,transcrib]s ,note ,emphasiz$ text is display$ z ,italic4 ,,f>m]s' ,,bullet9 #abcj ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,*imneys ,,fireplaces ,!y ,contribute to ! ,heal? ,com=t & ,happ9ess ( ! ,f>m ,family ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,,!m ,illu/ration ,,( ,,! mi/akes commonly made 9 home build+ none is m frequ5t ?an faulty design & con/ruction ( *imneys & fireplaces4 ,?\gh ! use ( ! fireplace is "o ( ! olde/ me?ods ( h\se heat+ !re are few :o und]/& ! pr9ciples ( its action1 & ev5 exp]i5c$ masons frequ5tly fall into errors 9 build+ :i* s]i\sly detract f ! effici5cy ( ! in/allation4 ,no defect 9 ! con/ruction ( ! h\se detracts m f ! com=t ( ! home & none is a great] m5ace to life & prop]ty ?an a poor *imney & fireplace4 ,bad *imney design is also ! cause ( mu* avoidable exp5se 9 heat+ ! h\se4 ,?is bullet9 is design$ to give ! h\sehold] & prospective build]1 & especially ! f>m] or o!r rural resid5t :o builds or sup]9t5ds ! build+ ( 8 own home1 a work+ k ( ! pr9ciples to be obs]v$ 9 plann+ & build+ ^! important p>ts ( ! h\se1 :i*1 if !y are obs]v$1 w g a long way to promote ! com=t ( ! home & insure ! safety ( ! prop]ty4 ,contribution f ! ,bureau ( ,public ,roads ,,?os4 ,h4 ,mac,d,o,n,a,l,d1 ,*ief ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,issu$1 ,decemb]1 #aiba2 repr9t1 ,april #aibb ,,*imneys ,,& ,,fireplaces4 ,a4 ,m4 ,daniels1 ,assi/ant ,me*anical ,eng9e]1 ,division ( ,agricultural ,eng9e]+1 ,bureau ( ,public ,roads4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,*imneys3 ,function ( *imneys #c ,! *imney draft #d ,%apes & sizes ( flues #e ,height ( *imney #g ,flue l9+s #g ,location & wall ?ickness #h ,op5+s into ! *imney #aj ,support+ ! *imney #aj ,capp+ ! *imney #ab ,*imney & ro( connections #ab ,*imney connections #ab ,*imney insulation #ad ,smoke te/ = leakage #ad ,clean+ & repair+ ! flue #ae ,fireplaces3 ,ess5tials ( fireplace con/ruction #ae ,area ( ! flue #af ,! ?roat #ag ,smoke %elf & *amb] #ah ,%ape ( fireplace #ai ,?roat damp] #ai ,plac+ ! ?roat damp] #bj ,size ( fireplace op5+ #bj ,dep? ( fireplace op5+ #bj ,! he>? #ba ,! jambs #ba ,fireplace back & sides #ba ,support+ irons #ba ,improv+ fireplace heat+ #bb ,,function ,,( ,,*imneys4 ,illu/ration3 ,t ,,he prime function ( a *imney is to produce a draft t w cause suffici5t combu/ion & c>ry (f ! result+ smoke2 incid5tally x assi/s v5tilation4 ,_m unsatisfactory heat+ plants & mu* excessive fuel consumption are due to improp]ly con/ruct$ *imneys1 :i* are ! rule r ?an ! exception4 ,al?\gh _m ( ^! are m ineffici5t ?an dang]\s1 yet reports ( ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,fire ,und]writ]s#a %[ t a l>g] numb] ( fires are caus$ by defective *imney con/ruction ?an by any?+ else4 ,! annual loss result+ f su* fires is great] ?an ! fire loss f any o!r cause4 ,poor *imney con/ruction is responsible = smoke pollution ( ! air1 wa/e ( fuel1 & poor heat+4 #a ,dwell+ ,h\ses1 a publication issu$ by ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,fire ,und]writ]s 9 ! int]e/ ( fire protection1 has be5 us$ z a basis = ! matt] relat+ to ! requirem5ts & con/ruction ( *imneys & me?ods ( fire protection4 ,! mo/ common faults 9 *imney con/ruction are3 #a4 ,! use ( unsuitable mat]ials4 ,clay sew] pipe1 holl[ build+ blocks1 or unprotect$ concrete %\ld n be us$4 #b4 ,improp] lay+ ( brick4 ,brick %\ld n be laid on edge & %\ld be prop]ly bond$4 ,l9+ %\ld be us$ 9 all brick *imneys ! walls ( :i* are less ?an #h in*es ?ick4 ,lack ( mort>1 especially 9 ! p]p5dicul> jo9ts1 ru9s _m an o!rwise good *imney4 #c4 ,failure to support ! *imney prop]ly4 ,x %\ld nev] be c>ri$ on any timb] con/ruction ( ! build+1 & :5 x re/s ^u ! gr\nd suffici5t masonry f\ndation %\ld be provid$ to prev5t settl+4 #d4 ,build+ inflammable mat]ial into ! *imney or aga9/ x )\t prop] insulation4 #e4 ,failure to an*or ! smoke pipe prop]ly to ! *imney4 #f4 ,neglect ( ! connection betwe5 smoke pipe & flue or ( ! flue itself4 ,! connection %\ld be tight2 ru/$ pipe %\ld be replac$2 ! *imney %\ld be kept clean & ! jo9ts 9 ! brickwork prop]ly po9t$4 #g4 ,lack ( a tight flue4 ,a flue free f leakage is unusual4 ,e flue %\ld be tight en\gh to prev5t escape ( smoke :5 te/$ z describ$ on page #ad4 ,a leaky flue is ! mo/ frequ5t cause ( heat+ tr\bles1 high fuel bills1 & de/ructive fires4 #h4 ,failure to ma9ta9 ! full sectional area at ! b5d :5 a flue is (fset4 #i4 ,use ( ! ma9 heat+ app>atus flue = wat] heat] or o!r auxili>y equipm5t4 ,! furnace or heat] %\ld h a sep>ate flue4 #aj4 ,failure to provide a sep>ate tight clean\t = ea* flue4 ,two or m o!rwise good flues may be r5d]$ ineffici5t if l$ into "o clean\t1 s9ce air may be drawn f "o into ano!r & ! draft 9 all affect$4 #aa4 ,pres5ce ( deep pockets lead+ to clean\ts4 ,!y may cause eddy+ curr5ts t are detrim5tal4 ,pockets %\ld be only deep en\gh to p]mit in/all+ a ca/-iron clean\t frame & door j bel[ ! smoke pipe entrance4 ,deep pockets all[ soot accumulation t may take fire4 ,,! ,,*imney ,,draft4 ,! draft dep5ds entirely ^u ! *imney flue4 ,! bett] ! flue ! m satisfactory & effici5t w be ! op]ation ( ! entire heat+ app>atus4 ,! /r5g? or int5sity ( ! draft is dep5d5t ma9ly ^u ! tightness1 size1 & height ( ! *imney flue4 ,! mo/ common error 9 *imney con/ruction is failure to di/+ui% betwe5 ! size ( flue necess>y = free passage ( ! volume ( smoke f a giv5 am\nt ( fuel & t :i* ) prop] height w produce ! requir$ draft4 ,a *imney may be high en\gh1 yet h an area too small to c>ry prop]ly ! volume ( smoke4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! size may be suffici5t b ! *imney too l[ to produce a draft /rong en\gh to pull ! air ?r\gh ! fire at a suffici5tly rapid rate4 ,ei!r fault or a comb9ation ( ! two w result 9 unsatisfactory s]vice4 ,draft 9 a *imney flue is caus$ by ! diff]5ce 9 weight betwe5 a volume ( air on ! outside & an equal volume ( products ( combu/ion f ! fire on ! inside4 ,! high] ! temp]ature ( a giv5 weight ( air1 ! great] is its total volume & ! light] ! weight ( its unit volume4 ,?is produces a condition ( unbalanc$ pressures at ! base ( ! flue4 ,! ris+ ( ! light] gases )9 ! *imney t5ds to equalize ! pressures4 ,s long z ! fire burns ?is condition ( unbalanc$ pressure p]si/s1 ! result be+ draft4 ,?is is ! basic pr9ciple :i* gov]ns *imney action & ^u :i* ! draft dep5ds4 ,! great] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature 9 ! flue & t outside ! great] ! t5d5cy t[>d equalization ( pressure & h5ce ! bett] ! draft4 ,9 summ] ! draft ( a *imney is n z good z 9 w9t] because ! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature betwe5 ! outside air & t ( ! gases 9 ! flue is less4 ,illu/ration3 ,r\nd4 ,elliptical4 ,squ>e4 ,oblong4 ,fig4 #a4--,r\nd flues (f] ! lea/ resi/ance to ! passage ( gases1 b mo/ resid5ce flues are made ei!r squ>e or oblong = /ructural reasons4 ,,%apes ,,& ,,sizes ,,( ,,flues4 ,! mo/ effici5t *imney is "o built p]fectly /raight ) a r\nd or ne>ly r\nd flue & a smoo? int]ior surface4 ,!re is no advantage 9 r$uc+ ! sectional area t[>d ! top4 ,! cross section & height are det]m9+ factors4 ,! transv]se area mu/ be suffici5t to pass ! volume ( air requir$ to burn ! fuel prop]ly1 & ! height mu/ be great en\gh to insure aga9/ int]f]5ce ) ! draft by adjo9+ build+s or projections ( ! same build+ & to produce a suffici5tly /rong draft4 ,loss 9 draft /r5g? is due to air leakage1 & friction ( ! gases aga9/ ! sides ( ! *imney4 ,a r\nd flue 7see fig4 #a7 is ! mo/ desirable because x (f]s less resi/ance to ! spirally asc5d+ column ( smoke & gases4 ,! elliptical is second *oice s f> z ! movem5t ( ! gases is conc]n$1 b ! difficulties t x pres5ts 9 manufacture & con/ruction elim9ate ?is %ape4 ,a rectangul> *imney ei!r squ>e or oblong is n effective ov] its full transv]se area2 = ! ris+ column1 be+ approximately circul> 9 section1 does n fill ! corn]s4 ,h[ev]1 squ>e or oblong =ms are f> m common ?an ! r\nd1 ow+ to ! great] co/ ( r\nd flue con/ruction4 ,squ>e flues are pref]able to oblong s f> z effici5cy is conc]n$1 b 9 ! l>g] sizes ( h\se flues ! oblong %ape is m g5]ally us$ because x fits to bett] advantage into ! plan ( ! h\se4 ,an oblong flue %\ld nev] h ! long side m ?an #d in*es great] ?an ! %ort side4 ,a flue #h in*es by #af in*es is bad flue con/ruction = draft purposes4 ,! sizes giv5 9 ,table #a are recomm5d$ by ! ,national ,w>m ,air ,heat+ & ,v5tilat+ ,association4 ,l all data = bo? high & l[ pressure flues1 ^! sizes are bas$ on exp]i5ce1 n on sci5tific data1 & are subject to modification by fur!r rese>*4 ,! dim5sions giv5 are = unl9$ flues4 ,! actual inside dim5sions ( flue tile are slightly diff]5t because ( ! lack ( /&>dization4 ,9 select+ ! flue = a furnace or o!r l>ge heat+ unit an #h-;in* by #ab-;in* size %\ld be consid]$ ! m9imum = a l9$ or unl9$ flue1 & #ab in*es by #ab in*es ! m9imum = a l9$ or unl9$ flue ^: height is m ?an #ce feet measur$ above ! grate level4 ,if ! *imney is design$ = a small unit su* z a laundry /ove or kit*5 range an #h-;in* by #h-;in* flue may be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,top ( *imney %\ld be at lea/ #b feet above ! top ( ridge 9 ord] t ! w9d curr5ts may n be deflect$ d[n ! *imney4 ,! prop] size ( flue dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! heat] or furnace = :i* is to be us$4 ,all manufactur]s' catalogues conta9 ! size ( ! smoke pipe = ea* p>ticul> heat]1 & f ,table #a 7m9imum7 dim5sions = r\nd1 squ>e1 & oblong flues may be select$2 or if ! catalogue conta9s /ack sizes select ! prop] "o4 ,! flue tile to be us$ %\ld h a transv]se net inside area approximately equal to t ( ! smoke pipe4 ,table #a4 ,diamet] ,diamet] ( smoke ( smoke pipe or ,height ( pipe or ,height ( r\nd ,size ( *imney r\nd ,size ( *imney *imney *imney flue above *imney *imney flue above flue4 flue4 grate4 flue4 flue4 grate4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,feet4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,feet4 #h #h by #ab #ce #ae #af by #af #de #i #h by #ab #ce #af #af by #ah #de #aj #ab by #ab #ce #ag #af by #bj #ej #aa #ab by #ab #dj #ah #af by #bj #ee #ab #ab by #ab #dj #ai #bj by #bj #ee #ac #ab by #af #dj #bj #bj by #bd #fj #ad #ab by #af #de ,,height ,,( ,,*imney4 ,9 ,table #a ! m9imum height ( ! *imney above ! grate is giv5 z #ce feet4 ,high] *imneys are consid]$ m satisfactory1 & au?orities claim t any flue "u #dj feet 9 height w produce an erratic draft1 good on "s days b poor on o!rs ,! =ce or direction ( ! w9d may be ! cause1 or ! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! air1 or ! quality ( ! fuel may be responsible4 ,! high] ! *imney ! less w be ! possibility ( c\nt] air curr5ts & ! /rong] & m con/ant ! draft4 ,s(t coal & ! sizes ( h>d coal kn[n z pea & buck:eat are apt to cake & fill up ! air spaces ?r\gh ! b$ ( ! fire1 ) ! result t an int5se draft is requir$ to give ! fuel suffici5t air4 ,! top ( ! *imney %\ld ext5d at lea/ #c feet above flat ro(s & #b feet above ! ridge ( peak ro(s 7see figs4 #b & #c71 & x %\ld n be on ! side ( ! h\se adjac5t to a l>ge tree or a /ructure high] ?an itself 7see fig4 #d71 = ^! may ,cause eddies & =ce air d[n ! *imney4 ,a poor draft w mo/ likely result :5 ! w9d is bl[+ 9 ! direction indicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,ext5sions to ! *imney requir$ ,9 ord] t x might draw prop]ly4 ,,flue ,,l9+s4 ,al?\gh *imneys are built unl9$ to save exp5se1 ^? prop]ly l9$ ) tile are und\bt$ly m effici5t4 ,l9+s prev5t dis9tegration ( mort> & bricks ?r\gh ! action ( flue gases4 ,?is dis9tegration & t occurr+ f *anges 9 temp]ature result frequ5tly 9 op5 cracks 9 ! flue 7see fig4 #e-;,b7 :i* r$uce or *eck ! draft4 ,if loose brick & mort> %\ld fall )9 !y may lodge s z to cause p>tial or almo/ complete /oppage 7see fig4 #e-;,d74 ,! dang] ( ?is latt] condition is great] if ! flue be built ) (fsets or b5ds4 ,any *ange 9 direction %\ld be made z gradual z possible & ) an angle n great] ?an #cj degrees ) ! p]p5dicul>4 ,! mo/ important requirem5t = a flue l9+ is t x )/& high temp]atures & n be subject to dis9tegration by ord9>y flue gases4 ,x %\ld be made ( fire clay & = ! purpose4 ,! ?ickness %\ld be #a in*4 ,x %\ld be set 9 cem5t mort> ) ! jo9ts /ruck smoo? on ! inside4 ,ea* l5g? ( flue l9+ %\ld be plac$ 9 position1 & ! brick %\ld !n be laid ar\nd x2 if ! l9+ is slipp$ d[n aft] sev]al c\rses ( brick h be5 laid1 ! jo9ts c n prop]ly be fill$ ) mort> & leakage is almo/ sure to result4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,l>ge trees locat$ ne> *imney tops may deflect w9d curr5ts d[n ! *imney4 ,?is may be avoid$ by plac+ ! *imney on ! opposite side ( ! build+4 ,well-burn$ clay flue l9+s are g5]ally satisfactory = dwell+-h\se *imneys us$ = /oves1 ranges1 fireplaces1 & furnaces4 ,9 regions :]e ! fuel is natural gas1 hot flue gases are said to h caus$ l9+s to dis9tegrate & crumble (f4 ,9 su* a case x may be necess>y to use a fire clay t has /ood ! te/ or l9e ! *imney ) fire brick4 ,l9+s are manufactur$ 9 r\nd1 squ>e1 & oblong %apes1 b n 9 elliptical4 ,! oblong & squ>e %apes are bett] adapt$ to brick con/ruction ?an ! r\nd4 ,!y p]mit ( simpl] & less exp5sive masonry "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! r\nd %ape produces bett] draft & is easi] to clean4 ,a fireplace flue1 if /raight1 %\ld be l9$ f ! ?roat cont9u\sly to ! top4 ,! smoke *amb] %\ld be l9$ ) fire clay or cem5t mort> "o-half in* ?ick4 ,9 case ! masonry 9 front ( ! ?roat is less ?an #h in*es ?ick ! l9+ %\ld />t at ! bottom ( ! l9tel4 ,! hotte/ "p ( ! flue is at its ?roat1 & if x is n l9$ at t po9t or if ! masonry is n ( suffici5t ?ickness1 !re is dang] ( ov]heat+4 ,c>eful att5tion %\ld be giv5 to details ( flue con/ruction 9 ord] to assure satisfactory op]ation & r$uce ! fire haz>d4 ,,location ,,& ,,wall ,,?ickness4 ,! be/ location = ! *imney is ne> ! c5t] ( ! build+1 = :5 s locat$ its f\r walls are kept w>m2 cold w9ds c n *ill x & cause x to draw poorly4 ,h[ev]1 x is n always possible to plan ! arrangem5t ( rooms s t ! *imney may be ?us locat$4 ,! outside wall ( a *imney %\ld be at lea/ #h in*es ?ick 9 ord] to r$uce heat loss & ! *ance ( air leakage into ! flue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,a4 ,an unl9$ *imney be=e use4 ,b4 ,same *imney1 aft] be+ 9 s]vice4 ,frequ5tly ! heat & wea!r cause ! mort> to dis9tegrate s t air leaks 9 ?r\gh ! jo9ts1 caus+ a r$uction 9 ! draft4 ,c4 ,same *imney z ,a1 %[+ t]ra cotta flue l9+ 9 place4 ,d4 ,an unl9$ *imney ) (fset4 ,loose brick & mort> may fall & become lodg$ at ! (fset dur+ con/ruction or loos5+ ( ! po9ts & dis9tegration may cause bricks f an uncapp$ *imney to *eck ! draft completely4 ,if ! flue is l9$ & ! *imney is n high] ?an #cj feet1 its walls1 if ( brick1 may be made #d in*es ?ick1 provid$ adjac5t inflammable mat]ial is prop]ly insulat$4 ,if unl9$1 ! walls %\ld n be less ?an #h in*es ?ick4 ,x is n good practice to place ! l9+s ( two flues side by side4 ,if !re is m ?an "o flue 9 a *imney1 ! flues %\ld be sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a division wall ( brick at lea/ #d in*es ?ick 7see fig4 #f71 bond$ into ! side walls1 & ! jo9ts ( ! flue l9+s %\ld be /agg]$ or (fset at lea/ #f in*es 7see fig4 #g74 ,?is con/ruction insures /ability1 r$uces ! *ance = air leakage betwe5 flues1 & prev5ts ! possibility ( a fire 9 "o flue involv+ an adjac5t flue4 ,if /one is us$ 9 *imney con/ruction1 ! walls %\ld be at lea/ #d in*es ?ick] ?an brick walls4 ,walls ( concrete *imneys %\ld be n less ?an #d in*es ?ick or else !y %\ld be re9=c$ 9 bo? directions2 o!rwise crack+ dur+ ! sett+ ( ! concrete or1 lat]1 due to temp]ature *anges or unequal settlem5t ( ! f\ndation is apt to occur4 ,concrete blocks are n recomm5d$1 b if !y are us$ ea* block %\ld be re9=c$ ) /eel runn+ cont9u\sly ar\nd x & ! blocks %\ld be n less ?an #d in*es ?ick4 ,!y %\ld be l9$ ) ! be/ flue l9+4 ,all monoli?ic concrete *imneys ) walls less ?an #h in*es ?ick %\ld be l9$4 ,,op5+s ,,into ,,! ,,*imney4 ,x is n unusual to f9d an op5+ into a *imney o!r ?an = ! smoke pipe ( ! ma9 heat+ app>atus4 ,?is is a frequ5t cause ( unsatisfactory op]ation4 ,no range1 /ove1 fireplace1 or v5tilat+ regi/] %\ld be connect$ ) ! *imney flue built = ! heat+ app>atus4 ,if x %\ld be desir$ to use an exi/+ ab&on$ fireplace *imney = a range or /ove ! fireplace flue %\ld be clos$ tight ab\t a foot bel[ ! place :]e ! smoke pipe ent]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,a division wall ( at lea/ #d in*es ( brick %\ld sep>ate ea* flue f any o!rs 9 ! same *imney4 ,ei!r ( ! arrangem5ts %[n w produce a good bond4 ,!re %\ld be b "o connection ) a flue1 if = no o!r reason ?an to decrease ! fire haz>d4 ,fires frequ5tly occur f sp>ks t pass into ! flue ?r\gh "o op5+ & out ?r\gh ano!r4 ,two /oves1 "o on ! fir/ floor & "o on ! second1 may be connect$ ) ! same *imney flue1 b if ! fire 9 ! upp] /ove is hott] ?an 9 ! l[]1 ! l[] w h practically no draft4 ,a soot pocket provid$ ) a door = clean+ x out is v conv5i5t4 ,! door %\ld be plac$ j bel[ ! smoke pipe op5+1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t x fits snugly & is always clos$ s tight t no air c get 94 ,,support+ ,,! ,,*imney4 ,all *imneys %\ld be built f ! gr\nd up4 ,none ( ! weight %\ld be c>ri$ by any "p ( ! build+ except ! f\ndation4 ,prop] f\ndations %\ld be provid$ at lea/ #ab in*es wid] all r\nd ?an ! *imney4 ,if ! *imney is an ext]ior "o1 & !re is no basem5t or cell>1 its f\ndation %\ld be />t$ well bel[ ! fro/ l9e4 ,o!rwise ! base ( ! *imney %\ld be at ! same level z ! bottom ( ! f\ndation ( ! build+4 ,no *imney %\ld re/ ^u or be c>ri$ by wood5 floors1 beams1 or brackets1 nor %\ld x be hung f wood5 raft]s4 ,wood con/ruction %r9ks1 & beams support+ heavy loads always deflect 9 "t4 ,sagg+ ( ! beams injures ! walls & ceil+s ( ! h\se & is apt to crack ! *imney & r5d] x dang]\s4 ,*imneys usually ext5d sev]al feet above ! ro(1 expos+ consid]able surface to ! w9d1 & unless ! support is /able !y are likely to sway dur+ a gale ) ! possibility ( ! jo9ts at ! ro(-l9e op5+4 ,op5+s 9 a flue at ?is po9t are especially dang]\s1 = sp>ks f ! flue may come into contact ) ! woodwork ( ! ro(4 ,?is sway+ may also cause leaks 9 ! ro(4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,*imney & ro( connection4 ,%eet metal ,a %\ld h %+les ,k ov] x at lea/ #d in*es4 ,apron ,b b5t z at ,e ) base fla%+s ,c1 ,d1 & ,h & cap fla%+s ,p & ,g1 lapp+ ov] ! base fla%+s provide wat]tight con/ruction4 ,:5 ! *imney conta9s two flues ! jo9ts %\ld be sep>at$ z %[n4 ,! brickwork ar\nd all fireplaces & flues %\ld be laid ) cem5t mort>1 z x is m resi/ant ?an lime mort> to ! action ( heat & flue gases4 ,x is well to use cem5t mort> = ! entire *imney con/ruction4 ,all mort> us$ = *imney con/ruction1 except = lay+ firebrick1 %\ld be proportion$ z foll[s3 ,two bags ( ,portl& cem5t1 n less ?an #ahh p\nds1 & "o bag ( dry hydrat$ lime1 #ej p\nds1 ?or\ghly mix$ dry1 & to ?is mixture %\ld be add$ ?ree times its volume ( clean s& ) suffici5t wat] to produce prop] consi/5cy4 ,:5 dry hydrat$ lime is n available1 #a cubic foot ( completely slak$ lime putty may be sub/itut$ = ! dry hydrate4 ,,capp+ ,,! ,,*imney4 ,brick *imneys %\ld be capp$ ) /one1 concrete1 or ca/-iron4 ,unless a *imney is capp$ ! top c\rses ( brick may become loos5$ & !re=e dang]\s4 ,pla9 topp$ *imneys w la/ long] & are saf] ?an ^? ( an ornam5tal "*4 ,! op5+ 9 ! cap piece %\ld be ! full size ( ! flue4 ,,*imney ,,& ,,ro( ,,connection4 ,:]e ! *imney passes ?r\gh ! ro( ! con/ruction %\ld provide space = expansion due to temp]ature *anges1 settlem5t1 or slight movem5t ( ! *imney dur+ heavy w9ds4 7,see fig4 #g47 ,copp] is ! be/ mat]ial = fla%+s4 ,x is easi] to h&le ?an galvaniz$ %eet-metal1 :i* is m (t5 us$ because ( its less] co/1 b :i* w corrode 9 "t1 bo? f inside & outside exposure4 ,t9 or black iron are *eap] b w ru/ quickly unless frequ5tly pa9t$4 ,lead & z9c are exp5sive & %\ld n be us$ = *imney fla%+s1 = 9 case ( fire "u ! ro( !y w melt & leave an op5+ to create a draft by :i* ! int5sity ( ! fire w be increas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,a4 ,wrong connection1 produc+ int]f]5ce & a poor draft4 ,b4 ,correct con/ruction1 produc+ a good draft by provid+ a free passage = ! gases4 ,,*imney ,,connections4 ,prop] c>e 9 sett+ & look+ aft] smoke pipes connect+ ) *imneys w\ld greatly less5 ! numb] ( fires *>geable to defective con/ruction4 ,9 fitt+ ! smoke pipe no op5+ %\ld be left ar\nd x1 & ! pipe %\ld n project into ! flue l9+4 7,see fig4 #h47 ,! jo9t %\ld be made air-tight by a closely fitt+ coll> & boil] putty or firepro( cem5t4 ,! prop] con/ruction is %[n 9 figure #h-;,b1 b if ! pipe ext5ds into ! flue a %elf is =m$ on :i* soot w accumulate1 ! flue area w be r$uc$ & a poor draft may result4 ,smoke pipes %\ld ent] ! *imney horizontally1 & ! connection ?r\gh ! *imney wall to ! flue %\ld be made ) fire clay or metal ?imbles securely & tightly set 9 ! masonry4 ,if ! walls are furr$1 no wood %\ld be )9 #ab in*es ( ?imbles or any "p ( ! smoke pipe4 ,! space betwe5 ! ?imble & wood furr+ %\ld be cov]$ ) metal la? & pla/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,smoke pipe pass+ ?r\gh a p>tition4 ,a1 #g_/h-;in* sides ( p>tition2 ,b1 #b by #d /uds 9 p>tition2 ,c1 v5tilat+ holes 9 ! d\ble galvaniz$ iron v5tilat+ ?imble ,d4 ,?imble %\ld be at lea/ #ab in*es l>g] ?an pipe ,s4 ,flue holes :5 n 9 use %\ld be clos$ ) tight fitt+ metal cov]s4 ,if ! room is pap]$ ! metal cov]s may also be pap]$1 provid$ !re is no o!r smoke connection ) ! flue1 or provid$ a protective coat+ ( asbe/os pap] is fir/ appli$ ov] ! metal4 ,if !re is ano!r connection ! metal may become hot en\gh to scor* ! unprotect$ wall pap] or set x afire4 ,no smoke pipe %\ld be p]mitt$ )9 #ah in*es ( any woodwork unless at lea/ t half ( ! pipe ne>e/ ! woodwork is protect$ prop]ly by #a in* or m ( firepro( cov]+4 ,a metal cas+ #b in*es f ! upp] half ( ! pipe is sometimes employ$ to protect woodwork directly above x4 ,:5 a smoke pipe is s protect$ x %\ld nev] be less ?an #i in*es f any woodwork or combu/ible mat]ial4 ,! /orage ( wood5 boxes1 b>rels1 or any combu/ible %\ld n be p]mitt$ "u or ne> a furnace smoke ,pipe4 ,if a smoke pipe mu/ be c>ri$ ?r\gh a wood p>tition ! woodwork %\ld be prop]ly protect$4 ,?is c be done by cutt+ an op5+ 9 ! p>tition & ins]t+ a galvaniz$ iron d\ble-wall$ v5tilat+ ?imble at lea/ #ab in*es l>g] ?an ! smoke pipe 7see fig4 #i71 or protection may be af=d$ by at lea/ #d in*es ( brickwork or o!r incombu/ible mat]ial4 ,smoke pipes %\ld n pass ?r\gh floors1 closets1 or conceal$ spaces4 ,!y %\ld n ent] a *imney 9 a g>ret4 ,!y %\ld be clean$ at lea/ once a ye>4 ,,*imney ,,insulation4 ,all wood5 con/ruction adjac5t to *imneys %\ld be insulat$4 ,a space ( #b in*es %\ld be left betwe5 ! outside face ( a *imney & all wood5 beams or joi/s4 ,?is space %\ld be fill$ ) "s por\s1 nonmetallic1 incombu/ible mat]ial4 ,loose c9d]s s]ve well4 7,see fig4 #aj47 ,d n use brickwork1 mort>1 or solid concrete4 ,! fill+ %\ld be done be=e ! floor is laid1 z x n only =ms a fire /op b prev5ts accumulation ( %av+s or o!r combu/ible mat]ial4 ,basebo>ds fa/5$ to pla/] :i* is directly 9 contact ) ! outside wall ( a *imney %\ld be protect$ by plac+ a lay] ( firepro( mat]ial at lea/ "o-eigh? in* ?ick betwe5 ! woodwork & ! pla/]4 7,see fig4 #aj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,no woodwork %\ld be p]mitt$ clos] ?an #b in*es to ! outside face ( a *imney4 ,basebo>ds 9 front ( *imneys %\ld be protect$ ) asbe/os bo>d4 ,wood5 /udd+1 furr+1 or la?+ %\ld n "u any circum/ances be plac$ aga9/ a *imney4 ,wood5 con/ruction %\ld be set back f ! *imney z indicat$ 9 figures #aa & #ab2 or ! pla/] may be appli$ directly to ! masonry or to metal la?+ laid ov] ! masonry4 ,! =m] is ! bett] me?od1 z settlem5t ( ! *imney w n crack ! pla/]4 ,x is recomm5d$ t a coat ( cem5t pla/] be appli$ directly ^u ! masonry ( any p>ts ( a *imney t are to be incas$ by a wood5 p>tition or o!r combu/ible con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,no wood5 /udd+1 furr+1 or la?+ %\ld be plac$ aga9/ ! *imney4 ,x %\ld be set back z indicat$ 9 ?is figure & 9 fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,smoke ,,te/ ,,= ,,leakage4 ,e flue %\ld be subject$ to a smoke te/ be=e ! heat] is connect$ ) x4 ,?is may be done z foll[s3 ,build a pap]1 /raw1 wood1 or t>-pap] fire at ! base ( ! flue1 & :5 ! smoke is pass+ 9 a d5se column tightly block ! outlet at ! top by lay+ a wet blanket ov] x4 ,if leakage exi/s at any po9t1 x w imm$iately become app>5t by ! appe>ance ( smoke at ! op5+4 ,flues s te/$ frequ5tly reveal v bad leaks into adjo9+ flues or directly ?r\gh ! walls or betwe5 ! l9+s & ! wall4 ,:5 ! smoke te/ indicates leakage1 ! defect %\ld be rem$i$ be=e ! *imney is accept$ = use4 ,rem$y+ su* defects is usually difficult1 h5ce x is wise to wat* ! con/ruction closely z x progresses4 ,_m brick masons say t all flues leak4 ,?is is n true2 e flue %\ld be tight4 ,,clean+ ,,& ,,repair+ ,,! ,,flue4 ,if a smoke te/ %[s no leakage & ! flue is /raight1 a h& mirror held at ! prop] angle at ! base af=ds a means ( exam9ation = ob/ructions4 ,usual causes ( /oppage are brok5 tile lean+ inw>d1 mort> accumulations1 loose bricks1 bird's ne/s1 p>tly burn$ pap]1 soot f s(t coal1 t>ry deposits f burn+ wood1 etc4 ,a weight$ bag ( hay or /raw atta*$ to ! end ( a rope may be pass$ up & d[n ! flue to clean x if !re is n too great an (fset 9 x4 ,,fireplaces4 ,! use ( ! fireplace is a v old me?od ( h\se heat+4 ,z ord9>ily con/ruct$ fireplaces are n effici5t & economical4 ,! only w>m+ effect is produc$ by ! heat giv5 (f by radiation f ! back1 sides1 & he>? ( ! fireplace4 ,practically no heat+ effect is produc$ by convection2 t is1 by air curr5ts4 ,! air passes ?r\gh ! fire1 is heat$1 & passes up ! *imney1 c>ry+ ) x ! heat requir$ to raise its temp]ature f t at :i* x ent]$ ! room & at ! same "t draw+ into ! room outside air ( a l[] temp]ature4 ,! effect ( ! cold air ?us br\ght into ! room is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 p>ts ( ! room f>!/ f ! fire4 ,! op5 fireplace1 h[ev]1 has its place z an auxili>y to ! heat+ plant & = ! hom9ess t a burn+ fire imp>ts to ! room4 ,if "o is to be provid$1 ! ess5tials ( con/ruction %\ld be und]/ood & foll[$ s t x w n smoke4 ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,fireplace ,,con/ruction4 ,9 ord] t satisfactory results may be obta9$ f an op5 fireplace1 x is ess5tial3 ,fir/1 t ! flue h ! prop] area2 second1 t ! ?roat be correctly proportion$ & locat$2 ?ird1 t a prop]ly-con/ruct$ smoke %elf & *amb] be provid$2 f\r?1 t ! *imney be c>ri$ high en\gh to avoid int]f]5ce2 & fif?1 t ! %ape ( ! fireplace be su* z to direct a maximum am\nt ( radiat$ heat into ! room4 ,,area ,,( ,,! ,,flue4 ,! sectional area ( ! flue be>s a direct relation to ! area ( ! fireplace op5+4 ,! area ( l9$ flues %\ld be a t5? or m ( t ( ! fireplace op5+4 ,if ! flues are unl9$ ! proportion %\ld be increas$ slightly because ( great] friction4 ,?irte5 squ>e in*es ( area = ! *imney flue to e squ>e foot ( fireplace op5+ is a good rule to foll[4 ,= ! fireplace %[n 9 figure #ac-;,a1 ! op5+ ( :i* has an area ( #h4be squ>e feet1 !re is requir$ a flue hav+ an area ( #ajg squ>e in*es4 ,if ?is flue 7 built ( brick & unl9$ x w\ld probably be made #h in*es by #af in*es1 or #abh squ>e in*es1 because brickwork c be laid to bett] advantage :5 ! dim5sions ( ! flue are multiples ( #d in*es4 ,if ! flue is l9$ ! l9+ %\ld h an inside area approximat+ #ajg squ>e in*es4 ,x is seldom possible to secure l9+ hav+ ! exact requir$ area1 b ! cle> area %\ld nev] be less ?an t prescrib$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,a4 ,top ( ?roat damp] is at ,,dd1 smoke %elf at ,,co4 ,side wall %\ld n be drawn 9 until ! height ,,dd is pass$4 ,?is assures full area4 ,if ! draw+ 9 is done z indicat$ by l9es ,,ef & ,,eg1 ! wid? ( ! ?roat becomes less ?an ! wid? ( ! op5+ & causes ! air curr5ts to pile up 9 ! corn]s ( ! ?roat1 result+ frequ5tly 9 a smoky fireplace4 ,b4 ,correct fireplace con/ruction4 ,failure to provide a *imney flue ( suffici5t sectional area is 9 _m in/ances ! cause ( an unsatisfactory fireplace4 ,! cross section %\ld be ! same ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g? ( ! *imney4 ,d n contract ! flue at ! *imney top1 = t w\ld nullify ! l>g] op5+ bel[2 if x is necess>y to *ange ! direction ( a flue ! full area %\ld be pres]v$ ?r\gh all turns & b5ds1 & ! *ange %\ld be made z gradual z possible4 ,,! ,,?roat4 ,9 figure #ac-;,b is %[n ! ?roat1 ! n>r[ op5+ betwe5 ! fireplace & ! smoke *amb]4 ,correct ?roat con/ruction contributes m to effici5cy ?an any o!r feature except prop] flue design4 ,a flue twice z l>ge z is necess>y br\ght /raight d[n to ! fireplace )\t con/riction at ! ?roat w\ld result 9 a poor draft1 = ! draft does n dep5d ^u ! l>g5ess ( ! flue b ^u its prop] proportion+ to ! fireplace & ?roat4 ,! arr[s indicate ! upw>d fl[+ curr5ts ( w>m air :i* are ?r[n =w>d at ! ?roat & pass ?r\gh ! smoke *amb] into ! flue on ! inn] side4 ,?is rapid upw>d passage ( air causes a d[n curr5t on ! opposite side1 z indicat$ by ! desc5d+ arr[s4 ,! d[n curr5t is n ne>ly z /rong z ! up curr5t1 b x may be ( su* =ce t if !re be no ?roat to ! fireplace 7see fig4 #ad7 to increase ! velocity ( ! upw>d curr5t by con/rict+ x1 ! meet+ ( ! two curr5ts w result 9 smoke be+ =c$ out into ! room4 ,?us x frequ5tly happ5s t a fireplace has an ample flue area & yet smokes badly4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ?roat ^u ! upw>d & d[nw>d air curr5ts is %[n 9 figure #ac-;,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,fireplaces con/ruct$ l ?is )\t ?roat w v likely smoke4 ,! area ( ! ?roat %\ld n be less ?an t ( ! flue4 ,its l5g? %\ld always be equal to ! wid? ( ! fireplace op5+4 7,see fig4 #ac-;,a47 ,! sides ( ! fireplace %\ld be v]tical until ! ?roat is pass$4 7,,dd 9 fig4 #ac-;,a47 ,above ! ?roat ! sides %\ld be drawn 9 until ! desir$ flue area is atta9$4 ,! ?roat %\ld be set #h in*es above ! location ( ! l9tel1 z %[n 9 figure #ac1 ,a & ,b4 ,! wrong way to place ! ?roat damp] is %[n 9 figure #ae4 ,! ?roat %\ld n be m ?an #d or #e in*es wide4 ,! less] wid? is a safe /&>d4 ,if a damp] is in/all$ ! wid? ( ! brick op5+ at ! ?roat w dep5d ^u ! wid? ( ! frame ( ! damp]1 ! wid? ( ! ?roat prop] be+ regulat$ by ! h+$ cov] ( ! damp]4 ,if ! ?roat damp] is omitt$ ! op5+ %\ld be #d in*es1 z %[n 9 figure #af4 ,! smoke %elf %\ld n be brick$ up b %\ld con=m to ! dott$ l9es4 ,! dep? ( ! smoke %elf %\ld be ! same = a #b-;foot z = a #aj-;foot fireplace op5+4 ,prop] ?roat con/ruction is s necess>y to a successful fireplace t ! "w %\ld be c>efully wat*$ to see t ! wid? is n made m ?an #d in*es & t ! side walls are c>ri$ up p]p5dicul>ly until ! ?roat is pass$1 s t ! full l5g? ( op5+ is provid$4 ,all masons d n appreciate ^! f9e b necess>y po9ts4 ,_m pref] _! own & sometimes w ignore ! prop] me?ods4 ,x is !re=e advisable to inspect ! "w sev]al times a day z x progresses & ?us avoid poor results4 ,:5 tr\ble is exp]i5c$ 9 an exi/+ fireplace t has ample flue area1 x is usually f\nd t ! =mation ( ! ?roat is ! cause4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,wrong location = ?roat damp]4 ,! ?roat is s l[ t ! accumulation ( gases at ! po9t con/rict$ weak5s r ?an improves ! draft ) great] likelihood ( a smoky fireplace4 ,note t ! smoke %elf is brick$ up4 ,?is is wrong4 ,,smoke ,,%elf ,,& ,,*amb]4 ,a smoke %elf & *amb] are absolutely ess5tial4 ,! %elf is =m$ by sett+ ! brickwork back at ! top ( ! ?roat to ! l9e ( ! flue wall4 ,! %elf %\ld be ! full l5g? ( ! ?roat4 ,! dep? ( ! %elf %\ld be n less ?an #d in*es4 ,x may v>y f ?is to #ab or m1 dep5d+ ^u ! dep? ( ! fireplace4 ,! purpose ( ! smoke %elf is to *ange ! direction ( ! d[n draft s t ! hot gases at ! ?roat w /rike x approximately at a "r angle in/ead ( head on4 ,!re=e ! %elf %\ld n be brick$ up z %[n 9 figures #ae & #af1 b %\ld be made z wide z ! con/ruction w p]mit at a height ( #h in*es above ! top ( ! fireplace op5+4 ,! smoke *amb] is ! space ext5d+ f ! top ( ! ?roat up to ! bottom ( ! flue prop] & betwe5 ! side walls1 :i* may be drawn 9 aft] ! top ( ! ?roat is pass$4 ,! area at ! bottom ( ! *amb] is q l>ge1 s9ce its wid? includes t ( ! ?roat add$ to ! dep? ( ! smoke %elf4 ,?is space is capable ( hold+ accumulat$ smoke tempor>ily 9 case a gu/ ( w9d across ! top ( ! *imney mom5t>ily cuts (f ! draft4 ,smoke might be =c$ into ! room if !re 7 no res]voir to hold x4 ,! smoke *amb] also less5s ! =ce ( ! d[n draft by increas+ ! area ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,if ! walls are drawn inw>d #a foot = ea* #ah in*es ( rise1 friction is r$uc$ & int]f]5ce ) ! draft less5$4 ,! walls %\ld be smoo? inside1 = r\ghness s]i\sly imp$es ! upw>d movem5t ( ! air curr5ts4 ,,%ape ,,( ,,! ,,fireplace4 ,! %ape ( ! fireplace prop] %\ld be z indicat$ 9 figure #ac-;,a4 ,! back %\ld pit* =w>d f a po9t a little less ?an half way f ! he>? to ! top ( ! op5+1 & ! sides %\ld be bevel$ z indicat$4 ,/raight back & sides d n radiate z mu* heat into ! room4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,?is con/ruction )\t a ?roat damp] directs ! d[n draft s t x meets ! up draft almo/ at ! ?roat1 :i* is m faulty ?an ! con/ruction %[n 9 fig4 #ae1 = !re ! lid ( ! damp] deflects ! d[n curr5t4 ,,! ,,?roat ,,damp]4 ,a prop]ly design$ ?roat damp] af=ds a means ( regulat+ ! fire4 ,! damp] consi/s ( a ca/-iron frame ) a lid h+$ pref]ably at ! back s t ! wid? ( ! ?roat op5+ may be v>i$ f no?+ to #f in*es4 ,!re are a numb] ( patt]ns on ! m>ket1 "s ( :i* are design$ to support ! masonry ov] ! fireplace op5+4 ,a ro>+ p9e fire requires a full ?roat op5+1 b sl[-burn+ h>dwood logs require b #a or #b in*es ( op5+4 ,regulat+ ! op5+ accord+ to ! k9d ( fire prev5ts wa/e ( heat up ! *imney4 ,clos+ ! op5+ completely 9 summ] keeps flies1 mosquitoes1 & o!r insects f ent]+ ! h\se by way ( ! *imney4 ,9 h\ses heat$ by furnaces or o!r mod]n sy/ems fireplaces )\t ?roat damp]s int]f]e ) ev5 heat+1 p>ticul>ly 9 v cold wea!r4 ,an op5 fire mu/ be suppli$ ) air & ! l>g] ! fire ! great] ! quantity requir$2 a fireplace ) a wid? ( #e feet or m may pull air f di/ant p>ts ( ! h\se4 ,?is air t is heat$ at ! exp5diture ( fuel 9 ! furnace is c>ri$ up ! *imney & wa/$1 b ) a ?roat damp] op5 only #a or #b in*es a sl[ fire ( h>dwood c be kept go+ )\t smok+ ! room1 ?us r$uc+ mat]ially ! wa/e ( hot air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,smoke damp]s ) lids h+$ 9 ! c5t] d n turn ! up draft z well z d ^? h+$ at ! re> side4 ,,plac+ ,,! ,,?roat ,,damp]4 ,! ?roat damp] %\ld be z wide z ! fireplace1 s ! side walls %\ld n be drawn 9 until aft] ! ?roat is pass$4 ,smoke damp]s ) lid h+$ at ! back w help ! smoke %elf to turn ! d[n draft2 if ! lid is h+$ 9 ! c5t] ! d[nw>d & upw>d curr5ts are apt to conflict4 ,! plac+ ( ! damp] v>ies ) ! type1 b g5]ally ! bottom ( ! frame is built into ! brickwork at ! level ( ! top ( ! fireplace op5+1 =m+ ! ?roat & support+ ! masonry above x4 ,,size ,,( ,,fireplace ,,op5+4 ,pleas+ proportions 9 ! fireplace op5+ are desirable4 ,! wid? %\ld g5]ally be great] ?an ! height1 b z #cj in*es is ab\t ! m9imum height consi/5t ) conv5i5ce 9 t5d+ ! fire1 a n>r[ op5+ may be made squ>e4 ,?ree feet & a half is a good maximum = height ( op5+ unless ! fireplace is ov] #f feet wide4 ,! high] ! op5+ ! great] ! *ance ( a smoky fireplace4 ,a fireplace %\ld be 9 h>mony ) ! re/ ( ! room 9 proportions & details4 ,?is consid]ation & ! k9d ( fuel to be us$ l>gely det]m9e ! size ( op5+4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! day ( l>ge f>mh\se fireplaces capable ( receiv+ cordwood is pa/4 ,! t5d+ ( fires usually falls to ! h\sewife1 & cordwood is a heavi] weight ?an %e %\ld h&le & c n be /or$ ne> at h&4 ,cordwood cut 9 two is easily h&l$2 s t a #cj-;in* wid? is ab\t ! m9imum = f>mh\ses :]e wood is us$ = fuel4 ,if coal is burn$ ! op5+ may be made n>r[]4 ,,dep? ,,( ,,fireplace ,,op5+4 ,unless a fireplace ) a #f-;foot op5+ is made fully #bh in*es deep1 9 ord] t l>ge logs w lie well inside1 ! advantage ( ! wide op5+ is lo/1 = ! logs w h to be split4 ,a %all[ op5+ ?r[s out m heat ?an a deep "o ( ! same wid?1 b c take only /icks ( small] diamet]2 ?us x becomes a "q ( pref]5ce betwe5 ! great] dep? :i* p]mits ( l>ge logs t burn long] & require less frequ5t repl5i%+ & ! %all[] :i* takes light] /icks & ?r[s m heat4 ,9 small fireplaces a dep? ( #ab in*es w p]mit good draft if ! ?roat is con/ruct$ z expla9$ above1 b a m9imum dep? ( #ah in*es is advis$1 to less5 ! dang] ( br&s fall+ out on ! floor4 ,wire gu>ds %\ld be plac$ 9 front ( all fireplaces4 ,9 g5]al1 ! wid] ! op5+ ! great] %\ld be ! dep?4 ,,! ,,he>?4 ,! he>? %\ld be flu% ) ! floor1 = sweep+s may !n be bru%$ into ! fireplace4 ,an a% dump locat$ 9 ! he>? ne> ! back ( ! fireplace is conv5i5t = cle>+ a%es & o!r refuse f ! he>? provid$ !re is space bel[ = an a% pit4 ,! dump consi/s ( a ca/-iron metal frame1 ) pivot$ cov]1 ?r\gh :i* ! refuse c be bru%$ into ! a% pit bel[4 ,! a% pit %\ld be ( p]fectly tight masonry & provid$ ) a tightly fitt+ clean\t door4 ,if a w>m-air flue1 z describ$ on page #bg1 is provid$1 ! a% dump w h to be locat$ ne> "o side ( ! he>? in/ead ( 9 ! c5t]4 ,,! ,,jambs4 ,! jambs ( ! fireplace %\ld be ( suffici5t wid? to give /ability to ! /ructure bo? actually & 9 appe>ance4 ,= a fireplace op5+ #c feet wide or less1 #af in*es is g5]ally suffici5t2 = wid] op5+s simil> proportions %\ld be kept4 ,great] wid?s may be requir$ to h>monize ) ! proportions ( ! rooms1 & ! above %\ld be tak5 z a m9imum4 ,,fireplace ,,back ,,& ,,sides4 ,! back & sides ( ! fireplace %\ld be con/ruct$ ( firebrick only4 ,! bricks %\ld be laid flat ) ! long sides expos$1 = if plac$ ) ! face expos$ !re is dang] ( _! fall+ out4 ,,support+ ,,irons4 ,9 small fireplaces sagg+ ( ! ar* ov] ! op5+ seldom occurs1 b 9 fireplaces ov] #d feet wide x is n uncommon4 ,x is due to insuffici5t support ( ! masonry4 ,except 9 massive con/ruction !re g5]ally is n suffici5t masonry at ! sides ( ! op5+ to resi/ ! ?ru/ ( ar* con/ruction2 h5ce x is usual to support ! masonry ) iron1 :i*1 if too light1 w sag4 ,too small an iron w become s hot t its t5sile /r5g? is l[]$ until x b5ds4 ,a heavy flat b> at lea/ "o-half in* ?ick is sometimes us$ or a ,t-b> :i* has great] /r5g?1 b less metal2 ! wid] ! op5+ ! heavi] ! b> requir$4 ,,improv+ ,,fireplace ,,heat+4 ,a numb] ( pat5ts h be5 obta9$ = improvem5ts 9 fireplace heat+4 ,mo/ ( !m1 dep5d+ on ! fact t hot air rises1 deliv] air heat$ 9 or ar\nd ! fireplace ?r\gh a regi/]1 locat$ above ! fire1 into ! upp] "p ( ! room1 :i* is always ! w>me/ "p4 ,fur!rmore1 !y require a specially built *imney1 preclud+ ! in/allation ( su* a device 9 an exi/+ fireplace4 ,unless fre% outside air is suppli$ !re is no improvem5t 9 ! w>m+ ( ! room4 ,pat5t ,no4 #abeaiaf1 issu$ to ,joseph ,p>sons1 ( ,lakeville1 ,conn41 & by him assign$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 pres5ts means ( greatly increas+ ! effici5cy ( fireplace heat+4 ,! inv5tor's claim diff]s f o!r claims = improv+ fireplace heat+ 9 t ! op]ation ( 8 device dep5ds ^u ! suction creat$ 9 ! *imney by ! hot air ris+ f ! fireplace & !re=e makes possible ! deliv]y ( heat$ air ?r\gh a regi/] locat$ at any place 9 ! room or at ! he>?4 ,fur!rmore1 x p]mits ( in/allation ( "o ( ! simpl] types 9 an exi/+ *imney4 ,= a fire to burn x mu/ be suppli$ ) oxyg54 ,if a fire 7 built 9 a fireplace 9 an air-tight room x w\ld g out z soon z ! oxyg5 pres5t _h be5 consum$ unless a d[n draft 9 ! *imney suppli$ ! ne$$ air4 ,z our fireplace fires d n g out s long z !y are f$ ) fuel x is obvi\s t ! requir$ air supply is obta9$ f some:]e4 ,any "o :o has dep5d$ ^u a fireplace to heat a room kn[s t ! "p ( ! room f>!/ f ! fire is ! colde/ & t ! temp]ature ar\nd ! w9d[s is especially l[4 ,9 fact ! h>d] ! fire burns ! cold] x is at ! w9d[s4 ,! fire mu/ h air1 & z cracks exi/ ar\nd w9d[s & doors ! air ent]s ?r\gh !m4 ,! volume ent]+ is equal to t pass+ up ! *imney4 ,?is air comes f outside at a l[ temp]ature4 ,figure #ah illu/rates h[ a fireplace fire supplies its ne$s4 ,:5 x gr[s cold] outside a bigg] fire is made4 ,! bigg] ! blaze ! great] ! quantity ( outside air drawn into ! room ?r\gh e crack & crevice until1 :5 ! outside temp]ature gets bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 !re is no com=t 9 ! room beyond ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,all air requir$ = fe$+ ! fire mu/ pass ?r\gh ! room1 ent]+ ?r\gh cracks ar\nd w9d[s & doors & produc+ an uncom=table temp]ature 9 all p>ts ( ! room except ne> ! he>?4 ,if a room 7 s tight t ! air leakage 7 insuffici5t to supply a fireplace fire1 x w\ld n burn prop]ly & w\ld smoke4 ,if a pane ( glass 7 remov$ f a w9d[ cold air w\ld ru% 9 ?r\gh ! op5+4 ,if ! glass 7 replac$ & an op5+ ( equal area be made ?r\gh ! *imney1 z %[n 9 figures #ai1 ,a & ,b1 s t air c\ld be admitt$ into ! room z indicat$ by ! arr[s 9 ! plan1 figure #ai-;,b1 an equal volume ( cold air w\ld be drawn ?r\gh ?is op5+4 ,z x comes into contact ) ! metal =m ! air becomes heat$1 s t :5 deliv]$ into ! room its temp]ature w\ld be #ajj degrees or high]1 dep5d+ ^u ! radiat+ surface ( ! he>?1 assum+ an outside temp]ature ( #cb degrees4 7,te/s by ! writ] h %[n ?is temp]ature to be high] ?an #abe degrees47 ,if ! *imney op5+ be clos$ & ! pane ( glass be aga9 remov$ ! temp]ature ( ! air ent]+ ?r\gh ! w9d[ w\ld be #cb degrees4 ,x is obvi\s t ! room w be m effectually heat$ :5 ! air requir$ = combu/ion is suppli$ at a high temp]ature ?an :5 suppli$ ?r\gh cracks & crevices at a l[ temp]ature4 ,all our homes %\ld be made fairly tight = great] com=t 9 w9t]4 ,9 su* a h\se1 ) doors & w9d[s clos$1 ! suction caus$ by ! fire c ?us be utiliz$ to draw into ! room outside air heat$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh a metal flue on :i* ! fire is burn+4 ,! pr9ciple may be appli$ 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,figure #ai-;,a illu/rates a simple =m = use 9 connection ) an outside *imney4 ,a piece ( galvaniz$ %eet iron is b5t to ! prop] =m & set into ! fireplace s z to leave an air space betwe5 x & ! back & sides ( ! fireplace4 ,an op5+ to ! outside is made by remov+ two or ?ree c\rses ( brick4 ,air ent]s ?r\gh ?is1 becomes heat$ by contact ) ! metal1 & is deliv]$ into ! room at ! sides ( ! fireplace1 z indicat$ 9 ! plan ( figure #ai-;,b4 ,x imm$iately rises )9 ! room1 gives up "p ( its heat1 & ev5tually :irls ab\t & into ! fire1 z indicat$ by ! arr[s 9 figure #ai-;,a4 ,?is =m w\ld n necess>ily heat ! entire room effectually2 x w\ld1 h[ev]1 supply heat$ air = ! fire 9 volume suffici5t to replace or mat]ially r$uce ! quantity ( cold air :i* w\ld o!rwise ent] ?r\gh w9d[ & door cracks4 ,) a brisk fire burn+1 a ru% ( w>m air c be felt #f or #h feet away f ! fireplace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]spective ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,simple =m ( w>m-air flue = outside *imney4 ,air requir$ = fe$+ ! fire is br\ght 9 f ! outside ar\nd a metal =m set 9 ! fireplace1 ) a space betwe5 x & ! back & sides ( ! brickwork4 ,z ! cold outside air passes ar\nd ! metal x becomes heat$ & is deliv]$ into ! room at a temp]ature mu* high] ?an :]e x is pull$ 9 ?r\gh w9d[ & door cracks4 ,! result is a mu* m com=table room4 ,?is simple =m may be built z foll[s3 ,a piece ( ro(+ t9 ab\t #f in*es wid] ?an ! height ( ! fireplace op5+1 ) l5g? equal to ! wid? ( ! op5+ plus twice ! dep? ( ! side1 %\ld be secur$4 ,x %\ld !n be m>k$ & cut z indicat$ 9 ! =m 7fig4 #ai-;,b71 & b5t into a %ape simil> to t %[n 9 ! p]spective1 same figure4 ,:5 plac+ x1 !re %\ld be a space left betwe5 ! t9 & ! brickwork at bo? back & top4 ,! back & sides at ! top %\ld be b5t back #b in*es to meet ! brickwork4 ,! crack or jo9t %\ld be tightly clos$ ) asbe/os or furnace cem5t4 ,! t9 =m re/s on ! #d-;in* bottom flange4 ,! jo9t "h c be made tight by plac+ a few brick on ! flange & cov]+ ) a%es1 or a metal plate cut to ! prop] %ape may be laid ^u & pref]ably rivet$ to ! l[] flanges ( ! back & sides4 ,! =m %\ld be z high z ! op5+ & ! metal sides %\ld project ab\t #c in*es beyond ! jambs1 s z to ?r[ ! heat$ air well out into ! room4 ,a "o-f\r?-in* rod plac$ across ! top ( ! t9 =m directly "u ! ar* iron ( ! fireplace assi/s 9 hold+ ! top ( ! t9 firmly aga9/ ! brickwork4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,simple =m ( w>m-air flue = inside *imney4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,improv$ =m ( w>m-air flue = ,inside *imney4 ,! increas$ radiat+ surface obta9$ by conduct+ ! metal flue up ! back ( ! fireplace heats ! air to a high] temp]ature s t x is deliv]$ into ! room f>!r f ! outlet duct4 ,figure #bj %[s a simple =m = use ) an inside *imney4 ,a hole may be cut 9 ! he>? on "o side & connect$ ) ! outside by means ( a passage ?r\gh ! *imney f\ndation4 ,! mann] ( provid+ ?is passage w dep5d ^u ! con/ruction 9 ! p>ticul> case4 ,a galvaniz$ %eet-metal box ) a division plate ext5d+ "p way ?r\gh x is set on ! he>?4 ,! side ov] ! op5+ is b5t d[n 9 front1 z at ,a1 s t ! ent]+ cold air mu/ pass to ! re> ar\nd ! division plate & !n out into ! room 9 front ( ! he>?1 z at ,b4 ,! fire1 on top ( ! metal flue1 heats ! air issu+ at ,b z x fl[s "u x4 ,figure #ba %[s an improv$ =m 9 :i* ! flue & division plate are ext5d$ up ! back ( ! fireplace4 ,?is pres5ts consid]ably m radiat+ surface1 s t ! air c be heat$ to a high] temp]ature4 ,! air issu+ f ?is flue at ,b is dis*>g$ f>!r out into ! room4 ,if !re is a cell> "u ! floor a metal duct mu/ be employ$ to br+ fre% air f an op5+ 9 ! outside wall1 j bel[ ! joi/s1 to ! hole 9 ! he>?4 ,cell> air %\ld nev] be suck$ ?r\gh ! flue4 ,all op5+s "u ! h\se or ?r\gh ! wall %\ld be scre5$ to keep out rats & mice1 & doors %\ld be provid$ to close ! op5+s entirely if desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,improv$ =m ( w>m-air flue ) floor regi/]4 ,?is me?od increases ! effici5cy ( fireplaces _m times by deliv]+ ! air t mu/ be suppli$ to ! fire into ! room at temp]atures ( #ajj & high]1 dep5d+ ^u ! =m & ext5t ( ! heat+ surface at ! back ( ! fireplace1 & deliv]+ x to ! colde/ "p ( ! room s t heat is di/ribut$ m effectively & ! entrance ( cold air ar\nd w9d[s & doors is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,figure #bb %[s a m elaborate in/allation4 ,?is insures v satisfactory heat+ ) a fireplace fire4 ,! piece ,a ,b ,c ,d ( galvaniz$ metal has a rectangul> cross section4 ,two or ?ree c\rses ( brickwork are omitt$ & ! metal duct is set into ! fireplace1 s t radiation f ! fire imp+es ^u its surface f ,b to ,d4 ,! air ent]+ f outside at ,,ae is heat$ z x passes ?r\gh ! flue beh9d & "u ! fire & is c>ri$ ?r\gh ano!r rectangul> duct "u ! floor to a regi/] locat$ 9 a f> "p ( ! room4 ,out ( ?is regi/] air 9 l>ge volume is dis*>g$ at a high temp]ature4 ,?is air heats ! f> "p ( ! room & o!r p>ts z x travels f ! regi/] upw>d & ?r\gh ! room to ! fireplace4 ,?us ! fireplace heats ! room by convection ( heat z well z by radiation1 & all p>ts ( ! room are m com=table ?an if radiation alone 7 dep5d$ ^u4 ,a te/ ( an in/allation simil> to t %[n 9 figure #bb 0 made by ! writ]4 ,! fireplace & suction flue 7 built 9 a cab9 measur+ #bd feet squ>e by #i feet high4 ,! te/ 0 conduct$ late 9 ,novemb] on a night :5 ! outside temp]ature 0 #bd ,f4 ,x 0 ! fir/ fire built 9 ! fireplace 9 t season1 consequ5tly all ! mat]ials ( ! build+ 7 cold4 ,! room 0 practically air-tight2 v little leakage c\ld be felt ar\nd ! w9d[s4 ,a temp]ature ( slightly ov] #ajj 0 record$ directly ov] ! regi/]1 9 ! c5t] ( ! room x 0 #gb1 & 9 ! f>!/ corn] a !rmomet]1 hung ab\t #ah in*es f ! wall betwe5 two w9d[s1 %[$ #fe4 ,?us ! effici5cy ( fireplaces may be mat]ially increas$1 ! degree dep5d+ ^u ! "* ( ! air duct in/all$4 ,ev5 9 ! simple types ! air requir$ to make ! fire burn ent]s ! room at a high] temp]ature at ! floor in/ead ( ar\nd w9d[s & doors at a l[ temp]ature2 w9d[s & doors may !re=e be made tight1 s z to r$uce ! cold-air leakage4 ,! type ) a regi/] 9 ! f> "p ( ! room supplies heat to p>ts ( ! room or to an adjo9+ room1 :i* w\ld receive little heat if radiation only 7 reli$ ^u4 ,?is means ( improv+ fireplace heat+ is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to small h\ses 9 ! ,s\?1 :]e ! op5 fire is ! mo/ common me?od ( h\se heat+4 ,z ! simple types require only galvaniz$ ,%eet metal b5t at "r angles1 x is )9 ! means & ability ( _m to supply !mselves ) flues ( _! own mak+4 ,,wa%+ton3 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aiba ,transcrib] ,note ,illu/rations 7 mov$ s z n to split p>agraphs4 ,hyph5ization has be5 /&>diz$ to ! mo/ common =m4