,hi/ory ( ,sanitation ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,,cosgrove ,au?or ( ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,plumb+1 ,sewage ,purification & ,disposal1 ,wr\ght ,pipe ,dra9age ,sy/ems1 & ,plumb+ ,plans & ,specifications ,illu/ration ,publi%$ by ,/&>d ,sanit>y ,mfg4 ,co4 ,,pittsburgh1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,copyright #aiji by ,/&>d ,sanit>y ,mfg4 ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,preface ,:5 ! manuscript = ?is volume 0 prep>$1 !re 0 no decid$ int5tion ( publi%+ x 9 book =m4 ,orig9ally x 0 int5d$ to appe> z a s]ial 9 ,mod]n ,sanitation1 & grew out ( a reque/ f ! ,editor ( t magaz9e to write an article t w\ld trace ! advancem5t made 9 sanitation f its e>lie/ /ages to ! pres5t "t4 ,sanitation has be5 giv5 b little ?\ght by hi/orians1 consequ5tly1 consid]able /udy & rese>* 7 necess>y to dig f mu/y tomes & anci5t records a /ory t w\ld prove int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,hav+ succe$$ 9 ga!r+ toge!r mu* ( int]e/ to sanit>ians1 & 9 view ( ! fact t no o!r hi/ory ( sanitation 0 ev] writt51 ! "w 0 deem$ wor?y ( a m p]man5t place 9 lit]ature1 & x 0 decid$ to put x =? 9 m endur+ =m4 ,! book is !re=e (f]$ to ! public ) ! f]v5t hope t ^? :o read its pages w d]ive z mu* pleasure z did ! au?or 9 prep>+ ! manuscript4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,cosgrove ,,philadelphia1 ,,p5nsylvania ,febru>y #ae?1 #aiji ,publi%]'s ,note ,! prim>y object ( our organization is1 z is univ]sally kn[n1 to manufacture & m>ket ,/&>d ,plumb+ ,fixtures1 ,brass ,goods & o!r products made 9 our factories4 ,9 ! developm5t ( an organization to accompli% ?is result1 !re has be5 e/abli%$ an ,adv]tis+ & ,publi%+ ,dep>tm5t ( no small proportions1 & ! ,hi/ory ( ,sanitation is simply ! outgr[? ( ! "w ( ?is dep>tm5t4 ,?is brief /atem5t w1 we believe1 s]ve to give ! public a cle> und]/&+ ( our some:at unique position ( be+ at ! same "t manufactur]s & publi%]s4 ,! fir/ s]i\s "w ( ! ,publi%+ ,dep>tm5t on a l>ge scale 0 ,mod]n ,sanitation 7e/abli%$ ,june1 #aijd74 ,f ?is came ! publication1 fir/ 9 s]ial =m & lat] z a book1 ( ,j4 ,j4 ,cosgrove's fir/ "w1 ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,plumb+ 7book publi%$ ,decemb]1 #aijf74 ,! ph5om5al success ( ! book is a matt] ( g5]al k1 al?\gh x may n be widely kn[n t ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,plumb+ has be5 adopt$ z a text book 9 m ?an ?irty univ]sities & colleges 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & bids fair to be adopt$ 9 o!rs4 ,?is magnific5t a*ievem5t has be5 accompli%$ solely on ! m]it ( ! "w & )\t solicitation on ! "p ( ei!r ! au?or or publi%]4 ,!re is n[ (f]$ almo/ simultane\sly two new books by ,mr4 ,cosgrove1 "o be+ ! volume 9 h& & ! o!r ,sewage ,purification & ,disposal4 ,9 ,hi/ory ( ,sanitation1 ,sewage ,purification & ,disposal & ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,plumb+ we feel t ! lit]ature ( ! craft has be5 enri*$ 9 an endur+ mann]1 & t we h fully ju/ifi$ our appe>ance 9 ! field ( publi%]s z amply z we h our /&+ z manufactur]s ( a _w-wide kn[n & us$ product4 ,/&>d ,sanit>y ,mfg4 ,co4 ,pittsburgh1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,publi%+ ,dep>tm5t ,explanatory ,description ( ,full ,page ,illu/rations ,,anci5t ,,roman ,,f\nta9 ,,at ,,cor9? ,page #f ,an old f\nta9 at ,cor9?1 ,greece1 ^: pip+ & /one con/ruction date f ab\t ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x 0 /&+ "h :5 ,/4 ,paul liv$ & taught 9 ,cor9?1 & is /ill ! only s\rce ( wat] supply = a l>ge cont+5t ( ,greek h\sekeep]s4 ,dr9k+ wat] is c>ri$ home 9 j>s1 b wa%+ is done on ! spot1 j z x 0 c5turies ago4 ,,! ,,roman ,,aqu$uct ,,( ,,segovia1 ,,spa9 ,page #cf ,?is aqu$uct is #icg feet long1 & consi/s ( #cbj ar*es 9 two ti]s1 ! highe/ ar* 9 ! l[] ti] be+ #ajb feet4 ,x is suppos$ to h be5 built 9 ! "t ( ,trajan4 ,segovia 0 an anci5t ,roman city locat$ 9 old ,ca/ile1 ,spa91 & 0 ! resid5ce ( ! k+s ( ,leon & ,ca/ile4 ,,! ,,olde/ ,,ba?room ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,page #gf ,?is photograph 0 made at ! ru9$ palace & =tress ( ,tiryns1 9 ,greece4 ,x is reg>d$ by ar*ologi/s z "o ( ! olde/ cities 9 ! _w1 & is m5tion$ by "n 9 ,greek poetry ( #b1jjj ye>s ago4 ,its rul]s mu/ h be5 m5 ( great importance1 z _! /one palace 7p>ts ( its walls & gall]ies are z firm & solid z ev]7 0 a /ructure ( spl5did dim5sions & sub/antial "*4 ,!re is no d\bt ! #h #i-;foot slab ( /one se5 9 ! picture =m$ ! floor ( a ba?room4 ,at ! f>!r edge !re /ill rema9s ! slant+ groove cut 9 z an outlet = wat]4 ,,ba?+ ,,& ,,burn+ ,,h9du ,,dead ,,at ,,b5>es ,page #ij ,dipp+ a corpse 9 ! holy wat]s ( ! ,ganges ,riv] be=e burn+ x on ! bank--a daily occurr5ce at ,b5>es1 ,india4 ,"s wor%ipp] may v likely dr9k ! wat] only tw5ty feet away4 ,,! ,,f\nta9 ,,( ,,eli%a ,page #ajh ,! wat]s ( ?is anci5t f\nta9 7 miracul\sly sweet5$ by ! ,prophet ,eli%a4 ,table ( ,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,page ,sanitation ( ,primitive ,man--,e>ly ,wells--,rebekah at ! ,well--,joseph's ,well--,well at ! ,ran*o ,*ack #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,ci/]ns--,e>ly ,m5tion ( ,ci/]ns--,ci/]ns ( ,c>?age--,e>ly ,me?ods ( ,rais+ ,wat]--,wat] ,c>ri]s--,pool ( ,siloam--,pool ( ,solomon--,aqu$ucts--,c>?ag5ian ,aqu$uct--,aqu$ucts ( ,rome--,aqu$uct ( ,segovia1 ,spa9--,trophies ( ,m>ius #g ,,*apt] ,,iii ,e>ly ,sewage ,disposal--,removal ( ,(f5sive ,mat]ials f ,temples ( ,j]usalem--,sewage ,sy/ems ( a ,pre-,babylonian ,city--,sew]s ( ,rome--,! ,cloaca ,maxima--,! ,dejecti-,effusive ,act #bi ,,*apt] ,,iv ,orig9 ( ,ba?+--,e>ly ,greek ,ba?s--,roman ,private ,ba?s--,public ,ba?s ( ,rome--,ru9s ( ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla--,description ( ! ,!rm--,! ,!rm ( ,titus at ,rome--,ba?s ( ,pompeii--,heat+ ,wat] = ,roman ,ba?s--,!rm ( ,titus ,re/or$ #cg ,,*apt] ,v ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire--,succe$+ ,p]iod ,kn[n z ! ,d>k ,ages--,sanitation ,dur+ ! ,d>k ,ages--,beg9n+ ( ,mat]ial ,progress 9 ,sanitation--,pilgrimage to ,jugg]naut--,wat] ,supply 9 ,p>is--,london ,wat] ,supply--,aqu$uct ( ,zempoala1 ,mexico #fc ,,*apt] ,,vi ,introduction ( ,pump+ ,ma*9]y into ,wat]works ,practice--,! ,ar*im$es ,screw--,use ( ,pumps 9 ,hanov]1 ,g]many--,fir/ ,london ,pump on ,london ,bridge--,sav]y & ,newcom5's ,pump+ ,eng9e--,! ,hydraulic ,ram--,pump+ ,eng9es ,erect$ = ! ,philadelphia ,wat]works--,pipes = ,di/ribut+ ,wat]--,hydrants & ,valves = ,wood5 ,pipes--,data ,reg>d+ ! ,use ( ,wood5 ,pipes--,mod]n ,pump+ ,eng9es #gg ,,*apt] ,,vii ,e>ly ,briti% ,sew]s--,sew] 9 ! ,great ,hall ( ,we/m9/]--,%ape ( ,e>ly ,engli% ,sew]s--,adoption or ,recomm5dation ( ,pipe ,sew]s--,e>ly ,p>is ,sew]s--,p>is ,sew]s ( ,to-day--,lack ( ,sewage ,data 9 ,am]ica--,effect ( ,memphis ,epidemics on ,sanit>y ,progress #he ,,*apt] ,,viii ,sanit>y ,awak5+--,realization ( ! ,dang] ( ,un:olesome ,wat]--,*ol]a 9 ,london ,trac$ to ! ,broad ,/reet ,pump--,an ,hi/orical ,/9k #ia ,,*apt] ,,ix ,introduction ( ,wat] ,filt]s--,/rik+ ,example ( ! ,effici5cy & ,value--,*ol]a at ,altona & ,hamburg--,purification ( ,sewage--,! ,automatic ,scav5g] ( ,m\ras--,inve/igations ( ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?--,g>bage ,de/ruction #aji ,,*apt] ,x ,mod]n & ,rec5t ,plumb+ ,fixtures--,pass+ ( ! ,m>ble ,lavatory--,public ,wa% ,h\ses--,public ,com=t ,/ations--,conclusion #aai ,li/ ( ,illu/rations ,page #a ,rebekah at ! ,well #b #b ,well at ! ,ran*o ,*ack #d #c ,anci5t ,roman ,f\nta9 at ,cor9? #f #d ,! ,ci/]ns at ,c>?age #g #e ,pole & ,bucket = ,rais+ ,wat] #h #f ,ru9s ( ,anci5t ,ci/]ns #h #g ,old ,roman ,wat]-,:eel #i #h ,wat] ,c>ri] ) ,j> #i #i ,wat] ,c>ri] ) ,goat-,sk9 ,bag #aa #aj ,pool ( ,siloam #ab #aa ,pool ( ,solomon #ac #ab ,aqu$uct ne> ,tunis1 ,lead+ to ,anci5t ,c>?age #ad #ac ,anci5t ,roman ,well #ae #ad ,ru9s ( a ,roman ,aqu$uct #ag #ae ,di/ant ,view ( ! ,claudia ,aqu$uct #ah #af ,ne> ,view ( ! ,claudia ,aqu$uct #ai #ag ,aqu$uct 9 ,ru9s1 ,ephesus #bj #ah ,roman ,aqu$uct1 ,segovia1 ,spa9 #bb #ai ,wat] ,t[] & ,roman ,ru9s1 ,*e/]1 ,engl& #bc #bj ,roman ,wat] ,pipes1 made ( ,bor$-out ,blocks ( ,/one #bd #ba ,trophies ( ,m>ius #be #bb ,old ,roman ,lead & ,t]ra ,cotta ,pipe #bf #bc ,! ,wom5's ,ba?s1 ,pompeii #bh #bd ,! ,cloaca ,maxima4 ,f an old woodcut #ca #be ,! ,cloaca ,maxima4 ,f a rec5t photograph #cb #bf ,egyptian ,lady ,hav+ ,head ,spray$1 #agjj ,b4 ,c4 #cc #bg ,greek ,wom5 ,ba?+ #cd #bh ,greek ,ba? ,tubs #cd #bi ,! ,roman ,aqu$uct ( ,segovia1 ,spa9 #cf #cj ,mosaic f ,floor ( ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla #cg #ca ,ru9s ( ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla1 ,rome #ch #cb ,int]ior ( ! ,frigid>ium1 ,c>acalla #ci #cc ,out] ,r[ ( ,ba?s1 ,c>acalla1 ,rome #da #cd ,!rm ( ,titus at ,rome #df #ce ,clipeus4 ,f an old woodcut #df #cf ,floor ,plan ( ! ,ba?s ( ,pompeii #dg #cg ,frigid>ium4 ,f an old woodcut #dh #ch ,atlantes #ej #ci ,copp]s = ,heat+ ,wat] 9 ,roman ,ba?s #eb #dj ,gr\nd ,plan ( ,!rm ( ,c>acalla #ee #da ,hypocau/ = ,heat+ ,wat]1 ,!rm ( ,c>acalla #eg #db ,re/oration ( ,!rm ( ,titus4 7,re/or$ by ,lecl]c7 #eh #dc ,plan ( ! ,!rm ( ,titus1 ,rome4 7,re/or$ by ,lecl]c7 #ei #dd ,sectional ,elevation1 ,!rm ( ,titus1 ,rome #fj #de ,frigid>ium1 ,!rm ( ,c>acalla1 ,rome4 7,re/or$ by ,viollet-le-,duc47 #fa #df ,int]ior ,view ( ,aqu$uct1 ,lisbon1 ,portugal #fb #dg ,de/roy$ ,lead ,font1 ,great ,plum/ead1 ,norfolk #fd #dh ,lead5 ,cup1 ( ! "t ( ,vespasian #fe #di ,lead ,pipehead & ,pipe #ff #ej ,lead ,ci/]n ) ! ,arms ( ! ,fi%mong]s' ,company #fg #ea ,c> ( ,jugg]naut #fh #eb ,di/ant ,view ( ,zempoala ,aqu$uct1 ,qu]et>o1 ,mexico #gj #ec ,ne> ,view ( ,zempoala ,aqu$uct1 ,mexico #ga #ed ,zempoala ,aqu$uct4 ,f an old pr9t #gb #ee ,! ,olde/ ,ba?room 9 ! ,_w #gf #ef ,sav]y's ,eng9e #gg #eg ,newcom5's ,eng9e #gh #eh ,pump ,h\se1 ,philadelphia #gi #ei ,wood5 ,boil]s us$ 9 ,philadelphia ,wat] ,supply #hj #fj ,bor$-out ,log ,pipe1 us$ 9 ,briti% ,columbia #ha #fa ,valve = ,wood5 ,pipes us$ 9 ,philadelphia ,wat] ,supply #hb #fb ,hydrant = ,wood5 ,pipes us$ 9 ,philadelphia ,wat] ,supply #hb #fc ,mod]n ,v]tical ,triple-,expansion ,pump+ ,eng9e #hc #fd ,aqu$uct ,cross+ ! ,alcant>a ,valley #hd #fe ,ba?+ & ,burn+ ,h9du ,dead at ,b5>es #ij #ff ,map ,%[+ ,relation ( ,*ol]a & ! ,broad ,/reet ,pump #ib #fg ,york ,survey ( ! ,broad ,/reet ,pump #aja #fh ,! ,f\nta9 ( ,eli%a #ajh #fi ,map ,%[+ ,location ( ,cases ( ,*ol]a 9 ,hamburg & ,altona #aaj #gj ,new ,york ,public ,ba?s #aah #ga ,ba?room ( ! ,e>ly ,sev5ties #aai #gb ,"o ,/age 9 ! ,evolution ( ! ,porcela9 ,enamel$ ,ba? #abj #gc ,a ,slop ,s9k ( ,long ,ago #abj #gd ,ba? ,tub ,encas$ 9 ,woodwork #aba #ge ,an ,old ,m>ble-,top ,lavatory #aba #gf ,a ,mod]n ,porcela9 ,enamel$ ,lavatory #abb #gg ,pres5t ,/age 9 ! ,evolution ( ,porcela9 ,enamel$ ,ba?s #abc #gh ,a ,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,ba?room #abd ,illu/ration3 ,,laoco,n ,,& ,,8 ,,sons ,,/atv>y ,,fovnd ,,9 ,,! ,,ba?s ,,( ,,titvs ,?is gr\p ( /atu>y is n[ 9 ! ,vatican1 ,rome ,illu/ration3 ,hi/ory ( ,sanitation3 ,,*apt] ,i ,,synopsis ,,( ,,*apt]4 ,sanitation ( ,primitive ,man--,e>ly ,wells--,rebekah at ! ,well--,joseph's ,well--,! ,ran*o ,*ack4 ,hi/ory repeats itself4 ,! m>* ( progress is onw>d1 ev] onw>d1 b x moves 9 cycles4 ,a c5t] ( civilization spr+s up1 fl\ri%es = a "t !n decays2 & f ! a%es ( ! p]i%$ civilization1 phnix-l1 !re spr+s a l>g]1 gr&]1 m endur+ civilization4 ,n[h]e 9 ! cycle ( progress is ?is m noticeable ?an 9 ! hi/ory ( sanitation4 ,c5t]s ( civilization1 l ,j]usalem1 ,a!ns1 ,rome & ,c>?age1 arose to pre-em95ce 9 sanit>y matt]s1 built sew]s1 con/ruct$ aqu$ucts & provid$ = ! inhabitants magnific5t ba?s ! equal ( :i* ! _w has nev] s9ce se54 ,aft] ! spl5dors ( ,c>?age & ,rome1 d>kness succe$$2 a d>kness f :i* we sl[ly em]g$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury & are n[ spe$+ on to eclipse ! sanit>y spl5dors ( ev5 ! old ,roman empire4 ,9 its broade/ s5se1 a hi/ory ( sanitation is a /ory ( ! _w's /ruggle = an adequate supply ( :olesome wat]1 & its ef=ts to dispose ( ! resultant sewage )\t m5ace to heal? nor (f5ce to ! s5se ( sight or smell4 ,9 anci5t z 9 mod]n times1 wat] 0 ! *ief consid]ation ( a community4 ,c5t]s ( population sprung up 9 localities :]e wat] 0 pl5tiful1 & :]e = comm]cial1 /rategetic or o!r reasons1 a city 0 built remote f a wat] c\rse1 great exp5ditures ( labor & treasure 7 made con/ruct+ works to conduct wat] to ! city f di/ant spr+s1 lakes or wat] c\rses4 ,ru9s--/ill /&+--( "s ( ^? eng9e]+ works give u "s idea ( ! magnitude ( ! wat] supply = anci5t cities belong+ to ! ,roman empire4 ,illu/ration3 ,rebekah at ! ,well ,9 ! e>ly days ( primitive man1 sanitation 0 among 8 lea/ conc]ns4 ,he obta9$ wat] f ! mo/ conv5i5t s\rce1 & dispos$ ( 8 sewage 9 ! lea/ labori\s way4 ,^? :o liv$ 9 ! vic9ity ( /reams solv$ ! problem by mov+ to ! bank1 :]e1 l _! m highly civiliz$ desc5dants ( to-day1 !y drew wat] f ! up side ( ! /ream & return$ ! sewage to ! wat] to pollute & possibly contam9ate x = _! neighbors l[] d[n4 ,communities liv+ remote f natural wat] c\rses soon le>n$ ! value ( wells z a s\rce ( wat] supply4 ,_m m5tions ( wells are made 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 & x is affirm$ by ,black/one t at t p]iod wells 7 ! cause ( viol5t & frequ5t cont5tion2 t ! exclusive prop]ty or title to a well appe>$ to be ve/$ 9 ! fir/ digg] or occupant1 ev5 9 su* places :]e ! gr\nd & h]bage rema9$ 9 common4 ,:ile ?is /atem5t might be true ( _m in/ances1 !re c be no d\bt t public wells 7 dug ev5 9 ^? remote times4 ,inde$1 ! fir/ m5tion made ( a well1 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 w\ld indicate t its wat]s 7 free to all4 ,abraham's olde/ s]vant1 ,eliez]1 _h be5 entru/$ ) ! duty ( select+ a wife = ,abraham's son1 ,isaac4 ,! s]vant j\rney$ to ! anci5t city ( ,nahor1 & !re he made 8 camels to kneel d[n )\t ! city by a well ( wat] at ! "t ( ! ev5+ t wom5 g out to draw wat]4 ,& he said3 ,behold1 ,i /& "h by ! well ( wat]2 & ! daught]s ( ! m5 ( ! city come out to draw wat]1 & let x come to pass t ! damsel to :om ,i %all say1 ,let d[n ?y pit*]1 ,i pray !e1 t ,i may dr9k2 & %e %all say1 ,dr9k1 & ,i w give ?y camel dr9k also2 ,let ! same be %e t ,?\ ha/ appo9t$ = ?y s]vant1 ,isaac4 ,& x came to pass t ,rebekah came out1 & ! damsel 0 v fair to look ^u1 & %e w5t d[n to ! well & fill$ h] pit*]1 & ! s]vant said1 ,let me ,i pray !e dr9k a little wat] ( ?y pit*]4 ,& %e said1 ,dr9k1 my "l1 & :5 %e _h done giv+ him dr9k1 %e said1 ,i w draw wat] = ?y camel also4 ,& %e ha/5$ to empty h] pit*] 9 ! tr\gh & ran aga9 unto ! well to draw wat] = all ! camels4 ,9 ,assyria & ,p]sia f e>lie/ times1 wat] has be5 convey$ to t[ns f a/oni%+ di/ances 9 op5 *annels1 & 9 ,egypt1 also 9 ,*9a1 gigantic works = convey+ wat] bo? = dome/ic use & = irrigation h be5 9 exi/5ce f remote antiquity4 ,9 ,*9a1 a k ( ! art ( well drill+ has exi/$ = c5turies4 ,travel]s speak ( wells drill$ by ,*9ese1 c5turies ago1 to a dep? ( #a1ejj feet4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,nile are _m fam\s wells4 ,joseph's ,well#a at ,cairo1 ne> ! ,pyramids1 is p]haps ! mo/ fam\s ( anci5t wells4 ,x is excavat$ 9 solid rock to a dep? ( #big feet & consi/s ( two /ories or lifts4 ,! upp] %aft is #ah by #bd feet & #afe feet deep2 ! l[] %aft is #i by #ae feet & rea*es to a fur!r dep? ( #acb feet4 ,wat] is rais$ 9 two lifts by means ( buckets on endless *a9s1 ^? = ! l[] level be+ op]at$ by mules 9 a *amb] at ! bottom ( ! upp] %aft1 to :i* access is _h by means ( a spiral /airway w9d+ ab\t ! well4 ,illu/ration3 ,well at ! ,ran*o ,*ack ,9 ,am]ica1 ! use ( wells z a means ( wat] supply is ( great antiquity1 dat+ back to pre-hi/oric races4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 along ! valley ( ! ,mississippi1 artificially wall$ wells h be5 f\nd t are believ$ to h be5 built by a race ( p :o prec$$ ! ,indians4 ,primitive tribes t liv$ 9 ! hills sometimes _h _! +5uity tax$ to provide a wat] supply4 ,9 ! hills or m\nta9s ( ,yucatan1 at ,santa ,ana1 9 ! ,si]ra de ,yucatan1 !re exi/s a well ( great antiquity t %[s ! difficulty "u :i* ! aborig9es labor$ 9 _! se>* = wat]4 ,! well is locat$ on ! ,ran*o ,*ack4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r ?is well 0 con/ruct$ by h& labor or is "o ( ! num]\s cav]ns 9 ! rock1 fa%ion$ by ! b\ndless =ces ( nature1 & ) :i* ! hills ab\nd4 ,wat] is rea*$ aft] desc5d+ by ladd] a di/ance ( ov] #ajj feet & trav]s+ a passage #b1gjj feet long or ab\t half a mile 9 l5g?4 ,! rocky sides ( ! tunnel are worn smoo? by ! friction ( clo!s or bodies bru%+ aga9/ ! surface1 & ! ro( ( ! tunnel is black f soot & smoke f c\ntless tor*es t h light$ wat] be>]s to ! spot :]e a pool ( cle>1 lukew>m wat] b>s ! passage4 ,h[ _m c5turies ?is little subt]ranean pool has suppli$ wat] to ! natives ( ?is region !re is no means ( asc]ta9+4 ,! well is us$ at ! pres5t "t1 & p]haps :5 ,c>?age 0 a village1 ,rome a wild]ness1 & ,*ri/ianity un?\ght (1 ?is little pool ( wat] hidd5 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? & accessible only aft] trav]s+ a d>k1 slipp]y1 p]il\s passage1 0 to ! ,indians ( t locality :at ! old oak5 bucket 0 to ! ,new ,engl& villag]s ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,roman ,,fovnta9 ,,at ,,cor9? ,,greek ,,peasants ,,wa%+ ,,clo!s ,f ,/]eograph1 copyright #aijh by ,und]wood ,und]wood1 ,n4 ,y4 7,see page iv7 ,illu/ration3 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,synopsis ,,( ,,*apt]4 ,ci/]ns--,e>ly ,m5tion ( ,ci/]ns--,ci/]ns ( ,c>?age--,e>ly ,me?ods ( ,rais+ ,wat]--,wat] ,c>ri]s--,pool ( ,siloam--,pool ( ,solomon--,aqu$ucts--,c>?ag5ian ,aqu$uct--,aqu$ucts ( ,rome--,aqu$ucts ( ,segovia1 ,spa9--,trophies ( ,m>ius4 ,! /orage ( wat] 9 ci/]ns or res]voirs is by no means a mod]n practice4 ,! e>lie/ tribes ( :om we h any traditions or records resort$ to ?is me?od = provid+ a supply ( wat]4 ,9 xi ,k+s1 #ah-ca1 ! fir/ m5tion is made ( ci/]ns 9 ,dr9k ye e "o ! wat] ( 8 ci/]n4 ,! me?ods employ$ by ! anci5ts to con/ruct ci/]ns mu/ h be5 labori\s & unsatisfactory4 ,cem5t at t "t 0 unkn[n & bricks 7 n made1 s t ! mod]n ci/]n1 z we "k x1 c\ld n h exi/$4 ,no d\bt 9 "s localities :]e clay 0 pl5tiful ! ci/]ns 7 scoop$ out ( ! e>? & puddl$ ) clay1 j z _m res]voirs ( to-day are made4 ,?is me?od ( con/ruct+ a ci/]n1 h[ev]1 w\ld limit ! =m to a cup-%ap$ affair1 :i* w\ld be v difficult to ro( ov]4 ,if ! ci/]ns 7 n cov]$1 z mu* wat] might be lo/ by evaporation z w\ld be us$ by ! inhabitants1 s t at its be/ a clay-puddl$ ci/]n mu/ h be5 an unsatisfactory affair4 ,9 ! locality ( m\nta9s & qu>ries1 ci/]ns 7 hewn out ( ! solid rock4 ,!y h =sak5 me ! f\nta9 ( liv+ wat]s & hew$ !m out ci/]ns1 brok5 ci/]ns t c hold no wat]4--,j]4 #b-c4 ,rock-hewn ci/]ns mu/ h made ideal /orage res]voirs = wat]4 ,! d>kness ( ! cav]n w\ld prev5t ! gr[? ( vegetation1 :ile ! ?ick walls ( rock1 af=d+ a %elt] f ! sun1 w\ld keep ! wat] cool & refre%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,ci/]ns at ,c>?age4 ,all t is left ( ! ,anci5t ,city ,illu/ration3 ,pole & ,bucket = ,rais+ ,wat] ,illu/ration3 ,ru9s ( ,anci5t ,ci/]ns ,x is wor?y ( not+ "h t ! anci5ts seem to h be5 aw>e ( ! movem5t ( gr\nd wat] ?r\gh ! soil1 a fact t 0 =gott5 & r$iscov]$ 9 comp>atively rec5t times4 ,9 ,prov4 #e-ae ! /atem5t1 ,dr9k wat]s out ( ?9e own ci/]n & runn+ wat]s out ( ?9e own well1 w\ld lead to ?is conclusion1 unless1 inde$1 !y class$ a bubbl+ spr+ z a well4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n ci/]n or res]voir ( :i* we h any au!ntic k are ! masonry ci/]ns or res]voirs t /or$ wat] = ! supply ( ! anci5t city ( ,c>?age4 ,^! ci/]ns1 :i* are wond]fully well pres]v$1 are /ill to be se5 on ! site ( ! anci5t ,punic city1 b outside ( :at 0 ! wall$ city1 be=e x 0 totally de/roy$ by ! ,romans4 ,illu/ration3 ,old ,roman ,wat] ,:eel ,illu/ration3 ,wat] ,c>ri] ) ,j> ,^! ci/]ns 7 orig9ally cov]$ ) e>?1 & x is due to t fact1 p]haps1 t !y escap$ de/ruction :5 ! ,romans raz$ ! city4 ,x is easy to criticise ! judgm5t ( o!rs1 & no d\bt if all ! facts 7 kn[n1 !re 7 good & suffici5t reasons :y ! ,roman g5]al did n de/roy ! ci/]ns & cut (f ! supply ( wat] f ,c>?age dur+ ! siege ( t city4 ,b 9 ! light ( our pres5t k ( w>f>e1 :5 a wat] supply is consid]$ a vuln]able po9t1 mo/ c>efully gu>d$ by ! besieg$1 & ! po9t ( mo/ furi\s attack by ! besieg]s1 :5 ! fall ( ! city is consid]$ almo/ accompli%$ :5 its wat] supply is tak51 x seems an ov]sight on ! "p ( ! ,romans n to h discov]$ & de/roy$ ! ci/]ns1 p>ticul>ly z ! de/ruction ( ev]y?+ 9 ! city & environs 0 _! mission at ,c>?age4 ,x is an ov]sight1 h[ev]1 = :i* we may be ?ankful1 s9ce x pres]v$ = future times an int]e/+ eng9e]+ "w ( great magnitude = t p]iod4 ,! ci/]ns ( ,c>?age are eighte5 9 numb]1 & ea* #ajj feet long1 #bj feet wide & ne>ly #bj feet deep4 ,!y lie 9 two long p>allel r[s & empty into a common gall]y situat$ betwe5 ! r[s4 ,f ?is c5t] collect+ gall]y ! wat] 0 deliv]$ ?r\gh conduits direct to ! city ( ,c>?age4 ,! e>lie/ me?od ( rais+ wat] f a well1 ci/]n or o!r s\rce ( supply 0 by h&4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 0 labori\s & unsatisfactory1 p>ticul>ly :5 necess>y to raise l>ge quantities ( wat] = irrigation purposes1 or to supply ! inhabitants ( a community at a great di/ance or high elevation1 & x 0 n long be=e ! me*anical +5uity ( our ance/ors devis$ means = transf]r+ ?is ardu\s duty to ox51 asses or o!r bea/s ( burd54 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,romans1 ?is "w is made a p5al puni%m5t1 & p]sons f\nd guilty ( c]ta9 (f5ses 7 s5t5c$ to ! wat]-:eel4 ,ab\t ! e>lie/ kn[n device = rais+ small quantities ( wat] 0 ! pole & bucket1 :i* 0 commonly employ$ 9 ,italy1 ,greece & ,egypt4 ,! great antiquity ( ?is me?od ( rais+ wat] is prov$ by repres5tations ( x 9 ,egyptian pa9t+s4 ,x consi/$ ( a bucket atta*$ to a pole t 0 susp5d$ by trunnions s locat$ t :5 ! bucket 0 fill$ ) wat] ! ?ick end ( ! pole w\ld j balance ! comb9$ weight ( bucket & wat]4 ,?is p]mitt$ its use = _m h\rs at a "t1 :5 rais+ wat] = irrigation )\t greatly fatigu+ ! op]ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,wat] ,c>ri] ) ,goat-sk9 ,bag ,! mo/ +5i\s & highly involv$ =m ( anci5t wat]-rais+ ma*9e 0 a wat]-:eel4 ,! me?od ( op]at+ a wat]-:eel dep5d$ mu* on ! region :]e us$4 ,9 ,egypt1 along ! ,nile1 ox5 7 employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 ,*9a1 coolies 7 f\nd m satisfactory ev5 9 rais+ l>ge quantities ( wat] = irrigation purposes1 :i* !y did by walk+ a simple =m ( treadmill on ! out] edges ( ! wat]-:eel4 ,! ,romans1 sl[ at orig9at+1 b1 l ! ,japanese1 quick to recognize ! value ( any?+ new & adapt x to _! purposes1 borr[$ ! idea ( ! wat]-:eel f ! ,greeks or ,egyptians1 b made x automatic :5 us$ 9 /reams & riv]s by add+ paddles t dipp$ into ! runn+ wat] & 7 mov$ by ! curr5t ( ! /ream4 ,wat]-:eels op]at$ by ox5 7 9 use at ,cairo up to ! twelf? c5tury1 :]e !y rais$ wat] v]tically a di/ance ( #hj feet f ! ,nile to an aqu$uct t suppli$ ! citadel ( ,cairo4 ,our pres5t elaborate sy/em ( wat] di/ribution 0 ( humble orig94 ,x 0 n a rapid gr[?1 b a gradual evolution4 ,its f\r pr9cipal /ages 73 ,fir/1 di/ribution f natural s\rces by wat] c>ri]s2 second1 aqu$ucts convey+ wat] to communities :]e a sy/em ( sub-conduits or aqu$ucts convey$ ! wat] f ! ma9 aqu$uct to res]voirs at diff]5t po9ts 9 a city2 ?ird1 a sy/em ( di/ribut+ ma9s ?r\gh :i* wat] 0 furni%$ to h\sehold]s at c]ta9 h\rs only dur+ ! day2 & f\r?1 our pres5t sy/em ( cont9u\s supply at all h\rs ( ! day & night4 ,9 ! fir/ /ages ( wat] di/ribution1 wat] 0 c>ri$ on ! backs ( wat] c>ri]s 9 e>!nw>e j>s con/ruct$ especially = ! purpose1 or 9 goat or o!r animal sk9s prop]ly tann$ & sew$ to hold wat]4 ,:ile ?is me?od ( wat] di/ribution is ( great antiquity1 x is /ill practic$ 9 mo/ tropical c\ntries1 & to ?is day wat] c>ri]s1 "s ) ! burd5s on _! backs1 o!rs ) goatsk9s ( wat] on donkeys' backs or ) j>s ( wat] 9 two-:eel$ c>ts1 may be se5 ply+ _! trade 9 ,mexican & ,egyptian cities4 ,! e>lie/ record we h ( any ef=t to supply a community ) wat] convey$ 9 tunnels or aqu$ucts f a great di/ance1 dates f ! ye> #gbg ,b4 ,c4 ,k+ ,hezekiah or ,ezekias1 :o reign$ 9 ,j]usalem at t "t1 0 mu* tr\bl$ ov] ! poor quality ( wat] furni%$ to ! city & und]took to provide a bett] supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,pool ( ,siloam ,illu/ration3 ,pool ( ,solomon ,he _h built at ! gates ( ! city a va/ res]voir1 ! ,pool ( ,siloam1 b :5 x 0 complet$1 f\nd t a suffici5t quantity ( wat] c\ld n be _h )\t convey+ x f a di/ant s\rce on ! ea/]ly side ( a range ( hills ( solid rock1 ov] :i* x w\ld be impossible to convey x4 ,9 no way daunt$ he set to "w to pi]ce ! hills ) a tunnel or aqu$uct1 capable ( supply+ ! city ) wat]4 ,"w 0 comm5c$ simultane\sly at bo? ends ( ! tunnel & progress$ un9t]rupt$ly until ! workm5 met 9 ! c5t] "u ! m\nta9 or hill4 ,an inscription 9 old ,hebrew *>act]s1 f\nd close to ,j]usalem & pres]v$ 9 ! ,con/ant9ople ,museum1 ?r[s "s int]e/+ light on ?is1 = t p]iod1 rem>kable eng9e]+ "w4 ,translat$1 ! inscription reads3 ,! pi]c+ is t]m9at$4 ,:5 ! pick ( "o _h n yet /ruck aga9/ ! pick ( ! o!r1 & :ile !re 0 yet a di/ance ( #c ells1 x 0 possible to he> ! voice ( "o man call+ to ano!r across ! rock sep>at+ !m1 & ! la/ day ( ! pi]c+1 ! m9]'s pick met aga9/ pick4 ,! height ( rock above ! heads ( ! m9]s 0 #ajj ells4 ,!n ! wat] fl[$ into ! res]voir ov] a l5g? ( #a1bjj ells4 ,?is tunnel 0 cut ?r\gh a m\nta9 ( solid rock4 ,! tunnel v>i$ 9 dim5sions f ( a y>d to a y>d 9 wid?1 & f #a to #c y>ds 9 height1 accord+ to ! h>dness ( ! rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,aqu$uct ne> ,tunis1 lead+ to ,anci5t ,c>?age ,! magnitude ( ?is und]tak+ c be realiz$ only :5 x is consid]$ t ! tunnel 0 con/ruct$ )\t ! aid ( bla/+ ag5ts1 ma*9e drills1 /eam1 electricity or any ( ! great =ces or devices n[ controll$ by man & us$ 9 mod]n eng9e]+ con/ruction4 ,at a lat] p]iod 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 ,roman eng9e]s1 tunnel+ ?r\gh ! rock1 us$ fire z well z *isels to dis9tegrate ! rock4 ,! usual me?od ( proc$ure 0 to build an int5sely hot fire aga9/ ! rock1 & :5 ! rock _h be5 heat$ to ! "r temp]ature x 0 dr5*$ ) cold wat] to crack & dis9tegrate x4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 v9eg> 0 sometimes us$ in/ead ( wat]1 "u ! impression t x 0 m effective 9 dis9tegrat+ rock4 ,x is d\btful if ?is me?od 0 us$ 9 con/ruct+ ! tunnel at ,j]usalem4 ,9 fact x c be /at$ ) consid]able assurance t ! entire tunnel 0 cut by drill+ & *isel+1 z ! tool m>ks are pla9ly disc]nible4 ,x fur!r is evid5t t1 z /at$ 9 ! tablet f\nd ne> ,j]usalem1 ! tunnel 0 work$ f bo? ends until ! m9]s met 9 ! c5t]4 ,?is is evid5c$ by ! direction ( ! tool m>ks1 :i* pla9ly %[ t ! cutt+ on ea* side ( ! c5t] 0 done 9 diff]5t directions4 ,prior to ! con/ruction ( ! tunnel1 ! anci5t city ( ,j]usalem 0 suppli$ ) wat] ?r\gh two aqu$ucts1 "o ( :i* suppli$ wat] f ! fam\s pools ( ,solomon1 to ! s\? ( ! city1 & ! o!r p\r$ its cont5ts into ! pools ( ,hezekiah1 outside ! walls ( ! city4 ,! ,greeks 7 ! next 9 po9t ( "t to con/ruct tunnels 9 connection ) ! build+ ( aqu$ucts4 ,9 #fbe ,b4 ,c4 ! ,greek eng9e] ,eupal9us con/ruct$ a tunnel #h feet broad by #h feet high & #d1bjj feet long1 ?r\gh :i* 0 built a *annel to supply ! city ( ,a!ns ) wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,anci5t ,roman ,well ,?is p]iod m>ks ! beg9n+ 9 ,greece & ,rome ( a s*ool ( ar*itects & eng9e]s ^: works h left a la/+ impression on art & eng9e]+ sci5ce1 & to ?is day are monum5ts ( proportion & beauty ( design t are /udi$ by all /ud5ts ( ar*itecture & eng9e]+4 ,x is q probable t ,greece suppli$ ! fir/ eng9e]s t con/ruct$ aqu$ucts 9 ,c>?age & ,rome4 ,! simil>ity 9 design ( ^! v>i\s works po9ts =cibly to ! conclusion t !y 7 all design$ by disciples ( "o s*ool4 ,:e!r ! fir/ aqu$ucts 7 built 9 ,c>?age or 9 ,rome is a matt] ( "s unc]ta9ty1 al?\gh ! fact t an aqu$uct suppli$ ,c>?age ) wat] at ! "t x 0 de/roy$ by ! ,romans w\ld po9t to ! ,c>?ag5ian aqu$uct z ! prior4 ,! fir/ ,roman aqu$uct 0 built 9 ! ye> #cab ,b4 ,c41 & ! city ( ,c>?age1 :i*1 aft] a protract$ /ruggle ( #aah ye>s1 f #bfe ,b4 ,c4 to #adg ,b4 ,c41 0 f9ally conqu]$ & de/roy$ by ! ,romans1 0 at t "t suppli$ ) wat] f di/ant spr+s ?r\gh an aqu$uct4 ,x is q probable t ,c>?age 0 suppli$ ) wat] f two diff]5t s\rces4 ,! ci/]ns already m5tion$ provid$ a supply ( ra9 wat] = indu/rial & mo/ dome/ic uses1 :ile ! aqu$uct1 ! *annel ( :i* _h a cross-section ( #aj in*es squ>e1 br\ght dr9k+ wat] f spr+s 9 ! ,zaghorn ,m\nta9s1 "s #fj kilomet]s di/ant4 ,! aqu$uct cont\r$ ! hillside = a consid]able di/ance1 at times w5t "u gr\nd1 & on approa*+ ! city 0 c>ri$ on ar*es ( magnitude seem+ly out ( proportion to ! size ( ! *annel4 ,at pres5t x is suff]+ ! fate ( mo/ anci5t ru9s4 ,x is us$ z a qu>ry f :i* /ones are tak5 to con/ruct build+s 9 ne>by t[ns & villages4 ,:ile ! ru9s ( aqu$ucts & tunnels at ,j]usalem1 ,a!ns & ,c>?age give "s idea ( ! skill & k ( hydraulic & sanit>y matt]s possess$ by ! eng9e]s ( t p]iod1 we mu/ turn to ,rome & /udy _! sy/em ( wat] supply1 dra9s = sewage & ! ru9s ( _! magnific5t ba?s to =m a true conception ( ! skill ( ! e>ly s*ool ( ,roman eng9e]s & ! lavi% exp5ditures ( treasure by ! inhabitants to secure an adequate wat] supply = ,rome4 ,no aqu$ucts 7 built 9 ,rome be=e ! ye> #cab ,b4 ,c4 ,prior to t "t ! inhabitants suppli$ !mselves ) wat] f ! ,tib] or f wells1 ci/]ns or spr+s4 ,! fir/ aqu$uct 0 begun by ,appius ,claudius1 ! c5sor1 & 0 nam$ aft] him ! ,aqua ,appia4 ,?is aqu$uct _h an extreme l5g? ( #aa miles1 & almo/ all ( ! "w 0 entirely "u gr\nd4 ,rema9s ( ?is "w no long] exi/4 ,aft] ! ,aqua ,appia 0 complet$ ! build+ ( aqu$ucts seems to h become almo/ a habit ( ! ,romans1 & x 0 n long--#bgb ,b4 ,c4--be=e ,m4 ,aurius ,d5tatus began a second "o call$ ! ,anio ,vetus1 :i* br\ght wat] f ! riv] ,anio1 a di/ance ( #dc miles4 ,?is aqu$uct 0 con/ruct$ ( /one & ! wat] *annel 0 l9$ ) a ?ick coat ( cem5t--no d\bt ,pozzolana cem5t--made f rock ( volcanic orig91 :i*1 ^u be+ pulv]iz$ & mix$ ) lime1 possess$ ! hydraulic prop]ty ( sett+ "u wat]4 ,inde$1 !re c be b little d\bt t 7 x n = ?is natural cem5t ! con/ruction ( ,roman aqu$ucts w\ld h be5 m difficult to accompli%4 ,illu/ration3 ,ru9s ( a ,roman ,aqu$uct ,! wat] furni%$ by ! ,anio ,vetus 0 ( su* poor quality t x 0 almo/ unfit = dr9k+4 ,a fur!r supply be+ f\nd indisp5sable1 ! ,s5ate commission$ ,qu9tus ,m>cius ,rex1 ! man :o _h sup]9t5d$ ! repairs ( ! two already built1 to und]take a ?ird1 :i* 0 call$ aft] him ! ,aqua ,m>cia4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ pret5ti\s aqu$uct und]tak54 ,x 0 #fa miles long1 ab\t #g ( :i* 7 above gr\nd1 c>ri$ on ar*es1 & ( su* height t wat] c\ld be deliv]$ to ! l(tie/ "p ( ,capitol9e ,m\nt4 ,a consid]able numb] ( ! ar*es ( ?is aqu$uct are /ill /&+4 ,rema9s are also /&+ ( ! ,aqu$uct ,tepula 7#abg ,b4 ,c47 & ! ,aqua ,julia 7#ce ,b4 ,c471 :i*1 if we except ! ,h]culea bran*1 are next 9 po9t ( date4 ,ne> ! city ( ,rome ! ?ree aqu$ucts 7 unit$ 9 "o l9e ( /ructure1 =m+ ?ree sep>ate wat] c\rses1 "o above ano!r1 ! l[]mo/ ( :i* =m$ ! *annel ( ! ,aqua ,m>cia & ! upp]mo/ t ( ! ,aqua ,julia4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ant ,view ( ! ,claudia ,aqu$uct ,?irte5 ye>s aft] ! ,julia1 ! ,virgo aqu$uct 0 built4 ,?is aqu$uct 0 #ad miles long & is said to be s nam$ because ! spr+ f :i* x is suppli$ 0 fir/ po9t$ out by a girl to "s soldi]s :o 7 9 se>* ( wat]4 ,?is aqu$uct /ill exi/s entire1 hav+ be5 p>tly re/or$ by ,ni*olas ,v & ! "w complet$ by ,pope ,pius ,,iv 9 #aefh4 ,illu/ration3 ,ne> ,view ( ! ,claudia ,aqu$uct ,9 ! t5? ye> ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! ,augu/a aqu$uct 0 built4 ,?is aqu$uct 0 only #f miles long1 & ! wat] t x br\ght f ,lake ,aluetimus 0 ( su* bad quality z to be sc>cely fit = dr9k+1 on :i* acc\nt x is suppos$ t ! f\nd]1 ,augu/us1 int5d$ x *iefly = 8 nauma*ia4 ,x might be int]e/+ at ?is po9t to deviate a little f ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman aqu$ucts & draw aside ! curta9 to cat* a glimpse ( ! aquatic sports or pa/imes ( a ,roman emp]or ( t p]iod4 ,! nauma*ia ( ,augu/us 0 a rectangul> bas9 #a1hjj feet long by #a1bjj feet wide1 9 :i* actual sea fights betwe5 rival fleets 7 held = ! amusem5t ( ! emp]or & 8 fri5ds4 ,! combatants 9 ^! sea fights 7 usually captives1 or crim9als condemn$ to dea?1 :o f\ght z 9 gladiatorial combats1 until "o p>ty 0 kill$1 unless sav$ by ! clem5cy ( ! emp]or4 ,! vessels engag$ 9 ! sea fight 7 divid$ into two p>ties1 call$ respectively by names ( diff]5t m>itime nations1 z ,p]sians & ,a!nians4 ,! sea fights 7 conduct$ on ! same magnific5t scale & ) ! same disreg>d ( life z *>act]iz$ ! gladiatorial combats & o!r public games ( ! ,romans held 9 ! ,colosseum4 ,9 ,n]o's nauma*ia1 sea mon/]s 7 swimm+ ar\nd 9 ! artificial lake to make %ort "w ( any poor un=tunate t 0 unlucky en\gh to g ov]bo>d4 ,9 "s ( ! sea fights exhibit$ by diff]5t emp]ors1 ! %ips 7 almo/ equal 9 numb] to real fleets4 ,9 "o battle !re 7 #ai1jjj combatants & #ej %ips on ea* side4 ,x 0 = ! purpose !n ( supply+ "o ( ^! artificial lakes ) wat] t ! ,augu/a aqu$uct 0 con/ruct$4 ,illu/ration3 ,aqu$uct 9 ,ru9s1 ,ephesus ,p]haps ! be/ kn[n aqu$ucts ( ,rome are ! ,claudia & ! ,anio ,novus4 ,! completion ( ^! wat]ways1 :i* 0 accompli%$ respectively 9 #ej & #eb ,a4 ,d41 d\bl$ ! supply ( wat] to ,rome4 ,! ,claudia aqu$uct 0 #df miles 9 l5g? & ! ,anio ,novus #eh miles 9 l5g?4 ,! ,claudia 0 comm5c$ by ,caligula 9 ! ye> #ch1 b 0 complet$1 z 0 ! ,anio ,novus1 by ! ,emp]or ,claudius4 ,_m o!r aqu$ucts besides ^? m5tion$ 7 built at diff]5t p]iods to add to ! wat] supply ( ,rome4 ,a table is giv5 bel[ %[+ ! date ( ! con/ructions & _! l5g?s4 ,! magnific5ce display$ by ! ,romans 9 ! con/ruction ( aqu$ucts 0 n conf9$ to ! capital4 ,:]ev] ,roman colonies 7 e/abli%$1 x w\ld appe> t va/ sums 7 exp5d$ 9 provid+ ! community ) a suitable supply ( wat]4 ,ru9s ( aqu$ucts built by ! ,romans may /ill be se5 at _m po9ts 9 ,spa91 ,france1 ,africa1 ,greece1 & ev5 ,engl& c po9t to ! ru9s ( a wat] t[] built by ?is prolific s*ool ( ,roman eng9e]s4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re are probably "o hundr$ or m /ructures ( ?is k9d 9 exi/5ce1 "s ( :i* are 9 daily use1 supply+ wat] to inhabitants ( communities = ^: ance/ors !y 7 built c5turies ago4 ,,roman ,,aqu$ucts1 ,,arrang$ ,,9 ,,*ronological ,,ord] ,"n ( ,date ( ,l5g? ,aqu$uct ,con/ruction ,miles ,appia #cac ,b4 ,c4 #aa ,anio ,vetus #bgc ,b4 ,c4 #dc ,m>cia #ade ,b4 ,c4 #fa ,h]culea bran* #c ,tepula #abg ,b4 ,c4 #ac ,julia #ce ,b4 ,c4 #ae ,virgo #ba ,b4 ,c4 #ad ,augu/a #aj ,a4 ,d4 #f ,absiet9a #aj ,a4 ,d4 #bb ,claudia #ej ,a4 ,d4 #df ,anio ,novus #eb ,a4 ,d4 #eh ,n]onian bran* #ig ,a4 ,d4 #b ,trajana #aaa ,a4 ,d4 #db ,hadriana #aag-aehe ,a4 ,d4 #ae ,aurelia #afb ,a4 ,d4 #af ,sev]iana #bjj ,a4 ,d4 #aj ,anton9iana bran* #bab ,a4 ,d4 #c ,sab9a-,augu/a #acj-cjj ,a4 ,d4 #ae ,alex&r9a #bcj ,a4 ,d4 #ae ,jova #cjj ,a4 ,d4 7,! miles above giv5 are ,roman miles1 ( #d1hed feet4 ,! entire l5g? ( aqu$uct 9 ,engli% miles w\ld be #cih47 ,illu/ration3 ,aqu$uct ( ,segovia1 ,spa9 ,! aqu$uct ( ,segovia1 ,spa91 is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect & magnific5t works ( ! k9d rema9+4 ,x is built )\t mort>1 is entirely ( /one & ( great solidity4 ,! pi]s are #h feet wide by #aa feet deep1 & :]e ! aqu$uct approa*es ! city x atta9s a height ( ab\t #ajj feet4 ,?is aqu$uct is ov] #b1djj feet long1 is built 9 two ti]s ( ar*es & al?\gh almo/ eighte5 hundr$ ye>s old1 /ill supplies wat] to ! city4 ,( ! #aji ar*es1 h[ev]1 #cj are ( mod]n con/ruction1 be+ reproductions ( ! anci5t ar*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,wat] ,t[] & ,roman ,ru9s1 ,*e/]1 ,engl& ,! con/ructive details ( ^! old wat] c\rses are z int]e/+ z are _! g5]al design4 ,at ! m\? ( ea* aqu$uct !re g5]ally 0 con/ruct$ a res]voir 9 :i* to collect wat] f ! spr+s or /reams t suppli$ x1 & 9 :i* impurities c\ld settle be=e ! cl>ifi$ wat] 0 deliv]$ into ! *annel4 ,! wat] *annel 0 usually =m$ ei!r ( /one or brick coat$ on ! inside ) cem5t to make x wat]-tight4 ,x 0 ar*$ ov] on top1 & at c]ta9 int]vals v5t holes 7 provid$ ?r\gh :i* access c\ld be _h to ! *annel to make repairs4 ,:5 two or m *annels 7 c>ri$ "o above ano!r1 ! v5t holes ( ! l[] ones 7 plac$ 9 ! sides4 ,:5 possible1 aqu$ucts 7 c>ri$ 9 a direct l9e1 b frequ5tly !y 7 giv5 a tortu\s c\rse ei!r to avoid bor+ ?r\gh hills1 :]e _! con/ruction w\ld h entail$ too great exp5se1 or else to avoid v deep valleys or s(t m>%y gr\nd4 ,9 e aqu$uct1 besides ! pr9cipal res]voirs at its m\? & t]m9al1 !re 7 int]m$iate ones at c]ta9 di/ances along its c\rse1 9 :i* any rema9+ s$im5t might be deposit$4 ,9 addition to s]v+ z s$im5t bas9s1 ^! res]voirs made x m easy to sup]9t5d & keep 9 repair ! diff]5t sections1 & provid$ s]vice res]voirs to furni% irrigation wat] = fields & g>d5s & wat] = /ock4 ,! pr9cipal res]voir 0 t 9 :i* ! aqu$uct t]m9at$4 ,?is res]voir or ca/ella1 z x 0 call$1 f> exce$$ any ( ! o!rs 9 gr&eur ( ar*itecture1 or 9 magnitude & solidity ( con/ruction4 ,! ru9s ( a "w ( ?is k9d t /ill exi/ on ! ,esquil9e ,hill at ,rome1 are ab\t #bjj feet long by #acj feet wide1 & _h a vault$ ro( t re/$ on #dh imm5se pill>s dispos$ to =m r[s s z to =m #e aisles & #ge ar*es4 ,f ! description ( ?is int]e/+ res]voir1 ! int]ior mu/ h greatly resembl$ _m ( ! cov]$ sl[-s& fill]s rec5tly con/ruct$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 :i* elliptical gro9$ ar*es =m ! ro(1 :i* is c>ri$ on brick columns spac$ z 9 ! res]voirs at ,rome1 ab\t #ae feet f c5t] to c5t]4 ,judg+ f ! fact t n only ! aqu$ucts b also ! res]voirs 7 cov]$ to exclude light1 x seems reasonable to conclude t ,roman eng9e]s 7 aw>e t abs5ce ( light prev5t$ or altoge!r *eck$ ! gr[? ( alg & o!r objectionable =ms ( wat] vegetation4 ,n[h]e 9 ! writ+s ( ! e>ly hi/orians is any m5tion made ( tr\ble due to ?is cause1 b z ! wat] supply ( ,rome 0 obta9$ f bo? gr\nd 7spr+7 & surface s\rces1 :i* 9 _m cases 7 mix$ toge!r1 ! resultant mixture w\ld h furni%$ ! be/ possible soil = alg1 ! gr\nd wat] provid+ ! necess>y m9]al food & ! surface wat] furni%+ ! se$4 ,x is q probable1 !re=e1 t ! aqu$ucts & res]voirs 7 cov]$ to prev5t su* gr[?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,roman ,wat] ,pipes made ( ,bor$-out ,blocks ( ,/one ,besides ! pr9cipal res]voir1 ea* aqu$uct _h a numb] ( small] ones at diff]5t po9ts 9 ! sections !y suppli$1 to provide t neighborhood ) wat]4 ,x is e/imat$ t all told !re 7 #bdg ( ! auxili>y public res]voirs scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! city4 ,^! res]voirs 7 suppli$ f ! pr9cipal res]voir ?r\gh pipes ( lead1 burn$ e>!nw>e1 & 9 "s cases bor$ out blocks ( /one4 ,burn$ e>!nw>e pipes 7 g5]ally us$ n only on acc\nt ( _! great] *eapness1 b because ! ,romans 7 aw>e ( ! injuri\s effect ( lead poison+1 & look$ ) suspicion on wat] t _h be5 conduct$ ?r\gh lead pipes4 ,:5 a numb] ( individuals liv+ 9 ! same neighborhood _h obta9$ a grant ( wat]1 !y clubb$ toge!r & built a private res]voir into :i* ! :ole quantity allott$ to !m collectively 0 transmitt$ f ! public res]voir4 ,! object ( private res]voirs 0 to facilitate ! di/ribution ( ! prop] am\nt ( wat] to ea* p]son & to avoid punctur+ ! ma9 aqu$uct 9 too _m places4 ,:5 a supply ( wat] f ! aqu$uct 0 fir/ grant$ = private use1 ea* h\sehold] grant$ ! privilege obta9$ 8 quantity by tapp+ a bran* supply pipe into ! ma9 aqu$uct1 & conduct+ ! bran* to a dome/ic res]voir )9 8 own h\se4 ,lat] :5 ! sy/em ( private res]voirs 0 adopt$1 ea* dome/ic supply ( wat] 0 obta9$ f ! private res]voir & pip$ to ! dome/ic res]voir :i* 0 made ( lead4 ,illu/ration3 ,trophies ( ,m>ius ,! faade ( an aqu$uct res]voir kn[n z ! ,trophies ( ,m>ius may be se5 9 ! accompany+ reproduction ( a woodcut made 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! gr\nd plan %[s "p ( ! int]nal con/ruction4 ,! /ream ( wat] is fir/ divid$ by ! r\nd project+ buttress into two c\rses :i* are aga9 sub-divid$ into five m9or /reams t dis*>ge into ! res]voir z indicat$ 9 ! cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,old ,roman ,lead & ,t]ra-cotta ,pipe ,! quantity ( wat] suppli$ to ,rome comp>$ favorably ) ! p] capita all[ance ( wat] provid$ at ! pres5t "t = ! pr9cipal cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 0 f> 9 excess ( ! wat] suppli$ at ! pres5t "t to ,briti% & ,european cities4 ,accord+ to ,clem5s ,h]s*el1 h[ev]1 ,rome1 ) a population ( #a1jjj1jjj p1 _h a daily wat] supply ( only #cb1jjj1jjj ,u4 ,s4 gallons4 ,9 e/imat+ ! quantity ( wat] br\ght to ! city by ! sy/em ( aqu$ucts1 ,mr4 ,h]s*el makes due all[ance = & d$ucts :at he ?9ks might be lo/ by leakage1 !ft1 wat] suppli$ to artificial lakes = sea fights1 & also assumes t a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ! *annels at all times 7 cut out ( s]vice = repairs4 ,he makes no all[ance1 h[ev]1 = wat] obta9$ f diff]5t s\rces1 su* z wells1 spr+s & ! ,tib] ,riv]1 f :i*1 no d\bt1 _m ( ! inhabitants obta9$ _! entire supply ( wat]4 ,inde$1 9 ! ye> #ce ,b4 ,c41 ,m4 ,agrippa1 z ! head ( ! wat] supply sy/em ( ,rome1 9 addition to repair+ ! ,aqua ,julia & ,m>cia aqu$uct1 suppli$ ! city ) #gjj wells & #aej spr+s4 ,!re is no reason to believe t conditions 9 ,rome 7 diff]5t f ^? exi/+ to-day 9 our l>ge cities1 & x is m ?an probable t ! poor p ( ,rome 7 b scantily suppli$ ) wat] f ! aqu$ucts4 ,! supply obta9$ by !m f gr\nd s\rces %\ld !re=e be add$ to t suppli$ by ! aqu$ucts1 & x w\ld !n be f\nd1 z mo/ writ]s ass]t1 t ! p] capita daily supply ( wat] to ,rome 0 equal to ab\t #ajj ,u4 ,s4 gallons4 ,su* enorm\s quantities ( wat] c\ld n be p\r$ daily into a limit$ area )\t mat]ial & physical injury result+ if provision 7 n made to dispose ( ! surplus4 ,h5ce x 0 t a sy/em ( dra9s 0 evolv$ 9 ,rome1 :i*1 :ile n ! fir/ 9 po9t ( "t1 nev]!less 7 ! only ones kn[n to h be5 con/ruct$ by ! anci5ts1 until )9 a comp>atively rec5t date ru9s ( sew]age sy/ems 7 une>!d 9 ,bismya1 an anci5t ,sym]ian or pre-,babylonian city4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,wom5',s ,,ba?s ,,pompeii ,illu/ration3 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,synopsis ,,( ,,*apt]4 ,e>ly ,sewage ,disposal--,removal ( ,(f5sive ,mat]ials f ,temples ( ,j]usalem--,sewage ,sy/em ( a ,pre-,babylonian ,city--,sew]s ( ,rome--,! ,cloaca ,maxima--,! ,dejecti ,effusive ,act4 ,be=e describ+ ! sew]age sy/em ( ,rome1 x might be int]e/+ to glance backw>d at ! ef=ts made prior to t "t to dispose ( excreta & h\sehold wa/es4 ,x is 9 ,deut]onomy1 "o ( ! ,books ( ,moses1 t fir/ m5tion is made ( ! disposal ( excreta3 ,?\ %alt h a place also )\t ! camp1 :i!r ?\ %alt g =? abroad4 ,& ?\ %alt h a paddle ^u ?y weapon2 & x %all be :5 ?\ wilt ease ?yself abroad1 ?\ %alt dig !re)1 & %all turn back & cov] t :i* come? f !e4 ,no d\bt ! object ( ,moses 9 promulgat+ t law 0 to pres]ve cleanl9ess ab\t camp & to hide (f5sive matt] f sight 9 ! lea/ odor\s way4 ,nev]!less no m sanit>y me?od c\ld h be5 adopt$4 ,deposit$ z ! soil 01 9 small quantities1 j und]nea? ! surface ( ! gr\nd x 0 soon r$uc$ to h>mless comp\nds by ! teem+ bact]ia 9 ! liv+ e>?4 ,rec5t explorations 9 ,j]usalem h br\ght to light ext5sive dra9s = ! removal f ! vic9ity ( ! temples ( (f5sive matt]s peculi> to ! bloody sacrifices ( t anci5t p2 & 9 an ,augu/1 #aije1 issue ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,edg> ,james ,banks1 field director ( ! ,babylonian exp$ition ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 gives an int]e/+ description ( h\se dra9s & sewage disposal wells con/ruct$ at ,bismya "s #d1ejj ye>s ago4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is ab/ract$ f t article3 ,babylonia is p]fectly level4 ,f ,bagdad to ! ,p]sian ,gulf !re is n ! slighte/ elevation save = ! artificial m\nds or an occasional *ang+ s& drift4 ,9 mo/ places !re is a cru/ ( h>d clay ^u ! surface1 bak$ by ! hot sun ( summ] "t s h>d t x resembles /one4 ,b5ea? ! cru/1 :i* at ,bismya is seldom m ?an #d feet 9 ?ickness & 9 places entirely lack+1 is loose cav+ s& rea*+ to an unkn[n dep?4 ,dra9age 9 su* a c\ntry1 )\t slop+ hills or /reams ( runn+ wat]1 might tax ! +5uity ( ! mod]n build]4 ,9 con/ruct+ a h\se1 ! anci5t ,sum]ian ( m ?an #f1jjj ye>s ago fir/ dug a hole into ! s& to a consid]able dep?4 ,at ,bismya sev]al in/ances 7 f\nd :]e ! %aft _h rea*$ ! dep? ( #de feet b5ea? ! f\ndation ( ! h\se4 ,f ! bottom he built up a v]tical dra9 ( l>ge cyl9drical t]ra cotta sections1 ea* ( :i* is provid$ ) groov$ flanges to receive ! "o above4 ,! sections ( "o dra9 7 ab\t #ai in*es 9 diamet] & #bc in*es 9 height2 o!rs 7 l>g] & mu* %ort]4 ,! ?ickness ( ! wall 0 ab\t #a4jf in*es4 ,! tiles 7 punctur$ at int]vals ) small holes ( ab\t in* 9 diamet]4 ,! section at ! top ( ! dra9 0 semi-sph]ical1 fitt+ ov] x l a cap & provid$ ) an op5+ to receive ! wat] f above4 ,s& & pot%]ds 7 !n fill$ 9 ab\t ! dra9 & x 0 ready = use4 ,! wat] p\r+ into x 0 rapidly absorb$ by ! s& at ! bottom1 & if !re x became clogg$ ! wat] escap$ ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! sides ( ! tiles4 ,! temple at ,bismya 0 provid$ ) sev]al su* dra9s4 ,"o palace 0 discov]$ ) f\r4 ,a l>ge ba? resembl+ a mod]n ,turki% ba? & provid$ ) bitum5 floor1 slop+ to "o corn]1 empti$ its wa/e wat] into "o4 ,! toilets 9 ! private h\ses ( #f1jjj ye>s ago 7 almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ! mod]n ,arab h\se--a small oblong hole 9 ! floor1 )\t a seat4 ,sev]al f\nd 9 ,bismya 7 provid$ ) v]tical dra9s b5ea?4 ,9 cle>+ out ! dra9s a few ( !m ^: op5+s _h be5 expos$ 7 fill$ ) ! drift+ s&4 ,o!rs 7 half full ( ! fil? ( long pa/ ages4 ,9 "o at ! temple we remov$ doz5s ( %all[ t]ra cotta dr9k+ cups n unlike a l>ge sauc] 9 %ape & size4 ,evid5tly x receiv$ ! wa/e wat] ( ! dr9k+ f\nta9 & ! cups _h accid5tally dropp$ )94 ,9 ! ,bismya temple plat=m1 con/ruct$ ab\t #bgej ,b4 ,c41 we discov]$ a horizontal dra9 ( tile1 ea* ( :i* 0 ab\t #c feet long & #f in*es 9 diamet] & n unlike 9 %ape ^? at pres5t employ$4 ,x conduct$ ! ra9 wat] f ! plat=m to "o ( ! v]tical dra9s4 ,"o tile 0 s well con/ruct$ t = a long "t x s]v$ z a *imney = our h\se1 until my ,turki% ov]se] sugge/$ t its d>k1 smok$ end project f ! battlem5ts ( ! h\se to conv9ce ! ,arabs t we 7 well =tifi$2 ?us x s]v$ z a gun until ! close ( ! excavations4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,cloaca ,maxima4 ,f an old woodcut ,! fir/ sew]s ( ,rome 7 built betwe5 #hjj & #gce ,b4 ,c41 & !re=e ant$ate ! fir/ aqu$uct by betwe5 #ddj & #dhg ye>s4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t z orig9ally plann$ ! sew]s ( ,rome 7 int5d$ to c>ry (f ! surface wat] & 9 o!r ways s]ve to dra9 ! site ( ! anci5t city4 ,inde$1 ! ,cloaca ,maxima1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,k+s1 f #gce to #eaj ,b4 ,c41 0 int5d$ to dra9 ! m>%y holl[ betwe5 ! ,capitol9e1 ,palat9e & ,esquil9e hills1 & aft]w>ds1 by a process ( developm5t1 became "p ( a comb9$ sewage sy/em = ! city4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,cloaca ,maxima4 ,f a ,rec5t ,photograph ,t ! eng9e]s :o design$ ! sew]age sy/em ( ,rome _h a cle> conception ( ! s]vice expect$ ( su* dra9s1 is evid5c$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ! sy/em 0 proportion$4 ,! pipes gradually enl>g$ f _! extremities 9 ! build+s ?r\gh all ! ramifications ( ! sy/em until !y f9ally rea*$ ! outlet at a bulkhead or quay-wall 9 ! ,tib]4 ,x is /at$ by e>ly writ]s t s complete 0 ?is sy/em ( sew]s t e /reet 9 ! anci5t city 0 dra9$ by a bran* into ! ,tib]4 ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,lady ,hav+ ,head ,spray$1 #agjj ,b4 ,c4 ,! ,cloaca ,maxima 0 "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ celebrat$ ( ! anci5t sew]s4 ,! solidity ( ?is /ructure c be judg$ by ! fact t x has be5 9 un9t]rupt$ s]vice = ov] #b1djj ye>s1 & at ! pres5t "t is /ill 9 use1 ) no signs ( imm$iate failure4 ,! ar*es 7 made ( neatly jo9t$ /ones fitt$ toge!r )\t cem5t4 ,x is /at$ by ,pl9y t a c>t load$ ) hay c\ld pass d[n ! ,cloaca ,maxima4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t a ,roman c>t & load ( hay 7 ( small] dim5sions ?an a mod]n "o4 ,! actual dim5sions ( ! m\? ( ! sew] are #aa feet wide by #ab feet high4 ,! lat]al bran*es ( ! ma9 sew] 7 ( a size 9 proportion ) _! requirem5ts & 9 proportion to ! ma9 or trunk sew]4 ,! dim5sions ( ^! sew]s are evid5c$ by ! s]vice !y p]=m$ = ,n]o1 :o ?rew into !m ! un=tunate victims ( 8 nightly riots4 ,illu/ration3 ,greek ,wom5 ,ba?+ ,illu/ration3 ,greek ,ba? ,tubs ,:ile ea* /reet 9 ,rome 0 provid$ ) an adequate sew]1 x is m ?an probable t only a small p]c5tage ( ! population _h bran*es ext5d+ into _! h\ses4 ,9 ^? t _h1 ! latr9es 7 locat$ adjac5t to ! kit*51 :]e ?r\gh ! untrapp$ end ( ! sew] noxi\s gases 7 cont9ually aris+ to vitiate ! surr\nd+ air4 ,! only v5tilation ! sew]s ( ,rome _h 0 ?r\gh ^! untrapp$ ends4 ,_m ( ! h\ses ( ,rome 7 l(ty & inhabit$ ne> ! top by ! poor1 :o--dra9age sy/ems n ext5d+ above ! fir/ floor--_h v imp]fect means = c>ry+ (f rubbi% & o!r accumulations4 ,a practice seems to h gr[n up !n ( ?r[+ su* liquid & solid matt] f ! w9d[s1 sometimes to ! discom=t or injury ( hapless p$e/rians4 ,to provide aga9/ accid5ts due to ?is cause1 ! ,dejecti ,effusive ,act 0 pass$1 :i* gave damages aga9/ a p]son :o ?rew or p\r$ out any?+ f a place or upp] *amb] ^u a road frequ5t$ by pass]sby1 or on a place :]e p us$ to /&4 ,! act1 h[ev]1 gave damages only :5 ! p]son 0 injur$1 b no?+ 0 recov]able if ! we>+ app>el 0 damag$4 ,a /range provision ( ?is act 0 t x appli$ only 9 ! daytime & n to ! night1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 ! mo/ dang]\s "t = pass]sby4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,roman ,,aqv$vct ,,( ,,segovia ,,spa9 7,see page iv7 ,illu/ration3 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,*apt]4 ,orig9 ( ,ba?+--,e>ly ,greek ,ba?s--,roman ,private ,ba?s--,public ,ba?s ( ,rome--,ru9s ( ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla--,description ( ! ,!rm--,! ,!rm ( ,titus at ,rome--,ba?s ( ,pompeii--,heat+ ,wat] = ,roman ,ba?s--,!rm ( ,titus ,re/or$4 ,! value ( ba?+ = pleasure1 cleanl9ess & heal? 0 e>ly realiz$ by ! anci5ts1 :o 9 _m cases made ! daily ba? "p ( _! religi\s ritual1 ) ! hope ( ?us induc+ a practice t w\ld1 f con/ant obs]vance1 become a habit n easy to ov]come1 & :i* w\ld be a la/+ b5efit to ! heal? ( ! individual & a safegu>d to ! community4 ,illu/ration3 ,mosaic f ! ,floor ( ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla ,x p]haps 0 among ! ,greeks t ba? tubs 7 fir/ introduc$4 ,! e>ly ,greek ba?+ vessels 7see prec$+ woodcuts7 7 made ( poli%$ m>ble1 %ap$ some?+ l a pun* b[l1 /ood ab\t #cj in*es high1 & 7 n occupi$ by ! ba!r z 9 a mod]n ba? tub1 b s]v$ only to hold ! wat] :i* 0 appli$ to ! ba!r by an att5dant1 :o da%$ or p\r$1 z circum/ances requir$1 a vessel full ( wat] on 8 head or body4 ,bo? woodcuts %[n 7 reproduc$ f anci5t ,greek vases & convey a fair idea ( ! way ^! ba?s 7 us$4 ,"o ( ! ba!rs is %[n ) an iron1 bone1 bronze or ivory in/rum5t call$ a /rigilis1 9 8 h&1 :i* 0 us$ to scrape (f p]spiration :5 ! ba!r em]g$ f ! hot room1 or induc$ a fl[ by ex]cis+ 9 ! gymnasium1 :i* 0 g5]ally connect$ ) ! ba?s4 ,! inscription on ! woodcut1 repres5t+ m5 ba?+1 %[s t ?is 0 a public ba?1 & is probably ! e>lie/ picture ( a ba?+ e/abli%m5t extant4 ,! wom5's ba? b[l diff]$ b slightly f ! m5's4 ,x 0 a trifle l[] & consid]ably deep]1 b ! me?od ( us+ 0 ! same z = ! m54 ,illu/ration3 ,ru9s ( ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla1 ,rome ,:ile ! ,greeks 7 prior to ! ,romans 9 ! use ( ! ba?1 !y consid]$ x effem9ate to use w>m wat]1 & consequ5tly _! ba?+ e/abli%m5ts nev] atta9$ ! luxury & spl5dor t lat] m>k$ ! ,roman ba?s4 ,:5 ba? tubs 7 fir/ introduc$ into ,rome1 ! weal?y inhabitants fitt$ up _! h\ses ) a ba?room mu* z d ! p ( our own "t4 ,z ! luxury1 pleasure & b5efit ( ! ba? became bett] kn[n1 m elaborate ba?+ facilities simil> to a mod]n ,turki% ba? 7 in/all$4 ,9 "s h\ses sev]al rooms 7 devot$ to ?is purpose4 ,! ano9tm5t ( ! body ) oils 0 "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( a ,roman ba?4 ,! practice 0 indulg$ 9 by p ( bo? sexes1 & ! "t :5 appli$ dep5d$ mu* on ! treatm5t ! ba!r 0 tak+4 ,= in/ance1 mo/ ba!rs ano9t$ ! body z ! f9i%+ t\* ( ! ba?1 :ile "s ba!rs appli$ ! oil be=e go+ to ! hot or sweat room4 ,illu/ration3 ,int]ior ( ! ,frigid>ium or ,cold ,ba?1 ,c>acalla ,no luxury c be monopoliz$ by ! ri*1 & x 0 n long be=e public ba?+ e/abli%m5ts1 9 :i* a small entrance fee 0 *>g$1 7 built by private capital4 ,foll[+ quickly on ! heels ( ^! private ent]prises1 came ! e/abli%m5t ( public ba?s1 !n1 accord+ to ! au?ority ( ,pl9y1 = #fjj ye>s ,rome ne$$ no m$ic9e b ! public ba?s4 ,:5 ! public ba?s 7 fir/ in/itut$ !y 7 only = ! l[] classes1 :o alone ba!d 9 public4 ,! p ( weal? & ^? :o held positions ( /ate ba!d 9 _! own homes4 ,b ?is monopoly ( ! poor 0 n long enjoy$4 ,9 ! process ( "t ev5 ! emp]ors ba!d 9 public among _! subjects1 & we read ( ! ab&on$ ,galli5us amus+ himself by ba?+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! "y & old ( bo? sexes1 m51 wom5 & *ildr54 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( ,roman hi/ory a mu* great] delicacy 0 obs]v$ ) respect to promiscu\s ba?+1 ev5 among m51 ?an obta9$ at a lat] p]iod4 ,virtue pass$ away z weal? increas$1 & ! public ba?s became places ( meet+ & amusem5t :]e n only did m5 ba! toge!r 9 numb]s1 b ev5 m5 & wom5 /ripp$ & ba!d promiscu\sly 9 ! same ba?4 ,"s idea ( ! magnitude ( ! ba?s at ,rome c be ga9$ f a /atem5t ( ! numb] ( ba!rs !y c\ld accommodate at "o "t4 ,! ba?s ( ,diocletian1 :i* 7 p]haps ! mo/ commodi\s ( !m all1 c\ld accommodate at "o "t #c1bjj ba!rs4 ,"o hall ( ?is fam\s ba?+ in/itution 0 at a lat] date conv]t$ by ,mi*ael ,angelo into ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>ie de gli ,angeli4 ,! ba?s ( ,c>acalla1 built ,a4 ,d4 #bab1 7 p]haps ! mo/ fam\s ( ! ba?s ( ,rome4 ,!y 7 n z commodi\s h[ev] z _m o!r ba?s1 & !y _h accommodations at "o "t = only #a1fjj ba!rs1 or j "o-half t c\ld be accommodat$ by ! ba?s ( ,diocletian4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! ,roman ba?s1 toge!r ) ! hi/orical sket* ( ! p ( t p]iod :o indulg$ 9 ! luxury1 is ab/ract$ f an old diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman antiquities1 publi%$ 9 ,london1 ,engl&1 almo/ a c5tury ago4 ,! illu/rations are f woodcuts appe>+ 9 ! article4 ,illu/ration3 ,out] ,r[ ( ,ba?s1 ,c>acalla1 ,rome ,9 ! e>li] ages ( ,roman hi/ory a mu* great] delicacy 0 obs]v$ ) respect to promiscu\s ba?+1 ev5 among ! m51 ?an 0 usual among ! ,greeks2 = accord+ to ,val]ius ,maximus1 x 0 deem$ indec5t = a fa!r to ba! 9 company ) 8 own son aft] he _h atta9$ ! age ( pub]ty1 or son-9-law ) 8 fa!r-9-law1 ! same respectful res]ve be+ %[n to blood & aff9ity z 0 paid to ! temples ( ! gods1 t[>d :om x 0 consid]$ an act ( irreligion ev5 to appe> nak$ 9 any ( ! places consecrat$ to _! wor%ip4 ,b virtue pass$ away z weal? increas$1 & :5 ! !rm came into use1 n only did ! m5 ba! toge!r 9 numb]s1 b ev5 m5 & wom5 /ripp$ & ba!d promiscu\sly 9 ! same ba?4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t ! public e/abli%m5t (t5 conta9$ sep>ate ba?s = bo? sexes adjo9+ ea* o!r1 z w be se5 to h be5 also ! case at ! ba?s ( ,pompeii4 ,aulus ,gellius relates a /ory ( a consul's wife :o took a :im to ba! at ,teano1 a small prov9cial t[n ( ,campania1 9 ! m5's ba?s1 probably because 9 a small t[n ! female dep>tm5t1 l t at ,pompeii1 0 m conf9$ & less conv5i5t ?an t assign$ to ! m51 & an ord] 0 consequ5tly giv5 to ! quae/or to turn ! m5 out4 ,b :e!r ! m5 & wom5 7 all[$ to use ea* o!r's *amb]s indiscrim9ately1 or t "s ( ! public ba?s _h only "o common set ( ba?s = bo?1 ! cu/om prevail$ "u ! empire ( m5 & wom5 ba?+ indiscrim9ately toge!r4 ,?is cu/om 0 =bidd5 by ,hadrian1 & ,alex&] ,sev]us prohibit$ any ba?s common to bo? sexes f be+ op5$ 9 ,rome4 ,:5 ! public ba?s 7 fir/ in/itut$ !y 7 only = ! l[] ord]s1 :o alone ba!d 9 public1 ! p ( weal?1 z well z ^? :o =m$ ! ,eque/rian & ,s5atorian ord]s1 us+ private ba?s 9 _! own h\ses4 ,b ?is monopoly 0 n long enjoy$1 = z e>ly ev5 z ! "t ( ,julius ,cs>1 we f9d no less a p]sonage ?an ! "m ( ,augu/us mak+ use ( ! public e/abli%m5ts1 :i* 7 probably at t "t sep>at$ f ! m5's1 &1 9 process ( "t1 ev5 ! emp]ors !mselves ba!d 9 public ) ! meane/ ( ! p4 ,?us ,hadrian (t5 ba!d 9 public among ! h]d1 & ev5 ! virtu\s ,alex&] ,sev]us took 8 ba? among ! populace 9 ! !rm he _h himself erect$1 z well z 9 ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & return$ to ! palace 9 8 ba?+ dress2 & ! ab&on$ ,galli5us amus$ himself by ba?+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! "y & old ( bo? sexes1 m51 wom5 & *ildr54 ,! ba?s 7 op5$ at sunrise & clos$ at sunset1 b 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ,sev]us1 x w\ld appe> t !y 7 kept op5 ne>ly all night1 = he is /at$ to h furni%$ oil = 8 own !rm1 :i* previ\sly 7 n op5$ be=e daybreak & 7 %ut be=e sunset2 & ,juv5al includes 9 8 catalogue ( female immoralities t ( tak+ ! ba? at night1 :i* may1 h[ev]1 ref] to private ba?s4 ,! price ( a ba? 0 a quadrant1 ! smalle/ piece ( co9$ money f ! age ( ,cic]o d[nw>d1 :i* 0 paid to ! keep] ( ! ba?4 ,*ildr5 bel[ a c]ta9 age 7 admitt$ free1 & /rang]s1 also =eign]s1 7 admitt$ to "s ( ! ba?s1 if n to all1 )\t paym5t4 ,! ba?s 7 clos$ :5 any mis=tune happ5$ to ! republic1 & ,s5tonius says t ! ,emp]or ,caligula made x a capital (f5ce to indulge 9 ! luxury ( ba?+ ^u any religi\s holiday4 ,! ba?s 7 orig9ally plac$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! diles1 ^: bus9ess x 0 also to keep !m 9 repair1 & to see t !y 7 kept clean & ( a prop] temp]ature4 ,! "t usually assign$ by ! ,romans = tak+ ! ba? 0 ! eigh? h\r or %ortly aft]w>d4 ,be=e t "t none b invalids 7 all[$ to ba! 9 public4 ,vilruv9s reckon$ ! be/ h\rs adapt$ = ba?+ to be f midday until ab\t sunset4 ,pl9y took 8 ba? at ! n9? h\r 9 summ] & ! eigh? 9 w9t]2 & ,m>tial speaks ( tak+ a ba? :5 fatigu$ & we>y at ! t5? h\r & ev5 lat]4 ,:5 ! wat] 0 ready & ! ba?s prep>$1 notice 0 giv5 by ! s\nd ( a bell4 ,"o ( ^! bells ) ! inscription ,firmi ,balneatoris 0 f\nd 9 ! !rm ,diocletiane1 9 ! ye> #aedh4 ,:5 ! ba? 0 us$ = heal? m]ely or cleanl9ess1 a s+le "o 0 consid]$ suffici5t at a "t1 & t "o only :5 requisite4 ,b ! luxuries ( ! empire knew no su* b\nds1 & ! daily ba? 0 sometimes repeat$ z _m z sev5 & eight times 9 succession4 ,x 0 ! usual & con/ant habit ( ! ,romans to take ! ba? aft] ex]cise1 & previ\s to ! pr9cipal meal2 b ! debau*ees ( ! empire ba!d also aft] eat+1 z well z be=e1 9 ord] to promote dige/ion s z to acquire a new appetite = fre% delicacies4 ,n]o is said to h indulg$ 9 ?is practice4 ,^u quitt+ ! ba?1 x 0 usual = ! ,romans1 z well z ! ,greeks1 to be ano9t$ ) oil2 inde$1 aft] ba?+1 bo? sexes ano9t$ !mselves1 ! wom5 z well z ! m51 9 ord] t ! sk9 might n be left h>% & r\gh1 especially aft] hot wat]4 ,oil is ! only o9tm5t m5tion$ by ,hom] z us$ = ?is purpose1 & ,pl9y says ! ,greeks _h no bett] o9tm5t at ! "t ( ! ,trojan w> ?an oil p]fum$ ) h]bs4 ,a p>ticul> habit ( body or t5d5cy to c]ta9 compla9ts1 sometimes requir$ ! ord] to be rev]s$ & ! ano9tm5t to take place be=e ba?+4 ,= ?is reason1 ,augu/us1 :o suff]$ f n]v\s disord]s1 0 accu/om$ to ano9t himself be=e ba?+1 & a simil> practice 0 adopt$ by ,alex&] ,sev]us4 ,! mo/ usual practice1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 to take "s g5tle ex]cise 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & !n aft] ba?+ to be ano9t$ ei!r 9 ! sun or 9 ! tepid or !rmal *amb]1 & f9ally to take _! food4 ,! ,romans did n cont5t !mselves ) a s+le ba? ( hot or cold wat]1 b !y w5t ?r\gh a c\rse ( ba?s 9 succession1 9 :i* ! ag5cy ( air z well z wat] 0 appli$4 ,x is difficult to asc]ta9 ! precise ord] 9 :i* ! c\rse 0 usually tak51 if inde$ !re 0 any g5]al practice beyond ! :im ( ! individual4 ,"u m$ical treatm5t1 ( c\rse1 ! succession w\ld be regulat$ by ! nature ( ! disease = :i* a cure 0 s\ght1 & w\ld v>y also accord+ to ! diff]5t practice ( diff]5t physicians4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t x 0 a g5]al practice to close ! pores & brace ! body aft] ! excessive p]spiration ( ! vapor ba?1 ei!r by p\r+ cold wat] ov] ! head1 or by plung+ at once into ! tank4 ,musa1 ! physician ( ,augu/us1 is said to h introduc$ ! practice :i* became q ! fa%ion1 9 consequ5ce ( ! b5efit :i* ! emp]or d]iv$ f x1 ?\gh ,dion accuses him ( hav+ artfully caus$ ! dea? ( ,m>cellus by an improp] application ( ! same treatm5t4 ,9 o!r cases x 0 consid]$ conducive to heal? to p\r w>m wat] ov] ! head be=e ! vapor ba?1 & cold wat] imm$iately aft] x2 & at o!r times a succession ( w>m1 tepid & cold wat] 0 resort$ to4 ,! two physicians1 ,gal5 & ,celsus1 diff] 9 "s respects z to ! ord] 9 :i* ! ba?s %\ld be tak52 ! =m] recomm5d+ fir/ ! hot air ( laconicum1 next ! ba? ( w>m wat]1 aft]w>d ! cold1 & f9ally to be well rubb$2 :ile ! latt] recomm5ds 8 pati5ts fir/ to sweat = a %ort "t 9 ! tepid *amb] )\t undress+1 !n to proce$ into ! !rmal *amb]1 & aft] hav+ gone ?r\gh a regul> c\rse ( p]spiration !re1 n to desc5d into ! w>m ba?1 b to p\r a quantity ( w>m wat] ov] ! head1 !n tepid1 & f9ally cold2 aft]w>d to be scrap$ ) ! /rigil & f9ally rubb$ dry & ano9t$4 ,su* 9 all probability 0 ! usual habit ( ! ,romans :5 ! ba? 0 resort$ to z a daily s\rce ( pleasure1 & n = any p>ticul> m$ical treatm5t2 ! m s z x resembles 9 _m respects ! sy/em ( ba?+ /ill 9 practice among ! ,ori5tals :o succe$$ by conque/ to ! luxuries ( ! en]vat$ ,greeks & ,romans4 ,hav+ ?us detail$ f classical au?orities ! g5]al habits ( ! ,romans 9 connection ) _! sy/ems ( ba?+1 x n[ rema9s to exam9e & expla9 ! int]nal arrangem5ts ( ! /ructures :i* conta9$ _! ba?s1 :i* w s]ve z a practical comm5t>y ^u all t has be5 said4 ,inde$1 !re are m ample & bett] mat]ials = acquir+ a ?or\gh insight into ,roman mann]s 9 ?is "o p>ticul> ?an = any ( ! o!r usages connect$ ) _! daily habit4 ,9 ord] to make ! subjo9$ description cle>1 a reproduction f an old woodcut ( a fresco pa9t+ on ! walls ( ! !rm ( ,titus at ,rome1 is "h reproduc$1 %[+ 9 brok5 p]spective ! g5]al arrangem5t ( "o ( ! ba?s kn[n z ! !rm4 ,heat 0 suppli$ to w>m ! ap>tm5ts & ! wat] us$ 9 ! ba?s by ! furnace %[n ext5d+ "u ! entire floor ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,?is furnace 0 kn[n z a ,hypocu/um4 ,to ! "r may be se5 ! vessels 9 :i* wat] = ! ba?s 0 heat$4 ,! topmo/ vessel1 ! ,frigid>ium1 conta9$ cold wat] f :i* ! hot wat] tanks & ! v>i\s ba?s 7 suppli$4 ,next 9 ord] is ! tepid>ium1 9 :i* wat] ( mod]ate temp]ature 0 /or$1 & 9 ! l[e/1 ! cald>ium1 0 heat$ ! hotte/ wat] us$ 9 ! ba?s4 ,aft] ! end ( ! republic1 l>ge e/abli%m5ts us$ to h a sep>ate /eam ba?1 ! laconicum1 & 9 ?is ap>tm5t1 or sometimes adjo9+ ! tepid>ium1 0 ! ,clipeus1 a small circul> *amb] cov]$ by a cupola4 ,! ,clipeus receiv$ its light ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 ! c5t] ( ! dome1 & ?is ap]ture s]v$ also z a v5t f ! *amb]4 ,! ,clipeus 0 heat$ by means ( a sep>ate heat+ app>atus1 & its temp]ature c\ld be rais$ to an enorm\s degree or c\ld be regulat$ to suit ! ba!r by rais+ or l[]+ ! %ield4 ,illu/ration3 ,!rm ( ,titus at ,rome ,illu/ration3 ,clipeus4 ,f an old woodcut ,! tepid>ium1 z ! "n w\ld imply1 0 a room 9 :i* a mod]ately w>m ba? c\ld be tak5 & :]e ! process ( dry rubb+ also took place4 ,9 ! balneum a hot ba? c\ld be tak51 orig9ally 9 a tub1 b 9 lat] times 9 a l>ge res]voir2 & 9 ! frigid>ium a cold plunge c\ld be _h4 ,! elo!sium 0 ! ano9t+ room :]e ! body 0 rubb$ ) oil & massag$4 ,illu/ration3 ,floor ,plan ( ! ,ba?s ( ,pompeii ,f an old woodcut ,a good idea ( ! g5]al lay\t ( a ,roman ba? c be ga9$ f ! accompany+ woodcut1 %[+ ! gr\nd floor plan ( ! ba?s ( ,pompeii4 ,! ba?s1 z may be se5 by ! illu/ration1 are ne>ly surr\nd$ on ?ree sides by h\ses & %ops4 ,! :ole build+1 :i* comprises a d\ble set ( ba?s1 has six diff]5t entrances f ! /reet1 "o ( :i*1 ,a1 gives admission to ! small] set only1 :i* 0 appropriat$ to ! wom51 & five o!rs to ! male dep>tm5t1 ( :i* two1 ,b & ,c1 communicate directly ) ! furnaces1 & ! o!r ?ree1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ) ! ba?+ ap>tm5ts1 ( :i* ,f1 ! ne>e/ to ! ,=um1 0 ! pr9cipal "o2 ! o!r two1 ,d & ,e1 be+ on opposite sides ( ! build+ s]v$ = ! conv5i5ce ( ^? :o liv$ on ! nor? & ea/ sides ( ! city4 ,to h a v>iety ( entrances 0 "o ( ! qualities consid]$ necess>y to a well con/ruct$ set ( ba?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,frigid>ium4 ,f an old woodcut ,pass+ ?r\gh ! pr9cipal entrance1 ,f1 :i* is remov$ f ! /reet by a n>r[ footway1 & aft] desc5d+ ?ree /eps1 ! ba!r f9ds ^u 8 left h& a small *amb] or toilet room1 #a1 :i* conta9s a latr9e4 ,f passage1 ,f1 he proce$$ to cov]$ portico1 #b1 :i* ran ar\nd ?ree sides ( an op5 c\rt1 #c1 & ?is portico & c\rt toge!r =m$ ! ve/ibule ( ! ba?s1 9 :i* s]vants belong+ to ! e/abli%m5t1 z well z su* ( ! slaves & att5dants ( ! great & weal?y1 ^: s]vices 7 n requir$ 9 ! int]ior1 wait$4 ,)9 ! c\rt ! keep] ( ! ba?s :o exact$ ! fee paid by ea* visitor1 0 also /ation$1 & accord+ly 9 x 0 f\nd ! box = hold+ ! money4 ,! room1 #d1 :i* runs back f ! portico1 might h be5 apportion$ to him1 or if n1 x might h be5 a wait+ room = ! conv5i5ce ( ! bett] classes :ile wait+ ! return ( _! acqua9tances f ! int]ior4 ,9 ?is c\rt1 likewise1 z be+ ! mo/ public place1 adv]tisem5ts = ! !at] & o!r ann\ncem5ts ( g5]al int]e/ 7 po/$1 "o ( :i*1 ann\nc+ a gladiatorial %[1 /ill rema9s4 ,! passageway1 #e1 is ! corridor :i* leads f ! entrance1 ,e1 to ! ve/ibule2 & ! cell1 #f1 is a toilet room simil> to #a4 ,numb] #g is a passage ( communication :i* leads into ! *amb]1 #h1 :i* s]v$ z a room = undress+4 ,?is room is also accessible f ! /reet by ! door1 ,d1 ?r\gh ! corridor1 #i1 9 :i* a small ni*e is obs]vable1 :i* probably s]v$ = ! /ation ( ano!r doorkeep]1 :o collect$ money f ^? ent]+ f ! nor? /reet4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! c5t] 9 :i* all ! p]sons mu/ h met be=e ent]+ into ! int]ior ( ! ba?s2 & its locality1 z well z o!r *>act]i/ic features ( its fitt+ up1 leave no room to d\bt t x s]v$ z an undress+ room4 ,x does n appe> t any g5]al rule ( con/ruction 0 foll[$ by ! ar*itects ( antiquity ) reg>d to ! locality & temp]ature be/ adapt$ = a dress+ room4 ,! ba!rs 7 expect$ to take (f _! g>m5ts 9 ! dress+ room1 n be+ p]mitt$ to ent] ! int]ior unless nak$4 ,! clo!s 7 !n deliv]$ to a class ( slaves ^: duty x 0 to take *>ge ( !m4 ,^! m5 7 notori\s = di%one/y1 & leagu$ ) all ! ?ieves ( ! city1 s t !y conniv$ at ! robb]ies !y 7 plac$ !re to prev5t4 ,to s great an ext5t 7 ^! robb]ies c>ri$1 t v sev]e laws 7 f9ally enact$ mak+ ! crime ( /eal+ f a ba? a capital (f5ce4 ,to return to ! *amb] itself1 x is vault$ & spaci\s1 ) /one seats along two sides ( ! wall & a /ep = ! feet bel[1 slightly rais$ f ! floor4 ,holes c /ill be se5 9 ! walls :i* might h s]v$ = pegs on :i* ! g>m5ts 7 hung :5 tak5 (f2 = 9 a small prov9cial t[n l ,pompeii1 :]e a robb]y committ$ 9 ! ba? c\ld sc>cely escape detection1 !re w\ld be no necessity = slaves to take *>ge ( !m4 ,! dress+ room 0 light$ by a w9d[ clos$ ) glass1 & ! walls & ceil+s 7 ornam5t$ ) /ucco m\ld+s & pa9t$ yell[4 ,!re are no less ?an six doors to ?is *amb]3 "o lead+ to ! entrance1 ,e1 ano!r to ! entrance1 ,d1 a ?ird to ! small room1 #aa1 a f\r? to ! furnaces1 a fif? to ! tepid ap>tm5t1 & ! six? op5$ ^u ! cold ba?s1 #aj4 ,! ba?1 :i* is coat$ ) :ite m>ble1 is #ab feet #aj in*es 9 diamet]1 ab\t #c feet deep & has two m>ble /eps to facilitate ! desc5t into x1 & a seat surr\nd+ x at a dep? ( #aj in*es f ! bottom1 = ! purpose ( enabl+ ! ba!rs to sit d[n & wa% !mselves4 ,x is probable t _m p]sons cont5t$ !mselves ) cold ba?s only1 in/ead ( go+ ?r\gh ! sev]e c\rse ( p]spiration 9 ! w>m ap>tm5ts2 & z ! frigid>ium c\ld h _h no effect alone 9 ba?s l ^!1 ! natatio mu/ be ref]r$ to :5 x is said t at "o p]iod cold ba?s 7 9 su* reque/ t sc>cely any o!rs 7 us$4 ,!re is a plat=m or ambulatory ar\nd ! ba?1 also ( m>ble1 & f\r in*es ( ! same mat]ial dispos$ at regul> int]vals ar\nd ! walls1 ) p$e/als = /atues probably plac$ 9 !m4 ,! ceil+ is vault$ & ! *amb] light$ by a w9d[ 9 ! c5t]4 ,! annex$ woodcut repres5ts a frigid>ium ) its cold ba? at "o extremity1 suppos$ to h =m$ a "p ( ! ,=mian ,villa ( ,cic]o1 to ^: age ! /yle ( con/ruction1 ! use ( ! simple ,doric ord]1 und\bt$ly belongs4 ,! ba? itself1 into :i* wat] /ill cont9ues to fl[ f a neighbor+ spr+1 is plac$ "u ! alcove1 & ! two doors on ea* side op5$ into small *amb]s4 ,9 ! cold ba? ( ,pompeii ! wat] ran into ! bas9 ?r\gh a sp\t ( bronze & 0 c>ri$ (f aga9 ?r\gh a conduit on ! opposite side4 ,x 0 also furni%$ ) a wa/e pipe "u ! cop+ to prev5t ! wat] f runn+ ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,atlantes4 ,f an old woodcut ,no4 #aa is a small *amb] on ! side opposite to ! frigid>ium1 :i* might h s]v$ = %av+ or = keep+ ungu5ts or /rigils2 & f ! c5t]s ( ! side ( ! frigid>ium1 ! ba!r :o int5d$ to g ?r\gh ! process ( w>m ba?+ & sudation ent]$ into #ab1 ! tepid>ium4 ,! tepid>ium did n conta9 wat]1 ei!r at ,pompeii or at ! ba?s ( ,hippias1 b 0 m]ely heat$ ) w>m air ( an agreeable temp]ature1 9 ord] to prep>e ! body = ! great heat ( ! vapor & w>m ba?s2 &1 ^u return+1 to obviate ! dang] ( too sudd5 transition to ! op5 air4 ,9 ! ba?s ( ,pompeii1 ?is *amb] s]v$ likewise z a disrob+ room = ^? :o took ! w>m ba?1 = :i* purpose ! fitt+s up are evid5tly adapt$1 ! walls be+ divid$ into a numb] ( sep>ate comp>tm5ts or recesses = receiv+ ! g>m5ts :5 tak5 (f4 ,"o ( ^! comp>tm5ts1 kn[n z an ,atlantes1 is %[n 9 ! annex$ woodcut4 ,9 addition to ?is s]vice !re c be little d\bt t ?is ap>tm5t 0 us$ z a depository = ungu5ts & a room = ano9t+1 :i* s]vice 0 p]=m$ by slaves4 ,= ! purpose ( ano9t+1 ! common p us$ oil simply or sometimes sc5t$1 b ! m weal?y classes indulg$ 9 ! greate/ extravagances ) reg>d to _! p]fumes & ungu5ts4 ,^! !y evid5tly procur$ f ! elo!sium ( ! ba?s1 or br\ght ) !m 9 small glass bottles1 hundr$s ( :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 diff]5t excavations made 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy4 ,f ! tepid>ium1 a door :i* clos$ by its own weight1 to prev5t ! admission ( cold air1 op5$ into ,no4 #ac1 ! !rmal *amb]4 ,aft] hav+ gone ?r\gh ! regul> c\rse ( p]spiration1 ! ,romans made use ( in/rum5ts call$ /rigils1 to scrape (f ! p]spiration1 mu* 9 ! same way z we are accu/om$ to scrape ! sweat (f a horse ) a piece ( iron hoop aft] he has run a heat or come 9 f viol5t ex]cise4 ,^! in/rum5ts1 _m ( :i* h be5 discov]$ among ! ru9s ( ! v>i\s ba?s ( antiquity1 7 made ( bone1 bronze1 iron & silv]4 ,! poor] classes 7 oblig$ to scrape !mselves1 b ! m weal?y took _! slaves to ! ba?s = ! purpose1 a fact :i* is elucidat$ by a curi\s /ory relat$ by ,sp>tianus4 ,! ,emp]or :ile ba?+ "o day1 obs]v+ an old soldi]1 :om he _h =m]ly kn[n among ! legions1 rubb+ 8 back z ! cattle d aga9/ ! m>ble walls ( ! *amb]1 ask$ him :y he conv]t$ ! walls into a /rigil1 & le>n+ t he 0 too poor to keep a slave he gave him "o1 & money = 8 ma9t5ance4 ,on ! foll[+ day1 ^u 8 return to ! ba?1 he f\nd a :ole r[ ( old m5 rubb+ !mselves 9 ! same mann] aga9/ ! wall1 9 ! hope ( exp]i5c+ ! same good =tune f ! pr9ce's lib]ality2 b in/ead ( tak+ ! h9t1 he _h !m all call$ up & told !m to scrub "o ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,copp]s = ,heat+ ,wat]4 ,f an old woodcut ,! /rigil 0 by no means a blunt in/rum5t1 consequ5tly its edge 0 s(t5$ by ! application ( oil :i* 0 dropp$ on x f a small vessel4 ,?is vessel _h a n>r[ neck1 s z to dis*>ge its cont5ts drop by drop4 ,augu/us is relat$ to h suff]$ f an ov] viol5t use ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,invalids & p]sons ( delicate habit made use ( sponges1 :i* ,pl9y says answ]$ = t[els z well z /rigils4 ,!y 7 f9ally dri$ ) t[els & ano9t$4 ,! common p 7 suppli$ ) ^! necess>ies 9 ! ba?s1 b ! m weal?y c>ri$ _! own ) !m4 ,aft] ! op]ation ( scrap+ & rubb+ dry1 !y retir$ into or rema9$ 9 ! tepid>ium until !y ?\ght x prud5t to enc\nt] ! op5 air4 ,b x does n appe> to h be5 cu/om>y to ba! 9 ! wat]1 :5 !re 0 any1 :i* 0 n ! case at ,pompeii nor at ! ,ba?s ( ,hippias1 ei!r ( ! tepid>ium or frigid>ium2 ! temp]ature only ( ! atmosph]e 9 ! two *amb]s be+ ( consequ5ce to break ! sudd5 *ange f ! extreme hot to cold4 ,return+ n[ to ! frigid>ium1 #h1 :i* accord+ to ! directions ( ,vitruvius has a passage1 #ad1 communicat+ ) ! m\? ( ! furnace1 e1 & pass+ d[n t passage we rea* ! *amb]1 #ae1 into :i* ! prfurnium projects1 & :i* has also an entrance f ! /reet1 ,b1 appropriat$ to ^? :o _h *>ge ( ! fires4 ,!re are two /airways 9 x1 "o lead+ to ! ro( ( ! ba?s1 & ! o!r to ! copp]s :i* conta9$ ! wat]4 ,( ^! !re 7 ?ree1 "o ( :i* conta9$ ! hot wat]1 cald>ium2 ! second1 ! tepid1 tepid>ium2 & ! la/1 ! cold1 frigid>ium4 ,! w>m wat] 0 introduc$ into ! w>m ba? by means ( a conduit pipe1 m>k$ on ! plan1 & conduct$ ?r\gh ! wall4 ,und]nea? ! cald>ium 0 plac$ ! furnace :i* s]v$ to heat ! wat] & give out /reams ( w>m air into ! holl[ cells ( ! hypocan/um4 ,^! copp]s 7 con/ruct$ 9 ! same mann] z is repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+ f ! ,!rm ( ,titus2 ! "o conta9+ hot wat] be+ plac$ imm$iately ov] ! furnace1 & z ! wat] 0 drawn out f ^! x 0 suppli$ f ! next1 ! tepid>ium1 :i* 0 already consid]ably heat$1 f its contiguity to ! furnace & ! hypocau/ bel[ x1 s t x suppli$ ! defici5cy ( ! =m] )\t mat]ially dim9i%+ its temp]ature2 & ! space 9 ! la/ two 0 9 turn fill$ up f ! f>!/ remov$1 :i* conta9$ ! cold wat] receiv$ direct f ! squ>e res]voir beh9d !m4 ,beh9d ! copp]s !re is ano!r corridor1 #af1 lead+ into ! c\rt1 #ag1 appropriat$ to ! s]vants ( ! ba?s1 & :i* has also ! conv5i5ces ( an imm$iate communication ) ! /reet by ! door1 ,c4 ,we n[ proce$ to ! adjo9+ set ( ba?s1 :i* 7 assign$ to ! wom54 ,! entrance is by ! door1 ,a1 :i* conducts into a small ve/ibule1 #ah1 !nce into ! apodyt]ium1 #ai1 :i*1 l ! "o 9 ! m5's ba?s1 has a seat on ei!r side built up aga9/ ! wall4 ,?is room op5s ^u a cold ba?1 #bj1 answ]+ to ! natiatio ( ! o!r set1 b ( mu* small] dim5sions4 ,!re are f\r /eps on ! inside to desc5d into x4 ,opposite to ! door ( entrance !re is ano!r doorway :i* leads to ! tepid>ium1 #ba1 :i* also communicates ) ! !rmal *amb]1 #bb1 on "o side ( :i* is a w>m ba? 9 a squ>e recess4 ,! floor ( ?is *amb] is susp5d$ & its walls p]=at$ = flues1 l ! correspond+ "o 9 ! m5's ba?s4 ,! comp>ative smallness & inf]iority ( ! fitt+s up 9 ?is suit ( ba?s has induc$ "s ,italian antiqu>ies to ?r[ a d\bt ^u ! fact ( _! be+ assign$ to wom51 & +5i\sly sugge/ t !y 7 a set ( old ba?s1 to :i* ! l>g] ones 7 subsequ5tly add$ :5 !y became too small = ! increas+ weal? & population ( ! city4 ,b ! /ory already quot$ ( ! consul's wife :o turn$ ! m5 out ( _! ba? at ,teanum = h] conv5i5ce1 seems suffici5tly to negative su* a supposition & to prove t ! inhabitants ( anci5t ,italy1 if n m selfi%1 7 c]ta9ly less gallant ?an _! successors4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ,vitruvius expressly enjo9s t ! ba?s ( ! m5 & wom51 ?\gh sep>ate1 %\ld be contigu\s to ea* o!r1 9 ord] t !y might be suppli$ f ! same boil]s & hypocau/2 directions t are "h fulfill$ to ! lett]1 z a glance at ! plans w demon/rate4 ,not)/&+ ! ample acc\nt :i* has be5 giv5 ( ! plans & usages respect+ ba?s 9 g5]al1 some?+ yet rema9s to be said ab\t t p>ticul> class d5om9at$ !rm1 ( :i* e/abli%m5t ! ba?s1 9 fact1 con/itut$ ! smalle/ "p4 ,! !rm1 prop]ly speak+1 7 a ,roman adaptation ( ! ,greek gymnasium4 ,! !rm conta9$ a sy/em ( ba?s 9 conjunction ) conv5i5ces = a?letic games & y\?ful sports1 places 9 :i* rhetoricians declaim$1 poets recit$ & philosoph]s lectur$1 z well z porticos & ve/ibules = ! idle1 & libr>ies = ! /udi\s4 ,!y 7 decorat$ ) ! f9e/ objects ( art1 bo? 9 pa9t+ & sculpture1 cov]$ ) preci\s m>bles & adorn$ ) f\nta9s & %ad$ walks4 ,x may be said t !y began & end$ ) ! ,empire1 = x 0 n until ! "t ( ,augu/us t ^! magnific5t /ructures 7 comm5c$4 ,m4 ,agrippa 0 ! fir/ :o af=d$ ^! luxuries to 8 c\ntrym5 by bequea?+ to !m ! !rm & g>d5s :i* he _h erect$ 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius4 ,! ,pan!on1 n[ exi/+ at ,rome1 s]v$ orig9ally z a ve/ibule to ^! ba?s2 &1 z x 0 consid]$ too magnific5t = ! purpose1 x is suppos$ t ,agrippa add$ ! portico & consecrat$ x z a temple1 = :i* use x /ill s]ves4 ,! example set by ,agrippa 0 foll[$ by ,n]o & aft]w>d by ,titus1 ! ru9s ( ^: !rm are /ill visible1 cov]+ a va/ ext5t1 p>tly "u gr\nd & p>tly above ! ,esquil9e ,hill4 ,previ\s to ! erection ( ^! e/abli%m5ts = ! use ( ! population1 x 0 cu/om>y1 = ^? :o s\ght ! favor ( ! p1 to give !m a day's ba?+ free ( exp5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\nd ,plan ( ,!rm ( ,c>acalla4 ,f an old woodcut ,?us1 accord+ to ,divi ,cassius1 ,fau/us1 ! son ( ,sulla1 furni%$ w>m ba?s & oil gratis to ! p = "o day2 & ,augu/us1 on "o occasion1 furni%$ w>m ba?s & b>b]s to ! p = ! same p]iod free ( exp5se1 & at ano!r "t = a :ole ye> to ! wom5 z well z ! m54 ,f !nce x is fair to inf] t ! quadrant paid = admission to ! balnea 0 n exact$ at ! !rm1 :i* z be+ ! works ( ! emp]ors1 w\ld naturally be op5$ ) imp]ial g5]osity to all1 & )\t any *>ge1 o!rwise ! :ole city w\ld h ?rong$ to ! e/abli%m5t bequea!d to !m by ,agrippa2 & 9 confirmation ( ?is op9ion x might be rem>k$ t ! old e/abli%m5ts1 :i* 7 probably erect$ by private ent]prises1 7 t]m$ ,m]itorial4 ,mo/1 if n all1 ( ! o!r regulations previ\sly detail$ z relat+ to ! economy ( ! ba?s1 apply equally to ! !rm2 b x is 9 ^! e/abli%m5ts especially t ! dissolute conduct ( ! emp]ors & o!r luxuri\s indulg5ce ( ! p 9 g5]al1 z detail$ 9 ! compositions ( ! satiri/s & lat] writ]s1 mu/ be consid]$ to ref]4 ,al?\gh consid]able rema9s ( ! ,roman !rm are /ill visible1 yet1 f ! v ru9\s /ate 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 we are f> f be+ able to arrive at ! same accurate k ( _! compon5t p>ts & ! usages to :i* !y 7 appli$1 z has be5 done ) respect to ! balnea2 or1 inde$1 to discov] a satisfactory mode ( reconcil+ _! con/ructive details ) ! description left u by ,vitruvi\s & ,lucian4 ,all1 inde$1 is d\bt & guesswork4 ,ea* ( ! le>n$ m5 :o h pret5d$ to give an acc\nt ( _! cont5ts diff]+ 9 all ! ess5tial p>ticul>s f "o ano!r2 & yet ! g5]al simil>ity ( ! gr\nd plan ( ! ?ree :i* /ill rema9 _c fail to /rike ev5 a sup]ficial obs]v]2 s great inde$ t x is impossible n to p]ceive at once t !y 7 all con/ruct$ ^u a simil> plan4 ,n1 h[ev]1 to discuss ! subject )\t enabl+ ! read] to =m some?+ l a g5]al idea ( ^! enorm\s edifices1 :i* f _! ext5t & magnific5ce h be5 lik5$ to prov9ces1 a gr\nd plan ( ! !rm ( ,c>acalla is annex$1 :i* are ! be/ pres]v$ among ^? rema9+1 & :i* 7 p]haps m spl5did ?an all ! re/4 ,^? ap>tm5ts ( :i* ! use is asc]ta9$ ) ! appe>ances ( probability1 w be alone m>k$ & expla9$4 ,! d>k p>ts repres5t ! rema9s /ill visible2 ! op5 l9es are re/orations4 ,illu/ration3 ,hypocau/ = ,heat+ ,wat]1 ,!rm ( ,c>acalla ,f an old woodcut ,a is a portico front+ ! /reet made by ,c>acalla :5 he con/ruct$ 8 !rm4 ,b are sep>ate ba?+-rooms1 ei!r = ! use ( ! common p1 or p]haps = any p]son :o did n wi% to ba! 9 public4 ,c are apodyt]ia atta*$ to !m4 ,d1 ,d & ,e1 ,e1 ! porticos4 ,f1 ,f1 ex$ra 9 :i* !re 7 seats = ! philosoph]s to hold _! conv]sations4 ,g1 passages op5 to ! air4 ,h1 ,h1 sladra4 ,i1 ,i1 possibly s*ools or academies :]e public lectures 7 deliv]$4 ,j1 ,j & ,k1 ,k1 rooms appropriat$ to ! s]vants ( ! ba?4 ,9 ! latt] are /aircases = asc5d+ to ! pr9cipal res]voir4 ,l1 space occupi$ by walks & %rubb]ies4 ,m1 ! ar5a or /adium 9 :i* ! y\? p]=m$ _! ex]cises1 ) seats = spectators4 ,n1 ,n1 res]voirs ) upp] /ories2 ,o1 aqu$uct :i* suppli$ ! ba?s4 ,p1 ci/]n4 ,?is ext]nal range ( build+s occupies "o mile 9 circuit4 ,we n[ come to ! arrangem5t ( ! int]ior1 = :i* x is v difficult to assign satisfactory de/9ations4 ,q repres5ts ! pr9cipal entrances1 ( :i* !re 7 eight4 ,r is ! natiatio or cold wat] ba?s to :i* ! direct entrance f ! portico is by a ve/ibule on ei!r side m>k$ ,s1 & :i* is surr\nd$ by a set ( *amb]s t s]ve mo/ probably z rooms = undress+ & ano9t+4 ,^? ne>e/ to ! p]i/yle 71 p]haps1 :]e ! p[d] 0 kept :i* ! wre/l]s us$ 9 ord] to obta9 a firm] grip ^u _! adv]s>ies4 ,! inf]ior quality ( ! ornam5ts :i* ^! ap>tm5ts _h1 & ! /aircases 9 two ( !m1 af=d evid5ces t !y 7 occupi$ by m5ials4 ,t is consid]$ to be ! tepid>ium ) f\r w>m ba?s tak5 out ( its f\r angles1 & two labra on its two flanks4 ,!re are /eps = desc5d+ into ! ba?s1 9 "o ( :i* traces ( ! conduit are /ill manife/4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! c5t] "p ( ?is ap>tm5t s]v$ z a tepid>ium1 hav+ a cold wat] lavatory 9 f\r ( its corn]s4 ,! c5t] "p1 l t also ( ! prec$+ ap>tm5t1 is support$ by eight imm5se columns4 ,illu/ration3 ,re/oration ( ,!rm ( ,titus4 7,re/or$ by ,lecl]c7 ,illu/ration3 ,plan ( ! ,!rm ( ,titus1 ,rome4 7,re/or$ by ,lecl]c7 ,! ap>tm5ts beyond ?is1 :i* are too mu* dilapidat$ to be re/or$ ) any degree ( c]ta9ty1 conta9$1 ( c\rse1 ! laconium & sudatories1 = :i* ! r\nd *amb]1 ,w1 & its appurt5ances seem to be adapt$1 & :i* are also contigu\s to ! res]voirs1 ,z1 ,z4 ,! ap>tm5ts e1 e' are probably places :]e y\?s 7 taught _! ex]cises1 ) ! appurt5ances belong+ to !m4 ,! *amb]s on ! o!r side1 :i* are n m>k$1 probably s]v$ = ! ex]cises 9 bad wea!r4 ,^! ba?s conta9$ an upp] /ory1 ( :i* no?+ rema9s beyond :at is j suffici5t to indicate ! fact4 ,x w be obs]v$ t !re is no "p ( ! ba?+ dep>tm5t sep>ate f ! re/ :i* c\ld be assign$ to ! use ( wom5 exclusively4 ,f ?is x mu/ be inf]r$ ei!r t bo? sexes always ba!d toge!r promiscu\sly 9 ! !rm1 or t ! wom5 7 exclud$ altoge!r f ^! e/abli%m5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,sectional ,elevation1 ,!rm ( ,titus1 ,rome4 7,re/or$ by ,lecl]c47 ,x rema9s to expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! imm5se body ( wat] requir$ = ! supply ( a set ( ba?s 9 ! !rm 0 heat$4 ,?is has be5 done v satisfactorily by ,piranesi & ,cam]on1 z may be se5 by a ref]5ce to ! two sectional elevations %[+ ! res]voir & aqu$ucts belong+ to ! ,!rm ( ,c>acalla4 ,a are ar*es ( ! aqu$uct :i* convey$ ! wat] into ! res]voir1 ,b1 :5ce x fl[$ into ! upp] range ( cells ?r\gh ! ap]ture at ,c1 & !nce aga9 desc5d$ into ! l[] ones by ! ap]ture1 ,d1 :i* 7 plac$ imm$iately ov] ! hypocau/1 ,e1 ! furnace ( :i* c be se5 9 ! transv]se section at ,f4 ,!re 7 ?irty-two ( ^! cells arrang$ 9 two r[s ov] ! hypocau/1 sixte5 on ea* side1 & all communicat+ ) "o ano!r1 & ov] ^! a simil> numb] simil>ly arrang$1 :i* communicat$ ) ^? bel[ by ! ap]ture at ,d4 ,! p>t+ walls betwe5 ^! cells 7 likewise p]=at$ ) flues :i* s]v$ to dissem9ate ! heat all ar\nd ! :ole body ( wat]4 ,:5 ! wat] 0 suffici5tly w>m x 0 turn$ on to ! ba?s ?r\gh pipes conduct$ likewise ?r\gh flues 9 ord] to prev5t ! loss ( temp]ature dur+ passage1 & ! l[] res]voir 0 suppli$ z fa/ z wat] 0 drawn (f f ! res]voir next above1 :i* 9 turn 0 suppli$ ) wat] f ! topmo/ ti] & ! aqu$uct4 ,illu/ration3 ,frigid>ium1 ,!rm ( ,c>acalla1 ,rome4 7,re/or$ by ,viollet-le-,duc7 ,p]haps a bett] idea ( ! !rm c be _h by an exam9ation ( ! plan ( ! ,!rm ( ,titus1 ,rome1 re/or$ by ,lecl]c1 also ! sectional elevation & front elevation ( ! same ba?1 re/or$ by ! same arti/4 ,! orig9al draw+s1 :i* won ! ,gr& ,prix de ,rome1 are pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,ecole des ,beaux-,arts1 ,p>is4 ,a re/oration by ,viollet-le-,duc1 :i* appe>$ ) ! o!r re/orations 9 ! ,june1 #aijf1 numb] ( ! ,ar*itectural ,record1 conveys a v good idea ( ! int]ior ( a frigid>ium4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,view ,,( ,,aqv$vct ,,lisbon ,,portvgal ,illu/ration3 ,,*apt] ,v ,,synopsis ,,( ,,*apt]4 ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire--,succe$+ ,p]iod kn[n z ! ,d>k ,ages--,sanitation dur+ ! ,d>k ,ages--,beg9n+ ( ,mat]ial ,progress 9 ,sanitation--,pilgrimages to ,jugg]naut--,wat] ,supply to ,p>is--,london ,wat] ,supply--,aqu$uct ( ,zempoala1 ,mexico4 ,dur+ ! p]iod foll[+ ! fall ( ,rome1 ! empire 0 ov]run by b>b>ians f ! nor?1 & ! magnific5t ba?s1 aqu$ucts & public edifices re>$ by ! ,romans ) su* pa9/ak+ c>e 7 suff]$ to fall into decay4 ,s little 9 sympa?y 7 ! b>b>ians ) ! p !y conqu]$ & _! in/itutions1 t 9 "t ! inhabitants ( _m localities ev5 =got ! uses to :i* ! old works _h be5 put2 & _h x n be5 = ! ,popes ! supply ( wat] to ! city ( ,rome w\ld h be5 cut (f completely1 :ile z x 0 ! s]vice 0 frequ5tly int]rupt$4 ,foll[+ ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire !re 0 a p]iod ( ov] "o ?\s& ye>s ( intellectual d>kness1 dur+ :i* no mat]ial progress 0 made2 inde$1 in/ead ( progress a retrograde movem5t set 9 :i* left a la/+ impression on ! times4 ,! little sp>k ( k t surviv$ ?is p]iod burn$ 9 ! mona/]ies ( ! monks1 :o treasur$ & kept alive ! sp>k ( civilization4 ,illu/ration3 ,de/roy$ ,lead ,font1 ,great ,plum/ead1 ,norfolk ,! ,d>k ,ages1 z ?is p]iod is call$1 if lack+ 9 progress1 7 replete ) adv5ture4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 :i* might equally well be call$ ! ,age ( ,romance1 !re sprung up a bro!rhood ( m5 not$ = skill 9 combat1 :o 7 dubb$ knights4 ,!re also spread a cre$ ab\t t "t t uncleanl9ess 0 next to godl9ess1 & cl]gy & laym5 vi$ ) ea* o!r to see :i* c\ld live 9 ! mo/ fil?y mann]4 ,!y associat$ 9 _! m9ds luxury & cleanl9ess z inconsi/5t ) godl9ess1 :ile squalor & bodily fil? 7 consid]$ z outw>d indications ( inw>d piety & sanctification4 ,s x came to pass t ba?+1 in/ead ( a daily practice1 became uncommon2 homes & inhabitants became fil?y & /reams pollut$4 ,su* violations ( sanit>y pr9ciples c\ld n cont9ue indef9itely )\t evil results1 & sc\rge aft] sc\rge ( fil? diseases t swept ov] ,europe & ,asia1 claim+ ov] #dj1jjj1jjj victims1 7 due to ! unsanit>y condition t prevail$4 ,! re/less1 see?+1 v5turesome _s ( ! times & ! emotional zeal display$ 9 religi\s matt]s contribut$ greatly to ! spread ( pe/il5ce4 ,! crusades1 />t+ out ) a romantic & religi\s f]vor1 b ) no set rules ( conduct = guidance1 & lack+ a lead] /rong en\gh 9 discipl9e to hold 9 *eck m5 ^: only claim to di/9ction lay 9 _! p[]s 9 a tilt & _! love ( battle1 soon deg5]at$ into ! mo/ disord]ly & lewd ( rabble4 ,wom5 camp-foll[]s jo9$ _! =tunes ) t ( ! knights1 :o 9 mo/ cases =got ! object ( ! crusade1 & gave !mselves up to indol5ce & debau*]y4 ,sanit>y precautions 7 disp5s$ ) on ! m>*1 & ! result 0 t :]ev] ! crusad]s w5t !y left sickness & pe/il5ce 9 _! wake4 ,illu/ration3 ,lead5 ,cup1 ( ! "t ( ,vespasian1 f\nd 9 ,rome4 ,! b& 0 decorat$ ) color$ glass ,illu/ration3 ,lead ,pipehead & ,pipe ,illu/ration3 ,lead ,ci/]n ) ! ,arms ( ! ,fi%mong]s' ,company1 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,m]?yr ,gue/ ,pilgrimages to ! holy %r9es1 :i* drew toge!r ?\s&s ( human be+s )\t adequate %elt] or food1 also s]v$ to spread contagi\s diseases ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,p]haps ! be/ picture ( a pilgrimage :i*1 :ile ( a latt] date1 w /ill s]ve to %[ ! unsanit>y conditions :5 ?\s&s ( p are br\ght toge!r )\t food or %elt]1 c be _h f a report ( ,dr4 ,simmons1 ( ! ,yokahama ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,9 speak+ ( a latt]-day pilgrimage 9 ,india1 he says3 ,! dr9k+-wat] supply is d]iv$ f wells1 s-call$ 'tanks' or artificial ponds & ! wat] c\rses ( ! c\ntry4 ,! wells g5]ally resemble ^? ( o!r p>ts ( ,asia4 ,! tanks are excavations made = ! purpose ( collect+ ! surface wat] dur+ ! ra9y season & /or+ x up = ! dry4 ,necess>ily !y are m]e /agnant pools4 ,! wat] is us$ n only to qu5* ?ir/1 b is said to be drunk z a sacr$ duty4 ,at ! same "t1 ! res]voir s]ves z a l>ge wa%+ tub = clo!s1 no matt] h[ dirty or 9 :at soil$ condition1 & = p]sonal ba?+4 ,_m ( ! wat]c\rses are sacr$2 notably ! ,ganges1 a riv] #a1fjj miles long1 9 ^: wat]s x is ! religi\s duty ( millions1 n only ^? liv+ ne> its banks1 b = pilgrims1 to ba! & to ca/ _! dead4 ,! ,h9doo _c be made to use a latr9e4 ,9 ! cities he digs a hole 9 8 habitation2 9 ! c\ntry he seeks ! fields1 ! hillside1 ! banks ( /reams & riv]s :5 oblig$ to obey ! calls ( nature4 ,h5ce x is t ! vic9ity ( t[ns & ! banks ( ! tanks & wat] c\rses are reek+ ) fil? ( ! wor/ description1 :i* is ( necessity wa%$ into ! public wat] supply ) e ra9fall4 ,add to ?is ! mis]y ( pilgrims1 !n pov]ty & disease & ! t]rible cr[d+ into ! num]\s t[ns :i* conta9 "s temple or %r9e1 ! object ( _! devotion1 & we c see h[ ,india has become & rema9s ! hotb$ ( ! *ol]a epidemic4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates (ficial report ! horrors incid5t ^u ! pilgrimages are detail$ ) appall+ m9ut5ess4 ,w4 ,w4 ,hunt]1 9 8 ,orissa1 /ates t tw5ty-f\r high fe/ivals take place annually at ,jugg]naut4 ,at "o ( !m1 ab\t ,ea/]1 #dj1jjj p]sons indulge 9 hemp & ha%ee% to a %ock+ degree4 ,= weeks be=e ! c> fe/ival1 9 ,june & ,july1 pilgrims come troop+ 9 by ?\s&s e day4 ,!y are f$ by ! temple cooks to ! numb] ( #ij1jjj4 ,ov] #ajj1jjj m5 & wom51 _m ( !m unaccu/om$ to "w or exposure1 tug & /ra9 at ! c> until !y drop exhau/$ & block ! road ) _! bodies4 ,dur+ e mon? ( ! ye> a /ream ( devotees fl[s along ! great ,orissa road f ,calcutta1 & e village = ?ree hundr$ miles has its pilgrim encampm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,c> ( ,jugg]naut ,! p travel 9 small b&s1 :i* at ! "t ( ! great fea/s actually t\* ea* o!r4 ,five-six?s ( ! :ole are females & n9ety-five p] c5t4 travel on foot1 _m ( !m m>*+ hundr$s & ev5 ?\s&s ( miles1 a cont+5t hav+ be5 drumm$ up f e t[n or village 9 ,india by "o or o!r ( ! ?ree ?\s& emiss>ies ( ! temple1 :o sc\r ! c\ntry 9 all directions 9 se>* ( dupes4 ,:5 ^? pilgrims :o h n di$ on ! road arrive at _! j\rney's end1 emaciat$1 ) feet b\nd up 9 rags & pla/]$ ) mud & dirt1 !y ru% into ! sacr$ tanks or ! sea & em]ge to dress 9 clean g>m5ts4 ,disease & dea? make havoc ) !m dur+ _! /ay2 corpses are buri$ 9 holes scoop$ 9 ! s&1 & ! hillocks are cov]$ ) bones & skulls wa%$ f _! %all[ graves by ! tropical ra9s4 ,! temple kit*5 has ! monopoly ( cook+ = ! multitude1 & provides food :i* if fre% is n un:olesome4 ,unhappily1 x is pres5t$ be=e ,jugg]naut1 s becomes too sacr$ = ! m9ute/ portion to be ?r[n away4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! heat x soon und]goes putrefactive f]m5tation1 & 9 =ty-eight h\rs mu* ( x is a loa?some mass1 unfit = human food4 ,yet x =ms ! *ief su/5ance ( ! pilgrims1 & is ! sole n\ri%m5t ( ?\s&s ( begg>s4 ,"s "o eats x to ! v la/ gra94 ,injuri\s to ! robu/1 x is deadly to ! weak & wayworn1 at lea/ half ( :om rea* ! place suff]+ "u "s =m ( b[el compla9t4 ,badly z !y are f$ ! poor wret*es are worse lodg$4 ,^? :o h ! tempor>y %elt] ( f\r walls are h\s$ 9 hovels built ^u mud plat=ms ab\t f\r feet high1 9 ! c5t] ( ea* ( :i* is ! hole :i* receives ! ordure ( ! h\sehold1 & ar\nd :i* ! inmates eat & sleep4 ,! plat=ms are cov]$ ) small cells )\t any w9d[s or o!r ap]tures = v5tilation1 & 9 ^! caves ! pilgrims are pack$1 9 a c\ntry :]e1 dur+ sev5 mon?s out ( twelve1 ! !rmomet] m>ks f #he to #ajj degrees ,fahr4 ,hunt] says t ! sc5es ( agony & suffocation enact$ 9 ^! hide\s d5s baffle description4 ,9 "s ( ! be/ ( !m1 #ac feet long by #aj feet broad & #f1 feet high1 z _m z eighty p]sons pass ! night4 ,x is n !n surpris+ to le>n t ! /5* is ov]p[]+ & ! heat l t ( an ov54 ,( #cjj1jjj :o visit ,jugg]naut 9 "o season1 #ij1jjj are (t5 pack$ toge!r five days a week 9 #e1jjj ( ^! lodg+s4 ,9 c]ta9 seasons1 h[ev]1 ! devotees c & d sleep 9 ! op5 air1 camp+ out 9 regim5ts & battalions1 cov]$ only ) ! same meagre cotton g>m5t t clo!s !m by day4 ,! heavy dews are unheal?y en\gh1 b ! great fe/ival falls at ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9s1 :5 ! wat] tumbles 9 solid %eets4 ,!n lanes & alleys are conv]t$ into torr5ts or /9k+ canals1 & ! pilgrims are driv5 into vile t5em5ts4 ,*ol]a inv>iably breaks out4 ,liv+ & dead are huddl$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/ant ,view ( ,zempoala ,aqu$uct1 ,qu]et>o1 ,mexico ,9 ! num]\s s-call$ corpse fields ar\nd ! t[n z _m z =ty or fifty corpses are se5 at a "t1 & vultures sit & dogs l\nge lazily ab\t gorg$ ) human fle%4 ,9 fact1 !re is no end to ! recurr5ce ( incid5ts ( mis]y & humiliation1 ! horrors ( :i*1 says ! ,bi%op ( ,calcutta1 are unutt]able1 b :i* are eclips$ by ^? ( ! return j\rney4 ,plund]$ & fleec$ by l&lords1 ! surviv+ victims reel homew>d /agg]+ "u _! burd5 ( putrid food wrapp$ up 9 dirty clo!s1 or pack$ 9 heavy baskets or e>!nw>e j>s4 ,e /ream is flood$1 & ! travel]s h (t5 to sit = days 9 ! ra9 on ! banks ( a riv] be=e a boat w v5ture to cross4 ,at all ^! po9ts ! corpses lie ?ickly /rewn ar\nd 7an ,engli% travel] c\nt$ =ty close to "o f]ry71 :i* acc\nts = ! preval5ce ( *ol]a on ! banks ( brooks1 /reams & riv]s4 ,"s poor creatures drop & die by ! way2 o!rs cr[d into ! villages & halt+ places on ! way1 :]e ^? :o ga9 admittance cram ! lodg+-places to ov]fl[+1 & ?\s&s pass ! night 9 ! /reets1 & f9d no cov] f ! dr5*+ /orms4 ,gr\ps are huddl$ "u ! trees2 long l9es are /ret*$ among ! c>ts & bullocks on ! roadside1 !n half saturat$ ) ! mud on :i* !y lie1 hundr$s sit on ! wet grass1 n d>+ to lie d[n1 & rock !mselves to a monoton\s *ant ?r\gh ! long h\rs ( ! dre>y night4 ,x is impossible to compute ! slaught] ( ?is "o pilgrimage4 ,bi%op ,wilson e/imates x at n less ?an #ej1jjj1 & ?is description might be us$ = all ! great ,india pilgrimages1 ( :i* !re are probably a doz5 annually1 to say no?+ ( ! hundr$s ( small] %r9es scatt]$ ?r\gh ! p59sula1 ea* ( :i* attracts its m9or horde ( cr$ul\s vot>ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,ne> ,view ( ,zempoala ,aqu$uct1 ,mexico ,su* !n may be accept$ z a picture ( "o ( ! num]\s pilgrimages made dur+ ! ,d>k ,ages & :i* help$ to spread infecti\s diseases broadca/ ?r\gh\t ! l&1 pollut+ wat] supplies to su* an ext5t t 9 _m localities fil? diseases became epidemic4 ,x 0 n until ab\t ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury t g5]al improvem5t began to be made 9 sanit>y matt]s1 al?\gh "s notable exceptions may be m5tion$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a few important works 9 ,spa9 by ! ,moors1 su* = in/ance z ^? at ,cordova 9 ! n9? c5tury & ! repair ( ! ,roman aqu$uct at ,sevilla 9 #aagb4 ,until z late a date z #aahc ,p>is dep5d$ entirely on ! ,riv] ,se9e = its wat] supply4 ,dur+ t ye> an aqu$uct 0 con/ruct$ to conduct wat] to ,p>is f a di/ant s\rce1 b z late z ! ye> #aeej ! supply ( wat] to ,p>is am\nt$ to only "o qu>t p] capita p] day4 ,illu/ration3 ,zempoala ,aqu$uct4 ,f an old pr9t 9 ! ,eng9e]+ ,news ,london1 ,engl&1 0 m backw>d ?an ,p>is 9 supply+ ! inhabitants ) wat]1 & x 0 n until ! ye> #abce t small quantities ( spr+ wat] 7 br\ght to ! city ?r\gh lead pipes & masonry conduits4 ,little is kn[n ab\t ! /range race ( p t inhabit$ ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t prior to ! ,indians1 & x is only by ! ru9s ( works :i* !y con/ruct$ 9 ! %ape ( m\nds t _! exi/5ce is kn[n (4 ,nev]!less1 _h hi/orians ( t "t writt5 ( ! eng9e]+ projects successfully c>ri$ out by ! eng9e]s ( ! m\nd build]s no d\bt "s surpris+ facts w\ld be reveal$ to contempor>y man2 = :]ev] m5 h exi/$1 :e!r 9 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,egypt1 ,europe1 ,engl& or1 z we are in=m$ by a/ronom]s1 on ,m>s1 gigantic works ( irrigation h be5 successfully und]tak51 & 9 mo/ ( ! places m5tion$ conduits or aqu$ucts to supply wat] to inhabitants ( communities 7 con/ruct$4 ,reason+ !n by analogy x w\ld be safe to inf] t be=e ! race ( m\nd build]s became ext9ct !y built works ( equal importance if n ( equal endurance4 ,?is belief is borne out by ! fact t long be=e ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica1 ! ,aztecs ( ,mexico built an aqu$uct to supply ! anci5t city1 built on ! site ( ! pres5t ,city ( ,mexico4 ,h[ long ! aqu$uct suppli$ ! city be=e ,cortez1 9 8 exp$ition to conqu] ,mexico1 de/roy$ ! works1 9 #aeba1 nobody kn[s & ! tru? w probably nev] be told4 ,! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a /ructure is int]e/+ *iefly z %[+ t 9 ! matt] ( supply+ communities ) wat] ! anci5t tribes ( ,mexico & ,am]ica _h made consid]able progress long be=e ,europeans set foot on %ore4 ,x 0 9 ,mexico1 too1 t ! next aqu$uct 9 po9t ( "t 0 con/ruct$4 ,?is "w 0 built dur+ ! p]iod betwe5 ! ye>s #aeec & #aegj1 "u ! sup]vision ( ,fri> ,francisco ,tembleque1 a ,franciscan monk1 & s]v$ = ab\t two c5turies to c>ry wat] f ! m\nta9 ,lacayete to ! city ( ,otumba1 /ate ( ,hidalgo1 di/rict ( ,apan1 a di/ance ( #bg4h miles4 ,! aqu$uct1 :i* is kn[n z ! ,zempoala1 includ$ ?ree ar*$ bridges ( a maximum height ( #abd feet4 ,?is aqu$uct is fur!r int]e/+ f ! fact t ! orig9al agreem5t1 "u :i* ! "w 0 p]=m$1 is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 a copy ( :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,eng9e]+ ,news1 #ahhh1 f :i* ! foll[+ copy is tak54 ,! fir/ bridge conta9s =ty-six ar*es1 ! second ?irte5 ar*es & ! ?ird sixty-eight ar*es4 ,! l5g? ( ! longe/ bridge is #c1jjj feet & ! span ( ! ar*es at ! spr++ l9e is fifty-six feet4 ,ab\t five ye>s 7 requir$ to build ! pr9cipal "p ( ! aqu$uct :i* is c>ri$ on ar*es4 ,,contract ,,"u ,,:i* ,,aqu$uct ,,0 ,,built ,i1 ,fri> ,cri/obal y ,*anriguis1 prea*] & secret>y ( ?is holy prov9ce ( ! holy evangel1 c]tify t ,fa!r ,luis ,g]ro1 prea*] & gu>dian ( ! ,conv5t ( ,all ,sa9ts1 ,zempoala1 has pres5t$ to me a pat5t 9 favor ( natives ( said t[n1 ^: legal t5or is z foll[s3 ,we1 ,fri> ,juan ,de ,bu/amanti1 ,commission] ,g5]al ( ! ,indes ( ! ,ocean ,seas1 & ,fri> ,juan ,de ,san ,francisco1 ,prov9cial ,ma/] ( ! prov9ce ( said holy evangel1 & ,fri> ,deigo ,noliv>te1 & ,fri> ,juan ,de ,gavna1 & ,fri> ,antonio ,c5tad ,rodriquez1 & ,fri> ,b]n>d9o ,de ,sahagun1 subord9ate ( prie/s ( said prov9ce ( ! holy evangel1 decl>e3 ,t inasmu* z y1 ! ,gov]nor ,alcaldes & pr9cipal (fic]s ( ! t[n ( ,zacoala1 h agre$1 = ! love ( ,god & because ( our int]cession1 ) ! same (fic]s ( ! t[n ( ,otumba to give to !m half ! wat] :i* y h 9 y\r t[n ( ,zacoala = ! use & b5efit ( ! inhabitants ( ,otumba & = ! use ( ! mona/]y ( our ord] f\nd$ 9 t t[n1 9 :i* y d great good to !m & to our said mona/]y1 because ( our int]cession z /at$2 &1 inasmu*1 moreov]1 z y1 ! said p ( ,zacoala1 ) mu* labor & = ! good ( y\r s\ls1 agree to jo9 ) ! p ( ! ,flaquilpan & ,zempoala 9 ! place :]e y are erect+ an ,all ,sa9ts ,mona/]y1 at :i* po9t y agree to rema9 & "w & n to dep>t = ! reason t y are remov$ f y\r own h\ses2 on ord] to labor = ! good ( our s\ls & 9 return = ! labor :i* ! prie/s h 9 visit+ y4 ,& :]eas n[ y w soon h toge!r a mona/]y = ! fri>s ( our ord]1 9 :i* mu/ be adm9i/]$ = all ! holy sacram5ts2 !re=e1 9 return = ?is b5efit & "w we promise y t 9 all our "t we w n cease to give fri>s = said mona/]y1 & = ! :ole l5g? ( our lives we w aid y 9 y\r pray]s 9 all ! agre$ respects2 & = ! "t to come aft] our lives1 9 consid]ation ( said b5efit1 we w petition ! said ,commission]s ,g5]al & ,provisional ,ma/]s t !y w sev]ally & collectively adh]e to ! agreem5t1 & always h ! *>ity to furni% fri>s 9 ! ,mona/]y ( ,all ,sa9ts1 z n[ 9 view ( ! great & good "w :i* y h done ?r\gh our int]cession1 bo? 9 giv+ ! said wat] & 9 aid+ ! said "w to supply x4 ,& if by *ance !re %\ld happ5 to be s few prie/s t x is impossible to sp>e !m f ! h\se ( ,otumba t !y %all place fri>s 9 said ,mona/]y ( ,all ,sa9ts fir/ & let ! loss fall ^u o!r places ?an ,zacoala & ! ,mona/]y ( ,all ,sa9ts1 9 all ( :i* places y are entitl$ to be taught by our prie/s4 ,we w beg ( our successors 9 *>ity to favor u 9 ^! said respects1 9 return = y\r fai?ful labor & agreem5t 9 our behalf1 & s we sign ?is agreem5t1 made ?is sev5? day ( ,febru>y1 #aeec4 ,!n foll[$ signatures4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,!,,olde/,,ba?,,room,,9,,!,,_w ,,9,,vse#bejj,,ye>s,,ago ,,at,,tiryns1,,greece ,f ,/]eograph1 copyright #aijh by ,und]wood ,und]wood1 ,n4 ,y4 7,see page iv7 ,illu/ration3 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,synopsis ,,( ,,*apt]4 ,introduction ( ,pump+ ,ma*9]y into ,wat]works ,practice--,! ,ar*im$es ,screw--,use ( ,pumps 9 ,hanov]1 ,g]many--,fir/ ,london ,pump on ,london ,bridge--,sav]y & ,newcom5's ,pump+ ,eng9e--,! ,hydraulic ,ram--,pump+ ,eng9es ,erect$ = ! ,philadelphia ,wat]works--,pipes = ,di/ribut+ ,wat]--,hydrants & ,valves = ,wood5 ,pipes--,data reg>d+ ! ,use ( ,wood5 ,pipes--,mod]n ,pump+ ,eng9es4 ,wat] :eels = rais+ wat] 7 9 use at su* an e>ly p]iod t ! exact date ( _! inv5tion w nev] be kn[n4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n or approximate date = ! inv5tion ( a wat]-rais+ ma*9e ext5ds back to ab\t #bae ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 :5 ,ar*im$es1 ! ,greek ma!matician1 :o 0 kill$ at ! tak+ ( ,syracuse by ! ,romans1 inv5t$ ! ,ar*im$es screw4 ,?is app>atus1 unlike pumps ( lat] date1 0 op]at$ indep5d5tly ( ! atmosph]ic pressure1 & by us+ a numb] ( ! screws 9 s]ies1 wat] c\ld be rais$ to any desir$ height4 ,illu/ration3 ,sav]y's ,eng9e ,! ,ar*im$es screw 0 n adapt$ = rais+ l>ge quantities ( wat]1 h[ev]1 s t ,greek & ,roman cities nev] 7 suppli$ ) wat] by means ( eng9es4 ,x rema9$ = ,hanov]1 ,g]many1 to in/all ! fir/ pump ( :i* we h k1 = supply+ a t[n or city ) wat]4 ,9 ,g]many1 wat]works 7 con/ruct$ z e>ly z #adab1 & pumps 7 introduc$ 9 ,hanov] 9 ! ye> #aebg4 ,9 ,london1 ,engl&1 ! fir/ pump 0 erect$ on ! old ,london ,bridge 9 #aehb1 = ! purpose ( supply+ ! city ) wat] f ! ,?ames & di/ribut+ x ?r\gh lead pipes4 ,!re are only meagre acc\nts ( ! ,hanov] & ,london ,bridge pumps to be _h1 h[ev]1 & no illu/rations %[+ _! con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,newcom5's ,eng9e ,! olde/ kn[n pr9t ( a /eam eng9e is 9 ! ,birm+ham public libr>y1#b & %[s a ma*9e built 9 #agab by ,sav]y & ,newcom54 ,a se>* made by ,! ,eng9e] ( ,london1 has br\ght to light an old engrav+ dat$ #agbe1 & entitl$ ,! ,eng9e = ,rais+ ,wat] by ,fire4 ,x is unique 9 conta9+ ! fir/ illu/rat$ description ( a /eam eng9e4 ,?is ma*9e is some:at diff]5t f t portray$ 9 e>li] engrav+s1 = ! boil] is f$ ) a portion ( ! hot wat] com+ f ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] or hot well4 ,?is fixes ! date ( ! improvem5t describ$ by ,desagali]s 9 8 ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy z foll[s3 ,x _h be5 f\nd ( b5efit to fe$ ! boil] w>m wat] com+ f ! top ( ! pi/on1 r ?an cold wat]1 :i* w\ld too mu* *eck ! boil+ & cause m =ce to be ne$ful4 ,b aft] ! eng9e _h be5 plac$ "s ye>s1 "s p]sons conc]n$ ab\t an eng9e1 obs]v+ t ! inject$ wat] z x came out ( ! induction pipe 0 scald+ hot1 :5 ! wat] com+ f ! top ( ! pi/on 0 b j lukew>m1 ?\ght x w\ld be ( great advantage to fe$ f ! induction or inject$ wat]1 & accord+ly did x1 :i* gave a /roke or two ( advantage to ! eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,section ,?r\gh ! ,eng9e ,h\se ( ! ,c5tre ,squ>e ,wat] ,works1 ,philadelphia ,at ab\t ?is "t or late 9 #agjj1 a ,fr5*man1 ,montgolf]1 inv5t$ ! hydraulic ram4 ,?is ma*9e1 :ile simple 9 con/ruction1 is "o ( ! mo/ effici5t wat]-rais+ devices made1 & 9 ! lat] improv$ designs am\nt actually to hydraulic eng9es4 ,t pump+ eng9es ( ?is p]iod & /eam boil]s to op]ate !m 7 ( crude design !re c be no d\bt1 inde$1 _m ye>s lat]1 9 #ahjj1 :5 wat]works & a pump+ /ation 7 introduc$ 9 ,philadelphia1 ! pumps & boil]s 7 ( ! crude/ design4 ,a sectional illu/ration ( ! pump+ h\se1 tak5 f ,volume #ag ( ,eng9e]+ ,news1 conveys a fair idea ( ! design ( ! pumps4 ,! eng9e 0 built mo/ly ( wood & _h cyl9d]s #f feet long by #ch in*es inside diamet]4 ,a d\ble act+ pump _h a cyl9d] ( #ah in*es diamet] & #f-;foot /roke4 ,9 ^! eng9es ! lev] arms1 fly:eel %aft & arms1 fly:eel be>+s1 ! hot well1 hot & cold wat] pumps1 cold wat] ci/]n1 & ev5 ! ext]nal %ell ( ! boil]s 7 made ( wood4 ,! boil]s 7 rectangul> *e/s1 made ( #e-;in* :ite p9e planks ( ! g5]al dim5sions %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,!y 7 brac$ on ! sides1 top & bottom ) :ite oak scantl+1 #aj in*es squ>e1 all bolt$ toge!r ) #a-;in* iron rods pass+ ?r\gh ! planks4 ,inside ! *e/ 0 an iron fire-box1 #ab feet #f in*es long by #f feet wide & #a foot #aj in*es deep1 & #h v]tical flues1 #f ( #ae in*es & #b ( #ab in*es diamet]1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] circulat$1 ! fire act+ ar\nd !m & pass+ up an oval flue situat$ j above ! fire box & c>ri$ f ! back ( ! boil] to ne> ! front & !n return$ to ! *imney at ! back4 ,illu/ration3 ,wood5 ,boil]s us$ 9 ! ,philadelphia ,wat] ,supply ,^! wood5 boil]s 7 us$ at ! ,c5tre ,/reet wat]works f #ahja to #ahae1 b did n give g5]al satisfaction on acc\nt ( ! num]\s leaks4 ,!y 7 op]at$ at v l[ pressure1 av]ag+ n ov] #b p\nds p] squ>e in*1 b ev5 at ?is extremely l[ pressure 7 f\nd unsatisfactory4 ,dur+ ! e>ly days ( wat] supply1 foll[+ ! p]iod ( aqu$ucts1 lead 0 ! mat]ial commonly us$ = wat] supply ma9s4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 pipes made ( bor$-out logs 7 us$ & cont9u$ 9 s]vice up to ! ye> #ahai4 ,! wat] ma9s us$ 9 ,philadelphia 7 made ( spruce logs1 re9=c$ at ! ends ) wr\ght-iron b&s4 ,a section ( "o ( ^! old ,philadelphia wat] ma9s1 :i* is /ill 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation1 is on exhibition 9 ! ,build]s' ,ex*ange ( t city4 ,s f> z is kn[n1 ,philadelphia 0 ! fir/ city 9 ! _w to adopt ca/ iron pipe = wat] ma9s4 ,ca/ iron wat] pipes 7 laid 9 ,philadelphia 9 ! ye> #ahjd1 ant$at+ _! use 9 ,london1 ,engl&1 by a few ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,section ( ,bor$-out ,log ,laid 9 ,victoria1 ,b4 ,c41 9 #ahfb & tak5 out #aijj ,! durability ( wood pipe is r a/oni%+ :5 ! %ort life ( logs expos$ on ! surface ( ! e>? is consid]$4 ,aft] ly+ buri$ 9 ! e>? = fifty or sixty ye>s ! wood pipe us$ 9 ! ,philadelphia wat]works 0 sold to ,burl+ton1 ,n4 ,j41 9 #ahjd1 & rema9$ 9 con/ant use !re until #ahhg1 :5 l>g] ma9s 7 requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,valve = ,wood5 ,pipes ,us$ 9 ! ,philadelphia ,wat] ,supply ,illu/ration3 ,hydrant = ,wood5 ,pipes ,us$ 9 ! ,philadelphia ,wat] ,supply ,portsm\?1 ,n4 ,h41 us$ bor$ p9e logs = ma9s f #agih to #ahif1 :5 !y 7 replac$ ) l>g] pipes4 ,:5 dug up1 ! logs 7 entirely s\nd & good = _m ye>s' s]vice4 ,a few data reg>d+ ! use ( wood5 pipes might n be )\t int]e/1 :ile at ! same "t po9t+ out ! approximate dates :5 wat]works 7 con/ruct$ 9 sev]al cities4 ,log pipes laid 9 ,victoria1 ,b4 ,c41 9 #ahfb & tak5 out 9 #aijj 7 q free f decay b badly *eck$4 ,con/ant9ople /ill receives "p ( its supply ?r\gh wood pipe4 ,london _h #djj miles ( wood pipe 9 use = #bah ye>s1 f #aehi to #ahjg4 ,:5 tak5 up x 0 f\nd to be q s\nd4 ,bo/on us$ "o sy/em ( wood pipes f #afeb to #agif1 !n replac$ x ) ano!r "o :i* la/$ until #ahdh4 ,d5v]1 ,colorado1 has ne>ly #ajj miles ( /ave pipe conduit & ma9s 9 use4 ,all ! wat] br\ght to ,d5v] = dome/ic use passes ?r\gh wood5 pipe #cg in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* conducts x f ,*]ry ,creek1 :i* is ab\t #h miles f c5t] ( city4 ,! hydrants & valves us$ 9 connection ) wood pipes 9 ,philadelphia 7 made ( metal1 & x is presum$ t ! valves & hydrants us$ 9 o!r cities 7 likewise made ( metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,mod]n ,v]tical ,triple-,expansion ,pump+ ,eng9e ,only "o brief c5tury has pass$ s9ce wat]works pump+ /ations 7 introduc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b :at wond]ful improvem5ts h be5 made 9 pump+ ma*9]y design )9 t %ort space ( "t6 ,/eel & iron h tak5 ! place ( wood 9 ! manufacture ( boil]s & pumps1 & in/ead ( ! leaky1 unsatisfactory app>atus ( o!r days1 ev5 :5 work+ "u l[ pressures1 we n[ h pump+ eng9es :i* w "w cont9u\sly mon? aft] mon? "u sev]al hundr$ p\nds pressure1 & deliv] ! daily volumes ( f a few hundr$ to _m million gallons ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aqv$vct,,cross+,,!,,alcant>a,,valley ,,spani%-,,portvgese-,,bord] ,illu/ration3 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,synopsis ,,( ,,*apt]4 ,e>ly ,briti% ,sew]s--,sew] 9 ! ,great ,hall ( ,we/m9/]--,%ape ( ,e>ly ,engli% ,sew]s--,adoption or ,recomm5dation ( ,pipe ,sew]s--,e>ly ,p>is ,sew]s--,p>is ,sew]s ( ,to-day--,lack ( ,sewage ,data 9 ,am]ica--,effect ( ,memphis ,epidemics on ,sanit>y ,progress4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion we h ( ,engli% sew]s is conta9$ 9 an old record ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :i* in=ms u ,! refuse f ! k+'s kit*5 _h long run ?r\gh ! ,great ,hall 9 an op5 *annel1 to ! s]i\s injury to heal? & dang] to life ( ^? congregat$ at c\rt4 ,x 0 !re=e ord]$ t a subt]rane\s conduit %\ld be made to c>ry away ! fil? into ! ,?ames4 ,?is description ( ! sew] f ! ,great ,hall pres5ts a vivid picture ( ! sew]s ( t day4 ,at fir/ ! ma9 sew]s 7 natural wat] c\rses :i*1 hav+ become (f5sive1 7 ar*$ ov] to %ut out ! sight & odor4 ,/reet gutt]s lead+ to ^? ar*$-ov] wat] c\rses became f\l 9 turn1 & 7 replac$ by und]gr\nd *annels ( ! r\ghe/ brickwork or masonry4 ,^! dra9s :i* 7 squ>e 9 cross section receiv$ & c>ri$ (f slop wat] & ra9 wat] f ! /reets2 ! dra9s 7 con/ruct$ accord+ to no regul> design nor fix$ pr9ciples1 al?\gh usually !y 7 #ab in*es squ>e & made by lay+ flat /ones to =m ! bottom ( ! dra91 !n build+ walls ( brick & topp+ (f ) flat /ones1 spann+ f wall to wall4 ,excreta 7 collect$ 9 cesspools (t5 built b5ea? ! floor ( ! h\se4 ,! introduction ( ! wat] closet ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! c5tury1 ?\gh x abat$ ! nuisance ( ! latr9e1 aggravat$ ! evils ( ! cesspool by introduc+ a l>ge volume ( wat] f> exce$+ 9 weight ! actual excreta1 wat]logg+ ! subsoil4 ,! difficulty & exp5se ( empty+ ! cesspools 7 increas$4 ,cesspools 7 !re=e connect$ to sew]s by h\se dra9s4 ,! *annels int5d$ to c>ry (f ra9 wat] became sew]s4 ,sew]s & h\se dra9s 7 con/ruct$ on no sci5tific pr9ciple4#c ,! walls 7 r\gh1 irregul> & por\s4 ,naturally deposits took place 9 !m2 h& clean+ 0 consid]$ a normal incid5t to ! hi/ory ( ! sew]1 & irrespective ( ! volume ( sewage to be convey$1 sew]s 7 made l>ge en\gh to admit ! passage ( a man to facilitate clean+4 ,9 #aheb1 ! ,g5]al ,bo>d ( ,heal? "u ! ,public ,heal? ,act1 made _! fir/ report to ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t1 & advocat$ v /rongly ! introduction ( small] pipes 9 lieu ( ! l>ge brick & /one dra9s !n 9 use = h\se dra9age4 ,prior to ?is date1 ! fir/ report ( ! ,metropolitan ,sanit>y ,commission1 ,london1 appe>$1 :i*1 :ile n to be tak5 z advocat+ exclusively ! use ( small pipes1 yet po9t$ out ! necessity ( r$uc+ ! dim5sions & alt]+ ! %apes ( ! old /one & brick /ructures4 ,f ?is p]iod1 !n1 c be assum$ ! adoption & fir/ use ( e>!nw>e pipes = h\se dra9s & public sew]s4 ,! con/ruction ( sew]s 9 ,p>is dates f #affc1 b ! e>lie/ ( ^? /ill 9 use are n e>li] ?an ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,be=e ! great epidemic ( *ol]a 9 #ahcb1 ! total l5g? ( sew]s 0 n m ?an #ba miles4 ,! sew]s ( ,p>is to-day aggregate ov] #gej miles 9 l5g?1 & con/itute "o ( ! sights ( ! city4 ,accord+ to ,mason1#d ,!y may be inspect$ )\t *>ge on ! fir/ & ?ird ,w$nesdays ( ea* mon? 9 summ]1 by writ+ = a p]mit to ! ,prefect de la ,se9e4 ,desc5t is commonly made ne> ! ,madele9e by a sub/antial /airway ( /one1 & ! boats await+ ! p>ty at ! foot ( ! /eps are fully z l>ge & q z com=table z ,v5etian gondolas4 ,! great sew]1 :i* is tunnel-l 9 dim5sions1 be+ #af feet high & #ah feet broad1 is1 on occasions ( a visit1 light$ ) lamps alt]nately r$ & blue1 & z ^! /ret* away into ! di/ance ! effect is decid$ly /rik+4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! sewage conf9es itself to ! c5t] *annel1 b ^u occasions rises above ! sidewalk on ei!r h&4 ,! c5tral *annel is ab\t #aj feet wide & #d feet deep ) a curv$ bottom1 & a walk on ei!r side4 ,! boats ) _! loads ( visitors are pull$ by ropes 9 ! h&s ( att5dants :o walk along ! sidewalks4 ,on ei!r side ( ! sew] may be se5 ! l>ge ma9s1 c>ry+ ! city wat] supply1 also ! telegraph cables4 ,reliable data conc]n+ ! con/ruction ( sew]s 7 n obta9able 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates until long aft] ! close ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,9 #aheg1 :5 ,julius ,w4 ,adams 0 commission$ to prep>e plans = sew]+ ! city ( ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 :i* at t "t cov]$ an area ( #bj squ>e miles1 a great proportion ( :i* 0 suburban t]ritory1 ! eng9e]+ pr(ession 0 :olly )\t data ( any k9d to guide 9 proportion+ sew]s = ! dra9age ( cities & t[ns4 ,! half c5tury int]v5+ s9ce t "t1 h[ev]1 has se5 ! developm5t ( sanit>y eng9e]+ & witness$ ! in/allation ( sew] sy/em1 rightly proportion$ & prop]ly design$1 9 almo/ e city1 t[n & village 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile text books on eng9e]+ conta9 all necess>y data = _! design & con/ruction4 ,x mu/ n be inf]r$ f ! =ego+ /atem5t t sew]s 7 unkn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates prior to ! con/ruction ( ! ,brooklyn sew] sy/em4 ,!re 0 "o 9 ,bo/on1 = example1 :i* dat$ f ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :ile ! fir/ compreh5sive sew]age project 0 design$ by ,e4 ,s4 ,*esbr\gh1 = ! city ( ,*icago 9 #ahee4 ,!re 0 no great activity 9 sew] build+ 9 ?is c\ntry ?irty ye>s ago4 ,up to t "t mo/ ( ! cities 7 comp>atively small1 & no ?\ght 0 giv5 by ! v>i\s municipalities to treat+ ! comb9$ sewage z a :ole4 ,! conditions 7 ripe1 h[ev]1 = "s unusual ev5t to cry/allize public op9ion & focus att5tion on ! subject1 & ! ev5t 0 furni%$ by ! city ( ,memphis1 ,t5nessee4 ,ev] s9ce #agdj1 ,memphis _h be5 kn[n z a p>ticul>ly unheal?ful city1 :]e ! dea? rate 0 abnormally high1 & epidemic aft] epidemic ( *ol]a1 yell[ fev] & o!r contagi\s diseases _h sc\rg$ ! inhabitants4 ,s common _h ^? ev5ts become1 t !y 7 accept$ z incid5t to liv+ 9 ! locality1 & 7 look$ ^u z special visitations :i* c\ld n be avoid$4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( affairs :5 an epidemic ( yell[ fev] broke out 9 #ahgi1 :i* caus$ a dea? li/ ( #e1aej1 & 0 foll[$ ! succe$+ ye> by a fur!r dea? roll ( #dhe1 due to ! sc\rge4 ,_h ! disease be5 conf9$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! city1 x is possible t little w\ld h be5 ?\ght ( ! matt] outside ( ! /ate ( ,t5nessee4 ,h[ev]1 refugees1 flee+ 9 all directions1 c>ri$ ! dread disease ) !m1 until a /rict qu>ant9e--a %otgun qu>ant9e--conf9$ ! infection to a c]ta9 circumscrib$ area4 ,9 ! meantime1 int]f]5ce ) railroad traffic1 arm$ =ces gu>d+ ! bord]s ( neighbor+ /ates1 toge!r ) ! fe> ( ! dread disease spread+ all ov] ! c\ntry1 br\ght ,congress & ! public to a realization ( ! necessity = do+ some?+ to /amp out ! disease4 ,! mo/ practical good accompli%$ by ! agitation 0 ! organization ( a ,national ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 a committee f :i* made a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! sanit>y conditions ( ,memphis4 ,:at ! committee f\nd 9 ! way ( fil? 0 almo/ beyond belief4 ,! city1 !y f\nd1 0 honeycomb$ ) cesspools & privy-vaults4 ,_m ( ! cesspools & privy-vaults 7 "u or 9 ! cell>s ( h\ses1 :]e !y _h be5 fill$ ) accumulations & ab&on$ to fe/] & rot4 ,fil? 0 ev]y:]e--above gr\nd & b5ea? ! surface1 9 ! h\se & out ( doors4 ,!re 0 only "o ?+ to d--give ! city a good clean+2 & t 0 ! only "t 9 hi/ory1 p]haps1 :5 pressure f ! outside =c$ an almo/ bankrupt city to obs]ve ! laws ( dec5cy & sanitation4 ,! v>i\s works :i* _h be5 built up to ?is "t to supply communities ) wat]1 _h = _! sole object ! provid+ ( an adequate supply s f> z quantity is conc]n$1 b gave little ?\ght to ! quality ( ! wat]1 s long z x 0 cle> & cold4 ,! sew]s or dra9s on ! o!r h& 7 con/ruct$ solely to prev5t a nuisance & ) no def9ite k t an unclean environm5t & pollut$ wat] 7 conducive to ill-heal?1 :ile pure wat] & clean surr\nd+s 7 conducive to ! public heal?4 ,"s ev5ts 7 ab\t to happ51 h[ev]1 :i* w\ld awak5 ! public m9d to ! dang]s ( dirt1 & t w\ld u%] 9 ! pres5t epo* ( sanitation4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,ba?+,,&,,bvrn+ ,,h9dv,,dead,,at,,b5>es ,:o dies 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,ganges obta9s ,heav5 ,f ,/]eograph1 copyright by ,und]wood ,und]wood1 ,n4 ,y4 7,see page iv7 ,illu/ration3 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,synopsis ( ,*apt]4 ,sanit>y ,awak5+--,realization ( ! ,dang] ( ,un:olesome ,wat]--,*ol]a 9 ,london ,trac$ to ! ,broad ,/reet ,pump--,an ,hi/orical ,/9k4 ,tru? is mighty & w prevail1 b sometimes x is c5turies be=e its voice c be he>d & additional c5turies be=e its language is und]/ood4 ,z e>ly z #cej ,b4 ,c41 ,hippocrates1 ! ,fa!r ( ,m$ic9e1 po9t$ out ! dang] ( un/]iliz$ wat] & advis$ boil+ or filt]+ a pollut$ wat] supply be=e dr9k+4 ,he fur!r believ$ t ! consumption ( swamp wat] 9 ! raw /ate produc$ enl>gem5t ( ! sple54 ,_h 8 w>n+ be5 he$$ ! lives ( millions ( p :o 7 c>ri$ to untimely graves by ! sc\rges ( pe/il5ce :i* swept ov] ,europe1 ,asia & ,great ,brita91 might h be5 sav$4 ,"s idea ( ! ravage caus$ by fil? diseases c be ga9$ by review+ ! mortality due to *ol]a 9 ,london dur+ ! epidemics ( #ahcb1 #ahdh1 #ahdi1 #ahec & #ahed4 ,on acc\nt ( its size & lack ( sanit>y provisions1 ! ,london ( t p]iod 0 ! k9d ( place 9 :i*1 ) our pres5t k ( disease1 we w\ld expect a plague to rea* its height4 ,prior to #agjj1 ! city ( ,london _h no sew]s & 0 )\t wat] supply1 except su* z 0 obta9$ f wells & spr+s 9 ! neighborhood4 ,! subsoil ( ,london we c readily believe 0 f\l f cesspool lea*+s & f slops & h\sehold refuse deposit$ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 s t wat] f ! wells )9 ! city limits1 :ile cool p]haps & palatable1 c\ld n h be5 :olesome4 ,_m public wells ) pumps _h be5 in/all$ at c]ta9 int]vals on ! public highways1 & an epidemic ( *ol]a trac$ to "o ( ^! wells1 0 ! means ( po9t+ out ! dang] to public heal?1 caus$ by an infect$ wat] supply1 & ( %[+ ! *annel by :i* ! infecti\s matt] f p suff]+ f inte/9al diseases 0 transmitt$ to heal?y individuals4 ,! /ory is well told by ,s$gwick3#e ,"o ( ! e>lie/1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s1 & "o ( ! mo/ in/ructive cases ( ! conveyance ( disease by pollut$ wat]1 is t commonly kn[n z ! epidemic ( ,asiatic *ol]a connect$ ) ! ,broad ,/reet1 ,london1 well1 :i* occurr$ 9 #ahed4 ,= its conspicu\sly circumscrib$ "*1 its viol5ce & fatality1 & especially = ! rem>kable skill1 ?or\ghness & success ) :i* x 0 inve/igat$1 x w long rema9 "o ( ! classical in/ances ( ! t]rible effici5cy ( pollut$ wat] z a vehicle ( disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,asiatic ,,*ol]a - ,,& - ,,! ,,broad ,,/reet ,,pump4 ,,london #ahed4 ,z a monum5t ( sanit>y rese>*1 ( m$ical & eng9e]+ int]e/ & ( p5etrat+ inductive reason+1 x des]ves ! mo/ c>eful /udy4 ,no apology !re=e ne$ be made = giv+ ( x "h a some:at ext5d$ acc\nt4#f ,! p>i% ( ,/4 ,james1 ,london1 occupi$ #afd acres 9 #ahed1 & conta9$ #cf1djf inhabitants 9 #ahea4 ,x 0 subdivid$ into ?ree subdi/ricts1 viz41 ^? ( ,/4 ,james ,squ>e1 ,gold5 ,squ>e & ,b]wick ,/reet4 ,z w be se5 by ! map1 x 0 situat$ ne> a "p ( ,london n[ well kn[n to travell]s1 n f> f ! junction ( ,reg5t & ,ox=d ,/reets4 ,x 0 b\nd$ by ,mayfair & ,hanov] ,squ>e on ! we/1 by ,all ,s\ls & ,m>ylbone on ! nor?1 ,/4 ,anne's & ,soho on ! ea/1 & ,*>+ ,cross & ,/4 ,m>t9's-9-!-,fields on ! ea/ & s\?4 ,9 ! *ol]a epidemics ( #ahcb1 #ahdh1 #ahdi & #ahec1 ,/4 ,james' ,p>i% suff]$ some:at1 b on ! av]age decid$ly less ?an ,london z a :ole4 ,9 #ahed1 h[ev]1 ! rev]se 0 ! case4 ,! inquiry committee e/imat$ t 9 ?is ye> ! fatal attacks 9 ,/4 ,james' ,p>i% 7 probably n less ?an #gjj1 & f ?is e/imate compil$ a *ol]a dea? rate1 dur+ #ag weeks "u consid]ation1 ( #bbj p] #aj1jjj liv+ 9 ! p>i%1 :i* 0 f> above ! highe/ 9 any o!r di/rict4 ,9 ! adjo9+ sub-di/rict ( ,hanov] ,squ>e ! ratio 0 #i2 & 9 ! ,*>+ ,cross di/rict ( ,/4 ,m>t9's-9-!-,fields 7includ+ a hospital7 x 0 #cc4 ,9 #ahdh-ahdi ! *ol]a mortality 9 ,/4 ,james' ,p>i% _h be5 only #ae p] #aj1jjj inhabitants4 ,)9 ! p>i% itself1 ! disease 9 #ahed 0 v unequally di/ribut$4 ,9 ! ,/4 ,james ,squ>e di/rict1 ! *ol]a mortality 0 only #af p] #aj1jjj1 :ile 9 ! ,gold5 ,squ>e di/rict x 0 #bag & 9 ! ,b]wick ,/reet di/rict #bab4 ,x 0 pla9 t !re _h be5 a special *ol]a area1 a localiz$ circumscrib$ di/rict4 ,?is 0 ev5tually m9utely /udi$ 9 ! mo/ pa9/ak+ fa%ion z to population1 indu/ries1 previ\s sanit>y hi/ory1 meteorological conditions & o!r g5]al ph5om5a common to ,london z a :ole1 ) ! result t x 0 f\nd to h %>$ ) ! re/ ( ,london a previ\s long cont9u$ abs5ce ( ra91 a high /ate ( temp]ature bo? ( ! air & ( ! ,?ames1 an unusual /agnation ( ! l[] /rata ( ! atmosph]e1 highly favorable to its acquisition ( impurity1 & al?\gh x 0 impossible to fix ! precise %>e :i* ea* ( ! conditions enum]at$ might sep>ately h _h 9 favor+ ! spread ( *ol]a1 ! :ole hi/ory ( t malady1 z well z ( ! epidemic ( #ahed & inde$ ( ! plague ( pa/ epo*s1 ju/ifies ! supposition t _! comb9$ op]ation1 ei!r by favor+ a g5]al impurity 9 ! air or 9 "s o!r way1 concurr$ 9 a decid$ mann]1 la/ summ] & autumn 7#ahed7 to give tempor>y activity to ! special causes ( t disease4 ,! inquiry committee did n1 h[ev]1 re/ satisfi$ ) ^! vague speculations & conclusions1 b z previ\sly %[n 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is local outbreak1 ! result+ mortality 0 s disproportion$ to t 9 ! re/ ( ! metropolis & m p>ticul>ly to t 9 ! imm$iately surr\nd+ di/ricts1 t we mu/ seek m n>r[ly & locally = "s peculi> conditions1 :i* may help to expla9 ?is s]i\s visitation4 ,accord+ly special inquiries 7 made )9 ! di/rict involv$ 9 reg>d to its elevation ( site1 soil & subsoil1 includ+ an ext5d$ inquiry into ! hi/ory ( a pe/ field said to h be5 locat$ )9 ?is area 9 #affe1 #afff1 to :i* "s _h attribut$ ! *ol]a ( #ahed2 surface & gr\nd plan2 /reets & c\rts2 d5sity ( population2 "* ( ! population2 dwell+ h\ses2 int]nal economy z to space1 light1 v5tilation & g5]al cleanl9ess2 du/ b9s & accumulations 9 y>ds1 cell>s & areas2 cesspools1 closets & h\se dra9s2 sew]s1 _! wat] fl[ & atmosph]ic connection2 public wat] supply & well wat] supply4 ,no peculi> condition or adequate explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! epidemic 0 discov]$ 9 any ( ^!1 ev5 aft] ! mo/ se>*+ inquiry1 except 9 ! well wat] supply4 ,abundant g5]al defects 7 f\nd 9 ! o!r sanit>y factors1 b no?+ peculi> to ! *ol]a area1 or if peculi>1 common to ^? attack$ by ! disease1 c\ld be f\nd except+ ! wat] supply4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( ! outbreak1 ,dr4 ,john ,sn[1 ) comm5dable en]gy1 _h tak5 ! tr\ble to get ! numb] & location ( ! fatal cases1 z is /at$ 9 8 own report3 ,i reque/$ p]mission1 on ! #e? ( ,septemb]1 to take a li/1 at ! g5]al regi/] (fice1 ( ! dea?s f *ol]a regi/]$ dur+ ! week end+ ! #bnd ( ,septemb]1 9 ! subdi/ricts ( ,gold5 ,squ>e & ,b]wick ,/reet1 ,/4 ,james' & ,/4 ,anne's1 ,soho1 :i* 0 k9dly grant$4 ,eighty-n9e 7#hi7 dea?s f *ol]a 7 regi/]$ dur+ ! week 9 ! ?ree subdi/ricts1 ( ^! only six 7#f7 occurr$ on ! fir/ f\r days ( ! week1 f\r occurr$ on ,?ursday1 ,augu/ #ca1 & ! rema9+ #gi on ,friday & ,saturday4 ,i consid]$ !re=e t ! outbreak comm5c$ on ! ,?ursday1 & ,i made inquiry 9 detail respect+ ! #hc dea?s regi/]$ z hav+ tak5 place dur+ ! la/ ?ree days ( ! week4 ,on proce$+ to ! spot ,i f\nd t ne>ly all ! dea?s _h tak5 place )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! pump 9 ,broad ,/reet4 ,!re 7 only t5 dea?s 9 h\ses situat$ decid$ly ne>] to ano!r /reet pump4 ,9 five ( ^! cases ! families ( ! deceas$ p]sons told me t !y always s5t to ! pump 9 ,broad ,/reet1 z !y pref]r$ ! wat] to t ( ! pump :i* 0 ne>]4 ,9 ?ree o!r cases ! deceas$ 7 *ildr5 :o w5t to s*ool ne> ! pump 9 ,broad ,/reet4 ,two ( !m 7 kn[n to h drunk ! wat] & ! p>5ts ( ! ?ird ?9k x probable t x did s4 ,! o!r two dea?s beyond ! di/rict :i* ! pump supplies1 repres5t only ! am\nt ( mortality f *ol]a t 0 occurr+ be=e ! eruption took place4 ,) reg>d to ! #gc dea?s occurr+ 9 ! locality belong+1 z x 71 to ! pump1 !re 7 #fa in/ances 9 :i* ,i 0 in=m$ t ! deceas$ p]sons us$ to dr9k ! wat] f ! pump 9 ,broad ,/reet1 ei!r con/antly or occasionally4 ,9 six 7#f7 in/ances ,i c\ld get no in=mation1 ow+ to ! dea? or dep>ture ( e "o connect$ ) ! deceas$ individuals2 & 9 six 7#f7 cases ,i 0 in=m$ t ! deceas$ p]sons did n dr9k ! pump wat] be=e _! illness4 ,! result ( ! inquiry consequ5tly 0 t !re _h be5 no p>ticul> outbreak or increase ( *ol]a 9 ?is "p ( ,london1 except among ! p]sons :o 7 9 ! habit ( dr9k+ ! wat] ( ! above m5tion$ pump well4 ,i _h an int]view ) ! ,bo>d ( ,gu>dians ( ,/4 ,james' ,p>i% on ! ev5+ ( ,?ursday1 #g? ( ,septemb]1 & repres5t$ ! above circum/ances to !m4 ,9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! h&le ( ! pump 0 remov$ on ! foll[+ day4 ,! additional facts t ,i h be5 able to asc]ta9 are 9 accordance ) ^? relat$ above1 & z reg>ds ! small numb] ( ^? attack$1 :o 7 believ$ n to h drunk ! wat] f ! ,broad ,/reet pump1 x mu/ be obvi\s t !re are v>i\s ways 9 :i* ! deceas$ p]sons may h tak5 x )\t ! k ( _! fri5ds4 ,! wat] 0 us$ = mix+ ) spirits 9 "s ( ! public h\ses ar\nd4 ,x 0 us$ likewise at d9+ rooms & c(fee %ops4 ,! keep] ( a c(fee %op :i* 0 frequ5t$ by me*anics & :]e ! pump wat] 0 suppli$ at d9n] "t1 in=m$ u on ! #f? ( ,septemb] t %e 0 already aw>e ( n9e ( h] cu/om]s :o 7 dead4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,swan discov]$ t :ile a workh\se 7alm%\se7 9 ,pol& ,/reet 0 ?ree-f\r?s surr\nd$ by h\ses 9 :i* *ol]a dea?s occurr$1 out ( #ebe inmates ( ! workh\se1 only five *ol]a dea?s occurr$4 ,! workh\se1 h[ev]1 _h a well ( its own 9 addition to ! city supply1 & nev] s5t = wat] to ! ,broad ,/reet pump4 ,if ! *ol]a mortality 9 ! workh\se _h be5 equal to t 9 its imm$iate vic9ity1 x w\ld h _h #ej dea?s4 ,a brew]y 9 ,broad ,/reet employ+ sev5ty workm5 0 entirely exempt1 b hav+ a well ( its own1 & all[ances ( malt liquor hav+ be5 cu/om>ily made to ! employees1 x appe>s likely t ! proprietor 0 "r 9 8 belief t resort 0 nev] _h to ! ,broad ,/reet well4 ,x 0 q o!rwise 9 a c>tridge factory at ,no4 #ch ,broad ,/reet1 :]e ab\t two hundr$ "w p 7 employ$1 two tubs ( dr9k+ wat] hav+ be5 kept on ! premises & always fill$ f ! ,broad ,/reet pump4 ,among ^! employees eighte5 di$ ( *ol]a4 ,simil> facts 7 elicit$ = o!r factories on ! same /reet1 all t5d+ to %[ t 9 g5]al ^? :o drank ! wat] f ! ,broad ,/reet pump well suff]$ ei!r f *ol]a or di>rha1 :ile ^? :o did n dr9k t wat] escap$4 ,! :ole *a9 ( evid5ce 0 made absolutely conclusive by sev]al rem>kable & /rik+ cases1 l ! foll[+3 ,a g5tleman 9 delicate heal? 0 s5t = f ,brighton to see 8 bro!r at ,no4 #f ,pol& ,/reet1 :o 0 attack$ by *ol]a & di$ 9 twelve h\rs1 on ! #a/ ( ,septemb]4 ,! g5tleman arriv$ aft] 8 bro!r's dea?1 & did n see ! body4 ,he only /ay$ ab\t tw5ty m9utes 9 ! h\se1 :]e he took a ha/y & scanty lun*eon ( rump /eak1 tak+ ) x a small tumbl] ( cold br&y & wat]1 ! wat] be+ f ,broad ,/reet pump4 ,he w5t to ,p5tonville1 0 attack$ ) *ol]a on ! ev5+ ( ! foll[+ day1 ,septemb] #b;d1 & di$ ! next ev5+4 ,! dea? ( ,mrs4 ,e4 & h] niece1 :o drank ! wat] f ,broad ,/reet at ! ,we/ ,end1 ,hamp/ead1 des]ves especially to be notic$4 ,i 0 in=m$ by ,mrs4 ,e4's son t 8 "m _h n be5 9 ! neighborhood ( ,broad ,/reet = _m mon?s4 ,a c>t w5t f ,broad ,/reet to ,we/ ,end e day1 & x 0 ! cu/om to take out a l>ge bottle ( ! wat] f ! pump 9 ,broad ,/reet1 z %e pref]r$ x4 ,! wat] 0 tak5 out on ,?ursday1 ! #ca/ ( ,augu/1 & %e drank ( x 9 ! ev5+ & also on ,friday4 ,%e 0 seiz$ ) *ol]a on ! ev5+ ( ! latt] day1 & di$ on ,saturday4 ,a niece :o 0 on a visit to ?is lady also drank ( ! wat]4 ,%e return$ to h] resid5ce1 a high & heal?y "p ( ,isl+ton1 0 attack$ ) *ol]a1 & di$ also4 ,!re 0 no *ol]a at ?is "t ei!r at ,we/ ,end or 9 ! neighborhood :]e ! niece di$4 ,besides ^! two p]sons only "o s]vant p>took ( ! wat] at ,we/ ,end1 ,hamp/ead1 & %e did n suff]1 at lea/ n sev]ely4 ,%e _h di>rha4 ,dr4 ,sn['s inquiry into ! cases ( *ol]a :i* 7 ne>] o!r pumps %[$ t 9 mo/ ! victims _h pref]r$1 or _h access to1 ! wat] ( ! ,broad ,/reet well1 & 9 only a few cases 0 x impossible to trace any connection ) ! pump4 ,f9ally1 ,dr4 ,sn[ made a /ati/ical /atem5t ( great value :i* is "h giv5 9 its orig9al =m3 ,,! ,,broad ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,,well ,,& ,,dea?s ,,f ,,asiatic ,,*ol]a ,,ne> ,,x ,,9 #ahed --------------------------------- ,date ,numb] ( ,dea?s ,fatal ,attacks --------------------------------- ,augu/ #ai #a #a ,augu/ #bj #a #j ,augu/ #ba #a #b ,augu/ #bb #j #j ,augu/ #bc #a #j ,augu/ #bd #a #b ,augu/ #be #j #j ,augu/ #bf #a #j ,augu/ #bg #a #a ,augu/ #bh #a #j ,augu/ #bi #a #a ,augu/ #cj #h #b ,augu/ #ca #ef #d ,septemb] #a #adc #gj ,septemb] #b #aaf #abg ,septemb] #c #ed #gf ,septemb] #d #df #ga ,septemb] #e #cf #de ,septemb] #f #bj #cg ,septemb] #g #bh #cb ,septemb] #h #ab #cj ,septemb] #i #aa #bd ,septemb] #aj #e #ah ,septemb] #aa #e #ae ,septemb] #ab #a #f ,septemb] #ac #c #ac ,septemb] #ad #j #f ,septemb] #ae #a #h ,septemb] #af #d #f ,septemb] #ag #b #e ,septemb] #ah #c #b ,septemb] #ai #j #c ,septemb] #bj #j #j ,septemb] #ba #b #j ,septemb] #bb #a #b ,septemb] #bc #a #c ,septemb] #bd #a #j ,septemb] #be #a #j ,septemb] #bf #a #b ,septemb] #bg #a #j ,septemb] #bh #j #b ,septemb] #bi #j #j ,septemb] #cj #j #j ,date unkn[n #de #j --------------------------------- #faf #faf ---------------------------------- ,9 addition to ! orig9al & g5]al inquiry conduct$ f ! "t ( ! outbreak by ,dr4 ,sn[1 ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,:itehead1 ,m4 ,a41 curate ( ,/4 ,luke's 9 ,b]wick ,/reet1 & l ,dr4 ,sn[1 a memb] ( ! ,*ol]a ,inquiry ,committee1 ^: k ( ! di/rict bo? be=e & dur+ ! epidemic1 ow+ to 8 (ficial position1 gave him unusual advantages1 made a mo/ elaborate & pa9/ak+ h\se-to-h\se inve/igation ( "o ( ! pr9cipal /reets affect$1 viz41 ,broad ,/reet itself4 ,! ,rev4 ,h4 ,:itehead's report1 l t ( ,dr4 ,sn[1 is a model ( c>eful & ext5d$ obs]vation & /udy1 cauti\s g5]aliz+ & rigid v]ification4 ,x is an excell5t in/ance ( inductive sci5tific inquiry by a layman 9 sanitation4 ,mr4 ,:itehead f\nd ! numb] ( h\ses on ,broad ,/reet #di2 ! resid5t h\sehold]s #ce2 ! total numb] ( resid5t inhabitants #hif2 ! total numb] ( dea?s among ^! #ij4 ,dea?s among non-resid5ts 7workm51 etc47 belong+ to ! /reet1 #bh4 ,total dea?s *>geable to ?is /reet alone1 #aah4 ,only #aj h\ses out ( #di 7 free f *ol]a4 ,! dates ( attack ( ! fatal cases resid5t 9 ?is s+le /reet 7 z foll[s3 ---------------------------- ,date ( ,numb] ( ,attack ,fatal ,attacks ---------------------------- ,augu/ #ab #a ,augu/ #bh #a ,augu/ #cj #a ,augu/ #ca #f ,septemb] #a #bf ,septemb] #b #bd ,septemb] #c #i ,septemb] #d #h ,septemb] #e #f ,septemb] #f #e ,septemb] #g #j ,septemb] #h #b ,septemb] #i #a ---------------------------- #ij ---------------------------- ,mr4 ,:itehead's detail$ inve/igation 0 n made until ! spr+ ( #ahee1 b 9 spite ( ?is fact x suppli$ mo/ int]e/+ & important confirmatory evid5ce ( ,dr4 ,sn['s !ory t ! ,broad ,/reet well 0 ! s\rce ( ! epidemic4 ,mr4 ,:itehead1 moreov]1 w5t fur!r ?an ,dr4 ,sn[1 & endeavor$ to f9d out h[ ! well came to be infect$1 :y its infecti\s condition 0 s limit$1 z x appe>$ to h be51 & to answ] v>i\s o!r que/ions :i* occurr$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 inquiry4 ,z a result1 he conclud$ t ! well mu/ h be5 mo/ infect$ on ,augu/ #ca/1 t = "s reason unkn[n a p>tial purification began on ,septemb] #b;d1 & !reaft] proce$$ rapidly4 ,!re 0 "s evid5ce t on ,augu/ #cj? ! wat] 0 mu* less infect$ ?an on ! #ca/1 s t its dang]\s condition 0 app>5tly tempor>y only4 ,he fur!r discov]$ t 9 ! h\se ,no4 #dj ,broad ,/reet1 :i* 0 ! ne>e/ h\se to ! well1 !re _h be5 n only f\r fatal cases ( *ol]a contemporane\s ) ! epidemic1 b c]ta9 e>li] cases ( an obscure nature1 :i* might h be5 *ol]a1 & t dejecta f ^! _h be5 ?r[n )\t dis9fection into a cesspool v ne> ! well4 ,on 8 report+ ^! facts 9 ,april1 #ahee1 to ! ma9 committee1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,york1 secret>y & surveyor to ! committee1 0 in/ruct$ to survey ! locality & exam9e ! well1 cesspool & dra9s at ,no4 #dj ,broad ,/reet4 ,mr4 ,york's report reveal$ a />tl+ condition ( affairs4 ,! well 0 circul> 9 section1 #bh feet #aj in*es deep1 #f feet 9 diamet]1 l9$ ) brick1 & :5 exam9$ conta9$ #g feet #f in*es ( wat]4 ,x 0 ar*$ 9 at ! top1 dome fa%ion1 & tightly clos$ at a level #c feet #f in*es bel[ ! /reet by a cov] occupy+ ! cre/ ( ! dome4 ,! bottom ( ! ma9 dra9 ( ! h\se ,no4 #dj ,broad ,/reet1 lay #i feet #b in*es above ! wat] level1 & "o ( its sides 0 di/ant f ! brick l9+ ( ! well only #b feet #h in*es4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ on ! old fa%ion$ plan ( a flat bottom1 #ab in*es wide1 ) brick sides ris+ ab\t #ab in*es high1 & cov]$ ) old /ones4 ,z ?is dra9 _h b a small fall or incl9ation outw>d to ! ma9 sew]1 ! bottom 0 cov]$ ) an accumulation ( soil deposit ab\t #b in*es ?ick1 & ^u cle>+ ?is soil away ! mort> jo9ts ( ! old /one bottom 7 f\nd to be p]i%$1 z 0 also all ! jo9t+ ( ! brick sides1 :i* _h br\ght ! brickwork into ! condition ( a sieve1 & ?r\gh :i* ! h\se dra9age wat] mu/ h p]colat$ = a consid]able p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,asiatic ,,*ol]a ,,& ,,! ,,broad ,,/reet ,,well4 ,,london #ahed4 ,aft] op5+ back ! ma9 dra91 a cesspool1 int5d$ = a trap b miscon/ruct$1 0 f\nd 9 ! area1 #c feet #h in*es long by #b feet #f in*es wide & #c feet deep1 & ^u or ov] a "p ( ?is cesspool a common op5 privy1 )\t wat] supply1 = ! use ( ! h\se1 0 erect$1 ! cesspool be+ fully *>g$ ) soil4 ,?is privy 0 =m$ across ! ea/ end ( ! area1 & ^u remov+ ! soil ! brickwork ( ! cesspool 0 f\nd to be 9 ! same decay$ condition z ! dra91 & :i* may be bett] compreh5d$ by /at+ t ! bricks 7 easily lift$ f _! b$s )\t ! lea/ =ce1 s t any fluid c\ld readily pass ?r\gh ! "w1 or z 0 ! case :5 fir/ op5$1 ov] ! top c\rse ( bricks ( ! trap into ! e>? or made gr\nd1 imm$iately "u & adjo9+ ! end wall ea/w>d1 ?is surface dra9age be+ caus$ by ! accumulation ( soil 91 & ! miscon/ruction (1 ! cesspool4 ,?us1 !re=e1 f ! *>g$ condition ( ! cesspool1 ! defective /ate ( its brickwork & also t ( ! dra91 no d\bt rema9s 9 my m9d t con/ant p]colation = a consid]able p]iod _h be5 convey+ fluid matt] f ! dra9s into ! well2 b le/ any d\bt %\ld arise on ?is subject h]eaft]1 ,i _h two spaces ( ! brick /emm+1 #b feet squ>e ea*1 tak5 out ( ! inside ( ! well1 ! fir/ #ac feet deep f ! level ( ! /reet pav+1 ! second #ah feet deep1 & a ?ird 0 aft]w>d op5$ /ill l[]1 :5 ! wa%$ appe>ance ( ! gr\nd & gravel fully corroborat$ ! assumption4 ,9 addition !reto1 ! gr\nd 0 dug out betwe5 ! cesspool & ! well to #c feet bel[ ! bottom ( ! =m]1 & its black1 saturat$1 swampy condition cle>ly demon/rat$ ! fact1 z did also ! small furr[$ appe>ance ( ! und]ly+ gravel obs]v$ f ! inside ( ! well1 f :i* ! f9e s& _h be5 wa%$ away dur+ ! process ( filtration4 ,x 0 ?us e/abli%$ z cle>ly z c be done by circum/antial evid5ce1 t ! great epidemic 9 ,/4 ,james' ,p>i%1 ,we/m9/]1 ,london1 9 #ahed1 0 caus$ by ! pollut$ wat] ( ! ,broad ,/reet well1 :i* = a v few days 0 probably infect$ ) *ol]a g]ms4 ,x is mu* less cle> h[ ! well became infect$1 b x seems probable t ! dejecta ( a *ol]a pati5t f\nd tol]ably direct access to ! well f ! cesspool or dra9 ( a h\se ne>by4 ,!re is no evid5ce :atev] t ! g]ms multipli$ 9 ! well1 b r mu* evid5ce t !y rapidly di$ out4 ,x is repeat$ly /at$ 9 ! report t ! wat] 0 pref]r$ = dr9k+ because x 0 cold1 i4 e41 cold] ?an ! ci/]n wat] d]iv$ f public wat] supply & ?is condition w\ld probably favor su* dy+ out4 ,t ! wat] _h long be5 pollut$ !re c be no d\bt4 ,!re 0 evid5ce ( ?is1 & also "s evid5ce t x 0 worse ?an usual at ! "t :5 x 0 probably infect$4 ,"o consum] spoke ( x z hav+ be5 at ! "t (f5sive 9 ta/e & odor4 ,x is in/ructive to note t m]e pollution seems to h done no obvi\s h>m4 ,specific infection1 h[ev]1 produc$ ,asiatic *ol]a4 ,mr4 ,:itehead 9 8 s+ul>ly fair & c&id report raises an int]e/+ "q1 viz3 ,:y1 if an e>ly & unrecogniz$ case 9 ! h\se 9 "q br\ght ab\t infection ( ! well1 %\ld n ! f\r sev]] cases ( und\bt$ *ol]a subsequ5tly 9 ! same h\se1 ) no kn[n *ange 9 ! dra9age1 h produc$ ev5 great] disa/]8 ,?is "q rema9s unansw]$1 except t aft] ! removal ( ! pump h&le on ! #h? ( ,septemb] access to ! well 0 %ut (f1 & dur+ ! int]m$iate week ! well may h be5 avoid$ by ! fright5$ p2 or ow+ to illness less wat] may h be5 us$ 9 ,no4 #dj ,broad ,/reet1 s t ! cesspool did n ov]fl[1 or "s o!r condition unkn[n may h be5 *ang$4 ,foll[+ closely on ! heels ( ! report ( ! ,*ol]a ,inquiry ,commission came an ev5t1 :i*1 ?\gh fraught ) no dang]1 nev]!less did m to call att5tion ( p 9 g5]al & lawmak]s 9 p>ticul> to ! necessity = sanit>y surr\nd+s & ! dang] ( pollut$ wat] supply1 ?an _h all ! epidemics ( *ol]a & typhoid fev] :i* _h prec$$4 ,?is ev5t 0 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s /9ks record$1 if n ! mo/ fam\s1 & arose f ! ,?ames 9 ,london 9 #aheh & #ahei4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is hi/oric /9k is by ,dr4 ,budd4#g ,! ne$ ( "s radical modification 9 ! view commonly tak5 ( ! relation :i* subsi/s betwe5 typhoid fev] & sewage 0 plac$ 9 a v /rik+ light by ! /ate ( ! public heal? 9 ,london dur+ ! hot mon?s ( #aheh & #ahei1 :5 ! ,?ames /ank s badly4 ,! late ,dr4 ,mc,william po9t$ out at ! "t1 9 fitt+ & emphatic t]ms1 ! utt] inconsi/5cy ( ! facts ) ! receiv$ notion ( ! subject4 ,nev] be=e _h nature laid d[n ! data = ! solution ( a problem ( ?is k9d 9 t]ms s l>ge1 or wr\ght !m out to s decisive an issue4 ,z ! lesson !n taught u seems to be already well nigh =gott51 ,i may p]haps be all[$ to recall "s ( its mo/ sali5t po9ts4 ,! occasion1 inde$1 z has already be5 h9t$1 0 no common "o4 ,an extreme case1 a gigantic scale 9 ! ph5om5a1 & p]fect accuracy 9 ! regi/ration ( ! results--?ree ( ! be/ ( all ! gu>antees aga9/ fallacy--7 comb9$ to make ! inductions sure4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( man1 ! sewage ( ne>ly ?ree millions ( p _h be5 br\ght to see! & f]m5t "u a burn+ sun1 9 "o va/ op5 cloaca ly+ 9 _! mid/4 ,! result we all "k4 ,/5* s f\l we may well believe _h nev] be=e asc5d$ to pollute ?is l[] air4 ,nev] be=e at lea/ _h a /9k ris5 to ! height ( an hi/oric ev5t4 ,ev5 anci5t fable fail$ to furni% figures adequate to convey a conception ( its ?rice-,augean f\lness4 ,= _m weeks ! atmosph]e ( ,p>liam5t>y committee rooms 0 only r5d]$ b>ely tol]able by ! susp5sion be=e e w9d[ ( bl9ds saturat$ ) *loride ( lime1 & by ! lavi% use ( ?is & o!r dis9fectants4 ,m ?an once1 9 spite ( simil> precautions1 ! law c\rts 7 sudd5ly brok5 up by an insupportable invasion ( ! noxi\s vapor4 ,! riv] /eam]s lo/ _! accu/om$ traffic1 & travel]s press$ = "t (t5 made circuit ( _m miles r ?an cross "o ( ! city bridges4 ,= mon?s toge!r ! topic almo/ monopoliz$ ! public pr9ts4 ,day aft] day1 week aft] week1 ! ,times teem$ ) lett]s fill$ ) compla9t1 prophetic ( calamity or sugge/+ rem$ies4 ,"h & !re a m ?an commonly passionate appeal %[$ h[ int5sely ! evil 0 felt by ^? :o 7 condemn$ to dwell on ! ,/ygian banks4 ,at home & abroad ! /ate ( ! *ief riv] 0 felt to be a national reproa*4 ,india is 9 ,revolt1 & ! ,?ames ,/9ks1 7 ! two great facts c\pl$ toge!r by a di/+ui%$ =eign writ] to m>k ! climax ( a national humiliation4 ,b m significant /ill ( ! magnitude ( ! nuisance 0 ! fact t five million p\nds 9 money 7 *e]fully vot$ by a heavily-tax$ community to provide ! means = its abatem5t4 ,) ! popul> views z to ! connection betwe5 epidemic disease & putresc5t gases1 ?is /ate ( ?+s naturally gave rise to ! wor/ =ebod+s4 ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t & noble lords1 dabbl]s 9 sanit>y sci5ce1 vi$ ) pr(essional sanit>ians 9 pr$ict+ pe/il5ce4 ,if ,london %\ld happily be sp>$ ! *ol]a1 decimation by fev] 0 at lea/ a c]ta9ty4 ,! occurr5ce ( a case ( malignant *ol]a 9 ! p]son ( a ,?ames wat]man1 e>ly 9 ! summ]1 0 m ?an once cit$ to give po9t to ^! w>n+s1 & z =e%ad[+ :at 0 to come4 ,mean:ile ! hot wea!r pass$ away2 ! returns ( sickness & mortality 7 made up1 &1 /range to relate1 ! result %[$ n only a dea? rate bel[ ! av]age1 b z ! lead+ peculi>ity ( ! season1 a rem>kable dim9ution 9 ! preval5ce ( fev]1 di>rha & ! o!r =ms ( disease commonly ascrib$ to putrid emanations4 ,:ile ! hi/orical /9k ( ! ,?ames 0 )\t app>5t effect on ! public heal?1 ! nuisance caus$ 0 s great & ! fe> eng5d]$ 0 s real1 t mu* good 0 ! imm$iate result4 ,"o ( ! mo/ la/+ & f> rea*+ b5efits 0 ! appo9tm5t by ,p>liam5t ( a ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission1 to /udy into & devise ways = ! prev5tion ( pollution ( /reams1 lakes & wat]-%$s1 f :i* public wat] supplies are obta9$4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! /9k /imulat$ inquiry into ! s\rces ( infection 9 cases ( epidemic diseases1 & means = prev5t+ ! spread ( disease1 ) su* success1 t z e>ly z #ahff x 0 decid$ t *ol]a 0 a wat]-borne disease & t ! cause ( infection1 :atev] x 01 c\ld be de/roy$ by heat4 ,?is is evid5c$ by ! signs ! local sanit>y au?orities caus$ to be issu$ dur+ ! epidemic ( ,asiatic *ol]a 9 #ahff3 ,,*ol]a ,,notice6 ,! inhabitants ( ! di/rict )9 :i* *ol]a is prevail+ are e>ne/ly advis$ n to dr9k any wat] :i* has n be5 boil$4 ,foll[+ ?is1 ! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission#h ( #ahfh w5t on record z au?ority = ! /atem5t t ! exi/5ce ( specific poison capable ( produc+ *ol]a & typhoid fev] is atte/$ by evid5ce s abundant & /rong z to be practically irresi/ible4 ,^! poisons are conta9$ 9 ! dis*>ges f ! b[els ( p]sons suff]+ f ^! diseases4 ,s x 0 t close obs]vation & rigid inquiry discov]$ ! tru?s t dis*>ges f b[els ( p]sons suff]+ f inte/9al diseases conta9 ! specific poison ( ! disease2 t ^! dis*>ges1 mix$ ) ! sewage ( cities1 (t5 f\nd _! way into wat] supplies1 & ?us caus$ an epidemic ( ! same disease1 & t boil+ ( wat] be=e dr9k+ w\ld de/roy ! infection1 ?us r5d]+ x h>mless4 ,^! tru?s /& to-day & ! same means ( prev5tion are resort$ to 9 "t ( dang] t 7 recomm5d$ dur+ ! epidemic ( *ol]a 9 ,london 9 #ahff4 ,we "k n[1 h[ev]1 ?anks to ! inve/igations ( ,l\is ,m4 ,pa/eur1 t all t class ( disease :i* he designat$ z zymotic1 are caus$ by little microscopic vegetation :i* ga9 lodgm5t 9 ! body :]e !y gr[1 multiply & ?rive at ! exp5se ( ! ho/2 & kn[+ ! specific cause ( a disease makes x m easy to fight to prev5t & to cure4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,!,,fovnta9,,(,,eli%a ,,ne>,,j]i*o1,,pale/9e ,f ,/]eograph1 copyright #ahii by ,und]wood ,und]wood1 ,n4 ,y4 7,see page iv7 ,illu/ration3 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,synopsis ,,( ,,*apt]4 ,introduction ( ,wat] ,filt]s--,/rik+ ,example ( _! ,effici5cy & ,value--,*ol]a at ,altona & ,hamburg--,purification ( ,sewage--,! ,automatic ,scav5g] ( ,m\ras--,inve/igations ( ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?--,g>bage ,de/ruction4 ,z ! suburban population ar\nd ,london1 ,engl&1 grew & occupi$ ! dra9age area f :i* ! ,london wat] supply 0 obta9$1 j 9 su* proportion 0 ! wat] supply pollut$1 & ,london 0 e>ly =c$ to devise measures = purify+ an already pollut$ wat]2 s x is t z e>ly z #ahci ,london 0 filt]+ "p ( ! wat] d]iv$ f surface s\rces1 & s successful 7 ! e>ly attempts t at ! pres5t "t al?\gh ,london is suppli$ ) wat] by eight sep>ate wat] companies1 all ( ! wat] us$ )9 its conf9es :i* is d]iv$ f riv]s1 lakes or /reams1 is filt]$ be=e deliv]y into ! di/ribut+ ma9s4 ,europe 0 n sl[ to grasp ! value ( filtration1 & at ! pres5t "t mo/ cities ( importance 9 ,cont95tal ,europe h sl[ s& filt]s1 :ile ,am]ica1 or at lea/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* is reput$ to adopt almo/ imm$iately any?+ :i* possesses m]it1 _h con/ruct$ no filt]s z late z #ahhj1 & to-day c numb] b few4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! value ( filtration = /]iliz+ an infect$ wat] supply c be in/anc$ 9 ! *ol]a epidemic ( ,hamburg1 ,g]many4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map %[+ ! ,locations ( ! ,cases ( ,*ol]a adjac5t to ! ,b\nd>y betwe5 ,,hamburg & ,,altona 9 ! ,epidemic ( #ahib ,b\nd>y l9e indicat$ by l9e ( da%es4 ,cases ( *ol]a by solid circles4 ,cases ( *ol]a import$ f ,hamburg by circles4 ,wat] ma9s 9 ,hamburg /reets by black l9es4 ,on ! riv] ,elbe1 "s miles f ! sea1 !re are ?ree cities adjo9+ & =m+ 9 appe>ance "o l>ge city ( #hjj1jjj inhabitants1 ! comb9$ sewage ( :i* is dis*>g$ into ! riv] ,elbe4 ,! wat] supply to ! city ( ,hamburg1 a free ,g]man city1 ) a population ( #fdj1djj1 is d]iv$ f ! ,elbe above :]e ! sewage is dis*>g$ into ! riv] b n suffici5tly f> away to escape contam9ation f a recision ( pollut$ wat] at flood tide4 ,?is wat] aft] "s imp]fect s$im5tation passes direct to ! consum] )\t filtration4 ,! supply ( wat] to ,w&sbeck1 a city ( #bj1jjj population1 is obta9$ f a lake :i* is unexpos$ to contam9ation & is filt]$ be=e be+ deliv]$ to ! ma9s4 ,! supply to ,altona1 on ! o!r h&1 a ,prussian city ( #adc1jjj inhabitants1 is obta9$ f ! riv] ,elbe at a po9t ab\t #h miles bel[ :]e x receives ! comb9$ sewage ( ! ?ree cities1 ) _! population ( ov] #hjj1jjj4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! s\rce ( supply to ,altona is ! wor/ ( ! ?ree4 ,?is mo/ grossly pollut$ supply1 h[ev]1 is filt]$ ) exce$+ c>e be=e deliv]y to ! consum]s1 & to ?is fact is attribut$ ! fre$om f *ol]a t visit$ ,hamburg 9 #ahib4 ,! /ory is well told by ,dr4 ,?orne1 m$ical (fic] ( ! ,london ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d4#i ,! diff]5t behavior ( ,hamburg & ,altona z reg>ds *ol]a is extremely int]e/+4 ,! two t[ns adjo92 !y are practically "o city4 ,! division betwe5 ! two is no m obvi\s ?an t betwe5 two d5sely peopl$ ,london p>i%es1 & yet a spot map indicat+ ! h\ses :i* 7 attack$ ) *ol]a1 :i* 0 %[n to me by ,pr(essor ,ko*1 po9ts out cle>ly t :]eas ! disease prevail$ 9 epidemic =m on ! ,hamburg side ( ! b\nd>y l9e1 t l9e runn+ 9 & out among ! /reets & h\ses & at times pass+ diagonally ?r\gh ! h\ses !mselves1 =m$ ! limit beyond :i* ! epidemic1 z su*1 did n ext5d4 ,! dots on "o side ( ! divid+ l9e 7 pro( ( ! epidemicity ( *ol]a 9 ,hamburg1 _! comp>ative abs5ce on ! ,altona side ( x 0 pro( ( ! abs5ce ( ! epidemic 9 ,altona4 ,to use ,pr(essor ,ko*'s own words3 ',*ol]a 9 ,hamburg w5t "r up to ! b\nd>y ( ,altona & !n /opp$4 ,9 "o /reet1 :i* = a long way =ms ! b\nd>y1 !re 0 *ol]a on ! ,hamburg side1 :]eas on ! ,altona side 0 free f x1 & yet !re 0 "o detectable diff]5ce1 & "o only1 betwe5 ! two adjac5t areas--!y _h diff]5t wat] s]vices4' ,pr(essor ,ko* has collect$ c]ta9 pro(s :i* he reg>ds z crucial on ?is po9t1 & ,dr4 ,re9cke has suppli$ me ) a small plan 9 support ( ! cont5tion4 ,at "o po9t close to & on ! ,hamburg side ( ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ,hamburg & ,altona1 is a l>ge y>d1 kn[n z ! ,hamburg]-,platz4 ,x conta9s two r[s ( l>ge & l(ty dwell+s1 conta9+ #gb sep>ate t5em5ts & "s #djj p1 belong+ almo/ :olly to ^? classes :o suff]$ mo/ f *ol]a else:]e 9 ,hamburg4 ,b :ile *ol]a is %[n by ! spot map to h prevail$ all ar\nd1 n a s+le case occurr$ among ! _m resid5ts ( ?is c\rt dur+ ! :ole epidemic4 ,& :y8 ,pr(essor ,ko* expla9s t ow+ to local difficulties1 wat] f ! ,hamburg ma9s c\ld n easily be obta9$ = ! dwell+s 9 "q1 & h5ce a supply _h be5 laid 9 f "o ( ! ,altona ma9s 9 an adjac5t /reet4 ,?is 0 ! only "p ( ,hamburg :i* receiv$ ,altona wat]1 & ,i am in=m$ t x 0 ! only spot 9 ,hamburg 9 :i* 0 aggregat$ a population ( ! class 9 "q1 :i* escap$ ! *ol]a4 ,at ! date ( my visit to ,hamburg1 a notice bo>d 0 affix$ at ! entrance to ?is c\rt4 ,x /at$ t c]ta9 t5em5ts 7 to let2 b1 above all1 9 l>ge type1 & z an inducem5t to int5d+ t5ants1 0 ! ann\ncem5t t ! c\rt 0 n only )9 ! jurisdiction ( ,hamburg1 ) ! privileges /ill atta*+ to ! old ,hanseatic cities1 b t x _h a supply ( ,altona wat]4 ,dur+ ! epidemic ! dea?s 9 ! sev]al cities 73 --------------------------------------- ,dea?s p] ,population,dea?s #aj1jjj ,inhabitants --------------------------------------- ,hamburg #fdj1jjj #h1fje #acd4d ,altona #adc1jjj #cbh #bc4j ,w&sbeck #bj1jjj #dc #bb4j --------------------------------------- ,t infecti\s matt] 0 communicat$ to ! ,elbe wat] f ,hamburg is n 9 any way a hypo!sis4 ,*ol]a g]ms _h be5 z a fact f\nd 9 ! ,elbe wat]4 ,!y 7 f\nd a little bel[ ! place :]e ! ,hamburg ma9 sew] fl[s into ! ,elbe4 ,!y 7 also f\nd 9 "o ( ! two ,altona bas9s into :i* ! wat] fl[$ be=e filtration4 ,no m /rik+ example c\ld be f\nd1 demon/rat+ on a l>ge scale ! effici5cy ( filtration z a prev5tive ( wat]-borne diseases ?an t ( ! *ol]a epidemic ( ,hamburg 9 #ahib1 yet1 at ! pres5t writ+1 !re are p hold+ public (fices ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o d n believe 9 ! value ( filtration z a public prophylactic1 or :o are s indiff]5t z n to advocate its adoption4 ,nor is ?is disbelief conf9$ to public (ficials2 _m !re are outside ( public (fice :o h made no /udy ( sanitation & _c believe t m]ely pass+ wat] d[nw>d ?r\gh s& w purify x1 & = ! b5efit ( ^? :o wi% to be bett] in=m$1 ! /ory ( ! ,hamburg epidemic ( *ol]a1 toge!r ) ! "p play$ by filt]s 9 sav+ ,altona f a worse visitation1 _c be too (t5 told4 ,x is b natural t1 suspicion hav+ once fall5 on wat] z a s\rce or vehicle ( disease1 means w\ld be adopt$ n only to prop]ly /]ilize wat] be=e deliv]+ x to ! public1 b1 fur!rmore1 to select ! s\rce ( supply :]e !re 0 lea/ dang] ( contam9ation f fil?4 ,by ?is "t public wat] supplies _h progress$ to su* a /age t b few t[ns1 cities or villages ( any importance 7 )\t a municipal plant4 ,fur!r1 mo/ cities ( any importance _h a m or less complete sy/em ( sew]s1 & ! fil? f ^! sew]s 0 dis*>g+ freely1 & 9 ! crude /ate1 into ! /reams & riv]s ( ! realm4 ,su* a condition ( affairs c\ld n la/ long )\t caus+ a nuisance1 z well z becom+ a m5ace to ! heal? ( ! commonweal?1 & x 0 n long be=e ! problem 0 discuss$ ( purify+ ! sewage be=e dis*>g+ x into /reams & riv]s4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 ! pollution ( /reams 0 felt m ke5ly ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,! population along ! riv]s 9 ,great ,brita9 is q d5se1 & ! riv]s1 :i* are comp>atively small1 are us$ z s\rces ( supply = ! diff]5t municipalities along ! banks1 s t "s means _h to be devis$ to prev5t ! p up /ream f pollut+ & p]haps infect+ x = ^? l[] d[n4 ,s e>ly z #ahdj1 ?is matt] =c$ itself on ! att5tion ( ,p>liam5t1 & 9 #ahdc1 a royal commission1 ! ,heal? ( ,t[ns ,commission1 0 appo9t$ to inquire into ! pres5t /ate ( l>ge t[ns & popul\s di/ricts4 ,?is 0 foll[$ 9 #aheg by ! ,sewage ( ,t[ns ,commission1 a royal commission appo9t$ to inquire into ! be/ means ( di/ribut+ ! sewage ( t[ns1 & 9 #ahfe by ! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission1 a royal commission appo9t$ to inquire into ! be/ means ( prev5t+ ! pollution ( riv]s4 ,progress 0 n at a /&/ill dur+ ?is "t1 h[ev]1 b1 on ! contr>y1 *emical precipitation ( sewage & purification by ! application to l& 7 /riv+ ) ea* o!r = supremacy4 ,up to t "t1 ! important "p t bact]ia play 9 ! r$uction ( organic matt] 0 n und]/ood1 & in/ead ( af=d+ e advantage = ! decomposition & f]m5tation ( organic matt] "u ! lea/ objectionable conditions1 ! pr9cipal ef=ts ( ^? int]e/$ 9 ! problem 7 to prev5t or put (f z long z possible ! septic action ( sewage4 ,x 0 n until s late z ! ye> #ahhj t att5tion 0 turn$ t[>d ! possibility ( ! micro-organisms 9 sewage4 ,9 t ye> ,dr4 ,muell] took out a pat5t endeavor+ to utilize ! micro-organism 9 sewage = ! purpose ( purification4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,muell]'s views1 ,! cont5ts ( sewage are *iefly ( organic orig91 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is an active process ( decomposition takes place 9 sewage ?r\gh :i* ! organic matt]s are dissolv$ into m9]al matt]s1 or1 9 %ort1 are m9]aliz$1 & ?us become fit to s]ve z food = plants4 ,to ! sup]ficial obs]v]1 h[ev]1 x is *iefly a process ( dige/ion1 9 :i* ! v>i\s1 mo/ly microscopically small1 animal & vegetable organisms utilize ! organically fix$ p[] = _! life purpose4 ,! decomposition ( sewage 9 its v>i\s /ages is *>act]iz$ by ! appe>ance ( enorm\s numb]s ( spirilla1 !n ( vibrios 7sw>m+ spores7 &1 f9ally1 ( m\lds4 ,at ?is /age comm5ces ! re=mation ( organic sub/ance ) ! appe>ance ( *lorophyl-hold+ protococcus4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 ,decemb]1 #ahha1 ! acc\nt ( ,m\ras's automatic scav5g] 0 publi%$ 9 ,france4 ,m\ras _h be5 work+ & exp]im5t+ along ! same l9es z ,dr4 ,muell]1 & ! result 0 an app>atus consi/+ ( a clos$ vessel or vault1 ) a wat] seal :i* rapidly *ang$ excrem5tati\s matt] into a homog5e\s fluid1 only slightly turbid1 & hold+ ! solid matt]s 9 susp5sion 9 ! =m ( sc>cely visible filam5ts4 ,! pr9ciple claim$ = 8 automatic scav5g] by ,m\ras 0 t animal dejecta )9 !mselves conta9$ all ! pr9ciples ( f]m5tation necess>y to liquefy !m4 ,! tea*+s ( ,dr4 ,muell] & ,m\ras w5t unhe$$ = a long "t1 on acc\nt ( ! *emical processes !n 9 vogue4 ,x 0 ma9ta9$ by ^? :o 7 suppos$ to "k1 t lime & o!r antiseptic sub/ances 7 p>ticul>ly valuable 9 sewage purification1 because !y de/roy$ liv+ organisms1 su* z bact]ia1 :i* give rise to putrefaction & f]m5tation4 ,!y cont5d$ t if all ! organisms c\ld be de/roy$1 t sewage w\ld be r5d]$ unobjectionable4 ,s conditions /ood :5 9 ,janu>y1 #ahhg1 ,mr4 ,dibd5 read a pap] be=e ! ,in/itute ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 9 :i* he po9t$ out t ! v ess5ce ( sewage purification 0 n ! de/ruction ( bact]ial life1 b ! resolution ( organic matt] into o!r comb9ations by ! ag5cy ( ! micro-organisms4 ,he po9t$ out1 fur!r1 t a septic & n an antiseptic action 0 :at 0 want$1 consequ5tly any process :i* arre/$ ! activity ( ! bact]ia 0 ! rev]se ( :at 0 desir$4 ,dibd5's pap] _h ! effect ( turn+ inve/igation 9 ! "r direction1 b a _w ( exp]im5t+ on a practical scale w\ld be necess>y be=e ! practice ( sewage purification c\ld be e/abli%$ on a safe1 s\nd & sci5tific foot+4 ,x rema9$ = ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? to conduct ^? inve/igations1 & s ?or\ghly 0 x accompli%$ t ! records ( _! exp]im5ts furni% ! basis = sewage purification practice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ on s9ce #ahhg1 & ! ?or\ghness & value ( ^! inve/igations c be judg$ by ! fact t dur+ "o p]iod ( tw5ty-two mon?s f\r ?\s& *emical exam9ations 7 made 9 addition to ! microscopic exam9ations4 ,foll[+ ! hi/oric inve/igations ( ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 num]\s eng9e]s & inve/igators comm5c$ apply+ to practice ! pr9ciples !re laid d[n1 & ) su* good results t !re are upw>ds ( #bjj purification plants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to-day1 & 9 ,p5nsylvania alone plans are "u way at ! pres5t "t = ov] "o hundr$ sewage disposal works4 ,su* a %[+ is enc\rag+1 & leads to ! hope t )9 a decade no city ( any importance )9 ! ,/ates w be p\r+ impurifi$ sewage into public /reams or lakes4 ,up to )9 ! la/ qu>t] c5tury no ?\ght 0 giv5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! disposal or de/ruction ( ! gross] p>ticles :i* make up ! wa/e ( a l>ge city1 nor 0 provision made at sanatoria1 hospitals & l in/itutions = ! de/ruction ( mat]ials :i* might prove infecti\s2 yet1 no less important ?an ! removal ( sewage by wat] c>riage is ! sy/ematic collection & subsequ5t de/ruction ( all matt] ( no value :i* might prove a vehicle ( disease1 if a clean1 sanit>y environm5t is to be ma9ta9$4 ,! necessity = su* removal & de/ruction 0 fir/ felt 9 hospitals1 sanatoria1 b>racks & camps1 :]e _m p are br\ght toge!r "u unusual circum/ances1 & infective matt] is liable to accumulate1 !reby prov+ a m5ace to ! community4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! desirability ( de/roy+ su* accumulat$ wa/es 0 fir/ br\ght home to ! m$ical /aff connect$ ) milit>y s]vice1 & t ! m$ical au?orities %\ld be connect$ ) ! ,briti% army4 ,! fir/ g>bage de/ructor1 or g>bage furnace1 ( :i* !re is any record1 0 con/ruct$ ab\t #ahfj1 at ,gibralt>1 = ! exclusive de/ruction by fire ( all wa/e matt] f ! ,briti% g>rison4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 likewise1 x 0 at ! army po/s :]e ! ne$ = wa/e de/ructors 0 fir/ felt1 & 9 #ahhe ,lieut5ant ,h4 ,i4 ,reilly1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 built ! fir/ ,am]ican g>bage furnace at ,gov]nor's ,isl&1 ,new ,york ,h>bor4 ,f t "t on1 ! value ( g>bage de/ructors became m widely kn[n1 & )9 rec5t ye>s ! ne$ = a sanit>y & conv5i5t me?od = dispos+ ( wa/e matt]s has be5 occupy+ ! att5tion ( ^? 9 *>ge ( in/itutions devot$ to ! c>e ( ! sick1 infirm1 feeble1 & to ! control ( ! crim9al4 ,9 addition to ! sup]9t5d5ts ( hospitals1 prisons1 sanatoria & asylums1 ^? 9 *>ge ( m$ical s*ools & laboratories1 hotels1 bus9ess h\ses & municipalities h giv5 ! matt] mu* consid]ation1 & at ! pres5t "t mo/ ( ! l>ge cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h con/ruct$ g>bage de/ructors1 or are s]i\sly consid]+ ! /ep1 :ile ! pr9cipal hospitals1 hotels1 dep>tm5t /ores1 m$ical colleges & public in/itutions ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry h already in/all$ de/ructors4 ,likewise1 g>bage de/ructors h be5 con/ruct$ at all ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t army po/s4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,new,,york,,pvblic,,ba?s #bc;d,,/reet ,! ,tw5ty-?ird ,/reet ,public ,ba? is consid]$ "o ( ! f9e/ & mo/ mod]n 9 ,new ,york ,city ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n ,,rec5t ,,plvmb+ ,,fixtvres ,pass+ ( ! ,m>ble ,lavatory--,public ,ba? ,h\ses--,public ,wa% ,h\ses--,public ,com=t ,/ations--,conclusion ,no hi/ory ( sanitation w\ld be complete )\t t\*+ ^u ! plumb+ fixtures 9 build+s1 & %[+ ! m>k$ progress along ^! l9es )9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,x is only a little ov] a c5tury & a qu>t] s9ce ! fir/ ,engli% pat5t 0 grant$ = a wat] closet4 ,t 0 9 ! ye> #agge1 & 0 issu$ to ,alex&] ,cumm+s1 :o1 /range to say1 0 a wat*mak]4 ,?is closet 0 ! fir/ "o pat5t$ :i* _h :at is kn[n z a trap to conta9 wat] = a seal4 ,?ree ye>s lat] a pat5t 0 issu$ to ,joseph ,bramah1 inv5tor ( ! hydraulic press1 = a wat] closet ) a valve at ! bottom4 ,little progress 0 made 9 ! improvem5t ( wat] closets dur+ ! next half c5tury1 & :5 9 ! ye> #ahcc ! fir/ ,am]ican pat5t 0 tak5 out ! art _h n advanc$ v f>4 ,inde$1 x might be said t until ! "t ( ! fil+ ( ! application = ! ,fraim & ,neff pat5t1 = a siphon closet1 t a real cleanly & sanit>y type ( closet 0 n on ! m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,ba? ,room ( ! ,e>ly #gj's ,illu/ration3 ,"o ,/age 9 ! ,evolution ( ! ,porcela9 ,enamel ,ba? ,illu/ration3 ,a ,slop ,s9k ( ,long ,ago ,ba? tubs & lavatories h improv$ z mu* 9 appe>ance 9 ! "t t has elaps$ z h wat] closets4 ,! e>lie/ ba? tubs ( :i* we h any k 7 hewn out ( m>ble4 ,lat]1 :5 ba? tubs came into r ext5sive use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !y 7 made ( wood1 l9$ ) ei!r %eet z9c or %eet copp]1 t9n$ on "o side1 & x is only )9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s t porcela9 enamel$ tubs came into use1 & t solid porcela9 tubs 7 manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,op5 plumb+ 0 unhe>d ( tw5ty-five ye>s ago & 9 its /ead plumb+ fixtures 7 conceal$ z mu* z possible by encas+ !m 9 woodwork ( m or less ornate designs2 at t "t ! lavatories 7 all made ( m>ble1 & ( ?is mat]ial fully #ij p] c5t4 ( ! lavatories 7 made up to ab\t ! ye> #aijb4 ,ab\t t "t1 porcela9 enamel$ & solid porcela9 lavatories comm5c$ tak+ ! lead & work$ a complete revolution 9 ! design ( ^! fixtures4 ,inde$1 s sudd5 & complete 0 ! *ange t inside ( a ye> ! m>ble-top lavatories 7 driv5 z completely f ! m>ket z ?\gh !y nev] exi/$1 &1 outside ( old "w1 !y are z mu* a curiosity to-day z an old pan closet4 ,illu/ration3 ,ba? ,tub ,encas$ 9 ,woodwork ,illu/ration3 ,an ,old ,m>ble-,top ,lavatory ,) ! p]fect+ & *eap5+ ( plumb+ fixtures came an increas$ dem& = _! use1 & ! att5tion ( public-m9d$ citiz5s turn$ to means = provid+ ! p less favor$ ) worldly ri*es ) means = cleans+ ! p]son & app>el4 ,liv]pool1 ,engl&1 0 ! fir/ ( mod]n cities to e/abli% public ba? h\ses4 ,! fir/ ba? 9 t city 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahbh1 & is kn[n z ! ,pi]head4 ,x conta9s elev5 private ba?s1 two vapor ba?s1 "o d\*e1 "o plunge #df x #bg feet1 "o plunge #dj x #bg feet1 & two small private plunges4 ,9 all1 ,liv]pool has at ! pres5t "t n9e public ba?s4 ,birm+ham1 ,engl&1 0 next 9 po9t ( "t4 ,x n[ has five ba? h\ses1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 built on ,k5t ,/reet1 & op5$ ,may #ab1 #ahea4 ,9 ?is e/abli%m5t a ,turki% ba? c be _h = a %ill+4 ,london1 ,engl&1 foll[s on ! heels ( ,birm+ham1 ) elev5 ba? h\ses1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 erect$ 9 #ahed4 ,at pres5t municipal ,london has inve/$ ov] #b1ejj1jjj 9 public ba?s & laundry e/abli%m5ts1 :i* co/ #eej1jjj annually to ma9ta94 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,mod]n ,porcela9 ,enamel$ ,lavatory ,provisions = free public ba?s 7 made 9 ,new ,york 9 #ahgj by ! erection ( two float+ ba?s4 ,^! ba? h\ses1 h[ev]1 c\ld only be us$ dur+ w>m wea!r1 s c\ld n be consid]$1 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 ba?+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,! ,new ,york ,association = ,improv+ ! ,condition ( ! ,poor1 realiz+ ?is & ! lack ( public ba?+ facilities1 und]took to supply ! defici5cy z f> z possible1 & 9 #ahia op5$ ! fir/ real public ba? h\se 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at #i ,c5tre ,m>ket ,place4 ,yonk]s1 ,n4 ,y41 h[ev]1 claims ! cr$it ( be+ ! fir/ city 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to e/abli% a municipal ba? h\se1 suppli$ ) hot & cold wat]1 op5 all ! ye> r\nd1 & ma9ta9$ at ! public exp5se4 ,! example set by a few cities has n be5 )\t effect1 & o!r cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h foll[$ ! lead4 ,x is noticeable1 h[ev]1 t x is only 9 ! ,ea/]n cities t public ba? h\ses are built & ma9ta9$ at ! city's exp5se4 ,accord+ to ! ,report on ,public ,ba?s & ,com=t ,/ations1 ,buffalo1 ,bo/on1 ,philadelphia1 ,new>k & ,tr5ton ea* h "o public ba? h\se & ,*icago has ?ree4 ,s9ce ! publication ( t report1 h[ev]1 _m cities bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! ,we/ h built public ba? h\ses & _m h built1 are build+1 or h plann$ to build1 public com=t /ations4 ,inde$1 ! /&>d by :i* ! advancem5t ( cities w be judg$ 9 ! ne> future is1 ,:at h !y done = ! com=t & welf>e ( ! citiz5s8 ,& among ! visible evid5ces ( :at !y h done1 /&+ =emo/ w be ! public ba? h\ses1 public com=t /ations1 & la/1 b n lea/1 public wa% h\ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,pres5t ,/age 9 ! ,evolution ( ,porcela9 ,enamel$ ,ba?s ,ev5ts ( to-day become hi/ory ( to-morr[1 & no hi/ory w\ld be complete )\t rec\nt+ contemporane\s facts & ev5ts4 ,s x is ) sanitation2 no hi/ory ( t subject w\ld be complete )\t illu/rat+ a few ( ! plumb+ fixtures 9 use at ! "t ! record 0 writt54 ,we ( ! pres5t age believe1 z did ^? ( a g5]ation ago1 t we h almo/ atta9$ p]fection 9 ! manufacture ( plumb+ fixtures2 b h we1 or w succe$+ g5]ations look back ^u :at we consid] good z we d ^u ! fixtures 9 vogue 9 ! e>ly #gj's8 ,?is we d n "k nor c we =esee4 ,"t alone w tell4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,ba?room ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 #a ,ewbank's ,hydraulics4 #b ,eng9e]+ ,record1 ,oct4 #ba1 #aije #c ,wanklyn & ,coop]4 #d ,wat] ,supply4 #e ,pr9ciples ( ,sanit>y ,sci5ce & ! ,public ,heal?4 #f ,! complete orig9al report is entitl$ ,report on ! ,*ol]a ,outbreak 9 ! ,p>i% ( ,/4 ,james1 ,we/m9/]1 dur+ ! ,autumn ( #ahed4 ,pres5t$ to ! ,ve/ry by ! ,*ol]a ,inquiry ,committee1 ,july1 #ahee4 ,london1 ,j4 ,*ur*ill1 #ahee4 #g ,typhoid ,fev]1 its ,nature1 ,mode ( ,spread+ & ,prev5tion4 #h ,six? ,report1 ,london1 #ahgd4 #i ,*ol]a ,prospects & ,prev5tion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,m9or punctuation & pr9t] errors repair$4 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores1 bold text by equal signs & font *anges by tildes4