,,books ,,for ,,collectors ,with ,frontispieces and many ,illustrations ,large ,crown #hvo1 cloth4 ,,chats ,,on ,,english ,,china4 ,by ,,arthur ,,hayden4 ,,chats ,,on ,,old ,,furniture4 ,by ,,arthur ,,hayden4 ,,chats ,,on ,,old ,,prints4 7,how to collect and value ,old ,engravings47 ,by ,,arthur ,,hayden4 ,,chats ,,on ,,costume4 ,by ,g4 ,,woolliscroft ,,rhead4 ,,chats ,,on ,,old ,,lace ,,and ,,needlework4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,,lowes4 ,,chats ,,on ,,oriental ,,china4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,blacker4 ,,chats ,,on ,,old ,,miniatures4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,,foster1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,chats ,,on ,,english ,,earthenware4 ,by ,,arthur ,,hayden4 ,,chats ,,on ,,autographs4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,broadley4 ,,chats ,,on ,,pewter4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,,mass1 ,m4,a4 ,,chats ,,on ,,postage ,,stamps4 ,by ,,fred4 ,j4 ,,melville4 ,,chats ,,on ,,old ,,jewellery ,,and ,,trinkets4 ,by ,,maciver ,,percival4 ,,chats ,,on ,,cottage ,,and ,,farmhouse ,,furniture4 ,by ,,arthur ,,hayden4 ,,chats ,,on ,,old ,,coins4 ,by ,,fred4 ,w4 ,,burgess4 ,,chats ,,on ,,old ,,copper ,,and ,,brass4 ,by ,,fred4 ,w4 ,,burgess4 ,,chats ,,on ,,household ,,curios4 ,by ,,fred4 ,w4 ,,burgess4 ,,chats ,,on ,,old ,,silver4 ,by ,,arthur ,,hayden4 ,,chats ,,on ,,japanese ,,prints4 ,by ,,arthur ,,davison ,,ficke4 ,,chats ,,on ,,military ,,curios4 ,by ,,stanley ,c4 ,,johnson4 ,in ,preparation4 ,,chats ,,on ,,bargains4 ,by ,,charles ,e4 ,,jerningham4 ,,chats ,,on ,,old ,,clocks ,,and ,,watches4 ,by ,,arthur ,,hayden4 ,,london3 ,t4 ,,fisher ,,unwin1 ,,ltd4 ,,new ,,york3 ,f4 ,a4 ,,stokes ,,company4 ,,chats ,,on ,,military ,,curios ,illustration3 ,,bronze ,,medallion ,,of ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,wellington4 ,frontispiece4 ,,chats ,,on ,,military ,,curios ,,by ,,stanley ,c4 ,,johnson ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,e4,s4 ,,with ,,eighty ,,illustrations ,,new ,,york ,,frederick ,a4 ,,stokes ,,company ,,publishers ,,to ,g4 ,m4 ,j4 ,,this ,,book ,,is ,,gratefully ,,dedicated 7,all rights reserved7 ,,printed ,,in ,,great ,,britain ,,contents ,,page ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations #ac ,,chapter ,i ,,introduction #ag ,preliminary considerations--,where to search for curios--,what to search for--,specializing--,undesirable curios--,the catalogue of the ,royal ,united ,service ,museum--,public collections of military curios ,,chapter ,,ii ,,regimental ,,nomenclature #bg ,household ,cavalry--,dragoon ,guards--,cavalry--,artillery --,engineers--,guards--,infantry1 both past and present nomenclature--,other units ,,chapter ,,iii ,,regimental ,,crests #ci ,the fascination of regimental crests--,how to plan a collection of crests--,the changes which crests undergo--,the meaning of crests--,mottoes on crests1 and their meanings ,,chapter ,,iv ,,military ,,uniforms #ec ,the growth of uniforms--,the effect of the decline in armour on uniforms--,the part played by ,elizabeth--,uniforms in the time of the ,civil ,war--,in ,charles ,,ii's reign--,james ,,ii--,the first two ,georges--,uniforms in the ,peninsular ,war--,the close-fitting uniforms of ,george ,,iv--,the changes which were brought about in ,william ,,iv's time--,later changes-- ,peculiarities of the military dress of to-day ,,chapter ,v ,,armour #fi ,the scarcity of good armour--,considerations for the collector--,counterfeit armour--,the twelve periods in armour--,the characteristics of each period--,glossary ,,chapter ,,vi ,,weapons #hi ,buying specimens--,storing them--,hand culverins--,the serpentin--,the wheel-lock--,the flint-lock--,the rifle--,swords--,the effect of armour on swords--,swords with historical associations--,other weapons ,,chapter ,,vii ,,early ,,british ,,war ,,medals #aje ,how to arrange a collection of medals--,factors which influence the value of a medal--,the earliest medals--,the first ,english medal--,the first ,english military medal--,the ,forlorn ,hope medal--,the ,dunbar medal--,the ,culloden medal--,medals granted by the ,honourable ,east ,india ,company--,the ,pope's medal1 #agic--,the ,emperor ,francis ,,ii of ,germany's medal1 #agid--,the ,seringapatam medal--,the ,egyptian medal1 #ahja--,the ,rodriguez medal--,the ,nepaul medal--,the ,maida medal--,the ,peninsular ,officers' medal ,,chapter ,,viii ,,military ,,medals ,,struck ,,by ,,the ,,mint #ace ,campaign medals considered--,waterloo--,burmah--,china-- ,cabul--,jellalabad--,scinde--,meanee--, sobroan--,the men's ,peninsular medal--,punjab--,indian ,general ,service medals-- ,south ,africa1 #ahej-c2 also #ahgg-i--;,baltic--,crimea--,indian ,mutiny--,abyssinia--,new ,zealand--,later awards ,,chapter ,,ix ,,military ,,decorations ,,awarded ,,for ,,special ,,services #afc ,the necessity for special awards--,the ,victoria ,cross--,the ,order of ,merit--,the ,distinguished ,conduct in the ,field award--,the ,distinguished ,service ,order--,the ,meritorious ,service award--,the ,long ,service and ,good ,conduct award--,the ,best ,shot medal--,volunteer decorations--,other decorations ,,chapter ,x ,,military ,,medallions #aha ,general considerations--,the lost wax process--,hadrian's medallions--,renaissance examples--,simon1 the medallist--,wyon's work--,public collections--,some noted medallions described ,,chapter ,,xi ,,military ,,prints #aie ,the period #agej-ahfj--,works including military prints--,where to search for bargains--,the kind of print most sought after--,works including fine military prints--,bunbury-- ,gillray ,,chapter ,,xii ,,memorial ,,brasses ,,of ,,military ,,interest #bji ,classes of military brasses--,rubbings and how to make them--,floor brasses1 their characteristics--,palimpsest brasses--,what may be learnt from brasses--,mural tablets ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,autographs ,,of ,,great ,,soldiers #bba ,the fascination of autograph collecting--,points which influence the value of an autograph--,autographs classified--,a ,schomberg letter--,the notes scribbled by ,airey at ,balaclava--,general hints--,prices of autographs ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,war ,,postage ,,stamps #bda ,the earliest war stamps--,stamps used in the ,crimean ,war--,the ,british ,army ,post ,office ,corps--,the ,sudan ,expedition--,the ,south ,african campaign--,the ,great ,war--,recent war stamps and post-marks--,indian war stamps--,other war stamps ,,chapter ,,xv ,,war ,,money #bfa ,french obsidional notes--,mafeking notes--,the ,napoleonic assignats--,charles ,,ii and ,university plate--,mints at ,carlisle1 ,beeston1 ,scarborough1 ,newark1 ,colchester1 and ,pontefract--,irish gun money ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,curios ,,made ,,by ,,prisoners ,,of ,,war #bhg ,objects recently made in ,holland--,the ,napoleonic prisoners at ,norman ,cross1 ,perth1 ,dartmoor1 ,stapleton1 ,liverpool1 and ,greenland ,valleyfield ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,miscellaneous ,,military ,,curios #bii ,considerations respecting miscellaneous curios--,battlefield souvenirs--,regimental colours--,odds and ends of dress equipment--,books and newspapers of military interest--,royal souvenirs--,official military documents--,gruesome relics--,relics of the ,great ,war ,,chapter ,,xviii ,a ,,history ,,of ,,one',s ,,collection #cag ,reasons for compiling a history of one's collection--,the part played by photographs--,armour suggested as an example--,material for grangerizing ,,bibliography #cbc ,,index #ccg ,,illustrations ,,list ,,of ,,plates ,a ,,bronze ,,medallion ,,of ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,wellington ,frontispiece ,,page ,,queen ,,victoria',s ,,chocolate ,,box ,,sent ,,to ,,the ,,soldiers ,,fighting ,,in ,,south ,,africa1 #aijj #bc ,,princess ,,mary',s ,,christmas ,,box ,,sent ,,to ,,the ,,soldiers ,,fighting ,,in ,,france ,,and ,,belgium1 #aiad #bc ,,badge ,,of ,,the ,,queen',s 7,,royal ,,west ,,surrey ,,regiment7 #b,,nd ,,foot #cc ,,badge ,,of ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,edinburgh',s 7,,wiltshire ,,regiment7 #cc ,,badge ,,of ,,the ,,king',s 7,,liverpool ,,regiment7 #cc ,,badge ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,warwickshire ,,regiment #cc ,,badge ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,dublin ,,fusiliers #dc ,,badge ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,fusiliers 7,,city ,,of ,,london ,,regiment7 #dc ,,badge ,,of ,,the ,,seaforth ,,highlanders 7#e,,th ,,battalion7 #dc ,,badge ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,regiment ,,of ,,artillery #dc ,,some ,,regimental ,,buttons #di ,a ,,horse ,,amulet ,,bearing ,,the ,,device ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,fusiliers #eg ,,helmet ,,plate ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,marine ,,light ,,infantry #eg ,a ,,sleeve ,,from ,a ,,coat ,,of ,,the ,,old #b,,nd 7,,south ,,middlesex7 ,,volunteer ,,regiment #fg ,a ,,belt ,,buckle ,,from ,,the ,,same ,,regiment #fg ,a ,,flint-,,lock ,,pistol #gg ,,the ,,action ,,part ,,of ,,the ,,above #gg ,,the ,,barrel ,,of ,a ,,gun ,,ornamented ,,with ,a ,,twin ,,head ,,of ,,minerva #he ,,an ,,old ,,powder-,,flask #he ,a ,,south ,,african ,,pom-,,pom ,,shell ,,and ,a ,,martini-,,henri ,,cartridge #ic ,,cartridges ,,as ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,great ,,war4 ,,from ,,left ,,to ,,right3 ,,german1 ,,french1 ,,belgian1 ,,and ,,british #ic ,,an ,,old ,,sword ,,with ,,straight ,,cross-,,guards #aja ,,an ,,italian ,,dagger ,,having ,a ,,replica ,,of ,,the ,,famous ,,column ,,of ,,st4 ,,mark ,,for ,,grip #aja ,,royalist ,,badge ,,worn ,,by ,,the ,,partisans ,,of ,,charles ,i #aji ,,the ,,crimean ,,medal #aag ,,the ,,general ,,service ,,medal1 #agic-ahad #abc ,,the ,,afghan ,,medal #abc ,,south ,,african ,,medal1 #ahgg-i #abc ,,the ,,indian ,,mutiny ,,medal #acc ,,the ,,china ,,medal1 #ahdb-fj #ade ,,the ,,egyptian ,,medal1 #ahhb-i #ade ,,the ,,sutlej ,,medal #aeg ,,the ,,punjab ,,medal #aeg ,,the ,,third ,,indian ,,general ,,service ,,medal #aeg ,,the ,,queen ,,and ,,king',s ,,south ,,african ,,medals1 #ahii-aijb #aga 7,the same reverse was used for both pieces7 ,a ,,check ,,to ,,corsican ,,assurance #aia ,by ,cruikshank ,,napoleon',s ,,carriage ,,arriving ,,at ,,the ,,london ,,museum #aii ,by ,cruikshank ,a ,,singular ,,trait ,,of ,,buonaparte',s ,,favourite ,,mameluke #bjg ,by ,cruikshank ,a ,,battlefield ,,souvenir ,,picked ,,up ,,on ,,the ,,plains ,,of ,,flanders #bag 7,the same helmet is shown with and without the cloth covering7 ,a ,,battlefield ,,souvenir ,,bearing ,,verses ,,showing ,,the ,,bloodthirsty ,,nature ,,of ,,the ,,tyrolese ,,peasant ,,and ,,soldier #bbg ,,an ,,old ,,mug ,,bearing ,,the ,,famous ,,picture ,,depicting ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,wolfe #bcg ,a ,,soldier',s ,,communication ,,posted ,,during ,,the ,,south ,,african ,,war #bde ,a ,,similar ,,communication ,,from ,,somewhere ,,in ,,france #bde ,a ,,post-,,card ,,received ,,from ,a ,,soldier ,,in ,,france ,,bearing ,,stereotyped ,,greetings #beg ,,money ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,rebellion1 #afdb-i #bfe 7#a4 ,newark sixpence--#b4 ,colchester gold half unite--#c4 ,pontefract two-shilling piece--#d4 ,ormond half-crown--#e4 ,dublin crown of ,charles ,,ii7 ,,gun ,,money ,,of ,,james ,,ii #bga 7#a4 ,sixpence--#b4 ,sixpence--#c4 ,shilling--#d4 ,shilling--#e4 ,half-crown--#f4 ,half-crown--#g4 ,half-crown--#h4 ,half-crown7 ,,gun ,,money ,,of ,,james ,,ii #bgg 7#i4 ,shilling--#aj4 ,shilling--#aa4 ,half-crown--#ab4 ,half-crown--#ac4 ,half-crown--#ad4 ,crown--#ae4 ,crown--#af4 ,limerick farthing7 ,,paper ,,money ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,republic1 #agic #bhc ,,obsidional ,,half-,,franc ,,note ,,of ,,epernay #bia ,,obsidional ,,franc ,,note ,,of ,,epernay #bia ,a ,,newspaper ,,poster ,,which ,,told ,,of ,,welcome ,,news #big ,a ,,set ,,of ,,bone ,,dominoes ,,carved ,,by ,,prisoners ,,taken ,,in ,,the ,,napoleonic ,,wars1 ,,and ,,interned ,,in ,,the ,,neighbourhood ,,of ,,peterborough #big ,,an ,,interesting ,,broadside ,,printed ,,at ,,the ,,famous ,,catnach ,,press1 ,,being ,,one ,,of ,a ,,series ,,describing ,,incidents ,,in ,,the ,,life ,,of ,a ,,soldier #cac ,,illustrations ,,in ,,the ,,text ,,armour ,,headgear #ge ,,weapons #ii ,a ,,medallion ,,struck ,,in ,,honour ,,of ,,julius ,c,,sar #ahf ,,medallion ,,commemorating ,,the ,,victory ,,of ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,the ,,boyne #ahg ,,medallion ,,commemorating ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,james ,,ii #ahg ,,two ,,marlborough ,,medallions #ahh ,,medallion ,,commemorating ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,oudenarde #ahi ,,medallion ,,commemorating ,,the ,,surrender ,,of ,,lille #ahi ,,medallion ,,commemorating ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,dunblane #aij ,,medallion ,,commemorating ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,dettingen #aij ,,medallion ,,commemorating ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,minden #aic ,,the ,,oldest ,,english ,,brass #bae ,,facsimile ,,of ,a ,,portion ,,of ,a ,,letter ,,written ,,by ,,cromwell ,,to ,,lenthall1 ,,announcing ,,the ,,victory ,,of ,,naseby #bbe ,,autograph ,,letter ,,written ,,by ,,napoleon ,,iii ,,to ,,william ,i ,,of ,,germany ,,after ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,sedan #bca ,,some ,,autographs ,,of ,,noted ,,soldiers #bce ,,some ,,historic ,,post-,,marks ,,used ,,on ,,military ,,correspondence #beb ,a ,,cutting ,,from ,,the ,,times ,,of ,,november #i1 #agif #cjh ,,acknowledgment ,the ,author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to ,dr4 ,philip ,nelson for the loan of the valuable coins which figure in the illustrations on pages #bfe1 #bga1 and #bgg2 to ,mr4 ,tom ,satterthwaite for the loan of many of the medals depicted in these pages2 to ,mr4 ,leonard ,baggott for the loan of arms2 to ,messrs4 ,henry ,sotheran for permission to reproduce three ,cruikshank prints2 to ,messrs4 ,spink ,son for permission to reproduce the ,royalist ,badge2 also to ,mr4 ,edwin ,johnson1 ,b4,sc41 and ,mr4 ,james ,pryor for the loan of various curios included in the following pages4 ,the ,author also wishes to state that in forming his own collection of military curios he has gained much helpful assistance from ,the ,connoisseur2 from ,c4 ,h4 ,ashdown's ,british and ,foreign ,arms and ,armour2 from ,j4 ,h4 ,mayo's ,medals and ,decorations of the ,british ,army and ,navy2 from ,d4 ,h4 ,irwin's ,war ,medals and ,decorations2 from ,ralph ,nevill's ,british ,military ,prints2 from ,edward ,beaumont's works dealing with ,brasses2 and from the authorities of the ,royal ,united ,service ,museum4 ,,chapter ,i ,,introduction ,preliminary considerations--,where to search for curios--,what to search for--,specializing--,undesirable curios--,the catalogue of the ,royal ,united ,service ,museum--,public collections of military curios ,for centuries past the collection of military curios has been the select pastime of men of title and soldiers of rank4 ,lately1 however1 owing to the ,war and the great spread of interest in all things pertaining to it1 the circle of collectors has considerably widened1 until to-day few things are more treasured by connoisseurs than the thousand and one souvenirs and emblems which emanate from our ,army4 ,most forms of collecting require the expenditure of much capital1 but this is not one of the drawbacks which confront the seeker after military curios4 ,for a few pence an old-fashioned bayonet can be picked up2 a rifle bearing a date in last century will cost but a trifle more1 whilst such odds and ends as badges and tunic buttons may be had for almost nothing4 ,of course1 a good deal depends on knowing where to search for treasures4 ,the old curiosity shops are capital hunting-grounds1 but second-hand dealers who make a practice of buying up the contents of whole houses are even better4 ,these people seem to get an accumulation of odd material which is difficult to classify1 and therefore hard to sell4 ,it is hidden away among these effects that the collector will probably alight upon his finest discoveries4 ,some of our own experiences in the matter of bargain finding may be worth detailing4 ,at ,rag ,fair1 last ,christmas1 we were asked half a guinea for six perfect but very much begrimed medals1 one of which was for the ,defence of ,lucknow4 ,needless to add1 the set was worth many pounds when cleaned and fitted with fresh ribbons4 ,on a stall in ,farringdon ,road we recently picked up a few helmet badges1 some of which bore the old regimental numbers used prior to #ahha1 at twopence apiece4 ,and elsewhere a few weeks back we chanced upon a bag full of military buttons1 for which the dealer asked a shilling4 ,if we wish to form our collections quickly the best plan will be to get in touch with one of the first-class firms who regularly keep an exhaustive stock of military curios1 and who can supply almost anything we need2 but for our part we prefer to enter upon the work slowly and pick up treasures here and there at tempting prices4 ,doubtless there are capital hunting-grounds where bargains may be found in almost every town1 but in ,london our favourite haunts are ,rag ,fair1 held on ,fridays in the ,caledonian ,meat ,market2 the stalls in ,farringdon ,road1 ,hounsditch1 and ,middlesex ,street2 the shops in ,praed ,street2 and1 lastly1 ,charing ,cross ,road--the latter only for books and prints4 ,of course a good deal of material may be obtained cheaply by keeping an eye on the bargain advertisements found in certain newspapers4 ,the ,bazaar1 ,exchange and ,mart1 for instance1 regularly contains notices of guns1 medals1 autographs1 and such-like objects for sale1 often at prices ridiculously low4 ,it is thus clear that there is no lack in the sources of supply if only we can get in touch with them4 ,with many forms of collecting there is a certain sameness about the things collected which is apt to produce monotony3 with military curios1 however1 the treasures cover so wide a field that no such drawback can exist4 ,the following list will give a fair idea of the different objects which come within our present range3-- ,medals1 helmet and cap-badges1 tunic buttons1 armour pieces1 firearms1 weapons of all kinds as long as they have a military connection1 medallions struck to celebrate military events1 autographs of famous soldiers1 original documents relating to army work1 military pictures and prints1 newspaper cuttings referring to military matters1 obsolete uniforms including such fragments as sabre-taches1 gorgets1 epaulettes1 etc41 and1 lastly1 stamps and post-marks which have franked the correspondence of soldiers on active service4 ,the list is a somewhat lengthy one1 and to endeavour to amass a representative collection of all the things enumerated would be a formidable task4 ,it is1 therefore1 much the wisest plan either to collect the above objects in a general way1 specializing at the same time in two or three definite directions1 or else to collect everything possible pertaining to one definite regiment4 ,the latter method is1 of course1 the one which appeals most to army men and their immediate friends4 ,those of us who elect to confine our attentions to regimental collecting should first procure a history of the regiment selected4 ,from this work we shall then be able to find out what battles our chosen unit has fought in2 what particular history it possesses2 what noted soldiers have brought it fame2 where it has been quartered from time to time2 what customs specially belong to it2 what changes have been made in its dress1 and so forth4 ,such knowledge will afford us much help2 it will teach us what objects to seek for and what to pass over4 ,we shall not be led to search1 say1 for a ,ghuznee medal if our chosen regiment was formed later than #ahdb1 nor shall we hunt through the files of ,the ,times for ,wellington's dispatches concerning the ,battle of ,waterloo if our regiment took no part in the campaign4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there are one or two kinds of military curios which we should not attempt to collect4 ,first1 we should avoid all such large objects as take up more house-room than we can afford to spare them1 and secondly1 we should refrain from accepting objects the genuineness of which it is impossible to verify4 ,concerning this latter class1 it may be appropriate to mention that we have never visited the battlefield of ,waterloo without meeting a particularly eloquent man who always tells us that he has just had the good fortune to dig up some trophy or other of the famous fight4 ,naturally he is prepared to let us share in his good fortune1 and consequently names a price for the article4 ,needless to say1 the country of origin of the trophy is ,germany1 and the date of construction some time in the twentieth century4 ,probably1 other battlefields besides the one at ,waterloo are infested with unscrupulous curio vendors1 so that the collector will be well advised if he refrains from purchasing any article unless properly authenticated--especially on battlefields4 ,illustration3 ,,queen ,,victoria',s ,,chocolate ,,box ,,sent ,,to ,,the ,,soldiers ,,fighting ,,in ,,south ,,africa1 #aijj4 ,illustration3 ,,princess ,,mary',s ,,christmas ,,box ,,sent ,,to ,,the ,,soldiers ,,fighting ,,in ,,france ,,and ,,belgium1 #aiad4 ,in many branches of collecting comprehensive catalogues have been published which enable the student to classify1 arrange1 and price every piece among his treasures4 ,with military curios1 however1 no such publications exist1 but a very useful guide is the official catalogue issued by the ,royal ,united ,service ,museum in ,whitehall4 ,the ,museum itself is well worth frequent visits1 for it is only by constant inspection of such exhibits as those displayed in this gallery that we can get to know of the existence of certain curios and of the shape1 texture1 and pattern of others4 ,the ,museum possesses particularly fine exhibits of medals1 even of the earlier types2 of uniforms1 especially head-pieces2 of regimental banners1 and such weapons as swords and rifles4 ,the ,united ,service ,museum is by no means the only treasure-house of interest to collectors of military curios4 ,the ,tower of ,london1 the ,wallace ,collection1 and the ,rotunda at ,woolwich1 each possess much that is worth inspecting in the way of armour and weapons1 whilst the ,british ,museum has a collection of medals which is almost unique4 ,the traveller on the ,continent will find many instructive exhibits in the ,muse d',artillerie at ,paris1 the ,rijks ,museum at ,amsterdam1 and the ,national ,museum at ,copenhagen4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,regimental ,,nomenclature ,household ,cavalry--,dragoon ,guards--,cavalry--,artillery--,engineer s --,guards--,infantry1 both past and present nomenclature--,other units ,the composition of the ,british ,army is a matter concerning which the lay reader knows but little4 ,as many regiments will be mentioned by name in the following pages1 it is very necessary that the various divisions be given in tabulated form for purposes of reference4 ,without such a list the collecting of badges1 crests1 and other devices cannot be performed methodically nor can we study the various forms of dress with anything like precision4 ,the following list consists of one hundred and fourteen units1 many of which may be sub-divided into regulars1 territorials1 and cadets4 ,where such sub-divisions exist separate badges are worn4 ,it must also be mentioned that each battalion in certain regiments boasts of a distinct device of its own4 ,the different badges worn to-day in the ,king's ,army are therefore considerably above two hundred in number3-- ,,household ,,cavalry3 #ast ,life ,guards4 #bnd ,life ,guards4 ,royal ,horse ,guards4 ,,dragoon ,,guards3 #ast ,dragoon ,guards 7,king's74 #bnd ,dragoon ,guards 7,queen's ,bays74 #crd ,dragoon ,guards 7,prince of ,wales's74 #dth ,dragoon ,guards 7,royal ,irish74 #eth ,dragoon ,guards 7,princess ,charlotte of ,wales's74 #fth ,dragoon ,guards 7,carabineers74 #gth ,dragoon ,guards 7,princess ,royal's74 ,,cavalry3 #ast ,royal ,dragoons4 #bnd ,dragoons 7,royal ,scots ,greys74 #crd ,king's ,own ,hussars4 #dth ,queen's ,own ,hussars4 #eth ,royal ,irish ,lancers4 #fth ,inniskilling ,dragoons4 #gth ,queen's ,own ,hussars4 #hth ,king's ,royal ,irish ,hussars4 #ith ,queen's ,royal ,lancers4 #ajth ,prince of ,wales's ,own ,royal ,hussars4 #aath ,prince ,albert's ,own ,hussars4 #abth ,prince of ,wales's ,royal ,lancers4 #acth ,hussars4 #adth ,king's ,hussars4 #aeth ,the ,king's ,hussars4 #afth ,the ,queen's ,lancers4 #agth ,duke of ,cambridge's ,own ,lancers4 #ahth ,queen ,mary's ,own ,hussars4 #aith ,queen ,alexandra's ,own ,royal ,hussars4 #bjth ,hussars4 #bast ,empress of ,india's ,lancers4 ,,royal ,,artillery4 ,,royal ,,engineers4 ,,guards3 ,grenadier ,guards4 ,coldstream ,guards4 ,scots ,guards4 ,irish ,guards4 ,welsh ,guards4 ,,infantry3 7,n4,b4--,following each horizontal mark the old regimental nomenclature is appended4 ,it will be seen that in many cases two of the old regiments were joined together to form one of the new47 ,royal ,scots 7,lothian ,regiment7--#ast or ,royal ,scots4 ,queen's 7,royal ,west ,surrey7--#bnd or ,queen's ,royal4 ,buffs 7,east ,kent7--#crd ,east ,kent4 ,king's ,own 7,royal ,lancaster7--#dth or ,king's ,own4 ,northumberland ,fusiliers--#eth or ,northumberland ,foot ,regiment4 ,royal ,warwickshire ,regiment--#fth or #ast ,warwickshire ,foot ,regiment4 ,royal ,fusiliers 7,city of ,london ,regiment7--#gth ,regiment of ,foot or ,royal ,fuzileers4#a #a ,the old spelling is retained4 ,king's 7,liverpool ,regiment7--#hth or ,king's ,regiment4 ,norfolk ,regiment--#ith ,east ,norfolk4 ,lincolnshire ,regiment--#ajth ,north ,lincolnshire4 ,devonshire ,regiment--#aath ,north ,devonshire4 ,suffolk ,regiment--#abth or ,east ,suffolk4 ,prince ,albert's 7,somersetshire ,light ,infantry7--#acth or #ast ,somersetshire4 ,prince of ,wales's ,own 7,west ,yorkshire ,regiment7--#adth or ,buckinghamshire ,regiment4 ,east ,yorkshire ,regiment--#aeth ,yorkshire 7,east ,riding74 ,bedfordshire ,regiment--#afth or ,bedfordshire ,regiment4 ,leicestershire ,regiment--#agth or ,leicestershire ,regiment4 ,royal ,irish ,regiment--#ahth or ,royal ,irish ,regiment4 ,alexandra1 ,princess of ,wales's ,own 7,yorkshire ,regiment7--#aith or #ast ,yorkshire 7,north ,riding74 ,lancashire ,fusiliers--#bjth or ,east ,devonshire4 ,royal ,scots ,fusiliers--#bast or ,royal ,north ,british ,fuzileers4 ,cheshire ,regiment--#bbnd or ,cheshire ,regiment4 ,royal ,welsh ,fusiliers--#bcrd or ,royal ,welsh ,fuzileers4 ,south ,wales ,borderers--#bdth or ,warwickshire ,regiment4 ,king's ,own ,scottish ,borderers--#beth or ,king's ,own ,borderers4 ,cameronians 7,scottish ,rifles7--#bfth or ,cameronians2 also ,perthshire ,volunteers4 ,royal ,inniskilling ,fusiliers--#bgth or ,inniskilling ,regiment4 ,gloucestershire ,regiment--#bhth or ,north ,gloucestershire2 also #fast or ,south ,gloucestershire4 ,worcestershire ,regiment--#bith ,worcestershire2 also #cfth or ,herefordshire4 ,east ,lancashire ,regiment--#cjth or ,cambridgeshire ,regiment2 also #eith or #bnd ,nottinghamshire ,regiment4 ,east ,surrey ,regiment--#cast or ,huntingdonshire ,regiment2 also #gjth or ,glasgow ,lowland ,regiment4 ,duke of ,cornwall's ,light ,infantry--#cbnd or ,cornwall ,regiment2 also #dfth or ,south ,devonshire ,regiment4 ,duke of ,wellington's 7,west ,riding ,regiment7--#gfth ,regiment2 also #ccrd or #ast ,yorkshire 7,west ,riding ,regiment74 7,this is the only regiment named after a person not of royal blood47 ,border ,regiment--#cdth or ,cumberland2 also #eeth or ,westmoreland ,regiment4 ,royal ,sussex ,regiment--#ceth or ,sussex ,regiment4 ,hampshire ,regiment--#cgth or ,north ,hampshire2 also #fgth or ,south ,hampshire4 ,south ,staffordshire ,regiment--#chth or #ast ,staffordshire2 also #hjth or ,staffordshire ,volunteers4 ,dorsetshire ,regiment--#cith ,dorsetshire2 also #edth or ,west ,norfolk4 ,prince of ,wales's ,volunteers 7,south ,lancashire ,regiment7--#djth or #bnd ,somersetshire2 also #hbnd ,regiment4 ,welsh ,regiment--#dast ,regiment of ,foot2 also #fith or ,south ,lincolnshire4 ,black ,watch 7,royal ,highlanders7--#dbnd or ,royal ,highland ,regiment2 also #gcrd ,highland ,regiment4 ,oxfordshire and ,buckinghamshire ,light ,infantry--#dcrd or ,monmouthshire ,regiment2 also #ebnd or ,oxfordshire ,regiment4 ,essex ,regiment--#ddth or ,east ,essex2 also #efth or ,west ,essex ,regiment4 ,sherwood ,foresters 7,nottinghamshire and ,derbyshire ,regiment7--#deth or ,nottinghamshire4 ,loyal ,north ,lancashire ,regiment--#dgth or ,lancashire ,regiment2 also #hast ,regiment4 ,northamptonshire ,regiment--#dhth ,northamptonshire2 also #ehth ,rutlandshire4 ,princess ,charlotte of ,wales's 7,royal ,berkshire ,regiment7--#dith or ,hertfordshire ,regiment2 also #ffth or ,berkshire ,regiment4 ,queen's ,own 7,royal ,west ,kent ,regiment7--#ejth or ,west ,kent2 also #igth or ,queen's ,own ,regiment4 ,king's ,own 7,yorkshire ,light ,infantry7--#east or #bnd ,yorkshire 7,west ,riding74 ,king's 7,shropshire ,light ,infantry7--#ecrd or ,shropshire ,regiment2 also ,bucks ,volunteers4 ,duke of ,cambridge's ,own 7,middlesex ,regiment7--#egth or ,west ,middlesex2 also #ggth or ,east ,middlesex4 ,king's ,royal ,rifle ,corps--#fjth or ,royal ,american ,regiment4 ,duke of ,edinburgh's 7,wiltshire ,regiment7--#fbnd or ,wilts ,regiment2 also ,prince of ,wales's ,tipperary ,regiment4 ,manchester ,regiment--#fcrd or ,west ,suffolk2 also #ifth ,regiment4 ,prince of ,wales's 7,north ,staffordshire ,regiment7--#fdth or #bnd ,staffordshire2 also #ihth ,regiment ,york and ,lancaster ,regiment--#feth or #bnd ,yorkshire ,north ,riding ,regiment2 also #hdth ,york and ,lancaster ,regiment4 ,durham ,light ,infantry--#fhth or ,durham ,regiment4 ,highland ,light ,infantry--#gast and #gdth ,highland ,regiment4 ,seaforth ,highlanders 7,ross-shire ,buffs1 ,the ,duke of ,albany's7--#gbnd2 also #ghth ,highland ,regiment4 ,gordon ,highlanders--#geth ,highland ,regiment2 also #ibnd ,regiment4 ,queen's ,own ,cameron ,highlanders--#gith ,regiment of ,cameron ,highlanders4 ,royal ,irish ,rifles--#hcrd ,regiment2 also ,royal ,county ,down ,regiment4 ,princess ,victoria's 7,royal ,irish ,fusiliers7--#hgth or ,prince of ,wales's ,own ,irish ,regiment2 also #hith ,regiment4 ,connaught ,rangers--#hhth ,regiment or ,connaught ,rangers2 also #idth ,regiment4 ,princess ,louise's 7,argyll and ,sutherland ,highlanders7--#iast ,regiment2 also #icrd ,regiment4 ,prince of ,wales's ,leinster ,regiment 7,royal ,canadians7--#ajjth or ,his ,royal ,highness the ,prince ,regent's ,county of ,dublin ,regiment4 ,royal ,munster ,fusiliers--#ajast or ,duke of ,york's ,irish ,regiment2 also #ajdth ,regiment4 ,royal ,dublin ,fusiliers--#ajbnd ,regiment4 ,rifle ,brigade--#ieth ,regiment4 ,illustration3 ,,badge ,,of ,,the ,,queen',s 7,,royal ,,west ,,surrey ,,regiment7 #b,,nd ,,foot4 ,illustration3 ,,badge ,,of ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,edinburgh',s 7,,wiltshire ,,regiment74 ,illustration3 ,,badge ,,of ,,the ,,king',s 7,,liverpool ,,regiment74 ,illustration3 ,,badge ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,warwickshire ,,regiment4 ,,other ,,units3 ,royal ,marine ,artillery4 ,royal ,marine ,infantry4 ,army ,service ,corps4 ,royal ,army ,medical ,corps4 ,army ,veterinary ,corps4 ,army ,ordnance ,corps4 ,army ,pay ,corps4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,regimental ,,crests ,the fascination of regimental crests--,how to plan a collection of crests--,the changes which crests undergo--,the meaning of crests--,mottoes on crests1 and their meanings ,the crest or badge worn by a soldier is probably one of his most cherished possessions1 for it is at once the symbol of his regiment and the mascot which urges him on to fame and victory4 ,it is but little wonder1 then1 that such emblems1 so jealously preserved1 should prove of deep interest to the collector of military curios4 ,in our own case1 and we suppose it was much the same in those of our readers1 army crests fascinated us long before we had a clear perception of what an army really was4 ,in our early school-days1 buttons bearing the various regimental devices attracted us2 later our collection extended a welcome to cap-badges whilst to-day it contains such treasures as the crests on waist-belts1 crossbelt-plates1 helmets1 collar-plates1 and even those on the metal flaps of sabretaches4 ,a collection of regimental badges should be planned on scientific lines1 otherwise the treasured possessions will lose much of their interest4 ,in the first place1 the various specimens should be classified3 buttons should be arranged in one group1 cap-badges in another1 belt-plates in another1 and so on4 ,the second grouping should be based upon the standing of the regimental unit4 ,all the buttons worn by the regular army1 for instance1 should be placed in one sub-division2 all those of the territorial army in another2 and1 as obsolete specimens are still procurable1 sub-divisions should be reserved for the volunteer force1 the old militia1 and special forces which have been raised on special occasions4 ,of course the badges should be arranged according to the precedence accorded to the regiments for which they stand2 thus1 in the case of the regular army1 the ,household ,cavalry should receive priority and be followed by the ,dragoon ,guards2 then the ,cavalry of the ,line should take third place1 whilst the fourth and fifth places should be given to the ,royal ,artillery and ,royal ,engineers4 ,the ,guards should be placed sixth1 and the ,infantry of the ,line seventh4 ,badges of each of these divisions should then be arranged according to the seniority of the regiment4 ,the ,army ,list and the chapter on ,regimental ,nomenclature will give valuable help on this point4 ,finally1 where regiments possess various badges for the different companies1 these must be arranged in numerical order4 ,in planning a collection1 it is well to remember that badges are constantly changing their patterns1 not in fundamental ways1 it is true1 but in ways which are quite sufficient to add zest to the hobby of collecting4 ,battle honours1 for instance1 have been frequently added in the past1 whilst many changes are sure to take place in the future1 on this score alone1 as a result of the great war with ,germany4 ,after the ,boer ,war1 additions were made to the scrolls which encircle many regimental badges1 and the same may be said of the ,peninsular1 ,marlborough's wars1 and every great campaign in which the ,british ,army has figured4 ,thus it is clear that a collection of devices such as we have here in mind is full of interest1 not only from the military and antiquarian but also the historical point of view4 ,illustration3 ,,badge ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,dublin ,,fusiliers4 ,,badge ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,fusiliers 7,,city ,,of ,,london ,,regiment74 ,,badge ,,of ,,the ,,seaforth ,,highlanders 7#e,,th ,,battalion74 ,,badge ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,regiment ,,of ,,artillery4 ,in addition to the gradual changes which have arisen1 it must be mentioned that in #ahha the names of many regiments underwent changes and the badges suffered material alterations in consequence4 ,before the year in question1 each army unit was known by its number and the crests bore distinguishing numerals4 ,thus the ,wiltshire badge1 which to-day depicts the ,duke of ,edinburgh's monogram within a circle1 bore the figures #fb instead up till #ahha4 ,the collector will find these early devices of much interest1 but1 as a rule1 they are fairly hard to obtain4 ,unless the collector has ideas of his own as to how the badges should be mounted1 it will be a capital plan to cover a board with black velvet and pin the medal emblems to it4 ,when complete1 the board should be framed with a moulding having a fairly deep rebate4 ,the effect will be pleasing2 the frame can be used as a wall ornamentation1 and1 what is most important1 the badges themselves will be protected1 as far as possible1 from the deteriorating influences of the atmosphere4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a study of the designs given on the crests forms1 of course1 an interesting pastime4 ,probably the first point which the student will notice is that certain specimens bear the ,king's sign--e4g4 the ,king's ,dragoon ,guards and the ,grenadier ,guards--consequently1 all such badges must inevitably suffer alteration on the demise of the reigning sovereign4 ,all royal regiments1 with a single exception1 bear the royal crown1 though crowns of various types are borne by other units than royal ones4 ,light infantry regiments invariably display a horn4 ,grenades form part of the devices worn by the ,grenadier ,guards1 the ,royal ,artillery1 and the ,fusilier regiments4 ,most of the ,irish units display the harp1 and the ,welsh the dragon1 but in connection with this latter class1 it must be mentioned that the ,buffs 7,east ,kent7 are also proud of a dragon2 this1 however1 was given them for services rendered in ,china4 ,britannia1 one of our most cherished allegorical figures1 is seen on but a single crest3 that of the ,norfolks4 ,it was awarded to this unit for gallantry at ,almanza in #agjg4 ,the ,spaniards in the ,peninsular ,war nicknamed the men of this regiment the ,holy ,boys1 as they mistook the figure of ,britannia for that of the ,virgin ,mary4 ,a castle and key figure on many regimental devices4 ,all those which display them fought at ,gibraltar and received permission to incorporate these objects in their crest in memory of the services which they performed there4 ,a striped rose forms part of a great many badges4 ,it is a sign of the union after the ,war of the ,roses4 ,animals are favourite emblems4 ,the lion1 the symbol of our island race1 naturally figures most frequently1 but elephants1 horses1 tigers1 and stags are great favourites4 ,it is not always possible to tell why such and such a regiment has chosen a particular animal for incorporation in its device1 but1 more often than not1 the design may be traced back to the family escutcheon of a nobleman who had some hand in raising the unit4 ,a case in point is the cat encircled by the motto ,sans ,peur1 which the men of the #eth battalion of the ,seaforth ,highlanders wear on their caps4 ,this creature has long ornamented the crest of the ,house of ,sutherland1 and the ,sutherlands claim guardianship over this particular unit4 ,in other cases1 an animal has been selected because it is specially appropriate4 ,for instance1 the ,sherwood ,foresters1 soldiers who recall ,robin ,hood and the good old-fashioned chase1 display an ambling stag1 whilst regiments associated with long service in ,india have adopted an elephant or tiger4 ,but the most appropriate badge of all is that worn by the ,royal ,army ,medical ,corps4 ,in this instance1 we have a snake coiled around a rod4 ,the snake1 as every reader knows1 was the particular mascot carried by sculapius1 the god of healing1 whilst the same reptile was used by ,moses in the ,wilderness to free the ,children of ,israel from the ailments which proved so troublesome to them4 ,the fleeting horse1 borne by the ,king's ,own ,hussars1 the ,fifth ,dragoon ,guards1 and the ,royal ,fusiliers1 is the white horse of ,hanover1 and was incorporated in the crests to remind us of services rendered against the ,jacobites4 ,the ,paschal lamb on the ,queen's was the badge of ,catherine of ,braganza1 wife of ,charles ,,ii4 ,the sphinx1 as every one knows1 indicates special services in ,egypt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the mottoes incorporated in certain of the regimental crests are not without interest4 ,the following1 with their ,english equivalents1 are worth noting3-- ,pro rege et patria--,for ,king and country4 ,quis separabit8--,who shall separate8 ,quo fata vocant--,whither fate calls4 ,spectemur agendo--,let us be judged by our actions4 ,nemo me impune lacessit--,no one provokes me with impunity4 ,nec aspera terrent--,difficulties do not terrify us4 ,mente et manu--,with mind and hand4 ,pristin virtutis memores--,the memory of former valour4 ,viret in ternum--,flourishes for ever4 ,quo fas et gloria ducunt--,where right and glory lead4 ,vel exuvi triumphant--,arms surely triumphant4 ,semper fidelis--,always faithful4 ,virtutis namurcensis prmium--,the reward of valour at ,namur4 ,omnia audax--,to dare all4 ,nisi ,dominus frustra--,without ,god1 it is vain4 ,virtutis fortuna comes--,fortune the friend of valour4 ,primus in ,indis--,first in the ,indies4 ,gwell angau na chyurlydd--,rather death than shame4 ,aucto splendore resurgo--,i rise with increased splendour4 ,celer et audax--,swift and bold4 ,cuidich'n ,righ--,assist the ,king4 ,faugh-a-ballach--,clear the way4 ,in arduis fidelis--,in danger1 faithful4 ,illustration3 ,,some ,,regimental ,,buttons4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,military ,,uniforms ,the growth of uniforms--,the effect of the decline in armour on uniforms--,the part played by ,elizabeth--,uniforms in the time of the ,civil ,war--,in ,charles ,,ii's reign--,james ,,ii--,the first two ,georges--,uniforms in the ,peninsular ,war--,the close-fitting uniforms of ,george ,,iv--,the changes which were brought about in ,william ,,iv's time--,later changes--,peculiarities of the military dress of to-day ,one of the most interesting tasks which the collector of military curios can set himself is to trace out1 by all available means1 the growth of army uniforms from earliest times to the present day4 ,in prosecuting such self-imposed work1 the sources of information which will have to be studied are almost without limit1 ranging from contemporary drawings1 prints1 statues1 the writings of such chroniclers as ,stowe1 to1 of course1 the actual uniforms themselves4 ,our knowledge of the metamorphoses of military dress is very imperfect1 and this research work will be all the more valuable in consequence4 ,at first thought it is a little surprising to learn that the earliest official mention of a distinguishing uniform for ,english soldiers occurs among the ,ordinances of ,henry ,,viii1 but when we consider that armour in various styles was largely used until ,tudor times1 the fact is not so striking4 ,isolated instances of uniformed soldiers can be traced before this period2 ,hannibal1 we know1 raised the famous white and crimson ,spanish regiments1 and then1 of course1 there were the ,crusaders1 who wore the ordinary clothes of the times1 ornamented with crosses of distinctive colours4 ,with the decline of armour1 retainers went into battle robed in the cloth liveries of their masters1 whilst the mercenaries wore the usual dress of civilians4 ,the drawback to such an arrangement was obvious4 ,men could never tell who were their friends and who their foes1 and unnecessary slaughter was consequently committed4 ,it was not long before leaders provided their followers with scarves of distinctive colours2 sometimes they were appropriately chosen1 at others they were merely distinctive4 ,but even this plan gave little satisfaction1 for our history books of the period are crowded with tales of men who donned the enemy's colours and were thus able to surprise their opponents4 ,illustration3 ,,helmet ,,plate ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,marine ,,light ,,infantry4 ,as a result of these conditions1 ,henry ,,viii decided to clothe some1 at least1 of his soldiers in distinctive uniforms2 he selected white coats emblazoned with the red cross of ,st4 ,george4 ,speaking of other soldiers of this reign1 probably later levies1 ,stubbs remarks that the doublets which they wore reached down to the middle of the thighs1 though not always quite so low1 being so hard quilted1 stuffed1 bombasted1 and sewed as they can neither work nor yet well play in them1 through the excessive heat and the stiffness thereof4 ,therefore are they forced to wear them loose about them4 ,they are stuffed with four1 five1 or six pounds of bombast at the least1 and made of satin1 taffeta1 silk1 grograine1 gold1 silver1 and what not4 ,from the antiquarian's point of view this dress must have indeed proved attractive1 though the soldier of to-day will hardly recognize any redeeming features in it4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,horse ,,amulet ,,bearing ,,the ,,device ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,fusiliers4 ,elizabeth1 as all students of history know1 paid great attention to dress2 not only in matters concerning her own person1 but also in those affecting her ,court and followers4 ,accordingly1 we find that a decree1 ordering a body of ,lancashire men to be raised for service in ,ireland1 stated that the soldiers shall be given convenient doublets and hose and also a cassock of some motley or other sad green colour or russet2 also every soldier to have five shillings to provide a mantle in ,ireland besides his livery coat4 ,another interesting quotation1 taken from ,lawrence ,archer's ,british ,army ,records1 mentions ,sir ,john ,harrington as stating that an officer's kit in ,elizabeth's time consisted of-- #a cassock of broad cloth4 #a canvass doublet with silk lining and buttons4 #b shirts4 #b bands4 #c pairs of stockings at #bs4 #f;d4 each4 #c pairs of shoes4 #a pair of ,venetians with silver lace 7i4e4 trousers74 ,when the ,civil ,war broke out1 the ,royalists or ,cavaliers wore a very picturesque though hardly serviceable uniform2 it consisted of a doublet of silk1 satin1 or velvet with large loose sleeves slashed up the front1 the collar covered by a falling band of lace1 whilst a short cloak was carelessly worn on one shoulder4 ,long breeches tucked into boots1 the uppers of which were loose and curled over1#b added to the picturesque appearance of the warriors4 ,a ,flemish beaver1 with a distinctive hatband and an elaborate feather1 was the usual headgear4 ,the silk doublet1 it should be added1 was often replaced by a buff coat in war-time4 #b ,apparently this slovenly looking boot was used in order to prevent the leg from being crushed in a battle charge4 ,the ,commonwealth1 of course1 brought sober clothing which1 at least1 was more protective and useful than that associated with the ,tudor and ,stuart periods4 ,in ,charles ,,ii's time the military uniform1 as we know it to-day1 began to materialize4 ,it is true that during the early part of ,charles's reign the soldiers wore the pre-,commonwealth styles1 but when the ,king began to form certain regiments1 which still exist at the present moment1 a need for definite uniforms became manifest4 ,thus1 in #affa1 the ,earl of ,oxford raised the ,horse ,guards and provided them with a picturesque blue uniform1 and in #affe the ,third ,buffs was formed and soon earned for itself this distinctive name as its accoutrements were fashioned from buffalo leather4 ,james ,,ii introduced few changes4 ,it is worth mentioning1 however1 that wigs became fashionable in this period1 and large hats adorned with waving feathers were worn to suit the style of coiffure4 ,sewn into the crown of these hats1 skull caps made of iron were frequently found4 ,in #afie1 according to a contemporary authority1 the coats and breeches of the sergeants and ordinary soldiers were1 in most cases1 grey1 whilst the coats of drummer boys were purple4 ,the shape of these costumes followed the civilian styles of the period4 ,when ,anne came to the throne1 armour which had not been entirely abolished completely died out1 and the foot soldiers wore a comfortable scarlet coat with distinctive facings1 a cocked hat1 breeches1 and long black gaiters reaching just above the knees1 with a strap below the knee to hold them in position4 ,the cavalry also wore a cocked hat and large boots4 ,some officers wore a wide-brimmed hat1 turned up on two sides and decked with gay feathers4#c #c ,luard1 ,a ,history of the ,dress of the ,british ,soldier1 p4 #id4 ,the first two ,georges introduced many ideas from abroad1 the most striking of which was the mitre helmet1 worn even to-day by certain ,central ,european regiments4 ,the men who were provided with this headgear were certainly picturesque in appearance2 the ,royal ,fusiliers1 for instance1 wore a high mitred helmet1 elaborately ornamented with regimental devices1 a long tail coat1 buttoned back at the front in a way which is reminiscent of the present ,french infantry1 knee breeches1 cloth leggings1 and a plain bandolier carrying a bag1 much after the fashion of a sabretache4 ,with the exception of his hat1 which was clumsy and gave no protection either against weather or onslaughts1 his uniform was comfortable though weighty4 ,george ,,iii discarded the low boots and leggings for knee-boots1 but these were soon given up for low boots and long trousers4 ,the buttons on the uniform of the ,heavy ,dragoons1 also1 were replaced by hooks and eyes1 whilst the ,light ,dragoons lost nearly all theirs4 ,in addition1 their helmet was replaced by a felt shako4 ,curiously enough1 the ,hussar1 who wore five rows of heavy buttons on his jacket and five more rows on the little pelisse which he slung loosely over his left arm1 was allowed to keep all his cumbersome ornamentation4 ,the ,peninsular ,war brought many changes1 but these were more variations of the set styles than complete alterations in shapes and colours1 probably the result of requiring large quantities of outfits for the war1 in the quickest possible time4 ,luard1 writing of this period1 says#d3 ,the officers of the ,army of the ,peninsula ran into great extremes of fashion2 and as there was a difficulty1 frequently1 in procuring articles of dress exactly according to regulations1 considerable latitude was of necessity granted4 ,an officer of the #dth ,dragoons1 who was very fond of being gaily dressed1 was always searching for silver lace1 and whenever he went into a town and returned to the camp1 on being questioned regarding what articles of food were to be procured1 invariably answered3 ',i don't know1 but ,i found some silver lace4' #d ,luard1 ,a ,history of the ,dress of the ,british ,soldier1 p4 #ajb4 ,directly following the ,napoleonic ,wars it was felt prudent for the sake of peace to garrison a ,british ,army of ,occupation in ,france4 ,four cavalry regiments crossed the ,channel1 the #ith1 #abth1 #afth1 and #bcrd ,light ,dragoons being selected4 ,the dress which these soldiers wore was a jacket similar to that of the ordinary ,light ,dragoons1 but with the addition1 for the officers1 of an embroidered cuff and collar1 a pair of enormous epaulettes1 and an aiguillette4 ,the cap was very high with a square top1 made of cane covered with cloth of the colour of the facings of the regiment1 a brass plate in front and a plume at the top of it4 ,the privates' dress corresponded to that of the officers1 but brass scales were worn on the shoulders instead of epaulettes4 ,the ,cossack shape of trousers was worn by the officers1 very full around the waist but gradually tapering down to the foot4#e #e ,luard1 ,a ,history of the ,dress of the ,british ,soldier1 p4 #ajf4 ,george ,,iv1 as is popularly known1 gave much thought to matters of dress4 ,he held that wrinkles in a uniform entirely spoiled all appearance of correct military bearing4 ,the soldiers of his time were therefore expected to put on their clothes and have all fullness cut out4 ,luard says that the consequence was that the coats of the privates1 as well as those of the officers1 were made so tight that freedom of action was much restricted1 and the infantry could with difficulty handle their muskets1 whilst the cavalry could scarcely do sword exercise4 ,there is no doubt that1 though the uniforms of this date were uncomfortable1 they were of a smart and attractive appearance4 ,the officers in the ,rifle ,corps1 for instance1 wore a tight-fitting green outfit with silver facings1 relieved by a bright scarlet belt4 ,the boots were of black leather1 and reached almost up to the knees4 ,the hat was somewhat like the ,highland bonnets of to-day4 ,the officers in the #ajth ,hussars were a trifle more showy in appearance4 ,they had a blue coat with gilt-braided plastron1 and a pelisse on the left arm4 ,the trousers were red and skin-tight1 and fastened under the instep to keep them from creeping up the leg4 ,the hat was a shako surmounted by a large dark plume4 ,in the #ast ,foot ,guards the officer's coat was red1 and had tails2 there were epaulettes on the shoulders and a white bandolier across the breast4 ,the hat was a high-decked shako of glossy material4 ,william ,,iv's reign was marked by the rise and subsequent decline of enormous bear-skins4 ,william also decreed that the whole of the ,army1 with the exception of the artillery and riflemen1 should be dressed in scarlet1 the national colour4 ,when ,victoria came to the throne she restored the blue dress to the ,light ,dragoons1 but not to the ,lancers nor to the #afth ,regiment4 ,the ,household ,cavalry were given helmets with weeping plumes fixed to the apexes4 ,a little later pill-boxes became fashionable amongst the majority of the regiments4 ,in #ahha most of the distinctive and1 in many cases1 historic facings were taken from the various regiments1 and blue was given to the ,royal regiments and white to the others4 ,the change seems to us1 who look at the matter in the light of the antiquarian and historian1 as a retrograde one1 which should be deprecated in every way4 ,to-day all the regiments of the regular ,british ,army wear scarlet uniforms1 with the following exceptions3-- #a4 ,blue ,uniforms--,royal ,horse ,guards2 #fth ,dragoon ,guards2 ,king's ,own ,hussars2 ,queen's ,own ,hussars2 ,royal ,irish ,lancers2 ,king's ,irish ,hussars2 ,queen's ,royal ,lancers2 ,prince of ,wales's ,own ,hussars2 ,prince ,albert's ,own ,hussars2 ,prince of ,wales's ,royal ,lancers2 #acth1 #adth1 #aeth1 #ahth1 #aith1 and #bjth ,hussars2 #agth and #bast ,lancers2 ,royal ,artillery2 ,royal ,marine ,infantry2 ,army ,service ,corps2 ,royal ,army ,medical ,corps2 ,army ,veterinary ,corps2 ,army ,ordnance ,corps2 ,army ,pay ,corps4 #b4 ,green ,uniforms--,cameronians2 ,king's ,royal ,rifle ,corps2 ,royal ,irish ,rifles2 ,rifle ,brigade4 ,in the above notes we have merely given a rough sketch of the growth of the military uniform as it has affected the ,british soldier4 ,to elaborate this information by tracing the various changes1 both great and small1 which have been applied to army clothing is a work of intense interest and historical value4 ,the task is best undertaken by the curio collector1 who can build up the necessary knowledge from his self-made collection of military prints1 illustrated books1 photographs1 and actual uniforms4 ,we do not suggest that any one reader should undertake the whole task himself2 it is far better to select a particular regiment or a class of regiment1 or even a particular article of dress1 and trace its history with minute precision4 ,the results achieved in this way would indeed prove valuable4 ,before concluding this chapter the following questions bearing on military dress may prove of interest2 they are typical of the thousand and one queries which the student should ask himself3-- #a4 ,why do the drummers in the ,guards wear fleurs-de-lys on their tunics8 #b4 ,which regiments still wear black in memory of ,wolfe8 #c4 ,why do the ,northumberland ,fusiliers wear a red and white feather hackle in their caps8 #d4 ,why does the ,gloucester ,regiment wear a badge on both the back and front of their hats8 #e4 ,why has the flash survived with the ,royal ,welsh ,fusiliers8 #f4 ,why does the privilege exist with the ,oxfordshire and ,buckinghamshire ,light ,infantry of wearing shirt collars with the uniform8 ,illustration3 ,a ,,sleeve ,,from ,a ,,coat ,,of ,,the ,,old #b,,nd 7,,south ,,middlesex7 ,,volunteer ,,regiment4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,belt ,,buckle ,,from ,,the ,,same ,,regiment4 ,,chapter ,v ,,armour ,the scarcity of good armour--,considerations for the collector--,counterfeit armour--,the twelve periods in armour--,the characteristics of each period--,glossary ,there is much that is fascinating in the study of armour1 and the seeker after military curios will do well to consider the advisability of making a collection of armour pieces4 ,in praise of this particular form of treasure-hunting we could write a good deal1 but1 as space is necessarily limited1 it will be wise to content ourselves1 at the outset1 with stating the drawbacks rather than the advantages which attend this hobby4 ,in the first case1 really good complete suits of period armour are scarce1 and consequently command enormous sums4 ,of course there is no reason why detached pieces should not be collected3 these can be obtained freely and at reasonable prices4 ,probably the best bargains are to be had at country-house sales1 where the specimens are not sufficiently numerous to warrant the attendance of ,london dealers4 ,but the smaller bric--brac shops1 especially those off the beaten track1 often contain oddments which may be picked up at tempting prices4 ,the second drawback concerns questions of space4 ,armour collecting takes up a good deal of room and1 in these days of small suburban houses and town flats1 it is not every one who can house such treasures without causing them untold damage4 ,the third point is the most serious of all2 it may be stated briefly4 ,there are so many dangerous forgeries to be met with that the untutored collector may become bewildered and so lose his love for the hobby4 ,upon the ,continent there are thriving factories where armour1 of the rarest kinds1 is imitated1 not for sale as reproductions but in order to cheat the uninitiated4 ,the antique appearance is imparted to the bright metal surfaces by artfully smearing with lithographic ink and then dabbing with muriatic acid4 ,the ink protects the parts which it covers from the corrosive action of the acid1 and when the metal is subsequently washed and greased it has the exact appearance of an aged piece of armour1 eaten and worn by time4 ,how is the amateur to detect such worthless specimens when he runs across them8 ,under the title of ,forgeries that were not ,forged1 ,the ,connoisseur1#f a few years ago1 made some very pertinent remarks on this subject4 ,foreign museums are not entirely free from the presence of forgeries1 the article began2 in ,paris may be seen suits and parts of suits which will not satisfy the connoisseur in the matter of freedom from faking4 ,at ,berlin at least one suit will strike the observer as decidedly not what it claims to be4 ,at ,stockholm1 among the interesting objects in the ,lifrustkammer are many pieces which one regrets are not real4 ,and if in public collections many pieces arouse scepticism1 how much more so is it the case with private collections1 where all the geese are swans4 #f ,may #aija1 p4 #cf4 ,in the ,tower of ,london1 on the upper shelf of one of the cases1 is a row of helms and helmets described as copies or trophy work4 ,these certainly exemplify the expression 'forgeries that were not forged4' ,they were bought for the ,national ,collection between the years #ahea and #aheh1 and were then no doubt considered valuable examples of ancient armour4 ,one1 indeed1 figured at ,manchester in #aheg among the treasures of art4 ,in them we may observe every rule of the construction of real armour violated1 and further insulted by artificial rust and injuries4 ,it may be asked1 in the words of the song1 ',how shall ,i my true love know8' and seeing how much more trouble is taken to deceive than to detect deceit1 it is difficult to lay down any complete system of defence for the collector from the ever-increasing attacks of the forger4 ,it is certain1 however1 that the best way of detecting forgeries is to get acquainted with the styles of armour that were worn at certain periods1 to find out what processes were available for constructing the armour at these periods1 what uses each section of the armour was put to1 and how it was fitted on to the rest of the suit4 ,of course1 a good deal may be learnt from visits to public collections4 ,the uninitiated collector is1 therefore1 advised to study the specimens shown in the ,tower1 the ,royal ,united ,service ,museum1 the ,wallace ,collection1 and the ,rotunda at ,woolwich4 ,on the ,continent there are many fine displays1 not only of armour but also of weapons1 notably at the ,muse d',artillerie1 ,paris1 the ,industrial ,museum of ,vienna1 the ,copenhagen ,national ,museum1 and the ,rijks ,museum at ,amsterdam4 ,these are all well worth inspecting4 99 99 99 99 99 ,having discussed matters concerned with the collecting of armour1 we will now turn to questions relating to the actual armour itself4 ,armour may be conveniently divided into twelve periods1 as follows#g3-- ,i4 ,pre-,norman4 ,,ii4 ,norman period to #aahj4 ,,iii4 ,the ,chain ,mail ,period1 #aahj-abej4 ,,iv4 ,chain ,mail ,reinforced1 #abej-acbe4 ,v4 ,the ,cyclas ,period1 #acbe-ce4 ,,vi4 ,the ,studded and ,splintered ,armour ,period1 #acce-fj4 ,,vii4 ,the ,camail and ,jupon ,period1 #acfj-adaj4 ,,viii4 ,the ,surcoatless ,period1 #adaj-cj4 ,,ix4 ,the ,tabard ,period1 #adcj-aejj4 ,x4 ,the ,transition ,period1 #aejj-be4 ,,xi4 ,maximilian ,armour1 #aebe-afjj4 ,,xii4 ,the ,half-,armour ,period1 after #afjj4 #g ,there are various ways of classifying armour1 but we have here followed 7,class ,i excepted7 ,ashdown in ,british and ,foreign ,arms and ,armour4 ,illustration3 ,armour ,headgear ,the ,pre-,norman ,period is1 in reality1 composed of a number of preparatory eras which paved the way for the ,norman period1 the first to use complete suits of protective covering4 ,the ,greeks with their ,boeotian helms and cuirasses1 the ,romans with their skullcap helmets1 the ,saxons and ,danes with their head1 chest1 and leg coverings1 all led up to the armour as we see it depicted by the ,bayeux ,tapestry4 ,this period is of little interest to collectors1 as specimens are quite unobtainable4 ,the ,norman ,period introduced the peculiar but distinctive helmet1 conical in shape and provided with a nose protection or nasal4 ,the body covering was worn from head to toes1 the feet and legs being enveloped in chausses made of a pliable substance provided with a generous supply of metal studs4 ,the shield was1 of course1 an important feature of the ,norman dress2 it was more or less heart-shaped1 and bent so as to fit round the body4 ,the ,chain ,mail ,period4--,between #aahj and #abej the armour suit underwent considerable changes4 ,the ,norman conical helmet gave place to the heaume1 which usually had a flat surface1 squared at the top1 curved lines under the chin1 and peepholes or ocularia in front4 ,a surcoat or tunic1 without sleeves1 which was fitted over the usual armour1 was also a feature of this era4 ,but1 of course1 the introduction of chain mail was the outstanding point of interest4 ,chain ,mail ,reinforced4--,this period saw the gradual introduction of heaumes with curved crowns1 often bearing ornamental devices1 or ailettes to protect the shoulders and neck1 of banded mail1 and of chain mail reinforced with sections of plate4 ,the ,cyclas ,period4--,probably at no time in the history of defensive armour1 says ,ashdown1#h has it presented a more picturesque appearance than during the brief ten years of the ,cyclas ,period4 ,fitting closely to the figure1 the various garments followed the outlines of the human form1 and in no parts showed any marked peculiarities or eccentricities4 ,the evolution of the style was undoubtedly derived from the experience gained during the ,chain ,mail ,period1 when that defence was proved to be ineffectual against the terrible effects of lance and sword4 ,both of these weapons1 even if they did not actually pierce the mail1 either bruised the body or broke bones1 and thereby incapacitated the wearer2 while the protection afforded by the loosely hanging folds of the surcoat of previous periods1 especially against sword-cuts1 had been duly noted4 ,hence1 during the ,cyclas ,period we meet with the introduction of multitudinous coverings1 whereby the lance1 the sword1 and the arrow were opposed by plate and mail1 and by various padded garments of a textile nature4 #h ,british and ,foreign ,arms and ,armour1 p4 #aci4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,flint-,,lock ,,pistol4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,action ,,part ,,of ,,the ,,above4 ,the ,studded and ,splintered ,armour ,period4--,this form of armour directly owes its introduction to the conflicts between the ,english and ,french1 and the ideas for improvement which were prompted by actual experience on the battlefield4 ,the style was none other than a piecing together of the best features of chain mail1 plate1 and cuir-bouilli4 ,the bascinets of this time were unusual1 having much the appearance of metal hoods1 provided or not provided with visors4 ,the surcoat and the chausses were essential features of the period4 ,the ,camail and ,jupon ,period4--,this is probably one of the most interesting and picturesque periods in the history of armour4 ,the headgear was usually pointed and fitted down closely over the ears1 but left the face free4 ,laced to the helmet and falling over the shoulders was a plastron of camail which protected the throat and neck from violence4 ,the jupon was a garment which covered the body from the camail to just above the knees4 ,it consisted of whatever material the wearer thought was the most impervious to blows1 with1 usually1 a velvet covering1 embroidered with a heraldic device4 ,the ,surcoatless ,period is easily recognized1 as it was the earliest period in which a full set of armour was worn with no textile covering placed over it4#i ,a feature of note was the loss of the camail throat-guard and the introduction of a light sheet-metal gorget4 ,the camail was1 undoubtedly1 an efficient safeguard1 but it was extremely weighty and so caused much inconvenience to the wearer4 #i ,ashdown1 ,british and ,foreign ,arms and ,armour1 p4 #aid4 ,the ,tabard ,period saw the introduction of many changes1 which had for their object the greater protection of the armoured soldier2 but the most distinguishing feature was the arrival of the tabard1 a kind of sleeved surcoat1 which covered the wearer down to the knees4 ,it was of no fighting value1 but gave dignity to those who displayed it4 ,the salade also belongs to this period1 both those with and those without visors1 as well as the pauldron1 a protection for the elbow1 and the palette1 which shielded the underneath portion of the shoulder-joint4 ,the ,transition ,period brought helmets which1 by reason of their movable visors1 cheek-pieces1 and mentonnires1 gave greater safety to the head4 ,but the period is more readily distinguished by the mail skirt1 which was worn suspended from the waist4 ,of this period ,ashdown writes3 ,very important alterations occurred in armour of this period1 differentiating it from that of the preceding4 ,the great pauldrons1 exaggerated coudires1 and general angularity1 and one might almost say prickliness1 of the later ,tabard ,period was modified to a smoother and rounder style1 while it lost entirely that remarkable beauty of form which1 however much distorted by fanciful additions1 characterized the ,gothic armour as a whole4 ,the beautiful flutings and ornamental curves disappeared to make way for a heavy1 cumbersome style indicative of ,german stolidity1 and in direct antagonism to the mobile quickness and agility suggested by the majority of suits dating from the latter half of the previous century4#aj #aj ,british and ,foreign ,arms and ,armour1 p4 #bgj4 ,maximilian ,armour4--,with the gradual employment of gunpowder even the best kinds of armour lost their military value1 and1 consequently1 the sixteenth century saw a decline in the use of steel suits for purposes of warfare4 ,there was no reason1 however1 why steel-clad men should not continue to be seen at tilting tournaments1 even though the arquebus had proved its value in dealing death and destruction4 ,consequently we find that armour was still used during this century at these functions of chivalry1 and it was the kind favoured by ,emperor ,maximilian which was mostly worn--hence the name4 ,its outstanding features were excessive ornamentation and artistic finish4 ,the ,half-,armour ,period4--,this is the period during which steel dress was gradually dying out4 ,the period exhibits a brutal strength and crudity in armour which forcibly suggests boiler-plate work4 ,the defences were simply made to cover the vital parts of the body with the maximum amount of efficiency1 without any consideration whatever for gracefulness of outline or beauty of surface4#aa ,the metal covering of these times was obviously fashioned with the idea of making a compromise between protection and mobility1 and it gradually dwindled until the head alone was safeguarded4 #aa ,ashdown1 ,british and ,foreign ,arms and ,armour1 p4 #cac4 ,so passed away the armour which1 as ,james ,i once said1 was a very useful invention1 for it saved not only the wearer from being killed1 but it was so hampering that it prevented him from killing any one else4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many technical terms are used in armoury which need explaining4 ,the following are those which occur most frequently3-- ,barded4--,a horse fully armoured4 ,bascinet4--,a helmet which protected the back of the head and neck4 ,brassarts4--,plate armour for the upper part of the arm1 reaching from the shoulder to the elbow1 sometimes in a single piece1 sometimes in a series of overlapping plates4 ,brigandine4--,armour worn at one time by brigands--hence the name4 ,it consisted of a foundation of quilted leather1 upon which was sewn a number of small metal plates1 and thus formed a good defence for the body against the sword and the pike4 ,burgonet4--,a fifteenth-century helmet1 usually round to fit the head1 but provided with a peak to protect the eyes4 ,cabasset4--,like the morion1 it was a simple metal hat with a dome-shaped crown and a brim4 ,it had no visor1 gorget1 neck-guard1 etc4 ,chain ,mail4--,a covering which consisted of an endless number of rings laced one into the other4 ,each ring had four others threaded into it4 ,the individual rings were known as grains d'orge4 ,chamfrien4--,the metal covering for a horse's face2 often provided with a spike4 ,chausses4--,the metal leggings used in armour4 ,corslet4--,a suit of armour worn chiefly by pikemen4 ,the word was used1 not only to denote the body covering but the whole outfit from head to knees4 ,coudire4--,an elbow guard4 ,crinire4--,a number of plates hooked together to guard a horse's neck2 it rested on the mane4 ,cuirass4--,armour for the breast and back1 consisting of two plates united at the sides of the body4 ,they were originally fashioned out of leather 7cuir leather74 ,espalire4--,covering for the shoulders and the upper part of the arm4 ,gauntlet4--,the protection used for covering the hands4 ,genouillire4--,flexible knee pieces with joints reminiscent of those possessed by lobsters4 ,gorget4--,a protection for the throat2 it also sustained the weight of the whole armour outfit4 ,greeves4--,plate armour for the legs4 ,haubergeon4--,a coat made probably of plate or chain mail but without sleeves4 ,hauberk4--,this was a complete covering of mail from head to foot1 consisting of a hood joined to a jacket1 with sleeves1 breeches1 stockings1 and shoes of double chain mail1 to which were added gauntlets4 ,heaume4--,a head covering1 introduced in the ,chain-mail period4 7,see p4 #ge74 ,hufden4--,a head piece which fitted closely round the skull2 it was worn by archers in ,queen ,elizabeth's time4 ,jazeran4--,a hauberk which was covered with overlapping plates4 ,mentonnire4--,a portion of the head piece which protected the chin and the lower part of the face4 ,morion4--,see ,cabasset4 ,ocularium4--,the peep-hole of the helmet4 ,palette4--,a shield or covering used to protect the arm and shoulder-joint4 ,pauldrons4--,pieces of armour for the shoulders2 the origin of epaulettes4 ,plate mail4--,this consisted of a number of small lamen of metal1 commonly iron1 which were so arranged as to slightly overlap like the scales of a fish4 ,usually a leather foundation was provided4 ,poitrinal4--,the covering for a horse's hindquarters2 a guard against sword slashes4 ,pot4--,a cabasset or morion4 ,rerebrace4--,a protection for the part between the elbows and shoulders4 ,rondelle4--,a guard for the inner side of the arm which wields the weapon4 ,salade4--,a light casque1 sometimes provided with a visor1 but without crest4 ,sollerets4--,overlapping plates which formed the shoe of an armed knight4 ,cf4 ,chausses4 ,tapul4--,the perpendicular ridge down the middle of a breastplate4 ,targe4--,a shield4 ,tassets4--,a series of flexible plates hooked to the skirt of the cuirass1 protecting the thighs4 ,visor4--,the movable face-guard of a helmet4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,barrel ,,of ,a ,,gun ,,ornamented ,,with ,a ,,twin ,,head ,,of ,,minerva4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,old ,,powder-,,flask4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,weapons ,buying specimens--,storing them--,hand culverins--,the serpentin--,the wheel-lock--,the flint-lock--,the rifle--,swords--,the effect of armour on swords--,swords with historical associations--,other weapons ,of all the antiques which are to be found in an average bric--brac shop there is probably nothing upon which the dealer is so ignorant as the class of military curio which comes under the head of weapons2 as a consequence1 we find that the ruling prices for these relics of the battlefield are either excessively dear or ridiculously cheap4 ,there is nothing in this state of things to cause the collector of weapons to grumble1 for if he be wise he will add to his treasures when a bargain is to be had1 but not when specimens are dear4 ,the process makes collecting a somewhat slow business1 but it enables us to get together a whole host of interesting things at a very small cost4 ,a few weeks ago the writer spent an afternoon in going round to the antique shops in a certain quarter of ,london4 ,here are some of the prices which he was asked1 and which he considers were out of reason4 ,for a rifle used by ,kruger's men1 #e2 worth at the most half this sum4 ,for a rifle and bayonet said to have been used at ,waterloo1 #a4 ,for a sixteenth-century sword1 #es4 ,the sword was so heavy that it would have almost fetched this price as old metal4 ,for an eighteenth-century flint-lock1 not in good condition1 #bj4 ,needless to add1 that while the writer was not impelled to purchase the flint-lock1 he snapped up the sword eagerly4 ,the collector of weapons must be very careful how he stores his treasures4 ,to leave1 say1 a bayonet where it can be handled by children is almost a criminal act2 to buy a firearm and not examine the charging chamber immediately is1 if anything1 a trifle more unscrupulous4 ,thoughtlessness has accounted for a good many tragedies1 and so it ought to be the determination of the curio-hunter to see that his treasures are stored out of harm's way4 ,swords1 bayonets1 rifles1 and other lengthy weapons are conveniently kept on the walls of living-rooms1 and if placed horizontally and fairly high up are safe and ornamental4 ,smaller things1 such as daggers and pistols1 are better preserved in glass cases4 ,steel implements which1 when exposed continuously to the air1 are apt to deteriorate1 should be carefully cleaned and then coated with a thin layer of copal varnish4 ,if the varnish be painted on sparingly and no patches are left uncoated1 the metal will remain bright permanently1 and only require an occasional dusting4 ,if the specimen which is to be treated is rusty1 it should be carefully gone over previously with emery1 but should it have a chased1 engraved1 or damascened surface1 it will be advisable to soak it in benzine for a week or more1 and then give it a rubbing until a sufficient polish has been obtained4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,south ,,african ,,pom-,,pom ,,shell ,,and ,a ,,martini-,,henri ,,cartridge4 ,illustration3 ,,cartridges ,,as ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,great ,,war4 7,from left to right3 ,german1 ,french1 ,belgian1 and ,british47 99 99 99 99 99 ,of the weapons with which we shall deal in these pages1 probably firearms are the most interesting4 ,such implements have been in use among armies for many centuries1 but as cannon and other large pieces possess little interest for the collector1 on account of their size1 it will be convenient to omit the earliest firearms and speak first of hand culverins4 ,this weapon consisted of a small tube of to in4 internal diameter1 fixed to a straight piece of wood or welded to an iron handle4 ,at the close of the fifteenth century it was extensively employed4 ,in #adga culverins were in the army of ,edward ,,iv1 after his landing at ,ravenspur1 ,yorkshire4 ,the smallest hand patterns1 weighing #ae lb41 were used on horseback1 whilst heavier weapons of sixty odd pounds' weight were manipulated by foot soldiers and fired from trestles or tripods4#ab #ab ,see article on ,firearms in ,chambers's ,encyclopdia4 ,the culverin may be seen in a variety of makes2 some possess a touch-hole and flash-pan at the side1 whilst the earlier kinds have no flash-pan at all4 ,in some the barrel is circular1 whilst in others it is hexagonal or octagonal4 ,of course1 specimens are only to be found in museums1 and are seldom obtainable for private collections4 ,early in the sixteenth century the culverin gave place to the serpentin1 which1 in turn1 was slightly modified and became the famous match-lock4 ,to fire the culverin1 the attendant had to stand with a lighted match over the touch-hole1 but in the serpentin the igniter was gripped by a lever which descended into the flash-pan4 ,the match-lock had the flash-pan covered by a lid1 which gave a certain amount of protection to the sparking action in wet or windy weather4 ,the next innovation was the wheel-lock1 a weapon which possessed a metal disc provided with a serrated edge4 ,by winding up the disc and using the trigger to release it1 it was possible to make the serrated wheel fly round at a considerable rate4 ,as the rough teeth revolved1 they scraped against a piece of flint and so produced sparks1 which flew into the flash-pan and caused ignition of the powder charge4 ,the system was certainly an ingenious one1 but the cost of making these elaborate pieces of mechanism militated against the general use of the wheel-lock for army purposes4 ,after the wheel-lock came the flint-lock4 ,this style of arm possessed a hammer which was provided with a flint-cock4 ,when released1 the flint and the steel came into violent contact1 and produced sparks which flew into the touch-powder4 ,the flint-lock was commonly used in the ,netherlands1 and was brought to ,england by ,william of ,orange1 remaining in use until #ahdj4ac ,specimens are obtainable for private collections1 but early patterns are of some rarity and fairly expensive4 ,the later history of the hand firearm used in the ,army is interesting4 ,in #afce a patent was taken out for making rifles in ,england4 ,in the first half of the next century ,benjamin ,robins1 a gunsmith1 who died in #agea1 made an alteration in the centre of gravity in the rifle by placing it nearer the forepart1 and he also made the bullets oval instead of round4 ,he discovered the true theory of the rifle3 ',that the spinning of a rifle ball1 like the rotation of an arrow1 kept the axis of either in the same direction throughout their flight1 and1 to a great extent1 prevented the irregularities caused by the inequalities in the substance of the bullet when driven from a shot-gun or musket4' ,but strangely enough ,robins1 though by far the ablest writer on projectiles of his own and many succeeding generations1 exercised but a slight influence on his contemporaries4 ,the ,government of his day was not moved by his representations1 or convinced by his theory4 ,the ,ministers of that day were slow in adopting improvements1 a common failing of ,ministers as a body1 and riflemen were unknown among ,english troops until the necessity for them was made evident in the ,american ,war4 ,the rifle was necessary to the existence of the backwoodsmen4 ,practice made them excellent shots1 and when the ,colonial irregulars were able to obtain suitable cover1 regular troops could not stand before them4 ,after a time foreign aid was resorted to4 ,hessian1 ,hanoverian1 and ,danish riflemen were engaged to serve against the revolted colonists2 and it was not until upwards of ten years after the independence of ,america was recognized that the first ,english rifle regiment was formed4#ad #ac ,see article on ,firearms in ,chambers's ,encyclopdia4 #ad ,w4 ,g4 ,clifford1 ,peeps at the ,british ,army1 p4 #fh4 ,during the first half of the nineteenth century all infantry regiments1 with the exception of the ,rifle ,corps1 were served with smooth-bored muskets1 but after #ahea the ,mini rifle was universally used4 ,this weapon showed a distinct advance1 but it had one serious drawback--it was heavy1 as many of the men who fought in the ,crimea learned by bitter experience4 ,in #ahec the long ,enfield rifle1 a much lighter implement1 was given to our soldiers4 ,this was followed in #ahfj by the short pattern ,enfield2 in #ahfd by the ,snider2 in #ahga by the ,martini-,henri2 in #ahhf by the ,enfield-,martini2 in #ahhg by the ,lee-,metford1 ,mark ,i1 and the ,mark ,,ii in #ahih2 whilst to-day the ,service pattern is the ,lee-,enfield1 ,mark ,,iii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,swords are interesting weapons from the collector's point of view4 ,as the antique specimens were stoutly made1 of material that did not easily perish1 it is quite possible to buy them1 two or three hundred years old1 at no very great cost4 ,it is not an easy matter to detect the date of a sword1 but the armed figures on old prints1 drawings1 coins1 etc41 often hint at the period of construction4 ,the ,bayeux tapestry1 for instance1 enables us to see that the ,norman pattern was of simple design1 being straight1 rather short1 tapering and double-edged1 whilst the handle was merely a grip with but little protection4 ,this shape of sword1 it may be said1 was used for some three or four hundred years1 and even in #adjj the majority of the specimens were much the same4 ,it is true that by this time the quillons were becoming curved towards the blade1 probably so that a slash would be arrested before it reached the knuckle of the soldier who received the blow4 ,of the sword of this period ,ashdown writes3 ,the sword was attached to the belt at the uppermost part of the scabbard1 and hung perpendicularly at the left side4 ,it generally had a wheel pommel and a swelling grip1 with quillons either straight or drooping slightly towards the blade4 ,the latter was about an inch and a half broad at the hilt1 thirty inches in length1 and tapered to the point1 while the section was either of a flattened or a lozenge shape4 ,it was double-edged1 and had a grip of varying dimensions1 ranging from four inches in length to an extent which1 in some examples1 almost suggests a two-handed weapon1 or the hand-and-a-half or bastard sword of a later period4 ,the pommel1 grip1 and scabbard were at times elaborately enriched with a profusion of ornament4 ,a new weapon was introduced at this period1 the misericorde or dagger of mercy1 used for dispatching a fallen foe whose wounds were beyond all surgical aid4 ,it was a straight dagger1 with no guard as a rule1 and having both the hilt and scabbard curiously ornamented2 the blade had but one edge1 the section being triangular4#ae #ae ,arms and ,armour1 p4 #aha4 ,illustration3 ,weapons #a4 ,sword of time of ,norman ,conquest4 #b4 ,sword of ,fifteenth ,century4 #c4 ,court ,sword of ,eighteenth ,century4 #d4 ,basket of ,cavalry ,sword1 ,nineteenth ,century4 #e4 ,cutlas ,sabre1 ,fifteenth ,century4 #f4 ,glaive4 #g4 ,bill4 #h4 ,halberd4 #i4 ,pole ,axe-head4 #aj4 ,head of ,two-handed ,sword4 ,as armour became more developed so changes appeared in the sword4 ,the implement of medium weight was no longer serviceable against well-tempered metal suits2 accordingly1 the sword became heavy and ponderous1 so that it might smash where it would not be able to cut4 ,so heavy were specimens made that they needed two hands to wield them1 and as this prevented a shield being supported1 the quillons were so shaped as to give extra protection4 ,this was the origin of the basket hilts of present patterns4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,old ,,sword ,,with ,,straight ,,cross-,,guards4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,italian ,,dagger ,,having ,a ,,replica ,,of ,,the ,,famous ,,column ,,of ,,st4 ,,mark ,,for ,,grip4 ,some swords are worthy of note on account of their shape and age1 but others claim attention by reason of their historical associations4 ,in the ,royal ,united ,service ,museum there are many that are worth seeing from the latter point of view4 ,one in particular may be mentioned4 ,the exhibit bears the following inscription3 ,sword of ,admiral ,villeneuve1 ,commander-in-,chief of the combined fleets of ,france and ,spain1 surrendered to ,lord ,collingwood at the battle off ,cape ,trafalgar1 ,october #ba1 #ahje4 ,it was offered to ,captain ,atcherley1 of the ,marines4 ,atcherley refused to accept it1 and took ,villeneuve in his boat that he might surrender to ,captain ,pellew4 ,admiral ,villeneuve1 having been taken prisoner1 was sent to ,england1 where he was detained until ,may #c1 #ahjf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,beyond firearms and swords the collector may find many treasures among such weapons as daggers1 bayonets1 lances1 battle-axes1 pikes1 spears1 boomerangs1 assegais1 and native clubs4 ,it should always be remembered1 however1 that the weapons used by ,british forces1 past and present1 are of more interest and value than those coming from savage races4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,early ,,british ,,war ,,medals ,how to arrange a collection of medals--,factors which influence the value of a medal--,the earliest medals--,the first ,english medal--,the first ,english military medal--,the ,forlorn ,hope medal--,the ,dunbar medal--,the ,culloden medal--,medals granted by the ,honourable ,east ,india ,company--,the ,pope's medal1 #agic--,the ,emperor ,francis ,,ii of ,germany's medal1 #agid--,the ,seringapatam medal--,the ,egyptian medal1 #ahja--,the ,rodriguez medal--,the ,nepaul medal--,the ,maida medal--,the ,peninsular officers' medal ,the dignity which enshrines a collection of war medals is something greater and fuller than that which can be ascribed to almost any other branch of curio collecting4 ,coins1 china1 furniture1 and prints are all fascinating in their way1 but none seem to have the same depth of interest as is possessed by the average collection of war medals4 ,to handle one of these tokens of strife and bloodshed is to call up feelings of reverence and honour for the man who spent his energies so freely in earning it1 and it is probably on account of this extrinsic quality that war medals are so highly prized among connoisseurs4 ,with many forms of collecting1 the different specimens that are available are so numerous as to be overwhelming1 but this drawback cannot act as a deterrent to the would-be medal collector4 ,british medals have been fashioned with a sparing hand1 and their number is more or less limited4 ,many of them1 it is true1 are extremely costly1 whilst a select few are quite prohibitive in price--a matter which1 perhaps1 adds to the zest of collecting4 ,the best method of storing these treasures is to follow the plan adopted by coin-collectors1 and to range them on trays in the shallow drawers of coin-cabinets4 ,where the pieces are few in number1 it is a good plan to mount them on a board covered with black velvet1 and to frame them just as one does a picture4 ,to have no particular method of keeping them1 to leave them lying loose in drawers1 or to place them as casual ornaments in curio or china cabinets is decidedly wrong1 for a few scratches1 a fall1 or a little rough handling will often reduce considerably the value of a specimen4 ,for the benefit of the uninitiated1 it may be well to mention that not only does the value of a medal depend upon its state of preservation--that is to say1 whether it is in mint condition1 slightly rubbed1 much worn1 scratched1 battered1 re-engraved1 etc4--but also upon the number of clasps that go with it4 ,it must not be thought that collectors tolerate the indiscriminate adding of clasps to claspless medals4 ,a medal that was awarded with1 say1 one additional honour cannot be turned into a three-clasp decoration by purchasing two clasps from a dealer and placing them upon the slide ribbon4 ,the medal in question1 if it be less than a hundred years old1 has the name of the original possessor engraved upon the flange1 and by turning to the ,medal ,rolls the number of clasps issued with the particular decoration can be found4 ,another factor which affects the value of a medal is the regiment to which it was issued4 ,a medal given to a private in a crack regiment will possess a greater value than an identical medal awarded to a private in a less noted one4 ,the rank of the recipient is also taken into account2 this1 however1 is perhaps only natural4 ,illustration3 ,,royalist ,,badge ,,worn ,,by ,,the ,,partisans ,,of ,,charles ,i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,medals were known to the ,ancients4 ,the ,greeks1 for instance1 have left behind them many interesting specimens which can still be seen in our public museums1 but none of them were given as recompenses for military bravery4 ,the ordinary soldier of these early days had no status1 and therefore received no rewards1 whilst the leaders were given crowns of laurel1 bracelets1 and neck chains of gold for the services they rendered4 ,it was ,queen ,elizabeth who first thought of giving medals to ,british fighting men1 and it was the crews of the ships which sailed out to meet the ,armada that received them4 ,the first medals to be given for military1 as distinct from naval1 honours were struck by ,charles ,i4 ,probably the very earliest award made by this ,king was the medal presented to ,sir ,robert ,welch1 an officer in the ,royalist ,cavalry1 whose bravery in recovering the standard from the ,parliamentary forces at ,edge ,hill excited the admiration of every member in his party4 ,charles gave orders for many other medals to be struck1 but most of them were presented to officers holding high posts who had performed special services in times of peace as well as war4 ,many of these decorations were fashioned in single copies1 and as practically none of them bore any inscriptions beyond the title and motto of the ,king1 it is impossible to ascribe them to any definite act of military value4 ,they were all oval in shape1 whilst the designs showed considerable artistic merit4 ,all these medals were intended to be worn suspended around the neck1 or fixed brooch-like in the hat4 ,usually1 the ribbons which were worn with them could be selected by the possessor at will1 no fixed pattern being officially decreed1 as obtains in present times4 ,as may be expected1 specimens belonging to this early period are now extremely costly1 but they are often obtainable at public sales4 ,a fine collection of them may be inspected in the medal-room at the ,british ,museum4 ,charles ,i evidently had great faith in the value of decorations1 for we find that towards the latter part of his reign he instituted a general medal1 known popularly as the ,forlorn ,hope medal1 which was to be awarded much on the lines which regulate the granting of the ,victoria ,cross to-day4 ,the warrant which announced these awards ran as follows3-- ,,charles ,r4 ,trusty and well beloved1 we greet you well1 whereas we have received information that those soldiers which have been forward to serve us in the ,forlorn-hope1 are not looked upon according to their merited valour and loyal service4 ,we do1 therefore1 require1 that from henceforward1 the ,commander-in-,chief both of ,horse and ,foot1 which lead up the ,forlorn-hope upon whom also we mean to bestow special tokens of our princely favour1 do signify in writing the names of those soldiers whom they find most forward in serving us1 their ,king and country1 that care may be taken to reward their deservings and make them specially known to all our good subjects4 ,for which end we have thought fit to require ,sir ,william ,parkhurst1 ,kt41 and ,thomas ,bushell1 ,esq41 ,wardens of the ,mint1 to provide from time to time certain ,badges of ,silver1 containing our ,royal image1 and that of our dearest son1 ,prince ,charles1 to be delivered to wear on the breast of every man who shall be certified under the hands of their ,commander-in-,chief to have done us faithful service in the ,forlorn-hope4 ,and we do1 therefore1 most straightly command that no soldier at any time do sell1 nor any of our subjects presume to buy1 or wear1 any of these said ,badges1 other than they to whom we shall give the same1 and that under such pain and punishment as the ,council of ,war shall think fit to inflict if any shall presume to offend against this our ,royal command4 ,and we further require the said ,commanders and ,wardens of our ,mint to keep several registers of the names of those1 and of their country1 for whom they shall give their certificate4 ,given at our ,court1 at ,oxford1 the #ahth day of ,may1 #afdc4 ,it is unfortunate that what records were presumably kept1 under these orders1 were destroyed by a disastrous fire which took place at ,oxford in #afdd4 ,thus we neither know how many specimens of the ,forlorn ,hope medal were distributed1 nor do we even know for certain the exact design it bore4 ,a number of identical copies exist of a medallion bearing the profile of ,king ,charles on the obverse1 and that of ,prince ,charles on the reverse1 and this is usually considered to be the award in question4 ,the ,dunbar medal1 the next to call for attention1 is of special interest1 as it was the first ,british award to be given to every member of the fighting forces1 whether man or officer4 ,this attractive decoration was struck in #afej in two sizes1 a small gold piece for officers and a large copper one for distribution among the ranks4 ,both bore the same design1 namely1 ,cromwell's profile and the inscription ,word4at4,dunbar4 ,the ,lord of ,hosts4 ,septem4 ,y4 #c4 #afej41 on the obverse1 and a view1 in exaggerated perspective1 of ,parliament in full assembly on the reverse4 ,a curious letter1 referring to the design of this medal1 and written by the ,protector1 is still extant4 ,it explains that ,cromwell while in ,scotland received a visit from the artist chosen by ,parliament to execute the design4 ,the artist went to beg a few sittings of the great leader with a view to producing a faithful portrait-likeness4 ,but ,cromwell was extremely loath to allow his features to be displayed upon the medal1 and advanced all manner of excuses1 probably owing to feelings of over-sensitiveness4 ,in the end he was prevailed upon1 and the medal bore his profile as stated above4 ,this incident is of special interest1 as historians have seldom1 if ever1 mentioned in discussing the character of this able soldier that one of his qualities was modesty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,after ,dunbar came a lengthy period during which many medals were struck2 they were all1 however1 of an individual character1 being awarded to leaders for personal services4 ,culloden1 which was fought on ,april #af1 #agdf1 was the next event to call for a special issue of medals4 ,to commemorate the ,young ,pretender's rout1 oval medals in gold and silver were struck4 ,it is presumed that the gold pieces were awarded to leaders of the highest rank1 whilst the silver ones went to those of lesser importance4 ,it is certain1 however1 that no awards were made to the common soldiers4 ,the design was remarkably bold and imposing2 the obverse bore a simple profile of the ,duke of ,cumberland with short curly hair and the word ,cumberland1 whilst the reverse showed an unclothed full-length figure of ,apollo1 looking to the left4 ,the inscription ,actum est ilicet perut and1 also in ,latin1 ,battle of ,culloden1 ,april #afth1 #agdf1 appeared on the reverse4 ,this medal was one of the first to be issued with a definitely prescribed pattern for the ribbon4 ,the warrant effecting its issue stated that it was to be worn round the necks of officers by means of a crimson ribbon having a narrow green border4 ,the medal is exceedingly rare1 but of the few copies known to exist one1 fortunately1 may be seen among the treasures of the ,british ,museum1 and another in the ,royal ,united ,service ,museum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the history of ,british and ,indian medals is so interwoven that it is impossible to study the first without knowing something of the latter4 ,it may even be claimed that much which affected the fashioning and awarding of late eighteenth-century decorations given by the authorities at ,bombay has since been copied by our authorities at home4 ,the most obvious point bearing on this contention deals with the shape of the medals4 ,before the ,indian examples1 all of which were circular1 were struck1 the ,british patterns invariably appeared oval in form1 whilst most of the subsequent issues have been circular4 ,again1 the allegorical designs of patriotic themes1 which our most recent medals bear1 had their early origin in the sepoy tableaux which decorated the reverse of the ,indian medals4 ,the reverse side of ,british medals before the ,indian specimens were issued usually depicted the features of a royal personage1 a coat of arms1 or1 perhaps1 a sailing vessel4 ,but the greatest influencing factor of the ,indian medals was the method of granting them4 ,every soldier from the highest general down to the lowest fighter received an award4 ,in ,england quite a different custom prevailed4 ,with the single exception of the ,dunbar medal1 no ,english soldier was ever awarded a royal medal until ,waterloo1 unless his conduct had been unusually brave and he had merited some special recognition4 ,the controversy which raged round ,wellington's campaigns as to whether the ordinary men as a class should or should not receive decorations was finally settled by remembering the sepoys of ,india4 ,if it were good for these soldiers to receive them1 then our ,british fighting men must have them as well4 ,such was the popular opinion which prevailed4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,crimean ,,medal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the pioneer medal from ,india is usually spoken of as the #aggh decoration awarded for services at ,poona1 but1 as no specimens are known to exist1 there is reasonable doubt as to whether the decoration was ever struck4 ,the records1 however1 state plainly that the ,bombay ,council decided to give medals to all the officers among the grenadier-sepoys who went with ,colonel ,egerton to quell a native rising in ,poona4 ,in #aghj1 a campaign in ,deccan took place against ,tippoo ,sahib and his father4 ,a medal was afterwards minted by the ,honourable ,east ,india ,company and presented to all officers and men forming the ,bengal ,army4 ,there were gold and silver specimens1 vast numbers of both being struck4 ,the obverse showed ,britannia1 leaning forward1 offering a wreath to a fort flying a ,british flag4 ,the reverse bore a ,persian inscription4 ,a second encounter with ,tippoo ,sahib1 known as the ,mysore ,campaign1 took place in #agia-b4 ,the medals which were subsequently struck for the officers and men who served under ,colonel ,cockerell were made in gold and silver and were intended to be worn around the neck1 suspended by a yellow silk cord4 ,the obverse depicted a sepoy grasping a half-unfurled ,british flag1 trampling at the same time on the enemy's colours2 the reverse bore the inscription1 ,for ,services in ,mysore1 ,a4,d4 #agia-agib4 ,if medals were ever dearly won1 those of the ,mysore ,campaign seem to have been1 for many stories have been told of the great daring shown by ,cockerell's men4 ,thomas ,carter in his work on ,war ,medals writes as follows3 ,one of the most dashing exploits in the ,war of ,mysore was the capture of ,bangalore1 the second city in the dominions of ,tippoo4 ,it was enclosed by a high wall and a deep ditch1 and the gate was covered by a close thicket of ,indian thorns4 ,the attack was made without any examination of the ground1 and the troops in advancing and endeavouring to force an entrance were exposed to a destructive fire of musketry4 ,colonel ,moorhouse1 one of the best officers in the service1 fell mortally wounded4 ,at length1 ,lieutenant ,ayre1 a man of diminutive stature1 succeeded in forcing his way through the shattered gate2 which gallant action being observed by ,general ,meadows1 he shouted to the stormer1 ',well done6 ,now1 whiskers1 try1 if you can1 to follow and support the little gentleman4' ,this animated appeal succeeded3 the troops rushed through the gate into the town and drove out the enemy at the point of the bayonet4 ,it is now necessary to speak of two medals of a slightly different nature to any of the foregoing4 ,in mentioning the first1 we must recall the work undertaken by the #abth ,lancers in #agic1 when one section of the regiment went to ,corsica and1 landing1 captured the ,bastia1 whilst another section went forward to the ,italian coast and entered the harbour of ,civitavecchia4 ,for the protection thus afforded him1 ,pope ,pius ,,vi gave a dozen of the officers gold medals suitably inscribed4 ,these decorations1 it must be added1 were not officially recognized in ,england1 and the recipients received no permission to wear them when in uniform4 ,in the year #agid1 another case of ,british soldiers receiving a foreign decoration occurred4 ,in this instance1 ,emperor ,francis ,,ii of ,germany was the donor of a gold medal and a chain pendant to each of eight officers of the #aeth ,light ,dragoons4 ,the ,emperor had fallen into a precarious position at ,villiers-en-,crouch1 a small settlement near ,cambray1 and1 had it not been for the heroic and persistent efforts of the ,english1 he would certainly have been captured by the ,french1 who were massed in great numbers4 ,the awards were made as a thank-offering for his lucky escape4 ,unlike the ,pope's decorations1 those of ,francis ,,ii were recognized by the ,english ,army authorities1 and the recipients were allowed to wear them when parading in full dress4 ,the following letter may be quoted in reference to the matter#af3-- ,,to ,,lord ,,dorchester1 ,,colonel ,,of ,,the #ae,,th ,,dragoons4 ,may #a1 #agih4 ,,my ,,lord1--,the ,emperor of ,germany having been pleased to present each of the officers of the #aeth ,regiment1 under your ,lordship's command1 who distinguished themselves in so gallant a manner by their spirited attack upon the enemy1 with a very inferior force1 on the #bdth ,april1 #agid1 near ,cambray1 a gold medal has been struck by his ,imperial ,majesty's orders1 on the occasion1 as a particular mark of the sense he entertained of the signal service thereby rendered to the ,allied ,army4 ,i have therefore the honour1 by order of his ,royal ,highness the ,commander-in-,chief to signify to your ,lordship his ,majesty's pleasure that the above-mentioned officers shall be permitted to wear the said medals constantly with their uniforms1 as an honorary badge of their bravery in the field of action1 and an inducement to all others to imitate1 on every favourable occasion1 their glorious example4 ,i have1 etc41 ,,wm4 ,,fawcett1 ,adjutant-,general4 #af ,d4 ,h4 ,irwin1 ,war ,medals1 p4 #ag4 ,from this time until the ,peninsular campaign almost all the medals which we have to record--many of them of a highly interesting nature--were awarded to native troops by the ,honourable ,east ,india ,company4 ,the first1 dated #ahjg1 reminds us of the gradual expansion of the ,british ,empire4 ,it was struck to commemorate the capture of ,ceylon from the ,dutch1 #agie-f4 ,the medal was made in gold and silver in ,calcutta and was given1 probably exclusively1 to the ,bengal ,native ,artillery--one of those sections of the native ,indian ,army of which the ,east ,india ,company was justly proud4 ,the medal was unusually plain1 there being no pictorial design1 but merely the inscription1 ,for ,service at the ,island of ,ceylon1 ,a4,d4 #agie-f1 on the obverse1 and a ,persian inscription on the reverse4 ,it may be said that questions were asked by those in authority as to how so severe a pattern came to be chosen1 and the reply was given that as no exceptional feats occurred during the campaign1 a simple design was deemed most suitable4 ,the reason seems unconvincing4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,general ,,service ,,medal1 #agic-ahad4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,afghan ,,medal4 ,illustration3 ,,south ,,african ,,medal1 #ahgg-i4 ,the siege and capture of ,seringapatam1 which culminated in the death of that arch-enemy1 ,tippoo ,sahib1 was the occasion for issuing a ,madras medal1 according to a general order dated ,july #ah1 #ahjh4 ,gold pieces were given to senior officers1 silver gilt pieces to field officers1 silver pieces to junior officers1 bronze pieces to the rank and file of the ,british force1 and tin pieces to sepoys4 ,the design was attractive3 on the obverse appeared a landscape view of our gallant men storming ,seringapatam1 whilst a lion overwhelming a tiger filled the reverse4 ,the medal was not made in ,calcutta1 as was usually the case with the ,indian decorations1 but at ,birmingham4 ,collectors have often been at a loss to know how the ,indian awards were intended to be worn4 ,in reference to the ,seringapatam distinction1 ,mayo1 in ,medals and ,decorations of the ,british ,army and ,navy1 says3 ,there is no doubt that they were issued unmounted1 and as no directions had been given by the authorities the details as to ribbon and mountings devolved on the recipients1 who exercised their own discretion and taste4 ,it is1 however1 probable that the ,european officers wore them as the gold medals for the ,peninsular and other campaigns were worn--i4e4 round the neck1 or at the button-hole1 according to rank4 ,some added a clasp bearing the word ,seringapatam4 ,three patterns of ribbon1 at least1 appear to have been used1 viz4 red with blue borders1 yellow watered1 and plain red4 ,that the first was used under some sort of authority is gathered from a discussion which took place between the ,madras ,government and the ,commander-in-,chief in #ahca1 on the occasion of the distribution of the medals awarded to the native troops in the first ,burmese war4 ,the ,commander-in-,chief had proposed that a piece of red ribbon with blue borders should be issued with each medal4 ,the ,government assented to the issue of the ribbon but objected to the pattern on the ground of its resemblance to the ,waterloo ribbon4 ,to this the ,commander-in-,chief replied that the ribbon he had proposed was common to all medals granted by ,his ,majesty in modern times1 and was considered to be the medal ribbon of ,england4 ,he added3 ',the medals of ,seringapatam and ,java are both suspended from it1 and both are so worn with the sanction of ,his ,majesty4' ,this is authoritative evidence of the medal being worn with the only military ribbon then in use4 ,lord ,harris1 who commanded at ,seringapatam1 wore his medal1 gold1 suspended round his neck by the red1 blue-bordered ribbon1 as the gold medal was worn by general officers4 ,a bust of his lordship was exhibited at the ,royal ,military ,exhibition1 at ,chelsea in #ahij4 ,this showed the medal worn round the neck1 with a clasp inscribed ',seringapatam4' ,a second ,seringapatam medal1 almost similar in design to the first1 was struck in #ahjh and presented to ,british as well as native troops by order of the ,east ,india ,company4 ,this decoration was made at ,calcutta4 ,the next medal takes us to ,egypt and recalls to mind a number of desperate encounters between the ,english and ,french4 ,in the year #ahjj an army of #ae1jjj ,british soldiers1 under ,sir ,ralph ,abercrombie1 had been assembled in the peninsula4 ,the ,french were already massed there in great numbers1 being more than double our strength4 ,on ,march #ba1 #ahja1 a bloody contest took place at ,alexandria1 and ,abercrombie fell mortally wounded4 ,reinforcements were necessary1 and these were supplied by the ,east ,india ,company1 which dispatched an expeditionary force of native troops with commendable promptitude4 ,on returning to ,india in #ahjc1 the ,government of ,bombay promised the men a campaign medal--that is to say1 a medal would be granted to each individual who set out to fight for the ,british cause4 ,nine years elapsed before the medal was struck1 but it is gratifying to know that specimens were given to the descendants of all soldiers whose demise had taken place in the meantime4 ,sixteen gold and #b1aii silver copies were struck at a cost of ,r4 #eeai4h4 ,the obverse of this award showed a sepoy holding a ,union ,jack1 whilst in the background the tents of the ,indian camp were revealed4 ,a ,persian inscription filled the exergue 7i4e4 the section of the circular face of the medal cut off from the rest by a straight line74 ,the reverse revealed a wooden ,british ship nearing the coast1 presumably of ,egypt4 ,the date1 ,,mdccci1 was added4 ,the ,turkish ,sultan1 also1 gave a medal to the ,british soldiers who took part in this campaign4 ,it is usually spoken of as ,the ,order of the ,crescent4 ,these early years of the nineteenth century brought the ,english into many unfortunate conflicts with our present allies1 the ,french4 ,no sooner was strife at an end in ,egypt than we once more met our gallant rivals1 this time in the ,islands of ,rodrigues1 ,bourbon1 and ,mauritius4 ,it was in the years #ahji-aj1 under the command of ,general ,j4 ,abercromby1 who led the #fth and #bdth ,madras ,infantry1 also the #dth ,bombay ,infantry1 and ,vice-,admiral ,bertie1 who brought a squadron of ships1 that a strong force met and defeated the ,french4 ,the medal which was afterwards awarded to all natives who took part in the engagement was inscribed1 ,this medal was conferred in commemoration of the bravery and fidelity exhibited by the ,sepoys of the ,english ,company in the capture of the ,islands of ,rodrigues1 ,bourbon1 and ,mauritius in the year of ,hegira1 #abbf4 ,the date as reckoned by the ,english calendar was also given4 ,the obverse revealed a sepoy standing with our national flag in one hand and a rifle in the other4 ,a cannon was shown just behind him1 whilst the background depicted an expanse of sea4 ,gold and silver pieces were struck by the ,calcutta ,mint4 ,the following ,order in ,council of the year #ahaa is of interest3-- ,on the occasion of the approaching return from the late ,french islands of the volunteers from ,bengal1 ,fort ,st4 ,george1 and ,bombay1 to the ,presidencies to which they respectively belong1 ,his ,excellency the ,vice-,president in ,council considers it to be no less an act of justice than of indispensable duty to record the high sense he entertains of the services performed by the native soldiery1 who were employed in concert with ,his ,majesty's troops in the reduction of the ,islands of ,rodriguez1 ,bourbon1 and ,mauritius4 ,he is pleased to signify his approbation of the distinguished merits of the volunteers by conferring honorary medals on all the native commissioned and non-commissioned officers1 troopers1 sepoys1 gaulundauze1 and gun lascars employed on that service4 ,closely following on the declaration of peace in the three above-mentioned islands of the ,indian ,ocean came trouble with the ,dutch in ,java4 ,as was usual1 a joint army of home and native troops was dispatched to the scene of conflict4 ,a victory was gained in #ahaa1 and on ,february #aa1 #ahab1 seven thousand medals were struck by the ,east ,india ,company at ,calcutta1 for distribution among the ,indian troops4 ,the ,british regiments1 the #adth1 #eith1 #fith1 #ghth1 and #hith ,foot1 took part in the expedition but1 following the usual custom1 received no awards4 ,the particulars of this ,indian medal were as follows3 ,obverse--sepoys storming ,fort ,cornelis1 upon which was prominently displayed a flagstaff bearing a ,british flag above1 presumably1 a ,dutch flag with the word ,,cornelis printed above the scene4 ,reverse--a ,persian inscription and ,august ,,mdcccx4 ,java ,conquered4 ,,xxvi4 ,the ,nepaul medal was the next to be struck by the ,honourable ,east ,india ,company4 ,it bears the date of #ahaf4 ,in granting this award1 a departure was made from the usual custom of giving a decoration to every soldier1 or his heirs1 who actually set out from home with an expeditionary force4 ,in this case1 the medal was granted1 first1 to officers who reached the fighting area and1 second1 to the men who conducted themselves with conspicuous bravery4 ,mayo says that the feeling was probably gaining ground that too many medals were being struck and their value was becoming lessened in consequence4 ,this he suggests was the reason for restricting the number on this occasion4 ,the obverse of the ,nepaul medal showed a stirring picture of hills1 strongly fortified1 with cannon in the foreground and an array of bayonets just coming into view4 ,the reverse consisted of a ,persian inscription4 ,after ,nepaul1 a long period followed during which no campaign medals were awarded to ,indian troops4 ,certain individual awards were made to officers1 but as in each case less than twenty pieces were struck1 we consider it unnecessary to record them in detail4 ,at this point we must retrace our steps to the year #ahjf and speak of the ,battle of ,maida1 which may be described as an outlying encounter in the ,napoleonic campaigns4 ,to celebrate ,sir ,john ,stuart's victory over the forces led by ,general ,regnier1 a medal was struck and presented to thirteen of the highest officers4 ,the award in itself was unimportant1 but as it was practically the first royal medal to be given to ,british soldiers since the time of ,culloden1 it must be looked upon as an epoch-making decoration4 ,we must admit that ,nelson's men at ,trafalgar had received awards1 and certain regiments which took part in various ,napoleonic wars were provided with coveted distinctions1 but in every case they were planned and paid for by private individuals and so cannot rank in any way as royal medals4 ,it is perhaps interesting to record1 in parenthesis1 that the ,trafalgar medals were given to the recipients by an engineer of ,birmingham named ,matthew ,boulton4 ,the last award to be described in this chapter is the ,peninsular medal4 ,two sizes1 both in gold1 were struck and presented to officers4 ,no men received them4 ,the designs of both were3 ,obverse--,britannia1 seated on a globe1 holding out a palm2 a couchant lion beside her4 ,reverse--a laurel wreath framing the name of one of the following battles3 ,roleia1 ,vimeira1 ,sahagun1 ,benevente1 ,corunna1 ,martinique1 ,talavera1 ,guadaloupe1 ,busaco1 ,barrosa1 ,fuentes d',onoro1 ,albuera1 ,java1 ,ciudad ,rodrigo1 ,badajoz1 ,salamanca1 ,fort ,detroit1 ,vittoria1 ,pyrenees1 ,st4 ,sebastian ,chateauguay1 ,nivelle1 ,nive1 ,orthes1 and ,toulouse4 ,the name and rank of the recipient was engraved upon the edge4 ,the larger medal was awarded to general officers and was provided with an attachment for wearing around the neck1 a crimson ribbon with blue edging being specified4 ,the smaller medal was given to junior officers who took command in cases where their superior-commanders had been disabled4 ,this award was provided with a buckle and ribbon as above and was intended for wear upon the breast4 ,both the large and small medals were conferred for service in one engagement4 ,for a second or third engagement bars were provided4 ,these1 it may be added1 in parenthesis1 were the first bars given to ,british soldiers4 ,when an officer received distinctions in more than three engagements he was awarded the ,peninsular ,cross instead of the foregoing circular medals4 ,this distinction was struck in gold and had much the same shape and design as was afterwards selected for the ,victoria ,cross4 ,the lion on the former1 however1 faces to the right1 whilst on the latter it looks to the left4 ,in this chapter we have traced the history of ,british medals from their inception in the reign of ,elizabeth down to the stormy times of the ,duke of ,wellington4 ,the period was marked by the paucity of awards made to ,british troops4 ,popular opinion1 however1 was gradually forcing its influence during the latter years of the period upon the authorities who withheld them1 and the following chapter shows how agitations coming from non-military quarters caused a complete change of policy in the granting of these coveted distinctions4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,indian ,,mutiny ,,medal4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,military ,,medals ,,struck ,,by ,,the ,,mint ,campaign medals considered--,waterloo--,burmah--,china-- ,cabul-- ,jellalabad--,scinde--,meeanee--,sobraon --,the men's ,peninsular medal--,punjab--,indian ,general ,service medals--,south ,africa1 #ahej-c2 also #ahgg-i--;,baltic--,crimea--,indian ,mutiny--,abyssinia-- ,new ,zealand--,later awards ,in these days when the deeds of brave men1 whether they be of high or low rank1 are acclaimed with equal praise1 it is extremely difficult to understand the feelings which actuated the authorities a hundred or more years ago when awarding military medals4 ,parliament1 though it was supposed to represent the masses1 decided time after time in these early years of the nineteenth century that decorations were only meant for soldiers of rank and that the common men had neither claim nor title to them4 ,the usual plea was that the ordinary soldier had been paid for his services1 and there the nation's obligation to him was at an end4 ,somehow or other1 the authorities seem to have shut their eyes to the fact that the same argument could be applied with equal force to the commanders of the ,army4 ,it is somewhat lamentable to note that even so grand a soldier as the ,duke of ,wellington argued in favour of withholding rewards from the rank and file1 and his opinion1 we may be sure1 had great influence in certain high quarters4 ,but in spite of the decided opinions held by those in authority1 there was a strong party of agitators who opposed these narrow views4 ,to them must be accredited much1 for in face of every conceivable obstacle they left no stone unturned until the coveted awards were shared by men as well as commanders4 ,in the early days which followed ,waterloo this little band displayed particular activity4 ,are our ordinary soldiers1 fresh home from the ,belgian battlefields1 to go unrewarded as the ,peninsular heroes have done8 was their constant cry4 ,the people took up the matter1 and only when absolutely forced to did ,parliament agree to strike a medal for all ranks of the victorious army4 ,the official decree ran as follows3-- ,the ,prince ,regent has been graciously pleased in the name and on behalf of ,his ,majesty to command that in commemoration of the brilliant and decisive victory of ,waterloo1 a medal shall be conferred upon every officer1 non-commissioned officer1 and soldier upon that occasion4 ,by command of ,his ,royal ,highness the ,prince ,regent4 ,,frederick1 ,commander-in-,chief4 ,undoubtedly the innovation of rewarding the rank and file as well as the officers created much satisfaction4 ,the people openly displayed their approval1 the soldiers were pleased beyond measure1 and the ,press spoke of the change as a step in the right direction2 such1 at any rate1 is the impression one gathers from reading articles bearing on the matter in contemporary numbers of the ,quarterly ,review4 ,the ,waterloo medal bore on the obverse a profile of ,george and the inscription ,george ,p4 ,regent4 ,on the reverse was a winged figure of ,victory seated upon a rectangular scroll bearing the word ,waterloo1 and the date ,june #ah1 #ahae4 ,the reverse design was obviously copied from a coin of ,elias which is exhibited in the ,british ,museum4 ,the ribbon was of red silk flanked with blue edges4 ,this material was passed through a circular ring and not through a horizontal slot1 as is customary to-day4 ,the award was received by all grades of men who were present at the ,battle of ,ligny1 ,june #afth2 ,quatre ,bras1 ,june #agth2 ,waterloo1 ,june #ahth2 as well as by certain forces which were posted in the rear of the battlefield on ,june #ahth4 ,certain ,german troops were also decorated with this award4 ,the collector will often come across specimens of this medal1 which are provided with slots instead of rings for holding the ribbon in position4 ,many of the original recipients preferred this latter method of attachment and made the alteration themselves4 ,such specimens1 therefore1 are not in strict accordance with the official pattern and are in consequence of less value than the unaltered kind4 ,some ten years elapsed before the next medal1 styled the ,first ,burmah ,medal1 #ahbd-f1 was struck4 ,this being an ,indian award1 no royal features were portrayed4 ,on the obverse was a palm-tree and an army storming an ,eastern city1 probably ,rangoon2 there was also a ,persian inscription in the exergue4 ,on the reverse1 a lion was encountering a white elephant1 and a ,british flag waved prominently in the background4 ,the decoration was struck in gold for officers1 and silver for men of other standing4 ,for the first time with ,indian medals1 a definite ribbon1 red and blue1 was prescribed4 ,the earliest award to bear the head of ,queen ,victoria was the ,china medal of #ahdb4 ,the features portrayed on this specimen were similar to those shown on a medallion executed by ,william ,wyon in #ahcg1 and struck to commemorate ,victoria's first visit to the ,city of ,london as queen4 ,her ,majesty evinced a great liking for this rendering of her features1 and consequently it was used for the coinage1 the postage stamps1 and1 lastly1 the medals4 ,the reverse side revealed a group of arms of various kinds4 ,the ribbon was red1 edged with yellow4 ,it was given both to soldiers and sailors4 ,this award may be confused with a later ,china medal of the same design4 ,the earlier pattern1 however1 bears the year #ahdb under the word ,china in the exergue1 whilst the #aheg-fj pattern has no date at all4 ,also1 no bars were furnished with the earlier specimen1 but as many as six may be found on the latter4 ,writing of the thrilling incidents which crowded the first campaign1 ,carter describes one of them in the following words3 ,the west gate had been blown in by ,captain ,pears1 the commanding engineer4 ,a body of ,tartars1 having been driven into one division of the western outwork1 refused to surrender1 when most of them were either shot or destroyed in the burning houses1 several of which had been set on fire by the enemy or by the ,british guns4 ,major-,general ,bartley subsequently proceeded with a body of troops consisting of the #ahth and part of the #dith ,regiment1 when a hot engagement ensued with about one thousand ,tartars1 who1 under cover of some enclosures1 opened a destructive fire on the soldiers as they were filing round the walls4 ,the leading division of the #dith dashed down the ramparts1 while the #ahth pushed on4 ,as a result1 the enemy was soon dispersed1 although some fought with great desperation4 ,from the sun becoming so overpowering it was found impossible to move with men already fatigued by their exertions1 many of whom died from the intense heat4 ,the troops1 therefore1 remained in occupation of the gates until six o'clock1 when several parties were pushed into the ,tartar city and to the public offices4 ,on passing through the city and suburbs1 the painful spectacle presented itself of hundreds of the dead bodies of men1 women1 and children lying in the houses1 numerous families having destroyed themselves sooner than outlive the disgrace of their city being captured by foreigners4 ,the second ,chinese war resulted from a cumulation of depredatory movements on the part of the natives1 but the capture of the ,arrow1 a vessel flying the ,british flag1 was directly responsible for the declaration of hostilities4 ,the next medal struck at the ,mint was awarded to the soldiers who took arms in #ahdb1 in ,cabul4 ,the obverse bore the ,wyon head of ,victoria1 whilst the reverse was issued in four patterns as follows3-- #a4 ,a wreath encircling the inscription ,candahar1 #ahdb4 #b4 ,a wreath encircling the word ,ghuznee1 and another encircling the word ,cabul4 #c4 ,a wreath encircling the inscription ,candahar1 ,ghuznee1 ,cabul1 #ahdb4 #d4 ,a wreath encircling the inscription ,cabul1 #ahdb4 ,the ribbon attached to all the varieties was of the rainbow pattern which has since become familiar on ,indian medals4 ,a native medal was also struck at the ,mint for distribution among the ,indian troops4 ,instead of ,victoria's bust a trophy of arms surmounting the inscription ,invicta1 ,,mdcccxlii1 filled the obverse side4 ,after ,cabul came the ,jellalabad rising4 ,to celebrate the victories of this campaign1 a medal was struck at ,calcutta and distributed to all soldiers who took part in the various actions4 ,the design was considered unsatisfactory2 the obverse bore a simple mural crown1 the upper edge of which resembled the embattled coping of a castle1 whilst the reverse showed the date ,,vii ,april #ahdb1 in bold but plain lettering4 ,in consequence of the dissatisfaction which the medal caused1 another was struck by the ,mint in ,london and sent out to the troops in #ahde4 ,an order was issued at the same time stating that all recipients of the ,calcutta award could have their decoration changed for the ,london award on making formal application4 ,curiously enough1 the soldiers who had grumbled at the pattern of the earlier medal showed little desire to become recipients of the newer piece1 and in only a few cases was the exchange made4 ,the ,london striking is consequently somewhat rare4 ,the ,mint medal bore the ,wyon head of ,victoria surrounded with the words ,victoria ,vindex1 whilst the rear showed a graceful figure of ,victory1 with wings1 holding a flag and a laurel wreath4 ,the words ,jellalabad1 ,,vii ,april ,,mdcccxlii encircled the figure4 ,the rainbow ribbon of ,india suspended the medal4 ,the early forties were troublous times in ,india4 ,hardly twelve months after ,jellalabad had been fought and won1 a medal was earned by our brave troops in the province of ,scinde4 ,referring to this campaign1 ,mayo quotes the following interesting letter3-- ,,colonial ,,office1 ,,downing ,,street4 #ahth ,july1 #ahdc4 ,,my ,,lord1 ,i have the honour to acquaint your ,lordships1 that the ,queen1 being desirous of commemorating the signal success obtained by the ,force under the command of ,major-,general ,sir ,charles ,napier1 in ,scinde1 has been graciously pleased to command that a ,medal1 to resemble as nearly as possible that proposed for the ,troops employed in ,afghanistan1 should be conferred upon the ,officers1 ,non-commissioned officers1 and ,soldiers in ,her ,majesty's ,service1 who were engaged in the ,battles of ,meeanee and ,hyderabad4 ,without anticipating the course which the ,court of ,directors of the ,east ,india ,co4 may propose to take for commemorating the success of the ,company's ,troops in ,scinde1 ,i think it nevertheless right to add that ,her ,majesty would readily permit the ,officers1 ,non-commissioned officers1 and ,soldiers of the ,company's ,army to whom the ,court of ,directors might think proper to grant ,medals in commemoration of the ,battles of ,meeanee and ,hyderabad to wear such ,medals in all parts of ,her ,majesty's ,dominions4 ,i have etc41 ,,stanley1 ,the ,presidency of the ,indian ,board4 ,the ,mint medal issued in ,march #ahdf bore the ,wyon head of ,victoria1 with the words ,victoria ,regina on the obverse1 but of the reverse there were three patterns4 ,the first showed a laurel wreath and crown encircling the word ,meeanee2 the second had the word ,hyderabad substituted2 whilst the third gave both battles1 namely ,meeanee and ,hyderabad4 ,the rainbow ribbon was again employed4 ,before turning to the next medal1 it is pleasant to recall the ,duke of ,wellington's brief eulogy of ,sir ,charles ,napier's campaign1 which he addressed to the ,house of ,lords4 ,sir ,charles ,napier moved his troops through the desert against hostile forces1 he transported his guns under circumstances of extreme difficulty and in a most extraordinary manner1 and he cut off a retreat of the enemy which rendered it impossible for them ever to regain their positions4 ,meeanee was fought on ,february #agth1 and ,hyderabad on ,march #bd1 #ahdc4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,china ,,medal1 #ahdb-fj4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,egyptian ,,medal1 #ahhb-i4 ,two years after ,scinde1 the ,sutlej ,campaign was waged between ,british troops and ,sikhs4 ,the ,mint medal struck to commemorate our victories was the second award to carry clasps or bars--the officers' ,peninsular medal being the first4 ,the obverse again showed ,wyon's head of ,victoria3 the reverse displayed a stirring picture of ,victory holding out a wreath1 with a stack of arms at her feet4 ,the words ,army of the ,sutlej encircled the allegory4 ,of the exergue on the reverse1 there were four different types3 the first read ,moodkee1 #ahde2 the second1 ,ferozeshuhur1 #ahde2 the third1 ,aliwal1 #ahdf2 and the fourth1 ,sobraon1 #ahdf4 ,the ,general ,order which regulated the granting of this decoration stated that soldiers who took part in more than one engagement were to receive the medal engraved with the name of their earliest encounter1 whilst bars were to be added for subsequent victories4 ,from this it is clear that the ,sobraon medal cannot be found with any bars4 ,bars1 the decree stated1 were to be worn in the following order1 counting upwards from the medal3 ,ferozeshuhur1 ,aliwal1 and ,sobraon4 ,naturally1 no bars for ,moodkee were issued4 ,curious as it may seem1 the next decoration to be struck by the ,mint was the rankers' ,peninsular medal4 ,it will be remembered that on the conclusion of ,wellington's campaign in ,spain two gold pieces were issued for officers1 but that no awards were presented to the ordinary soldiers4 ,this arrangement pleased neither the men nor the officers1 who knew how much the country was indebted to the rank and file4 ,as a consequence1 the question of the men's medal was constantly discussed in ,parliament4 ,in #ahdd1 the matter was thoroughly debated upon in the ,lower ,house1 but the opposers urged with a certain amount of success that ,wellington had decided years ago that no award should be granted4 ,sir ,charles ,napier's answer to this lame argument was to the point4 ,it is never too late to do a good thing1 he retorted amidst the applause of his followers4 ,two years later1 in #ahdf1 the matter was again before the ,house1 and1 probably because ,queen ,victoria was somewhat partial to the granting of distinctions when merited1 a favourable decision was arrived at4 ,the men were to have the medal so long withheld from them1 as the following ,general ,order of ,june #a1 #ahdg1 explains3-- ,her ,majesty having been graciously pleased to command that a medal should be struck to record the services of her fleets and armies during the wars commencing #agic1 and ending in #ahad1 and that one should be conferred upon every officer1 non-commissioned officer and soldier of the army who was in any battle or siege1 to commemorate which medals have been struck by command of ,her ,majesty's ,royal predecessors and have been distributed to the general or superior officers of the general armies and corps of troops engaged1 in conformity with the regulations of the army at that time in force4444 ,the ,order was somewhat lengthy and involved1 but its chief clauses were3 7a7 men should receive medals and clasps for all engagements figuring on the superior officers' medals and clasps of #ahjh-i1 and 7b7 relatives of men since deceased could claim the award on production of sufficient title4 ,the medals were issued to #ai1jjj claimants in #ahdh4 ,in #ahej1 the ,duke of ,richmond suggested that the troops in ,egypt1 who had fought with great bravery1 should also receive the distinction1 and the ,queen graciously consented to recognize their services4 ,in this case1 however1 the relatives of dead soldiers could not claim the award4 ,there is much about the rankers' ,peninsular medal which is unsatisfactory4 ,in the first place1 the reverse bears the figure of ,victoria crowning the ,duke of ,wellington4 ,as he took no part in many of the contributory campaigns1 and as his veto so long delayed the granting of the decoration1 some other design would have been more appropriate4 ,again1 the date placed in the exergue1 #agic-ahad1 is much too vague4 ,and lastly1 the head of ,victoria on the obverse has often caused confusion1 as she did not ascend the throne until some three years after the campaign had come to a welcome close4 ,the ,punjab award1 #ahdh-i1 is probably one of the most artistic pieces of work emanating from the ,london ,mint4 ,on the obverse was the familiar ,wyon head of ,victoria1 surrounded by the words ,victoria ,regina1 whilst on the reverse was a stirring tableau representing ,sikhs presenting their arms to ,major-,general ,sir ,walter ,raleigh ,gilbert at ,rawul ,pindee4 ,the ribbon was blue1 striped with two narrow lines of yellow4 ,there were three clasps3 ,chilianwala1 ,mooltan1 and ,goojerat4 ,the most desperate encounter in this campaign was the ,battle of ,chilianwala1 during which the brigade under ,brigadier ,pennycuick and ,lieutenant-,colonel ,brookes was led to make a disastrous charge owing to a misunderstanding4 ,the #bdth ,regiment suffered terribly1 and their medals are now extremely valuable in consequence4 ,in #ahea1 ,queen ,victoria1 in furtherance of her policy of rewarding unrecognized actions of the past1 decided to issue an ,indian ,general ,service medal to cover the following feats of arms3-- ,storm of ,allighur--,september #d1 #ahjc4 ,battle of ,delhi--,september #aa1 #ahjc4 ,battle of ,assaye--,september #bc1 #ahjc4 ,siege of ,asseerghur--,october #ba1 #ahjc4 ,battle of ,laswarree--,november #a1 #ahjc4 ,battle of ,argaum--,november #bi1 #ahjc4 ,siege and storm of ,gawilghur--,december #ae1 #ahjc4 ,defence of ,delhi--,october #ahjd4 ,battle of ,deig--,november #ac1 #ahjd4 ,capture of ,deig--,december #bc1 #ahjd4 ,war of ,nepaul--#ahaf4 ,battle of ,kirkee and battle and capture of ,poona--,november #ahag4 ,battle of ,seetabuldee and battle and capture of ,nagpoor--,november and ,december #ahag4 ,battle of ,maheidpoor--,december #ba1 #ahag4 ,defence of ,corygaum--,january #a1 #ahah4 ,war in ,ava--#ahbd-f4 ,siege and storm of ,bhurtpoor--,january #ahbf4 ,the following are the particulars of the medal3-- ,obverse--,wyon's head of ,victoria1 with the inscription ,victoria ,regina4 ,reverse--,victory1 seated4 ,a palm-tree in front of her4 ,ribbon--,sky blue4 ,clasps--,twenty-three in number4 ,it is curious to note that the reverse bears the date #agii-ahbf1 though the above list of engagements restricts the years to #ahjc-bf4 ,this is due to the fact that the list was revised after the dies had been put in hand1 and certain of the earlier battles were deleted on the advice of the ,duke of ,wellington4 ,a second ,indian ,general ,service medal was issued in #ahed and subsequently as conditions demanded4 ,it should be mentioned that the authorities had grown to view the constant striking of fresh medals for ,indian service with a certain amount of disfavour1 and the standard design was introduced in order to prevent a multiplicity of patterns4 ,the measure may have proved satisfactory to those in authority1 but it certainly had grave disadvantages of a more or less obvious character4 ,the ribbon1 for instance1 was similar through all the years of the issue1 and when worn with undress or civilian clothes conveyed little meaning4 ,the following clasps were issued3-- ,pegu2 ,persia2 ,north-,west ,frontier2 ,umbeyla2 ,bhootan2 ,looshai2 ,perak1 #ahge2 ,jowaki1 #ahgg2 ,naga1 #ahgi2 ,burma1 #ahhe1 #ahhg1 and #ahhi2 ,sikkim1 #ahhh2 ,hazara1 #ahhh and #ahia2 ,chin-,lushai1 #ahhi2 ,samana1 #ahia2 ,north-,west ,frontier1 #ahia2 ,hunza1 #ahia2 ,lushgai1 #ahhi2 ,wazeristan1 #ahid4 ,the value of the piece varies considerably1 according to the clasps provided with it4 ,the description of the second ,indian ,general ,service award is3-- ,obverse--,wyon's head of ,victoria1 with the inscription ,victoria ,regina4 ,reverse--,victory crowning a naked warrior4 ,ribbon--,three strips of red and two of blue1 all of equal width4 ,another general medal1 first issued in the early fifties1 was the ,south ,african medal4 ,it will be remembered that in #ahej-c certain ,british regiments were engaged in putting down ,kaffir risings4 ,when a decoration was struck for them1 ,queen ,victoria decreed that the soldiers who fought in the earlier ,kaffir risings in #ahcd and #ahdf-g should also receive the award4 ,the design1 which was the same for all1 bore the ,wyon head on the obverse1 and a crouching lion with the words ,south ,africa and the date #ahec on the reverse4 ,the ribbon was orange1 streaked with four blue lines4 ,for the #ahcd campaign1 the #bgth1 #gbnd1 and #geth ,foot regiments were decorated4 ,for the #ahdf-g campaign1 the recipients were the #gth ,dragoon ,guards1 the ,rifle ,brigade1 the #fth1 #bgth1 #deth1 #gith1 #ijth1 and #iast ,foot regiments4 ,for the #ahej-c campaign1 the following were honoured3 the #bnd1 #fth1 #abth1 #dcrd1 #fjth1 #gcrd1 #gdth1 #iast ,foot1 the ,rifle ,brigade1 the #abth ,lancers1 and various ,marines4 ,by noting the recipient's regiment1 engraved on the medal edge1 it is possible1 in most cases1 to decide for which particular campaign the award was made4 ,it may be convenient to state here that the ,south ,african decoration was re-issued in #ahgg-i4 ,the design was similar to the original1 except that the exergue contained a picture of ,kaffir arms instead of the date #ahec4 ,with this issue clasps bearing the following years were given3 #ahgg1 #ahgh1 #ahgi1 #ahgg-h1 #ahgh-i1 and #ahgg-h-i4 ,the next medal was that presented for the ,baltic4 ,it was given largely to the ,navy1 but the ,army received its share1 as the letter here quoted from ,mayo plainly shows3-- ,,admiralty1 ,june #e1 #ahef4 ,her ,majesty having been graciously pleased to signify ,her commands that a medal shall be granted to the ,officers and ,crews of ,her ,majesty's ships as well as to such ,officers and ,men of ,her ,majesty's ,army as were employed in the operations in the ,baltic in the years #ahed-e1 the ,lords ,commissioners of the ,admiralty hereby give notice of the same4 ,the obverse of the award was again embellished by the familiar head engraved by ,wyon1 whilst the reverse depicted ,britannia seated4 ,the inscription ,baltic1 #ahed-ahee1 surrounded her4 ,the ribbon was yellow1 flanked with narrow edges of blue4 ,after the ,baltic came the ,crimea award4 ,this is certainly one of the finest productions which the ,london ,mint has ever given us4 ,the well-known picture of ,victoria filled the obverse1 whilst a splendid allegorical group1 depicting ,victory crowning a ,roman soldier1 ornamented the reverse4 ,the clasps were more decorative than usual1 taking the form of elongated oak-leaves held in position by minute acorns4 ,they were five in number and bore the designations of ,alma1 ,balaklava1 ,inkerman1 ,sebastopol1 and ,azoff 7the latter only for naval victories74 ,the ribbon was light blue1 edged with yellow4 ,the medal commands but a very low price--considering how important was the victory which it commemorates--unless it bears the bar for ,balaklava4 ,if provided with this honour1 and engraved for one of the cavalry regiments which took part in the famous charge1 its value is considerable4 ,the last award to be paid for by the ,honourable ,east ,india ,company was the ,indian ,mutiny medal of #aheg-h4 ,this1 of course1 is one of the finest pieces which could enter the medallist's collection1 yet it is procurable for a very modest sum1 unless it bears the clasp for the ,defence of ,lucknow1 when it is somewhat costly4 ,the obverse shows ,victoria's profile1 as before1 whilst the reverse displays ,britannia seated on a lion1 with the word ,india printed around the edge4 ,the ribbon is silver grey1 with two bars of red4 ,the clasps are five in number3 ,delhi1 ,defence of ,lucknow1 ,relief of ,lucknow1 ,lucknow1 and ,central ,india4 ,the medal was presented1 generally1 to soldiers in the #ith ,lancers and the ,bengal ,horse ,artillery1 besides many civilians4 ,in #ahfg-h1 a medal for ,abyssinia was minted4 ,in some measure it was an interesting award1 as the usual head of ,victoria was superseded by another design1 engraved by ,j4 ,s4 ,wyon and ,a4 ,b4 ,wyon4 ,in this case the royal features were portrayed within a small circle1 which was surrounded by a star having nine points4 ,in the angles formed by the points of the star the letters ,a-,b-,y-,s-,s-,i-,n-,i-,a were printed4 ,the reverse was a simple circular wreath4 ,there were no clasps1 and the ribbon--silver grey and red in colour--was passed through a circular ring1 joined to the medal by a royal crown fashioned in silver4 ,in #ahfi1 a much-belated decoration was struck for distribution among the soldiers and sailors who fought against the ,maoris in ,new ,zealand in #ahde-g and #ahfj-f4 ,the expeditionary force was landed in #ahde1 in order to uphold the rights of ,british settlers1 who complained that after purchasing allotments of land they were denied their title4 ,the ,maori chiefs disclaimed all knowledge of such practices1 but when a ,british magistrate presented a formal complaint to a certain ,wairau chief1 he was murdered4 ,this seems to have been a signal for other native chiefs to rise and maltreat the ,europeans generally4 ,the ,british force1 it may be added1 only arrived in time to prevent a wholesale massacre of the settlers from the ,motherland4 ,the obverse of the medal bore a new head of ,victoria1 wearing widow's weeds2 the reverse showed a wreath1 and the inscription ,new ,zealand1 ,virtutis ,honor3 #ahdf-fe4 ,for reasons which are not clear1 a few pieces were struck bearing no date4 ,the ribbon was blue and red4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as the historical incidents relating to the medals of recent issue are generally known1 it will only be necessary in the following cases to describe the designs of the medals themselves4 ,canada1 #ahff-gj4--,yet another profile of ,queen ,victoria1 with inscription ,victoria ,regina et ,imperatrix4 ,on the reverse1 a wreath of maple-leaves and a ,canadian ensign4 ,clasps--,fenian ,raid1 #ahff2 ,fenian ,raid1 #ahgj2 ,red ,river1 #ahgj4 ,ribbon--two bars of red and one of grey4 ,ashanti1 #ahgd-id4--,still another profile of ,queen ,victoria1 with inscription ,victoria ,regina4 ,the reverse bore a group of ,british soldiers fighting savages in a wood1 the work of ,e4 ,j4 ,poynter1 ,r4,a4 ,clasps--,coomassie2 #ahhg-h2 #ahia-b2 #ahib2 #ahic-d4 ,ribbon--yellow and black4 ,afghanistan1 #ahgh-hj4--;,another profile of ,queen ,victoria1 with inscription ,victoria ,regina et ,imperatrix4 ,on the reverse1 a fine picture of ,indian soldiers proceeding through a mountain pass1 in which an elephant is prominently displayed4 ,the sketch was made by ,randolph ,caldecott4 ,clasps--,ali ,musjid2 ,peiwar-,kotal2 ,charasia2 ,ahmed ,khel2 ,kabul2 ,kandahar4 ,ribbon--green and plum4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,sutlej ,,medal4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,punjab ,,medal4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,third ,,indian ,,general ,,service ,,medal4 ,cape of ,good ,hope ,general ,service4--,on the obverse1 ,victoria with widow's weeds and small crown4 ,on the reverse1 the words ,cape of ,good ,hope1 surmounting a lion and unicorn4 ,clasps--,bechuanaland2 ,basutoland2 ,transkei4 ,ribbon--blue and yellow4 ,egypt1 #ahhb-i4--;,head of ,victoria1 as on the ,ashanti medal1 on obverse1 and sphinx1 with inscription ,egypt1 #ahhb1 on the reverse4 ,clasps--,alexandria2 ,tel-el-,kebir2 ,suakin2 ,el ,teb2 ,tamaai2 ,el ,teb-,tamaai2 ,the ,nile1 #ahhd-e2 ,abou ,klea2 ,kirbekan2 ,suakin1 #ahhd2 ,tofrek2 ,gemaizah2 ,toski1 #ahhi4 ,ribbon--grey and blue4 ,north-,west ,canada1 #ahhe4--,obverse1 as for ,egypt4 ,reverse1 maple wreath1 and inscription ,north-,west ,canada1 #ahhe4 ,clasp--,saskatchewan4 ,ribbon--grey with two red stripes4 ,west ,africa1 #ahij-aijj4--;,head as in previous case4 ,reverse1 ,british soldiers fighting savages in a forest4 ,seventeen clasps4 ,ribbon--black and yellow4 ,matabeleland1 #ahic4--;,a fresh head of ,victoria on the obverse1 and a wounded lion1 with the inscription ,matabeleland on the reverse4 ,no clasps4 ,ribbon--orange and blue in seven stripes4 ,central ,africa1 #ahid-h4--,medal as for ,west ,africa4 ,one clasp4 ,central ,africa1 #ahid-h4 ,ribbon--plum1 silver1 and black4 ,third ,india ,general ,service ,medal1 #ahie-h4--,victoria in widow's weeds on obverse1 and a ,british and ,indian soldier grasping a standard on reverse4 ,six clasps4 ,ribbon--yellow green and plum red4 ,sudan1 #ahif4--;,head and shoulders profile of ,victoria on obverse1 and on reverse a winged figure of ,victory grasping a flag in either hand and ,sudan printed beneath her feet4 ,no clasps4 ,ribbon--a thin red stripe separating two wide bars of yellow and black4 ,there is also a ,khedive's ,sudan medal which ,british soldiers have permission to wear4 ,east and ,central ,africa1 #ahig-i4--,obverse1 as for ,sudan4 ,reverse1 ,britannia pointing to the rising sun4 ,a lion accompanies her4 ,clasps--,lubwa's ,uganda2 #ahig-h2 #ahih2 ,uganda1 #ahii4 ,ribbon--orange and red in two wide bars4 ,china1 #aijj4--,victoria in profile on obverse2 a pile of arms1 a shield1 a palm-tree1 and the ,latin quotation ,armis ,exposcere ,pacem on the reverse4 ,clasps--,taku ,forts2 ,defence of the ,legations2 ,relief of ,pekin4 ,ribbon--a wide red band flanked with yellow edges4 ,first ,south ,africa1 #ahii-aijb4--,the ,queen's head on the obverse1 as in previous case4 ,victory offering a laurel crown to an army of ,british soldiers4 ,twenty-six clasps4 ,ribbon--orange flanked with blue1 which in turn is flanked with red4 ,second ,south ,africa1 #aija-b4--,the first campaign medal to bear ,king ,edward's profile4 ,reverse1 as for previous award4 ,clasps--,south ,africa1 #aija2 ,south ,africa1 #aijb4 ,ribbon--equal strips of green1 silver1 and orange4 ,ashanti1 #aijj4--,obverse1 as for second ,south ,africa4 ,reverse1 a lion trampling on native weapons1 and a scroll with the word ,ashanti4 ,clasp--,kumassi4 ,ribbon--three strips of black and two of green4 ,east ,african ,general ,service1 #aijj-d4--,obverse1 as before4 ,reverse1 ,victory1 with a lion1 pointing to the rising sun4 ,fourteen clasps4 ,ribbon--black1 yellow1 and green bars4 ,fourth ,india ,general ,service1 #aija-b4--,obverse1 as before4 ,reverse and ribbon1 as for the third ,india ,general ,service medal4 ,clasp--,waziristan1 #aija-b4 ,ribbon--three strips of crimson and two of green4 ,tibet1 #aijc-d4--,obverse1 as before4 ,reverse1 the heights of ,tibet crowned by a fortress4 ,clasp--,gyantse4 ,ribbon--green1 silver1 and plum colour4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,military ,,decorations ,,awarded ,,for ,,special ,,services ,the necessity for special awards--,the ,victoria ,cross--,the ,order of ,merit--,the ,distinguished ,conduct in the ,field award--,the ,distinguished ,service ,order--,the ,meritorious ,service award--,the ,long ,service and ,good ,conduct award--,the ,best ,shot medal--,volunteer decorations--,other decorations ,the reader who has noted the facts set out in the two previous chapters will remember how1 in the earliest days of medal awarding1 the general plan was to decorate none but the soldiers who had performed exceptional service1 and that1 as time wore on1 the idea developed into granting medals to all who took part in warfare1 irrespective of the merits of each individual4 ,the latter plan must certainly be considered the more satisfactory1 for personal bravery is so frequent a quality displayed on the battlefield that all who take part in these life-and-death struggles should1 of necessity1 receive a token of the ,king's recognition4 ,but though the granting of campaign medals was a step in the right direction1 it tended to level up the ordinary brave soldier and the soldier possessing exceptional merit1 and this1 of course1 was a principle unsympathetic to ,english feeling4 ,accordingly1 we find that running side by side with the campaign medals are decorations for special merit4 ,undoubtedly the most popular and the most coveted of all such awards is the ,v4,c4 ,the ,victoria ,cross was instituted by a ,royal ,warrant of ,january #bi1 #ahef--;during the ,crimean ,war1 in fact--and its inception was largely due to the thoughtfulness of ,queen ,victoria and the ,prince ,consort4 ,the cross itself is severe and plain in design1 but loses nothing on this account2 it was formerly struck from the metal of old cannon taken in the campaign against the ,russians1 but to-day we can only claim that its metal composition once formed part of artillery pieces of some kind or other4 ,the pattern is too well known to need description1 but it may be added that the shape and design were modelled on the ,peninsular gold cross4 ,the ribbon is crimson for the ,army and blue for the ,navy4 ,the ,victoria ,cross may be won by soldiers of all ranks2 when awarded to non-commissioned officers and privates it carries with it an annuity of #aj1 though this sum may be increased in special cases4 ,if the medal be sold during the life-time of the recipient the pension can be withdrawn1 and if the possessor be convicted in the civil or military courts for any but trivial offences1 the same punishment may be enforced4 ,there are many rules regulating the granting of this coveted award2 the following are perhaps the most interesting3-- ,it is ordained that the cross shall only be awarded to those officers or men who have served ,us in the presence of the enemy1 and shall then have performed some signal act of valour or devotion to their country4 ,it is ordained with a view to place all persons on a perfectly equal footing in relation to eligibility for the decoration1 that neither rank1 nor long service1 nor wounds1 nor any other circumstance or condition whatsoever1 save the merit of conspicuous bravery1 shall be held to establish a sufficient claim to the honour4 ,it is ordained that in the event of a gallant and daring act having been performed by a squadron not under #ej in number1 or by a brigade1 regiment1 troop1 or company in which the admiral1 general1 or other officer commanding such force may deem that all are equally brave and distinguished1 and that no special selection can be made by them2 then in such case1 the admiral1 general1 or other officer commanding1 may direct1 that for any such body of sailors or soldiers1 one officer shall be selected by the officers engaged for the decoration2 and in like manner one petty officer or non-commissioned officer shall be selected by the petty officers and non-commissioned officers engaged2 and two seamen or private soldiers or marines shall be selected by the seamen or private soldiers or marines engaged respectively for the decoration1 and the names of those selected shall be transmitted 444 to the admiral or general officer commanding1 who shall in due manner confer the decoration as if the acts were done under his own eye4 ,there has been much discussion of late as to whether bars are ever awarded with the ,victoria ,cross4 ,undoubtedly1 these additional marks of valour are at times given1 but instances where they have been received are rare4 ,it should perhaps be stated definitely1 that where a second act of sufficient bravery is performed before the cross is conferred1 details of the second act are engraved with details of the first upon the rear of the medal1 but where the second act is carried out after the medal has been conferred1 a bar is awarded and the #aj grant increased to #ae4 ,the fourth clause of the ,royal ,warrant of ,january #bi1 #ahef1 makes this point quite clear3-- ,it is ordained that any one who after having received the cross shall again perform an act of bravery which1 if he had not received such cross1 would have entitled him to it1 such further act shall be recorded by a bar attached to the ribbon by which the cross is suspended1 and for every additional act of bravery an additional bar may be added4 ,the brave deeds which have been rewarded by grants of the ,victoria ,cross make thrilling reading1 but space cannot be spared here for recounting the most stirring of them4 ,a brief description of each award is given in ,mr4 ,d4 ,hastings ,irwin's book ,war ,medals and ,decorations1 whilst ,mr4 ,philip ,a4 ,wilkin's ,history of the ,victoria ,cross also contains much valuable information4 ,before turning to the next medal1 it may be interesting to add that crosses are often granted after death2 a case in point was that of ,lord ,roberts's son who fell at ,colenso in #ahii4 ,another decoration awarded for bravery is the ,order of ,merit1 which was instituted in #ahcg4 ,unlike other awards1 it was divided into three classes2 the third class being granted for the first conspicuous act of gallantry1 the second class for a repetition of such act1 and the first class for a third instance4 ,the decoration was made in three patterns1 each of which was one and a half inches in diameter4 ,the shape was an eight-rayed star4 ,the centre of the award consisted of two crossed swords1 around which was written ,reward for ,valour1 on a background of blue enamel4 ,the first-class decoration was made in gold and bore a gold wreath2 the second-class was silver with a gold wreath2 and the third-class1 silver with a silver wreath4 ,all were to be worn on the left breast4 ,a money grant formed part of the award1 and it is worth noting that the widow of a recipient drew the annuity for three years after her husband's death4 ,a third decoration for bravery is the ,distinguished ,conduct in the ,field award4 ,this was instituted by ,royal ,warrant on ,june #d1 #ahec1 for sergeants1 and by a later warrant 7,december #d1 #ahed7 for all non-commissioned officers and privates4 ,the decoration was given to mark the ,sovereign's sense of the distinguished service and gallant conduct in the field of the army then serving in the ,crimea and since4 ,by an amending warrant of ,february #g1 #ahha1 a bar could be earned by performing a subsequent act of gallantry4 ,the methods of selecting recipients was as follows3-- ,the commanding officer of each cavalry regiment could1 if he thought fit1 select one sergeant1 two corporals1 and four privates for decoration1 whilst an officer of an infantry regiment could select one sergeant1 four corporals1 and ten privates4 ,the award originally carried with it a grant of #ae in the case of sergeants1 #aj in the case of corporals1 and #e in the case of privates--sums which were banked until the time when the soldiers took their discharge4 ,the medal was fashioned in silver2 the obverse bore a military trophy of arms in the centre of which was the shield of the reigning sovereign1 whilst the reverse was lettered ,for ,distinguished ,conduct in the ,field4 ,the ribbon was red1 blue1 and red in equal strips4 ,it was worn on the left breast4 ,the medal1 as now awarded1 bears a profile of the reigning monarch instead of the trophy of arms1 and recipients are offered either a gratuity of #bj on discharge1 or an increase of sixpence per day on their pension allowance4 ,in #ahhf1 the ,distinguished ,service ,order was instituted4 ,the initial ,royal ,warrant affecting this order1 under date of ,september #f1 #ahhf1 said3 ,whereas we have taken into our royal consideration that the means of adequately rewarding the distinguished service of officers in our naval and military services who have been honourably mentioned in dispatches are limited4 ,now1 for the purpose of attaining an end so desirable as that of rewarding individual instances of meritorious or distinguished service in war1 we have instituted a new naval and military order of distinction which we are desirous should be highly prized by the officers of our naval and military services4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,queen ,,and ,,king',s ,,south ,,african ,,medals1 #ahii-aijb4 7,the same reverse was used for both pieces47 ,the order consists of a gold cross shaped out of a circle of conspicuous and pleasing design4 ,the metal is gold1 but the surface is enamel-coated4 ,the predominant colouring is white1 but a gold edging1 a green wreath1 and a red centre lend effectiveness to the design4 ,both faces are decorated1 the obverse with a crown1 and the reverse with the royal cypher4 ,the ribbon1 which is crimson edged with blue1 is bounded both top and bottom by a gold bar4 ,the last award to be mentioned here for brave conduct is the ,meritorious ,service medal1 which is now superseded by the ,distinguished ,conduct in the ,field medal4 ,this award received royal sanction in #ahde for the ,army1 and in #ahdi for the ,marines4 ,the warrant said3-- ,we deem it expedient to afford a greater encouragement to the ,non-commissioned ,officers and ,soldiers of ,our ,army who may have distinguished themselves1 or who may have given good1 faithful1 and efficient service4 ,it is our further will and pleasure that a sum not exceeding #b1jjj a year be distributed for the purpose of granting annuities as rewards for distinguished or meritorious service to ,sergeants who are now1 or who may be hereafter in the ,service1 either while serving or after discharge with or without pension1 in sums not exceeding #bj3 which may be held during service1 and together with pension4 ,the medal earned but little popularity as it was awarded1 not only for bravery1 but for exemplary conduct in peace times4 ,now the ,distinguished ,conduct in the ,field medal was preferred in cases of bravery1 and the ,long ,service and ,good ,conduct medal was preferred in cases of exemplary conduct3 thus its use was limited1 and the authorities withdrew it a few years after the first issue4 ,the ,long ,service and ,good ,conduct medal was the earliest award which could be earned in times of peace4 ,it was first issued on ,july #cj1 #ahcj1 by ,william ,,iv4 ,the obverse bore a military trophy of arms and the ,king's escutcheon1 whilst the reverse was inscribed ,for ,long ,service and ,good ,conduct4 ,the most recent copies bear a profile of the royal sovereign on the obverse4 ,the ribbon is crimson4 ,the medal was intended for non-commissioned officers and men who had been discharged in receipt of gratuities after serving twenty-one years in the infantry or twenty-four in the cavalry4 ,to-day1 eighteen years' exemplary service only is required1 and there is a gratuity of #e on discharge4 ,special regulations at the outset affected the granting of the ,long ,service medal to the ,marines4 ,the ,commandant of the ,division of ,royal ,marines1 the warrant ran1 may annually recommend a certain number of men of meritorious conduct for the ,good ,conduct and ,long ,service medal with a gratuity as follows3-- ,sergeant who shall have served ten years as such #ae4 ,corporal who shall have served seven years as such1 #g4 ,private1 #e4 ,the men to be recommended must have completed twenty-one years of actual service1 have borne an irreproachable character1 and have never been convicted by a court-martial4 ,in #ahfg a decoration was instituted for the ,best ,shot in the ,infantry ,regiments4 ,it was awarded annually by competition1 and carried with it a money grant of #bj4 ,as the award was discontinued in #ahhc1 specimens are rare1 and seldom available for purchase4 ,the obverse of the medal bore ,poynter's draped profile of ,victoria1 whilst the reverse showed ,fame placing a wreath on the head of a warrior4 ,the earlier copies are found in bronze1 the later ones in silver4 ,the ribbon was somewhat gaudy1 consisting of seven strips1 three narrow ones of black1 white1 and black1 then a wide one of red1 and finally three more narrow ones of black1 white1 and black4 99 99 99 99 99 ,volunteer decorations are numerous and one or two collectors of our acquaintance have specialized in them and gathered together series of much value and interest4 ,the earliest ,volunteer specimens which we have seen are those which came from corps raised during the ,napoleonic times of trouble1 especially those which dated from the period when an invasion of ,england was feared4 ,at this time there were some hundreds of volunteer corps throughout the land1 many of them were only small organizations1 it is true1 but the old lists tell us that the volunteers aggregated some #ejj1jjj men in all4 ,the force as a whole was well organized and well equipped1 and proficiency was encouraged by the granting of medals and decorations4 ,these awards were not granted by ,royal ,warrant but by the patrons of each corps1 though official sanction was always obtained previously4 ,on this account we may look upon the medals as properly authenticated specimens well worth collecting4 ,most of the volunteer medals which we have seen of this period bear dates between #aggf and #ahaf1 whilst many of them are highly artistic and ornamental4 ,we have seen specimens given by the following corps--the names are worth mentioning if only to show the quarters in which the bodies were raised3-- ,the ,bank of ,england ,volunteers4 ,the ,bermondsey ,volunteers4 ,the ,broad ,street ,ward ,volunteers4 ,the ,essex ,volunteer ,cavalry4 ,hans ,town ,association ,volunteers4 ,loyal ,cork ,volunteers4 ,sadler's ,sharpshooters4 ,walthamstow ,volunteers4 ,of recent ,volunteer awards the ,volunteer ,officers' ,decoration is probably the best known4 ,the ,royal ,warrant which proclaimed its issue1 under date of ,july #be1 #ahib1 said3-- ,whereas it is ,our ,royal desire to reward for long and meritorious service of ,officers of proved capacity in ,our ,volunteer ,force3 ,now for the purpose of attaining this end1 ,we have instituted1 constituted1 and created1 and by these presents to ,us1 ,our ,heirs and ,successors1 constitute and create a new decoration which we are desirous should be highly prized by ,officers of ,our ,volunteer ,force3 and ,we are graciously pleased to make1 ordain and establish the following rules and ordinances for the ,government of the same which shall from henceforth be observed and kept4 ,then followed eight clauses1 of which the following is the chief3-- ,it is ordained that no person shall be eligible for this ,decoration nor be nominated thereto unless he is or was a ,commissioned ,officer and has served twenty years in ,our ,volunteer ,force1 is recommended by the ,commanding ,officer of the ,corps in which he has served1 and is duly certified by the ,district ,military ,authorities in which the ,corps is located as having been an efficient and thoroughly capable ,officer1 in every way deserving of such decoration3 ,provided nevertheless and ,we do hereby declare that half of any time during which an ,officer of ,our ,volunteer ,force may have served in the ranks of ,our said ,force shall reckon as qualifying service towards the twenty years required as aforesaid4 ,the decoration consisted of a striking oval badge3 the edge was a silver oak wreath1 whilst the royal cypher and crown1 in outline1 filled the centre4 ,a green ribbon was provided with a silver bar flanking its topmost edge4 ,two years after the officers' decoration received sanction a similar award1 known as the ,volunteer ,long ,service ,medal1 was provided primarily for the men4 ,the medal was granted to all ,volunteers--including officers who had served in the ranks1 but who had not qualified for the previous medal--on completion of twenty years' service in the ,volunteer ,force1 provided that they were actually serving on ,january #a1 #ahic1 and that the commanding officer recommended such award4 ,service in the ,militia or ,imperial ,yeomanry could be reckoned towards the required period of years4 ,the obverse of the medal bore a profile of the reigning sovereign 7in the case of ,queen ,victoria1 the bust was designed much after the style of that chosen for the ,jubilee silver coinage72 the reverse consisted of a scroll1 with the words ,for ,long ,service in the ,volunteer ,force arranged among palm and laurel sprays4 ,the medal was silver1 and the ribbon green4 ,the last decoration with which we shall deal at length is the ,national ,rifle ,association's medal1 which was awarded to the best shot in the ,volunteer ,force4 ,there were three pieces1 one each of gold1 silver1 and bronze1 which could be competed for annually4 ,the awards were instituted in the year #ahfj4 ,the medal was of very fine design4 ,the obverse revealed a bygone ,english soldier in possession of a bow1 and a volunteer holding a rifle2 both figures were standing4 ,the reverse bore a circular wreath1 within which the words ,the ,national ,rifle ,association and the date were inscribed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there are other decorations which it is well to mention by name4 ,they are3-- #a4 ,the ,imperial ,yeomanry ,long ,service ,medal1 which demands ten years' service and ten trainings4 #b4 ,the ,militia ,long ,service ,medal1 which is granted to non-commissioned officers and men who have served eighteen years and completed fifteen trainings4 #c4 ,the ,territorial ,force ,efficiency ,medal1 which has taken the place of one of the ,volunteer medals mentioned above4 #d4 ,the ,jubilee ,medal4 #e4 ,the ,coronation ,medal4 #f4 ,the ,military ,cross1 awarded for ,distinguished and ,meritorious ,service4 ,,chapter ,x ,,military ,,medallions ,general considerations--,the lost wax process--,hadrian's medallions--,renaissance examples--,simon1 the medallist--,wyon's work--,public collections--,some noted medallions described ,from the days when ,roman militarism dominated the world down to the present time1 the deeds of successful soldiers have been commemorated by the striking of medallions4 ,needless to say these metal pieces1 which so admirably recall the outstanding events in war and soldiery1 are highly prized by antiquarians1 and the labour spent in gathering together a collection of them is richly rewarded4 ,medallions have been fashioned from all the usual metals1 but gold1 silver1 copper1 bronze1 and lead have been generally employed4 ,the processes followed in making them have been as numerous as the metals3 ordinary casting was1 at one time1 the favourite method1 but striking1 engraving1 and hand modelling have all been employed in turn4 ,medival medallists often resorted to the lost wax#ag process1 and extremely fine work they were enabled to turn out by this means4 #ag ,perhaps it will be well to briefly explain this system of founding1 as it is not generally understood4 ,adeline in ,the ,art ,dictionary1 p4 #bdc1 describes it as follows3-- ,a process of bronze founding in which the core is covered with an accurate representation of the object to be cast in wax1 the wax being of the intended thickness of the metal4 ,the wax is then coated with a porous clay1 and the whole mass is put in a pit and baked4 ,during the process of baking the wax melts and runs off through apertures left for the purpose4 ,the space left after the wax is melted is occupied by the metal4 ,this1 the oldest method of bronze founding1 is probably the best1 and in the present day it is being pretty generally adopted4 ,in the method1 which for some time has been in vogue1 the core was made of the exact size of the object to be cast and afterwards pared down1 so as to leave space for the metal to run in between the core and the mould4 ,the earliest medallions date from very remote times1 but the ,hadrian era may be considered the period in which these souvenirs of memorable actions first became popular4 ,from ,hadrian's time to the fall of the ,roman ,empire they were struck to commemorate every deed of note1 but after the decline we hear little of them until the ,renaissance1 when such ,italian artists as ,pisano and ,guaciolotti revived their popularity4 ,from the ,renaissance onwards1 the art of medallion-making flourished in ,italy under the guidance of ,benvenuto ,cellini1 of ,albert ,drer in ,germany1 and of ,jacques ,primavera in ,france1 but it was not until the time of ,henry ,,viii that ,english workers turned their attention to this pleasing way of marking important military and civil events4 ,of course1 we find medallions commemorating glorious deeds which took place in periods other than those mentioned2 in such cases1 the pieces were probably struck long after the occurrence took place4 ,it is a little difficult to know what specimens to include and what to exclude from a collection of medallions1 as there are no official issues1 and as any metal worker can flood the market with original designs of his own or with facsimiles of rare and ancient strikings of bygone artists4 ,personally1 we think that any medallion which is artistically fashioned and which commemorates an event of interest to us is worth adding to the collection1 but1 of course1 we must learn to know the difference between an original and a counterfeit specimen4 ,this1 however1 is too intricate a science to explain here1 but can be learnt from works written by numismatists1 with a fair amount of application4 ,no catalogues exist of the ,english medallions issued since ,henry ,,viii's time1 but the pieces which are the most interesting were struck by3-- #a4 ,simon1 who grew to fame in the reign of ,charles ,,ii4 ,he engraved the royal seals and executed many fine medallions4 #b4 ,rawlings4 #c4 ,the ,wyon family4 ,william ,wyon1 the most renowned of at least three engravers of this family1 engraved the royal seals1 the ,peninsular medals1 and the dies for the first postage stamps1 besides many medallions of a military and civil interest4 ,collectors of these metal souvenirs should examine the exhibits in the ,british ,museum and the ,royal ,united ,service ,museum1 whilst an occasional glance in the windows of ,messrs4 ,spink ,sons in ,piccadilly will often reveal specimens of more than ordinary interest4 ,this well-known firm issue a monthly circular which contains much of interest to the reader who is intent on adding valuable specimens to his collection4 ,a few illustrations depicting some of the most noted medallions may be given with advantage4 ,the specimen below1 one of the oldest in existence1 was struck in gold to commemorate the glorious deeds of ,julius ,csar4 ,speaking of the medallion1 ,plutarch says3-- ,julius ,csar1 on his return to ,rome1 after having won a successful issue at the ,battle of ,pharsalus1 was named the ',liberator1 the head of the ,fatherland1 the permanent dictator1' and received for the first time1 the title of ,emperor4 ,the ,senators1 wishing to reward him for the humane treatment which he accorded those who fought against him1 during the civil wars1 erected a temple of ,mercy1 circular in shape1 supported by six columns1 in the middle of which is the figure of ',concord' holding in the right hand the horn of ,plenty and in the left a spear4 ,illustration ,the first medallion given on this page was struck to commemorate the victory gained by ,william ,,iii at the ,battle of the ,boyne4 ,the obverse shows a familiar portrait of the ,king1 whilst the reverse depicts him in the act of crossing the river at the head of his troops4 ,illustration ,the next medallion shows ,james ,,ii on the obverse1 and an orange-tree laden with fruit by the side of an old oak1 falling to the ground1 on the reverse4 ,the piece was evidently struck to commemorate the fall of ,james ,,ii1 and the supremacy of the ,house of ,orange4 ,illustration ,the fourth medallion is one of the numerous specimens which were struck to do honour to ,marlborough and his victorious army4 ,the obverse shows ,prince ,eugne and the ,duke1 who are likened to the ,roman deliverers1 ,castor and ,pollux4 ,on the reverse1 a picture representing the rout of the ,french and the surrender of ,marshal ,tallard at ,blenheim is given4 ,illustration ,illustration ,the fifth piece illustrated here was struck to commemorate the ,battle of ,ramilies4 ,on one side the battle is represented at the moment of victory2 on the other is an emblematic representation of the union of ,england and ,holland4 ,behind the figure of ,england1 on a pillar inscribed with the first three letters of his name1 stands a bust of ,marlborough1 and opposite is another of ,d',ouwerkerke4 ,illustration ,another specimen in the ,marlborough series is given below4 ,the obverse represents ,marlborough and ,eugne as ,castor and ,pollux whilst the reverse presents a view of the battle and town of ,oudenarde4 ,illustration ,illustration ,the medallion given at the foot of the previous page was struck to commemorate the surrender of ,lille in #agjh4 ,victory is shown1 on the front face1 taking the civic crown from the head of a prostrate female1 who represents the city of ,lille1 whilst the under face depicts ,britannia1 with the gis1 striking ,france with terror4 ,the eighth medallion commemorates the ,battle of ,dumblane4 ,illustration ,the ninth medallion was struck in honour of the victory gained at the ,battle of ,dettingen on ,june #bg1 #agdc1 whilst the tenth1 given below1 commemorates the victory of ,minden1 gained on ,august #a1 #agei4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,a ,,check ,,to ,,corsican ,,assurance4 ,by ,cruikshank4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,military ,,prints ,the period #agej-ahfj--,works including military prints--,where to search for bargains--,the kind of print most sought after--,works including fine military prints--,bunbury--,gillray ,in the following notes we do not propose to go deeply into the lore of print collecting1 as the matter is too involved for treatment in these pages1 and also because such admirable books as ,chats on ,old ,prints1 by ,arthur ,hayden1 already cover the ground4 ,here we propose to talk of military prints as they affect the general collector of military curios4 ,printed pictures of soldiers and soldiery are to be found dating back almost to the days of ,caxton1 but those coming within the period #agej-ahfj seem to be the most interesting4 ,probably this is due1 in the main1 to three reasons4 ,first1 the period was one of much military unrest1 and people's interests were largely centred on the army4 ,secondly1 the costumes of the various regiments were attractive and showy1 and lent themselves to pictorial treatment4 ,and thirdly1 the art of printing had reached a stage when reproductions were no longer so expensive as to be almost prohibitive in price4 ,most of the prints which we have seen of this period were originally published as illustrations to books1 a good number were issued as sets in portfolios1 whilst a few were sold separately4 ,the books which contain these military pictures1 especially when the latter are coloured1 fetch high prices1 but fortunately the collector can become conversant with these gems of the printer's art in such treasure-houses as the ,british ,museum and the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 ,those of us who can afford to buy perfect copies of such illustrated works will find admirable collections for sale at ,messrs4 ,maggs ,brothers1 in the ,strand2 ,messrs4 ,robson ,co41 in ,coventry ,street1 ,w4,c42 and ,messrs4 ,henry ,sotheran ,co41 in ,piccadilly4 ,but though these works1 illustrated with military prints1 are costly1 the collector of moderate means may gather together quite an extensive collection of the pictures1 torn from the complete works1 at no great outlay4 ,it may seem surprising to all of us who are curio-lovers but it is a fact that there are still people who are so ignorant of the value of books and pictures that they will snatch out the illustrations from priceless volumes and sell the former for a few coppers1 throwing away the letterpress4 ,only the other day we were talking with a friendly collector who showed us a batch of ,ackermann's coloured plates which he had obtained for a few pence each1 although the actual value was1 at the least1 half a guinea per copy4 ,the collector1 therefore1 must be on the look-out for bargains of this nature2 he will find them in the portfolios which usually encumber the doorways of the second-hand booksellers in ,charing ,cross ,road1 ,praed ,street1 ,museum ,street1 ,shaftesbury ,avenue1 and the stalls along ,farringdon ,road4 ,in these interesting quarries he will assuredly make discoveries from time to time2 so he will if he keeps an eye on establishments of a similar nature in the outskirts of ,london4 ,illustration3 ,,napoleon',s ,,carriage ,,arriving ,,at ,,the ,,london ,,museum4 ,by ,cruikshank4 ,a few general words on the value of military prints may be of interest4 ,those which depict types of soldiers are generally more sought after than those representing battle scenes2 those of noted commanders are1 of course1 valuable1 but representations of little-known commanders1 wearing perhaps court rather than military dress1 are not in much demand4 ,pictures in which soldiers play a minor part are also of little interest to the collector of military curios1 as there is always a possibility that the uniforms have been drawn more with the idea of being picturesque than accurate4 ,machine-coloured pictures are1 of course1 highly treasured1 as they give a much better idea of the uniforms than do monochromes4 ,when hand-coloured there is no guarantee of correct impression2 in fact such pictures are often glaringly misleading4 99 99 99 99 99 ,having made these preliminary remarks1 it may be well to point out some of the best-known works containing military prints4 ,the ,british ,military ,library1 published not later than #ahja1 in two volumes1 contains some score or more of accurately drawn plates representing types of the ,british ,army4 ,they are well executed1 though the figures appear a trifle stiff and wooden4 ,spooner's ,military and ,naval ,uniforms1 by ,mansion and ,eschauzier1 seventy plates in colour1 dating from #ahcc4 ,these are probably some of the finest representations of early nineteenth-century uniforms that the collector can possess4 ,the dresses are accurately depicted1 but the artists do not excel when drawing galloping horses4 ,ackermann's ,costumes of the ,british and ,indian ,armies1 by various artists4 ,some sixty odd coloured plates1 dating from #ahdj4 ,the plates include not only the uniforms of the regular ,army1 but also the ,indian ,army and the ,volunteer ,force4 ,this is a very fine collection4 ,cannon's ,historical ,records of the ,british ,army4 ,a monumental work in sixty-eight volumes1 but the coloured plates are occasionally found loose4 ,the pictures are in two series3 7a7 ,cavalry1 and 7b7 ,infantry2 they depict regimental dress of the period #ahcg-ec4 ,w4 ,heath's ,military ,costumes of the ,british ,cavalry4 ,a set of sixteen coloured plates1 of the year #ahbj4 ,e4 ,hull's ,costumes of the ,british ,army in #ahbh4 ,some seventy odd lithographs of fairly pleasing character4 ,they appear to be drawn with complete accuracy4 ,military ,costumes of ,europe4 ,a work published in two volumes in #ahbb4 ,nearly a hundred coloured plates are included1 about a quarter of which are of ,british uniforms4 ,thomas ,rowlandson's ,loyal ,volunteers of ,london 7#agii74 ,a most interesting work full of coloured plates showing the uniforms of the non-regular units at the close of the eighteenth century4 ,students of military dress should pay special attention to this interesting gallery of pictures4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,luard's ,history of the ,dress of the ,british ,soldier4 ,fifty uncoloured and not very attractive plates 7#aheb74 ,the work contains much interesting matter in the letterpress1 however1 and the plates1 though plain1 are useful to students of military dress4 ,ralph ,nevill's ,british ,military ,prints is of recent production4 7,the ,connoisseur ,publishing ,co41 #aiji1 #es474 ,this work contains a sumptuous array of coloured and uncoloured reproductions of old prints1 many of which are far more attractive than the originals4 ,it is a book that the student should undoubtedly possess4 99 99 99 99 99 ,so far1 the prints of which we have spoken have all been of a serious nature1 but the period under consideration was marked by the rise of two clever caricaturists1 named ,henry ,bunbury and ,james ,gillray1 who require some mention4 ,the works of these two artists are but little known1 in spite of the fact that some authorities consider them equal to any of the satirical efforts of the famous ,hogarth4 ,bunbury and ,gillray are of interest to the collector of military prints because many of their pictures dealt with soldiers and soldiering4 ,we cannot claim that the detail of the uniforms which figure in all the pictures of these two artists are absolutely correct1 but they certainly do not display any glaring errors which are likely to mislead4 ,bunbury was a friend of ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds and also of ,hoppner1 he thus moved in the artists' circle of the day4 ,during the time he was living in ,suffolk1 he was prominently associated with the ,county ,militia2 and no doubt it was at this period that ideas for humorous military sketches presented themselves4 ',the ,militia ,meeting1' ',recruits1' and ',the ,deserter' may be mentioned among these1 while a story is told in connection with another sketch that is characteristic of ,bunbury's readiness with his pencil4 ,a young private of his regiment applied for a pass in order to visit the lady of his affections4 ,the application having come before ,mr4 ,bunbury1 he not only signed the pass1 but drew a comical sketch on the permit1 representing the meeting of the amorous couple1 to the great amusement of the officers to whom the pass was presented4 ,in #aggh1 political relations between ,england and ,america were very strained1 in consequence of which militia camps were formed in various parts of the country4 ,henry ,bunbury1 as an officer of the ,suffolk ,militia1 was ordered to join his camp at ,coxheath4 ,all sorts of caricatures from all sorts of pencils 7most of them anonymous7 satirize the military mania of the time4 ,naturally ,bunbury was not behind the rest1 and many sketches of a military character1 evidently drawn by him at this time1 are still in existence4 ,bunbury's wonderful talent in making these sketches of a martial kind appears to have been recognized at the time1 for an exhibition of his military drawings was organized in #aghh and held at ,somerset ,house4#ah #ah ,herbert ,ewart1 in ,the ,connoisseur1 ,june #aijc1 pp4 #hg-hh4 ,gillray1 the second artist mentioned above1 was the son of a soldier who fought at ,fontenoy1 and thus his thoughts were constantly turned to military subjects4 ,though his satirical drawings dealt with the various topics of the day--his works were published between #aggg and #ahae--;he seems to have lost no opportunity of showing his spleen for the ,french1 and ,napoleon in particular4 ,we have a long list of such artistic effusions of which the following may be mentioned3 #a4 ,fighting for the ,dunghill3 or ,jack ,tar settling ,citoyen ,franois4 #b4 ,buonaparte1 hearing of ,nelson's victory1 swears by his sword to extirpate the ,english from off the ,earth4 #c4 ,general result of ,buonaparte's attack upon ,ibrahim ,bey's ,rear ,guard4 #d4 ,britannia between ,death and the ,doctor4 #e4 ,the ,surrender of ,ulm3 or ,buonaparte and ,general ,mack coming to a right understanding4 #f4 ,the ,new ,dynasty3 or the little ,corsican gardener planting a royal pippin-tree4 #g4 ,apotheosis of the ,corsican ,phoenix4 ,in the foregoing1 we have merely touched upon the subject of collecting military prints1 but enough has been said in these few pages to show that this branch of curio-hunting is full of fascination and deep interest and is well worth the attention1 not only of readers who possess artistic feeling1 but of those who are desirous of adding to their store of knowledge concerning the military dress of bygone periods4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,singular ,,trait ,,of ,,buonaparte',s ,,favourite ,,mameluke4 ,by ,cruikshank4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,memorial ,,brasses ,,of ,,military ,,interest ,classes of military brasses--,rubbings1 and how to make them--,floor brasses3 their characteristics--,palimpsest brasses--,what may be learnt from brasses--,mural tablets ,in many of our churches and public buildings are to be found numerous memorial brasses which possess undoubted interest for the collector of military curios4 ,these memorials of the dead largely fall into two classes3 those which are let into floors1 and those which are fixed to walls4 ,the former class1 as a rule1 are of some antiquity1 are memorials to individuals rather than to groups of soldiers1 and are to be found almost entirely in churches4 ,the latter class are modern1 are often erected to a number of soldiers1 and are located in such public buildings as town halls and guild halls as well as churches4 ,the floor brasses1 as a rule1 are flat but often deeply engraved1 whilst the mural tablets are lightly engraved and frequently embellished with a sculptured framework4 ,to obtain facsimiles of memorial brasses1 many collectors take rubbings of them1 much after the fashion that children imitate coins by superimposing a sheet of paper and running a soft pencil over the covered surface4 ,the necessary outfit for making a rubbing consists1 first and foremost1 of a permit obtained from the proper authorities1 a supply of heel-ball1 as sold by any leather dealer or cobbler1 a small clothes brush1 a duster1 and some paper4 ,the latter must not be too flimsy nor too stout1 and it must be large enough to cover the brass4 ,a roll of light grey wallpaper usually serves admirably1 but there are times when the width of the roll is too narrow for the brass4 ,in these cases1 a full-size sheet of paper as used by printers should be procured4 ,the first operation is to wipe away all dust and foreign matter from the metal surface2 this is a very necessary precaution when the tablet is a floor-inset ,the next thing is to place the sheet of paper in position2 if the memorial is fixed to the wall1 the sheet must be held by an assistant1 or at the expense of much arm-aching by the person who does the rubbing2 if the tablet is let into the floor1 two weights placed at the head of the brass serve the purpose admirably4 ,the actual rubbing should be performed by drawing the heel-ball lightly across the brass4 ,the movement should always be made in the same direction1 or the lines will appear scratchy and confusing4 ,it is best to complete a little patch first1 and not go over the whole area before finishing any part of it2 if this be done1 there will be more chance of completing the work without shifting the paper4 ,it is not a bad idea to force the paper by means of the palm of the hand into the recesses of the brass before commencing to rub2 this will help to keep the sheet from moving4 ,some collectors make their rubbings intensely dark1 that is1 they do not leave off when the brown stage has been reached4 ,others are content to stop rubbing when the detail is just visible1 completing the work at home by filling all the flat areas with a wash of ,indian ink4 ,either plan is good1 but the former is more useful in cases where the tracery is involved1 whilst the latter provides a somewhat smarter effect when carefully executed4 ,rubbings may be stored in cardboard tubes1 one in each tube1 but many enthusiasts mount their black pictures on canvas and rollers4 ,the latter plan is certainly the better one1 but it is an expensive and tedious business which will not appeal to all4 ,small rubbings1 it need hardly be added1 make capital pictures for framing1 looking very attractive if a white margin is preserved1 and the frame made of a narrow black moulding4 99 99 99 99 99 ,floor brasses were first used on the ,continent1 many originating in ,flanders and some in ,brittany4 ,the earliest specimens in ,england date from the thirteenth century1 though ,beaumont states that the finest specimens belong to the fourteenth century4 ,he also mentions that the fifteenth-century specimens were small1 thin1 and more ornate1 whilst in the sixteenth century the art became debased by a surfeit of commonplace specimens4 ,the majority of the ,english brasses are located in the ,eastern ,counties and the ,home ,counties1 where1 in fact1 stone was not easily and cheaply obtained4 ,the most curious of all floor brasses1 the same writer states1#ai are those which are called palimpsests4 ,these were originally laid down to the memory of a certain individual1 but were subsequently taken up1 re-engraved1 and then used to commemorate some one else4 ,nearly all are post-,reformation--a fact which speaks for itself4 #ai ,beaumont1 in ,memorial ,brasses1 p4 #adj4 ,after the dissolution of the monasteries1 the abbeys fell into decay1 and any engraver who wanted a brass appears to have taken it from the nearest ruin and adapted it to his requirements4 ,palimpsest brasses were readapted in three ways3-- #a4 ,plates were re-engraved on the reverse side4 #b4 ,the old figure was used again without alteration1 a new inscription and shield 7if any7 being added4 #c4 ,the original engraving was modified1 fresh lines and shading being introduced to adapt it to contemporary fashion4 ,one of the finest examples of this latter kind of palimpsest brasses is a specimen which was made to honour the memory of ,sir ,walter and ,lady ,curson1 at ,waterperry1 ,oxon4 ,the original was engraved in #addj1 but subsequently altered to suit the style of armour and costume which prevailed in #aebg4 ,another interesting palimpsest is mentioned by ,fairbank4#bj ,it occurs in ,ticehurst ,church1 ,sussex4 ,it has been made use of to commemorate ,john ,wyborne1 ,esquire1 and his two wives4 ,the second wife1 his widow1 made her will in #aejb1 and she ordered a stone to be placed over herself and her husband2 and this is what the executors did4 ,they took a small slab bearing a brass figure of a man in armour1 which had been engraved about #acfe2 there was no room for figures of the two wives of the same size as the figure already there1 so they had a small figure placed on each side1 little larger than half the size of the central one1 and replaced the original inscription by one commemorating ,john ,wyborne1 who died #adij1 and his two wives2 their figures were engraved about #aeaj4 #bj ,f4 ,r4 ,fairbank1 in ,the ,connoisseur4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,oldest ,,english ,,brass4 ,to the memory of ,sir ,john ,d',abernon4 ,date #abgg4 ,at ,guildford1 ,surrey4 99 99 99 99 99 ,brasses are of great educational value in so much as many reveal interesting points in connection with matters concerning dress and armour4 ,but the student is warned against putting too much trust in the dates which they bear1 for specimens were often laid down before the death of the person whose memory they perpetuate4 ,the date of death and the style of decoration might thus be1 in such cases1 at variance historically4 ,beaumont says3#ba-- ,examples of this feature are to be found at ,thame1 ,oxon1 and ,lambourne1 ,berks4 ,this is especially noticeable in the case of shroud brasses1 which were generally engraved and fixed during the lifetime of the person commemorated1 the object being to remind him of his final bourne2 in these cases blank spaces were usually left for the insertion of the date of death4 #ba ,memorial ,brasses1 p4 #e4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,battlefield ,,souvenir ,,picked ,,up ,,on ,,the ,,plains ,,of ,,flanders4 7,the same helmet is shown with and without the cloth covering47 ,the earliest ,english brasses were shaped around the figures they portrayed1 and if canopies or frames were added1 these were fitted in separate pieces4 ,all foreign brasses and later ,english ones1 however1 were cut into rectangular pieces4 ,these and other such indications are the surest guides to the true date of construction4 ,among the thousands of brasses in this country1 many of which are of military interest1 the following are worthy of mention3-- #a4 ,at ,felbrigge1 to the memory of ,sir ,symon ,ffelbrygge2 date1 #adaf4 ,he is dressed in plate armour1 and holds the ,royal ,standard4 ,his garter is prominently shown4 ,a canopy surmounts his figure4 #b4 ,at ,trumpington4 ,this is a favourite specimen with ,cambridge undergraduates4 #c4 ,at ,trotton1 ,sussex1 to the memory of ,thomas ,camoys and ,elizabeth1 his consort2 date1 #adai4 ,camoys achieved fame at ,agincourt2 his wife was a ,mortimer4 ,a canopy surmounts each figure4 #d4 ,at ,west ,hanney1 to the memory of ,humfrie ,cheynie2 date1 #aeeg4 ,this brass is peculiar2 the figure1 which is small1 stands on a metal rectangle bearing a scriptural text4 ,a rectangular metal frame is placed around the figure1 but at some distance4 #e4 ,at ,ilminster1 to the memory of ,nicholas and ,dorothy ,wadham2 date1 #afji4 ,nicholas is given a ringed cuirass and lamboys over his mail skirt4 ,he stands upon a tablet bearing an inscription which explains that he was the founder of ,wadham ,college1 ,oxford4 ,of later mural tablets we need say but little1 for there is hardly a cathedral or parish church in the kingdom which is not the proud possessor of one or more specimens4 ,as a rule1 these memorials point to the valorous deeds which soldiers of the neighbourhood have performed for their ,king and country4 ,the ,south ,african ,war1 it will be remembered1 added considerably to their number1 whilst the conflict now raging has already made its contributions4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,autographs ,,of ,,great ,,soldiers ,the fascinations of autograph collecting--,points which influence the value of an autograph--,autographs classified--,a ,schomberg letter--,the notes scribbled by ,airey at ,balaklava--,general hints--,prices of autographs ,ninety-nine out of every hundred autographs which find their way into collectors' albums are said to be those of actresses1 who are popular favourites to-day but not to-morrow4 ,as a consequence1 autograph collecting is seldom considered a serious hobby worthy of the attention of serious-minded people4 ,this seems a great pity1 for if letters and documents written and signed by real celebrities are collected1 not only may much pleasure be gained from the pastime1 but a great deal of instruction as well4 ,the wise collector will find that his best plan is to specialize in one definite direction1 and if he follows our advice he will limit his interests to autographs of great soldiers4 ,perhaps he will argue that military signatures are so seldom met with1 and so expensive to obtain when they are offered for sale1 that his treasures will not accumulate fast enough4 ,this1 however1 is a matter on which he need have no fears1 especially now that the great ,european conflict has created so vast an output of military correspondence4 ,the value of an autograph naturally depends on a number of factors4 ,the eminence of the writer is1 of course1 the first consideration1 but the price will also depend on whether the signature is normally written1 whether it was written before notoriety came to the writer1 and the state of preservation of both paper and ink4 ,can the celebrity be considered a prolific letter-writer8 ,this is another question which influences the value of an autograph1 for according to the rarity of an individual's signatures1 so will the price be affected4 ,we say1 above1 that the eminence of a writer is the first consideration in deciding the value of his signature4 ,we should be very diffident1 however1 at explaining just what factors make for eminence4 ,it certainly is not rank alone1 nor even ability2 perhaps we may best describe it as being in the public eye4 ,the autograph-hunter does not seek for signatures alone3 he casts around for entire letters1 documents1 and signed papers of every description2 it is thus clear that the importance of the communication plus the autograph should be taken into account when pricing treasures4 ,for the sake of convenience1 we may classify the specimens in our collections under the following heads3-- #a4 ,signatures1 unaccompanied by other written matter4 #b4 ,signatures appended to short letters or documents2 the body of the matter being typed1 printed1 or written by a private secretary4 #c4 ,signatures appended to short letters or documents which have been wholly written by the celebrity in question4 7,such are known to collectors as ,holographs47 #d4 ,as ,no4 #c1 but letters or documents of some length4 ,illustration3 ,,facsimile ,,of ,a ,,portion ,,of ,,the ,,letter ,,written ,,by ,,cromwell ,,to ,,lenthall1 ,,speaker ,,of ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,commons1 ,,announcing ,,the ,,victory ,,of ,,naseby4 7,from the original in the ,british ,museum47 ,of the above four classes1 the specimens coming within the first are obviously the least valuable1 for they are the most frequently met4 ,copies may be found on the fly-leaves of books1 on photographs of celebrities1 etc4 ,the second class1 unfortunately1 is gradually ousting the third class1 since the typewriter is speedily becoming universally used for all but private letters4 ,specimens in the second class are worth a trifle more than those in the first1 and a great deal less than those of the third4 ,specimens in class #c are those which the average collector should aim most at securing2 those in class #d are a trifle too unwieldy for all but the advanced collector4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,battlefield ,,souvenir4 ,the mug bears two verses of poetry which are somewhat significant1 as they reveal the character of the ,tyrolese peasant and soldier4 ,translated1 they run as follows3-- ,eagle1 ,tyrolese eagle1 ,why are you so red8 ,is it from the sunshine8 ,is it from the red sparkling wine8 ,it is from the red blood of my enemies ,that ,i am so red4 ,there are1 of course1 many ways of arranging an autograph collection1 but on no account should the specimens be fixed to the album without adding comments on both the subject-matter of the ,,ms4 and the identity of the author4 ,the following letter is given as a specimen4 ,the original is to be found in the ,royal ,united ,service ,museum3-- ,,lisburne1 #fth ,march1 #afhi4 ,,gentlemen1 ,i have this day written another for the ,battering ,gunns and ,morters to be ,sent over hither4 ,but now having the ,matter under further consideration doe think it ,expedient and necessary for their ,majesties ,service to send an ,express herewith4 ,and it is to direct you ,immediately on ,receipt hereof to cause ,eight guns of ,eighteen and ,twenty ,foure ,pounders with all their ,equepage1 ,furniture and ,stores with ,a good ,proporcon of ,boms to be ,shipped on ,board a very good1 light and ,nimble ,saylor4 ,and that the ,capt4 or ,master be ,ordered to ,sayle with them directly for the ,lough of ,bellfast4 ,for that wee cannot undertake with any sort of ,reasonable ,accomodacon the ,siege of the ,fort of ,charlemount untill those ,gunns arrive here4 ,and with worke ,i would gladly have furnished before his ,majesties coming hither wherefore ,i pray use all ,dilligence and ,expedicon in dispatching away thence the said ,shipps so ,fraighted as is herein afore ,expressed4 ,i am1 ,gentlemen1 ,your very loving friend and servant1 ,,schomberg4 ,the letter1 we must add1 is written in a splendidly clear hand by a clerk1 and signed by ,schomberg4 ,it therefore belongs to class #b above4 ,under such a document1 we might comment as follows3 ,note the quaint grammatical forms1 also the spelling which clearly shows that orthography was not an exact science two hundred odd years ago4 ,the use of capital letters is also curious4 ,lastly1 we may point out the apparently effeminate ending given to the letter4 ,as to the identity of ,schomberg1 we might write3 ,marshall ,schomberg was one of ,william ,,iii's generals who took part in the ,irish campaign against ,james ,,ii4 ,he captured ,carrickfergus1 ,belfast1 ,newry1 and ,dundalk1 although his troops consisted of raw levies4 ,during the ,battle of the ,boyne he assisted ,william in gaining a brilliant victory1 but was unfortunately slain towards the end of the encounter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,translation4 ,,my ,,dear ,,brother1 ,not being allowed to die among my troops1 it only remains for me to place my sword in the hands of your ,majesty4 ,i am your ,majesty's good brother1 ,,napoleon4 ,,sedan1 ,sept4 #a1 #ahgj4 ,,autograph ,,letter ,,written ,,by ,,napoleon ,,iii ,,to ,,william ,i ,,of ,,germany ,,after ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,sedan4 ,as one would expect1 the subject-matter of a letter greatly affects its value4 ,the following epistle1 written by ,lord ,dorchester1 is therefore of more than ordinary consideration4#bb #bb ,the original may be seen in the ,royal ,united ,service ,museum4 ,,culford1 ,dec4 #ith1 #ahjc4 ,,dear ,,fox1 ,i was only in town for four days and besides the hurry which always attends such a visit to ,london1 ,i was under the necessity of going to ,court on ,wednesday1 ,thursday and ,friday1 which put it out of my power to call on you4 ,from the contemptible effort of the insurrection itself in point of numbers and characters of persons concerned1 to the wish of which no importance could have been attached in the minds of the public1 but for the unfortunate murder of the worthy and truly respectable ,lord ----1 and for the still more contemptible preparation of arms1 or plan of operations on the part of the ,rebels1 it did not appear to me that any blame could be attached either to the civil or military departments of the ,irish ,government for not having taken more efficient precautionary measures4 ,from the documents you transmitted to me1 it is clear that no blame can be imputed to you1 and from my intimate knowledge of some of the persons confidentially employed in the civil line1 ,i should with difficulty believe any charge of want of activity or capacity in that quarter4 ,it is certainly a mark of weakness in a government to create unnecessary alarms1 and it has the ill effect of shaking the public confidence4 ,in this business1 however1 the ,irish administration appears rather to have erred on the other side1 but ,i am persuaded that this error proceeded from a recollection of the mischiefs which a very contrary line of conduct had produced a few years ago in that unfortunate country4 ,i shall send your papers by the ,coach by my ,porter in ,town1 and direct him to forward them to you4 ,believe me1 with great regard1 ,dear ,fox1 ,most ,faithfully ,yours1 ,,cornwallis4 ,of still greater value are the following priceless notes1 scribbled in pencil during action1 by ,major-,general ,sir ,richard ,airey1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,q4,m4,g41 and sent to the ,earl of ,lucan who commanded the cavalry division at ,balaklava1 ,october #be1 #ahed4 7a7 ,cavalry to take ground to left of #bnd ,line of redouts occupied by ,turks4 ,,rd4 ,,airey1 ,q4,m4-,genl4 7b7 ,cavalry to advance and take advantage of any opportunity to recover heights4 ,they will be supported by ,infantry which has been ordered to advance on two fronts4 ,r4 ,,airey4 7c7 ,lord ,raglan wishes the ,cavalry to advance rapidly to the front1 follow the enemy and try to prevent the enemy carrying away the ,guns4 ,troop of ,horse ,artillery may accompany4 ,french ,cavalry is on your left4 ,immediate4 ,r4 ,,airey4#bc #bc ,these three most interesting autograph notes are also to be seen in the ,royal ,united ,service ,museum4 ,before concluding these notes we may give some general hints4 ,preserve all facsimile signatures which are to be found2 they are useful for purposes of comparison when doubtful originals come along4 ,the signature should never be cut from a document2 the whole sheets should be preserved4 ,an original letter ought not to be pasted on to the album4 ,it is far better to fix it in position by slipping it under ears or bands of paper pasted to the pages4 ,to restore a faded signature1 dab it carefully with a solution of hot tincture of gall containing a trace of dissolved potassium chlorate4 ,when dry1 dab it with a pad moistened in ordinary lime water4 ,the process is simple1 but it is well to experiment on a useless specimen before treating valuable ones4 ,valuable documents which are torn and perhaps crumbling may be prevented from deteriorating further by sandwiching between two sheets of glass1 and binding with passe-partout edging4 ,in deciding whether a document is genuine or not1 the composition of the ink and the texture of the paper should be taken into consideration4 ,forgers find great difficulty in matching papers made more than fifty years ago4 ,great care should be used to discriminate between the autographs of people possessing similar names 7e4g4 ,kitchener1 the writer on cookery matters1 must not be confounded with ,kitchener1 the soldier74 ,illustration3 ,william of ,orange4 ,duke of ,wellington4 ,general ,wolfe4 ,earl ,roberts4 ,king ,albert of ,belgium4 ,general ,sir ,ralph ,abercromby4 ,george ,washington4 ,,some ,,autographs ,,of ,,noted ,,soldiers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lastly1 it may be useful to give a list of some of the prices realized by military and allied autographs at public sales1 etc41 in order that the collector may gain some rough idea of the value of his treasures4 7,a4,l4,s4 means ,autograph letter1 signed2 ,d4,s4 means ,document1 signed2 ,l4,s4 means ,letter1 the signature only of which is in the handwriting of the celebrity47 ,abercromby1 ,sir ,ralph4--,british general2 killed in ,egypt1 #ahja4 ,d4,s41 #hs4 #f;d4 ,a4,l4,s41 with portrait attached1 #b4 ,allen1 ,capt4 ,wm4--,of the ,niger ,expedition4 ,a4,l4,s41 #bs4 ,alva1 ,ferd4 ,alvarez1 ,duke of4--,spanish ,general2 oppressed the ,netherlands2 executed the ,counts ,egmont and ,horn4 ,l4,s41 two guineas4 ,amalfi1 ,duke of4--,imperial marshal commander-in-chief after ,wallenstein4 ,died1 #afef4 ,l4,s41 #ads4 ,anne1 ,queen4--,d4,s41 a ,privy ,council ,letter2 signed also by ,buckingham1 ,schomberg1 and nine other peers1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,auchmuty1 ,sir ,samuel4--,english general2 died1 #ahbb4 ,d4,s41 #ds4 ,barkstead1 ,colonel ,john4--,cromwell's ,governor of the ,tower1 executed #affb4 ,d4,s41 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,barrington1 ,viscount4--,secretary of ,war2 died1 #agic4 ,a4,l4,s41 #cs4 #f;d4 ,beaver1 ,p4 ,capt4--,with ,nelson at ,trafalgar4 ,a4,l4,s41 #es4 #f;d4 ,blcher4--,the famous ,prussian field-marshal4 ,l4,s41 #is4 ,bonaparte1 ,c4 ,louis ,napoleon4--,emperor4 ,a4,l4,s41 two guineas4 ,burnaby1 ,capt4 ,fred4--,author of ,a ,ride to ,khiva4 ,a4,l4,s41 #cs4 #f;d4 ,charles ,i4--,king of ,england4 ,d4,s41 #b #ajs4 ,cromwell1 ,oliver4--,d4,s41 #i4 ,dorchester1 ,lord ,guy ,carleton4--,l4,s41 #es4 ,egmont and ,horn1 ,counts4--,executed by ,duke of ,alva4 ,l4,s41 signed by both4 ,sixteen guineas4 ,gordon1 ,general4--,killed in the ,soudan4 ,a4,l4,s41 two guineas4 ,kempenfelt1 ,admiral4--,perished in the ,royal ,george4 ,d4,s41 one guinea4#bd #bd ,h4 ,t4 ,scott1 ,autograph ,collecting1 ,part iii4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,old ,,mug ,,bearing ,,the ,,famous ,,picture ,,depicting ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,wolfe4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,war ,,postage ,,stamps ,the earliest war stamps--,stamps used in the ,crimean ,war--,the ,british ,army ,post ,office ,corps--,the ,sudan ,expedition--,the ,south ,african ,campaign--,the ,great ,war--,recent war stamps and post-marks--,indian war stamps--,other war stamps ,among the many thousand varieties of postage stamps which philatelists treasure few can compare in point of interest with those which have carried letters from the firing line to the fireside4 ,such specimens are sought after not merely by the stamp-collector1 but by the general collector of military curios4 ,war postage stamps date back to the middle of the sixteenth century1 their originator being a certain ,johann von ,taxis who1 a few years before the death of ,martin ,luther1 obtained permission to carry letters from civilians in ,germany to members of a ,german expeditionary force then fighting in ,italy4 ,the frank marks which this royal prince applied to the correspondence entrusted to him1 constitute the first war postage stamps of which we have any record4 ,of ,british war stamps1 probably the earliest specimens are those which came to ,england on the letters written by the soldiers who fought in the ,crimea4 ,soon after the ,british army was landed on the shores of the ,black ,sea1 the ,government sent out eleven postal officials1 who established a head office at ,constantinople and branch depots at ,balaklava and ,scutari4 ,the staff was properly equipped with all the necessary impedimenta for maintaining a postal service between the expeditionary army and the people at home4 ,letters from ,england were received and transmitted to the various regimental headquarters2 mails for the ,mother-country were gathered in and sent on their journey westwards1 whilst supplies of unused adhesive stamps were retailed to the soldiers at the three offices mentioned above4 ,the stamps which the officials sold comprised the following then current ,british specimens3-- #a;d4 red1 #ahda issue1 no perforations1 with small crown as watermark4 #a;d4 reddish-brown1 #ahee issue1 perforated1 with large crown as watermark4 #b;d4 blue1 #ahda issue1 no perforations1 with small crown as watermark4 #b;d4 blue1 #ahee issue1 perforated1 with large crown as watermark4 #d;d4 rose-carmine1 #ahef issue1 with large garter as watermark4 #f;d4 lilac1 #ahed issue1 with embossed head4 ,specimens of the above which franked the correspondence of members of the ,crimean expeditionary force may be recognized by the distinctive obliteration marks which were as follows3-- #a4 ,a crown placed between two stars with straight bars above and below1 the whole forming an oval4 #b4 ,a star placed between the cyphers2 then as ,no4 #a4 #c4 ,a circle containing the inscription ,post ,office1 ,british ,army1 together with the date4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,soldier',s ,,communication ,,posted ,,during ,,the ,,south ,,african ,,war4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,similar ,,communication ,,from ,,somewhere ,,in ,,france4 ,in #ahhb1 a ,british ,army ,post ,office ,corps was formed by ,colonel du ,plat ,taylor for service under ,general ,wolseley in ,egypt4 ,the men were chosen from the old #bdth ,middlesex1 a regiment better known as the ,post ,office ,volunteers4 ,the party landed at ,alexandria1 but soon proceeded to ,ismailia where a base was established4 ,from these headquarters a number of field offices sprang up1 but their positions altered as the army moved forward4 ,there is no doubt that the duties performed by this postal corps gave much satisfaction1 both to the troops and the authorities at home1 for its services were again requisitioned when the ,suakim expedition set out under the leadership of ,sir ,gerald ,graham4 ,the stock of stamps taken to ,egypt consisted of the current #a;d4 lilac and #b;d4 blue of ,england1 but those used during the expedition were obliterated by a hand stamp bearing either a number of dots shaped to form a small lozenge1 or a circle containing the inscription ,british ,army ,post ,office1 ,egypt1 and the date4 ,obliterations bearing dates in #ahhe belong to the ,suakim expedition4 ,when ,kitchener went to the ,sudan in #ahig1 the ,egyptian ,government set up a postal department at ,wadi ,haifa ,camp for the special use of the ,british and ,egyptian forces4 ,the stamps sold on this occasion were the current ,egyptian labels1 but they were overprinted with the word ,soudan in both ,french and ,arabic4 ,unfortunately1 many forged overprints have been added to genuine ,egyptian stamps of the higher values1 so that collectors must be cautious when purchasing specimens4 ,of the work of the ,army ,post ,office ,corps in ,south ,africa during the last ,boer ,war much interesting matter could be written4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,melville gives the following description in his capital book ,the ,postage ,stamp in ,war 7price one shilling74 ,major ,sturgeon was succeeded in the command of the ,army ,postal ,corps by his second in command1 ,captain ,viall4 ,on the death of the latter in #ahij1 ,captain ,g4 ,w4 ,treble of the ,london ,postal ,service took the command1 which he held at the outbreak of the ,south ,african ,war in #ahii1 aided by ,captain ,w4 ,price 7now ,colonel ,w4 ,price1 ,c4,m4,g41 in command of the ,army ,post ,office with the ,british ,expeditionary ,force in ,france7 and ,lieutenant ,h4 ,m',clintock1 these latter officers belonging to the ,secretary's ,office of the ,g4,p4,o41 ,london4 ,a first portion of the company with ,captain ,treble left ,england with ,general ,buller and his staff1 and the rest followed on ,october #bast1 and several further detachments went out with later contingents4 ,in ,south ,africa they had a very wide area to cover4 ,at the outset ,captain ,treble established himself with the headquarters of the ,inspector-,general of ,communications in ,cape ,colony1 and moved about keeping in close touch with the movements of the forces1 an important part of his duties being to forward to the various offices the information necessary to ensure the correct circulation of the mails4 ,captain ,price was at ,cape ,town1 and ,lieutenant ,m',clintock at ,pietermaritzburg4 ,the ,british military mails were made up in the ,london ,g4,p4,o4 in special bags addressed to the ,army ,post ,office1 and sent to the ,g4,p4,o4 at ,cape ,town1 in which building the detachment of the ,army ,postal ,corps under ,captain ,price had established its base office4 ,the bags containing military mails were handed over to the ,army ,base ,post ,office at ,cape ,town1 whence they were distributed to the various military post offices established at the centres of the troops1 and to field post offices with each ,brigade or ,division in the field4 ,in the return direction the soldiers' letters were handed in at field post offices and forwarded through various channels1 sometimes ordinary and ofttimes military1 to the base at ,cape ,town1 whence they were dispatched to ,england in the ordinary way4 ,early in #aijj1 the average weekly mail from ,london to the ,field ,forces was #aej bags of letters1 post-cards1 etc41 and #fj boxes of parcels2 the incoming mail from the ,field ,forces was #aa bags of letters per week4 ,in a letter dated from ,cape ,town1 ,february #bgth1 from ,lieutenant ,preece1 who went out with reinforcements for the ,army ,post ,office ,corps in ,february1 are some interesting glimpses of the difficulties of the work of this service3-- ,price1 of the ,post ,office ,corps1 met us and told us 7,captain7 ,palmer was to leave at once for ,kimberley with #ag men1 7,captain7 ,labouchere and 7,lieutenant7 ,curtis to proceed on to ,natal with #ej men1 and ,i was to take the remainder ashore here 7,cape ,town7 and stop to help at the base4 ,at #i4cj on ,monday morning ,i marched off with my #eg men to the main barracks1 and bade good-bye to the good ship ,canada and her merry cargo4 ,after lodging the men in barracks ,i went off to the ,g4,p4,o41 where ,i found ,price and his #dj men ensconced in one huge wing1 overwhelmed with work1 and at breaking-down point4 ,the mails every week increase now1 and we have #bej1jjj pieces of mail matter to sort and distribute every week1 over a country larger than ,france1 among a shifting population of soldiers1 each of whom expects to get his letters as easily as he gets his rations4 ,it is a vast job1 and we have done wonderfully so far with a totally inadequate staff4 ,for readers who require further details of the ,army ,post ,office arrangements during the ,boer ,war1 it may be mentioned that the contemporary reports of the ,postmaster-,general contain very full and interesting accounts4 ,such reports1 if out of print1 can usually be perused in the better-class public libraries4 ,the stamps which franked the soldiers' letters were usually of the ,british lilac penny variety1 bearing the familiar head of ,queen ,victoria1 whilst the obliterations were circular or hexagonal1 and contained the inscription ,army ,post ,office1 ,south ,africa4 ,but the bulk of the letters reached ,england with no adhesive stamp1 the words1 ,on ,active ,service1 no ,stamps ,available1 proving a sufficient passport in cases where supplies were genuinely unprocurable4 ,envelopes which are stampless1 but which bear one or other of the ,south ,african field postmarks1 command a fair value1 and copies should figure in every collection specially devoted to war stamps4 ,when ,bloemfontein fell into the hands of the ,british the stock of ,orange ,free ,state adhesives was overprinted ,v4,r4,i4 and1 later on1 ,e4,r4,i41 and when the ,union ,jack was unfurled in ,pretoria the stamps of the ,south ,african ,republic were provided with similar overprints4 ,all these labels were used by the civilians as well as the military authorities2 and as many of the soldiers posted their communications in the ordinary letter-boxes1 it is impossible to decide which possess a war interest and which do not4 ,among the most treasured adhesives provided by the ,south ,african ,war are the ,mafeking ,besieged issues4 ,as is well known1 certain of these were produced by a photographic process and revealed the portrait of ,general ,baden-,powell4 ,gibbons urges collectors to be wary in purchasing copies1 as numerous well-executed forgeries emanated from ,kimberley and ,cape ,town1 and many officers and men returning home from the front were swindled by the dishonest dealers4 ,illustration3 ,,some ,,historic ,,post-,,marks ,,used ,,on ,,military ,,correspondence4 #a4 and #b4 ,crimean ,postmarks4 #c4 ,napier's ,abyssian ,expedition1 #ahfg-h4 #d4 ,egyptian ,campaign1 #ahhe4 #e4 ,dongola ,expedition4 #f4 and #g4 ,south ,african ,war1 #ahii4 #h4 ,british ,army in ,france1 #aiad4 #i4 ,canadian #aj4 ,indian ,on the outbreak of the ,european ,war in ,august #aiad1 the ,army ,post ,office ,corps again became active1 and the quantity of letters and parcels which it was called upon to handle from the very outset must be described as prodigious4 ,it is quite impossible to record all the varieties of ,british military stamps and post-marks which have resulted from these hostilities1 but they may be classified under the following heads3-- #a4 ,stamps of the ,united ,kingdom bearing postmarks indicating use in ,france1 ,belgium1 and other foreign countries4 #b4 ,post-marks of the ,army ,post ,office at the base or in the field4 ,there are numerous varieties4 #c4 ,censor marks applied to envelopes1 etc4 #d4 ,postmarks applied to correspondence from prisoners of war and aliens' camps4 ,of course1 many interesting colonial varieties have also resulted from the war4 ,the following are among the most highly prized3-- #a4 ,gold ,coast stamps obliterated with post-marks from ,togoland4 #b4 ,german colonials from ,samoa overprinted ,g4,r4,i4 #c4 ,new ,zealand stamps bearing the overprint ,samoa4 #d4 ,german colonials from ,togo overprinted ,anglo-,french ,occupation4 #e4 ,canadian stamps obliterated with post-marks bearing the inscription ,canadian ,overseas ,expeditionary ,force4 #f4 ,indian stamps overprinted ,i4,e4,f4 7,indian ,expeditionary ,force74 ,whilst speaking of ,indian stamps1 it may be appropriate to mention that the army postal service possessed by our troops in this ,asiatic empire is probably the most carefully planned in the whole world4 ,from a ,field ,service ,manual#be on ,posts and ,telegraphs we have been able to glean a few details respecting the organization and establishment of the ,indian military post offices4 ,in times of peace1 a stock of tents and equipment sufficient for the supply of three base post offices1 #ej first-class field post offices1 #aj second-class field post offices1 and for the supervising staff is kept in store at ,lahore in the charge of the ,postal ,department of the ,punjab4 #be ,quoted from ,stamp ,collecting1 ,december #e1 #aiad4 ,on the outbreak of war the military postal service is organized by the ,director-,general of ,posts and ,telegraphs in ,india according to the requirements of the ,army authorities4 ,the supervising staff is selected by him from a roll of ,european volunteers for such service maintained in his office1 the full war establishment consisting of #f ,directors or ,deputy-,directors1 #ah ,assistant-,directors1 #bd ,inspectors1 and #ej ,postmasters4 ,the rest of the establishment is selected by the ,postmaster-,general of the ,punjab4 ,one ,director or ,deputy-,director1 two ,assistant-,directors1 and four ,inspectors constitute the normal postal personnel of an ,expeditionary ,force4 ,they wear the ordinary field service uniform of the ,indian ,army according to their respective ranks1 distinguished by the word ,post on the shoulder-straps4 ,the following extracts from the ,indian ,army ,order1 ,no4 #fai1 dated ,november #aj1 #aiac1 are of interest3-- #g4 ,the ,director or ,deputy-,director1 or1 in his absence1 the ,postmaster-,general under whose orders he is to work1 should1 on receipt of the first intimation that a force is to be mobilized1 take the earliest opportunity to consult the ,general ,officer appointed to command the force1 as to the postal requirements of the force in respect of the number of field post offices1 the classes of postal business to be undertaken1 the establishment to be provided1 etc4 ,as far as possible1 the wishes of the ,general ,officer commanding should be carried out4 #bc4 ,the ,director-,general will arrange that the treasury nearest to the base office is supplied with about ten times its normal supply of ordinary postage stamps 7including post-cards and envelopes7 together with a suitable supply of service stamps 7including post-cards and envelopes72 and that a sufficient stock is maintained throughout the campaign4 ,the base post office should thus be in a position to supply at once the postage stamps required in the field post offices4 ,if there is no treasury at hand1 a sufficient supply of postage stamps of all descriptions must be kept at the base post office4 ,the base post office will be supplied with an iron safe1 or two1 if necessary4 #bd4 ,the requisite stamps1 scales1 bags1 and other articles of stock sufficient for six months' requirements will be furnished to the base post office for its own use1 and for distribution1 under the orders of the ,director or ,deputy-,director1 to field post offices4 ,section #e ,b shows the books1 forms1 stamps1 etc41 required for field post offices4 ,all books1 forms1 and articles of stock should be packed in the prescribed mule trunks1 each of which1 when packed1 should not exceed one maund in weight4 ,the books1 forms1 and stamps required by the base post office will be the same as those used by a head office in ,india performing the same classes of business2 but in addition to the ordinary stamps it will be supplied with a special ',postage cancelled' stamp4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of foreign war stamps1 the international quarrels of the last fifty years have produced quite an interesting array4 ,envelopes posted in ,paris during the siege of #ahgj bearing the words ,par ,ballon ,mont are much prized by collectors4 ,less sought after are the ,alsace and ,lorraine stamps which were primarily issued for use by the invading ,german troops of #ahgj4 ,their low price is probably due to the fact that the dies were printed from long after the stamps were withdrawn from currency4 ,from the ,balkans we1 of course1 have many specimens which enrich our collections4 ,italy1 also1 has given us war stamps bearing the overprints ,bengasi and ,tripoli di ,barberia4 ,if we turn to the ,united ,states1 many interesting postal relics will be discovered of the ,civil ,war1 whilst numerous varieties of more recent stamps from the ,states are to be found showing post-marks referring to the ,spanish war in the ,philippines and ,cuba4 ,then there are ,japanese adhesives which were used in ,china during the fighting which led to the peace of ,shimonoseki1 and1 of course1 the ,japanese issues which the troops used whilst engaging the ,russians must not be overlooked4 ,lastly1 we may point to ,south and ,central ,america1 a continent where war labels are almost as plentiful as those issued in times of peace4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,post-,,card ,,received ,,from ,a ,,soldier ,,in ,,france ,,bearing ,,stereotyped ,,greetings4 ,in the foregoing notes we have merely indicated1 in a general way1 the sources from which war stamps have emanated4 ,sufficient1 however1 has been said to show that these relics of strife and bloodshed provide material for the collector of a highly fascinating character4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,war ,,money ,french obsidional notes--,mafeking notes--,the ,napoleonic assignats--,charles ,,ii and ,university plate--,mints at ,carlisle1 ,beeston1 ,scarborough1 ,newark1 ,colchester1 and ,pontefract--,irish gun money ,just as there are many postage stamps which owe their origin to the stern necessities of war1 so there are a great number of coins1 tokens1 notes1 etc41 which have found their way into circulation as a result of the belligerent attitude of armies4 ,all such examples of war money are extremely interesting and well worth collecting4 ,the conflict which is raging at the time of writing has already produced a certain amount of war money1 notably in the northern part of ,france4 ,in this area many small towns and villages have found themselves despoiled of their metal currency1 with the consequence that paper money has been issued1 under authority1 to meet the temporary demands of the outraged inhabitants4 ,among the illustrations of this book1 two such paper notes1 coming from ,epernay1 are included2 it is safe to say that in time to come these and similar issues will be much sought for4 ,another interesting case of paper money which owed its inception to the needs of war is the ,mafeking currency1 issued by ,baden-,powell during the famous siege by the ,boers1 which lasted from ,october #ac1 #ahii1 to ,may #ag1 #aijj4 ,the face value of the ,mafeking notes was #a1 #ajs41 #cs41 and #as41 but copies now change hands at considerably enhanced prices4 ,the issue of paper money is no new idea2 the ,french resorted to the practice in ,napoleon's time1 as they had also done during the life of the ,republic which came into being on ,september #bj1 #agib4 ,this latter body issued notes1 termed assignats1 of five different denominations1 ranging in value from about a sovereign to forty pounds4 ,the assignats1 it may be stated1 were dishonoured by the succeeding ,government1 and people who held them lost their money4 ,the writer possesses a few specimens which were given him1 many years ago1 by an old ,french lady whose family had fallen from affluence to humble circumstances solely through the dishonouring of these paper notes4 ,but the most interesting war currency which we have so far discovered is the obsidional money of the ,great ,rebellion of #afdb-i4 ,historical data of this period is too well known to need repetition here1 and it is sufficient to say that ,charles1 after he suffered defeat at ,naseby1 was forced to withdraw his troops to certain castles and towns throughout the land4 ,from these strongholds he made occasional sallies1 but a depleted exchequer always hampered his movements4 ,illustration3 ,,money ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,rebellion1 #afdb-i4 7#a4 ,newark sixpence--#b4 ,colchester gold half unite--#c4 ,pontefract two-shilling piece--#d4 ,ormond half-crown--#e4 ,dublin crown of ,charles ,,ii47 ,in order to obtain sufficient money to finance the ,army1 ,charles begged the ,universities of ,oxford and ,cambridge to give him their collections of plate1 which he intended to melt down and recast as silver currency4 ,the ,university of ,oxford and the majority of its colleges sent their plate1 which was safely conveyed to the ,king1 but that of the ,university of ,cambridge was not sent1 although many of the individual colleges contributed theirs4 ,the treasures of ,st4 ,john's and ,magdalen1 however1 never reached their destination1 but were seized by ,cromwell whilst in transit to ,nottingham4#bf ,charles had many wealthy followers1 however1 and these were only too ready to help on the cause of the ,royalists by sacrificing their silver ware4 #bf ,dr4 ,nelson1 ,obsidional ,money of the ,great ,rebellion1 p4 #g4 ,with such supplies of metal the ,king was able to establish mints at ,carlisle1 ,beeston ,castle1 ,scarborough1 ,lathom ,house1 ,newark1 ,colchester1 and ,pontefract4 ,the money supplied by these mints was used for paying the soldiers and buying material2 it was also more or less honoured in the surrounding villages4 ,the coins were usually struck upon irregular pieces of plate1 cut from trenchers1 platters1 cups1 etc41 of silver1 in place of being struck upon flans specially prepared by melting down the plate4 ,this is only what one would expect1 under the trying circumstances in which the various garrisons found themselves placed4 ,that this was the case is clearly proved by the many examples existing1 upon which traces of the original decoration are still visible1 in some instances even1 particularly upon examples issued at ,scarborough1 the rim of the dish being still to be seen at the edge of the piece4#bg #bg ,dr4 ,nelson1 ,obsidional ,money of the ,great ,rebellion1 p4 #h4 ,dr4 ,philip ,nelson tells us that about ,christmas-time1 #afdd1 the inhabitants of ,carlisle were asked to take their silver plate to the mint1 situated in the town1 which they cheerfully did4 ,the quantity of silver plate which was so obtained amounted to #a1afb oz4 ,it was made up of the following items1 which possess for the reader of to-day both a pathetic and an amusing interest4 ,the item of ,widdow ,orpheur1 four spoons1 truly a case of the widow's mite1 and ,sir ,henry ,fletcher's tankard1 tumbler1 and wine bowles strike us as being particularly worthy of note4 ,may the #acth ,a ,,list ,,of ,,all ,,the ,,plaite ,,brought ,,in ,,to #afde ,,be ,,coyned ,,with ,,the ,,weight ,,thereof4 ,will3 ,atkinson4 ,alder one ,winde ,mill ,boule1 a oz4 ,trencher salt three spoones wt #jab #a_/b #j ,widdow ,craister one beare boule one beaker one wine boule and six spoones wt #jbd #a_/d #j ,julien ,aglionby one ,boule wt #jjh #a_/b #j ,edmond ,kidd #b ,bowles wt #jae #c_/d #j ,thomas ,kidd one ,boule wt #jjg #j #a_/h ,will3 ,wilson ,tenner one ,bowle one ,beaker wt #jad #a_/b #j ,thomas ,lowrie #b spoones wt #jjb #j #j ,robert ,sewell one spoone wt #jja #j #a_/h ,collnell ,kirkebride one bowle #d spoones wt #jac #j #j ,mary ,carlile one bowle and #h spoones wt #jae #c_/d #j ,edward ,dalton one bowle one ,tumbler #b peeces of broken plate wt #jbb #j #a_/h ,mrs ,chambers #b beare boules and one wine boule wt #jcd #a_/d #j ,mr ,glaisters #c beare bowles #f spoones wt #jcd #c_/d #j ,widdow ,baines ,junior one bowle #b spoones wt #jaa #a_/b #a_/h ,thomas ,jackson one bowle #b spoones wt #jjg #a_/b #a_/h ,thomas ,monke one bowle wt #jjh #j #j ,josph ,jefferson one bowle wt #jaj #j #j ,mr ,edward ,orpheur one bowle #d spoons wt #jad #a_/d #j ,john ,orbell #b bowles one gilt bowle and #aj spoones wt #jdj #c_/d #j ,widdow ,orpheur #d spoons wt #jje #c_/d #j ,mr ,edward ,fountane one bowle one salt and #b spoones ,wt #jag #a_/b #j ,mr ,richard ,wilson #a gilt bowle wt #jjh #a_/b #j ,thomas ,craggill #b wine bowles and #c silver spoons wt #jae #j #j ,henry ,monke one beaker #d spoons wt #jaa #a_/b #j ,thomas ,tallentyre one bowle #d spoones wt #jac #c_/d #j ,captaine ,aglionby one bowle wt #jaj #a_/b #a_/h ,sir ,thomas ,glemham #b ,candlesticks wt #jdd #c_/d #j ,mr ,george ,barwicke one bowle #f spoones wt #jag #j #a_/h ,robert ,james one bowle wt #jjh #c_/d #j ,isabeil ,holliday one sugardish wt #jaa #c_/d #j ,sir ,henry ,fletcher one tankard one salt #a tumbler #b wine bowles #f spoones wt #jee #c_/d #a_/h ,capt3 ,cape #b beare bowles #b gilt salts one ,colledge pott one ,can gilt one gilt beaker wt #jhi #j #j ,mr ,fredericke ,tonstall one dozen #a_/b of plate wt #ade #j #j ,mrs ,tullie #e spoones wt #jjf #a_/d #j ,john ,tomlinson one bowle wt #jjh #j #j ,edward ,james one bowle wt #jjh #a_/b #a_/h ,sr ,will3 ,dalston one greate salt one lesser salt one bowle #h spoones wt #jfc #a_/b #j ,mr ,leo3 ,dykes one bowle one ,tankard #f spoones wt #jcj #c_/d #j ,mr ,lewis ,west #a bowle wt #jji #c_/d #a_/h ,sr ,tho3 ,dacre #b bowles wt #jai #a_/b #j ,capt ,johnson one ,tankard one salt wt #jcj #j #j ,the ,citties plate #b ,flaggons #b gilt bowles one gilt salt #b beare bowles wt #bcc #j #j -------------- #aafb #a_/d #a_/h ,received in plate #aafb oz - #a_/d - #a_/h at #es per oz ,delivered to ,mr ,dykes #cjja;i resting in or hands #bca;i - #j - #c stamped out of #ajgf oz4 - #a_/b - #a_/h at #fs per oz #cbc #j #c ,gayned by ,coyning at #fs per oz #db #h #d ,lost in meltynge and working #ba #aj #j 7,endorsed7 ,may the #acth #afde4 ,a note of plate ,coyned ,the ,carlisle money had the appearance of roughly made coinage1 but that coming from the ,beeston mint was innocent of even such resemblance4 ,at this mint1 thin pieces of silver were cut into fragments1 weighed and then stamped with whatever value tallied with the weight4 ,thus we find not only two-shilling pieces1 shilling pieces1 and so on1 but sevenpenny pieces1 tenpenny pieces1 and pieces valued at thirteen-pence4 ,there was1 we may add1 but one face to all these coins4 ,the ,beeston money did not bear any wording to show that it was coined at this castle1 but simply bore a stamped impression of the castle gateway4 ,the ,scarborough mint was no better equipped than that at ,beeston1 and what we have said of the latter applies also to the former4 ,there is just this to be mentioned of the ,scarborough pieces3 ,the reverse of the coins is blank1 save for the few specimens which bear engraved upon them the words ,,obs-,,scarborough-#afde1 which engraving1 however1 may possibly not be contemporary with the siege1 but may have been added subsequently1 as a memorial1 about the date of the ,restoration4#bh #bh ,dr4 ,nelson1 ,obsidional ,money of the ,great ,rebellion1 p4 #ah4 ,the ,newark money was much better fashioned4 ,it was not circular nor irregular1 but lozenge-shaped4 ,the front faces usually bore the royal crown1 the letters ,c4,r41 and the value in pence1 whilst the rear faces showed the date and the words ,,obs-,,newark4 ,there were no coins for odd amounts as there were at ,beeston4 ,illustration3 ,,gun ,,money ,,of ,,james ,,ii4 7#a4 ,sixpence--#b4 ,sixpence--#c4 ,shilling--#d4 ,shilling--#e4 ,half-crown--#f4 ,half-crown--#g4 ,half-crown--#h4 ,half-crown47 ,colchester turned out various grades of money4 ,the gold half-unite was circular and of fairly good workmanship1 but the silver shilling and the silver nine-penny piece were shaped variously and poor in quality4 ,the best coinage of all came from ,pontefract1 where the siege money was struck not only for ,charles ,i but also for ,charles ,,ii4 ,the designs were all enclosed within a circle1 but the shape of the metal was circular1 lozenge-shaped1 and hexagonal4 ,both faces of the coins were ornamented4 99 99 99 99 99 ,other siege money which we must note came from ,ireland1 and grew out of the rebellion1 headed by ,phelim ,o',neill1 which rose in #afda1 when some forty thousand men1 women1 and children were cruelly massacred by the ,confederated ,catholics4 ,this self-constituted body--followers of ,charles--drew up many decrees3 we need mention here but one3-- ,it is this day ordered by this assembly1 that coin and plate shall be raised and established in this ,kingdom1 according to the rates and values hereafter mentioned1 and that there shall be forthwith coined the sum of four thousand pounds1 to pass currant in and through this ,kingdom1 according to a proclamation4 ,accordingly1 special coinage was struck at ,kilkenny1 ,bandon1 ,kinsale1 ,youghal1 and ,cork1 whilst ,lord ,inchquin and the ,marquis of ,ormond minted money which was popularly named after them4 ,the ,inchquin coins possess no claims to beauty nor even good workmanship1 but the ,ormond money is certainly bold in design and fair in construction4 ,another interesting case of war money being coined arose out of the appearance of ,james ,,ii in ,ireland during the early part of the year #afhh4 ,james had previously issued a patent for minting money to ,sir ,john ,knox1 but on arriving in ,ireland he seized the latter's coining apparatus and set up his own mints in ,dublin and ,limerick4 ,a most interesting proclamation which he published in the year #afhi explained the measures he proposed to adopt for debasing the coinage2 we give it in extenso3-- ,whereas1 for remedy of the present scarcity of money in this our kingdom1 and that our standing forces may be the better paid and subsisted1 and that our subjects of this realm may be the better enabled to pay and discharge the taxes1 excise1 customs1 rents1 and other debts and duties1 which are or shall be hereafter payable to us3 we have ordered a certain quantity of copper and brass money to be coyned to pass currant in this our kingdom during our pleasure1 in six penny pieces3 each piece having on one side the effigies or figure of our head1 with this inscription round ,,jacobus ,,ii ,,dei ,,gratia1 and upon the other side1 the stamp or impression of cross-sceptres and a crown between ,j4,r4 with ,,vi above1 the month wherein they are coyned below1 with this inscription round1 ,,mag4 ,,brit4 ,,fran4 ,,hiber4 ,,rex4 #afhi1 and fringed round1 each of the said pieces to be of the metal of copper and brass2 all which pieces of money we have thought fit1 by the advice of our privy council1 to make currant money within this our kingdom4 ,we do therefore hereby publish and declare1 by the advice aforesaid1 that the said pieces of copper and brass coyned1 or hereafter to be coyned by our said order marked and stampt as aforesaid1 shall pass during our pleasure1 as currant money amongst all our subjects within our realm1 and in all payments to be made either to us1 or from us1 or to or from any of our subjects within this kingdom1 according to the rates following3 that is to say1 each of the said pieces called six penny pieces1 marked and stamped as aforesaid1 to pass for six pence3 the said pieces to pass at the rates aforesaid1 for the interest which hereafter shall fall due for such mortgages and debts due by records1 bills1 bonds1 or obligations1 and likewise for any of the said principal debts so secured where the debtor or his goods are1 or shall be taken in execution for the same1 and we do hereby strictly charge and command all and every of our subjects of this kingdome to take and receive in all payments to be made to them 7excepting as aforesaid7 the said pieces of money according to the rates aforesaid1 hereby declaring that such of our subjects within this kingdom as shall refuse the said pieces of copper and brass money at the rates aforesaid 7excepting as aforesaid7 being tendered to them for payment1 shall be punished according to the utmost rigour of the law1 as contemners of our royal prerogative and command4 ,provided always1 that this our proclamation shall not be construed1 to oblige any merchant or merchants1 importing any goods into this kingdom1 to receive upon the first sale of such goods so imported1 any of the said copper or brass money3 ,and whereas we have caused the said copper and brass money to be made currant money for present necessity1 and therefore do not intend that the same shall continue for any long time4 ,we do1 by this our royal proclamation1 promise and engage to all our subjects here that as soon as the said money shall be decried and made null1 that we shall thereupon receive from all and every our subjects within this kingdom such proportion of the said money as shall be1 and remain in their respective hands at the time the same shall be so decried and made null3 and at the same time either allow for the same to them the value thereof1 at the rates aforesaid1 out of what rent1 duties or debts1 they respectively shall owe to us1 or to make them full satisfaction for the same according to the rates aforesaid1 in gold or silver of the currant coyne of this kingdom4 ,given at our court1 at ,dublin-castle1 the eighteenth day of ,june1 #afhi1 and in the fifth year of our reign4 ,,by ,,the ,,king4 ,illustration3 ,,gun ,,money ,,of ,,james ,,ii4 7#i4 ,shilling--#aj4 ,shilling--#aa4 ,half-crown--#ab4 ,half-crown--#ac4 ,half-crown--#ad4 ,crown--#ae4 ,crown--#af4 ,limerick farthing47 ,a certain amount of trouble was1 of course1 experienced by the ,king in obtaining sufficient supplies of metal to meet his somewhat rapacious lust for coining4 ,after his own stores were exhausted he cast around for additional supplies and the following candid letter reveals his method of procedure3-- ,our will and pleasure is1 that you forthwith deliver to the commissioners of the mint those two brass canons now lying in the court of this our castle marked etc4 weighing etc4 and for soe doeing this shall be your warrant4 ,given at our court at ,dublin-castle1 this eleventh day of ,july1 #afhi1 and in the fifth year of our reign4 ,to our trusty and wel-beloved cozen and counsellor ,justin ,lord ,viscount ,mount ,cashel1 master general of our ordnance4 ,this second letter1 dealing with the same matter1 is also worthy of note3-- ,,sir1 ,we have great occasion for his majesty's use to procure as much hamered or forged copper and brass as your parts can afford1 and judging by the decay of trade and desolation of the country1 that there may bee a great deale in your district or port1 we desire you1 by yourself and officers1 to inform us presently what quantity you may bee able to furnish us with1 and what the currant prices are of each4 ,and whatever you can gett1 buy at the best rates you can1 and as soon as you have four or five hundred weight pray send it to us the commissioners of his majesty's mint1 at the mint-house in ,capel-street1 ,dublin1 and what you pay shall bee allowed you in your accounts at the custom house1 so doing you'll oblige1 ,yours1 c4 ,a third letter1 which we give below1 was written by one of the ,king's emissaries who1 with other trusty servants1 was sent out to scour the country for further supplies of metal suitable for coining into gun-money4 ,,limerick1 ,jan4 the #dth1 #afhi4 ,,sir1 ,last ,tuesday1 the carriages parted from hence with six thousand six hundred weight of gunn mettle1 six hundred a quarter and two pounds of fine pewter1 and a thousand weight of steele1 they will be eleven or twelve days a goeing because the roads are very deep--,the pewter cost ten pence per pound1 and steele six pence4 ,you may expect very soone a farther supply of mettle for ,i have made an agreement with two eminent dealers from ,corke who have five or six thousand weight of copper and brass which they are to send here4 ,i must have an order from the lords of the treasury1 for sending it to your mint3 there are foure or five broken bells in the country1 which ,i can have if you send an order for seizing them for the king's use3 there is an useless cannon at ,gallway1 and one or two at ,kingsaile3 ,i forgot to send you some of our coyne as you desired1 by the next occasion ,i will not faile4 ,i cannot buy fine pewter now under eleven or twelve pence the pound1 for they say that you give fourteen or fifteen pence in ,dublin1 the rates for carriage from hence to ,dublin is eight shillings the hundred weight4 ,i rest your humble servant1 ,,wat ,,plunkett4 ,to ,john ,trindar ,esq4 ,summing up ,james's treatment of the coinage in ,ireland1 ,dr4 ,nelson says3 ,such a debasement of a country's coinage as we have seen above must ever be regarded as a sign of national weakness3 also1 from the sense of insecurity so engendered1 it must inevitably bring disaster in its train1 and such a fate overtook the cause of ,james alike in ,ireland and in ,england4 ,it was doubtless the intention of ,king ,james to redeem his gun-money coins1 month by month1 as opportunity permitted4 ,circumstances1 however1 decreed otherwise1 as after the ,battle of the ,boyne he departed for ,france and was compelled to leave his adherents to their fate4#bi #bi ,dr4 ,nelson1 ,the ,coinage of ,ireland in ,copper1 ,tin1 and ,pewter1 p4 #bd4 ,with the advent of ,william and ,mary1 the gun-money of ,james was re-valued at rates which were practically ruinous to those who held any but small quantities of it4 ,the proclamation ran as follows3-- ,having taken into our consideration the great oppressions and abuses committed by our enemies in this our kingdom of ,ireland1 by coyning and making currant brass money of copper or mixt metal1 and raising the value thereof to an extravagant height1 thereby to enable them to continue the war against us1 and to impoverish our loving subjects in our said kingdom3 ,we have therefore thought it necessary to put stop thereto1 and to the end that such part of the said copper or mix't metal money1 which remains in the hands of our said subjects1 may not be wholly lost1 we have thought fit to reduce the former value of the said copper money1 to the value or standard of the like copper money formerly currant in this our kingdom1 and accordingly we do hereby will and require all our subjects1 within our said kingdom of ,ireland1 to take and receive all such copper or mix't metal money1 lately coined in the mint erected in our city of ,dublin1 at the several and respective valuations following1 and that the same do pass currant in exchange of money1 and for all manner of goods and provisions whatsoever1 and shall be received by all the officers and collectors of our customs1 excise1 or other branches of our revenue accordingly1 viz4 ,the large half-crown of copper money1 together with the crown pieces1 of like metal and weight1 lately stamp'd shall pass at one penny sterling4 ,the small half-crown of copper1 lately stamp'd shall pass at three farthings4 ,the large copper shilling shall pass at a half-penny sterling4 ,the small shilling1 lately stamped1 and sixpence1 shall pass each at one farthing4 ,and our will and pleasure is1 that all such pewter pence1 as have been lately coyned in the said mint1 shall pass for half-pence1 and all the half-pence of the like metal1 stamped in the said mint1 shall pass currant for farthings4 ,which several sorts of coyn shall be deemed as currant money at the rates before mentioned1 in all payments whatsoever within this our kingdom4 ,given at our camp by ,dublin1 this tenth day of ,july1 #afij1 in the second year of our reign4 ,illustration3 ,,paper ,,money ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,republic1 #agic4 ,in the limited space at our disposal1 we have not been able to give more than an outline sketch of the various moneys under discussion4 ,the student1 however1 will find detailed accounts of every coin issued during the ,great ,rebellion1 and later by ,james ,,ii in ,ireland1 in ,dr4 ,philip ,nelson's two most interesting works1 7a7 ,the ,obsidional ,money of the ,great ,rebellion1 and 7b7 ,the ,copper ,coinage of ,ireland4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,curios ,,made ,,by ,,prisoners ,,of ,,war ,objects recently made in ,holland--,the ,napoleonic prisoners at ,norman ,cross1 ,perth1 ,dartmoor1 ,stapleton1 ,liverpool1 and ,greenland ,valleyfield ,ever since the days when enemy soldiers and sailors were first interned for protracted periods of time1 it has been a practice for the incarcerated men to while away the tedium by making little odds and ends of things as souvenirs4 ,their wares are often of extreme interest1 as they help us to gain some idea of the class of people who have been interned on particular occasions and the ability and skill they possessed4 ,at the present moment1 objects of no little interest are gradually finding their way into ,england1 which have been made by the men interned in ,holland who evacuated ,antwerp after its fall1 and1 no doubt1 many will be the treasures which our brave soldiers will bring back with them when they are freed from the concentration camps in ,germany4 ,needless to say1 all such curios will be valued by the collector more and more as time rolls on4 ,in the present chapter1 we shall confine our remarks to the handiwork of the ,french and ,spanish prisoners captured during the ,napoleonic wars1 because sufficient of it has been preserved to engage the attention of the treasure-hunter4 ,one word of caution is necessary1 at the outset3 such objects are easily counterfeited1 and1 on this account1 must only be bought from reputable people unless documentary proof of genuineness is forthcoming4 ,the ,napoleonic prisoners were quartered in various districts of ,england1 and for many years on end1 thus our statements can only be made generally4 ,the chief settlement was at ,norman ,cross1 near ,peterborough1 and1 though the huge and dingy buildings which served as prisons no longer stand1 the place is marked by a cross which was unveiled on ,july #bh1 #aiad4 ,the craft of the ,peterborough prisoners ranked high1 as visitors to the local museums will readily acknowledge4 ,their wares were chiefly made out of the beef-bones left over from their rations4 ,the writer treasures a most exquisitely made set of dominoes carved from bone and ornamented by brush1 quill1 and knife which came from this settlement4 ,a photograph of the set is given among the illustrations of the present work1 but the delicate tracery and the coloured panels of the box have lost much of their charm in the process of reproduction4 ,there is nothing unfinished about the dominoes2 each is perfectly squared and the dots are scooped out and coloured with black enamel4 ,when one remembers that the tools at the disposal of the workers were few and primitive1 their productions must be accepted as truly marvellous4 ,another example of the work of these men which is worth mentioning is to be seen in the ,peterborough ,museum2 it consists of a miniature bone or perhaps ivory guillotine1 perfect in every detail4 ,illustration3 ,,obsidional ,,half-,,franc ,,note ,,of ,,epernay4 ,illustration3 ,,obsidional ,,franc ,,note ,,of ,,epernay4 ,perhaps it will be well to mention that the inhabitants of ,peterborough displayed much interest in the ,frenchmen's art1 and a regular market was held daily within the prison walls from ten to midday1 whilst history records that as much as two hundred pounds was given in a week for these curios4 ,at ,perth1 another of the concentration centres1 the products of the prisoners consisted of carved boxes1 wooden and bone puzzles1 toys and strawplait goods4 ,indeed1 the skill which the men displayed in this latter class of production was so high that it outclassed all local work of a similar nature4 ,from straw which was dipped in various coloured dyes these clever workmen made tableaux of a most gorgeous nature and framed them with carefully shaped pieces of wood4 ,they also dug up the clay in the courtyards and modelled it into little statuettes of sailors1 soldiers1 and people of notoriety1 whilst they cut pieces from their clothes and worked them into ornamental slippers4 ,their ingenuity did not stop here1 for they forged bank-notes to while away their tedious hours1 and foisted them on to those who came to the prison market4 ,in this matter the following quotation from the ,perth ,courier of ,september #ai1 #ahac1 is interesting3#cj-- ,we are sorry to learn that the forgery of notes of various banks is carried on by prisoners at the ,dept1 and that they find means to throw them into circulation by the assistance of profligate people who frequent the market4 ,the eagerness of the prisoners to obtain cash is very great1 and as they retain all they procure they have drained the place almost entirely of silver1 so that it has become a matter of difficulty to get change of a note4 ,last week a woman coming from the ,market at the ,dept was searched by an order of ,captain ,moriarty1 when there was found about her person pieces of base money in imitation of ,bank tokens 7of which the prisoners are suspected to have been the fabricators71 to the amount of #e #ags4 ,after undergoing examination1 the woman was committed to gaol4 #cj ,here quoted from ,abell1 ,prisoners of ,war in ,britain4 ,the ,perth prisoners earned for themselves a very bad name1 for not only did they counterfeit bank-notes1 copies of which are still to be found by collectors1 but they fell to all sorts of dishonest practices4 ,a favourite ruse of theirs was to bargain with a customer and then offer to wrap up the goods which were about to change hands4 ,the wrapping-up process was completed out of the unwary purchaser's view1 but instead of enclosing the curio they included a lump of clay or piece of wood of similar shape4 ,if the customer came back to complain1 the seller was seldom found1 and even when he was discovered it took a deal of threatening and verbal eloquence to obtain redress from the defaulter1 whose one security was the iron railings which separated him from the outside world4 ,the prisoners at ,dartmoor also made knick-knacks1 but the ,governor here forbade the sale of woollen mittens1 gloves1 straw hats or bonnets1 plaited straw1 shoes1 and articles made out of prison stores4 ,at ,stapleton1 outside ,bristol1 the bootmakers of the neighbourhood complained of the sale of shoes in the prison market ,the prison-made article1 however1 was usually more a thing of ornamentation than of use1 and so the bootmakers' complaint seems somewhat unwarranted4 ,at ,liverpool1 the ,frenchmen made trinkets1 crucifixes1 card-boxes1 toys1 snuff-boxes1 horsehair rings1 and hair watch-chains1 using their own hair in the manufacture of the two latter articles4 ,at the ,greenland ,valleyfield prison1 the making of straw into strawplait was for a while a profitable pastime1 as the following passage shows3#ca-- ,the employer gave out the straw and paid for the worked article1 three sous per 'brasse1' a little under six feet4 ,some men could make twelve 'brasses' a day4 ,beaudoin 7a sergeant-major of the #cast ,line ,regiment7 set to work at it1 and in the course of a couple of months became an adept4 ,after four years came the remonstrance of the country people that this underpaid labour by untaxed men was doing infinite injury to them2 the ,government prohibited the manufacture and much misery among the prisoners resulted4 ,from this prohibition resulted the outside practice of smuggling straw into the prison and selling it later as the manufactured article2 and a very profitable industry it must have been1 for we find that1 during the trial of ,matthew ,wingrave in #ahac1 for engaging in the strawplait trade with the prisoners at ,valleyfield1 it came out that ,wingrave1 who was an extensive dealer in the article1 had actually moved up there from ,bedfordshire on purpose to carry on the trade and had bought cornfields for the purpose4 #ca ,abell1 ,prisoners of ,war in ,britain1 p4 #bjc4 ,thus it is clear that the curios made by prisoners of war embrace a wide range of interesting objects1 and that there is much fascination to be had in collecting them4 ,the reader who would know more of the lives1 the romances1 and the sufferings of these unfortunate men should read ,francis ,abell's capital book bearing the title ,prisoners of ,war in ,britain4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,newspaper ,,poster ,,which ,,told ,,of ,,welcome ,,news4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,set ,,of ,,bone ,,dominoes ,,carved ,,by ,,prisoners ,,taken ,,in ,,the ,,napoleonic ,,wars ,,and ,,interned ,,in ,,the ,,neighbourhood ,,of ,,peterborough4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,miscellaneous ,,military ,,curios ,considerations respecting miscellaneous curios--,battlefield souvenirs--,regimental colours--,odds and ends of dress equipment-- ,books and newspapers of military interest--,royal souvenirs-- ,official military documents--,gruesome relics--,relics of the ,great ,war ,among the most acceptable military curios are those which may be classed as miscellaneous2 they range from fragments of ,black ,marias to chocolate tins1 and ,prussian helmets to early copies of the ,army ,list4 ,treasures which come under this head are to be found at almost every turn--in sale-rooms1 in the shop windows of second-hand dealers1 in cottages and mansions1 in local museums--almost everywhere1 in fact4 ,curiously enough1 the military treasures which may be described as miscellaneous are usually to be picked up very cheaply1 for there is a much smaller demand for them than there is for such groups of things as medals1 firearms1 and armour and1 of course1 the price is regulated by the demand4 ,there is one axiom which must be always kept in view when purchasing odd military curios4 ,it is not sufficient to know1 in our own minds1 that a certain article is genuine2 we must know enough to be able to prove the fact to other collectors or else the selling-price value of the treasure will be little more than nothing4 ,of course1 with such things as medals1 autographs1 weapons1 etc41 it is merely the work of an expert to say whether a certain specimen is genuine or not1 but no amount of careful examination can ever decide the authenticity of a certain souvenir said to belong1 perhaps1 to ,wellington1 or the genuineness of a shot which was supposed to have caused the death of such and such a great soldier4 ,relics of this nature must be backed with good documentary evidence or their value can be but trifling4 ,a case in point may be given by way of an example3-- ,a soldier recently showed the writer a pocket-knife1 bearing the coat-of-arms of ,cologne1 which he picked up on the battlefield of ,ypres4 ,the soldier naturally valued the knife for its associations1 but as a military curio its worth was no more than that of a second-hand1 much used1 pocket-knife since he could in no way prove how he found it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for the sake of method1 we have grouped the miscellaneous curios with which we shall deal under certain heads1 the first of which is ,battlefield ,souvenirs4 ,these trophies of war are1 of course1 full of interest2 the present conflict has given us a good many specimens such as ,prussian helmets1 ,german infantry caps1 and shells of various calibre4 ,they should all be highly prized as long as they are in good condition and their identity can be established4 ,there are many interesting battlefield souvenirs to be seen in the ,royal ,united ,service ,museum4 ,one is the railway-station board from ,tel-el-,kebir1 which stood in the midst of the fighting on ,september #ac1 #ahhb1 when the ,british1 #ag1jjj strong1 attacked and stormed ,arabi's entrenchments defended by #bb1jjj ,egyptians4 ,another is a leaden ball found on the spot where ,major-,general ,james ,wolfe received his mortal wound on the ,plains of ,abraham at the taking of ,quebec1 #agei4 ,a third souvenir is a grape shot found on an embankment on the ,island of ,capri1 and believed to have been one of those used by the ,french in the siege of the island4 ,capri1 it may be said1 was held by the ,british under ,sir ,hudson ,lowe from #ahjf to #ahjh4 ,in the latter year1 ,king ,murat of ,naples sent a force of ,french troops1 under ,general ,lemarque1 to besiege the island1 and took it after thirteen days' siege4 ,yet another souvenir which may be described as from the battlefield is an officer's memorandum book4 ,captain ,f4 ,w4 ,lyons1 of the ,south ,staffordshire ,regiment1 had this book in his breast-pocket whilst attacking the stockade on the ,tumbiling ,river1 in ,penang1 in #aijd1 when it was struck by a bullet with no worse result to ,captain ,lyons than a severe bruise on the chest4 ,a fifth exhibit is a piece of the gate of ,hougomont1 which was riddled with bullets during the fighting at ,waterloo4 ,the last to be mentioned here is a gun used in ,mafeking during the siege4 ,this gun1 so the description added to the exhibit runs1 was made in the railway workshops at ,mafeking during the siege4 ,the core is a steel steam-pipe1 round which were lapped bars of iron1 which were hammered and turned into their present condition4 ,the trunnions and breech are castings of brass4 ,for the castings1 a blast furnace was improvised out of an iron water-tank lined with fire-bricks1 the draught being forced through the pipe of a vacuum brake off a railway carriage4 ,the shells of the gun were similarly cast1 and were loaded with powder1 and exploded by a slow match which was ignited by the flame of the discharge4 ,the powder was also manufactured in ,mafeking4 ,on one occasion the breech blew out1 and was repaired and fixed with the stout iron holding-bands which may be seen connecting the breech to the trunnion-block4 ,the gun was nicknamed ,the ,wolf after ,colonel ,baden-,powell1 whose nickname this was among the people of the ,north4 ,regimental ,colours4--,under this heading a number of most interesting relics of the battlefield may be grouped4 ,it is true that specimens are never available for the private collector of military curios1 but as most cathedrals and many museums possess examples1 we cannot pass them over without some mention4 ,the ,royal ,united ,service ,museum houses a score or more of these trophies of war1 but probably the most attractive are the following3-- #a4 ,drapeau du #eb;e ,rgiment1 formerly ,le ,rgiment la ,fre1 formed in #afed1 taken at ,bastia1 #agid4 ,it is one of the earliest ,french colours known to be in existence4 ,it is white1 with a tri-colour of blue1 white1 and red in the upper canton1 showing that it belonged to the #ast ,battalion4 ,it has also a tri-colour border of blue1 white1 and red on either of the three edges4 #b4 ,drapeau des ,volontaires du ,dpartement de la ,corse1 #agia-d4 ,also taken at ,bastia in #agid4 ,it is a tri-colour of blue1 white1 and red1 the blue being on the top1 and then the colours white and red4 ,on the one side1 within a wreath1 are the words ,viver1 ,liber4 ,i4 ,o4 ,morire1 in gold1 evidently the ,corsican patois for ,je meurs pour vivre libre1 and on the reverse ,republica ,francese4 #c4 ,a guidon of the #fbnd ,regiment1 #ahab1 taken in ,wellington's victory over the ,french at ,salamanca4 ,it was brought home and laid at the feet of ,his ,royal ,highness the ,prince ,regent by ,captain ,lord ,clinton1 #afth ,light ,dragoons1 ,aide-de-camp to the ,earl of ,wellington4 #d4 ,a quartette of guidons of the #bcrd ,light ,dragoons1 circa #ahjc-ae1 believed to have led the regiment in its celebrated charge at ,talavera in #ahji4 ,the regiment was in ,anson's brigade1 which was ordered by ,sir ,arthur ,wellesley to attack ,villatte's ,division1 and the #bcrd1 starting at a canter and increasing their speed as they advanced1 rode headlong against the enemy1 but in a few minutes came upon the brink of a hollow cleft1 which was not perceptible at a distance4 ,the regiment plunged down without a check1 men and horses rolling over each other in dreadful confusion4 ,the survivors mounted the opposite bank1 by twos and threes1 and rallying passed through the midst of ,villatte's columns1 which poured in a fire from each side1 and fell upon a brigade of ,french chasseurs in the rear4 ,the combat was fierce1 but short2 for fresh troops came up when the #bcrd1 already overmatched1 could scarcely hold up against the chasseurs4 ,the regiment lost two hundred and seven men and officers1 or about half the number that went into action4 ,the facings of the regiment being crimson the first guidon was1 as usual1 of that hue4 ,for distinction's sake1 though hardly in accordance with the regulations1 the other guidons were blue4 ,it is impossible to decide with exact certainty the date when they were made1 but probably soon after the regiment was renumbered1 in #ahjc4cb #cb ,the description of these colours are those given with the exhibits4 ,odds and ,ends of ,dress ,equipment4--,of curios coming within this class the collector should be able to gather quite an abundance of valuable material1 ranging from1 say1 ,royalist powder-flasks to the sashes worn by celebrated soldiers on historic occasions4 ,the ,royal ,united ,service ,museum1 that treasure-house of military curios1 has the following interesting exhibits worthy of mention under this head3-- #a4 ,the dress worn by ,tippoo ,sahib1 ,sultan of ,mysore1 during the ,siege of ,seringapatam1 in #agii4 ,it is thickly padded with leather1 and the head-dress1 which has the appearance of green velvet1 is in reality a very effective helmet4 #b4 ,a cavalry cloak which belonged to ,captain ,nolan1 #aeth ,hussars1 who fell in the charge at ,balaklava4 ,captain ,nolan was ,a4,d4,c4 to the ,quartermaster-,general1 when he conveyed to ,brigadier-,general the ,earl of ,cardigan the famous order for the ,charge of the ,light ,brigade4 #c4 ,an officer's silk sash used in supporting ,sir ,john ,moore when carried in a blanket from the battlefield of ,corua to the ,citadel after he was mortally wounded on ,january #af1 #ahji4 #d4 ,a civilian's hat worn by ,lieutenant-,general ,sir ,thomas ,picton1 who commanded the ,third ,division at the ,battle of ,vittoria1 ,june #ba1 #ahac1 when the ,french army was totally defeated by the allied armies4 ,he wore the civilian head-dress owing to inflammation of the eyes4 #e4 ,a saddle used by ,field-,marshal ,prince ,blcher von ,wahlstadt at the ,battle of ,waterloo4 #f4 ,an umbrella of ,king ,prempeh1 who was taken prisoner by the ,british troops under ,colonel ,sir ,francis ,scott at ,coomassie in #ahif4 ,the umbrella was presented to ,her late ,majesty ,queen ,victoria4#cc #cc ,the descriptions are those given with the exhibits at the ,museum4 ,books and ,newspapers of ,military ,interest4--,in this class quite a wide range of matter is to be found4 ,books on military subjects containing fine illustrations1 especially when coloured1 are always valuable1 and if more than seventy or eighty years old are never likely to depreciate in worth4 ,when the illustrations depict army dress or refer to implements of warfare1 the books should be especially prized4 ,volumes having for the subjects the descriptions of battles or accounts of tactics are1 however1 not sought for1 as a rule4 ,the ,army ,list must not be forgotten4 ,early copies--the first appeared in #ahad--;are eagerly snapped up whenever offered for sale--as many soldiers of rank endeavour to secure complete sets of them4 ,illustration3 ,,light ,,horse ,,volunteers1 ,of ,,london ,,and ,,westminster4 ,the ,committee of this ,corps'1 considering with serious attention the present critical1 situation of the ,country1 and conceiving that every well-wisher to its ,constitution and ,government would be desirous of affording his individual support at this period1 7and particularly should his ,majesty's endeavours to conclude a safe and honourable ,peace with our enemies prove ineffectual71 have thought it proper to make ,known to the ,public the following ,abstract of the ,rules and ,regulations unanimously agreed to by the ,corps1 viz4--,this ,corps1 instituted in #aggi1 and revived in #agid1 consists1 when complete1 of #cjj ,gentlemen1 commanded by two ,field ,officers1 six ,captains1 six ,lieutenants1 six ,cornets1 and an ,adjutant1 chosen from among themselves and commissioned by his ,majesty2 subject to be called out in case of invasion1 appearance of invasion1 or insurrection1 and to do duty in the metropolis only1 or within the distance of ten miles4 ,when not on actual service1 all matters are regulated by a ,committee of twelve ,privates and nine ,officers2 and in case of death or resignation1 a private may be elected to any rank in the corps4 ,the first expense for uniforms1 arms1 accoutrements and horse furniture1 does not amount to #cjl1 and the annual subscription is only ten guineas1 which may be considered as amply compensated by the following advantages3-- ,every gentleman is taught riding1 fencing1 and the swords exercise on horseback by the best masters1 in the pay of the corps4 ,he is exempted from the ,militia1 the tax for one horse1 and the powder tax 7if he chooses to avail himself of that privilege71 and also the ballot for the proposed supernumerary ,militia and ,cavalry4 ,his horse is broke and kept in constant exercise at the stables of the corps 7should he prefer sending him there71 where he stands at less expense than at livery4 ,there are no expensive meetings1 and the attendance at such as are occasionally appointed by the ,committee1 is always optional4 ,the corps is composed in general of men of extensive business1 and the hours of exercise are regulated in such a manner as seldom to prove of any inconvenience4 ,it is only necessary to attend the drills till a certificate of being fit for duty is obtained from the commanding officer4 ,the civil and military regulations of the corps more at large may be perused by applying to the ,secretary1 or any ,gentleman of the ,committee4 ,no4 #aid1 ,strand1 ,by ,order1 ,nov1 #h1 #agif4 ,,edw4 ,,hughes1 ,sec4 ,a ,,cutting ,,from ,,the ,,times ,,of ,,november #i1 #agif1 which is of much interest1 as it shows that problems of recruiting were just as difficult of solution a century and a quarter ago as they are to-day4 ,newspapers containing news of special military interest are worth obtaining4 ,the issues of ,the ,times which tell of the successes of ,trafalgar and ,waterloo are notoriously valuable1 but the reprinted copies must not be mistaken for the original leaflets4 ,there is1 of course1 no need to confine one's collection to copies of ,the ,times4 ,in this matter1 the news contained by the journal is more to be considered than the dignity of the journal itself4 ,royal ,souvenirs4--,in the time of ,waterloo the soldier in the ranks received few of the little considerations which we now feel are the hero's just reward4 ,tommy was paid for his work and there the matter ended4 ,to-day1 however1 the position has changed4 ,we1 who stay at home1 can hardly think enough of those who are fighting our battles3 such is the spirit shown by every one from the ,king down to the humblest citizen living within the realm4 ,with such a feeling abroad it is not to be wondered at that members of the ,royal ,family have1 in recent times1 made little presents to our fighting men1 knowing full well how much the recipients will treasure them4 ,under this heading we may mention the ,queen ,victoria chocolate tin which the late ,queen gave to soldiers in the ,boer ,war1 the chocolate or tobacco tin which ,princess ,mary presented1 full of good things1 to the soldiers during ,christmas1 #aiad1 and lastly the ,christmas card which the ,king and ,queen sent to the fighting men on land and sea at the same festive season4 ,these and all such souvenirs are1 of course1 to be highly prized by the collector4 ,official ,military ,documents4--,undoubtedly a good many documents of a military bearing are to be found if collectors only know where to search for them4 ,the more important papers1 such as plans of battlefields and commanders' messages1 are naturally prized by those who own them1 but there is a wide field for the collector among the documents of lesser importance4 ,within this class we should include all kinds of official correspondence1 passports to enter fortified towns1 passes to enable journalists to penetrate beyond certain lines1 and proclamations1 printed and otherwise4 ,it will thus be seen that the scope of the collection is almost without limit4 ,a good many treasures coming under this head are to be found in the ,whitehall museum1 already spoken of4 ,two are worthy of special notice4 ,the first is a pass issued to ,lieutenant ,j4 ,whiteley1 #ith ,foot1 when a ,french prisoner of war at ,verdun1 dated ,december #cj1 #ahab4 ,it runs as follows3-- ,,place ,,de ,,verdun4 ,permission de ,sortir de la ,place4 ,il est permit ,mr4 ,whitley1 ,prisonnier de ,guerre de sortir de la ,place par les portes1 ,chausse de ,metz1 condition de rentrer chaque jour avant leur fermeture4 ,la prsente permission est pour lui seul4 ,verdun1 #cj ,dcembre1 #ahab4 ,le ,commandant du dpt des ,prisonniers de ,guerre ,anglais4 7,signature illegible47 ,the above is interesting in so much as it enables us to gather that those who were unfortunate enough to be taken prisoner by the ,french were treated as men of honour and with as few irksome restrictions as possible4 ,the second treasure is a map of the theatre of war 7the ,waterloo ,campaign1 #ahae7 saturated with the blood of ,lieutenant-,general ,sir ,thomas ,picton1 who was killed during the battle4 ,the map was taken from the pocket of his coattee on the following morning by his servant1 ,henry ,barnes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,so far we have marshalled our curios under certain more or less convenient headings1 but some of them refuse all attempts at classification2 they are no less attractive on this account1 however4 ,were we to reserve a space for gruesome relics1 the following exhibit1 to be seen in the ,royal ,united ,service ,museum1 would certainly deserve mention4 ,it is the ,king of ,ashanti's execution bowl1 which formed part of the spoils taken from ,prempeh by the expedition under ,colonel ,sir ,francis ,scott in #ahif4 ,the bowl1 which is of brass1 resembles an ordinary bath-tub in appearance and size1 and is about five feet in diameter4 ,on the rim are four small lions and a number of knobs1 evidently intended as an ornamentation1 and would appear to be of ,moorish origin4 ,there is a gap in the continuity of knobs to allow a space for the victim to insert his neck preparatory to execution4 ,the bowl was fully described by ,bowdich in his account of ,ashanti in #ahag4 ,coomassie1 where the bowl was taken1 means the ,city of ,death2 it possessed three places of execution--one at the palace for private executions1 one on the parade ground for public executions1 and a third1 named ,bantama1 where the bowl was found1 for fetish sacrifices4 ,any great public occasion was seized upon as an excuse for human sacrifice1 such as the harvest festival1 at which large numbers of victims were offered4 ,the ,king also went every quarter to pay homage to the shade of his ancestors at ,bantama1 and on each occasion the death of twenty men over the great bowl was demanded4 ,the blood of the victims was allowed to putrefy in the bowl1 the leaves of certain herbs being added2 it was considered a very valuable fetish medicine4 ,king ,prempeh was accustomed to watching the sacrifices seated in a chair with the ,queen-,mother seated on a stool on his left1 being sheltered from the sun by a large umbrella4#cd #cd ,museum ,catalogue1 p4 #di4 ,before concluding this chapter on miscellaneous curios1 it may be well to give a list of suggested objects1 bearing on the ,great ,war1 which might be reasonably included in a collection of war mementoes and relics3-- ,blue-books and similar official correspondence1 both ,british and foreign4 ,copies of newspapers containing accounts of the outstanding incidents of the war4 ,photographs of the greater events1 i4e4 the sinking of the ,blcher4 ,recruiting posters4 ,posters describing hostile and friendly aircraft4 ,printed proclamations4 ,letters from soldiers at the front4 ,war postage stamps1 including the various ,red ,cross stamps4 ,the ,king and ,queen's ,christmas card to the soldiers4 ,princess ,mary's chocolate box4 ,various kinds of ammunition used by the ,allies and the enemy4 ,aeroplane darts4 ,permits given to journalists to enter the various battle zones4 ,official stamps of the ,press ,censor4 ,cartoons from ,punch4 ,paper money issued owing to the hostilities4 ,portions of uniforms1 i4e4 ,prussian helmets1 buttons and badges of ,british and foreign soldiers4 ,souvenirs made by interned soldiers4 ,toys constructed by ,belgian refugees1 and composite flags made by combining the devices of the various allies4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,interesting ,,broadside ,,printed ,,at ,,the ,,famous ,,catnach ,,press1 ,,being ,,one ,,of ,a ,,series ,,describing ,,incidents ,,in ,,the ,,life ,,of ,a ,,soldier4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,a ,,history ,,of ,,one',s ,,collection ,reasons for compiling a history of one's collection--,the part played by photographs--,armour suggested as an example--,material for grangerizing ,in this concluding chapter we have a suggestion to make to the collector of ample leisure moments2 briefly1 it is that he should draw up a history of his treasures4 ,such a work has many valuable advantages2 first1 it helps to co-ordinate the pieces which our collection contains2 second1 it provides work of a fascinating nature2 third1 it leads us to hunt through books and collections and so increases our knowledge2 and fourth1 it provides us with a kind of catalogue of our treasures which should prove of value for insurance and other purposes of identification4 ,collectors of most kinds of curios are able to keep their specimens in methodical array4 ,the philatelist1 for instance1 preserves his stamps within the covers of one or more albums2 the print-lover places his pictures in portfolios1 whilst the china-collector uses a cabinet for housing his treasures4 ,the collector of military curios1 however1 cannot adopt any of these methodical arrangements1 for it is impossible to assemble1 we will say1 armour1 postage stamps1 medals1 and badges with any pretence of order4 ,this is where the history of one's collection steps in2 it describes the pieces and explains where each is to be found4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the first stage in making such a history consists in procuring photographs or well-executed drawings of every specimen in our collection4 ,photographs are1 of course1 much more useful than drawings1 and as nearly every house boasts of a camera nowadays the former should not be hard to obtain4 ,the prints should be mounted in a loose-leaf album1 the pages of which must be much larger than the prints4 ,mounting may be performed in many ways1 but it will be well to use a photographic paste1 to use it sparingly1 and to paste the whole of the backs of the prints4 ,the third step consists in adding written matter under and around the prints4 ,this data should describe not only the article portrayed1 that is to say1 its use1 its sequence among other similar things1 its composition1 and so on1 but also where and how it was personally obtained1 what was paid for it1 and in what particular place it is kept4 ,personally1 we do not think that a history should be limited to an account of the pieces figuring in our collection1 but that a welcome should be extended to brief descriptions1 both written and pictorial1 of specimens which we hope to obtain as well as interesting specimens which we can never hope to obtain owing to their unique condition4 ,the wider history will prove more complete and1 therefore1 more valuable2 it will also serve as an indicator of the things which we do not yet possess but which are procurable by the average collector4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by way of an example1 let us say that the reader has a small collection of armour and weapons and that he proposes to draw up a history of these interesting objects4 ,the first thing would be to photograph each of the specimens in his collection and to mount them in an album as described above4 ,naturally1 there would be many periods unrepresented in the collection1 and pictures of these he should endeavour to find among the magazines and books that are available4 ,as a discovery is made it should be carefully cut out and added to the history4 ,of course1 when an additional piece of armour or a weapon is procured1 its photograph should replace any print of a similar article which may already figure in the album4 ,the grangerite1 for such is the name given to a person who creates a history on these lines1 is often spoken of as one who mutilates valuable books to give birth to a volume of his own4 ,we may say at once that we do not suggest that mutilation of any kind should be countenanced4 ,the grangerite who needs extra illustrations can find material1 in abundance1 for his work in all sorts of quarters without tearing prints from volumes of worth4 ,the old book-shop with its penny boxes and print portfolios provides all the pictures that are necessary in the ordinary way whilst back numbers of ,the ,connoisseur are veritable gold-mines when representations of any kind of curio are needed4 ,but the grangerite must learn to search for material in all sorts of unexpected quarters4 ,armour1 in many cases1 adorns the heroes which grace our public statues in ,london 7e4g4 the ,black ,prince at ,westminster71 therefore1 he should procure picture post-cards of such monuments4 ,again1 many coins bear allegorical figures which include arms and armour in various forms4 ,in this matter it is worth mentioning that the ,british ,museum has on sale a large stock of picture post-cards depicting the coins reposing in its galleries4 ,these1 of course1 the grangerite should procure4 ,lastly1 we may mention that royal seals1 church brasses1 and even postage stamps often portray the warrior in shining armour and are worth noting by the grangerite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,such1 in outline1 is the task of drawing up a history of one's collection4 ,the work is fascinating and the magnum opus1 when perfected1 is of considerable value4 ,need more be said8 ,,bibliography ,,bibliography ,,works ,,dealing ,,with ,,military ,,crests1 ,,badges1 ,,uniforms1 ,,etc4 ,,ackermann1 ,r4 ,costumes of the ,british and ,indian ,armies4 ,a collection of #fg coloured plates4 #ahdj4 ,,army ,,clothing ,,regulations4 ,part ,i4 ,regular ,forces4 7,wyman47 #aiad4 ,,atkinson1 ,j4 ,a4 ,a ,picturesque ,representation of the ,naval1 ,military1 and ,miscellaneous ,costumes of ,great ,britain3 with coloured plates4 #ahjg4 ,,colnaghi1--4 ,costumes of the ,army of the ,british ,empire according to the ,regulations of #ahad4 #ahae4 ,,crests ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,army4 ,a coloured chart issued by ,gale and ,polden4 ,price #as4 ,,crests ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,army4 7,six packets of crests arranged in book form47 ,gale and ,polden4 ,price #cs4 ,,fairbairn1 ,j4 ,crests of the ,families of ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 ,,fores4 ,yeomanry ,costume3 with illustrations4 #ahdd4 ,,fox-,,davies1 ,a4 ,c4 ,armorial ,families1 #aiaj4 #fth edition4 ,many coloured plates and otherwise profusely illustrated4 7,a valuable work1 especially for students desirous of noting the early connection between noble families and regiments47 ,,hull1 ,e4 ,costumes of the ,british ,army in #ahbh3 many plates4 #ahbh4 ,,knight ,,and ,,butters4 ,crests of ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 #b vols4 ,,lawrence-,,archer1 ,j4 ,the ,british ,army3 its records1 badges1 devices1 etc4 #ahhh4 ,,lienhardt ,,and ,,humbert4 ,les ,uniformes de l',arme ,franaise4 ,,luard1 ,,john4 ,a ,history of ,dress of the ,british ,soldier4 #aheb4 ,,martens ,,and ,,norie4 ,costumes of the ,british ,army and ,volunteer ,corps4 ,coloured plates4 #aheb4 ,,military ,,uniforms under the head of ,,uniforms4 ,article in ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 7,a capital survey of the subject47 ,,perry1 ,o4 ,l4 ,ranks and ,badges in the ,army4 #ahhh4 ,,smith1 ,c4 ,h4 ,costumes of the ,british ,army4 7,a fine collection of coloured plates47 #ahae4 ,,spooner4 ,costumes of the ,british ,army3 with many coloured plates1 by ,m4 ,a4 ,hayes4 #b vols4 #ahdj4 ,,uniforms ,,of ,,europe1 ,,past ,,and ,,present4 ,four coloured plates depicting about #ajj army dresses4 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 #aath edition1 vol4 #bg4 ,,walton1 ,,colonel ,c4 ,british ,army4 7,regimental ,dress ,histories47 ,,works ,,dealing ,,with ,,arms ,,and ,,armour4 ,,anderson1 ,j4 ,ancient ,scottish ,weapons4 7,edinburgh47 #ahha4 ,,armour4 ,a capital survey of the subject in ,chambers's ,encyclopdia4 ,,arrows ,,and ,,arrow ,,makers4 7,published by ,judd and ,detweiler1 ,washington47 #ahia4 ,,ashdown1 ,c4 ,h4 ,british and ,foreign ,arms and ,armour4 #aiji4 ,,azan1 ,p4 ,les premires mitrailleuses1 #acdb-agbe4 #aijg4 ,,belloc1 ,,hilaire4 ,the ,book of the ,bayeux ,tapestry4 #aiad4 ,,berthelot1 ,m4 ,p4 ,e4 ,explosive ,materials1 to which is added a short sketch of ,gunpowder4 7,new ,york47 #ahhc4 ,,bethel1 ,a4 ,h4 ,modern ,guns and ,gunnery4 ,,blanch1 ,h4 ,j4 ,a ,century of ,guns4 #aiji4 ,,bond1 ,h4 ,treatise on ,military ,small ,arms4 #ahhd4 ,,boutell4 ,arms and ,armour4 #ahgd4 ,,brett1 ,e4 ,j4 ,pictorial ,record of ,arms and ,armour4 #ahid4 ,,burton4 ,the ,book of the ,sword4 #ahhc4 ,,calvert1 ,a4 ,f4 ,spanish ,arms and ,armour3 an account of the ,royal ,armoury of ,madrid4 #aijg4 7,not a mere guide-book47 ,,campbell1 ,,lord ,a4 ,notes on ,swords from ,culloden4 #ahid4 ,,catalogue ,,of ,,the ,,museum ,,of ,,artillery ,,in ,,the ,,rotunda1 ,,woolwich4 #aijf4 7,stationery ,office ,publication47 ,,church1 ,w4 ,c4 ,american ,arms and ,ammunition4 ,article in ,scribner's ,monthly1 vol4 xxix4 p4 #dcf4 ,,clephan1 ,r4 ,c4 ,defensive ,armour and ,weapons and ,engines of ,war of ,medival ,times and of the ,renaissance4 #aijj4 ,,demmin1 ,,auguste4 ,illustrated ,history of ,arms and ,armour4 #aija4 7,about two thousand illustrations1 making the work a most useful reference book47 ,,diener1 ,,schoenberg ,,alfons4 ,die ,waffen der ,wartburg ,mit #bca ,waffen und #aaf ,marken4 ,abbildungen auf #gh ,tafeln in orthochromatischem ,lichtdruck4 7,berlin47 #aiab4 ,,dillon1 ,,viscount4 ,guide to ,tower of ,london1 with a description of the ,armoury4 #aijh4 ,,egerton1 ,w4 ,a ,description of ,indian and ,oriental ,armour4 #ahif4 ,,ffoulkes1 ,,charles4 ,armour and ,weapons4 #aiji4 ,,ffoulkes1 ,,charles4 ,european ,arms and ,armour in the ,university of ,oxford4 #aiab4 #ai plates4 ,,ffoulkes1 ,,charles4 ,the ,armourer and his ,craft from the ,eleventh to the ,sixteenth ,century4 #aiab4 #fi diagrams and #cb plates4 ,,firearms4 ,a capital survey of the subject in ,chambers's ,encyclopdia4 ,,forgeries ,,that ,,were ,,not ,,forged4 ,article in ,the ,connoisseur1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ce4 ,,gardner1 ,j4 ,s4 ,armour in ,england4 7,portfolio ,monographs47 #ahig4 ,,gardner1 ,j4 ,s4 ,foreign ,armour in ,england4 7,portfolio ,monographs47 #ahih4 ,,gaythorpe1 ,h4 ,notes on the ,rampside ,sword4 #aiji4 ,,greener1 ,w4 ,w4 ,the ,gun and its ,development4 #ahii4 ,,hartley1 ,c4 ,,gasquoine4 ,the ,madrid ,royal ,armoury4 ,article in ,the ,connoisseur1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bci4 ,,hendley1 ,t4 ,h4 ,damascening on ,steel and ,iron4 #ahib4 ,,hewitt1 ,j4 ,ancient ,armour and ,weapons in ,europe1 #c vols4 #ahee4 ,,hutton1 ,a4 ,the ,sword and the ,centuries4 #aija4 ,,joly1 ,h4 ,l4 ,japanese ,sword ,mounts4 #aiaj4 ,,keller1 ,m4 ,l4 ,the ,anglo-,saxon ,weapon4 ,names treated archologically and etymologically4 #aijf4 ,,kelly1 ,,francis ,m4 ,arms and ,armour at the ,national ,gallery4 ,article in ,the ,connoisseur1 vol4 iii4 p4 #baf4 ,,kimball1 ,w4 ,w4 ,small ,arms of ,european ,armies4 ,article in ,scribner's ,monthly1 vol4 vi4 p4 #cfc4 ,,laking1 ,,guy ,f4 ,catalogue of ,oriental ,arms and ,armour in the ,wallace ,collection4 #aiad4 ,,list ,,of ,,books ,,and ,,photographs ,,in ,,the ,,national ,,art ,,library ,,illustrating ,,armour ,,and ,,weapons4 7,victoria and ,albert ,museum47 #ahhc4 ,,maindron1 ,g4 ,r4 ,m4 ,les ,armes4 #ahij4 ,,marks1 ,e4 ,c4 ,r4 ,evolution of ,modern ,small ,arms4 #ahii4 ,,mason1 ,v4 ,l4 ,new ,weapons of the ,united ,states ,army4 ,article in ,the ,century ,magazine1 vol4 #bg1 p4 #egj4 ,,mayne1 ,c4 ,b4 ,the ,infantry ,weapon and its ,use in ,war4 #aijc4 ,,meyrick4 ,ancient ,armour in ,europe4 #ahcj4 ,,nugent1 ,w4 ,t4 ,art ,ornamentation upon ,armour4 ,article in ,the ,magazine of ,art1 vol4 #d1 p4 #gh4 ,,sandars1 ,,horace4 ,the ,weapons of the ,iberians4 #aiac4 ,,sandringham ,,arms ,,and ,,armour4 7,the ,indian ,collection presented to ,edward ,,vii1 when ,prince of ,wales4 #ahge-f47 #aiaj4 ,,sargeaunt1 ,b4 ,e4 ,weapons3 a ,brief ,discourse on ,hand ,weapons other than ,firearms4 #aijh4 ,,sawyer1 ,c4 ,w4 ,firearms in ,american ,history1 #afjj-ahjj4 #aiaj4 ,,seton-,,karr1 ,,sir ,,henry4 ,ammunition4 ,article in ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 #aath edition1 vol4 #a4 ,,text-,,book ,,of ,,small ,,arms4 7,government ,publication47 #aiji4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,ammunition3 especially for ,army ,service4 7,stationery ,office ,publication47 #aije4 ,,walsh1 ,j4 ,h4 ,weapons of ,war4 ,,westropp1 ,m4 ,s4 ,d4 ,arms and ,armour4 #aijf4 ,,wilkinson4 ,engines of ,war4 ,,works ,,dealing ,,with ,,medals1 ,,decorations1 ,,and ,,medallions ,,adams1 ,j4 ,h4 ,some ,rare ,napoleonic ,medals4 ,article in ,cosmopolitan1 vol4 #ag1 p4 #bhf4 ,,armand1 ,a4 ,les ,mdailleurs italiens des quinzime et seizime sicles4 #c vols4 #ahhc4 ,,carter1 ,t4 ,war ,medals of the ,british ,army1 #ahic4 7,historical as well as technical information47 ,,catalogue ,,of ,,the ,,bowles ,,collection1 ,,at ,,bristol1 ,,of ,,tokens1 ,,coins1 ,,and ,,medals4 ,bristol4 #aiji4 ,,catalogue ,,of ,,the ,,coins1 ,,tokens1 ,,medals1 ,,dies1 ,,and ,,seals ,,in ,,the ,,museum ,,of ,,the ,,mint4 #b vols4 #aijf4 ,,elvin1 ,c4 ,n4 ,handbook of the ,orders of ,chivalry1 ,war ,medals1 and other ,decorations4 #ahib4 ,,fabriczy1 ,c4 ,,von4 ,italian ,medals4 #aijd4 ,,fisher1 ,j4 ,f4 ,american ,medals4 7,mass4 ,hist4 ,coll4 #c;d4 ,series #f1 #bhf47 ,,grueber1 ,h4 ,a4 ,guide to the ,exhibition of ,english ,medals in the ,british ,museum1 #ahia4 ,,hawkins1 ,e4 ,medallic ,illustrations of the ,history of ,great ,britain and ,ireland to the ,death of ,george ,,ii4 #b vols4 #ahhe4 ,,irwin1 ,d4 ,h4 ,war ,medals and ,decorations issued to the ,british ,forces since #aehh4 7,this book is specially recommended47 ,,list ,,of ,,books ,,and ,,pamphlets ,,in ,,the ,,national ,,art ,,library 7,victoria and ,albert ,museum7 ,,on ,,coins ,,and ,,medals4 #ahhi4 ,,mayo1 ,j4 ,h4 ,medals and ,decorations of the ,british ,army and ,navy4 #b vols4 #ahig4 7,most of the actual documents relating to the issue of the various medals are quoted verbatim47 ,,medallions4 ,notice des monuments exposs dans le ,dpartement des ,mdailles4 ,bibliothque ,nationale1 ,paris4 #ahhi4 ,,medals ,,of ,,honor ,,as ,a ,,recognition ,,of ,,gallantry4 ,article in ,harper's ,weekly1 ,april #ab1 #aijb4 ,,medals ,,of ,,the ,,british ,,army4 ,a coloured chart issued by ,gale and ,polden4 ,price #as4 ,,myer1 ,i4 ,the ,waterloo ,medal4 7,philadelphia47 #ahhe4 ,,patrick ,r4 ,w4 ,c4 ,catalogue of the ,medals of ,scotland4 #ahhd4 ,,poole1 ,,stanley ,,lane-4 ,coins and ,medals4 #ahid4 ,,poole1 ,,stanley ,,lane-4 ,coins and ,medals3 their ,place in ,history and ,art4 #ahhe4 ,,simon1 ,t4 ,medals1 ,coins1 ,great ,seals1 ,impressions from the ,works of ,t4 ,simon1 #afdh-fe4 #agec4 ,,simonis1 ,j4 ,l',art du ,mdailleur en ,belgique4 #aijj4 7,brussels47 ,,spink ,,son4 ,hints to ,collectors of ,coins and ,medals4 #ahih4 ,,steward1 ,w4 ,,augustus4 ,war ,medals and their ,histories4 #aiae4 ,,steward1 ,w4 ,,augustus4 ,war ,medals ,won by ,boys4 ,article in ,the ,boy's ,own ,paper1 vol4 xxxvii4 p4 #cbg4 ,,tancred1 ,g4 ,historical ,record of ,medals conferred on the ,british ,navy1 ,army1 and ,auxiliary ,forces4 #ahia4 ,,weber1 ,f4 ,p4 ,medals of the ,nineteenth ,century relating to ,england by ,foreign ,artists4 #ahid4 ,,whalley1 ,j4 ,l4 ,gold ,war ,medals4 #ahhh4 ,,works ,,dealing ,,with ,,military ,,prints 7,the collector of military prints will find many interesting items listed under the head of ,crests1 ,badges1 and ,uniforms47 ,,ashton1 ,,john4 ,english ,caricature and ,satire on ,napoleon ,i4 #ahhd4 ,,british ,,volunteers1 ,,or ,a ,,general ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,formation ,,and ,,establishment ,,of ,,the ,,volunteer ,,and ,,associated ,,corps4 ,with coloured plates4 #agii4 ,,broadley1 ,a4 ,m4 ,napoleon in ,caricature1 #agie-ahba4 #aiaa4 ,,campion1 ,g4 ,b4 ,principal ,evolutions of the ,royal ,horse ,artillery4 ,coloured plates4 #ahdf4 ,,cannon1 ,r4 ,historical ,records of the ,british ,army4 ,contains a sumptuous collection of coloured reprints representing the various regiments of the ,army4 #ahcd4 ,,connolly1 ,t4 ,j4 ,w4 ,history of the ,royal ,sappers and ,miners4 ,coloured plates4 #ahee4 ,,cruikshank1 ,g4 ,life of ,napoleon1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,ireland1 and plates by ,g4 ,cruikshank4 #ahbh4 ,,daubrawa1 ,h4 ,,de4 ,costumes of the ,indian ,army4 ,coloured plates4 #ahdc4 ,,davenport1 ,,lieutenant-,,colonel4 ,the ,light ,horse ,drill for the ,volunteer ,corps4 ,uncoloured plates4 7,a valuable work47 #ahjj4 ,,dayes1 ,e4 ,the ,first ,regiment of the ,foot ,guards4 ,coloured plates4 7,also companion volumes of the ,second and ,third ,regiments47 ,,ewart1 ,,herbert4 ,henry ,brinbury1 ,caricaturist4 ,article in ,the ,connoisseur1 vol4 vi4 p4 #he4 ,,gillray1 ,,james4 ,caricatures1 comprising the best ,political and ,humorous ,satires of the ,reign of ,george ,,iii4 7,six hundred large engravings47 #ahej4 ,,gunn1 ,,maurice ,j4 ,print ,restoration and ,picture ,cleaning4 7,with chapters on ,print ,fakes and their ,detection and ,prints to ,collect47 ,,hayden1 ,,arthur4 ,chats on ,old ,prints4 ,,heath1 ,w4 ,a ,collection of #eb ,coloured ,plates of the ,costumes of the ,british ,cavalry and ,infantry ,regiments4 #ahbg4 ,,nevill1 ,,ralph4 ,british ,military ,prints4 7,a valuable guide for collectors of military pictures47 #aiji4 ,,works ,,dealing ,,with ,,military ,,brasses ,,beaumont1 ,,edward4 ,ancient ,memorial ,brasses4 #aiac4 ,,beaumont1 ,,edward4 ,three ,interesting ,hampshire ,brasses4 7,reprinted from the ,hampshire ,field ,club ,society's ,papers47 #aiad4 ,,boutell1 ,c4 ,monumental ,brasses and ,slabs4 #ahdg4 ,,boutell1 ,c4 ,the ,monumental ,brasses of ,great ,britain4 #ahdi4 ,,brasses ,,of ,,england4 7,antiquary's ,books47 #aijg4 ,,druitt1 ,h4 ,manual of ,costume as ,illustrated by ,monumental ,brasses4 #aijf4 ,,fisher1 ,,thomas4 ,drawings of ,brasses in some ,kentish ,churches4 #aiac4 ,,griffin1 ,,ralph4 ,some ,indents of ,lost ,brasses in ,kent1 ,canterbury ,cathedral1 ,rochester ,cathedral1 ,saltwood ,church4 #aiad4 ,,gunther1 ,r4 ,f4 ,a ,description of ,brasses and other ,funeral ,monuments in the ,chapel of ,magdalen ,college1 ,oxford4 #aiad4 ,,haines4 ,a ,manual of ,monumental ,brasses4 #ahfa4 ,,hudson4 ,the ,brasses of ,northamptonshire4 #ahec4 ,,macklin1 ,,herbert4 ,monumental ,brasses4 #ahib4 ,,macklin1 ,,herbert4 ,the ,brasses of ,england4 #aiac4 ,,stoke ,d',,abernon ,,manor ,,house4 7,describes the oldest brass in ,england47 ,article in ,the ,country ,home1 vol4 i4 p4 #f4 ,,stothard4 ,monumental ,effigies of ,great ,britain4 #ahdj4 ,,suffling1 ,,ernest ,r4 ,english ,church ,brasses of the ,thirteenth to ,seventeenth ,centuries4 7,contains over two hundred illustrations47 ,,transactions ,,of ,,the ,,monumental ,,brass ,,society1 #ahhg4 ,,waller4 ,a ,series of ,monumental ,brasses4 #ahdb4 ,,ward1 ,j4 ,brasses4 7,cambridge ,shilling ,manual47 #aiaj4 ,,works ,,dealing ,,with ,,autographs ,,broadley1 ,a4 ,m4 ,chats on ,autographs4 #aiaj4 ,,scott1 ,,henry ,t4 ,autograph ,collecting4 ,,scott1 ,h4 ,t4 ,rational ,autograph ,collecting4 ,article in ,the ,connoisseur1 vol4 i4 p4 #aad4 ,,works ,,dealing ,,with ,,war ,,postage ,,stamps ,,armstrong1 ,d4 ,b4 ,postage ,stamps of ,war4 #aiad4 ,,johnson1 ,,stanley ,c4 ,peeps at ,postage ,stamps4 #aiae4 7,chapter ,,xiii47 ,,melville1 ,,fred ,j4 ,chats on ,postage ,stamps4 #aiaa4 ,,melville1 ,,fred ,j4 ,the ,postage ,stamp in ,war4 #aiae4 ,,nankivell1 ,,edward ,j4 ,south ,african ,war ,stamps4 ,article in ,the ,connoisseur1 vol4 i4 p4 #dj4 ,,works ,,of ,a ,,miscellaneous ,,character ,,of ,,interest ,,to ,,collectors ,,of ,,military ,,curios ,,abell1 ,,francis4 ,prisoners of ,war in ,britain1 #agef-ahae4 #aiae4 7,includes an interesting account of objects made by prisoners during their confinement47 ,,alexander1 ,,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,life of the ,duke of ,wellington4 #b vols4 #ahci4 ,,atkinson1 ,,captain ,j4 ,the ,a ,b ,c of the ,army4 #aiaj4 ,,baily1 ,j4 ,t4 ,,herbert4 ,napoleon4 7,published by ,the ,connoisseur47 ,,barnard4 ,companion to ,english ,history4 7,middle ,ages47 #aijb4 7,especially the chapters on ,costume1 ,military and ,civil2 and also ,the ,growth of ,firearms47 ,,broadley1 ,a4 ,m4 ,the ,collectanea ,napoleonica3 being a catalogue of the collection of ,autographs1 ,historical ,documents1 ,broadsides1 ,caricatures1 ,drawings1 ,maps1 ,music1 ,portraits1 ,naval and ,military views1 etc41 relating to ,napoleon ,i and his ,times1 #agfi-ahba4 ,formed by ,a4 ,m4 ,broadley4 #aije4 ,,catalogue ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,united ,,service ,,museum4 #aiad4 7,not only a catalogue but a reference book containing much useful information on military curios47 ,,clifford1 ,w4 ,g4 ,the ,british ,army4 7,the ,peeps ,series47 #aiae4 ,,cope ,,cornford1 ,l4 ,the ,black ,watch3 the ,story of the ,regiment4 7,wayfarers' ,library47 #aiae4 ,,de ,,lacy ,,lacy1 ,c4 ,the ,history of the ,spur4 7,issued by ,the ,connoisseur47 ,,fortescue4 ,a ,history of the ,british ,army4 #ahii4 ,,freeth1 ,,frank4 ,some ,old ,english ,delft ,dishes4 ,article in ,the ,connoisseur1 vol4 iii4 p4 #adh4 ,,grose4 ,military ,antiquities1 #ahja4 7,though some of the information contained in this volume has been discredited1 the work is1 none the less1 one that the student should carefully note47 ,,hodgkin1 ,,john ,e4 ,rariora collected between #aheh-aijj4 #c vols4 7,published by ,sampson1 ,low1 ,marston47 ,,hood1 ,,george4 ,famous ,fighting ,regiments4 ,,johnson1 ,,stanley ,c4 ,saturday with ,my ,camera4 7,chapter ,,xxxiii1 which deals with the photography of curios such as medals1 brasses1 etc47 ,,king ,,albert',s ,,book4 ,a ,tribute to the ,belgian ,king and ,people from representative men and women throughout the ,world4 ,hodder and ,stoughton4 #aiad4 ,price #cs4 ,,lillingston1 ,,leonard ,w4 ,the ,art of ,extra-,illustration4 ,article in ,the ,connoisseur1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bgb4 ,,lillingston1 ,,leonard ,w4 ,the ,catnach ,press4 ,article in ,the ,connoisseur1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ahj4 ,,lumsden1 ,,sir ,p4 ,lumsden of the ,guides4 7,publisher1 ,mr4 ,murray47 ,,morris ,,and ,,jordan4 ,an ,introduction to the ,study of ,local ,history and ,antiquities4 #aiaj4 ,,nelson1 ,,philip1 ,,dr4 ,the ,copper ,coinage of ,ireland4 #aije4 ,,nelson1 ,,philip1 ,,dr4 ,the ,obsidional ,money of the ,rebellion4 #aijg4 ,,scott1 ,s4 ,the ,british ,army3 its ,origin1 ,progress1 and ,equipment1 #ahfj4 ,,smith1 ,,sir ,,harry4 ,the ,autobiography of4 7,publisher1 ,mr4 ,murray47 ,,willoughby1 ,,leonard4 ,naworth ,castle4 7,an ,account of the ,military ,curios of the ,castle47 ,article in ,the ,country ,home1 vol4 vi4 p4 #aaa4 ,,willson1 ,,beckles4 ,portraits and ,relics of ,general ,wolfe4 ,article in ,the ,connoisseur1 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #c4 ,,index ,,index ,abyssinian medal1 #aee ,airey's ,balaklava notes1 #bcb-c ,american ,war1 use of rifles in1 #ig ,armour1 #cba ,armour1 decline of1 #ef ,armour1 drawbacks in collecting1 #gb ,armour1 effects of1 on swords1 #ajj ,armour1 forged1 #gb-c ,armour1 glossary of terms1 #hb-g ,armour1 periods in1 #gd ,army ,list1 #cji ,army ,post ,office ,corps1 #bdg1 #bdh-ea ,autographs of noted soldiers1 #bce ,autographs1 the care of1 #bcd ,autographs1 the price of1 #bcf-i ,autographs1 the value of1 #bbd ,ashantis1 ,king of1 execution bowl1 #caa-ab ,assignats1 #bfd ,badges1 #ai-bj ,badges1 mottoes on1 #dh-ea ,badges1 mounting and preserving1 #de ,badges1 special distinctions borne by1 #df-g ,balaklava notes1 #bcb-c ,baltic medal1 #aed ,bargains advertised in newspapers1 #ba ,bargains in armour1 #ga ,battlefield souvenirs1 #be1 #cja-d ,battle honours1 #de ,battle of ,boyne1 medallion1 #ahg ,bayeux tapestry1 #ih ,bayonet1 #ai ,beeston siege money1 #bgj ,bengasi stamps1 #bef ,best-shot medal1 #age ,black ,marias1 #cja ,black ,prince1 statue of1 #cbb ,blenheim1 medallion1 #ahh ,blcher1 saddle used by1 #cjg ,blue uniforms1 #fe ,bone objects made by prisoners1 #bij-c ,books containing fine military prints1 #bja-c ,book which saved soldier's life1 #cjc ,brass1 oldest ,english1 #bae ,british ,museum1 #bf1 #ahe1 #aih1 #cbb ,bunbury1 #bjc-d ,burmah medal1 #adj ,buttons1 #ai ,camail armour1 #hj ,camoys1 ,thomas and ,elizabeth1 brass to the memory of1 #bai ,carlisle siege money1 #bfh ,cavalier's dress1 #fj ,ceylon medal1 #abb ,chain-mail period1 #gf ,chain-mail reinforced1 #gf ,cheynie1 ,humfrie1 brass to the memory of1 #bai ,china medal1 #adj ,chocolate box1 #cji ,colchester siege money1 #bgj ,colours1 regimental1 #cjd ,commonwealth1 dress of1 #fj ,copenhagen ,national ,museum1 #gd ,coronation medal1 #agi ,crimea medal1 #aed ,crimea ,war1 #ih1 #bdd ,cromwell and medals1 #aad ,cromwell1 letter written by1 #bbe ,culloden medal1 #aae ,culverins1 #ie-f ,curios of the ,great ,war enumerated1 #cab-e ,cyclas period1 #gi ,d',abernon1 ,sir ,john1 brass to memory of1 #bae ,dartmoor1 prisoners at1 #bie ,deccan medal1 #aai ,decorations1 the need for special1 #afe ,detecting forged armour1 #gc ,dettingen medallion1 #aic ,distinguished ,conduct in the ,field decoration1 #afi1 #agc ,distinguished ,service ,order1 #agj ,documents1 official1 #caj ,dorchester1 ,lord1 letter written by1 #bcj ,dress1 #cjf ,dunbar medal1 #aad ,dunblane medallion1 #aij ,early medallions1 #ahd ,edge ,hill1 ,battle of1 #aaa ,egyptian medal1 #abg-h ,egypt1 military post office in1 #bdg-h ,enfield-,martini rifles1 #ih ,enfield rifles1 #ih ,epernay paper money1 #bfc ,fall of ,james ,,ii1 medallion1 #ahg ,ffelbrygge1 ,sir ,symon1 brass to the memory of1 #bai ,flash1 #ff ,fleurs-de-lys on tunics1 #ff ,flint-lock1 #ib1 #if ,floor brasses1 #baa-c ,forged armour1 #gb-c ,forlorn-hope medal1 #aab ,francis ,,ii of ,germany1 medal awarded by1 #aba ,ghuznee medal1 #bb1 #adb ,gillray1 #bjc-e ,glossary of terms in armour1 #hb-g ,gloucester ,regiment1 double badge worn by1 #ff ,grangerizing1 #cai ,grape-shot from ,capri1 #cjc ,great ,rebellion1 money of1 #bfd ,greenland ,valleyfield1 prisoners at1 #bie ,green uniforms1 #fe ,guidons1 #cjc ,gun money1 #bgd ,gun used in ,mafeking1 #cjd ,hackles worn by ,northumberland ,fusiliers1 #ff ,half-armour period1 #hb ,helmets1 #cja-b ,holographs1 #bbf ,hougomont1 portion of gate of1 #cjc ,household ,cavalry1 uniform of1 #fd ,hyderabad medal1 #add ,i4,e4,f4 stamps1 #bed ,indian ,general ,service medal1 #aej ,indian ,mutiny medal1 #aed ,indian postal arrangements on active service1 #bed-f ,industrial ,museum1 ,vienna1 #gd ,interned soldiers in ,holland1 #bhi ,irish siege money1 #bgc ,java medal1 #abi ,jellalabad medal1 #adb-c ,jubilee medal1 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