,transcriber ,notes ,emphasized text displayed as3 ,italic and ,bold ,,an ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,insects ,,noxious ,,to ,,agriculture ,,and ,,plants ,,in ,,new ,,zealand4 ,,the ,,scale-,,insects 7,,coccidid74 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,maskell1 ,f4,r4,m4,s41 ,,registrar ,,of ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,new ,,zealand4 ,,wellington3 ,,by ,,authority3 ,,geo4 ,,didsbury1 ,,government ,,printer4 #ahhg4 ,mr4 ,maskell's ,account of the ,scale-,insects occurring in ,new ,zealand is published by the ,state ,forests and ,agricultural ,department1 under the instructions of the ,hon4 ,john ,ballance1 ,commissioner of ,state ,forests4 ,wellington1 #cast ,march1 #ahhg4 ,,contents4 ,chapter4 ,page ,glossary of ,terms and ,phrases #a ,i4 ,introductory #e ,,ii4 ,characters1 ,life-history1 and ,metamorphoses of ,coccidid #h ,,iii4 ,products of the ,coccidid 7,honeydew2 ,black ,fungus7 #ad ,,iv4 ,checks to ,increase of ,coccidid1 ,parasites1 etc4 #ah ,v4 ,remedies against ,coccidid #bd ,,vi4 ,catalogue of ,insects and ,diagnosis of ,species #cg ,groups-- ,diaspidin #ci ,lecanidin #fb ,hemicoccidin #hg ,coccidin #hh ,index of ,plants and the ,coccidid attacking each #aaa ,index of ,genera and ,species #aae ,,preface4 ,the number and variety of the insect pests which live on the plants of ,new ,zealand1 whether native or introduced1 and the damage which they frequently do1 form the excuse for the appearance of this work4 ,the descriptions of these insects in the ,transactions of the ,new ,zealand ,institute1 or in works published in ,europe and ,america1 are not easily accessible to the general reader1 and are also much scattered and fragmentary4 ,it was thought therefore that the time had arrived when the information which might be useful to gardeners and tree-growers1 as well as to students1 might be summarized and brought together in a compendious form1 and the present volume is an attempt towards this4 ,in order to render this work complete a second volume is necessary1 which should include the large number of other destructive insects preying upon various plants4 ,for example1 the pine-blight 7,kermaphis71 the ,american blight 7,eriosoma71 the black leech 7,tenthredo71 the cabbage caterpillar1 the turnip fly1 the various aphides on roses1 geraniums1 c41 the grass-grub 7,odontria71 the codlin-moth1 the borers1 weevils1 wireworms1 and a number of others are in different places damaging trees and plants1 and it would be useful to collect in one volume information regarding them4 ,the author has had in contemplation the preparation of such a volume1 and it is hoped that it may be at some future time published4 ,meanwhile the present is offered as1 at least as far as it goes1 a full description of one of the most general as well as the most noxious families of plant-parasites4 ,the plates have been especially prepared with a double object3 first1 that gardeners and tree-growers might be able easily to recognize the kind of insect which might happen to be damaging their plants2 and1 secondly1 that the student who should desire to know more of this curious family might have enough details indicated to guide him in his investigation4 ,for the first purpose the figures have been coloured as near to nature as possible2 for the second a few anatomical details have been introduced4 ,the printing of these plates has been executed by ,mr4 ,potts1 lithographer to ,mr4 ,a4 ,willis1 of ,wanganui1 and it is hoped that the reader may be well satisfied with the care and trouble which have been bestowed upon them4 ,the author is sensible that this volume may contain numerous imperfections2 but these will not1 he trusts1 be attributed to culpable ignorance or carelessness4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,terms ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,following ,,pages4 ,abdomen4 ,the posterior half of the body of male or female1 whether joined to the anterior half or slightly separated1 segmented or not4 ,abdominal cleft4 ,a narrow slit in the extremity of the abdomen of ,lecanidin and the full-grown ,hemicoccidin only4 7,plate ix41 ,fig4 #a1 b1 c47 ,on the upper side of the body are seen the ,abdominal lobes1 two minute1 divergent1 triangular or conical1 excrescences1 one on each side of the cleft1 in ,lecanidin1 usually bearing one or more hairs4 7,plate xi41 ,fig4 #c1 b1 c47 ,abdominal spike4 ,a more or less long1 tubular or semi-tubular1 pointed process terminating the abdomen of the male in all species1 and serving as a sheath for the penis1 which is a long1 white1 soft tube with recurved hairs4 7,plate ii41 ,fig4 #c2 ,plate xxi41 ,fig4 #a1 k47 ,anal ring1 anogenital ring4 ,an orifice situated near the abdominal extremity of the female1 either simple or compound1 hairless or bearing several hairs4 7,plate ii41 ,fig4 #a47 ,anal tubercles4 ,exhibited only by the ,coccidin and by the larv of ,hemicoccidin3 two more or less conspicuous projecting processes at the abdominal extremity of the female1 without any cleft1 and in most instances projecting beyond the edge2 usually bearing set4 7,plate ii41 ,fig4 #b1 c1 d47 ,antenn4 ,two jointed organs 7feelers7 projecting from the anterior portion of the body1 of variable length4 7,plate i41 ,figs4 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 types47 ,apodous4 ,without feet4 ,apterous4 ,without wings4 ,bucca1 buccal4 ,the mouth2 belonging to the mouth4 ,carina1 carinated4 ,a keel or raised-ridge2 keeled4 ,cephalic region4 ,that part of the insect1 male or female1 which bears the eyes1 antenn1 and mouth1 but not including the first pair of feet4 ,clavate4 ,club-shaped2 somewhat knobbed4 ,claw4 ,the hooked terminating joint of the foot4 7,plate i41 ,fig4 #f1 cl41 type47 ,coxa4 ,the first joint of the foot1 springing directly from the under-side of the thoracic region4 7,plate i41 ,figs4 #f c1 #g c47 ,digitules4 ,appendages observed on the feet1 and often useful for distinguishing species4 ,usually there are two pairs4 ,the upper pair spring from the upper side of the extremity of the tarsus1 and are generally long1 fine hairs1 terminating in a knob4 ,the lower pair spring from the base of the claw1 and are usually broader and more trumpet-shaped than the upper ones4 7,plate i41 ,fig4 #h1 type47 ,sometimes either pair1 or both1 may be absent4 ,in ,clostoma wairoense there are no upper digitules1 and #bd lower ones on the foot of the male4 7,plate xxi47 ,dimerous4 ,two-jointed4 ,dorsum4 ,the upper side of the body when the insect is in its natural position4 ,dorsal4 ,on the upper side or dorsum4 ,eyes4 ,two coloured1 granular or simple1 round organs on the cephalic region of the female1 near the base of the antenn 7,plate xiv41 ,fig4 #b1 k42 ,plate xx41 b72 two1 or four1 coloured1 granular1 simple or facetted1 on the head of the male 7,plate i41 ,figs4 #ad1 #ae2 ,plate xxi41 ,fig4 #b1 b74 ,femur4 ,the second joint of the feet1 next the coxa1 joined to it by the false joint trochanter4 7,plate i41 ,figs4 #f f1 #g f47 ,fringe4 ,a portion of the excreted substance1 cotton or wax1 produced by the spinnerets on the edge of the body in certain ,lecanidin and ,hemicoccidin4 ,it may be in the form of long glassy threads 7,planchonia7 or of more or less broad flat plates 7,ctenochiton74 7,plate vii41 ,figs4 #b d1 #c a2 ,plate xii41 ,fig4 #b1 a1 b1 c47 ,haltere4 ,a minute organ1 situated just behind the wings of the males1 and of which the use1 either in this family or in the ,diptera1 has not been satisfactorily ascertained4 ,it is often termed the balancer4 ,in the house-fly it has been thought to represent an organ of hearing4 ,in ,coccids it is furnished with one or more hooked bristles1 and ,mr4 ,comstock affirms that these are1 probably for some purposes of flight1 hooked into the posterior edges of the wings4,a 7,plate i41 ,fig4 #ag2 ,plate xxi41 ,fig4 #a1 m47 ,a ,report of the ,entomologist1 ,u4,s4 ,dep4 of ,agric4 #ahhj1 p4 #bgg1 note4 ,honeydew4 ,a substance of a glutinous character produced by many species1 and falling in spray from them on the leaves4 7,see ,chap4 ,,iii47 ,larva4 ,the first stage in the insect's life after emerging from the egg4 ,lobes1 in the ,diaspidin1 are minute1 flat1 more or less rounded projections1 two or more1 seen on the edge of the abdominal extremity1 usually interspersed with spines and hairs 7,plate iii41 ,figs4 #a1 #c1 #d1 #e1 l72 in the ,lecanidin1 are two triangular or conical projections1 usually bearing hairs1 on the dorsal side of the body1 one on each side of the abdominal cleft 7,plate xi41 ,fig4 #c1 b1 c74 ,mentum4 ,a kind of secondary rostrum1 or under-lip1 not altogether tubular1 but rather a deepish trough1 through which the rostral set pass after leaving the rostrum4 ,it may have one1 two1 or three joints4 ,it is not noticeable in the ,diaspidin4 7,plate i41 ,fig4 #e1 b47 ,metamorphosis4 ,a change of form4 ,for the number and characters of these see ,chap4 ,,ii4 ,moniliform4 ,like a string of beads4 ,monomerous4 ,with a single joint4 ,multilocular4 ,with several divisions3 a term applied to the spinneret orifices of some insects1 distinguishing them from simple orifices1 which show only a single tube4 ,multilocular orifices exhibit a bundle of tubes enclosed together4 7,plate i41 ,fig4 #d1 c1 d1 p2 ,plate xviii41 ,fig4 #b1 e47 ,nervure4 ,a strong vein which1 starting from the attachment of the wing of the male1 runs along the anterior edge of the wing1 a little within it3 at about half its length a branch runs obliquely towards the posterior edge4 7,plate i41 #af2 ,plate xix41 f2 ,plate xxi47 ,normal4 ,according to rule--not exceptional4 ,ocelli4 ,two1 four1 or six minute circular simple organs1 on the head of the male3 probably organs of vision4 ,in the ,monophlebid they would seem to be replaced by a smooth rounded protuberance behind the eye4 7,plate i41 ,fig4 #ad1 oc42 ,plate viii41 ,fig4 #b1 k1 m2 ,plate xxi41 ,fig4 #b1 b47 ,ovisac4 ,the cottony bag or nest formed by certain species of ,lecanidin and ,coccidin for the reception of their eggs4 7,plate xii41 ,fig4 #a1 a1 b1 c2 ,plate xix41 a1 b1 c47 ,peduncle1 pedunculated4 ,a stalk2 stalked4 ,pellicle4 ,the skin of an earlier stage1 cast off at each metamorphosis2 used by the ,diaspidin and by one genus of ,lecanidin in the formation of the puparium or test4 7,plate i41 ,fig4 #c1 a1 b2 ,plate vii41 ,fig4 #b1 b47 ,polymerous4 ,many-jointed4 ,pupa4 ,the last stage of the male insect before emerging winged4 ,puparium4 ,the shield1 covering1 or scale of the ,diaspidin4 7,plate i41 ,fig4 #c1 e2 ,plates iv41 v41 vi47 ,rostral set4 ,three or1 in a few cases1 four long1 fine1 curling1 tubular bristles springing from the rostrum1 and often passing through a mentum2 used for insertion into the tissues of a plant and sucking their contents4 7,plate i41 ,fig4 #e2 ,plate vi41 only one being here shown1 from the smallness of the drawings47 ,rostrum4 ,a more or less conical1 tubular1 projecting organ1 or beak1 protruding from the under-side of the cephalic region1 or between the first pair of feet4 ,it is absent in the adult female ,clostoma4 ,it is the mouth of the insect4 7,plate i41 ,fig4 #e2 ,plate iv41 ,fig4 #e47 ,sac4 ,the cottony1 bag-like covering or nest produced by the spinnerets and concealing the insect in many of the ,coccidin and some ,lecanidin4 7,plate xv41 ,fig4 #a1 c2 ,fig4 #b1 b47 ,scale4 ,the shield or puparium of the ,diaspidin4 ,the word is commonly used to designate the outward appearance of insects of the whole family1 which are indiscriminately called scale-insects1 although many of them form no shield whatever4 ,secretion may be of various kinds4 ,it is matter produced by internal organs1 and expelled through the spinnerets4 ,in the ,diaspidin the secreted portion of the puparium 7that is1 all except the pellicles7 is made up of fine1 closely-woven fibres1 forming the scale4 ,in the ,lecanidin it probably exudes originally as fine fibres1 but these become agglomerated in some cases in a waxy or horny mass1 or in others are loosely collected as cotton4 ,in the ,coccidin the secretion is usually cottony1 or powdery like meal4 ,clostoma secretes all three--wax1 cotton1 and meal4 ,in some instances1 as in ,carteria lacca1 of ,africa1 the wax1 called shellac1 is abundant enough to be commercially valuable2 or1 as in the ,chinese ,ericerus ,pe-la it can be used for making candles4 ,seta4 ,a bristle--a long stiff hair4 ,setose4 ,bearing a few bristles4 ,spinnerets4 ,organs observed in various parts of the body1 producing the waxy1 cottony1 or mealy matter4 ,they consist of cylindrical internal tubes1 sometimes ending on the skin1 sometimes protruding outside it in the form of tubes1 spines1 or conical hairs4 ,in the former case the orifices show them to be in some instances simple1 and in others compound tubes4,b ,in the ,diaspidin1 besides being scattered over the body1 the spinnerets are arranged in groups on the last abdominal segment1 and these groups afford excellent characters for specific distinctions4 7,plate i41 ,fig4 #d1 for types of various spinnerets2 ,plate iii41 groups of spinnerets of ,diaspidin47 ,b ,minute anatomical details are unsuitable for this work4 ,the student may consult ,targioni-,tozzetti1 ,studie sulle ,cocciniglie1 cap4 ii41 p4 #bf4 ,spiracles4 ,breathing organs3 the orifices in the body of the trache or tubes conveying air to the blood4 ,in the ,lecanidin they are usually four2 simple circles1 near the edge of the body1 and with a few strong spiny hairs near them4 ,in the ,coccidin they are often numerous4 7,plate ii41 ,fig4 #d2 ,plate xx41 n47 ,spiracular spines4 ,spiny hairs1 usually three in number1 of which one is rather long1 close to the spiracles1 in the ,lecanidin4 ,stigma1 stigmatic spines4 ,terms sometimes employed for spiracles1 c4 ,tarsus4 ,the fourth joint of the feet1 between the tibia and the claw4 ,its consisting of one joint 7monomerous7 is a distinctive character of the whole family4 7,plate i41 ,fig4 #f1 ta42 ,fig4 #g1 ta47 ,test4 ,the waxy1 glassy1 or horny covering produced through the spinnerets and concealing the insect in many ,lecanidin and some ,coccidin4 ,in this work it is not applied to the scale of ,diaspidin or to cottony secretions4 ,thoracic band4 ,an appearance seen on the thoracic region in the male1 looking like a broad transverse ribbon4 ,thoracic region1 thorax4 ,that part of the female or the male which bears the three pairs of feet1 when the feet are present2 or1 if the feet are absent1 the middle portion of the body1 segmented or not4 ,tibia4 ,the third joint of the feet1 next the femur4 7,plate i41 ,fig4 #f1 ti42 ,fig4 #g1 ti47 ,trache4 ,tubes ramifying throughout the body1 conveying air to the blood4 ,their orifices are the spiracles4 ,the trache1 as in other insects1 appear as if constructed of a network of fine spiral wires4 7,plate ii41 ,fig4 #d d2 ,plate xx41 n47 ,trochanter4 ,a small articulation1 not a distinct joint 7something like a knee-cap7 of the feet1 between the coxa and the femur4 7,plate i41 ,fig4 #f1 tr42 ,fig4 #g1 tr47 ,trimerous4 ,three-jointed4 ,ventral4 ,on the under-side1 the insect being in its proper position4 ,,new ,,zealand ,,scale-,,insects 7,,coccidid74 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,insects are divided by naturalists into several principal orders1 the distinguishing marks of which are generally very well defined--for example1 the butterflies and moths belong to the order ,lepidoptera1 the dragon-flies to the ,neuroptera1 the common house-flies to the ,diptera1 and so on4 ,these orders are founded upon the characters and arrangement of the wings4 ,they are subdivided into families1 and these again into genera and species4 ,one of the orders is that of the ,hemiptera1 which is composed of the two following sections3-- ,hemiptera-,heteroptera1 including the bugs1 water-beetles1 c4 ,hemiptera-,homoptera1 including the crickets1 cuckoo-spits1 plant-lice 7,aphides71 leaf-hoppers 7,psyllids71 scale-insects 7,coccids71 c4 ,the insects treated of in this volume are therefore placed as follows3-- ,class--,insecta4 ,order--,hemiptera4 ,section--,homoptera4 ,family--,coccidid4 ,the genera and species will be found in their places4 ,the common ,english name for this family--scale-insects--is not very appropriate4 ,some few of them have the appearance of small thin scales on leaves or twigs1 but many have not4 ,nor are the ,german appellations--gall-insekten or schild-lause--more appropriate4 ,gardeners have given to some of them the name of mealy-bug1 which1 although decidedly neither elegant nor euphonious1 very fairly represents the character of that particular portion of the family4 ,the origin of the name ,coccidid1 or1 as abbreviated often in this volume1 ,coccids1 is found in the old ,greek word ,greek3 kokkos1 denoting a rich red dye1 which was much admired by the ,greeks and ,romans1 and which was procured from the insect now known as ,kermes vermilio 7the ,coccus ilicis of ,linnus74 ,when the cochineal insect was discovered in ,mexico it soon overpowered all the others1 producing commercial dyes1 and from it has come the title ,coccid1 now applied to the whole family4 ,cochineal itself has of late years been pushed aside to a great extent by the aniline 7coal-tar7 dyes2 yet it is still used for many purposes4 ,this insect lives on the leaves of cactus4 ,amongst the ,new ,zealand species described in this work will be found one1 ,dactylopius alpinus1 which produces a red dye similar to1 though probably not equal to1 cochineal4 ,before the discovery of aniline dyes it might possibly have been worth while to cultivate this insect for its dye2 but this would scarcely answer now4 ,the ,coccidid are1 in some parts of the world1 very injurious to vegetation4 ,they seem to affect principally the warmer temperate regions4 ,california1 ,florida1 the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 the southern parts of ,australia1 ,southern ,france and ,northern ,italy1 and ,new ,zealand are countries in which they are found out-of-doors in the greatest numbers4 ,in ,england they are less troublesome in the open air1 though in greenhouses and hothouses they abound2 but1 in places under glass1 every gardener ought to be able to get rid of them without difficulty4 ,for its extent ,new ,zealand seems to furnish a larger number than any other country4 ,the humidity of its climate and the absence of anything like severe winters in most parts of it are quite congenial to ,coccids2 and there is scarcely a tree in its forests or in its gardens1 whether native or introduced1 which is not subject to their attacks4 ,it has not been thought necessary to include in this work a list of the books and essays written on this family of insects4 ,the list would be a very long one2 but1 besides that many of the books would not be obtainable here1 it would be found that very many authors have done nothing more than copy--often quite blindly and unintelligently--what others had said before them2 moreover1 most of them are out of date4 ,the student or the horticulturist desiring to know more about ,coccids not found in ,new ,zealand may find full details in the reports of the ,agricultural ,department of the ,united ,states ,government1 in ,dr4 ,v4 ,signoret's ,essai sur les ,cochenilles 7,paris71 in papers by ,miss ,emily ,smith 7,american naturalist1 #ahgh-hj71 c4 ,the ,american ,departmental ,reports of ,professors ,riley and ,comstock1 ,mr4 ,hubbard1 and ,mr4 ,l4 ,howard contain most valuable information4 ,english works on the subject are mostly fragmentary or inaccurate2 but ,mr4 ,douglas1 of ,lewisham1 has lately begun to discuss the ,coccids in ,england in a systematic manner1 and probably before long others will follow suit4 ,in ,india1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,atkinson1 of ,calcutta1 is studying the family4 ,natural science in these days tends ever more and more towards specialization1 and the boundaries of scientific classes1 orders1 families1 c41 are becoming always more and more narrowed4 ,the student can find his time quite sufficiently occupied nowadays in the thorough investigation of so 7comparatively7 small a portion of the animal kingdom as is presented by the ,coccids of even only one country2 and the present work may not be without value to future workers in this direction4 ,to the farmer1 the gardener1 the fruit-grower1 and the owner of pleasure-grounds it is believed that the following chapters will also supply information at the same time correct1 intelligible1 and useful4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,characters1 ,,life-,,history1 ,,and ,,metamorphoses ,,of ,,the ,,coccidid4 ,the first principal character separating the ,coccidid from the rest of the ,homoptera1 and distinguishable without microscopic examination1 is the absence of wings in the females at all stages of their existence4 ,the second principal character is the absence of any apparatus for feeding and digesting in the males4 ,from these two characters it follows that the females can only extend their operations by1 at the best1 crawling from plant to plant1 or by being carried about by birds or other agency2 also that the males cannot enjoy more than a very short existence1 their work being entirely confined to impregnating the females4 ,hence1 in any endeavours to destroy these insects1 the males may be disregarded1 and the females only attended to4 ,other distinguishing characters1 chiefly microscopic1 are-- #a4 ,the presence of only one joint in the tarsus or fourth joint of the leg1 in both males and females 7,plate i41 ,figs4 #f and #g1 ta72 #b4 ,the presence of only a single claw terminating the leg in both males and females 7,plate i41 ,figs4 #f and #g72 #c4 ,the presence of only two wings1 with two halteres1 in the full-grown males 7,plate xxi472 #d4 ,the presence of two or more eyes or ocular tubercles1 in addition to the ordinary pair of eyes1 in the full-grown males 7,plate i41 ,fig4 #ad2 ,plate viii41 ,fig4 #a1 k1 m74 ,i4 ,the ,female ,insect4 ,in general outward appearance the female insects present very variable forms4 ,they may be either naked1 or covered over with some kind of a shield1 which may be fibrous1 or waxy1 or cottony1 or they may have simply a thin powdery meal scattered over them4 ,the covered insects are1 of course1 stationary1 although in some cases1 before reaching their full development1 they move about1 carrying their houses with them4 ,the naked insects may be either stationary or active4 ,they attach themselves either to the bark or stem of a plant or to the leaves4 ,in the latter case it is rare to find them on the upper side2 but1 on turning over a leaf1 the under-surface is frequently found covered thickly with them4 ,in many cases they exude1 in the form of minute globules1 a whitish1 thick1 gummy secretion1 answering probably to the honeydew of the ,aphidid4 ,this secretion drops from them on to the plant1 and from it grows a black fungus1 which soon gives an unsightly appearance to the plant4 ,this fungus or smut is an almost invariable indication that a plant is attacked by insects1,c and may1 indeed1 give a useful warning to tree-growers4 ,it is not1 however1 produced in appreciable quantities by all species4 ,c ,not necessarily a ,coccid insect3 the fungus may also grow on the honeydew of ,aphis2 but it is easy to recognize the difference between these insects4 ,in every case there is some insect at work where the fungus is4 ,the manner of feeding upon the plant is the same as in all the families of ,homoptera--namely1 by means of a protruding rostrum1 beak1 or trunk1 situated on the under-side of the insect4 ,as there is not1 in the female ,coccidid1 any well-defined division between the head and the rest of the body1 this rostrum is seen1 on turning over the insect1 in the form1 usually1 of a minute conical projection between1 or nearly between1 the first pair of legs1 if the legs are present1 or a little within the circumference1 if the legs are absent 7,plate i41 ,fig4 #e74 ,an ordinary lens will generally show1 springing from the point of the conical rostrum1 three or four longish1 very fine1 curling bristles4 ,these bristles are1 in fact1 hollow tubes1 and the insect1 inserting them into the leaf or bark of the plant1 sucks through them its food4 ,it is thus plain that1 with often great numbers of scale-insects sucking at it--pumping1 as it were1 its life-blood through their rostra--a plant must of necessity suffer greatly4 ,birds do not1 as a rule1 seem to care much about eating the ,coccidid1 whose work is thus little interfered with by them4 ,the white-eye 7,zosterops7 or blight-bird has been seen feeding on scale-insects2 but its visits are few and far between1 and its assistance to the gardener in this respect not great4 ,the ,coccidid are1 however1 much subject to attacks from ,hymenopterous parasites1 of which some account will be found in a subsequent chapter 7,chap4 ,,iv474 ,the effects of the ,coccidid are not confined altogether to damage to plants3 there are some species producing materials useful to man4 ,for example1 ,coccus cacti produces cochineal2 ,carteria lacca produces shellac2 ,ericerus p-la is used by the ,chinese for candles3 and others might be mentioned4 ,but1 so far1 no ,new ,zealand species appears to be of any commercial use4 ,dactylopius alpinus makes a rather rich red dye in alcohol2 ,clostoma zealandicum constructs thick1 waxy coverings1 which might possibly be turned to some account2 but even these are probably not worth much4 ,groups4 ,the groups into which the ,coccidid are1 in this work1 divided are as follow3-- #a4 ,female insects constructing for themselves shields composed partly of secretion1 partly of the pellicles discarded from earlier stages2 abdomen not cleft2 legs lost at full growth4 ,diaspidin4 #b4 ,female insects naked1 or covered with shields of secretion1 either waxy1 horny1 cottony1 or felted2 abdomen in all stages cleft2 legs either lost or retained at full growth4 ,lecanidin4 #c4 ,female insects naked1 or covered with shields of waxy secretion2 abdomen of larva ending in prominent processes1 abdomen of adult cleft2 legs either lost or retained at full growth4 ,hemicoccidin4 #d4 ,female insects naked1 or covered with secretion either waxy1 cottony1 or felted2 abdomen in all stages ending in prominent processes2 legs either lost or retained at full growth4 ,coccidin4 ,life-history4 ,the life-history of the insects in the above groups is as follows3-- ,all of them pass through four stages of existence3 #a1 the egg2 #b1 the young larva2 #c1 the second stage of life1 or pupa2 #d1 the adult1 or full-grown insect4 #a4 ,the egg4 ,this is1 in all cases1 of regularly-oval form1 the colour varying from white to yellow or red 7see ,plate i41 ,fig4 #a74 ,it may be produced in great numbers1 and in some cases several times in a year4 ,as a general rule1 the female ejects the eggs from her body2 but there are some species1 notably in the group ,lecanidin1 where the eggs are hatched within the body1 the insect being thus1 in a manner1 viviparous4 #b4 ,the young larva 7,plate i41 ,fig4 #b74 ,this is of precisely the same form both for the male and the female--or1 rather1 perhaps it should be said that no definite character has yet been discovered to show which are male and which are female larv4 ,neglecting slight variations of form1 the larva is very minute--seldom more than about #a_/cj in4 long1 often as small as #a_/ajj in4--oval1 flattish1 possessing a rostrum and accompanying bristles 7set71 six legs1 and two antenn3 and in all species it is fairly active1 travelling as soon as hatched over the plant in search of food4 #c4 ,the second stage4 ,here the first distinction is noticeable between the male and the female in most cases2 but this distinction usually depends not so much upon the form of the insect as upon the character of the covering it makes for itself4 ,confining ourselves at present to the female1 there are differences now noticeable between the groups4 ,in the ,diaspidin the insect begins by slipping out of the skin of the larva2 but it does not cast it aside altogether3 it makes use of the old skin as part of its covering4 ,adding to it a small portion of fibrous secretion--produced by organs called spinnerets1 which will be noticed presently--it attaches itself to the plant by its rostrum and set1 and lies1 inert and stationary1 under a little shield composed half of its old skin and half of secretion4 ,as it also1 in entering this stage1 loses its legs altogether1 it must remain in the position it has chosen for the rest of its life4 ,in the ,lecanidin and in the ,coccidin the skin of the larva is thrown away altogether1 and the female in her second stage takes up a new position1 in which she may be either naked or covered with a thin coat of secretion1 active or stationary1 retaining her legs in most cases1 or losing them in some instances4 ,in all the groups there is almost always some approach to the form of the full-grown insect noticeable in this second stage4 #d4 ,the full-grown insect4 ,here there is almost unlimited variety of form1 colour1 and habits4 ,the insects may be naked or covered1 active or stationary4 ,in the ,diaspidin the process just described is repeated3 the female slips out of her second skin1 but still keeps both it and the first over her1 adding more fibrous secretion from the spinnerets2 so that1 in fact1 she lies an inert1 legless1 slug-like object1 under a covering composed partly of the two skins1 partly of secretion4 7,see ,plate i41 ,fig4 #c3 a is the discarded larval skin1 b the discarded skin of the second stage1 both being used as part of the shield4 ,in the genus ,aspidiotus these skins would be in the centre instead of at one end47 ,in the ,lecanidin 7except in one single genus7 and the ,coccidin the second skin is discarded altogether2 but the insect may either construct a new shield or remain naked1 may be either with or without legs1 either active or stationary4 ,once this last stage of her existence entered upon1 the female prepares for laying her eggs4 ,in most species the services of a male are needed2 in some1 as far as can be made out after investigation of many years1 no males are found4 ,the female1 if naked1 either hatches her eggs in her own body or lays them on the plant2 if covered1 she fills her shield with the eggs4 ,the naked insects often cover the eggs themselves--e4g41 ,lecanium hemisphricum2 or1 again1 deposit them in an ovisac1 a mass of cottony secretion--e4g41 ,pulvinaria camellicola or ,icerya purchasi4 ,,ii4 ,the ,male ,insect4 ,it has been remarked above that1 as the full-grown males of the ,coccidid are destitute of any organs for feeding whatsoever1 there is no reason for making systematic attacks on them for economical purposes4 ,their function is simply to impregnate the females1 and their life at this stage must necessarily be very brief4 ,it will suffice in this place to observe that in all cases these males are small1 two-winged flies1 their size varying from about #a_/dj in4 to #a_/d in4 in length2 colour usually yellow or red2 wings longer than the body1 hyaline 7glassy7 and often iridescent1 and1 in repose1 lying flat1 partly crossing each other4 ,the antenn are long1 slender1 and hairy1 consisting of nine or ten joints4 ,the legs are also slender and hairy1 the tarsus having only one joint1 and terminating in a single claw4 ,the insects are generally very active4 ,types of antenna1 foot1 wing and haltere1 and a diagram of the arrangement of the eyes and ocelli1 are given in ,plate i41 ,figs4 #g1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag4 ,the males are thus so small and rapid in their movements that it is difficult in most cases to find them in a free state4 ,the usual way to procure them is by hatching them from the pup4 ,in their course of life they pass through four stages1 as do the females--viz43 #a1 the egg2 #b1 the larva2 #c1 the pupa2 #d1 the full-grown insect4 #a4 ,the egg is1 as far as can be made out1 precisely the same as that of the female1 though ,dr4 ,signoret believes that in one or two species there may perhaps be minute differences4 #b4 ,the larva is1 as stated above1 similar to that of the female4 #c4 ,the pupa4 ,here the first distinctions between the sexes may be noted1 and these are principally observable in the cocoons or puparia1 rather than in the insect itself--at least to outward appearance4 ,the male pupa is1 in all cases--even in those where the female pupa is naked--enclosed in some kind of covering4 ,in the ,diaspidin the puparium is formed partly of fibrous secretion and partly of discarded skin2 only1 as the full-grown male emerges from it as a fly1 and does not remain on the plant1 there can be only one such skin--that of the larva2 consequently it is easy to distinguish the male puparia from the shields of the adult females by the presence of only one discarded pellicle instead of two4 ,in the ,lecanidin and the ,coccidin the male puparia are distinguishable usually by a narrower and more cylindrical form than those of the females1 where these latter are covered2 in the naked species the males are generally in white waxy or cottony cocoons4 ,examination of the pup in these coverings will generally show more or less developed processes on the back and sides1 which are so evidently the rudiments of the future wings that the presence of a male is not doubtful4 ,in other respects the male pup are not always to be distinguished from the females4 #c4 ,the full-grown male has been described above4 ,it is usually easy to procure specimens1 provided the pup are obtained4 ,if any of these1 in their coverings1 are put into pillboxes with glass tops1 or any place where light reaches them1 they will generally produce the full-grown insect sometimes in a few days1 sometimes after several weeks4 ,the time of year for this seems very variable4 ,males emerge from the puparia apparently indifferently 7in ,new ,zealand7 in summer or winter4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,products ,,of ,,the ,,coccidid4 ,waxy or cottony matter3 the honeydew and the black fungus--smut or black blight--growing upon it4 ,the ,coccidid1 in some parts of the world1 excrete various substances which are of commercial value1 as1 for example1 shellac1 manna1 candle-wax1 c4 ,cochineal is not in the same category1 as it appears to be a colouring-matter pervading every cell of the tissues of the insect from which it is extracted--,coccus cacti4 ,but there is no need to dwell here upon the ordinary excretions of the ,new ,zealand insects1 as they appear to be not sufficient either in quantity or quality for any practical service4 ,the fibrous puparia of the ,diaspidin appear to be quite useless4 ,the tests of the ,lecanodiaspid1 such as ,ctenochiton perforatus1 ,inglisia ornata1 c41 although more or less waxy 7but of very brittle material1 often more like glass7 are much too insignificant to repay any trouble taken to collect them4 ,of all the family1 ,clostoma zlandicum1 in its second stage1 seems to produce the greatest amount of material1 its large1 hard1 waxy tests being very thick and solid1 and often clustered in hundreds on a root or a twig of ,muhlenbeckia2 but1 supposing this substance 7of which the true chemical nature,d is not yet known7 to be fit for some purpose1 there does not seem to be any means of cultivating the insect to profit4 ,dactylopius alpinus produces in alcohol a rich red tint1 and this not by way of excretion1 but from the colouring matters of its tissues1 as in the case of ,coccus cacti2 but here1 again1 the rarity of the insect and its out-of-the-way habitat would be a bar1 even if nowadays it were worth while to cultivate a ,new ,zealand cochineal4 ,at present1 therefore1 there seems no reason to believe that the ,coccidid of this country are likely to furnish any products of a useful or commercial character4 ,d ,a small quantity was submitted to ,mr4 ,skey1 ,colonial ,museum ,laboratory1 for analysis1 no more being available at the time4 ,mr4 ,skey considered it as a new substance1 probably of the nature of a gum1 not resinous2 but further examination of larger quantities is necessary4 ,there is1 however1 one substance produced by these insects which has an injurious effect upon the plants they grow on4 ,this is a transparent glutinous fluid1 apparently analogous to that exuding from ,aphides1 and which may receive the name of honeydew1 as in that family4 ,in fact1 this fluid would seem to be produced by most of the ,rhynchota1 for the ,psyllid and ,aleurodid also excrete it4 ,the quantity issuing from ,coccids seems to vary greatly4 ,in some cases--e4g41 ,lecanium hesperidum1 ,ctenochiton viridis or perforatus1 ,fiorinia asteli--the insects appear to discharge honeydew freely2 in others--e4g41 ,mytilaspis pomorum1 ,rhizococcus fossor--none1 or scarcely any fluid1 is excreted4 ,but in no case does it appear that our ,coccids,e form honeydew to the same extent as the ,aphides1 which are stated to produce sometimes quantities that may be gathered from the leaves or the soil by the pound weight4 ,it is not so much the amount exuding from each insect as the great number of insects on a plant which renders the ,coccid honeydew obnoxious3 each individual may excrete only a little1 but when1 as usually happens1 there are many hundreds of individuals together1 the result1 for the reasons given below1 becomes important to the tree4 ,e ,gossyparia mannipara1 an ,arabian ,coccid1 is said to excrete so much that the ,arabs eat it with their bread like honey4 ,buckton1 ,brit4 ,aphides1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #db4 ,there is every reason to believe that the honeydew of ,coccidid is of similar character to that of the ,aphidid1 and1 according to analyses by ,boussingault1 of ,paris1 and ,gunning1 of ,amsterdam 7,buckton1 ,brit4 ,aphides1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #db1 #dc71 the ,aphidian honeydew contains a very large quantity of sugar1 and1 curiously enough1 cane-sugar4 ,some observers1 noticing in its composition also glucose and dextrine1 have considered it as of vegetable rather than animal origin2 but the weight of evidence appears to make it certainly the product of the ,aphides4 ,as the present work is intended rather as a manual for gardeners and tree-growers than as a purely scientific publication1 there is no need to enter more fully into the subject here3 it may therefore be simply stated that the honeydew of ,coccidid probably contains a large proportion of sugar in various forms4 ,the mode in which this substance is excreted by the insects differs somewhat from that of the ,aphidid4 ,on the abdomen of ,aphis are seen two erect more or less prominent tubes1 called cornicles or nectaries1 and it is the function of these to excrete the honeydew4,f ,no ,european entomologist has1 it is believed1 seen or described the organ of honeydew-excretion in the ,coccidid4 ,some observations by the author of this work in #ahhf demonstrate its existence as a cylindrical tube exserted from the anogenital orifice after the manner of a telescope1 the furthest-extended tube being the most slender4 ,this organ1 extremely difficult of detection when not in use--except in the single genus ,clostoma--is at intervals pushed out to its full extent1 and at its further extremity there appears a minute globule of yellowish1 nearly transparent1 glutinous fluid1 which rapidly expands like a soap-bubble1 and then1 suddenly breaking1 falls in spray on the leaf beneath4 ,in the second stage of the female of ,clostoma zlandicum this organ may be detected more easily than in any other ,coccid2 but the act of protrusion of the organ and the formation of the drop of honeydew are apparently by no means frequent1 and many long observations may be made without witnessing either4,g 7,the organ and the honeydew-drop are shown in ,plate xxii47 ,f ,the fluid also emerges from the anal orifice2 but1 seemingly1 no mention is made by any observer of any special honeydew-organ protruding from the anus of ,aphis4 ,g ,mr4 ,comstock 7,report on ,insects1 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agric41 #ahha1 p4 #bb7 states that on gently rubbing a ,dactylopius two small drops of fluid1 which he considers to be honeydew1 can be seen to emerge from orifices on the dorsal side of the sixth abdominal segment2 but he mentions no special organ in the body4 ,the experiment has been tried on ,dactylopius in this country without success4 ,for the purposes of this work further details as to the production of honeydew are not necessary4 ,but as to its effect on plants it is requisite to be more particular1 and the attention of tree-growers and gardeners is specially directed to the following points4 ,it has been said above that when the bubble of honeydew has been expanded to its full size it breaks into spray4 ,now1 as a general rule1 ,coccids are found almost exclusively on the under sides of leaves 7when not on the bark74 ,some1 as ,lecanium hesperidum and a few others1 may be seen on the upper side2 but the general rule is as here stated4 ,it follows that the spray of honeydew from the burst bubble falls1 not on the leaf where the insect is1 but on the upper sides of the leaves below it4 ,these upper surfaces1 being more exposed to light and air than the lower ones1 are usually deserted not only by the ,coccids but by other insects also1 and so there is not much chance that the honeydew spray so falling will be disturbed4 ,it consequently rapidly accumulates and forms a coating on the leaf where it rests4 ,from this result two things1 or1 rather1 the same injurious effect on the plant is produced in two ways4 ,first1 the honeydew itself1 being1 as stated1 of a glutinous nature1 tends to stop up and choke the stomata 7or1 in plain ,english1 the breathing-orifices of the leaves7 and so retard the growth of the tree4 ,secondly1 the honeydew1 being of a saccharine nature1 is especially attractive to fungoid growths1 and these fungi1 rapidly increasing1 tend still more to choke the leaves and hamper the proper functions of the tree4 ,the second of these is the most important1 for1 apparently1 the honeydew is scarcely deposited before it becomes the receptacle for fungus-spores1 and these grow with great rapidity4 ,as a general rule1 in ,new ,zealand1 these fungi appear to be mostly of the same family--the ,physomycetes1 and they are of a black or very dark brown colour4 ,from the fact above stated1 that the honeydew falls from the insects upon leaves beneath them1 the lower leaves of a plant are more covered with it than the upper ones3 these black fungi consequently discolour chiefly the lower leaves and branches2 often the uppermost branches are nearly free from them4 ,but the effect produced on the tree is not only unsightly1 from the sooty blackness1 but also injurious1 from the choking-up of the stomata both by the honeydew and the fungus4 ,as for ornamental plants1 whether under glass or in the open air1 the black coating is quite sufficient to spoil them4 ,these fungi are of various species1 and specimens are given here in ,plate xxii43 on the leaves they form usually a hard1 thin1 black coat2 while on the twigs and stem they are of a looser texture1 forming masses of minute erect threads4 ,they are not confined to ,new ,zealand1 and most writers on ,coccidid in ,europe and elsewhere mention them1 though only casually4 ,they are1 in fact1 apparently1 only the usual growths appearing on any decomposing substance1 such as the honeydew is4 ,gardeners and tree-growers ought to clearly understand that the appearance on their plants of this black sooty covering is almost always an indication of the presence of some ,homopterous insects4 ,in ,new ,zealand1 on account of the greater prevalence of ,coccidid1 the insects will most probably be ,coccids2 but by no means necessarily so1 for many ,aphidid1 ,psyllid1 and ,aleurodid produce the same effects4 ,this is by no means as well understood as it should be1 either by gardeners themselves or by those who write on trees and planting4 ,the fungus growth is usually imagined to be in itself a disease of the plant1 and efforts are made for its treatment without regard to its real origin1 the insects on the leaves or bark4 ,under the names of smut1 black blight1 c41 it is often referred to as a destructive pest2 and remedies are suggested which can1 of course1 have no permanent effect unless they are equally efficacious against the insect producing the honeydew4 ,it is probably from this cause that sulphur1 which is an excellent remedy against fungus1 has been so great a favourite with those who pretend to have discovered what are called scaly-blight destroyers2 and gardeners1 seeing1 perhaps1 these nostrums clean some of the fungus from their trees1 are under the false impression that the scale is also cleared away4 ,the truth is1 that the real remedy against black blight is to kill the insects on whose excreta it flourishes1 if that can be done4 ,as to the modes of doing this see ,chapter ,v4 ,it is not1 of course1 pretended here that fungi of different kinds1 and even those specially referred to1 will not grow independently of insects and honeydew2 and trees are1 undoubtedly1 subject to fungoid diseases which are not to be traced to any animal action4 ,still1 the rule holds good2 and the first effort of a gardener on the appearance of black blight on his plants should be to discover the insects on its leaves or bark1 and deal directly with them4 ,once they are destroyed the fungus growth will in a short time disappear4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,checks ,,to ,,increase ,,of ,,coccidid1 ,,parasites1 ,,etc4 ,the ,coccidid1 like all ,homoptera1 produce great numbers of young2 but their increase does not appear to be as rapid as that of some other families4 ,the numbers of some ,aphidid or ,aleurodid produced from a single female in the course of a single year have been calculated at hundreds of thousands1 if not millions2 and as many as eleven generations have been produced in little over half a year4 ,coccids1 however1 as a rule1 do not propagate at this alarming rate4 ,many1 if not the great majority of them1 produce in this country but one generation in the year1 e4g41 ,mytilaspis pomorum1 ,clostoma zlandicum1 c4 ,others1 such as ,icerya purchasi1 breed more often2 and probably climate has a good deal to do with the frequency1 for ,mr4 ,comstock says that in the ,united ,states ,mytilaspis pomorum breeds once a year in the ,north and twice in the ,south4 ,in point of fact1 it does not seem possible to lay down any rule on the subject4 ,unfortunately1 ,icerya is not only a frequent breeder1 but also the most destructive insect of the family in ,new ,zealand4 ,the number of young produced by each female seems also to vary4 ,the author has counted from #cj to #hj eggs in the puparium of ,mytilaspis pomorum2 as many as #cej in the ovisac of ,icerya purchasi1 and about the same number of ,clostoma zlandicum3 and a female of ,lecanium hesperidum examined in spring contained #ic embryos4 ,these figures do not denote any remarkable fertility2 but1 as in the majority of cases males are but seldom met with1 sometimes even entirely unknown 7e4g41 ,lecanium hesperidum71 it follows that nearly every insect is capable of propagation1 and the increase in numbers is therefore more rapid than might be anticipated otherwise4 ,how the females in the species apparently destitute of males are enabled to produce young is perhaps one of the most mysterious things in ,nature4 ,the male of ,mytilaspis pomorum has never been found in ,new ,zealand or ,europe1 and doubtfully in ,america4 ,lecanium hesperidum has been known and studied for nearly two hundred years without any male1 pupa or adult1 being discovered4 ,yet both of these species go on increasing regularly and in great numbers1 and show no signs of extinction4 ,in spite of this absence of males in some cases1 and of the comparatively small numbers of eggs1 ,coccids would naturally increase at an exceedingly rapid rate if left undisturbed1 on account of the great proportion of females4 ,they are1 moreover1 protected1 to a great extent--,first1 by the fact that birds do not1 as a rule1 care to eat them4 ,the blight-bird or white-eye1 ,zosterops lateralis1 has been noticed in this country pecking about in holly-hedges infested by ,lecanium hesperidum2 but it is not absolutely certain whether it was eating the ,coccids or the other more easily picked-off insects on the plant1 such as ,psocus1 which is very commonly observed among ,coccids4 ,and other birds seem not to devour them at all4 ,secondly1 the usual position of these insects1 on the under side of the leaves1 or in the crevices of bark1 is a great shelter and protection for them against birds or ordinary accidents4 ,again1 they are in many cases effectually covered by the waxy or fibrous shields1 or by the masses of cotton with which they surround themselves4 ,in countries like the ,south of ,france1 ,california1 or the greater part of ,new ,zealand1 the winters do not appear to be sufficiently severe to injure ,coccids1 and many of them breed as much in winter as they do in summer4 ,it would therefore seem that everything combines to assist these insects in their career1 and in their propagation4 ,nature1 however1 has provided a check which is to some extent effective1 at least against several species1 although1 unhappily1 against some of the most noxious--such as ,mytilaspis pomorum1 the ,dactylopii 7mealy bugs71 ,icerya purchasi1 c4--it is not energetic in this country2 and this remedy is the attacks of other minute animals1 whether by direct devouring of the ,coccids or by parasitism4 ,direct attacks from animal enemies are not frequent4 ,whether from some inherent distastefulness1 or from the difficulty of getting at them1 ,coccids are scarcely subject to being directly devoured4 ,there are a few exceptions4 ,under the puparia of ,mytilaspis pomorum a minute white ,acarus 7mite7 may often be found1 and it is noticeable that where it abounds the eggs of the ,coccid are often shrivelled or empty4 ,it is not improbable that this ,acarus may feed on the eggs4 ,it appears to belong to the genus ,tyroglyphus1 a mite which is not usually carnivorous2 but ,mr4 ,a4 ,michael1 an authority on mites1 seems to be uncertain whether ,tyroglyphus may not make a meal of the ,coccid4,h ,no others amongst the ,diaspidin appear to be directly attacked1 nor any of the ,lecanidin2 but amongst a number of ,dactylopius glaucus on a leaf there may often be seen a minute caterpillar1 apparently covered with many tufts of hair4 ,this is the larva of the common ladybird 7,coccinella71 a beetle which1 in both the larval and perfect states1 feeds on ,aphides1 ,coccids1 and other insects4 ,the larva may sometimes be seen holding a ,dactylopius in its powerful jaws and devouring it4 ,another larva1 smooth and without hairs1 performs the same functions--it is the young of a small dipterous fly1 apparently one of the ,syrphid1 insects also predatory2 but this seems to be rare4 ,in ,america1 similar larv are said to feed upon the black scale 7,lecanium ole74 ,in this country1 as far as is yet known1 ,lecanid are not directly attacked by the ladybirds4 ,h ,quart4 ,journ4 ,royal ,micros4 ,soc41 ,feb41 #ahhe4 ,but this direct warfare by other animals is of small consequence4 ,a more important check on the increase of many ,coccids is afforded by the indirect action of minute hymenopterous insects1 which make use of them as receptacles for their eggs4 ,this plan is adopted by several ,hymenoptera1 of the families ,chalcidid1 ,ichneumonid1 ,proctotrupid1 c4 ,they do not devour their prey2 they allow it to live that they may live on it4 ,by means of their long ovipositor they pierce its body1 and deposit in it an egg4 ,as the victim grows the egg matures1 changes into a larva1 and still remains in the body of the ,coccid2 changes again into a pupa1 and by this time the ,coccid is at liberty to die1 for the parasite has no further use for it except as a shelter2 then1 when the proper time arrives1 the perfect fly emerges and departs4 ,all ,coccids are by no means equally subject to this system4 ,in the ,united ,states1 according to ,mr4 ,l4 ,o4 ,howard1,i parasites are found in nearly all genera--,diaspidin1 ,lecanidin1 or ,coccidin4 ,in this country1 as far as observation shows at present1 the ,lecanidin are the most liable to attack1 some of the ,diaspidin next1 and the ,coccidin least of all4 ,mytilaspis pomorum1 so hurtful to apple-trees1 does not seem to be attacked4 ,icerya purchasi1 the worst species of all1 has not yet furnished a single parasitic fly4 ,a few specimens of ,dactylopius glaucus contain parasites2 a good many of ,fiorinia asteli and ,f4 stricta2 while ,ctenochiton perforatus and ,c4 viridis appear to be the favourite victims1 as sometimes scarcely any specimens on a plant can be examined which do not contain either a larva or a pupa of a parasite4 ,it is to be observed that in no case is more than one parasite to be found in a ,coccid4 ,i ,report of the ,entomologist1 ,u4,s4 ,dep4 of ,agric41 #ahhj1 pp4 #cej-cga4 ,unfortunately1 although this provision of ,nature must have a very considerable effect in preventing the increase of ,coccidid1 it is subject to two drawbacks4 ,in the first place1 as just observed1 some of the most injurious pests appear to be unaffected by it4 ,probably1 up to the present time the worst plant-enemies,j in ,new ,zealand have been ,mytilaspis pomorum1 ,aspidiotus coccineus1 ,aspidiotus camelli1 ,lecanium hesperidum1 ,lecanium ole1 ,lecanium hemisphricum1 ,pulvinaria camellicola1 and ,icerya purchasi4 ,here reference is made not so much to insects which render plants unsightly as to those which seriously injure its growth3 many others1 such as ,fiorinia asteli or ,ctenochiton viridis are ugly enough1 but have not been destructive4 ,of the injurious species above named none1 apparently1 are troubled in this country by parasitic insects up to the present time1 at least to any appreciable extent4 ,j ,speaking of ,coccids only2 ,kermaphis pini is equally1 if not more1 destructive4 ,a sketch of ,ctenochiton enclosing a parasitic pupa1 and of the perfect fly1 will be found in ,plate xxiii4 ,in a work like this the generic and specific characters of these parasites need not be given3 they do not seem to differ much from hymenopterous and dipterous insects of other countries4 ,another mode by which the too rapid increase of ,coccids is checked is by the attacks of vegetable parasites--fungoid growths which permeate the whole body of the insect1 and soon kill it4 ,as far as experience in ,new ,zealand extends as yet the genera ,ctenochiton1 ,lecanium1 and probably ,eriochiton are the only ones so attacked4 ,on certain plants in the forests1 notably ,hedycarya and ,coprosma1 circular spots may be commonly found on the under side of the leaves3 some dark-brown1 somewhat convex1 some bright yellow and often quite globular4 ,in spring1 examination of a young larva of ,ctenochiton viridis--a species very common on the above plants--will frequently show1 either within the insect1 or on its waxy test1 or between the test and the insect1 minute specks1 which under a high power of the microscope1 prove to resemble the filaments composing the brown or the yellow spots just mentioned4 ,on turning over one of the brown fungi1 or on pulling it to pieces1 the dead body of a young ,ctenochiton or ,lecanium larva will always be found in the middle4 ,apparently this brown fungus does not attack any but young larv2 but the bright yellow fungus will be found filling the bodies also of the females in the second stage1 and the globular portion of the fungus will stand out above them4 ,these fungi are not of the same genus as ,empusa1 the fungus which so frequently kills the house-fly2 but they seem to act in much the same way within the insect4 ,probably a good many of the ,lecanodiaspid are preyed on and destroyed by these fungoid parasites1 of which figures are given in ,plate xxiii4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,remedies ,,against ,,coccidid4 ,many people are under the impression that scale-insects out-of-doors are not of much consequence4 ,they are aware that in greenhouses and hothouses these insects are a trouble to gardeners1 and that they probably injure flowering or fruit-bearing plants in such situations4 ,but they imagine that in the open air1 and on large well-grown trees1 ,coccids do no very great harm2 or1 if the trees are for a time injured1 that recovery and health will come before long1 and the pest will disappear4 ,this is not the place in which to controvert this or any other opinion4 ,a work professedly dealing with facts should be as free as possible from controversial discussion4 ,whatever1 therefore1 may be the grounds of the opinion just stated1 or the reasons for rejecting it1 it will be sufficient here to say that there seems to be nothing to lead to the belief that ,new ,zealand is likely to be different from other countries in this respect4 ,to institute a comparison1 it would be manifestly absurd to include such countries as ,england1 or ,germany1 or1 on the other hand1 ,india1 or ,central ,america1 or ,north ,australia--,firstly1 because in the greater part1 or at least in the northern parts1 of ,europe the winters are much more severe than in ,new ,zealand1 and almost certainly the great cold is injurious to such insects as ,coccids4 ,secondly1 because in tropical countries it seems that the too great heat is equally obnoxious to them2 and1 with the exception of a few species1 tropical ,coccids are comparatively harmless4 ,but it is to the warmer temperate or the subtropical regions that we must look for comparison--regions where there is neither too scorching a summer nor too ice-bound a winter4 ,and1 for this purpose1 we have only to take such lands as ,california1 ,florida1 the ,south of ,france or ,northern ,italy1 the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 the southern regions of ,australia1 c4 ,the experience of these is1 that some species of ,coccids do injure1 in every way1 whether as regards ornamental or commercial value1 a number of trees and plants on which the people of the country depend largely for subsistence or profit4 ,in the ,south of ,france the olive industry has been in some years greatly cut down4 ,in ,florida1 ,california1 ,australia1 the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 oranges and apples have been so damaged that the value of an orchard or a grove has been reduced sometimes by #hj per cent4 ,it may be said1 moreover1 that even in tropical countries the attacks of scale-insects are often most damaging3 in ,mauritius the sugar-cane and in ,ceylon the coffee plantations have suffered from their ravages4 ,the experience of ,american fruit-growers is certainly not to be despised1 and the fact that both in ,california and ,florida the people strain every nerve to get rid of the insect pests on open-air trees would seem to be distinctly against the notion that these little enemies can be neglected with impunity4 ,nor1 indeed1 can it be said that in ,new ,zealand itself the attacks of scale-insects out-of-doors are harmless4 ,apple orchards throughout the country bear evidence to the contrary3 lemon-groves can be seen about ,auckland where1 instead of the thousands of fruit formerly grown1 a few stunted lemons are all that the withered trees afford2 and nobody can glance round the plantations at ,nelson or ,napier without recognizing the devastating powers of a scale-insect 7,icerya74 ,the opinion that ,coccids are not likely to do much harm in the open air is therefore scarcely tenable1 and it will be of use to inquire what remedies can be provided against them4 ,there is a point1 however1 to be noted at the outset1 and it is1 that in reality there is not1 as far as is yet known1 any certain remedy against scale-insects4 ,not that ingenuity and experiment have not succeeded in inventing plans and substances quite efficient in killing the insects when applied to them4 ,it is easy enough to kill an insect when you can get at it1 in most cases2 but the problem in this instance is not only to kill individual insects1 but to do more4 ,what is wanted is to get rid of whole communities of them1 and1 at the same time1 to prevent their eggs from hatching and a new brood coming forth4 ,many of those who profess to know all about destroying scale--especially if they belong to that class which prides itself upon being practical men--being generally quite ignorant of the habits and life-history of the insects1 are satisfied when they have tried some rule-of-thumb plan which seems to kill most of the adult insects1 not dreaming that they have left the eggs unharmed and ready to send forth a fresh swarm at hatching-time4 ,there is another obstacle which often prevents success in eradicating scale4 ,this is the difficulty of making sure of the effects of any remedy4 ,a plan which has answered well in one place will fail in another1 and this1 not only as regards different countries1 but even in the same district for neighbouring gardens1 or even for neighbouring trees in the same garden4 ,tree-growers must be prepared to find the very same remedy which has cleared their neighbours' trees fail for their own2 and in this country the author has seen1 in one and the same orchard1 some trees quite cleared1 while on others1 treated in exactly a similar manner1 the scale was scarcely injured4 ,it is from want of knowledge of this and the like points that persons who have tried various remedies recommended to them have complained of failure1 and condemned both the remedy and their adviser1 whilst really neither was in fault4 ,nothing need be said here of carelessness or unskilfulness in applying a remedy1 beyond the following instance3 ,a person whose apple-trees were being very much damaged by ,mytilaspis pomorum was advised to apply1 by way of painting the trunks and branches1 a mixture of kerosene and some other ingredient4 ,in two or three months he found violent fault with his adviser1 for he said every tree was dead or dying4 ,on inquiry it was found that1 from over-zeal or want of knowledge1 he had applied the mixture as if painting a house1 had used it much too strong1 and1 to make assurance doubly sure1 had given his trees two good coats of the oil4 ,an intelligent appreciation of the life-history and habits of scale-insects is necessary to enable any one to select and apply1 with a probability of success1 a remedy1 and the details given in ,chapter ,i4 of this work will be found useful for this purpose4 ,it will be apparent from them that1 without regarding the generic or specific characters of these insects1 we may lay down a few general principles to start with1 thus3-- ,i4 ,whatever damage is done is effected by the sucking of the juices of the plant through the rostrum of the insect4 ,it follows from this that applications of any fluid to the tree externally1 with the object of poisoning the insects in their feeding1 would be useless1 as their food is drawn from beneath the surface4 ,,ii4 ,neglecting entomological distinctions1 we may divide the ,coccidid1 roughly1 into-- 7a47 ,insects attacking deciduous plants2 7b47 ,insects attacking evergreen plants2 or1 again1 7c47 ,insects living usually on the bark2 7d47 ,insects living usually on the leaves2 7e47 ,insects living on both bark and leaves2 or1 lastly1 7f47 ,insects covered with hard shields or scales2 7g47 ,insects covered with cotton2 7h47 ,insects naked4 ,it will be clear that a different method will be required for destroying these different classes2 but any one insect will belong to more than one class4 ,thus ,mytilaspis pomorum1 the apple-scale1 belongs to 7a71 7c71 and 7f71 and indeed may be placed also in 7b71 as such plants as hawthorns1 which it attacks1 are as bad as evergreens in the difficulty of reaching the insect on them2 or1 ,lecanium hesperidum is in 7a71 7d71 and 7h72 ,lecanium ole in 7a71 7b71 7e71 and 7h74 ,as far as regards the injurious species of ,coccids it may usually be taken for granted that those infesting deciduous plants 7class a7 live chiefly on the bark 7class c71 and are either naked 7class h7 or covered with a hard scale 7class f74 ,if naked they are chiefly ,lecanium2 if covered1 either ,mytilaspis1 ,aspidiotus or ,diaspis4 ,icerya is exceptional1 being omnivorous1 feeding equally on bark or leaves1 deciduous or evergreen plants2 it belongs to every class except 7f74 ,every method of destruction has therefore to be resorted to against it4 ,the treatment of a deciduous plant infested by ,coccids is simple as to its method4 ,for two reasons the dead winter-time must be chosen for it--first1 because1 the leaves being off1 the whole plant can be easily got at2 secondly1 because the eggs of the insect have not yet been hatched1 and the whole brood can be destroyed at once4 ,the first operation should be the pruning of the tree1 so as to reduce the labour required to a minimum4 ,a brushing over all the trunk and branches with a good hard stiff brush and one of the liquid remedies given below is then often successful4 ,brushing with a dry brush is adopted by some persons2 but1 although this doubtless clears away a good many insects and scales1 and may do the tree itself some good by cleaning off fungus-growths and incrustations1 yet it necessarily fails to destroy all the eggs1 and in consequence the work is only half done4 ,any one who wishes to extirpate ,coccids must make certain that he has destroyed the eggs--a fact which is quite ignored by numbers of those who glibly talk of their own success1 and blame the advice of others4 ,the object being1 therefore1 twofold1 the operation should be performed with a hard1 stiff brush dipped in one of the fluids recommended below2 and care should be taken that there is no part of the trunk or branches escaping untouched4 ,in fact1 what should be aimed at is a kind of painting of the tree1 but with a thin coating of the fluid1 so as to close the pores as little as may be2 while at the same time the brush clears away as many as possible of the scales and their enclosed broods of insects and eggs4 ,bearing in mind what has been said just now of the want of certainty in any remedy whatsoever1 the tree-grower who follows these directions will most likely find his work successful and his deciduous plants cleaned of scale on the bark4 ,a second method may be adopted--namely1 the painting-over of the trunk and branches1 without attempting to forcibly detach any scales with the brush4 ,this1 properly performed and with proper fluids1 is likely to be just as efficacious as the other1 for the fluid should run in under the scales1 surround the eggs1 and prevent them from hatching4 ,it gives less trouble than the hard brushing1 and is equally destructive to the ,coccids4 ,it has1 however1 of course1 not the same cleaning effect upon fungoid growths or incrustations impeding the free respiration of the plant4 ,for deciduous trees1 then1 such as apple- or pear-trees in an orchard1 the simple remedy is severe pruning at the dead of winter1 and the coating of the trees with a destructive fluid1 laid on with a brush on every part1 preferably with a hard brush vigorously used1 but leaving a thin coat of the fluid on the bark4 ,it must be thoroughly understood that1 a week or two after the first application1 the scales left on the tree should be examined1 and1 if the eggs are not killed1 a second coating of the fluid should be applied4 ,the treatment of evergreen plants1 or of plants which are attacked both on the bark and leaves1 is really the same as the above as regards its object1 but it necessarily differs in its method4 ,here1 again1 it is desired not only to kill the insects themselves1 but also to devitalize the eggs2 but in this case the work is much harder1 for the eggs are especially difficult to reach4 ,still1 there is this advantage3 that in dealing with evergreens the season of the year need not be specially studied1 and1 in default of touching the eggs1 one may get at the young larv4 ,the remedy is again a fluid1 but it must be applied in the form of spray4 ,coccids are sometimes found on the upper surfaces of leaves1 but as a rule they affect the lower sides4 ,this1 of course1 renders it much more difficult to get at them2 and the ordinary rose of a garden syringe would not1 as a general thing1 distribute the fluid in a sufficiently-fine form4 ,the finer the spray and the more it is forced into every corner and nook of the plant the better4 ,various force-pumps and spray-throwers have been invented for this purpose in the ,united ,states2 but probably tree-growers in this country need only procure the finest possible rose for their syringes1 and use them in the ordinary way4 ,the fluid should be thrown as thoroughly as possible on all parts of the plant1 every care being taken to direct it most fully against the under sides of the leaves4 ,the work1 then1 to be done is in itself simple enough4 ,a destructive fluid must be selected and applied according to the character of the insect and its position on the tree4 ,for covered or naked insects on the bark1 apply it with a hard1 stiff brush2 for covered or naked insects on the leaves1 apply it in the form of the finest spray thoroughly forced as much as possible into every nook and cranny1 and especially against the under side of the leaves4 ,the question1 ,what is the best fluid to use8 is more complicated4 ,many answers have been given to it3 many fluids have been strongly recommended by different people4 ,it must be well remembered that1 as stated above1 a sure and sovereign remedy has yet to be discovered1 and failure may attend even the best suggested at present4 ,bearing this in mind1 tree-growers will find in the following list the result of the experience of a number of observers1 which may serve as a useful guide4 ,it does not profess to be more than a summary1 compiled from the researches of entomologists such as ,mr4 ,comstock1 ,professor ,riley1 ,mr4 ,hubbard2 from suggestions by gardeners and others1 embodied in various parliamentary and private documents2 and from actual observation and experiment in this country3 but it is believed that the information here given may be accepted and relied on4 ,some of the substances here given are manifestly unsuitable for general use on account of their expense1 at any rate in the open air4 ,yet it is well to include them1 as they are all suggested in some work or other1 or in the replies of gardeners and fruit-growers to parliamentary inquiries2 and the objections to them ought also to be known3-- #a4 ,alcohol4 ,will certainly kill any individual insect2 but sprayed over scale-insects produced no apparent effect 7,comstock74 #b4 ,ammonia4 ,whether used pure 7diluted7 or in urine1 damages the plants much more than it does the insects 7,hubbard2 ,comstock74 #c4 ,ashes4 ,powdered1 or mixed with lime1 salt1 soot1 c4 ,of no value whatever 7,hubbard2 ,personal experiment74 #d4 ,carbolic acid4 ,of no avail1 either as spray or brushed on1 unless used in such strength as to seriously damage the tree 7,hubbard2 ,riley2 ,comstock74 #e4 ,castor-oil4 ,has been found efficacious in cleaning hawthorn-trees at the ,agricultural ,college1 ,lincoln 7,t4 ,kirk74 ,it was mixed with soot for some unexplained reason4 ,the time of the year when it was applied is not stated2 but the author's experiments seem to show that castor-oil does not effectually kill the eggs4 ,still1 it is doubtless a valuable remedy if applied repeatedly1 so as to kill larv and adults1 supposing it to be sufficiently cheap4 #f4 ,cole's ,insect-exterminator4 ,apparently a mixture of about #b parts of green soap with #ajj parts of strong alcohol4 ,it is effectual as an insecticide1 and harmless to growing plants2 but the cost is too great1 except on a small scale1 as in conservatories 7,comstock74 #g4 ,gasoline4 ,seems to have been used in ,california on pear-trees3 result1 doubtful 7,new ,zealand ,parliamentary ,papers3 ,codlin ,moth ,committee ,report1 #ahhe1 page #h74 #h4 ,gishurst compound4 ,very favourably spoken of in many quarters4 ,in ,new ,south ,wales it has been found efficacious on orange-trees against ,aspidiotus coccineus 7,alderton72 in ,nelson it is said to be used beneficially against ,icerya purchasi4 ,it does not1 however1 kill the eggs with certainty 7,personal experiment74 ,applied warm1 and properly diluted1 it may be recommended as a good remedy2 but applications of it should be repeated4 #i4 ,kerosene4 ,seemingly the most valuable of all remedies1 when properly applied4 ,almost the only substance which will certainly kill the eggs without at the same time destroying the plant 7,hubbard74 ,but the application of this remedy must be carefully performed4 ,some trees may endure it without injury1 even undiluted or unmixed2 but this is scarcely to be expected1 and the oil should therefore be applied in some mixed form4 ,also1 it is important to remember that a hot sun increases the injurious effect of kerosene2 consequently winter1 or cloudy weather1 should be chosen for its employment4 7a47 ,pure kerosene4 ,as just stated1 it is probably not advisable to use this4 ,still1 a young shoot of orange1 not more than fourteen days old1 was uninjured by an application of pure kerosene which thoroughly wet every leaf2 7,comstock72 and ,lecanium hesperidum on ivy1 similarly treated1 was destroyed1 without injury to the plant 7ibid474 7b47 ,kerosene and milk4 ,an excellent mixture1 if milk can be obtained cheap 7,riley2 ,hubbard2 ,comstock74 ,it must be applied in the form of an emulsion1 sprayed over the tree or brushed on the bark4 ,hubbard gives the following directions for use3 ,heat the milk nearly to boiling-point and mix with double the quantity of kerosene2 churn violently from ten minutes to half an hour1 according to temperature1 until a creamy thick fluid is obtained2 dilute this with nine or ten times the quantity of water4 ,the mixture is of course purely a mechanical one1 as far at least as the water is concerned1 and it must be kept constantly stirred1 to prevent the substances from separating from the water4 ,for evergreen trees impel the mixture on leaves and branches in the finest possible spray4 ,sour milk is as useful as fresh4 ,the object of the milk is not only to lessen the injurious qualities of the kerosene1 but also to induce it to mix more freely with the water2 but it is the oil alone which destroys the insects and their eggs4 7c47 ,kerosene and soap4 ,when milk is not obtainable1 or too dear1 nothing is so excellent as this mixture4 ,soap itself 7see below7 is a useful insecticide1 and in combination with kerosene includes the good qualities of both substances4 ,the cheapest possible qualities of soap will do4 ,the mixture1 which is1 even more than the last1 purely mechanical1 must be made first of all an emulsion4 ,the ,american experiments result in the following recipe and method of using3-- ,formula3 ,common soap #a_/blb4 ,kerosene #b galls4 ,soft water #a gall4 ,dissolve the soap in the water heated to boiling1 then add the kerosene1 and churn the mixture until a creamy fluid results which thickens on cooling4 ,dilute with nine or ten times the quantity of water3 the quantities given above will make about thirty gallons of liquid4 ,whale-oil soap1 soft-soap1 or any other kind will do4 ,as with the milk emulsion1 apply in the form of the finest spray for evergreens 7,riley2 ,hubbard2 ,personal experiment74 7d47 ,kerosene and oil4 ,castor-oil1 linseed-oil1 whale-oil1 may be used4 ,a mixture of this kind1 in the proportion of #a part kerosene to #c or #d of oil1 has been found very efficacious for apple- and other fruit-trees attacked by the common apple-scale 7,myt4 pomorum74 ,but1 as observed above1 the mixture must not be laid on too thick4 ,thinly brushed all over trunk and branches1 at dead of winter1 it has been found quite successful in destroying both insects and eggs1 without injury to the trees 7,personal experiment74 ,it would probably not answer for evergreens1 on account of expense4 ,on the whole1 it may be said that1 as far as certainty can be attained in the matter1 there is no substance better for destroying ,coccids and their eggs than kerosene in the form of milk or soap emulsion1 diluted with water for evergreens or for trees with insects on the leaves as well as on the bark4 ,probably1 for deciduous fruit-trees the kerosene-and-oil mixture is the best4 ,the great point in favour of this substance is that it destroys the eggs2 this1 few if any of the others will accomplish4 #aj4 ,lime4 ,of no avail whatever4 #aa4 ,lye4 ,concentrated lye is very frequently recommended4 ,in the ,new ,zealand ,parliamentary ,papers 7,codlin ,moth ,committee ,report1 #ahhe1 page #g7 several statements will be found apparently most favourable to it2 yet in places we find admissions that it cannot reach all the eggs4 ,in ,america generally1 it has not been found satisfactory3 inferior to kerosene in killing-power1 and far more injurious to trees when used in solutions strong enough to be effective as insecticides4 ,it is quite possible that the action of lye on the fungus accompanying the scale-insects 7see ,chap4 ,,iii47 may have led practical gardeners to imagine that it cleaned their trees of scale4 ,comstock says1 ,i saw most excellent results from the following mixture3 #alb4 concentrated lye1 one pint gasoline or benzine1 half pint oil1 five gallons water4 ,probably the good results here were due1 not to the lye1 but to the gasoline and oil4 #ab4 ,pyrethrum4 ,useless against ,coccids 7,comstock74 #ac4 ,salt4 ,useless 7,comstock74 #ad4 ,soap4 ,undoubtedly a valuable remedy1 and perhaps1 in some cases1 as efficient as kerosene2 but it does not destroy the eggs4 ,a solution of #c_/dlb4 of soap to a gallon of water1 applied hot1 was entirely successful in ,california3 three months after its application no living scale-insect could be found 7,comstock74 ,the time of the year is not stated4 ,in another case the solution was applied cold3 four days after no living insect could be found2 but1 again1 the time of the year is not stated1 and no mention is made of the eggs4 ,still1 a strong solution of soap may be said to be one of the best remedies against the larv and adult insects--proportions from #a_/dlb4 to #a_/clb4 soap to one gallon of water 7,comstock2 ,hubbard2 ,personal experiment74 #ae4 ,soda1 caustic4 ,strongly recommended by many persons4 ,it injures the tree1 and does not kill the eggs--two things which are decidedly against its use4 ,gardeners may have been led to employ it from finding that in some instances it clears away the black fungus-growths 7,chap4 ,,iii471 and imagining this to be a clearance also of the scales4 #af4 ,soda1 silicate4 ,kills some insects1 but no eggs1 and injures the tree 7,hubbard74 #ag4 ,sulphate of iron4 ,a common ingredient in patent remedies2 most injurious to vegetation4 ,it does not affect scale-insects 7,hubbard74 #ah4 ,sulphur4 ,another substance1 the object of a kind of superstitious veneration amongst gardeners4 ,it is excellent against fungoid growth1 but of little value against scale-insects4 ,here1 again1 the clearing of the black fungus has probably been taken to mean also the destruction of the insects 7,hubbard2 ,comstock2 ,personal experiment74 ,comstock says that in ,america people often bore holes in their trees and stuff them with sulphur1 under the notion that the substance will be taken up by the sap1 and poison the insects3 quite a futile idea4 #ai4 ,sulphur and lime4 ,a dangerous compound1 and useless unless applied in such strength as to kill the tree4 ,its fumes are poisonous1 and it may seriously injure the face and hands 7,hubbard74 #bj4 ,sulphur and snuff4 ,equal parts mixed and dusted over ,lecanium hesperidum on a wet day were quite successful 7,comstock74 ,but the mixture would be too expensive except for conservatory plants1 and doubtless the snuff alone would be quite as efficacious4 #ba4 ,sulphuric acid4 ,killed nearly all the scale-insects1 and very nearly killed the tree 7,hubbard74 ,no mention is made of its action on the eggs4 #bb4 ,soot4 ,useless 7,hubbard2 ,comstock2 ,personal experiment74 #bc4 ,tobacco4 ,a good remedy against larv and adults2 doubtful against the eggs4 ,fumigation has no effect on scale-insects1 except sometimes on ,dactylopid1 or mealy bugs 7,hubbard2 ,comstock2 ,personal experiment74 ,the tobacco should be applied in a pretty strong solution2 but the expense in this country would be probably too great for general use4 #bd4 ,whale-oil and whale-oil soap have been already alluded to under the head ,kerosene4 ,they are both useful ingredients in mixture with that substance1 if procurable cheaply4 ,from the foregoing list it will be gathered that1 if experiment1 combined with knowledge of the habits and life-history of scale-insects1 can be relied on1 there is no substance better adapted for their destruction than kerosene1 mixed with oil1 or milk1 or soap solution1 and carefully applied4 ,it has been already observed that the killing of the eggs is absolutely necessary for thorough clearing-away of the insects2 and1 to quote again the words of ,mr4 ,hubbard1 kerosene is almost the only substance which will with certainty kill the eggs without at the same time destroying the plant4 ,but precautions must not be neglected4 ,persons who recklessly use any remedy1 or who apply it too thickly or in too strong proportions1 must expect their trees to suffer4 ,nor must the weather and the time of the year be overlooked4 ,winter is the best season for all remedies2 and1 preferably1 cool and cloudy days4 ,again1 if substances soluble in water1 such as potash or soda lye1 soap solutions1 c41 be employed1 it must be expected that a day's rain will wash a good deal of them off1 and greatly reduce their efficacy4 ,these are things which many people forget2 they fancy that because somebody has cleared his trees with1 say1 castor-oil in winter they can do the same thing in full heat of summer2 or1 because a lye solution has done well in the dry climate of ,california1 that it will be equally good in the rains of ,new ,zealand4 ,still more is it a fallacy to imagine that rule-of-thumb methods1 not founded upon any knowledge of the nature1 habits1 and life-history of the insects1 are likely to be really efficacious4 ,little need be said here of a remedy which has had1 to some extent1 the authority of ,professor ,riley1 and which is recommended by ,mr4 ,howard 7,report ,u4,s4 ,dep4 of ,agric4 #ahhj-ha1 p4 #cea73 viz41 the transportation or acclimatization of parasites on scale-insects4 ,doubtless the thing could be done1 as experiments in ,america have shown4 ,but there are plenty of parasitic insects in ,new ,zealand already1 and1 although they seem to have hitherto confined their work to the native and mostly to the innoxious ,coccids1 they may at any time begin to attack the others1 and it is only a question of time when they will act usefully as efficient checks 7see ,chap4 ,,iv474 ,there is one ,coccid of which it must be said that1 whilst kerosene mixtures will undoubtedly destroy it1 by far the best remedy of all is to destroy and burn at once the infested trees4 ,icerya purchasi is so voracious and universal a feeder1 so repulsive in its aspect1 and so destructive in its effects that the most drastic remedy is the best4 ,any one1 therefore1 having a tree1 especially an ornamental or a fruit tree1 attacked by ,icerya purchasi1 is strongly recommended to make no delay1 but to cut down and burn every stick of the tree as soon as possible4 ,it was observed at the beginning of this chapter that some people hold the opinion that the damage done by scale-insects is not of importance4 ,the foregoing remarks upon remedies are not directed to those who hold this view1 which is contradicted by the experience not only of other countries but of ,new ,zealand itself4 ,authorities referred to in this ,chapter4 ,u4,s4 ,department of ,agriculture-- ,reports by ,professor ,riley1 ,professor ,comstock1 ,mr4 ,hubbard1 ,mr4 ,l4 ,o4 ,howard4 ,n4,z4 ,parliamentary ,papers1 #ahhe-- ,report of the ,select ,joint ,committee of both ,houses on the ,codlin-moth1 and various blights to which fruits are subject4 ,personal experiment by the author and friends4 ,replies of farmers1 gardeners1 and tree-growers to inquiries1 official or private4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,catalogue ,,of ,,insects ,,and ,,diagnosis ,,of ,,species4 ,family4--,,coccidid4 ,male and female larv similar1 apterous1 naked or covered1 active4 ,females in all stages apterous2 metamorphosis semi-complete2 naked or covered2 active or stationary2 rostrum usually present in all stages1 sometimes absent in adult2 feet sometimes absent after larval stage2 tarsi where present monomerous2 feet1 where present1 ending in a single claw2 eyes sometimes absent4 ,male pup apterous2 naked or covered4 ,adult males with two wings and two halteres2 metamorphosis complete2 rostrum present in larva and pupa1 always absent in adult2 tarsi monomerous2 feet ending in a single claw2 abdomen terminating in a spike which forms the sheath of the penis2 eyes present in adult2 ocelli often large1 sometimes exceeding three in number4 ,the above characters sufficiently distinguish this family from the rest of the ,homoptera4 ,probably the first marks for identification of a specimen might be the monomerous tarsus and the single claw4 ,the latter is always to be made out1 at least in the earlier stages of the female and in the adult male4 ,,groups4 ,larv active1 naked2 adult females and pup stationary1 covered with separate shields or puparia1 composed partly of secretion1 partly of the earlier discarded pellicles2 females apodous after larval stage2 abdomen of females not exhibiting a median cleft or dorsal lobes ,diaspidin4 ,larv active1 naked2 adult females and pup active or stationary1 naked or covered with secretion2 adults sometimes apodous2 abdomen of females exhibiting a median cleft and two dorsal lobes ,lecanidin4 ,larv active1 naked1 exhibiting at the abdominal extremity two protruding anal tubercles4 ,adult females exhibiting abdominal cleft and dorsal lobes2 naked or covered with secretion ,hemicoccidin4 ,females in all stages exhibiting anal tubercles2 no abdominal cleft or dorsal lobes2 naked or covered with secretion ,coccidin4 ,group ,i4--,,diaspidin4 ,female insects covering themselves with separate shields or puparia composed partly of fibrous secretion1 partly of the discarded pellicles2 females apodous after first stage2 no abdominal cleft or lobes2 spinnerets usually arranged in groups on the posterior segment of female4 ,,genera4 ,female puparium circular1 pellicles usually in the centre2 male puparium slightly elongated1 not carinated1 pellicle at one end4 ,four or five groups of spinnerets1 or groups absent ,aspidiotus4 ,female puparium more or less circular1 pellicles near the centre2 male puparium elongated1 carinated1 pellicle at one end4 ,five groups of spinnerets ,diaspis4 ,female puparium elongated1 pellicles at one end2 male puparium nearly similar but smaller and narrower1 not carinated1 pellicle at one end4 ,five groups of spinnerets ,mytilaspis4 ,female puparium elongated1 pellicles at one end2 male puparium much narrower and smaller1 carinated1 pellicle at one end4 ,five groups of spinnerets ,chionaspis4 ,female puparium elongated1 pellicles at one end2 male puparium narrower1 pellicle at one end4 ,more than five groups of spinnerets4 ,abdomen of female not fringed ,poliaspis4 ,female puparium elongated1 first pellicle at one end1 second pellicle almost filling the puparium2 male puparium smaller and narrower1 sometimes carinated1 pellicle at one end ,fiorinia4 ,genera not yet represented in ,new ,zealand4 ,female puparium circular or elongated2 male puparium elongated1 not carinated ,parlatoria4 ,female puparium elongated2 male puparium similar but smaller4 ,abdomen of female fringed ,leucaspis4 ,female puparium double1 the scales superimposed1 first pellicle in the centre of the upper scale2 male puparium elongated1 not carinated ,aonidia4 ,female puparium completely enclosing the insect2 male puparium elongated1 not carinated ,targionia4 ,genus3 ,,aspidiotus1 ,bouch4 ,female puparium varying in colour2 circular in outline1 usually flat1 sometimes rather convex2 pellicles usually in the centre4 ,male puparium rather longer than that of the female1 the pellicle at one end2 not carinated above4 ,groups of spinnerets usually four1 sometimes five1 and in one ,american species 7,a4 sabalis1 ,comstock7 six2 or1 in a few cases1 altogether wanting4 ,adult females usually peg-top shaped4 #a4 ,aspidiotus ,atherosperm1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #aih4 7,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4 #a47 ,female puparium circular1 flat1 brown2 diameter1 about #a_/bj;in4 ,the pellicles in the centre form sometimes a sort of boss or protuberance1 of lighter colour than the rest4 ,male puparium oval1 flat1 brownish1 about #a_/cf;in4 in length4 ,adult female light-yellow in colour1 of the usual peg-top shape of the genus2 length1 about #a_/cj;in42 corrugated--the last abdominal section1 being very small1 is much overlapped by the rest4 ,four groups of spinnerets1 upper pair with fifteen orifices2 lower pair1 nine or ten4 ,abdomen terminating in several lobes1 of which the four median are the largest2 between the lobes scaly serrated hairs4 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on ,atherosperma ,nov ,zlandi1 ,wellington2 ,hawke's ,bay4 #b4 ,aspidiotus ,budli1 ,signoret4 ,ann4 de la ,soc4 ,entom4 de ,france1 #ahfh1 p4 #aae4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #aih4 ,female puparium circular1 flat1 dirty-white1 about #a_/ae;in4 in diameter4 ,male puparium oval1 dirty-white1 about #a_/cj;in4 in length4 ,adult female light-yellow1 peg-top shaped2 abdomen ending in two somewhat prominent lobes1 with scaly hairs and spines4 ,four groups of spinnerets3 upper groups with five or six orifices2 lower groups1 three or four4 ,adult male yellow1 slightly brown on the thorax2 antenn of ten joints1 all hairy4 ,habitat--,on silver-wattle1 ,nelson4 ,the insect is ,european1 and found there on ,budlia salicina4 ,closely allied to ,a4 nerii1 but differing in the lobes and spinnerets of the abdomen4 #c4 ,aspidiotus ,camelli1 ,boisduval4 ,kermes camelli1 ,boisduval1 ,ent4 ,hort41 p4 #ccd4 ,aspidiotus camelli1 ,signoret1 loc4 cit41 #ahfi1 p4 #aag4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bjj2 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #ba4 7,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4 #b47 ,female puparium nearly circular1 convex1 greyish or brownish in colour1 about #a_/ae;in4 in diameter2 pellicles often at one side4 ,male puparium rather smaller1 oval4 ,adult female of normal shape1 but somewhat elongated4 ,abdomen ending in two lobes1 with a few scattered scaly hairs4 ,no groups of spinnerets4 ,habitat--,on camellias1 ,christchurch2 on euonymus1 weeping willow1 c41 ,wellington4 ,very common in gardens about ,wellington3 sometimes does much damage to euonymus shrubs and hedges4 #d4 ,aspidiotus ,carpodeti1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #ba4 ,female puparium usually light-brown1 but varying a little with the colour of the bark of the tree2 convex2 circular2 the pellicles in the centre2 some specimens are slightly elongated4 ,average diameter1 #a_/af;in4 ,male puparium narrow1 with parallel sides2 not carinated2 dirty-white or brownish colour2 length1 about #a_/af;in4 ,adult female of the normal peg-top shape1 the abdomen not so much overlapped as usual4 ,abdomen ending in two median somewhat prominent lobes1 with two others much smaller not in close proximity2 edge of the body jagged1 with curvilinear incisions1 amongst which and between the lobes are a number of serrated pointed hairs1 as in ,a4 nerii4 ,four groups of spinnerets3 lower pair with four to six orifices2 upper1 with six to ten4 ,these groups seem surrounded by a narrow line as if enclosed in a chamber3 the same appearance is presented 7according to a figure of ,mr4 ,comstock's7 in ,a4 nerii4 ,there are many single spinnerets4 ,adult male of normal form1 with antenn of ten joints1 of which the seventh1 eighth1 and ninth are the longest4 ,the haltere has a somewhat long peduncle4 ,the abdominal spike is rather long1 and springs from a large tubercle4 ,habitat--,on ,carpodetus serratus and ,vitex littoralis 7puriri71 ,wellington4 ,the puparia are so like in colour to the bark that it is difficult to detect them4 ,this insect is evidently closely allied to ,a4 nerii1 but differs in the abdominal lobes of the female and in the antenn of the male2 its male puparium is also much longer1 and that of the female more convex1 than in that species4 #e4 ,aspidiotus coccineus1 ,gennadius4,k ,aspidiotus aurantii1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #aii4 ,aspidiotus citri1 ,comstock2 ,canadian ,entom41 ,vol4 ,,xiii41 p4 #h4 7,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4 #c47 ,k ,the author has not been able to find the original description of ,gennadius1 which appears to have been contained in a report to the ,minister for ,agriculture in ,greece4 ,dr4 ,signoret states that there is a reference to it in ,risso1 ,histoire ,naturelle des ,oranges1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bbj4 ,female puparium really dirty-white1 but seeming yellowish-brown1 from the colour of the insect beneath2 sometimes dark-brown2 circular1 flat2 diameter1 about #a_/aa;in4 ,male puparium much smaller1 rather oval4 ,adult female yellow1 becoming brown at last2 peg-top shaped1 but the abdominal segment is comparatively so small and is so much overlapped by the others that the insect looks almost globular2 length1 about #a_/ae;in4 ,abdomen ending in six lobes 7of which the two median are the largest71 and several scaly hairs4 ,no groups of spinnerets4 ,adult male very small1 brown or yellow in colour4 ,the antenn have ten joints3 the two first joints are very small1 round1 and smooth2 the third1 fourth1 fifth1 and sixth equal in length2 the seventh1 eighth1 and ninth half as long2 the tenth somewhat shorter still1 and pointed4 ,all the last eight joints show numerous hairs4 ,the thorax is short and thick1 the thoracic band occupying more than one-half the width2 the abdomen short1 the double spike of some length4 ,the wings are oval1 about as long as the body4 ,the legs are hairy1 femora thick1 tibi longer1 thicker at the end next the tarsus than at the other end2 tarsi broad at the top1 tapering gradually down to the usual single claw4 ,the hairs on the femora are much fewer than those on the tibi and tarsi4 ,habitat--,on oranges and lemons in shops1 very abundant1 often several hundreds on a single fruit2 on orange- and lemon-trees1 ,governor's ,bay1 ,canterbury2 and ,auckland4 ,this insect is ,european1 and has been introduced here from ,australia4 ,it is exceedingly destructive to orange and lemon groves in ,america and ,australia4 ,mr4 ,comstock 7,report of the ,entomologist1 ,u4,s4 ,dep4 of ,agric41 #ahha1 p4 #bie7 records an instance where a grove of thirty-three acres1 which in #ahgb produced a rental of #a1hjj1 could fetch in #ahgh only #abj1 on account of the ravages of this insect4 ,orange- and lemon-growers in the north of ,new ,zealand should beware of this pest4 ,it is scarcely likely that it should be harmless here when it is so destructive elsewhere4 ,the remedies most likely to be efficacious have been mentioned in the introductory chapters of this work4 #f4 ,aspidiotus dysoxyli1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #aih4 ,female puparium circular1 somewhat convex1 brown in colour2 diameter1 about #a_/ae;in4 ,male puparium smaller1 oval1 brown4 ,adult female bright-yellow1 corrugated1 the corrugations overlapping the abdominal region1 which is comparatively small4 ,there are four groups of spinnerets1 the upper pair with ten openings1 the lower with nine1 many scattered oval and oblong spinnerets4 ,the abdomen ends in six lobes1 of which only the two median are conspicuous2 between the lobes fine serrated hairs4 ,the abdomen is very velvety4 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on ,dysoxylon spectabile1 ,wellington4 ,allied to ,a4 atherosperm1 but differing in the abdominal lobes and spinnerets4 #g4 ,aspidiotus epidendri1 ,bouch4 ,chermes epidendri1 ,boisduval2 ,ent4 ,hort41 #ahfg1 p4 #cci4 ,aspidiotus epidendri1 ,signoret1 loc4 cit41 #ahfi1 p4 #aba4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #aig4 ,female puparium circular1 flat1 dirty-white or brownish2 diameter1 about #a_/ab;in4 ,male puparium elongated1 the sides parallel4 ,adult female greenish yellow1 peg-top shaped4 ,abdomen ending in several lobes1 of which only the two median are conspicuous2 between the lobes several serrated scaly hairs1 and some spines4 ,four groups of spinnerets3 upper groups1 eight to ten orifices2 lower groups1 six to eight3 many single spinnerets4 ,adult male somewhat long1 yellowish in colour2 antenn of ten joints2 feet having somewhat thick femora1 the tibi and tarsi slender2 all the joints hairy4 ,the abdominal spike1 or sheath of the penis1 is rather long1 and the tubercle at its base is large4 ,habitat--,on palms and orchids in hothouses1 passim2 on wattle1 rarely1 ,christchurch4 ,this is a ,european insect1 affecting hothouse plants1 and scarcely likely to do damage out-of-doors4 ,it is closely allied to ,a4 nerii4 #h4 ,aspidiotus nerii1 ,bouch2 ,schadl4 ,gart4 ,ins41 #ahcc1 #eb4 ,diaspis ,bouchei1 ,targioni-,tozzetti2 ,studie sulle ,coccineglie1 #ahfg4 ,aspidiotus ,bouchei1 ,targioni2 ,catal41 #ahfh1 #de1 #a4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xiv41 #ahha1 p4 #bag4 7,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4 #d47 ,female puparium circular1 flat1 white or greyish2 diameter1 about #a_/ab;in4 ,male puparium oval1 white2 about #a_/be;in4 in length4 ,adult female yellow1 peg-top shaped1 but almost globular4 ,abdomen ending in six lobes1 of which the two median are the largest4 ,between and a little beyond the lobes are a number of scaly serrated hairs1 some of which exhibit serrated extremities2 also some scaly but smooth hairs4 ,there are also a few spines4 ,four groups of spinnerets1 which are surrounded 7according to ,mr4 ,comstock1 ,entom4 ,report1 ,u4,s4 ,dep4 of ,agric41 #ahhj1 ,plate ,,xv41 ,fig4 #a7 by a fine line1 as if enclosed in a sac4 ,many single spinnerets4 ,in the larva the abdomen ends in four lobes1 of which the two median are somewhat prominent4 ,adult male yellow or brownish2 antenn of ten joints1 each with several hairs2 feet having the femora somewhat thick1 the tibi and tarsi flat and slender1 the former a little expanded at the extremity4 ,habitat--,on ,coprosma lucida and ,corynocarpus lvigatai_/ 7,karaka71 ,wellington4 ,a species introduced from ,europe1 where its favourite habitat is ,nerium oleander2 but it is found on many other plants1 and is1 according to ,dr4 ,signoret1 the commonest of all the species of this genus4 ,it has not yet spread widely in ,new ,zealand4 #i4 ,aspidiotus sophor1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #aba4 ,female puparium nearly circular1 flat1 bluish-grey2 diameter1 about #a_/bd;in4 ,male puparium oval2 length1 about #a_/cf;in4 ,adult female of the usual peg-top shape1 greenish-yellow in colour2 abdomen ending in two conspicuous median lobes1 with a number of scaly serrated hairs1 as in ,a4 nerii4 ,five groups of spinnerets3 uppermost group with four orifices2 the remainder1 seven or eight4 ,some specimens show only four groups4 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on ,sophora tetraptera 7,kowhai71 ,port ,hills1 ,canterbury4 ,only a few species of ,aspidiotus are reported with five groups of spinnerets4 ,the present insect differs from all of them in the scaly serrated hairs of the abdomen2 none of the others has more than a few spines4 ,genus3 ,,diaspis1 ,costa4 ,female puparium more or less1 but never quite1 circular2 sometimes flat1 but more usually convex2 pellicles more or less marginal4 ,male puparium elongated1 the pellicle at one end2 a longitudinal carina1 or keel1 appears in the middle4 ,groups of spinnerets1 five4 ,mr4 ,comstock 7,entom4 ,rep41 ,cornell ,univ41 #ahhc1 p4 #he7 remarks that1 when the pellicles of the female of this genus are marginal1 it might be difficult to distinguish it from ,chionaspis1 as the male puparia are alike in both4 ,as regards the species observed hitherto in ,new ,zealand this difficulty has not occurred4 #aj4 ,diaspis ,boisduvalii1 ,signoret2 ,ann4 de la ,soc4 ,entom4 de ,france1 #ahfh1 p4 #dcc4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bjj2 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #bc4 7,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4 #e47 ,female puparium oval1 nearly circular1 flattish2 colour1 yellowish-grey2 diameter1 about #a_/ab;in4 ,male puparium elongated1 white1 with a strong median keel1 and with the edges raised so as to appear like two other keels2 length1 about #a_/bj;in4 ,the male puparia frequently occur massed in great numbers1 and covered with white hairs and fluff4 ,adult female rather elongated1 oval1 or somewhat pear-shaped2 the body corrugated1 the cephalic portion smooth4 ,at each side1 on a level with the rostrum1 or a little above it1 is a protruding lobe1 which is characteristic4 ,colour1 light-yellow4 ,abdomen ending in two lobes1 not prominent1 and with a depression between them2 beyond the lobes are many serrations1 with small lobelike projections and spiny hairs4 ,five groups of spinnerets3 uppermost group with five to eight orifices,l2 the two upper side groups with twenty to twenty-five2 lower side groups1 fifteen to twenty4 ,a few scattered single spinnerets4 ,l ,mr4 ,comstock 7,entom4 ,rep41 ,cornell ,univ41 #ahhc1 p4 #hg7 gives eight to fifteen orifices for the uppermost group4 ,adult male very small1 about #a_/dj;in4 in length2 colour1 reddish-yellow2 antenn of ten joints1 all with hairs except the two first2 femora and tibi slender1 tarsi thick at the base1 and tapering to the claw2 digitules1 fine hairs4 ,the first and second pair of legs appear somewhat widely separated1 owing to the length of the cox4 ,habitat--,on several hothouse plants1 ,christchurch and ,wellington2 and on wattle in gardens1 ,wellington4 ,a ,european insect4 ,the curious projections at the side1 near the head1 of the female1 and the arrangement of the male puparia above mentioned1 sufficiently distinguish this species4 #aa4 ,diaspis ros1 ,sandberg4 ,aspidiotus ros1 ,sandberg2 ,abhand41 priv4 ,boh41 ,no4 #f1 p4 #cag4 ,diaspis ros1 ,signoret1 loc4 cit41 #ahfi1 p4 #dda4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bja4 7,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4 #f47 ,female puparium nearly circular1 white1 often aggregated in masses2 diameter1 about #a_/ab;in4 ,pellicles1 marginal4 ,male puparium white1 elongated1 carinated2 length1 about #a_/bj;in4 ,adult female deep-red in colour1 elongated1 the body deeply segmented4 ,cephalic region very large1 smooth4 ,on each segment of the body several spiny hairs4 ,abdomen ending in two conspicuous lobes with a depression between them1 and some spiny hairs4 ,five groups of spinnerets1 but the lateral groups are almost continuous2 uppermost group with about twenty orifices2 in the lateral groups1 fifty to sixty orifices4 ,no single spinnerets4 ,adult male orange-red in colour2 antenn ten-jointed1 with several hairs on all but the first two joints2 feet slender1 hairy2 digitules1 fine hairs4 ,the spike is somewhat long4 ,habitat--,on rose-trees1 ,governor's ,bay1 ,canterbury-,napier4 ,a ,european species1 stated by ,mr4 ,comstock to attack1 in ,america1 blackberries and raspberries1 besides the rose4 ,the deep-red colour and abnormally-large cephalic segment of this insect distinguish it from all others4 #ab4 ,diaspis santali1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #abb4 7,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4 #g47 ,female puparium yellowish-grey in colour1 sometimes with a greenish tinge2 outline oval2 very convex2 pellicles at one end1 black1 inconspicuous2 length of puparium1 about #a_/ae;in4 ,male puparium white1 elongated1 carinated2 pellicle1 black2 length1 about #a_/be;in4 ,adult female orange-red in colour1 peg-top shaped2 the abdominal segment very small as compared with the rest of the body1 and the two next segments overlap it4 ,abdomen ending in two conspicuous1 prominent1 median lobes1 and at each side of them two semi-circular depressions3 several branched and serrated hairs in the region of these lobes4 ,there are no groups of spinnerets4 ,there is no wide depression of the edge between the median lobes4 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on ,santalum cunninghamii 7,maire71 ,te ,aute1 ,hawke's ,bay2 and on pear1 plum1 and other fruit-trees at ,whangarei1 having probably spread from native plants4 ,the carinated male puparium distinguishes this species from ,aspidiotus4 ,the absence of spinnerets is curious4 ,genus3 ,,mytilaspis1 ,targioni-,tozzetti4 ,female and male puparia similar1 or nearly similar1 in shape1 but the male puparium is smaller4 ,puparia elongated1 generally more or less mussel-shaped or pyriform1 usually convex1 more or less curved2 pellicles at one end4 ,male puparia not carinated4 ,five groups of spinnerets in the female1 but the groups are sometimes continuous4 #ac4 ,mytilaspis cordylinidis1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #aie4 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #a47 ,female puparium pure white1 elongated1 very narrow2 usually straight1 sometimes curved2 pellicles yellow1 at one end2 length1 about #a_/h;in42 breadth1 about #a_/cj;in4 ,male puparium similar to that of the female1 but much smaller2 length1 about #a_/bj;in4 ,adult female pale yellow in colour1 elongated1 distinctly segmented4 ,rudimentary antenn on the cephalic segment4 ,a few fine hairs at the edges of the segments4 ,abdomen ending in two lobes with a small median depression2 several serrated scaly hairs1 and a few spines4 ,five groups of spinnerets3 uppermost groups1 seven or eight orifices2 upper lateral group1 fourteen to twenty2 lower lateral group1 twenty to twenty-five4 ,a great number of single spinnerets4 ,adult male doubtful2 very minute and difficult to detect4 ,antenn apparently short and tibi large4 ,habitat--,on ,cordyline australis and ,c4 indivisa1 ,phormium1 ,gahnia1 ,astelia1 ,eucalyptus1 c41 throughout the islands2 but the chief habitat seems to be ,c4 australis 7the common cabbage-tree71 on which it is often very abundant4 ,this species may at first sight be mistaken for ,fiorinia stricta1 described below1 which also infests ,cordyline and ,phormium2 but1 on inspection1 it will be seen that the puparium of the ,mytilaspis is much whiter1 and the pellicles yellow1 those of ,f4 stricta being black4 ,an examination of the second pellicles of the two species will1 of course1 at once distinguish them4 #ad4 ,mytilaspis drimydis1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #aif4 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #c47 ,female puparium elongated1 often straight1 sometimes curved2 colour1 dirty-white or brown2 pellicles at one end2 length1 about #a_/ab;in4 ,male puparium similar1 but smaller4 ,adult female dull-red in colour1 elongated1 not very distinctly segmented4 ,abdomen ending in a number of small lobes1 of which the four median are the largest2 several fine hairs between the lobes2 no groups of spinnerets1 but a very great number of single ones1 which are scattered on the segments as far up as the rostrum4 ,many of these protrude as short thick tubes with serrated or fringed extremities4 ,on the cephalic segment are a few spiny hairs and two rudimentary antenn4 ,adult male red in colour2 antenn of ten joints2 tarsi somewhat large4 ,both antenn and feet have numerous hairs4 ,digitules1 fine4 ,habitat--,on ,drimys colorata1 ,water of ,leith1 ,dunedin1 from which it has spread to other native plants4 #ae4 ,mytilaspis epiphytidis1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #ba4 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #b47 ,female puparium flat1 pyriform1 brown in colour1 thin2 length1 about #a_/aa;in4 ,male puparium narrower than that of the female1 and a good deal darker1 being sometimes almost black2 length1 about #a_/bj;in42 not carinated4 ,adult female dark-grey in colour1 elongated1 segmented4 ,abdomen ending in two median lobes2 along the edge several deepish curvilinear incisions1 between which are some strong spines4 ,five groups of spinnerets3 lower pair with fourteen to sixteen orifices2 upper pair1 twelve to sixteen2 uppermost group1 four to six4 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on ,astelia cunninghamii1 ,wellington4 #af4 ,mytilaspis leptospermi1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xiv41 #ahha1 p4 #bae4 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #d47 ,female puparium flat1 elongated1 irregularly pyriform1 light-brown in colour2 length1 about #a_/ab;in4 ,the secretion forming the puparium is mixed with bark-cells of the tree1 arranged longitudinally4 ,male puparium narrower than that of the female1 and darker in colour4 ,adult female greyish-green1 elongated1 segmented2 abdomen ending in six lobes1 of which the two median are conspicuous and somewhat large and floriated1 the rest very small4 ,five groups of spinnerets3 the upper group with about fifteen openings2 the others with from twenty-five to thirty-five4 ,single spinnerets none1 or very few4 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on ,leptospermum scoparium 7manuka71 ,wellington2 ,canterbury2 ,auckland4 ,the puparia are often numerous on the loose scaly bark of the tree4 #ag4 ,mytilaspis metrosideri1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xii41 #ahgi1 p4 #bic4 ,female puparium white1 pyriform4 ,female in all stages dark-coloured2 in last stage nearly black4 ,general outline resembling ,m4 drimydis1 but the abdomen is much sharper and more pointed1 with a finely-serrated edge1 ending in three minute1 pointed lobes1 joined by a scaly process4 ,spinnerets in an almost continuous arch1 which may be resolved into five groups2 seventy or eighty openings2 several single spinnerets4 ,the rudimentary antenn can be made out4 ,the young female has an elongated oval outline1 little corrugated4 ,the feet1 digitules1 antenn1 c41 resemble those of ,m4 pomorum4 ,the abdomen is like that of the adult1 without the groups of spinnerets4 ,male unknown1 but puparium smaller and rather darker in colour than that of the female4 ,habitat--,on ,metrosideros robusta 7rata71 ,wellington1 and probably elsewhere4 ,it is not common4 #ah4 ,mytilaspis phymatodidis1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xii41 #ahgi1 p4 #bib4 ,female puparium flattish1 pyriform1 dirty-white or brownish2 length1 about #a_/ab;in4 ,male puparium similar1 brown4 ,adult female greyish1 elongated1 segmented4 ,rudimentary antenn visible4 ,abdomen ending in two lobes with a median depression3 several scaly and serrated processes1 and some spiny hairs4 ,five groups of spinnerets3 uppermost group1 six to nine orifices2 upper side groups1 ten to fourteen2 lower pair1 fifteen to twenty3 several single spinnerets4 ,male unknown4 ,habitat--,on ,phymatodes billardieri1 ,wellington2 ,auckland4 ,in outward appearance the female resembles ,m4 pomorum1 but the puparium is quite different1 and the abdominal characters also differ4 #ai4 ,mytilaspis pomorum1 ,bouch4 ,aspidiotus pomorum1 ,bouch2 ,ent4 ,zeit4 ,stett41 #ahea1 ,,xii41 ,no4 #a4 ,aspidiotus conchiformis1 auctorum2 nec ,gmelin1 ,syst4 ,nat41 #b1bba4 ,aspidiotus pyrus-malus1 ,kennicott2 #ahed1 ,acad4 ,science of ,cleveland4 ,aspidiotus juglandis1 ,fitch2 ,ann4 ,rep41 ,n4,y4 ,state ,ag4 ,soc41 #ahef2 nec ,signoret1 loc4 cit41 #ahgj1 p4 #ie4 ,aspidiotus falciformis1 ,brensprung2 ,journ4 d',alton et ,burm41 #ahdi4 ,mytilaspis pomicorticis1 ,riley2 ,fifth ,rep4 ,state ,entom41 ,missouri1 p4 #ie4 ,mytilaspis pomorum 7,bouch71 ,signoret2 loc4 cit41 #ahgj1 p4 #ih4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #aib4 ,the common apple-scale4 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #e47 ,female puparium usually brown1,m sometimes white2 elongated1 mussel-shaped1 convex1 slightly curved1 sometimes straight2 length1 about #a_/aj;in4 ,m ,dr4 ,signoret says1 brun noirtre4 ,mr4 ,comstock calls it ash-grey4 ,in reality the colour varies somewhat with that of the bark of the tree4 ,male puparium not known in ,new ,zealand4 ,in ,america it is stated,n to be small1 straight or nearly so1 and with the posterior part joined to the remainder of the scale by a thin portion which serves as a hinge4 ,n ,comstock2 ,rep4 of ,entom41 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agric41 #ahhj1 p4 #cbe4 ,adult female greyish1 yellowish1 or white2 elongated1 segmented4 ,rudimentary antenn present4 ,at the edge of each segment two or three strong spines4 ,abdomen ending in two large lobes1 with two others much smaller on each side2 the median lobes are trifoliated4 ,between and beyond the lobes some spines4 ,five groups of spinnerets2 numbers of orifices variable 7see below72 a few single spinnerets4 ,male unknown in ,new ,zealand and ,europe1 doubtful in ,america4 ,colour stated by ,riley 7,fifth ,missouri ,report1 p4 #ie7 as translucent corneous-grey4 ,habitat in ,new ,zealand--,on apple1 pear1 plum1 peach1 apricot1 lilac1 ash1 thorn1 sycamore1 cotoneaster1 and other plants1 passim4 ,an introduced ,european species1 known in ,america and elsewhere as the oyster-shell bark-louse of the apple4 ,it is the commonest1 apparently1 of the ,diaspidin2 and does great damage in orchards4 ,this species has been referred to by many writers under the specific name conchiformis2 some authors include it under the genus ,aspidiotus1 others under ,coccus1 and one--,raumur--under ,chermes4 ,in the ,quarterly ,journal of the ,royal ,microscopical ,society1 ,february1 #ahhe1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,michael refers to it as ,coccus 7,mytilaspis7 pomicorticis4 ,the groups of spinnerets have been stated above to be variable4 ,the following table shows the numbers observed in specimens from different trees in ,new ,zealand3-- ,uppermost ,upper ,side ,lower ,side ,groups4 ,groups4 ,groups4 ,apple #ag #ag #ad ,plum #bj #ag #ag ,lilac #ag #ai #af ,ash #aj #ab #i ,cotoneaster #g #ae #aj ,a very minute white ,acarid 7mite7 has been observed frequently under the puparia of this species1 among the eggs4 ,the eggs1 in most cases so observed1 were shrivelled and dead4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,michael1 in the paper above mentioned 7,notes on ,tyroglyphid7 refers to an ,acarus found in ,america in #ahgc1 also in puparia of ,m4 pomorum1 by ,mr4 ,riley1 and expresses doubts whether or not it fed upon the insect2 yet he says1 ,a ,tyroglyphus not ordinarily predatory might regard a ,coccus as suitable for gastronomic purposes4 #bj4 ,mytilaspis pyriformis1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #aid2 ,vol4 ,,xiv41 #ahha1 p4 #bae2 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #bb4 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #f47 ,female puparium light-brown1 elongated1 pyriform1 flat2 length1 averaging #a_/aj;in4 7sometimes reaching #a_/h;in472 breadth1 averaging #a_/ae;in4 7reaching #a_/ab;in472 texture1 thin4 ,the second pellicle is comparatively large4 ,male puparium smaller and narrower1 brown1 not carinated4 ,adult female yellowish-brown or greyish2 elongated1 segmented2 on the segments are a few spiny hairs4 ,abdomen ending in several lobes1 of which the two median are much the largest4 ,spinnerets in a continuous arch1 containing sixty to seventy orifices4 ,many single spinnerets4 ,several scaly hairs between the lobes4 ,adult male orange-coloured1 about #a_/cj;in4 long4 ,antenn #aj-;jointed4 ,digitules1 long fine hairs4 ,sheath of the penis long4 ,habitat--,on ,dysoxylon spectabile and ,atherosperma ,nov ,zlandi1 ,wellington2 on ,coprosma1 ,riccarton ,bush1 ,canterbury4 ,in the female puparium and in the length of the abdominal spike of the male this species resembles ,m4 buxi1 ,bouch 7,signoret1 loc4 cit41 #ahfh1 p4 #ic71 but differs in all other respects4 ,genus3 ,,chionaspis1 ,signoret4 ,female puparium usually white1 elongated2 pellicles at one end2 generally flat4 ,male puparium white1 elongated1 carinated2 pellicle at one end4 ,groups of spinnerets1 five 7in one ,american species1 six72 rarely wanting4 #ba4 ,chionaspis citri1 ,comstock2 #bnd ,rep41 ,dep4 of ,entom41 ,cornell ,univ41 #ahhc4 ,chionaspis euonymi1 ,comstock 7in part72 ,ag4 ,rep41 #ahhj1 p4 #cac4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 p4 #ahhd1 p4 #bc4 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #a47 ,female puparium dirty blackish-brown1 with a grey margin2 elongated4 ,there is a central ridge from which the sides slope like the roof of a house 7,comstock74 ,male puparium white1 narrow1 carinated4 ,adult female yellowish-white1 elongated1 segmented4 ,abdomen ending in six lobes1 of which the two median are the largest3 these two are divergent4 ,along the edge some spines4 ,no groups of spinnerets3 a few single ones4 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on oranges sold in the shops1 imported from ,sydney4 ,this insect1 apparently an importation from ,america1 was not observed prior to #ahhd1 and occurs as yet only sparingly1 mingled with ,a4 coccineus1 from which it is easily distinguished by its elongated puparium4 #bb4 ,chionaspis dubia1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xiv41 #ahha1 p4 #baf4 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #b47 ,female puparium white1 flat1 elongated1 pyriform1 very thin2 the pellicles rather small2 length1 about #a_/ab;in4 ,male puparium white1 elongated1 rather oval2 very slightly carinated above2 on the under-side are two longitudinal keels4 ,adult female yellow1 elongated1 segmented2 the abdominal segments somewhat deep4 ,abdomen ending with a median depression2 terminal lobes inconspicuous 7absent874 ,five groups of spinnerets3 uppermost group1 six to ten orifices2 the rest1 ten to fifteen4 ,adult male reddish in colour4 ,antenn hairy1 #aj-;jointed1 the first two joints very short4 ,feet normal1 with four long1 fine digitules4 ,at the base of the abdominal spike is a somewhat large tubercle4 ,haltere of normal form1 but the terminal seta is very long1 four times as long as the thick basal portion1 and has no terminal knob4 ,thoracic band conspicuous4 ,the thorax is somewhat long1 so that there is a considerable distance between the first and second pairs of legs4 ,habitat--,on ,coprosma1 ,rubus1 ,asplenium1 ,pella1 ,riccarton ,bush and ,north ,kowai ,river1 ,canterbury2 ,auckland4 ,the female puparium resembles that of ,c4 aspidistr 7,signoret7 and ,c4 populi 7,brensprung71 but the abdominal segment of the female differs from both4 #bc4 ,chionaspis dysoxyli1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #bb4 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #c47 ,female puparium thin1 flattish1 pyriform1 white in colour1 with a faint pink tinge when the egg-mass beneath shows through it2 length1 about #a_/ab;in4 ,the second pellicle is comparatively large4 ,male puparium white1 narrow1 carinated2 length1 about #a_/cf;in4 ,the insect affects principally the leaves of the plant1 and the puparia are usually clustered thickly along the midrib4 ,adult female yellowish-red1 elongated1 segmented2 but not very deeply4 ,abdomen ending in a broken curve1 with many curvilinear incisions4 ,there are fourteen lobes1 of which the two median are the largest2 separated from them by a spine on each side are two others rather smaller2 then another spine and a short open space2 and then three smaller lobes and another spine2 another space1 and then a single small lobe1 followed by a spine4 ,five groups of spinnerets3 lower pair with twelve to fourteen orifices2 upper pair with seven to ten2 uppermost group1 four to six4 ,a few spiny hairs are on the edge of the abdomen4 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on ,dysoxylon spectabile 7,kohe-kohe71 ,wellington2 ,hawke's ,bay2 ,auckland4 ,the large white puparia of this insect do much to spoil the appearance of ,dysoxylon1 one of the most showy-leafed plants in ,new ,zealand4 #bd4 ,chionaspis minor1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #cc4 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #d47 ,female puparium white1 small1 not more than #a_/ae;in4 in length1 usually less2 it is narrower and less pyriform than is usual in the genus1 and is often bent in the middle2 pellicles yellow4 ,male puparium white1 narrow1 elongated1 carinated1 about #a_/cj;in4 in length4 ,adult female elongated2 segmented1 but not deeply2 colour1 dark-brown4 ,abdomen ending in six small lobes1 of which the two median--the largest--are closely contiguous4 ,between them and the next pair is a spine2 then beyond the second pair another spine1 a space1 and a third pair of very small lobes2 after a long space there is another spine4 ,five groups of spinnerets3 uppermost group with twelve to fourteen orifices2 upper pair1 fourteen to seventeen2 lower pair1 eighteen to twenty-four3 many single spinnerets4 ,adult male not known4 ,habitat--,on ,parsonsia1 ,hawke's ,bay2 on ,rhipogonum scandens 7supplejack71 ,wellington2 ,canterbury2 ,otago4 ,the small puparia and the contiguous abdominal lobes of the female distinguish this species4 ,genus3 ,,poliaspis1 ,maskell2 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xii41 #ahgi1 p4 #bic4 ,female puparia elongated2 pellicles at one end4 ,male puparia narrower1 elongated1 pellicle at one end4 ,female with more than five groups of spinnerets2 abdomen without fringe4 ,in the kindred genus1 ,leucaspis1 ,targioni-,tozzetti 7,signoret1 loc4 cit41 #ahfh1 p4 #aja71 the abdomen has a continuous fringe of long spines1 and the groups of spinnerets vary in number from five to eight4 #be4 ,poliaspis media1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xii41 #ahgi1 p4 #bic4 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #e47 ,female puparium white1 elongated1 pyriform1 slightly convex2 length1 about #a_/ah;in4 ,male puparium elongated1 narrow1 white1 doubtfully carinated4 ,adult female elongated1 segmented2 greenish-white2 length1 about #a_/bd;in4 ,rudimentary antenn visible4 ,abdomen ending with a median depression1 and inconspicuous lobes2 several scattered spiny hairs4 ,eight groups of spinnerets3 four1 containing each from twenty to thirty orifices1 are placed in opposite pairs1 the fifth1 with four to six orifices1 being between the upper pair2 above these1 three other groups form an arch1 the two outer ones having eight to ten openings1 the middle one three to five4 ,many single spinnerets4 ,adult male of a bright scarlet or deep-orange colour4 ,the antenn1 covered with longish hairs1 have ten joints1 the first two very short and thick2 the next five long1 equal1 and cylindrical2 the eighth and ninth somewhat shorter2 the tenth fusiform1 and as long as the seventh4 ,the legs are rather long2 the femur thick1 the tibia more slender1 broadening towards the tarsus1 which is about one-third as long as the tibia1 and narrows sharply down to the claw4 ,both tarsus and tibia are hairy4 ,the digitules are fine hairs4 ,habitat--,on ,veronica1 sp41 and ,leucopogon ,fraseri1 ,north ,kowai ,river1 ,canterbury2 on ,cyathodes acerosa1 ,wellington2 on ferns1 ,napier4 ,genus3 ,,fiorinia1 ,targioni-,tozzetti4 ,uhleria1 ,comstock2 #bnd ,entom4 ,rep41 ,cornell ,univ41 #ahhc1 p4 #aaj4 ,female puparium elongated2 first pellicle small1 at one end2 second pellicle very large1 entirely covering the insect1 and almost extending to the edges of the puparium4 ,male puparium elongated2 smaller and narrower than that of the female2 sometimes carinated2 pellicle at one end4 ,mr4 ,comstock proposes the name ,uhleria for this genus1 because ,professor ,targioni1 establishing his genus for the species to which he originally gave the name of ,diaspis fiorini1 changed at the same time the specific name to pellucida4 ,this1 ,mr4 ,comstock says1 necessitates now an entirely new generic name4 ,targioni's nomenclature has been followed here1 as likely to lead to less confusion4 #bf4 ,fiorinia asteli1 ,maskell4 ,diaspis gigas1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bja2 ,vol4 ,,xiv41 #ahha1 p4 #bag2 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #bd4 ,uhleria gigas1 ,comstock2 #bnd ,entom4 ,rep41 ,cornell ,univ41 #ahhc1 p4 #aaa4 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #f47 ,female puparium elongated1 flat1 roughly pyriform or ovate1 thin2 the secretion is yellowish-brown or dirty-white1 but is scarcely noticeable1 on account of the second pellicle2 length variable1 from #a_/ab;in4 to #a_/h;in42 breadth1 about #a_/af;in4 ,first pellicle small1 at one end4 ,second pellicle1 very large1 almost filling the puparium1 roughly pyriform2 abdominal region segmented2 cephalic region large1 oval2 abdominal segments tapering1 exhibiting at the extremity either minute serrations1 floriated lobes1 or tusk-like lobes1 or a smooth curve2 the first abdominal segment sometimes produced into roundly-triangular lobes4 ,male puparium flattish1 elongated2 length1 from #a_/aj;in4 to #a_/h;in42 white1 thin2 roughly pyriform1 but narrower than that of the female2 central portion slightly convex1 seeming on the under-side to have two keels2 not carinated above4 ,adult female yellow or brown2 segmented2 at first elongated1 the cephalic region comparatively large1 but during gestation shrinking up until the insect assumes the form of ,aspidiotus4 ,abdomen ending in a minutely-serrated edge1 with several small simple lobes1 between which are longish spiny hairs4 ,spinnerets in an almost continuous arch1 containing seventy to a hundred orifices2 several single spinnerets4 ,adult male yellow1 slender4 ,antenn1 ten-jointed1 as long as the body2 each joint except the two first long and hairy2 the last joint fusiform4 ,feet1 long and slender2 digitules1 fine hairs4 ,abdominal spike1 slender1 not very long1 springing from a small tubercular base4 ,this is a variable insect in size1 colour1 edge of abdomen1 and spinnerets4 ,on the bark of ,pittosporum eugenioide a variety has the extremity of the second pellicle richly floriated1 other features remaining as above4 ,it has not been thought advisable to erect all these varieties into different species4 ,the male pupa1 in its earlier state1 is elongated1 segmented1 and may be mistaken for a female of ,mytilaspis drimydis2 but differs in its greyish-yellow colour1 and also in the form of the puparium4 ,habitat--,on ,atherosperma ,nov ,zlandi2 ,astelia cunninghamii2 ,coprosma1 sp4 var42 ,pittosporum eugenioide1 c42 ,wellington2 ,canterbury2 ,hawke's ,bay2 ,otago2 ,nelson2 ,auckland4 ,the puparia of this insect are frequently covered by a species of torulaceous 787 fungus which spreads over the leaf they are on in a thin1 brown sheet4 #bg4 ,fiorinia grossulari1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #abc4 ,female puparium irregularly oval1 being formed chiefly by the second pellicle1 with a narrow edge of fibrous secretion2 length1 about #a_/bj;in4 ,adult female elongated2 segmented2 the cephalic end slightly prolonged into a compressed cylinder4 ,segments bearing at the edge three sharp spines4 ,the edge of the abdominal segment is much broken by serrations1 and ends in two broadish median lobes1 with two smaller lobes on each side4 ,several sharp1 long spines are set in pairs along the serrated edge4 ,five groups of spinnerets1 the three upper forming a continuous arch4 ,colour of insect1 dark-grey4 ,adult male and puparium unknown4 ,habitat--,on gooseberries1 ,amberley1 ,canterbury4 ,a doubtful species4 #bh4 ,fiorinia minima1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #abb4 ,female puparium flat1 elongated1 oval2 length1 about #a_/cf;in4 ,first pellicle1 comparatively large2 the second almost fills the puparium4 ,male puparium rather longer than that of the female1 but much narrower2 carinated4 ,adult female elongated2 segmented2 colour1 pink4 ,the abdominal segment somewhat long1 the edge broken by a number of deepish curvilinear serrations1 and ending in two inconspicuous median lobes1 with three others1 much smaller1 on each side4 ,from the serrations spring some hairs4 ,there are five groups of spinnerets1 but the three upper ones1 almost or quite conjoined1 form a nearly-continuous arch1 containing forty to fifty orifices2 the two lower groups have fifteen to twenty4 ,there are several single spinnerets4 ,the adult insect1 before gestation1 nearly fills the space covered by the second pellicle2 after gestation it shrinks up into very small compass at the cephalic end of the puparium4 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on ,brachyglottis repanda2 ,panax arboreum1 ,port ,hills1 ,canterbury4 ,differs from the ,european species1 ,f4 pellucida 7,targioni71 in its extremely-minute size1 in the serrations of the abdomen1 and the number of its hairs4 ,also in ,f4 pellucida the young female larva has two tubercles between the antenn1 which are not seen in ,f4 minima4 #bi4 ,fiorinia stricta1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #abd2 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #bd4 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #g47 ,female puparium elongated1 narrow1 with sides almost straight and parallel2 length1 about #a_/aa;in42 breadth1 about #a_/ej;in4 ,colour of secretion1 white1 but seeming black1 as the second pellicle shows through it4 ,first pellicle1 black1 small1 at one end2 the cephalic portion prolonged in a slightly-cylindrical form4 ,second pellicle1 very long1 filling the puparium2 black2 entire for most of its length1 but at the abdominal extremity cut across by transverse divisions forming narrow radiating segments2 extreme edge semi-circular1 sharply serrated4 ,texture1 horny1 hard1 and strong4 ,male puparium elongated1 narrow1 like that of the female2 length1 about #a_/ab;in42 colour white2 pellicle1 black1 at one end2 not carinated4 ,some puparia1 both male and female1 are found slightly curved4 ,adult female small1 elongated1 segmented2 length1 about #a_/cj;in41 shrivelling at gestation4 ,cephalic portion compressed1 cylindrical4 ,abdomen somewhat elongated1 ending in a number of sharp-pointed1 triangular1 tooth-like lobes1 between which may be made out a few 7four87 very minute1 roundly-triangular lobes4 ,five groups of spinnerets1 the three upper groups almost joined in an arch2 in the arch1 forty to fifty orifices2 in the two lower groups1 ten to fifteen4 ,adult male1 brown4 ,antenn1 ten-jointed2 each joint except the first two long and hairy2 on the last joint one hair longer than the rest1 and ending in a knob4 ,legs1 slender2 claw1 very thin2 digitules1 fine hairs4 ,habitat--,on ,dendrobium1 sp41 ,hedycarya1 sp41 ,hawke's ,bay2 ,phormium tenax1 ,cordyline australis1 ,astelia cunninghamii1 ,muhlenbeckia1 sp41 ,wellington2 ,canterbury2 ,nelson4 ,group ,,ii4--,,lecanidin4 ,female insects flat1 convex1 or globular2 elongated or circular2 naked1 or covered with waxy1 horny1 glassy1 cottony1 or felted secretion forming a covering or test4 ,adults sometimes apodous and without antenn4 ,abdomen in all stages exhibiting a more or less defined cleft1 and1 above or beside it1 on the dorsal surface1 two more or less conspicuous1 roughly triangular1 lobes4 ,mentum usually monomerous or dimerous4 ,male larv resembling females4 ,male pup covered with a test of secretion1 waxy or glassy4 ,male adults not greatly differing from ,diaspidin2 abdominal spike usually short and thick4 ,,subdivisions ,,and ,,genera4 ,subdivision ,i4 ,insects covering themselves with a secretion1 composed chiefly of waxy1 horny1 or glassy matter ,lecanodiaspid4 ,test of female horny1 partly formed of the second pellicle ,lecanochiton4 ,test of female waxy1 with a single fringe of broad segments at the edge ,ctenochiton4 ,test of female glassy1 elevated1 striated with air-cells ,inglisia4 ,not yet represented in ,new ,zealand4 ,test of female waxy1 produced into radiating branches ,vinsonia4 ,test of female waxy1 without fringe or branches ,ceroplastes4 ,test of female waxy1 elevated1 not striated with air-cells ,fairmairia4 ,tests agglomerated in a waxy mass containing colonies of insects1 male and female ,carteria4 ,test of female absent2 tests of males aggregated in a waxy mass ,ericerus4 ,subdivision ,,ii4 ,female insects naked ,lecanid4 ,females propagating without ovisac1 arboreal ,lecanium4 ,females constructing ovisac1 arboreal ,pulvinaria4 ,not yet represented in ,new ,zealand4 ,females propagating without ovisac1 subterranean1 retaining feet and antenn ,lecanopsis4 ,females propagating without ovisac1 subterranean1 losing feet and antenn ,aclerda4 ,note4--,the genus ,physokermes1 ,targioni-,tozzetti1 is placed by ,signoret 7loc4 cit41 #ahgd1 p4 #hg7 amongst those which here form this subdivision2 but there seems to be no sufficient distinction between it and ,lecanium4 ,subdivision ,,iii4 ,insects covering themselves with secretion of cottony or felted matter ,lecano-,coccid4 ,secretion felted1 scarcely apparent on adult female1 conspicuous on male pup and female of early stages2 edge fringed ,eriochiton4 ,not yet represented in ,new ,zealand4 ,secretion felted1 appearing only in the last stage1 after gestation ,signoretia4 ,secretion felted1 forming a nearly complete sac on adult female before gestation ,lecanodiaspis4 ,secretion felted1 forming complete sac on adult female ,philippia4 ,secretion cottony1 covering adult female only after gestation ,lichtensia4 ,secretion cottony1 forming a complete sac on adult female before gestation ,eriopeltis4 ,subdivision ,i4--,,lecanodiaspid1 ,targioni-,tozzetti4 ,female insects exhibiting in all stages the abdominal cleft and lobes4 ,larv free1 naked1 active4 ,females after the first metamorphosis constructing over themselves a carapace1 shield1 or 7as called herein7 test1 of glassy1 waxy1 or horny secretion4 ,test apparently homogeneous1 really in most cases formed of aggregated segments over the insect1 and prolonged beyond the body in a flat single fringe of separate1 more or less triangular or quadrate1 segments4 ,fringe not always present or conspicuous in all stages4 ,males1 after first metamorphosis1 constructing a test of similar character but varying form4 ,this subdivision1 when first established by ,targioni-,tozzetti1 included only the four genera ,pollinia1 ,asterolecanium1 ,planchonia1 and ,lecanodiaspis1 all of which are apodous in the adult stage of the female4 ,in this work the two first of these are included in a new group1 ,hemi-,coccidin2 ,planchonia belongs to the group ,coccidin2 ,lecanodiaspis is left in the present subdivision4 ,for the reasons leading to these changes1 and the inclusion in this subdivision of insects retaining the feet in all stages1 see ,n4,z4 ,transactions1 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bjg1 and ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 pp4 #abe-abh4 ,genus3 ,,lecanochiton1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xiv41 #ahha1 p4 #bbb4 ,test of adult female horny in texture1 formed partly of secretion1 partly of the pellicle of the second stage2 abdominal cleft and lobes normal4 #cj4 ,lecanochiton metrosideri1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xiv41 #ahha1 p4 #bbb2 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #abi4 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #a47 ,test of adult female brown1 hard1 horny-looking1 convex1 slightly elongated1 open beneath1 loosely attached to twigs by the edges2 at the top is the pellicle of the second stage1 which is flat1 and gives the test the appearance of an overturned basket1 of which the pellicle is the foot4 ,length of test about #a_/ae;in4 ,remains of the thin white test of the second stage may sometimes be seen on the pellicle4 ,test of the male small1 white1 glassy1 elongated1 convex4 ,the young insect1 extremely minute1 naked and active1 is flat1 oval1 brown1 or rather reddish1 usually found at the tips of young shoots or on leaves4 ,the antenn have six joints2 on the last joint are several hairs1 amongst which is one excessively long1 slightly knobbed4 ,foot normal2 the joints hairy2 upper digitules fine knobbed hairs1 lower pair a little broader4 ,in the second stage the female is scarcely altered3 the antenn and feet remain as before2 but there is a test1 white1 waxy1 very thin1 covering the dorsal surface1 and extending a little beyond the edge in an irregular fringe4 ,on the edge also are a number of protruding spinneret tubes1 glassy1 white1 cylindrical1 either curved or straight3 a few of these tubes protrude on the surface of the back4 ,adult female dark-brown in colour1 filling the test2 convex above1 flat beneath4 ,rostrum comparatively large2 mentum probably monomerous4 ,antenn short1 thick1 atrophied2 seven-jointed1 but the joints are much confused2 on the last joint some hairs4 ,feet absent4 ,four rows of rather large spinnerets radiate from the median region of the dorsum to the edge1 and along these1 on the lower side of the test1 are corresponding narrow lines of white cottony secretion4 ,this insect is viviparous1 the young being sheltered awhile by the mother1 whose under-side becomes concave during gestation4 ,adult male dark-red2 length1 about #a_/dj;in4 ,antenn of ten joints1 of which the two first are very short2 the third much longer and expanded at the end2 the fourth more than twice as long as the third2 the remainder about equal in length to the third1 but thicker and rounder1 being almost moniliform4 ,all but the first two joints bear hairs4 ,foot normal2 digitules fine hairs4 ,habitat--,on ,metrosideros robusta 7,rata71 ,milford ,sound2 ,bluff ,harbour4 ,on ,m4 tomentosa 7,pohutukawa71 ,auckland4 ,a peculiar species1 easily identifiable by the presence of the second pellicle on the female test4 ,genus3 ,,ctenochiton1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bjh4 ,test of female waxy1 with a single fringe of tooth-like1 more or less broad1 segments round the edge4 ,test of male waxy or glassy1 with similar fringe4 ,the edge of the body1 in the second stage of the female1 usually presents a wavy appearance1 formed by a series of reentering curves4 ,this is perhaps most conspicuous in ,ct4 perforatus4 ,the antenn of the adult female have six or seven joints4 ,it is often very difficult to determine the number1 as the third joint exhibits frequently a shallow circular depression or ring which may easily be mistaken for a division4 ,during gestation the female1 which at first fills the test1 shrivels up at one end into a shapeless mass requiring maceration in potash to restore the original form for examination4 ,the test thus becomes almost filled with eggs4 ,the presence of the fringe1 which is noticeable in every species of this genus at some time or other1 distinguishes it from ,ceroplastes and ,vinsonia4 ,in ,ctenochiton viridis the test is not to be made out in the adult stage but is clearly visible in the second stage of the female1 and it is present1 with the characteristic fringe1 for the male4 #ca4 ,ctenochiton depressus1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #acb4 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #b47 ,test of adult female flat1 nearly circular1 thin1 waxy1 greyish-coloured2 fringe inconspicuous or sometimes absent4 ,no perforations or rows of air-cells4 ,diameter1 about #a_/g;in4 ,the fringe is more conspicuous in the test of the second stage4 ,test of male elongated1 narrow1 flat beneath1 slightly convex above1 white1 glassy1 thin and brittle1 with a conspicuous fringe of which the segments are truncato-triangular4 ,the test is divided into tessellations1 the median row of which is quadrangular1 with two series of pentagonal divisions between it and the fringe4 ,near the abdominal extremity a transverse narrow slit cuts the test in two1 leaving a small segment at the extreme end apparently separate4 ,length of the test about #a_/ad;in4 ,adult female filling the test1 but shrivelling after gestation2 colour brownish or grey4 ,antenn of six joints1 the third being the longest1 and1 as is commonly the case in the genus1 often appearing like two4 ,on the last joint a few long hairs4 ,foot normal2 the upper digitules are fine hairs1 the lower pair only a little broader4 ,anal ring and lobes normal4 ,in the second stage the usual wavy edge is conspicuous2 the test is thin1 glassy1 with normal fringe4 ,antenn and feet normal4 ,the insect is somewhat thick1 with yellowish colour4 ,young insect normal4 ,adult male yellowish-red in colour1 about #a_/be;in4 in length1 exclusive of the wings4 ,general form normal4 ,antenn long1 with ten joints1 all long and equal1 except the two first1 which are very short3 all the joints have several hairs4 ,legs normal1 but the tibi are very long and slender1 and only a little thickened at the tip2 tarsi somewhat thick2 digitules fine hairs4 ,abdominal spike long1 and very slightly curved4 ,habitat--,on ,plagianthus1 ,cyathea1 c42 ,hawke's ,bay4 ,this insect resembles1 to the naked eye1 somewhat nearly ,ctenochiton perforatus1 but the female differs in the absence of the curious perforations in the test of that species1 and in the shorter and thicker antenn1 with also more long hairs on the last joint4 ,the test of the male is also different4 #cb4 ,ctenochiton elocarpi1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #bf4 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #c47 ,test of adult female oval1 nearly circular1 black in colour1 divided into hexagonal and pentagonal segments which are not conspicuous1 and of which the median series forms a very slightly elevated ridge somewhat lighter in colour4 ,the test is only slightly convex4 ,the fringe is very long and conspicuous1 the segments tooth-like4 ,diameter of test1 exclusive of the fringe1 reaches #a_/f;in4 ,test of male unknown4 ,test of second stage of female white1 waxy1 not homogeneous1 but built up of a number of loosely-aggregated tubuliform plates1 somewhat resembling those of the genus ,orthezia1 ,bosc4 ,the fringe of this test is longer than in that of the adult1 the teeth curling in different ways4 ,length of test and fringe1 sometimes #a_/h;in4 ,the adult female fills the test1 shrivelling at gestation4 ,colour black4 ,antenn somewhat long1 of seven joints2 a few hairs on the last joint4 ,foot normal2 upper digitules strong and thick1 lower pair very broad4 ,on the skin are a number of large oval spots which appear to be the orifices of spinneret tubes4 ,female of the second stage wanting the usual wavy edge of the genus4 ,round the edge of the body is a row of sharp conical spines set closely together4 ,antenn of six somewhat confused joints4 ,feet normal4 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on ,elocarpus dentatus 7hinau71 ,wellington4 ,the large size1 black colour1 and very conspicuous fringe of the adult female test1 and the white loose test of the second stage1 distinguish this species1 especially from ,ct4 fuscus4 #cc4 ,ctenochiton elongatus1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bab4 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #d47 ,test of adult female elongated1 narrow1 convex4 ,length sometimes reaching #a_/c;in41 width about #a_/aj;in4 ,fringe not always conspicuous2 the segments quadrate outwardly4 ,test divided into quadrangular divisions4 ,colour whitish1 but often blackened by fungoid growths4 ,test of male unknown4 ,adult female filling the test1 shrivelling at gestation4 ,edge of the body wavy4 ,stigmatic spines long and conspicuous4 ,antenn seven-jointed4 ,feet normal2 lower digitules absent 7874 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on ,geniostoma ligustrifolium1 ,auckland2 on ,dendrobium sp41 ,hawke's ,bay2 on ,earina sp41 ,wellington4 ,easily recognized by the great length and narrowness of the female test4 #cd4 ,ctenochiton flavus1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #acj2 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #bf4 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #e47 ,female test golden1 waxy1 flat beneath1 convex above2 outline circular or slightly elliptical1 with a fringe of broadly triangular segments round the edge4 ,apex of the test an irregular elongated mass of wax1 the remainder divided into two concentric series of plates1 the inner series pentagonal with sharp angles1 the outer pentagonal with rounded angles and with the outer side forming the base of the segments of the fringe4 ,the inner series forms often irregular lumps of wax4 ,diameter of test sometimes reaching #a_/i;in4 ,the colour is often hidden by black fungoid growths4 ,test of male much narrower than that of the female1 having an irregularly rectangular edge with deep curvilinear depressions4 ,it is glassy1 white and shining1 flat beneath and elevated above1 and marked with numerous horizontal stri4 ,the upper central portion is sometimes flat1 sometimes an irregular mass of the glassy secretion4 ,on the lower side there is often a plate of secretion1 so that the pupa is almost entirely enclosed4 ,the adult female fills the test1 shrivelling up after gestation3 it is consequently flat beneath1 convex above1 with general outline of ,lecanidin4 ,the spiracular spines are very long and conspicuous2 from their base a double row of minute circular spinneret orifices runs as far as the spiracle1 with two or three outlying ones at the base of the spine2 and a single row of the same kind of orifices runs across the body to the spiracle on the other side4 ,along the edge of the body there is a series of conical sharp spines2 and scattered all over are many tubular projecting spinnerets4 ,the abdominal cleft is deep1 and the two lobes are conspicuous on the dorsal side2 these lobes are not smooth1 but irregular1 and each bears at the end three or four strong spines4 ,the antenn have six joints2 but the third joint often looks like two on account of the false division or depressed ring3 the last joint has several long hairs4 ,feet normal2 the upper digitules fine long hairs1 the lower pair very broad4 ,the anal ring bears a number of long hairs1 of which eight seem to be conspicuous4 ,the colour of the insect is a golden brown2 diameter averaging #a_/ab;in4 ,the second stage of the female is normal of the genus1 showing the wavy outline1 somewhat strongly marked in many specimens1 but not conspicuous in others4 ,the spiracular spines are prominent1 and a row of conical spines runs round the edge of the body1 as in the adult4 ,the test is at first very thin and brittle1 and with a fringe of broad1 shallow segments2 but afterwards becomes thicker1 and in the end1 before the change to the final stage1 it approaches almost the form of the waxy test of an adult ,ceroplastes4 ,the young insect is normal4 ,the adult male is normal of the genus4 ,the legs are very long and slender2 the four digitules are fine hairs4 ,at the extremity of the tibia there is a strong spine4 ,abdominal spike1 or sheath of the penis1 slightly curved1 with a seta on each side of its basal tubercle4 ,antenn of ten joints2 the first two very short1 the rest longer and equal4 ,on the last joint are several long hairs1 of which three are knobbed4 ,habitat--,on ,brachyglottis repanda1 ,panax arboreum1 ,leptospermum scoparium 7manuka71 ,elocarpus dentatus 7hinau72 ,wellington4 ,the species is distinguishable by the shape and colour of the test and the arrangement of the spinnerets1 in the adult female4 ,the tests of the second stage may sometimes be taken for adult ,ceroplastes rusci1 ,linn42 but can be easily distinguished on examination of the enclosed insect4 #ce4 ,ctenochiton fuscus1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #aca4 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #f47 ,test of the adult female elliptical in outline1 flat below1 convex above1 the elevation being greater than usual2 almost black in colour1 composed of a thin dark waxy secretion4 ,the fringe is conspicuous1 and has the appearance of teeth1 the segments being sharply triangular and set closely together4 ,length of test sometimes nearly #a_/d;in41 breadth #a_/g;in41 height #a_/aj;in4 ,inside of the test whitish4 ,test of male glassy1 white1 elongated1 slightly convex4 ,adult female filling the test1 shrivelling at gestation4 ,antenn short1 probably seven-jointed1 but the joints are confused2 on the last joint several hairs4 ,foot having the tibia expanded at the extremity2 upper digitules strong and thick1 lower pair ending in conspicuously broad plates4 ,on the edge of the body a row of conical spines4 ,colour almost black4 ,in the second stage the female is less wavy in outline than in other species of the genus1 and in its later period is somewhat thick1 with the edges turned inwards4 ,feet normal2 digitules fine4 ,antenn short and thick1 with six joints1 of which the third and fourth are the longest2 on the last joint some long hairs4 ,the abdominal lobes are irregularly triangular4 ,young insect normal4 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on ,brachyglottis repanda1 ,panax arboreum2 ,port ,hills1 ,canterbury 7,dry ,bush74 ,distinguished by its large size1 great convexity1 and black colour1 which is not due to fungoid growths1 although these1 as usual1 accompany it4 #cf4 ,ctenochiton hymenanther1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #be4 7,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #a47 ,test of adult female waxy1 circular1 convex1 dirty-white1 yellow1 or brownish1 formed of a number of hexagonal or octagonal segments1 which are also convex1 giving it a rough appearance4 ,fringe not very conspicuous4 ,diameter of test1 about #a_/ab;in4 ,test of male glassy1 dirty-white1 oval1 segmented1 slightly convex1 segments of fringe small4 ,length1 about #a_/af;in4 ,adult female yellowish-brown1 filling the test4 ,antenn of six joints1 of which both the second and third seem sometimes double4 ,foot normal2 upper digitules long fine hairs1 lower pair broad4 ,the spiracular spines are strong and conspicuous4 ,the skin is divided into segments corresponding with those of the test1 the divisions being marked by lines of spinneret orifices which are small and simple4 ,in the second stage the usual wavy edge of the genus is not generally apparent4 ,adult male somewhat thick and short4 ,antenn of nine joints1 the first short and thick1 the remainder long and nearly equal2 each joint after the first has many nodosities1 from which spring longish hairs4 ,foot long and slender1 especially the tibia4 ,digitules fine hairs4 ,thoracic band inconspicuous4 ,abdominal spike short and blunt4 ,this species is usually accompanied by a great quantity of very black fungus covering and rendering unsightly the whole plant on which it lives4 ,habitat--,on ,hymenanthera crassifolia1 ,evans ,bay1 ,wellington4 ,this insect seems to be intermediate between ,c4 piperis and ,c4 depressus1 differing from both in the rugose female test and the distribution of the spinneret orifices4 #cg4 ,ctenochiton perforatus1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bhj2 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #acj4 7,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #b47 ,test of adult female white1 waxy1 circular1 nearly flat1 brittle1 thin except at the edge4 ,fringe thin1 segments broadly triangular4 ,diameter nearly #a_/f;in4 ,the test is divided by narrow lines of minute spots1 corresponding to the spinneret orifices of the insect1 into rows of pentagonal or hexagonal segments4 ,the interior segments are only dotted1 but the exterior row exhibits curvilinear series of small perforations or air-cells arranged in slightly radiating rows1 which extend also to the corresponding segments of the fringe4 ,the test of the second stage of the female is very thin and filmy1 waxy1 flat1 slightly elongated2 the fringe as in the adult2 but there are no perforations or air-cells4 ,length1 about #a_/ad;in4 ,test of male waxy1 thin1 slightly elongated1 rather convex2 length1 about #a_/ae;in4 ,fringe and air-cells as in the female test4 ,at the abdominal end is a joint or hinge separating the last segment4 ,adult female filling the test1 shrivelling at gestation2 colour greyish or greenish-white4 ,general appearance somewhat leathery4 ,rows of minute oval spinnerets run round the edge and across the body1 corresponding with the divisions of the test4 ,antenn of six joints1 the third joint being the longest1 and seeming double on account of the depressed ring3 on the last joint some hairs4 ,feet normal1 with somewhat thick cox and femora3 upper digitules long2 lower pair narrow4 ,anal ring with eight hairs4 ,a row of scattered small hairs runs round the edge of the body4 ,female of second stage very thin and transparent1 seeming like a bluish-green film4 ,the wavy edge is conspicuous4 ,antenn of six joints4 ,adult male yellowish4 ,antenn nine-jointed1 every joint except the first bearing several hairs4 ,feet normal2 upper digitules not long1 lower pair fine hairs4 ,thoracic band conspicuous and long4 ,abdominal spike short4 ,habitat--,on ,pittosporum eugenioide1 ,p4 tenuifolium1 ,panax arboreum1 ,coprosma lucida1 ,rubus1 c41 ,riccarton ,bush1 ,christchurch2 ,nelson2 ,dunedin2 ,wellington4 #ch4 ,ctenochiton piperis1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xiv41 #ahha1 p4 #bah2 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #be4 7,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #c47 ,test of adult female circular1 convex1 regularly tessellated in hexagonal segments2 fringe not very regular1 sometimes almost or quite absent2 waxy1 somewhat thick2 diameter1 about #a_/ae;in4 ,colour variable2 outer parts white1 yellow1 or greenish-white1 central segments purplish4 ,test of second stage of female waxy1 very thin1 flat1 with fringe of broadly triangular segments3 no air-cells4 ,length1 about #a_/cj;in4 ,test of male elongated1 convex1 glassy1 segmented4 ,length1 about #a_/bj;in4 ,slightly coloured like that of the female4 ,adult female filling the test4 ,colour corresponding with that of the test4 ,at gestation the under-side becomes hollow1 and the young are sheltered beneath it for awhile4 ,antenn seven-jointed2 on the last joint several hairs4 ,feet normal2 lower digitules rather broad4 ,round the dorsal surface1 half-way between the centre and the edge1 is a row of swellings,o or tubercles4 ,o ,possibly spiracular4 ,female of second stage elongated1 the cephalic portion narrower than the abdomen2 flat1 thin2 edge wavy2 stigmatic spines rather stout2 a few small spines on the edge4 ,antenn six-jointed2 feet normal4 ,young insect of normal form1 but with numerous minute wrinkles on the edge of the body4 ,adult male greenish-yellow2 antenn nine-jointed4 ,foot normal1 with somewhat thick tarsus4 ,penis ending in a round1 somewhat large knob4 ,habitat--,on ,piper excelsum 7kawakawa72 ,auckland1 ,hawke's ,bay1 ,wellington4 ,the regularly-circular form and coloured segments of the female test1 and the tubercles of the dorsum1 distinguish this species4 #ci4 ,ctenochiton viridis1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #baa2 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #bd4 7,plate ,,ix41 ,fig4 #a47 ,test of adult female absent or fragmentary2 very thin1 waxy1 white1 divided into pentagonal or hexagonal segments1 each of which exhibits numerous concentric wavy curves1 crossed by straight lines radiating from the centre2,p the segments are separated by double lines of minute spots1 corresponding to the spinneret orifices of the insect4 ,no air-cells4 ,fringe seldom visible4 ,p ,the radiating lines and concentric curves of these segments are usually somewhat conspicuous1 at least on the adult female1 and serve to distinguish the test from that of ,c4 elongatus1 which otherwise resembles it4 ,test of female of second stage very thin1 white1 waxy1 flat1 divided into segments with concentric curves and radiating lines as in the adult4 ,fringe of broad segments4 ,no air-cells4 ,length1 about #a_/ae;in4 ,test of male glassy1 white1 elongated1 slightly convex1 divided into segments similarly marked to those of the female4 ,abdominal segments separated from the test by a transverse line1 or hinge4 ,length1 about #a_/f;in4 ,adult female bright-green in colour1 thick1 elongated or pyriform1 the cephalic portion somewhat acuminate2 length sometimes reaching #a_/b;in4 ,it produces a conspicuous depression in the leaf1 in which the body is partially buried4 ,antenn of six joints 7apparently seven1 but the third joint shows the false division or depressed ring71 often atrophied4 ,feet normal1 cox and femora thick4 ,after gestation the insect frequently becomes brown1 covered with a mass of white mealy or felted secretion4 ,female of the second stage thin1 filmy1 translucent2 flat1 elongated1 with wavy outline2 colour green2 length1 about #a_/bj;in4 ,antenn of six joints4 ,adult male greenish-yellow2 length1 about #a_/ae;in4 ,antenn of nine joints4 ,feet normal2 digitules absent4 ,a strong spine at the extremity of the tibia4 ,habitat--,on ,panax arboreum1 ,coprosma lucida1 ,hedycarya dentata1 ,atherosperma ,nov-,zlandi1 ,rubus australis2 ,canterbury1 ,otago1 ,wellington1 ,nelson1 ,auckland1 ,hawke's ,bay4 ,this is probably the largest known species of the ,lecanidin4 ,its size and bright-green colour in the adult state clearly distinguish it4 ,the female of the second stage resembles nearly that of ,ct4 perforatus1 but is somewhat thicker1 and the markings of the segments of the test are different4 ,genus3 ,,inglisia1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bac4 ,test of female glassy1 elevated1 striated with radiating rows of air-cells4 ,fringe not always present in the adult stage4 ,in the genus ,fairmairia1 ,signoret1 there is also an elevated test1 but it is waxy1 and exhibits no air-cells1 and has no fringe in any stage4 #dj4 ,inglisia leptospermi1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xiv41 #ahha1 p4 #bbj2 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #bg4 7,plate ,,ix41 ,fig4 #b47 ,test of adult female white1 glassy or waxy1 elongated1 convex above1 flat and open beneath1 formed of several agglutinated segments1 each segment more or less convex or conical1 median segments usually five in number2 at the edge an irregular fringe1 but the fringe is often absent4 ,average length of test1 #a_/aj;in4 ,the marginal segments sometimes assume the form of small cones1 as if a number of secondary tests were attached to the principal one4 ,all the segments are marked with stri radiating from the apex of each3 the stri1 which are composed of air-cells1 widen from the apex to the base4 ,test of the male white1 glassy1 elongated1 convex1 not unlike that of the female1 but with a longer fringe2 it has also its posterior segment divided from the rest by a transverse slit or hinge2 average length1 about #a_/ae;in4 ,adult female filling the test1 shrivelling at gestation2 colour brown2 abdominal lobes yellow1 conspicuous4 ,the flat under-surface is smooth2 the dorsum divided by large corrugations1 each segment corresponding to one in the test4 ,antenn of seven joints1 of which the third is the longest1 the fourth1 fifth1 and sixth the shortest2 a few hairs1 especially on the last joint4 ,feet normal2 the tibia is somewhat thin1 and has one spine or hair at its tip4 ,digitules normal2 upper pair long knobbed hairs1 lower pair very broad4 ,the female in the second stage is also convex above1 flat below1 but is less thick than the adult1 and has not the corrugations4 ,general form elongated-oval2 the abdominal lobes are not1 as usual1 smooth1 but approach by irregularity the anal tubercles of the ,coccidin1 and like them bear a few hairs4 ,the anal ring has eight hairs4 ,antenn of six joints4 ,feet normal2 digitules as in adult4 ,on the skin are several scattered1 circular1 very minute spinnerets2 the stigmatic spines are long and conspicuous1 and along the edge runs a row of conical hairs or spines4 ,adult male yellowish-green in colour1 the body slender and tapering4 ,from the abdomen spring two very long white cottony set1 one on each side of the spike1 which is straight and short4 ,antenn of ten joints2 the first two short1 the rest long1 thin1 and hairy4 ,of these1 the seventh1 eighth1 and ninth are the shortest2 on the last joint three long knobbed hairs4 ,feet slender1 hairy2 digitules normal4 ,thoracic band inconspicuous4 ,habitat--,on ,leptospermum scoparium 7manuka72 ,christchurch1 ,kaiapoi1 ,wellington1 ,auckland4 ,it affects the twigs of the plant1 and not the leaves4 #da4 ,inglisia ornata1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #bg4 7,plate ,x41 ,fig4 #a47 ,test of adult female reddish-brown1 the base more or less oval1 the rest elevated in a cone and ending in a prominence standing up like a more or less sharp horn2 sometimes there are two of these horns4 ,the test is formed of a number of polygonal segments1 each slightly elevated1 and all are marked with the radiating stri peculiar to the genus4 ,there is a fringe of sharply triangular segments1 also striated4 ,average length of test1 about #a_/f;in41 but specimens attain a length of #a_/d;in42 height1 about #a_/aj;in4 ,test of second stage generally resembling that of the adult1 but smaller and less conical1 and more tinged with green2 and at the edge a number of short spinneret tubes may be seen protruding4 ,test of the male elongated-oval1 convex1 but wanting the prominent horn of the female1 glassy1 white tinged with yellowish-brown1 composed of segments marked with conspicuous stri4 ,length1 #a_/ab;in4 ,fringe often present1 but irregular2 often absent4 ,the adult female fills the test1 shrivelling after gestation4 ,it exhibits the horn1 or two horns1 as in the test4 ,antenn of seven joints1 the third joint showing the false division noted in other species of ,lecanodiaspid4 ,feet normal2 upper digitules strong and thick1 lower pair rather broad4 ,along the edge of the body is a row of sharp lanceolate spines set closely together1 and the spiracular spines are long and conspicuous4 ,a double or triple row of minute circular spinnerets marks the divisions corresponding to the segments of the test4 ,colour of the insect greenish1 turning brown after gestation4 ,the abdominal lobes are brown4 ,in the second stage the female resembles generally the adult2 but the antenn have six joints1 and amongst the marginal spines are some very much larger than the rest4 ,the young larva is flat and oval1 and at the margin shows a fringe of long glassy pointed tubes1 springing from the marginal spines4 ,the adult male is about #a_/bj;in4 in length 7exclusive of the wings71 brownish or reddish-yellow in colour1 the wings hyaline and iridescent1 with red nervures4 ,antenn of ten joints1 on the last of which are1 amongst others1 three long knobbed hairs4 ,foot with a spine at the extremity of the tibia2 digitules fine hairs4 ,at each side of the abdominal spike springs a strong seta1 from which extends a white cottony pencil1 as long as the body of the insect4 ,the penis is a long soft cylindrical tube covered with minute recurved spines4 ,thoracic band short and narrow4 ,habitat--,on ,elocarpus dentatus 7hinau71 ,leptospermum scoparium 7manuka72 ,wellington4,q ,q ,the male pup may be found not unfrequently on other plants1 such as ,coprosma1 ,pittosporum1 c4 ,this is a handsome species3 the colour and the horns of the test are clear distinctions4 #db4 ,inglisia patella1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bac2 ,vol4 ,,xiv41 #ahha1 p4 #bai4 7,plate ,x41 ,fig4 #b47 ,test of adult female conical or limpet-shaped1 white1 glassy1 slightly elongated1 striated with rows of air-cells radiating from the apex1 and increasing in size to the edge4 ,length of test1 about #a_/ad;in42 height1 about #a_/dj;in4 ,the edge is usually very wavy4 ,test of male similar1 but a little smaller and more elongated4 ,adult female filling the test1 shrivelling at gestation4 ,colour greenish-yellow4 ,edge wavy1 corresponding to the curves of the test4 ,antenn very short1 six-jointed2 on the last three joints some hairs4 ,feet normal2 upper digitules very long1 lower pair narrow4 ,on the edge of the body is a row of spines1 of which each alternate one is conical1 the remainder club-shaped2 the edge seems double or ribbon-like1 and inside it is a row of spinnerets1 beyond which is a narrow line of short regular curves4 ,abdominal cleft wide and circular above1 the extremities almost meeting4 ,anal ring with eight long hairs4 ,female of second stage flattish1 elongated1 wavy-edged2 not exhibiting alternate conical and clavate spines4 ,young larva naked1 flat1 active2 round the edge a row of clavate spines1 but no conical spines4 ,length1 about #a_/ej;in4 ,adult male greenish-yellow2 length1 #a_/bd;in4 ,antenn of ten joints1 all except the first bearing hairs4 ,foot normal2 digitules fine hairs4 ,abdominal spike about half the length of the abdomen1 with two long white set springing from the basal tubercle4 ,habitat--,on ,coprosma lucida1 ,riccarton ,bush1 ,christchurch2 ,drimys colorata1 7plentifully7 on hill above ,lyttelton2 ,atherosperma1 ,wellington4 ,a very pretty little species1 clearly distinguished by the form of the test and the alternate spines of the adult female4 ,subdivision ,,ii4--,,lecanid4 ,female insects naked in all stages2 form variable2 apodous in adult stage1 or retaining the feet2 viviparous or oviparous1 with or without attached ovisac2 abdominal cleft and lobes always present4 ,male pup in some cases covered with waxy secretion4 ,genus3 ,,lecanium1 ,illiger4 ,females naked1 flat or convex2 viviparous or oviparous2 propagating without ovisac2 arboreal4 ,dr4 ,signoret 7loc4 cit41 #ahgc1 p4 #cif7 divides the genus into six series1 as follows3-- 7#a47 ,species flat1 usually viviparous2 example1 ,l4 hesperidum4 7#b47 ,species more or less convex1 elongated2 example1 ,l4 persic4 7#c47 ,species more or less globular1 the skin tessellated2 example1 ,l4 aceris4 7#d47 ,species more or less globular1 the skin perforated with oval markings2 example1 ,l4 hemisphricum4 7#e47 ,species rugose1 with dorsal keels2 example1 ,l4 ole4 7#f47 ,species globular1 with cleft beneath for attachment to twigs2 example1 ,l4 emerici4 ,the following are the only species reported as yet in ,new ,zealand2 but the genus is so widely spread and the species are so numerous that doubtless many others will hereafter occur in this country4 #dc4 ,lecanium depressum1 ,targioni-,tozzetti1 ,catal4 7#ahfh71 #cg1 #h2 ,stud4 sul ,coccin41 #bi4 ,maskell1 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bjf4 7,plate ,,xi41 ,fig4 #a47 ,adult female elongated1 somewhat acuminate at the cephalic end1 slightly convex2 reddish-brown2 skin marked with two dorsal keels and numerous irregular tessellations1 finely punctate4 ,antenn of eight joints2 on the first two and the last three joints some hairs4 ,feet normal1 rather long2 one of the lower digitules is larger than the other4 ,length of insect1 about #a_/aj;in4 ,male unknown4 ,habitat in ,new ,zealand--,on plants in greenhouses2 ,christchurch1 ,wellington4 ,in ,europe1 on ,ficus1 in hothouses4 ,this insect belongs to ,signoret's fifth series4 #dd4 ,lecanium hemisphricum1 ,targioni-,tozzetti1 ,stud4 sul ,coccin41 #bg4 ,chermes filicum1 ,boisduval 7#ahfg71 #ccf2 ,targioni1 ,catal41 #ahfh1 #ch1 #ag4 ,maskell1 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #bi4 7,plate ,,xi41 ,fig4 #b47 ,adult female hemispherical1 with broad flattened edges2 reddish-brown2 diameter1 about #a_/ae;in4 ,skin regularly marked with oval perforations2 no keels4 ,antenn of eight joints4 ,feet normal1 thin4 ,anal ring with eight hairs4 ,male unknown4 ,habitat in ,new ,zealand--,on ,camellia1 ,hutt ,valley1 ,wellington2 in ,europe1 on ,dracna australis2 in ,america1 on various greenhouse plants 7,comstock74 ,query--,does the ,european habitat denote an ,australian origin8 ,this insect belongs to ,signoret's fourth series4 #de4 ,lecanium hesperidum1 ,linnus4 ,l4 hesperidum1 ,linnus1 ,syst4 ,nat41 #agce1 ,,ii41 #gci1 #a2 ,faun4 ,suec41 #agdf1 #ajae4 ,coccus hesperidum1 various authors4 ,calymnatus hesperidum1 ,costa1 ,nuov4 ,osserv41 #ahce8 ,calypticus hesperidum1 ,costa1 ,faun4 ,ins4 ,nap4 ,gall-insect41 #ahcg1 #h1 #a2 ,lubbock1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,,ix41 #dhj2 ,beck1 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,micr4 ,soc41 #ahfa1 #dg1 c4 ,maskell1 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bje4 ,the ,holly and ,ivy ,scale4 7,plate ,,xi41 ,fig4 #c47 ,adult female naked2 yellow1 brown1 or reddish2 flat or slightly convex2 elongated2 skin smooth1 sparsely punctate2 length averaging #a_/aj;in41 but specimens reach sometimes #a_/e;in4 ,antenn of seven joints2 a few hairs on most1 but the seventh has several4 ,abdominal cleft and lobes normal4 ,feet normal4 ,on the edge of a body a row of small hairs1 not set closely together4 ,viviparous2 at gestation the under-side becomes concave1 forming a shelter for the young2 and this cavity is often of a blood-red colour4 ,on the under-side may be seen sometimes four cottony trails starting from the region of the four stigmata4 ,young larva reddish-brown2 oval1 flat2 antenn of six joints4 ,from the abdominal lobes spring two long set4 ,male unknown4 ,habitat in ,new ,zealand--,everywhere1 on ivy1 holly1 camellia1 orange1 laurel1 myrtle1 box1 and many other plants out of doors or in greenhouses4 ,in ,europe1 chiefly on ivy and oranges1 but frequently on other plants4 ,in ,america on many plants4 ,this is the commonest of the ,lecanid in this country2 it may be distinguished from ,l4 mori 7below7 by its flatness and sparse punctuation4 ,this insect belongs to ,signoret's first series4 #df4 ,lecanium hibernaculorum1 ,targioni-,tozzetti1 ,catal4 7#ahfh71 #cg1 #i4 ,chermes hibernaculorum1 ,boisduval1 ,ent4 ,hort41 #ahfg1 #ccg4 ,maskell1 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bjg4 ,adult female nearly globular2 naked2 reddish-brown2 diameter about #a_/i;in42 at gestation the body becomes simply an inverted bag covering the eggs and young4 ,the insect appears to be partly oviparous1 partly viviparous4 ,antenn of eight joints4 ,feet normal4 ,skin pretty regularly marked with oval perforations4 ,male unknown4 ,habitat in ,new ,zealand--,on various greenhouse plants1 ,christchurch4 ,in ,europe on ,brexia1 ,phajus1 c4 ,the insect belongs to ,signoret's fourth series1 and may perhaps be only a large variety of ,l4 hemisphricum4 #dg4 ,lecanium maculatum1 ,signoret1 ,ann4 de la ,soc4 ,ent4 de ,france1 #ahgc1 p4 #djj4 ,maskell1 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bjg4 ,adult female naked2 flat1 elongated2 dorsal skin marked with a median row of rather large oval spots reaching from the abdominal cleft to the region of the rostrum4 ,length1 about #a_/ae;in4 ,colour yellowish-brown4 ,antenn of seven joints4 ,feet normal4 ,male unknown4 ,habitat in ,new ,zealand--,on ,bavardia1 in hothouses1 ,christchurch4 ,in ,europe on ivy4 ,this insect belongs to ,signoret's first series3 the dorsal spots distinguish it from ,l4 hesperidum4 #dh4 ,lecanium mori1 ,signoret1 ,ann4 de la ,soc4 ,ent4 de ,france1 #ahgc1 p4 #djg4 ,maskell1 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #bi4 7,plate ,,xi41 ,fig4 #d47 ,adult female naked2 elongated1 convex2 reddish2 length1 about #a_/i;in4 ,skin smooth1 without spots1 tessellations1 or keels4 ,antenn of seven joints4 ,feet normal4 ,adult male unknown3 pupa covered by a white1 elongated1 segmented1 glassy test4 ,habitat in ,new ,zealand--,on ,alsophila ,colensoi and other ferns1 ,botanical ,gardens1 ,wellington4 ,in ,europe on mulberry1 c4 ,the insect belongs to ,signoret's second series4 #di4 ,lecanium ole1 ,bernard4 ,chermes ole1 ,bernard1 ,mem4 d',hist4 ,nat4 ,acad41 #ahgb1 #ajh4 ,l4 ole1 ,signoret1 loc4 cit41 #ahgc1 p4 #ddj4 ,maskell1 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #bh4 ,the ,black ,scale4 7,plate ,,xi41 ,fig4 #e47 ,adult female naked2 semi-globular2 dark-brown1 sometimes almost black4 ,skin marked by one longitudinal and two transverse keels1 not very conspicuous4 ,diameter1 about #a_/ae;in4 ,antenn of eight joints4 ,feet normal4 ,anal ring with six hairs4 ,young insect flat1 elongated1 reddish-brown4 ,the keels are more conspicuous than in the adult4 ,skin marked with numerous oval perforations4 ,male unknown4 ,habitat in ,new ,zealand--,on camellia1 ,cassinia leptophylla 7tauhine71 and other plants1 ,wellington2 ,hawke's ,bay2 on various native trees1 ,whangarei4 ,in ,europe on olive4 ,in ,america 7where it is called the black scale7 on oranges and very many other plants4 ,this insect belongs to ,signoret's fifth series4 ,a ,european species1 ,l4 cycadis1 ,boisduval1 is said by ,dr4 ,signoret to closely resemble ,l4 ole1 the only difference apparently being the possession of nine-jointed antenn4 ,this character is so exceptional in the genus that it perhaps may be but doubtful4 ,genus3 ,,pulvinaria1 ,targioni-,tozzetti4 ,female insects naked1 arboreal1 constructing an ovisac4 ,male pup in cottony or waxy sacs4 #ej4 ,pulvinaria camellicola1 ,signoret1 ,ann4 de la ,soc4 ,ent4 de ,france1 #ahgc1 p4 #cb4 ,maskell1 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bjg4 7,plate ,,xii41 ,fig4 #a47 ,adult female yellowish- or reddish-brown1 naked1 slightly convex1 elongated2 skin smooth1 with puncta2 length variable1 from about #a_/g;in4 to #a_/i;in4 ,antenn 7according to ,signoret7 with sometimes six1 sometimes seven1 joints4 ,abdominal cleft and lobes normal4 ,the insect excretes a narrow1 white1 cylindrical cottony ovisac1 which is conspicuous on the leaf of the plant1 and the brown body of the female can be seen at one end of it4 ,the eggs in this ovisac are numerous1 perhaps some hundreds4 ,larva and second stage of female flat1 oval1 yellowish-brown4 ,male pupa covered with a waxy1 elongated test as in the genus ,ctenochiton1 but there is no fringe and the segments of the test are not conspicuous2 the test is oval and convex4 ,adult male yellowish-grey1 the head rounded1 with an anterior protuberance4 ,two dorsal and two ventral eyes1 and two ocelli4 ,antenn of ten joints1 all hairy4 ,feet exhibiting only two digitules1 the upper pair4 ,abdominal spike short1 with two longish set on each side1 each pair of which are covered with cotton which is produced into a long white conspicuous cauda4 ,habitat--,on camellia4 ,in the ,south1 chiefly in greenhouses4 ,in the ,hutt ,valley1 ,wellington1 camellias in the open air are much subject to it4 ,the female of this species is not unlike ,lecanium hesperidum1 but the formation of the white ovisac is a clearly distinguishing character4 ,in late summer the female often drops off to the ground1 leaving only the ovisac observable on the leaf4 ,subdivision ,,iii4--,,lecano-,,coccid1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #abh4 ,female insects covering themselves with a secretion of cottony or felted matter1 forming more or less complete sacs4 ,male insects 7where known7 covered with similar secretion4 ,genus3 ,,eriochiton1 ,maskell4 ,secretion white1 felted1 formed of threads issuing from prominent spiny spinnerets2 inconspicuous or absent on adult female1 thicker on male pupa4 ,abdominal cleft and lobes present in all stages of female4,r ,r ,in both of the species here described the adult female has the tibi shorter than the tarsi4 ,the author has hesitated to found a generic character on it until the discovery of other species2 the character is quite exceptional in the family1 occurring 7besides7 only in some species of ,acanthococcid4 ,in all others a tibia shorter than the tarsus would indicate an immature insect4 ,this genus contains the insect named hitherto ,ctenochiton spinosus4 #ea4 ,eriochiton hispidus1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xix41 #ahhf1 p4 #dg4 7,plate ,,xiii41 ,fig4 #a47 ,secretion of female white1 thin1 felted1 formed of thin threads excreted from the numerous prominent spiny spinnerets1 the threads becoming more or less matted over the dorsal surface4 ,at the edge each thread corresponds to a spine1 but has not the feathery form exhibited in the next species1 ,e4 spinosus1 being more tubular4 ,on the adult female the covering is often not to be detected1 or presents only fragmentary portions2 it is best observed on the female of the second stage4 ,secretion of the male pupa white1 felted1 thick1 covering the insect all over1 and exhibiting at the edge a small fringe4 ,at first sight the test1 being obscurely segmented1 presents somewhat the appearance of a ,dactylopid4 ,length of the felted mass1 about #a_/af;in4 ,larva normal1 flat1 elliptical1 active1 exhibiting the usual abdominal cleft and lobes4 ,dorsal surface covered with spines1 excreting a thin white mass of tubes and a tubular fringe4 ,female of the second stage more or less elliptical1 slightly convex1 brown in colour beneath the thin white felted covering1 which usually presents a segmented appearance1 due to the transverse rows of prominent spinnerets4 ,body covered thickly on the dorsal surface with spines1 which are subcylindrical1 the ends rounded1 springing from tubercular bases4 ,on the ventral surface many smaller spiny hairs4 ,abdominal cleft normal1 the lobes large4 ,mentum probably monomerous3 the tip bears several hairs4 ,antenn of six somewhat hairy joints4 ,feet with rather large femora2 the lower digitules are fine hairs4 ,anogenital ring bearing numerous hairs4 ,adult female elliptical1 convex1 hollow beneath1 brown in colour1 usually affecting the twigs and branches of the plant in preference to the leaves4 ,apparently naked1 but on close inspection found to retain at least portions of the thin felted covering4 ,dorsal surface covered with great numbers of spines similar to those of the second stage2 ventral surface with many small spiny hairs4 ,antenn of seven joints4 ,the feet have large cox and femora2 the tibia is only about half as long as the tarsus2 the lower digitules are only fine hairs4 ,adult male of normal form of ,lecanidin3 colour brown4 ,on the head are six visual organs3 two dorsal eyes1 two ventral1 and two ocelli4 ,antenn reddish1 ten-jointed2 the second joint a good deal thicker than the rest1 the second1 third1 and fourth joints the longest2 the last three moniliform2 all the joints hairy4 ,on the five last joints are several hairs with knobbed extremities4 ,feet slender1 hairy2 digitules fine hairs4 ,abdominal spike short and rather broad4 ,on each side of the base of the spike is a tubercle bearing a pair of longish set2 each pair of set becomes enclosed in a long white cottony thread1 and the two threads form conspicuous tails1 as is common with most males of the ,coccid family4 ,habitat--,on ,olearia ,haastii1 ,botanical ,gardens1 ,wellington4 ,this is an alpine plant cultivated in the ,gardens1 and the insect probably came with it from the mountains4 ,this species is distinguished from ,e4 spinosus by the great number of spiny spinnerets on the dorsum of the female and by the tubular character of the fringe4 ,the curious and exceptional character of a tibia shorter than the tarsus in the adult female1 as observed above1 is found only in this genus and some ,acanthococcid4 #eb4 ,eriochiton spinosus1 ,maskell4 ,ctenochiton spinosus1 ,maskell1 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bab2 ,vol4 ,,xii41 #ahgi1 p4 #bib2 ,vol4 ,,xiv41 #ahha1 p4 #bah2 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #be4 7,plate ,,xiii41 ,fig4 #b47 ,test of female white1 thin1 formed of felted threads excreted from spiny spinnerets2 inconspicuous at all stages1 and often absent on the adult1 but distinguishable on the larva and the second stage4 ,the excreting spinnerets are almost all at the edge of the body1 and the fringe is formed of feather-like segments1 each segment corresponding to a spine4 ,test of male white1 thick1 felted1 oval1 and convex2 length1 about #a_/af;in4 ,fringe as in the female4 ,adult female dark-brown1 sometimes almost black2 slightly elongated1 convex1 affecting almost altogether the twigs and branches in preference to the leaves4 ,average length1 about #a_/i;in4 ,antenn of seven joints3 on the last joint some hairs4 ,feet with the tibia about half as long as the tarsus 7see note above1 under the genus74 ,on the edge of the body is a row of conspicuous spines1 subcylindrical or subconical1 with tubercular bases2 and on the dorsum1 in some specimens1 may be seen a few others on the median region4 ,female of second stage brown1 elongated-elliptical1 slightly convex4 ,antenn six-jointed4 ,marginal spines as in the adult1 but no dorsal spines4 ,length1 about #a_/be;in4 ,larva red1 flattish1 elliptical2 marginal spines as in adult1 conspicuous4 ,antenn of five joints4 ,abdominal lobes large4 ,adult male brown1 rather more slender than in ,e4 hispidus4 ,antenn of ten joints1 all hairy2 the second joint much thicker than the rest4 ,the last three joints are not so globular as in ,e4 hispidus4 ,on the last five joints are several knobbed hairs4 ,feet slender1 hairy2 digitules fine hairs4 ,abdominal spike shortish1 broad3 at each side of the base a tubercle bearing a pair of longish set enclosed in a long filament of white cotton4 ,eyes four2 ocelli two4 ,length of body1 exclusive of spike1 about #a_/be;in4 ,habitat--,on ,atherosperma ,nov-,zlandi1 ,melicope ternata1 ,elocarpus dentatus1 ,wellington2 ,muhlenbeckia adspersa1 ,sumner ,road1 ,lyttelton2 ,port ,hills1 ,christchurch2 and ,wellington4 ,distinguished from ,e4 hispidus by the feather-like segments of the fringe1 and by the almost complete absence of dorsal spines on the female4 ,the male is apparently almost identical4 ,group ,,iii4--,,hemicoccidin4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #abh4 ,larv presenting at the extremity of the abdomen two conspicuous protuberances1 or anal tubercles1 as in the following group1 ,coccidin2 abdominal cleft and lobes absent4 ,adult females exhibiting the abdominal cleft and lobes of ,lecanidin4 ,insects naked or covered with secretion4 ,the formation of this group has been necessary to include certain insects1 e4g41 ,kermes1 which are evidently intermediate between the ,lecanidin and the ,coccidin1 exhibiting at various stages the characters of each4 ,,subdivisions ,,and ,,genera4 ,subdivision ,i4 ,adult females naked or covered with horny secretion1 without fringe ,kermitid4 ,adult females globular ,kermes4 ,subdivision ,,ii4 ,adult females covered with a test of glassy or waxy secretion ,cryptokermitid4 ,test hard1 waxy1 with single fringe ,pollinia4 ,test hard1 waxy1 with double fringe ,asterolecanium4 ,none of the insects belonging to this group have as yet been reported as occurring in ,new ,zealand4 ,as regards the name ,kermes included in the foregoing list1 see ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #ag4 ,group ,,iv4--,,coccidin4 ,adult females variable in form and colour2 body segmented1 the segments more or less conspicuous2 naked1 or covered with secretion which is mealy1 cottony1 felted1 or waxy2 active or stationary4 ,no abdominal cleft or dorsal lobes2 abdomen ending in two more or less conspicuous protruding processes1 or anal tubercles4 ,mentum1 when present1 bi- or triarticulate4 ,larv exhibiting anal tubercles as in adult4 ,adult males of general form of the family3 abdominal spike usually short4 ,antenn usually of ten joints4 ,eyes often facetted4 ,,subdivisions ,,and ,,genera4 ,subdivision ,i4 ,adult females stationary2 naked1 or covered with cottony or felted secretion2 antenn of not more than seven joints2 anogenital ring with six or eight short hairs2 anal tubercles conspicuous4 ,eyes of male not facetted ,acanthococcid4 ,adult female enclosed in closely-felted or waxy sac with double glassy fringe2 apodous and without antenn ,planchonia4 ,adult females enclosed in a felted sac without fringe2 retaining feet and antenn ,eriococcus4 ,adult females naked2 retaining feet and antenn ,rhizococcus4 ,genera not yet represented in ,new ,zealand4 ,adult females lying on cushion of cotton2 apodous and without antenn ,nidularia4 ,adult females lying on cushion of cotton2 retaining feet and antenn ,gossyparia4 ,adult females enclosed in a cottony sac2 apodous2 with or without antenn2 excreting from the abdomen a very long cottony appendage ,antonina4 ,the genus ,acanthococcus1 ,signoret 7loc4 cit41 #ahgd1 p4 #cd71 is here united to ,eriococcus2 and the genus ,capulinia1 ,signoret 7loc4 cit41 #ahgd1 p4 #bg71 to ,antonina4 ,subdivision ,,ii4 ,adult females active or stationary2 naked1 or covered with mealy1 cottony1 or waxy secretion2 antenn of from six to nine joints2 anogenital ring conspicuous1 with several long hairs2 anal tubercles inconspicuous4 ,eyes of male sometimes facetted ,dactylopid4 ,adult females having antenn of eight joints2 anogenital ring with six hairs2 naked1 or covered with meal or cotton ,dactylopius4 ,adult females having antenn of nine joints2 covered with cottony secretion2 anogenital ring with six hairs2 upper digitules of foot absent ,pseudococcus4 ,genera not yet represented in ,new ,zealand4 ,adult females having antenn of six joints2 covered with mealy secretion2 anogenital ring with six hairs ,ripersia4 ,adult females having antenn of nine joints2 anogenital ring with eight hairs2 upper digitules of foot present ,puto4 ,adult females having antenn of eight joints2 covered with plates of waxy secretion2 anogenital ring with six hairs4 ,eyes of male facetted ,orthezia4 ,the genera ,westwoodia and ,boisduvalia1 ,signoret 7loc4 cit41 #ahgd1 pp4 #ccg1 #cch71 are here united to ,dactylopius4 ,subdivision ,,iii4 ,not yet represented in ,new ,zealand4 ,adult females active1 covered with mealy secretion2 antenn of seven joints2 no hairs on anogenital ring4 ,eyes of male not facetted ,coccid4 ,adult females having antenn of seven joints2 no hairs on anogenital ring ,coccus4 ,subdivision ,,iv4 ,adult females active or stationary2 naked1 or covered with mealy1 waxy1 or cottony secretion2 antenn of ten or eleven joints2 anterior pair of feet similar to the rest2 anogenital ring without hairs2 anal tubercles inconspicuous4 ,males with facetted eyes and no ocelli ,monophlebid4 ,adult females with elongated antenn of eleven joints2 covered with mealy or cottony secretion2 with or without ovisac2 rostrum present ,icerya4 ,adult females with antenn of eleven joints2 naked1 or covered with cottony or mealy secretion2 rostrum absent ,clostoma4 ,genera not yet represented in ,new ,zealand4 ,adult females having antenn of eleven joints2 naked4 ,males with several long processes1 or tassels1 on the abdominal segments ,monophlebus4 ,adult females with antenn of eleven joints2 naked4 ,males without tassels ,leachia4 ,adult females with conical antenn of eleven joints2 covered with cotton ,ortonia4 ,adult females with antenn of ten joints4 ,males bearing a long mass of silky hairs on the last abdominal segment ,callipappus4 ,adult females with antenn of ten joints2 covered with secretion1 partly cottony1 partly plates of wax ,walkeriana4 ,the genera ,drosicha1 ,walker 7list of ,homop4 ,suppl41 #aheh1 #cjf1 #a7 and ,guerinia_/sc1 ,targioni-,tozzetti 7,signoret1 loc4 cit41 #ahge1 p4 #cef7 are here united to ,monophlebus_/sc4 ,the genus ,llaveia_/sc1 ,signoret 7loc4 cit41 #ahge1 p4 #cgj71 is omitted1 its affinities being doubtful4 ,subdivision ,v4 ,not yet represented in ,new ,zealand4 ,adult females with antenn of variable number of joints2 anterior pair of feet abnormally enlarged1 deformed2 rostrum1 mentum1 and buccal apparatus absent4 ,eyes of male facetted ,porphyrophorid4 ,adult females with antenn of eleven joints2 covered with mealy or cottony secretion ,porphyrophora4 ,adult females with antenn of seven joints2 covered with waxy or calcareous secretion ,margarodes4 ,subdivision ,i4--,,acanthococcid4 ,female insects exhibiting in all stages the anal tubercles4 ,young larv free1 naked1 active4 ,females of second stage active1 covered with thin cottony secretion4 ,adult females stationary2 naked1 or either resting on or covered with a thick cottony or felted secretion4 ,anal tubercles in all stages conspicuous1 bearing terminal hairs4 ,anogenital ring inconspicuous1 with fine short hairs4 ,body distinctly segmented4 ,male pup enclosed in cottony or felted sac4 ,abdominal spike of adult usually short1 with a curved appendage4 ,genus3 ,,planchonia1 ,signoret1 ,ann4 de la ,soc4 ,entom4 de ,france1 #ahfh1 p4 #bhb4 ,maskell1 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xiv41 #ahha1 p4 #bbc4 ,adult females enclosed in a sac1 or test1 of secretion so closely felted as to appear waxy2 round the edge of the sac a double fringe of glassy tubes2 apodous2 antenn absent4 ,anal tubercles present in all stages4 ,the differences between this genus and ,asterolecanium 7see above under ,lecanidin7 are not to be made out from external examination of the sac1 nor without close investigation4 ,it is possible1 indeed1 that ,asterolecanium should be removed from the ,lecanidin and united with ,planchonia4 #ec4 ,planchonia epacridis1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xiv41 #ahha1 p4 #bbd4 7,plate ,,xii41 ,fig4 #b47 ,test of adult female closely felted1 smooth1 hard1 semi-transparent2 flat beneath1 convex above2 elongated-oval1 tapering towards the posterior end2 completely enclosing the insect except at extreme posterior end1 where there is a small orifice2 colour partly green1 partly yellow4 ,round the edge a fringe of long white glassy tubes in double row1 one row over the other4 ,average length1 exclusive of fringe1 about #a_/af;in4 ,test of male unknown4 ,adult female filling the test1 shrivelling at gestation4 ,antenn absent1 but represented by circular rings1 each bearing four hairs4 ,feet absent4 ,anal tubercles small1 setiferous4 ,anogenital ring inconspicuous1 with six fine short hairs4 ,mentum uni-articulate2 rostral set short4 ,round the edge of the body a row of figure-of-#h spinneret orifices2 on the dorsal surface many circular spinnerets and a number of protruding tubes4 ,female of second stage elongated1 flattish2 colour1 reddish-brown2 length1 about #a_/bj;in4 ,antenn absent1 represented by rings1 as in adult4 ,feet absent4 ,anal tubercles as in adult4 ,spinnerets and fringes as in adult4 ,young insect elongated-oval1 tapering towards anal extremity1 flat2 anal tubercles clearly distinguishable1 setiferous4 ,antenn of five joints2 the last joint clavate and bearing hairs4 ,feet normal2 upper digitules fine hairs2 lower digitales absent4 ,colour reddish-brown2 on the dorsal surface many scattered figure-of-#h spinnerets1 from which spring long1 curling1 white1 glassy tubes4 ,length of insect1 about #a_/dj;in4 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on ,leucopogon ,fraseri1 ,amberley and ,sumner1 ,canterbury2 on ,leptospermum scoparium 7manuka7 7sparingly71 ,nelson4 ,a very pretty little species1 resembling in outward appearance ,asterolecanium quercicola1 ,signoret1 but much smaller1 and distinguishable by the presence of the anal tubercles4 ,genus3 ,,eriococcus1 ,targioni-,tozzetti4 ,signoret1 loc4 cit41 #ahgd1 p4 #bi4 ,maskell1 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgi1 p4 #bah4 ,adult female enclosed in an elongated sac of white or yellow felted cotton2 body elongated1 segmented2 anal tubercles conspicuous2 feet and antenn present2 several rows of conical spines on dorsal surface4 ,antenn of six joints4 #ed4 ,eriococcus araucari1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bah2 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #acd4 ,rhizococcus araucari1 ,comstock2 ,rept4 of ,entom41 ,u4,s4 ,agric4 ,dept41 #ahha1 p4 #cci4 7,plate ,,xiv41 ,fig4 #a47 ,sac of adult female white1 cottony1 elongated1 often aggregated in masses2 length1 about #a_/aj;in4 ,sac of male similar1 but much smaller4 ,adult female elongated-oval1 convex1 segmented2 colour yellowish2 anal tubercles brown1 conspicuous4 ,length of insect1 about #a_/ab;in4 ,antenn of six joints1 with some hairs4 ,feet normal4 ,anogenital ring inconspicuous1 with eight short hairs4 ,on the edge of the body a row of conical spines 7spinnerets74 ,after gestation the insect loses its regular oval outline1 shrivelling up at one end of the sac4 ,young larva and female of second stage similar to adult1 but smaller4 ,adult male1 a delicate fly-like creature1 with two large wings and a pair of long waxen filaments projecting from posterior part of the abdomen2 these filaments are very conspicuous1 being white1 and longer than the body of the insect4 ,colour of body white1 with many irregular markings 7,comstock1 loc4 cit474 ,habitat in ,new ,zealand--,on ,araucaria excelsior 7,norfolk ,island pine71 ,governor's ,bay1 ,canterbury4 ,in ,america1 on same plant4 ,this insect is not greatly different from ,e4 buxi1 ,signoret2 but the sac differs1 and there are a few distinguishing characters in the form of the antenn and feet4 #ee4 ,eriococcus hoheri1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xii41 #ahgi1 p4 #bih2 ,vol4 ,,xix41 #ahhf4 7,plate ,,xiv41 ,fig4 #b47 ,sac of adult female white1 cottony1 irregularly elliptical1 slightly convex1 often aggregated in masses2 frequently so covered with black fungus as to present the appearance of a minute gall4 ,sac of male white1 convex1 smaller and more elongated than that of the female4 ,adult female elongated-oval1 convex1 red in colour2 length1 about #a_/cj;in4 ,body segmented1 tapering rapidly to the posterior extremity2 the cephalic segment occupying more than half the length4 ,anal tubercles conspicuous1 apparently two1 but on close inspection found to be four1 brown in colour2 two of them bear longish set2 all the four are much corrugated and bear many short spiny hairs4 ,anogenital ring inconspicuous1 with eight fine hairs4 ,antenn of six short joints1 tapering4 ,foot as if atrophied1 the joints small and swollen2 digitules all fine hairs4 ,on the body are many small conical spines1 which are most numerous on the last two abdominal segments4 ,larva free1 active1 red in colour1 flattish1 elongated1 tapering to the abdominal extremity2 length1 about #a_/ej;in4 ,body segmented2 anal tubercles two1 conspicuous1 setiferous1 with some short hairs4 ,antenn of six joints2 feet normal4 ,adult male red1 about #a_/bj;in4 long2 wings rather narrow1 hyaline4 ,antenn ten-jointed1 hairy4 ,feet normal4 ,abdominal spike short1 thick1 and accompanied by a curved appendage2 at each side a tubercle bearing longish set4 ,habitat--,in crevices 7and sometimes on surface7 of bark of ,hoheria angustifolia1 on hills above the town of ,lyttelton4 ,about midsummer individuals may be found which have just completed their sac and have not yet become coated with the black fungus4 ,the peg-top form and the four anal tubercles of this insect distinguish it from all others of the genus4 #ef4 ,eriococcus multispinus1 ,maskell4 ,acanthococcus multispinus1 ,maskell2 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bag2 ,vol4 ,,xii41 #ahgi1 p4 #bib2 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #bi4 7,plate ,,xv41 ,fig4 #a47 ,sac of adult female yellow1 felted1 elongated-oval4 ,length1 about #a_/bj;in4 ,abdominal extremity open4 ,sac of male similar to that of the female4 ,adult female pinkish in colour1 elongated-oval1 convex1 filling the sac1 shrivelling at gestation2 segmented1 segments not conspicuous4 ,length1 about #a_/be;in4 ,anal tubercles brownish1 conspicuous1 setiferous4 ,anogenital ring small1 with eight fine hairs1 which are often glued together by cottony secretion1 forming a pencil between the tubercles4 ,antenn of six joints4 ,feet having the tibia shorter than the tarsus2,s digitules fine hairs4 ,on the dorsal surface are a great number of conical spines1 of which the largest are arranged in six longitudinal rows2 from the spines sometimes protrude some cottony tubes with an expansion a little below the tip4 ,s ,as a rule1 a tibia shorter than the tarsus characterizes an insect not yet arrived at the adult stage4 ,the genera ,eriococcus and ,rhizococcus sometimes present exceptions to this rule4 ,see also1 above1 the genus ,eriochiton4 ,young larva free1 active1 elongated-oval1 flattish2 spines as in adult4 ,adult male orange-red in colour2 length1 about #a_/be;in4 ,antenn of ten joints4 ,abdominal spike short1 thick1 with a curved appendage4 ,feet normal4 ,habitat--,on ,rubus australis1 ,riccarton ,bush1 ,canterbury2 on ,knightia excelsa1 ,cyathodes acerosa1 ,wellington4 ,the very numerous conical spines distinguish this species from that known as ,acanthococcus aceris1 ,signoret1 the ,european species4 ,there seems to be no sufficient reason why the genus ,acanthococcus should have been separated from ,eriococcus1 and they have been here reunited4 ,the only difference mentioned by ,signoret is the colour and texture of the sac1 an unimportant character in this case4 #eg4 ,eriococcus pallidus1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #bi4 7,plate ,,xv41 ,fig4 #b47 ,sac of adult female yellowish-white1 elongated-oval1 convex1 closed at both ends4 ,length1 about #a_/i;in4 ,sac of male unknown4 ,adult female greenish-grey1 turning to brown after gestation2 filling the sac2 shrivelling at gestation4 ,anal tubercles rather large and conspicuous4 ,anogenital ring small1 with eight 7sometimes six87 fine short hairs4 ,antenn of six joints4 ,feet normal1 slender2 lower digitules narrow and rather long4 ,body segmented2 segments not very distinct4 ,on the middle of each segment a transverse row of small slender conical spines not set closely together4 ,very many small scattered oval spinneret orifices4 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on ,myoporum ltum 7ngaio71 ,elocarpus dentatus 7hinau71 c42 throughout the ,islands4 ,allied to ,e4 buxi1 ,signoret 7,european71 and ,e4 multispinus1 ante3 but different from both in colour1 in the arrangement of the spines and spinnerets1 and in the form of the antenn4 ,genus3 ,,rhizococcus1 ,signoret4 ,adult females naked1 usually stationary2 body segmented2 anal tubercles conspicuous4 ,antenn of six or seven joints4 ,feet present4 ,anogenital ring inconspicuous1 with fine hairs4 ,male pupa enclosed in a cottony sac4 ,mr4 ,comstock proposes 7,ann4 ,rept4 of ,entom41 ,u4,s4 ,agric4 ,dept41 #ahha1 p4 #cci1 note7 to include in this genus all the species of ,eriococcus4 ,the organic difference disclosed by the formation of a sac in that genus and the absence of a sac in ,rhizococcus seems to render the separation of the two necessary4 #eh4 ,rhizococcus celmisi1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #ace4 7,plate ,,xvi41 ,fig4 #a47 ,adult female deep red in colour1 elongated-oval1 convex above and flattened below2 length about #a_/aa;in4 ,the segments of the body are not very distinct4 ,the abdomen ends in two large and conspicuous anal tubercles1 each of which bears one strong and fairly long terminal seta and three other spines4 ,the anal ring has eight hairs4 ,antenn of six joints1 sometimes looking like seven4 ,mentum doubtfully dimerous4 ,the four digitules of the foot are long fine hairs4 ,the tibia is a little shorter than the tarsus4,t ,the trochanter bears one long hair and two short ones4 ,a few large conical spines 7spinnerets7 are scattered over the body1 and a row of smaller ones1 like hairs with tubercular bases1 runs transversely on each segment2 also some circular spinnerets4 ,at the edge of the body1 all round1 is a row of the large conical spines1 which are set in groups of three on the posterior segments1 of four or five on the median segments1 and almost continuous on the head4 ,when the insect is alive these spines are often agglutinated with cottony secretion so as to give the appearance of a short fringe4 ,the four spiracles are somewhat large and circular4 ,t ,see note1 above1 under ,eriococcus multispinus4 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on ,celmisia sp41 ,southern ,alps1 ,canterbury4 ,differs from the ,european ,r4 gnidii in size1 colour1 and habitat1 that species living on the roots of grass1 while the ,new ,zealand insect is arboreal4 ,there are also differences in the foot and in the arrangement of the spines and hairs4 ,it is possible that this insect may1 in its latest stage1 construct a sac3 in that case1 it would belong to ,eriococcus4 #ei4 ,rhizococcus fossor1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #acf4 7,plate ,,xvi41 ,fig4 #b47 ,female naked in all stages1 but the adult usually buried in a pit4 ,male pupa enclosed in a white1 elongated1 cottony sac1 which is about #a_/bj;in4 long4 ,adult female greenish-yellow in colour1 sometimes brown1 stationary2 sometimes resting on the leaf1 usually partly enclosed in a circular pit2 almost circular in outline1 flat beneath and slightly convex above2 length1 about #a_/ae;in4 ,in the last stage1 after gestation1 it becomes dark-brown4 ,the cephalic part is smooth2 the remainder segmented4 ,the abdomen ends in two very small anal tubercles1 which are nevertheless somewhat conspicuous on account of their brown colour4 ,between them there protrudes a long thick pencil of white cotton4 ,antenn short1 with six joints1 the last joint bearing several long hairs4 ,feet very small2 the femur rather thick2 the tibia is shorter than the tarsus by about one-third2 the four digitules are long fine hairs4 ,the anal tubercles have not terminal set2 anal ring inconspicuous4 ,a row of a few conical spines1 set far apart1 runs round the edge of the body1 but none elsewhere1 nor any circular spinnerets4 ,there is no sign of a sac in any stage4 ,female of the second stage oval1 flatter than the adult1 and of a rich golden colour2 length1 about #a_/dj;in4 ,the segments of the body are somewhat more distinct than in the adult4 ,the anal tubercles are proportionately larger1 and bear terminal set4 ,antenn longer than in the adult1 with six joints4 ,feet also longer4 ,all round the edge runs a row of conical spines1 set more closely than in the adult2 and from each of these springs a long curly tube of white cotton1 making a kind of fringe to the body2 each tube is a little dilated at the end1 and then tapers to a narrow point4 ,the base of each conical spine is a somewhat large tubercle4 ,young larva free1 active1 elongated1 slightly convex1 tapering to the anal extremity2 colour yellow2 length1 about #a_/fj;in4 ,antenn as in adult1 with six joints4 ,feet somewhat large4 ,anal tubercles thick1 conspicuous1 setiferous1 with one short hair4 ,on the edge of the body a row of conical spines set far apart1 and on the dorsum four other longitudinal rows4 ,adult male red in colour1 about #a_/cj;in4 long4 ,antenn of nine joints1 all bearing hairs2 the last joint nearly globular4 ,feet slender2 digitules fine hairs4 ,abdominal spike short1 thick1 with sometimes a curved appendage4 ,a rather strong seta on each side of the base of the spike4 ,as a rule1 the adult female is nearly buried in a circular depression1 or pit1 formed in the leaf1 and with the wall of the pit somewhat curled over it4 ,on the other side of the leaf is a corresponding elevation1 of a brown colour4 ,diameter of pit1 about #a_/ah;in4 ,the abdominal pencil of cotton and the anal tubercles of the female usually protrude at the edge of the pit1 probably to attract the male4 ,after gestation1 the female disappears within the pit1 and the young larv are also sheltered in it for a while4 ,sometimes two females inhabit the same pit4 ,the females which are not in pits are generally of a dark-red1 or brown1 colour4 ,habitat--,on ,santalum ,cunninghamii 7maire71 ,te ,aute1 ,hawke's ,bay4 ,a very distinct species1 easily distinguishable by the pits on the leaves4 ,subdivision ,,ii4--,,dactylopid4 ,the ,mealy-bugs4 ,female insects active or stationary2 naked1 or covered with mealy1 cottony1 or waxy secretion4 ,body segmented4 ,antenn of from six to nine joints4 ,feet present4 ,anogenital ring large1 usually conspicuous1 with several long hairs4 ,anal tubercles small1 inconspicuous4 ,males of general form of the family4 ,eyes sometimes facetted1 usually granular4 ,genus3 ,,dactylopius1 ,costa4 ,adult females having antenn of eight joints2 anogenital ring with six hairs4 ,naked1 or more usually covered with mealy or cottony secretion4 ,male pupa enclosed in cottony sac4 #fj4 ,dactylopius alpinus1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #ach4 7,plate ,,xvii41 ,fig4 #a47 ,adult female dark-purple in colour1 producing a rich red tint in alcohol2 body segmented1 convex1 slightly elongated1 stationary2 enclosed in a thick mass of white cottony secretion4 ,length1 about #a_/g;in4 ,internal substance very oily4 ,anal tubercles inconspicuous1 thick1 with broad bases4 ,anogenital ring large1 with six hairs4 ,feet normal2 upper digitules long fine hairs2 lower digitules somewhat broader4 ,antenn of eight joints4 ,on the dorsum a number of tubular projecting spinnerets1 and others circular4 ,on each of the last three abdominal segments a row of large conical spines4 ,female of second stage dark-brown1 active1 elongated1 segmented1 flatter than the adult2 length1 about #a_/bj;in4 ,anal tubercles inconspicuous1 setiferous4 ,a few conical spines on the posterior segments4 ,antenn of six joints4 ,a thin mealy secretion on the body4 ,young larva dark-brown1 naked1 active1 elongated1 segmented2 length1 about #a_/dj;in4 ,antenn of six joints4 ,anal tubercles thick1 broad1 and more conspicuous than in the adult4 ,a few small spines on the dorsum4 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on ,veronica sp41 ,upper ,waimakariri ,valley1 ,southern ,alps4 ,a species easily distinguished by its cottony sac1 its rich colour in alcohol1 and its conical spines4 ,it would seem to be intermediate between ,rhizococcus and ,dactylopius4 #fa4 ,dactylopius calceolari1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bah2 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #ach4 7,plate ,,xvii41 ,fig4 #b47 ,adult female dull-pink in colour1 elongated1 distinctly segmented1 slightly convex2 active2 covered with thin mealy secretion2 length variable1 from #a_/h;in4 to #a_/d;in4 ,very short cottony appendages sometimes along the edge of the body4 ,anal tubercles inconspicuous1 bearing fine hairs1 from which spring two long cottony filaments4 ,anogenital ring large1 with six long hairs which are often glued together by white cotton1 forming a pencil between the anal tubercles4 ,interior substance very oily4 ,antenn of eight joints1 each bearing hairs4 ,mentum triarticulate1 with a few hairs at the tip4 ,feet normal4 ,female of second stage similar1 but smaller4 ,antenn of six joints4 ,anal tubercles somewhat more conspicuous than in the adult4 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on ,calceolaria1 ,christchurch2 ,danthonia1 ,stewart ,island2 ,phormium tenax1 ,christchurch4 ,the large size1 and the absence of long cottony marginal appendages1 distinguish this species from the ,european ,d4 adonidum4 #fb4 ,dactylopius glaucus1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bai2 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #cj4 7,plate ,,xvii41 ,fig4 #c47 ,adult female green1 sometimes brownish-red1 elongated1 distinctly segmented1 slightly convex2 active2 covered with thin mealy secretion4 ,length1 averaging #a_/ad;in4 ,body oval1 tapering somewhat to the posterior extremity4 ,anal tubercles inconspicuous1 each bearing fine hairs and a long cottony filament4 ,anogenital ring large1 with six hairs often forming with cotton a protruding pencil4 ,a few cottony appendages sometimes round the edge of the body1 often absent4 ,antenn of eight joints1 each bearing hairs4 ,feet normal2 lower digitules rather broad4 ,sac of male pupa narrow1 cylindrical1 white1 cottony1 open at the posterior end4 ,length1 about #a_/h;in4 ,adult male about #a_/bj;in4 long2 brown1 covered when newly hatched with white meal4 ,body rather thick2 abdominal spike short4 ,antenn of ten joints1 hairy2 the last eight joints equal to each other4 ,feet slender1 hairy2 upper digitules long1 fine2 lower digitules short4 ,habitat--,on ,panax1 ,rubus1 ,coprosma1 ,pittosporum1 ,piper excelsum1 c42 throughout the ,islands3 also frequently on fruit-trees4 ,a species more nearly resembling the ordinary mealy bug1 ,d4 adonidum1 than any other in ,new ,zealand2 but differing in colour1 in the absence of long marginal appendages1 and in the form of the foot and antenn4 #fc4 ,dactylopius po1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bbj4 7,plate ,,xviii41 ,fig4 #a47 ,adult female pink1 covered with thin white meal2 slightly elongated1 sometimes globular2 flat beneath1 convex above2 segmented1 the segments indistinct4 ,length reaching about #a_/aj;in4 ,antenn of eight joints1 very short4 ,feet normal1 very short2 upper digitules short1 lower digitules absent 7874 ,anal tubercles extremely small and inconspicuous2 each has three conical spines1 but no hairs4 ,anogenital ring large1 with six hairs4 ,on the dorsum are numbers of small circular spinnerets4 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on the common tussock grass1 ,poa anceps 7australis871 ,mount ,grey ,downs and ,port ,hills1 ,canterbury2 either just above the ground1 or more often an inch or two below the surface4 ,a species clearly distinct in form and habit4 ,genus3 ,,pseudococcus1 ,westwood4 ,adult females covered with cottony secretion2 stationary2 antenn of nine joints2 anogenital ring conspicuous1 with six hairs2 upper digitules of the foot absent4 #fd4 ,pseudococcus asteli1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #aci4 7,plate ,,xviii41 ,fig4 #b47 ,adult female about #a_/aj;in4 long1 yellowish-brown1 covered with a not very abundant white cotton2 segmented2 anal tubercles inconspicuous2 anal ring with six hairs4 ,antenn with nine joints1 of which the third1 fourth1 and fifth are the longest2 the second1 sixth1 and ninth a little shorter2 the first1 seventh1 and eighth the shortest4 ,the fourth1 fifth1 and sixth are the narrowest1 the two ends of the antenn being thicker than the middle4 ,the eighth joint is a little expanded at the tip2 and the ninth is fusiform1 with a shallow depression at the extremity4 ,all the joints have a few long hairs1 and on the eighth is one a good deal stronger than the others4 ,the legs have the tibi twice as long as the tarsus2 the claw is slender1 and has no tooth on the inner edge4 ,there are only two digitules 7the lower pair71 which are long and fine4 ,the trochanter bears one short bristle4 ,the whole leg is slender and long4 ,the eyes are tubercular and smooth1 showing after maceration in potash a small dark terminal spot4 ,the body is covered with a number of spinnerets of two kinds3 those with simple concentric circles are the largest1 and are found all over the integument2 the others are multilocular1 and are placed in groups at the edges of the segments and also in great numbers at the cephalic and abdominal extremities4 ,interspersed with these spinnerets are several hairs1 mostly very short1 but on the head are some pretty long4 ,from the anal tubercles spring two strong set with tubercular bases1 not very long4 ,the mentum is dimerous1 and bears a few hairs on the tip4 ,in the groups of spinnerets at the edges of the segments are found a few small conical spines4 ,the four spiracles are small and simple4 ,adult male unknown4 ,habitat--,on ,astelia sp41 in forests1 ,hawke's ,bay4 ,allied to ,p4 ,mespili1 ,geoffroy2 but differs in the antenn1 feet1 and spinnerets4 ,subdivision ,,iii4--,,coccid4 ,adult females active1 covered with mealy secretion2 antenn of seven joints2 no hairs on anogenital ring4 ,eyes of male not facetted4 ,this subdivision1 which includes the single genus ,coccus1 of which there would seem to be not more than one distinct species--,coccus cacti 7the cochineal insect7--and two or three varieties1 has not yet any representatives in ,new ,zealand4 ,subdivision ,,iv4--,,monophlebid4 ,adult females active or stationary2 naked1 or covered with mealy1 cottony1 or waxy secretion2 segmented2 antenn of ten or eleven joints2 anterior pair of feet similar to the rest2 anogenital ring without hairs2 anal tubercles inconspicuous4 ,males with facetted eyes and no ocelli4 ,strictly speaking1 the wings of the males of this group should1 according to its name1 present only a single nervure4 ,this1 however1 is not the case1 or1 rather1 it should be said that the nervure is precisely similar to that of all other ,coccids1 branching once1 so that it cannot form a distinctive character4 ,possibly the name of ,monophlebus was originally given by ,leach to an abnormal or imperfect specimen4 ,genus3 ,,icerya1 ,signoret4 ,adult females having antenn of eleven joints2 covered with thin mealy secretion or with cotton2 stationary2 with or without ovisac4 ,rostrum and mentum present4 ,segmentation inconspicuous4 ,adult males without tassels on the abdomen2 antenn with two dilations on each joint4 ,two species only of this genus are at present known1 the one described below and another1 ,i4 sacchari1 infesting sugar-canes in ,mauritius4 ,the male of the latter is unknown4 ,possibly researches in ,australia might result in the discovery of others4 #fe4 ,icerya ,purchasi1 ,maskell4 ,n4 ,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #ahgh1 p4 #bba2 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #adj2 p4 #adj2 ,vol4 ,,xvii41 #ahhd1 p4 #cj2 ,vol4 ,,xix41 #ahhf1 p4 #de4 ,the ,cottony-cushion ,scale4 7,plate ,,xix47 ,adult female dark reddish-brown1 covered with a thin powdery secretion of yellowish meal1 and with slender glassy filaments2 stationary at gestation1 and gradually raising itself on its head1 lifting the posterior extremity until nearly perpendicular1 filling the space beneath it with thick white cotton1 which gradually extends for some distance behind it in an elongated1 white ovisac1 longitudinally corrugated2 ovisac often much longer than the insect1 and becoming filled with oval red eggs4 ,length of female1 about #a_/e;in41 reaching sometimes nearly #a_/c;in4 ,body previous to gestation lying flat on the plant1 the edge slightly turned up2 on the dorsum a longitudinal raised ridge1 forming one or more prominences4 ,insect covered all over with numerous minute fine hairs1 most thickly on the thoracic region2 round the edge these hairs are longer1 and are arranged in tufts somewhat closely set2 the tufts are black1 and contain from twenty to thirty hairs in each4 ,amongst the hairs in the tufts are several protruding tubular spinnerets1 having on the outer end a kind of multiglobular ring or crown2 from these proceed cylindrical1 glassy1 straight tubes as long as the tufts of hair4 ,long1 fine1 glassy1 delicate filaments1 as long as the body of the insect1 radiate from the edge all round2 but these1 being very fragile1 are often irregular1 or absent4 ,during gestation thick1 short1 cottony processes form at the edge of the thorax1 seemingly attached to the feet4 ,antenn of eleven joints1 very slightly tapering2 each joint bearing hairs4 ,feet normal1 somewhat thick4 ,rostrum not long2 mentum triarticulate4 ,procreation commencing soon after the first formation of the ovisac1 the eggs being ejected into the sac as it grows2 ovisac at completion containing sometimes as many as #cej eggs2 ovisac convex above1 sometimes irregularly split1 more often nearly conical1 divided by several regular longitudinal grooves or ribs4 ,female of second stage dark-red1 elongated1 slightly convex1 active1 covered with thin meal1 or short curly cotton4 ,body hairy with marginal tufts and spinnerets1 as in adult4 ,anal tubercles inconspicuous1 but the abdomen exhibits three small lobes on each side1 from which spring six short set4 ,antenn of nine nearly equal joints1 hairy4 ,feet normal1 thick4 ,several radiating1 fine cottony filaments4 ,length of insect variable1 from #a_/aj;in4 to #a_/f;in4 ,the dorsum exhibits the longitudinal raised ridge1 but less conspicuously than in the adult4 ,young larva1 about #a_/bd;in4 long1 dark-red1 elongated1 flattish1 active2 covered with yellow cottony down4 ,antenn of six joints1 hairy2 the last joint is much the largest1 clavate1 apparently four-ringed1 bearing four long hairs4 ,feet slender2 digitules short1 fine hairs4 ,eyes prominent1 tubercular4 ,mentum biarticulate4 ,anal tubercles represented by three small processes at each side of the abdominal extremity1 each process bearing a very long seta4 ,six longitudinal rows of circular multilocular spinnerets1 four on the dorsum and one on each edge4 ,alternating with these are rows of hairs with tubercular bases4 ,adult male large1 the length slightly varying2 some specimens reach #a_/h;in42 expanse of wings1 #a_/d;in42 length of antenn1 about #a_/h;in4 ,body red1 with a shining1 diamond-shaped1 black patch on the dorsal surface of the thorax2 legs and antenn black4 ,wings dark-brown with 7in some lights7 a bluish tinge1 marked with oblique1 narrow1 wavy stripes2 main nervure red1 branching once2 there are also two longitudinal1 whitish1 narrow bands4,u ,antenn very long and slender1 with ten joints1 which may easily be taken for nineteen1 for1 after the first which is short1 round1 and simple1 all the other nine have two dilated portions with a constriction in the middle1 and on each dilation is a ring of very long hairs1 giving the antenna a feathery appearance4,v ,eyes very large and prominent1 almost pedunculated1 brown1 divided into numerous semi-globular facets4 ,feet long and very hairy2 cox short and thick1 tibi long and slender1 claw thin2 upper digitules absent1 lower pair only short bristles4 ,abdomen slender1 segments somewhat distinct2 on each segment some hairs2 the last segment ends in two thick1 conspicuous1 cylindrical processes1 which1 in side view1 are seen to incline upwards1 and beneath them is the short1 conical spike sheathing the penis4 ,penis red1 longish1 tubular1 and thick1 with many recurved short hairs1 and at the end a ring of short spines4 ,each of the two processes on the last segment bears three or four long set1 but there do not appear to be any of the long cottony appendages seen in the males of most ,coccids4 ,u ,signoret 7,ann4 de la ,soc4 ,ent4 de ,france1 #ahge71 under the genus ,monophlebus1 speaks of les plis hyalins as existing also in the wings of the males of that genus4 ,v ,misled by similar appearances1 ,burmeister and ,westwood assign twenty-five joints to the male antenna of ,leachia fuscipennis4 ,habitat--,on wattle1 pine1 orange1 lemon1 cypress1 rose1 gorse1 grass1 and1 in fact1 on almost every kind of native and introduced plants1 ,nelson1 ,hawke's ,bay1 ,auckland4 ,it will probably appear also elsewhere1 but the climate of ,canterbury and ,otago may prove too cold in winter for it4 ,allied to ,i4 sacchari1 ,gurin1 which damages sugar-canes in ,mauritius2 but differing in the formation of the ovisac1 the presence of the marginal tufts and spinneret tubes in the female1 and in other particulars4 ,the male of ,i4 sacchari has not been described4 ,the male of ,i4 ,purchasi is probably quite distinct4 ,this species is supposed to have come originally from ,australia4 ,it has been very injurious to orange and lemon trees at the ,cape of ,good ,hope and in ,california4 ,in ,auckland it has destroyed whole orchards of the same trees1 and in ,nelson and ,hawke's ,bay it is a dreadful pest on all kinds of plants4 ,tree-growers should especially beware of this insect1 and the best plan to adopt would be to burn at once any tree found infested with it4 ,genus3 ,c,,lostoma1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xii41 #ahhi1 p4 #bid4 ,adult females with antenn of eleven joints2 segmented2 naked1 active2 at gestation becoming stationary and enclosed in a thick mass of white cottony secretion4 ,anal tubercles absent or inconspicuous4 ,rostrum and mentum absent in the adult female4 ,males with prominent1 facetted eyes2 ocelli absent4 ,abdomen without tassels4 ,in one ,new ,zealand species the female in the second stage is stationary1 enclosed in a thick1 hard mass of waxy secretion1 of which some account is given in ,chap4 ,,iii4 ,the other species included in this work inhabits a remote and scarcely visited district1 and the female has not hitherto been found2 it is not possible therefore to include the excretion of wax and the stationary position amongst the generic characters at present4 ,this genus is allied to ,porphyrophora1 ,brandt1 and to ,monophlebus1 ,leach2 differing from the former by the presence of an sophagal orifice1 and from the latter by the absence of tassels on the abdomen of the male4 ,in the genus ,ortonia1 ,signoret1 the female possesses a rostrum and mentum4 #ff4 ,clostoma zealandicum1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xii41 #ahgi1 p4 #bid2 ,vol4 ,,xiv41 #ahha1 p4 #bbf2 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #ada4 7,plate ,,xx42 ,plate ,,xxi41 ,fig4 #a47 ,adult female brick-red1 elongated1 distinctly segmented1 convex2 length about #a_/b;in42 before gestation active1 naked or covered with thin meal2 during gestation stationary1 enclosed in a thick mass of white cotton4 ,antenn of eleven joints1 tapering to the tip2 the joints all nearly equal1 and bearing several hairs4 ,feet black1 short1 strong2 all the pairs placed somewhat forward2 digitules absent1 a short seta at the base of the claw2 on the inner edge of the tibia and tarsus a fringe of strong hairs2 on the trochanter a long hair4 ,rostrum and mentum absent2 mouth represented by a minute orifice between the second pair of feet4 ,eyes very minute1 tubercular1 projecting1 placed behind the antenn4 ,anal tubercles absent2 anogenital opening small1 elliptical1 simple1 hairless4 ,body flattish beneath1 more convex above2 segments distinct1 generally smooth1 sometimes bearing hard projecting callosities4 ,skin covered with minute hairs interspersed with circular spinnerets4 ,female of second stage deep-red in colour1 nearly globular1 very indistinctly segmented2 stationary1 enclosed in a thick1 hard solid test of yellow wax2 tests attaining sometimes the size of a large pea2 enclosed insect averaging #a_/e;in4 in length4 ,insect filling the test2 skin smooth1 very thin2 general appearance like a hard1 round1 smooth ball4 ,anal tubercles absent2 anogenital ring small1 simple1 hairless3 from this ring springs often a tuft of short white cotton1 and a long white cottony seta protruding through an orifice in the test4 ,rostrum and mentum present1 very small2 mentum triarticulate1 with a few hairs at the tip4 ,antenn very short1 of eight joints1 conical1 tapering to the tip1 hairy4 ,feet atrophied1 bloated-looking1 apparently only consisting of a very short femur1 tibia1 and tarsus2 digitules two1 very small4 ,skin covered with a great number of circular spinnerets of two sizes1 the larger ones simple1 the smaller multilocular4 ,trache very large2 spiracular orifices containing brown tubes with beaded extremities on the inner end4 ,anal extremity dark-brown1 the anal ring in the centre2 spinnerets here very numerous1 converging towards the anus4 ,insect in this stage emitting a strong1 persistent1 and fetid odour4 ,young larva brick-red1 elongated1 active1 naked2 length1 about #a_/bd;in4 ,antenn of six joints1 hairy2 last joint the largest1 clavate4 ,eyes and feet as in adult1 but there is no fringe on the tibia and tarsus4 ,rostrum and mentum large1 conspicuous4 ,skin covered with circular spinnerets and minute hairs2 the spinnerets are most numerous on the abdomen4 ,anogenital ring apparently folded4 ,at the extremity of the abdomen two long hairs springing from quadrate tubercular bases which represent the anal tubercles4 ,adult male red or purplish in colour1 wings bluish-purple with red nervures2 length1 about #a_/e;in42 width across expanded wings1 about #a_/b;in4 ,eyes large1 prominent1 facetted4 ,antenn of ten joints1 each joint bearing many hairs4 ,feet long1 slender1 with somewhat large trochanter2 on the tibia and tarsus a fringe of hairs as in the female4 ,upper digitules two long fine hairs2 lower digitules absent4 ,the nervure of the wings branches twice at least4 ,haltere large1 inflated1 sac-like2 bearing four curling set4 ,abdomen distinctly segmented1 each segment bearing many fine short hairs and several small circular marks4 ,abdominal spike short1 broad1 bivalvular2 penis protruding as a long soft white tube covered with minute recurved hairs4 ,habitat--,for the adult female and larva the trunks of trees and shrubs in forests1 or rocks and bushes in open country1 ,otago1 ,nelson1 ,canterbury1 ,wellington4 ,for the second stage the stems and roots of ,muhlenbeckia adspersa 7complexa872 ,sumner ,road1 ,lyttelton2 ,evans ,bay1 ,wellington3 ,rhipogonum scandens 7supplejack72 ,riccarton ,bush1 ,canterbury2 ,nelson2 ,wellington4 ,on ,muhlenbeckia the waxy tests are often largest and most numerous underground4 ,male insects sometimes found clustering1 attached to females4 ,this is a very large and peculiar species1 its transformations and changes of secretion being abnormal4 ,it cannot be said to be greatly harmful2 but the odour of the second stage is unpleasant4 #fg4 ,clostoma wairoense1 ,maskell4 ,n4,z4 ,trans41 ,vol4 ,,xvi41 #ahhc1 p4 #ada4 7,plate ,,xxi41 ,fig4 #b47 ,adult female1 female of second stage1 and larva unknown4 ,adult male very nearly resembling that of ,c4 zealandicum2 body red or purplish1 wings blue with red nervures4 ,length of body1 about #a_/f;in4 ,eyes prominent1 facetted4 ,antenn of ten joints1 slender1 with fine hairs4 ,feet as in ,c4 zealandicum1 but with fewer hairs4 ,digitules twenty-four1 all springing from the claw1 none from the tarsus4 ,haltere1 abdominal spike1 penis1 and abdomen as in ,c4 zealandicum2 but the circular marks on the segments in this species are multilocular4 ,male pupa bright-red1 enclosed in a cylindrical sac of white cotton4 ,pup occurring in numerous colonies4 ,habitat--,on ,phormium tenax1 ,leptospermum scoparium 7manuka71 ,northern ,wairoa1 ,auckland4 ,the female of this species will1 when found1 probably nearly resemble that of ,c4 zealandicum3 at present the great number of digitules on the foot of the male sufficiently distinguish it4 ,,index ,,of ,,plants ,,and ,,the ,,coccidid ,,attacking ,,them4 ,this list is of course only approximate1 as insects may at any time be found on other trees than those given4 ,icerya ,purchasi is omnivorous1 and it has not been thought necessary to repeat it here against every plant in the list2 but it has been set against some4 ,the adult female of ,clostoma zlandicum may also be found wandering over numbers of native trees in forests4 ,in hothouses and greenhouses all sorts of plants are liable to attack4 ,key to ,symbols ,following ,insect ,listings 99 ,unsightly3 spoiling appearance of plant4 ,usually accompanied by much black fungus4 ,likely to do much injury to plant4 ,plants4 ,insects4 ,alsophila ,colensoi 7fern7 ,lecanium mori4 99 ,apple ,mytilaspis pomorum4 ,dactylopius glaucus4 99 ,apricot ,mytilaspis pomorum4 ,ash pomorum4 ,asplenium bulbiferum 7fern7 ,chionaspis dubia4 99 lucidum dubia4 99 ,astelia ,cunninghamii ,mytilaspis cordylinidis4 99 epiphytidis4 ,fiorinia asteli4 99 stricta4 ,pseudococcus asteli4 ,atherosperma ,nov-,zlandi ,aspidiotus atherosperm4 ,mytilaspis pyriformis4 99 ,fiorinia asteli4 99 ,ctenochiton viridis4 99 ,inglisia patella4 ,eriochiton spinosus4 ,bavardia ,lecanium maculatum4 99 ,box hesperidum4 99 ,brachyglottis repanda ,fiorinia minima4 ,ctenochiton flavus4 fuscus4 99 ,budlia salicina ,aspidiotus budli4 ,calceolaria ,dactylopius calceolari4 99 ,camellia ,aspidiotus camelli4 ,lecanium hemisphricum4 99 hesperidum4 99 ole4 99 ,pulvinaria camellicola4 99 ,carpodetus serratus ,aspidiotus carpodeti4 ,cassinia leptophylla 7tauhine7 ,lecanium ole4 99 ,celmisia ,rhizococcus celmisi4 99 ,coprosma ,aspidiotus nerii4 ,mytilaspis pyriformis4 99 ,chionaspis dubia4 ,fiorinia asteli4 99 ,ctenochiton perforatus4 99 ,coprosma ,ctenochiton viridis4 99 ,inglisia patella4 ,dactylopius glaucus4 99 ,cordyline australis 7cabbage-tree7 ,mytilaspis cordylinidis4 99 ,fiorinia stricta4 99 indivisa 7large-leaved cabbage-tree7 ,mytilaspis cordylinidis4 99 ,fiorinia stricta4 99 ,corynocarpus lvigata 7karaka7 ,aspidiotus nerii4 ,cotoneaster microphylla ,mytilaspis pomorum4 ,cyathea ,smithii 7tree-fern7 ,ctenochiton depressus4 99 ,cyathodes acerosa ,poliaspis media4 99 ,eriococcus multispinus4 99 ,cypress ,icerya ,purchasi4 99 ,danthonia 7grass7 ,dactylopius calceolari4 99 ,dendrobium ,fiorinia stricta4 99 ,ctenochiton elongatus4 99 ,drimys colorata ,mytilaspis drimydis4 ,inglisia patella4 ,dysoxylon spectabile ,aspidiotus dysoxyli4 ,mytilaspis pyriformis4 99 ,chionaspis dysoxyli4 99 ,earina ,ctenochiton elongatus4 ,fiorinia stricta4 99 ,elocarpus dentatus 7hinau7 ,ctenochiton elocarpi4 flavus4 ,inglisia ornata4 99 ,eriococcus pallidus4 ,eucalyptus ,mytilaspis cordylinidis4 99 ,euonymus ,aspidiotus camelli4 99 ,ferns1 various ,chionaspis dubia4 ,poliaspis media4 ,ctenochiton depressus4 99 ,lecanium mori4 ,dactylopius glaucus4 99 ,gahnia ,mytilaspis cordylinidis4 99 ,geniostoma ligustrifolia ,ctenochiton elongatus4 99 ,gooseberry ,fiorinia grossulari4 ,gorse ,icerya ,purchasi4 99 ,grasses1 various ,dactylopius po4 ,icerya ,purchasi4 99 ,hawthorn ,mytilaspis pomorum4 ,hedycarya ,fiorinia stricta4 ,hoheria angustifolia ,eriococcus hoheri4 ,holly ,lecanium hesperidum4 99 ,hymenanthera crassifolia ,ctenochiton hymenanther4 99 ,ivy ,lecanium hesperidum4 99 ,knightia excelsa ,eriococcus multispinus4 99 ,laurel ,lecanium hesperidum4 99 ,lemon ,aspidiotus coccineus4 99 ,icerya ,purchasi4 99 ,leptospermum scoparium 7manuka7 ,mytilaspis leptospermi4 ,ctenochiton flavus4 ,inglisia leptospermi4 ornata4 ,planchonia epacridis4 ,clostoma wairoense4 99 ,leucopogon ,fraseri ,poliaspis media4 99 ,planchonia epacridis4 ,lilac ,mytilaspis pomorum4 ,melicope ternata ,eriochiton spinosus4 ,metrosideros tomentosa 7pohutukawa7 ,lecanochiton metrosideri4 99 robusta 7rata7 ,mytilaspis metrosideri4 ,lecanochiton metrosideri4 99 ,muhlenbeckia adspersa ,fiorinia stricta4 ,eriochiton spinosus4 ,clostoma zlandicum4 ,myoporum ltum 7ngaio7 ,eriococcus pallidus4 ,myrtle ,lecanium hesperidum4 99 ,norfolk ,island pine 7,araucaria7 ,eriococcus araucari4 99 ,olearia ,haastii ,eriochiton hispidus4 99 ,orange ,aspidiotus coccineus4 99 ,chionaspis citri4 ,lecanium hesperidum4 99 ole4 99 ,icerya ,purchasi4 99 ,orchids 7hothouse7 ,aspidiotus epidendri4 99 nerii4 99 ,dactylopius glaucus4 99 ,palms 7hothouse7 ,aspidiotus epidendri4 99 nerii4 99 ,dactylopius glaucus4 99 ,panax arboreum ,fiorinia minima4 ,ctenochiton flavus4 99 fuscus4 99 perforatus4 99 viridis4 99 ,dactylopius glaucus4 99 ,parsonsia ,chionaspis minor4 ,peach ,mytilaspis pomorum4 ,pear ,diaspis santali4 ,mytilaspis pomorum4 ,pella rotundifolia 7fern7 ,chionaspis dubia4 ,phormium tenax 7,new ,zealand flax7 ,mytilaspis cordylinidis4 99 ,fiorinia stricta4 99 ,dactylopius calceolari4 99 ,clostoma wairoense4 99 ,phymatodes ,billardieri 7fern7 ,mytilaspis phymatodidis4 99 ,pines and firs ,icerya ,purchasi4 99 ,piper excelsum ,ctenochiton piperis4 ,dactylopius glaucus4 99 ,pittosporum 7various7 ,fiorinia asteli4 ,ctenochiton perforatus4 99 viridis4 99 ,dactylopius glaucus4 99 ,plagianthus ,ctenochiton depressus4 99 ,plum ,diaspis santali4 ,mytilaspis pomorum4 ,poa anceps 7tussock-grass7 ,dactylopius po4 ,rhipogonum scandens 7supplejack7 ,chionaspis minor4 99 ,clostoma zlandicum4 ,rose ,diaspis ros4 99 ,icerya ,purchasi4 99 ,rubus australis 7bush-lawyer7 ,chionaspis dubia4 99 ,ctenochiton perforatus4 99 viridis4 99 ,eriococcus multispinus4 ,rubus australis 7bush-lawyer7 ,dactylopius glaucus4 99 ,santalum ,cunninghamii 7maire7 ,diaspis santali4 99 ,rhizococcus fossor4 ,sophora tetraptera 7kowhai7 ,aspidiotus sophor4 ,sweetbriar ,icerya ,purchasi4 99 ,sycamore ,mytilaspis pomorum4 ,thorn pomorum4 ,various greenhouse or hothouse plants ,aspidiotus epidendri4 99 nerii4 99 ,diaspis ,boisduvalii4 99 ,lecanium hemisphricum4 99 hesperidum4 99 hibernaculorum4 99 mori4 ole4 99 ,dactylopius glaucus4 99 ,icerya ,purchasi4 99 ,veronica 7various7 ,poliaspis media4 ,lecanium hesperidum4 99 ,dactylopius alpinus4 99 ,vitex littoralis 7puriri7 ,aspidiotus carpodeti4 ,wattle 7various7 epidendri4 99 ,diaspis ,boisduvalii4 99 ,icerya ,purchasi4 99 ,weeping-willow ,aspidiotus camelli4 ,,index ,,of ,,groups1 ,,subdivisions1 ,,genera1 ,,and ,,species ,,included ,,in ,,this ,,work4 ,names in italics are synonyms4 99 ,signifies that the insect has not yet been found in ,new ,zealand4 ,page ,acanthococcid1 #hh1 #ia ,acanthococcus1 #ie multispinus1 #id ,aclerda991 #fc ,antonina991 #hh ,aonidia991 #ci ,aspidiotus1 #ci1 #dj atherosperm1 #dj aurantii1 #db ,bouchei1 #dd budli1 #dj camelli1 #da carpodeti1 #db citri1 #db coccineus 7the orange-scale71 #db conchiformis1 #ea dysoxyli1 #dc epidendri1 #dd falciformis1 #ea juglandis1 #ea nerii1 #dd pomorum1 #ea pyrus-malus1 #ea ros1 #dg sophor1 #de ,asterolecanium991 #fd1 #hg1 #ia quercicola991 #ib ,boisduvalia991 #hi ,callipappus991 #ij ,calymnatus hesperidum1 #hj ,calypticus hesperidum1 #hj ,capulinia991 #hi ,carteria991 #fb ,ceroplastes991 #fb ,chermes epidendri1 #dd filicum1 #hj hibernaculorum1 #ha ole1 #hb ,chionaspis1 #ci1 #ed citri1 #ed dubia1 #ed dysoxyli1 #ee euonymi1 #ed minor1 #ef ,coccid1 #hi1 #ajc ,coccidin1 #ch1 #hh ,coccus99 7the cochineal-insect71 #hi hesperidum1 #hj ,clostoma1 #ij1 #ajg wairoense1 #aji zlandicum1 #ajg ,cryptokermitid1 #hg ,ctenochiton1 #fb1 #fe depressus1 #ff elocarpi1 #fg elongatus1 #fh flavus1 #fh fuscus1 #gj hymenanther1 #ga perforatus1 #gb piperis1 #gc spinosus1 #hf viridis1 #gd ,dactylopid 7the mealy-bugs71 #hi ,dactylopius1 #hi alpinus1 #ii calceolari1 #ajj glaucus1 #ajj po1 #aja ,diaspidin1 #cg1 #ci ,diaspis1 #ci1 #de ,boisduvalii1 #df ,bouchei1 #dd gigas1 #eh ros1 #dg santali1 #dg ,drosicha991 #ij ,ericerus991 #fb ,eriochiton1 #fc1 #hd hispidus1 #hd spinosus1 #hf ,eriococcus1 #hh1 #ib araucari1 #ic hoheri1 #ic multispinus1 #id pallidus1 #ie ,eriopeltis991 #fc ,fairmairia991 #fb ,fiorinia1 #ci1 #eg asteli1 #eh grossulari1 #ei minima1 #ei stricta1 #fj ,gossyparia991 #hh ,guerinia991 #ij ,hemicoccidin1 #ch1 #hg ,icerya1 #ij1 #ajd ,purchasi 7the cottony-cushion scale71 #ajd sacchari991 #ajf ,inglisia1 #fb1 #ge leptospermi1 #ge ornata1 #gf patella1 #gh ,kermes991 #hg camelli1 #da ,kermitid991 #hg ,leachia991 #ij ,lecanid1 #fc1 #gi ,lecanidin1 #ch1 #fb ,lecanium1 #fc1 #gi depressum1 #gi hemisphricum1 #hj hesperidum 7the holly and ivy scale71 #hj hibernaculorum1 #ha maculatum1 #ha mori1 #hb ole 7the black scale71 #hb ,lecanochiton1 #fb1 #fd metrosideri1 #fd ,lecanococcid1 #fc1 #hd ,lecanodiaspid1 #fb1 #fc ,lecanodiaspis991 #fc1 #fd ,lecanopsis991 #fc ,leucaspis991 #ci ,lichtensia991 #fc ,llaveia991 #ij ,margarodes991 #ia ,monophlebid1 #ij1 #ajd ,monophlebus991 #ij ,mytilaspis1 #ci1 #dh cordylinidis1 #dh drimydis1 #di epiphytidis1 #di leptospermi1 #ej metrosideri1 #ej phymatodidis1 #ea pomicorticis1 #eb pomorum 7the apple-scale71 #ea1 #eb pyriformis1 #ec ,nidularia991 #hh ,orthezia991 #hi ,ortonia991 #ij ,parlatoria991 #ci ,philippia991 #fc ,physokermes991 #fc ,planchonia1 #fd1 #hh1 #ia epacridis1 #ia ,poliaspis1 #ci1 #ef media1 #eg ,pollinia991 #fd1 #hg ,porphyrophora991 #ia ,porphyrophorid991 #ia ,pseudococcus1 #hi1 #aja asteli1 #ajb ,pulvinaria1 #fc1 #hc camellicola1 #hc ,puto991 #hi ,rhizococcus1 #hh1 #if araucari1 #ic celmisi1 #if fossor1 #ig ,ripersia991 #hi ,signoretia991 #fc ,targionia991 #ci ,uhleria1 #eg gigas1 #eh ,vinsonia991 #fb ,walkeriana991 #ij ,westwoodia991 #hi ,,descriptions ,,of ,,plates4 ,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #a4 ,eggs of ,coccidid4 #b4 ,larva of ,diaspidin4 #c4 ,diagram of life-history of female ,diaspidin4 a1 pellicle of larva2 b1 second pellicle2 c1 adult female somewhat shrivelled after egg-laying2 d1 eggs2 e1 secreted matter forming the scale4 ,in this diagram the scale is shown as overturned4 #d4 ,types of various spinnerets4 a1 simple orifices 7,mytilaspis72 b1 double orifice 7,planchonia72 c1 multilocular orifice 7,ctenochiton72 d1 multilocular orifice 7,clostoma72 e1 simple protruding spinneret 7,aspidiotus72 f1 serrated protruding spinneret 7,mytilaspis drimydis72 g1 protruding spinneret 7,acanthococcus72 k1 conical spiny spinneret and cottony secretion 7,rhizococcus72 m1 lanceolate spinneret and glassy secretion 7,inglisia72 n1 group of abdominal spinnerets1 with detached orifices 7,mytilaspis72 p1 double multilocular orifice 7,clostoma72 s1 coronetted spinnerets and part of glassy secretion 7,icerya74 #e4 ,rostra4 a1 simple rostrum of ,diaspidin2 b1 rostrum and trimerous mentum of ,coccidin4 #f4 ,foot of a female insect4 c1 coxa2 tr1 trochanter2 f1 femur2 ti1 tibia2 ta1 tarsus2 cl1 claw4 #g4 ,foot of a male insect4 ,the letters as in ,fig4 #f4 #h4 ,foot with digitules1 upper and lower4 #i4 ,type of female antenna 7,ctenochiton74 #aj4 ,type of female antenna 7,dactylopius74 #aa4 ,type of antenna of larva 7,icerya74 #ab4 ,type of male antenna 7,fiorinia74 #ac4 ,one joint of antenna of ,monophlebid 7,icerya74 #ad4 ,diagram of head of male of ,lecanidin 7after ,signoret71 both dorsal and ventral aspects being shown together4 a1 antenn2 e1 e1 true eyes1 the lower pair being on the ventral surface in the place of the mouth2 oc1 oc1 ocelli4 #ae4 ,head of male ,icerya1 with facetted eyes4 #af4 ,wing of male insect4 n1 nervure4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,types of anogenital rings4 a1 ,diaspidin2 b1 ,lecanidin2 c1 ,acanthococcid2 d1 ,dactylopid2 e1 ,monophlebid4 #b4 ,types of last abdominal segments of female4 a1 ,diaspidin2 b1 ,lecanidin2 c1 ,acanthococcid2 d1 ,dactylopid2 e1 ,monophlebid4 #c4 ,types of last abdominal segments of male1 and sheath of the penis4 a1 ,diaspidin2 b1 ,lecanidin 7,ctenochiton72 c1 ,acanthococcid2 d1 ,lecanidin 7,inglisia72 e1 ,dactylopid2 f1 ,monophlebid 7,icerya74 #d4 ,respiratory system4 a1 spiracle of ,lecanium 7after ,targioni72 b1 spiracle of ,coccus 7after ,targioni72 c1 diagram of arrangement of the four spiracles and the tracheal tubes 7,lecanidin7 7s4 spiracles72 d1 spiracle and trachea of ,clostoma4 #e4 ,types of spines and hairs4 a1 anal serrated hairs 7,aspidiotus nerii72 b1 spiracular spines 7,ctenochiton72 c1 marginal spines 7,ctenochiton72 d1 lanceolate marginal spines 7,inglisia72 e1 spines on anal tubercles 7,rhizococcus72 f1 marginal spines 7,eriococcus72 g1 conical spines 7,eriococcus72 k1 marginal hairs 7,dactylopius72 m1 hairs 7,icerya72 n1 anal hairs 7,clostoma74 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,plate ,,iii4 ,types of ,last ,abdominal ,segments of the ,diaspidin4 ,fig4 #a4 ,aspidiotus coccineus 7after ,comstock72 no groups of spinnerets4 #b4 ,diaspis ros2 five groups of spinnerets4 #c4 ,mytilaspis cordylinidis2 five groups of spinnerets and single orifices4 #d4 ,mytilaspis pyriformis2 five groups of spinnerets1 almost forming an arch4 #e4 ,chionaspis dysoxyli2 five groups of spinnerets4 #f4 ,poliaspis media2 eight groups of spinnerets4 #g4 ,fiorinia asteli2 arch of spinnerets4 #h4 ,fiorinia stricta2 five groups of spinnerets1 the three upper groups almost forming an arch4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,plate ,,iv4 ,fig4 #a4 ,aspidiotus atherosperm4 a1 insects on leaf of ,atherosperma2 b1 adult female4 #b4 ,aspidiotus camelli4 a1 insects on twig of ,euonymus2 b1 adult female2 c1 d1 puparia of female4 #c4 ,aspidiotus coccineus4 a1 insects on rind of orange2 b1 adult female in puparium 7overturned72 c1 puparium of male4 #d4 ,aspidiotus nerii4 a1 insects on leaf of wattle2 b1 puparia1 male and female4 #e4 ,diaspis ,boisduvalii1 adult female 7after ,signoret74 #f4 ,diaspis ros4 a1 insects on twig of rose2 b1 adult female2 c1 puparia1 male and female4 #g4 ,diaspis santali4 a1 insects on twig of pear2 b1 male and female puparia2 c1 last abdominal segment of female4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,plate ,v4 ,fig4 #a4 ,mytilaspis cordylinidis4 a1 insects on leaf of ,cordyline australis 7cabbage-tree72 b1 male and female puparia2 c1 adult female4 #b4 ,mytilaspis epiphytidis4 a1 female puparium2 b1 male puparium2 c1 adult female4 #c4 ,mytilaspis drimydis4 a1 insects on leaf of ,drimys colorata2 b1 male and female puparia2 c1 adult female2 d1 marginal spinnerets4 #d4 ,mytilaspis leptospermi4 a1 insects on bark of ,leptospermum 7manuka72 b1 male and female puparia2 c1 adult female4 #e4 ,mytilaspis pomorum4 a1 insects on twig of hawthorn2 b1 female puparia2 c1 adult female2 d1 puparium overturned1 showing enclosed female1 f1 and eggs1 e4 #f4 ,mytilaspis pyriformis4 a1 insects on leaf of ,dysoxylon spectabile2 b1 male and female puparia2 e1 adult female2 d1 male2 e1 last three joints of male antenna2 f1 foot of male4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,fig4 #a4 ,chionaspis citri4 a1 insects on rind of orange2 b1 male and female puparia2 c1 adult female4 #b4 ,chionaspis dubia4 a1 insects on fern-leaf 7,pella72 b1 male and female puparia2 c1 adult female4 #c4 ,chionaspis dysoxyli4 a1 insects on leaf of ,dysoxylon2 b1 male and female puparia2 c1 adult female4 #d4 ,chionaspis minor4 a1 insects on twig of ,parsonsia2 b1 male and female puparia2 c1 adult female4 #e4 ,poliaspis media4 a1 insects on leaves of ,cyathodes2 b1 male and female puparia2 c1 adult female4 #f4 ,fiorinia asteli4 a1 insects on leaves of ,coprosma2 b1 male and female puparia2 c1 adult female2 d1 pellicles of second stage4 #g4 ,fiorinia stricta4 a1 insects on leaves of ,earina2 b1 male and female puparia2 c1 adult female4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,plate ,,vii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,lecanochiton metrosideri4 a1 insects on branch and leaves of ,metrosideros 7rata72 b1 test of female1 upper side2 c1 test of female1 under-side2 d1 female of second stage1 ventral aspect2 e1 antenna of adult female2 f1 test of male4 #b4 ,ctenochiton depressus4 a1 insects on leaf of ,plagianthus2 b1 adult female1 dorsal aspect2 c1 test of male2 d1 part of fringe of female test4 #c4 ,ctenochiton elocarpi4 a1 insect on bark of ,elocarpus 7hinau72 b1 female of second stage in test1 on leaf4 #d4 ,ctenochiton elongatus4 a1 female tests on leaves of ,earina2 b1 part of fringe4 #e4 ,ctenochiton flavus4 a1 insects on half leaf of ,panax2 b1 female tests2 c1 male test2 d1 adult female1 ventral aspect2 e1 spiracular and marginal spines and spinnerets of female4 #f4 ,ctenochiton fuscus4 a1 insects on half leaf of ,panax2 b1 female test1 upper side4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,ctenochiton hymenanther4 a1 insects on leaves of ,hymenanthera2 b1 female test2 c1 male test4 #b4 ,ctenochiton perforatus4 a1 insects on leaf of ,coprosma2 b1 adult female in test1 ventral aspect2 c1 male test2 d1 female test and fringe2 e1 portion of edge of female test with three segments of fringe1 showing the rows of perforations2 f1 antenna of adult female2 g1 male2 k1 head of male1 upper side2 m1 head of male1 under-side4 #c4 ,ctenochiton piperis4 a1 insects on leaf of ,piper excelsum2 b1 females in tests1 dorsal aspect2 c1 male pupa in test1 dorsal aspect2 d1 female of second stage1 dorsal aspect2 e1 two of the tubercles on the dorsum of the adult female1 after pressure4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #a4 ,ctenochiton viridis4 a1 insects on leaf of ,coprosma2 b1 female of second stage2 c1 adult female 7the test removed72 d1 male test2 e1 a segment of the female test2 f1 diagram of head of male1 upper and under sides shown together1 eight eyes and two ocelli2 k1 antenna of male4 #b4 ,inglisia leptospermi4 a1 insects on twig of ,leptospermum 7manuka72 b1 female test1 side view2 c1 female test1 upper side2 d1 male test2 e1 a segment of the female test2 f1 adult female1 dorsal aspect2 g1 antenna of female2 k1 foot of female4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,plate ,x4 ,fig4 #a4 ,inglisia ornata4 a1 insects on twig of ,elocarpus 7hinau72 b1 female test1 side view2 c1 female test1 dorsal view2 d1 a segment of the female test and three segments of fringe2 e1 male test2 f1 adult female1 side view2 g1 marginal spines of female4 #b4 ,inglisia patella4 a1 insects on leaf of ,coprosma2 b1 c1 female tests1 upper side2 d1 adult female1 ventral aspect2 e1 marginal spines of female4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,fig4 #a4 ,lecanium depressum4 a1 adult female1 dorsal aspect2 b1 markings of the skin4 #b4 ,lecanium hemisphricum4 a1 insects on ,camellia2 b1 adult female1 dorsal aspect2 c1 adult female1 side view2 d1 female of second stage4 #c4 ,lecanium hesperidum4 a1 insects on leaf of ivy2 b1 adult female1 dorsal aspect2 c1 female of second stage2 d1 markings of skin4 #d4 ,lecanium mori4 a1 insects on fern-leaf 7,asplenium72 b1 adult female1 dorsal aspect4 #e4 ,lecanium ole4 a1 insects on twig of ,camellia2 b1 adult female1 dorsal aspect2 c1 adult female1 side view2 d1 female of second stage1 dorsal aspect2 e1 markings of skin4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,plate ,,xii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,pulvinaria camellicola4 a1 insects on branch and leaf of ,camellia2 b1 adult female and ovisac1 dorsal aspect2 c1 adult female and ovisac1 side view2 d1 adult female1 dorsal aspect2 e1 female of second stage2 f1 markings of skin1 with hairs2 g1 antenna of adult female2 k1 diagram of head of male1 upper and under sides shown together1 four eyes and two ocelli4 #b4 ,planchonia epacridis4 a1 insect in test on leaf of ,leucopogon2 b1 female in test1 dorsal aspect2 c1 portion of the double fringes2 d1 extremity of abdomen of female2 e1 anogenital ring and anal tubercles of female2 f1 antenna of larva2 g1 rings with hairs replacing antenn of adult female4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,eriochiton hispidus4 a1 ,insects on twig and leaves of ,olearia ,haastii2 b1 adult female1 dorsal aspect1 with fragments of test and fringe2 c1 adult female without test1 dorsal aspect2 d1 male test1 upper side2 e1 male test1 under-side2 f1 larva1 with fringe2 g1 female of second stage1 without test1 dorsal aspect2 k1 m1 spines and tubular fringe2 n1 antenna of adult female2 p1 foot of adult female2 s1 last five joints of male antenna2 t1 abdominal spike of male4 #b4 ,eriochiton spinosus4 a1 insects on twig of ,melicope2 b1 adult female1 without test2 c1 female of second stage2 d1 male test2 c1 marginal spines and feathery fringe of female2 f1 foot of adult female2 g1 antenna of adult female4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,fig4 #a4 ,eriococcus araucari4 a1 insects on twig of ,araucaria excelsa 7,norfolk ,island pine72 b1 sac of female1 upper side2 c1 sac of female1 under-side1 with enclosed shrivelled female and eggs2 d1 sac of male2 e1 adult female before gestation2 f1 extremity of abdomen1 anogenital ring1 and anal tubercles of female4 #b4 ,eriococcus hoheri4 a1 insects on bark of ,hoheria2 b1 sac of female1 upper side2 c1 sac of male2 d1 adult female2 e1 extremity of abdomen and anal tubercles of adult female2 f1 foot of adult female2 g1 antenna of adult female2 k1 larva1 ventral aspect2 m1 male2 n1 abdominal spike of male2 p1 antenna of male4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,plate ,,xv4 ,fig4 #a4 ,eriococcus multispinus4 a1 insects on leaf of ,knightia2 b1 sac of female1 upper side2 c1 sac of female1 under-side1 with enclosed insect2 d1 adult female1 dorsal aspect2 e1 diagram of arrangement of spines on female2 f1 spines of female2 i1 antenna of female2 k1 head of male1 upper side2 m1 abdominal spike of male4 #b4 ,eriococcus pallidus4 a1 insects on leaf of ,myoporum 7ngaio72 b1 sac of female2 c1 adult female1 dorsal aspect2 d1 part of abdomen of female2 e1 antenna of female4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,fig4 #a4 ,rhizococcus celmisi4 a1 ,insects on leaves of ,celmisia2 b1 adult female dorsal aspect4 #b4 ,rhizococcus fossor4 a1 ,insects on leaves of ,santalum 7maire72 b1 elevation produced by insect on upper side of leaf2 c1 female in pit on under-side of leaf2 d1 sac of male2 e1 adult female before gestation1 from a pit2 f1 adult female from surface of leaf2 g1 female of second stage2 k1 marginal spines and tubular cotton of second stage2 m1 antenna of adult female2 n1 male2 p1 diagram of head of male1 upper and lower sides shown together1 four eyes and two ocelli2 s1 abdominal spike of male2 t1 antenna of male4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,dactylopius alpinus4 a1 ,insects on twig of ,veronica2 b1 adult female1 dorsal aspect2 c1 female of second stage2 d1 anogenital ring2 e1 antenna of adult female4 #b4 ,dactylopius calceolari4 a1 ,insects on leaf of ,phormium tenax2 b1 adult female1 dorsal aspect2 c1 antenna of adult female4 #c4 ,dactylopius glaucus4 a1 ,insects on leaf of ,coprosma2 b1 adult female1 green variety2 c1 adult female1 brown variety2 d1 sac of male2 e1 antenna of male4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,dactylopius po4 a1 ,insects on roots of ,poa 7tussock-grass72 b1 adult female2 c1 antenna of adult female2 d1 foot of adult female2 e1 anogenital ring and anal tubercles of adult female4 #b4 ,pseudococcus asteli4 a1 ,insects on leaf of ,astelia2 b1 adult female1 dorsal aspect2 c1 antenna of adult female2 d1 foot of adult female2 e1 various spinnerets4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,plate ,,xix4 ,icerya ,purchasi4 a1 ,insects on twig of ,acacia 7wattle72 b1 adult female and ovisac1 upper view2 c1 adult female and ovisac1 side view2 d1 female of second stage2 e1 larva1 with yellow cotton2 f1 male2 g1 haltere of male2 k1 two joints of male antenna2 m1 hairs1 spinnerets1 and glassy tubes2 n1 antenna of adult female4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,plate ,,xx4 ,clostoma zlandicum4 a1 adult female1 dorsal aspect2 b1 adult female1 ventral aspect2 c1 waxy tests of females of second stage on twig of ,muhlenbeckia2 d1 female of second stage1 dorsal aspect2 e1 female of second stage1 ventral aspect1 with anal tuft of cotton and seta2 f1 larva1 with yellow mealy secretion2 g1 eggs1 in cottony mass2 k1 antenna of female1 second stage2 l1 foot of female1 second stage2 m1 antenna of adult female2 n1 spiracle and trachea of female2 p1 anal extremity and honeydew organ of larva and female of second stage4 ,n4,b4--,the foot of the adult female is shown in ,plate ,i41 ,fig4 #f4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #a4 ,clostoma zlandicum4 a1 male insect2 b1 abdomen of male2 c1 foot of male2 d1 hairs and marks1 abdomen of male2 e1 antenna of male2 f1 circular marks1 abdomen of male2 k1 abdominal spike and penis of male2 m1 haltere of male4 #b4 ,clostoma wairoense4 a1 male insect2 b1 head of male1 upper side1 with facetted eyes2 c1 foot of male2 d1 circular marks1 abdomen of male4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,the ,honeydew1 and resulting ,fungi4 ,fig4 #a4 a1 ,lecanid female 7,ctenochiton7 with protruded honeydew organ2 b1 abdominal extremity of the same1 enlarged1 the drop of honeydew bursting in spray4 #b4 a1 fungoid growth on upper side of leaf2 b1 fungoid growth on twig2 c1 d1 e1 various forms of black fungi from honeydew4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,parasites of ,coccidid4 ,fig4 #a4 a1 pupa of hymenopterous parasite2 b1 the same pupa under the waxy test of ,ctenochiton perforatus2 c1 imago1 or full-grown parasite4 #b4 a1 brown and yellow fungi on ,ctenochiton viridis 7leaf of ,hedycarya dentata72 b1 upper side of brown fungus2 c1 under-side of the same1 with attached fungoid sheet2 d41 ,ctenochiton viridis 7test removed7 filled with yellow fungus1 and with globular mass of the same above it4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,since this work has been in type1 the author has received a letter from the ,state ,inspector of ,fruit ,pests for ,california1 in which the writer states that the insect ,icerya ,purchasi has there1 especially in the southern part of the ,state1 gained such hold on the orange-groves1 in spite of the most strenuous efforts1 that the people find it impossible to keep it down4 ,orange- and lemon-growers 7and indeed other tree-growers7 in ,new ,zealand1 especially in the ,north ,island1 should take note of this fact1 and beware of ever letting this omnivorous and most destructive insect obtain any footing on their trees4 ,a speedy burning of every infected tree is the best remedy in this case4 ,transcriber ,notes ,all illustrations moved so as to not split paragraphs4 ,the notes explaining the damage done by the insects in the ,,index ,,of ,,plants ,,and ,,the ,,coccidid ,,attacking ,,them4 were moved before the table4