,,the ,,chautauquan4    ,a ,,monthly    
,,magazine ,,devoted ,,to ,,the         
,,promotion ,,of ,,true ,,culture4      
,,organ ,,of   ,,the ,,chautauqua       
,,literary ,,and ,,scientific ,,circle4 
,,vol4 ,,iii4      ,,march1 #ahhc4      
,no4 #f4   ,chautauqua ,literary and    
,scientific ,circle4   ,president1      
,lewis ,miller1 ,akron1 ,ohio4          
,superintendent of ,instruction1 ,j4 ,h4
 ,vincent1 ,d4 ,d41 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4
  ,general ,secretary1 ,albert ,m4      
,martin1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4  ,office     
,secretary1 ,miss ,kate ,f4 ,kimball1   
,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4  ,counselors1      
,lyman ,abbott1 ,d4 ,d42 ,j4 ,m4        
,gibson1 ,d4 ,d42 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4       
,warren1 ,d4 ,d42 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1   
,d4 ,d4       ,transcriber's ,note3     
,this table of contents of this         
periodical was created to aid the       
reader4     ,contents                   
,,required ,,reading   ,history of      
,russia   ,chapter ,,viii4--,the        
,lithuanian and ,livonian ,orders       

#cjc   ,a ,glance at the ,history and   
,literature of ,scandinavia     ,chapter
 ,v4--,the ,romance of ,axel            
#cje   ,pictures from ,english ,history 
,,vi4--,a ,picturesque ,half-,century   
#cji                                    
,,sunday ,,readings   ,march #d4   ,the 
,false ,balance ,detected by the ,true  
#caa   ,march #aa4   ,three             
,dispensations in ,history and in the   
,soul                  #cac   ,march    
#ah4   ,three ,dispensations            
#cad   ,march #be4   ,three             
,dispensations                          
#caf    ,practice and ,habit            
#cag   ,thoughts and ,aphorisms         
#cah   ,the ,comet ,that ,came ,but     
,once                                   
#cai   ,my ,winter ,garden              
#cbj   ,science and ,common ,sense      
#cba   ,the ,sorrow of the ,sea         
#cbb   ,anecdotes of ,fashion           
#cbc   ,language in ,animals            
#cbc   ,the ,electric ,light            
#cbe   ,among the ,mountains            

#cbf   ,new ,mexico                     
#cbg   ,speculation in ,theology        
#cbi   ,advantage of ,warm ,clothing    
#ccb   ,in ,him ,confiding              
#cce   ,the ,history of ,education      
,v4--,egypt1 ,phnicia1 ,judea           
#ccf   ,song                            
#cch   ,tales from ,shakspere--,macbeth 
#cch   ,before ,daybreak1 ,with the     
,great ,comet of #ahhb                  
#cda   ,social ,duties in the ,family   
#cdb   ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,work            
#cde   ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,songs           
#cdf   ,a ,sweet ,surprise              
#cdf   ,local ,circles                  
#cdg   ,questions and ,answers     ,one 
,hundred ,questions and ,answers on     
8,recreations       in ,astronomy0      
#cec   ,answers to ,questions ,for      
,further ,study in the ,january ,number 
#cee   ,outline of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4      
,studies                                
#cef   ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4                  
,round-,table--,how to ,read ,together  
,profitably         #cef   ,the ,study  

of ,french                              
#ceh   ,editor's ,outlook               
#cei   ,editor's ,note-,book            
#cfa   ,editor's ,table                 
#cfc   ,our ,daily ,bread               
#cfc   ,new ,books                      
#cfd   ,,required ,,reading  ,,for ,,the
  ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific 
,circle for #ahhb-hc4  ,,march4         
,,history ,,of ,,russia4  ,by ,,mrs4    
,,mary ,s4 ,,robinson4   ,,chapter      
,,viii4  ,,the ,,lithuanian ,,and       
,,livonian ,,orders4  ,in the twelfth   
and thirteenth centuries1 three new     
races entered ,slavonia whose character 
essentially modified its subsequent     
history4 ,from the northwest came the   
,germans1 from the east the ,tartar     
,mongols1 from the west the             
,lithuanians4 ,the modern ,russian      
divisions of ,livonia and ,esthonia1    
with the outlying regions1 were peopled 
in the ninth century with the ,tchud or 
,lett tribes1 of the ,finnish race1--the
 most ancient1 it is believed1 of living

 ,european peoples4 ,the ,russian ,finns
 of the present time number one and a   
half million souls2 but though they long
 retained their distinctive nationality1
 they have yielded to the process of    
8,russification10 and to-day1 among the 
majority of them1 their ancient         
character is noticeable merely by       
certain peculiarities of physiognomy and
 dialect4 ,they are short and thick of  
stature1 tough as oak1 and of a hickory 
hue4 ,the countenance is blurred and    
unfinished1 so to speak4 ,the face is   
broad and flat1 the cheek bones high1   
the nose depressed and bridgeless4      
,their dialects are primitive and       
meager4 ,their manners and superstitions
 are traceable to the earliest of known 
races2 their religious observances      
antedate those of any known form of     
paganism4 ,they remain1 in fact1 pagan  
at heart1 loyal to their ancient gods1  
though with these they are willing to   
give ,saint ,nicholas some qualified    
homage4 ,they recognize a good and an   

evil principle1 both to be equally      
revered4 ,an offspring and mingling of  
the two is ,keremet1 who1 with his      
progeny of ,keremets1 is more           
mischievous than malevolent1 and to     
whom1 far in the depths of the forests1 
offerings and sacrifices are made4 ,the 
evil principle is ,shatan1              
philologically allied with the ,arabic  
,shatana1 and the still older ,hebrew   
,stn4 ,the ,finn buys his bride1 by     
paying to her father a kalm or fee4     
,with his fellows he practices an       
agricultural communism4 ,through a      
thousand years he has remained without  
education1 incapable1 apparently1 of    
progress1 unchangeable4 ,at present1    
however1 the ,russian ,finn1 along with 
the other races of the country1 is being
 merged into the ubiquitous1            
self-asserting ,russian4  ,the ,baltic  
,letts1 occupying ,esthonia1 had been   
subjugated by the ,dane1 ,knut the      
,great1 the conqueror of ,england4 ,but 
,livonia had submitted to the arms of   

,iaroslaf the ,great1 who founded there 
,iurief1 later called ,dorpat2 and      
,mstislaf1 son of ,vladimir ,monomakh1  
had taken one of the chief cities of the
 ,tchudi4 ,the princes of ,polotsk and  
the republic of ,novgorod claimed the   
country and virtually bore rule over it4
 ,to ,livonia early in the twelfth      
century came the ,german merchant in    
search of trade1 and the ,latin priest1 
seeking souls for his hire and subjects 
for his ,pope4 ,the monk ,meinhard1     
commissioned by the ,archbishop of      
,bremen1 compulsorily brought the       
,livonians under his sway1 and was      
constituted bishop of their country4    
,but this invasion of a stranger race   
bearing the wares of commerce1 and the  
authority of ,rome behind the symbol of 
the cross1 implied the overthrow of the 
untutored but brave descendants of the  
,tchud hero ,kalevy1 the extinction of  
their liberties and their independence4 
,in #aahg ,meinhard completed a church  
at ,uexhll1 and surrounded it with a    

fortification4 ,eleven years later the  
tribes revolted against their episcopal 
master1 and killed him in open warfare4 
,they then plunged into the ,dwina to   
wash off and send back to ,germany their
 baptism1 and restored to their shrines 
their ancient gods4 ,innocent ,,iii     
preached a crusade against them1 and    
another bishop1 commander of a large    
fleet1 built for his capital the town of
 ,riga 7#abjj74 ,in the following year  
was established the ,order of the       
,brothers of the ,army of ,christ1 or   
the ,sword ,bearers1 later known as the 
,livonian ,knights1 8men of iron10 who  
broke the strength of the tribes1 and   
against whom the ,russian princes1      
occupied with their own dissensions1    
made no united resistance4 ,the knights 
intrenched themselves firmly in the     
regions whither they hewed with the     
sword a pathway for the cross1 and built
 fortifications of cemented stone1 that 
were a wonder and a terror to the simple
 natives1 who were driven in herds to   

the waters of baptism1 or massacred if  
they offered resistance4 ,a song of the 
,tchudi of ,pskof1 entitled 8,the ,days 
of ,slavery10 commemorates this period  
of misery3 8,destroying fiends were     
unchained against us4 ,the priests      
strangled us with their rosaries1 the   
greedy knights plundered us1 murderers  
with their weapons cut us in pieces4    
,the father of the cross stole our      
wealth2 he stole the treasure from the  
hiding place4 ,he hewed down the sacred 
tree1 he polluted the fountain1 the     
waters of salvation4 ,the axe smote the 
oak of ,tara1 the cruel hatchet the tree
 of ,kero40  ,about #abbe1 a second     
military order established itself in    
,livonia1 and built four considerable   
towns1 among them ,thorn and            
,koenigsberg1 in the depopulated        
country4 ,their black cross was borne1  
along with the red cross of the         
sword-bearers1 and in course of time the
 two orders became associated1 and      
together imposed a crushing servitude   

upon the remnants of the ,tchudi1 who   
were reduced to a form of serfdom2 and  
though in later times their liberty has 
been yielded them again1 the ,german    
nobility retained their lands4 ,the     
aboriginal ,livonian remained ever      
separate from his conqueror1 the ,papal 
,german4 ,the ,kalevy-,poeg1 the epic of
 the ,tchud ,esthonians1 recites the    
career of the son of ,kalev1 the        
personification of the race1 the hero of
 ,titanic force4 ,he swam the ,gulf of  
,finland4 ,his club was the trunk of an 
oak2 with his horse and his immense     
harrow he plowed all ,esthonia2 he      
exterminated the beasts of prey1        
conquered the magicians of ,finland1 and
 the genii of the caves4 ,he descended  
into hell and had single combat with    
,sarvig1 the horned4 ,he sailed to the  
ends of the earth1 and when the fiery   
breath of the northern spirits burned   
his vessel1 he built another of silver4 
,when the heavens were lurid with the   
flames of these spirits1 he laughed and 

said to his pilot3 8,with their darts of
 fire they light us on our way1 since   
the sun has gone to rest1 and we are    
passed beyond the daylight40 ,no fury of
 the elements could destroy him4 ,he    
went to the isle of flame1 of smoke1 and
 of boiling water1 where the mountains  
throw forth fire 7,iceland74 ,there he  
encountered a giant woman1 who1 plucking
 grass for her kine1 crushed with it    
several of his sailors1 as if they had  
been insects4 ,he fought with men whose 
bodies were those of dogs1 possibly the 
,greenland ,esquimaux2 and pauses in his
 onward strides only when told by a     
magician that the wall of the world's   
end is still far away4 ,when he is told 
of the landing of the sword-bearers1 the
 men whose armor can neither be pierced 
with the spear nor cleft with the axe1  
his unconquerable heart is troubled4 ,he
 seeks the tomb of his father for       
counsel1 but the place is silent2 the   
leaves murmur plaintively1 the winds    
sigh1 the dew itself is moved1 the eye  

of the clouds is wet1 all ,esthonian    
nature shares in the forebodings of the 
national hero4 ,he gathers his warriors 
by the ,embach1 and raises the battle   
cry4 ,bloody is the field1 mournful the 
victory6 ,all the brave are slain1 the  
brothers of ,kalevy-,poeg among them4   
,his charger is cut down by the hand of 
the stranger4 ,he who had overcome the  
demon ,sarvig1 who had laughed at the   
spirits of the north1 could not subdue  
the men of iron1 whose strength         
surpassed that of the gods4 ,captive to 
,mana1 god of death1 his wrist held fast
 in a cleft of the rock hard by the gate
 of hell1 he comes no more to vindicate 
the liberties of his sons1 his people4  
,long looked they for his return2 but   
like his kinsman1 perhaps his sire1     
,kolyvan1 who lies under the rock       
whereon is built the city of ,revel1 he 
is holden captive of ,mana4 ,thus       
sorrowfully closes the career of the    
,arthur of this primitive people4  ,the 
,german planted region was destined to  

be a thorn in the side of ,russia4      
,protracted wars were maintained between
 the foreigners of the west and the     
,slavs of the realm4 ,four hundred years
 passed ere an appearance of            
tranquillity and of union was attained2 
and even now the governments of         
,esthonia and ,livonia are not among the
 more trusted provinces of the empire4  
,the people of that region1 restive     
under absolutism1 dimly conscious of    
rights withheld1 and of oppressive      
restrictions1 encourage the spirit of   
revolution1 and invite to their         
sea-bordered home many of the           
malcontents of the empire4  ,up to the  
opening of the thirteenth century1      
,russian civilization had kept a        
relative pace with that of the east4    
,receiving industries1 arts and religion
 from ,byzantium1 and civic form from   
,scandinavia1 it had been united under  
,iaroslaf the ,great1 and had maintained
 with some degree of order feudal       
divisions corresponding to those of the 

other ,european nations in the same     
centuries4 ,this relative development   
the empire bade fair to maintain without
 serious lapses1 when a calamity utterly
 without precedent1 immeasurably        
disastrous1 suddenly fell upon the      
realm1 and shattered her incipient      
civilization beyond the power of        
repairing4 ,nature has been a           
step-mother to ,russia1 says one of her 
native historians4 ,fate was a second1 a
 harsher step-mother4  8,in those times1
 7#abbd7 there came upon us1 on account 
of our sins1 unknown nations10 write the
 chroniclers4 ,no one could tell their  
origin1 whence they came1 what religion 
they professed4 8,god alone knew who    
they were3 ,god1 and perhaps a few wise 
men learned in books40 ,all ,europe was 
affrighted at the apparition of these   
,asiatic hordes4 ,the ,pope and the     
sovereigns prepared to meet them with   
combined forces4 ,but upon ,russia alone
 fell the shock1 the subjugation1 the   
humiliating servitude1 imposed by these 

numberless and mysterious armies1 whom  
it was whispered among the people were  
,gog and ,magog1 prophesied to come at  
the end of the world1 when all things   
would be destroyed by anti-,christ4     
,the ,ta-ta1 ,das1 or ,tatars were      
,mongol1 pastoral tribes1 settled at the
 base of the ,altai ,mountains4         
,occupied exclusively with their flocks1
 they wandered from pasture to pasture1 
from river to river4 ,the ,land of      
,grass is the name given to-day1 by the 
inhabitants1 to modern ,tartary4 ,they  
built no walls nor towns1 knew nothing  
of writing or of arts beyond the        
simplest4 ,their treaties were made     
orally4 ,they were equally destitute of 
laws and of religion1 save perhaps a    
vague adoration of the sun4 ,they       
respected nothing but strength and      
bravery3 age and weakness they despised1
 and like other barbarians1 they left   
the pining1 the feeble and the aged     
among them to perish4 ,their food was   
milk and the flesh of their herds3 their

 clothing was made of the skins of their
 animals4 ,they practiced polygamy1 and 
had a community of wives2 when the      
father died the son married his younger 
wives4 ,trained to ride from their      
infancy1 they were taught also to let   
fly their arrows at birds and other     
small creatures1 and thus acquired the  
courage and skill essential to their    
predatory existence4 ,they had no       
infantry1 and laid no sieges4 ,when they
 would capture a town1 they fell upon   
the suburban villages4 ,each leader     
seized ten men and compelled them to    
carry wood1 stones1 and whatever        
material was accessible for the filling 
up of fosses4 ,the prisoners were also  
forced to dig trenches4 ,but save for   
purposes of utility1 they took no       
prisoners1 choosing rather the          
extermination of the entire population4 
,this barbarous and appalling people1 in
 their earlier advances1 invaded ,china1
 whither they passed with               
incomprehensible suddenness3 nor of the 

direction of their movements1 nor of    
their departure could aught be presaged4
 ,the present dynasty of that country is
 of the ,mantchoo ,tatars1 who1 in      
respect of political influence1 are     
dominant in the empire4  ,as they       
increased and formed a rude nationality1
 a mighty chief arose among them1       
,temutchin1 or ,genghis ,khan4 ,in a    
general congress of their princes1      
assembled early in the thirteenth       
century1 he proclaimed himself emperor1 
averring that as but one sun shone in   
the heavens1 in like manner the whole   
earth should be subject to one sole     
sovereign4 ,placing himself at the head 
of this nation1 composed of half a      
million armed cavalry1 he initiated a   
widely devastating conquest1 by         
destroying the teeming populations of   
,mantchuria1 ,tangut1 ,northern ,china1 
,turkestan1 ,great ,bokhara1 and the    
remainder of ,western ,asia to the      
plains of the ,crimea4  ,the ruin       
inflicted by these wild hordes has never

 been repaired4 ,during the captainship 
of ,genghis ,khan1 an approximately     
correct estimate shows that eighteen    
million five hundred thousand human     
beings were slaughtered by his horsemen 
in ,china and ,tangut alone4 ,turkestan1
 once called the ,garden of the ,east1  
and ,great ,bokhara1 after the lapse of 
six centuries1 bear the evidences of the
 ,tatar invasion on their many          
depopulated wastes4 ,upon the occupation
 of ,nessa1 a town in ,kiva1 the people 
were bound together in couples1 and     
above seventy thousand were despatched  
thus by the ,tatar arrows4 ,at ,merv1   
seven hundred thousand1 or1 according to
 another authority1 one million three   
hundred thousand corpses were left to   
corrupt the atmosphere once teeming with
 life1 and rich in its bountiful        
fruitfulness4 ,at ,nishapoor1 in        
,persia1 seven hundred and forty-seven  
thousand lives were extinguished4 ,to   
prevent the living from hiding under the
 piles of the dead1 the bodies were     

decapitated4 ,at ,herat1 in             
,afghanistan1 one million six hundred   
thousand were mowed down by the ,tatar  
cimetars4 ,after the enemy had vanished1
 forty persons1 the mournful remnant    
from the massacre1 came together in the 
principal mosque of the ruined city4    
,these regions have never recovered a   
tithe of their former prosperity4       
,to be continued4   ,,pronouncing ,,list
 ,,of ,,russian ,,proper ,,names4       
,explanation of signs used3 a1 e1 i1 o1 
u1 long1 as in fate1 mete1 mite1 mote1  
mute4  a1 e1 i1 o1 short1 as in add1    
met1 if1 off4   like the prolonged sound
 of e in her4  1 the ,italian a1 as in  
arm4  1 the ,italian i1 like e4  o1 in  
the syllables of most ,russian words1   
has a sound between o and o4 ,for       
typographical reasons1 however1 we give 
simply the o1 advising that the vowel   
sound be not made too long4  u1 in most 
,russian syllables1 has a liquid sound  
like yu4  ,consonants1 when succeeding  
one another1 unite their sounds rapidly4

 ,thus1 in ,svi-ato-slaf1 the sounds of 
s and v follow one another much as s and
 t unite in the ,english word step4     
,altai2 alt4   ,apemas2 pe-mas4         
,askold2 askold4   ,baikal2 bakal4      
,blachernae2 bl-chernae4   ,buslaivitch2
 bus-la--vitch4   ,dir2 dr4   ,dnieper2 
dneeper4   ,dniester2 dneester4         
,dwina2 dwina1 or dwna4   ,esthonia2    
es-thonia4   ,ezeroum2 ez-er-oom4       
,finningia2 fin-ningia4   ,galitsch2    
gl-itsch4   ,gallicia2 gallicia4        
,iaroslaf2 yaro-slaf4   ,iaropolk2      
yaro-polk4   ,idano2 -d-no4   ,ienikale2
 yen-i-kle4   ,igor2 igor4   ,ilmen2    
ilmen4   ,izborsk2 izborsk4   ,kalmuck2 
klmook4   ,kama2 kma4   ,karaites2      
kar-ates4   ,karamsin2 kar-m-sin4       
,kazan2 k-zn4   ,kazarui2 k-zar-u4      
,kherson2 kerson4   ,kiakta2 k-akta4    
,kief2 keef4   ,kirghiz2 keerjeez4      
,kliasma2 kl-asma4   ,koenigsberg2      
k-nigs-berg4   ,kroats2 krots4          
,kroatia2 kro-atia4   ,kuria2 quria4    
,kyrie ,eleison2 kyrie el-ei-son4       

7,lord1 have mercy upon us4             
,opening of the ,greek ,liturgy47       
,lithuania2 lith-u-ania4   ,livonia2    
liv-onia4   ,meria2 meria4   ,mikula    
,selianinovitch2 mik-u-la               
sel-ian-inovitch4   ,mir2 mr4   ,morea2 
mo-rea4   ,moscow2 mosko4   ,moskova2   
mos-kova4   ,mstislaf2 ms-tislaf4       
,murom2 murom4   ,muromians2 mu-romians4
   ,mursk2 mursk4   ,neva2 neva4        
,niemen2 neemen4   ,nijni-,novgorod     
7,lower ,novgorod72 nijn-novgorod4      
,novgorod-severski2 novgorod-severski4  
,novgorod 7,veliki1 or the ,great72     
novgorod4   ,oka2 oka4   ,okof2 okof4   
,oleg2 oleg4   ,olga2 olga4             
,olgovitchi2 ol-go-vitch4   ,osmomuisl2 
os-momu-isl4   ,pepus2 payee-pus4       
,perum2 parum4   ,periaslaf2            
pe-ria-slaf4   ,petchenegs2 petchen-egs4
   ,polotsk2 polotsk4   ,polovtsui2     
pol-ov-tsu4   ,poliane2 po-li--n4       
,pskof2 pskof4   ,riazan2 r-a-zan4      
,rogneda2 rog-ne-da4   ,rurik2 rurik4   
,russkia pravda2 russ-kiya prvda4       

,rostof2 rostof4   ,samoyedes2          
samoi-des4   ,scythia2 cithia4          
,sineus2 sin-e-us4   ,slav2 slv4        
,slavic2 slvic4   ,slavonic2 slv-onic4  
,slavonia2 slv-onia4   ,staraa ,rusa2   
star-a-ya ru-sa4   ,stanovoi2 stn-o-vo4 
,sud2 sood4   ,suzdal2 suzdl4           
,sviatoslaf2 sv--to-slaf4   ,tatar2     
ttar4   ,taurid2 taurid4   ,tcheki2     
tchek4   ,tcherkess2 cherkess4          
,tchernigof2 cherni-gof4   ,tcheremisa2 
tcher-e-msa4   ,tchudi2 tchudi4         
,tchud2 tchud4   ,tobolsk2 tobolsk4     
,toropets2 toro-pets4   ,truvor2 truvor4
   ,tsargrad2 tsargrad4   ,ukase2       
yu-kase4   ,valdai2 vl-d4   ,varangian3 
v-rngian4   ,variag2 vri-ag4            
,variag-,slav2 vid4 ,variag and ,slav4  
,vasili2 vas-i-li4   ,veliki2 vel--ki4  
,ves2 ves4   ,vetch2 vetch4   ,vladimir2
 vldi-mr4   ,voivodui2 vo-vo-dui4       
,volhynia2 vol-hynia4   ,volkhof2       
volkhof4   ,volos2 volos4   ,zagorodni2 
z-go-rod-ni4   ,zimisces2 zim-isces4    
,a ,,glance ,,at ,,the ,,history ,,and  

,,literature ,,of ,,scandinavia4        
,v4--,,the ,,romance ,,of ,,axel4       
,translated by ,l4 ,a4 ,,sherman1       
,,ph4,d4  ,we promised ourselves at the 
beginning of these papers a little      
entertainment betweenwhiles1 and we have
 had rather dry reading lately4 ,the    
political history of ,scandinavia is not
 very fascinating1 except here and there
 a period or a reign4 ,let us then      
declare a breathing space1 and spend    
half an hour with ,tegnr ,teng-nar1 the 
most brilliant and popular poet of the  
,swedes2 besides1 it will not be out of 
order1 for it is of the glorious        
,carolinska ,tid1 or age of ,charles    
,,xii41 that we shall hear4 ,of ,tegnr  
we shall learn hereafter1 and ,i hope   
when we have read his poem we shall want
 to know a great deal about him4 ,the   
story is called 8,axel0 ,ahk-sel1 from  
the name of the hero1 and explains      
itself4 ,we make no pretentions to      
reproducing the poetry1 but only        
something of the directness and force1  

of the original4        ,the ancient    
days are dear to me1     ,the days of   
,charles the ,twelfth of ,sweden1       
,for they were blithe as peace of ,eden1
     ,and they were bold as victory4    
,nor yet their after-glow hath faded    
,from northern skies which time hath    
shaded1     ,but tall and stalwart forms
 we view1     ,with belts of gold and   
coats of blue1     ,move up and down    
when evening blushes4     ,with         
reverence my spirit hushes     ,to see  
you1 men of nobler day1     ,with       
jerkins buff and steel array4        ,i 
knew in childhood's days long flown     
,one whom ,king ,charles had held of    
worth4     ,he still remained upon the  
earth     ,a trophy1 ruinous and lone4  
,from locks a century old there shone   
,the only silver he possessed1     ,and 
scars told on his brow and breast       
,what runes tell on a bauta-stone4,a    
,though he was poor1 he understood      
,want was no foe1 but friend concealed2 
,he lived as if still in the field1     

,his home a hut within the wood4        
,yet had he treasures twain in hoard1   
,and deemed them of all wealth the      
best1--     ,his ,bible and his ancient 
sword1     ,which bore ,carl ,twelfth's 
name deep impressed4     ,the mighty    
king's illustrious deeds1     ,which now
 no farthest zone but reads     7,for   
wide that eagle flew around71     ,all  
lay within the old man's mind     ,as   
urns of warriors lie enshrined          
,within the green-clad burial mound4    
,oh6 when he told of risks gone through 
,for ,charles1 and for his lads in blue1
     ,how swelled his frame1 how proud  
and high1     ,how brightly gleamed his 
kindled eye6     ,and mighty as a sabre 
stroke     ,rang every word the old man 
spoke4     ,thus oft till late at night 
he sat1     ,and told again the tales we
 claimed1     ,and every time ,king     
,charles was named     ,failed not to   
lift his tattered hat4     ,i stood in  
wonder at his knee     7,no higher      
reached my wistful face71     ,and      

pictures of his hero-race     ,hath     
memory kept till now for me2     ,and   
many a saga then enshrined     ,hath    
since remained within my mind1     ,as  
iris-germs beneath the snow     ,in     
slumber wait their time to grow4        
,the old man sleeps in death forgot3    
,peace to his dust6 ,a tale which       
stirred     ,my youth receive4 ,when    
thou hast heard1     ,weep1 ,north1 with
 me for ,axel's lot4     ,beside the old
 man's words sublime     ,my song is    
weak1 in humble rhyme4             99   
99       99       99       99      ,in  
,bender ,sweden's sovereign lay4        
,his foes had torn his lands away1      
,his glory sinking out of sight4        
,his people1 like a wounded knight1     
,who even feels death's creeping chill1 
,rose on its knees1 resisting still1    
,and hope of rescue there was none1     
,except in ,charles1 the absent one4    
,although the leaves in ,fate's dark    
book     ,turned in the storm1 though   
nature shook1     ,he stood calm like   

the bomb-proof wall1     ,when sacked   
and burning cities fall1     ,like rocks
 lashed wildly by the wave1     ,like   
,resignation on a grave4        ,the    
king had called1 one afternoon1         
,young ,axel in1 the brave dragoon4     
8,here1 take this letter1 and--away6    
,ride for your life both night and day1 
,and straightway when you reach our     
land1     ,deliver to the council's     
hand4     ,go with ,god's help1 set     
forth to-night1     ,and greet our hills
 and northern light60        ,young     
,axel dearly loved to ride1     ,and    
glad he sewed the letter in     ,his    
hollow belt4 ,at ,holofzin     ,his     
father fell the king beside1     ,and   
orphaned thus this son of arms     ,grew
 up amid the camp's alarms4     ,his    
frame was strong1 such as of old1       
,whose like have not yet vanished all1  
,fresh as a rose1 but slight and tall1  
,like pines upon the ,swedish mould4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,the keen-eyed king had placed him in   

,his body-guard1 souls near of kin4     
,they numbered seven1 a slender troop   
,as are the stars of ,charles's ,wain1  
,at most nine1 like the muses' group1   
,and hard the honor was to gain4     ,by
 sword and fire their claims were tried1
     ,they were a ,christian            
viking-stock1     ,not unlike that which
 once defied     ,all dangers of the    
wave and rock4     ,they never slept    
upon a bed1     ,but on their cloaks    
spread on the ground1     ,in storms and
 northwest snows as sound     ,as if on 
daisied meads instead4     ,a horse-shoe
 they could press together1     ,and    
never in the wildest weather            
,approached the hearthstone's crackling 
light1     ,but warmed themselves with  
shot1,b each one1     ,as red as when   
the rayless sun     ,goes down in blood 
some winter's night4     ,the rule was  
when in strife exposed     ,that one    
might yield if seven opposed1     ,his  
breast still turned to their attack1    
,for none must ever see his back4       

,and last there was this law beside1    
,the most austere1 perhaps1 of all1     
,to let no maid bring them in thrall1   
,till ,charles himself should take a    
bride4     ,however blue two eyes might 
smile1     ,however red two lips        
beguile1--     ,they all must shut their
 eyes--or flee3     ,their swords were  
pledged1 they must be free4             
,young ,axel saddled glad his steed1    
,and rode both night and day with speed4
     ,when ,ukrane's boundaries drew    
near     ,the sudden gleam of lance and 
spear     ,flashed round him1 spurring  
through a wood4     ,at once the ambush 
rose and stood3     8,thou art the      
bearer of commands2     ,give up the    
letter to our hands1     ,dismount and  
give it up1 or die40     ,then rang his 
sword its swift reply1     ,and he who  
spoke1 grown wondrous meek1     ,bowed  
to the earth with piercing shriek4      
,his back now screened against an oak   
,now ,axel meets each stroke with       
stroke4     ,wherever fell that         

ponderous sword1     ,there knees were  
bent and blood was poured2     ,and thus
 he gave his oath support4     ,not one 
to seven1 that were but sport1     ,but 
one to twenty rang his blade3           
,resistance such as ,krak made4     ,to 
life by hope no longer bound1     ,he   
sought but fellowship in death4     ,the
 purple mouth of many a wound1     ,now 
whispers with enfeebled breath     ,that
 strength and life are taking flight4   
,his hand no longer knows the steel1    
,and swooning darkness sets its seal    
,upon his eyes1 he sinks in night4      
8,halloo60 ,with shouts the wood        
resounds1     ,and falcons bold and     
faithful hounds     ,press hard upon    
their frightened prey1     ,and now the 
hunters dash this way4     ,and first   
upon a roan-flecked steed1     ,and     
vying with the wind for speed1     ,an  
,amazon rides like a queen1     ,with   
cheek of rose and robe of green4        
,the robber gang affrighted fled1       
,but she whose steed chafed at the dead 

,dismounted with a single bound         
,where lay he1 as within some dale      
,an oak thrown prostrate by the gale    
,lies on the copse which clothes the    
ground4     ,how fair he lay1 though    
bathed in gore6     ,and over him       
,maria,c bent1     ,as fair ,diana long 
before     ,on ,latmos1 also well       
content     ,that dogs and din of chase 
were gone1     ,bent over her ,endymion4
     ,the slumberer who caused her bliss
     ,was surely not more fair than     
this4     ,a spark of life had still    
endured     ,within his breast1 and1    
soon procured1     ,they raise the      
fallen to a bier     ,of interwoven     
twigs1 and bear     ,it slowly forth    
with reverent care1     ,and seek her   
dwelling1 which was near4        ,she   
sat beside his couch1 oppressed         
,with anxious cares that leave their    
trace1     ,and fastened on his pallid  
face     ,a look well worth a realm's   
acquest4     ,she sat as in the groves  
of ,greece     7,that land of beauty    

overthrown71     ,the wild rose blooms  
in noiseless peace     ,by prostrate    
,hercules in stone4     ,at last he     
wakes to consciousness1     ,and looks  
around him in distress4     ,alas6 his  
eye before so mild     ,now glares      
deliriously wild4     8,where am ,i8    
,girl1 why art thou here8     ,to ,king 
,carl's service ,i am bound1     ,and   
must not look on thee2 thy tear     ,i  
will not have within my wound4--     ,my
 sire beyond the milky way     ,is      
wroth3 he heard the oath ,i took4       
,how fair1 though1 is the tempter's     
look6     ,how winning6 ,satan1 hence1  
away6--     ,where is my belt and my    
commands8     ,i took them from my      
king's own hands4     ,my father's sword
 is good1 it smites     ,with special   
hate on ,muscovites4--     ,oh6 what    
delight it was to slay6     ,i would the
 king had seen the fray3     ,like      
prostrate harvests lay the dead4     ,it
 almost seemed ,i also bled4--     ,i   
bore dispatches from the war1     ,my   

honor stands in pledge therefor4        
,waste not a moment more1--away60       
,she heard his ravings with dismay1     
,while swooning sank her hero then      
,exhausted on his couch again4          
,thus grappled life with death anew     
,till life had won the youth at last1   
,and slowly was the danger passed1      
,when ,axel now could calmly view       
,with glance restored1 though weak and  
dim1     ,the angel bending over him4   
,she was not like the idyl's queen1     
,who roves and sighs in groves of green1
     ,the counterfeit of languishing1   
,with locks bright gold like suns of    
spring1     ,and cheeks deep-dyed as    
,julian flowers1     ,and eyes like     
blue-bells after showers4     ,she was  
an ,oriental maid4     ,her dark1 rich  
locks which fell unstayed1     ,seemed  
midnight round a bed of roses2     ,and 
on her brow was throned the grace       
,of cheerfulness1 as in the face     ,an
 ,amazonian shield exposes1--     ,the  
face and mien of victory4     ,its hue  

was like ,aurora's haze1     ,which     
artists paint with clouds of rays4      
,of form so shapely1 gait so free1      
,she seemed a ,dryad from the grove2    
,and high and deep her bosom's sea      
,of youth and health swelled            
ceaselessly4     ,a body all divinely   
wove     ,of roses red and lilies white1
     ,a soul of only fire and light1--  
,a summer and a southern sky     ,with  
fragrance filled and golden beams4      
,she cast on all a glance as proud      
,as looks ,jove's eagle from the cloud1 
,yet mild as are the doves that bear    
,the car of ,venus through the air4     
,o ,axel6 ,wounds soon lose their smart1
     ,and nothing but the scars remain4 
,thy breast is healed1 thy thoughts are 
sane1     ,but ah6 how is it with thy   
heart8     ,look not so fondly at the   
hand     ,which bound thy wounds with   
gentle band2     ,that hand as white as 
sculptor's stone1--     ,it must not    
linger in thine own4     ,it is more    
dangerous by far     ,than angry        

,turkish hands last year1     ,in       
,bender1 callous with the spear     ,and
 cimeter1 and many a scar4     ,those   
lips so fresh in changeless red1        
,which only whisper when they ope       
,in spirit-lays of trust and hope1--    
,far better didst thou hear instead     
,czar ,peter's hundred cannon roar      
,in line at ,pultava once more4         
,when pale thou walkest in the heat1    
,with drooping limbs and stumbling feet1
     ,lean1 ,axel1 on thy sword alone1  
,not on that arm beside thine own1      
,which ,love hath formed so round and   
fair     ,that he might make his pillow 
there4        ,o ,love6 all miracles in 
one6     ,thou breath of universal      
bliss6     ,thou breeze of heaven which 
comes to kiss     ,life's groves beneath
 their sweltering sun6     ,thou open   
heart in ,nature's breast1     ,the     
solace both of gods and men6     ,each  
ocean-drop clings to the rest1     ,and 
all the stars that smile above     ,wind
 on from pole to pole again     ,their  

bride-dance round the suns they love4   
,yet love is in the human mind     ,but 
twilight of remembered rays     ,from   
fairer and from better days1,d     ,when
 once a little maid she twined     ,the 
dance in heaven's azure hall     ,with  
silver crowns on arch and wall1     ,and
 when in weariness would rest1          
,slept nestled on her father's breast4  
,then was she rich as reason's powers   
,of growth1 her speech was only prayer1 
,and each her brother of the fair       
,and winged sons in heaven's bowers4    
,but ah6 she fell2 and here her love    
,is no more pure like that above4       
,yet in the lover oft she traces        
,lines from her heavenly kindred's      
faces1     ,and hears their voice in    
notes of spring1     ,and in the songs  
the poets sing4     ,how glad1 how sweet
 that moment is6     ,as when upon some 
desert track     ,the ,swiss hears      
sounds which straight bring back        
,his ,alpine childhood's memories4      
,the sun was sinking4 ,evening lay      

,still couched and dreaming in the west1
     ,and mute as priests of ,egypt     
pressed     ,the stars along their      
opening way3     ,and earth stood in the
 evening's hush     ,as blessed as a    
bride stands fair     ,with diamonds in 
her raven hair1     ,and veil which     
hides not smile or blush4     ,from all 
day sports now seeking rest     ,the    
,naiad smiled in glad repose1     ,while
 twilight's blush with hue of rose      
,glowed tremblingly upon her breast4    
,the ,cupids1 bound while day-beams     
crown     ,the gazing sky1 are loosed   
and rove     ,with bow and arrows up and
 down     ,upon the moon-beams in the   
grove1--     ,the darksome green        
triumphal gate     ,which spring had    
entered through of late4     ,from      
dripping oaks the nightingale           
,struck notes which echoed through the  
dale     ,as tender1 innocent and chaste
     ,as lays which ,franzen's,e muse   
has graced4     ,it was as if1 her cares
 dismissed1     ,now nature kept her    

hour of tryst1     ,all stir1 and yet   
such hush complete     ,thou might'st   
have heard her bosom beat4     ,then did
 the twain in winsome bliss             
,together rove the hours away4     ,as  
groom and bride change rings1 so they   
,exchanged their childhood's memories4  
,he told her of the days he spent       
,still in his mother's house content1   
,which1 built of fir and painted red1   
,stood lone1 with pines on every hand1  
,and of his cherished fatherland1       
,and of dear sisters1 all now dead4     
,then told he how his soul was stirred  
,by all the battle-songs he heard1      
,and sagas which1 whoever reads1        
,will wake desire for valiant deeds1    
,and how he dreamed full many a night   
,he sat in armor burnished white        
,upon the giant charger ,grane1     ,and
 rode like ,sigurd ,fafnisbane          
,through ,vafur's flames1 to where the  
maid     ,of memory dwells in castle    
walls     ,which gleam afar when evening
 falls     ,throughout the mountain     

laurel glade4     ,thick grew his       
breath1 close grew his room1     ,he    
rushed out in the forest's gloom1       
,climbed up and joined with boyish glee 
,the eagle on the highest tree1     ,and
 rocked before the northern blast4      
,it cooled his cheek1 it cooled his     
heart4     ,how happy could he but      
depart     ,upon the cloud-wain hurrying
 past1     ,and wend him yonder through 
the air     ,to that far world1 so      
bright and fair1     ,where victory     
beckons1 and renown     ,stands holding 
out her laurel crown1     ,and where    
,king ,charles 7though he has known     
,but seven more years of youth than     
thou71     ,is plucking crowns from     
,europe's brow1     ,and keeping none   
except his own4     8,at length ,i won  
at fifteen years     ,my mother's       
blessing1 and with tears     ,embraced  
her1 and to camp ,i went2     ,and there
 my life has since been spent1     ,and 
has shone true as beacon rays     ,amid 
the rage and rush of men4     ,yet saw  

,i birds come back again1     ,and feed 
their young on summer days1     ,or saw 
,i boys who lay and played     ,beside  
some brook in flowers and shade2        
,then did the roar of guns grow faint1  
,for peaceful visions rose between      
,of golden harvests1 groves of green1   
,and children glad in unrestraint2      
,and by a quiet cottage door     ,a     
maiden stood1 and evening's flame       
,lit up her face1 which was the same    
,i oft in dreams had seen before4       
,and now these pictures seek me here1   
,and in my mind throng ceaselessly2     
,i shut my eyes1 and yet ,i see         
,them not less animate and clear1--     
,and find the maid of my idea     ,an   
image of thyself1 ,maria60              
,embarrassed then replied ,marie3       
8,how blest of fortune is your sex6     
,no chains of destiny can vex     ,your 
strength1 born only to be free2     ,and
 danger's spell1 and honor's throne1--  
,yea1 earth and heaven1 are yours alone4
     ,but woman's destiny is sealed     

,as man's appendage to his life1     ,a 
bandage on his wounds in strife1        
,forgotten when they once are healed4   
,she is the sacrifice1 but he     ,the  
flame that soars1 and shines afar4--    
,my sire fell battling for the ,czar2   
,my mother's face can memory     ,but   
dimly trace1 and here her child     ,in 
solitude grew strong and wild           
,within these halls1 without caress1    
,where worship serfs1 if in each whim   
,their master find they humor him1      
,the idol of their wretchedness4        
,the noble soul must grow ashamed       
,of life so willing to be tamed4        
,hast thou seen roam the steppe's vast  
space     ,our beautiful1 wild charger  
race8     ,bold as the chief1 fleet like
 the doe1     ,it serves and knows no   
master's will1     ,but pricks its ear1 
and1 standing still1     ,scents danger 
in the winds that blow1     ,then sudden
 in a cloud of dust     ,it darts away  
from its mistrust1--     ,fights all the
 foes it ever had     ,with hoof unshod1

 chafes1 or is glad4     #8,how blest ye
 children of the plains1     ,how sweet 
and free your green domains8'     ,so   
have ,i cried and bid them stay1        
,whenever on my ,tartar steed     ,i    
have approached with careful speed      
,their throng1 and myriad-answering     
neigh4     ,obeying not with scornful   
eye     ,they looked at us1 and passed  
us by4     ,intolerable then became     
,these halls1 so endlessly the same4    
,then zealously ,i won the skill     ,to
 brave the wolves upon the hill1        
,the vultures in their native air1      
,and rescued often from the bear     ,a 
life before of little worth4     ,alas6 
although we strive from birth1     ,we  
can not1 ,nature1 thwart thy will4      
,be it a throne she sits upon1     ,as  
peasant maid or ,amazon1     ,thy woman 
is a woman still1     ,a withering vine 
if not upheld1     ,a being with its    
half withheld3     ,no unshared joy can 
she possess1     ,for twin-born is her  
happiness4     ,within my heart there   

ever beats     ,a pain1 yet sweeter     
borne than not1     ,a yearning for ,i  
know not what1     ,so grievous1 yet so 
full of sweets4     ,it has no limits1  
has no aim3     ,it is as if with wings 
it came     ,and bore me upward from the
 base     ,and groveling earth to yonder
 space1     ,where stars and suns with  
gathering light     ,surround ,god's    
throne in farthest night2     ,again as 
if1 ,i fell apace1     ,down from the   
dizzy heights above1     ,ye dear       
existences1 to you1     ,ye trees with  
which through life ,i grew1     ,thou   
brook1 with all thy songs of love1      
,thou cliff with flowers upon thy brow6 
,a thousand times have ,i seen you1     
,but as a statue's face might view1--   
,i love you now--first love you now6    
,i do not love myself so much1--     ,a 
sentiment of nobler touch     ,i find   
within1 since ,i44440 ,then sped        
,across her cheek the deepest red1      
,and what her words left unexpressed    
,was in a half-sigh uttered best4       

,and all was hushed except the lone     
,far nightingale renewed its song1      
,and in a kiss that lingered long1      
,their souls communing blissfully       
,dissolved in perfect harmony4     ,they
 kissed as kiss in sacrifice     ,two   
altar-flames1 which thus unite1     ,and
 shine with an intenser light     ,as   
nearer heaven's door they rise4     ,to 
them the world had fled from sight1     
,and time desisted from its flight4     
,each hour of time's mortality     ,is  
measured by the strictest line1     ,but
 death's cold kiss1 and love's divine   
,are children of eternity4   ,to be     
continued4   ,,footnotes3  ,a ,a        
monument with runic inscription1 raised 
over a fallen warrior4  ,b ,that is by a
 red-hot cannon ball1 placed at the     
middle of the tent4  ,c ,pronounced as  
in ,swedish1 ,marea4 ,marie1 which      
occurs below1 is pronounced ,mare4  ,d  
,the author does not here personify     
love1 but reversing the process1        
considers it once a person and          

inhabitant of heaven1 now degraded to be
 a mere quality on earth4  ,e ,a        
poet-bishop of ,sweden1 much admired by 
,tegnr4          99       99       99   
99       99      8,there is in human    
nature a general inclination to make    
people stare2 and every wise man has    
himself to cure of     it1 and does cure
 himself4 ,if you wish to make people   
stare by doing better than others1 why  
make them stare     till they stare     
their eyes out6 ,but consider how easy  
it     is to make people stare by being 
absurd4 ,i may do it by     going into a
 drawing-room without my shoes4 ,you    
remember     the gentleman in #8,the    
,spectator1' who had a commission of    
lunacy taken out against him for his    
extreme singularity1     such as never  
wearing a wig1 but a night-cap4 ,now1   
sir1     abstractedly1 the night-cap was
 best3 but1 relatively1 the             
advantage was overbalanced by his making
 the boys run after     him40--,boswell1
 reporting ,samuel ,johnson4            

,,pictures ,,from ,,english ,,history4  
,by ,c4 ,e4 ,,bishop4   ,,vi4--,a       
,,picturesque ,,half-,,century4  ,a     
picture of the times of ,edward ,,iii   
should be one of strong lights and      
shades4 ,his fifty years were crowded   
with events remarkable in their nature  
and of powerful influence on ,england1  
then and thereafter4 ,his wars by land  
and sea revolutionized the military     
ideas of ,europe2 the invincible        
,english infantry rose1 and the thunder 
of the first cannon proclaimed the end  
of chivalry2 the organization of the    
,house of ,commons and the enlistment of
 soldiers for stipend introduced in its 
full effect the safe policy of 8control 
of the sovereign by the control of his  
purse40 ,the foundation of ,flemish     
manufactures in ,england1 and the       
opening of the ,new ,castle coal trade  
on the one hand1 with the labors of     
,wickliffe and ,chaucer on the other1   
were alone sufficient to make any reign 
memorable4  ,it is a matter of wonder   

that 8philosophers of history0 have not 
made more study of the pregnant events  
of this reign4 ,it is a matter of       
greater wonder that writers of romance  
and the drama have not more utilized its
 highly-colored scenes2 the reigns of   
,john and ,richard ,,ii1 which          
,shakspere seized as food for his pen1  
seem tame in the comparison--the more so
 because ,froissart's minute and        
picturesque 8,chronicles0 have preserved
 a wealth of material of these events   
ready to the modern adapter's hand4     
,this variety of strong situations      
should have half a dozen 8pictures0     
instead of one4 ,perhaps we can         
8photograph them down0 into a group of  
seven vignettes for our one 8,picture40 
,first shows us ,edward1 the boy of ten 
years1 taken by his mother to her       
brother's court at ,paris and there made
 the unwitting tool to work the         
dethronement and death of his father    
7,edward ,,ii74 ,his mother has sold his
 hand in marriage to the ,count of      

,hainault's infant daughter for troops  
to invade ,england withal4 ,he becomes  
nominal king at the age of fifteen1 but 
his mother and her brilliantly bad      
paramour1 ,mortimer1 are the real rulers
 of ,england4 ,his luckless ,scotch     
campaign should be seen1 in which his   
army was wasted and used up without a   
blow being struck1 because the ,scotch  
on their ,highland ponies1 with a bag of
 oatmeal dough and a pan-cake griddle at
 their saddles1 needed no base of       
supplies1 and just starved out and tired
 out the richly equipped ,english       
army--,isabella and ,mortimer plotting  
the whole thing to ruin the young king's
 popularity and avert the catastrophe   
which their black prophetic souls but   
too surely anticipated4 ,for there is   
,nottingham ,castle1 the home of the two
 conspirators4 ,the guards are changed  
every night and the keys kept under the 
queen's pillow2 and no nobleman is      
allowed to bring his retinue nearer than
 five miles from the walls4 ,good reason

 have they to be thus careful and       
suspicious after their five years of    
riot and usurpation2 but their care     
avails not4 ,the king is twenty years   
old and the only man in ,england capable
 of delivering her4 ,we can see to this 
day the underground passage beneath the 
castle walls1 where ,edward and his few 
trusted knights went in and burst open  
,mortimer's bed-room1 where he was      
himself plotting the death of ,edward4  
,comes the queen rushing in1 en         
dshabill1 screaming1 8,do not hurt my   
darling ,mortimer60 ,mortimer goes to   
the block1 nevertheless2 and the scene  
closes with the guilty queen's agony for
 the loss of the only love of her       
unhappy life1 her succeeding years of   
alternate brooding and raving1 while all
 ,europe is ringing with the feats of   
her son and grandson1 7the ,black       
,prince71 not one ray of which glory    
penetrated the gloom of her solitary    
mourning over a lost and guilty passion4
 ,is not this opening picture of the    

reign sufficiently tragic8  ,next we    
should have the first exhibitions of the
 equally unholy passion of ,edward for  
foreign conquest4 ,his intrigues in the 
,netherlands for the invasion of ,france
 are a study in early diplomacy4 ,a     
foremost figure in the scene is the     
remarkable 8,brewer of ,ghent10 de      
,artevelde1 whose romantic career and   
tragic death at the hands of the people 
he most loved and benefited1 because    
they resented his devotion to ,edward1  
8read like a novel40 ,here appear1 too1 
the sturdy burghers of the ,netherlands1
 painted by ,motley's matchless pen3    
8,commerce plucks up half drowned       
,holland by the locks and     pours gold
 into her lap4 ,fishermen and river     
raftsmen     become ocean adventurers   
and merchant princes4 ,flemish          
weavers become mighty manufacturers4    
,armies of workmen1     fifty thousand  
strong1 tramp through the swarming      
streets4     ,silk-makers1 clothiers1   
brewers1 become the gossips of          

kings1 lend their royal gossips vast    
sums and burn the royal     notes of    
hand in fires of cinnamon wood4 ,wealth 
brings     strength1 strength           
confidence4 ,learning to handle         
cross-bow     and dagger1 the burghers  
fear less the baronial sword1           
finding that their own will cut as well1
 seeing that great     armies--flowers  
of chivalry--can ride away before them  
fast     enough at battles of spears and
 other encounters4444 ,and so1          
struggling along their appointed path1  
making cloth1 making     money1 making  
treaties with great kingdoms1 making war
 by     land and sea1 ringing great     
bells1 waving great banners1     these  
insolent1 boisterous burghers accomplish
 their work40  ,these burghers took all 
,edward's money for fighting and did not
 fight4 ,from three invasions of ,france
 their armies came back with whole skins
 and full pockets1 until ,edward was    
beggared1 his crown jewels pawned1 his  
estates mortgaged1 and he at last       

obliged to give hostages to the thrifty 
,dutchmen for payment of their claims4  
,but1 three things resulted3 7#a7 8,the 
,brewer of ,ghent0 advising it1 ,edward 
laid claim to the throne of ,france as  
next in succession by his mother's prior
 right1 and thus began the ,hundred     
,years' ,war1 of great portent to both  
countries4 7#b7 ,edward and his queen1  
,phillippa of ,hainault1 transplanted   
colonies of ,flemish manufacturers to   
,england1 and laid the foundation of her
 wealth and independence4 7#c7 ,edward's
 necessity proved ,england's            
opportunity1 and every appropriation for
 his wars was the occasion of new       
demands for parliamentary privilege and 
popular rights4  ,this vignette closes  
with the great naval battle off ,sluys  
7,june #bd1 #acdj71 so quaintly         
described by ,froissart2 in which we    
have the strange spectacle of iron-clad 
,french knights fighting on shipboard1  
sturdy ,english sailors boarding and    
incontinently pitching them into the    

sea1 where1 like ,falstaff1 they 8have a
 kind of alacrity in sinking10--the     
result being a victory so striking that 
it 8made the ,channel an ,english lake  
for two hundred years10 and a calamity  
so complete that no one dared to break  
the news to the ,french king1 and so    
they set the court fools to berating in 
his presence 8the cowardly ,english who 
dared not jump into the sea as your     
majesty's soldiers did40 ,this victory  
redeemed ,edward's military renown1 and 
began to stir the slow blood of ,england
 at last4 ,the idea of annexing ,france1
 which had so long regarded ,england as 
only a ,norman-,french colony1 began to 
take a hold on all classes4  ,the third 
scene should open with the little wars  
in ,little ,britain1 the 8wars of the   
two ,janes10 wives of the dead dukes of 
,brittany1 ,england and ,france aiding  
respective sides4 ,jane de ,montfort's  
heroic defense of ,hennebon2 her promise
 to her despairing garrison to surrender
 within three days should not the       

,english succor arrive2 her discovery of
 the ,english fleet in the offing at    
day-break of the third day2 and how she 
came down from the walls after her      
allies had beaten and driven off the    
,french and 8kissed ,sir ,walter ,manny 
and all his knights like a noble and    
valiant dame20 and then her subsequent  
naval victory in the channel1 when she  
stood on the deck of her flag-ship1 in  
complete armor1 and vanquished her      
assailants--all this was just the thing 
to 8fire the hearts0 of ,english        
chivalry4 ,it only needed in addition   
the promise of unlimited booty to raise 
an army of ,english yeomen--not of      
,dutch burghers--for the invasion of    
,france 7#acdf74 ,the ,norman spoliation
 is requited with interest after two    
hundred and eighty years2 booty and     
prisoners are sent home by the ship     
load2 the very hostlers of ,edward's    
army wear velvets and fine furs every   
day4 ,now we come to the wonderful      
battle of ,cressy--more full of romantic

 incident than any other of modern      
times1 save possibly that of ,poictiers1
 its companion-piece1 in the same reign4
 ,on the ,english side #g1jjj jaded1    
retreating men--on the ,french1 #fj1jjj 
of the best and freshest recruits4 ,but 
this handful of men1 untitled and       
unarmored1 shall overthrow that host of 
steel-clad warriors1 with genealogies as
 long as their lances1 and an ancient   
culture of arms as useless as their     
metal overcoats before the ,english     
yeomen1 in their buff and green jerkins4
 ,here the peal of the new              
bombards--8the thunder of ,god10 the    
,french called it--also told of a new   
order of war4 ,the world had moved and  
the ,french had not discovered it2 while
 the ,english had1 for they moved it6   
,the picture is full of incident4 ,there
 stands ,edward1 on the hill by the     
windmill1 refusing to send              
reinforcements to the beset ,black      
,prince4 8,let the boy win his spurs4   
,this shall be his victory40 ,over here 

is the brave1 blind1 old king of        
,bohemia1 who has heard the battle is   
going badly1 and he insists on being led
 into the fray where he may strike one  
blow for ,france and honor1 and is      
struck down4 ,ich dien,f is blazoned on 
his crest--a motto which an admiring and
 commiserating foe is to take up and    
fulfill in proud humility1 a young      
warrior of sixteen years--              
,edward1 the ,black ,prince1     ,who on
 the ,french ground played a tragedy1   
,making defeat on the full power of     
,france1     ,whiles his most mighty    
father on a hill     ,stood smiling to  
behold his lion's whelp     ,forage in  
blood of ,french nobility4  ,the        
slaughter of thirty thousand            
,french--,edward had them carefully     
counted--by this handful of ,english    
made ,french prowess forever after      
despised in the homes and market-places 
of ,england4  ,the next condensed       
picture is of the siege of ,calais4 ,an 
,english city springs up around the     

doomed fortress1 and for a year the     
,english trade1 feast1 game and tourney 
before the starving garrison4 ,scotland 
thinks this a good time to strike       
,england4 ,queen ,phillippa is anon in  
the field with an ,english army1 and at 
,nevill's ,cross 7,october1 #acdf7 there
 is another exhibition of ,amazonian    
chivalry4 ,king ,david of ,scotland is  
taken prisoner and by a common soldier1 
plain ,john ,copeland1 as if everything 
must be extraordinary and strange4 ,john
 hurries his royal prize away to the    
castle of ,ogle1 and sturdily refuses to
 give him up to the queen or to any man 
but ,king ,edward himself4 ,just the    
same ,john was knighted and rewarded2 he
 would have lost his head in any other  
country4 ,phillippa goes happy enough   
over to ,calais to spend ,christmas and 
receive the plaudits of ,europe and of  
her lord1 which she thought more of4 ,we
 must take in ,froissart's fancy sketch 
of the surrender of ,calais4 ,the six   
wealthy burghers voluntarily march out1 

barefooted1 in their shirts1 halters    
about their necks1 to die vicariously   
for the rest of the ,calaisians2 at the 
pitiful sight all the ,english generals 
intercede with ,edward for mercy1 but he
 will not2 the queen goes on her knees  
and pleads so eloquently that the       
stoutest warriors drop surreptitious    
tears2 the king1 with recollections of  
,nevill's ,cross and the anticipation of
 another royal child soon to come1 can  
not withstand this1 and he says1 rather 
ungraciously1 he wishes the queen had   
been farther away that day1 but he      
supposes she will have it so2 and she   
gives the six citizens each his life1   
his liberty1 a good suit of clothes and 
a banquet--the last being esteemed not  
the least of the gifts after their long 
diet on dogs and horses4 ,all this dear 
old ,froissart tells1 and it does not   
impair its acceptation in history that  
he evolved the whole incident from his  
inner consciousness--any more than does 
the fact that good parson ,weems        

invented the incident of ,george        
,washington and the cherry tree injure  
that story's currency4 ,in fact1 sober  
history of those times is more marvelous
 than anything that even the imaginative
 ,froissart could invent4 ,calais       
remained an ,english stronghold and base
 of ,english operations in ,france for  
two hundred years4  ,it is now #acdg1   
and all ,england gives itself up to     
months of festivity1 and patting its own
 back for its ,french feats4 ,there are 
brilliant tournaments and balls1 in     
which the captive king of ,scotland and 
captive ,french nobles take part as     
heartily as if they were victors4 ,the  
,noble ,order of the ,garter is         
established with imposing ritual and    
brilliant festivities1 and ,st4 ,george 
becomes ,england's titular saint4 ,now  
occurs ,edward's attempted intrigue with
 the ,countess of ,salisbury1 who is as 
wise1 brave and pure as she is          
beautiful4 ,the noble part she played   
makes her1 in our eyes1 a greater       

heroine than ,phillippa and 8the two    
,janes40 ,she taught ,edward such a     
lesson of propriety that he was able to 
turn her own confusion at a court ball  
into a lesson in modesty to the         
tittering lords and ladies1 as he       
clasped the lost garter on his own knee 
and said1 8,evil be to him who evil     
thinks40 ,and so it comes that the      
highest order of ,english nobility and  
the noble motto on her coat of arms     
commemorates a pure woman's holding fast
 to her integrity4 ,is not this the best
 of all the vignettes8  ,but there is an
 awfully dark background to it4 ,a rude 
stop was put to all these rejoicings by 
the ,black ,death 7#acdh-ej74 ,this     
,chinese epidemic swept desolation over 
all ,europe4 ,one-third of the          
population of ,england was carried off2 
half the people of ,london died1 and it 
was difficult to find places of burial4 
,the king's daughter was one of its     
victims1 and her death took place while 
she was en route to ,spain to be        

married2 she was buried in the church   
she was to have been married in4 ,the   
loss of laborers and beasts was so great
 that famine was added to pestilence4   
,but these dreadful dispensations       
contributed to the overthrow of slavery 
and hastened the downfall of the        
,plantagenets4 ,to counteract the       
effects of the scarcity of help the     
,statute of ,laborers was passed1 a law 
which attempted to fix the price of     
labor and to prevent villeins leaving   
their masters4 ,this act was at the     
bottom of ,wat ,tyler's rebellion in the
 next reign1 and that was the beginning 
of the end of slavery4 ,the revolt of   
the laboring classes proved a powerful  
aid to the spread of ,lollardism1 and   
that was the beginning of the           
,reformation4 ,thus do remote blessings 
flow from dark and inscrutable causes4  
,a more resplendent scene follows1 by   
way of contrast again3 ,the wonderful   
battle of ,poictiers 7,september #ai1   
#acef71 in the heart of ,france1 whither

 the ,black ,prince has recklessly      
pushed his maraudings4 ,here ten        
thousand ,english defeated sixty        
thousand ,french1 and took the ,french  
king1 ,john1 prisoner4 ,this completed  
the humiliation of ,france1 and 8she    
found in her desolation a miserable     
defence against invasion40 ,king ,john  
was borne to ,london in honor--for the  
chivalrous prince would not triumph over
 his captive1 and humbly waited on him  
at table as his superior in rank4 ,then 
did his motto1 ,ich dien1 shine         
brightly4  ,another contrast3 8,last    
scene of all that ends this strange1    
eventful history is second childishness 
and mere oblivion0 to honor and fame on 
the part of ,edward ,,iii4 ,phillippa   
was dead4 ,the ,black ,prince had died1 
his last battle being disgraced by an   
inhuman slaughter of all his prisoners4 
,the great warrior king in his dotage is
 the degraded creature of wicked ,alice 
,perrers4 ,faction and contention rule  
at court1 and discontent is in the land4

 ,the old king is on his death-bed4     
,alice ,perrers hastily gathers her     
wealth1 seizes the king's jewels1 even  
strips the rings from his fingers1 and  
flees4 ,the servants rifle the palace1  
and the mighty conqueror is left to meet
 a mightier--alone4 ,thus a wandering   
friar finds the apartments deserted1 the
 doors standing open1 and a wasted1 gray
 old man dying alone4      8,mighty     
,csar1 dost thou lie so low8      ,are  
all thy conquests1 triumphs1 glories1   
spoils1      ,shrunk to this little     
measure80  ,the true glory of the reign 
remains to be told4 ,wickliffe's brave  
revolt against ,rome called to life the 
love of religious liberty there was in  
,english character1 and it never went   
out again even before the fires of      
persecution2 while ,chaucer called to   
life the hidden riches of the old-new   
,english tongue1 and the revelation     
drove the ,norman speech1 the last relic
 of ,england's subjugation1 out of      
court1 school1 and ,parliament1 in a    

statute formally recognizing the ,king's
 ,english4 ,the complete organization of
 the ,house of ,commons adds another    
land-mark of the world's progress4      
,thus the chief glories of ,edward      
,third's time were not of his securing  
or voluntary promoting1 and the         
resulting advantages to the world can   
hardly be in their fullness ascribed to 
any direct human agency4 ,to whose1     
then8      ,to be continued4            
,,footnote3  ,f 8,i serve40     ,,sunday
 ,,readings4  ,,selected ,,by ,,the     
,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4,d4        
,march #d4  ,,the ,,false ,,balance     
,,detected ,,by ,,the ,,true4  ,by      
,,rev4 ,,wm4 ,,arnot1 ,d4,d4      8,all 
the ways of a man are clean in his own  
eyes2 but the     ,lord weigheth the    
spirits4 ,commit thy works unto the     
,lord1     and thy thoughts shall be    
established40  ,the first of these two  
verses tells how a man goes wrong1 and  
the second how he may be set right      
again4 ,he is led into error by doing   

what pleases himself2 the rule for      
recovery is to commit the works to the  
,lord1 and see that they are such as    
will please him4 ,if we weigh our       
thoughts and actions in the balances of 
our own desires1 we shall inevitably go 
astray2 if we lay them before ,god1 and 
submit to his pleasure1 we shall be     
guided into truth and righteousness4    
,such is the purport of the two verses  
in general2 attend now to the           
particulars in detail3 8,all the ways of
 a man are clean in his own eyes40 ,to a
 superficial observer this declaration  
may seem inconsistent with experience2  
but he who wrote these words has        
fathomed fully the deep things of a     
human spirit4 ,as a general rule1 men do
 the things which they think right1 and 
think the things right which themselves 
do4 ,not many men do what they think    
evil1 and while they think it evil4 ,the
 acts may be obviously evil1 but the    
actor persuades himself of the contrary1
 at least until they are done4 ,there is

 an amazing power of self-deception in a
 human heart4 ,it is deceitful above all
 things4 ,it is beyond conception       
cunning in making that appear right     
which is felt pleasant4 ,some1 we       
confess1 are so hardened1 that they sin 
in the face of conscience1 and over its 
neck2 but for one bold1 bad man1 who    
treads on an awakened conscience in     
order to reach the gratification of his 
lust1 there are ten cowards who drug the
 watcher into slumber1 that they may sin
 in peace4 ,as a general rule1 it may be
 safely said1 if you did not think the  
act innocent1 you would not do it2 but  
when you have a strong inclination to do
 it1 you soon find means to persuade    
yourself that it is innocent4 ,after    
all1 the real motive power that keeps   
the wheels of human life going round is 
this3--,men like the things that they   
do1 and do the things that they like4   
,in his own eyes a man's ways are clean3
 if he saw them filthy1 he would not    
walk in them4 ,but when he desires to   

walk in a particular way1 he soon begins
 to count it clean1 in order that he may
 peacefully walk in it4  ,in his own    
eyes3 ,mark the meaning of these words4 
,be not deceived2 ,god is not mocked4   
,eyes other than his own are witnessing 
all the life-course of a man4 ,the eyes 
of the ,lord are in every place4 ,he    
does not adopt our inclination as the   
standard of right and wrong1 and he will
 not borrow our balances to determine   
his own judgment in that day4 8,the     
,lord weigheth the spirits40 ,not a     
thought1 not a motive1 trembles in the  
breast which he does not weigh2 more    
evidently1 though not more surely1 are  
the gross and palpable deeds of our life
 open before him6 ,he has a balance nice
 enough to weigh motives--the animating 
soul of our actions2 our actions        
themselves will not escape his scrutiny4
  ,before we proceed to any 8work0 we   
should weigh it1 while yet it is a      
8spirit0 unembodied1 in the balances    
which will be used in the judgment of   

the great day4 ,letters are charged in  
the postoffice according to their       
weight4 ,i have written and sealed a    
letter consisting of several sheets2 ,i 
desire that it should pass2 ,i think    
that it will2 but ,i know well that it  
will not be allowed to pass because ,i  
desire that it should1 or think that it 
will2 ,i know well it will be tested by 
imperial weights and imperial laws4     
,before ,i plunge it beyond my reach1   
under the control of the public         
authorities1 ,i place it on a balance   
which stands on the desk before me--a   
balance not constructed to please my    
desires1 but honestly adjusted to the   
legal standard4 ,i weigh it there1 and  
check it myself by the very rules which 
the government will apply4 ,the children
 of this world are wise for their own   
interests4 ,we do not shut our eyes1 and
 cheat ourselves as to temporal things  
and human governments2 why should we    
attempt to deceive where detection is   
certain and retribution complete8 ,on   

the table before you lies the very      
balance in which the ,ruler of heaven   
and earth will weigh both the body of   
the act and the motive1 the soul that   
inspires it4 ,weigh your purposes in    
this balance before you launch them     
forth in action4 ,the man's ways are    
unclean1 although1 through a deceitful  
heart1 they are clean in his own eyes2  
by what means1 therefore1 8shall a young
 man cleanse his way8 ,by taking heed   
thereto according to thy word0 7,ps4    
cxix3#i74  ,a most interesting practical
 rule is laid down as applicable to the 
case--8,commit thy works unto the       
,lord20 and a promise follows it--8,thy 
thoughts shall be established40 ,it is a
 common and a sound advice1 to ask      
counsel of the ,lord before undertaking 
any work4 ,here we have the counterpart 
lesson equally precious--commit the work
 to the ,lord1 after it is done4 ,the   
,hebrew idiom gives peculiar emphasis to
 the precept--,roll it over on ,jehovah4
 ,mark the beautiful reciprocity of the 

two1 and how they constitute a circle   
between them4 ,while the act is yet in  
embryo as a purpose in your mind1 ask   
counsel of the ,lord1 that it may either
 be crushed in the birth or embodied in 
righteousness4 ,when it is embodied1    
bring the work back to the ,lord1 and   
give it over into his hands as the fruit
 of the thought which you besought him  
to inspire2 give it over into his hands 
as an offering which he may accept1 an  
instrument which he may employ4 ,bring  
the work1 when it is done1 to the ,lord2
 and what will follow8--8,thy thoughts  
shall be established40 ,bring back the  
actions of your life to ,god1 one by    
one1 after they are done1 and thereby   
the purposes of your heart will be made 
pure and steadfast2 the evil will be    
chased away like smoke before the wind1 
and the good will be executed in spite  
of all opposition2 for 8when a man's    
ways please the ,lord1 he maketh even   
his enemies to be at peace with him40   
,a boy1 while his stock of experience is

 yet small1 is employed by his father to
 lend assistance in certain mechanical  
operations4 ,pleased to think himself   
useful1 he bounds into the work with    
heart and hand2 but during the process1 
he has many errands to his father4 ,at  
the first he runs to ask his father how 
he ought to begin2 and when he has done 
a little1 he carries the work to his    
father1 fondly expecting approval1 and  
asking further instructions4 ,oh1 when  
will the children of ,god in the        
regeneration experience and manifest the
 same spirit of adoption which animates 
dear children as an instinct of nature  
toward fathers of their flesh6 ,these   
two rules1 following each other in a    
circle1 would make the outspread field  
of a ,christian's life sunny1 and green1
 and fruitful1 as the arching of the    
solid system brightens and fertilizes   
the earth4  ,perhaps this latter        
hemisphere of duty's revolving circle is
 the more difficult of the two4 ,perhaps
 most professing ,christians find it    

easier to go to ,god beforehand1 asking 
what they should do1 than to return to  
him afterward to place their work in his
 hands4 ,this may in part account for   
the want of answer to prayer1--at least 
the want of a knowledge that prayer has 
been answered4 ,if you do not complete  
the circle1 your message by telegraph   
will never reach its destination1 and no
 answer will return4 ,we send in earnest
 prayer for direction1 and thereafter go
 into the world of action2 but if we do 
not bring the action back to ,god1 the  
circle of the supplication is not       
completed4 ,the prayer does not reach   
the throne2 the message acknowledging it
 comes not back to the suppliant's      
heart4 ,to bring all the works to the   
,lord would be in the character of a    
dear child3 it would please the ,father4
 ,a young man came to his father1 and   
received instructions as to his         
employment for the day4 8,go work in my 
vineyard10 was the parent's command4 8,i
 go1 sir10 was the ready answer of the  

son4 ,thus far1 all was well2 but the   
deed that followed was disobedience4    
,the son went not to work in the        
father's vineyard2 but we do not learn  
that he came back in the evening to tell
 his father what he had done4 ,to have  
done so would either have kept him      
right1 or corrected him for doing wrong4
  ,but some of the works are evil1 and  
how could you dare to roll these over on
 the ,lord8 ,ah6 there lies the power of
 this practical rule4 ,if it were our   
fixed and unvarying practice to bring   
all our works and lay them into ,god's  
hands1 we would not dare to do any      
except those that he would smile upon4  
,but others1 though not positively evil1
 may be of trifling importance1 and the 
doer may decline to bring them to the   
,king1 not because they are impure1 but 
because they are insignificant4 ,the    
spirit of bondage betrays itself here1  
and not the spirit of adoption4 ,they   
are small2 they are affairs of children2
 trouble not the ,master4 ,ah6 this     

adviser is of the earth1 earthy3 he     
knows not the ,master's mind4 ,the      
,master himself has spoken to the point3
 8,suffer the little children to come   
unto me1 and forbid them not40 ,be      
assured1 little children1 whether in the
 natural family of man or the spiritual 
family of ,god1 act in character4 ,there
 is no hypocrisy about them4 ,the things
 they bring are little things4 ,children
 speak as children1 yet he does not     
beckon them away3 he rebukes those who  
would4 ,he welcomes and blesses the     
little ones4 ,nay1 more2 he tells us    
plainly that we must be like them ere we
 enter his kingdom4 ,like little        
children without hypocrisy bring all    
your affairs to him1 and abandon those  
that he would grieve to look upon4      
,bring to him all the works that you do1
 and you will not do any that you could 
not bring to him4  8,when a man's ways  
please the ,lord1 he maketh even his    
enemies to be at peace with him0 7ver4  
#g74 ,there is1 it seems1 such a thing  

as pleasing ,god4 ,if it could not exist
 on earth1 it would not be named from   
heaven4 ,even to try this is a most     
valuable exercise4 ,there would be more 
sunlight in a believer's life if he     
could leave the dull negative fear of   
judgment far behind as a motive of      
action1 and bound forward into the glad 
positive1 a hopeful effort to please    
,god4 8,without faith it is impossible  
to please him0 7,heb4 xi3 #f72 therefore
 with faith it is possible4 8,they that 
are in the flesh cannot please ,god20   
therefore they that are in the ,spirit  
can4 ,in this aspect of a believer's    
course1 as in all others1 ,jesus has    
left us an example that we should follow
 his steps3 8,i do always those things  
that please him0 7,john viii3 #bi74 ,the
 glad obedience of the saved should not 
be thought inconsistent with the simple 
trust of the sinful4 ,a true disciple is
 zealous of good works2 it is a spurious
 faith that is jealous of them4 ,those  
who1 being justified by faith1 are most 

deeply conscious that their works are   
worthless1 strive most earnestly to do  
worthy works4  ,this1 like that which   
enjoins obedience to parents1 is a      
commandment 8with promise40 ,when your  
ways please ,god1 he will make even your
 enemies to be at peace with you4 ,this 
is one of two principles that stand     
together in the word1 and act together  
in the divine administration2 its       
counterpart and complement is1 8,if any 
man will live godly in ,christ ,jesus1  
he must suffer persecution40 ,they seem 
opposite1 yet1 like night and day1      
summer and winter1 they both proceed    
from the same ,god1 and work together   
for good to his people4 ,it is true that
 the mighty of the earth are overawed by
 goodness2 and it is also true that     
likeness to the ,lord exposes the       
disciple to the persecution which his   
,master endured4 ,both are best3 neither
 could be wanted4 ,if the principle that
 goodness exposes to persecution        
prevailed everywhere and always1 the    

spirit would fail before him and the    
souls which he has made4 ,again1 if the 
principle that goodness conciliates the 
favor of the world prevailed every where
 and always1 discipline would be done1  
and the service of ,god would degenerate
 into mercenary self-interest4 ,if the  
good received only and always           
persecution for their goodness1 their   
life could not endure1 and the          
generation of the righteous would become
 extinct3 if the good received only and 
always favor from men1 their spiritual  
life would be overlaid1 and choked in   
the thick folds of worldly prosperity4  
,a beautiful balance of opposites is    
employed to produce one grand result4   
,it is like the balance of antagonist   
forces1 which keeps the planets in their
 places1 and maintains the harmony of   
the universe4 ,temporal prosperity and  
temporal distress1 the world's          
friendship and its enmity1 are both     
formidable to the children of ,god4 ,our
 ,father in heaven1 guarding against the

 danger on either side1 employs the two 
reciprocally to hold each other in      
check4 ,human applause on this side is a
 dangerous enemy1 and it is made        
harmless by the measure of persecution  
which the godly must endure3 on the     
other side1 the enmity of a whole world 
is a weight under which the strongest   
would at last succumb2 but it is made   
harmless by the opposite law1--the law  
by which true goodness conciliates favor
 even in an evil world4 ,a ,christian in
 the world is like a human body in the  
sea1--there is a tendency to sink and a 
tendency to swim4 ,a very small force in
 either direction will turn the scale4  
,our ,father in heaven holds the        
elements of nature and the passions of  
men at his own disposal3 his children   
need not fear1 for he keeps the balance 
in his own hands4   ,march #aa4  ,,three
 ,,dispensations ,,in ,,history ,,and   
,,in ,,the ,,soul4,g  ,by ,,bishop ,f4  
,d4 ,,huntington1 ,d4,d4  ,the spiritual
 growth of mankind has proceeded through

 three great stages4 ,each of these has 
been marked by the evolution of one     
predominating element1 or salient       
principle of religious action4 ,on      
examination1 we shall be able to        
discover an impressive correspondence   
between these successive epochs in the  
history of humanity at large1 and the   
process of life in a well-disciplined1  
,christianized individual4 ,this analogy
 is so thickly set with points of       
interest1 as well as so fruitful of     
practical suggestions touching right    
religious ideas1 and right living1 that 
,i shall let it fix the form1 and be the
 subject of the discourse4 ,that subject
 is3 ,the threefold discipline of our   
spiritual experience1 as compared with  
the threefold order in the expanding    
nurture of the human family4  ,the three
 ,biblical dispensations are types of   
three great principles of conduct1 or   
rather three schools of religious       
culture1 under which we must pass as    
persons1 just as the race has passed in 

history1 before we can be built up into 
the symmetrical stature of a ,christian 
maturity4  ,i4 ,first1 was the          
dispensation of natural religious       
feeling4 ,the race was in childhood4 ,it
 acted from impulse4 ,it obeyed no      
written code of moral regulations1 but1 
so far as its life was right1 it either 
followed some free religious instincts1 
or else depended on direct intimations  
from the ,deity1 directing or forbidding
 each specific deed4 ,the man chosen as 
the representative of this period was   
,abraham4 ,the record of it is the book 
of ,genesis4 ,that writing is the first 
grand chapter in the biography of man2  
and its very literary structure--so     
dramatic in contents1 and so lyrical in 
expression1 so careless of the rules of 
art1 so abounding in personal details1  
and graphic groupings of incident2 so   
like a child's story in its sublime     
simplicity--answers to the spontaneous  
period it pictures4 8,the patriarchal   
age0 we call it4 ,the term itself       

intimates rude1 unorganized politics2   
the head of each family being the       
legislator for his tribe4 ,but1 in the  
absence of systematic statutes1 every   
man1 by a liberty so large as to burst  
often into license1 was likely to do    
very much what was right in his own     
eyes4 ,if he had strong passions1 he    
would be a sensualist1 like ,shechem1 or
 a petty tyrant1 like ,laban4 ,if he    
were constitutionally gentle1 he would  
be an inoffensive shepherd1 like ,lot4  
,such were the first two brothers4      
,cain's jealousy made him a murderer2   
,abel was peaceable1 kept sheep1 and the
 only voice he lifted up against        
outrage1 was when his blood cried from  
the ground4 ,some of these nomadic      
people1 having devout temperaments1     
8called upon the name of the ,lord10 we 
are told1 like ,enoch and ,noah4 ,others
 were bloated giants1 mighty men in     
animal propensities1 gross and          
licentious1 given to promiscuous        
marriages2 so that presently ,god saw   

that the wickedness was so great1 and   
the imaginations of men's hearts were so
 evil1 that he must wash the unclean    
earth with a deluge4 ,but there was no  
permanent restraining power2 no fixed   
standard of judicial command2 and so1   
when the flood dried1 the tide of sin   
set in again1 streaked only with some   
veins of nobleness4 ,on the plains of   
,shinar pride fancied that it could     
build a tower that should overtop the   
,all-seeing ,providence2 and it had to  
be humbled by a confusion of tongues1   
scattering the builders4 ,even ,noah1 a 
just man for his times1 so pure in that 
comparison1 that he was carried over on 
the waves from a drowned generation1 to 
install a new one1 had scarcely seen the
 many-colored splendors of the promise  
in the rainbow1 before he was drunken of
 overmuch wine4 ,abraham himself1 so    
full of trust that his trust finally    
saved him2 strong enough in the power of
 it to lay his son on an altar2 at an   
earlier age stained his tongue with a   

cowardly falsehood1 calling his wife his
 sister for safety's sake--first pattern
 of politicians of mere expediency--and 
was rebuked for it by a ,pharaoh1 who   
had seen less of the heavenly visions   
than he4 ,sodom1 with its indescribable 
pollutions1 was not far from            
,beth-el--house of ,god4 ,jacob received
 a revelation from opened heavens2 yet  
he over-reached his brother to          
appropriate the family blessing1 and    
defraud his father-in-law4  ,throughout 
the whole of this patriarchal era1      
reaching from ,adam to ,joseph1 and     
covering1 by the common computation1    
twenty-three hundred years1 there were  
beautiful virtues1 flowering into the   
light by the spontaneous energy of      
nature1 but poisoned in many spots by   
the slime of sensuality4 ,the human     
stock threw out its forms of life with a
 certain negligence1 as the prodigal    
force of nature does her forests--as a  
boy swings his limbs in the open air4   
,there were heroic acts2 but they were  

dispersed over intervals1 with dismal   
contrasts of meanness and cowardice     
between4 ,there were ardent prayers2 but
 foul passions often met and put to     
flight the descending hosts of the      
angels of ,god4 ,character needed a     
staunch vertebral column to secure its  
uprightness4 ,no permanent sanction lent
 impregnability to good impulses4 ,even 
the saint1 whose spirit rose nearest to 
heaven1 walked on the verge of some     
abyss of shame4 ,for though ,abraham    
believed1 ,moses had not yet legislated1
 nor ,christ died4  ,corresponding1 now1
 to this impulsive religious age of the 
race1 is the natural state of the       
individual4 ,it is the condition we are 
born into1 and the multitudes never pass
 beyond it1 because they are never      
renewed1 or made ,christian4 ,morally   
they are children all their lives4 ,bad 
dispositions mix with good2 one moment  
holy aspirations2 the next a flagrant   
immorality4 ,what is wanting is a second
 birth of spiritual conviction4 ,conduct

 is not brought to the bar of a         
governmental examination1 and judged by 
an unbending principle4 ,temptation is  
too much for this feeble1 capricious    
piety4 ,nature1 true enough1 is always  
interesting2 and spontaneous products   
may be beautiful4 ,but man1 with his    
free agency1 beset before and behind by 
evil1 is not like a lily growing under  
,god's sun and dew1 with no sin to      
deform its grace or stain its coloring2 
he is not like the innocent architecture
 of a cloud1 shaped by the fantastic    
caprices of the summer wind2 nor yet    
like the aimless statuary of the        
sea-shore1 sculptured by the pliant     
chisel of the wave4 ,he has to contend1 
struggle1 resist4 ,he is tried1 enticed1
 besieged4 ,satan creeps anew with every
 new-born child into the ,eden of the   
heart1 and flaming swords are presently 
planted on its gates1 proclaiming--no   
return that way to innocence4 ,the      
natural religion1 of which modern       
mystics are so fond1 and modern         

peripatetics prattle1 is not enough for 
him4 ,it might possibly answer in the   
woods1 unless this feeble pantheism     
would substitute artistic ecstacy for   
worship1 and moonlight for the sun1 that
 flashes down the glories of            
revelations2 or in some solitary cell1  
though even there monk and hermit have  
often found the snare of impure         
imaginations spread too cunningly for   
it4 ,but let the boy go to the shop1 and
 the girl to school2 let the young man  
travel to the city1 and the young woman 
lend her ears to the flatteries of that 
silver-tongued sorceress1 ,society2 and 
all this natural piety is like a silken 
thread held over a blazing furnace4 ,we 
may put ourselves at ease1 fancy we     
shall fare well enough under so kind a  
,father2 come out comfortably at last2  
there is such tender pity in the skies4 
,but the dispelling of that delusion    
will be the sharp word out of the throne
 of judgment--8,depart from me1 ,i never
 knew you40 ,no ,babel of refuge will be

 built to the top4 ,no friendly         
intervention will avert the perdition of
 the ,sodom in the heart4 ,no ,tamar of 
custom will cajole with her coquetry the
 ancient and everlasting justice4 ,no   
thrifty leagues of a low commercial     
instinct1 postponing conscience to the  
arithmetic of traffic--no corrupt       
political majorities1 subscribing       
patriotic manifestoes as stock for party
 or private dividends1 though they be as
 eleven against one1 and though they    
piously profess to be sons of ,israel by
 church subscriptions1 shall buy        
national prosperity by their brother    
,joseph's blood4  ,there is often a     
vague assumption that certain principles
 of natural right1 evolved and compacted
 by ethical science1 might save our     
social state4 ,but1 remember that       
society1 without ,christ1 in its        
philosophy1 its literature1 its art1 its
 morals1 obeyed a law of deterioration  
and decay4 ,without him1 it would have  
been sinking still4 ,instead of the     

,christian justice that hangs its       
balances over our seats of lawful trade 
to-day1 we should have not even ,punic  
faith2 but something more treacherous   
than that--not even the hesitating      
,roman honesty1 but a zone of restraint 
more dissolute than the ,corinthian1 and
 principles looser than the ,spartan's4 
,instead of a respected merchant1 or a  
steady mechanic1 going out to his       
business to-morrow1 amid a public order 
that ,christ has organized1 might have  
been seen a barbarian1 with the         
concentrated falsity of a hundred       
,arabs1 waking into a world convulsed   
with perpetual anarchy1 or skulking away
 to transact his base affairs in a worse
 than ,circassian mart4 ,we may baptize 
the interesting displays of our         
intermittent virtue with a ,christian   
name2 but they may yet contain no       
quality of ,christ's peculiar sanctity4 
,they may leave human life quite        
untouched by that unrivaled glory1      
however bright their transient beam4    

,they are not redolent of the ,new      
,testament4 ,their uprightness does not 
bear the sanction of the ,sermon on the 
,mount4 ,their slender rectitude is not 
the principle that treats men justly    
because they are ,god's children1 which 
was the law of ,christ's great honesty4 
,their kindness is not the sweet charity
 of the beatitudes4 ,their moderation is
 not guarded by those majestic warders1 
reverence for ,god1 and a ,savior's     
love4 ,nor is their worship1 if they    
adore at all1 fervent with the prayers  
of ,olivet and ,gethsemane4  ,and as the
 first dispensation ended in a slavery  
in ,egypt1 or broods darkly over pagan  
nations waiting to be brought nigh by   
the blood of ,christ to this hour1 so   
the lawless motions of every self-guided
 will end in a servitude to some        
,pharaoh in the members that cries aloud
 for emancipation--a settled alienation 
from the household of the good4   ,march
 #ah4  ,,three ,,dispensations4  ,next  
after this impulsive or spontaneous     

period1 which is the period of          
childhood1 comes the legal or           
judicial--a second stage in the history 
of the religious consciousness4 ,moses1 
the law-giver1 is its representative4   
,from this crisis1 the chief            
significance of the world's religious   
experience is concentrated1 for some    
sixteen hundred years1 in ,judea1 and   
human progress runs on through the      
channel of ,hebrew nationality4 ,other  
families have wandered off into hopeless
 idolatries4 ,the religion of instinct  
has found its appropriate termination in
 a degraded ,egyptian priesthood1 mixing
 civil despotism with the incantations  
of an impure mythology4  ,and now1 ,god 
calls up ,moses out of his miserable    
oppression into the summit of ,sinai1   
and appoints him the head of the second 
august human epoch4 ,a period of laws1  
after instinct1 begins4 ,instinct must  
be curbed1 for it has done mischief     
enough4 ,impulse must be subjected to   
principle1 for it has proved itself     

insufficient alone4 ,there must be      
positive command1 controlling wayward   
inclinations4 8,thou shalt10 and 8,thou 
shalt not10 are the watchwords4 ,it is  
an age of obedience4 ,ceremonies and    
ordinances are set up to bring the wild 
will under discipline4 ,and the better  
to secure exact obedience1 a visible    
system of formal observances is         
announced--so many sacrifices every day1
 and so many meat-offerings1            
drink-offerings1 cattle1 doves1 fruits1 
cakes1 for every sacrifice4 ,to         
withstand the surrounding seductions of 
nations still steeped in the vices of   
their natural propensities1 a scheme of 
coercive restraints comes in4 ,the      
people must have multiplied festivals1  
jubilees1 national gatherings1 regularly
 kept1 and by divine appointment4 ,to   
draw them1 there is a gorgeous temple   
with an imposing altar1 a tabernacle1 a 
covenant1 a shekinah lighted from       
heaven1 a priesthood clad in the        
splendid garments1 and all the superb   

apparatus of a magnificent ritual4 ,even
 the daily habits1 materials of common  
dress1 qualities of food and kinds of   
flesh1 are all to be regulated in detail
 by specific statutes4 ,law reaches down
 to determine the most minute           
particulars--the cleansing of houses1   
the shape of the beard1 the sowing of   
the field--all having reference to      
neighboring idolatrous usages1 of which 
these twelve tribes must1 by all means1 
be kept clear4 ,and for the breach of   
every law1 from greatest to least1 there
 must be penalty4 ,that part of human   
nature1 that terror and dread appeal to1
 is addressed4 ,on the transgressor woe 
is denounced4 ,there is a ,mount ,ebal1 
full of menacing curses1 as well as a   
,gerizim pledged to blessings4 ,smoke1  
earthquakes1 thunders and lightnings1   
marshaling their awful pageant about    
,sinai when the law was given1 only     
prefigured punishments that should      
always torment the disobedient4 ,and1   
accordingly1 down through all the       

,hebrew fortunes1 while prophets were   
set to admonish and call back the       
rebellious1 the great staple of         
,israelitish history was1 the divine    
chastisement that followed violations of
 law1 and the prosperity that rewarded  
its observance4 ,sieges and campaigns1  
conquests and captivities1 judges and   
kings1 ,joshua1 ,gideon1 and ,ezra1     
,david1 ,saul1 and ,rehoboam--all were  
of less consequence1 as events1 or as   
individuals1 than as instruments of that
 mighty1 organized power lying behind   
them--,moses and the law4  ,so with all 
of us2 there comes a time when we feel  
that we cannot act by inclination1 but  
must follow law4 ,the principle of duty 
is that law4 ,babyhood is past1 and its 
instincts suffice us no longer4 ,to do  
as we like1 would still be pleasant2 but
 it is dangerous and false4 ,we become  
stewards and must give account of our   
stewardship4 ,life has put its harness  
upon us1 and we must work in it4        
,passions have sprung up1 and conflicts 

have commenced within us1 that make     
impulse an unsafe guide4 ,we find a     
meaning in that hard word must4 ,we are 
free to do as we will1 and yet we feel  
somehow bound under ,god's necessity4   
,it begins to be evident that as sure as
 a stone falls or fire burns1 sin will  
bring trouble2 indulgence1 pain2        
impiety1 remorse2 dissipation1 disease2 
dishonesty1 infamy4 ,the spendthrift    
must be pinched1 the fraudulent         
bargainer lose his soul though he gain  
the world1 and the false professor be   
spiritually damned4 ,here are laws--laws
 of the ,almighty's ordaining--laws that
 bring retribution4 ,if we would live   
peaceably1 we must come under them and  
obey4  ,very often it happens that by   
obeying a law1 we acquire superiority to
 it4 ,voluntarily submitting to certain 
rules for a time1 our virtue is         
strengthened and finally becomes        
independent of them1 so that it can go  
alone4 ,the inebriate binds himself by a
 pledge1 and thus regains his freedom4  

,the disciple appoints specific hours   
for praying1 and by that means gains the
 devout spirit which breathes a         
perpetual aspiration1 at last           
inaugurating a silent converse of the   
soul with heaven1 as natural as the     
pulse in the veins4 ,the methodical     
division of time for business is only a 
form of law1 coercing industry and      
efficiency4 ,many a man has to spur his 
sluggishness1 by definite tasks2 and    
many more would bring nothing to pass1  
but for fixed methods and seasons4      
,without a morning and evening          
sacrifice1 forgetful worldliness would  
render poor service to ,god2 and        
memories1 like ,martha1 so careful and  
troubled about many things1 would fail  
of ,mary's one thing needful4 ,the      
laying apart of exact sums for charity  
has been all that stood between some men
 and the doom of avarice2 benevolence   
had to be put out to school1 and        
philanthropy be drilled into promptitude
 like a cadet4 ,let us not despise law1 

for every day practical proofs are      
scattered before us1 that it is a       
school-master to lead us to ,christ4    
,even fear1 though fastidious nerves are
 apt to discredit it as a lower         
sentiment1 has its office in            
disciplining thoughtless and stubborn   
wills1 breaking down pride and prompting
 insensibility1 till it is ready to hand
 us over to motives of a nobler order4  
,there is a meaning in a tradition of an
 ancient ,german prince1 who1 in early  
life1 was bidden by an oracle to search 
out an inscription on a ruined wall     
which should prefigure his mortal fate4 
,he found the ,latin words1 signifying  
after six4 ,supposing they revealed the 
number of days he was to live1 he gave  
himself for the six days following to   
his hitherto neglected soul1 preparing  
himself to die4 ,but finding death did  
not come1 he was still held to his sober
 resolutions by supposing six weeks were
 the interpretation2 and then he        
prolonged his holy life to six months1  

and six years4 ,on the first day of the 
seventh year1 by reason of the excellent
 manhood into which he had thus formed  
his character1 he had gained the        
confidence of the people1 and he found  
the fulfillment of the ambiguous        
prophecy1 by being chosen ,emperor of   
,germany4 ,here is a figure of common   
experience4 ,we may conceive it to have 
been a mere 8spiritual0 process1 that   
the prince should have been drawn to    
piety1 by loving goodness for its own   
sake4 ,but it was the timid dread of    
dying that drew him1 and the royal      
benefactions of a truly ,christian      
monarch justified the agent4 ,have you  
never known a fever1 or an accident1 or 
the incipient symptoms of a consumption 
to be the determining cause that bent   
the whole current of a life from        
earthward to heavenward8 ,have you never
 known that a mere dread of punishment  
or pain1 of hell or disgrace1 has       
stopped the erring feet of lust1        
silenced profanity1 driven back the     

,sabbath-breaker8 ,god is not ashamed to
 take into the sublime economy of his   
purposes these stimulants to virtue2 and
 let not us1 in our puerile conceit1    
venture to pronounce them unworthy4     
,outgrow them if you will1 and can2 but 
take care that you are not found1 after 
all1 below1 instead of above the plane  
of their influence4  ,for be assured1   
though we have read the ,new ,testament1
 named the name of ,jesus1 and quite    
looked down on the ,jews1 some of us    
have not yet climbed up so far as to    
,moses and his ,jewish law4 ,in the     
,bible's older ,testament there are     
needed examples for us yet4 ,not all of 
us have learned that majestic1          
unchangeable fact1 that ,god is         
,sovereign2 nor those related facts     
that1 if we will perpetrate the wrong1  
we must suffer the penalty2 that we can 
not dodge the consequences of what we   
do2 that indolence must sap our         
strength2 that selfishness must end in  
wretchedness2 that falsehood is a mint1 

coining counterfeits that must return   
upon our hands2 that hypocrisy to-day is
 disgrace to-morrow4 ,this is law1      
everlasting1 unrepealable law2 and our  
poor attempts to resist1 or nullify it1 
avail not so much as a puff of mortal   
breath against the gulf stream in the   
,atlantic4 ,blessed will it be for our  
peace1 when we accept it1 and bow to it1
 turning it into a law of liberty4      
,remember that the grandest examples of 
sainthood1 or spiritual life1 that the  
ages have seen1 have been souls that    
recognized this truth--the firm1        
,puritanical element1 in all valiant    
piety2 and without it mere amiable      
religious feeling will be quite sure to 
degenerate into sentimentality4 ,we need
 to stand compassed about with the      
terrible splendors of the mount1 and    
with something of the somber apparatus  
of ,hebrew commandments1 to keep us from
 falling off into some impious1 ,gentile
 idolatries of the senses4 ,holy places1
 and holy days1 and solemn assemblies1  

still dispense sanctity4 ,our appetites 
have to be hedged about with almost as  
many scruples of regimen for ,christian 
moderation's sake1 as the ,jew's for his
 monotheism4 8,we wish10 says some one1 
8that it was not so difficult to be     
good4 ,we wish that we could be         
self-indulgent1 and yet be good for all 
that2 that we could idle off our time1  
and yet be wise for all that40 ,the     
worldling wishes that he could combine  
his worldliness now with a heaven       
hereafter2 the voluptuary1 that he could
 have 8the clear eye and the steady hand
 of the temperate20 the vain1 ambitious1
 capricious woman1 that she could       
exhibit the serenity that comes of      
prayer4 ,but ,sinai stands unmoved1 at  
the outset of every life-journey through
 the wilderness2 and at the further end1
 beyond the river1 ,ebal with his       
curses1 and ,gerizim with its blessings4
 8,whatsoever a man soweth1 that shall  
he also reap40   ,march #be4  ,,three   
,,dispensations4  ,but there is a third 

dispensation1 profounder and richer than
 that of statutes2 and1 at the head of  
it1 one greater than ,moses4 ,the period
 of literal commandments was            
insufficient2 humanity outgrew it4 ,it  
became a dead profession1 a school of   
foolish questions1 a shelter of hideous 
hypocrisies4 ,lo6 the enlarging soul of 
the race asks a freer1 more sincere1    
more vital nurture1 and it comes4 ,if   
the simple religious instincts of       
,abraham had been accepted for          
righteousness2 if the law had been given
 by ,moses2 grace and truth enter in by 
,jesus ,christ2 grace for the heart1    
truth for the understanding2 favor for  
man's stumbling feet1 and light for his 
eyes4 ,christ does not abrogate law1 but
 by his own life and sacrifice first    
satisfies its conditions4 ,he says      
expressly1 8,think not that ,i came to  
destroy ,moses1 but to fulfill40 ,the   
cross does not unbind the cords of      
accountability1 but tightens and        
strengthens them rather4 ,the gospel    

affords no solvent to disentegrate the  
commandments2 it only lets 8the violated
 law speak out its thunders0 in the     
tones of pity4 ,divine laws never looked
 so sacred as when they took sanctity   
from the redemption of the crucified4   
,witness now a new light1 8lighting     
every man that cometh into the world40  
,it is the deliverance of the heart4 ,it
 is the purifying of the life4 ,it is   
the sanctification of the spirit4 ,the  
law1 by which no man living can be      
justified1 because no man ever yet kept 
it inviolate2 which makes no allowance  
for imperfect obedience1 and yet never  
was perfectly obeyed--which1 therefore1 
is a rule of universal condemnation when
 standing alone--this stern1 unrelenting
 law gives place to a gospel--gladder   
tidings--a voice that comes not to      
condemn but to save1 a ministry of      
mercy1 asking only a penitent spirit    
that it may offer forgiveness1 and only 
inward faith changing the motives that  
it may confer eternal life4  ,law and   

prophets1 then1 are not annulled2 what  
they lacked is supplied4 ,they are      
absorbed by evangelists4 ,the gospel    
takes up all their contents1 recasts    
them1 and quickens them with the        
vitality of a fresh inspiration4 ,moses 
remains1 but only as a servant to       
,christ4 ,the decalogue still stands2   
but the cross stands on a higher        
pedestal1 invested with a purer glory4  
,humble ,calvary is the seat of a       
loftier power than towering ,horeb4 ,we 
must still be under discipline2 but the 
,lawgiver is lost in the ,redeemer4     
,what was a task is transfigured into a 
choice4 ,the drudgery of obedience is   
beautified into the privilege of        
reconciliation4 ,love has cast out fear4
 ,man no longer cowers before his       
sovereign with terror1 but pours out his
 praises to a ,father4 ,the soul is     
released from the bondage of a thrall   
into the liberty of a child4 ,out of the
 plodding routine of mechanical         
sacrifice1 it ascends into spiritual    

,joy1 where the handwriting of          
ordinances is done away2 the ,great     
,high ,priest has ascended once for all 
into the heavens1 and suffering is      
willingly borne because it makes the    
disciple like the ,lord4  ,thus the word
 spoken by the third epoch of religious 
culture is not1 8,act thy nature out and
 follow thy lawless impulses0--nor yet1 
8,do this circle of outward works1 and  
then come and claim salvation for thy   
merits0--but1 believe1 first1 and then  
out of thy faith do the righteous works 
which thou then canst not but do4       
,repent of thy short comings1 and be    
forgiven4 ,lean on ,christ1 thy ,savior4
 ,love ,god1 thy ,father4 ,help men1 thy
 brethren4 ,and come1 inherit thy       
immortal kingdom6  ,now1 at last1 if it 
only keeps on in the path divinely      
marked for it1 the soul emerges into    
that wide fellowship of ,christ--that   
open hospitality of spiritual freedom1  
where the impulse of nature is only     
guided1 not stifled1 by law2 where law  

is ripened and fulfilled into faith4    
,the highest victory of goodness is     
union with ,god4 ,the union comes only  
by a ,mediator4 ,for reconciliation     
between finite and infinite1 there must 
be a ,reconciler combining both4 ,the   
way to peace lies by ,calvary4 ,humanity
 realizes its complete proportions1 only
 by inward membership with him who fills
 all the veins of his living body with  
his blood1 and the chambers of his      
church with the glory of his presence   
to-day4 8,believe in the ,lord ,jesus   
,christ1 and thou shalt be saved40      
,for1 observe1 by all means1 this       
striking condition pertaining to the    
doctrine2 that neither of these three   
stages1 whether of the general or the   
personal progress1 denies1 or cuts off1 
its predecessor4 ,nature prepares the   
way for law--making the heart restless1 
by an unsatisfying experiment1 without  
it4 ,abraham saw more glorious ages     
coming than his own1 and the promise    
given to him and his seed1 ,emmanuel    

accomplished4 ,the law disciplined      
wayward1 uncultured man1 making him     
ready for the ,church that was to       
descend 8like a bride out of heaven40   
,every ordinance in its ritual was a    
type2 every statute was a prophecy4     
,all ,judaism was prospective4 ,moses   
looked forward to the ,messiah4 ,so1 in 
the heart of childhood1 there are       
expectations1 vague and yet brilliant1  
of the responsible second stage of      
manhood2 it is too thoughtless yet to   
look beyond1 to the age of mature       
,christian holiness4 ,but see1 again1   
when that second age of stern command   
and strict obedience comes1 it grows    
sober and reflective4 ,it feels heavily 
that it is not sufficient to itself4 ,it
 must look longingly forward for the    
consolations of the cross4 ,nature does 
not comprehend law1 nor law gospel2     
,abraham ,moses1 nor ,moses ,messiah2   
but the ,son of ,god understands all1   
and the gospel1 in its majestic orbit1  
while embracing law and nature1         

transcends them both4  ,remember1 also1 
for its practical fruit's sake1 this    
fact1 that each stage requires fidelity 
in the preceding4 ,you must have been   
true to the better impulses of youth1   
that you may be1 to the best advantage1 
a servant of the law of maturity4 ,you  
must be faithfully obedient to duty1    
before you are fit to be a subject of   
grace4 ,do not imagine you can glide    
over into the favor of heaven1 without  
first keeping the commandment4 ,it is a 
strait gate1 and a narrow way that leads
 to life4 ,i must be a cheerful servant1
 before ,i can know the joy of adoption1
 and cry1 8,abba1 ,father40 ,willing to 
be constrained by the positive precept1 
,i may hope1 by-and-by1 for the freedom 
of a child and heir4 ,many things that  
,i would rather not do--irksome to the  
sluggish will1 hard to the love of ease1
 offensive to pride1 bitter to selfish  
pleasure--,i must do1 before ,i can     
ascend to that sublime self-mastery with
 ,christ1 where ,i shall desire to do   

only what ,i ought4 ,you have seen a    
seabird1 which in rising from the waves 
has to run some way with difficulty upon
 the water1 striking the surface        
laboriously with its pinions2 but when  
it has once lifted itself into the upper
 air1 it balances its flight with a calm
 motion1 and enfranchised into the      
freedom of the sky1 the slow beat of its
 wings are imperceptible4 ,it is by pain
 and toil under the commandments1 that  
the soul gets the liberty of its        
faculties2 but when it has been taken up
 out of itself by love and trust1 it    
moves in harmony with ,god4 ,the law was
 our schoolmaster to bring us unto      
,christ1 that we might 8be justified by 
faith40 ,but 8after that faith is come1 
we are no longer under a schoolmaster40 
8,all things are yours1 and ye are      
,christ's1 and ,christ is ,god's40 ,no  
longer at ,gerizim1 nor yet at          
,jerusalem1 but everywhere1 we may      
worship the ,father6  ,you have seen the
 religionist of mere passion4 ,that     

impulsive temperament is doubtless      
capable of good services to the master4 
,but1 to that end1 the master must have 
the reforming of it4 ,that unsteady     
purpose must be made steadfast through a
 thoughtful imitation of the constancy  
that said1 8,behold1 ,i go up to        
,jerusalem to be crucified40 ,that      
fluctuating wing of worship must be     
poised by some influence from those     
hills1 where whole nights were not too  
long for a ,redeemer's prayers4 ,that   
inexpert swimmer in the sea of life1 now
 rising1 now sinking1 and now noisily   
splashing the waters1 must be schooled  
by sober experience to glide onward with
 a firmer and stiller stroke4 ,ardor    
must be matched with consistency4 ,you  
are not to be carried to heaven by a    
fitful religion1 periodically raised    
from the dead at seasons of social      
exhilaration2 not by a religion alive at
 church1 but stagnant in the streets and
 in the market-places2 not by a religion
 kindling at some favored hour of       

sentimental meditation1 only to sink and
 flicker in the drudgery of common work4
 ,it is to little purpose that we read1 
and circulate1 and preach the ,bible1   
except all our reading and all our      
living gain thereby a more biblical     
tone4 ,and it is quite futile that our  
breasts glow with some fugitive feeling 
in the house of ,god1 unless that       
feeling dedicates our common dwellings  
to be all houses of ,god4  ,so have you 
seen the religious legalist4 ,in        
business1 in the street1 in sanctuaries1
 at home1 you have seen him4 ,in        
business1 measuring off his             
righteousness by some sealed measure of 
public usage1 as mechanically as his    
merchandise1 and making a label or a    
dye-stuff his cunning proxy to tell the 
lie that some judicial penalty had      
frightened from his tongue2 disowning no
 patent obligation1 but cheating the    
customer1 or oppressing the weak1 in    
secret4 ,in the street1 wearing an      
outside of genial manners1 with a frosty

 temper under it1 or a cloak of         
propriety with a heart of sin2 in the   
sanctuary1 purchasing1 with formal      
professions1 one day1 the privilege of  
an untroubled self-seeking the other    
six1 or possibly opening the pew door   
and the prayer-book here to-day1 with   
the same hand that will wrong a neighbor
 to-morrow2 and at home1 practicing that
 reluctant virtue that would hardly give
 conjugal affection but for the         
marriage-bond1 and that1 by being       
exported to another continent1 would    
find a ,parisian atmosphere a solvent of
 all its scruples4 ,not descending1 at  
present1 to the depth of depravity1 he  
certainly never rises to a pure piety4  
,whatever respectable or admirable      
traits you see in him1 you miss that    
distinctive mark which every eye takes  
knowledge of as a spiritual             
consecration4  ,engraft1 now1 on that   
8wild olive0 stock1 the sweet juices of 
,christian love1 drawn from their       
original stock in ,bethlehem1 8of the   

seed of ,david and the root of ,jesse20 
soften that hard integrity by ,christian
 charity2 in place of duty done from    
sheer compulsion1 put duty done from a  
willing1 eager1 and believing heart4 ,do
 this1 and thou shalt live4  ,abraham1  
,moses1 ,christ2 impulse1 discipline1   
faith2 nature1 law1 gospel2 instinct1   
obedience1 grace2 ,mamre1 ,sinai1       
,calvary2 this is that divine order--not
 bound by rigid rules of chronological  
succession1 but having the free play and
 various intershadings of a moral       
growth--to which we are to conform our  
lives4 ,when the 8,thus saith the ,lord0
 shall have controlled our impatient    
will1 our hearts will be ready to say1  
8,our ,father1 who art in heaven60      
,seek1 first1 after that indwelling     
goodness that has its fountain in the   
center of the soul1 and good works will 
be the constant stream4 ,be children of 
light4 ,live by the spirit1 not the     
letter2 by faith1 not by fear4 ,for you 
are called to be disciples of ,jesus4   

,henceforth the ,christian is to be     
known1 and to be saved1 not by the hand 
so much as by the heart2 not by a       
righteousness that is legal1 but        
spiritual4 ,let not your piety be the   
occasional piety of ,rabbinical         
,sabbaths1 with ghastly intervals of    
worldliness between1 like isolated      
springs in a desert of sand2 but a      
piety1 whose perennial influence1 like  
the river that keeps the meadows always 
green1 shall penetrate and fertilize the
 whole soil and open field of your      
being1 and thus make glad the city of   
your ,god4 ,no rich1 or beautiful1 or   
excepted life can be had by us1 except  
,christ be its inspiration4 ,hope will  
not reach up to immortality1 except it  
climb by the cross4 ,let not your lives 
be dead shapes of outward decency--the  
carved and gilded wood of an ark and a  
tabernacle deserted by the ,spirit--but 
vital branches1 filled with leaping and 
vigorous currents of holy feeling1 on   
the living vine6 8,for if any man have  

not the spirit of ,christ1 he is none of
 his40  ,,footnote3  ,g 8,abraham       
believed ,god1 and it was accounted to  
him for righteousness4 ,the law was     
given by ,moses2 but grace and truth    
came by ,jesus ,christ40--,gal41 iii3#f2
 ,john1 i3#ag4     ,,practice ,,and     
,,habit4  ,by ,,john ,,locke4   ,john   
,locke1 the author from whose writings  
we quote the article below1 made his    
reputation chiefly by his famous essay  
on the 8,human ,understanding40 ,the    
article on 8,practice and ,habit10      
together with 8,thoughts and            
,aphorisms10 by ,jonathan ,swift1       
constitute the 8,required ,readings0    
from ,english ,history for the month of 
,march4 ,swift was famous alike for his 
wit1 his genius1 his love affairs1 his  
political warfare1 8,tale of a ,tub10   
and other works4   ,,practice ,,and     
,,habit4  ,we are born with faculties   
and powers capable almost of anything1  
such at least as would carry us farther 
than can be easily imagined3 but it is  

only the exercise of those powers which 
gives us ability and skill in anything1 
and leads us toward perfection4  ,a     
middle-aged ploughman will scarce ever  
be brought to the carriage and language 
of a gentleman1 though his body be as   
well proportioned1 and his joints as    
supple1 and his natural parts not any   
way inferior4 ,the legs of a            
dancing-master1 and the fingers of a    
musician1 fall1 as it were1 naturally   
without thought or pains1 into regular  
and admirable motions4 ,bid them change 
their parts1 and they will in vain      
endeavor to produce like motions in the 
members not used to them1 and it will   
require length of time and long practice
 to attain but some degrees of a like   
ability4 ,what incredible and           
astonishing actions do we find          
rope-dancers and tumblers bring their   
bodies to6 not but that sundry in almost
 all manual arts are as wonderful2 but  
,i name those which the world takes     
notice of for such1 because1 on that    

very account1 they give money to see    
them4 ,all these admired motions1 beyond
 the reach and almost the conception of 
unpractised spectators1 are nothing but 
the mere effects of use and industry in 
men whose bodies have nothing peculiar  
in them from those of the amazed        
lookers-on4  ,as it is in the body1 so  
it is in the mind2 practice makes it    
what it is2 and most even of those      
excellencies which are looked on as     
natural endowments1 will be found1 when 
examined into more narrowly1 to be the  
product of exercise1 and to be raised to
 that pitch only by repeated actions4   
,some men are remarked for pleasantness 
in raillery1 others for apologues and   
apposite diverting stories4 ,this is apt
 to be taken for the effect of pure     
nature1 and that the rather1 because it 
is not got by rules1 and those who excel
 in either of them never purposely set  
themselves to the study of it as an art 
to be learnt4 ,but yet it is true1 that 
at first some lucky hit which took with 

somebody1 and gained him commendation1  
encouraged him to try again1 inclined   
his thoughts and endeavors that way1    
till at last he insensibly got a        
facility in it without perceiving how2  
and this is attributed solely to nature1
 which was much more the effect of use  
and practice4 ,i do not deny that       
natural disposition may often give the  
first rise to it2 but that never carries
 a man far without use and exercise1 and
 it is practice alone that brings the   
powers of the mind as well as those of  
the body to their perfection4 ,many a   
good poetic vein is buried under a      
trade1 and never produces anything for  
want of improvement4 ,we see the ways of
 discourse and reasoning are very       
different1 even concerning the same     
matter1 at court and in the university4 
,and he that will go but from           
,westminster ,hall to the ,exchange will
 find a different genius and turn in    
their ways of talking2 and one can not  
think that all whose lot fell in the    

city were born with different parts from
 those who were bred at the university  
or inns of court4  ,to what purpose all 
this1 but to show that the difference so
 observable in men's understandings and 
parts does not arise so much from the   
natural faculties as acquired habits8   
,he would be laughed at that should go  
about to make a fine dancer out of a    
country hedger at past fifty4 ,and he   
will not have much better success who   
shall endeavor at that age to make a man
 reason well1 or speak handsomely1 who  
has never been used to it1 though you   
should lay before him a collection of   
all the best precepts of logic or       
oratory4 ,nobody is made anything by    
hearing of rules1 or laying them up in  
his memory2 practice must settle the    
habit of doing without reflecting on the
 rule2 and you may as well hope to make 
a good painter1 or musician1 extempore1 
by a lecture and instruction in the arts
 of music and painting1 as a coherent   
thinker1 or strict reasoner1 by a set of

 rules1 showing him wherein right       
reasoning consists4  ,this being so1    
that defects and weakness in men's      
understandings1 as well as other        
faculties1 come from want of a right use
 of their own minds1 ,i am apt to think 
the fault is generally mislaid upon     
nature1 and there is often a complaint  
of want of parts1 when the fault lies in
 want of a due improvement of them4 ,we 
see men frequently dexterous and sharp  
enough in making a bargain1 who if you  
reason with them about matters of       
religion appear perfectly stupid4       
,,thoughts ,,and ,,aphorisms4  ,by      
,,jonathan ,,swift4   ,if the men of wit
 and genius would resolve never to      
complain in their works of critics and  
detractors1 the next age would not know 
that they ever had any4  ,imaginary     
evils soon become real ones by indulging
 our reflections on them1 as he who in a
 melancholy fancy sees something like a 
face on the wall or the wainscot can1 by
 two or three touches with a lead       

pencil1 make it look visible and        
agreeing with what he fancied4  ,men of 
great parts are often unfortunate in the
 management of public business1 because 
they are apt to go out of the common    
road by the quickness of their          
imagination4 ,this ,i once said to my   
,lord ,bolingbroke1 and desired he would
 observe that the clerks in his office  
used a sort of ivory knife with a blunt 
edge to divide a sheet of paper1 which  
never failed to cut it even1 only       
requiring a steady hand2 whereas if they
 should make use of a sharp penknife1   
the sharpness would make it often go out
 of the crease and disfigure the paper4 
8,he who does not provide for his own   
house10 ,st4 ,paul says1 8is worse than 
an infidel20 and ,i think he who        
provides only for his own house is just 
equal with an infidel4  ,i never yet    
knew a wag 7as the term is7 who was not 
a dunce4  ,when we desire or solicit    
anything1 our minds run wholly on the   
good side or circumstances of it2 when  

it is obtained1 our minds run wholly on 
the bad ones4  ,the latter part of a    
wise man's life is taken up in curing   
the follies1 prejudices1 and false      
opinions he had contracted in the       
former4  ,would a writer know how to    
behave himself with relation to         
posterity1 let him consider in old books
 what he finds that he is glad to know1 
and what omissions he most laments4     
,one argument to prove that the common  
relations of ghosts and spectres are    
generally false1 may be drawn from the  
opinion held that spirits are never seen
 by more than one person at a time2 that
 is to say1 it seldom happens to above  
one person in a company to be possessed 
with any high degree of spleen or       
melancholy4  ,it is pleasant to observe 
how free the present age is in laying   
taxes on the next3 8,future ages shall  
talk of this20 8,this shall be famous to
 all posterity30 whereas their time and 
thoughts will be taken up about present 
things1 as ours are now4  ,i never heard

 a finer piece of satire against lawyers
 than that of astrologers1 when they    
pretend by rules of art to tell when a  
suit will end1 and whether to the       
advantage of the plaintiff or defendant2
 thus making the matter depend entirely 
upon the influence of the stars1 without
 the least regard to the merits of the  
cause4  ,i have known some men possessed
 of good qualities1 which were very     
serviceable to others but useless to    
themselves3 like a sun-dial on the front
 of a house1 to inform the neighbors and
 passengers1 but not the owner within4  
,if a man would register all his        
opinions upon love1 politics1 religion1 
learning1 etc41 beginning from his      
youth1 and so go on to old age1 what a  
bundle of inconsistencies and           
contradictions would appear at last6    
,the stoical scheme of supplying our    
wants by lopping off our desires1 is    
like cutting off our feet when we want  
shoes4  ,the reason why so few marriages
 are happy is1 because young ladies     

spend their time in making nets1 not in 
making cages4  ,the power of fortune is 
confessed only by the miserable1 for the
 happy impute all their success to      
prudence or merit4 ,complaint is the    
largest tribute heaven receives1 and the
 sincerest part of our devotion4  ,the  
common fluency of speech in many men1   
and most women1 is owing to a scarcity  
of matter1 and a scarcity of words3 for 
whoever is a master of language1 and    
hath a mind full of ideas1 will be apt  
in speaking to hesitate upon the choice 
of both2 whereas common speakers have   
only one set of ideas1 and one set of   
words to clothe them in2 and these are  
always ready at the mouth3 so people    
come faster out of church when it is    
almost empty than when a crowd is at the
 door4         99       99       99     
99       99  ,,johnson',s ,,opinion ,,of
 ,,his ,,roughness4--,while we were upon
 the road1 ,i had the resolution to ask 
,johnson whether he thought that the    
roughness of his manner had been an     

advantage or not1 and if he would not   
have done more good if he had been more 
gentle4 ,i proceeded to answer myself   
thus3 8,perhaps it has been of          
advantage1 as it has given weight to    
what you said3 you could not1 perhaps1  
have talked with such authority without 
it40 ,johnson3 8,no1 sir2 ,i have done  
more good as ,i am4 ,obscenity and      
impiety have always been repressed in my
 company40 ,boswell3 8,true1 sir2 and   
that is more than can be said of every  
bishop4 ,greater liberties have been    
taken in the presence of a bishop1      
though a very good man1 from his being  
milder1 and therefore not commanding    
such awe4 ,yet1 sir1 many people who    
might have been benefited by your       
conversation have been frightened away4 
,a worthy friend of ours has told me    
that he has often been afraid to talk to
 you40 ,johnson3 8,sir1 he need not have
 been afraid1 if he had anything        
rational to say4 ,if he had not1 it was 
better he did not talk40--,boswell4     

,,the ,,comet ,,that ,,came ,,but       
,,once4  ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,,maunder1         
,f4,r4,a4,s4   ,not quite a year ago the
 8,threatening ,comet10 which some      
too-imaginative writers foretold would  
return in fifteen years1 and occasion   
the entire destruction of our earth1 by 
rushing into the sun1 and exciting it to
 a terrible degree of heat was foretold4
 ,how little reason there was to fear   
such a catastrophe6 ,we never expected  
that1 so far from having fifteen years  
to wait before the truth or error of the
 prediction was demonstrated1 in less   
than six months a glorious stranger     
would present himself to our gaze1 and  
reveal that1 in one way or another1 the 
dismal prophecy had been wrong4 ,the    
message which the wonderful comet1 that 
was so impressive an object in the      
morning sky of last ,october1 had to    
convey has been interpreted in various  
senses4 ,perhaps the most probable is1  
that he and his bright predecessors of  
#ahhj and #ahdc1 which had been supposed

 to be one and the same object1 were not
 really so1 but only members of the same
 family4 ,if so1 then the very          
groundwork of the theory1 on which the  
return in #ahig was foretold1 would be  
cut away1 and in its place a whole vista
 of marvellous possibilities would be   
opened out to us4  ,but our present     
purpose is not to dwell on these1 nor to
 enlarge on the history1 past or future1
 of any comet which from time to time   
has returned1 or may return1 to our     
skies1 but to read the lesson conveyed  
in the marvellous fact that there are   
comets which visit us but once4  ,the   
devout ,kepler1 after his last great    
discovery1 sat down content 8to wait a  
century for a reader40 ,he had not long 
passed away ere the reader was sent1 one
 who read his book to good purpose      
indeed4 ,kepler had been able to        
discover three laws to which the planets
 were obedient1 but as to whether there 
was any connection between those laws1  
why the planets followed them rather    

than any others which might have been   
framed1 and what laws the satellites and
 comets of the system were subject to1  
,kepler could not tell4 ,newton1 on the 
contrary1 discovered the great          
underlying principle1 of which the laws 
of ,kepler were only some of the        
necessary consequences1 and showed not  
merely how the planets moved1 but also  
to a great extent why they did so4      
,newton had not long established his law
 of gravitation before he arrived at a  
strange discovery4 ,assuming his theory 
to be correct1 he worked out by rigid   
mathematical processes the shape of the 
orbits which the planets must follow4   
,since we know that they travel in      
ellipses1 we should naturally have      
expected that an ellipse would be the   
resulting orbit1 but instead ,newton    
found he had arrived at an expression   
which embraced not one curve but four4  
,of these four1 one was the oval or     
ellipse1 another the circle1 but the    
other two were curves of a very         

different shape indeed1 curves which did
 not enclose a space1 but which had each
 two ends1 which1 however far they were 
prolonged1 could never meet4 ,and       
directly this fact was recognized1 an   
unlooked-for truth was made plain4      
,comets1 which had hitherto been        
regarded as perfectly lawless bodies1 as
 irregular and uncontrolled as the      
thoughts of an opium-dreamer seem to be1
 were now seen to be integral parts of  
our solar system4 ,for though so many of
 them enter our system but once1 never  
having visited it before1 never to visit
 it again1 yet since these all travel1  
in obedience to the sun's attraction1 in
 one or other of these strange unending 
curves1 curves which are a necessary    
consequence of the law of gravitation1  
they are manifestly members of the solar
 family2 without them it would be       
imperfect1 without them the law of      
gravitation were but partially          
illustrated4  ,let us follow in         
imagination the travels of one such     

comet through the untold ages of its    
life4 ,it may have started on its       
tremendous voyage whilst the earth was  
yet a star1 or rather a miniature sun1  
instinct with fire and light1 and all   
through the long ages during which the  
earth was cooling down and becoming     
fitted to be the habitation of living   
things1 the comet slowly but steadily   
pursued its way4 ,on the earth one form 
of life succeeded another1 the sea      
overcame the land time after time1 and  
time after time the continents flung off
 the yoke1 and emerged with ampler      
borders and fairer scenes4 ,at length   
the predestined prince came to his      
heritage1 and ,man was made ruler over  
the perfected earth--too soon1 alas6 to 
forfeit his vice-regal crown by an act  
of flagrant rebellion4 ,and still       
through all these ages1 compared with   
which the whole lifetime of our race is 
but a moment1 that distant comet held on
 its course1 never swerving by a hair's 
breadth from the appointed path1        

obedient to the law1 the self-same law  
that decrees the fall of the ripened    
fruit4 ,but it was still far away1 and  
still it pressed slowly but steadily    
forward1 whilst kingdoms rose and fell1 
and nations multiplied and decayed4 ,but
 gradually a quicker energy began to    
throb within it1 and a stronger impulse 
drew it forward4 ,the old slow pace     
could not suffice for its growing       
impatience1 and it pressed forward with 
ever-increasing speed4 ,at length it    
dashes across the orbit of ,neptune2 it 
has entered the solar system at last4   
,no lingering now1 no slow and halting  
pace2 quicker and quicker it presses on1
 and ,uranus is past4 ,a shorter        
interval still1 and glorious ,saturn1   
with his noble rings and numerous       
satellites1 is left behind1 and a few   
years more and it shoots across the path
 of the giant planet ,jupiter4 ,the     
asteroids and ,mars are passed by next1 
and now1 filled with a passionate       
desire1 it whirls along1 brightening as 

it speeds1 and flaming streamers flying 
behind it4 ,moving more quickly still1  
it crosses the orbit of the ,earth4     
,venus is reached next2 traversing now  
in a moment of time space it once took a
 year to travel over1 it rushes past    
,mercury4 ,and now the bright goal is at
 hand1 and quivering through all its    
mighty length with the fierce           
excitement1 it speeds forward at a      
swifter pace still4 ,and now1 glorious  
with jets streaming ten thousand miles  
before it1 and tail ten million leagues 
behind1 it hurls itself into the corona1
 the region of that strange pearly glow 
which in total eclipses is seen to      
surround the ,sun4 ,and still it hurries
 forward1 but not into the ,sun1 its    
headlong speed is now far too great for 
even that mighty attraction to be able  
to check it in its course1 and draw it  
in to itself4 ,it ploughs its way       
perhaps even at the rate of a million   
miles an hour1 round nearly half of the 
circumference of the sun1 through the   

regions where the prominences           
play--those rosy flames that rise and   
rush with such terrific heat and force  
from the ,sun's glowing bulk2 and its   
brief period of splendor is over4 ,away 
from the ,sun1 it falls back through the
 corona1 across the orbits of ,mercury1 
,venus1 and the ,earth1 with            
ever-slackening speed1 and fading as it 
goes1 it recedes toward outer unknown   
space4 ,never again in all eternity will
 it approach our ,sun1 never again will 
it know the fierce throbbings of that   
four hours' sojourn in the home of the  
prominences2 never1 too1 will it revisit
 those places where it was wandering in 
the outer darkness when it first heard  
the imperious summons which it had thus 
obeyed4 ,slower1 ever slower will it    
travel1 out in the fathomless night1 the
 solar system left far behind4 ,once and
 once only has it entered it1 once and  
once only could it enter4 ,the ,earth1  
with its attendant ,moon1 has revolved  
for millions of years1 enjoying without 

cease spring1 summer1 autumn1 and       
winter4 ,but this strange body1 whose   
winter was from creation1 whose summer  
lasted but a few short hours1 and whose 
second winter1 so far at all events as  
it derives heat and light from our ,sun1
 shall last till heaven and earth depart
 like a vesture that is rolled together1
 whose movements are so unlike our      
evenly moving earth1 is no mere lawless 
wanderer--is no intruder on the happy   
family of the solar system2 it is ruled 
in its every movement by the self-same  
law that guides our earth4 ,without it1 
or bodies like it1 gravitation would be 
but imperfectly illustrated1 and but    
part of the homage due would be paid to 
our ,sun4  ,how great a change has taken
 place in our views since the time when 
men looked upon comets as miracles and  
portents1 as special acts of creation1  
obedient to none of the ordinary laws of
 nature6 ,and since ,newton's day1      
changes as great as that which he       
effected in astronomy have been effected

 in other sciences2 and the unity of    
law1 and the universality of its reign1 
are acknowledged on every side4 ,the    
idea of special acts of creation1 or    
that ,god interferes with the regular   
working of his laws1 is discredited1 and
 creation itself is pushed far back into
 the unfathomed past4  ,but this view   
opens out a most serious question4 ,if  
,god's only work was to make the world  
at the beginning1 and give it wholesome 
laws1 leaving it then to itself1 what   
room is there for religion and          
prayer--for faith and hope8 ,and indeed1
 arguing in this very manner1 there are 
men of science who tell us expressly    
that the only good which prayer can do  
is to make the petitioner feel more at  
ease in his mind2 that ,elijah praying  
for rain was no whit wiser than a       
,kaffir or ,ashanti conjuror4  ,but ,god
 has not left his world to itself1 and  
every law of nature is nothing but the  
expression of his all-pervading1        
ever-acting will4 ,how else can the sun1

 which can not1 according to ,newton's  
first law1 of itself move a single inch1
 make the earth spin round it1 at the   
rate of many miles a second8 ,it        
explains nothing1 it is only to put the 
fact into other words1 if1 when an apple
 falls1 we say 8the earth attracted it40
 ,but 8it is the will of ,god0 is an    
explanation and a sufficient one1 and we
 may be well assured that unless he     
expressly ordered it1 not even a toy1   
released from a baby's feeble grasp1    
could ever move downwards toward the    
ground4 ,were he to cease to will1 the  
universe would cease to be1 for in the  
beginning it came into existence by his 
simple word1 and from that time 8he     
upholdeth all things by the word of his 
power40 ,and in these words revelation  
teaches us what science never           
could--behind dead nature to see an     
ever-living1 ever-acting ,god4  ,the    
mistake men made was this3 ,some things 
seemed to them to be orderly and        
regular1 others disorderly and          

irregular2 and they foolishly fancied   
the latter to be therefore more         
immediately ,god's work than the former1
 thinking him 8altogether such an one as
 themselves40 ,and so1 when further     
knowledge showed that those things which
 had seemed irregular were as fully     
ordered by law as any of the others1 it 
appeared as if ,god's authority and     
power were diminished1 since1 in their  
ignorance1 men had thought disorder a   
proof of his more immediate acting4 ,but
 8,god is not the author of confusion10 
nor is he touched with caprice or       
change1 for he hath declared 8,i am the 
,lord1 ,i change not40 ,perfect law and 
perfect harmony1 are what the           
,scriptures teach us to expect in all   
,god's works1 and that every advance of 
science shows such perfection far to    
transcend all our previous conceptions1 
should surely not shake our faith in him
 and in his word1 but strengthen and    
confirm it4  ,but yet another difficulty
 remains4 ,if everything in the universe

 is ordered according to law1 how is it 
possible for miracles1 and in a more    
general sense1 answers to prayer1 to    
take place8 ,perhaps the comet may help 
us here4 ,could anything seem more      
miraculous1 more to contradict the      
general experience of the solar system1 
with its planets ever revolving in      
closed orbits round the sun1 than the   
appearance of a body which rushed       
straight toward the sun1 took one       
half-turn round it1 and then receded    
from it by a different path1 never1     
never to return8 ,could anything seem   
more like an interference by the ,maker 
with the laws which he had made8 ,it did
 seem so until the underlying law was   
discovered1 and then the seeming discord
 was perceived to be really the note    
needed to complete the perfect harmony4 
,we at best only stand where ,kepler    
stood1 we know only little fragmentary  
laws1 and we can not affirm that        
occurrences which seem as much outside  
their scope as comets are outside       

,kepler's laws1 are not really necessary
 members of the greater system of which 
we have no knowledge as yet4 ,that      
miracles are ruled by law may be        
gathered from many a passage in the     
,holy ,word4 ,miracles are 8set0 in the 
,church1 as much as apostles and        
teachers4 8,this kind goeth not out but 
by prayer and fasting20 8he could do no 
mighty works there because of their     
unbelief10 are not obscure hints of such
 a law--a spiritual law1 it is true1 but
 none the less a law4  ,we can watch the
 progress of science1 then1 without     
anxiety or fear2 8rooted and grounded in
 faith10 believing that the ,lord is    
,king4--,london ,sunday ,magazine4      
,end of ,required ,reading for ,march4  
,,my ,,winter ,,garden4  ,by ,,harriet  
,,mabel ,,spalding4       ,the frost    
lies thick upon the pane1       ,the    
fields are white with falling snows1    
,o'er frost-bank1 in meadow-lane1       
,the drifted ice of winter glows4       
,the buds that crowned the              

mountain-side1       ,the moss that     
fringed the lakelet's shore1     ,passed
 with the fleeting summer-tide1         
,and spring's fair graces are no more4  
,i trace the pictures on the pane1      
,then turn1 where in my quiet room      
,the summer lives for me again1         
,and ,june's sweet gifts in freshness   
bloom4     ',mid emerald moss and       
growing vines1       ,the fair lobelia's
 lifted face1     ,nestled among the    
lilies shines1       ,that blossom in   
their snowy grace4      ,with tender    
hands ,i lift them up1       ,sweet     
flowers1 no breath of winter dimmed6    
,how pure each radiant jeweled cup1     
,each vase with sparkling nectar        
brimmed4     ,the aloe's flood of molten
 flame1       ,the vervain with its     
crimson hue4     ,the rose that with the
 spring-time came1       ,and in the    
mountain's fastness grew4      ,the     
white alyssum1 small and fair1          
,the red camelia's blushing dyes1       
,the jasmine's golden blossoms rare1    

,the larkspur1 blue as summer skies1    
,the sweet narcissus's yellow blooms1   
,the zinnia1 with its violet rays1      
,the pink1 with all its rich perfumes1  
,the crowning charm of ,august days4    
,without the snowflakes softly fall1    
,an airy mist from cloud and sky1       
,within1 their perfume over all1        
,the buds in rosy fragrance lie4        
,the pale acacia's tinted gleams1       
,the white carnation's heart of gold1   
,the phlox that grows beside the streams
       ,that gem the forests dim and    
old4      ,i wonder when life's spring  
is past1       ,and snows are falling   
soft as now1     ,when autumn glories   
fade at last1       ,and frosts lie     
thick upon the bough1     ,if some true 
deed that ,i have wrought1       ,may1  
like the flowers1 its blooms unclose1   
,some fair and unforgotten thought      
,grow grand beneath life's winter snows4
     ,,science ,,and ,,common ,,sense4  
,by ,,charles ,,kingsley4   ,the        
scientific method needs no definition2  

for it is simply the exercise of common 
sense4 ,it is not a peculiar1 unique1   
professional1 or mysterious process of  
the understanding2 but the same which   
all men employ1 from the cradle to the  
grave1 in forming correct conclusions4  
,every one who knows the philosophic    
writings of ,mr4 ,john ,stuart ,mill1   
will be familiar with this opinion4 ,but
 to those who have no leisure to study  
him1 ,i should recommend the reading of 
,professor ,huxley's third lecture on   
the origin of species4  ,in that he     
shows1 with great logical skill1 as well
 as with some humor1 how the man who1 on
 rising in the morning finds the        
parlor-window open1 the spoons and      
teapot gone1 the mark of a dirty hand on
 the window-sill1 and that of a         
hob-nailed boot outside1 and comes to   
the conclusion that someone has broken  
open the window1 and stolen the plate1  
arrives at that hypothesis--for it is   
nothing more--by a long and complex     
train of inductions and deductions of   

just the same kind as those which1      
according to the ,baconian philosophy1  
are to be used for investigating the    
deepest secrets of ,nature4  ,this is   
true1 even of those sciences which      
involve long mathematical calculations4 
,in fact1 the stating of the problem to 
be solved is the most important element 
in the calculation2 and that is so      
thoroughly a labor of common sense that 
an utterly uneducated man may1 and often
 does1 state an abstruse problem clearly
 and correctly2 seeing what ought to be 
proved1 and perhaps how to prove it1    
though he may be unable to work the     
problem out for want of mathematical    
knowledge4  ,but that mathematical      
knowledge is not--as all ,cambridge men 
are surely aware--the result of any     
special gift4 ,it is merely the         
development of those conceptions of form
 and number which every human being     
possesses2 and any person of average    
intellect can make himself a fair       
mathematician if he will only pay       

continuous attention2 in plain ,english1
 think enough about the subject4  ,there
 are sciences1 again1 which do not      
involve mathematical calculation2 for   
instance1 botany1 zology1 geology1 which
 are just now passing from their old    
stage of classificatory sciences into   
the rank of organic ones4 ,these are1   
without doubt1 altogether within the    
scope of the merest common sense4 ,any  
man or woman of average intellect1 if   
they will but observe and think for     
themselves1 freely1 boldly1 patiently1  
accurately1 may judge for themselves of 
the conclusions of these sciences1 and  
may add to these conclusions fresh and  
important discoveries4  ,let me         
illustrate my meaning by an example4 ,a 
man--,i do not say a geologist1 but     
simply a man1 'squire or ploughman--sees
 a small valley1 say one of the         
side-glens which open into the larger   
valleys in any country4 ,he wishes to   
ascertain its age4  ,he has1 at first   
sight1 a very simple measure--that of   

denudation4 ,he sees that the glen is   
now being eaten out by a little stream1 
the product of innumerable springs which
 arise along its sides1 and which are   
fed entirely by the rain on the moors   
above4 ,he finds1 on observation1 that  
this stream brings down some ten cubic  
yards of sand and gravel1 on an average1
 every year4 ,the actual quantity of    
earth which has been removed to make the
 glen may be several million cubic      
yards4 ,here is an easy sum in          
arithmetic4 ,at the rate of ten cubic   
yards a year1 the stream has taken      
several hundred thousand years to make  
the glen4  ,you will observe that this  
result is obtained by mere common sense4
 ,he has a right to assume that the     
stream originally began the glen1       
because he finds it in the act of       
enlarging it2 just as much right as he  
has to assume1 if he find a hole in his 
pocket1 and his last coin in the act of 
falling through it1 that the rest of his
 money has fallen through the same hole4

 ,it is a sufficient cause1 and the     
simplest4 ,a number of observations as  
to the present rate of denudation1 and a
 sum which any railroad contractor can  
do in his head1 to determine the solid  
contents of the valley1 are all that are
 needed4 ,the method is that of science3
 but it is also that of simple common   
sense4 ,you will remember1 therefore1   
that this is no mere theory or          
hypothesis1 but a pretty fair and simple
 conclusion from palpable facts2 that   
the probability lies with the belief    
that the glen is some hundreds of       
thousands of years old2 that it is not  
the observer's business to prove it     
further1 but other persons' to disprove 
it1 if they can4  ,but does the matter  
end here8 ,no4 ,and1 for certain        
reasons1 it is good that it should not  
end here4  ,the observer1 if he be a    
cautious man1 begins to see if he can   
disprove his own conclusions2 moreover1 
being human1 he is probably somewhat    
awed1 if not appalled1 by his own       

conclusions4 ,hundreds of thousands of  
years spent in making that little glen6 
,common sense would say that the longer 
it took to make1 the less wonder there  
was in its being made at last3 but the  
instinctive human feeling is the        
opposite4 ,there is in men1 and there   
remains in them1 even after they are    
civilized1 and all other forms of the   
dread of ,nature have died out in them1 
a dread of size1 of vast space1 of vast 
time2 that latter1 mind1 being always   
imagined as space1 as we confess when we
 speak instinctively of a space of time4
 ,they will not understand that size is 
merely a relative1 not an absolute term2
 that if we were a thousand times larger
 than we are1 the universe would be a   
thousand times smaller than it is2 that 
if we could think a thousand times      
faster than we do1 time would be a      
thousand times longer than it is2 that  
there is ,one in whom we live1 and move1
 and have our being1 to whom one day is 
as a thousand years1 and a thousand     

years as one day4 ,i believe this dread 
of size to be merely1 like all other    
superstitions1 a result of bodily fear2 
a development of the instinct which     
makes a little dog run away from a big  
dog4 ,be that as it may1 every observer 
has it2 and so the man's conclusion     
seems to him strange1 doubtful3 he will 
reconsider it4  ,moreover1 if he be an  
experienced man1 he is well aware that  
first guesses1 first hypotheses1 are not
 always the right ones3 and if he be a  
modest man1 he will consider the fact   
that many thousands of thoughtful men in
 all ages1 and many thousands still1    
would say1 that the glen can only be a  
few thousand1 possibly a few hundred1   
years old4 ,and he will feel bound to   
consider their opinion2 as far as it is1
 like his own1 drawn from facts1 but no 
further4  ,so he casts about for all    
other methods by which the glen may have
 been produced1 to see if any one of    
them will account for it in a shorter   
time4  #a4 ,was it made by an           

earthquake8 ,no2 for the strata on both 
sides are identical1 at the same level1 
and in the same plane4  #b4 ,or by a    
mighty current8 ,if so1 the flood must  
have run in at the upper end before it  
ran out at the lower4 ,but nothing has  
run in at the upper end4 ,all round     
above are the undisturbed gravel-beds of
 the horizontal moor1 without channel or
 depression4  #c4 ,or by water draining 
off a vast flat as it was upheaved out  
of the sea8 ,that is a likely guess4    
,the valley at its upper end spreads out
 like the fingers of a hand1 as the     
gullies in tide-muds do4  ,but that     
hypothesis will not stand4 ,there is no 
vast unbroken flat behind the glen4     
,right and left of it are other similar 
glens1 parted from it by long narrow    
ridges3 these also must be explained on 
the same hypothesis2 but they can not4  
,for there could not have been          
surface-drainage to make them all1 or a 
tenth of them4 ,there are no other      
possible hypotheses2 and so he must fall

 back on the original theory--the rain1 
the springs1 the brook2 they have done  
it all1 even as they are doing it this  
day4  ,but is not that still a hasty    
assumption8 ,may not their denuding     
power have been far greater in old times
 than now8  ,why should it8 ,because    
there was more rain then than now8 ,that
 he must put out of court2 there is no  
evidence of it whatsoever4  ,because the
 land was more friable originally8      
,well1 there is a great deal to be said 
for that4 ,the experience of every      
countryman tells him that bare or fallow
 land is more easily washed away than   
land under vegetation4 ,and no doubt1   
when these gravels and sands rose from  
the sea1 they were barren for hundreds  
of years4 ,he has some measure of the   
time required1 but he can tell roughly  
how long it takes for sands and shingles
 left by the sea to become covered by   
vegetation4 ,but he must allow that the 
friability of the land must have been   
originally much greater than now1 for   

hundreds of years4  ,but again1 does    
that fact really cut off any great space
 of time from his hundreds of thousands 
of years8 ,for when the land first rose 
from the sea1 that glen was not there4  
,some slight bay or bend in the shore   
determined its site4 ,that stream was   
not there4 ,it was split up into a      
million little springs1 oozing side by  
side from the shore1 and having each a  
very minute denuding power1 which kept  
continually increasing by combination as
 the glen ate its way inwards1 and the  
rainfall drained by all these little    
springs was collected into the one      
central stream4 ,so that when the ground
 being bare was most liable to be       
denuded1 the water was least able to do 
it2 and as the denuding power of the    
water increased1 the land1 being covered
 with vegetation1 became more and more  
able to resist it4  ,so the two         
disturbing elements in the calculation  
may be fairly set off against each      
other1 as making a difference of only a 

few thousands or tens of thousands of   
years either way2 and the age of the    
glen may fairly be1 if not a million    
years1 yet such a length of years as    
mankind still speak of with bated       
breath1 as if forsooth it would do them 
some harm4  ,i trust that every         
scientific man will agree with me1 that 
the imaginary 'squire or ploughman would
 have been conducting his investigation 
strictly according to the laws of the   
,baconian philosophy4 ,you will remark1 
meanwhile1 that he has not used a single
 scientific term1 or referred to a      
single scientific investigation2 and has
 observed nothing and thought nothing1  
which might not have been observed and  
thought by any one who chose to use his 
common sense1 and not to be afraid4     
,but because he has come round1 after   
all this further investigation1 to      
something very like his first           
conclusion1 was all that further        
investigation useless8 ,no--a thousand  
times1 no4 ,it is this very verification

 of hypotheses which makes the sound    
ones safe1 and destroys the unsound4 ,it
 is this struggle with all sorts of     
superstitions which makes science strong
 and sure1 and her march irresistible1  
winning ground slowly1 but never        
receding from it4 ,it is this buffeting 
of adversity which compels her not to   
rest dangerously upon the shallow sand  
of first guesses1 and single            
observations2 but to strike her roots   
down1 deep1 wide1 and interlaced1 into  
the solid ground of actual facts4  ,it  
is very necessary to insist on this     
point4 ,for there have been men in all  
past ages--,i do not say whether there  
are any such now1 but ,i am inclined to 
think there will be hereafter1--men who 
have tried to represent scientific      
method as something difficult1          
mysterious1 peculiar1 unique1 not to be 
attained by the unscientific mass2 and  
this not for the purpose of exalting    
science1 but rather of discrediting her4
 ,for as long as the masses1 educated or

 uneducated1 are ignorant of what       
scientific method is1 they will look on 
scientific men1 as the middle age looked
 on necromancers1 as a privileged1 but  
awful and uncanny caste1 possessed of   
mighty secrets2 who may do them great   
good1 but also may do them great harm4  
,which belief on the part of the masses 
will enable these persons to install    
themselves as the critics of science1   
though not scientific men themselves3   
and--as ,shakspere has it--to talk of   
,robin ,hood1 though they never shot in 
his bow4 ,thus they become mediators to 
the masses between the scientific and   
the unscientific worlds4 ,they tell     
them1 ,you are not to trust the         
conclusions of men of science at first  
hand4 ,you are not fit judges of their  
facts or of their methods4 ,it is we who
 will1 by a cautious electicism1 choose 
out for you such of their conclusions as
 are safe for you2 and them we will     
advise you to believe4 ,to the          
scientific man1 on the other hand1 as   

often as anything is discovered         
unpleasing to them1 they will say1      
imperiously and ex cathedr1 ,your new   
theory contradicts the established facts
 of science4 ,for they will know well   
that whatever the men of science think  
of their assertion1 the masses will     
believe it2 totally unaware that the    
speakers are by their very terms showing
 their ignorance of science2 and that   
what they call established facts        
scientific men call merely provisional  
conclusions1 which they would throw away
 to-morrow without a pang were the known
 facts explained better by a fresh      
theory1 or did fresh facts require one4 
,this has happened too often4 ,it is in 
the interest of superstition that it    
should happen again2 and the best way to
 prevent it surely is to tell the       
masses1 ,scientific method is no        
peculiar mystery1 requiring a peculiar  
initiation4 ,it is simply common sense1 
combined with uncommon courage1 which   
includes uncommon honesty and uncommon  

patience2 and if you will be brave1     
honest1 patient1 rational1 you will need
 no mystagogues to tell you what in     
science to believe and what not to      
believe2 for you will be just as good   
judges of scientific facts and theories 
as those who assume the right of guiding
 your convictions4 ,you are men and     
women3 and more than that you need not  
be4     ,,the ,,sorrow ,,of ,,the ,,sea4
  ,by ,,alexander ,,anderson4       ,a  
day of fading light upon the sea2       
,of sea-birds winging to their rocky    
caves2     ,and ever with its monotone  
to me1       ,the sorrow of the waves4  
,they leap and lash among the rocks and 
sands1       ,white lipp'd1 as with a   
guilty secret toss'd1     ,for ever     
feeling with their foamy hands          
,for something they have lost4      ,far
 out1 and swaying in a sweet unrest1    
,a boat or two against the light is     
seen1     ,dipping their sides within   
the liquid breast       ,of waters dark 
and green4      ,and farther still1     

where sea and sky have kiss'd1          
,there falls1 as if from heaven's own   
threshold1 light     ,upon faint hills  
that1 half enswathed in mist1           
,wait for the coming night4      ,but   
still1 though all this life and motion  
meet1       ,my thoughts are wingless   
and lie dead in me1     ,or dimly stir  
to answer at my feet       ,the sorrow  
of the sea4     ,,anecdotes ,,of        
,,fashion4  ,by ,i4 ,d',,israeli4   ,the
 origin of many fashions was in the     
endeavor to conceal some deformity of   
the inventor2 hence the cushions1 ruffs1
 hoops1 and other monstrous devices4 ,if
 a reigning beauty chanced to have an   
unequal hip1 those who had very handsome
 hips would load them with that false   
rump which the other was compelled by   
the unkindness of nature to substitute4 
,patches were invented in ,england in   
the reign of ,edward ,,vi by a foreign  
lady1 who in this manner ingeniously    
covered a wen on her neck4              
,full-bottomed wigs were invented by a  

,french barber1 one ,duviller1 whose    
name they perpetuated1 for the purpose  
of concealing an elevation in the       
shoulder of the ,dauphin4 ,charles ,,vii
 of ,france introduced long coats to    
hide his ill-made legs4 ,shoes with very
 long points1 full two feet in length1  
were invented by ,henry ,plantagenet1   
,duke of ,anjou1 to conceal a large     
excrescence on one of his feet4 ,when   
,francis ,i was obliged to wear his hair
 short1 owing to a wound he received in 
the head1 it became a prevailing fashion
 at court4 ,others1 on the contrary1    
adapted fashions to set off their       
peculiar beauties2 as ,isabella of      
,bavaria1 remarkable for her gallantry1 
and the fairness of her complexion1     
introduced the fashion of leaving the   
shoulders and part of the neck          
uncovered4  ,fashions have frequently   
originated from circumstances as silly  
as the following one4 ,isabella1        
daughter of ,philip ,,ii1 and wife of   
the ,archduke ,albert1 vowed not to     

change her linen till ,ostend was taken2
 this siege1 unluckily for her comfort1 
lasted three years2 and the supposed    
color of the archduchess's linen gave   
rise to a fashionable color1 hence      
called l',isabeau1 or the ,isabella2 a  
kind of whitish-yellow-dingy4 ,sometimes
 they originate in some temporary event3
 as after the battle of ,steenkirk1     
where the allies wore large cravats1 by 
which the ,french frequently seized hold
 of them1 a circumstance perpetuated on 
the medals of ,louis ,,xiv1 cravats were
 called ,steenkirks2 and after the      
battle of ,ramillies1 wigs received that
 denomination4  ,the hair has in all    
ages been an endless topic for the      
declamation of the moralist1 and the    
favorite object of fashion4 ,if the beau
 monde wore their hair luxuriant1 or    
their wig enormous1 the preachers1 as in
 ,charles the ,second's reign1 instantly
 were seen in the pulpit with their hair
 cut shorter1 and their sermon longer1  
in consequence2 respect was1 however1   

paid by the world to the size of the    
wig1 in spite of the hair-cutter in the 
pulpit4 ,our judges1 and until lately   
our physicians1 well knew its magical   
effect4 ,in the reign of ,charles ,,ii  
the hair-dress of the ladies was very   
elaborate2 it was not only curled and   
frizzled with the nicest art1 but set   
off with certain artificial curls1 then 
too emphatically known by the pathetic  
terms of heart-breakers and love-locks4 
,so late as ,william and ,mary1 lads1   
and even children1 wore wigs2 and if    
they had not wigs1 they curled their    
hair to resemble this fashionable       
ornament4 ,women then were the          
hair-dressers4  ,the courts in all ages 
and in every country are the modelers of
 fashions1 so that all the ridicule1 of 
which these are so susceptible1 must    
fall on them1 and not upon their servile
 imitators the citizens4 ,this complaint
 is made even so far back as in #aehf1  
by ,jean des ,caures1 an old ,french    
moralist1 who1 in declaiming against the

 fashions of his day1 notices one1 of   
the ladies carrying mirrors fixed to    
their waists1 which seemed to employ    
their eyes in perpetual activity4 ,from 
this mode will result1 according to     
honest ,des ,caures1 their eternal      
damnation4 8,alas60 he exclaims1 8in    
what age do we live3 to see such        
depravity which we see1 that induces    
them even to bring into church these    
scandalous mirrors hanging about their  
waists6 ,let all histories divine1      
human1 and profane be consulted2 never  
will it be found that these objects of  
vanity were ever thus brought into      
public by the most meretricious of the  
sex4 ,it is true1 at present none but   
the ladies of the court venture to wear 
them2 but long it will not be before    
every citizen's daughter1 and every     
female servant1 will wear them60 ,such  
in all times has been the rise and      
decline of fashion2 and the absurd      
mimicry of the citizens1 even of the    
lowest classes1 to their very ruin1 in  

straining to rival the newest fashion1  
has mortified and galled the courtier4  
,,language ,,in ,,animals4  ,by         
,,richard ,,budd ,,painter4   ,no one   
who has clearly observed animals1 birds1
 bees1 and other creatures1 can possibly
 deny their possession of a faculty of  
communicating ideas to one another4     
,admitting this fully1 my object        
therefore will be1 while elicitating    
some of the facts concerning animal     
language1 to maintain the consistency of
 my argument in regard to man1 as       
contrasted with animals1 by showing that
 such animal language is not of an      
intellectual kind1 but only such as is  
necessary for the conduct1 and use1 of  
the highest phases of the animal        
8instinctive mind10 according to its    
ordained capacity in each species4  ,in 
my opinion1 every kind of animal        
possesses a different sort of language2 
and which is peculiar to its genus2 just
 as in the case of different races of   
man1 a language which though capable of 

interpretation by a member of the group 
which speaks it1 can not be generally   
understood by other races in minute     
detail2 although among both men and     
animals there are a few cries1 etc41    
that can be generally understood2 as    
those of alarm communicated by screams1 
stamping of the ground1 etc4 ,but we    
must note that whatever may be the kind 
and extent of language in animals1 it is
 in them always expressive only of      
animal sensations and sense impressions 
and reasonings4  ,particular animals1   
birds1 insects1 etc41 bark1 gibber1     
bray1 sing1 crow1 grunt1 rub their      
wing-cases 7crickets71 etc41 showing    
that each has a different language1 and 
different modes of expressing emotion3  
showing1 too1 by these differences that 
their sorts of minds must vary much more
 from one another1 than do the minds of 
men in their different human varieties2 
for men do not employ such immensely    
different modes of conveying their ideas
 and feelings by sounds as is the case  

in animals with their lowing1 snorting1 
barking1 etc4  ,the making of these very
 different sounds by different animals  
is therefore to me the clearest possible
 proof that different animals possess   
different sorts of mind2 yet of course  
there is some general resemblance1 as is
 the case in so many of ,god's works    
made diversely in specific instances1   
yet on the same general plan in the     
main4 ,i said just now that1 while fully
 admitting the possession of a kind of  
language by animals1 ,i should maintain 
strictly that it is not of an           
intellectual character1 and ,i may be   
asked what ,i mean by this assertion4   
,my answer is that ,i believe the       
language of the animal is limited       
chiefly to the expression of animal     
needs2 and animal sensations2 and the   
conveyance of such requirements1 and    
feelings to their kind2 although it can 
doubtless be used also for communicating
 in some slight degree such ideas       
concerning animal experiences and       

feelings as their feeble reasoning      
powers enable them to arrive at2 such as
 the devices for protection1 and escape 
from danger2 and the manifestation and  
interpretation of the sort of           
questionings1 and answerings which occur
 when two dogs meet1 as shown by the    
wagging of tails1 and pleased looks1 or 
the reverse2 and which seem to indicate 
as if the dogs could by gesture1 etc41  
ask1 and reply to one another1 whether  
it is to be peace1 or war4  ,my belief  
is that the mind of the mere animal is  
in no ease able to reach beyond the     
limit of simple ministration to the     
animal needs1 and animal feelings1 and  
instincts of the creature according to  
its kind2 and that it can never form    
pure intellectual ideas1 such as those  
of intellectual love2 intellectual      
hatred2 intellectual ideas as to time2  
space2 ,god1 etc4 ,nor can it form the  
mental abstractions--words--and by the  
use of these arrive at the intellectual 
operation of mind which their employment

 renders possible4   ,,modes ,,of       
,,expressing ,,language ,,in ,,animals4 
,these may take place--  ,first--,by    
vocal intonations 7as in man7 in brutes 
and birds3 and ,i may remark that all   
brutes possess a tongue1 larynx1 and    
vocal cords2 and that birds have these  
also1 with the exception that the bird's
 larynx 7syrinx7 is rather modified from
 that of man and the mammalia2 still we 
know its perfection2 and we know how the
 parrot can use it4  ,secondly--,by     
gesture and visual regard1 as seen in   
dogs1 and in birds4  ,thirdly--,by means
 of sounds other than vocal1 as is      
witnessed in the stamping on the ground 
by various animals to intimate danger4  
,also the noises of insects made by     
rubbing their wing-cases 7elytra7       
together1 as in the cricket1 etc4       
,fourthly--,by means of touch1 as in the
 cases of ants1 bees1 and other insects1
 which can convey meanings by crossing  
their antenn4  ,fifthly--,other signs1  
etc41 perhaps1 with which we have no    

acquaintance1 and can form no           
conjecture4  ,sixthly--,information can 
also probably be ascertained by smell4  
,by any one of these means separately1  
or together1 it doubtless is possible   
for very numerous species of creatures  
to communicate with their kind by means 
of a language1--little articulate it may
 be--but still more or less articulate1 
according to endowment4  ,let us now    
consider animal language by whatever    
mode effected2 and to do so ,i propose  
to divide the subject into two sections4
  ,first--,the language of the          
sensations4  ,second--,the language of  
the instinctive mind4  ,first--,the     
language expressive of the bodily       
sensations4  ,this1 ,i have no doubt1 is
 in great measure1 if not entirely1     
automatic1 for like as when you tread on
 a man's toe1 or give him a thump on the
 back1 he involuntarily cries out--,oh6 
,so when you tread on a cat's tail1 she 
gives utterance to her characteristic   
scream4  ,but it is not only bodily pain

 that can be proclaimed aloud1 but hosts
 of other sensations can also be        
expressed in various ways4 ,the lamb1 or
 the kitten1 feels the sensation of     
hunger1 and it doubtless involuntarily  
bleats1 or mews1 for its mother2        
although it does not in the least know  
the meaning of 8,ba10 or 8,mew10 or why 
it gives utterance to such sounds4  ,and
 so of the notes of the crowing cock1   
the 8gobbling0 turkey1 and the sibilant 
cricket1 etc4  ,and then as to numbers  
of other cries1 etc41 too numerous to   
mention2 such as the chirping of        
sparrows on the approach of rain1 the   
moaning and whining of animals in pain1 
the cackling of the hen after laying an 
egg1 etc41--all these arise doubtless   
from bodily sensations1 and may be      
termed the language of the involuntary  
or automatic part of the organic mind4  
,second--,the language of the           
instinctive mind4  ,i have above briefly
 spoken of the language expressive of   
the bodily sensations1 and have termed  

it really the automatic language of what
 ,i call the 8organic mind10 or 8vital  
force40 ,now we must speak of the       
language capable of being used by the   
8instinctive mind0--a language1 ,i      
believe1 that is sometimes involuntary  
or automatic1 but which at other times  
is under the voluntary control of such  
kind of will1 judgment1 and choice as is
 capable of being exercised by the      
creature according to its mental        
endowment as decreed and specialized4   
,thus1 by sounds or gestures1 or other  
modes1 animals1 birds1 insects1 etc41   
can express fear of danger1             
friendliness1 hatred1 anger1 triumph1   
etc42 and in some instances1 as in the  
bee1 can communicate such special       
information as that the 8queen is dead10
 etc4  ,see two dogs meet3 they         
evidently quite understand each other1  
and by wagging of tails and bright      
glances1 or the reverse2 and a cheerful 
bark or a savage snarl1 can quickly     
intimate whether a gambol or a fight is 

to result4 ,no doubt1 as in man1 this   
result will be greatly guided by the    
state of the bodily sensations          
7digestion1 etc471 and as to age and    
natural character2 but yet the dogs'    
communications1 we may be sure are only 
concerning pure animal sensations or    
concerns1 and never assume an           
intellectual character1 such as1 8,how  
is your beloved mistress80 etc4  ,then  
look at the watchful bird on the        
tree-top1 or the sentinel bull on the   
hillock2 each can sound the alarm1      
because its intuition or its experience 
tells of danger4 ,and then look at a    
party of rooks holding a palaver2 who   
can doubt but that in some way they     
communicate certain feelings and perhaps
 ideas8 ,and so as to hosts of other    
birds and beasts2 but then their mental 
processes cannot possibly--for reasons  
which ,i have repeatedly given--be      
considered as of an intellectual sort   
like that of man1 indeed it very        
probably may be of so different a kind  

to ours that we can not even guess at   
the nature of it4  ,i have not space to 
illustrate all the visible              
manifestations of the different phases  
of mind in animals1 but to mention only 
one other1 who can doubt but that in    
regard to triumph after a victory1 the  
cock when he gets on an elevation and   
crows must experience some of the pride 
of conquest1 and must have a sort of    
conception of the abstract idea of      
exultation in regard to his courage and 
prowess8  ,and yet although1 as in my   
opinion1 we must not delude ourselves by
 thinking that the foregoing are simply 
produced by reflex actions arising only 
from bodily sensations2 so we must not  
equally be misled by supposing that such
 results arise from intellectual        
reasoning4 ,no6 in my opinion1 although 
all these acts and sounds are performed1
 and produced1 in some measure--and in  
some measure only--according to the     
dictates of a sort of conscious will2   
and a sort of abstract reasoning 7in    

some cases71 yet they can only occur1 or
 be done1 strictly according to the     
caliber1 and quality1 and specific      
endowment of the kind of                
non-intellectual mind with which the    
creature has been gifted by ,god--a     
caliber1 and quality1 and specific sort 
of mind which ,i will not pretend to be 
able1 in any way1 to explain the nature 
of1 or essential mode of working4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,those who employ their time ill are the
 first to complain of its shortness4 ,as
 they spend it in dressing1 eating1     
sleeping1 foolish conversation1 in      
determining what they ought to do1 and  
often in doing nothing1 time is wanting 
to them for their real business and     
pleasures3 those1 on the contrary1 who  
make the best use of it have plenty and 
to spare4--,la ,bruyre4         99      
99       99       99       99  ,even    
though it were true what many say1 that 
education gives not to man another      
heart1 nor another temperament1 that it 

changes nothing in reality1 and touches 
only the outside crust1 ,i would not    
hesitate to say that it is not          
useless4--,la ,bruyre4     ,,the        
,,electric ,,light4  ,by ,a4 ,a4        
,,campbell ,,swinton4   ,it seems at    
present that electricity is to be the   
illuminating agent of the future1 and   
that1 as gas has now all but superseded 
candles and oil1 so in turn gas will    
soon be superseded by electricity4 ,the 
reasons for this change are several and 
various1 and follow that most immutable 
of natural laws1 the law of the survival
 of the fittest4  ,about the            
commencement of the present century1    
,sir ,humphry ,davy1 the eminent        
chemist1 succeeded in producing at the  
,royal ,institution the most brilliant  
light then known4 ,by passing the       
electricity derived from an enormous    
battery of four thousand plates through 
two charcoal points separated from one  
another1 he obtained in air a continuous
 electric discharge four inches in      

length1 which was increased to seven    
inches when the experiment was repeated 
in vacuo4  ,this discharge1 or arc1 as  
it is called1 consisted of very minute  
particles of charcoal1 which being      
raised to white heat by the resistance  
offered by the points to the electric   
current1 were also by its means conveyed
 with great rapidity from one charcoal  
point to the other1 emitting during     
their passage a light of dazzling       
brilliancy4 ,the discharge of heated    
particles being continuous1 the arc     
could be maintained for a considerable  
length of time4  ,this light1 however1  
was entirely impracticable for any but  
purely experimental purposes4 ,a battery
 of four thousand plates is not easily  
maintained in working order1 and        
besides1 the expense of such an         
arrangement puts it entirely out of the 
question4 ,of late years1 however1 a new
 method of producing electricity on a   
large scale has been discovered in the  
dynamo-electric machine1 by means of    

which currents of great volume and      
intensity can be obtained from the power
 generated by a steam engine1 water     
wheel1 or other prime motor4  ,this     
great discovery instigated scientific   
men to try and bring the electric light 
within the range of practical utility1  
in which end they have already been     
eminently successful4  ,it was found    
that as the charcoal points in ,davy's  
lamp in process of time became oxidized 
and burnt away1 it was necessary to have
 some arrangement by which they should  
be maintained at a constant distance    
from one another4 ,this problem was     
first solved by ,duboscq1 a ,french     
savant1 who by the combined action of   
the electric current and a system of    
clockwork1 succeeded in obtaining a     
constant and steady light4 ,gas carbon1 
as found incrusted on the inside of gas 
retorts1 was at the same time           
substituted for the charcoal employed by
 ,davy1 as it was found to burn more    
equally and to last much longer4  ,in   

,july1 #ahgg1 a new form of electric    
light apparatus was introduced into     
,france and elsewhere1 which1 from its  
practical simplicity1 attracted a large 
amount of attention4 ,this invention is 
due to ,mr4 ,jablochkoff1 a ,russian    
engineer1 and is known as the           
,jablochkoff candle4 ,in this form of   
regulator all clockwork and mechanism   
are avoided2 the two carbons are placed 
side by side1 in parallel lines1 and are
 separated by some substance which1     
though readily fusible1 at the same time
 offers so enormous a resistance to the 
passage of the electric current as      
practically to prevent its passage      
through it at all4 ,kaolin clay and     
plaster of ,paris have both been        
employed for this purpose with success4 
,the current not being able to pass     
through the insulating material1 can    
only pass between the two carbons at the
 extremity of the candle1 where the arc 
is therefore formed4 ,as the carbons    
burn away1 the insulating material      

melts1 and an uninterrupted light is    
obtained4 ,as it is found that one      
carbon burns away more quickly than the 
other1 in this form of lamp the electric
 current is supplied alternately in     
different directions1 which makes the   
carbons burn equally1 the reversions of 
the electricity being so rapid that the 
arc is to all appearances continuous4   
,this lamp has been largely employed in 
,paris1 and is at present in actual     
operation on the ,thames embankment4    
,its chief defects are its great expense
 and the unsteady character of the      
light1 which1 owing to the oxidation of 
the insulating material1 flickers and   
changes color4 ,another lamp1 and one   
which has been largely used in ,europe  
and in ,america1 is the ,brush          
regulator1 called after its inventor4   
,in this form the carbons are vertically
 one above the other1 the upper one     
being controlled by an electro magnet1  
which supports it1 allowing it to       
descend of its own weight when1 through 

the distance between the carbons        
becoming too great1 the current is      
weakened1 and the magnet unable to      
support its load1 thus keeping the arc  
of a constant length4 ,there are a large
 number of other arc regulators1 some of
 which work very well1 and are largely  
employed2 but they are most of them     
based on a very similar principle to    
that of the ,brush lamp1 and therefore  
they need no special description4  ,it  
has been found1 however1 that1 adapted  
as some of the arc regulators are for   
the illumination of streets and large   
areas1 none of them are at all able to  
compete with gas in the lighting of     
private houses4 ,not only do they       
require the constant attention of       
skilled workmen to renew the carbons and
 to clean the mechanism1 but they give  
far too strong and dazzling a light for 
any but very large apartments4  ,for    
domestic lighting we therefore come to  
quite a new departure in electric lamps2
 instead of the arc we have the         

incandescent regulator4  ,if an intense 
electric current be transmitted through 
a fine platinum wire1 the latter will1  
in a very few seconds1 become white hot1
 and give a considerable amount of      
light4 ,if such a platinum wire be      
enclosed in a glass globe1 from which   
the air has been extracted1 we have one 
kind of incandescent lamp1 so called    
because the light is produced through   
the incandescence or intense heating of 
a platinum or other conductor4 ,it was a
 lamp such as this that1 when brought   
out by ,mr4 ,edison two years ago1      
produced such a scare among holders of  
gas shares4 ,it was not1 however1 a     
practical invention2 it was found that  
the electric current constantly melted  
the platinum1 or broke the glass        
envelope1 after which the lamp was of   
course entirely useless4 ,in vain ,mr4  
,edison tried various alloys of platinum
 and iridium2 nothing of that nature was
 found that could resist the intense    
heat produced by the electricity4       

,while1 however1 the incandescent lamp  
was not progressing very rapidly in     
,america1 in ,england ,mr4 ,swan1 of    
,newcastle1 who had been experimenting  
with the electric light for some time1  
brought out another kind of regulator1  
which has given rise to great           
expectations4 ,the ,swan lamp consists  
of a pear-shaped globe1 blown out of    
glass1 and from which all the air1 or at
 least as much as can be1 has been      
exhausted4 ,in this globe there is a    
tiny carbon filament1 manufactured of   
carbonized thread1 in the form of a     
loop1 which is attached to two platinum 
wires which project through the glass   
bulb4 ,on an electric current being     
passed through the carbon1 by means of  
wires attached to the platinum          
projections1 a soft yet brilliant light 
is obtained4 ,these lamps1 which give a 
light corresponding in power and color  
to an ordinary gas flame1 can now be    
obtained for five shillings each1 and it
 is probable that this price may yet be 

still further reduced4  ,mr4 ,edison    
also1 having abandoned his earlier      
platino-iridium regulator1 has brought  
out another lamp very similar to ,mr4   
,swan's4 ,in his case the carbon        
filament is formed of carbonized bamboo1
 and the glass bulb is of an elongated  
form4 ,incandescent lamps have also been
 invented by ,maxim1 ,crooks1 ,fox      
,lane1 and others2 but they only differ 
in details of manufacture from those of 
,swan and ,edison4  ,among edifices now 
entirely illuminated by the ,swan system
 may be mentioned twenty-one steam      
vessels1 including several war          
ships--the ,city of ,rome1 an ,anchor   
,liner1 which is second only to the     
,great ,eastern in point of size1 and   
several passenger boats in the ,cunard  
and ,white ,star ,lines4  ,one of the   
greatest objections to gas as an indoor 
illuminant is the fact that not only    
does it burn a large amount of the      
oxygen of the air1 but it also gives off
 during combustion carbonic acid gas and

 other poisonous vapors1 besides a great
 amount of heat1 thus vitiating the     
atmosphere4 ,in public buildings where  
there is much gas burnt and little      
ventilation1 this is seen to advantage1 
the air becoming in a short space of    
time hot and unwholesome4 ,now in the   
case of the incandescent electric light1
 this is altogether altered1 the        
incandescent filament which produces the
 light1 although in itself enormously   
hot1 is too small in point of size to   
radiate much heat1 and the fact of its  
being hermetically enclosed in a glass  
globe1 which is impervious to the       
atmosphere1 entirely prevents the escape
 of any noxious gases4 ,the same        
circumstance prevents there being any   
consumption of oxygen4  ,these facts    
make the electric light far more        
wholesome than gas for the illumination 
of music-halls1 churches1 or other      
places of concourse4 ,in a recent trial 
in the ,town ,hall at ,birmingham1 the  
employment of gas raised the temperature

 of the atmosphere thirty-eight degrees 
in three hours1 while the building was  
equally well lighted with electricity   
for seven hours with a rise in          
temperature of only two degrees4 ,thus1 
after a period of lighting by           
electricity #b4cc times as long as by   
gas1 the temperature at the ceiling was 
increased by only #a-aith of the amount 
due to gas4  ,another great advantage   
consequent to the employment of         
incandescent lighting1 is the greater   
immunity from accidental fire2 for as   
the carbon filament is instantly        
entirely consumed1 the moment the glass 
envelope is broken it is impossible for 
the lamp to ignite anything in its      
vicinity however inflammable4 ,the      
experiment has been tried of breaking a 
lighted incandescent lamp in a vessel   
containing gunpowder1 with perfect      
safety4 ,as these lamps may be placed in
 any position1 they lend themselves very
 readily to ornamental and decorative   
purposes4 ,at the recent electrical     

exhibition at the ,crystal ,palace a    
very beautiful chandelier of ,edison    
lamps was shown1 in which the lamps1    
which were of very small size1 formed   
the petals of finely worked glass and   
brass flowers4 ,this chandelier had a   
really magnificent effect when lighted4 
,these and other facts too numerous to  
mention1 demonstrate that electricity1  
when properly applied1 will be a far    
more elegant1 safe1 and wholesome agent 
for illuminating purposes1 than coal-gas
 as now employed4 ,but in order to have 
the full benefits of its use1 a system  
is required by which the electric       
current shall be produced and conveyed  
to the lamps4  ,not only has ,mr4       
,edison invented an incandescent lamp1  
but he has also identified his name with
 a very complete system for producing   
the light on a large scale to suit both 
domestic and commercial requirements4   
,in the first place he has invented a   
peculiar form of dynamo-machine1 which  
when driven at great speed by powerful  

steam or water engines1 produces the    
electricity in great quantity at some   
central station4 ,from this centre the  
current is conveyed by copper wires laid
 under the streets or over the roofs of 
the houses1 these conductors being      
tapped of their electric fluid by       
smaller wires which convey the          
electricity into the houses1 in a way   
similar to that in which gas is conveyed
 by small pipes from the larger street  
mains4 ,in each house is an electric    
meter1 a special invention of ,mr4      
,edison's1 which measures the quantity  
of electricity which passes through it4 
,this meter is very ingenious1 and      
therefore the principle on which it is  
based may be described4 ,if a current of
 electricity be passed through a        
solution of sulphate of copper1         
contained in a copper jar1 the sulphate 
solution is decomposed and metallic     
copper is deposited on the inside of the
 jar4 ,now it has been proved by        
experiment1 that the amount of copper   

deposited is always directly            
proportional to the strength and        
duration of the electric current4 ,mr4  
,edison's meter consists of such an     
arrangement1 and he finds that by       
weighing the copper jar1 so as to       
determine exactly what it has gained in 
weight through the metallic deposition  
of the solution it contains1 he can     
accurately calculate in units the amount
 of electricity that has passed through 
the meter4 ,by means of this beautiful  
discovery electricity can be supplied   
and paid for in a manner very similar to
 that employed in the case of gas at the
 present time4  ,within the building to 
be illuminated1 the electric fluid      
reaches the lamps along small copper    
wires1 about the thickness of ordinary  
bell wire1 which are covered with a     
coating of gutta percha to prevent the  
escape of the electricity1 which might  
cause sparks or even fire1 or in any    
case seriously injure any one who might 
come in contact with the bare metal1 by 

giving him a very violent if not fatal  
electric shock4 ,the lamps themselves   
may be fixed to ordinary gas brackets4  
,mr4 ,edison has designed some special  
ones1 and the light can be turned on and
 off1 by means of a tap or button1 with 
as great or even still greater facility 
than gas4  ,mr4 ,edison has recently    
established a central station in ,new   
,york1 from which he proposes to light  
the houses included in an area of a wide
 radius from the center4 ,in part of    
this area the installation of the lamps 
and wires is now complete1 and the light
 is giving every satisfaction1 the cost 
being considerably below that of gas1   
which in the ,united ,states is very    
expensive4 ,it must be remembered that  
electric lighting is comparatively a new
 science1 and not yet fully understood4 
,there is very little doubt that1 by    
practice1 it will before long approach  
more nearly to perfection1 and sooner or
 later entirely supersede gas1 the arc  
form of lamp being employed for the     

illumination of streets and large areas1
 while the incandescent pattern meets   
domestic requirements4--,good ,words4   
,,among ,,the ,,mountains4  ,a          
,,remonstrance4  ,by ,,the ,,author ,,of
 8,,john ,,halifax1 ,,gentleman40       
,gray heavens1 gray earth1 gray sea1    
gray sky1       ,yet rifted with strange
 gleams of gold1     ,downward1 all's   
dark2 but up on high       ,walk our    
white angels1--dear of old4      ,strong
 faith in ,god and trust in man1        
,in patience we possess our souls2      
,eastward1 grey ghosts may linger wan1  
,but westward1 back the shadow rolls4   
,life's broken urns with moss are clad1 
,and grass springs greenest over graves2
     ,the shipwrecked sailor reckons    
glad1       ,not what he lost1 but what 
he saves4      ,our sun has set1 but in 
his ray       ,the hill-tops shine like 
saints new-born3     ,his after-glow of 
night makes day1       ,and when we wake
 it will be morn4     ,,new ,,mexico4   
,by ,,rev4 ,,sheldon ,,jackson1 ,d4,d4  

,new ,mexico is ,spain in the ,united   
,states--a region where the ,spanish    
language1 customs1 and habits prevail1  
where the debates of the legislature and
 the pleadings of the courts are in a   
foreign tongue2 a territory where an    
,american feels as one in a foreign     
country1 and is a stranger in his own   
land4  ,while the latest section to     
receive ,american civilization1 it was  
the first to be occupied by ,europeans4 
,when our pilgrim fathers were shivering
 through their first ,new ,england      
winter1 ,new ,mexico had been settled   
half a century4 ,when they were making  
8,the sounding aisles of the dim woods  
ring      ,to the anthem of the free10  
the ,spanish cavalier was chanting the  
8,te ,deum0 in churches even then       
beginning to be venerable with age4 ,and
 there to-day are the descendants of    
those brave old ,castilians whose       
prowess made illustrious the reign of   
,ferdinand and ,isabella4  ,in #afgg a  
book was published in ,london giving an 

account 8of ,america and all the        
principal kingdoms1 provinces1 seas1 and
 islands of it40 ,mr4 ,heylin1 the      
author1 thus speaks of ,new ,mexico in  
volume ,,iv3 8,nova ,mexicana is bounded
 on the south with ,new ,biscay2 on the 
west with ,quivara2 the countreyes1 on  
the north and east1 not discovered      
hitherto1 though some extend eastward as
 far as ,florida1 extended two hundred  
and fifty leagues from the town and     
mines of ,santa ,barbara1 and how much  
beyond that none can tell2 the relations
 of this country being so uncertain and 
incredulous that ,i dare say nothing    
positively of the soil or people1 but   
much less of the towns and cities which 
are said to be in it40  ,new ,mexico1 as
 at present constituted1 has an area of 
#aba1bja square miles1 and in a general 
way may be said to consist of           
tablelands1 mountains1 and valleys4 ,the
 tablelands rise one above another in   
well-defined terraces1 with an altitude 
above sea level of from #e1jjj feet in  

the southeast1 to #g1ejj feet in the    
northwest4 ,these tablelands cover about
 two-thirds of the ,territory1 and      
constitute the valuable grazing lands4  
,the mountainous region consists of the 
,rocky ,mountains1 which enter the      
,territory from the north in two        
chains--like the prongs of a fork4 ,the 
eastern chain terminates a few miles    
south of ,sante ,fe1 while the western  
one ends in the broken and detached     
ranges of the southern section of the   
,territory4 ,these mountains are rich in
 gold1 silver1 iron1 copper1 lead1 and  
coal4 ,sections of them are covered with
 valuable timber1 and among them are    
many medicinal springs4 ,the valleys lie
 between these mountain ranges1 and     
contain the agricultural lands1 and are 
farmed by artificial irrigation4 ,these 
valleys produce good crops of corn1     
wheat1 beans1 etc41 and in the southern 
half of the ,territory raise fine       
apples1 pears1 plums1 apricots1 peaches1
 and grapes1 the grapes up to the       

present time being more abundant than   
other fruits4 ,in addition to the above1
 the ,messilla 7,ma-see-ya7 valley      
produces quinces1 figs1 and             
pomegranates4 ,artificial irrigation is 
supplied from the melting snows of the  
mountains4 ,the principal streams are   
the ,rio ,grande 7,ree-o ,gran-da71 the 
,canadian1 the ,pecos 7,pa-cos71 the    
,san ,juan 7,san ,whan71 and the ,gila  
7,hee-la74  ,the ,rio ,grande ,river is 
the ,nile of ,america4 ,it is #a1hjj    
miles long and of almost equal volume   
from its source to its mouth1 flowing   
hundreds of miles without receiving a   
tributary of any size1 being fed almost 
entirely from the snows of the          
mountains4 ,along on either side of the 
river are canals conveying the water to 
the adjacent farms4 ,the water is       
exceedingly roily and its annual deposit
 of sediment upon the land increases its
 fertility4  ,the climate is unexcelled 
by any portion of the ,united           
,states--being a succession of bright   

sunshiny days almost the year through4  
,the country is free from malarial1     
billious and lung troubles1 general     
debility and asthma4  ,new ,mexico has  
much of antiquarian interest4 ,the      
mysteries connected with its earlier    
history and the evidences of former     
greatness throw a halo of romance around
 it4 ,the country when first visited in 
#aecf1 or '#cg1 by ,spaniards was filled
 with the ruins of great cities1 which  
ruins are still in existence4 ,in some  
places1 acres of ground are still       
covered with pieces of broken pottery4  
,the mountains1 in sections1 are        
honeycombed with abandoned dwellings1   
like ,petra of old1 or with the remains 
of ancient mining operations1 from which
 were drawn those vast supplies of gold 
and silver found at ,montezuma's court4 
,in the ,caon de ,chilly 7de-shay7 high 
up in the face of perpendicular walls of
 rock are hundreds of ruins now         
tenantless and desolate4 ,among some of 
these ruins which we have visited are   

sepulchres1 about four feet square1 of  
mortar-laid stone1 in which we found    
human skeletons4  ,in the ,caon de      
,chaco are great buildings with three   
and four stories of walls still         
standing1 built in the most substantial 
manner of cut stone and neatly plastered
 on the inside4 ,the country in the     
immediate vicinity of these ruins is    
wild and desolate1 and no clew to the   
builders has yet been found4 ,we only   
know that years1 possibly ages ago1     
great cities grew1 flourished and passed
 away1 leaving extensive ruins as the   
evidence of their existence4  ,at the   
close of the sixteenth century the      
,spaniards took possession of the       
country1 subjugated the native races and
 made them slaves to work the           
newly-opened mines4 ,the ,spanish rule  
was so cruel that in #afhj the ,pueblos 
rebelled and drove them from the        
country4 ,then commenced a war1 lasting 
many years1 making the valley of the    
,rio ,grande classic ground1 as the     

,spanish forces again and again advanced
 up the valley1 only to be driven back  
by the ,pueblos1 until1 through         
treachery and dissensions among the     
native forces1 the ,spanish were again  
in full control4  ,new ,mexico became   
known to ,americans first through the   
explorations of ,captains ,long1        
,nicollet1 and ,fremont4 ,la ,londe1 a  
,frenchman1 was sent by ,morrison1 of   
,kaskaskia1 ,illinois1 on a trading trip
 in #ahjd4 ,he was followed by ,james   
,pursley in #ahje4 ,pike visited there  
in #ahjg1 and a train of goods was sent 
in #ahab by ,knight1 ,beard1 ,chambers1 
and eight others4 ,this party were      
seized by the authorities and held as   
prisoners for nine years4 ,caravans of  
traders were furnished with a government
 escort in #ahbi1 #ahcd1 and #ahdc4  ,in
 #ahdh ,new ,mexico was annexed to the  
,united ,states4  ,the majority of the  
people reside in villages4 ,these are   
largely of the same pattern1 and consist
 of a large public square1 around which 

are grouped without much attention to   
regular streets1 a number of one-story  
adobe 7sun-dried7 brick houses4 ,the    
individual houses are built around the  
four sides of smaller squares called    
placitas4 ,the rooms of the house open  
on this placita2 also the stable4 ,the  
buildings are usually one story high1   
with dirt floors and flat dirt roofs4   
,during the rainy season the roofs leak 
badly4 ,among the older houses there are
 but few that have glass windows4 ,a few
 others have mica windows4 ,the larger  
number have an open lattice work1       
protected in stormy weather by a tight  
board shutter4 ,the roof is made of     
poles1 covered first with grass1 then   
two feet of dirt1 and is used for       
various family purposes4 7#b ,kings #ai3
 #bf2 ,acts #aj3 #i47 ,the floor is the 
native earth1 beaten hard1 then covered 
with a layer of adobe clay4 ,the        
fire-place is in a corner1 and on three 
sides of the room a raised bench of clay
 forms a seat1 and also a shelf for     

piling away the bed blankets during the 
day4 ,many of the houses1 especially of 
the poorer classes1 are without chair1  
bedstead1 or table4 ,many of the rooms  
are neatly whitewashed with a white clay
 found in that region1 and the walls    
hung with crucifixes1 mirrors1 and      
lithograph pictures of saints4 ,there is
 one large opening1 or gate1 into the   
placita1 admitting alike the family1    
donkeys1 goats and sheep4 ,the streets  
are narrow1 irregular1 and without      
sidewalks4 ,the roads1 worn by the      
travel of centuries1 are lower than the 
adjacent country1 and during a rainy    
season filled with muddy water4 ,wagons 
are scarce1 as also are the native      
carts1 some of them with a primitive    
wheel1 constructed from a solid section 
of a tree4  ,the ,mexican's chief friend
 is the donkey1 and in the streets of   
the villages are to be seen droves of   
them loaded with hay1 fire-wood1        
vegetables1 crates of fruit1 melons1    
merchandise1 casks of whisky1 trunks1   

lumber1 etc4 ,it is no uncommon thing to
 see a drove1 each with a heavy stick of
 timber projecting into the air beyond  
his head1 and the other end dragging on 
the ground behind him4  ,in the fields  
are occasional lodges 7,isaiah #a3 #h7  
as a shelter while watching the         
vineyard1 melon or grain fields4  ,roads
 for foot-passengers and pack-animals   
run through the grain and corn fields   
7,mark #b3 #bc2 ,matthew #ac3 #d7 and   
along the unfenced wayside were the     
graves of the former inhabitants1 or the
 points where the pall-bearers rested in
 bearing the body to the grave1 marked  
with a rude board cross and pile of     
stones 7,joshua #g3 #bf2 #b ,samuel #ah3
 #ag74 ,the women carry water in great  
jars on their heads or shoulders 7,gen4 
#bd3 #df74  ,they plow like the ancients
 with a crooked stick fastened to the   
horns of the oxen--several yoke of oxen 
following one another 7#a ,kings #ai3   
#ai74  ,as in the days of ,ruth and     
,boaz1 men and women still reap with a  

sickle and the poor get the gleanings   
7,ruth #b3 #ae-bc74 ,the grain when     
reaped is spread out on threshing floors
 made smooth by packing the earth 7,gen4
 #ej3 #aj2 #a ,sam4 #bc3 #a7 where it is
 threshed out by driving around in a    
circle sheep1 horses or oxen 7,deut4    
#be3 #d74 ,after cleaning out the bulk  
of the straw with forks1 the wheat and  
chaff are shoveled into blankets1 which 
by a series of jerks1 similar to shaking
 carpets1 toss their contents into the  
air1 the chaff blowing one side and the 
wheat falling back in the blanket4 ,this
 process can only be carried on when the
 wind is favorable2 consequently to     
improve a favorable wind they work all  
night 7,ruth #c3 #b74 ,another process  
is to lift the wheat and chaff in a     
bucket as high as the head and empty it 
slowly upon a blanket spread on the     
ground4 ,separated from the chaff1 the  
wheat is taken to a neighboring stream  
and washed in large earthen jars1 after 
which it is spread upon woolen blankets 

to dry in the sun4  ,the principal diet 
of the people is chile colorado         
7col-o-row74 ,there are several         
varieties of this fiery dish2 one made  
of beef is called carne4 ,a more common 
dish is made of mutton and called       
carnero4 ,the flesh is boiled to a pulp1
 to which is added chile4 ,chile is     
prepared by rolling red pepper on a     
stone until pods and seeds are a soft   
mass4 ,it tastes as red-hot iron is     
supposed to taste4 ,it is said that a   
new beginner on this diet ought to have 
a copper-lined throat4  ,many old       
churches are still in use4 ,they are    
built of adobe brick1 with dirt roof and
 dirt floor4 ,some of them possess      
paintings evidently imported from       
,spain4 ,there are also many ruder      
home-made paintings on the walls4 ,they 
are without seats or pews1 the          
worshippers kneeling or sitting on the  
floor4 ,they are also generally much out
 of repair4 ,they contain many images1  
and in some of the churches a bier with 

a life-size image of the ,savior4 ,at   
certain festivals this is carried in a  
procession1 and on ,good ,friday is used
 to dramatize the crucifixion of        
,christ4 ,in some of the churches are   
exhibitions of ,scriptural scenes       
covering the life of the ,savior1       
apostles and early martyrs4             
,occasionally an image of ,christ is    
rigged with a movable arm1 which is     
turned by a crank4 ,as with the movement
 of the crank the hand comes up1 it is  
supposed to throw blessings upon the    
waiting congregation below4 ,upon one   
occasion during a long dry spell1 they  
carried an image of the ,virgin ,mary in
 stately processions through the fields 
to secure rain4 ,but the drouth         
continuing1 the people in anger took the
 image out into the street1 took off its
 costly clothing1 and gave it a public  
whipping4 ,just then a severe thunder   
and hail storm came up2 vivid flashes of
 lightning played around them1 and the  
hail destroyed their crops and gardens4 

,greatly frightened1 the ignorant people
 hastened to re-clothe the image1 and   
prostrate themselves before it in most  
abject submission4 ,the enclosure in    
front of these churches1 and especially 
the floor of the church itself1 is the  
favorite burial-place of the people1 the
 holiest place of all being near the    
altar4 ,nearness to the altar is graded 
by the amount of money paid4  ,the      
,roman ,catholic ,church1 removed from  
competition with ,protestantism1 is a   
wisely constructed machine for extorting
 money out of the fears and             
superstitions of an ignorant people4    
,baptism1 confession1 blessings1        
anointing1 burials1 and mass must all be
 paid for at a round price4 ,the weeping
 friends bring the corpse of the loved  
one and set down the bier before the    
closed gates of the church4 ,then money 
is laid upon the corpse4 ,again and     
again has a priest been known to look   
out1 and if he judged that the money was
 not as much as the friends could afford

 to pay1 refuse to open the gate1 and   
nothing is left for the friends but to  
continue adding money to the sum        
previously collected until the rapacity 
of the priest is satisfied4 ,an ordinary
 funeral in a churchyard will cost one  
hundred dollars1 if the family has that 
much4 ,to be buried in some of the      
churches costs from five hundred dollars
 to five thousand dollars1 according to 
position4 ,the corpse is carried on a   
board or bier 7they do not generally use
 coffins71 to the place of burial4 ,if  
the priest goes to the house1 he walks  
in front of the funeral procession4 ,he 
has on a scarlet dress with a white     
over-skirt4 ,at his side is a small boy 
similarly dressed1 tinkling a bell4 ,a  
few yards in the rear is a second       
priest1 dressed in scarlet and white1   
swinging a burning censer4 ,around him  
is grouped a motley crowd of men1 women1
 and children1 carrying lighted candles1
 the men and boys with uncovered heads1 
and behind all are men firing muskets   

into the air to frighten away the devil1
 who is supposed to be hovering around1 
waiting a chance to seize the spirit of 
the departed one4 ,if the corpse is that
 of a child1 it is covered with flowers 
7the corpse of such is called an angel74
 ,from two to four children walk with   
the bearers4 ,behind these are other    
children1 who are considered more holy  
than the rabble that follow4 ,these are 
followed by four children carrying a    
richly dressed saint under a canopy4 ,if
 the family are able to pay for it1 the 
priest comes out to meet the procession1
 and sprinkles holy water over the      
corpse1 then into the grave4 ,after this
 the corpse is slid off the board into  
the grave with but little ceremony1 and 
some dirt thrown upon it4 ,men then get 
into the grave with a heavy maul and    
pack the dirt down solid2 then more dirt
 is thrown in and packed down4 ,this is 
continued until the grave is filled up  
level with the rest of the floor of the 
church4 ,the corpses are placed three or

 four deep in the same spot1 and        
oftentimes the bones of previous burials
 are thrown up to make room for the new 
comer4 ,in one instance that came to    
light1 the spade clave in two the head  
of a child and threw it out4 ,nearly all
 the old churches ,i have visited smell 
like a charnel house4 ,a few years ago  
the legislature of ,new ,mexico forbid  
further burials in the churches4  ,with 
the advent of railways1 miners and      
,americans1 the peculiar and old-time   
customs of the country will speedily    
disappear1 and a new era dawn upon the  
people4 ,great changes are rapidly      
taking place1 and ,new ,mexico is waking
 up from the sleep of centuries4        
,january #a1 #ahha1 there were #feh     
miles of railway in operation1 which has
 been greatly increased since4 ,during  
#ahhj the yield of the mines was        
#gaa1cjj4 ,at the same time there were  
#djj1jjj head of cattle and #e1jjj1jjj  
sheep on its pasture lands4 ,population1
 #aah1dcj4 ,the census of #ahhj gives   

#ch ,roman ,catholic1 #g ,presbyterian1 
and #a ,baptist churches2 and not       
mentioned in the census report1 the     
writer knows of several ,methodist and  
,episcopalian churches4  ,in #ahdi1     
,rev4 ,henry ,w4 ,reed1 a ,baptist      
minister1 opened a school at ,santa ,fe4
  ,in #ahej ,rev4 ,e4 ,g4 ,nicholson    
commenced a ,methodist mission at ,santa
 ,fe1 which was abandoned two years     
after4  ,in #aheg ,rev4 ,w4 ,j4         
,kephart1 a ,presbyterian minister1 was 
sent to ,new ,mexico in the anti-slavery
 interests1 and became editor of the    
,santa ,fe ,gazette4 ,in #aheb ,rev4    
,samuel ,gorman1 a ,baptist minister1   
entered the ,territory and commenced a  
mission at ,laguna ,pueblo4  ,these     
missions were all abandoned at the      
beginning of the rebellion4  ,in #ahff  
,protestant missions were resumed by    
,rev4 ,d4 ,f4 ,mc,farland1 a            
,presbyterian minister sent to ,santa   
,fe4  ,in #ahfi the writer of this      
article was appointed ,superintendent of

 ,presbyterian ,missions for ,new       
,mexico1 ,colorado1 ,utah1 ,wyoming and 
,montana4 ,the present ,presbyterian    
strength is eighteen ministers1 of whom 
six are ,mexicans4     ,,speculation    
,,in ,,theology4,h  ,by the ,,rev4 ,r4  
,s4 ,,storrs1 ,d4 ,d4   ,there are two  
schemes of religious thought generically
 in the world1 as there has been--and   
are now to some extent--two systems of  
astronomical speculation1 one obtaining 
in uncivilized countries1 and the other 
in civilized4 ,one system of            
astronomical speculation takes the earth
 as the center around which the heavens 
revolve4 ,that seems according to our   
senses2 that is the architecture of the 
heavens according to the natural man4   
,when the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,jasper1 at        
,richmond1 insists that 8the sun do     
move10 he seems to have the judgment and
 the sense of every seeing man with him4
 ,laughter4 ,and we know what comes of  
it1--uninterpreted and unintelligible   
and contradictory motions in all the    

sky2 a baffled heaven scribbled o'er    
with cycle and epicycle4 ,the other     
system of astronomical speculation takes
 its start from the sun as the center   
and the governor of the planetary       
system1 and finds that sun himself1 with
 all his dependent orbs1 marching onward
 through the heavens4 ,and we know what 
comes of that4 7,there came a book from 
,dr4 ,hill1 years ago1 which ,i read    
with the intensest interest1 concerning 
the relation of the stars47 ,applause4  
,there comes order and harmony in all   
the system of the heavens4 ,we measure  
and weigh the planet in its course4 ,the
 astronomer catches the comet in its far
 flight1 measures its motion and        
predicts its course and its return4 ,the
 butterfly floating in the air is       
balanced against the sun4 ,every shell  
on the beach1 every bud on the tree1 is 
brought into relation with the farthest 
nebula whose lace-work stains the       
distant azure4 ,it is the astronomy of  
science2 it is the astronomy of advanced

 and cultivated thought4  ,there are two
 systems of religious speculation4 ,the 
one takes man as its center and         
starting-point1 regarding him as a      
finished fact1 practically4 ,in its     
grosser forms it does not profess to    
know1 as we have been told by the       
brother who preceded me1 whence he came2
 but it suspects that his nature is     
evolved out of the brutal4 ,it does not 
know whither he is going2 but it treats 
the future as the scoffing ,french      
sceptic treated it1 as at best 8a grand 
,perhaps40 ,it does not know about ,god1
 or whether there be any ,god other than
 the sum of universal forces4 ,it has no
 moral law except a general average of  
probable experiences4 ,and so it comes  
to men and tells them to go on and live 
as they list4 ,it tells them that there 
is no fear of retribution1 no need of   
atonement1 and it has no place in all   
its compass for any doctrine of         
regeneration and of the ,holy ,spirit of
 ,god4 ,i do not mean1 of course1 that  

everybody who holds this system will    
accept fully my statement of it4 ,in    
fact it is sometimes hard to find out   
exactly how they state it1 or what they 
mean by their statements themselves4 ,i 
am reminded occasionally of the man who 
had a clock which somebody criticised1  
saying1 8,your clock1 ,mr4 ,jones1 does 
not keep good time40 8,why10 said he1   
8it does keep perfectly good time1 only 
you do not understand it4 ,the fact is  
that when the hands on that clock point 
to twelve1 then it strikes three1 and   
what that means is that it wants twenty 
minutes to seven4 ,laughter and         
applause4 ,now if you will keep that in 
mind1 you will hit the right time in    
every instance40 ,laughter4 ,well1 ,i   
intend to speak very seriously1 and yet 
,i cannot help being reminded by some of
 the language which is made use of in   
some of these what-we-call agnostic     
publications1 into which the richest    
,christian words are sometimes brought  
as if to give a kind of artificial and  

fictitious consecration to the doctrine 
which ,i think a detestable doctrine    
underneath1--,i can not help being      
reminded of a very careful paraphrase   
which was made by a very bright and     
faithful ,indian girl at the school at  
,hampton4 ,her teacher told her--she did
 all of this innocently1 of course--to  
take a certain passage of ,roman history
 and write a paraphrase of it in her own
 words4 ,so she went at it2 and when the
 teacher read the paraphrase she was    
astounded at finding this statement in  
it3 ,that 8on a certain time the city   
was made sick by cooking the entrails of
 animals40 ,well1 what on earth that    
meant she could not imagine1 nor how it 
got into this paraphrase1 until she     
turned to the original passage and then 
she found the statement that 8at a      
certain time the city was disturbed by  
intestine broils40 ,great laughter and  
applause4  ,now1 over against that      
system stands the theology which starts 
with ,god as the center1 as the ,lord   

and ,sovereign and ,judge1 as well as   
the ,creator of the earth and men upon  
it2 and it takes what ,god declares1 in 
that which the history of the world     
declares to be his ,word1 and what the  
devout spirit reverently accepts as the 
,word of ,god1 concerning himself and   
man1 and man's need1 and the hereafter4 
,here inspiration and redemption1       
regeneration by the ,holy ,spirit1      
retribution in the future1 time as the  
proof of eternity1 come vividly before  
us as the thoughts of ,god4 ,he shows   
them to us in characters as broad as if 
he had written them in a great theodicy 
of star-fires and enduring orbs in the  
heavens4 ,this system of theology does  
not cast any discredit on human nature2 
it exalts it by showing it the object of
 divine solicitude4 ,it casts the       
splendor and the solemnity of eternity  
upon the present experience and life of 
man2 and it gives to the ,bible an      
immeasurable and an almost inconceivable
 importance and value4  ,now ,i         

understand perfectly that the natural   
tendency of men is to accept the        
preceding system1 as the natural        
tendency of man is to believe that the  
earth is the center1 and the heavens go 
around it4 ,man finds self-consciousness
 the first element of thought4 ,the     
impulse of self-assertion appears to be 
the primary impulse of human nature4 ,it
 is simply the egotistic man1 of whom it
 might be said1 as was said by a friend 
of mine1 speaking rather roughly and not
 very elegantly about a man who was very
 egotistic1 and who had offended him by 
his egotism3 8,i believe that that man  
thinks that his house is placed where   
the leg of the compasses was put down   
when the earth was made round40         
,laughter4 ,there is a certain tendency 
in every human heart to feel that it is 
central1 and that it has rights and     
privileges and possibilities belonging  
to itself inherently1 and with which no 
being can properly interfere4 ,and      
civilization works with its multiple    

forces and instruments and wealth in the
 same direction1 taking a man feeling   
his lordship of the earth and reminding 
him more and more1 and encouraging him  
to feel that he is lord of his destiny1 
and lord of the hereafter as well4      
,there are certain philanthropic        
sentiments which work in the same       
direction1 no doubt1 tending to make men
 believe that all will be right         
hereafter somehow or other1 and that    
after some possible brief unpleasantness
 in the future there will be a universal
 deliverance and restoration into       
holiness and its peace4 ,and the secular
 spirit of the time1 intense1 widening1 
ever increasing1 moves in the same      
direction4 ,it enters into literature2  
it enters into life on every side2 it   
finds no reality in religion2 it        
believes it a matter of poetic          
aspiration1 or of cultivated literary   
leisure1 or of fine speculation1 or of  
social observance1 or possibly of       
ethics1 or more likely of sthetic art2  

but the grand reality of religion1 as a 
bond uniting the human soul with the    
divine1 it does not recognize or feel4  
,it is this which gives significance and
 importance to infidel harangues2 it is 
this spirit which spreads beneath and   
behind them4 ,the harangues are merely  
the surface pustules1 while the disease 
is within4 ,they are the red and        
sulphurous flames1 while the fires are  
underneath4 ,and yet they multiply6 ,the
 business of this city of ,portland     
could not be carried on on the          
principles of these harangues4 ,there is
 not a bank or an insurance company here
 that would not have to shut its doors  
if it posted within its walls1 8,this is
 an agnostic establishment4 ,applause4  
,it is carried on upon these principles3
 that there is no ,god about whom we    
know anything2 there is no hereafter    
probable2 man came out of the monkey2   
and there is no moral law40 ,let such   
sentiments prevail in this city1 and it 
would have been better if the fire of a 

few years ago had swept away every house
 within it1 and left nothing but the bay
 and the beach on which to plant a new  
town4 ,and yet men love to crowd halls  
and pay money in order to hear these    
infidel speculations which are in       
substance as old as the ages4  ,and thus
 it comes to pass that religious thought
 loses its power among those who are not
 directly touched by such               
harangues1--that the influence widens   
continually to make the ,bible a        
neglected book1 and to make the ,sabbath
 a secular day1 to make the ,church a   
mere convocation of people coming       
together at leisure to hear a lecture4  
,it is at such times that the spirit of 
liberalism1 as it is called1 in         
religious speculations tending all the  
time to loosen the bonds and unstring   
the strength of the ,gospel of ,christ1 
finds opportunity and incitement and    
comes more widely to prevail4           
,liberalism6 ,i repudiate the term4     
,applause4 ,i do not understand what    

function liberality has either in the   
record or in the interpretation of      
facts4 ,i do not understand how he is a 
liberal mathematician who makes his     
calculations bend to the preferences of 
himself and of his pupils4 ,i do not    
understand how he is a liberal chemist  
who feels at liberty to play fast and   
loose with the principles of his        
science1 and will not quite affirm      
whether gunpowder will explode or not   
when fire touches it4 ,how is he a      
liberal chart-maker who rubs out all the
 reefs and rocks and bars and warning   
headlands from his maps1 and shows a    
smooth coast-line with nothing but      
smiling shores and welcoming bays8 ,how 
is he a liberal interpreter of the globe
 who denies the granite above and the   
fire beneath1 and affirms that the whole
 is built1 if we only knew it1 of       
excellently selected wood-pulp8 ,what   
possible province has liberality in the 
record of facts or in the interpretation
 of them8 ,i understand perfectly what  

liberality means as toward the opinions 
of others who differ from us4 ,i        
understand what liberality means as     
toward the character of others who are  
entirely opposed in opinion and in      
action to us4 ,coleridge's canon has    
always seemed to me perfectly to cover  
the ground4 8,tolerate no belief10 he   
says1 8which you deem false and of      
injurious tendency1 but arraign no      
belief4 ,the man is more and other than 
his belief1 and ,god only knows how     
large or how small a part of him the    
belief in man may be40 ,but liberality  
in the statement of facts--there we want
 exactness1 we want earnestness1 we want
 precise fidelity to the truth of       
things2 and there is no opportunity for 
what calls itself liberality there4 ,how
 is it less liberal to tell a man that  
strychnine will kill him than to tell   
him that it will certainly give him a   
pain in his stomach8 ,laughter4 ,how is 
it less liberal to tell a man that if he
 goes over ,niagara he goes to a sure   

death1 than it is to tell him that if he
 takes that awful plunge he will almost 
certainly wet his feet4 ,laughter4 ,no6 
,when a man comes to me and says1       
8,these are the liberal doctrines2 there
 is not probably any ,god2 we do not    
know where men come from2 there is no   
law above him2 there is no              
retribution--or if there be any1 it is a
 small one--waiting for him10 ,i say1 ,i
 perfectly understand your doctrines4   
,there is no reason why ,i should not4  
,there is nothing immense or complex or 
mysterious about them1--in fact1 they   
are rather thin4 ,laughter4 ,they remind
 one of the pillows which one of the    
waiters stole at a ,white ,mountain     
hotel where they didn't have very solid 
pillows4 ,they knew he stole them1      
because they found them on him1 both of 
them1 in his waistcoat pocket4          
,laughter4 ,we carry these doctrines    
very easily in our thought and hand4    
,there is nothing massive or majestic   
about them2 there is nothing liberal in 

them4 ,if a man is true to his          
convictions1 he is true to them2 and he 
has no right to be liberal in the way of
 giving away a part of what he believes1
 or hiding it under any mystery of words
 and imposing upon men with a thought   
which is not really his4 ,and when ,i   
look at the drift and working of such   
doctrines1 ,i find at once that they    
tend to build no grand characters2 they 
give no motive to men for repentance and
 faith2 they do not seek1 they do not   
tend1 to lift man nearer to the level of
 the holiness and happiness of ,god on  
high2 they work only in degradation of  
character2 they authorize and encourage 
men to imitate their grandfathers1      
which1 on that system of doctrine1 is to
 make beasts of themselves4 ,laughter4  
,so ,i turn to the system of truth1     
which takes ,god for its center1 his law
 as our rule1 his gospel as our light1  
his ,son as our ,redeemer1 and his      
immortality as the possible and glorious
 home of every created being redeemed by

 the ,son of ,god and renewed by his    
,spirit2 and ,i say here is the gospel  
of the ancient time and of the present  
time4 ,you need not call it antiquated4 
,everything which is best in the world  
is old4 ,sunshine is as old as the earth
 itself and the sun when the fire-mist  
was rounded into an orb1--the same      
to-day1 playing on the streets of       
,portland1 as when it played on the     
bowers of ,paradise4 ,the air is old1   
pouring its refreshing currents into our
 lungs and renewing our life to-day as  
in all time past4 ,the great arch of the
 heavens is old2 it has not been taken  
down and built up again on modern       
brick-work since the creation4 ,these   
doctrines are old but full of motion1   
full of energy as the river is full of  
movements1--full of life-giving power1  
as the sunlight and the vital air4 ,they
 are the doctrines out of which the     
missionary work sprang1--doctrines in   
which is all its life and the spring of 
its power4 ,they are the doctrines of   

,paul1 that first great missionary1 of  
whom we heard in the sermon the other   
evening4 ,he had strong convictions4 ,he
 did not doubt4 ,he knew whom he had    
believed1 and was persuaded that he was 
able to keep him and to save the world4 
,and who is the successor of ,paul8 ,who
 holds the same faith with him and      
teaches it with the same earnest        
fidelity8 ,i do not care to know        
especially what he believed unless ,i   
believe it myself4 ,i do not want any   
uncertain or broken ice-bridge of       
outward ordinations between me and the  
,apostle2 ,i want to have his faith in  
my heart and to preach it with the      
emphasis with which he preached it1 and 
then ,i feel myself a successor of the  
great missionary to the ,roman ,empire4 
,applause4  ,our fathers had these      
convictions and because of them they    
gave of their wealth2 they prayed1 they 
sacrificed1 they gave themselves to the 
work4 ,i remember as a lad in a distant 
school seeing that man to whom our      

president refers--,champion--who went   
out from a great fortune to lay his     
bones in ,western ,africa in the service
 of his ,master2 and though ,i was a    
careless boy1 unmindful of these things1
 ,i remember that his face shone almost 
as the face of ,stephen when he looked  
up and saw the ,lord on high1 and the   
vision of it has never failed to come   
back to me whenever ,i have heard his   
name4 ,they gave themselves4 ,the motive
 of their missionary work was found in  
this ,gospel of ,christ4 ,this was the  
instrument by which they accomplished   
their work in other lands4 ,this was the
 instrument by which ,paul wrought his  
mighty work in his day1 and those who   
followed him in the ,empire and in      
barbarous tribes1 wherever they could   
get access to men4 ,it is this gospel   
which has built ,new ,england4 ,it is   
this gospel which1 under the power of   
the ,spirit of ,god1 is to change the   
earth--this gospel and nothing else4    
,do not let us mask its doctrines in any

 mystery of words4 ,do not let us       
evaporate its doctrines into any thin   
mist of speculation4 ,do not let us     
emasculate it of its energy by taking   
away any of its vital forces4 ,it seems 
to me that to state this gospel in novel
 forms and doubtful forms1 in order to  
conciliate unbelief1 is very much like  
the woman's wisdom who kept the burglars
 out of the house by leaving all the    
valuables on the doorstep4 ,laughter4   
,it seems to me that we shall have no   
inspiration in us1 no great powerful    
impulse to the work1 and no instrument  
to work with in that work1 except as the
 old gospel of man1 not a cultivated    
monkey but a fallen prince1 of ,god's   
law binding on him1 of the light of the 
near eternity flashing on his spirit1 of
 the cross of ,christ and its redemptive
 efficacy1 of the ,spirit of ,god with  
his renewing power--except as this old  
gospel is not merely in our hands or on 
our lips1 but is in our brains and in   
our hearts2 and then we shall conquer4  

,applause4  ,men may object to it1 of   
course--men object to everything4 ,i    
remember a gentleman on the ,hudson who 
took a querulous ,englishman--not a     
,canadian1 laughter--who had been       
finding fault with everything from the  
constitution of our government down to  
the shape of the toes of our shoes1 out 
to see from his place the magnificent   
autumnal forests on the other side of   
the river1 and the forests on the       
,hudson at this season of the year are  
as if thousands of rainbows had fallen  
to the earth and lodged4 ,said he1      
8,isn't that magnificent80 8,well1 yes1 
that is--yes1 that is very fine2 but    
don't you think now that it is just a   
little tawdry1 perhaps80 ,laughter4     
,there is nothing men may not object to 
in the works or in the word of ,god1 if 
their hearts set them in that direction4
 ,no matter for the objection6 ,the     
,gospel of ,christ1 instinct with power1
 coming from the heart1 coming on the   
earnest word of him who believes it1    

goes through objections as the cannon   
ball goes through mists4 ,do not let us 
doubt or fear concerning its success1 if
 we hold it as the fathers held it4 ,men
 object to the atonement2 why1 it has   
been the life of so many millions of    
human hearts that the multitudes on high
 are now uncounted and incomputable4    
,they object to the doctrine of         
regeneration2 that is the doctrine which
 more than any other exalts man's       
nature1 showing the royalty of it1 the  
greatness of it1 its possibilities1 and 
the glory of its future4  ,of course men
 may object4 ,do not let us be          
disturbed2 but always remember that1    
with the word of ,god within us and the 
power and providence of ,god behind us1 
and the spirit of ,god going before us  
to open ways for our progress1 victory  
is sure4 ,christ seemed insane in his   
aim at the beginning4 ,speaking a few   
words orally to his disciples2 writing  
no line unless he wrote one on the sand2
 only uttering his thought in syllables 

that seemed dissipated in the air1 and  
aiming by that to conquer the world to  
his truth1--it seemed like expecting the
 whistle of a boy in these mountain     
valleys to go reverberating as thunder  
over all the earth in all the centuries4
 ,but he did it4 ,it seemed insane to   
undertake to build a kingdom by         
gathering a few scattered followers here
 and there1 and especially a small      
nucleus of obscure and uneducated men   
bound together by nothing but the simple
 sacrament of eating bread and drinking 
wine in memory of him1--without saint or
 standard or army or treasure or navy or
 counselors or forum1--it seemed like   
building another ,lebanon with          
shovelfuls of sand1 or building another 
,jerusalem with charred sticks and      
straws4 ,but he did it4 ,his kingdom    
already is in all the earth4 ,the       
proudest empire which sets itself       
against it1 shivers in the contact4     
,napoleon saw this on the ,island of    
,st4 ,helena4 ,comparing himself as a   

man ruling in the world with ,christ as 
a ,godlike person1 said he1 8,he is ,god
 and not man40 ,he has done the work    
thus far2 he is to do it in the future1 
if you and ,i adhere to the gospel1 if  
from all our pulpits reverberate the    
echoes of this great meeting1 if the    
force which is here assembled goes forth
 to testify of that system of religion  
of which ,god is the centre and head1   
which has its grandest trophy and symbol
 in the cross of ,christ1 and which     
opens the vast and near eternity to the 
apprehension of every soul conscious of 
unconfessed sins1 and to the desiring   
and exulting hope of every soul that has
 found rest in ,christ--the gospel that 
is to fill the world at last4  ,i       
remember when a lad1 forty years ago    
last spring1 coming for the first time  
into this beautiful ,portland harbor    
from ,boston by the boat4 ,the night was
 windy and rough4 ,the cabin was        
confined1 the boat was small2 and very  
early in the morning ,i went up on deck4

 ,there was nothing but the blue waste  
around1 dark and threatening1 and the   
clouded heavens above4 ,at last suddenly
 on the horizon flashed a light1 and    
then after a little while another1 and  
then a little later another still1 from 
the light-houses along the coast2 and at
 last the light at the entrance of this 
harbor became visible just as 8the      
fingers of the dawn0 were rushing up    
into the sky4 ,as we swept around into  
the harbor the sunrise gun was fired    
from the cutter or corvette lying in the
 harbor1 the band struck up a martial   
and inspiring air1 the great splendor of
 the rising sun flooded the whole view1 
and every window-pane on these hills1 as
 seen from the boat1 seemed to be a     
plate of burnished gold let down from   
the celestial realms4  ,ah6 my friends1 
we are drawing nearer to the glory of   
the latter day4 ,i have thought of that 
vision often4 ,i thought of it then in  
my early carelessness1 as representing  
what might be conceived of the entrance 

into heaven4 ,i have thought of it as ,i
 have stood by the bed of the dying and 
seen their faces flush and flash in a   
radiance that ,i could not apprehend4 ,i
 have thought of it this week as ,i have
 been in these meetings4 ,the lights are
 brightening along the coast2 the       
darkness is disappearing2 the harbor is 
not far off2 the ,sun of ,righteousness 
is to arise in all the earth1 and the   
golden glory of the new ,jerusalem is to
 be established here4 ,let it be ours in
 that great day to remember that we held
 the faith1 we triumphed by the ,cross1 
we stood with ,paul and with the ,son of
 ,god1 taking ,god's revelation for our 
inspiration and doing our work under    
that mighty impulse4  ,and unto ,god be 
all the praise4 ,great applause4        
,,footnote3  ,h ,an address recently    
delivered in ,portland1 ,me4            
,,advantage ,,of ,,warm ,,clothing4     
,concluded4   ,now the clear1           
transparent air permits heat to be shot 
off1 or rayed through it with great     

freedom4 ,but it does not readily       
receive heat 8by conveyance10 so long as
 it is still4 ,if you put your hand into
 still air which is as cold as a cold   
metal knob1 you do not know that the air
 is so chill as the metal1 because it   
does not make your hand so cold4 ,the   
heat is not conveyed away from your hand
 as quickly4 ,when air is moving1       
instead of being still1 the case is1    
however1 altogether altered4 ,a current 
of air1 or wind1 carries away heat from 
warm bodies very quickly as it blows    
over them4 ,it does so because each     
fresh little particle of air which is   
pressed against them1 receives its own  
share of the heat1 and conveys it away1 
leaving fresh particles to come up in   
their turn1 and do the same thing4 ,a   
pint of boiling water in a metal pot    
placed in a strong wind having fifty    
degrees of heat1 would lose all its     
excess of heat as soon again as it would
 if standing in still air having the    
same warmth4 ,the old plan of cooling   

hot tea or broth by blowing it1 is      
correct in principle1 though not in     
accordance with good taste4  ,the       
laboratory of the living animal body has
 the supply of its fuel1 and the        
capacity of its air-blasts1 so arranged 
that just about as much heat is supplied
 through its internal furnace1 as is    
lost from its surface by 8raying off0   
and 8conveyance10 when the surrounding  
air has a warmth of sixty degrees of the
 heat scale1 and when its surface is    
somewhat protected by a light covering  
of clothing1 to lessen the rapidity with
 which the heat is shot off and conveyed
 away4 ,the heat is then produced as    
rapidly in the internal furnace1 as it  
is thrown off from the outer surface1   
and the consequence is that the animal  
feels comfortably warm4 ,it only feels  
uncomfortably hot1 when more heat is    
produced in the furnace of the living   
laboratory than can be scattered through
 its surface4 ,and it only feels        
uncomfortably cold when more heat is    

scattered from the surface than can be  
kept up through the burning of the inner
 furnace4  ,but in winter time the cold 
external air carries away heat much more
 quickly from the surface of living     
animals1 than the warmer external air   
does in summer time4 ,here1 then1 is a  
little difficulty to be met1 if the     
warmth of the body is to be kept        
precisely the same in both seasons4 ,it 
is requisite that it should be always   
maintained at the same point1 because   
that point is the one which is most     
suitable for the operations which are   
being carried on in the vessels and     
chambers of its laboratory4 ,nature has 
two distinct ways in which she insures  
this end4  ,in the first place1 are you 
not aware that you get more hungry in   
winter than you do in summer time8 ,all 
living animals have pretty much the same
 experience as yourself in this         
particular1 and the reason is that      
nature intends1 during the cold season1 
to have more fuel introduced into the   

supply-pipes of the body for the warming
 of its structures4 ,the furnace of the 
laboratory gets quickened in a small    
degree2 its slow fires are fanned into  
slightly increased activity1 more fuel  
is burned1 and so more heat is generated
 to meet the greater demand for it1     
dependent on the influence of the       
external cold4  ,but nature also        
thickens the clothing of animals during 
the cold season1 and so affords         
increased obstruction1 through which the
 escaping heat has to force its way4    
,have you not observed the sleek silky  
coat which the horse wears through the  
summer1 and then noticed at the         
beginning of winter how this sleek coat 
is exchanged for a thick1 fuzzy shag1   
that looks more like wool than hair8    
,the warm winter coat economizes the    
heat produced in the furnace of the     
living body1 and keeps it from being    
scattered to waste as quickly as it is  
through the sleek summer coat4 ,this is 
nature's other plan of meeting the      

difficulty brought about by the changing
 temperature of the air4 ,nearly all    
animals belonging to temperate and cold 
climates have this change of apparel    
provided for them in spring and autumn1 
but in some cases the change is rendered
 very striking in consequence of a      
summer garment of bright gay colors     
being replaced by a winter one of pure  
and spotless white4 ,the fierce tyrant  
of the ice land himself1 the polar bear1
 has a dingy yellow coat during the     
summer1 but puts on furs as snowy as his
 own realms when once the summer sun has
 disappeared4 ,these white winter furs  
are always warmer than dark ones4 ,birds
 which do not migrate to warmer regions 
of the earth in the cold season1 have   
winter and summer suits of apparel1 just
 in the same way as quadrupeds4 ,in the 
winter a lining of the thick1 soft white
 down is added beneath the outer        
feathers4 ,there is one little bird     
which comes to ,england in the late     
autumn1 driven there by the still       

greater cold further north1 and which is
 familiarly known as having two         
remarkably different costumes for his   
,english and his foreign residence4 ,in 
,england the snow-bunting appears with a
 white body and tail1 but abroad and in 
summer time he is distinguished by a    
brilliant black tail and back1 and a    
body and head of pure white4  ,man      
follows the example which nature has set
 before him1 in the matter of clothing4 
,he prepares himself stout warm garments
 for winter time1 and thin cool ones for
 the summer2 and not only this2 in the  
hottest regions of the earth1 where     
there is most sunshine1 he commonly goes
 nearly naked1 while in the coldest     
regions1 near the poles1 he puts on the 
heaviest and warmest woolens and furs   
that he can procure4 ,now this is one   
reason why man has been apparently so   
uncared for by nature in the particular 
of clothing4 ,the seeming indifference  
and carelessness is really consideration
 of the highest kind4 ,all the different

 races of the lower animals have their  
own narrow tracts assigned them for     
their residence4 ,in these tracts there 
is no very extreme diversity of         
temperature1 and provision is therefore 
easily made to adapt their clothing to  
it just so far as is required4 ,the     
human race1 on the other hand1 is       
intended to cover the entire earth1 and 
to subdue it2 to spread itself from the 
burning tropics to the frigid poles4    
,the heat which has to be borne in the  
tropics1 is as much greater than that   
which is experienced near the poles in  
winter time1 as boiling water is hotter 
than ice4 ,at the poles1 one hundred    
degrees of frost often occur4 ,in       
,india1 there are occasionally one      
hundred and thirty degrees of heat under
 the canvas of tents4 ,it therefore     
becomes an affair of almost absolute    
necessity1 that the skin of the widely  
scattered lords of creation should be as
 unencumbered as possible1 and that warm
 clothing should have to be prepared and

 added as a covering whenever           
circumstances call for its use4 ,the    
head only1 of the human being1 has a    
natural fur garment4 ,this part of the  
body is covered with hair1 because the  
most delicate portion of the entire     
frame1 the brain1 is contained within   
it4 ,the skull is protected by hair1    
that the brain may not be hurt by too   
sudden a change from cold to heat1 or   
from heat to cold4  ,there is another   
advantage attending upon the arrangement
 which has left human beings dependent  
upon an artificial supply of clothing1  
and which has ordained that they shall  
come into the world with naked skins4   
,in consequence of this arrangement it  
is very easy to secure that amount of   
cleanliness which is necessary for the  
preservation of the health of such      
delicately framed creatures4 ,the       
artificial clothes can be altogether    
changed at will1 and they can be washed 
and aired1 as they never could be if    
they were inseparably attached to the   

skin4 ,then1 too1 they can be removed   
from the skin in the early morning1 or  
at convenient intervals1 and its surface
 can be thoroughly cleansed and purified
 by bathing with water4 ,just think of  
the difference of going into a bath of  
refreshing water unencumbered by        
clothes1 and of doing the same with     
thick1 dabby garments clinging about    
you1 and having to shake yourselves like
 great ,newfoundland dogs when you come 
out2 and also recall to mind the        
pleasure you experience every time you  
change soiled linen for clean1 and you  
will become sensible of how much you owe
 to beneficent nature for having left   
you destitute of the feathers of the    
bird1 or the fur of the bear4 ,the      
extreme importance of making a fair use 
of this privilege has been already      
alluded to in its proper place4  ,but   
nature has effected yet another very    
bountiful provision for the comfort and 
safety of her tender charge1 the living 
human animal4 ,even when only covered by

 very light clothing1 it is possible    
human beings may be placed in air which 
is so warm1 that heat is not carried off
 from their bodies so fast as it is     
produced in the interior furnace4 ,in   
,india1 it sometimes happens that the   
air gets to be even hotter than the     
living body4 ,all movement of the air1  
then1 heats1 rather than cools4 ,under  
such circumstances1 nature adopts a very
 effectual course to prevent warmth from
 collecting more and more in the frame1 
until a disagreeable and injurious      
amount has been reached4 ,having first  
reduced the supply of fuel to the       
smallest limits consistent with keeping 
the fire going1 by lessening the        
appetite1 and by taking away the craving
 for heating food1 and having given a   
hint to adopt such outer coverings for  
the body as are as little obstructive of
 the passage of heat as possible1 the   
heat drenches the surface of the frame  
abundantly with moisture1 which has the 
power to cool by its ready evaporation4 

,take a small piece of wet linen and lay
 it upon your forehead1 or upon your    
arm1 leaving it freely exposed to the   
air1 and you will find1 that as the     
moisture evaporates from the linen1 your
 skin underneath will feel colder and   
colder4 ,the heat of the skin is used up
 in converting the moisture of the linen
 into steam1 exactly as the heat of a   
fire is used up in converting the water 
of a kettle into steam when this is made
 to boil4 ,the steam flies away with the
 warmth of the skin very rapidly1 and   
consequently the skin soon comes to feel
 cold4 ,now1 when the body gets to be   
very warm1 and the over-heated blood is 
rapidly pouring through the channels of 
its supply pipes1 then the three        
millions of little holes or pores1 which
 lie upon its surface1 are opened1 and  
floods of vapor and water are poured    
through them1 producing just the same   
kind of effect as wet linen would do4   
,this action is termed 8perspiration10  
or a 8steaming through0 the pores of the

 skin4 ,the breathing blows up1 or fans 
the slow furnace contained within the   
living animal frame1 and so heats it    
above the surrounding air4 ,the         
perspiration carries away portions of   
this heat when it has been raised too   
high1 and so cools the heated body down4
 ,some moisture also escapes as steam   
from the lungs and through the mouth in 
breathing1 thus assisting the perspiring
 skin in its office of diminishing the  
excessive warmth of the body4 ,you have 
often seen dogs1 which have been heated 
by running1 pant with opened mouths and 
outstretched tongues1 the vapor steaming
 forth from their gaping throats4 ,dogs 
cool themselves in this way because they
 have very little perspiration passing  
through their skins4 ,their perspiration
 is really from their throats1 rather   
than from their skins4 ,human beings    
sometimes lose1 in hot weather1 as much 
as five pints of water in twenty-four   
hours1 by exhalation through the lungs  
and skin4  ,give me now1 good reader1   

your close attention for just a few     
minutes while ,i return to the notion   
with which we started on beginning the  
consideration of this subject1 so that  
,i may fit it into its right place1 and 
leave it well packed away with the other
 notions that we have gained1 while     
studying the value and uses of air1     
water1 and food4 ,your body is a living 
laboratory1 formed of an enormous       
quantity of little chambers and vessels4
 ,from a strong central force-pump1     
placed in the middle of that laboratory1
 liquefied food1 or blood1 is streamed  
out through branching supply-pipes to   
the several chambers1 to carry to them  
the materials that have to be operated  
upon in their cavities for the          
production of animal power and warmth4  
,the force-pump acts by repeated short  
strokes1 but the liquefied food flows   
through chambers of the laboratory in   
continuous1 even currents1 because the  
supply-pipes are made of yielding and   
elastic substance1 like ,india-rubber1  

and not of hard1 stiff substance1 like  
metal or wood4 ,as the liquefied food   
gushes out from the force-pump1 the     
elastic walls of the supply-pipes are   
stretched by the gush1 but directly     
afterwards they shrink back again1 as   
,india-rubber would do1 shut close a    
valve that prevents all return of the   
liquid into the force-pump1 and so      
compel the liquid to run onwards in the 
other direction1 through the pipes4     
,before the shrinking in of the pipes   
has altogether ended1 the force-pump    
renews its stroke1 and so the onward    
flow of the liquid never stays1 although
 the pump has to make beat after beat4  
,the liquefied food gushes out from the 
force-pump with a speed of about a foot 
in each second2 but it has to supply    
such an enormous host of small chambers 
in the remote parts of the laboratory1  
that it does not flow through them with 
a speed greater than an inch in a       
minute4 ,this1 however1 is no           
disadvantage1 as it affords plenty of   

time for the full carrying out of all   
the intended changes in those chambers1 
whereby animal power and warmth are to  
be produced4  ,remember1 then1 that as  
your heart beats in your chest1 second  
after second1 the red blood flushes     
through every crevice and every fibre of
 your living frame1 just as it does     
through your cheek when it is crimsoned 
with a blush4 ,seventy or eighty times  
every minute1 your beating heart pumps1 
and constantly1 so long as you are      
alive1 the flushing blood streams on    
everywhere4 ,the blood1 however1 streams
 on in this continuous way1 because its 
flow is not stopped1 even when it has   
reached the remotest chambers and       
fibers4 ,the trunks of the supply-pipes 
divide into branching twigs1 which get  
very fine indeed where they are in      
connection with the working chambers of 
the laboratory1 and which then lead on  
into return-pipes1 that are gathered    
together into enlarging trunks1 ,these1 
in their turn1 are collected into main  

tubes which end in the cavity of the    
heart4 ,at the extremity of these main  
trunks of the return-pipes1 valves are  
so placed as to prevent the pumping     
action of the heart from forcing the    
blood back into them4 ,thus1 as your    
heart pumps1 swelling out and drawing in
 its walls1 the blood flows into its    
cavity by the return-pipes1 and is      
squeezed out therefrom through the      
supply-pipes4 ,it always streams in one 
direction4 ,it circulates through the   
living frame which it flushes2 that is1 
it goes in an endless circle1 now       
through the heart1 now through the      
supply-pipes1 now through the           
return-pipes1 and now starts once again 
through the heart4  ,but as your blood  
thus circulates1 through your living    
frame1 fresh nourishment1 newly         
dissolved food1 is added in some places 
to its streams2 in other places         
nourishment and fuel are taken from it  
to furnish the active chambers of the   
laboratory with warmth and power2 in    

other places worn-out substance is added
 to it to be carried away in its        
current2 and at other places this       
worn-out substance is poured away from  
it through the outlets provided for its 
removal4 ,the principal outlets through 
which the waste of your living          
laboratory is poured away1 have been    
already spoken of in detail--they are   
the pores of the skin1 the drains of the
 laboratory2 and the pores of the lungs1
 that with the mouth form the chimney of
 the laboratory through which the smoke 
and the vapors from the burned fuel fly 
away4 ,in addition to these outlets1    
there is1 however1 another series by    
which some denser matters1 which can not
 be got through either the skin-pores or
 the lungs1 are streamed away4 ,this    
series is continually in operation1 but 
the details of its arrangements are so  
ingeniously planned1 that it            
accommodates its work to the demand of  
each passing instant4 ,when1 for        
instance1 the perspiring pores of the   

skin are widely open for the cooling of 
the frame1 and an increased amount of   
liquid is consequently steamed away     
through them1 then these outlets are    
narrowed2 but when1 on the other hand1  
the skin-pores are closed1 or when any  
extra flood of liquid is thrown into the
 interior of the frame during cold      
weather1 then the additional outlets at 
once are brought into very active play4 
,now1 just imagine the case of a large  
town1 in which there is a certain       
quantity of waste liquid needing to be  
carried away through drain-pipes every  
day1 but in which also there occur      
occasional excessive floods of rain1    
which must have a way of escape provided
 for them whenever they happen4 ,how    
clever you would think it if some       
skillful engineer fixed valves in the   
drain-pipes of that town1 which kept    
themselves fast closed under ordinary   
circumstances1 but which opened of their
 own accord whenever the pressure of an 
extra flood came1 and so allowed the    

excess of liquid to flow safely and     
freely away4 ,such has really been the  
proceeding of the skillful ,engineer of 
your living frame4 ,your body is exposed
 to the risk of occasional excessive    
floods4 ,when the weather is very cold1 
for instance1 the pores of your skin are
 closed1 and not more than a single pint
 of liquid can force its way out through
 them1 in the place of the four pints   
which would pass in warm weather4 ,much 
of the water which would otherwise have 
escaped from the channels of the        
supply-pipes1 then remains in them1     
coursing round in the progress of the   
circulation4 ,sometimes1 too1 in all    
probability you will be tempted to      
swallow an unreasonable quantity of     
liquid1 beyond any demand the mere      
process of cooling an over-heated frame 
can require4 ,but whenever you have thus
 set up an unusual internal flood1      
sluice-gates are opened1 and through    
these the excess is rapidly poured until
 the flood is got rid of4 ,in those     

parts of your body which have been named
 the kidneys1 there are pores through   
which waste liquid is always draining1  
without being turned into vapor or      
steam2 but in the kidneys there are also
 chambers composed of very fine walls1  
which are strong enough to prevent fluid
 from passing through them when it is   
only pressed by a gentle force1 but     
which are not strong enough to do so    
when the pressure becomes greater in    
consequence of the over-flooding of the 
supply-pipes4 ,the kidneys are the      
sluice-gates of your body1 provided with
 outlets for common use1 and with       
self-acting valves which come into      
operation upon occasions of excessive   
flood4  ,thus astonishing1 then1 is the 
care which has been taken in perfecting 
the arrangements of the heating service 
of that complicated laboratory1 your    
living body4 ,fuel is thrown into an    
internal furnace1 more or less          
plentifully1 according to need4 ,the    
fuel is there burned1 and fanned by     

air-blasts1 which are strengthened or   
weakened as the occasion may require4   
,the heat produced by the burning is    
economized by external packings and     
wrappings1 or it is scattered by the    
opening of evaporating pores on the     
external surface1 and by the drenching  
of that surface with steaming moisture2 
and self-acting valves are provided to  
regulate the quantity of liquid         
contained in the supply-pipes1 so that  
the cooling pores may never be forced   
into mischievous activity by the mere   
pressure of excess in their channels1 at
 a time when the body is already        
sufficiently chill4  ,when cold is      
suddenly applied to the previously warm 
skin of the living body1 it shuts up all
 the perspiring pores at once1 and then 
empties its supply-pipes of their       
streaming blood inwards4 ,you know how  
pale and numb your skin becomes on a    
cold frosty day1 when you stand quietly 
in the chilling air4 ,that is because   
the cold squeezes all the blood out of  

the small vessels of your skin4 ,but    
where do you suppose the squeezed-out   
blood goes to8 ,it flows directly into  
the several internal parts1 choking up  
and overloading their channels4 ,if the 
skin be soon made warm again1 the       
overloaded parts of the inside once more
 get emptied1 and recover their usual   
freedom2 but if it be kept cold1 then   
their overloading and choking continues1
 and great discomfort is experienced4   
,all kinds of inflammations and         
disorders are produced in this way4     
,what are commonly known as colds are   
internal obstructions of this nature4   
,cold in the head is an affection in    
which the lining of the nostrils is     
overcharged with stagnating blood4 ,sore
 throat is caused by a similar condition
 in the lining of the throat4 ,and cough
 by the same state in the lining of the 
vessels and cavities of the chest4  ,the
 mere application of a chill temperature
 to the skin is not alone1 however1     
enough to give a cold4 ,this result     

chiefly comes when the application has  
been made while the body is in a        
weakened or exhausted state1 and        
therefore has not the power to resist   
and overcome the internal disturbance of
 the even blood-flow4 ,colds are nearly 
always caught in consequence of a sudden
 exposure of the body to a chill1 either
 when it is in a state of exhaustion and
 fatigue from sustained exertion1 or    
when it has been for some time          
previously over-heated4 ,excess of heat 
itself soon produces exhaustion1 and    
depression of the strength and the      
powers of life4 ,when a chill is applied
 to the skin while the body is fresh and
 strong1 as1 for instance1 when a man   
pours cold water over himself the       
instant he gets out of a warm bed in the
 morning1 after a sound and refreshing  
sleep1 it does no harm1 for this reason3
 ,first1 the blood is driven away from  
the supply-pipes of the skin by the     
cold1 and flows inwards2 but the        
refreshed heart1 then becoming sensible 

of its arrival1 rouses itself to        
increased effort1 and prevents          
obstruction by pumping on the liquid    
more vigorously4 ,by this means blood is
 soon sent back again to the skin in    
great abundance1 and makes it glow with 
renewed warmth4 ,it is only when the    
cold is very severe1 or very long       
continued1 that this re-action1 as it is
 called1 would be hindered1 and internal
 disorder be likely to be set up4       
,here1 then1 is one of the advantages of
 employing warm clothing4 ,it prevents  
the catching of cold by protecting the  
skin from sudden chills at a time when  
the internal parts of the frame are     
depressed and unable to meet1 without   
injury1 the effects which follow upon   
it4 ,if at any time you are very weary1 
and very warm1 remember1 then1 that you 
must keep yourself warm by drawing more 
clothes round you1 or by some other     
plan4 ,want of attention to this very   
simple proceeding1 or absolute ignorance
 that it ought to be adopted1 is among  

the common means whereby men lay up for 
themselves disease and suffering1 and   
cause sickness to take the place of     
health4  ,how constantly it happens1 at 
the very first appearance of fine       
weather in spring1 that sore throats and
 coughs and colds are met with          
everywhere4 ,this is nearly always      
because people are then tempted to throw
 aside the warm clothing which they have
 used through the winter1 and so to     
leave their skins very much more exposed
 to the influences of the sudden chills1
 which are quite sure to occur at this  
time4 ,just observe what nature herself 
does in this matter4 ,she does not take 
off the horse's warm coat the moment the
 spring sunshine bursts out in the sky4 
,she compels him to keep it upon his    
back1 at the risk of his being a good   
deal encumbered by it now and then1     
because it is better he should submit to
 this small inconvenience for a time1   
rather than be exposed to the danger of 
a grave disease4 ,as you may            

advantageously take a lesson from the   
bee as to the management of fresh air in
 your dwellings1 so you may             
advantageously go to the quadruped to   
learn how to manage the alteration of   
your clothing at the change of the      
seasons4 ,when you see the horse putting
 on his fine silken garment for summer1 
follow his example2 but until you do see
 this1 be wise1 and still keep within   
the protection of your winter wools and 
furs4  ,there is another plan by which  
people every day expose themselves to   
the danger of catching cold1 and of so  
falling into disease4 ,they commonly sit
 in very draughty rooms2 apartments     
which are warmed by bright fires1 but   
which are at the same time chilled by   
cold wind rushing in at large crannies  
and crevices1 far beyond the quantity   
which is needed for the mere supply of  
pure air4 ,such rooms are warm and cold 
climates brought together in a nutshell4
 ,there is a scorching summer near the  
fire1 and a freezing winter near the    

window at the same instant4 ,merely     
walking about the room therefore takes  
the body in a moment from one climate to
 another1 and this must happen sometimes
 when the body is not prepared to meet1 
and accommodate itself to1 the change4  
,a chilled surface1 and internal        
obstructions result1 and colds and      
diseases follow very soon4 ,the inside  
of rooms should be in winter time very  
much what they are in the summer season2
 that is1 not too hot1 but equally warm 
in all parts1 and with a sufficient     
current of air passing through them to  
keep them pure1 although not with enough
 to set up dangerous draughts4 ,if there
 are draughts1 then the protection of   
warm clothing must be constantly        
employed1 to prevent the chilling       
influence from attacking the skin4 ,warm
 and undraughty dwelling-rooms are the  
natural allies of warm clothes in       
health-preserving power4  ,there is     
another very excellent companion and    
helper of warm clothes in this good     

work4 ,this helper is 8exercise40 ,if1  
when you are weary and warm1 and have no
 additional clothes to draw round you on
 the instant to prevent a chill1 you sit
 down or stand still in the cold wind1  
you will be nearly sure to catch cold1  
and to be made ill4 ,but if1 on the     
other hand1 you keep moving about until 
you can either clothe yourself more     
warmly1 or go into a warm room1 then you
 will be almost as certain to escape    
without harm4 ,exercise aids the heart  
in keeping the blood moving briskly1 and
 if at any time there is an inclination 
for the blood-flow to stagnate and get  
obstructed internally1 then exercise    
overcomes the obstruction1 and sends the
 lagging blood cheerily on toward all   
parts of the frame1 and back toward the 
skin4 ,brisk exercise thus possesses the
 power to overcome mischief1 as well as 
to prevent it4 ,its influence in        
quickening and sustaining the flow of   
the blood-streams through the           
supply-pipes of the body1 necessarily   

leads in the end to the strengthening of
 every structure in the frame1 and to   
the rousing of every operation that is  
carried on in the living laboratory4    
,every one who values the blessing of   
health and strength will do well1 if his
 daily task is not one of exertion in   
the open air1 to make such a task for   
himself4 ,one hour at least out of the  
twenty-four should be spent in          
quickening the blood-streams1 and in    
deepening the breathing by walking      
briskly in some open space where the    
fresh winds of heaven have free play4   
,but we will now imagine that in        
ignorance of all these particulars1 or  
in consequence of some long-continued   
exertion and exposure which the demands 
of duty made it altogether impossible   
for you to avoid1 you have caught a     
cold1 and are beginning to suffer from a
 sore throat1 or a cough1 or some other 
sign that matters within are not as they
 should be4 ,what1 under such           
circumstances1 ought you to do to stop  

the cold1 and get rid of it1 before     
serious disorder is brought about8      
,here1 again1 warm clothing is of the   
highest value4 ,if the chilled surface  
be at once closely covered up1 and be   
kept covered1 the blood is soon drawn   
back to the skin1 and the internal      
obstructions are in this way overcome4  
,the best possible way to get rid of a  
cold quickly1 for those who can follow  
it1 is to go to bed as soon as it       
begins1 and to keep there until the cold
 is cured4 ,if you can not follow this  
plan1 then drink as little of any fluid 
as you can for four or five days1 and   
there will soon be not enough blood1 as 
regards quantity1 in your body1 to keep 
internal parts overcharged1 and they    
will be relieved1 and you will get well4
 ,there is this evil in the first plan  
of curing a cold3 people who have lain  
in bed for some time1 come out of it    
with the pores of their skins more than 
usually opened1 and more than usually   
disposed to suffer from any fresh chill4

 ,people who pursue the second plan may 
be exposed in any way without meeting   
this risk4  ,there are thus1 then1      
golden rules for the management of the  
clothing1 as well as for the management 
of the feeding1 which all people should 
have stamped on their understandings1   
and engraved upon their memories4 ,these
 are3  ,follow the example which nature 
sets1 and wear thicker clothing in cold 
weather than in warm4  ,do not lay aside
 the warm clothing of winter1 as soon as
 fine1 mild weather seems to have begun1
 but wait until you see that nature is  
taking their winter garments away from  
the birds and the beasts4  ,never expose
 yourself to a chill without extra      
clothing1 when you are weary1 as well as
 warm4  ,never sit in draughts of cold  
air without putting on extra clothing4  
,keep in brisk exercise when you are    
unable to avoid currents of chill air1  
and are at the same time fatigued by    
exertion1 and thinly clad4  ,never      
remain in damp clothes longer than you  

can help4 ,damp clothes chill the       
surface of the body very rapidly by     
carrying away its heat as the moisture  
is turned into steam4 ,wet stockings1   
and boots1 or shoes1 are injurious1 for 
the same reason as other kinds of wet   
clothing4 ,they are not more dangerous  
than other kinds of damp garments1 but  
they have to be encountered much more   
frequently on account of the ground     
often remaining wet for long periods1   
when there is no great excess of        
moisture in the air4 ,wet feet produce  
harm more frequently than wet clothes1  
because they are much more common4  ,by 
a careful and constant attendance to the
 principles laid down in these golden   
rules1 the attacks of many grave        
diseases may be avoided1 and the        
advantage which is intended to result   
from the influence of warm clothes may  
be most certainly secured4     ,,in     
,,him ,,confiding4       ,the clouds    
hang heavy round my way1                
,i can not see2     ,but through the    

darkness ,i believe               ,god  
leadeth me4     ',tis sweet to keep my  
hand in his1               ,while all is
 dim2     ,to close my weary1 aching    
eyes1               ,and follow him4    
,through many a thorny path he leads    
,my tired feet2     ,through many a path
 of tears ,i go1               ,but it  
is sweet     ,to know that he is close  
to me1               ,my ,god1 my guide4
     ,he leadeth me1 and so ,i walk     
,quite satisfied4     ,,the ,,history   
,,of ,,education4  ,by ,,prof4 ,w4 ,t4  
,,harris4   ,v4--,,egypt1 ,,ph,,nicia1  
,,judea4  ,egypt4--,according to        
,bunsen1 ,egypt is the middle place in  
the world's history4 ,it is connected   
directly with the ,west or ,europe1 and 
as directly with the ,east or ,asia4    
,it is the only country in the great    
continent of ,africa that forms a link  
in the history of the world4 ,what      
education is to be found in the other   
parts of ,africa1 we have seen in our   
first chapter on education in the savage

 tribe4 ,of course we reckon the        
,abyssinian ,christians1 loosely1 in    
this designation of ,egypt1 and consider
 ,carthage as a part of ,phnician       
civilization4  ,egypt is properly a link
 in the chain of ,asiatic civilization1 
although geographically located in      
,africa4 ,its history is full of        
interaction with the ,semitic peoples of
 ,western ,asia1 and we find it often in
 relation with the ,hebrews1 the        
,arabians1 and the ,phnicians1 and even 
with the far-off nations of the         
,euphrates and ,tigris4 ,finally the    
,persians conquer the country under     
,cambyses1 and ,egypt is henceforth     
,persian1 then ,macedonian1 then ,roman1
 then ,saracen1 and finally a ,turkish  
dependency4  ,the river ,nile is the    
essential feature of ,egypt1 more       
particularly the circumstance of its    
annual overflow and subsidence4 ,there  
is little or no rain in ,egypt in all   
the region from the mouth of the ,nile  
up to the last tributary it receives on 

its way down from the highlands of      
,abyssinia4 ,northward from that branch 
7the ,atbara7 the ,nile valley is eight 
hundred miles long1 and the ,nile itself
 with all its windings flows #a1cjj     
miles1 to its mouth4  ,the copious rains
 and snows in the mountainous countries 
at the south supply fertility by the    
annual inundation1 which begins in      
,june1 attains its greatest height in   
,september1 and then subsides so that   
the farmers of ,egypt can sow their     
grain on the waters in ,october1 and by 
,november1 when the waters have         
subsided1 the green blades of wheat are 
seen everywhere sprouting through the   
slimy deposit left by the river4 ,in    
,march there is an abundant harvest4    
,living was so cheap in ,egypt that the 
cost of bringing up a human being to his
 twentieth year was not more than four  
dollars4  ,the ,egyptian finds it       
possible to conquer nature and make it  
serve him4 ,he builds canals and dykes  
and regulates the overflow of the ,nile 

so as to get the utmost service from the
 fertilizing power of the rich soil that
 the ,nile brings down to him4          
,observation of nature necessary for the
 purpose of utilizing the rise of the   
,nile1 leads him to a knowledge of      
astronomy1 the construction of          
calendars1 and hydraulic engineering4   
,he understands irrigation1 the         
construction of canals1 dams and        
reservoirs4 ,he invents the science of  
geometry because he has to use the art  
of surveying in order to recover his    
farm after the inundation1 and fix its  
boundaries4 ,difficulties that occur in 
locating farms that are liable to be    
washed away by new channels cut through 
by freshets1 as well as by the covering 
up and destruction of old landmarks1    
lead to a more careful system of laws on
 the subject of landed property1 as well
 as rights and privileges appertaining  
to its use1 than we can find elsewhere  
in ancient times4  ,the greatest        
contrast exists between the day1 which  

is very hot and bright with light both  
direct and reflected1 and the night1    
which is very dark and cool4  ,in       
contrast to the natural changes which   
annually prevail1 making ,egypt first a 
vast sea of water and then a blooming   
garden1 the people of ,egypt strive for 
permanency4  ,their struggle to control 
nature is their perpetual education4    
,they build enormous architectural      
structures--temples and pyramids4 ,they 
love the past and will preserve it if   
possible4 ,the pyramid is a gigantic    
tomb1 for the high priest who is the    
king4  ,not only the king but all good  
,egyptians shall have their bodies      
embalmed and preserved4 ,their mummies  
shall be saved from decay in the        
gigantic tombs of the hillside1 above   
the reach of the ,nile floods4  ,egypt  
invented the writing by hieroglyphics1  
and developed out of that system of     
picture-writing two other systems of    
writing1 the ,syllabic and ,alphabetic4 
,doubtless the ,phnicians borrowed their

 alphabet from the ,egyptians1 and      
diffused a knowledge of it among the    
peoples living around the ,mediterranean
 ,sea4  ,the priestly caste hold the    
directive power of ,egypt1 ,they        
administer the education1 and rule in   
the counsels of the state1 and give     
character to whatever is ,egyptian4     
,the idea of death is ever present with 
the ,egyptian4 ,there seems to be some  
faint idea of its spiritual meaning in  
their religion4  ,the god ,osiris dies1 
slain by ,typhon1 and yet proves himself
 triumphant over death1 and attains     
perfect individuality after it4 ,in     
,east ,india there is transmigration of 
souls as a punishment for the exercise  
of appetites and desires in the life    
here4 ,the properly prepared soul       
reaches extinction in ,brahm or in      
,nirwana4 ,in ,egypt1 too1              
transmigration punishes the individual  
by delaying his ascent into the heaven  
of ,osiris1 wherein he may become a     
companion to that god4 ,while his body  

does not decay he need not be born again
 in another body1 and if embalmed       
properly1 he can avoid transmigration   
until he lives again with ,osiris4      
,egyptian religious ideas are in advance
 of ,persian in the doctrine of evil4   
,the evil is not a principle of such    
power that it is invincible by the ,lord
 of the good4  ,the thought of death and
 the death-court which would decide     
whether the individual had lived        
worthily or not1 was the greatest       
educational influence in ,egypt4  ,if   
the death-court decided that the        
deceased was worthy1 his body should be 
embalmed1 and this saved him from       
transmigration and secured him ultimate 
residence with ,osiris4  ,hieroglyphics 
can not express clear abstract ideas1   
but only symbols of ideas4 ,symbolic    
thought is not sufficient for science4  
,the ,egyptian expresses his ideas in   
the form of enigmas or riddles4 ,the    
,sphinx is the most adequate expression 
of his mind4 ,it has the form of a human

 bust placed on the body of a lion1     
rising out of a rock4 ,it expresses the 
question of its soul3 8,what is man8 ,is
 he only a natural being who1 like the  
rock or the animal1 belongs to nature   
only1 and does not escape from it--or   
does he rise out of it and attain to    
individual immortality1 outlasting all  
the forms of nature80  ,egypt           
contributed to the spiritual development
 of all other lands4 ,it is the great   
stimulator to the unfolding of mind in  
,greece and ,rome1 and all other nations
 about the ,mediterranean4 ,it is the   
great schoolmaster1 not in morals and   
religion1 but in scientific thinking4   
,and yet it did not itself furnish the  
completed sciences1 but only the limits 
and beginnings of science4  ,greek      
literature abounds in exaggerated       
accounts of the learning and wisdom of  
,egypt1 and of its appliances for       
education4 ,we should believe that the  
,egyptian priesthood constituted a sort 
of university of philosophy1 history1   

and science4  ,arithmetic1 geometry1    
surveying1 and mensuration1 civil       
engineering1 language1 and writing1 and1
 according to some accounts1 music      
formed the chief branches of their      
education1 which varied with the caste4 
,there were scientific schools for the  
priests and warriors1 at ,thebes1       
,memphis1 and ,heliopolis4 ,the         
education of the common people was at a 
low standard4 ,plato tells us that the  
children of the ,egyptians learned to   
read in classes4 ,diodorus says that the
 artisans in particular were taught     
reading and writing2 and this we may    
readily believe1 when we see that so    
many inscriptions had to be made on the 
walls of buildings1 and on papyrus      
rolls4 ,it seems that the trades and    
arts were learned by children from their
 parents4  ,the women looked after the  
out-of-door affairs1 while the men did  
the housework1 and especially cared for 
the training of the children and the    
work at the loom4  ,arithmetic was      

taught by games and plays1 such as      
trading apples or pieces of money1      
guessing at the number of grains of     
wheat concealed in the hand1 or by      
arranging pupils in military lines4     
,children went barefoot and almost      
naked1 the climate being very mild4     
,psammeticus 7,b4 ,c4 #fej7 sought to   
introduce foreign ideas1 especially     
,greek and ,phnecian1 apparently        
thinking that something could be gained 
from those peoples4 ,foreign languages  
were taught under his reign1 but not in 
other ages4  ,the sight of what is      
strange stimulates us to wonder and     
reflection4 ,herodotus1 ,thales1        
,pythagoras1 ,plato1 and others of the  
wisest of the ,greeks speak with        
reverence of that part of their         
education received in ,egypt4  ,after   
,alexandria was founded by the          
,macedonian ,greeks1 as the commercial  
emporium of the world1 ,egypt became    
more than ever a center for the         
collection and distribution of learning 

and wisdom for the ,west and for the    
,east4  ,the ,ptolemies cultivated      
mathematics1 astronomy1 medicine1       
grammar and history4 ,the great museum  
founded by them in #cbb ,b4 ,c41        
furnished for two hundred years a sort  
of dwelling-place and university for the
 ,greek investigators who resorted to   
,egypt4 ,even after ,christianity had   
become the established religion under   
the ,romans1 ,alexandria remained a     
chief seat of theological controversy4  
,in this museum there were several large
 courts surrounded by colonnades opening
 inward1 and seats under the shady trees
 and by cool fountains1 were placed for 
the scholars4 ,the dwellings of the     
learned teachers were near by4 ,the     
famous library was in the court most    
retired from the street1 and free from  
interruption4 ,there the busy scribes   
copied out the treasures of the library 
for the libraries of other lands4  ,the 
astronomical observations carried on    
here surprise us4  ,the length of a     

degree on the surface of the earth was  
measured as accurately as the perfection
 of their instruments permitted1 and the
 circumference of the earth was         
calculated by this means4 ,the fact that
 the earth is round seems to have been  
well known long before4 ,eratosthenes1  
the superintendent of the ,alexandrian  
,library1 about two hundred years ,b4   
,c41 computed the obliquity of the      
ecliptic to be #bc #ea' and #bj81 and   
also measured the distance between      
,syene and ,alexandria1 and the         
difference in latitude1 by observations 
on the sun and stars4 ,this gave him    
data for the calculation of the size of 
the earth1 which he made to be about    
thirty thousand miles4                  
,phnicia4--,along the eastern shore of  
the ,mediterranean on the narrow        
sea-coast at the foot of the ,mountains 
of ,lebanon1 were a series of commercial
 and manufacturing cities1 the seat of  
the ,phnecians4 ,tyre1 ,sidon1 ,byblus1 
,berytus1 ,tripolis1 ,aradis were places

 of great security on the land side1 and
 afforded great security on the seaward 
side to the shipping of their merchants4
 ,the manufacture of metallic goods1    
glass1 linen textures1 dyed with the    
wonderful ,tyrian purple1 furnished the 
home productions wherewith to obtain the
 coveted articles of foreign peoples4   
,phnicia was the land of industry and   
adventurous sailors4 ,the tin from      
,cornwall1 and the amber even from the  
,baltic were brought home through stormy
 seas and used in manufactures4 ,the    
trains of camels loaded with ,phnician  
wares pierced the deserts and arrived at
 the great cities on the ,euphrates4    
,cyprus1 ,crete1 ,carthage1 ,gades      
7,cadiz7 were settled by ,phnician      
colonies4 ,in commerce writing is       
indispensable1 and the ,phnician        
borrowed the art of writing from ,egypt 
and spread it widely over the world4    
,for a commercial people the education  
was of a utilitarian character1         
especially arithmetic and writing1 the  

commercial arts4 ,the moral training was
 peculiar1 inasmuch as the ,phnician    
wished to train the youth into roving   
habits1 and to root out early that      
affection for home and parents that     
would injure the quality of the sailor4 
,the child was not trained to reverence 
parents and home4 ,his religious        
worship1 too1 was peculiar4 ,he         
celebrated the pain of his gods4        
,melkarth was worshiped as a hero who   
had gone through great and useful labors
 like ,hercules and become a god4       
,indeed ,hercules is just the ,greek    
copy of ,melkarth1 and was doubtless    
borrowed from the ,phnicians4 ,the      
worship of ,adonis by a sort of funeral 
commemoration of his death--loud        
lamentations and sad                    
ceremonies--prevailed here also4 ,we    
must note again that this worship of    
pain in ,phnicia1 as well as the        
reverence for death in ,egypt betokens a
 deeper insight into the mysteries of   
the relation of the human nature to the 

divine nature than we could find        
existing among the ,persians or the     
,hindoos4  ,the ,phnicians obtained and 
held a 8quarter0 set apart for their    
trading colony in cities wherever they  
could gain a footing4 ,they introduced  
luxuries among rude peoples1 and found  
their profit in catering for them4 ,they
 united producer and consumer1 and used 
deceit and cunning1 and 7whenever       
necessary or useful7 violence1 but      
always for the promotion of trade4      
,they carried their forms of religious  
worship with their wares1 and must have 
met with considerable success in        
introducing it among the ,celtic peoples
 in ,western ,europe1 if the ,druid     
religion was a ,phnician importation    
among them1 as seems likely4  ,the      
,phnician concealed his discoveries     
under mythical narrations calculated to 
frighten away the sailors of other      
peoples from the places he had          
discovered4 ,the fearful worship of the 
fire-god ,moloch1 to whom they          

sacrificed especially children1 laying  
them in his red-hot arms while the      
mothers standing by were not allowed to 
express their pain at the spectacle by  
cries1 seems to have been a powerful    
means of educating by religious         
ceremonial the parental and filial      
indifference necessary for the training 
of this people of commercial            
adventurers4  ,the ,oriental and        
,african education thus far considered  
does not seem to have had much respect  
for the individual man as such4  ,of all
 ,asiatics the ,hebrews are the most    
interesting to the modern world4 ,these 
as ,jehovah's chosen people will hold   
the place of honor throughout all time4 
,they are preminently the educated      
people1 because educated by ,jehovah2   
and preminently the educators1 because  
it is through them that the world has   
been taught the personality of ,god4    
,judea4--,out from among a ,chaldean    
people1 of ,saban religion1 worshipers  
of the heavenly bodies1 went ,abraham1  

and founded a people that should reveal 
the true ,god to all nations4  ,at first
 there was a nomadic or herdsman's life 
of his people2 then the ,egyptian       
bondage1 a training in the highest      
civilization of that time4 ,the chosen  
people were to learn agriculture and the
 arts1 and leave off the herdsman's     
life4 ,then in the promised land comes  
the development of the city life under  
the kings4 ,the patriarchal1 the        
agricultural1 and the urban phases of   
life make up the national forms4 ,then  
there is the captivity to ,babylon in   
which takes place another phase of the  
education of this people4 ,finally1     
under the ,roman dominion1 there is born
 the ,desire of all ,nations in         
,bethlehem1 and the career of the       
,hebrews as a chosen people is at an    
end4  ,the ,jew educated his children   
with the utmost tenderness and care1 for
 they were the gift of ,jehovah1 and    
should be consecrated to him by         
education in his law and in the         

teachings of the prophets4  ,it is      
impossible to conceive of any other     
education of so powerful a character or 
of so spiritual and ennobling a tendency
 as the education of the ,jewish child  
in the history of the dealings of       
,jehovah with his forefathers4 ,his     
national history revealed the direct    
relation of man to ,god4  ,god is a     
teacher4 ,he reveals his will to men4   
,the consciousness of being ,god's      
people educated those colossal          
individualities the patriarchs1 the     
great national leaders1 and the         
prophets4 ,their biographies furnish    
types of character that have a          
pedagogical value for all time4  ,with  
his idea of ,god as a father1 the ,jew  
becomes the most humane of all peoples4 
,his respect for bodily life1 his       
humanity toward widows and orphans1 his 
institution of the ,jubilee year1 the   
scape-goat1 the laws against cruelty to 
animals1 have been a great lesson to    
modern civilization4  ,the ,psalms of   

,david that celebrate ,god's greatness1 
goodness1 providence1 patient kindness  
and forgiveness1 present for all time   
the expression of what is most          
comforting and most purifying to the    
human soul4  ,the ,egyptian and         
,phnician spirit is limited by nature4  
,the ,jewish is elevated above it4 ,he  
conceives ,god as pure causality2--the  
creator of the world2--the sun and stars
 are not his special revelation and in  
no respect to be reverenced by man4     
,man is greater than nature because he  
is chosen by the ,almighty as his       
friend1 and unconscious nature is not   
worthy such a destiny4 ,righteousness is
 honor of ,god1 and mere ceremony is    
not4 ,mere nature is not adequate to the
 revelation of the divine4 ,it is not   
the hurricane nor the earthquake that   
reveals ,god1 but the small voice that  
speaks to man's spirit and reason4 ,the 
human heart is the place for ,god1 but  
the sun and moon are not his            
incarnations4  ,finally the ,jew        

conceives of the unity of humanity in   
one people1 who shall all worship the   
,one ,personal ,god4 ,nationality1      
talent1 caste1 work1 accidents of any   
sort are all indifferent compared with  
knowledge of the true ,god and          
subjection to his will4 ,the ,god of the
 ,jewish people is not a special1       
national ,god over against the gods of  
other nations4 ,he is the ,one only ,god
 and all others are false gods1 mere    
wood and stone1 mere things4 ,thus for  
the ,jew there is the doctrine that all 
people descend from ,adam created by    
,jehovah4 ,the ,prince of ,peace shall  
come to heal the nations1 and his       
character shall be holiness--not        
physical strength1 or beauty1 or great  
size1 or dignity of bearing1 but        
holiness and humility and patience4 ,he 
shall take upon himself infirmities and 
disgrace in order to redeem the world4  
,he will be the ,messiah4  ,here is the 
greatest educational idea ever conceived
 in this world6     ,,song4  ,by ,,sir  

,,john ,,denham4       ,morpheus1 the   
humble god that dwells     ,in cottages 
and smoky cells1     ,hates gilded      
roofs1 and beds of down1     ,and though
 he fears no prince's frown1     ,flies 
from the circle of a crown4      ,come1 
,i say1 thou powerful god1     ,and thy 
leaden charming-rod1     ,dipt in the   
,lethean lake1     ,o'er his wakeful    
temples shake1     ,lest he should sleep
 and never wake4      ,nature1 alas6 why
 art thou so     ,obligd to thy greatest
 foe8     ,sleep that is thy great      
repast1     ,yet of death it bears a    
taste1     ,and both are the same thing 
at last4     ,,tales ,,from ,,shakspere4
  ,by ,,charles ,,lamb4   ,,macbeth4    
,when ,duncan the ,meek reigned ,king of
 ,scotland1 there lived a great thane1  
or lord1 called ,macbeth4 ,this ,macbeth
 was a near kinsman to the king1 and in 
great esteem at court for his valor and 
conduct in the wars2 an example of which
 he had lately given1 in defeating a    
rebel army1 assisted by the troops of   

,norway1 in terrible numbers4  ,the two 
,scottish generals1 ,macbeth and        
,banquo1 returning victorious from this 
great battle1 their way lay over a      
blasted heath1 where they were stopped  
by the strange appearance of three      
figures1 like women1 except that they   
had beards1 and their withered skins and
 wild attire made them look not like any
 earthly creatures4 ,macbeth first      
addressed them1 when they1 seemingly    
offended1 laid each one her choppy      
finger upon her skinny lips1 in token of
 silence3 and the first of them saluted 
,macbeth with the title of 8,thane of   
,glamis40 ,the general was not a little 
startled to find himself known by such  
creatures1 but how much more1 when the  
second of them followed up that salute  
by giving him the title of 8,thane of   
,cawdor10 to which honor he had no      
pretensions6 and again the third bid    
him1 8,all hail6 king that shalt be     
hereafter60 ,such prophetic greeting    
might well amaze him1 who knew that     

while the king's sons lived he could not
 hope to succeed to the throne4 ,then   
turning to ,banquo1 they pronounced him1
 in a sort of riddling terms1 to be     
lesser than ,macbeth and greater6 not so
 happy1 but much happier6 and prophesied
 that though he should never reign1 yet 
his sons after him should be kings in   
,scotland4 ,they then turned into air1  
and vanished3 by which the generals knew
 them to be the weird sisters1 or       
witches4  ,while they stood pondering   
upon the strangeness of this adventure1 
there arrived certain messengers from   
the king1 who were empowered by him to  
confer upon ,macbeth the dignity of     
,thane of ,cawdor4 ,an event so         
miraculously corresponding with the     
prediction of the witches astonished    
,macbeth1 and he stood rapt in          
amazement1 unable to make reply to the  
messengers2 and in that point of time   
swelling hopes arose in his mind1 that  
the prediction of the third witch might 
in like manner have its accomplishment1 

and that he should one day reign in     
,scotland4 ,turning to ,banquo1 he said1
 8,do you not hope that your children   
shall be kings1 when what the witches   
promised to me has so wonderfully come  
to pass80 8,that hope10 answered the    
general1 8might enkindle you to aim at  
the throne3 but oftentimes these        
ministers of darkness tell us truths in 
little things1 to betray us into deeds  
of greatest consequence40 ,but the      
wicked suggestions of the witches had   
sunk too deep into the mind of ,macbeth1
 to allow him to attend to the warnings 
of the good ,banquo4 ,from that time he 
bent all his thoughts how to compass the
 crown of ,scotland4  ,macbeth had a    
wife1 to whom he communicated the       
strange prediction of the weird sisters1
 and its partial accomplishment4 ,she   
was a bad1 ambitious woman1 and so as   
her husband and herself could arrive at 
greatness1 she cared not much by what   
means4 ,she spurred on the reluctant    
purposes of ,macbeth1 who felt          

compunction at the thoughts of blood1   
and did not cease to represent the      
murder of the king as a step absolutely 
necessary to the fulfilment of the      
flattering prophecy4  ,it happened at   
this time that the king1 who1 out of his
 royal condescension1 would oftentimes  
visit his principal nobility on gracious
 terms1 came to ,macbeth's house1       
attended by his two sons1 ,malcolm and  
,donalbain1 and a numerous train of     
thanes and attendants1 the more to honor
 ,macbeth for the triumphal success of  
his wars4 ,the castle of ,macbeth was   
pleasantly situated1 and the air about  
it was sweet and wholesome1 which       
appeared by the nests which the martlet1
 or swallow1 had built under all the    
jutting friezes and buttresses of the   
building1 wherever it found a place of  
advantage3 for where those birds most   
breed and haunt1 the air is observed to 
be delicate4 ,the king entered1 well    
pleased with the place1 and not less so 
with the attentions and respect of his  

honored hostess1 lady ,macbeth1 who had 
the art of covering treacherous purposes
 with smiles2 and could look like the   
innocent flower1 while she was indeed   
the serpent under it4 ,the king1 being  
tired with his journey1 went early to   
bed1 and in his state-room two grooms of
 his chamber 7as was the custom7 slept  
beside him4 ,he had been unusually      
pleased with his reception1 and had made
 presents1 before he retired1 to his    
principal officers2 and among the rest1 
had sent a rich diamond to ,lady        
,macbeth1 greeting her by the name of   
his most kind hostess4  ,now was the    
middle of the night1 when over half the 
world nature seems dead1 and wicked     
dreams abuse men's minds asleep1 and    
none but the wolf and the murderer is   
abroad4 ,this was the time when ,lady   
,macbeth waked to plot the murder of the
 king4 ,she would not have undertaken a 
deed so abhorrent to her sex1 but that  
she feared her husband's nature1 that it
 was too full of the milk of human      

kindness1 to do a contrived murder4 ,she
 knew him to be ambitious1 but withal to
 be scrupulous1 and not yet prepared for
 that height of crime which commonly in 
the end accompanies inordinate ambition4
 ,she had won him to consent to the     
murder1 but she doubted his resolution3 
and she feared that the natural         
tenderness of his disposition 7more     
humane than her own7 would come between 
and defeat the purpose4 ,so with her own
 hands armed with a dagger1 she         
approached the king's bed2 having taken 
care to ply the grooms of his chamber so
 with wine1 that they slept intoxicated1
 and careless of their charge4 ,there   
lay ,duncan1 in a sound sleep after the 
fatigues of his journey1 and as she     
viewed him earnestly1 there was         
something in his face1 as he slept1     
which resembled her own father2 and she 
had not the courage to proceed4  ,she   
returned to confer with her husband4    
,his resolution had begun to stagger4   
,he considered that there were strong   

reasons against the deed4 ,in the first 
place1 he was not only a subject1 but a 
near kinsman to the king2 and he had    
been his host and entertainer that day1 
whose duty by the laws of hospitality it
 was to shut the door against his       
murderers1 not bear the knife himself4  
,then he considered how just and        
merciful a king this ,duncan had been1  
how clear of offense to his subjects1   
how loving to his nobility1 and in      
particular to him2 that such kings are  
the peculiar care of ,heaven1 and their 
subjects doubly bound to revenge their  
deaths4 ,besides1 by the favors of the  
king1 ,macbeth stood high in the opinion
 of all sorts of men1 and how would     
those honors be stained by the          
reputation of so foul a murder6  ,in    
these conflicts of the mind ,lady       
,macbeth found her husband1 inclining to
 the better part1 and resolving to      
proceed no further4 ,but she being a    
woman not easily shaken from her evil   
purpose1 began to pour in at his ears   

words which infused a portion of her own
 spirit into his mind1 assigning reason 
upon reason why he should not shrink    
from what he had undertaken2 how easy   
the deed was2 how soon it would be over2
 and how the action of one short night  
would give to all their nights and days 
to come sovereign sway and royalty6     
,then she threw contempt on his change  
of purpose1 and accused him of          
fickleness and cowardice2 and declared  
that she had given suck1 and knew how   
tender it was to love the babe that     
milked her1 but she would while it was  
smiling in her face1 have plucked it    
from her breast1 and dashed its brains  
out1 if she had so sworn to do it1 as he
 had sworn to perform that murder4 ,then
 she added1 how practicable it was to   
lay the guilt of the deed upon the      
drunken1 sleepy grooms4 ,and with the   
valor of her tongue she so chastised his
 sluggish resolutions1 that he once more
 summoned up courage to the bloody      
business4  ,so1 taking the dagger in his

 hand1 he softly stole in the dark to   
the room where ,duncan lay2 and as he   
went1 he thought he saw another dagger  
in the air1 with the handle toward him1 
and on the blade and at the point of it 
drops of blood4 ,but when he tried to   
grasp at it1 it was nothing but air1 a  
mere phantasm proceeding from his own   
hot and oppressed brain and the business
 he had in hand4 ,getting rid of this   
fear1 he entered the king's room1 whom  
he despatched with one stroke of his    
dagger4 ,just as he had done the murder1
 one of the grooms who slept in the     
chamber1 laughed in his sleep1 and the  
other cried1 8,murder10 which woke them 
both3 but they said a short prayer2 one 
of them said1 8,god bless us60 and the  
other answered1 8,amen10 and addressed  
themselves to sleep again4 ,macbeth1 who
 stood listening to them1 tried to say  
8,amen0 when the fellow said 8,god bless
 us60 but1 though he had most need of a 
blessing1 the word stuck in his throat1 
and he could not pronounce it4 ,again he

 thought he heard a voice which cried1  
8,sleep no more3 ,macbeth doth murder   
sleep1 the innocent sleep1 that         
nourishes life40 ,still it cried1       
8,sleep no more10 to all the house4     
8,glamis hath murdered sleep1 and       
therefore ,cawdor shall sleep no more2  
,macbeth shall sleep no more40  ,with   
such horrible imaginations1 ,macbeth    
returned to his listening wife1 who     
began to think he had failed of his     
purpose1 and that the deed was somehow  
frustrated4 ,he came in so distracted a 
state1 that she reproached him with his 
want of firmness1 and sent him to wash  
his hands of the blood which stained    
them1 while she took his dagger1 with   
purpose to stain the cheeks of the      
grooms with blood1 to make it seem their
 guilt4  ,morning came1 and with it the 
discovery of the murder1 which could not
 be concealed2 and though ,macbeth and  
his lady made great show of grief1 and  
the proofs against the grooms 7the      
dagger being produced against them and  

their faces smeared with blood7 were    
sufficiently strong1 yet the entire     
suspicion fell upon ,macbeth1 whose     
inducements to such a deed were so much 
more forcible than poor silly grooms    
could be supposed to have1 and ,duncan's
 two sons fled4 ,malcolm1 the eldest1   
sought for refuge in the ,english court2
 and the youngest1 ,donalbain1 made his 
escape to ,ireland4  ,the king's sons1  
who should have succeeded him1 having   
thus vacated the throne1 ,macbeth as    
next heir was crowned king1 and thus the
 prediction of the weird sisters was    
literally accomplished4  ,though placed 
so high1 ,macbeth and his queen could   
not forget the prophecy of the weird    
sisters1 that1 though ,macbeth should be
 king1 yet not his children1 but the    
children of ,banquo1 should be kings    
after him4 ,the thought of this1 and    
that they had defiled their hands with  
blood1 and done so great crimes1 only to
 place the posterity of ,banquo upon the
 throne1 so rankled within them1 that   

they determined to put to death both    
,banquo and his son1 to make void the   
predictions of the weird sisters1 which 
in their own case had been so remarkably
 brought to pass4 ,for this purpose they
 made a great supper1 to which they     
invited all the chief thanes2 and among 
the rest1 with marks of particular      
respect1 ,banquo and his son ,fleance   
were invited4 ,the way by which ,banquo 
was to pass to the palace at night1 was 
beset by murderers appointed by         
,macbeth1 who stabbed ,banquo2 but in   
the scuffle ,fleance escaped4 ,from that
 ,fleance descended a race of monarchs  
who afterwards filled the ,scottish     
throne1 ending with ,james the ,sixth of
 ,scotland and the ,first of ,england1  
under whom the two crowns of ,england   
and ,scotland were united4  ,at supper  
the queen1 whose manners were in the    
highest degree affable and royal1 played
 the hostess with a gracefulness and    
attention which conciliated every one   
present1 and ,macbeth discoursed freely 

with his thanes and nobles1 saying1 that
 all that was honorable in the country  
was under his roof1 if he had but his   
good friend ,banquo present1 whom yet he
 hoped he should rather have to chide   
for neglect1 than to lament for any     
mischance4 ,just at these words the     
ghost of ,banquo1 whom he had caused to 
be murdered1 entered the room1 and      
placed himself on the chair which       
,macbeth was about to occupy4 ,though   
,macbeth was a bold man1 at this        
horrible sight his cheeks turned white  
with fear and he stood quite unmanned   
with his eyes fixed upon the ghost4 ,his
 queen and all the nobles1 who saw      
nothing1 but perceived him gazing 7as   
they thought7 upon an empty chair1 took 
it for a fit of distraction2 and she    
reproached him1 whispering that it was  
but the same fancy which had made him   
see the dagger in the air when he was   
about to kill ,duncan4 ,but ,macbeth    
continued to see the ghost1 and gave no 
heed to all they could say1 while he    

addressed it with distracted words1 yet 
so significant1 that his queen fearing  
the dreadful secret would be disclosed1 
in great haste dismissed the guests1    
excusing the infirmity of ,macbeth as a 
disorder he was often troubled with4    
,to such dreadful fancies ,macbeth was  
subject4 ,his queen and he had their    
sleeps afflicted with terrible dreams1  
and the blood of ,banquo troubled them  
not more than the escape of ,fleance1   
whom they now looked upon as father to a
 line of kings1 who should keep their   
posterity out of the throne4 ,with these
 miserable thoughts they found no peace1
 and ,macbeth determined once more to   
seek out the weird sisters1 and know    
from them the worst4  ,he sought them in
 a cave upon the heath1 where they1 who 
knew by foresight of his coming1 were   
engaged in preparing their dreadful     
charms1 by which they conjured up       
infernal spirits to reveal to them      
futurity4 ,their horrid ingredients were
 toads1 bats1 and serpents1 the eye of a

 newt1 and tongue of a dog1 the leg of a
 lizard1 and the wing of the night-owl1 
the scale of a dragon1 the tooth of a   
wolf1 the maw of the ravenous salt-sea  
shark1 the mummy of a witch1 the root of
 the poisonous hemlock 7this to have    
effect must be digged in the dark71 the 
gall of a goat1 and the liver of a ,jew1
 with slips of the yew tree that roots  
itself in graves1 and the finger of a   
dead child3 all these were set on to    
boil in a great kettle1 or cauldron1    
which1 as fast as it grew too hot1 was  
cooled with a baboon's blood3 to these  
they poured in the blood of a sow that  
had eaten her young1 and they threw into
 the flame the grease that had sweaten  
from a murderer's gibbet4 ,by these     
charms they bound the infernal spirits  
to answer their questions4  ,it was     
demanded of ,macbeth1 whether he would  
have his doubts resolved by them1 or by 
their masters1 the spirits4 ,he1 nothing
 daunted by their dreadful ceremonies   
which he saw1 boldly answered1 8,where  

are they8 let me see them40 ,and they   
called the spirits1 which were three4   
,and the first arose in the likeness of 
an armed head1 and he called ,macbeth by
 name1 and bid him beware of the thane  
of ,fife2 for which caution ,macbeth    
thanked him3 for ,macbeth had           
entertained a jealousy of ,macduff1 the 
thane of ,fife4 ,and the second spirit  
arose in the likeness of a bloody child1
 and he called ,macbeth by name1 and bid
 him have no fear1 but laugh to scorn   
the power of man1 for none of woman born
 should have power to hurt him3 and he  
advised him to be bloody1 bold1 and     
resolute4 8,then live1 ,macduff60 cried 
the king2 8what need ,i fear of thee8   
but yet ,i will make assurance doubly   
sure4 ,thou shalt not live2 that ,i may 
tell pale-hearted fear it lies1 and     
sleep in spite of thunder40 ,that spirit
 being dismissed1 a third arose in the  
form of a child crowned1 with a tree in 
his hand4 ,he called ,macbeth by name1  
and comforted him against conspiracies1 

saying1 that he should never be         
vanquished1 until the wood of ,birnam to
 ,dunsinane-,hill should come against   
him4 8,sweet bodements6 good80 cried    
,macbeth2 8who can unfix the forest1 and
 move it from its earth-bound roots8 ,i 
see ,i shall live the usual period of   
man's life1 and not be cut off by a     
violent death4 ,but my heart throbs to  
know one thing4 ,tell me1 if your art   
can tell so much1 if ,banquo's issue    
shall ever reign in this kingdom80 ,here
 the cauldron sunk into the ground1 and 
a noise of music was heard1 and eight   
shadows1 like kings1 passed by ,macbeth1
 and ,banquo last1 who bore a glass     
which showed the figures of many more1  
and ,banquo1 all bloody1 smiled upon    
,macbeth1 and pointed to them2 by which 
,macbeth knew that these were the       
posterity of ,banquo1 who should reign  
after him in ,scotland2 and the witches1
 with a sound of soft music1 and with   
dancing1 making a show of duty and      
welcome to ,macbeth1 vanished4 ,and from

 this time the thoughts of ,macbeth were
 all bloody1 and dreadful4  ,the first  
thing he heard when he got out of the   
witches' cave1 was1 that ,macduff1 thane
 of ,fife1 had fled to ,england1 to join
 the army which was forming against him 
under ,malcolm1 the eldest son of the   
late king1 with intent to displace      
,macbeth1 and set ,malcolm1 the right   
heir1 upon the throne4 ,macbeth1 stung  
with rage1 set upon the castle of       
,macduff1 and put his wife and children1
 whom the thane had left behind1 to the 
sword1 and extended the slaughter to all
 who claimed the least relationship to  
,macduff4  ,these and such-like deeds   
alienated the minds of all his chief    
nobility from him4 ,such as could1 fled 
to join with ,malcolm and ,macduff1 who 
were now approaching with a powerful    
army which they had raised in ,england2 
and the rest secretly wished success to 
their arms1 though for fear of ,macbeth 
they could take no active part4 ,his    
recruits went on slowly4 ,everybody     

hated the tyrant1 nobody loved or       
honored him1 but all suspected him1 and 
he began to envy the condition of       
,duncan1 whom he had murdered1 who slept
 soundly in his grave1 against whom     
treason had done its worst3 neither     
steel nor poison1 domestic malice nor   
foreign levies1 could hurt him any      
longer4  ,while these things were       
acting1 the queen who had been the sole 
partner in his wickedness1 in whose     
bosom he could sometimes seek a         
momentary repose from those terrible    
dreams which afflicted them both        
nightly1 died1 it is supposed by her own
 hands1 unable to bear the remorse of   
guilt and public hate2 by which event he
 was left alone1 without a soul to love 
or care for him1 or a friend to whom he 
could confide his wicked purposes4  ,he 
grew careless of life1 and wished for   
death2 but the near approach of         
,malcolm's army roused in him what      
remained of his ancient courage1 and he 
determined to die 7as he expressed it7  

8with armor on his back40 ,besides this1
 the hollow promises of the witches had 
filled him with false confidence1 and he
 remembered the sayings of the spirits1 
that none of woman born was to hurt him1
 and that he was never to be vanquished 
till ,birnam wood should come to        
,dunsinane1 which he thought could never
 be4 ,so he shut himself up in his      
castle1 whose impregnable strength was  
such as defied a siege3 here he sullenly
 awaited the approach of ,malcolm4      
,when1 upon a day1 there came a         
messenger to him1 pale and shaking with 
fear1 almost unable to report that which
 he had seen3 for he averred1 that as he
 stood upon his watch on the hill1 he   
looked towards ,birnam1 and to his      
thinking the wood began to move6 8,liar 
and slave10 cried ,macbeth2 8if thou    
speakest false1 thou shalt hang alive   
upon the next tree1 till famine end     
thee4 ,if thy tale be true1 ,i care not 
if thou dost as much by me20 for        
,macbeth now began to faint in          

resolution1 and to doubt the equivocal  
speeches of the spirits4 ,he was not to 
fear till ,birnam wood should come to   
,dunsinane3 and now a wood did move6    
8,however10 said he1 8if this which he  
avouches be true1 let us arm and out4   
,there is no flying hence1 nor staying  
here4 ,i begin to be weary of the sun1  
and wish my life at an end40 ,with these
 desperate speeches he sallied forth    
upon the besiegers1 who had now come up 
to the castle4  ,the strange appearance1
 which had given the messenger an idea  
of a wood moving1 is easily solved4     
,when the besieging army marched through
 the wood of ,birnam1 ,malcolm1 like a  
skillful general1 instructed his        
soldiers to hew down every one a bough  
and bear it before him1 by way of       
concealing the true numbers of his host4
 ,this marching of the soldiers with    
boughs had at a distance the appearance 
which had frightened the messenger4     
,thus were the words of the spirit      
brought to pass1 in a sense different   

from that in which ,macbeth had         
understood them1 and one great hold of  
his confidence was gone4  ,and now a    
severe skirmishing took place1 in which 
,macbeth1 though feebly supported by    
those who called themselves his friends1
 but in reality hated the tyrant and    
inclined to the party of ,malcolm and   
,macduff1 yet fought with the extreme of
 rage and valor1 cutting to pieces all  
who were opposed to him1 till he came to
 where ,macduff was fighting4 ,seeing   
,macduff1 and remembering the caution of
 the spirit who had counseled him to    
avoid ,macduff above all men1 he would  
have turned1 but ,macduff1 who had been 
seeking him through the whole fight1    
opposed his turning1 and a fierce       
contest ensued2 ,macduff giving him many
 foul reproaches for the murder of his  
wife and children4 ,macbeth1 whose soul 
was charged enough with blood of that   
family already1 would still have        
declined the combat2 but ,macduff still 
urged him to it1 calling him tyrant1    

murderer1 hell-hound1 and villain4      
,then ,macbeth remembered the words of  
the spirit1 how none of woman born      
should hurt him2 and smiling confidently
 he said to ,macduff3 8,thou losest thy 
labor1 ,macduff4 ,as easily thou mayest 
impress the air with thy sword as make  
me vulnerable4 ,i bear a charmed life1  
which must not yield to one of woman    
born40 8,despair thy charm10 said       
,macduff1 8and let that lying spirit    
whom thou hast served1 tell thee1 that  
,macduff was never born of woman1 never 
as the ordinary manner of men is to be  
born1 but was untimely taken from his   
mother40 8,accursed be the tongue which 
tells me so10 said the trembling        
,macbeth1 who felt his last hold of     
confidence give way2 8and let never man 
in future believe the lying             
equivocations of witches and juggling   
spirits1 who deceive us in words which  
have double senses1 and while they keep 
their promise literally1 disappoint our 
hopes with a different meaning4 ,i will 

not fight with thee40  8,then live60    
said the scornful ,macduff2 8we will    
have a show of thee1 as men show        
monsters1 and a painted board1 on which 
shall be written1 #8,here men may see   
the tyrant6'0 8,never10 said ,macbeth1  
whose courage returned with despair2 8,i
 will not live to kiss the ground before
 young ,malcolm's feet1 and to be baited
 with the curses of the rabble4 ,though 
,birnam ,wood be come to ,dunsinane1 and
 thou opposed to me who wast never born 
of woman1 yet ,i will try the last40    
,with these frantic words he threw      
himself upon ,macduff1 who after a      
severe struggle in the end overcame him1
 and cutting off his head1 made a       
present of it to the young and lawful   
king1 ,malcolm2 who took upon him the   
government which by the machinations of 
the usurper he had so long been deprived
 of1 and ascended the throne of ,duncan 
the ,meek1 amid the acclamation of the  
nobles and the people4         99       
99       99       99       99  ,the     

imagination magnifies small objects1 so 
as to fill the mind with a fantastic    
estimate2 and with haughty insolence    
contracts the great to its own dwarfish 
measure1 as for instance1 in speaking of
 ,god4--,pascal4     ,,before           
,,daybreak1 ,,with ,,the ,,great ,,comet
 ,,of #ahhb4  ,by ,,charlotte ,e4       
,,leavitt4               ,the clock     
strikes four2     ,glitter the stars1   
the waning moon hangs low1     ,the     
breath of night is chill1 as soft ,i go 
,from out the door4              ,in all
 the air     ,the living silence of the 
morning broods1     ,so deep1 so still1 
that every sound intrudes               
,discordant there4              ,a      
nameless change     ,makes unfamiliar   
all the well-known street1     ,and     
mocking echoes 'neath my stealthy feet1 
,wake weird and strange4                
,on either hand1     ,mysterious1 with  
,argus eyes shut fast1     ,dumb and    
unchanging as a hopeless past1          
,the houses stand4              ,athwart

 the sky     ,blazes the comet with its 
streaming hair1     ,fleeing through    
space in passionate despair1            
,as doom were nigh2              ,while 
grand and grim1     ,warlike ,orion from
 his gleaming height     ,dares this    
intruder1 in its awful might1           
,to cope with him4              ,intent 
,i gaze3     ,and1 half unheeded1 swells
 through heart and brain     ,a solemn  
wonder that is almost pain--            
,a song of praise4              ,lo6 far
 away1     ,the first faint flashes of  
the coming morn     ,herald triumphantly
 a king new-born1             ,a golden 
day4         99       99       99       
99       99  ,,dr4 ,,thomas ,,sheridan1 
who lost all chance of further          
preferment by choosing an unlucky text  
on the anniversary of ,george ,i1 was an
 excellent scholar1 but an indolent1    
good-natured1 careless man4 ,he was     
slovenly1 indigent1 and cheerful2       
ill-starred1 improvident1 but not       
unhappy4 ,he was a fiddler1 punster1    

quibbler1 and wit2 not a day passed     
without a rebus1 a madrigal1 or an      
anagram1 and his pen and fiddlestick    
were in continual motion4 ,of the state 
of his house1 at ,quilca1 his intimate  
friend and choice companion has left us 
the following lively picture3  ,,quilca4
      8,let me thy properties explain3  
,a rotten cabin dropping rain2          
,chimneys with scorn rejecting smoke2   
,stools1 tables1 chairs1 and bedsteads  
broke4      ,here elements have lost    
their uses2      ,air ripens not1 nor   
earth produces2      ,in vain we make   
poor ,shela toil1      ,fire will not   
roast1 nor water boil2      ,through all
 the valleys1 hills1 and plains1        
,the goddess ,want in triumph reigns1   
,and her chief officers of state--      
,sloth1 ,dirt1 and ,theft--around her   
wait40     ,,social ,,duties ,,in ,,the 
,,family4  ,by ,,frances ,,power        
,,cobbe4   ,this eminent lady is the    
daughter of the ,archbishop of ,dublin1 
and one of the most distinguished       

philanthropists in ,england4 ,in the    
following pages will be found some      
timely thoughts she has uttered in a    
lecture on   ,,social ,,duties ,,in     
,,the ,,family4  ,a mother's love ought 
to be attuned to the very note of the   
love divine1--to be1 in fact1 its echo  
from the deep cave of her heart4  ,but1 
with super-earthly love to light her way
 what does she see before her8 ,there   
is1 first1 the duty of conducing to her 
child's moral welfare1 the highest of   
all her duties2 secondly1 of securing   
his bodily health2 thirdly1 of giving   
him that intellectual training which    
will enlarge his being and make his     
moral nature itself more robust and     
capable of fulfilling his duties in     
life2 and lastly1 of making him as happy
 as she may4 ,these are each and all    
most complicated problems to many a good
 mother1 working perhaps against wind   
and tide1 with feeble health or limited 
means1 or possibly with a husband who   
thwarts and opposes her endeavors4 ,it  

would require not half a lecture1 but a 
whole treatise1 to deal with such a     
subject fitly1 even if ,i possessed the 
experience or insight needful for the   
task4 ,there is only one point on which 
,i think ethical science may be of some 
utility4 ,that point is the problem of  
obedience4 ,how far ought it to be      
enforced8  ,three things are commonly   
confounded in speaking of filial        
obedience--  ,first--,the obedience     
which must be exacted from a child for  
its own physical1 intellectual1 and     
moral welfare4  ,second--,the obedience 
which the parent may exact for his 7the 
parent's7 welfare or convenience4       
,third--,the obedience which parent and 
child alike owe to the moral law1 and   
which it is the parent's duty to teach  
the child to pay4  ,if mothers would but
 keep these three kinds of obedience    
clear and distinct in their minds1 ,i   
think much of the supposed difficulty of
 the problem would disappear4 ,and1 if  
children as they grow up would likewise 

discriminate between them1 many of their
 troubles would be relieved4  ,for the  
first1 the excellent old ,dr4 ,thomas   
,brown lays down 7,lectures on ,ethics1 
p4 #bhg7 a principle which seems to me  
exactly to fit the case4 ,he says that  
parents 8should impose no restraint     
which has not for its object some good  
greater than the temporary evil of the  
restraint itself40 ,for an infant1 the  
restraint is no evil2 and at that age   
everything must be a matter of          
obedience1 the babe possessing no sense 
or experience for self-guidance4 ,but1  
as childhood advances1 so should freedom
 advance2 and1 even if the little boy or
 girl does now and then learn by sharp  
experience1 the lesson will generally be
 well worth the cost3 whereas the evils 
of over-restraint have no compensation4 
,each one is bad in itself1 checking the
 proper development of character1       
chilling the spirits1 and also in a     
cumulative way becoming increasingly    
mischievous1 as the miserable sense of  

being fettered becomes confirmed4  ,in  
all this matter of the child's own      
welfare1 the mother's aim ought to be to
 become the life-long counselor of her  
child2 and a counselor is 7by the very  
hypothesis7 one who does not persist in 
claiming authority4 ,nobody thinks of   
consulting another who may conclude     
their 8advice0 by saying1 8,and now ,i  
order you to do as ,i have advised40 ,to
 drop1 as completely and as early as    
possible1 the tone of command1 and      
assume that of the loving1 sympathetic1 
ever disinterested guide and            
friend1--that is1 ,i think1 the true    
wisdom of every mother1 as it was that  
of my own4 ,of course1 there are cases  
so grave 7especially where girls who    
little understand the need of caution   
are concerned7 that it is absolutely    
necessary1 nay1 the mother's pressing   
duty1 to prohibit her daughter from     
running into danger4 ,to apply ,brown's 
rule1 the evil of the restraint is more 
than counter-balanced by immunity from  

deadly peril4 ,perhaps it is one of the 
principal causes of the dissatisfaction 
of young girls with parental control    
that they do not and can not understand 
what horrible dangers may overtake them 
in the still foul condition of society4 
,second--,it is too little remembered   
that a parent has a moral right to exact
 obedience as a form of service from his
 child4 ,the parent has1 in strictest   
ethical sense1 the first of all claims  
on the child's special benevolence2 i4  
e41 on his will to do good4 ,the double 
ties of gratitude and of closest human  
relationship make it the duty of the    
child to pay that sacred debt from first
 to last2 and it is entirely fit and    
greatly for its benefit that the parent 
should claim that duty4 ,the parent's   
direction in such cases1 properly       
translated1 is not a command1 to which  
the response is blind obedience1 but an 
indication of the way in which the      
person to whom the debt is due desires  
that it should be paid4 ,there ought to 

be nothing in the slightest degree harsh
 or dictatorial in such direction4 ,on  
the contrary1 ,i can not but think that 
the introduction by parents of much     
greater courtesy to their children would
 be an immense advantage in this and    
other cases4 ,we all ask our servants   
politely to do for us the services which
 they have contracted to do1 and for    
which we pay them4 ,how much more kindly
 and courteously ought we to ask of our 
children to perform services due by the 
blessed and holy debt of nature and     
gratitude1 and which ought1 each one1 to
 be a joy to the child as well as to the
 parent6 ,when it is rightly demanded   
and cheerfully paid1 how excellent and  
beautiful to both is this kind of filial
 duty6 ,when1 for example1 we see little
 girls of the working classes taught to 
carry their father's dinner to the field
 as soon as they can toddle1 and helping
 their mother to 8mind the baby10 even  
if it be a 8little ,moloch0 of a baby1  
we witness both the fulfillment of a    

legitimate claim on the part of the     
parents1 and a most beneficent moral    
training for the child4 ,i think this   
sort of service of the child is sadly   
lacking among the richer classes1 and   
that it would be an excellent thing if  
mothers1 however wealthy1 found means of
 making their children more useful to   
themselves4 ,nothing can be worse for a 
child than to find everything done for  
her1 and never to be called upon to do  
anything for anybody else4 ,indeed1 any 
fine-natured child1 like a dog1 will    
find much more real pleasure in being of
 use1 or fancying it is so1 than in     
being perpetually pampered and amused4  
,of course there would be moral limits  
to such claims on the parent's part1 as1
 e4 g41 when they would interfere with  
the child's health or education4 ,but   
there is no natural termination in point
 of age to the parent's right to give   
such directions for his own service4 ,on
 the contrary1 the time when the adult  
son or daughter has come into the full  

possession of his or her faculties1     
while the parent is sinking into the    
infirmities of age1 is the very time    
when filial duty is most imperative in  
its obligation2 and the fact that aged  
parents rarely attempt to give to adult 
sons and daughters the same directions  
for their comfort as they gave them when
 children shows how little the real     
nature of these sacred rights and duties
 is commonly understood4  ,third--,there
 is the obedience which both parent and 
child owe to the eternal moral law2 and 
this obedience again ought to be kept   
perfectly distinct from that which is   
exacted either for the child's personal 
welfare or the parent's convenience4    
,the old and most important distinction 
between a thing which is malum in se and
 a thing which is only malum prohibitum 
ought never to be lost sight of4 ,even  
in a very little child1 ,i think1 a     
moral fault1 such as a lie1 or cruelty  
to an animal1 or vindictiveness toward  
its companions1 ought to be treated with

 gravity and sadness2 and1 as the child 
grows1 an importance ought to be        
attached to such faults wholly          
incommensurate with any other sort of   
error1 such as indolence about lessons  
or the like4 ,the one aim of the parent 
must be to make profound impression of  
the awfulness and solemnity of moral    
good and moral evil4  ,but even here the
 difficulty haunts us1 when is this     
enforcement of obedience to moral laws  
to cease8 ,so long as a child is        
absolutely compelled to do right by     
sheer force and terror of punishment1   
its moral freedom can have no scope1 and
 its moral life consequently can not    
even begin4 ,it can not acquire the     
virtue which results from free choice4  
,all that the parent can do 7and it is  
an indispensable preparation for virtue1
 though not virtue itself7 is first to  
teach the child what is right1--to draw 
out its latent moral sense1 and inspire 
it with the wish to do right1--and then 
to help its steps in the path which has 

been pointed out4 ,once a child grasps  
the idea of duty1 and begins in its     
little way to try to 8be good10 and     
displays the indescribably touching     
phenomena of childlike penitence and    
restoration1 it becomes surely the most 
sacred task for the mother to aid such  
efforts--silently1 indeed1 for the most 
part1 and too reverentially to talk much
 about it--with tenderest sympathy4 ,it 
would be no kindness1 of course1 but    
cruelty1 to open up hastily ways of     
liberty before moral strength has been  
gained to walk in them4 ,the 8hedging up
 the way with thorns0 is a divine       
precaution1 which a mother may well     
imitate4 ,but the principle must be1 as 
in the case of directions in matters not
 moral1 gradually and systematically to 
exchange directions and orders for      
counsels and exhortations4  ,and here1  
in closing these1 perhaps1 too tedious  
remarks on the moral training of        
children1 ,i shall add a word which may 
possibly startle some who hear          

me1--,beware that1 in earnestly seeking 
your child's moral welfare1 you do not  
force the moral nature with hot-house   
culture4 ,to be a sturdy plant1 it must 
grow naturally1 and not too rapidly4 ,it
 seems as if it were not intended by    
,providence that this supreme part of   
our human nature should be developed far
 in childhood and early youth1 lovely as
 are the blossoms it sometimes then     
bears1--too often to drop into an       
untimely grave1 or wither away in the   
heat of manhood without fruit4 ,dr4     
,arnold1 of ,rugby1 undoubtedly made a  
great mistake in this matter1 as one of 
his very best disciples1 ,arthur ,hugh  
,clough1 was able in later years to see4
 ,mothers should not be unhappy1 if boys
 are honorable and kindly and           
affectionate1 if they should1 at        
fifteen1 prefer a game of football to a 
visit of charity2 and ,i should not     
blame at all severely any of my young   
friends1 if such there be here present1 
who may be at this moment wishing that  

she were playing lawn-tennis1 instead of
 sitting still to hear a dull           
dissertation on moral philosophy6  ,but1
 when all is done that can be done by   
human wisdom to help the moral growth of
 the young1 there is a vast space left  
for the other and easier parental duty  
of providing for their happiness4 ,of   
course1 to nine parents out of ten1 high
 and low1 it is the joy and delight of  
their lives to make their children as   
happy as possible4 ,there is no virtue  
in this4 ,nature 7or1 let us say        
frankly1 ,god7 has so made us that in   
middle life nearly all direct pleasures 
to be enjoyed on our own account begin  
to pall4 ,we are too busy or too        
indifferent to care much for a score of 
things which1 when we were younger1 we  
found quite entrancing4      8,it is the
 one great grief of life to feel all    
feelings die40  ,but1 just as our sun   
goes down to the horizon1 a moonlight   
reflection of pleasure1 purer1 calmer   
than the first1 rises to give a sweet   

interest to the lives of all who are    
happy enough to have young creatures    
around them4 ,the pleasures we can no   
longer taste for ourselves we taste in  
our children's enjoyment4 ,their glee1  
their eagerness1 their freshness of     
delight1 stir our pulses with tenderness
 and sympathy4 ,i do not know anything  
in the world which pulls one's          
heartstrings so much as the sight of a  
little blue-eyed1 golden-haired1        
white-frocked atom of humanity clapping 
its hands and crowing with ecstasy at   
the sight of a kite soaring up into the 
summer sky4  ,are we to ask parents to  
deny themselves and their children in   
the stern old way1 and turn their young 
lives into dreary rounds of duty and    
work1 till they hate the very name of   
either one or the other8 ,god forbid6   
,does ,god1 the great ,parent1 ,father  
and ,mother of the ,world1 lead us up to
 himself by any such harsh1 stern       
tuition8 ,nay1 but has he not made earth
 so beautiful1 and planted flowers by   

every wayside1 and gladdened our hearts 
by ten thousand delights of the         
intellect1 the senses1 the tastes1 and  
the affections8 ,fear1 my friends1 to   
make your children unhappy1 and to love 
them too little4 ,but never fear to make
 them too happy or to love them too     
much6 ,there is a great1 deep saying1   
that we must all enter the kingdom of   
,god as little children4 ,surely1 the   
converse of it is true also2 and we     
should prepare in our homes a kingdom of
 ,god1--of peace and love and tenderness
 and innocent pleasure1--whenever a     
little child is sent to us out of heaven
 to dwell in it4  ,we now come to speak 
of the duties of daughters4 ,the ethical
 grounds of the duty of supreme         
benevolence toward our parents are      
clear4 ,they are nearest to us of human 
beings4 ,we owe them life and 7nearly   
always also7 endless cares and          
affection4 ,in the case of a mother1 her
 claims on her child--founded on the    
bodily agony she has borne on its       

behalf1 and the ineffably sweet office  
of nursing 7when she has performed it71 
her care in infancy1 and love and       
sympathy in later years--make together  
such a cumulative title to gratitude and
 devotion that it is impossible to place
 on it any limitation4  ,this claim is1 
of course1 happily usually admitted in  
the case of daughters who do not marry4 
,it is understood that they are bound to
 do all they can for their mother's and 
father's comfort4 ,but1 may ,i ask1 who 
absolved the daughters who marry from   
the same sacred obligation8 ,in         
,catholic countries1 young women often  
quit their aged parents1 no matter how  
much they need them1 to enter           
8religion10 as it is said2 and we       
,protestants are very indignant with    
them for so doing4 ,but1 when it comes  
to our ,protestant religion of          
matrimony1 lo6 we are extremely         
indulgent to the girl who deposits her  
filial obligations on what the ,morning 
,post calls the 8,hymeneal ,altar60 ,the

 daughter practically says to her blind 
father or bed-ridden mother3 8,corban6  
,i am going off to ,india with ,captain 
,algernon1 who waltzes beautifully1 and 
whom ,i met last night at a ball4 ,it is
 a gift by whatsoever you might have    
been profited by me40  ,is this right or
 justifiable8 ,public opinion condones  
it2 and the parent often consents out of
 the abundance of unselfish affection1  
thereby in a certain formal way         
releasing the daughter from her natural 
debt4 ,but ,i do not think1 if the      
parent really wants her services1 that  
she can morally withdraw them1 even with
 such consent1 and certainly not without
 it4  ,we all see this remarkably       
clearly when the question is not of     
marriage1 but of a girl of the higher   
class devoting herself to charity or    
art1 or any kind of public work which   
requires her to quit her parents' roof4 
,then1 indeed1 even if her parents be in
 the full vigor of life1 and have half a
 dozen other daughters1 we are pretty   

sure to hear the solemn condemnation of 
the adventurous damsel1 8,angelina ought
 to attend to her father and mother1 and
 not go here or there for this or that  
purpose40  ,surely there is a very      
obvious rule to cover all these cases4  
,if either parent wants the daughter she
 ought not to leave him or her1 either  
to marry or to go into a nunnery1 or for
 any other purpose4 ,if her parents do  
not want her1 then1 being of age to     
judge for herself1 she is free either to
 undertake the duties of a wife1 or any 
others for which she may feel a         
vocation4  ,this may sound very hard4   
,it is undoubtedly the demand for a very
 high degree of virtue1 where the       
sacrifice may be that of the happiness  
of a lifetime4 ,but every duty may      
sometimes claim such sacrifices4        
,parental duty does so perpetually4 ,how
 many thousands of mothers and fathers  
toil all their days and give up health  
and every enjoyment for their children's
 interests6 ,why should not filial      

duties likewise exact equal sacrifice8  
,the entire devotion to the parent when 
the parent really needs it1 and the     
constant devotion of as much care as the
 parent requires1--this1 and nothing    
short of this1 seems to me to be the    
standard of filial duty4  ,a very       
difficult question arises in the case of
 the abnormal and scarcely sane         
development of selfishness which we     
sometimes sadly witness in old age4 ,i  
think1 in such deplorable cases1 the    
child is called on to remember that1    
even in her filial relation1 the moral  
welfare of the object of benevolence is 
before all other considerations1 and    
that she is bound to pause in a course  
which obviously is tending to promote a 
great moral fault4 ,gently and with     
great care and deference1 she ought to  
remind the parent of the needs of       
others4  ,the great difficulty in the   
lives of hundreds of daughters of the   
upper ranks just now lies in this3 that 
they find themselves torn between two   

opposing impulses1 and know not which   
they ought to follow4 ,on one side are  
the habits of a child1 and the assurance
 of everybody that the same habits of   
quiescence and submission ought to be   
maintained into womanhood4 ,on the other
 hand there is the same instinct which  
we see in a baby's limbs1 to stir1 to   
change its position1 to climb1 to run2  
to use1 in short1 the muscles and       
faculties it possesses4 ,every young    
bird flutters away from its nest1       
however soft2 every little rabbit quits 
the comfortable hole in which it was    
born2 and we take it as fit and right   
they should do so1 even when there are  
hawks and weasels all around4 ,only when
 a young girl wants to do anything of   
the analogous kind1 her instinct is     
treated as a sort of sin4 ,she is asked1
 8,can not she be contented1 having so  
nice a home and luxuries provided in    
abundance80 ,keble's fine but           
much-misused lines1 about 8room to deny 
ourselves0 and the 8common task0 and    

8daily round0 being all we ought to     
require1 are sure to be quoted against  
her2 and1 in short1 she feels herself a 
culprit1 and probably at least once a   
week has a fit of penitence for her     
incorrigible 8discontent40 ,i have known
 this kind of thing go on for years1 and
 it is repeated in hundreds1 in         
thousands1 of families4 ,i have known it
 where there were seven miserable1 big1 
young women in one little house6 ,it is 
supposed to be the most impossible thing
 in the world for a parent to give his  
son a stone for bread or a serpent for a
 fish4 ,but scores of fathers1 in the   
higher ranks1 give their daughters      
diamonds when they crave for education1 
and twist round their necks the serpents
 of idle luxury and pleasure when they  
ask for wholesome employment4  ,pardon  
me if ,i speak very warmly on this      
subject1 because ,i think here lies one 
of the great evils of the condition of  
our sex and class at this time2 and ,i  
feel intensely for the young spirits    

whose natural and whose noble           
aspirations are so checked and deadened 
and quenched through all their youth and
 years of energy that1 when the time for
 emancipation comes at last1 it is too  
late for them to make use of it4 ,they  
have been dwarfed and stunted1 and can  
never either be or do anything greatly  
good4  ,in short1 the complaint we women
 make against men1 that they persist in 
treating us as minors when we have      
attained our majority1 is what daughters
 too often can justly make against both 
their fathers and mothers4 ,they keep   
them in the swaddling-clothes of        
childhood1 when they ought to set free  
and train every limb to its most        
athletic and joyous exercise4 ,dangers1 
of course1 on the other side there      
are1--of over-emancipated and           
ill-advised girls who sorely need more  
parental guidance than they obtain2 but1
 so far as my experience goes1 these    
cases are few compared to those of the  
young women 7ladies1 of course1 ,i mean1

 for in the lower classes such evils are
 unknown7 whose lives are spoiled by    
over-restraint in innocent things4 ,they
 are left free1 and encouraged to plunge
 into the maelstrom of a fashionable    
season's senseless whirl of dissipation 
and luxury4 ,they are restrained from   
every effort at self-development or     
rational self-sacrifice1 till1 for the  
very want of some corrective bitter1    
they go and beat the hassocks in a      
church as a pious exercise1 or perhaps  
finally lock themselves up in a nunnery4
 ,small blame to them6 ,ritualist       
nunneries at present offer the most     
easily accessible back-door out of fine 
drawing-rooms into anything like a field
 of usefulness4  ,now for sisters4 ,that
 brothers and sisters should give one   
another in an ordinary way the          
first-fruits of their benevolence       
follows obviously from the closeness of 
their propinquity4 ,usually there has   
also been from childhood the blessed    
interchange of kindnesses which         

accumulate on both sides into a claim of
 reciprocal gratitude4  ,miss ,bremer   
remarks that 8it is the general         
characteristic of affection to make us  
blind to the faults of those we love1   
but from this weakness fraternal love is
 wholly exempt40 ,brothers are indeed   
terrible critics of their sisters1 and1 
so far1 irritating creatures4 ,but      
otherwise1 as we all know1 they are the 
very joy and pride of our lives2 and    
there is probably not one duty in our   
list which needs less to be insisted on 
to women generally than that of         
bestowing on their brothers not only    
love of benevolence1 but also a large   
amount of love of complacency4 ,it is   
usually also a truly sound moral        
sentiment1 causing the sister to take   
profound interest in the religious and  
moral welfare of her brother1 as well as
 in his health and happiness4  ,one     
mistake1 ,i think1 is often made by     
sisters1 and still more often by        
mothers1 to which attention should be   

called4 ,the unselfishness of the       
sisters1 and the fondness of the mother 
for her boy1 and the fact that the boy  
is but rarely at home1 all contribute to
 a habit of sacrificing everything to   
the young lad's pleasure or profit1     
which has the worst effect on his       
character in after-life4 ,boys receive  
from women themselves in the nursery1   
and when they come home from school in  
the holidays1 a regular education in    
selfishness4 ,they acquire the practice 
of looking on girls and women as persons
 whose interests1 education1 and        
pleasures must always1 as a matter of   
course1 be postponed to their own4 ,in  
later life1 we rue--and their wives may 
rue--the consequences4  ,the duties of  
sisters to sisters are even more close  
and tender than those of sisters to     
brothers4 ,i hardly know if there be any
 salient fault in the usual behavior of 
,english sisters to one another which   
any moral system could set right4       
,perhaps the one quality oftenest       

deficient in this1 and other more       
distant family relationships1 to which  
we need not further refer1--uncles1     
aunts1 cousins1 and so on--is courtesy4 
8,too much familiarity10 as the proverb 
says1 8breeds contempt40 ,the habit of  
treating one another without the little 
forms in use among other friends1 and   
the horrid trick of speaking rudely of  
each other's defects or mishaps1 is the 
underlying source of half the alienation
 of relatives4 ,if we are bound to show 
special benevolence to those nearest to 
us1 why on earth do we give them pain at
 every turn1 rub them the wrong way1 and
 froisser their natural amour propre by 
unflattering remarks or unkind          
references8 ,for once we can do them a  
real service of any kind1 we can 7if we 
live with them7 hurt1 or else please1   
them fifty times a day4 ,the individual 
who thinks she performs her duty to     
sister or niece1 or cousin1 while she   
waits to do the exceptional services1   
and hourly frets and worries and        

humiliates her1 is certainly exceedingly
 mistaken4 ,genuine benevolence--the    
8will to make happy0--will take a very  
different course4  ,it will not be      
necessary here to pursue further the    
subject of the duties arising from the  
ties of natural relationship1 holy and  
blessed things that they are6 ,i am     
persuaded that even the best and        
happiest of us only half-apprehend their
 beautiful meaning1 and that we must    
look to the life beyond the grave to    
interpret for us all their significance4
     ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,work4  ,by ,j4   
,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,superintendent
 ,,of ,,instruction1 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4    
,the studies for ,march are ,recreations
 in ,astronomy1 ,readings in ,astronomy1
 ,chautauqua ,text-,book on ,english    
,history1 readings in ,english1         
,russian1 ,scandinavian1 and ,religious 
,history and ,literature4 ,also         
selections from ,english ,literature4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,no 8,memorial ,day0 for ,march2 but    

,february #bg is the 8,longfellow ,day40
 ,the ,march number of ,,the            
,,chautauquan may reach our members in  
time to remind them of this fact4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,for the varying opinions concerning the
 existence of man on the earth see the  
,october 7'#hb7 ,,chautauquan4 ,the date
 in our ,english ,bible1 8#djjd ,b4     
,c410 is not an inspired date4 ,the     
claims of ,prof4 ,packard in his little 
volume on geology1 as to the long       
existence of man on the globe1 is       
doubted by many men of science4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,prof4 ,timayenis says that the author  
of the ,chautauqua ,text-book on ,greek 
,history1 and the author of the         
,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english1
 are mistaken in attributing the remark1
 8,then we will fight them in the       
shade10 to ,leonidas4 ,prof4 ,timayenis 
says3 8,my authority is ,herodotus1 who1
 first of all historians1 relates the   
,persian wars1 and all subsequent       

historians have followed him4 ,in       
,herodotus1 ,polymnia1 paragraph #bbf1  
you will find the remark attributed to  
,dienekes40         99       99       99
       99       99  ,what general       
commanded the ,persian forces at the    
battle of ,marathon8 ,datis and         
,artaphernes1 by order of ,king ,darius4
 ,at what place was ,st4 ,john the      
,baptist imprisoned just before he was  
beheaded8 ,probably at the ,castle of   
,machrus1 east of the ,dead ,sea4       
99       99       99       99       99  
8,what is the examination to which we   
are to submit8--,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 '#hf40 
,the examination is scarcely thorough   
enough to be called an 8examination40   
,it is rather the filling out of certain
 8memoranda40 ,it would be impossible   
for us to provide any fair test by which
 to judge of the ability of our pupils4 
,we therefore simply require them to    
fill out certain memoranda1 that we may 
be assured that they have read the      
books4         99       99       99     

99       99  ,go to some member who     
despairs because she can not read a     
large amount every day1 and show her by 
actual reading how many minutes by the  
watch it takes to read slowly one page4 
,then put a book mark five pages on for 
one day1 another day three pages1       
another six1 then five4 ,run through at 
that rate for twenty-five days1 and show
 your friend how far she would be at the
 end of a month by reading so much a    
day4 ,a practical illustration of that  
kind will show the power of littles1    
prove to a demonstration the power of   
system1 inspire your discouraged friend 
with confidence and hope1 and thus in a 
small way you will be a teacher and a   
useful member of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,hold 8,round-,tables0 with             
conversations at your circle meetings4  
,allow no waste of words4 ,let the      
president hold everybody to the subject1
 and see how many things can be said by 
the circle of five1 ten1 or fifteen     

persons1 on one subject4         99     
99       99       99       99           
8,duyckinck0 is pronounced ,dikink4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,rev4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cristy1 pastor of the    
,congregational church1 ,conway1 ,mass41
 has devised one or two very ingenious  
,chautauqua games1 which ,i hope he will
 see fit to publish4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,mr4       
,cristy has adopted a very ingenious    
plan for a local circle4 ,he says3 8,i  
have prepared a narrative with breaks to
 be filled in1 in order1 by the answers 
to the one hundred questions in the     
,october and ,november ,,chautauquan4   
,one reads1 and1 as he comes to a break1
 suddenly calls for some one to read the
 answer from ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,if   
the other does not find it1 and begin   
before the reader counts ten as the     
clock ticks1 a forfeit is to be paid to 
the general fund1 thus insuring         
attention while the main points are     
reviewed during the game40 ,a very      

bright way of spending a little time in 
a local circle4         99       99     
99       99       99  ,a lady from      
,vermont writes3 8,since ,i wrote last1 
my eldest brother1 ,dr4 ----1 of ----1  
and my own sister1 ,mrs4 ----1 have both
 joined the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,this makes 
four of father's family who belong to   
the #8people's college4' ,with the      
exception of the doctor we were all in  
the old home at ,christmas1 and as my   
cousins were there too1 we planned to   
organize very quietly4 ,we seated       
ourselves on the stairs in the front    
hall1 and were proceeding to business1  
when the dear old mother announced that 
there was #8a college being organized in
 the house1' so1 of course1 every one   
had to come and look at us1 and as each 
one said something wittier than the last
 had said1 we were soon in an uproar of 
merriment--a very undignified college   
class4 ,i think hereafter when they read
 of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 they will think
 of the company of people on the stairs1

 and that is really what we are--going  
up one step at a time4 ,there are five  
in the circle1 and we have arranged to  
meet once in two weeks40 ,a good name1  
the ,on-the-,stairs circle4 ,our        
correspondent in a later letter adds3   
8,did ,i tell you that we sat near the  
foot of the stairs1 as symbolical of the
 heights we hope to climb8 and on the   
lowest step was a little girl who had   
left the company to be near her mother1 
and in her we saw a type of the coming  
generation1 and the promise of an       
ever-widening circle4 ,do urge it upon  
the mothers more and more to talk over  
their studies with their little         
children4 ,it not only helps mothers1   
but it gives such zest to the studies of
 the little ones1 when they think that  
by-and-by they are going to study these 
other wonderful things which now        
interest their parents4 ,only this last 
week my little nine-year-old girl was   
having a hard time over her geography   
lesson2 out ,west seemed so far away1   

but when ,i mentioned to her that       
,yellowstone ,park was out there it was 
like another lesson1 or like another    
girl studying--an interested girl40     
99       99       99       99       99  
,a cultivated lady writes3 8,one of the 
most agreeable ,methodist ladies in the 
city of ,new ,york recently asked of me 
some information about the ,chautauqua  
course4 ,she occupies a high social     
position in the church1 and is possessed
 of no little intelligence1 but finds   
her time absorbed in the cares of her   
domestic establishment4 ,i gave her such
 of the ,chautauqua matter as ,i had at 
hand1 and asked how her interest in the 
course had been awaked4 ,she replied    
that an amiable young kinswoman1 who is 
in the habit of visiting her yearly1    
endeared herself to the household1      
during her last visit1 by the           
development of her intelligence1 the    
animation of her conversation1 and her  
greatly improved intellectual character4
 #8,i found a ,chautauqua text-book on  

her dressing table1' said my friend1    
#8and guessing the secret of the marked 
change in her1 asked her whether she    
knew of the ,chautauqua course8' #8,yes1
 indeed6' ,it had laid hold of her2 she 
could not do without it2 such a blessing
 and benefit it had been to her1 etc4   
,mrs4 --1 my friend1 thereupon came to  
the conclusion that she herself must    
have the course4 #8,my reading is       
necessarily limited1 but it need not be 
desultory1' she said2 #8,i want what we 
all want--regulated reading4'           
,accordingly she has subscribed for     
,,the ,,chautauquan1 and begun the      
course4 ,as she has two little girls1   
and a boy fourteen years old1 the ,c4   
,l4 ,s4 ,c4 will not impart its         
healthful influence and stimulus to her 
alone4 ,i am sure that it will prove a  
well-spring1 refreshing and nourishing  
her household40         99       99     
99       99       99  ,the item calling 
for missing numbers of ,,the ,,assembly 
,,herald brought satisfactory answers2  

the first from ,mrs4 ,h4 ,m4 ,graham1 of
 ,garrettsville1 ,ohio1 who sends the   
missing ,march and ,october numbers for 
#ahgi2 the ,may number1 and also the    
,october1 which has been returned1 from 
,miss ,jessie ,brownell1 of ,st4 ,louis1
 ,mo4 ,my cordial thanks to these kind  
helpers4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,a member writes3 8,i want 
to get a good astronomical almanac      
containing map or chart of the movements
 of the planets for the current year4   
,can you direct me where to find a good 
one1 which is at the same time          
reasonable in price80 ,after consulting 
two of the leading astronomers in the   
country1 ,i am compelled to say that    
such map or chart is not to be easily   
procured4 ,one professor recommends any 
nautical almanac1 in connection with any
 chart of the heavens2 another          
recommends the 8,connecticut ,almanac10 
with such chart4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,the hero--the    
reformer--your ,brutus--your            

,howard--your republican1 whom civic    
storm--your genius1 whom poetic storm   
impels2 in short1 every man with a great
 purpose1 or even with a continuous     
passion 7were it but that of writing the
 largest folios72 all these men defend  
themselves by their internal world      
against the frosts and heats of the     
external1 as the madman in a worse sense
 does2 every fixed idea1 such as rules  
every genius and every enthusiast1 at   
least periodically1 separates and raises
 a man above the bed and board of this  
earth--above its dog's grottoes1        
buckthorns1 and devils' walls2 like the 
bird of paradise he slumbers flying2 and
 on his outspread pinions oversleeps    
unconsciously the earthquakes and       
conflagrations of life in his long fair 
dream of his ideal motherland4--,jean   
,paul ,f4 ,richter4     ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 
,,songs4      ,the songs used by the ,c4
 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 at the ,round ,table1 and  
in all their gatherings at ,chautauqua1 
have been a real     inspiration to     

thousands who have heard them4 ,through 
the     kindness of the ,rev4 ,dr4      
,vincent we shall furnish our           
readers1 every month1 with one or more  
of these songs set to     music4 ,thus  
local circles will have them furnished  
for use1     in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 and
 every member who sings1 though not     
connected with a local circle1 may adopt
 them as songs of     the home4   ,,the 
,,winds ,,are ,,whispering4      ,,mary 
,a4 ,,lathbury4      7,,chautauqua      
,,song1 #ahge47      ,,lucy ,j4 ,,rider4
  ,illustration3 ,music      #a ,the    
winds are whisp'ring to the trees1      
,the hill-tops catch the strain1        
,the forest lifts her leafy gates       
,to greet ,god's host again4       ,upon
 our unseen banner flames         ,the  
mystic two-edged sword1       ,we hold  
its legend in our hearts--        8,the 
,spirit and the ,word40      ,,chorus4  
,god bless the hearts that beat as one1 
,tho' continents apart6       ,we greet 
you1 brothers1 face to face1         ,we

 meet you heart to heart4      #b ,we   
wait the touch of holy fire             
,upon our untaught lips2       ,the     
8open vision0 of the saints1            
,the new apocalypse2       ,we wait--the
 children of a ,king--         ,we wait1
 in ,jesus' name1       ,beside these   
altars1 till our hearts         ,shall  
catch the sacred flame4--,chorus4       
,copyright1 #ahge1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent4 
,a ,,sweet ,,surprise  ,by ,,mary ,r4   
,,dodge ,,dingwall4       ,we went to   
school1 my dear old books and ,i--      
,full twenty years ago1 and miles away--
     ,true1 trusted friends from morn   
till twilight gray3     ,i held them    
dear1 and could not put them by         
,when other work came in my strength to 
try2     ,like blocks with which the    
child first learns to play1     ,i      
wanted them in sight both night and day4
     ,oft in my dreams with book in hand
 would ,i1     ,unfettered1 walk the    
longed-for upward way--     ,the        
pleasant path that leads up ,science    

,hill2     ,but waking1 knew for me it  
might not be2     ,god's way is best1 ,i
 truly tried to say1     ,when lo6 a    
hand1 a token of his will1     ,and on  
the outstretched hand ,i read1 ,c4 ,l4  
,s4 ,c46     ,,local ,,circles4      ,we
 request the president or secretary of  
every local circle     to send us       
reports of their work1 of lectures1     
concerts1     entertainments1 etc4      
,editor of ,,the ,,chautauquan1         
,meadville1     ,pa4   ,we have received
 a large number of communications from  
officers and members of local circles1  
bearing tidings of organizations        
effected1 and of work done4 ,there is   
not one prosy letter among them all4    
,continue to write4 ,if your report does
 not appear promptly you can afford to  
be patient1 because it will find a place
 in some column in the near future4 ,no 
report of a circle that reaches us is   
overlooked4 ,we shall do you all        
justice1 only give us time2 write to us 
one and all4 8,never be                 

discouraged40--,editor ,,the            
,,chautauquan4         99       99      
99       99       99  ,he who labors    
diligently need never despair4 ,we can  
accomplish everything by diligence and  
labor4--,menander4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,maine 7,parks    
,island74--,we have a local branch of   
the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 here on this little 
down-east island4 ,we have but fifteen  
members as yet1 but hope to improve in  
numbers another year4 ,we did not       
commence work until ,november1 and have 
had quite hard work to catch up with the
 regular course1 but think we shall be  
able to accomplish it after a little    
more hard work4         99       99     
99       99       99  ,maine            
7,lewiston74--,we have three local      
circles in this city4 ,they were        
organized this ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 year4    
,most of the members began the course of
 reading last ,october4 ,one of the     
circles is designated as the            
8,universalist10 another the            

8,methodist10 each of which has a       
membership of about twenty-five4 ,the   
third1 which is called the 8,alpha0 ,c4 
,l4 ,s4 ,c41 is much smaller1 the number
 being limited to ten4 ,five of these   
are members of the ,class of #ahhe4 ,the
 ,alpha class have been holding monthly 
meetings1 but owing to the increased    
interest have decided to meet once in   
two weeks4 ,our gatherings have been    
very informal and pleasant at the home  
of one of the members4 ,the previous    
month's work is carefully reviewed1 any 
topic not well understood is freely     
discussed1 it being the privilege of    
each member to ask any question relative
 to the work4 ,essays are prepared and  
listened to carefully4 ,at our ,december
 meeting two essays on 8,geology0 were  
presented--one embracing the ,october   
reading on that subject1 the other the  
,november--thus bringing into one lesson
 the principal features of ,prof4       
,packard's 8,first ,lessons0 in that    
science4 ,the class enjoyed the evening 

very much and believe it will be a help 
to have the main points of a single     
branch of study all brought out in one  
evening's work--that is as far as       
possible4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,vermont 7,rutland74--,last
 year we organized our circle with five 
members1 but only three finished the    
reading and answered the questions4     
,this year we have nine members1 and we 
meet the last ,monday evening in the    
month4 ,each member is given a few      
questions on the month's reading to     
answer4 ,after meeting a few times we   
hope to be a little more methodical in  
doing our work4         99       99     
99       99       99  ,vermont 7,st4    
,albans74--,we have not organized a     
local circle here1 though there are not 
less than twenty persons reading the    
course in this city4         99       99
       99       99       99             
,massachusetts 7,east ,boston74--,in    
,east ,boston a local circle was formed 
in ,october1 meetings once a fortnight1 

and the membership has increased from   
seven to twenty-two4 ,there is one      
graduate1 one of the ,class of '#hd2 the
 rest are beginners in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4  
,c4         99       99       99        
99       99  ,massachusetts             
7,gloucester74--,the first local circle 
of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in ,gloucester   
was organized ,october #bc1 #ahhb4 ,we  
have seventeen regular members4 ,the    
committee of instruction consists of the
 president1 vice president and          
secretary4 ,we meet at different houses 
once a month1 from #h to #i3cj p4 m4    
,the first subject of the evening1      
,january #ae1 was 8,geology40 ,the      
questions in ,,the ,,chautauquan on this
 subject were first asked and answered1 
after which ,miss ,helen ,fiske1 one of 
our ,high ,school teachers1 gave an     
interesting talk on the subject4 ,second
 in order came questions on 8,russian   
,history10 prepared by a member1 which  
were followed by questions on           
8,scandinavian ,history40 ,then came an 

interesting and enthusiastic talk on the
 8,greek ,course in ,english10 the      
questions in ,,the ,,chautauquan being  
used4 ,we do feel very thankful for the 
questions in ,,the ,,chautauquan--they  
are of great value in the course of     
study4 ,our programs vary4 ,we use the  
questions in ,,the ,,chautauquan always1
 interspersed with talks1 prepared      
questions1 etc4 ,we find this year's    
course of study very entertaining and   
profitable4 ,though our circle is at the
 foot of the ladder1 we are ready to    
step upward4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,massachusetts    
7,franklin74--,our circle--known as the 
,franklin ,branch of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4    
,c4--was organized in ,november1 #ahhb1 
and numbers twenty-three members--eight 
gentlemen and fifteen ladies4 ,of this  
number one is the pastor of the         
,congregational church1 one a deacon of 
that church1 one the editor of the local
 newspaper1 one a physician1 two are    
school teachers1 one a wife of a        

,universalist minister1 one a dentist1  
and all earnest and interested students 
of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,we were favored 
on ,thursday evening1 ,feb4 #a1 with the
 presence of our dearly beloved ,dr4    
,vincent1 who gave a public lecture     
under our auspices in the chapel of the 
,first ,congregational church4 ,subject1
 8,that ,boy40 ,after the lecture all   
the ,chautauquans present had the       
privilege of taking him by the hand1 and
 then were briefly addressed by him upon
 ,chautauqua studies4 ,many of our      
members are very busy with their daily  
occupations1 and find it difficult to   
keep up their course of study1 but the  
,doctor's stirring and encouraging words
 have inspired them to persevere1 and we
 hope to be able to sit at the          
,round-,table at our ,new ,england      
,chautauqua ,grounds1 ,south            
,framingham1 with our year's course of  
study all completed1 and to enroll next 
year a much larger membership in our    
circle4         99       99       99    

99       99  ,massachusetts             
7,holbrook74--,this segment of the ,c4  
,l4 ,s4 ,c4 is located at ,holbrook1    
,norfolk ,co41 ,massachusetts1 a town of
 some two thousand five hundred         
inhabitants1 incorporated in #ahgb4 ,it 
is located fourteen miles south of      
,boston1 on the ,old ,colony ,railroad1 
and is engaged principally in the       
manufacture of boots and shoes1 some    
eighty thousand cases1 valued at        
#b1ejj1jjj1 being produced annually4    
,the circle1 organized ,october #a1     
#ahhj1 with a membership of six1 and    
pursued that year's course1 holding     
fortnightly meetings for the discussion 
of the topics studied4 ,the next year   
three joined our number1 and the        
meetings were conducted after the first 
year's method1 excepting the occasional 
reading of papers upon subjects         
assigned4 ,the closing meeting of this  
year 7#ahhb1 ,july #c71 anticipated the 
exercises held nearly two months later  
at ,chautauqua1 8a grove meeting10 a    

feast and camp-fire being the           
accompaniments4 #ahhc finds us increased
 in vigor1 with a local membership of   
fifteen 7ten ,chautauquans74 ,our       
meetings thus far have been for the     
study of geology1 ,george ,m4 ,smith1   
principal of the high school1 aiding us 
by giving illustrated talks upon the    
subject4 ,we have the promise of talks  
on 8,greek ,life and ,writers0 by ,rev4 
,ezekiel ,russell1 ,d4 ,d4 ,our circle  
fortunately has enlisted the interest   
and services of the educated4 ,its      
government is simple1 a president and   
secretary1 with a few rules for the     
conduct of business4 ,all are encouraged
 to unite in the prosecution of this    
system of education4         99       99
       99       99       99             
,massachusetts 7,rockbottom74--,the     
,hudson ,circle meets every other       
,monday evening4 ,we number sixteen     
members1 and expect a few more4 ,at     
every meeting the president asks the    
questions from ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,one

 or two special papers on topics        
connected with the reading are presented
 by members who were appointed for that 
purpose4 ,we have a critic who corrects 
any and all mistakes1 including the     
pronunciation of words4 ,if there is any
 spare time1 it is used for social      
intercourse4 ,our last lecture was given
 by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,s4 ,bacons1 on       
8,geological ,formations about the      
,hudson40         99       99       99  
99       99  ,massachusetts 7,west      
,haverhill74--,a local circle was formed
 at ,west ,haverhill1 ,mass41 ,october  
#aj1 #ahhb4 ,we meet one evening each   
month4 ,our meetings are very           
interesting and profitable4 ,the        
exercises vary1 with one exception--we  
usually have the questions in ,,the     
,,chautauquan1 as we think they help to 
fix the reading we have been over more  
firmly in our minds4 ,we have eighteen  
members1 and we are just commencing our 
studies1 so we have not as interesting a
 story to tell as many others1 but we   

hope in our quiet way to be better men  
and women because of the privileges we  
enjoy in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4         99 
99       99       99       99           
,connecticut 7,niantic74--,our circle   
re-organized on ,october #b1 #ahhb1     
beginning its second year4 ,we meet     
every ,monday evening1 at the house of  
each of the members in turn4 ,the circle
 is now as large as can conveniently    
meet in a private parlor1 so we have    
obtained permission from the church     
authorities to meet in the              
,congregational church parlor4 ,there   
are now twenty-seven members1 five of   
whom belong to the national circle4     
,this is an increase over last year1 for
 then our number was only twenty4 ,the  
exercises commence with the reading of  
the secretary's report of the previous  
meeting1 and then a collection is taken 
to pay postage and other expenses of the
 circle4 ,after this the president asks 
the questions in ,,the ,,chautauquan1   
and the answers are either recited or   

read4 ,the reading is the last thing    
before the motions are made and the     
voting and other business of the circle 
done1 and we adjourn4 ,we read books in 
the course which will interest the      
majority of the members4 ,it has        
generally been those upon which         
questions and answers are prepared and  
published in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,at   
the meetings we use a dictionary        
constantly1 for every difference in     
pronunciation is noticed1 and the word  
is looked up4 ,we begin promptly at     
seven o'clock1 and close at nine4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,new ,york 7,troy74--,the ,rev4 ,h4 ,c4 
,farrar1 president of a local circle in 
,troy1 an old ,chautauquan and          
successful ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 worker1      
writes3 ,in our city there are seven    
circles1 all organized this year1       
numbering in membership some five       
hundred4 ,our circle numbers over two   
hundred members and we have had the     
grace to call it the 8,vincent ,circle40

 ,each circle is doing full and vigorous
 work1 and almost weekly new members are
 adding themselves4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4
 in very many ways is blessing our city4
 ,the booksellers never sold so many    
books of real merit as during the       
holidays just passed4 ,one firm sold    
over a dozen ,webster's dictionaries1   
and all of them were ,christmas presents
 to ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4's4 ,in this vicinity
 about twenty other circles have been   
formed since ,october4 ,so goes the good
 work bravely on4 ,i can not forbear    
making an extract from a letter of ,rev4
 ,j4 ,m4 ,appleman1 ,pownal1 ,vermont3  
8,mrs4 ,a4 and myself commenced the     
course in ,october4 ,we availed         
ourselves of every favorable opportunity
 to speak in the interest of the ,c4 ,l4
 ,s4 ,c4 ,many were favorably impressed1
 but we could not persuade any to join  
us4 ,we then put the 8,hall in the      
,grove0 into the itinerant work and it  
found favor everywhere1 and so great was
 the demand for it we put another copy  

on the circuit4 ,i have not seen either 
copy for several weeks4 ,about the first
 of ,december it fell into the hands of 
a prominent young man and his enthusiasm
 went to white heat at once and he said3
 #8,we must have a circle1' and a circle
 we have of eleven members and the tide 
is still rising40 ,many of our members  
have had a new world of thought and life
 opened to them through geology and     
,greek history and they are anticipating
 great things in astronomy4 ,while      
studying geology we made excursions into
 the country and with hammer and bag    
practically geologized4 ,we spent two   
hours at the ,state ,geological ,rooms  
in ,albany 7two hundred of us7 and heard
 ,prof4 ,james ,hall4 ,we had one       
lecture on 8,glaciers and the           
,mer-de-glace40 ,we had frequent talks  
by one of our number on geology1 and the
 interest has been rife and the profit  
great4 ,we are planning most vigorously 
for larger and better things4 ,we are   
seeking for an astronomer to speak to us

 who knows the stars as friends1 that   
from the living heart words may thrill  
us beyond what the book can4 ,many      
adjoining towns are waking up to this   
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 work and are pledging   
circles for next year4 ,our membership  
in this city will be doubled4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,new ,york 7,brooklyn74--,our pastor1   
,rev4 ,w4 ,c4 ,stiles1 commenced studies
 with his wife1 and one after another   
asked permission to join them1 and were 
cordially welcomed1 until we have a     
circle of seven members4 ,our studies   
are those laid down in ,,the            
,,chautauquan4 ,we read the entire      
lesson at home1 and take the most       
important points for recitation4 ,at the
 end of the book we have a written      
review1 and find we have learned the    
whole thing in a very compact form4     
,there seems to be a good deal of       
interest1 and we find the studies very  
pleasant4 ,we decided to elect a        
secretary every month and send a report 

to ,,the ,,chautauquan1 so you will     
probably hear from us again4         99 
99       99       99       99  ,new     
,york 7,brooklyn74--,in the ,january    
number of ,,the ,,chautauquan you ask if
 there are any local circles in         
,brooklyn4 ,besides those mentioned     
there is one of seventy-four members1   
which meets in the chapel of the ,new   
,york ,avenue ,methodist ,episcopal     
,church4 ,rev4 ,n4 ,g4 ,cheney is       
president2 ,mr4 ,john ,e4 ,searles1     
vice-president1 and ,mr4 ,j4 ,wallis    
,cook1 associate vice-president4 ,the   
circle is constantly growing1 having    
recently absorbed part of the circle of 
which ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes was president4    
,the members of the circle are not      
confined to the ,methodist denomination1
 but are representatives of several     
others4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,new ,york                 
7,greenwich74--,our local circle is not 
only fairly launched1 but is under full 
sail4 ,we number twenty-four            

enthusiastic members from all the       
,christian denominations1 who are       
reading with a determination to win4 ,we
 held our second monthly meeting last   
evening1 ,december #aa4 ,nearly every   
member was present and several brought  
essays on subjects previously assigned  
them by the president of the circle1    
which were well written and well read4  
,very much interest was exhibited in the
 geological essays1 illustrated by the  
excellent charts4 ,the members express  
themselves as being gratified and       
surprised at the enthusiasm manifested1 
and at the splendid success of our first
 meeting4 ,you shall hear more further  
on4         99       99       99        
99       99  ,new ,york 7,suspension    
,bridge74--,we have a local circle in   
this place which numbers twenty-five    
members1 and the majority of them have  
their names enrolled at ,plainfield1 ,n4
 ,j4 ,our order of exercises is singing 
7,chautauqua hymns71 roll-call1 reading 
of minutes1 program1 business1          

adjournment4 ,the program for each      
meeting is prepared by a committee of   
three1 whom the president appoints two  
weeks before1 and who make their report 
at the meeting following their          
appointment4 ,we have twenty-five       
questions in ,,the ,,chautauquan every  
week1 and some also in the ,greek       
text-book1 which are asked by the       
chairman of the committee that prepared 
the program4 ,we are still studying the 
chart1 and hardly see how we could have 
used the geology without it4 ,we are    
taking the diagrams in course1 one being
 explained at each meeting by the member
 appointed by the committee at the      
previous meeting4 ,the program always   
includes1 also1 some article or articles
 in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 which is read  
aloud by the members with frequent      
consultation of the dictionary4 ,we     
observe the 8,memorial ,days0 on the    
regular evening nearest memorial date4  
,exercises for these are also announced 
by the committee who prepare the regular

 program for the evening1 and consist of
 a sketch of the author's life by one   
member1 a recitation of one of his works
 by another1 and a short selection by   
each member4 ,our meetings are well     
attended1 and all seem to enjoy them4   
,we have taken for our name1 8,the      
,athenian ,circle40         99       99 
99       99       99  ,new ,york        
7,brocton74--,a local circle was        
reorganized in ,september with a good   
attendance and increased interest4 ,we  
now have1 in this our fifth year1 a     
membership of twenty and meet every     
,saturday evening4 ,in addition to our  
regular officers1 president and         
secretary1 we usually elect a teacher   
for each subject4 ,we are using the     
charts1 and the ,baptist clergyman1     
,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,bates has given us one   
lecture on geology and will soon give us
 another4 ,the ,class of '#hb are taking
 the ,white ,crystal ,seal course1 and  
most of the members are also reading the
 regular course for the year4 ,the      

influence of our circle is not confined 
to its members alone1 but is felt       
throughout the village1 winning the     
respect of the people and increasing    
their desire for solid reading4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,pennsylvania 7,phillipsburg74--,our    
circle has been having some very        
pleasant gatherings lately1 quite out of
 our usual order4 ,some time before     
,christmas we first discovered we had a 
neighbor circle in ,houtzdale1          
,clearfield ,county1 a town about twelve
 miles from here1 among the coal mines4 
,it is a much larger place than this1   
having a population of between eight and
 ten thousand1 principally miners from  
almost every country in ,europe4        
,wishing to show our friendly feeling to
 our brethren in the ,chautauqua        
,circle1 we invited them down to visit  
our circle4 ,they accepted our          
invitation1 promising to come when the  
sleighing and weather were favorable4   
,so they telephoned to us on the #ahth  

of last month to expect them on ,monday 
evening1 the #bb;d4 ,our circle         
generally meets every ,tuesday evening1 
but this time1 to have a fuller         
attendance and suit all around1 we      
changed the time to ,monday4 ,we met    
rather early and prepared to give them a
 warm reception4 ,no one of us had to   
our knowledge met any one of them1 so we
 had to introduce ourselves4 ,we were   
rather surprised when they came to find 
that twelve out of the twenty-five      
composing their circle had ventured on  
the long drive1 for though the moonlight
 made it as bright as day1 the weather  
was very cold4 ,the evening passed      
pleasantly and quickly1 and it was not  
till midnight that we turned our steps  
homeward4 ,we departed from our usual   
custom this evening and had a small     
entertainment4 ,a cup of coffee is very 
refreshing before a cold sleigh ride1   
and we could not think of letting the   
party return without breaking bread with
 us4 ,before separating we partly       

promised to go up to ,houtzdale to hear 
a lecture on 8,greece1 ,ancient and     
,modern10 on the following ,wednesday4  
,all depended on the weather1 which     
seemed to be steadily growing colder4   
,wednesday morning the mercury went down
 to #ad1 but as it rose rapidly1 by noon
 we made what preparations were         
necessary1 and a party of fifteen beside
 the drivers started in two large sleds1
 after an early supper4 ,we reached our 
destination with but few mishaps and    
were most kindly received4 ,we enjoyed  
the lecture as well as seeing the real  
,greek costumes very much4 ,at the close
 of the meeting we went to the house of 
one of the members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4   
,c41 where we partook of a very nice    
entertainment before starting for home4 
,we all agreed that the trip was quite a
 success and have promised1 when warm   
weather comes1 to go again to visit the 
circle on one of its regular meetings4  
,we are now reading in our fifth year   
and feel that we can not think of giving

 up1 even though some of us have our    
diplomas4 ,the reading in regular course
 is good for any one1 and the influence 
of good books and pleasant companionship
 drawing one out of one's self1 away1   
for a short time at least1 from the     
cares and fret of every-day life1 brings
 interest and brightness to many who    
might otherwise give up to the 8blues0  
and ill-temper1 which like      8,the   
little rift within the lute1     ,will  
soon make all the music mute40          
99       99       99       99       99  
,pennsylvania 7,pittsburgh74--,on the   
evening of ,thursday1 ,january #be1 the 
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 graduates of ,pittsburgh
 and ,allegheny had their first reunion 
and banquet4 ,in ,august last1 at       
,chautauqua1 a committee was appointed  
of ,pittsburgh members to take steps for
 the formation of an alumni association 
in that city4 ,an organization was      
effected subsequently1 and the following
 officers elected3 ,a4 ,m4 ,martin1     
president2 ,miss ,mary ,oglesby1        

vice-president2 ,miss ,sarah ,j4 ,payne1
 secretary2 and an executive committee  
composed of the preceding officers and  
,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,covert and ,miss ,frances 
,m4 ,sawyers4 ,the reunion and banquet  
was held at the ,seventh ,avenue ,hotel4
 ,the members and guests began to arrive
 early1 and before the supper hour of   
nine the parlors were filled with       
persons having bright faces and happy   
manners4 ,the social feature was not the
 least attractive one of the evening4   
,the banquet was served in a private    
dining-hall1 and forty-two persons sat  
down to the feast4 ,the table was       
elegantly set1 and was beautiful with   
fine linen1 glass1 and fruit4 ,the menu 
was made up of all the rich and rare    
delicacies usual upon such occasions4   
,after the last course had been served1 
the president of the association1 ,mr4  
,a4 ,m4 ,martin1 who was also master of 
ceremonies1 welcomed the members of the 
association into the new relations of   
this fraternity4 ,he said1 8,i bid you a

 hearty welcome to the higher plane on  
which you have now stepped4 ,we are     
to-night1 so far as ,i know1 the first  
alumni organization of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4  
,c4 that has ever met to pay honor to   
our alma mater4 ,i bid you doubly       
welcome to the higher halls1 loftier    
columns1 wider arches1 and grander views
 she now opens to your sight4 ,we here1 
,i believe1 boast of a larger number of 
the more than seventeen hundred         
graduates than any other one place in   
the world4 ,i bid you thrice welcome to 
the honorable distinction of leading the
 advance in this progressive march4     
,once more ,i welcome you all to the    
enjoyments of this night1 and ,i rejoice
 with you in the happiness of the hour4 
,i am glad to be here1 and if the faces 
about me are any index of your feelings1
 we are all glad to be here4 ,i hope    
that at every future reunion we can echo
 that sentiment with the same genuine   
heartiness of to-night4 ,as we meet to  
enjoy the pleasures of social reunion1  

we create memories that shall be new    
starting-points for fresh achievements4 
,memories that bring gladness to the    
heart are among the richest boons the   
,father has bestowed upon ,his children4
 ,the good cheer of which we have       
partaken1 the sounds of the words       
spoken1 the friendships we have formed1 
the faces we have met1 will live as     
happy memories of this night in long    
years to come40 ,then came the toasts as
 follows3 8,our lady teachers--the hope 
of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c420 response by    
,professor ,l4 ,h4 ,eaton4 8,the        
faithful few20 response by ,miss        
,margaret ,mc,lean4 8,the ,class of     
#ahhb1 the pioneers of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4  
,c420 response by ,miss ,a4 ,e4 ,wilcox1
 with an original poem4 8,the ,hall in  
the ,grove20 response by ,george        
,seebeck4 8,may we always be able to    
look forward with pleasure1 and back    
without regret20 response by ,miss ,may 
,wightman4 8,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 the  
greatest novel-ist of the age40 ,when   

this toast was announced calls were made
 upon the president1 ,mr4 ,martin1 to   
respond4 ,he1 in reply1 said3 8,dr4 ,j4 
,h4 ,vincent is a man whom it is a      
delight to honor4 ,he is the originator1
 the head1 the inspiring spirit1 the    
rare genius to whom we all look as      
members of the ,chautauqua ,literary and
 ,scientific ,circle4 ,he is one of the 
greatest novelists of the age in the old
 and better sense of the word1 in that  
he is an innovator and an asserter of   
novelty4 ,he attracts our attention2 he 
surprises us2 his methods are unusual2  
there is a freshness in his plans and   
ways of doing and saying things that    
delight us4 ,but above all1 he touches  
humanity where it most needs quickening4
 ,with broad human sympathy he comes in 
contact with lives where the heart      
throbs beat the strongest4 ,with deep   
earnestness he reaches down to the very 
foundation of the impulses that govern  
men and women1 and seeks to direct them 
in higher and better channels4 ,he      

possesses eminently what some one has   
called #8sanctified common sense1' and  
brings it to bear on all phases of life4
 ,he is the greatest novelist of the age
 in that he presents living and enduring
 truths in a way         99  99  99  99 
which1 daily viewed1     ,please daily1 
and whose novelty survives     ,long    
knowledge and the scrutiny of years40   
,professor ,eaton next proposed the     
toast1 8,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,martin1 our worthy
 ,general ,secretary of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 
,c4--the day star of our ,pittsburgh    
branch10 and called upon ,professor ,c4 
,b4 ,wood1 who responded4 ,the other    
toasts of the evening1 and the names of 
the persons who responded1 were3 8,the  
very young men of our ,class who have   
faltered not1 nor fainted by the way20  
,miss ,frances ,m4 ,sawyers4 8,the      
hopeful outlook20 ,mr4 ,george ,m4      
,irwin4 8,our city press20 ,miss ,mary  
,oglesby4 8,the ,chautauqua ,idea1 the  
unchained ,prometheus20 ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4    
,covert4 ,the dresses of the ladies were

 tasty and becoming1 and some of them   
especially elegant4 ,flowers were worn  
in profusion4 ,it was nearly midnight   
when the enjoyable occasion came to a   
close4         99       99       99     
99       99  ,pennsylvania              
7,philadelphia74--,the ,haddonfield     
local circle has entered upon the second
 year of its existence1 and in looking  
back over the labors of the past year we
 feel abundantly satisfied with the     
results4 ,our members are without       
exception composed of those who have had
 the advantages of a liberal education1 
and have been constant readers since    
their school days1 but have felt the    
want of a systematic course to pursue1  
and have found in the ,chautauqua       
,circle this want in a certain measure  
supplied4 ,we have not only endeavored  
to follow in this instance the letter of
 the law1 but the spirit also1 and in so
 doing have taken the subjects up as a  
study1 committing to memory and reciting
 to our preceptor1 in reply to his      

questions1 every work that has thus far 
come before us4 ,in this way            
8,quackenbos' ,ancient ,classics10 as   
well as other works1 were thoroughly    
studied the past winter and reflected   
much credit upon the members for the    
close study they gave to them4 ,from    
this severe discipline we have not      
deviated and propose to continue it to  
the end4 ,the fruits of such application
 are already visible1 and the great     
desire which is expressed to confine our
 studies longer to one subject than the 
plan permits is evidence enough of the  
thirst for knowledge it engenders4 ,the 
only fault we have to find with the     
reading is that it is too desultory1 and
 does not dwell sufficiently long on one
 subject to satisfy the interest which  
is awakened1 the time of the members not
 permitting them to pursue their reading
 out of the beaten path4 ,the number of 
our members is twelve4 ,it could        
undoubtedly be largely increased1 but we
 feel satisfied that numbers in our     

method of study would not bring         
corresponding strength and might prove  
only a source of weakness4 ,we          
congratulate ,dr4 ,vincent and his      
co-workers in the noble cause in which  
they have embarked1 and which has long  
since ceased to be an experiment1 upon  
the awakening of thousands of minds to a
 love of acquiring knowledge1 and that  
above all in the interest of            
,christianity1 and we hail that great   
army of co-laborers1 who1 like          
ourselves1 are brought under its benign 
influences1 and doubt not that this     
influence will radiate from every circle
 for good4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,pennsylvania              
7,pottsville74--,there has sprung into  
existence1 in our midst1 recently1 a    
flourishing local circle4 ,it is the    
outgrowth of an informal conversation   
held by the worthy wife of our esteemed 
pastor1 ,rev4 ,b4 ,t4 ,vincent1 with    
members of the ,normal class of ,bible  
students1 in connection with the ,m4 ,e4

 ,church1 during the early part of last 
,november1 in which the aims and        
purposes of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 were    
very fully explained and set forth4     
,that an increased interest might be    
created in such studies as are embraced 
in ,,the ,,chautauquan readings1 a      
strong sentiment was at once manifested 
by those present1 including members of  
various denominations1 in favor of      
organizing a local circle4 ,after       
several preliminary meetings had been   
held1 our circle was formally organized 
on the #aith of last ,november1 by the  
election of a president1 vice president1
 secretary and treasurer4 ,as the result
 of this effort1 we have in our         
,mountain ,city to-day a circle         
numbering fifty-two earnest1 working    
members1 about one half of whom are also
 members of the general circle4 ,in     
addition to our elective officers1 we   
have a committee on work1 consisting of 
five members1 appointed by the          
president1 whose duty it is to arrange  

the work of the circle1 make a          
sub-division of the required readings1  
and assign topics in advance to the     
several members1 whose duty it is to    
present the same at the next stated     
meeting of the circle in the form of an 
essay1 lecture1 or recitation as each   
may deem proper4 ,by this method each   
member has his or her share of work to  
perform1 and all become interested and  
active working members4 ,our meetings1  
which are held semi-monthly1 on         
,saturday evenings1 are opened by a     
member reading a selection from the     
,scriptures1 followed by prayer and the 
singing of the 8,gloria40 ,the minutes  
of the previous meeting are then read1  
and business matters relating to the    
circle attended to2 after which the     
essays on the various topics are read1  
or lectures delivered4 ,we endeavor as  
nearly as possible1 to so limit members 
that the delivery of the essays and     
lectures shall not occupy more than one 
hour4 ,we have then1 previous to        

dismissal1 a half hour devoted entirely 
to a lecture on the science of geology1 
by our president1 ,mr4 ,p4 ,w4 ,sheafer4
 ,in this respect we are peculiarly     
favored4 ,mr4 ,sheafer is not only a    
practical geologist1 but from his       
prominent official connection with the  
last geological survey of the ,state1 is
 enabled to give us a much larger1 more 
varied and valuable store of information
 in a science1 which to us1 living as we
 do in the very centre of the vast beds 
of anthracite coal1 is peculiarly       
interesting and important4         99   
99       99       99       99  ,district
 of ,columbia 7,washington74--,on       
,november #ad last a local circle was   
organized at the ,foundry ,m4 ,e4       
,church1 and some twenty-five persons1  
mostly ladies1 joined4 ,others have     
joined since1 until now our membership  
numbers thirty-five4 ,great interest is 
manifested1 and the outlook is          
encouraging4 ,we are somewhat behind1   
but we are doing double work and soon   

expect to be abreast of the thousands of
 others who are pursuing the same       
course4 ,we have the geological         
diagrams1 and a special interest is     
being taken in geology4 ,we are all led 
to thank ,dr4 ,vincent and ,mr4 ,miller 
for introducing this movement1 and their
 dream must have been realized on       
,august #ab1 last4 ,in this age of      
enlightenment1 all who will may drink   
deeply at the pure fountain of science4 
,with the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 spreading all 
over the earth1 ignorance is a voluntary
 misfortune4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,ohio             
7,dayton74--,we meet every two weeks1 on
 ,tuesday evenings4 ,our circle this    
year has thirty members4 ,last year we  
had a course of four lectures given at a
 public hall3 7#a7 ,prof4 ,short1 of    
,columbus1 ,ohio1 8,the ,antiquity of   
,man20 7#b7 ,prof4 ,broome1 of ,dayton1 
on 8,ceramics20 7#c7 ,rev4 ,h4 ,l4      
,colby1 on 8,architecture20 7#d7 ,prof4 
,roberts1 8,art and ,painting40 ,these  

lectures were well attended and much    
enjoyed4 ,the programs for the evenings 
we meet are something like the          
following3 ,prayer by the president2    
roll call and reading of the minutes of 
the last meeting1 by the secretary2 we  
learn the questions and answers in ,,the
 ,,chautauquan1 taking fifty for a      
lesson1 and these are asked and answered
 by the society2 then we have readings  
and essays1 on the subjects we have been
 reading for the two weeks4         99  
99       99       99       99  ,ohio    
7,cincinnati74--,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,vincent
 being in ,cincinnati last month1       
attending the meeting of the ,chautauqua
 ,trustees1 the various local circles in
 the city1 and from the regions round   
about1 engaged him to give a lecture in 
,st4 ,paul's ,church4 ,at the close of  
the lecture ,dr4 ,vincent was presented 
with a basket of exquisite and rare     
flowers by the members of the ,c4 ,l4   
,s4 ,c41 and then1 called by classes1   
the various circles retired to the      

lecture-room to welcome ,chautauqua's   
chief4 ,the royal salute was given1     
added to a song of greeting4 ,dr4       
,vincent experienced great pleasure in  
meeting ,chautauquans--whether singly1  
in squads1 or by thousands--and stated  
that the enterprise is enlarging1 twelve
 thousand new members having already    
been added to the former score4 ,it is  
not the design to make great scholars1  
but to excite desire for thorough       
scholarship4 ,it is to increase the list
 of students in our colleges1 and to    
instruct the unread and untaught that   
,chautauqua makes her boast1 and also in
 the review of former studies4 ,a social
 half hour and a hand-shaking ended the 
auspicious occasion1 the ladies and     
gentlemen of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4        
expressing unfeigned pleasure derived   
from it4 ,a number of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4's 
from a distance were present1 ,indiana  
and ,kentucky being represented4 ,some  
of these visited the members of the     
,cincinnati circles for the first time1 

and expressed themselves much pleased   
with the method of conducting the ,c4   
,l4 ,s4 ,c4 work here1 and commended    
especially the sociability of the       
members4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,tennessee                 
7,knoxville74--,this is the second year 
of our local circle at ,knoxville4 ,our 
membership is small1 numbering only ten 
this year1 but we are very enthusiastic1
 and all the work assigned is promptly  
and thoroughly done4 ,the recitations   
are principally conversational4 ,we have
 just finished the 8,preparatory ,greek 
,course10 and read in connection with it
 the ,earl of ,derby's translation of   
the 8,iliad40 ,we chose ,derby's        
translation not because we differed with
 ,mr4 ,wilkinson as to its value1 but   
because it was the only one to which we 
had access4 ,from ,greece to the stars  
will be quite a change1 yet we are glad 
to leave war and bloodshed for a time4  
,we meet ,monday night of each week at  
our president's home4 ,visitors are     

always welcome4 ,our circle is so small 
we have never attempted to give public  
entertainments or lectures1 but we try  
in other ways1 especially by means of   
personal influence1 to help on the good 
work and gain recruits to the ,c4 ,l4   
,s4 ,c4 army4 ,we send greetings to our 
sister circles and wish them success4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,indiana 7,aurora74--,our circle was    
organized in ,april1 #ahhb1 and we held 
our meetings and read during the summer 
months to make up the course4 ,we have  
twelve regular members1 all ladies4 ,the
 president opens the meeting by reading 
a chapter from the ,bible1 then the     
secretary reports1 after which the      
program for the evening is taken up4    
,the reading for the next week is       
assigned by the president1 and our aim  
at each meeting is to review the reading
 of the past week4 ,this is done by     
papers relating to the reading1 or a    
synopsis of the readings4 ,questions are
 assigned and answered1 and we spend    

considerable time in discussion4 ,our   
meetings are always informal1 and are   
conducted in the conversational style4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,illinois 7,sycamore74--,our circle is  
composed of busy house-keepers and girl 
graduates to the number of a full dozen4
 ,we meet every ,tuesday afternoon1 and 
spend from one and a half to two hours  
together4 ,we take up the lessons and   
readings by course1 just as they are    
arranged in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,we use
 the questions in ,,the ,,chautauquan1  
and wish there were more of them4 ,the  
president supplements them1 however1 and
 asks questions on history of ,russia1  
,scandinavia1 or whatever is assigned   
for the week4 ,then we read together the
 8,sunday ,reading10 and the poems in   
the 8,preparatory ,greek ,course10 or a 
selection from ,,the ,,chautauquan1 not 
required4 ,questions1 discussions1 or   
expressions of opinion are always in    
order1 as we are not one bit formal4    
,the 8,geology0 we much enjoyed1 and    

parted from it with reluctance4 ,the    
8,history of ,greece0 we could hardly   
part with at all1 and the 8,preparatory 
,greek ,course0 we wish the author had  
made twice as long4 ,indeed we part from
 each book regretfully1 but welcome each
 new one joyfully4 ,,the ,,chautauquan  
is so full of good1 enjoyable articles  
that we can not particularize4 ,we find 
our weekly meeting delightful and if we 
had the time1 would like to make it a   
daily meeting4         99       99      
99       99       99  ,illinois         
7,winchester74--,our circle has entered 
upon the second year of its history1 and
 it is prospering4 ,we started last year
 with seven members1 out of whom four   
did thorough work4 ,we had an addition  
of seven new members this year1 and     
number at present eleven earnest1       
energetic ,chautauquans4 ,five of our   
circle are married ladies1 three are    
mothers1 five are school teachers1 and  
one a pupil in the high school4 ,to say 
we are delighted with the books and     

other reading1 does not express our     
appreciation of the good work of ,dr4   
,vincent and his fellow laborers4 ,the  
8,ancient ,literature10 8,mackenzie's   
,nineteenth ,century10 and the two      
,grecian works of this year are gems to 
be coveted by every book collector4 ,it 
seems that every new book prescribed for
 us is better than the last4 ,some of   
the most attractive features of this    
year's work1 exclusive of the required  
study1 have been a paper on the ,bayeux 
,tapestry2 a paraphrase on a scene in   
the life of ,agamemnon1 and a select    
reading descriptive of the ,yosemite    
,valley4 ,two of our members attended   
the ,chautauqua ,assembly last summer1  
and others propose attending next       
,august4 ,letters of inquiry come to us 
from a distance asking for directions   
for organizing circles1 thus verifying  
the ,biblical text3 8,a little leaven   
leaveneth the whole lump40         99   
99       99       99       99  ,illinois
 7,chicago74--,this1 the 8,garfield     

,park ,local ,circle10 was organized    
,november #be1 #ahha1 and now consists  
of six members4 ,we hold our meetings   
every ,thursday evening1 at the home of 
one of the six4 ,a record is kept of the
 work done by each member1 and after    
this is accomplished1 our president asks
 the questions given for study in ,,the 
,,chautauquan4 ,these being answered1   
the subjects previously given out for   
further study are treated1 and we have  
many interesting and instructive        
answers4 ,talks and discussions follow1 
after which the work for the coming week
 is assigned1 the minutes taken1 and we 
adjourn for music and a social time4 ,we
 were much helped in geology by the     
diagrams1 and1 indeed1 it seems as      
though almost every written article is  
in some way connected with our studies4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,illinois 7,jacksonville74--,a local    
circle was organized ,october1 #ahhj1 in
 the house of ,mr4 ,frank ,read4 ,it has
 now entered its third year1 and numbers

 seven members1 almost all of whom are  
deaf-mute ladies1 and teachers in the   
institution for deaf-mutes4 ,miss ,naomi
 ,s4 ,hiatt is the secretary of this    
circle1 and ,miss ,lavinia ,eden the    
vice-president4 ,the exercises consist  
of answers to the questions for the week
 in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 of answers to  
five surprise questions prepared by each
 member1 of comparing notes1 and of the 
leader's review on the required readings
 for the week4 ,the members by turn     
conduct meetings each ,tuesday evening1 
at ,mr4 ,frank ,read's house4 ,their    
daily reading and study seem difficult  
and tedious1 but the interest in such   
work awakens and increases with each    
meeting4 ,the exercises are conducted by
 means of spelling on the fingers2 but  
the subjects1 especially the tales from 
,shakspere1 become very interesting     
through the medium of such uniquely     
luminous and intensely vital language as
 signs4 ,this local circle is not only a
 great help to their professional work1 

but also an excellent means of          
contributing to their social1 mental1   
and spiritual welfare4 ,they all expect 
to be perennial ,chautauquans4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,michigan 7,kalamazoo74--,we have       
recently organized a local circle here  
with an enrollment of twelve            
enthusiastic members1 and we are all    
enjoying the work very much4         99 
99       99       99       99  ,michigan
 7,flushing74--,our class1 the 8,hope   
,society10 has a membership of          
twenty-two4 ,we meet once a week at the 
residence of each member in turn4 ,the  
meeting is opened by singing and prayer1
 and at roll-call of members each one   
responds with some ,scripture text or   
literary gem4 ,we have a committee of   
arrangements1 consisting of nine        
persons1 to plan work for the class and 
prepare such questions as they think    
best4 ,three of them take the work each 
alternate week4 ,we have also a         
committee on entertainments to procure  

lecturers and look to the social        
interest of the work4 ,we do our reading
 at home1 and meet to review1 recite1   
suggest1 and encourage each other1 and  
our rules require an essay a week from  
some one of the class4 ,this is our     
third year and we are working with      
increasing enthusiasm4 ,one young man   
walks seven miles nearly every week to  
attend the meeting4 ,we keep all the    
memorial days1 and pray always1 ,god    
bless ,chautauqua4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,michigan 7,sault 
,st4 ,marie74--,the ,rev4 ,l4 ,t4       
,eastendy writes3 ,we have fifteen      
members in our local circle4 ,we meet   
once a week4 ,we have done ,october's   
work1 interchanging in the schedule     
8,preparatory ,greek ,course0 and       
8,history of ,greece40 ,my wife1        
daughter and ,i enjoy our home circle   
very much4 ,i have just closed my       
seventeen years pastorate with the      
,presbyterian church here1 on account of
 ill health1 and hope now to enjoy this 

work and do good in it4         99      
99       99       99       99  ,michigan
 7,detroit47--,five years ago a circle  
was formed here1 with ,mrs4 ,a4 ,l4     
,clarke as president4 ,our officers are 
elected once a year4 ,they consist of a 
president1 vice president1 critic1      
treasurer1 recording and corresponding  
secretaries4 ,three committees attend to
 the business of preparing the program  
for each evening1 and the celebration of
 the memorial days1 and are appointed by
 the president every three months4 ,the 
instruction committee consists of five  
members1 and apportions the work among  
the members4 ,the music committee1      
consisting of six members1 arranges the 
musical program for each evening4 ,the  
entertainment committee consists of     
eight persons1 who arrange the program  
for the socials1 and take charge of the 
refreshments4 ,the circle meets weekly  
on ,thursday evenings4 ,meeting called  
to order at eight o'clock4 ,music1      
either vocal or instrumental opens the  

meeting pleasantly4 ,the recording      
secretary reads the minutes of the      
preceding meeting4 ,the critic's report 
follows1 and the work of the evening is 
then begun1 on subjects assigned to     
members4 ,the subject may be treated in 
the form of an essay1 short lecture1    
black-board illustration1 or a          
preparation to answer any questions that
 may be asked4 ,all members are expected
 to take the subjects assigned them by  
the instruction committee4 ,during the  
evening we have a recess of fifteen or  
twenty minutes1 when new members are    
welcomed and introduced1 and the        
committees can assign the work for the  
next meeting4 ,after recess the program 
is finished1 and the meeting is closed  
at #aj p4 m41 with more music4 ,we try  
to have a lecture by some popular       
speaker at least once a month4 ,thus far
 we have had lectures from ,dr4 ,yemans 
on 8,geology20 ,dr4 ,taylor1 ,post      
,surgeon at ,fort ,wayne1 on 8,storms   
and their ,causes20 ,mr4 ,hawley1 on    

8,rain1 ,hail and ,snow20 ,mr4 ,taylor1 
on 8,geology10 and ,rev4 ,george ,d4    
,baker1 on 8,god's hand in ,american    
,history40 ,after the lecture           
opportunity is given to members to ask  
questions on any points not quite clear 
to them4 ,besides the regular meetings  
we celebrate the memorial days by giving
 a reception to the members and friends 
of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 at the house of  
the president or of some member4 ,the   
entertainment consists of music1 a      
sketch of the poet's life1 and reading  
of selections from his works2           
refreshments and conversation complete  
the evening4 ,in the summer1 picnics are
 given by the members1 and when the     
wintry days are come1 the ,chautauquans 
sometimes go sleigh-riding4 ,drawn thus 
together we form a most harmonious band4
 ,our circle at present consists of     
eighty-one members1 thirty-three of whom
 are general members4 ,nearly all of    
these have joined us since ,september1  
#ahha4 ,the first four years the circle 

met in the rooms of the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41
 and averaged about thirty for each     
year4 ,in ,september1 #ahhb1 it was     
decided to rent the 8,conservatory of   
,music ,hall10 it being a larger hall   
and nearer the central portion of the   
city4 ,we have had no cause to regret   
the action taken1 as the meetings are so
 well attended1 and the members are so  
thoroughly instructed in the work4 ,our 
circle is composed of persons who range 
in age from fifteen to sixty-five years1
 and of many different lands and        
callings2 physicians1 lawyers1 teachers1
 clerks1 and busy housewives clasp hands
 in one grand and glorious circle4      
,eight diplomas were awarded to members 
last year4 ,several of these graduates  
are now working for seals upon their    
diplomas4 ,death has deprived us of but 
one member1 ,miss ,ida ,ashley1 who was 
so faithful1 earnest and persevering4   
,she finished her studies while lying   
upon what proved to be her death bed4   
,her diploma came just before she passed

 to her eternal home1 and her memory    
will ever be revered in our circle4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,missouri 7,carthage74--,our circle was 
organized last ,april with five members4
 ,officers elected under forms of       
constitution in ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,hand   
,book4 ,applications and fees for       
membership sent ,miss ,kimball for class
 of #ahhf4 ,we appointed weekly meetings
 at the homes of members and spent three
 hours at each meeting reading ,knight's
 8,english ,history10 and review papers 
enlarging upon the main topics and      
prominent characters1 with a few moments
 given to criticisms and report of      
general news items of interest4 ,june   
#a1 in connection with the literary     
societies of this city1 we organized a  
,carthage ,literary ,association1       
membership forty or more1 all ladies1   
and held a 8,longfellow ,memorial       
,meeting10 a highly entertaining and    
profitable occasion1 being entirely of a
 literary character4 ,the members of the

 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 are now pursuing the   
year's course with renewed zeal1 and we 
number seventeen regular members4 ,a    
class conductor is appointed for each   
week4 ,papers of an interesting and     
creditable character are read relating  
to the ,greek heroes1 both real and     
mythical1 one member giving a prose     
recitation from memory of the 8,iliad0  
and 8,odyssey10 also ,sophocles' 8,king 
dipus40 ,we are now preparing for a     
,miltonian memorial4 ,our only regret is
 that we did not fall into ,c4 ,l4 ,s4  
,c4 line earlier4 ,we would give a      
hearty ,god bless ,dr4 ,vincent and     
,chautauqua4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,minnesota        
7,worthington74--,the following is the  
program for a meeting of the circle in  
this town held ,monday1 ,december #aa1  
#ahhb3 7#a7 ,music1 8,chautauqua ,song20
 7#b7 ,essay1 ,mrs4 ,cramer1 8,early    
,greek ,historians20 7#c7 ,music2 7#d7  
,greek ,history1 ,text ,book1 ,secs4 #a 
and #b2 7#e7 ,music2 7#f7 ,greek        

,history1 ,october ,,chautauquan1 ,q4   
#ea-ge2 7#g7 ,music2 7#h7 ,essay1 ,miss 
,mott1 8,the ,labors of ,hercules20 7#i7
 ,music1 8,a ,song of ,to-day40         
99       99       99       99       99  
,wisconsin 7,milwaukee74--,the          
,milwaukee ,east ,side ,local ,circle   
has enrolled fifty members this winter1 
and efficient work is resulting from the
 steady application given by the class4 
,one of the pleasant social evenings of 
the class occurred on ,january #aa1 at  
the residence of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,walter 
,wallace4 ,exercises in commemoration of
 ,bryant's and ,milton's days consisted 
of music1 a paper on ,milton by ,mr4    
,bickford2 a reading from ,milton1 by   
,miss ,hall2 a paper on ,bryant1 by     
,miss ,louise ,slocum1 and readings from
 ,bryant4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,colorado 7,arvada74--,we  
have organized a local circle here      
recently and have thirteen names        
enrolled4 ,though late we hope to make  
up lost time and finish the year with   

others4 ,we are well along in our ,greek
 history and enjoy it very much4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,canada 7,toronto74--,the ,toronto      
,central ,circle issued the following1  
in the form of a circular1 in ,december3
 8,a great deal of interest has been    
manifested1 during the present season1  
in the work of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 and 
meetings have been held in a large      
number of the city churches1 with very  
gratifying results4 ,we beg now to      
intimate that a general meeting will be 
held in the ,metropolitan ,church       
7lecture room7 on ,tuesday evening1     
next1 the #aith inst41 to which we      
invite--7#a7 ,all members of the ,c4 ,l4
 ,s4 ,c41 and those desiring to become  
such2 and 7#b7 ,any who feel interested1
 in any way1 in the substitution of pure
 and healthy literature for that which  
is questionable and sometimes baneful in
 its tendency1 and in the cultivation of
 the habit of reading in a given course1
 with the object of mental development4 

,the meeting will be addressed by the   
,rev4 ,h4 ,johnston1 ,m4 ,a41 ,b4 ,d41  
and others1 and opportunity will be     
given for questioning1 to elicit any    
needed information4 ,as this matter of  
home reading is one1 the importance of  
which it would be difficult to          
over-estimate1 we earnestly request that
 you will use the means which may seem  
most proper to you to make this meeting 
known to the members of your            
congregation40         99       99      
99       99       99  ,there are sorrows
 mingled with the pleasures of life4    
,everything does not go1 sir1 as we     
would wish it4 ,heaven wills that here  
below each should have his crosses1 and 
without these men would be too full of  
happiness4--,molire4         ,not       
,required4  ,,questions ,,and ,,answers4
  ,,one ,,hundred ,,questions ,,and     
,,answers ,,on 8,,recreations ,,in      
,,astronomy10 ,,from ,,chapter ,,viii   
,,to ,,end ,,of ,,book4  ,by ,,albert   
,m4 ,,martin1 ,,general ,,secretary ,c4 

,l4 ,s4 ,c4   #a4 ,q4 ,how many primary 
planets have been discovered between the
 sun and the earth8 ,a4 ,six2 four      
planetoids1 ,mercury and ,venus4  #b4   
,q4 ,when and by whom were the four     
planetoids discovered8 ,a4 ,in #ahgh1   
during a total eclipse of the sun1      
,prof4 ,watson1 of ,ann ,arbor1 ,mich41 
and ,lewis ,swift1 the famous           
comet-finder1 each discovered two small 
bodies within the orbit of ,mercury4    
#c4 ,q4 ,what is the distance of these  
planetoids from the sun8 ,a4 ,about     
thirteen million miles4  #d4 ,q4 ,what  
is the time of their orbital revolution8
 ,a4 ,about twenty days4  #e4 ,q4 ,what 
is the mean distance of ,mercury from   
the sun8 ,a4 ,thirty-five million miles1
 in round numbers4  #f4 ,q4 ,what is the
 diameter of ,mercury in round numbers8 
,a4 ,three thousand miles4  #g4 ,q4 ,how
 does its axial revolution compare with 
that of the earth8 ,a4 ,it is nearly the
 same4  #h4 ,q4 ,with what kind of a    
light does ,mercury shine8 ,a4 ,with a  

white light nearly as bright as ,sirius4
  #i4 ,q4 ,in what part of the heavens  
is ,mercury to be seen8 ,a4 ,it is      
always near the horizon4  #aj4 ,q4 ,what
 is the distance of ,venus from the sun1
 in round numbers8 ,a4 ,sixty-six       
million miles4  #aa4 ,q4 ,how does its  
diameter compare with that of the earth8
 ,a4 ,it is nearly the same4  #ab4 ,q4  
,how does its axial revolution compare  
with that of the earth8 ,a4 ,it is also 
nearly the same4  #ac4 ,q4 ,what is said
 of the appearance of ,venus in the     
heavens8 ,a4 ,it is the most beautiful  
object in the heavens1 and is often     
visible in the day time4  #ad4 ,q4 ,what
 is the mean distance of the earth from 
the sun8 ,a4 ,ninety-two million five   
hundred thousand miles4  #ae4 ,q4 ,what 
is the polar and what the equatorial    
diameter of the earth8 ,a4 ,the polar1  
#g1hii miles2 the equatorial1 #g1ibe    
miles4  #af4 ,q4 ,state three facts in  
regard to the aurora borealis4 ,a4 ,it  
prevails mostly near the arctic circle  

rather than the pole2 it is either the  
cause or the result of electric         
disturbance2 it is often from four to   
six hundred miles above the earth1 while
 our air can not extend over one hundred
 miles above the earth4  #ag4 ,q4 ,what 
is the cause of tides8 ,a4 ,the         
attractive force of the moon and sun4   
#ah4 ,q4 ,what shores have the greatest 
tides8 ,a4 ,all eastern shores have far 
greater tides than western4  #ai4 ,q4   
,what is the mean distance of the moon  
from the earth8 ,a4 ,two hundred and    
forty thousand miles4  #bj4 ,q4 ,what is
 the diameter of the moon in round      
numbers8 ,a4 ,two thousand miles4  #ba4 
,q4 ,what is the time of its revolution 
about the earth and of its axial        
revolution8 ,a4 ,twenty-nine and        
one-half days4  #bb4 ,q4 ,how clearly do
 the best telescopes we are now enabled 
to make reveal the moon8 ,a4 ,no more   
clearly than it would appear to the     
naked eye if it were #ajj or #aej miles 
away4  #bc4 ,q4 ,what is said about the 

moon presenting the same side to us8 ,a4
 ,the moon always presents the same side
 to the earth4  #bd4 ,q4 ,what is the   
difference of heat on the moon in the   
full blaze of its noon-day and midnight8
 ,a4 ,no less than five hundred degrees4
  #be4 ,q4 ,what is said as to the      
presence of air and water on the moon8  
,a4 ,there are no indications of air or 
water on the moon4  #bf4 ,q4 ,what is   
said of the maps of the side of the moon
 toward us8 ,a4 ,they are far more      
perfect than those of the earth4  #bg4  
,q4 ,what planets have been discovered  
that revolve around the sun outside of  
the orbit of the earth8 ,a4 ,mars1      
asteroids1 ,jupiter1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1  
and ,neptune4  #bh4 ,q4 ,what is the    
mean distance of ,mars from the sun8 ,a4
 ,one hundred and forty-one million     
miles4  #bi4 ,q4 ,how does the axial    
revolution of ,mars compare with that of
 ,mercury1 ,venus1 and the earth8 ,a4   
,it is nearly the same4  #cj4 ,q4 ,what 
is the diameter of ,mars in round       

numbers8 ,a4 ,four thousand miles1 or   
one-half that of the earth4  #ca4 ,q4   
,what is the appearance of ,mars to the 
naked eye8 ,a4 ,it is the reddest star  
in the heavens4 ,sometimes it           
scintillates1 and sometimes it shines   
with a steady light4  #cb4 ,q4 ,how many
 satellites has ,mars8 ,a4 ,two4  #cc4  
,q4 ,when and by whom were they         
discovered8 ,a4 ,in ,august1 #ahgg1 by  
,prof4 ,hall1 of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4   
#cd4 ,q4 ,how many asteroids have been  
discovered up to the present year8 ,a4  
,two-hundred and twenty-three4  #ce4 ,q4
 ,what is the distance of the asteroids 
from the sun8 ,a4 ,from two hundred     
million to three hundred and fifteen    
million miles4  #cf4 ,q4 ,what are the  
diameters of the asteroids8 ,a4 ,from   
twenty to four hundred miles4  #cg4 ,q4 
,how does the mass of all the asteroids 
compare with that of the earth8 ,a4 ,it 
is less than one-fourth of the earth4   
#ch4 ,q4 ,since what time have all the  
asteroids known been discovered8 ,a4    

,since the commencement of the present  
century4  #ci4 ,q4 ,what is the mean    
distance of ,jupiter from the sun8 ,a4  
#dge1fib1jjj miles4  #dj4 ,q4 ,what is  
the mean diameter of ,jupiter8 ,a4      
,eighty-six thousand miles4  #da4 ,q4   
,what is the volume of ,jupiter compared
 with that of the earth8 ,a4 ,it is     
thirteen hundred times larger4  #db4 ,q4
 ,what is the length of a ,jovian day8  
,a4 ,about ten hours4  #dc4 ,q4 ,how    
many satellites has ,jupiter4 ,a4 ,four4
  #dd4 ,q4 ,what is the mean distance of
 ,saturn from the ,sun8 ,a4 #hha1jjj1jjj
 miles4  #de4 ,q4 ,what is the mean     
diameter of ,saturn8 ,a4 ,seventy       
thousand five hundred miles4  #df4 ,q4  
,how does the time of the axial         
revolution of ,saturn compare with that 
of ,jupiter8 ,a4 ,it is nearly the same4
  #dg4 ,q4 ,how many moons has ,saturn8 
,a4 ,eight4  #dh4 ,q4 ,by what is       
,saturn surrounded8 ,a4 ,by three rings4
  #di4 ,q4 ,what has been proved in     
reference to the state of ,saturn's     

rings8 ,a4 ,that they are in a state of 
fluidity and contraction4  #ej4 ,q4     
,what is the mean distance of ,uranus   
from the sun8 ,a4 #a1gga1jjj1jjj miles4 
#ea4 ,q4 ,what is the mean diameter of  
,uranus8 ,a4 ,thirty-one thousand seven 
hundred miles4  #eb4 ,q4 ,what is the   
length of the year on ,uranus8 ,a4      
,eighty-four of our years4  #ec4 ,q4    
,how many moons has ,uranus8 ,a4 ,four4 
#ed4 ,q4 ,when and by whom was ,uranus  
discovered8 ,a4 ,by ,sir ,william       
,herschel in #agha4  #ee4 ,q4 ,what is  
the distance of ,neptune from the sun8  
,a4 #b1gge1jjj1jjj miles4  #ef4 ,q4     
,what is the diameter of ,neptune8 ,a4  
,thirty-four thousand five hundred      
miles4  #eg4 ,q4 ,how many moons has    
,neptune8 ,a4 ,one1 and probably two4   
#eh4 ,q4 ,what is the length of the year
 on ,neptune8 ,a4 ,a little over one    
hundred and sixty four of our years4    
#ei4 ,q4 ,when was ,neptune discovered8 
,a4 ,in #ahdf4  #fj4 ,q4 ,by what name  
is the scientific theory known which    

attempts to state the method by which   
the solar system came into its present  
form8 ,a4 ,the nebular hypothesis4  #fa4
 ,q4 ,how are the stars in a            
constellation indicated8 ,a4 ,the       
brightest stars are indicated in order  
by the letters of the ,greek alphabet4  
,after these are exhausted the ,roman   
alphabet is used in the same manner1 and
 then numbers are employed4  #fb4 ,q4   
,what have many of the brightest stars  
also received8 ,a4 ,proper names by     
which they are known4  #fc4 ,q4 ,around 
what star do the stars of the northern  
circumpolar region appear to revolve8   
,a4 ,polaris1 the ,north ,star4  #fd4   
,q4 ,name five northern circumpolar     
constellations4 ,a4 ,ursa ,major1 or the
 ,great ,bear2 ,ursa ,minor2 ,cepheus2  
,cassiopeia1 or the ,lady in the ,chair2
 and ,perseus4  #fe4 ,q4 ,when are the  
circumpolar constellations visible in   
northern latitudes8 ,a4 ,they are always
 visible4  #ff4 ,q4 ,how many stars does
 the constellation of ,ursa ,major      

contain that are visible to the naked   
eye8 ,a4 ,one hundred and thirty-eight4 
#fg4 ,q4 ,what does a group of seven    
stars in this constellation form8 ,a4   
,the ,great ,dipper4  #fh4 ,q4 ,what are
 the names of the stars in the ,dipper8 
,a4 ,the pointers are ,dubhe and ,merak2
 the stars forming the handle are       
,benetnasch1 ,mizar1 and ,alioth2 the   
star at the junction of the handle and  
the bowl is ,megrez1 and the remaining  
star at the bottom of the basin is      
,phad4  #fi4 ,q4 ,how many stars does   
,ursa ,minor contain8 ,a4 ,twenty-four  
stars1 of which only three are of the   
third1 and four of the fourth magnitude4
  #gj4 ,q4 ,what is a cluster of seven  
of these stars termed8 ,a4 ,the ,little 
,dipper4  #ga4 ,q4 ,what do three stars 
besides the double pole star form8 ,a4  
,the curved-up handle of the ,little    
,dipper4  #gb4 ,q4 ,how many stars      
visible to the naked eye are contained  
in the constellation ,cepheus8 ,a4      
,thirty-five4  #gc4 ,q4 ,which is the   

brightest star of this constellation8   
,a4 ,alderamin4  #gd4 ,q4 ,in what      
portion of the constellation is         
,alderamin situated8 ,a4 ,in the right  
shoulder4  #ge4 ,q4 ,what is the        
position of the head of ,cepheus8 ,a4   
,it is in the milky way1 and is         
indicated by a small triangle of three  
stars4  #gf4 ,q4 ,what figure1 easily   
distinguished1 do a number of stars in  
,cassiopeia form8 ,a4 ,an inverted      
chair4  #gg4 ,q4 ,give the names of two 
prominent stars in the constellation    
,perseus4 ,a4 ,algenib and ,algol4  #gh4
 ,q4 ,name four of the more brilliant   
equatorial constellations1 only a       
portion of whose paths is above our     
horizon4 ,a4 ,andromeda1 ,orion1        
,cygnus1 and ,canis ,major4  #gi4 ,q4   
,give the names applied to some of the  
groups of stars in the equatorial       
constellations4 ,a4 ,the ,pleiades1 the 
,great ,square of ,pegasus1 the ,belt of
 ,orion1 and the ,milk ,dipper4  #hj4   
,q4 ,name eight stars of the first      

magnitude in the equatorial             
constellations4 ,a4 ,aldebaran1 in      
,taurus2 ,capella1 the ,goat ,star1 in  
,auriga2 ,castor1 in ,gemini2           
,betelgeuse1 in ,orion2 ,sirius1 the    
,dog ,star1 in ,canis ,major2 ,procyon1 
in ,canis ,minor2 ,spica1 in ,virgo2 and
 ,arcturus1 in ,botes4  #ha4 ,q4 ,what  
are some of the more remarkable sights  
in the southern circumpolar region of   
the sky8 ,a4 ,the constellations of the 
ship ,argo and the ,southern ,cross1 the
 ,dark ,hole1 and the two ,magellanic   
,clouds4  #hb4 ,q4 ,how many stars are  
visible in the whole heavens to the     
naked eye8 ,a4 ,about five thousand4    
#hc4 ,q4 ,how many are there of each    
magnitude to the sixth8 ,a4 ,twenty of  
the first1 sixty-five of the second1 two
 hundred of the third1 four hundred of  
the fourth1 eleven hundred of the fifth1
 and thirty-two hundred of the sixth4   
#hd4 ,q4 ,how many stars are there in   
the zone called the ,milky ,way8 ,a4    
,eighty millions4  #he4 ,q4 ,how much of

 the light on a fine starlight night    
comes from stars that cannot be         
discerned by the naked eye8 ,a4         
,three-fourths4  #hf4 ,q4 ,how does the 
whole amount of starlight compare with  
that of the moon8 ,a4 ,it is about      
one-eightieth that of the moon4  #hg4   
,q4 ,give the names of five double or   
multiple stars4 ,a4 ,polaris1 ,sirius1  
,procyon1 ,castor1 and sixty-one ,cygni4
  #hh4 ,q4 ,what is said of the color of
 stars8 ,a4 ,they are of various colors4
  #hi4 ,q4 ,name five stars each having 
a different color4 ,a4 ,sirius1 white2  
,capella1 yellow2 ,castor1 green2       
,aldebaran1 red2 and ,lyra1 blue4  #ij4 
,q4 ,what are clusters of stars8 ,a4 ,in
 various parts of the heavens there are 
small globular well-defined clusters1   
and clusters very irregular in form     
marked with sprays of stars4  #ia4 ,q4  
,how do these clusters appear to the    
eye1 or through a small telescope8 ,a4  
,as little cloudlets of hazy light4     
#ib4 ,q4 ,what is the new and better    

substantiated possibility of thought    
concerning these clusters8 ,a4 ,that    
they belong to our system1 and hence    
that the stars must be small and young4 
#ic4 ,q4 ,what does the spectroscope    
show that some of these little cloudlets
 of hazy light called nebul are8 ,a4    
,that they are not stars in any sense1  
but masses of glowing gas4  #id4 ,q4    
,what are some of the shapes of nebul8  
,a4 ,nebul are of all conceivable       
shapes--circular1 annular1 oval1        
lenticular1 conical1 spiral1 snake-like1
 looped1 and nameless4  #ie4 ,q4 ,of how
 many stars has a variation in magnitude
 been well ascertained8 ,a4 ,one hundred
 and forty-three4  #if4 ,q4 ,what are   
temporary stars8 ,a4 ,those that shine  
awhile and then disappear4  #ig4 ,q4    
,what are new stars8 ,a4 ,stars that    
come to a definite brightness and so    
remain4  #ih4 ,q4 ,what are lost stars8 
,a4 ,those whose first appearance was   
not observed1 but which have utterly    
disappeared4  #ii4 ,q4 ,what movements  

have these stars8 ,a4 ,there is motion  
of the stars in every conceivable       
direction4  #ajj4 ,q4 ,what is said of  
the appearance of the ,great ,dipper in 
thirty-six thousand years8 ,a4 ,the end 
of the dipper will have fallen out so   
that it will hold no water1 and the     
handle will be broken square off at     
,mizar4     ,,answers  ,,to ,,questions 
,,for ,,further ,,study ,,in ,,the      
,,january ,,number ,,of 8,,the          
,,chautauquan40  ,by ,,albert ,m4       
,,martin1 ,,general ,,secretary ,c4 ,l4 
,s4 ,c4   #a4 ,the expression1          
8,possession is nine points in the law10
 probably had its origin in an old      
,scottish proverb1 8,possession is      
eleven points in the law1 and they say  
there are but twelve40 ,it is found in a
 play by ,colley ,cibber1 called        
8,woman's ,wit10 reading 8,possession is
 eleven points of the law40 ,later1     
,de,quincey uses the expression in a    
criticism of ,shakspere's drama of      
8,king ,lear10 in the form employed by  

our author4 ,de,quincey says3 8,the best
 of ,shakspere's dramas1 #8,king ,lear1'
 is the least fitted for representation1
 and even for the vilest alteration4 ,it
 ought1 in candor1 to be considered that
 possession is nine points in the law40 
,it occurs in the writings of a number  
of writers of the present century with a
 change of the numeral4  #b4 ,the       
preying sadness that ,cowper sought to  
escape from by the work of translating  
,homer was occasioned by disappointment 
in youth2 attempted suicide2 dread of   
everlasting punishment1 and fear of     
insanity4 ,a romantic attachment for his
 cousin in his youth met with the       
disfavor of his father4 ,doubts of his  
ability to fill the requirements of an  
office for which he was named so preyed 
upon his mind that he attempted suicide4
 ,after this he believed that in that   
act he had committed a deadly sin1 and  
he could only see between him and heaven
 a high wall which he despaired of ever 
being able to scale4 ,he possessed a    

naturally melancholy temperament1 and   
was subject to insanity1 of which he had
 a great dread4 ,he began the           
translation of ,homer into blank verse  
to divert his mind from morbid          
introspection1 and he succeeded so well 
that the six years he spent in this     
labor were among the happiest of his    
life4  #c4 ,the original of the         
quotation1 8,from the center to the     
utmost pole10 is to be found in         
,milton's 8,paradise ,lost10 book ,i1   
line #gd4 ,the quotation is not1        
however1 literally made4 ,in ,milton it 
reads3      8,as far removed from ,god  
and light of heav'n1      ,as from the  
center thrice to th' utmost pole40      
,pope also uses a similar expression in 
his lines reading3      8,speed the soft
 intercourse from soul to soul1         
,and waft a sigh from ,indus to the     
pole40  #d4 ,macedonia's madman was     
,alexander the ,great4 ,he was so called
 because he was dazzled or crazed with  
his own success2 from his rash and      

impetuous disposition1 and the many acts
 of inhumanity he perpetrated2 because  
his horrible butchery and cruelty at    
times indicated a species of madness2   
because his brilliant successes so      
turned his head that he sought to be    
worshiped as the son of a god4 ,byron1  
in his ,age of ,bronze1 refers to him as
 the madman in these lines3      8,how  
vain1 how worse than vain1 at length    
appear      ,the madman's wish1 the     
,macedonian tear4      ,he wept for     
worlds to conquer--half the earth       
,knows not his name1 or but his death   
and birth40  #e4 ,some of the features  
of the ,cathedral of ,cologne that      
render it famous are as follows3 ,it is 
considered one of the finest monuments  
of ,gothic architecture in existence4   
,it contains the shrine of the three    
kings1 or magi1 who visited and         
worshiped the infant ,savior1 and their 
reputed bones4 ,it is the largest       
,gothic church in the world4 ,it was    
begun in #abdh and finished in          

#ahha--six hundred and thirty-two years 
in building4 ,it is the loftiest        
building in the world1 the tower being  
about five hundred feet high4 ,its      
beauty is in its exquisite proportions1 
and it does not invite long study to    
appreciate its grandeur4 ,it has        
beautiful stained-glass windows1 a      
double range of flying buttresses1 a    
perfect forest of pinnacles4 ,under a   
slab in the pavement the heart of ,maria
 de ,medici is buried4 ,the cathedral is
 in the form of a cross1 #eaj feet long 
and #bca feet broad4 ,the roof rests on 
#ajj columns1 of which the four center  
ones are #cj feet in circumference4  #f4
 ,the expression 8,perish the thought0  
probably had its origin in a speech of  
,gloucester1 interpolated by ,colly     
,cibber1 in ,shakspere's 8,richard the  
,third40 ,the reading there is 8,perish 
that thought10 and is to be found in    
,bell's edition of ,shakspere's plays as
 performed at ,drury ,lane ,theater4    
,the part of the speech containing the  

expression is as follows3      8,perish 
that thought6 ,no1 never be it said     
,that fate itself could awe the soul of 
,richard1      ,hence1 babbling dreams2 
you threaten here in vain2              
,conscience1 avaunt1 ,richard's himself 
again60  #g4 ,the lines of ,pope in his 
paraphrase of the moonlight scene1 given
 in the closing part of the eighth book 
of the ,iliad1 are 8false and           
contradictory0 in the following         
particulars3 ,the planets do not revolve
 around the moon4 ,the stars do not make
 bright the pole4 ,those near the pole  
are scarcely visible on such a night4   
,it is not a correct translation of the 
original4 ,the light on a moonlight     
scene is mild1 subdued and silvery1 and 
therefore is not glorious1 yellow and   
golden4 ,it is contradictory1 because he
 says the stars gild the pole1 and cast 
a yellow verdure o'er the trees1 and at 
the same time tip with silver the       
mountain heads4 ,he speaks of a flood of
 glory bursting from all the skies which

 he calls blue4 ,the night filled with  
the noises of neighing coursers and     
ardent warriors1 waiting for the morn1  
could not be like the one 8when not a   
breath disturbs the deep serene40  #h4  
,webster's famous seventh of ,march     
speech was delivered in the ,united     
,states ,senate on the seventh of       
,march1 #ahej4 ,the occasion was the    
discussion of a series of resolutions   
submitted by ,mr4 ,clay in reference to 
the admission of ,california as a       
,state1 and embodying a basis of a      
proposed compromise of all differences  
relating to the territories and to      
slavery4 ,in this speech ,mr4 ,webster  
took ground against the abolitionists2  
against further legislation prohibitory 
of slavery in the territories2 against  
secession or disunion2 against whatever 
seemed calculated to produce irritation 
or alienation between the ,north and the
 ,south4 ,in consideration of its       
character1 and the manner in which it   
was received by the people throughout   

the country1 it has been entitled1 8,for
 the ,constitution and the ,union40  #i4
 ,athene was called the 8,stern-,eyed0  
because she was considered the goddess  
of pure reason1 raised above every      
feminine weakness1 and disdaining love2 
because of her martial mein2 also1 that 
no flattery or other influence could    
deter her from executing justice alike  
on friend or foe4 ,she watched over     
,athens to protect it from outward foes2
 consequently she was watchful1 or      
8stern-eyed40 ,she generally appeared   
with a countenance full more of         
masculine firmness and composure than of
 softness and grace4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,correct   
replies to all the questions for further
 study in the ,january number of ,,the  
,,chautauquan have been received from   
,maggie ,v4 ,wilcox1 #fje ,north        
,thirty-fifth ,street1 ,west            
,philadelphia1 ,pa42 ,margaret ,d4      
,mekeel1 ,trumansburg1 ,n4 ,y42 ,a4 ,u4 
,lombard1 #chb ,oak ,street1 ,columbus1 

,ohio2 ,eleanor ,a4 ,cummins1 #bdc      
,tenth ,street1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y42     
,addie ,l4 ,crocker1 #dci ,sixth        
,street1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y42 ,mrs4 ,d4  
,w4 ,eaton1 ,allston1 ,mass42 ,mrs4 ,w4 
,d4 ,beaman1 ,winchendon1 ,mass42 ,abbie
 ,l4 ,wheeler1 ,west ,gardner1 ,mass42  
,alice ,m4 ,hyde1 ,gardner1 ,mass42 the 
,alpha ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 of ,lewistown1  
,me42 8,right ,angle0 of the            
,trumansburg1 ,n4 ,y41 8,triangle20 and 
the ,phillipsburg1 ,pa41 local circle4  
,,outline ,,of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4          
,,studies4   ,,march4  ,the ,march      
required ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 reading        
includes the latter part of ,bishop     
,warren's ,recreations in ,astronomy1   
from page #ace to the end of the book2  
the corresponding parts of ,chautauqua  
,text-book1 ,no4 #b1 8,studies of the   
,stars20 ,chautauqua ,text-book1 ,no4   
#d1 ,english ,history1 by ,dr4 ,vincent2
 and the required readings in the       
present number of ,,the ,,chautauquan4  
,the following is the division according

 to weeks3  ,,first ,,week4--#a4        
,warren's ,recreations in ,astronomy1   
chapter viii to the sub-reading 8,mars10
 from page #ace to #aei--the ,planets as
 ,individuals4  #b4 ,chautauqua         
,text-book1 ,no4 #b1 ,studies of the    
,stars1 the ,planets1 from page #af to  
page #bh1 inclusive4  #c4 ,chautauqua   
,text-book1 ,no4 #d1 ,english ,history1 
from the commencement of the book to the
 third exercise on page #ad4  #d4       
,history of ,russia1 in ,,the           
,,chautauquan4  #e4 ,sunday ,readings1  
selection for ,march #d in ,,the        
,,chautauquan4  ,,second ,,week4--#a4   
,warren's ,recreations in ,astronomy1   
the remainder of chapter viii and       
chapter ix--from page #aei to page      
#aia--the ,planets as ,individuals1     
continued1 and the ,nebular ,hypothesis4
  #b4 ,chautauqua ,text-book1 ,no4 #b1  
,studies of the ,stars1 the ,planets1   
continued1 from page #bi to page #cf1   
inclusive4  #c4 ,chautauqua ,text-book1 
,no4 #d1 ,english ,history1 the third   

exercise1 from page #ad to page #bj1 the
 latter included4  #d4 ,history and     
,literature of ,scandinavia1 in ,,the   
,,chautauquan4  #e4 ,sunday ,readings1  
selection for ,march #aa1 in ,,the      
,,chautauquan4  ,,third ,,week4--#a4    
,warren's ,recreations in ,astronomy1   
chapter x1 the ,stellar ,system1 from   
page #aic to page #bbh1 inclusive4  #b4 
,chautauqua ,text-book1 ,no4 #b1        
,studies of the ,stars--the ,fixed      
,stars2 the ,sun's ,motion in ,space2   
,names and ,positions of the ,stars1    
from page #db to the end of the book4   
#c4 ,chautauqua ,text-book1 ,no4 #d1    
,english ,history1 the fourth exercise  
to the sub-head1 8,the ,house of        
,lancaster10 from page #ba to page #cb4 
#d4 ,readings in ,english ,history and  
,literature1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4    
#e4 ,sunday ,readings1 selection for    
,march #ah1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4     
,,fourth ,,week4--#a4 ,warren's         
,recreations in ,astronomy1 from page   
#bbi to the end of the book4  #b4       

,chautauqua ,text-book1 ,no4 #d1        
,english ,history1 from page #cb1 8,the 
,house of ,lancaster10 to the end of the
 book4  #c4 ,readings in ,astronomy1 in 
,,the ,,chautauquan4  #d4 ,sunday       
,readings1 selection for ,march #be1 in 
,,the ,,chautauquan4     ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4
 ,,round-,,table4,i   ,,how ,,to ,,read 
,,together ,,profitably4  ,after        
singing1 by the choir1 8,arise and      
,shine10 and 8,the ,winds are           
,whispering10 ,dr4 ,vincent said3 8,i   
greet you4 ,we are glad that so many of 
us are able to be present this          
afternoon4 ,we are here to-day for a    
practical question or two in connection 
with our work as local circles1 and then
 to answer some questions relating to   
the exercises of the coming ,saturday4  
,it is a question of much importance to 
all who are connected with local        
circles3 ,how may we promote profitable 
reading8 ,a local circle is not designed
 for much reading1 but is a place to    
guide people in reading at home2 to make

 suggestions2 to correct blunders2 to   
give new ideas that reading may be      
prosecuted with economy of time4 ,a     
large part of almost any book may be    
omitted by every reader1 and yet he may 
after a fashion read the parts he       
8omits40 ,there is a rapid way of       
running over half a dozen pages when    
they contain but the expansion or       
illustration of a thought4 ,you see what
 the author is after2 you have read the 
half-dozen pages2 you have all that is  
for you in those pages1 and saved your  
time for a page that you can not finish 
in fifteen minutes or half an hour4 ,it 
is often the case that when out of a    
book of three hundred pages you have    
read forty pages of it studiously1 you  
have the essence of that book4  ,there  
are very few men who can write a book1  
every page of which is worth the        
concentrated attention of the average   
reader4 ,many a book that costs one     
dollar and a half contains only a       
half-dollar's worth4 ,learn to find and 

make your own that half-dollar's worth4 
,it may be well occasionally in a local 
circle for one member to read a chapter1
 or paragraph1 or section1 of one1 two1 
three1 four1 or more pages1 and let the 
rest listen1 noting every word1 watching
 his pronunciation1 or trying to take in
 all that they can while he reads4 ,the 
habit of attention while another reads  
may be more profitable than reading for 
oneself4 ,when the page has been read in
 the hearing of the other two1 if the   
circle be a triangle1 or the other      
twenty1 if the circle be a very large   
circle1 then let one1 two1 or three1 as 
many as you have time to hear1 try to   
repeat the substance of what was read4  
,we had at ,island ,park the other day  
in a round-table conference1 a very     
interesting exercise of that kind4 ,i   
took up a book1 the newest and last--it 
was ,hatton's account of a trip through 
,america4 ,i read to them a page of     
that4 ,i read it so rapidly that it was 
almost impossible for anybody to follow 

me4 ,they heard me4 ,i pronounced every 
word distinctly1 but read as rapidly as 
,i could4 ,and there was precious little
 to recall4 ,and then ,i read another   
part of the book very slowly4 ,there    
were a great many dates in it4 ,it was  
an account of the settlement of ,kansas1
 and the growth of ,kansas and          
,missouri1 and the settlement of        
,nebraska4 ,i read the figures slowly1  
but did not repeat4 ,when ,i finished ,i
 closed the book1 and then recalled     
through the class the substance of what 
,i had read4 ,it was very gratifying to 
find how much they could remember1 and  
to me it was very gratifying to see how 
many forgot dates1 and it was           
exceedingly gratifying to find one old  
,presbyterian minister1 whose life      
certainly was not a failure1 able to    
remember all the figures1 and he felt   
very much gratified4 ,now1 an exercise  
of that kind will do good to everybody  
in the class1 the reader doing his best 
to give to all the rest a few facts for 

recollection1 and the listeners trying  
to recall4 ,and what one fails to       
recall1 the others recall1 and at last  
you get out of a class of ten or twenty 
the substance of all that was read in   
the hearing of all the members4         
,sometimes the reading for the next week
 or month may be anticipated in a little
 class4 ,we are1 for example1 to read a 
certain chapter this week from          
,timayenis's ,greek ,history4 8,now1 as 
,i have read that chapter10 says the    
leader1 or one of the members1 8,i find 
general great ideas1 or periods1 or     
points4 ,they are as follows30 ,now1 no 
one but himself has read that chapter4  
,he gives them the general great        
thoughts1 or centers1 of that chapter or
 book1 which they are to read the coming
 week4 ,all the members going from that 
local circle will take up that chapter  
and read it that week with greater      
profit than if they had not enjoyed the 
preview4 ,in the same way have a review 
of the reading of the last week4 ,get   

members to read with thoughtfulness1 and
 with the intention of presenting again 
what they read4 ,when ,i read up for    
entertainment1 ,i read rapidly and with 
fifty per cent4 of my attention4 ,when  
,i read up with a view of reinforcing my
 position1 or preparing myself for a    
discussion of a subject1 ,i read with   
one hundred per cent4 of my attention4  
,when people read because it must be    
read1 they will read it in one way4     
,when people read for the sake of       
telling it again1 they read it another  
way1 and that other way is the way to   
read4 ,laughter4 ,and the local circle  
encouraging the habit of expression1    
whether in writing or otherwise at the  
time1 will promote attention in reading4
  ,once in awhile in a local circle1 one
 may read as an illustration of the most
 profitable way of personal and private 
reading4 ,for example1 let ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 
take two pages of ,timayenis's ,greek1  
or of the little book on ,geology1 and  
let him read two pages1 stopping and    

talking to himself aloud1 as he would if
 alone4 ,he finds a word that he does   
not understand4 ,he says1 8,i do not    
know the meaning of that word4 ,i think 
it has some reference to so and so40 ,he
 turns to his dictionary and finds out  
what it means4 ,he finds a classical    
allusion and says1 8,i do not think ,i  
can tell what it means1 or how to       
pronounce that word4 ,i must look in the
 dictionary4 ,here is an obscure thought
 ,i can not fully understand40 ,and he  
reads it over4 ,when a thoughtful man or
 woman has read through one page of a   
book in that way1 revealing all his     
thoughts and processes while he reads1  
he helps other people to read           
intelligently1 slowly1 thoughtfully1 and
 they learn the art of reading alone    
with a mastery of the attention4 ,there 
might also be five minute synopses of   
the book4 ,divide a book that has been  
read into periods or sections4 ,miss ,a4
 gives a five-minute synopsis of a      
certain period1 ,miss ,b4 another1 ,miss

 ,c4 another4 ,this review helps        
everybody to remember4  ,i think it     
would be a very good plan for each      
member of a local circle to mark in his 
book passages which most impress him4 ,i
 never read a book which ,i own1 and    
never a book owned by a friend of mine1 
whom ,i know with a tolerable degree of 
intimacy1 without marking it4 ,i have   
marked the passages that impressed me in
 every book in my library which ,i have 
read4 ,when ,i mark a book the passages 
marked are the things in that book that 
belong to me4 ,i can re-read it in a    
very short time4 ,i believe there is a  
strange law of mental affinity1 by which
 a soul takes hold of the thoughts in a 
book that are for him4 ,i believe if the
 members were some evening to bring     
their books1 were to have the marked    
passages read1 on given pages1 the      
comparison1 the variety and the         
repetition would all make the exercise  
extremely interesting and profitable4   
,have you additional hints to give about

 reading in our local circles to profit8
 ,let me hear from you now4  ,,mr4      
,,martin3 ,how are we to examine the    
dictionary when the scheme of the first 
two months of the next year in the      
required time allows only two minutes to
 the page8  ,a ,,voice3 ,let them take  
more time4  ,,dr4 ,,vincent3 ,mr4       
,martin1 will you read to me the books  
that are required from this list8  ,,mr4
 ,,martin3 ,the ,historical ,course of  
,timayenis1 parts #c1 #d1 and #e4  ,,dr4
 ,,vincent3 ,you have two months for    
that2 #abe to #chj4 ,what next8  ,,mr4  
,,martin3 8,chautauqua ,text-book of    
,greek ,history10' and 8,geology0 by    
,packard4 ,the remaining reading for    
,october and ,november is to be         
published in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,you  
see that more than half is in ,,the     
,,chautauquan4  ,,dr4 ,,vincent3 ,that  
is an estimate of ,dr4 ,flood for some  
other year4  ,,mr4 ,,martin3 ,it is     
published in this article4  ,,dr4       
,,vincent3 ,it may be that during the   

year there will be as much in ,,the     
,,chautauquan as in all the books for   
the year1 but ,i am very doubtful if you
 will double the reading for ,october   
and ,november in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,i
 say that in a local circle one may     
examine all the classical allusions1 one
 may examine all the difficult words1 or
 a committee may be appointed for that  
purpose1 and you can economize time by a
 division of labor4 ,that is one of the 
benefits of local circles4 ,how many    
pages of required reading in ,,the      
,,chautauquan8  ,a ,,voice3 ,about      
thirty4  ,,dr4 ,,vincent3 ,about sixty  
pages1 then1 in ,october and ,november4 
,now for ,december4 ,what are we to read
 during that month8  ,,mr4 ,,martin3    
,the 8,preparatory ,greek ,course in    
,english40 ,that is to be read in       
,december and ,january1 with ,,the      
,,chautauquan for these two months4     
,,dr4 ,,vincent3 ,february8  ,,mr4      
,,martin3 ,warren's 8,astronomy10 and   
his little text-book on the stars4 ,that

 extends over two months1 ,february and 
,march1 and for ,april we have the      
,hampton ,tracts4  ,,dr4 ,,vincent3     
,they are very small1 and can be read in
 an hour4 ,go on4  ,,mr4 ,,martin3 ,in  
,may is 8,evangeline20 in ,june you have
 nothing but the little ,chautauqua     
,text-book on ,china4  ,,dr4 ,,vincent3 
,that is all4 ,my friends1 we do not    
have a very difficult course for the    
next year4 ,you will have plenty of time
 to examine the difficult points4  ,,mr4
 ,,martin3 ,i only asked the question   
for ,october and ,november4  ,,dr4      
,,vincent3 ,it may be a little more     
difficult in ,october and ,november4    
,,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,foster3 ,suppose a     
person with plenty of time can take the 
four years in three years1 have you any 
objection8  ,,dr4 ,,vincent3 ,there is a
 little objection4 ,we prefer to occupy 
the time with the four years1 because   
there are so many studies possible4 ,let
 the person who has so much time take   
the special courses and thus make the   

diploma at the end of the four years so 
much more valuable4 ,i do not like to   
crowd the four years into three4 ,there 
have been a few cases in which that has 
been done4  ,a ,,voice3 ,can a graduate 
of #ahhb commence and take the course   
over again8  ,,dr4 ,,vincent3 ,yes1 sir4
 ,i hope the most of them will1 and get 
a white crystal seal on the diploma     
every year1 reading a certain part of   
the books1 not all of them4 ,the current
 course is prescribed in the circle4  ,a
 ,,voice3 ,if the '#hbs come on as      
rapidly for the four years to come as in
 the four years past1 where will we be  
then8 ,laughter4  ,,dr4 ,,vincent3      
,nearer heaven4 ,laughter4 ,you will    
have1 for example1 this admirable       
history of ,greece in two volumes4 ,you 
will have this series of four books in  
,latin and ,greek4 ,and what delights me
 is that the college people are charmed 
with this 8,preparatory ,greek ,course  
in ,english40 ,it is a marvelous book4  
,i did not write it4 ,a scholarly man1  

who examined it the other day1 said1    
8,why1 every boy who goes to college    
should read that before he goes40 ,there
 is the substance of all that the boy   
studies in the grammar school and       
preparatory school before he enters     
college2 there it is all in ,english1   
and in a more available form than that  
in which the boy gets it4 ,i do not mean
 to say that you have more than the boy4
 ,he secures the mental drill and a     
foundation of linguistic knowledge4 ,he 
gets what you can not get1 but you      
secure an intelligent view of the       
college world through which he passes as
 a student of ,greek4 ,the questions for
 further study1 published in ,,the      
,,chautauquan1 were of much value in our
 local circles4 ,can we have something  
like it next year8 ,those who request   
,dr4 ,flood to make arrangements for the
 publication in ,,the ,,chautauquan of a
 series of questions for further study1 
raise your hands4 ,down4 ,best raise    
them in a numerous request4  ,,written  

,,question3 ,is a new four years' course
 to commence now8  ,,dr4 ,,vincent3 ,the
 new four years' course is the old four 
years' course revised1 and with many    
modifications4 ,we take astronomy1 the  
same text-book somewhat revised4 ,we    
take ,english history with not so much  
attention to it4 ,we took a little      
,greek history before1 too2 now we take 
a good deal of ,greek4  ,,written       
,,question3 ,if one has read the four   
years' course and sent in only the first
 year's papers1 but has all the other   
papers partly made out1 what will that  
person do8  ,,dr4 ,,vincent3 ,send in1  
as you ought to have done1 that little  
two-page slip1 giving all the books you 
have read1 answer 8,r0 or 8,e40 ,persons
 having done that will meet the         
requirements of the ,circle4 ,this paper
 we sent to every member of the class of
 '#hb1 for testimony concerning the     
amount of reading that has been done4 ,i
 do hope that representative local      
circles will supply themselves with     

these geological charts1 which are so   
admirable for use in local circles1 in  
,sunday-schools1 in lecture rooms1 and  
at home4 ,indeed1 they are a good thing 
to have about the house for a private   
family4 ,with this book in hand the     
mother may be a lecturer in geology1 and
 have the pictures to represent these   
matters4 ,i hope we can encourage the   
publishers of the geological charts1 who
 went to great expense in the           
preparation of these1 so that we can    
have other charts in the other matters4 
,a ,,voice3 ,can a person who has not   
taken the regular course take up any    
special course and receive a            
certificate8  ,,dr4 ,,vincent3 ,persons 
who have never taken the regular course 
may take any special course and receive 
a certificate to that fact1 but they    
will miss the circles1 and the ,hall in 
the ,grove1 and the arches1 and the     
central office4  ,,footnote3  ,i ,sixth 
,round-,table1 held in the ,hall of     
,philosophy1 ,august #aj1 #ahhb4        

,,the ,,study ,,of ,,french4  ,by       
,,prof4 ,a4 ,,lalande1 ,,professor ,,of 
,,french ,,in ,,the ,,chautauqua        
,,school ,,of ,,languages4   ,from the  
beginning ,i have followed as           
scrupulously as possible the most       
natural method of teaching1 and ,i      
propose to continue this method in the  
,school of ,languages at ,chautauqua4   
,at the same time ,i desire to unite    
with my system of teaching a new manner 
of studying the ,french language1 to    
which ,i call the attention of the      
curious and intelligent public which    
meets every year in our schools4  ,i    
will assemble every day in my class-room
 those who do not know a word of ,french
 and those who have already studied     
,french1 but who can not yet speak it4  
,we will read together either a part of 
a fable from ,la ,fontaine1 or a few    
lines from some other well-known ,french
 author4  ,in the beginning ,i will     
translate the passage literally1 then   
after being quite certain that each word

 is thoroughly understood1 we will read 
together the text1 slowly at first1     
syllable by syllable1 and then more     
rapidly1 uniting the words and giving to
 them the musical cadence peculiar to   
the ,french tongue4 ,afterward ,i will  
question the scholars in ,french upon   
the lesson4  ,each day the scholars will
 read the same fable or the same        
passage1 until the pronunciation is     
good1 and commit a few lines to memory1 
not1 however1 before they are able to   
give the passage that harmony which can 
only come from a page well understood4  
,these recitations 7which are essential7
 will not only strengthen the memory1   
but will teach them the grammar and     
dictionary of the ,french language1 at  
the same time familiarizing them with   
the best authors4  ,if after a few weeks
 they commit to memory several fables   
and pages from our great writers1 they  
ought to gradually become able to read  
and understand without the aid of the   
teacher's translation4  ,will ,i        

succeed8  ,time will show1 but failure  
is hardly possible when one is inspired 
by the spirit which reigns at           
,chautauqua1 and encouraged by a public 
as intelligent as that which assembles  
in our schools4  ,one can scarcely be   
insensible of the advantages derived    
from the study of ,french4 ,from the    
early medival ages it has been the      
language of poetry and refinement1 and  
one can scarcely lay claim to a finished
 education unless familiar with this    
tongue4  ,too much can not well be said 
in its favor1 as it is not only a polite
 and musical language1 but a familiarity
 with its great authors will open an    
avenue of the highest enjoyment to      
students of good literature2 for it is a
 well-known fact that the beauties of   
any language are lost by translation4   
,,editor',s ,,outlook4   ,the ,c4 ,l4   
,s4 ,c4 as a ,substitute for the ,public
 ,library4  ,reading in a desultory     
manner1 without system1 plan1 or        
purpose1 as is the habit of many people 

who patronize public libraries1 is      
productive of but little benefit4 ,one  
may go through many volumes1 and acquire
 much information1 but it will be in a  
crude1 unsystematic state1 and can not  
be utilized in many practical ways4 ,in 
public libraries the people are almost  
wholly devoted to reading works of      
fiction4 ,this is the testimony of      
librarians4 ,its truthfulness may also  
be seen by any one who will casually    
examine the books of any library open to
 the public4 ,works of fiction bear the 
marks of almost constant perusal1 while 
the standard works of history1 science1 
philosophy and literature show signs of 
but little use and remain uncalled for  
upon the shelves for weeks at a time4   
,the constant reading of fiction is     
deleterious in the extreme1 as it not   
only gives the individual addicted to it
 false and distorted views of life1 but 
it is also sure to render the mind unfit
 for the consideration of all serious   
and weighty subjects1 and begets a      

distaste for solid reading of any and   
every kind4  ,in many respects the ,c4  
,l4 ,s4 ,c4 is a great improvement on   
the reading-room or the public library1 
and may prove1 in a good degree1 a      
valuable substitute for both4 ,there can
 be little doubt but that the time spent
 in reading the course prescribed for   
its members will be productive of much  
better results than if given up to      
reading in a hap-hazard manner4 ,the    
increased advantages to be obtained may 
be briefly summed up as follows3  ,in   
the first place1 the books prescribed in
 the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 course of study    
have been selected after the most       
careful consideration by persons well   
qualified for the task4 ,a number of the
 works have been prepared expressly for 
the use of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 and are 
models of compactness1 brevity and      
style4 ,the course of study is not      
confined to any one department of       
literature1 but comprises works of      
history1 and science1 philosophy and    

poetry1 and a wide range of literature  
and topics of general interest4 ,works  
of fiction are reduced to a minimum1 and
 those admitted to the course are       
unobjectionable both in character and   
matter4  ,second--,the course of reading
 is pursued in a methodical and orderly 
manner4 ,a portion of each day is to be 
set apart for the required reading1 and 
though the allotted time is brief1 it is
 sufficient to secure habits of         
systematic study4 ,a regular plan is    
insisted upon4 ,each work is to be read 
in the order assigned to it and written 
examinations are conducted on the       
portions read4 ,thus the evils resulting
 from careless and desultory methods of 
reading are counteracted and wholesome  
and systematic habits of study are      
inculcated4  ,third--,the solitary      
reader often finds his task monotonous  
and tiresome1 and at times his perusal  
of books is unproductive because his    
faculties are not aroused to their      
highest state of action4 ,but in the ,c4

 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 such a condition of things 
is largely avoided4 ,a number of persons
 in common pursue the same course of    
reading1 with frequent meetings for     
conversation concerning the books and   
topics under consideration4 ,by this    
means they are afforded frequent        
opportunities for mutual interchange of 
ideas on the subjects to which their    
minds are simultaneously directed and   
they are thus stimulated to greater     
mental activity1 and their work is freed
 from all tedium and weariness4 ,while  
the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 has many benefits to
 offer to people in cities and large    
towns1 even though they may possess the 
advantages of reading-rooms1 libraries  
and lecture courses1 it is of especial  
profit to those who dwell in small towns
 and in the rural districts4 ,in but few
 of such communities are libraries of   
any kind to be found1 and means for     
self-culture are often meagre in the    
extreme4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 offers a  
course of reading adapted to their      

wants4 ,it is extensive and yet not     
costly1 and may be pursued by the       
busiest men and women if they are only  
economical of time4  ,let any one who   
sighs for the advantages to be derived  
from reading-rooms1 enter upon the      
studies prescribed for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4  
,c41 and at the end of his four years'  
course1 compare notes with any one who  
has spent his leisure in that kind of   
reading that is common in public        
libraries1 and he will find he has made 
great gain4   8,dr4 ,grimshawe's        
,secret40  ,nathaniel ,hawthorne was1   
without doubt1 the most powerful writer 
in the field of romance which our       
country has produced4 ,his fame was of  
slow growth1 but as the years have      
passed it has been continually swelling 
and widening1 and his name is certain to
 long hold a foremost place in ,american
 literature4 ,he lived long enough to   
see some recognition of his genius1 but 
since his death1 in #ahfd1 he has been  
read and praised as he never was in his 

life4 ,various editions of his works    
have been published1 and whatever       
products of his pen1 not published in   
his life-time1 from time to time have   
come to light1 have been put into print 
and have been eagerly read4 ,undoubtedly
 much1 if not all1 of the posthumous    
,hawthorne literature would never have  
been given to the public if his own     
wishes had been carried out4 ,his shy   
and sensitive nature is well known4 ,it 
could not have been grateful to him to  
have his personality brought before the 
world as it has been since his death4   
,it was his request that his life should
 not be written1 but already there are  
no less than four ,hawthorne            
biographies1 and two more are in        
preparation4 ,and who doubts that if he 
could have foreseen the publication of  
the notes1 fragments1 and studies for   
stories which were written simply as    
memoranda1 suggestions and helps to be  
used in the preparation of his works1 he
 would have taken good care that they   

should not be left behind him8 ,no      
writer ever elaborated his works with   
greater care4 ,each story which he      
himself gave to the world is perfect in 
style1 and a finished work of art4 ,and 
to have such crude and hasty work made  
into books1 as much published with his  
name since his death is1 is almost      
enough to cause this exquisite literary 
artist to turn in his grave4  ,soon     
after ,hawthorne's death the opening    
chapters of 8,the ,dolliver             
,romance10--a story which he left       
unfinished--were published4 ,later came 
the publication of his 8,american ,note 
,books10 8,english ,note ,books10 and   
8,french and ,italian ,note ,books40 ,in
 #ahgb the story 8,septimius ,felton1 or
 the ,elixir of ,life10 which had been  
found among his manuscripts1 was edited 
by his daughter and published4 ,it seems
 quite clear that it was ,hawthorne's   
intention to merge this story in 8,the  
,dolliver ,romance10 and that1 if he had
 lived to complete the latter work1 no  

8,septimius ,felton0 would ever have    
seen the light4 ,but this was not the   
last of the fragmentary work of this    
author which the world was to see4 ,not 
long since it was announced that another
 work from ,hawthorne's pen had been    
found1 and would be published4 ,we now  
have it--8,dr4 ,grimshawe's ,secret40   
,recently1 also1 ,the ,atlantic ,monthly
 and ,the ,century have given us1 under 
the titles1 8,the ,ancestral ,footstep10
 and 8,a ,look ,into ,hawthorne's       
,workshop10 certain ,hawthorne fragments
 in which this story is sketched4 ,and  
the question now for the critics to     
decide is whether in 8,dr4 ,grimshawe's 
,secret0 we have the fulfillment of the 
studies in these fragments1 or whether  
this published story is itself but a    
sketch and study1 to be fulfilled with  
the others in a romance which was long  
germinating in the great author's mind1 
but which death came too soon for him to
 execute4 ,certainly 8,dr4 ,grimshawe's 
,secret0 ,hawthorne himself would never 

have published as it is4 ,it is no      
finished work of his own4 ,there has    
been incredulity on the part of some as 
to his having written any part of it4   
,but it is in part his work1 clearly    
enough2 and how much of it is his and   
how much the editor's--who is his son1  
,julian ,hawthorne--readers must        
conjecture for themselves4 ,when asked  
to take this as substantially a complete
 work of ,nathaniel ,hawthorne's1 we    
decline4 ,evidently it is not so4 ,his  
hand of power is seen in it at times1   
but it is very unequal1 and as a whole  
it is unsatisfactory4  ,we have not the 
space to give an analysis of the book4  
,it will be widely read4 ,of the lovers 
of ,hawthorne the name is legion1 and   
nothing to which his name is attached is
 likely to be passed by unnoticed4 ,but 
that it can add nothing to his fame goes
 without saying4 ,indeed1 if it could be
 believed that it is really ,hawthorne's
 work1 that he wrote it as a whole1 to  
publish substantially as it is1 it might

 have the opposite effect4 ,but it will 
doubtless be very generally regarded as 
one among the many posthumous ,hawthorne
 fragments4 ,a much more powerful story 
than 8,dr4 ,grimshawe's ,secret10 as we 
have it1 was struggling in the brain of 
this rare literary genius1 and in the   
course of time would have come forth had
 not death stepped in with the          
inevitable summons4 ,for this unwritten 
romance1 what we have been reading in   
the magazines1 and what we have in this 
recent book1 were but the studies4      
,these various ,hawthorne fragments are 
interesting1 as showing his methods of  
work1 but again we say he would not have
 wished them published4   ,the ,joseph  
,cook ,lectureship4  ,the seventh annual
 course of the ,boston ,monday          
,lectureship by ,rev4 ,joseph ,cook is  
once more in progress4 ,the whole number
 delivered by the lecturer from this    
platform has reached1 up to this date1  
the remarkable count of one hundred and 
fifty-four4 ,add to these the preludes1 

each of which is a lecture in itself1   
upon the most vital and interesting     
questions of the times1 and we have an  
aggregate of twice the original number4 
,it is with unabated interest and       
delight that the vast audience of       
readers of these lectures resumes their 
perusal4 ,it is1 perhaps1 not too much  
to say that no platform or pulpit has so
 vast or so intelligent an auditory4    
,before and during ,mr4 ,cook's recent  
absence he was subjected to the rigid1  
and sometimes personal1 criticism of the
 free-thinking and rationalistic        
critics1 but he returns to find his old 
audience already in their pews waiting  
to receive the riches of thought and    
criticism which he has gathered and     
matured during his sojourn abroad4      
,these lectures by ,mr4 ,cook are       
reassuring in many ways1 in nothing1    
perhaps1 more than in the evidence they 
furnish of the interest which the masses
 feel in orthodox ,christianity4 ,if the
 croakers1 who moan and groan at the    

prospect of an expiring faith in the    
,gospel of ,christ1 will take the       
trouble to compare the numbers and      
character of the readers of these       
lectures with the same of those who read
 the scoffing and infidel publications  
of the day1 they will feel better4 ,and 
besides those who read and ponder for   
themselves1 and profit by the thoughts  
and facts announced from this platform1 
there are many pulpits to which they are
 a sort of tonic1 stimulating to greater
 faith and reliance1 in public teaching1
 on the old truths and methods of the   
,gospel4  ,mr4 ,cook's lectures give    
evidence of indefatigable industry aided
 by marvelous powers of memory4 ,though 
scarcely reached the prime of life as   
measured by years1 he has traversed the 
field of thought and investigation as   
few men in a whole lifetime have done1  
and has brought with him the facts and  
conclusions which he has found1 all     
classified and subject to his command4  
,an omnivorous reader1 he is the largest

 living library in the world1 and       
thoroughly indexed almost to the page   
and line4 ,all these conditions of      
fitness and qualification for the work  
are supplemented by the genius and      
qualities of the orator4 ,as such1 ,mr4 
,cook is entitled to the foremost rank4 
,magnetism1 rhetoric1 voice1 physique1  
strength1 striking metaphor1 apt and    
classic illustration1 all in a high     
degree are possessed by this colossus of
 the platform4  ,many of our readers    
have had the pleasure of seeing and     
hearing him at ,chautauqua4 ,they will  
be glad to know that he will stand again
 in the ,amphitheater the coming summer4
   ,gustave ,dor4  ,this celebrated     
,french artist died at his home in      
,paris ,january #bc4 ,his illness was   
very brief1 and his death entirely      
unexpected4 ,he was cut down in the     
midst of his years1 having just passed  
his fiftieth birthday4 ,his life was one
 of remarkable industry4 ,no busier     
pencil than his was ever stopped by the 

hand of death4  ,he was born at         
,strasburg1 ,january #f1 #ahcc1 and came
 to ,paris while very young1 where he   
received his education4 ,he began his   
work as an artist in boyhood1 furnishing
 designs at first for cheap illustrated 
books and papers4 ,when he was about    
fifteen years of age1 some of his pen   
and ink sketches and paintings were put 
on exhibition at the ,salon4 ,not long  
after he had gained a reputation and did
 not want for abundance of remunerative 
employment4  ,dor was designer1 painter1
 etcher1 and sculptor1 all4 ,it is said 
that he made nearly #ej1jjj different   
designs during his life2 and some one   
has estimated that all his works of     
different kinds1 placed in line1 would  
reach from ,paris to ,lyons4  ,it was as
 a designer that he was most successful 
and popular4 ,his illustrations of 8,the
 ,wandering ,jew0--first published in   
#ahef--made him famous the world over4  
,it is the judgment of critics that     
these illustrations he never excelled4  

,he began at his best1 it has been      
remarked4 ,some of his first important  
works were equal to any he ever         
executed4 ,among other books which he   
illustrated1 may be mentioned1          
,rabelais1 ,montaigne's 8,journal10     
,taine's 8,voyage aux ,pyrenees10       
,dante's works1 ,chateaubriand's        
8,atala10 8,don ,quixote10 8,paradise   
,lost10 the ,bible1 ,tennyson's 8,idyls 
of the ,king10 ,la ,fontaine's          
8,fables10 and ,coleridge's 8,ancient   
,mariner40 ,for some time before his    
death he was engaged in illustrating    
,shakspere1 and it is understood that   
,harper and ,brothers will shortly issue
 an edition of ,poe's 8,raven10 with    
illustrations of his designing4 ,among  
,dor's many paintings1 his 8,christ     
leaving the ,prtorium0--which measures  
thirty feet by twenty--and 8,entrance of
 ,christ into ,jerusalem0--also a       
colossal picture--are perhaps the most  
celebrated4 ,of the latter it has been  
said that over it 8the critics smiled   

and ,christians wept40 ,other of his    
well-known pictures are 8,the ,triumph  
of ,christianity10 8,the ,neophyte10    
8,the ,gambling ,hall at ,baden-,baden10
 and 8,the ,rebel ,angels ,cast ,down40 
,dor was the most popular of modern     
designers4 ,his illustrations1 original1
 weird1 grotesque1 have gone all over   
the world4 ,they are found in every     
library4 ,the people enjoyed his work1  
and publishers eagerly sought it4 ,he   
believed in himself1 labored hard for   
wealth and fame1 and was very           
successful4 ,like many artists1 he      
struggled with poverty at the first1 but
 the time came when all luxury was his  
to command and his name was a household 
word in every land4 ,it mattered little 
to him what the work was upon which he  
employed his powers1 if it only brought 
returns in money and applause4 ,we see  
him at one time illustrating the filthy 
8,contes ,drolatiques0 and at another   
the ,holy ,bible4 ,but a true estimate  
of this man of splendid gifts and       

wonderful versatility does not put him  
in the rank of great artists4 ,perhaps1 
if in quantity his work had been less1  
in quality it would have been better4   
,he succeeded in the beginning1 and that
 may have been unfortunate4 ,he was     
always very well satisfied with his     
work1 and he failed to improve upon     
himself4 ,those who study him in his    
works see possibilities in him which    
were never realized4 ,he produced       
nothing great in art which will live as 
a monument to his genius4 ,a great      
painting was what he always intended to 
execute1 but he died with the purpose   
unfulfilled4 ,the contrast between      
,millet and ,dor has been remarked4 ,the
 former was devoted to art from motives 
high and noble1 while the other's       
devotion was for the sake of what he    
could make art pay him in money and     
fame4 ,he gained his ends1 but it was in
 his power to do better1 and his career 
after all was not a success4            
,personally ,dor was frank and simple1  

and at times--with his intimate         
friends--full of geniality4 ,he had no  
affectation1 and was as ready as a child
 to speak his mind about himself or     
others4 ,he was sensitive to criticism1 
but the opinion of others never changed 
his own good opinion of himself4 ,he was
 a man of moods4 ,he said of himself    
that sometimes he was mastered by a     
demon4 ,he had fits of melancholy and   
gloom which nothing could banish4 ,but  
at other times no one was more          
delightful as a companion4 ,he never    
married1 but lived at his mother's house
 in the ,rue ,st4 ,dominique1 ,st4      
,germain4 ,here he had a small studio1  
but in the ,rue ,bayard he had another  
larger one which perhaps was the finest 
in ,paris4 ,among his many              
accomplishments was that of music4 ,he  
sang well1 and played on a number of    
musical instruments4 ,he was not a      
society man1 and spent but little time  
away from home4 ,his passion was for    
work1 and with this thirty-five years of

 his life were well filled4 ,early and  
late he labored1 and with astonishing   
rapidity4 ,but his last picture is      
painted1 his last design made2 and the  
things unseen and eternal1 in picturing 
which his pencil was sometimes employed1
 have now become to him things seen and 
known4     ,,editor',s ,,note-,,book4   
,john ,bright's sister1 ,mrs4 ,margaret 
,b4 ,lucas1 said at a temperance meeting
 that women are the greatest sufferers  
by drink1 and the hardest to convince as
 to the necessity of total abstinence4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,the business interests of the ,hotel   
,athenum1 at ,chautauqua1 will receive  
special attention among ,southern people
 from ,mr4 ,a4 ,k4 ,warren1 who is1 with
 his wife1 visiting a number of         
,southern ,states during ,february and  
,march4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,the ,new ,york ,herald    
speaks of official titles in this way3  
8,governor ,pattison1 of ,pennsylvania1 
is reported as requesting that the title

 #8,his ,excellency' may be discontinued
 in his instance1 it being a mere title 
of courtesy without legal sanction4 ,the
 governor is correct4 ,there is but one 
,state in the ,union which has          
established titles by law for its chief 
executive officers4 ,that is the ,state 
of ,massachusetts1 whose constitution   
was adopted several years prior to the  
framing of the ,constitution of the     
,united ,states1 and provides that the  
governor shall be entitled #8,his       
,excellency1' and the                   
lieutenant-governor #8,his ,honor4'0    
99       99       99       99       99  
,prof4 ,a4 ,lalande1 teacher of ,french 
in the ,chautauqua ,school of           
,languages1 is ready to furnish any     
person by correspondence with any       
information they desire about the       
department of ,french in the ,chautauqua
 ,school1 how to begin ,french1 how to  
study at home1 what books to read1 etc4 
,his address is #ajad ,second ,street1  
,louisville1 ,ky4         99       99   

99       99       99  ,a friend in      
,canada writes3 8,tell the readers of   
your magazine that ,new ,brunswick and  
,nova ,scotia have formed a part of     
,canada ever since ,july #a1 #ahgg1 and 
that they are not separate provinces40  
99       99       99       99       99  
,in this number of ,,the ,,chautauquan  
we commence to publish a series of ,c4  
,l4 ,s4 ,c4 songs set to music4 ,they   
may be used to enliven the sessions of  
local circles1 and in the home their    
weird strains will carry the lovers of  
music in memory to the shores of our    
much-loved ,chautauqua ,lake4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,the required readings in 8,english     
,literature10 for ,march1 will be found 
on pages #cag and #cah of this number of
 ,,the ,,chautauquan4 8,practice and    
,habit10 by ,john ,locke2 8,thoughts and
 ,aphorisms10 by ,jonathan ,swift4 ,in  
the introductory note1 the types say    
8,english ,history0--it should be       
,english ,literature4 ,the readings on  

,astronomy1 page #cai1 8,the ,comet     
,that ,came ,but ,once10 is a very fine 
article by ,e4 ,w4 ,maunder4         99 
99       99       99       99  ,the     
widow of ,general 8,stonewall0 ,jackson 
and her daughter1 a young lady of       
nineteen1 now reside at ,cleveland1 ,o4 
,mrs4 ,jackson left the ,south because  
she was there compelled to mingle with  
society1 and could not find the         
retirement and rest that her health     
demanded4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,the ,guardian1 an ,english
 religious journal1 publishes the       
following lines 8,on ,bishop ,benson's  
,elevation0 to the see of ,canterbury4  
,they are signed ,charles ,wordsworth1  
,bishop of ,st4 ,andrew's3      ,as     
,abram's name to ,abraham1     ,in      
earnest of undying fame1       ,was     
changed by voice from heaven1     ,so1  
raised to the ,primatial ,throne1       
,may ,benson turn to ,benison1          
,proclaim henceforth in richest boon    
,blessing received and given4         99

       99       99       99       99    
,the latest attempt to organize a       
,sunday-school ,assembly is in the      
,southern ,states4 ,the place is        
,monteagle1 in ,grundy county1          
,tennessee1 on the top of ,cumberland   
,mountain4 ,the association own one     
hundred acres of land which is now being
 laid out by a competent landscape      
gardener4 ,the ,monteagle ,hotel1 with  
accommodations for five hundred guests1 
adjoins the grounds4 ,the ,assembly has 
been chartered under the laws of the    
,state of ,tennessee4 ,the board of     
management1 with ,r4 ,b4 ,peppard1      
,esq41 of ,georgia1 as president1 and   
,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,warren1 of ,tennessee1 as
 chairman of the executive committee1   
propose to hold their first assembly    
about the middle of next ,july4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,women are to be employed as clerks in  
the ,french post-offices1 beginning     
their operations in the ,money-order    
,department4         99       99        

99       99       99  8,whether we like 
the fact or not10 says an ,english      
journalist1 8a very large number of     
women have now to make their own way in 
life2 and surely it is only fair that if
 they must compete with men1 they shall 
receive in youth the kind of instruction
 which will prepare them for their      
future struggles40         99       99  
99       99       99  ,a ,washington    
correspondent of a ,new ,york paper     
makes this interesting comment on two   
prominent men3 8,one of the quaintest   
friendships in ,washington is that      
between ,generals ,sherman and          
,johnston4 ,the two ,generals hob-nob   
most amicably4 #8,and when ,i was       
pursuing ,joe ,johnston1 sir1 through   
,georgia1' says ,sherman1 whacking the  
table1 #8he made me pursue him on his   
own tactics1 sir6' ,general ,johnston is
 a handsome man1 with the old campaigner
 cropping out all over him4 ,he has a   
trim military figure1 and a smart       
military moustache1 and a quick military

 walk1 and a very military comprehension
 of the necessity of being on time on   
all occasions40         99       99     
99       99       99  ,the following    
note explains itself3 8,philadelphia1   
,pa4--,i regret to announce that the    
positive order of my physician to       
abandon for the present all literary    
work1 forces me reluctantly to          
discontinue my 8,journey ,around the    
,world0 with my ,chautauqua friends4    
,with assurances that ,i shall miss my  
monthly visit to your columns1 and best 
wishes for all the good work so nobly   
forwarded by your magazine1 ,i remain1  
very cordially yours1 ,mary ,lowe       
,dickinson40         99       99        
99       99       99  ,prof4 ,w4 ,f4    
,sherwin1 of ,cincinnati1 tarried with  
us an hour recently1 when we found him  
in a very hopeful frame of mind         
concerning the future of ,chautauqua4   
,we gleaned the following from his      
conversation about the musical part of  
the ,chautauqua program for #ahhc3      

,chautauqua ,college of ,music ,scheme  
for #ahhc3 ,musical ,directors1 ,prof4  
,w4 ,f4 ,sherwin1 ,cincinnati1 ,o42     
,prof4 ,c4 ,c4 ,case1 ,akron1 ,o4       
,departments3 7#a7 ,grand chorus1 7#b7  
,special class in ,english glees and    
madrigals1 7#c7 ,harmony1 7#d7 ,voice   
culture1 7#e7 ,elementary               
singing-school1 7#f7 ,children's class4 
,directors in charge3 ,july #ad to #bb1 
,w4 ,f4 ,sherwin2 ,july #bb to ,august  
#f1 ,c4 ,c4 ,case2 ,august #g to #ah1   
,w4 ,f4 ,sherwin2 ,august #ai to close  
of ,assembly1 ,c4 ,c4 ,case4 ,there will
 be occasional lectures and             
8conversations0 upon various topics of  
practical interest1 and the usual number
 of concerts1 matinees1 organ recitals1 
etc4 ,prof4 ,davis1 of ,oberlin         
,college1 is engaged as organist1 and he
 will be ably assisted in the           
instrumental department4 ,there will be 
a quartette of eminent soloists whose   
names will be announced in due time4    
,arrangements are in progress for a     

,reading ,circle which shall be to      
musical people what the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 
is to general literature4 ,the details  
of this are being arranged by ,prof4 ,e4
 ,e4 ,ayres1 of ,richmond1 ,va41 and    
will be published when complete4 ,on the
 whole it looks as if the ,musical      
,directors were determined to make that 
department superior to what it has ever 
been in the past1 and we hope that      
musical people will sustain their       
efforts4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,there will be a total     
eclipse of the sun on the #fth of ,may4 
,the astronomers are making arrangements
 to observe it on two little islands in 
the ,south ,pacific ,ocean4 ,an         
expedition is to be sent from this      
country to one of these islands1 and    
,french and ,english astronomers will   
also go there4 ,the principal objects   
are to obtain further knowledge of the  
strange surroundings of the sun1 which  
are ordinarily hidden in the            
overpowering blaze of his central globe1

 and to search for the planets which are
 supposed to exist between ,mercury and 
the sun4 ,the total eclipse will last   
nearly six minutes4 ,unfortunately1 the 
total phase can be observed only from   
two little islands in the ,south        
,pacific ,ocean4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,it is reported   
that ,dr4 ,benson1 the elect-,archbishop
 of ,canterbury1 recently had a long    
interview with ,general ,booth1 the     
leader of the ,salvation ,army1 and     
expressed himself as being in sympathy  
with that organization4 8,go on10 he    
said2 8do all the good you can2 get at  
the people4 ,we rejoice1 only we would  
like it to be done somehow or other in  
harmony and in unison with the ,church  
of ,england40         99       99       
99       99       99  ,in the list of   
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 graduates which appeared
 in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,february1  
the name of the ,rev4 ,caleb ,a4        
,malmsbury appears among the names from 
,ohio4 ,it should have been in the ,new 

,jersey column4 ,mary ,maddock1 of      
,ohio1 whose name did not appear in     
,february1 graduated with honor2 and the
 name of ,mary ,e4 ,w4 ,olmsted was     
among the honored ones from ,colorado4  
,her name should be in the ,ohio column4
 ,what a ,state ,ohio is1 in education1 
civil government1 etc6         99       
99       99       99       99  ,maria   
,louise ,henry1 in a recent number of   
,the ,atlantic ,monthly1 philosophizes  
on the works of ,thackeray and ,george  
,eliot in this way3 8,thackeray had no  
real desire to make men permanently     
dissatisfied with themselves1 or the    
world4 ,he held that the world was not a
 bad place to be born into1 provided one
 learned what not to expect from it1 and
 could find a way to accommodate one's  
self to one's place in it40 ,speaking of
 ,george ,eliot3 8,her creed is a kind  
of modern stoicism1 or stoicism plus    
certain modern ideas4 ,it must be       
admitted that such a creed has in it    
much of truth and nobleness4 ,the only  

life worth living is the life toward    
self1 of infinite aspiration1 and toward
 others of infinitely active compassion4
 ,she will not allow1 with ,thackeray1  
that we can strike an average of        
goodness1 and make ourselves content    
with that40         99       99       99
       99       99  ,for seven hundred  
years ,lambeth ,palace has been the     
,london residence of the ,archbishop of 
,canterbury4 ,it is surrounded by ten   
acres of beautiful grounds1 to which the
 poor of the neighborhood are admitted  
in large numbers by free season tickets1
 good throughout the year4         99   
99       99       99       99  ,the four
 monograms on the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4       
diploma represent the four grades of the
 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,first1 the ,s4 ,h4    
,g41 the 8,society of the ,hall in the  
,grove10 made up of all graduates who1  
having completed the four years' course 
of reading1 receive a diploma2 second1  
the ,o4 ,w4 ,s41 the 8,order of the     
,white ,seal10 to which all belong who  

have on their diplomas four white seals1
 or white crystal seals2 third1 the ,l4 
,t4 ,r41 the 8,league of the ,round     
,table20 all members who have on their  
diplomas seven seals1 whether white1    
white crystal1 or special1 become       
members of the 8,league of the ,round   
,table40 ,all who add to these seven1   
seven more seals1 become members of the 
,g4 ,s4 ,s41 the 8,guild of the ,seven  
,seals10 which is the highest grade in  
the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 and which is       
divided into degrees according to the   
number of additional seals4         99  
99       99       99       99  ,mr4 ,w4 
,w4 ,corcoran1 of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 
has made arrangements to bring the      
remains of ,john ,howard ,payne to      
,america4 ,he died in ,tunis1 in        
,northern ,africa4 ,how appropriate this
 kind deed of ,mr4 ,corcoran1 when we   
remember that ,mr4 ,payne was the author
 of that beautiful song1 8,home1 ,sweet 
,home40         99       99       99    
99       99  ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,vincent   

has engaged a number of eminent         
educators1 preachers and lecturers for  
the ,chautauqua program in #ahhc4 ,among
 them are ,joseph ,cook1 ,a4 ,g4        
,haygood1 ,d4,d41 ,c4 ,n4 ,sims1 ,d4,d41
 ,judge ,a4 ,tourgee1 ,prof4 ,j4 ,t4    
,edwards1 ,d4,d41 ,lyman ,abbott1       
,d4,d41 ,president ,seelye of ,amherst1 
,president ,angell of ,ann ,arbor1      
,president ,cummings of ,evanston1      
,ill41 ,president ,payne of ,delaware1  
,o41 ,president ,w4 ,f4 ,warren of      
,boston1 ,hon4 ,will ,cumback1 ,bishop  
,h4 ,w4 ,warren1 ,anthony ,comstock1    
,rev4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,buckley1 ,rev4 ,dr4 
,w4 ,f4 ,mallalieu1 ,prof4 ,cummock1    
,prof4 ,w4 ,c4 ,richards1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4  
,jewell1 ,miss ,frances ,e4 ,willard4   
,there will be a school of cookery in   
,july by ,mrs4 ,emma ,p4 ,ewing and     
,miss ,susan ,g4 ,blow of ,st4 ,louis1  
,mo4         99       99       99       
99       99  ,the members of the ,class 
of '#hb1 living in the vicinity of      
,cincinnati1 i4 e41 in ,southeastern    

,indiana1 ,northern ,kentucky1 and      
,southwestern ,ohio1 who wish to join1  
or receive information concerning the   
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,alumnal ,association1  
lately organized in ,cincinnati1 will   
please send their names and addresses to
 the president of the association1 ,mr4 
,john ,g4 ,o',connell1 #ejc ,eastern    
,avenue1 ,cincinnati1 or the secretary1 
,miss ,mary ,grafing1 #bae ,west ,front 
,street1 ,cincinnati4 ,the next meeting 
of the graduates will be held in ,march1
 and a very pleasant time is            
anticipated4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,two eminent men  
died in ,february3 ,the ,hon4 ,marshall 
,jewell1 of ,connecticut4 ,he had been  
governor of his ,state and ,postmaster  
,general4 ,the ,hon4 ,william ,e4 ,dodge
 7whose son is married to a daughter of 
,mr4 ,jewell7 died on the #aath of      
,february4 ,at his funeral the venerable
 ,dr4 ,mark ,hopkins paid this tribute  
to his memory3 8,i have no statistics at
 hand showing what are the gifts of the 

princes of ,europe for charitable       
objects4 ,so far as ,i know the gifts of
 our late friend were greater than those
 of princes1 not only in money1 but in  
personal devotion4 ,judged by the       
standard of service to ,god and his     
fellow man1 ,william ,e4 ,dodge was more
 than a prince among men40         99   
99       99       99       99  8,the    
,revival and ,after the ,revival40 ,this
 is a timely book4 ,it is designed for  
people who do not believe in revivals1  
for ministers and laymen1 young and old4
 ,the author1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4        
,vincent1 has taken the only tenable    
ground for the ,church to hold on       
revivals4 ,he discusses revivals on all 
sides1 from all standpoints1 in this    
little volume of seventy-four pages4    
,the sthetic1 and those who are         
indifferent to the demands of good taste
 in revivals should read it4 ,its       
circulation will tend to make revivals a
 more permanent blessing to the ,church4
 ,send for a copy to the publishers1    

,phillips  ,hunt1 #hje ,broadway1 ,new  
,york4         99       99       99     
99       99  ,there is a local circle of
 deaf-mutes in ,jacksonville1 ,ill4 ,the
 exercises are conducted by spelling on 
the fingers4 ,mr4 ,frank ,read1 editor  
of the ,deaf ,mute ,advance1 kindly sent
 us the report of this circle1 which    
will be found among 8,local ,circles40  
,if these fellow-,chautauquans conduct  
their circle and make it interesting and
 profitable without voice or hearing1   
should not thousands of others who are  
reading the same course with them1 find 
the sense of hearing and the use of     
nature's language invaluable helps in   
doing the work8 ,in our sanctum we wave 
our friends in ,jacksonville a genuine  
,chautauqua salute1 and bid them 8,god  
speed60         99       99       99    
99       99  ,it was a new role for the 
,rev4 ,dr4 ,talmage to be the chief     
figure in a theatrical poster on        
bill-boards last month in ,brooklyn1 ,n4
 ,y4 ,it is gratifying that the hand of 

,justice removed the caricatures1 and   
put an injunction on the managers and   
prevented the performance4 ,caricaturing
 good men and ,christian ministers is an
 old habit of artists4 ,in #aeag ,martin
 ,luther was represented by a ,german   
caricaturist in a miserable picture1    
entitled 8,luther ,inspired by ,satan20 
and ,john ,calvin was caricatured as    
being tied with ropes to a pillar and   
branded with an iron lily on the        
shoulder2 the name of the picture was   
8,calvin ,branded40 ,this picture was   
scattered all over ,france4 ,dr4        
,talmage is in good company1 even if he 
is caricatured more than any other      
clergyman in ,america4 8,blessed are ye 
when men shall reproach you1 and        
persecute you1 and say all manner of    
evil against you falsely for my sake10  
said ,jesus ,christ4     ,,editor',s    
,,table4      ,we solicit questions of  
interest to the readers of ,,the        
,,chautauquan to be answered in this    
department4 ,our space     does not     

always allow us to answer as rapidly as 
questions     reach us4 ,any relevant   
question will receive an answer in      
its turn4   ,q4 ,who was ,achilles8  ,a4
 ,achilles was the hero of ,homer's     
,iliad1 the son of ,peleus1 ,king of    
,thessaly1 and the sea-nymph1 ,thetis4  
,the poets feigned that his mother      
dipped him into the river ,styx to      
render him invulnerable1 and that he was
 vulnerable only in the heel by which   
she held him4 ,he was killed by ,paris1 
or1 as some say1 by ,apollo1 who shot   
him in the heel4  ,q4 ,is the cat       
considered1 by scientific men1 as a     
domestic animal8  ,a4 ,cat is the       
general name for animals of the genus   
felis1 which comprises about fifty      
different species4 ,the domestic cat is 
one of these species1 and is generally  
believed to have sprung from the        
,egyptian cat1 a native of the north of 
,africa4 ,this seems to be the only     
species that is generally employed in   
household economy4  ,q4 ,will ,,the     

,,chautauquan please recommend a        
dictionary that would be a help in      
pronouncing words found in the 8,history
 of ,greece80  ,a4 ,lippincott's        
,pronouncing ,biographical ,dictionary  
would be of service4 ,it is published by
 ,lippincott  ,co41 ,philadelphia4  ,q4 
,will ,,the ,,chautauquan please tell me
 where ,i can obtain photographs of the 
works of the old masters of art1 cabinet
 size8  ,a4 ,by sending a six-cent stamp
 to the ,soule ,photograph ,co41        
7successors to ,john ,p4 ,soule71 #cch  
,washington street1 ,boston1 ,mass41 a  
catalogue may be obtained of three      
thousand seven hundred subjects of      
unmounted photographs of ancient and    
modern works of art1 embracing          
reproductions of famous paintings1      
sculpture and architecture4  ,q4 ,what  
is the meaning and origin of 8red-letter
 day80  ,a4 ,in almanacs holidays and   
saints' days are printed in red ink1    
other days in black4 ,any day to be     
recalled with pleasure1 or a lucky day1 

may be styled a 8red-letter day40  ,q4  
,in addition to the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4     
course for this year ,i have taken the  
,white ,seal course4 ,where shall ,i    
send for my examination papers8  ,a4 ,to
 ,miss ,k4 ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1   
,n4 ,j4  ,q4 ,in ,wheatland's ,history  
it is stated that ,pompeii and and      
,herculaneum were ,greek cities4 ,were  
they not ,roman8  ,a4 ,they were both   
,roman cities1 situated in ,southern    
,italy at the base of ,mt4 ,vesuvius4   
,q4 ,will ,,the ,,chautauquan please    
give a little information concerning    
geodes8 ,i can only find a mere         
definition in the dictionaries at my    
command4  ,a4 ,a geode is a hollow shell
 of stone1 usually quartz1 lined with   
crystals pointing toward the center4    
,these crystals are generally of        
amethystine quartz1 agate or chalcedony4
 ,besides quartz crystals1 others of    
calcareous spar are sometimes found in  
the cavities of geodes4 ,some of the    
most remarkable specimens of quartz     

geodes are found loose in the low stages
 of water in the rapids of the ,upper   
,mississippi river4 ,on the outside they
 are rough and unsightly1 of a light    
brown color and of all sizes up to      
fifteen inches in diameter4  ,q4 ,in the
 ,november ,chautauquan ,whittier is    
credited with the authorship of the     
lines beginning 8,ah1 what would the    
world be to us if the children were no  
more80 ,is not that a mistake8  ,a4     
,yes4 ,the lines were written by        
,longfellow4  ,q4 ,will the ,editor's   
,table please tell where is the nearest 
local circle to ,racine8  ,a4 ,ask ,miss
 ,kate ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4   
,j41 for the information4  ,q4 ,i have  
long wished to know the difference      
between ,mahomet and ,mohammed1 will the
 ,,chautauquan please tell me8  ,a4 ,two
 forms of the same name--the former the 
,french1 the latter the ,german form4   
,,our ,,daily ,,bread4   ,heavy and sour
 bread or biscuit have a vast influence 
through the digestive organs upon the   

measure of health we enjoy4 ,how        
important to our present happiness and  
future usefulness the blessing of good  
health and a sound constitution are1 we 
can only realize when we have lost them1
 and when it is too late to repair the  
damage4 ,and yet1 notwithstanding these 
facts1 thousands of persons in our own  
city daily jeopardize not only their    
health1 but their lives1 and the healths
 and lives of others1 by using articles 
in the preparation of their food1 the   
purity and healthfulness of which they  
know nothing4 ,perhaps a few cents may  
have been saved1 or it may have been    
more convenient to obtain the articles  
used1 and the housekeeper takes the     
responsibility and possibly will never  
know the mischief that has been wrought4
 ,pater familias may have spells of     
headache1 ,johnny may lose his appetite1
 ,susie may look pale2 if so1 the true  
cause is rarely suspected4 ,the weather1
 the lack of out door air1 or some other
 cause1 is given1 and the unwholesome1  

poisonous system of adulterated food    
goes on4 ,next to the flour1 which      
should be made of good1 sound wheat and 
not ground too fine1 the yeast or baking
 powder1 which furnishes the rising     
properties1 is of the greatest          
importance1 and of the two we prefer    
baking powder1 and always use the       
,royal1 as we thereby retain the        
original properties of the wheat1 no    
fermentation taking place4 ,the action  
of the ,royal ,baking ,powder upon the  
dough is simply to swell it and form    
little cells through every part4 ,these 
cells are filled with carbonic acid gas1
 which passes off during the process of 
baking4  ,the ,royal is made from pure  
grape acid1 and it is the action of this
 acid upon highly carbonized bicarbonate
 of soda that generates the gas alluded 
to2 and these ingredients are so pure   
and so perfectly fitted1 tested and     
adapted to each other1 that the action  
is mild and permanent1 and is continued 
during the whole time of baking1 and no 

residue of poisonous ingredients remains
 to undermine the health1 no heavy      
biscuits1 no sour bread1 but if         
directions are followed every article   
prepared with the ,royal ,baking ,powder
 will be found sweet and wholesome4     
,,the ,,chautauquan4   ,,the ,,third    
,,volume ,,begins ,,with ,,october1     
#ahhb4   ,it is a monthly magazine1 ten 
numbers in the volume1 beginning with   
,october and closing with ,july of each 
year4  ,,the ,,chautauquan  is the      
official organ of the ,chautauqua       
,literary and ,scientific ,circle1      
adopted by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1  
,d4 ,d41 ,lewis ,miller4 ,esq41 and     
,lyman ,abbott1 ,d4 ,d41 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4
 ,warren1 ,d4 ,d41 ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4       
,wilkinson1 ,d4 ,d41 and ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4  
,gibson1 ,d4,d41 ,counselors of the ,c4 
,l4 ,s4 ,c4      ,,the ,,current        
,,volume ,,will ,,contain     ,,more    
,,than ,,half ,,the ,,required          
,,readings ,,for     ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4  
,c4  ,that brilliant writer1 ,mrs4 ,may 

,lowe ,dickinson1 will take the ,c4 ,l4 
,s4 ,c4 on a 8,,tour ,,round ,,the      
,,world10 in nine articles1 which will  
begin in the ,november number4  ,rev4   
,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent will prepare      
,sunday ,readings for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4   
,c4 and one article for each number on  
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 work4  ,popular articles
 on ,russia1 ,scandinavian ,history and 
,literature1 ,english ,history1 ,music  
and ,literature1 ,geology1 ,hygiene1    
etc41 etc41 will be published for the   
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in ,,the ,,chautauquan  
only4  ,prof4 ,w4 ,t4 ,harris will write
 regularly for us on the ,history and   
,philosophy of ,education4  ,eminent    
authors1 whose names and work we        
withhold for the present1 have been     
engaged to write valuable papers1 to be 
in the ,required ,reading for the ,c4   
,l4 ,s4 ,c4  8,tales from ,shakspere10  
by ,charles ,lamb1 will appear in every 
number of the present volume1 giving the
 reader in a racy readable form all the 
salient features of ,shakspere's works4 

,the following writers will contribute  
articles for the present volume3  ,the  
,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4 ,d41 ,mrs4  
,mary ,s4 ,robinson1 ,edward ,everett   
,hale1 ,prof4 ,l4 ,a4 ,sherman1 ,prof4  
,w4 ,t4 ,harris1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,g4         
,williams1 ,a4 ,m41 ,a4 ,m4 ,martin1    
,esq41 ,mrs4 ,ella ,farnham ,pratt1 ,c4 
,e4 ,bishop1 ,esq41 ,rev4 ,e4 ,d4       
,mc,creary1 ,a4 ,m41 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,h4      
,bugbee1 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren1 ,rev4 
,h4 ,h4 ,moore1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4          
,wilkinson1 ,d4 ,d41 and others4  ,we   
shall continue the following            
departments3      ,local ,circles1      
,questions and ,answers1  on every book 
in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 course not       
published in ,,the ,,chautauquan4       
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,notes and ,letters1    
,editor's ,outlook1         ,editors    
,note-,book1                  and       
,editor's ,table4         99       99   
99       99       99      ,,the         
,,chautauquan1 one year1 #a4ej          
99       99       99       99       99  

,,club ,,rates ,,for ,,the              
,,chautauquan4      ,five subscriptions 
at one time1 each   #a4ce       ,or1    
#f4ge   ,send postoffice money order on 
,meadville1 ,pa41 but not on any other  
postoffice4 ,remittances by draft should
 be on ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 or    
,pittsburgh1 to avoid loss4             
,address1         ,,theodore ,l4        
,,flood1     ,,editor ,,and             
,,proprietor1     ,,meadville1 - -      
,,penn',a4      ,correspondence for the 
,editorial ,department     should be    
marked 8,personal40     ,,charles       
,,scribner',s ,,sons'  ,,new ,,books4   
,i4  ,final ,causes4    ,by ,paul       
,janet1 ,member of the ,french ,academy4
 ,translated from     the ,second       
,edition of the ,french1 with ,preface1 
by ,,robert     ,,flint1 ,d4,d41        
,,ll4,d4 #a vol41 #hvo1 #b4ej4          
8,the work of ,janet is regarded as the 
most comprehensive     and ably-reasoned
 work on the philosophy of final causes 
that has been produced4 ,it is not a    

treatise on natural     theology1 but a 
philosophical vindication of the        
principle     which underlies natural   
theology4 ,m4 ,janet1 with admirable    
discernment1 acute analytic power1 and  
strict regard to the     requirements of
 logic1 together with a patient mastery 
of     the facts out of which the       
question arises1 has placed the         
principle of final causes on a strong   
foundation40--,the     ,watchman4       
,,ii4  ,short ,studies on ,great        
,subjects4    ,by ,,james ,,anthony     
,,froude1 ,m4,a4 ,fourth ,series4 #a    
vol41 #abmo1     #a4ej4      ,,contents3
 ,life and ,times of ,thomas            
,becket--,the ,oxford                   
,counter-,reformation--,origen and      
,celsus--,a ,cagliostro of the          
,second ,century--,cheneys and the      
,house of ,russell--,a ,siding at     a 
,railway ,station4      ,the chief      
interest of this volume centers in ,mr4 
,froude's     brilliant and vivid       
narrative of the ,oxford religious      

movement1 of which ,cardinal ,newman was
 the leader4  ,the ,london ,athenum     
says3      8,in these personal          
recollections of a movement in which his
     brother was one of the leaders1 and
 in which he himself for     a while    
took part1 we have ,mr4 ,froude at his  
best4444 ,after     all that has been   
said of late on the subject of the      
,oxford     ,catholic revival1 there is 
nothing that can for a moment           
compare with these letters4444 ,some of 
,mr4 ,froude's most     perfect         
illustrations are to be found in this   
volume1 and     who has given us such   
exquisite images as he80  ,,iii4  ,the  
,religions of the ,ancient ,world1      
,including ,egypt1 ,assyria1 and        
,babylonia1 ,persia1 ,india1            
,phnicia4 ,etruria1 ,greece1 ,rome4 ,by 
,,george ,,rawlinson1 ,m4,a41     author
 of 8,the ,origin of ,nations10 etc4 #a 
vol41 #abmo1 #a4      ,canon            
,rawlinson's great learning and his     
highly esteemed     contributions to the

 history of the ancient world qualify   
him to treat the subject of this volume 
with a breadth     of view and accuracy 
of knowledge that few other writers     
can lay claim to4 ,the treatise is not  
intended to give an     exhaustive view 
of the ancient religions1 but to enable 
students of history to gain a more      
accurate knowledge of the     inner life
 of the ancient world4   ,,iv4  ,energy1
 ,efficient and ,final ,cause4          
7,philosophic ,series1 ,no4 ,,ii47 ,by  
,,james ,,mccosh1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #a   
vol41 #abmo1 paper1 #ej cents4      8,it
 is not unlikely to prove true in the   
end that the most     useful popular    
service which ,dr4 ,mc,cosh has rendered
 to the     cause of right thinking and 
to a sound philosophy of life     is his
 proposed 8,philosophic ,series10 the   
first number of     which1 #8,criteria  
of ,diverse ,kind of ,truth as ,opposed 
to     ,agnosticism1' we have perused   
with great satisfaction40--,the         
,independent4   ,v4  ,socrates4    ,a   

,translation of the ,apology1 ,crito1   
and parts of the ,phdo     of ,plato4   
,an introduction by ,professor ,w4 ,w4  
,goodwin1 of     ,harvard ,university4  
#a vol41 #abmo4 ,a new and cheaper      
edition1     paper1 #ej cents4          
,this volume offers a new translation of
 the parts of ,plato     which are most 
essential to an understanding of the    
personal     character and the moral    
position of ,socrates1 and includes     
a famous specimen of ,plato's own       
speculations on one of the     grandest 
subjects4      8,we do not1 at the      
moment1 remember any translation of a   
,greek author which is a better specimen
 of idiomatic ,english     than this1 or
 a more faithful rendering of the real  
spirit     of the original into ,english
 as good and as simple as the           
,greek40--,n4 ,y4 ,evening ,post4       
,,special ,,offer4  ,lange's ,commentary
 on the ,bible4  ,messrs4 ,,charles     
,,scribner',s ,,sons have determined to 
afford an opportunity to ,,every        

,,minister ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states 
to secure copies of this most           
,comprehensive and ,exhaustive          
,commentary on the whole ,bible ever    
published1 at a price never before      
offered4 ,for a limited time only1 they 
will supply to clergymen any volume at  
the unprecedentedly low price of  #c4jj 
,,per ,,volume4  ,congregations can find
 no more useful and acceptable present  
to their ,pastors than this work4 ,part 
of the set will be supplied when1 for   
any reason1 the whole is not required4  
,ready in ,february3   ,,newman         
,,smyth',s ,,reply ,,to ,,joseph ,,cook4
   ,dorner on the ,future ,state4       
,translated and edited with an          
,introduction4 ,by ,,newman ,,smyth1    
,d4,d41 author of 8,old ,faiths in a    
,new ,light10 8,the ,orthodox           
,theology of ,to-day10 etc4 #a vol41    
#abmo1 #a4      ,this is a faithful     
translation of that part of ,dr4        
,dorner's     8,system of ,christian    
,doctrine0 which relates to the future  

state of the soul2 with an introduction 
and ,notes by ,dr4     ,newman ,smyth4  
,the object of the book is to set forth 
clearly     and accurately the views of 
the great ,german theologian     on a   
subject of highest interest and         
importance1 wherein     he has been     
strangely misrepresented in this        
country1 and     particularly by the    
,rev4 ,joseph ,cook1 in his recent      
lectures     on ,future ,probation4     
,in the ,desert4    ,by ,,rev4 ,,henry  
,m4 ,,field1 ,d4,d41 author of 8,from   
the ,lakes of     ,killarney to the     
,golden ,horn10 and 8,from ,egypt to    
,japan40 #a     vol4 crown #hvo1 with a 
map1 #b4      ,this volume is the       
account of a journey in the track of the
     ,israelites4 ,all of ,dr4 ,field's 
powers of observation and               
description are brought into play in    
this book1 which will     undoubtedly   
prove the most delightful popular       
narrative of     travels in the desert  
of ,mount ,sinai that has ever been     

written4   ,ice-,pack and ,tundra4      
,an ,account of the ,search for the     
,jeannette and a ,sledge     ,journey   
,through ,siberia4 ,by ,,william ,h4    
,,gilder1 correspondent     of the ,new 
,york ,herald1 with the ,rodgers ,search
     ,expedition2 author of 8,schwatka's
 ,search40 #a vol1 #hvo1 with     maps  
and illustrations1 #d4      ,mr4        
,gilder's experience as an arctic       
traveler1 and his     skill in the      
description of his journeys1 have now   
given     him a reputation as one of the
 highest authorities on polar           
expeditions4 ,his new book is an account
 of the voyage     of the ,rodgers1 her 
discoveries and destruction2 with       
the thrilling personal narrative of his 
own solitary and     perilous journey of
 more than five thousand miles through  
the ,siberian wastes4 ,the whole story  
of the ,jeannette is     given from its 
papers and the accounts of survivors4   
,it will     be seen that the volume    
possesses an extraordinary interest4    

,life of ,lord ,lawrence4    ,by ,r4    
,,bosworth ,,smith1 ,m4,a4 ,with maps   
and portraits4 #b vols41     #hvo1 #e4  
,this book contains the most vivid1 full
 and authentic     account of the       
suppression of the ,indian ,mutiny1 from
 the     point of view of one of the    
great actors in ,indian affairs1     and
 from sources never hitherto open to the
 public4 ,it     is also the life of one
 of the most heroic and genuine         
characters of the times in which we     
live4 ,lord ,lawrence is     known to   
his contemporaries as the savior of the 
,indian     ,empire to the crown during 
the mutiny of #aheg1 and as the         
singularly able and energetic           
,governor-,general of ,india in     more
 recent times4 ,little1 comparatively1  
has been known     of his personal      
character and relations1 since he had   
the     modesty of a truly great man in 
all that concerned his own              
achievements4 ,mr4 ,bosworth ,smith has 
given in his biography1     a record    

worthy of its subject4 ,he has written  
with a noble     enthusiasm1 and his    
book1 in genuine human interest1 in     
historical importance1 and in literary  
workmanship1 is not     second to any   
biography that has appeared in recent   
times4      8 ,these ,books are for sale
 by all booksellers1 or will be sent1   
post-paid1 on receipt of the price1 by  
,,charles ,,scribner',s ,,sons1 #gdc and
 #gde ,broadway1 ,new ,york4         99 
99       99       99       99           
,transcriber's ,notes3  ,obvious        
punctuation errors repaired4  ,page     
#cje1 italics added to 8arm0 to match   
rest of layout in section 7as in arm7   
,page #cje1 duplicate entry for 8,igor0 
deleted4  ,page #cje1 variations on     
pronunciations of 8,novgorod0 retained  
as printed4  ,page #cdh1 8ofel even0    
changed to 8of eleven0 7of eleven       
members7  ,page #cec1 repeated word     
8and0 deleted from text4 ,original read 
7 the 8,iliad0 and and 8,odyssey107     
,page #cec1 7#b7 added to text 77#b7    

,essay1 ,mrs4 ,cramer7  ,page #ced1     
8diamater0 changed to 8diameter0        
7diameter of ,uranus7  ,page #ced1      
8diamater0 changed to 8diameter0        
7diameter of ,neptune7  ,page #cef1     
8,,how ,,to ,,read ,,together           
,,profitably10 ,dr4 ,vincent opens his  
speech with an opening quotation mark   
and then goes on for many paragraphs and
 never closes it4 ,as he quotes within  
his speech1 it was retained as printed4