls of the people4 ,the rebellion which burst out in #ghb1 under ,wittikind1 was punished severely4 ,his accomplices1 #d1ejj in number1 were tried before their own chiefs at ,verden1 on the ,aller2 were condemned and put to death4 ,their relatives and all the tribes took up arms to avenge them3 a bloody battle of doubtful issue was fought at ,detmold4 ,after ,charlemagne had ravaged the country for two years1 he offered terms of peace4 ,wittikind and the ,saxon nobles accepted them4 ,he submitted to be baptized at ,attigny4 ,his example brought about the submission of ,saxony and ,friesland4 ,the story is told somewhat in this fashion3--,on great festivals ,charlemagne was wont to distribute money to all the poor who assembled at his gate4 ,on ,easter-day1 ,wittikind1 in the dress of a beggar1 penetrated into the king's tent1 where ,mass was being said4 ,after mass1 he came to receive alms with the rest4 ,he was recognised in spite of his rags1 arrested1 and brought before the king4 ,then he asked to become a ,christian1 and ordered the chiefs of his party to lay down their arms4 ,it is hardly necessary to add that marvels accompanied this conversion4 ,on ,s4 ,ludger's return1 in #ghg1 to ,friesland1 ,charlemagne sent him to bear the glad tidings of the gospel of peace to the ,frisians in the neighbourhood of ,grningen and ,norden4 ,away in the sea to the north was a white island1 so he was told1 a home of hardy seamen1 whither ,s4 ,willibroad had been4 ,ludger resolved to go to this island of ,fositesland1 or ,heligoland1 and water the little seed of life that ,willibroad had sown there4 ,he embarked in a little vessel1 and a pleasant breeze springing up1 the boat was wafted towards the distant isle4 ,ludger stood in the bows1 cross in hand1 and saw a dark grey fog envelope the island4 ,but presently the veil of mist rose1 and disclosed the white chalk-cliffs glittering in sunshine1 and the bishop gladly took this as an omen of success4 ,he landed1 preached the faith1 and destroyed the temples1 erecting churches in their stead4 ,the people gladly heard the ,word1 and ,ludger baptized them in the waters of the very fountain in which ,s4 ,willibroad had baptized three of the islanders on a former occasion4 ,a son1 also1 of one of the chiefs embraced the faith1 and became a teacher of the ,frisians and the founder of a monastery4 ,after the complete subjugation of the ,saxons1 ,s4 ,ludger was directed by the emperor to repair into ,westphalia4 ,he erected a monastery where now stands the episcopal city of ,mnster1 and travelled over the district with unflagging energy1 wearing no hood1 as his biographer says1 with which monks usually keep their heads and shoulders warm1 instructed the barbarous tribes1 and appointed priests to minister the sacraments to them4 ,he was soon after ordained bishop by ,hildebold1 archbishop of ,cologne4 ,his heart now turned to the wild ,normans1 the scourge of all the maritime peoples of ,gaul and on the ,baltic4 ,as bishop1 he ministered to his ,saxon flock with great judgment and gentleness1 and that proud conquered people yielded more to his gentle persuasion than to the harsh commands of ,charlemagne4 ,he still ruled ,friesland1 which he had brought to the faith4 ,charlemagne also set him over a monastery in ,brabant4 ,thus his dream of the three heaps1 signifying his rule over three peoples1 was fulfilled4 ,the chief seat of his diocese was in the canton ,sudergau1 at a place called ,mimigardford 7or1 more properly1 ,miningardvard1 the fort of ,miningard7 on the ,aa1 where he built a monastery by the river for the ,regular ,canons4 ,from this establishment the city eventually took its name of ,mnster1 though the bishops continued to style themselves of ,mimigard to the time of ,thierry ,,ii4 ,he built the cathedral of ,s4 ,paul at ,mnster4 ,the five ,frisian counties contributed largely towards the cost4 ,their liberality was commemorated in a sculpture representing them offering gifts to ,s4 ,paul1 which once stood near the ,n4,w4 door of the cathedral4 ,it was defaced by the ,anabaptists in #aece4 ,he uprooted idolatry1 sowed the ,word of ,god1 built churches1 and ordained priests to minister in them4 ,he desired to bring many nations to the knowledge of the true ,god1 and volunteered to preach to the heathen ,northmen1 but ,charlemagne refused his consent4 ,the blameless conduct of ,ludger did not save him from detractors1 nay1 perhaps it rather incited their malice4 ,he was accused 7as the anonymous ,frieslander who wrote his life tells us7 to ,charlemagne of penuriousness in decorating the houses of ,god4 ,the emperor summoned him to court1 and on the morning after his arrival the chamberlain was sent to call him before the council4 ,he found ,ludger saying the divine office4 ,our saint promised to come as soon as it was done4 ,a second and a third messenger summoned him1 but he did not go to the emperor till the office was over4 ,charlemagne asked him1 ,why didst thou disregard my command to come at once8 ,the saint said1 ,god is to be preferred to thee1 ,o king1 and to all men4 ,the emperor1 pleased at his reply1 exclaimed1 ,i am thankful that ,i have found thee such as ,i ever esteemed thee1 and ,i promise never again to give ear to those who calumniate thee4 ,once ,ludger imposed a severe penance on a priest who left off saying the office that he might blow the fire1 as they were saying ,matins in their travelling tent1 because the smoke was driving into the bishop's face2 for the saint desired to teach his clergy that they ought to suffer nothing to disturb them when saying the ,divine office4 ,altfrid adds that ,s4 ,ludger was well read in ,holy ,writ1 as is clearly proved in the book he wrote about the life of ,gregory and ,albric2 moreover1 he wrote an account of the early events which took place at the coming of ,s4 ,boniface and at his ordination4 ,his meaning1 probably1 is not that separate lives of these holy men were written by ,ludger1 but that notices of them were inserted in his ,life of ,gregory4 ,this is the only genuine work of his that has survived1 for the epistle on the canonization of ,s4 ,suibert is not from his pen4 ,when he felt his end approaching1 he devoted more time than before to reading ,holy ,writ1 to chanting ,psalms1 and1 though feeble in body1 he celebrated ,mass every day4 ,on the day of his death1 ,march #bfth1 #hji1 very early1 he heard ,mass at ,coesfeld1 and preached2 then hastening to ,billerbeck1 arrived there at nine o'clock the same morning1 preached again1 and celebrated his last ,mass4 ,that evening he gently expired4 ,illustration3 ,picture of ,fortitude bearing shield and club ,march #bg4 ,,memorial ,,of ,,the ,,resurrection4#ia ,,ss4 ,,philetus1 ,,lydia1 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm4 in ,illyria1 #bnd cent4 ,s4 ,,augusta1 ,v4,m4 at ,serravalle in ,venetia4 ,s4 ,,alexander1 ,m4 at ,drizipara1 in ,pannonia4 ,,ss4 ,,zanitas1 ,,lazarus1 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm4 in ,persia1 ,a4,d4 #cbf4 ,s4 ,,john1 ,h4 at ,lycopolis1 in ,egypt1 ,a4,d4 #cic4 ,s4 ,,rupert1 ,b4 of ,salzburg1 ,a4,d4 #gah4 ,s4 ,,matthew ,,of ,,beauvais1 ,m4 in ,france1 #aath cent4 ,s4 ,,william ,,tempier1 ,b4 of ,poitiers1 ,a4,d4 #aaig4 #ia ,in some ancient ,martyrologies we find this day set down as that of the ,resurrection1 but others make the day to be ,march #beth1 ,march #bhth1 ,april #ast1 or ,april #eth4 ,,ss4 ,,philetus1 ,,lydia1 ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm4 7#b,,nd ,,cent47 ,greek ,mena and ,menologium1 and modern ,roman ,martyrology4 ,the following account from the ,greek ,menology1 it is almost needless to say1 is fabulous4 ,saint ,philetus1 a senator1 his wife1 ,lydia1 their sons1 ,macedo and ,theoprepius1 also ,amphilochius1 a general1 and ,chronides1 a registrar1 who suffered under ,hadrian1 are venerated by ,greeks and ,latins on this day4 ,according to the account in the ,menology1 ,philetus1 his wife and sons1 and ,chronides1 were handed over to ,amphilochius1 the general1 to be by him tortured4 ,amphilochius ordered them to be cast into a vessel of boiling oil1 but as the bubbling fluid suddenly became cold1 when the martyrs were about to be plunged into it1 full of astonishment1 he exclaimed1 ,god of the ,christians1 help me6 ,then there came a voice from heaven1 ,thy prayer is heard1 come up hither4 ,now when this was noised in the ears of the emperor1 he came down1 full of wrath1 and ordered a cauldron of oil to be boiled for seven days1 and all to be cast thereinto4 ,but they were unhurt4 ,then the emperor left them1 and they1 praying1 and giving thanks to ,god1 gave up the ghost4 ,s4 ,,augusta1 ,v4 ,m4 7,,date ,,uncertain47 ,ferrarius1 in his ,catalogue of ,saints4 ,not in the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,venerated at ,serravalle1 near ,ceneda1 on the ,piavia4 ,there is at ,serravalle a church on a hill-top1 containing her relics1 and to this pilgrimages are made on ,august #ast1 the day of the translation of her relics1 but the anniversary of her martyrdom is ,march #bgth1 and that of the invention of her relics in ,aug4 #bbnd4 ,the story of this saint is purely traditional4 ,there was once upon a time1 when the ,roman empire was tottering to its decline1 a certain duke of ,friuli1 named ,matrucus1 of ,gothic race1 who built for himself a great castle on the mountain dominating ,serravalle1 the ruins of which remain to this day4 ,now the people of that part were ,christians1 but ,matrucus was a heathen4 ,he had a daughter named ,augusta1 young and fair1 and her heart turned from the fierce gods of ,germany to the ,christ whom the bruised and suffering people of ,serravalle adored1 and to ,his spotless ,mother1 so pure and loving4 ,and she sought means of receiving instruction1 and was baptized secretly4 ,now there were many things in his daughter's conduct which roused suspicion in the mind of ,matrucus1 and he set spies to watch her4 ,one day1 he was told that she was in the church praying1 and he rushed in upon her1 dragged her forth1 and locked her up in a chamber of the castle4 ,in ungovernable fury he afterwards beat out her teeth1 and executed her with his sword1 reproaching her with having despised the gods of their ancestors and degraded the honour of his house4 ,s4 ,,john ,,of ,,egypt1 ,h4 7,a4,d4 #cic47 ,almost all ,latin ,martyrologies1 not however that of ,bede1 nor by the ,greeks4 ,authorities3--,two lives1 one by ,evagrius1 translated into ,latin by ,ruffinus of ,aquileia1 the other by ,palladius1 in his ,hist4 ,lausiaca2 both were contemporaries1 and had visited and conversed with the saint4 ,no solitary after ,s4 ,antony acquired such renown as ,s4 ,john of ,egypt4 ,he was not only respected by the people1 but by emperors4 ,the most celebrated doctors and ecclesiastical writers1 ,s4 ,jerome1 ,s4 ,augustine1 ,s4 ,prosper1 ,cassian1 ,palladius1 ,ruffinus1 ,s4 ,eucher1 and ,s4 ,fulgentius1 have extolled him4 ,john was born at ,lycopolis in the lower ,thebaid1 the modern ,siout4 ,he exercised the trade of a carpenter till he was twenty-five1 and then1 the desire of labouring only for his salvation1 of coming to a death-grip with flesh and blood1 possessed him2 and he placed himself under the direction of an aged hermit1 whom he served with alacrity and diligence4 ,the old man fearing lest the merit of this service should be injured by any admixture of human affection1 affected great capriciousness1 and gave his disciple many absurd orders4 ,for instance1 he one day commanded him to plant his staff in the sand and water it daily4 ,john obeyed without a murmur1 and though he had to go two miles for water1 continued his task for a year4 ,on another occasion1 he ordered ,john to throw their dinner out of the window4 ,he was obeyed without a trace of hesitation4 ,on one occasion when some visitors were with the old man1 to exhibit the docility of his disciple1 he ordered ,john to run to a rock some distance off1 and roll it up to his door4 ,john ran1 nothing doubting1 and laid his shoulder1 and then breast against the huge mass1 and toiled ineffectually to move it1 dripping with perspiration1 till his master recalled him4 ,on the death of the hermit1 ,john spent five years in visiting the different monasteries of ,egypt1 and then he chose a cave in the face of a rock1 near his native place1 and walled up the entrance1 leaving only a door and window4 ,in this grotto he spent the remaining thirty-eight or forty years of his life4 ,however great may have been his desire to live in solitude1 his fame brought great numbers to visit him1 so that a great house had to be erected at the foot of his rock to receive the pilgrims4 ,his abstinence was great4 ,he ate nothing that had been cooked1 not even bread1 but took only a little fruit at sun-down4 ,he was given an extraordinary insight into the future1 and many of his prophecies have been recorded4 ,the most famous were those made by him to ,theodosius the ,great1 to whom he announced beforehand the irruption of the barbarians into the empire1 the revolts that would take place1 and the means he must employ against them4 ,this prince specially consulted him concerning two enemies with whom he was called to fight4 ,one was ,maximus1 who had killed the emperor ,gratian in #chc1 and driven the emperor ,valentinian from his possessions in #chg4 ,john assured him of victory1 and promised that it would be unattended by great effusion of blood4 ,theodosius defeated ,maximus in two encounters in ,pannonia1 passed the ,alps without difficulty1 pursued and surprised ,maximus at ,aquileia1 where he cut off his head4 ,four years after1 ,eugenius having seized on the empire of the ,east1 through the credit of ,arbogastes1 who had strangled the younger ,valentinian1 ,theodosius resolved to march against him4 ,eugenius1 who awaited him1 prepared for the combat by consulting the augury and the entrails of victims4 ,theodosius sent the eunuch ,eutropius into ,egypt to invite the hermit ,john to come to him and declare to him the will of ,god4 ,the saint refused to leave his cell1 but sent word to the emperor by ,eutropius that he would gain a victory1 which would however be very bloody1 and that he would only survive it a short while4 ,both predictions were accomplished4 ,a battle was fought in the plains of ,aquileia1 on ,sept4 #fth1 #cid1 in which ,eugenius was defeated2 ,theodosius lived till ,january #agth of the following year1 and died leaving the empire divided between his two sons ,arcadius and ,honorius4 ,palladius was in the ,nitrian desert with his master ,evagrius1 ,albinus1 ,ammon1 and three others2 and their conversation turned on the reputation of ,s4 ,john4 ,evagrius expressed his desire to know if all that was reported of his great virtue was true1 and to have his powers of discernment tested by some one of experience4 ,palladius at once resolved to go4 ,he was then aged twenty-six4 ,he started without communicating his design to any one1 and made his journey partly on foot1 and partly in a boat1 for it was the period of the overflow of the ,nile4 ,this is an unhealthy time1 owing to the evaporation of the slime left by the retreating waters2 and ,palladius fell ill on his way4 ,on his recovery he prosecuted his journey1 and reached the vestibule of the hermit's cell1 where he learnt that ,john only gave audiences on the ,sabbath 7,saturday7 and the ,sunday1 and that he must therefore wait in patience till the ,saturday4 ,on that day he found the saint seated at his window1 through which he conversed with all who approached4 ,when ,john saw him1 he greeted him through an interpreter1 and asked his object in visiting him1 saying at the same time that he looked like a disciple of ,evagrius4 ,palladius satisfied his inquiries1 and began to converse with him1 when ,alypius1 the governor of the province1 arrived1 and approaching hastily1 ,john signed to ,palladius to withdraw whilst he received the governor4 ,palladius waited with some impatience1 thinking in his heart that ,john was not free from the common infirmity of respect of persons4 ,but the saint divined his thoughts1 and sending his interpreter to him1 bade him not be impatient1 for he would speedily dismiss the governor4 ,when ,palladius was recalled1 the hermit gently reproved him for his thoughts1 saying1 ,it is not the whole1 but those that are sick that need the physician4 ,thou art constantly engaged in labouring for thy salvation1 but that man is immersed in the cares of this world1 and can scarcely snatch an hour from business for the cultivation of his soul4 ,whom should ,i greet and prefer most readily8 and putting out his hand he gently cuffed ,palladius4 ,and now to proceed with thy affairs1 continued ,john4 ,i know that the thoughts of thy father have distracted thee of late1 and thou hast been thinking of returning from the solitary life to him4 ,but know that both he and thy sister have entered into religion like thyself4 ,thy father will live seven years longer4 ,think no more of returning to thy home1 for it is broken up4 ,he that putteth his hand to the plough1 and looketh back1 is not fit for the kingdom of ,god4 ,these words consoled and encouraged ,palladius2 and the saint having asked him with a smile whether he wished to be a bishop1 ,palladius answered in the same bantering style1 that he was one already1 as his name implied4 ,and prithee what is thy diocese8 asked the hermit4 ,i rule the diocese of the kitchen1 and my episcopal jurisdiction is exercised over pots and pans1 answered ,palladius4 ,enough of this joking1 said the hermit4 ,in truth ,i tell thee thou shalt be a bishop one of these days1 and shalt suffer many contradictions4 ,but1 if thou wouldest escape them1 leave not thy solitude1 for so long as thou remainest there1 none will ordain thee bishop4 ,some years after1 this prophecy was verified2 for1 being threatened with dropsy1 ,palladius left the desert for ,alexandria1 and thence afterwards for ,bithynia1 where he was ordained bishop of ,helenopolis4 ,he was speedily enveloped in the persecution against ,s4 ,chrysostom1 and was obliged to remain concealed for eleven months in a dark chamber4 ,palladius returned from his visit to the ,nitrian desert1 and related all he had seen and heard to ,evagrius1 who was stirred to undertake the journey himself1 and his account of this visit is found in the pages of ,ruffinus4 ,s4 ,,matthew ,,of ,,beauvais1 ,m4 7,,end ,,of #aa,,th ,,cent47 ,gallican ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,guibert1 ,ab4 of ,nogent-sous-,coussi1 l4 #ajec1 d4 #aabd4 ,guibert knew ,s4 ,matthew personally2 they were both natives of the same village1 and grew up together from childhood as friends4 ,matthew was a knight of noble birth1 of ,agnetz1 near ,clermont1 in ,beauvais4 ,he was a model of purity1 sincerity1 and piety1 ever calm1 and never giving way to petulance1 or agitated by passion4 ,he took the cross and went to the ,east to fight for the recovery of the ,holy ,sepulchre1 with the bishop of ,beauvais4 ,at the court of ,alexis1 in ,constantinople1 he was greatly respected4 ,having been made prisoner by the ,saracens1 he was offered his life if he would renounce the cross of ,christ4 ,he asked to be allowed to delay his reply till the following ,friday4 ,on that day he was again urged to adopt their religion4 ,he replied1 ,i asked you to grant me this delay1 not because ,i had any doubt as to what my decision would be1 but that ,i might have the honour and felicity of shedding my blood on the same day as my ,saviour ,jesus ,christ bled for me4 ,come then1 strike me6 ,i give my life to ,him who laid down ,his for mankind4 ,so saying he knelt and stretched forth his neck for the blow1 and with one stroke was decapitated4 ,march #bh4 ,,ss4 ,,priscus1 ,,malchus1 ,,and ,,alexander1 ,,mm4 at ,csarea1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #bei4 ,s4 ,,xystus ,,or ,,sixtus ,,iii41 ,pope1 ,a4,d4 #ddj4 ,s4 ,,spes1 ,ab4 at ,nursia1 in ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #eac4 ,s4 ,,guntram1 ,k4 of ,burgundy1 ,a4,d4 #eic4 ,s4 ,,conon1 ,monk at ,nesi1 in ,sicily1 ,a4,d4 #abcf4 ,,ven4 ,,mary ,,de ,,mailliac1 ,v4,w4 at ,tours1 ,a4,d4 #adad4 ,s4 ,,xystus ,,or ,,sixtus1 ,,pope4 7,a4,d4 #ddj47 ,saint ,sixtus ,,iii4 was a native of ,rome4 ,he succeeded ,celestin ,i41 in #dcb1 on the ,papal throne4 ,he laboured zealously to extinguish the ,pelagian and ,nestorian heresies1 and exhibited great joy at the reconciliation between ,s4 ,cyril of ,alexandria1 and ,john1 patriarch of ,antioch4 ,some epistles and some religious poems attributed to him exist4 ,he built and adorned many churches in ,rome1 and died ,august #ahth1 #ddj2 and was succeeded by ,s4 ,leo the ,great4 ,s4 ,,spes1 ,,ab4 7,a4,d4 #eac47 ,roman ,martyrology1 and the ,benedictine ,martyrology of ,wyon4 ,authority3--,the ,dialogues of ,s4 ,gregory the ,great1 lib4 iv4 c4 #aj1 from one who knew ,spes4 ,s4 ,spes was an abbot of a monastery1 at a place called ,cample1 or ,campi1 near ,nursia1 who was blind for forty years1 and bore his affliction with the greatest sweetness and patience4 ,at the end of that time his sight was restored to him for a brief space1 and he occupied this time in visiting the monasteries of his order4 ,and on the fifteenth day of his recovery he returned to his own house1 and calling the brethren together1 and standing in their midst1 he received the ,body and ,blood of ,christ1 and then lifted up his voice to precent the psalms4 ,and as he and the brethren sang1 his spirit fled1 and the brethren saw his blessed soul as a white dove soar up to the vault of the church1 which parted1 and the dove ascended into the brightness above4 ,illustration3 ,hope4 ,march #bi4 ,s4 ,,limineus1 ,m4 at ,clermont in ,auvergne1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #bee4 ,,ss4 ,,jonas ,,and ,,barachisius1 ,monks ,,mm4 in ,persia1 ,a4,d4 #cbg4 ,s4 ,,mark1 ,b4 of ,arethusa1 and ,s4 ,,cyril1 ,d4,m4 in ,syria1 ,a4,d4 #cfb4 ,s4 ,,mark ,,of ,,athens1 ,h4 in ,libya1 #dth cent4 ,,ss4 ,,armogastes1 ,,archinimus1 ,,and ,,saturus1 ,,mm4 in ,africa1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #dfc4 ,s4 ,,gundleus ,,or ,,gwynllyw ,,filwr1 ,k4,h4 in ,wales1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #ebi4 7,see ,jan4 #bdth1 ,s4 ,cadoc47 ,s4 ,,eustace1 ,ab4 of ,luxeuil1 ,a4,d4 #fbe4 ,s4 ,,ludolf1 ,m4,b4 of ,ratzeburg1 in ,germany1 ,a4,d4 #abja4 ,b4 ,,hugo1 ,mk4 of ,vaucelles1 #acth cent4 ,,ss4 ,,jonas ,,and ,,barachisius1 ,,mm4 7,a4,d4 #cbg47 ,greek ,menology of the emperor ,basil the younger1 and ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,the ,acts written by an eye-witness1 ,esaias1 an ,armenian knight in the troops of king ,sapor1 pub4 in ,chaldaic by ,asseman4 ,the ,greek version in ,metaphrastes has gone through much amplification4 ,king ,shapoor1 or ,sapor1 of ,persia1 raised a savage persecution against the ,christians in his realm1 believing them to be in league with the ,roman emperor4 ,amongst those who suffered were ,jonas and ,barachisius1 because they refused to adore the sun and fire4 ,melted lead was poured down the nostrils of ,jonas1 and red-hot plates were placed under his arms1 and he was hung up by one foot in his dungeon till he fainted4 ,his hands and feet were cut off1 his tongue torn out1 and he was pressed to death in a grape-crusher4 ,barachisius was treated with equal barbarity4 ,sharp splinters of reed were thrust into his flesh1 all over his body1 so that he resembled a porcupine1 and he was then rolled on the ground to drive the spikes in4 ,,ss4 ,,mark1 ,b4 ,c41 ,,and ,,cyril1 ,d4 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #cfb47 ,by ,greeks and ,latins on the same day1 but the ,greeks commemorate especially ,s4 ,mark1 and the modern ,roman ,martyrology only ,s4 ,cyril4 ,s4 ,mark1 but not ,s4 ,cyril1 was in that of ,galesinius1 prepared for the use of the ,roman ,church1 and approved by ,gregory ,,xiii41 and ,clement ,,viii41 but was cut out by ,baronius1 and ,s4 ,cyril inserted in his place4 ,the reason he gave was ,romana ,ecclesia non recipit ,marcum illum inter ,sanctos1 quem constat ,arianum fuisse4 ,but the continuators of ,bollandus have shown that ,baronius was without sufficient grounds for concluding that he was an ,arian4 ,authorities3--,theodoret1 lib4 iii4 c4 #g2 ,socrates1 lib4 ii4 c4 #cj2 ,theophanes1 and the ,oration of ,s4 ,gregory ,nazianzen against ,julian4 ,mark1 bishop of ,arethusa1 on ,mount ,lebanon1 was present at the council of ,sirmium 7,a4,d4 #cea71 which met to depose ,photinus1 the bishop of ,sirmium1 who1 in spite of former censures for heresy1 had retained his church4 ,this was at a time when the ,arian controversy was being carried on with great vehemence1 and the word consubstantial was insisted upon by the orthodox1 and rejected by the ,arian party4 ,a third party of semi-,arians1 as they were called1 existed1 which comprised within its ranks men of two different types4 ,on the one hand were the prelates who desired to keep well with an ,arian emperor1 but who were not disposed to surrender the ,catholic faith to obtain favour1 and who were wanting in dogmatic precision4 ,on the other hand1 there was a body of very pious and thoroughly orthodox bishops1 who hesitated about adopting a new word to define our ,lord's nature1 deprecated the heat displayed by both parties1 and hoped1 by avoiding this burning word1 to prevent many who were passively or ignorantly heterodox1 from being forced by the fierceness1 wherewith the controversy was carried on1 to side permanently with heresy4 ,we have seen ,s4 ,cyril in company with these men4 ,mark of ,arethusa was another4 ,at the council he produced a creed1 which is given by ,socrates1 and which it was hoped would be accepted by the semi-,arians and ,catholics together4 ,this creed is orthodox#ib2 the only questionable passage in it is in reference to a text in ,genesis1 and is so involved and obscure that it may be incorrectly given by the historian4#ic ,it is as follows3--,if anyone shall understand the words1 7,gen4 xix4 #bd47 ',the ,lord rained from the ,lord1' not in relation to the ,father and the ,son1 but shall say that ,god rained from ,himself1 let ,him be anathema3 for the ,lord the ,son rained from the ,lord the ,father4 ,if anyone1 hearing the ,lord the ,father1 and the ,lord the ,son1 shall term both the ,father and the ,son ,lord1 and saying the ,lord from the ,lord1 shall assert that there be two ,gods1 let him be anathema4 ,for we rank not the ,son with the ,father1 but conceive ,him to be subordinate to the ,father4 ,for ,he neither came down to ,sodom without the ,father's will1 nor did ,he rain from ,himself1 but from the ,lord who exercises supreme authority3 nor does ,he sit at the ,father's right hand of ,himself1 but in obedience to the ,father4 #ib ,sed ut e fidei formul1 quibus subscripsisse ,marcum habemus ex ,epiphanio1 prorsus fuerunt fidei orthodox conformes1 et in omnibus prter vocem consubstantialis nihil requireret3 sic nec hoc quidem certum est1 an in conciliabulo ,sirmiensi quidquam senserit ,marcus ab orthodoxa professione diversum4 ,acta ,,ss4 ,martii ,t4 iii4 p4 #ggg4 #ic ,quam enim est obscurus hujus anathematismi sensus1 tam est nobis suspecta fides adjunct rationis1 nihil ad blasphemiam de duobus diis1 qu sola damnari videtur1 facientis1 ut propterea intrusa videri possit ab ,ariano aliquo4 ,bollandus4--,ibid4 ,but this strange passage must not be taken to deny the ,lordship of the ,son1 for the ,creed which precedes the anathemas is very explicit on the ,eternal ,godhead of ,christ4 ,we believe 444 in our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 who was begotten of ,his ,father before all ages1 ,god of ,god1 ,light of ,light1 by whom all things visible and invisible1 which are in the heavens and upon the earth1 were made2 ,who is the ,word1 the ,wisdom1 the true ,light1 and the ,life4 ,again1 ,if anyone says that the ,son was not with ,god1 begotten of the ,father before all ages1 and that all things were not made by ,him1 let him be anathema4 ,in the reign of ,constantius1 ,mark had drawn down on himself the hatred of the pagan inhabitants of ,arethusa1 by causing the destruction of a magnificent temple4 ,according to the law published by ,julian the ,apostate1 on his accession to the throne1 he was1 under these circumstances1 bound to make good the value of the temple in money1 or else to cause it to be rebuilt4 ,being in no condition to do the former1 and thinking he could not conscientiously do the latter2 fearing1 at the same time1 for his life amidst a ferocious populace1 he betook himself to flight4 ,as others1 however1 were involved in danger on his account1 he turned back1 and voluntarily offered himself to his enemies4 ,the fanatical multitude now fell upon him2 he was dragged through the streets1 stripped1 and scourged1 then dipped in the town sewer1 and given over to the schoolboys returning from their lessons1 to mangle him with their iron pens4 ,when the old man had almost done breathing1 they besmeared him with honey and other liquids1 laid him in a basket1 in which he was swung up in the air1 and left to be preyed upon by bees and wasps4 ,mark shamed his cruel enemies by the cool indifference which he exhibited under all his sufferings4 ,the governor1 himself a pagan1 represented to ,julian what scandal it must occasion if they allowed themselves to be outdone by the constancy of a weak old man2 and the emperor finally commanded him to be set free1 for it was not his wish1 he said1 to give the ,christians any martyrs4 ,after1 when ,libanius1 the heathen rhetorician1 desired to restrain a governor from indulging in the cruel persecution of a ,christian who had been accused of robbing the temples1 he warned him thus3 ,if he is to die in his chains1 then look well before you1 and consider what will be the result4 ,take heed lest you bring upon us many more like ,mark4 ,this ,mark was hung up1 scourged1 plucked by the beard1 and bore all with constancy4 ,he is now honoured as a god1 and1 wherever he appears1 everybody is eager to take him by the hand4 ,as the emperor is aware of this1 he has not allowed the man to be executed1 much as he is grieved at the destruction of the temple4 ,let the preservation of ,mark be a caution to us4#id ,socrates says that the constancy of ,mark converted the people of ,arethusa1 and that they submitted to learn from his lips the doctrines of ,christianity4 #id ,liban4 ep4 #gca4 ,in the same chapter in which ,socrates relates the sufferings of ,mark1 he tells how other ,christians suffered from popular tumults at the revival of paganism under ,julian4 ,at ,askelon1 and at ,gaza1 they seized men truly worthy of the priesthood1 and women vowed to perpetual virginity1 and after having ripped open their stomachs1 they threw them to the pigs to be devoured4 ,at ,sebaste1 a city of the same province1 they opened the coffin of ,john the ,baptist1 burnt his bones1 and flung away his ashes4 ,in ,heliopolis1 a city near ,lebanon1 dwelt ,cyril1 a deacon4 ,acting on the impulse of ardent zeal1 he had there1 during the reign of ,constantius1 destroyed many idols4 ,these impious men not only killed him in revenge for this act1 but after having ripped up his stomach1 ate his liver4 ,at ,dorostolis1 a celebrated city of ,thrace1 ,emilius1 an undaunted champion of the faith1 was thrown into the flames by ,capitolinus1 governor of the province4 ,,ss4 ,,armogastes ,,and ,,companions1 ,,mm4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #dfc47 ,usuardus1 ,ado1 ,notker1 and ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,victor of ,utica4 ,de ,persec4 ,vand4 lib4 i4 7#eth cent47 ,genseric1 the ,vandal king in ,north ,africa1 had in his early youth renounced the ,orthodox communion1 and had become an ,arian4 ,he was exasperated to find that the ,africans1 who fled before him in the field1 presumed to dispute his authority over their faith1 and his ferocious mind was incapable of fear or of compassion4 ,his ,catholic subjects were oppressed by intolerant laws1 and arbitrary punishments4 ,the language of ,genseric was furious and formidable2 the knowledge of his intentions might justify the most unfavourable interpretations of his actions2 and the ,arians were reproached with the frequent executions which stained the palace and dominions of the tyrant4 ,genseric had ordered1 on the advice of the ,arian bishops1 that no ,catholic should be allowed to hold office in his house4 ,now there was found one1 named ,armogastes1 in the service of his son ,theodoric4 ,he was tortured with cords bound round his forehead and legs1 compressing the flesh painfully4 ,but he looked up to heaven1 made the sign of the ,cross1 and the cords broke like a spider's web4 ,stouter cords of hemp were then used1 but they proved equally inefficacious4 ,he was next suspended by one foot1 with his head downwards4 ,his master1 ,theodoric1 wished to cut off his head1 but his hand was arrested by an ,arian priest present1 named ,jucundus1 who said1 ,if thou strikest off his head1 the ,romans will honour him as a martyr2 therefore make him languish to death in other ways4 ,by ,romans1 he meant the conquered inhabitants of the province4 ,theodoric then sent ,armogastes into the province of ,byzacene1 to dig the earth4 ,he afterwards recalled him to ,carthage1 and to disgrace him before all men1 made him cow-keeper4 ,the confessor having had a revelation that his death was at hand1 said to a ,catholic1 named ,felix1 ,i pray thee1 bury me under this oak tree1 or thou shalt have to give account before ,god for not doing this4 ,felix replied1 ,god forbid that ,i should do so2 ,i will bury thee1 as thou deservest1 in some church4 ,armogastes urged him1 and ,felix promised to fulfil his wish1 so as not to vex him4 ,the saint died a few days after1 and ,felix began his grave beneath the tree1 but the roots incommoded him4 ,he1 therefore1 got an axe1 and cut through them1 and found1 to his surprise1 an ancient marble sarcophagus beneath them2 and in this he laid the body of ,armogastes4 ,a certain ,archinimus1 of the city of ,mascula1 was also called on to confess ,christ about the same time4 ,the king himself endeavoured to persuade him to disbelieve in the eternal ,godhead of ,christ1 and promised him great wealth and favour if he would comply with his wishes4 ,but when he found that the man would not be persuaded1 he gave orders that he should be executed1 but he sent secret instructions that his life should be spared if he maintained his constancy to the last4 ,the saint showed no disposition to yield1 and he was spared4 ,satur1 procurator of ,huneric1 often spoke against ,arian misbelief4 ,for this he was denounced by an ,arian deacon1 named ,varimad4 ,huneric threatened1 unless he conformed to the established heresy1 that he would deprive him of his house1 his goods1 his slaves1 his children1 even of his wife1 and publicly wed her in his presence to a camel-driver4 ,satur remained inflexible1 and was despoiled of all things4 ,his wife implored delay1 and going to her husband1 with her garments rent1 cast herself at his feet1 and implored him not1 by his obduracy1 to expose her to such a public disgrace1 and to such a sin as marriage to another whilst her husband lived4 ,he replied1 ,you speak like one of the foolish women4 7,job xi4 #aj47 ,if you loved me1 you would not urge me to a second death4 ,he that forsaketh not even his wife1 the ,lord said1 when called upon so to do for ,his sake1 cannot be ,his disciple4 ,then ,satur was robbed of all1 and reduced to beggary2 he was even forbidden to go forth from his place4 ,thus was he despoiled of wealth and family1 and liberty4 ,but1 says ,victor of ,utica1 ,of his baptismal robe they could not rob him4 ,these three men are honoured1 for their sufferings1 as martyrs4 ,s4 ,,eustace1 ,,ab4 ,,of ,,luxeuil4 7,a4,d4 #fbe47 ,roman ,martyrology1 and that of ,ado2 not in the genuine one of ,bede1 nor in that of ,usuardus2 but in those of ,notker and ,maurolycus2 and in the ,gallican and ,benedictine ,martyrologies2 and in the ,scottish one of ,dempster4 ,his life was written by ,jonas1 monk of ,bobbio1 in #ffd4 ,eustace1 born of a noble family in ,burgundy1 had spent his youth in arms1 but he renounced the world and joined ,s4 ,columbanus at ,luxeuil1 and when1 through the persecution of that she-wolf1 ,brunehault1 and her grandson1 ,thierry1 king of ,burgundy1 ,columbanus was driven from his monastery1 and from the country1 ,eustace was deemed worthy to succeed him in the government of the abbey4 ,his marvellous sweetness and tender companion to all who suffered1 mentally or corporeally1 endeared him to his monks2 and when they confessed their faults to him1 his tears mingled with theirs1 and filled their hearts with consolation4 ,by order of ,clothaire ,,ii41 he travelled into ,italy to recall ,columbanus1 and the two saints had the happiness of once more falling on each other's necks1 embracing4 ,columbanus having refused to return1 ,eustace went back to the king and explained to him the reasons of the saint for declining his invitation4 ,eustace1 therefore1 remained at the head of the great abbey of ,luxeuil1 which attracted an increasing number of monks4 ,however1 the missionary spirit and desire to preach exercised an overwhelming influence over ,eustace1 as over all the disciples of the great ,irish missionary4 ,the bishops1 assembled in the ,council of ,bonneuil-sur-,marne1 by ,clothaire ,,ii41 nominated him to preach the faith to unconverted nations4 ,he began with the ,varasques1 who inhabited the banks of the ,doubs1 near ,baume1 some of whom worshipped the wood-spirit1 whilst others had fallen victims to heresy4 ,he afterwards travelled beyond the countries which ,columbanus had visited1 to the extremity of northern ,gaul1 among the ,boii or ,bavarians4 ,his mission was not without success2 but ,luxeuil1 which could not remain thus without a head1 soon recalled him4 ,during the ten years of his rule1 a worthy successor of ,columbanus1 he succeeded in securing the energetic support of the ,frank nobility1 as well as the favour of ,clothaire ,,ii4 ,under his active and intelligent administration1 the abbey founded by ,s4 ,columbanus attained its highest pitch of splendour1 and was recognised as the monastic capital of all the countries under ,frank government4 ,the other monasteries1 into which laxness had but too frequently found its way1 yielded1 one after another1 to the happy influence of ,luxeuil1 and gradually reformed themselves by its example4 ,this remarkable prosperity was threatened with a sudden interruption by means of the intrigues of a false brother who had stolen into the monastic family of ,columbanus4 ,a man named ,agrestin1 who had been secretary to king ,thierry1 the persecutor of ,s4 ,columbanus1 came one day to give himself and his property to ,luxeuil4 ,being admitted among the monks1 he soon showed a desire to go1 like ,eustace1 to preach the faith to the pagans4 ,in vain the abbot1 who could see no evangelical quality in him1 attempted to restrain that false zeal4 ,he was obliged to let him go4 ,agrestin followed the footsteps of ,eustace into ,bavaria1 but made nothing of it1 and passed from thence into ,istria and ,lombardy1 where he embraced the schism of the ,three ,chapters1 and endeavoured to involve therein ,attalus1 the second abbot of ,bobbio4 ,failing1 he returned to ,luxeuil1 where he tried to corrupt his former brethren4 ,eustace then remembered what the exiled ,columbanus had written to him1 in his letter from ,nantes1 just before his embarkation3--,if there is one among you who holds different sentiments from the others1 send him away2 and he commanded ,agrestin to leave the community4 ,to avenge himself1 the schismatic began to snarl1 says the contemporary annalist1 hawking here and there injurious imputations against the rule of ,s4 ,columbanus4 ,abellinus1 bishop of ,geneva1 listened to his denunciations1 and exerted himself to make the neighbouring prelates share his dislike4 ,king ,clothaire1 who heard of it1 and who was always full of solicitude for ,luxeuil1 assembled most of the bishops of the kingdom of ,burgundy in the council of ,macon4 ,to this council ,eustace was called1 and the accuser invited to state his complaints against the rule4 ,they were directed against certain insignificant peculiarities4 ,i have discovered1 said he1 that ,columbanus has established usuages which are not those of the whole ,church4 ,and thereupon he accused his former brethren1 as with so many heresies1 of making the sign of the cross upon their spoons when eating2 of asking a blessing in entering or leaving any monastic building2 and of multiplying prayers at ,mass4 ,he insisted especially against the ,irish tonsure1 which ,columbanus had introduced into ,france1 and which consisted solely in shaving the front of the head1 from one ear to the other1 without touching the hair of the back part1 while the ,greeks shaved the entire head1 and the ,romans only the crown4 ,eustace had no difficulty in justifying the customs of ,luxeuil1 and in discomfiting the violence of his accuser4 ,but as ,agrestin always returned to the charge1 the abbot said to him3 ,in presence of these bishops1 ,i1 the disciple and successor of him whose institute thou condemnest1 cite thee to appear with him1 within a year1 at the tribunal of ,god1 to plead thy cause against him1 and to learn to know the justice of ,him whose servant thou hast attempted to calumniate4 ,the solemnity of this appeal had an effect even upon the prelates who leant to the side of ,agrestin3 they urged him to be reconciled to his former abbot1 and the latter1 who was gentleness himself1 consented to give him the kiss of peace4 ,but this goodness did not benefit ,agrestin4 ,hopeless of succeeding at ,luxeuil itself1 he sowed revolt and calumny in the other monasteries which had proceeded1 like ,luxeuil1 from the colonising genius of ,columbanus1 at ,remiremont and ,faremoutier4 ,but shortly before the expiration of the year1 he was slain with a blow of an axe by his servant1 whose wife1 it was reported--whether truly or not ,jonas does not commit himself to decide--he had intended to dishonour4 ,at length1 in #fbe1 ,eustace was called to his rest1 and was succeeded in the government of the abbey by ,s4 ,wandelbert 7,may #gth47 ,his relics were preserved in the abbey of ,vergaville1 in the diocese of ,metz1 but on its destruction in #agib they were carried away and concealed by the last abbess1 ,madame de la ,marche1 in the house of ,m4 ,labrosse1 cur of ,surianville4 ,they were surrendered by him1 on the return of security1 to ,mgr4 ,ant4 ,eustache ,osmond1 bishop of ,nancy1 and they were placed in two shrines in the ,benedictine priory of ,flavigny-sur-,moselle1 in ,meurthe1 in #ahbd4 ,b4 ,,hugo1 ,,monk ,,of ,,vaucelles4 7,a4,d4 #abcf47 ,gallican ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,thomas ,cantipratensis4 ,one of the most fervent and exemplary religious of the abbey of ,vaucelles in the early part of the #acth century was ,hugo de ,villa1 formerly dean of the church of ,cambrai4 ,he was as distinguished for the nobility of his birth1 and of his talents1 as he was for his virtue4 ,the fear of being called to fill some episcopal throne prompted him to take refuge in the monastery of ,vaucelles1 where the rule of the first children of ,s4 ,bernard was rigorously observed4 ,when the project of the pious dean was known1 many persons came to ask him to give them a handsome tame falcon he possessed4 ,hugo refused1 and dissembled his intentions till the moment that he entered religion4 ,he arrived at the gates of the abbey with the bird1 and then1 cutting the string that held the falcon captive1 he gave it liberty1 saying1 ,my dear bird6 fly away and enjoy thy liberty in peace1 for ,i am leaving thee for ever4 ,thomas de ,cantinpr1 his biographer1 says1 ,i have often heard from the mouths of eye-witnesses that during his noviciate1 birds would come and perch on his hands1 and eat crumbs out of them4 ,the master of the novices1 to prove his virtue by opposing this innocent pleasure1 reproached him4 ,the good religious then drove away the birds that fluttered around him1 saying1 with that simplicity which marked all his conduct1 ',away1 birds6 ,i am not surprised that you are ordered off3 my age and condition requires that you should obey me1 and not ,i you4' ,march #cj4 ,s4 ,,secundus1 ,m4 at ,aste1 in ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #aai4 ,s4 ,,quirinus ,,the ,,tribune1 ,m4 at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #acj4 ,s4 ,,regulus1 ,b4 of ,arles and ,senlis1 #dth cent4 ,,ss4 ,,martyrs at ,constantinople1 slain by ,macedonius1 the ,heresiarch1 ,a4,d4 #cea4 ,s4 ,,john ,,in ,,the ,,well1 ,h4 in ,armenia4 ,s4 ,,john ,,climacus1 ,ab4 of ,mount ,sinai1 about ,a4,d4 #fjf4 ,s4 ,,zosimus1 ,b4 of ,syracuse1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #ffj4 ,s4 ,,patto1 ,b4 of ,werden1 #ith cent4 ,s4 ,,vero1 ,c4 at ,limbecke1 in ,hainault1 #ith cent4 ,b4 ,,dodo ,,van ,,hascha1 ,o4,p41 ,c4 in ,friesland1 ,a4,d4 #abca4 ,b4 ,,peter ,,regulatus1 ,o4,m41 ,c4 at ,aguilar1 in ,old ,castille1 ,a4,d4 #adef4 ,b4 ,,amadeus1 ,duke of ,savoy1 ,a4,d4 #adgb4 ,s4 ,,secundus1 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #aai47 ,molanus1 in his additions to ,usuardus1 ,maurolycus1 and other modern ,martyrologies4 ,not in the ,roman ,martyrology4 ,the ,acts1 of which there exist several versions1 are not worthy of trust4 ,they may possibly contain the original ,acts1 but if so1 they are so embedded in fable that it is impossible to distinguish what is true from what is false4 ,according to the legendary ,acts1 ,secundus of ,aste1 count of the palace1 was instructed in the faith by ,s4 ,calocerus1 then a prisoner at ,aste1 and baptized by ,,ss4 ,faustinus and ,jovitta1 at ,milan4 ,he was afterwards sent to ,tortona1 to ,s4 ,martian1 in his dungeon1 to bear to him the ,blessed ,sacrament1 and he was present when this saint suffered for ,christ4 ,it was told the governor1 ,sapricius1 that ,secundus had buried the body of the martyr2 and sending for him1 he heard him confess that he was a ,christian4 ,he was placed on the rack1 and then sent to ,aste1 where he suffered execution with the sword1 together with ,s4 ,calocerus1 on ,march #cjth4 ,patron of ,aste1 where his relics are preserved4 ,s4 ,,quirinus ,,the ,,tribune1 ,m4 7,a4,d4 #acj47 ,usuardus1 ,ado1 ,notker1 and ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,mention in the ,acts of ,s4 ,alexander1 pope 7,may #crd71 but these are not altogether trustworthy4 ,quirinus the ,tribune was converted and baptized by pope ,s4 ,alexander ,i41 and was condemned to have his tongue1 hands1 and feet cut off4 ,according to the popular legend1 which is often represented in art1 his tongue was offered to a falcon1 but the bird refused to eat it3 the ,acts say nothing of it4 ,the hands and feet were in like manner cast to dogs1 and popular tradition adds that they refused to devour them4 ,afterwards he was drawn by oxen to the place of final execution1 where his head was struck off4 ,relics at ,neuss1 in the archdiocese of ,cologne1 and anciently in the church of ,s4 ,madeleine at ,troyes1 in ,france1 also in the church of ,s4 ,pantaleon1 in ,cologne1 where is a portion of the skull1 in that of ,s4 ,gereon1 and that of the ,jesuits in the same city2 at ,silburg1 at ,zulpich1 at ,louvain1 ,tongres1 ,florieffe1 at ,bologna1 and in the church of ,s4 ,balbina in ,rome4 ,s4 ,,regulus1 ,b4 ,,of ,,arles ,,and ,,senlis4 7#d,,th ,,cent47 ,gallican and ,roman ,martyrologies4 ,authority3--,various editions of the life of ,s4 ,regulus1 the most ancient probably of the #ith cent4 ,the cathedral of ,senlis was burnt in that century1 and together with it perished all its archives4 ,those lives extant were written from tradition after this fire4 ,s4 ,regulus is called in ,france ,s4 ,rieul4 ,s4 ,regulus was a native of ,argos4 ,hearing of the miracles wrought at ,ephesus by the ,beloved ,disciple1 ,s4 ,john the ,divine1 he went thither1 and was converted by him4 ,the ,blessed ,apostle1 admiring his virtue1 ordained him1 and kept him by him as a dear friend4 ,but persecution soon parted the pupil from his master1 for ,s4 ,john was exiled to ,patmos4 ,after a while1 ,regulus1 hearing that ,s4 ,dionysius1 the ,areopagite1 was leaving ,rome to bear the gospel into lands that knew not ,christ1 followed him1 and ,s4 ,denys took with him ,rusticus for his deacon1 ,eleutherius as subdeacon1 ,regulus1 ,lucian1 ,eugenius1 and others4 ,regulus was appointed bishop of ,arles1 where he found a colony of ,christians which had been formed by ,s4 ,trophimus4 ,according to the legend1 one day1 as ,regulus was saying ,mass1 after he had recited in the canon the names of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul1 he added1 without thinking of what he was saying1 also the blessed martyrs1 ,denys1 ,rusticus1 and ,eleutherius1 and thereupon saw three doves descend on the altar1 with these three names in bloody characters inscribed on their breasts4 ,knowing that these three blessed apostles must be dead1 he went to ,paris to gather up their sacred relics1 having first confided the care of his church to a bishop named ,felicissimus4 ,on arriving1 he went to the village of ,chton1 where he met a lady1 named ,catulla1 who had secretly buried the bodies of the martyrs4 ,regulus celebrated the holy ,sacrifice over their grave1 and ,catulla built a chapel of wood on the spot4 ,this was the chapel which ,s4 ,genoveva afterwards rebuilt in stone 7vol4 i4 p4 #ej74 ,regulus then left ,paris1 and took the road to ,senlis4 ,passing through ,louvres1 six leagues from ,paris1 he overthrew an idol of ,mercury1 which he found there1 preached to the people1 and built a chapel1 which was afterwards dedicated to the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,regulus then undertook the conversion of the people of ,senlis1 which he happily effected4 ,then he betook himself to ,beauvais1 and the story goes that as the frogs in the marshes disturbed him whilst preaching he forbade them all croaking with the exception of one4 ,he is said to have died in #acj1 during the reign of ,hadrian1 after having laboured forty years in different missions4 ,so far the legendary life1 which is destitute of respect as history4 ,in all probability two saints have been run into one1 a ,s4 ,regulus of ,arles1 the successor of ,s4 ,trophimus1 and a ,s4 ,regulus of ,senlis1 who lived in the end of the third century1 and died in the early part of the fourth1 for he is spoken of as a companion of saints who certainly lived at that period4 ,in art ,s4 ,regulus or ,rieul is represented with frogs at his side1 or releasing captives from their chains4 ,s4 ,,john ,,climacus1 ,,ab4 7,a4,d4 #fjf47 ,roman ,martyrology and ,greek ,menologium of the emperor ,basil1 and ,mena4 ,authority3--,his ,life by ,daniel1 monk of ,raithu1 near the ,red ,sea1 a contemporary4 ,s4 ,john1 abbot of ,mount ,sinai1 is commonly called ,climacus1 from a book written by him1 entitled ,climax1 or the ,ladder of ,perfection4 ,as this treatise shows his erudition1 he is also sometimes called ,scholasticus1 and1 as abbot of ,mount ,sinai1 he is also designated as ,john the ,sinaite4 ,the place of his birth is not known1 nor is the exact year of that event1 but it was probably in #ebe4 ,at the age of sixteen he ascended ,mount ,sinai with the purpose of offering himself to ,god as a living acceptable sacrifice4 ,at the age of thirty-five he became a solitary at ,thola1 five miles further in the desert1 where1 in the complete silence of the barren rocks1 he could discipline his tongue1 which was rather given to loquacity4 ,he passed forty years in the service of ,god1 and in self-mortification4 ,from ,thola he returned every ,sabbath to the monastery church to assist at the divine service1 and communicate at the sacred mysteries on that day and the following ,sunday4 ,many resorted to the cell of ,s4 ,john for advice1 but1 as it was reported1 perhaps not without reason1 that he made these visits an opportunity for indulging in his weakness of talking excessively1 he condemned himself to rigorous silence for a whole twelvemonth4 ,at the age of seventy-five1 in #fjj1 ,s4 ,john left his hermitage to fill the office of abbot in the monastery of ,mount ,sinai1 and superior-general of all the monks and hermits of the deserts around4 ,s4 ,gregory the ,great1 who then sat in ,s4 ,peter's chair1 wrote to the holy abbot1 commending himself to his prayers1 and sent him beds and money for his hospital1 for the use of pilgrims to ,mount ,sinai4 ,at the request of ,john1 abbot of ,raithu1 he drew up his ,climax1 or ,ladder of ,perfection1 containing1 in thirty chapters1 rules for attaining the thirty steps of religious perfection4 ,this book contains many curious and instructive anecdotes1 illustrative of the monastic life of the period4 ,s4 ,john was regarded by his monastic contemporaries as a second ,moses on ,sinai1 for he ascended into the mountain of contemplation1 talked with ,god face to face1 and then descended to his fellows in mind and intelligence1 bearing the tables of ,god's ,law1 his ,ladder of ,perfection4 ,once1 when ,s4 ,john was entertaining six hundred pilgrims1 a stranger1 habited in linen1 after the ancient ,jewish fashion1 appeared among the attendants1 a man of very ancient and reverend mien1 and ministered with his own hands to the guests4 ,the feast being over1 the stranger vanished1 and ,s4 ,john concluded it must have been ,moses who had re-visited ,sinai for a brief moment4 ,this is a curious instance of the very widely diffused belief in the ,wandering ,jew4 ,hebrew legends are full of similar tales1 but the mysterious stranger is with them ,elijah2 and the ,arabs tell of a similar undying man1 who appears at intervals1 but who is ,el ,khoudir1 the friend and instructor of ,moses4 ,when ,s4 ,john was dying in his hermitage1 his spiritual son1 ,george1 besought him to suffer him to depart with him4 ,the saint replied1 ,thou shalt follow me in a year's time4 ,and so it was1 at the end of a twelvemonth the disciple joined his master4 ,s4 ,,zosimus1 ,b4 ,,of ,,syracuse4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #ffj47 ,commemorated in ,greek ,menologies on ,jan4 #bast1 save in that of ,cardinal ,sirlet1 which assigns him to this day4 ,life1 in ,menologies and in ,bollandists1 by a contemporary ,sicilian who derived his statements from ,b4 ,elias or from ,john the ,deacon4 ,our saint's life was calm and almost uneventful2 yet it is not without interest or profit to those who love to see the life of ,christ reflected in some degree in the unruffled mirror of ,his saints' lives4 ,his parents owned a farm or small estate near the convent of ,s4 ,lucia1 in the neighbourhood of ,syracuse4 ,brought up among all the delights of a pastoral life in ,sicily1 of which ,theocritus sings in such inimitable strains1 he yet yearned for higher and holier joys4 ,accordingly1 he gladly assented to his parents' wish to dedicate him to ,s4 ,lucia2 and1 about #egh1 when seven years old1 he was offered as a living sacrifice to ,god in her convent4 ,his chief duty was to watch by the precious shrine of ,s4 ,lucia4 ,some only of her relics could have been preserved there1 for after the translation of her body from ,syracuse to ,rome1 it was removed by order of the emperor ,otho ,i4 to ,metz4 ,her touching history will be told on the #acth ,december1 the day on which she suffered as a martyr for chastity and ,christianity4 ,the little ,zosimus doubtless often knelt in prayer for his father and mother in the recess beneath the silver shrine where her relics rested4 ,still such communion with his parents did not satisfy the natural cravings of his heart1 for once when he was ordered by the abbot ,faustus to do some disagreeable task out of doors1 he ran home to his friends4 ,they brought the truant back to the convent1 where he was set to watch the tomb again4 ,that night it seemed to him the hinges of the shrine creaked1 and the virgin herself stepped forth1 and standing over him seemed to threaten him with punishment4 ,then he saw another lady of gracious aspect by her side1 interceding for him and promising in his name that he would never so offend again2 a promise which he gladly ratified with his own lips4 ,the virgin returned to her shrine1 and he was left alone in the still dark night watching the lamps which shone in front of her tomb4 ,henceforth he approached her shrine with more than his former awe3 his visits home were short and less frequent1 he only just stayed to greet his parents1 and then hurried back to the threshold of the virgin martyr4 ,prayer1 the constant attendance at the shrine1 the regular life of the convent1 gave calmness and depth to his character4 ,he once again1 it is said1 witnessed the wrath of the virgin4 ,a lady of rank1 suffering from disease1 came to the shrine with an unseemly request4 ,the saint moved from her resting-place1 and smote the petitioner on the cheek4 ,zosimus summoned her servants to take up their mistress3 they took her up--dead4 ,after thirty years had been passed by our saint in contemplation1 obedience1 and cheerful acts of kindness to his brethren1 ,abbot ,faustus died4 ,the brethren could not fix upon a successor4 ,leaving ,zosimus in charge of the shrine and the church1 they went in a body to ,s4 ,john1 ,bishop of ,syracuse4 ,he asked1 ,is there no one else beside in your convent8 ,they said ,no4 ,but the bishop rejoined1 ,go and see whether there be no one4 ,then they admitted that there was the doorkeeper of the church1 whom all had forgotten4 ,the ,bishop sent for him4 ,as ,zosimus entered1 ,s4 ,john looking stedfastly at him1 and reading his character in his face1 said1 ,behold him1 whom the ,lord has chosen4 ,they accepted ,zosimus as their ,abbot4 ,then one of the brethren said to him1 ,verily of a truth this scripture is fulfilled in thee to-day4 ',on whom shall ,my spirit rest1 save on him that is of a humble and contrite spirit1 and that trembleth at ,my word4' ,the same bishop ordained him priest a few days after1 to serve the ,church of the ,blessed ,mary ever ,virgin4 ,he ruled his monastery for forty years with singular success4 ,his like was never seen before or after in the convent of ,s4 ,lucia4 ,he was loved by the good for his gentleness1 yet he was never lax in his treatment of the bad4 ,on the death of the saintly ,peter1 ,bishop of ,syracuse1 the people elected ,zosimus1 the clergy1 a priest named ,venerius to succeed him4 ,the latter was boastful1 full of vain glory1 ambitious for the post4 ,zosimus would willingly have declined the burden of the episcopate1 but his friends would not let him4 ,an appeal was made to ,rome4 ,pope ,theodore1 who sat in ,s4 ,peter's chair from #fda to #fdi1 chose and consecrated ,zosimus ,bishop of ,syracuse4 ,as ,zosimus landed in the port of ,ortygia1 the people and clergy flocked to meet him and escort him with all due honour to his cathedral4 ,the once glorious city of ,syracuse had then shrunk to a shadow of its former self3 it did not extend beyond the limits of the island of ,ortygia1 yet its people were still wealthy1 and its cathedral well supplied with silver plate4 ,when the ,saracens sacked it about two hundred years after1 the plate of the cathedral alone weighed five thousand pounds of silver1 and the entire spoil of the city was estimated at one million pieces of gold 7about four hundred thousand pounds sterling74 ,zosimus taught his people diligently4 ,two remarks of his are preserved3 ,anger differs as much from gentleness as storm from calm4 ,death is to the virtuous a rest from trouble and toil1 and a loosing of bands3 to the wicked it is the beginning of punishment4 ,his benevolence to the needy was unfailing4 ,he bade his deacon ,john give two coins to a man1 who asked an alms4 ,john replied1 ,our purse is empty4 ,go and sell thy cloak and give to him that needeth1 was the quick reply4 ,it was a new one just bought1 so ,john murmured and hesitated2 the bishop took off his own cloak and handed it to him and bade him go and sell it4 ,when he returned from relieving the beggar1 he saw a young man lay a heavy purse of gold at the bishop's feet4 ,the bishop rebuked ,john for having so little faith in ,god4 ,the bishop would not suffer any one to wait on him4 ,one day he fell asleep while a priest was reading his psalter near4 ,the flies tormented the sleeping bishop1 so the priest drove them away with a fan4 ,zosimus awoke and said to him1 ,never do so again1 but sit still and read thy psalter4 ,he re-built and re-decorated the church of ,s4 ,mary1 and offered the unbloody sacrifice there in the #hbnd year of his age1 and the fifth of his episcopate1 when it was again opened for ,divine ,service4 ,eupraxius1 chamberlain of the ,emperor ,constans ,,ii41 who made ,syracuse his abode for the last six years of his life1 found ,zosimus in his last illness lying on a mat and covered with a few rags4 ,he sent him some splendid rugs and coverlets4 ,the saint lay on them for a time1 and then bade his attendants make him a bed of straw and sell the rugs and give the price to the poor and the stranger4 ,he died in #fef1 and was followed to his grave by the people1 who mourned over him as a father1 for such he had been to them during the thirteen years of his episcopate4 ,illustration3 ,figure with halo surrounded by worshippers ,illustration3 ,s4 ,,amadeus ,,of ,,savoy4 ,after ,cahier4 ,march #cj4 ,march #ca4 ,s4 ,,balbina1 ,v4 at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #acb4 ,s4 ,,acacius1 ,b4,c4 at ,melitene1 in ,armenia1 #crd cent4 ,s4 ,,benjamin1 ,d4,m4 in ,persia1 #eth cent4 ,s4 ,,renovatus1 ,b4 of ,merida1 in ,spain1 circ4 ,a4,d4 #fcc4 ,s4 ,,guido1 ,ab4 of ,pomposa1 in ,n4 ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #ajbf4 ,s4 ,,daniel1 ,c4 at ,venice1 ,a4,d4 #adaa4 ,s4 ,,balbina1 ,v4 7,a4,d4 #acb47 ,usuardus1 and ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,the ,acts of ,s4 ,alexander ,pope and ,m4 7,may #crd72 but these1 as has been already stated1 are not trustworthy4 ,there exists ,acts which represent her as a ,martyr1 but they are even more untrustworthy than those of ,s4 ,alexander4 ,saint ,balbina was the daughter of ,s4 ,quirinus the ,tribune1 whose legend has been given on ,march #cjth4 ,she was converted at the same time as her father1 and received baptism at the hands of ,s4 ,alexander4 ,the legend is as follows3--,quirinus said to his prisoner ,alexander the ,pope1 ,i have a daughter whom ,i desire to see married1 but she is scrofulous4 ,cure her1 and we will together believe in ,christ4 ,then said ,alexander1 ,go1 go1 and bring her into my dungeon1 and take the prison collar from my neck and lay it on her1 and speedily she will be whole4 ,then the father did as he was commanded1 and brought ,balbina to the ,pope1 and he laid his collar about her neck1 and then ,alexander said to the father1 ,depart1 ,i pray thee4 ,so ,quirinus went forth4 ,and suddenly there appeared a boy bearing a torch1 and he went to the maiden and said1 ,be constant in thy virginity1 ,o damsel1 and receive perfect soundness of body2 and thou shalt see thy ,bridegroom who for love of thee shed ,his blood4 ,and so saying he disappeared4 ,then the father1 coming in1 found that she was healed of her infirmity1 and himself was baptized and his whole house4 ,now after the martyrdom of ,s4 ,quirinus1 she was seen by ,s4 ,alexander often kissing the collar which had healed her4 ,then said he1 ,cease from kissing this collar1 and seek rather to embrace the chains of ,s4 ,peter4 ,then she had no rest till she had found those chains--how and where she found them we are not told2 and she began with great fear to kiss them eagerly1 and to give praise to the ,king of ,heaven4 ,and these chains she gave afterwards to ,s4 ,theodora1 a devout woman1 the sister of ,s4 ,hermes the ,prefect1 and they are shown to this day at ,rome in the church of ,s4 ,peter ad vincula4 ,in these fabulous acts it is impossible to say how much of truth lies overgrown with legend4 ,a church dedicated to ,s4 ,balbina certainly existed in ,rome in #eij1 when three priests of the church of that dedication subscribed the acts of a council held in ,rome4 ,her body is preserved in this church1 but other relics are said to be in the ,dominican church at ,bologna4 ,there are other saints of the same name commemorated among the virgin company of ,s4 ,ursula1 and it is probably the head of one of these which is preserved in ,cologne1 in the ,franciscan church4 ,in the church of ,s4 ,pantaleon1 in the same city1 are the bones of ,s4 ,balbina--no doubt she was one of the ,ursuline band4 ,but the cathedral of ,cologne claims to have the bones of the ,roman ,s4 ,balbina4 ,another head was shown at ,millen1 but it was removed to ,siburg1 and according to the popular tradition ,mass could not be said again on the altar from which the relics had been removed1 as the candles refused to burn2 but as soon as they were restored to their former position1 no more difficulty was experienced in getting the tapers to keep alight4 ,in art ,s4 ,balbina appears holding the chains of ,s4 ,peter1 with the collar of ,s4 ,alexander either about her neck or in her hand4 ,she is invoked against scrofula4 ,s4 ,,benjamin1 ,d4 ,m4 7#e,,th ,,cent47 ,greek ,mena and ,menologium of the ,emperor ,basil ,porphyrogenitus1 and the ,modern ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,theodoret1 ,hist4 ,eccl4 #df v41 c4 #ch4 ,abdas1 a bishop in ,persia1 with highly intemperate zeal1 set fire to a heathen temple and consumed it to the ground4 ,this injudicious act aroused a persecution against the ,christians1 the ,king ,isdegerdes being greatly incensed against the bishop4 ,abdas suffered1 and is commemorated by the ,greeks on the same day1 or on ,may #afth4 ,benjamin1 his deacon1 suffered inhuman tortures1 some of indescribable horror4 ,sharp splinters of reed were driven up the quick of his nails in hands and feet1 and he was impaled upon a knotted stick4 ,s4 ,,renovatus1 ,b4 ,,of ,,merida4 7,,about ,a4,d4 #fcc47 ,spanish ,martyrologist and modern ,roman ,martyrology4 ,authority3--,his life by ,paul1 deacon of ,merida1 who seems to have lived about the middle of the #gth cent41 certainly not long after the death of ,s4 ,renovatus4 ,s4 ,renovatus is chiefly memorable for his treatment of a gluttonous monk in his monastery at ,cauliana1 of which he was abbot4 ,indeed this is the only incident of his life recorded1 and it is given at considerable length4 ,renovatus was much troubled in his abbey by the conduct of one of his monks1 whose love of eating and drinking was a governing passion4 ,the fellow would steal what he was not given1 and he became a scandal to the community4 ,renovatus exhorted him1 and reproached him1 in vain4 ,then he ordered him to be whipped2 but the whipping proved as inefficacious as the admonitions4 ,the abbot then gave him leave to depart if he liked1 or1 if he stayed in the monastery1 to take anything he found most succulent and dainty in the house4 ,the monk went into the kitchen1 opened the cupboards1 and helped himself to everything he fancied1 then descended to the cellars and carried off some flasks of wine under his arm1 out of the abbey gates2 and finding a pleasant shady nook among some bushes1 picnicked on what he had brought1 and ate and drank till he could contain no more1 when he lay down and fell asleep4 ,the dogs carried off the rest of his food1 and the cellarer1 who little liked the abstraction of the bottles of best wine1 and had dogged his steps1 when he heard him snoring1 stole up to the half-consumed meal and recovered what was left of the precious wine4 ,towards evenfall the monk came home1 tumbled into bed1 was left undisturbed to sleep through matins and lauds1 and rose when it pleased him1 took another turn through the larder and cellar1 helped himself to the best of everything1 and spent another jovial day of eating1 drinking1 and sleeping1 with no churchgoing to interrupt its calm delight4 ,so he lived for some days1 and the daily surfeiting began to tell on his constitution4 ,one morning1 as he went forth with some wine bottles under his arm1 and a fat capon in his hood1 he heard the schoolboys reciting an antiphon they had been learning1 ,consider the terrible judgment of the ,lord1 and the dread sentence at the trial2 consider the dread avenging severity of ,his judgment2 consider the years of thine age1 and now at last change thy ways for the better1 or even one day before thy death correct thy life4#ie #ie ,considera judicium terribile ,domini2 considera tremendi examinis metendam sententiam2 considera formidandam atque horrendam ejus judicii ultricem severitatem2 considera etiam annos tatis tu1 et sic tandem mores commuta in melius et vel uno die ante mortem tuam corrige vitam tuam4 ,the monk feeling fever in his blood1 and hearing the solemn appeal1 was conscience-struck1 and sending for the abbot1 he confessed his sinful life with heartfelt contrition1 and falling ill with fever1 died a few days after4 ,s4 ,renovatus was afterwards elected bishop of ,mende1 but nothing is related of the events of his episcopate4 ,he is said to have been a very stately1 handsome man1 with a sweet expression of countenance4 ,he was buried before the altar in the ,church of ,s4 ,eulalia1 whence the bones were raised and enshrined1 and where they are still preserved4 ,s4 ,,daniel1 ,c4 7,a4,d4 #adaa47 ,martyrology of ,camaldoli1 and ,bucelinus in his ,menology of the ,order of ,s4 ,benedict4 ,authority3--,augustine ,fortunatus in his ,history of the ,order of ,camaldoli4 ,s4 ,daniel was a ,german by birth2 having entered a mercantile life1 his business took him to ,venice4 ,but though the affairs of commerce engaged the greater part of his time1 they did not take possession of his heart1 and whenever he had a few minutes of leisure1 he was wont to hasten to a church1 and spend the precious moments in prayer4 ,also to prevent himself from becoming ensnared with the love of gain1 he regularly distributed a portion of all his proceeds among the poor4 ,the convent of ,s4 ,matthias belonging to the ,order of ,camaldoli presented to his mind great attractions1 and he was fond of entering it for the purpose of making retreats1 or for converse with the fathers1 or for the sake of the peace and atmosphere of prayer which hung about its cloisters4 ,at length he resolved to live nearer to that house which was to him a port of safety1 and he obtained permission from the prior to build himself a chamber opening on the cloisters1 into which he might retire as guest of the ,fathers1 without giving up his business1 and adopting the habit and rule of the ,order4 ,in #adaa he was assassinated in this little room1 one night1 by robbers who broke in1 thinking that they would find therein considerable wealth amassed4 ,his relics are preserved in a shrine in the church of ,camaldoli at ,venice1 where an altar is erected under his invocation4 ,illustration3 ,two winged horses 7hippalectryon7 ,printed by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,edinburgh and ,london 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes ,inconsistencies in spelling and accents in names have been resolved4 ,hyphenation has been standardised4 ,obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected4 ,other variations in spelling1 punctuation and accents are as in the original4 ,italics are represented thus italic4