,transcrib] note ,text emphasis is display$ z3 ,italic & ,bold4 ,9 mo/ tables & :]e numb]s ) fractions are us$ = siz+ items1 ! symbols 1 1 & 7 us$4 ,o!rwise1 :ole & fractional numb]s are display$ z #a-e_/h ,,fireplaces & ,,*imneys ,,f>m]s' ,,bullet9 ,,no4 #ahhi ,u4,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ( ,,agriculture ,,t ,,! ,,^w ,,he>? is synonym\s ) home 9 _m languages is n surpris+ s9ce mu* ( ! enjoym5t ( home & camp life c5t]s ab\t an op5 fire4 ,9 mild climates a prop]ly built fireplace w heat a s+le room1 & :5 equipp$ ) a convection heat] w also heat a second room on ! same floor or an upp] floor4 ,9 cold] climates x is a useful adjunct to o!r heat+ sy/ems if provid$ ) a damp]4 ,?is bullet9 is int5d$ to give ! h\sehold] & prospective build]1 especially ! f>m] :o might sup]9t5d ! con/ruction ( 8 home1 a work+ k ( ! pr9ciples to be obs]v$ 9 plann+ & build+ fireplaces & *imneys4 ,^! pr9ciples1 if obs]v$1 w make ! /ructures useful & satisfactory & insure _! safety4 ,safe fireplaces & *imneys t function prop]ly c be built by apply+ ! pr9ciples giv5 9 ?is bullet91 b a good *imney w n la/ indef9itely )\t prop] c>e & repair4 ,fireplaces & *imneys1 be+ conspicu\s ar*itectural features1 %\ld be pleas+ 9 appe>ance & con=m ) ! g5]al design ( ! build+ & its surr\nd+s4 ,?is bullet9 sup]s$es ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #afdi1 ,con/ruction ( ,*imneys & ,fireplaces4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,issu$ ,decemb]1 #aida ,,fireplaces ,,& ,,*imneys ,by ,ar?ur ,h4 ,s5n]1 me*anical eng9e]1 & ,?omas ,a4 ,h4 ,mill]1 agricultural eng9e]4 ,division ( ,f>m ,/ructure ,rese>*1 ,bureau ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry & ,eng9e]+ ,,cont5ts ,page ,*imneys #b ,design #b ,con/ruction #g ,e/imat+ brick #ah ,smoke te/ #ah ,clean+ & repair+ flues #ai ,fireplaces #bb ,*>act]i/ics #bb ,modifi$ fireplaces #bd ,select+ a fireplace #bg ,con/ruction #cd ,dim5sions #ce ,co/ e/imate #dc ,smoky fireplaces #de ,outdoor fireplaces #df ,types #dg ,obta9+ plans #dh ,con/ruction #dh ,op]ation #ea ,b>becue pits #ea ,dut* ov5s #ea ,,fireplaces ,,& ,,*imneys %\ld provide a safe place = an op5 fire & a flue = draft to expel smoke f ! fire passage to ! op5 air4 ,!y mu/ be prop]ly design$ & con/ruct$ 7fig4 #a7 if good p]=mance & protection aga9/ fire are to be obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--;,a prop]ly design$ & well-built *imney t provides ample draft & protection aga9/ fire4 ,,*imneys ,,design ,solid masonry is ! mo/ satisfactory & safe/ mat]ial to use = *imneys & fireplaces4 ,if a *imney fire occurs1 ! safety ( ! build+ may be dep5d5t on ! s\ndness ( ! flue walls 7fig4 #b74 ,crack$ & leaky flues n only are ineffici5t1 de/roy+ ! draft z well z p]mitt+ smoke & gases to pass into adjac5t rooms1 b are a dang]\s fire haz>d4 ,! *imney z kn[n today 0 develop$ ab\t #fjj ye>s ago4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! satisfactory p]=mance ( a *imney flue is det]m9$ by its size1 direction1 %ape1 height1 tightness1 & smoo?ness4 ,draft ,! draft ( a *imney is ! curr5t ( air creat$ by ! diff]5ce 9 pressure result+ f v>iation 9 weight betwe5 ! relatively hot gases 9 ! flue & ! cool] outside air4 ,! /r5g? or int5sity ( ! draft dep5ds1 = ! mo/ "p1 on ! height ( ! *imney1 & ! temp]ature diff]5ce betwe5 ! *imney gases & ! outside atmosph]e4 ,! draft is n s good 9 summ] z 9 w9t] because ! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature betwe5 ! outside air & ! gases 9 ! flue is less4 ,a v common error 9 *imney design is failure to di/+ui% betwe5 ! size ( ! flue requir$ = free passage ( ! volume ( smoke f a giv5 am\nt ( fuel & t :i*1 ) prop] height1 w produce ! requir$ draft4 ,a *imney may be high en\gh 7fig4 #c71 yet h an area too small to expel ! volume ( smoke2 or ! size may be ample 7fig4 #d7 b ! height n great en\gh to produce a /rong draft4 ,ei!r fault or a comb9ation ( ! two w result 9 unsatisfactory s]vice4 ,flue ,sites ,! dim5sions ( a flue = adequate draft dep5d pr9cipally on ! grate area & type ( heat+ plant #a & on ! k9d ( fuel to be burn$1 bo? ( :i* %\ld be det]m9$ be=e con/ruction is begun4 ,if a *imney is f\nd to be inadequate ! only me?od ( improv+ x1 %ort ( recon/ruction1 is to increase its height4 ,?is is n always effective & is (t5 impracticable4 ,table #a gives ! sizes ( fire-clay flue l9+s ord9>ily provid$ = boil]s1 furnaces1 /oves1 or convection heat]s burn+ s(t coal4 ,^! sizes h prov$ satisfactory = av]age flat-grate furnaces "u normal conditions4 ,manufactur]s ( heat+ equipm5t usually specify c]ta9 requirem5ts 9 *imney con/ruction & w n gu>antee ! p]=mance ( _! heat]s unless ^! requirem5ts are met4 ,!re=e _! recomm5dations %\ld be foll[$ :5 diff]+ mat]ially f ! dim5sions giv5 9 ?is bullet94 ,height ( ,*imney ,a *imney %\ld ext5d at lea/ #c feet above flat ro(s & #b feet above ! ridge ( peak ro(s4 ,:]e *imneys _c be built high en\gh above ! ridge to prev5t tr\ble f eddies caus$ by w9d be+ deflect$ f ! ro(1 a hood may be provid$ ) ! op5 ends p>allel to ! ridge4 ,eddies :i* =ce air d[n ! flues may be caus$ by build+ ! *imney too ne> trees 7fig4 #e1 ,b7 or a high] /ructure 7fig4 #f74 #a ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #afih1 ,heat+ ! ,f>m ,home1 conta9s in=mation on e/imat+ ! size ( ! heat+ plant ne$$ = h\ses ( diff]5t sizes & = det]m9+ grate areas4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--;,heavy masonry *imneys ( ?is type are /ill be+ built 9 rural areas4 ,! ?ick walls1 ) unl9$ flues1 are 9 good condition aft] #ge ye>s ( cont9u\s use4 ,table #a4--,sizes ( flue l9+s & heights ( *imneys recomm5d$ = flat-grate furnaces burn+ s(t coal,a ,nom9al size ( flue l9+ ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,height ( ,grate ,r\nd 7inside *imney top area diamet]7 ,rectangul> 7outside above grate 7,sq4 at elevation dim5sions7 at elevation at elevation ft47 indicat$ indicat$ indicat$ - ---------------- -------------------------------------- -------------- ,,sl #b,k #d,k #f,k ,sea ,level #b1jjj ft #d1jjj ft #f1jjj ft ,,sl #b,k #d,k #f,k - ---------------- -------------------------------------- -------------- ,9 ,9 ,9 ,9 ,9 ,9 ,9 ,9 ,ft ,ft ,ft ,ft #a #h #h #h #aj #h by #h #h by #h #h by #h #h by #ac #bb #bf #cb #cf #b #aj #aj #aj #aj #h by #ac #h by #ac #h by #ac #h by #ac #bd #bi #ce #da #c #aj #aj #ab #ab #h by #ac #h by #ac #ac by #ac #ac by #ac #bf #cc #da #di #d #ab #ab #ab #ab #ac by #ac #ac by #ac #ac by #ac #ac by #ac #cj #cg #de #di #e #ab #ab #ae #ae #ac by #ac #ac by #ac #ac by #ah #ah by #ah #cb #cg #dc #eb #f #ae #ah #ah #ah #ah by #ah #ah by #ah #bj by #bj #bj by #bj #cj #cg #dg #ef #g #ah #ah #ah #ah #bj by #bj #bj by #bj #bj by #bj #bj by #bj #cb #da #di #fd #h #ah #ah #ah #ah #bj by #bj #bj by #bj #bj by #bj #bj by #bj #ce #db #ef #aj ,a ,if an?racite is to be burn$ ! area ( ! flue cross section may be r$uc$ ab\t #be p]c5t4 ,! rat+s giv5 are bas$ on comp>atively smoo? l9$ flues ) no (fsets great] ?an #cj ) ! v]tical4 ,! smalle/ sizes ( fuels require excessive drafts & may necessitate tall] *imneys4 ,flue heights & sizes are bas$ ^u approximately ! sev]al altitudes indicat$2 x is suffici5tly accurate to use ! column giv+ ! altitude ne>e/ to t ( ! p>ticul> problem4 ,:5 #b or #c appliances are connect$ to ! same flue _! total grate area may be r$uc$ #ae p]c5t4 ,! me?od ( det]m9+ ! prop] flue size = an altitude ( #b1jjj feet1 :5 #a appliance ) a grate area ( #c squ>e feet & ano!r ) an area ( #a4e squ>e feet are atta*$ to ! same flue1 is %[n by ! foll[+ example3 ,add ! #b grate areas1 #c #a4e #d4e squ>e feet4 ,r$uce ?is total area by #ae p]c5t4 ,?us1 #d4e - #j4fh #c4h squ>e feet is ! requir$ area4 ,use ! ne>e/ :ole numb]1 #d4 ,f ! table x is se5 t = a grate area ( #d squ>e feet at an elevation ( #b1jjj feet ei!r a #ab-;in* 7inside diamet]7 r\nd flue or a #ac- by #ac-;in* 7outside dim5sions7 rectangul> flue #cg feet high is requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--,?is tall *imney produc$ good draft = ! kit*5 range1 b ! flue 0 too small = a furnace4 ,:5 ! h\se 0 remodel$1 its appe>ance 0 greatly improv$ by build+ ! *imney inside4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--,%ort *imneys are frequ5tly provid$ = l[ bungal[s1 = ar*itectural reasons4 ,?is flue is ample 9 size b n high en\gh = use ) a /ove4 ,! /one masonry has be5 laid to h>monize ) ! ru/ic surr\nd+s4 ,frequ5tly metal-pipe ext5sions are provid$ to increase ! height ( a flue on acc\nt ( ! l[ co/ & ease ( in/allation1 b ^! mu/ be securely an*or$ aga9/ w9d & h ! same area z ! flue4 ,metal ext5sions are likely to ru/ 9 a %ort "t4 ,!y are available ) a metal c[l or top t turns ) ! w9d to prev5t air bl[+ d[n ! flue4 ,t]ra-cotta *imney pots or ext5sions are m durable & attractive4 ,a *imney locat$ entirely inside a build+ has bett] draft because ! masonry reta9s heat long] :5 protect$ f cold outside air4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--,two pleas+ly design$ fireplace *imneys t fit into _! surr\nd+s4 ,a1 ,?is *imney /&s 9 ! cle> & %\ld provide a good draft2 ,b1 a *imney "u ov]hang+ trees is likely to backdraft4 ,contra/ ! appe>ance ( ^! two *imneys ) t ( figure #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--,sev]al ext5sions 7 necess>y be=e ?is *imney w\ld draw prop]ly on acc\nt ( ! w9d deflect$ f ! ne>by wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--;,a1 ,a good f\ndation ext5d+ bel[ ! soil affect$ by fro/4 ,?is *imney is well protect$ f gr\nd moi/ure by ! concrete c>ri$ above ! surface2 ,b1 an insecure f\ndation4 ,support+ a *imney 9 ?is mann] is a dang]\s practice4 ,,con/ruction ,support+ ! ,*imney ,/able f\ndations1 pref]ably ( concrete1 %\ld be provid$1 at lea/ #f in*es wid] all ar\nd ?an ! *imney & #h in*es ?ick = "o-/ory & #ab in*es ?ick = two-/ory h\ses4 ,:5 !re is no basem5t or cell> 7fig4 #g1 ,a71 />t ! f\ndation ( an ext]ior *imney well bel[ ! fro/ l9e2 o!rwise1 ext5d ! base to ! same level z ! bottom ( ! f\ndation ( ! build+4 ,f\ndations = tall1 heavy *imneys require special consid]ation4 ,:]e ! wall ( ! h\se is ( solid masonry #ab in*es or m ?ick1 ! *imney may be (fset & c>ri$ on corbels or masonry brackets in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,! (fset %\ld n ext5d m ?an #h in*es f ! face ( ! wall1 ea* c\rse project+ n m ?an #a in*1 & %\ld n be less ?an #ab in*es high4 ,(t5 ! corbel+ is />t$ at ! second- or ?ird-floor level s t ! *imney is only "o or two /ories high4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--;,= /ructural safety ! am\nt ( (fset mu/ be limit$ s t ! c5t] l9e1 ,,xy1 ( ! upp] flue w n fall beyond ! c5t] ( ! wall ( ! l[] flue4 ,a1 ,(fsett+ ( ! left wall ( an unl9$ flue is />t$ two brick c\rses high] ?an on ! "r wall s t ! area ( ! slop+ section w n be r$uc$ aft] pla/]+2 ,b1 a l9$ flue %[+ ! me?od ( cutt+ ! tile4 ,*imneys 9 frame build+s %\ld be built f ! gr\nd up or %\ld re/ on ! f\ndation or basem5t walls if ( solid masonry #ab in*es or m ?ick4 ,a *imney re/+ on or c>ri$ by wood5 floors1 beams1 or brackets or hung f wood5 raft]s 7fig4 #g1 ,b7 is a fire haz>d4 ,wood fram+ %r9ks1 & beams support+ heavy loads deflect 9 "t4 ,sagg+ beams injure ! walls & ceil+s ( ! h\se & are apt to crack ! *imney1 r5d]+ x dang]\s4 ,flue ,l9+s ,al?\gh1 to save exp5se1 *imneys are built )\t flue l9+1 ^? ) l9+s are m effici5t4 ,:5 ! flue is n l9$1 ! mort> & bricks directly expos$ to ! action ( fuel gases dis9tegrate4 ,?is dis9tegration & t occurr+ f *anges 9 temp]ature frequ5tly cause cracks 9 ! masonry1 !reby r$uc+ ! draft4 ,an unl9$ *imney is be/ if n pla/]$ except at ! slop$ section 7fig4 #h1 ,a74 ,h[ev]1 ! v]tical & horizontal jo9ts %\ld be fill$ ) mort> & /ruck smoo? & flu% ) ! wall4 ,(fsets or b5ds 9 flues 7fig4 #h7 %\ld n be great] ?an #cj ) ! v]tical4 ,?is slope c be obta9$ by (fsett+ or corbel+ ea* brick c\rse only #a in*4 ,flue l9+ mu/ )/& rapid fluctuations 9 temp]ature & be resi/ant to ! action ( ord9>y flue gases4 ,! %apes us$ z flue l9+ %\ld be ( fire-clay1 ) %ells n less ?an five-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 & %\ld be vitrifi$4 ,z a safegu>d aga9/ ov]-burn+ & brittl5ess1 ! l9+ %\ld be te/$ by subm]sion 9 wat] at room temp]ature = #bd h\rs1 dur+ :i* a quantity ( wat] weigh+ m ?an #c p]c5t ( ! dry weight ( ! l9+ %\ld n be absorb$4 ,place ea* l5g? ( flue l9+ 9 position1 sett+ x 9 cem5t mort> ) ! jo9t /ruck smoo? on ! inside1 & !n lay ! brick ar\nd x4 ,if ! l9+ is slipp$ d[n aft] sev]al c\rses ( brick h be5 laid1 ! jo9ts _c be fill$ & leakage is almo/ sure to result4 ,fill any spaces betwe5 ! l9+ & ! brickwork completely ) mort>1 especially if ! r\nd type ( flue is us$4 ,! l[] section ( flue l9+1 unless re/+ on solid masonry at ! bottom ( ! flue1 %\ld be support$ on at lea/ ?ree sides by brick c\rses project+ to ! inside surface ( ! l9+4 ,:5 lay+ brick & l9+1 x is advisable to draw up a tight-fitt+ bag ( /raw z ! "w progresses s z to cat* mat]ial t might fall & block ! flue4 ,:]e (fsets or b5ds are necess>y 9 l9$ flues1 tight jo9ts c be made by mit]+ or cutt+ equally ! ends ( abutt+ sections 7fig4 #h1 ,b74 ,?is c be done if a cem5t sack ( damp s& is /uff$ firmly into ! l9+ & a %>p *isel is tapp$ ) a light hamm] along ! l9e :]e ! cut is desir$4 ,if ! cutt+ is done aft] ! l9+ is built into ! *imney1 ! l9+ may be brok5 & fall out ( place4 ,! hole = ! ?imble c be cut ! same way :5 a special ?imble section is n us$4 ,! l9+s commonly us$ are rectangul> or r\nd4 ,rectangul> l9+s are bett] adapt$ to brick con/ruction ?an r\nd l9+s1 b ! latt] are consid]$ m effici5t4 ,! sizes commonly us$ are indicat$ 9 table #b4 ,wall ,?ickness ,walls ( *imneys n m ?an #cj feet high :5 l9$ %\ld be #d in*es ?ick if ( brick & re9=c$ concrete1 #h in*es if ( holl[ build+ units1 & #ab in*es if ( /one4 ,l9+s may be omitt$ 9 *imneys hav+ walls ( re9=c$ concrete at lea/ #f in*es ?ick or ( unre9=c$ concrete or brick at lea/ #h in*es ?ick1 al?\gh l9+ is desirable 9 ! case ( brick con/ruction4 ,also ! outside wall ( a *imney expos$ to ! wea!r is be/ made at lea/ #h in*es ?ick4 ,9 *imneys conta9+ ?ree or m flues1 build+ codes g5]ally require t ea* gr\p ( two flues be sep>at$ f ! o!r s+le flue or gr\p ( two flues by brick divisions or )es n less ?an #c in*es wide 7fig4 #i7 4 ,:]e two flues are gr\p$ )\t divisions1 jo9ts 9 ! l9+s ( adjac5t flues are saf] if /agg]$ at lea/ #g in*es1 & p>ticul> c>e %\ld be tak5 to h all jo9ts fill$ ) mort>4 ,individual flues are advisable = fireplaces & heat+ furnaces or boil]s4 ,table #b4--;,dim5sions ( commonly us$ /&>d comm]cial flue l9+ ,rectangul> l9+s,b ,outside ,cross-sectional area ,wall dim5sions --------------------- ?ickness 7in*es7 ,inside ,outside ----------- ---------- -------- ---------- ,squ>e ,squ>e in*es feet ,in*es #d by #h #bc4f #j4bf #e_/h #d by #ac #ch4b 4#da #e_/h #g by #g #ci4a 4#ci #e_/h #h by #h #eb4f 4#ej #e_/h #h by #ac #hj4e 4#gh #c_/d #h by #ah #aji4g #a4aj #g_/h #ac by #ac #abf4f #a4bj #g_/h #ac by #ah #ahb4h #a4gj #g_/h #ah by #ah #bdh4a #b4cj #a-a_/h #bj by #bj #big4f #b4fj #a-c_/h ,r\nd l9+s,c ,inside ,cross-sectional area ,wall diamet] --------------------- ?ickness 7in*es7 ,inside ,outside ----------- ---------- -------- ---------- ,squ>e ,squ>e in*es feet ,in*es #f #bh4c #j4bi #e_/h #h #ej4c 4#di #c_/d #aj #gh4e 4#ge #g_/h #ab #aac4j #a4jg #a #ae #agf4g #a4fb #a-a_/h #ah #bed4d #b4bi #a-a_/d #bj #cad4a #b4hb #a-c_/h #bb #chj4a #c4dh #a-e_/h #bd #deb4c #d4je #a-e_/h #bg #egb4e #e4bj #b ,b ,all rectangul> flue l9+ is #b feet long4 ,c ,r\nd flue l9+1 #f to #bd in*es 9 diamet]1 is #b feet long2 t #bg to #cf in*es 9 diamet] is #b or #c feet long4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4--;,cross section ( *imney %[+ ! prop] arrangem5t = ?ree flues4 ,! division wall %\ld be well bond$ ) ! side walls by /agg]+ ! jo9ts ( successive c\rses4 ,note ! /uds are kept #b in*es away f ! brickwork = reasons expla9$ on page #ad4 ,:5 two or m flues are us$ 9 unl9$ *imneys1 !y mu/ be sep>at$ by well-bond$ )es #h ni*es ?ick4 ,an attractive & effective me?od ( sep>at+ unl9$ flues 9 colonial times is %[n 9 figure #aj4 ,*imneys ext5d+ above ! ro( are expos$ to ! w9d & may sway en\gh dur+ a gale to op5 up ! mort> jo9ts at ! ro( l9e4 ,op5+s 9 a flue at ?is po9t are especially dang]\s because sp>ks f ! flue may come 9 contact ) ! woodwork ( ! ro(4 ,x is !re=e good practice to make ! upp] walls #h in*es ?ick 7fig4 #aa7 by />t+ to (fset ! bricks j bel[ ! int]section ) ! ro(4 ,! brickwork ar\nd all fireplaces & flues %\ld be laid ) cem5t mort>1 z x is m resi/ant ?an lime mort> to ! action ( heat & flue gases4 ,a good mort> to use 9 sett+ flue l9+s & all *imney masonry1 except firebrick1 consi/s ( #a "p portl& cem5t1 #a "p hydrat$ lime1 & #f p>ts clean s&1 measur$ by volume4 ,slack$-lime putty may be us$ 9 place ( hydrat$ lime2 firebrick is be/ laid 9 fire-clay4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4--,?is ,williamsburg *imney %[s ! pa9s tak5 to make ! *imney attractive4 ,! ?ree flues are arrang$ z a ,t ) well-bond$ )es betwe5 !m4 ,(t5 f\r flues 7 us$ 9 ! =m ( a cross4 ,op5+s ,into ! ,*imney ,no range1 /ove1 fireplace1 or v5tilat+ regi/] %\ld be connect$ ) ! flue be+ us$ = ! heat+ app>atus because ?is is a frequ5t cause ( unsatisfactory op]ation4 ,fires may occur f sp>ks pass+ into "o flue op5+ & out ?r\gh ano!r :]e !re are two connections to ! same flue4 ,if an ab&on$ fireplace *imney is to be us$ = a range or /ove1 close ! fireplace flue tight ab\t a foot bel[ ! smoke pipe hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4--;,great] resi/ance to ! wea!r is provid$ by build+ ! expos$ upp] section ( a *imney ) #h-;in* walls4 ,also ! mort> jo9t1 9 :i* ! c\nt]-fla%+ is emb$d$1 is n s likely to fail z x is :5 ! wall is only #d in*es ?ick4 ,gas-fir$ h\se heat]s & built-9 unit heat]s1 if n connect$ to a masonry *imney1 may be connect$ to flues ( corrosion-resi/ant %eet metal n light] ?an #bj-;gage1 prop]ly insulat$ ) asbe/os or o!r firepro(+ mat]ial t w comply ) ! recomm5dations ( ! ,und]writ]'s ,laboratories1 ,inc4 ,su* flues %\ld ext5d ?r\gh ! ro(4 ,a soot pocket#b is desirable = ea* flue4 ,deep pockets p]mit ! accumulation ( soot1 :i* may take fire2 !re=e />t !m f a po9t pref]ably n m ?an #h in*es bel[ ! c5t] l9e ( ! smoke pipe intake & fill ! l[] "p ( ! *imney ) solid masonry in/ead ( ext5d+ ! pocket to ! base ( ! *imney z is (t5 done4 ,clean-out doors are necess>y at ! bottom ( deep pockets &1 if us$1 mu/ fit snugly & be kept tightly clos$ s t air _c get 94 ,clean-outs %\ld s]ve only "o flue1 = if two or m flues are connect$ ) ! same clean-out1 air drawn f "o to ano!r affects ! draft 9 all ( !m4 ,sometimes a door is plac$ j bel[ ! smoke pipe1 b "o is n really necess>y s9ce ! pipe1 if tak5 d[n ea* ye> = clean+1 all[s removal ( soot f %all[ pockets ?r\gh ! pipe hole4 #b ,see soot pockets & clean-out doors 9 figures #ab & #ce1 pp4 #ac & #ch1 respectively4 ,close pipe holes1 :5 tempor>ily n 9 use1 ) tight-fitt+ metal flue /ops2 b1 if a pipe hole is to be ab&on$1 fill x ) bricks laid 9 good mort>4 ,?is /opp+ c be readily remov$4 ,! practice ( clos+ a pipe hole ) pap]$ t9 is dang]\s1 = if !re is ano!r /ove connect$ ) ! flue1 ! metal may become hot en\gh to scor* ! unprotect$ wallpap] or ev5 set x afire4 ,prop] c>e 9 sett+ & look+ aft] pipe at its connection ) ! *imney w greatly less5 ! numb] ( fires *>geable to defective con/ruction4 ,fit ! pipe s t no op5+ w be left ar\nd x1 & keep x f project+ into ! flue4 ,! connection c be made airtight ) a closely fitt+ coll> & boil] putty1 good cem5t mort>1 or /iff clay4 ,smoke pipes %\ld ent] ! *imney horizontally1 & ! hole ?r\gh ! *imney wall to ! flue %\ld be l9$ ) fire-clay1 or metal ?imbles %\ld be securely & tightly built 9 ! masonry4 ,?imbles or flue r+s c be _h ( #f-1 #g-1 #h-1 #aj-1 & #ab-;in* diamet]s & #f-1 #i-1 & #ab-;in* l5g?s4 ,if ! walls are furr$ 7fig4 #ab71 ! space betwe5 ! ?imbles & ! wood furr+ %\ld be cov]$ ) metal la? & pla/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4--;,a1 ,connection to *imney :]e furr+ is us$4 ,! brick are built out ar\nd ! ?imble z a protection aga9/ its crack+4 ,?is is a fire haz>d t is frequ5tly ov]look$4 ,b1 ,connection :5 pla/] is appli$ directly to ! masonry4 ,note t ! pipe ext5ds too f> into ! flue4 ,x %\ld be z %[n 9 ,a4 ,:5 a smoke pipe is less ?an #ah in*es f woodwork1 ! woodwork requires protection aga9/ *>r+4 ,a metal cas+ or asbe/os bo>d #b in*es f ! upp] half ( ! pipe is sometimes employ$ to protect woodwork directly above x4 ,a pipe1 ev5 s protect$1 %\ld nev] be clos] ?an #i in*es to any woodwork or o!r combu/ible mat]ial4 ,comm]cial firepro( pipe cov]+s c be pur*as$4 ,if a pipe mu/ be c>ri$ ?r\gh a wood p>tition1 protection = ! woodwork c be provid$ by cutt+ an op5+ 9 ! p>tition & ins]t+ a galvaniz$-iron d\ble-wall v5tilat+ %ield at lea/ #ab in*es l>g] ?an ! pipe 7fig4 #ac7 or by us+ at lea/ #d in*es ( brickwork or o!r incombu/ible mat]ial4 ,smoke pipes %\ld nev] pass ?r\gh floors1 closets1 or conceal$ spaces or ent] a *imney 9 a g>ret4 ,gases =m$ by burn+ ! sulfur conta9$ 9 coal are ! ma9 cause ( corrosion ( metal smoke pipes4 ,little corrosion occurs dur+ ! heat+ season1 :5 ! pipe is kept hot & dry4 ,! life ( metal pipes c be prolong$ if ea* summ] :5 !y are n 9 use !y are tak5 d[n1 clean$1 wrapp$ 9 pap]1 & /or$ 9 a dry place4 ,?is is especially true ( pipe to heat]s 9 damp cell>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac4--;,a1 ,elevation ( protection ar\nd a /ovepipe pass+ ?r\gh a frame p>tition2 ,b1 sectional view4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4--,me?od ( insulat+ wood floor joi/s & basebo>d at a *imney ) #d-;in* walls4 ,a s+le head] is us$ z x is less ?an #d feet long4 ,insulation ,no wood %\ld be 9 contact ) a *imney4 ,leave a space ( #b in*es betwe5 ! outside face ( a *imney & all wood5 beams or joi/s except :5 #h in*es ( masonry is us$ outside flue l9+1 9 :i* case ! fram+ may be )9 "o-half in* ( ! *imney masonry4 ,! space betwe5 ! floor fram+ & ! *imney may be fill$ ) por\s1 nonmetallic1 incombu/ible mat]ial1 su* z loose c9d]s4 ,brickwork1 mort>1 & concrete are n suitable4 ,place ! fill+ be=e ! floor is laid1 z x n only =ms a fire /op b prev5ts accumulation ( %av+s or o!r combu/ible mat]ial4 ,subfloor+ may be laid )9 "o-half in* ( ! masonry4 ,basebo>ds1 :5 fa/5$ to pla/] t is directly 9 contact ) ! wall ( a *imney1 c be protect$ by a lay] ( firepro( mat]ial1 su* z asbe/os1 at lea/ "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick betwe5 ! woodwork & ! pla/] 7fig4 #ad74 ,wood5 /udd+1 furr+1 or la?+ %\ld n be plac$ aga9/ a *imney b set back1 z indicat$ 9 figure #i2 or ! pla/] may be appli$ directly to ! masonry or to metal la? laid ov] ! masonry4 ,! =m] is ! bett] me?od1 z settlem5t w n crack ! pla/]4 ,x is recomm5d$ t a coat ( cem5t pla/] be appli$ directly ^u ! outside surfaces ( masonry *imneys t are to be incas$ by a wood5 p>tition or o!r combu/ible con/ruction4 ,metal la?1 lapp$ #f in*es on ! masonry1 at ! int]section ( *imneys ) p>titions prev5ts corn] cracks4 7,see plan 9 fig4 #cd47 ,*imney & ,ro( ,connection ,:]e ! *imney passes ?r\gh ! ro(1 provide a #b-;in* cle>ance betwe5 ! wood fram+ & masonry = fire protection & = expansion due to temp]ature *anges1 settlem5t1 or slight movem5t ( ! *imney dur+ heavy w9ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ae4--,me?od ( fla%+4 ,%eet metal1 h1 ov] ! cricket1 ext5ds "u ! %+les k1 at lea/ #d in*es & is c\nt]-fla%$ at l 9 jo9t4 ,base fla%+s b1 c1 d1 & e & cap fla%+s a1 f1 & g lap ov] ! base fla%+s & provide wat]tight con/ruction4 ,a full b$ ( mort> %\ld be provid$ :]e cap fla%+ is ins]t$ 9 jo9ts4 ,a *imney mu/ be fla%$ & c\nt]-fla%$ 7fig4 #ae71c to make its junction ) ! ro( wat]tight4 ,:5 ! *imney is n locat$ on ! ridge b on a slop+ ro(1 a cricket1 j1 is built1 z detail$ 9 figure #af1 high en\gh to %$ wat] ar\nd ! *imney4 ,corrosion-resi/ant metal1 su* z copp]1 galvaniz$ metal1 z9c1 or lead1 is be/ = ! fla%+ & c\nt]-fla%+4 ,:5 t9 is us$1 pa9t x well on bo? sides4 #c ,see p4 #bf1 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #agea1 ,ro( ,cov]+s = ,f>m ,build+s & ,_! ,repair1 = me?od ( in/all+ fla%+4 ,a feature1 said to h orig9at$ 9 colonial ,williamsburg z a precaution aga9/ fire haz>d1 is to build ! upp] section ( outside *imneys #ah in*es to #b feet away f ! gable ends ( ! h\se 7fig4 #ag74 ,?is is n only a safety factor b a practical "o because ! *imney c be m easily fla%$1 small w9d[s c be us$ 9 ! walls ( upp] /ory rooms beh9d ! *imney1 & fram+ ! ro( is simplifi$4 ,capp+ ! ,*imney ,v>i\s me?ods ( t]m9at+ *imneys are %[n 9 figures #aa & #ah4 ,:atev] "o is us$ %\ld be ar*itecturally acceptable1 effective 9 prev5t+ dis9tegration1 & s made z to keep wat] out ( ! flue4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af4--;,cricket1 j1 z se5 f ! back ( ! *imney %[n 9 figure #ae4 ,a section ?r\gh ! cricket is also %[n4 ,note h[ c\nt]-fla%+ is built into ! mort> jo9t at l4 ,x is advisable to project ! flue l9+ #d in*es above ! cap or top c\rse ( brick & surr\nd x ) at lea/ #b in*es ( cem5t mort> f9i%$ ) a /raight or concave slope to direct air curr5ts upw>d at ! top ( ! flue2 ! slop$ mort> also s]ves to dra9 wat] f ! top ( ! *imney4 7,see fig4 #aa47 ,hoods are commonly us$ to keep ra9 out ( a *imney 7fig4 #ah1 ,a & ,b74 ,! area ( ! hood op5+s %\ld be at lea/ equal to ! area ( ! flue & ea* flue %\ld h a sep>ate hood4 ,concrete & brick caps are usually made #d in*es ?ick1 & x is advisable to project !m an in* or two to =m a drip l$ge4 ,_m ( ! *imneys built today are unsightly & frequ5tly detract f an o!rwise well-design$ h\se4 ,)9 ! la/ #ajj ye>s ! size & attractiv5ess ( *imneys ord9>ily built has decl9$4 ,! l>ge old *imneys ( colonial days 7 proportion$ to suit ! h\se & surr\nd+s & at ! same "t provide = two or m l>ge fireplaces4 ,) r$uction 9 ! size ( fireplaces & ! sub/itution ( sev]al /oves & ev5tually "o c5tral heat+ plant1 ! *imney has develop$ into a m]ely utilit>ian %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ag4--;,a h\se 9 s\!rn ,m>yl& 9 :i* ! space betwe5 ! *imney & ! h\se wall %[s cle>ly4 ,! practice ( build+ ! *imney 9 ?is way is common 9 ! tidewat] section ( ! ,s\?4 ,sp>k ,arre/]s ,sp>k arre/]s are desirable &1 :]e *imneys are ne> combu/ible ro(s1 lumb]1 =e/s1 etc41 !y are sometimes requir$1 dep5d+ on ! k9d ( fuel1 wa/e mat]ials1 or refuse t may be burn$ & ! am\nt ( deposits t may accumulate 9 ! flues4 ,:ile arre/]s _c be dep5d$ on to elim9ate entirely ! dis*>ge ( sp>ks "u all conditions2 yet1 :5 prop]ly built & in/all$1 !y mat]ially r$uce sp>k haz>d4#d #d ,see ,/&>ds = ,con/ruction & ,in/allation ( ,sp>k ,arre/]s = ,*imneys & ,/acks1 publi%$ by ! ,national ,fire ,protection ,association4 ,9 g5]al all p>ts1 :e!r ( wire1 exp&$ metal1 or p]=at$ %eets1 give long] s]vice if !y are ( ru/-resi/ant mat]ial4 ,arre/]s = dome/ic purposes %\ld h v]tical sides ext5d+ upw>d n less ?an #i in*es s z to provide a gross area ( surface at lea/ twice ! net flue area4 ,!y %\ld be kept outside ( ! flue area & be securely an*or$ to ! *imney top4 ,op5+s 9 ! scre5 n l>g] ?an five-eights ( an in* nor small] ?an five-sixte5?s ( an in* are advisable4 ,comm]cially made scre5s c be pur*as$ :i* g5]ally la/ sev]al ye>s4 ,arre/]s mu/ be kept adju/$ 9 position & r5ew$ :5 ! op5+s are worn l>g] ?an ! normal scre5 op5+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ah4--;,a1 ,a common type ( ar*$ hood2 ,b1 flat /one hood2 note ! )e sep>at+ ! two flues4 ,,e/imat+ ,,brick ,! numb] ( /&>d-size brick 7#h by #c by #b in*es7 requir$ to build a /raight *imney hav+ only two or ?ree flues c be e/imat$ by draw+ ! flue l9+ to scale & !n draw+ l9es #d in*es to #h in*es outside ( ! l9+ dep5d+ on ! ?ickness ( ! brick walls4 ,lay out #d- by #h-;in* rectangles 9 ! space betwe5 ! l9+ & ! outside l9es to det]m9e h[ _m brick are ne$$ p] c\rse4 ,= example1 #ae brick are ne$$ = ea* c\rse ( ! *imney 9 figure #i4 ,assum+ ! height is #cj feet & "o-half-in* mort> jo9ts are us$1 also t !re are #d c\rses p] foot1 !re w\ld be #ace c\rses4 ,!re=e1 #ace multipli$ by #ae equals #b1jib brick2 ab\t #ajj m w be ne$$ to make ! l[] portion solid1 or #b1bjj brick 9 all4 ,a m g5]al me?od ( e/imat+ t is applicable to m complex /ructures is giv5 on page #dc4 ,me?ods ( det]m9+ ! quantity ( mort> mat]ials1 labor1 & co/ are also giv5 & c be appli$ to ?is example4 ,,smoke ,,te/ ,e flue %\ld be subject$ to ! foll[+ smoke te/ be=e ! heat] is connect$ ) x & pref]ably be=e ! *imney has be5 furr$ & pla/]$ or o!rwise enclos$4 ,build a pap]1 /raw1 wood1 or t>-pap] fire at ! base ( ! flue4 ,:5 ! smoke is ris+ 9 a d5se column1 tightly block ! outlet at ! top ( ! *imney ) a wet blanket4 ,smoke t escapes ?r\gh ! masonry indicates ! location ( leaks4 ,frequ5tly ?is te/ reveals bad leaks into adjo9+ flues or directly ?r\gh ! walls or betwe5 ! l9+s & ! wall4 ,rem$y defects be=e ! *imney is accept$ = use4 ,su* defects are usually difficult to correct2 h5ce x is wise to wat* ! con/ruction closely z x progresses4 ,,clean+ ,,& ,,repair+ ,,flues ,*imneys develop defects :i* if n promptly repair$ cause tr\ble4 ,mo/ masonry requires replacem5t ( worn or wea!r$ mat]ial or repo9t+ ( mort> jo9ts1 :ile flues become clogg$ & fla%+s fail4 ,x is advisable to te/ a *imney e few ye>s = tightness by ! smoke te/ j describ$2 to exam9e ! inside ( ! flues by l[]+ a lant]n or fla%light on a /rong cord d[n f ! top ( ! *imney or by hold+ a h& mirror at ! prop] angle at a /ovepipe hole2 to inspect ! masonry = loose units1 :i* are mo/ likely to occur at ! top 7fig4 #c7 :]e ! action ( ! flue gases1 especially :5 s(t coal is burn$1 dis9tegrates ! mort>2 to te/ mort> jo9ts f ! outside by prodd+ ) a knife or simil> tool to det]m9e if ! mort> is loose cle> ?r\gh ! jo9t s z to leave a hole2 & to notice if ! *imney is damp because ( leaky fla%+s1 absorption ( moi/ure f ! gr\nd1 cond5sation1 or excessive ra9 ent]+ ! flues4 ,clean+ ,bricks t fall f ! top & lodge at (fsets or contract$ sections c sometimes be rea*$ & dislodg$ by a long pole or sections ( pipe screw$ toge!r4 ,!y c be caught on a %+le or piece ( %eet metal %ov$ into a /ovepipe hole or remov$ ?r\gh a clean-out door4 ,a weight$ cem5t sack fill$ ) /raw & atta*$ to ! end ( a rope may be pull$ up & d[n ! flue to remove soot & loose mat]ial if ! (fset is n too great4 ,tr\ble ) creosote & soot c be r$uc$ :5 "o und]/&s h[ !y are =m$4 ,smoke & soot are caus$ by imp]fect combu/ion1 usually due to "o or all ( ! foll[+ conditions3 7#a7 ,lack ( suffici5t air to ! fire2 7#b7 improp] mixture ( air ) furnace gases2 7#c7 l[ furnace temp]ature2 7#d7 too small combu/ion space s t ! gases rea* ! comp>atively cool furnace surface be=e !y are completely burn$ &1 z a result1 soot or t>ry matt] cond5ses & !n passes up ! *imney 9 ! =m ( smoke4 ,s(t coal causes m soot tr\ble ?an h>d coal4 ,if soot accumulates fa/ or tr\ble is exp]i5c$ ) unusual smoke :5 fir+1 x is probable t ! heat+ equipm5t is n be+ op]at$ prop]ly4 ,! manufactur] or in/all] usually is able to sugge/ prop] adju/m5ts4 ,inve/igations by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,m9es#e h %[n t v>i\s mat]ials on be+ burn$ or volatiliz$ =m a vapor or smoke :i* settles ^u soot2 caus+ x to ignite at a l[] temp]ature & burn m easily4 ,= soot to burn1 ! gases 9 contact ) x mu/ h a temp]ature high en\gh to ignite x & suffici5t air to support ! combu/ion4 ,! effectiv5ess ( burn+ v>ies ) ! composition ( ! remov]1 b x also dep5ds ^u conditions be+ favorable4 ,x w usually r$uce some:at ! soot 9 a furnace & smoke pipe b n 9 a *imney4 ,x has no effect on ! a% mix$ ) ! soot4 ,?is a% n only does n burn1 b prev5ts complete burn+ ( ! soot mix$ ) x4 #e ,ni*ols1 ,p41 & ,/aples1 ,c4 ,w4 ,,removal ,,or ,,soot ,,f ,,furnaces ,,& ,,flues ,,by ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,salts ,,or ,,comp\nds4 ,u4 ,s4 ,bur4 ,m9es ,bul4 #cfj1 #gf pp41 illus4 #aicb4 ,soot remov]s cause soot to burn & are fire haz>ds4 ,! correct & mo/ ?or\gh me?od ( clean+ a *imney is to d s manually or to employ mod]n exhau/ or vacuum me?ods us$ by furnace repairm54 ,h[ev]1 x is inconv5i5t to remove soot & a% accumulations ?or\ghly m ?an once a ye>2 h5ce a remov] may help to keep ! passages ( /oves & heat]s cle> betwe5 annual clean+s1 if deposits ( soot accumulate quickly & r$uce ! draft4 ,likelihood ( success 9 clean+ is great] :5 ! deposits ( soot are ?ick1 provid$ !y d n cut d[n ! draft too mu*4 ,if burn+ is employ$1 !re is less risk :5 x is done frequ5tly en\gh to prev5t l>ge accumulations1 :i* cause int5se fires4 ,also1 free+ ! heat] & pipe ( soot p]mits bett] fuel burn+ & high] temp]atures 9 ! *imney flue1 ?us r$uc+ ! am\nt ( soot likely to be deposit$ on ! flue walls4 ,common salt 7rock or ice-cream salt7 is n ! mo/ effective remov]1 yet x is ! mo/ widely us$ because ( its *eapness1 ease ( h&l+1 & g5]al availability4 ,use two or ?ree teacupfuls p] application4 ,metallic z9c 9 ! =m ( du/ or small granules is (t5 us$2 h[ev]1 a mixture ( salt & #aj p]c5t z9c du/ is m effective ?an ei!r salt or z9c alone4 ,"o ( ! mo/ effective mixtures ( mat]ials readily available is #a "p dry r$ lead & #e p>ts common salt1 measur$ by weight4 ,%ake ^! toge!r 9 a c ) a tight-fitt+ lid4 ,z lead is poison\s1 wa% ! h&s aft] us+4 ,"o or two teacupfuls are us$ p] application4 ,old dry-cell batt]ies conta9 suitable +r$i5ts & :5 !y are ?r[n 9 a hot furnace ! soot usually burns4 ,quick] action c be _h if !y are *opp$ up4 ,be=e a remov] is us$1 ! fire mu/ be put 9 good condition ) a sub/antial body ( hot fuel on top4 ,close ! a%-pit door & ! slots 9 ! fir+ door & scatt] ! remov] on ! hot coals4 ,close ! fir+ doors & at once r$uce ! draft by p>tially clos+ ! pipe damp]s4 ,! draft %\ld n be clos$ s tight z to cause fumes to escape into ! cell>4 ,let ! remov] /ew = #aj to #bj m9utes or until fumes /op ris+ f ! coals2 !n make ! fire burn fi]cely by op5+ ! a%-pit door & ! damp]4 ,%ak+ a%es out w help4 ,! slots 9 ! fir+ door c be op5$ or ! door itself set aj>4 ,if soot 9 ! furnace w n ignite1 ?r[ a little wood or pap] on ! fire4 ,in/ead ( mak+ a special job ( clean+ at int]vals1 "o or two cups ( salt may be ?r[n on ! fire once a day ) ! expectation t ! furnace w produce a high en\gh temp]ature to ignite "s ( ! soot4 ,?is is mo/ likely to succe$ 9 cold wea!r :5 ! furnace temp]atures are high4 ,cause ( ,creosote ,creosote is ! result ( cond5sation 9 ! *imney1 & tr\ble f ?is s\rce is be/ avoid$ by prev5t+ creosote =mation4 ,x is m likely to =m :5 wood is us$ = fuel ?an :5 coal is burn$ & is m likely to =m 9 cold ?an 9 mild climates4 ,gre5 wood may conta9 z high z #dj p]c5t wat]1 & dry wood #ae to #bj p]c5t4 ,:5 wood is sl[ly burn$1 x gives (f acetic & pyroligne\s acid1 :i* 9 comb9ation ) wat] or moi/ure =m creosote4 ,:5 ! draft is /rong & an active fire is ma9ta9$1 mu* ( ! creosote is c>ri$ (f into ! atmosph]e4 ,! tr\ble is aggravat$ :5 ! fire does n burn briskly & :5 an outside flue is subject$ to *ill+ bla/s4 ,! walls ( ! *imney1 be+ comp>atively cool1 cause cond5sation ( ! vapors conta9$ 9 ! smoke4 ,?us ! creosote cond5ses & runs d[n ! flue1 f9d+ its way out ( any jo9ts t are n p]fectly tight4 ,! =mation ( creosote is unusual 9 *imneys t are surr\nd$ by w>m rooms4 ,! out] walls ( a *imney 9 an outside wall %\ld be at lea/ two bricks ?ick & ! *imney %\ld h a good flue l9+4 ,creosote is difficult to remove & :5 x ignites makes a v hot fire t is likely to crack ! masonry & *> adjac5t timb]s4 ,! only safe me?od ( removal is to *ip x f ! masonry ) a blade or /raight5$-out hoe atta*$ to a pipe or h&le4 ,a heavy *a9 drawn up & d[n ! flue walls is sometimes effective4 ,h[ev]1 :5 creosote is remov$1 c>e is necess>y n to knock out mort> jo9ts or to break ! flue l9+4 ,l>ge quantities ( salt ?r[n on ! fire 9 ! grate or fireplace w ext+ui% a *imney fire4 ,a fire 9 a fireplace flue c be *eck$ 9 its int5sity & frequ5tly ext+ui%$ by fir/ qu5*+ ! fire on ! he>? & !n hold+ a wet rug or blanket ov] ! op5+ s z to %ut (f ! air4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! soot & creosote are likely to slide f ! flue walls & drop into ! fireplace4 ,be=e ext+ui%+ a fire 9 a flue1 cov] op5+s into ! rooms1 s t ! soot w n spread ov] furni%+s4 ,repair+ ,*imneys ,:5 a *imney is damp1 exam9e ! fla%+ at ! junction ) ! ro(1 especially if wet spots appe> on ! ceil+s ( rooms4 ,me?ods ( repair+ fla%+ are giv5 9 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #agea1 ,ro( ,cov]+s = ,f>m ,build+s & ,_! ,repair4 ,if ! fla%+ is s\nd1 possibly wat] runs d[n ! inside ( ! flue & ?r\gh defective mort> jo9ts4 ,:]e ^! _c be rea*$ readily1 ! *imney may h to be torn d[n & rebuilt4 ,sometimes a hood 7fig4 #ah1 ,a & ,b7 is built on top ( ! *imney to keep out wat] or to prev5t w9d bl[+ d[n x4 ,to prev5t dampness be+ drawn up f ! gr\nd1 ! mort> c be rak$ f a jo9t at lea/ #ab in*es above ! gr\nd & a lay] ( slate1 asbe/os %+les1 or ru/-resi/ant %eet metal & new mort> work$ into ! jo9t4 ,?is "w %\ld be done by a mason4 ,if bricks are por\s or erod$1 rak+ out ! mort> "o-half ( an in* deep & apply+ ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* ( cem5t pla/] to ! surfaces is effective4 ,erod$ jo9ts 9 ! re/ ( ! masonry %\ld be rak$ & repo9t$4 ,:]e natural gas is burn$1 dampness due to cond5sation is n unusual & a dra9 may be ne$$4 ,:]e su* conditions exi/1 advice %\ld be s\ght f ! manufactur]s ( ! equipm5t z to ! prop] rem$y4 ,a *imney t becomes too hot to p]mit hold+ ! h& aga9/ x %\ld be c>efully inspect$ by a reliable mason & adequately protect$ z sugge/$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,if1 aft] a *imney is clean$1 an exam9ation discloses holes1 unfill$ jo9ts1 or o!r uns\nd conditions out ( rea* = repair1 x is advisable to te> ! masonry d[n & rebuild prop]ly4 ,inside bricks t are impregnat$ ) creosote & soot %\ld n be us$ 9 ! new "w because !y w /a9 pla/] :5ev] dampness occurs4 ,x is almo/ impossible to remove creosote & soot /a9s on pla/] & wallpap]4 ,sometimes pa9t+ ! pla/] ) alum9um-flake pa9t or wat]pro( v>ni% hides ! /a9s4 ,a hat*way cut ?r\gh a ro( is conv5i5t :5 high *imneys are repair$ or clean$1 especially :5 access to ! ro( is difficult4 ,! hat*way %\ld be locat$ s t x w n be necess>y to crawl ov] ! ro( to rea* ! *imney & s t a ladd] plac$ on ! attic floor w n be too /eep = safe asc5t4 ,a wat]tight cov] ) hooks to prev5t its bl[+ (f is ess5tial4 ,su* a hat*way is be/ provid$ :5 ! build+ is erect$ b c be readily built at any "t4 ,,fireplaces ,a fireplace is ord9>ily consid]$ appropriate to a liv+ room1 d9+ room1 & b$room2 h[ev]1 basem5t1 por*1 & outdoor fireplaces are ga9+ 9 favor ) ! h\sehold]4 ,also public d9+ places1 (fices1 etc41 frequ5tly h fireplaces = ! com=t & = ! air ( in=mality !y provide4 ,all fireplaces %\ld be built 9 accordance ) ! few simple ess5tials ( correct design giv5 h]e9 if satisfactory p]=mance is to be realiz$4 ,!y %\ld be ( a size be/ suit$ to ! room 9 :i* !y are us$ f ! /&po9t ( appe>ance & op]ation4 ,if too small1 !y may function prop]ly b d n ?r[ out suffici5t heat4 ,if !y are too l>ge1 a fire t w\ld fill ! combu/ion *amb] w\ld be entirely too hot = ! room & w\ld wa/e fuel4 ,! location ( ! *imney det]m9es ! location ( ! fireplace & too (t5 is gov]n$ by /ructural consid]ations only4 ,a fireplace sugge/s a fireside gr\p & a reasonable degree ( seclusion1 & !re=e1 especially 9 ! liv+ room1 x %\ld n be ne> doors to passageways ( ! h\se4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,! pr9cipal w>m+ effect ( a fireplace is produc$ by ! radiant heat f ! fire & f ! hot back1 sides1 & he>?4 ,9 ! ord9>y fireplace practically no heat+ effect is produc$ by convection1 t is1 by air curr5t4 ,air passes ?r\gh ! fire & up ! *imney1 c>ry+ ) x ! heat absorb$ f ! fire2 at ! same "t outside air ( a l[] temp]ature is drawn into ! room4 ,! effect ( ! cold air ?us br\ght into ! room is p>ticul>ly noticeable f>!/ f ! fire4 ,heat radiation1 l light1 travels 9 /raight l9es1 & unless "o is )9 range ( su* radiation1 little heat is felt4 ,te/s made by ! ,bureau ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry & ,eng9e]+ %[$ t ab\t five times ! am\nt ( air requir$ = ev5 lib]al v5tilation may be drawn into a liv+ room by ! op]ation ( a fireplace4 ,su* excessive v5tilation may cause *ill+ drafts4 ,p]sons locat$ at advantage\s po9ts 9 ! room w be com=table "u su* conditions1 b ^? out ( ! radiation zone w n4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ai4--;,9 #agdd ,frankl9 promot$ a metal fireplace ( ?is type to be set out into a room4 ,^! are kn[n z ,frankl9 /oves & sometimes are equipp$ ) &irons = burn+ wood or a grate = burn+ coal4 ,! metal bl[]1 %[n 9 front ( ! op5+ 0 us$ ) grates & set 9 place :5 />t+ ! draft & !n remov$ s t ! *e]y heat ( gl[+ coals c\ld be enjoy$4 ,at "o "t ?is type ( /ove 0 highly ?\ght ( because x ?rew out m heat ?an ! built-9 fireplace4 ,a few manufactur]s specialize 9 ,frankl9 /oves because ( ! pres5t-day dem&4 ,te/s conduct$ by ?is ,bureau indicate t1 z ord9>ily con/ruct$1 a fireplace is only ab\t "o-?ird z effici5t z a good /ove or circulator heat]4 ,nev]!less1 !y h a place z an auxili>y to ! heat+ plant & = _! *e]fulness & *>m4 ,9 mild] climates1 fireplaces may suffice z ! sole s\rce ( heat2 also c]ta9 mat]ials (t5 wa/$ may be utiliz$ = fuel4 ,! disadvantages ( ! ord9>y fireplace are less5$ by modifi$ fireplaces4 ,,modifi$ ,,fireplaces ,! ,frankl9 /ove 7fig4 #ai7 is a type ( modifi$ fireplace4 ,! modifi$ fireplaces ( today are ( sev]al types1 z %[n 9 figures #bj & #ba4 ,bo? ! la/ two types ( modifi$ fireplaces are manufactur$ z units ( heavy metal1 design$ to be set into place & conceal$ by ! usual brickwork1 or o!r con/ruction1 s t no practical *ange 9 mantel design is requir$ by _! use4 ,! modifications are built-9 /&>d p>ts ( ! fireplace--only ! grilles %[ 7fig4 #bb74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bj4--;,9 ?is modifi$ fireplace air ent]s ! inlet1 a1 f outside & is heat$ z x rises by natural circulation ?r\gh ! back *amb]1 c1 & ! tubes1 t1 be+ dis*>g$ into ! room f ! regi/]1 b4 ,air = support+ combu/ion is drawn into ! fire at d & passes betwe5 ! tubes up ! flue ,a damp] is also provid$ to close ! air inlet4 ,"o advantage claim$ = modifi$ fireplace units is t ! correctly design$ & proportion$ firebox1 manufactur$ ) ?roat1 damp]1 smoke %elf1 & *amb]1 provides a =m = ! masonry1 ?us r$uc+ ! risk ( failure & assur+ a smokeless fireplace6 ,h[ev]1 !re is no excuse = us+ incorrect proportions2 & ! desirability ( us+ a foolpro( =m1 z provid$ by ! modifi$ unit1 m]ely to obta9 good proportions %\ld be consid]$ f ! /&po9t ( co/4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! unit is well design$1 x w n op]ate prop]ly if ! *imney is inadequate2 !re=e ! rules = correct *imney con/ruction mu/ be adh]$ to ) ! modifi$ unit z well z ) ! ord9>y fireplace4 ,manufactur]s claim labor & mat]ials sav$ t5d to (fset ! pur*ase price ( ! unit2 also t ! sav+ 9 fuel ju/ifies any net increase 9 fir/ co/4 ,a m9imum life ( #bj ye>s is claim$ = ! type & ?ickness ( metal commonly us$ today 9 ^! units4 ,field te/s made by ?is ,bureau h prov$ t1 :5 prop]ly in/all$1 ! bett] designs ( modifi$-fireplace units circulate heat into ! cold corn]s ( rooms & w deliv] heat$ air ?r\gh ducts to adjo9+ or upp] rooms4 ,= example1 heat c\ld be div]t$ to a ba?room f a liv+-room fireplace4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ba4--;,9 ?is fireplace ! air is n drawn 9 directly f outdoors b ?r\gh ! inlet1 a1 f ! room t is be+ heat$4 ,! air is heat$ by contact ) ! metal sides & back ( ! fireplace1 rises by natural circulation1 & is dis*>g$ back into ! room f ! outlet1 b1 or to ano!r room on ! same floor or 9 ! second /ory4 ,! inlets & outlets are connect$ to regi/]s :i* may be locat$ at ! front ( ! fireplace1 z %[n 9 figure #bb4 ,! regi/]s may be locat$ on ! ends ( ! fireplace or on ! wall ( an adjac5t room4 ,! quantity & temp]ature ( ! heat$ air dis*>g$ f ! grilles 9 figures #bj & #ba 7 measur$ to det]m9e ! m]its ( ! convection features4 ,^! measurem5ts %[$ t v appreciable am\nts ( convect$ heat are produc$ by ! modifi$ unit :5 prop]ly in/all$ & op]at$4 ,dis*>ge-air temp]atures 9 excess ( #bjj ,f4 7 atta9$ f "s ( ! units te/$4 ,! heat$ air deliv]$ f ! dis*>ge grilles ( "s ( ! m$ium-siz$ units repres5t$ a heat+ effect equival5t to t f ne>ly #dj squ>e feet ( ca/-iron radiation ( ! ord9>y hot-wat] heat+ sy/em1 or suffici5t to heat a #ae- by #ah-;foot room built ) av]age tightness to #gj ,f4 :5 ! outside temp]ature is #dj ,f4 ,additional convect$ heat c be produc$ ) "s models by ! use ( =c$-circulation fans4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bb4--;,except = ! regi/]s & metallic sides & back1 ! appe>ance ( modifi$ fireplaces is l t ( ord9>y ones4 ,an int]e/+ effect is secur$ by ! mirror--! reflection ( ! opposite wall appe>s l a recess ov] ! mantel4 ,h[ev]1 ! nature ( op]ation1 ) ! unavoidably l>ge quantity ( heat$ air pass+ up ! /ack1 makes ! inh]5t ov]-all effici5cy ( any fireplace relatively l[4 ,!re=e1 claims = an increas$ effici5cy ( modifi$ fireplaces %\ld be und]/ood m]ely z con/itut+ an improvem5t ov] ! ord9>y fireplace & n ov] /oves or c5tral heat+ plants4 ,:5 a fireplace is be+ select$ ! k9d ( fuel to be burn$ %\ld be consid]$2 also1 ! design %\ld h>monize ) ! room 9 proportion & detail 7figs4 #bc & #bd74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bc4--;,a well-design$ comm]cial mantel t suits ! room4 ,s9ce x is pa9t$ ! same color z ! walls1 x does n focus att5tion1 z ! h&somely c>v$ =mal mantel or mahogany %[n 9 figure #cg is int5d$ to d4 ,9 colonial days1 :5 cordwood 0 pl5tiful1 fireplaces #g feet wide & #e feet high 7 common1 especially :5 us$ 9 kit*5s = cook+ 7fig4 #be74 ,!y requir$ l>ge am\nts ( fuel & too frequ5tly 7 smoky4 ,:]e cordwood 7#d feet long7 is cut 9 half1 a #cj-;in* wid? is desirable = a fireplace2 b1 :]e coal is burn$1 ! op5+ c be n>r[] 7fig4 #bf74 ,?irty in*es is a practical height = ! conv5i5t t5d+ ( a fire :]e ! wid? is less ?an #f feet2 op5+s ab\t #cj in*es wide 7fig4 #bg7 are g5]ally made ) squ>e corn]s4 ,! high] ! op5+1 ! great] ! *ance ( a smoky fireplace4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bd4--;,ano!r good design is ?is revival ( e>ly ,new ,engl& ar*itecture1 :i* is frequ5tly us$ = remodel+ public d9+ rooms4 ,! r&om-wid? p9e planks 7 select$ especially = v>iety 9 ! patt]n ( ! knots4 ,note ! use ( o!rwise wa/$ space = book%elves & closet4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #be4--;,a1 ,a fireplace at ,m\nt ,v]non1 ,wa%+ton's home1 typical ( ^? us$ be=e cook+ /oves 7 introduc$4 ,?is type ( fireplace1 if n too l>ge1 is (t5 reta9$ 7,b7 :5 a kit*5 is remodel$ into a liv+ room4 ,note ! ,dut* ov5 at ! "r1 =m]ly us$ = bak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bf4--;,fireplaces orig9ally int5d$ = wood 7 frequ5tly brick$ up1 & small ca/-iron units ( ?is type 7 built 91 s9ce ! l>ge op5+s requir$ = wood 7 wa/eful :5 coal 0 us$4 ,?is 0 a v popul> type ( grate = hotel & private b$rooms ab\t #ahfj & c /ill be se5 9 old h\ses 9 coal regions4 ,note ! pla9 & neat mantel ( wide plank4 ,9 g5]al1 ! wid] ! op5+ ! great] %\ld be ! dep?4 ,a %all[ op5+ ?r[s out relatively m heat ?an a deep "o ( ! same wid? b accommodates small] pieces ( wood2 ?us x becomes a "q ( pref]5ce betwe5 a great] dep? :i* p]mits ! use ( l>ge logs t burn long] & a %all[] dep? 7fig4 #bh1 ,a & ,b7 :i* takes small]-siz$ wood b ?r[s out m heat4 ,9 small fireplaces a dep? ( #ab in*es w p]mit good draft if ! ?roat is con/ruct$ z expla9$ above1 b a m9imum dep? ( #af to #ah in*es is advis$ to less5 ! dang] ( br&s fall+ out on ! floor4 ,z a rule1 fireplaces on ! second floor are small] ?an ^? on ! fir/ floor & x is well to foll[ ?is practice because ! flue height is less = second floor fireplaces 7fig4 #bi74 ,unless a fireplace #f feet wide is fully #bh in*es deep1 ! logs w h to be split1 & "s advantage ( ! wide op5+ w be lo/4 ,scre5s ( suitable design %\ld be plac$ 9 front ( all fireplaces 7fig4 #cj74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bg4--,?is inexp5sive fireplace #cb in*es squ>e %[s h[ a pla9 brick front c be us$ 9 a small room4 ,a fireplace #cj to #cf in*es wide is g5]ally suitable = a room hav+ #cjj squ>e feet ( floor 7fig4 #ca74 ,! wid? %\ld be increas$ = l>g] rooms1 b all o!r dim5sions %\ld be tak5 f table #c = ! wid? select$4 ,! corn] ( a room (t5 is ! favorite location = a fireplace 7fig4 #cb74 ,fireplaces ( ! type %[n 9 figure #bh are also built 9 corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bh4--;,a1 ,a %all[ fireplace1 ) a copp] hood1 built z %[n 9 ,b1 ?r[s out consid]able heat aft] ! hood gets hot4 ,! wall %\ld be ( fire-resi/ant masonry4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bi4--,?is %all[ fireplace ) a slop+ back is a type t 0 frequ5tly built 9 b$rooms be=e ! g5]al use ( /oves4 ,note ! neat & well-proportion$ mantel4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cj4--,scre5s are almo/ ess5tial to protect ! uphol/]y ( ne>by furniture f sp>ks4 ,?is fireplace %[s arti/ic use ( small /ones & makes a pleas+ contra/ ) ! log walls4 ,units provid+ = burn+ gas are (t5 built 9 to resemble fireplaces 7fig4 #cc74 ,pleas+ designs result f ex]cis+ good ta/e 9 use ( mat]ials & mantels t suit ! room4 ,! photographs 9 ?is bullet9 h be5 select$ to illu/rate v>i\s ar*itectural effects t c be develop$ & %\ld help 9 ! *oice ( a type suitable = h\ses ( diff]5t designs4 ,! ess5tials = safety & utility1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be sacrific$ = /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ca4--,?is #cf-;in*-wide fireplace does n seem too l>ge = ! small room1 b its size w\ld h be5 acc5tuat$ by ! use ( a mantel4 ,,con/ruction ,! ord9>y fireplace is con/ruct$ g5]ally z %[n 9 figure #cd4 ,x is ess5tial 7#a7 t ! flue h ! prop] area1 7#b7 t ! ?roat be correctly con/ruct$ & h suitable damp]1 7#c7 t ! *imney be high en\gh = a good draft1 7#d7 t ! %ape ( ! fireplace be su* z to direct a maximum am\nt ( radiat$ heat into ! room1 & 7#e7 t a prop]ly con/ruct$ smoke *amb] be provid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cb4--;,an adobe fireplace ( ! ,mexican-,indian type commonly built 9 ! ,s\?we/]n ,/ates1 especially :5 ! h\se walls are ( adobe4 ,! logs are /ood up1 lean+ aga9/ ! back ( ! grate1 9 ord] to secure a high-lick+ flame4 ,,dim5sions ,table #c gives recomm5d$ dim5sions = fireplaces ( v>i\s wid?s & heights4 ,if a damp] is in/all$1 ! wid? ( ! op5+ j1 figure #cd1 w dep5d on ! wid? ( ! damp] frame1 ! size ( :i* is fix$ by ! wid? & dep? ( ! fireplace & ! slope ( ! back wall4 ,! wid? ( ! ?roat prop] is det]m9$ by ! op5+ ( ! h+$ damp] cov]4 ,! full damp] op5+ %\ld nev] be less ?an ! flue area4 ,responsible manufactur]s ( fireplace equipm5t give valuable assi/ance 9 ! selection ( a suitable damp] = a giv5 fireplace4 ,a well-design$ & well-in/all$ damp] %\ld be reg>d$ z ess5tial 9 cold climates4 ,:5 no damp] is us$1 ! ?roat op5+ j %\ld be #d in*es = fireplaces n exce$+ #d feet 9 height4 ,table #c4--,recomm5d$ dim5sions = f9i%$ fireplaces ,lett]s at heads ( columns ref] to figure #cd ,table ,key w ,op5+ ,wid? h ,height d ,dep? c ,m9imum back 7horizontal7 a ,v]tical back wall b ,incl9$ o ,outside dim5sions ( /&>d flue l9+ i ,inside diamet] ( /&>d r\nd flue l9+ w h d c a b o i ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,in*es ,in*es ,in*es ,in*es ,in*es ,in*es ,in*es ,in*es #bd #bd #af-ah #ad #ad #af #h by #h #aj #bh #bd #af-ah #ad #ad #af #h by #h #aj #bd #bh #af-ah #ad #ad #bj #h by #h #aj #cj #bh #af-ah #af #ad #bj #h by #ac #aj #cf #bh #af-ah #bb #ad #bj #h by #ac #ab #db #bh #af-ah #bh #ad #bj #h by #ah #ab #cf #cb #ah-bj #bj #ad #bd #h by #ah #ab #db #cb #ah-bj #bf #ad #bd #ac by #aa #ab #dh #cb #ah-bj #cb #aa #bd #ac by #ac #ae #db #cf #ah-bj #bf #aa #bh #ac by #ac #ae #dh #cf #ah-bj #cb #ad #bh #ac by #ah #ae #ed #cf #ah-bj #ch #ad #bh #ac by #ah #ae #fj #cf #ah-bj #dd #ad #bh #ac by #ah #ae #db #dj #bj-bb #bd #ag #bi #ac by #ac #ae #dh #dj #bj-bb #cj #ag #bi #ac by #ah #ae #ed #dj #bj-bb #cf #ag #bi #ac by #ah #ae #fj #dj #bj-bb #db #ag #bi #ah by #ah #ah #ff #dj #bj-bb #dh #ag #bi #ah by #ac #ah #gb #dj #bb-bh #ea #ag #bi #ah by #ah #ah ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cc4--;,9 regions :]e natural gas is pl5tiful & 9 cities1 fireplaces ( ?is type1 burn+ gas ) a flick]+ flame1 are frequ5tly us$ z an auxili>y to ! ma9 heat+ plant4 ,"s types h imitation logs ( metal p]=at$ = gas jets4 ,foot+s ,foot+s = *imneys ) fireplaces %\ld be provid$ z describ$ on page #g2 = *imneys )\t fireplaces1 ! foot+s %\ld re/ on good firm soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cd4--;,a typical fireplace1 illu/rat+ practical details ( con/ruction4 ,an alt]nate me?od ( support+ ! he>? is %[n 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn]4 ,! v>i\s lett]s ref] to specific features discuss$ 9 ! text4 ,he>? ,! he>? %\ld be ab\t flu% ) ! floor1 = sweep+s may !n be bru%$ into ! fireplace4 ,:5 !re is a basem5t1 an a% dump locat$ 9 ! he>? ne> ! back ( ! fireplace is conv5i5t4 ,! dump consi/s ( a metal frame ab\t #e by #h in*es 9 size1 ) a plate1 g5]ally pivot$1 ?r\gh :i* a%es c be dropp$ into a pit bel[ 7fig4 #ce74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ce4--,! a%-pit %\ld be ( tight masonry & %\ld be provid$ ) a tightly fitt+ iron clean-out door & frame ab\t #aj by #ab in*es 9 size4 ,a clean-out = ! furnace flue z %[n is sometimes provid$4 ,9 build+s ) wood5 floors ! he>? 9 front ( ! fireplace %\ld be support$ by masonry trimm] ar*es 7fig4 #cd7 or o!r fire-resi/ant con/ruction4 ,he>?s %\ld project at lea/ #af in*es f ! *imney brea/ & %\ld be ( brick1 /one1 t]ra cotta1 or re9=c$ concrete n less ?an #d in*es ?ick4 ,! l5g? ( ! he>? %\ld be n less ?an ! wid? ( ! fireplace op5+ plus #af in*es4 ,wood5 c5t]+ "u trimm] ar*es may be remov$ aft] ! mort> has set1 ?\gh x is m frequ5tly left 9 place4 ,figure #cf %[s a recomm5d$ me?od ( floor fram+ ar\nd a fireplace4 ,wall ,?ickness ,! walls ( fireplaces %\ld nev] be less ?an #h in*es ?ick1 & if ( /one !y %\ld be at lea/ #ab in*es ?ick4 ,:5 built ( /one or h>d-burn$ brick1 ! back & sides are (t5 n l9$ ) firebrick1 b x is bett] to use firebrick laid 9 fire-clay4 ,:5 firebricks are laid fiat ) ! long sides expos$ !re is less dang] ( _! fall+ out4 ,!y are g5]ally plac$ on edge1 h[ev]1 =m+ a #b-;in* protection1 9 :i* case metal ties %\ld be built into ! ma9 brickwork to hold ! #b-;in* firebrick v5e] 9 place4 ,?ick metal backs & sides are sometimes us$ z l9+4 ,:5 a grate = burn+ coal or coke is built 91 firebrick at lea/ #b in*es ?ick %\ld be add$ to ! fireplace back unless ! grate has a solid iron back & is only set 9 ) an air space beh9d x 7fig4 #cg74 ,jambs ,! jambs %\ld be wide en\gh to give /ability & a pleas+ appe>ance2 !y are frequ5tly fac$ ) ornam5tal brick or tile4 ,= an op5+ #c feet wide or less1 a #ab- or #af-;in* wid? is g5]ally suffici5t1 dep5d+ on :e!r a wood mantel is us$ or ! jambs are ( expos$ masonry4 ,! edges ( a wood mantel %\ld be kept at lea/ #h in*es f ! fireplace op5+4 ,= wid] op5+s & l>ge rooms1 simil> proportions %\ld be kept4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cf4--,:]e a head] is m ?an #d feet 9 l5g?1 x %\ld be d\bl$1 z %[n4 ,head]s support+ m ?an f\r tail beams %\ld h ends support$ 9 metal joi/ hang]s4 ,! fram+ may be plac$ "o-half in* f ! *imney because ! masonry is #h in*es ?ick4 ,l9tel ,l9tels ( - by #c-;in* flat iron b>s4 #c- by #c- by -in* angle irons1 or damp] frames are us$ to support ! masonry ov] ! op5+ ( ord9>y fireplaces4 ,heavi] l9tel irons are requir$ = wid] op5+s4 ,:]e a masonry ar* 7fig4 #ch7 is us$ ov] ! op5+1 ! jambs %\ld be heavy en\gh to resi/ ! ?ru/ ( ! ar*4 ,ar*es ov] op5+s less ?an #d feet wide seldom sag1 b sagg+ is n uncommon 9 wid] fireplaces1 especially :]e massive masonry is us$4 ,?roat ,! sides ( ! fireplace %\ld be v]tical up to ! ?roat1 or damp] op5+ 7ff fig4 #cd74 ,! ?roat %\ld be #f to #h in*es or m above ! bottom ( ! l9tel & h an area n less ?an t ( ! flue & a l5g? equal to ! wid? ( ! fireplace op5+4 ,/>t+ #e in*es above ! ?roat1 ee1 ! sides %\ld be drawn 9 at tt to equal ! flue area4 ,prop] ?roat con/ruction is s necess>y to a successful fireplace t ! "w %\ld be inspect$ sev]al times a day dur+ con/ruction to make c]ta9 t ! side walls are c>ri$ up p]p5dicul>ly until ! ?roat is pass$ & t ! full l5g? ( op5+ is provid$4 ,smoke ,%elf & ,*amb] ,! smoke %elf is made by sett+ ! brickwork back at ! top ( ! ?roat to ! l9e ( ! flue wall = ! full l5g? ( ! ?roat4 ,its dep? may v>y f #f to #ab in*es or m1 dep5d+ on ! dep?1 d1 ( ! fireplace4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cg4--;,grates ( ?is type are commonly us$ 9 fireplaces = burn+ coal or coke4 ,?is "o has a metal back & ends & is only set 9 to p]mit prop] circulation ( air ar\nd x4 ,! smoke *amb] is ! space ext5d+ f ! top ( ! ?roat1 ee1 up to ! bottom ( ! flue prop]1 tt #i & betwe5 ! side walls4 ,! walls %\ld be drawn inw>d #cj to ! v]tical aft] ! top ( ! ?roat1 ee1 is pass$ & smoo?ly pla/]$ ) cem5t mort> n less ?an "o-half in* ?ick4 ,damp] ,a prop]ly design$ damp]1 z %[n 9 figure #cd1 af=ds a means ( regulat+ ! draft & prev5ts excessive loss ( heat f ! room :5 ! fire is out4 ,a damp] consi/s ( a ca/-iron frame ) a lid h+$ s t ! wid? ( ! ?roat op5+ may be v>i$ f a clos$ to a wide-op5 position4 ,v>i\s patt]ns are on ! m>ket1 "s design$ to support ! masonry ov] ! op5+1 o!rs requir+ l9tel irons4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ch4--,?is well-design$ small /one fireplace 0 built 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples giv5 9 ?is bullet94 ,x is a good heat] & does n smoke4 ,! jambs are wide en\gh to resi/ ! ?ru/ ( ! ar*4 ,a ro>+ p9e fire may require a full-?roat op5+1 b sl[-burn+ h>dwood logs may ne$ only #a or #b in*es ( op5+4 ,regulat+ ! op5+ accord+ to ! k9d ( fire prev5ts wa/e ( heat up ! *imney4 ,clos+ ! damp] 9 summ] keeps flies1 mosquitoes1 & o!r insects f ent]+ ! h\se d[n ! *imney4 ,9 h\ses heat$ by furnaces or o!r mod]n sy/ems1 lack ( a damp] 9 ! fireplace flue may int]f]e ) uni=m heat+1 p>ticul>ly 9 v cold w9dy wea!r1 :e!r or n !re is a fire on ! he>?4 ,:5 air heat$ by ! furnace is c>ri$ up ! *imney !re is a wa/e ( ! furnace fuel1 b a damp] p>tially op5 s]ves a sl[ fire ( h>dwood )\t smok+ ! room or wa/+ heat$ air f ! ma9 heat+ sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ci4--;,diagram %[+ front view & cross section ( an entire *imney su* z is commonly built to s]ve a furnace1 fireplace1 & kit*5 /ove4 ,two sets ( dim5sions are giv51 ^? 9 rectangles ref] to ! approximate sizes ( ! voids or op5+s2 ! o!rs ref] to ! outside dim5sions ( ! brickwork4 ,^! are us$ 9 e/imat+ ! numb] ( bricks 9 a *imney4 ,! lett]s ,a-,f indicate sections us$ 9 e/imat+ ! quantities ( brick requir$ 7,see p4 #dd47 ,flue ,! area ( l9$ flues %\ld be a twelf? or m ( ! fireplace op5+1 provid$ ! *imney is at lea/ #bb feet 9 height1 measur$ f ! he>?4 ,if ! flue is %ort] ?an #bb feet or if x is unl9$1 its area %\ld be made a t5? or m ( ! fireplace op5+4 ,! fireplace %[n 9 figure #cd has an op5+ ( #g4e squ>e feet1 or approximately #a1jhj squ>e in*es1 & ne$s a flue area ( approximately #ij squ>e in*es2 a rectangul> flue1 #h by #ah in*es1 outside dim5sions1 or a r\nd flue ) a #ab-;in* inside diamet] might be us$1 z ^! are ! ne>e/ comm]cial sizes ( l9+ 7table #b74 ,x is seldom possible to obta9 l9+ hav+ exactly ! requir$ area1 b ! inside area %\ld nev] be less ?an t prescrib$ above4 ,a #ac- by #ac-;in* flue 0 select$ = conv5i5ce :5 comb9+ ) ! o!r flues4 ,if ! flue is built ( brick & is unl9$1 its area %\ld be approximately "o-t5? ( ! fireplace op5+1 or #ajh squ>e in*es4 ,x w\ld probably be made #h by #af in*es 7#abh squ>e in*es7 because brickwork c be laid to bett] advantage :5 ! dim5sions ( ! flue are multiples ( #d in*es4 ,! pr9ciples ( con/ruction giv5 "u ,*imneys 7p4 #g7 apply to fireplace flues4 ,table #d is conv5i5t 9 select+ ! prop] size ( flue or = det]m9+ ! size ( fireplace op5+ = an exi/+ flue4 ,! area ( ! fireplace op5+ 9 squ>e in*es is obta9$ by multiply+ ! wid?1 w1 by ! height1 h1 7fig4 #cd71 bo? measur$ 9 in*es4 ,,co/ ,,e/imate ,a conv5i5t me?od = e/imat+ ! numb] ( bricks 9 a *imney is to calculate ! volume ( ! v>i\s sections :i* diff] 9 outside dim5sions & !n subtract ! voids or cavities result+ f a%-pits1 fireplace1 & flues4 ,?is w be ! total cubic feet ( brickwork :i*1 :5 multipli$ by #bb4e1 is conv]t$ to numb] ( bricks4 ,= conv5i5ce1 in*es z indicat$ 9 figure #ci h be5 conv]t$ to decimals ( a foot4#f #f ,in*es & fractions ( an in* are conv]t$ to feet & decimals by multiply+ by #j4jhcc2 ?us #b ,x _/ in*es ,o4#jhcc equals #j4bjh feet4 ,table #d4--,sizes ( fireplace flue l9+s,d ,outside dim5sions ,inside ,area ( ( /&>d diamet] ( fireplace rectangul> /&>d r\nd op5+ flue l9+ flue l9+ --------- ----------- -------------- ,squ>e in*es ,in*es ,in*es #fjj #h by #h #aj #hjj #h by #ac #aj #a1jjj #h by #ah #ab #a1bjj #h by #ah #ab #a1djj #ac by #ac #ab #a1fjj #ac by #ac #ae #a1hjj #ac by #ah #ae #b1jjj #ac by #ah #ae #b1bjj #ac by #ah #ae #b1djj #ah by #ah #ah #b1fjj #ah by #ah #ah #b1hjj #ah by #ah #ah #c1jjj #ah by #ah #ah ,d ,bas$ on a flue area equal to "o-twelf? ! fireplace op5+4 ,sec table #b = areas ( flue l9+4 ,numb] ( ,bricks 7#a7 ,e/imate ! total volume ( masonry by multiply+ toge!r ! l5g?1 wid?1 & height ( ! v>i\s sections 7fig4 #ci74 ,l5g? ,wid? ,height ,volume ,section ,feet ,feet ,feet ,cubic feet ,,ab #f4j by #b4ge by #ab4ff #bji4j ,,bc #d4be by #b4e by #a4ff #ag4f ,,cd #c4e by #b4j by #b4j #ad4j ,,de #c4e by #a4ge by #aj4af #fb4b ,,ef #d4cc by #b4e by #f4j #fe4j ------ ,total volume includ+ voids #cfg4 #h 7#b7 ,e/imate ! total volume ( voids by multiply+ toge!r _! l5g?1 wid?1 & height4 ,l5g? ,wid? ,height ,volume ,item ,feet ,feet ,feet ,cubic feet ,a%-pit #b4cc by #a4e by #g4j #bd #df ,fireplace #c4j by #a4e by #c4e #ae4ge ,smoke *amb] #b4j by #a4af by #b4j #d4fd #h- by #ac-;in* flue,e #j4gh squ>e feet by #bh #e #bb4bc #ac- by #ac-;in* flue,e #a4bj squ>e feet by #ah4ge #bb4ej #h- by #h-;in* flue,e 4#ej squ>e feet by #ah4ge #i4cg ------ ,total volume ( voids #ih4ie ,e ,see table #b = outside areas ( flues 9 squ>e feet4 7#c7 ,subtract volume ( voids f volume ( masonry4 ,cubic feet ,total volume1 includ+ voids #cfh ,total volume ( voids #ii --- ,total volume ( masonry #bfi 7#d7 ,multiply net volume ( masonry by ! numb] ( brick p] cubic foot4 #bfi by #bb4e #f1jec brick1 or #f4a ?\s& bricks4 ,mort> ,to e/imate ! mort> ne$$1 multiply ! mort> mat]ial giv5 bel[ = #a1jjj brick by #f4a to det]m9e h[ mu* w be ne$$ to build ! *imney1 us+ #a3a3f mixture recomm5d$ on page #aj4 ,bags ( hydrat$ lime #b4f by #f4a #af bags4 ,sacks ( portl& cem5t #c4e by #f4a #bb sacks4 ,cubic feet ( s& #ah4j by #f4a #aaj cubic feet #d cubic y>ds4 ,f\ndation ,concrete ne$$ = f\ndation c be e/imat$ z foll[s3 ,concrete = f\ndation %\ld be #a3b3e & = ! top #a3b4 ,! f\ndation is #g by #c4ge by #a1 or #bf4be cubic feet1 or #a cubic y>d1 & w require #e sacks ( cem5t1 #j4df cubic y>d ( s&1 & #ib cubic y>d ( gravel4 ,! cap is #d4e by #b4ff by #j4e #e4i cubic feet ,! area ( ! ?ree flues above mu/ be d$uct$3 #e4i m9us #b4dh #c4db cubic feet1 or "o-n9? ( a cubic y>d4 ,z #a cubic y>d 0 assum$ = ! f\ndation1 extra cem5t & s& are n ne$$4 ,o!r mat]ial ne$$3 #a #h-;in* ?imble1 #i in*es long4 #a #f-;in* ?imble1 #i in*es long4 #bh feet ( #h- by #ac-;in* flue l9+4 #bj feet ( #ac- by #ac-;in* flue l9+4 #bj feet ( #h- by #h-;in* flue l9+4 ,damp]1 #cf- by #aj-;in* ?roat op5+4 #b clean-out doors & #a a% dump4 ,mantel z select$4 ,if firebrick is to be us$ or ! expos$ brea/ is to be ( face or special brick 7or c]amic tile7 ! numb] %\ld be c\nt$ or e/imat$ & d$uct$ f ! numb] ( common brick z e/imat$ above4 ,labor ,! labor requir$ to build a *imney dep5ds on ! ?ickness ( ! walls1 ! height1 & ! am\nt ( cutt+ to build 9 specialties1 provide (fsets1 etc4 ,9 g5]al1 a mason w take #af h\rs ) #h h\rs ( labor]'s help to lay #a1jjj brick4 ,on ?is basis1 #af by #f4a #ig4f h\rs ( mason's "t & #dh4h h\rs ( labor]'s "t w be requir$4 ,co/ ,! approximate co/ ( ! *imney c be det]m9$ by us+ actual local co/ ( mat]ials & wages z foll[s3,f #f1ajj brick at #ae4jj p] ?\s& #ia4ej #bg sacks ( cem5t,g at #j4gj p] sack #ah4ij #af bags ( lime at #j4ej p] bag #h4jj #e cubic y>ds ( s&,g at #b4be p] cubic y>d #aa4be #a cubic y>d ( gravel at #b4jj p] cubic y>d #b4jj #ih h\rs1 mason's "t1 at #a4jj p] h\r #ih4jj #di h\rs1 labor]'s "t1,h at #j4cj p] h\r #ad4gj #bh l9e> feet ( #h- by #ac-;in* flue at #a4jj p] foot #bh4jj #bj l9e> feet ( #ac- by #ac-;in* flue at #a4ae p] foot #bc4jj #bj l9e> feet ( #h- by #h-;in* flue at #j4dj p] foot #h4jj #a #h-;in* ?imble 4#fj #a #f-;in* ?imble 4#dj #b clean-out doors ,damp]1 l9tel mantel1 a% dump #fe4jj ----- ,total net co/ ,i #cfi4ce ,f ,! prices us$ 9 ?is example are m]ely illu/rative4 ,g ,includes mat]ial = foot+ & cap4 ,h ,includes labor = foot+ & cap4 ,i ,:]e ! *imney is built by contract1 #aj to #ae p]c5t %\ld be add$ = pr(it & ov]head4 ,,smoky ,,fireplaces ,:5 a fireplace smokes1 x %\ld be exam9$ to make c]ta9 t ! ess5tial requirem5ts ( con/ruction z outl9$ 9 ?is bullet9 h be5 fulfill$4 ,if ! *imney is n /opp$ up ) fall5 brick & ! mort> jo9ts are n loose1 note :e!r ne>by trees or tall /ructures cause eddies d[n ! flue4 ,to det]m9e :e!r ! fireplace op5+ is 9 correct proportion to ! flue area1 hold a piece ( %eet metal across ! top ( ! fireplace op5+ & !n gradually l[] x1 mak+ ! op5+ small] until smoke does n come into ! room4 ,m>k at ! l[] edge ( ! metal on ! sides ( ! fireplace4 ,! op5+ may !n be r$uc$ by build+ 9 a metal %ield or hood across ! top s t its l[] edge is at ! m>ks made dur+ ! te/2 or ! tr\ble c g5]ally be rem$i$ by increas+ ! height ( ! flue4 ,,outdoor ,,fireplaces ,outdoor fireplaces range f simple make%ifts to elaborately equipp$ /ructures h>moniz+ ) ! ar*itecture ( ! h\se4 ,no "o type w meet all conditions1 b all types %\ld be practical to use & yet n be fire haz>ds or eyesores4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dj4--;,a1 ,a fireplace built = #cj c5ts1 ca%4 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty bricks & six concrete blocks 7 pick$ up a few at a "t along ! road4 ,"o sack ( cem5t 0 pur*as$1 "o-half ( :i* 0 us$ = ano!r job ,s& 0 available on ! site4 ,b f ,detail$ draw+s %[ dim5sions ( ?is fireplace4 ,z ! fireplace is ord9>ily built1 ! mat]ial w\ld co/ ab\t #e & ! labor f #e to #aj1 dep5d+ on local conditions4 ,,types ,! t5d5cy is to build too l>ge an outdoor fireplace4 ,:]e only a little cook+ is to be done occasionally 9 a small y>d or at a picnic1 sev]al concrete blocks or /ones set on ! gr\nd ab\t #ab to #af in*es ap>t w s]ve4 ,! %elf ( an old refrig]ator may be us$ = a grille4 ,if p]man5ce is desir$1 ! walls %\ld be laid 9 cem5t mort> & ! fireplace %\ld h a suitable f\ndation & a p]man5t grille4 ,an end wall is recomm5d$ to prev5t emb]s f be+ scatt]$ by drafts bl[+ betwe5 ! side walls4 ,smoke annoyance :ile cook+ is less5$ by mak+ ! fireplace long en\gh to p]mit a %ort *imney 7fig4 #dj74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #da4--;,an outdoor fireplace built back ( an inside fireplace & op5+ onto a pav$ t]race provides com=t 9 e>ly fall4 ,a circle ( /ones laid loosely on ! surface1 l>g] /ones set p>tly into ! gr\nd1 or c>efully laid masonry walls on a /able f\ndation may be us$ = campfires & small b>becue p>ties4 ,a ca/-iron pot ) a lid c be buri$ 9 ! a%es = bak+4 ,pipe supports = pots & pans built into ! masonry are a conv5i5ce2 !y c be homemade or pur*as$4 ,spits = roa/+ c be improvis$ or b\ght4 ,fireplaces op5+ onto an enclos$ por* or pav$ t]race1 are (t5 built z an integral "p ( ! h\se *imney 7fig4 #da74 ,! corn] ( b\nd>y walls p]mits effective treatm5t4 ,su* fireplaces %\ld meet ! regulations ( local fire au?orities & be built ) ! same c>e & be subject to ! same rules z inside fireplaces4 ,,obta9+ ,,plans ,plans = outdoor fireplaces are available f v>i\s publi%+ h\ses2 sev]al magaz9es feature illu/rations t c be adapt$ to ! mat]ial at h&4 ,if a /ructure is to be built ) local labor & mat]ial1 simple designs are advisable4 ,! size ( /ones1 jo9ts1 & proportions h a direct influ5ce ^u appe>ance1 & good p]sonal ta/e frequ5tly results 9 m pleas+ /ructures ?an bl9d adh]5ce to conv5tional designs4 ,! v>i\s comb9ations ( ov5s1 cranes1 grilles1 /orage comp>tm5ts1 b5*es1 lights1 s9ks1 etc41 to be us$ z built-9 features affect ! design4 ,be=e plann+ a /ructure ) ^! features1 catalogs ( deal]s 9 outdoor fireplace equipm5t %\ld be consult$ = sizes ( ! available accessories s t ample space & prop] details c be provid$ 9 ! masonry = build+ !m 94 ,skill$ labor %\ld be employ$ = elaborate designs 7fig4 #db7 :5 mu* equipm5t is built 9 or :5 ! fireplace1 z 9 figure #da1 is an integral "p ( a p]man5t build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #db4--,?is fireplace1 set at a focal po9t 9 ! g>d51 enhances ! l&scape4 ,x 0 built by a skill$ mason4 ,,con/ruction ,ord9>ily ! fire is built on ! he>?1 no grate be+ us$4 ,fire regulations 9 haz>d\s localities may require fir+ doors1 damp]s1 sp>k scre5s1 & a solid-plate cook+ surface2 o!rwise ^! features are n ess5tial4 ,two & a half squ>e feet ( cook+ surface is desirable1 :ile access to bo? sides & ! end p]mit sev]al p to cook at ! same "t4 ,! side walls %\ld h fairly level tops = pots & pans4 ,side walls are made #b to #f in*es high] ?an ! cook+ level to p]mit an*or+ ! grille2 if too high1 !y int]f]e ) cook+4 ,comm]cial grilles are available1 b satisfactory ones c be made ( -in* to -in* pipe or #e_/h-;in* re9=c+ rods4 ,! pipes %\ld be #f to #aj in*es long] ?an ! wid? ( ! firebox2 !y %\ld be spac$ n m ?an #a in*es ap>t & h _! tops exactly level to prev5t pots & pans f wobbl+4 ,two or ?ree pipes c be us$ = a l9tel ov] ! op5+ into ! flue if regul> iron l9tels are n available4 ,:]e a solid top is desir$1 x %\ld be ( boil] plate at lea/ -in* ?ick4 ,su* plates mu/ be /iff5$ to prev5t buckl+ by alt]nate heat+ & cool+2 = ord9>y purposes !y are m]ely set on top ( ! grid ?\gh !y may be h+$ at ! re> s !y c be tipp$ back aga9/ ! *imney4 ,! be/ draft is secur$ :5 ! fireplace faces ! direction ( prevail+ breezes & is protect$ f /rong w9ds :i* might scatt] sp>ks4 ,if ! fireplace is built too ne> %rubb]y or "u trees1 ! heat & smoke may damage or burn ! foliage4 ,a slight rise or a g5tle slope t af=ds good dra9age %\ld be select$4 ,pav+ ! gr\nd ar\nd ! fireplace1 ) flag/ones or cov]+ x ) a lay] ( gravel or s& w prev5t ! area f becom+ a mudhole or an unsightly b>e spot2 also1 dang] ( />t+ bru% fires by sp>ks fall+ f ! firebox is less5$4 ,fireboxes #ab to #af in*es wide1 #af to #bd in*es long1 & #f to #h in*es deep ) ! he>? at #i to #af in*es above ! gr\nd are suffici5t = mo/ purposes4 ,l>ge fireboxes are wa/eful ( fuel2 :ile1 if ! grille is too high above ! he>?1 mu* ( ! be/ cook+ heat f gl[+ coals is lo/4 ,mo/ grilles are set #ae to #bd in*es above ! gr\nd1 ?\gh #cj in*es may be desirable to avoid ! necessity ( /oop+ :5 cook+4 ,! he>? %\ld slope #a to #b in*es t[>d ! front s t ra9 wat] w dra9 away4 ,! area ( ! *imney flue %\ld be at lea/ "o-eigh? ! v]tical cross-sectional area ( ! firebox4 ,fire-clay l9+s = ! firebox & flue are n absolutely necess>y except :5 requir$ by fire regulations or :]e hot fires are ma9ta9$ = long p]iods4 ,!y1 or common brick l9+s1 are advisable = ! m p]man5t & exp5sive /ructures or :]e x is necess>y to use por\s /one1 su* z s&/one & mo/ /ratifi$ rocks1 :i* absorb wat] & flake or *ip ^u exposure to fire4 ,mo/ rocks or /one t c be work$ up )\t special tools or skill1 brick1 & concrete are adaptable = ! av]age fireplace 7fig4 #dc74 ,! size ( ! /ones det]m9es ! ?ickness ( ! walls2 no wall %\ld be less ?an #h in*es ?ick4 ,:]e suitable /one is difficult to get 9 suffici5t quantity1 ! expos$ surface may consi/ ( a %ell ! ?ickness ( ! /one & ! inn] portion ( ! wall be made ( concrete or l>ge /one b$d$ 9 concrete4 ,:5 flue l9+ is necess>y1 x w s]ve z a =m = ! flue3 o!rwise a metal /ovepipe makes a practical =m1 or ! flue c be =m$ ( brick laid on edge4 ,! /ones c be laid & ! concrete deposit$ ) ! lea/ tr\ble by build+ ! v5e] & flue only #f to #h in*es high at "o "t4 ,all masonry %\ld be laid 9 mort>1 z describ$ on page #aj4 ,concrete made 9 ! proportions #a3b3d w s]ve mo/ purposes :]e wall sections are ab\t #h in*es ?ick4 ,= heavy f\ndations & ?ick walls n subject to direct fire1 #a3c3f concrete is /rong en\gh4 ,a concrete slab #d to #h in*es ?ick ) ! bottom #d to #f in*es bel[ ! surface provides a suffici5t f\ndation = m$ium-siz$ /ructures :]e fro/ is negligible & ! soil is well dra9$ & firm4 ,if ! soil is n well dra9$ a #f- to #h-;in* lay] ( /one1 c9d]s1 or s& %\ld be provid$ "u ! slab & ! surface ( ! imm$iate vic9ity grad$ or o!rwise protect$ f wat]4 ,x is advisable to use -in* or -in* re9=c+ rods1 #f in*es ap>t 9 bo? directions1 "o-?ird ! di/ance f ! top 9 slabs = all b ! smalle/ fireplaces or :]e fro/ is n sev]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dc4--;,a1 ,gr\nd plan ( a /one fireplace t c be built 9 diff]5t sizes to suit ! l&scape2 ,b1 v]tical-section sket*2 ,c1 ! complet$ fireplace4 ,! /ones = ?is fireplace 7 pick$ up at ! swimm+ hole4 ,ab\t #h bu%els 7 us$ ov] a back+ ( concrete2 #af bu%els w\ld h be5 ne$$ if ! concrete _h n be5 us$4 ,gravel & s& 7 dug f ! excavation4 ,! *imney is batt]$ #d in*es 9 ! #bd-;in* height4 ,heavy & exp5sive /ructures1 especially ^? hav+ tall *imneys1 %\ld h f\ndations bel[ ! surface affect$ by fro/ or erosion & /rong en\gh to prev5t settlem5t or cracks4 ,su* a f\ndation c be made ( concrete1 ) a lib]al use ( l>ge /ones = economy1 ext5d+ "u ! :ole /ructure1 or be cont9u\s walls ) a foot+ simil> to ^? us$ = h\ses4 ,! advice & help ( build]s may save money 9 ! con/ruction ( f\ndations ( l>ge exp5sive fireplaces1 especially :]e climatic conditions are sev]e & ! be>+ p[] ( soil is n kn[n4 ,,op]ation ,cook+ %\ld be done ov] gl[+ coals1 z flames & smoke smudge ! ut5sils or ev5 ! food4 ,:5 ! wood is ne>ly *>r$1 mo/ ( ! smoke has be5 driv5 (f & ! *imney is hot en\gh to draw ! smoke up ! flue4 ,all fires %\ld be bank$ be=e !y are left1 to avoid sett+ fires4 ,bank+ c be safely & effectively done by rak+ ! coals & unconsum$ fuel into a pile on ! he>? & cov]+ ! pile ) a few in*es ( e>?4 ,wat] ?r[n on a hot fire may result 9 scalds f ! /eam & may crack ! fireplace4 ,,b>becue ,,pits ,b>becue ov5s are r exp5sive unless = community use4 ,outdoor fireplaces1 )\t or ) spits = roa/+1 are frequ5tly call$ b>becues 9 "s sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,= occasional b>becu+ p>ties1 a hole 9 ! gr\nd w s]ve4 ,dig a hole sev]al feet deep & sev]al feet l>g] ea* way ?an ! size ( ! c>cass to be roa/$2 !n place /ones 9 ! bottom to reta9 ! heat4 ,a tr5* #cj in*es deep1 #cf in*es wide1 & ab\t #aj feet long w accommodate ab\t #djj p\nds ( beef4 ,a fire %\ld be built suffici5tly ahead ( "t1 ab\t #c h\rs1 to heat ! /ones & bottom & accumulate a%es = prop] bank+4 ,h someone ) previ\s exp]i5ce op]ate ! pit1 because improp] wrapp+ ( ! meat & h&l+ ( ! coals results 9 poor cook+4 ,,dut* ,,ov5s ,dut* ov5s 7fig4 #be7 are (t5 built 9 connection ) bo? indoor & outdoor fireplaces to copy e>ly kit*5 fireplaces or = actual bak+4 ,:5 us$ z an ornam5t1 ! ov5 is fitt$ ) a ca/-iron door1 & ! space ?us =m$ may be us$ = wood /orage4 ,an op5 firebox or comp>tm5t bel[ may be simil>ly us$4 ,spaces us$ = wood /orage %\ld be sep>at$ f ! fireplace by a brick or /one p>tition at lea/ #h in*es ?ick1 all jo9ts be+ completely fill$ ) mort>4 ,if ! ov5 is int5d$ = bak+1 x is advisable to l9e x ) firebrick1 & ! masonry %\ld be at lea/ #h in*es ?ick4 ,a great] heat-/or+ capacity is secur$ by us+ ?ick walls4 ,an a% drop ( /&>d ca/-iron unit type is provid$ = mod]n ov5s & may lead ei!r to ! side ( ! fireplace or to an a%-pit 9 ! *imney base4 ,! ?roat or dome %\ld be c>efully =m$ ) brick mold$ or gr\nd to an ar* & pref]ably %\ld be fitt$ ) a damp]4 ,if ! top ( ! ov5 is flat1 sev]al l9tel irons w be ne$$ to support ! brick4 ,a sep>ate flue ) a damp] is recomm5d$4 ,= ov5s ( ord9>y size an #h- by #h-;in* flue is ample4 ,! ov5 is preheat$ by fire or hot coals4 ,be=e food is plac$ 9 ! ov51 ! coals & a%es are remov$ ?r\gh ! a% drop4 ,figure #dd %[s a ,dut* ov5 made ( tap]$ adobe bricks & pla/]$ outside ) adobe mud4 ,a hole 9 ! top p]mits ! escape ( smoke1 :ile ! oro is be+ heat$ by ! fire built inside on ! floor4 ,?is hole is clos$ ) an adobe block aft] ! coals are rak$ out4 ,:5 loaves ( bread h be5 plac$ on ! floor ) a wood5 paddle1 ! door hole is /opp$ ) adobe brick4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dd4--,?is ,dut* ov5 ( adobe bricks is a type v common 9 ! ,/ates along ! ,mexican bord]4 ,x is call$ an oro & is usually built a %ort di/ance f ! kit*5 door4 ,boy ,sc\ts & camp]s frequ5tly improvise ,dut* ov5s by pack+ damp s&y clay1 #h to #ab in*es ?ick1 ar\nd a wood5 b>rel1 a t9 wa% boil]1 or slabs ( rock to =m a vault4 ,aft] ! e>? has be5 gradually dri$ & bak$ ) a sl[ fire1 ! ov5 is ready = use4 ,! hole 9 ! top & ! door c be clos$ z 9 ! oro4 99 99 99 99 99 ,u4 ,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aidg ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice ,wa%+ton #be1 ,d4 ,c4 - ,price #ae c5ts 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,! footnotes = ! tables 7 *ang$ f arabic num]als to alphabetic *>act]s to di/+ui% !m f ! text footnotes4