,illustration3 ,,scientific ,,american ,entered at the ,post ,office of ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 as ,second ,class ,matter4 ,a ,,weekly ,,journal ,,of ,,practical ,,information1 ,,art1 ,,science1 ,,mechanics1 ,,chemistry1 ,,and ,,manufactures4 ,vol4 ,,lvi4--no4 #i4 ,,new ,,series4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,february #bf1 #ahhg4 #c4jj per ,year4 ,,improved ,,caloric ,,engine4 ,caloric engines have long been used by the ,trinity ,board to provide power for working siren fog signals in connection with their lighthouses in ,england4 ,they have generally been in the past of the horizontal type1 but lately a new pattern1 which we illustrate from ,engineering1 has been brought out2 and as the entire work of the motor consists in driving air-compressing pumps1 this form of engine should give very good results4 ,at one end of a beam stands the retort or furnace with the motor cylinder1 and at the other end stand three pumps4 ,one of these forces air into the furnace1 a second supplies the receiver of the fog signal1 while the third1 which is smaller than the second1 performs the same office1 when it is desired to raise the pressure to a point too high for the larger pump to accomplish4 ,as fogs come on very suddenly1 and give so little warning that it is often impossible to get the engine into action before the vision is entirely obscured1 it is customary to keep a store of air in the receiver at two or three times the usual working pressure1 and it is from the accumulation of this pressure that the smaller pump is provided4 ,the furnace is a closed receiver1 and is fed with coke4 ,air is pumped into it at a pressure of about #cj lb4 to the square inch1 part being delivered below the fuel and part above4 ,that part which goes below rises through the incandescent coke1 and appears at the surface as carbonic oxide4 ,here it meets the upper air supply and burns with a fierce bright flame1 producing very hot gases1 which are admitted to the cylinder and there expand1 driving the piston before them4 ,from experiments made by ,mr4 ,c4 ,ingrey with engines of this kind1 it appears that they consume from #b lb4 to #b lb4 of coke per brake horse power per hour1 and thus provide power very economically4 ,the engine is regulated by a governor1 which varies the proportion of air admitted above and below the fuel1 and thus alters the temperature of the gases admitted to the cylinder4 ,the distributing valves are of the conical type1 worked by tappets1 and the fall is regulated by an air cushion4 ,these engines1 for there are a pair1 have been constructed by the ,pulsometer ,engineering ,company1 ,limited1 ,london1 for the ,northern ,lights ,commissioners1 and will be erected on a lightship1 probably at the ,north ,carr4 ,each engine is nominally of six horse power1 but actually gives ten horse power4 ,the motor cylinder is #bd in4 in diameter1 the air pump #ah in41 and the compressing pumps #i in4 and #e in4 respectively1 all with a stroke of #ah in4 ,illustration3 ,,improved ,,beam ,,caloric ,,engine4 ,naval ,architecture ,during the ,last ,half ,century4 ,the annual lecture under the auspices of the ,greenock ,philosophical ,society1 to commemorate the birth of ,james ,watt1 was delivered in the ,watt ,lecture ,hall1 ,greenock1 on ,january #ad1 by ,mr4 ,robert ,duncan1 shipbuilder1 ,port ,glasgow4 ,the title of ,mr4 ,duncan's paper was ,evolution in ,naval ,architecture during the ,reign of ,queen ,victoria4 ,after referring to the early history of marine engineering1 and to the intimate connection of ,greenock and the ,clyde with its initial stages1 ,mr4 ,duncan went on to say that up to the date of her ,majesty's accession in #ahcg1 no systematic attempt at ocean navigation by steam had been made4 ,in #ahab steamship building began1 but it was not till #ahch that the first ,atlantic steam communication began4 ,the ,sirius and the ,great ,western made the voyage to and from ,new ,york at the same time1 in the middle of that year1 in fourteen and seventeen days respectively1 under steam all the way4 ,mr4 ,duncan then traced rapidly the evolution of the iron ship1 through the various modifications of design and proportion1 and the simultaneous and consequent evolution of crafts to adapt themselves to the rapidly changing conditions4 ,mr4 ,duncan also described the influence upon the forms of ships of maritime law and of ,lloyd's rules--evolution in size from the short square boxes of the early periods to the long narrow vessels of to-day2 the ,enterprise1 for example1 the first steamer to make the voyage to ,india by the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 being only #abb feet long1 while now the cargo carrying steamer is over #djj feet long1 and the express passenger ocean steamer over #ejj feet4 ,mr4 ,duncan considers it possible that1 ere her ,majesty's reign closes1 the ,flying ,scotchman of the sea will reach a length of #hjj feet1 and a speed of twenty-five to thirty miles an hour4 ,the evolution of the man-of-war was next described1 an interesting sketch given of the science of naval architecture1 and a bibliography of the subject4 ,a ,three ,cylinder ,locomotive4 ,the ,dunmore ,iron and ,steel ,company1 at ,dunmore1 ,pa41 has a small locomotive in use switching in its yards which is of a novel pattern4 ,it is thus described by the superintendent of the works3 ,this little engine has three #h ,x #ab in4 steam cylinders1 four #cc in4 driving wheels1 two outside connecting and parallel rods1 and one inside connecting rod4 ,no balancing is needed in driving wheels4 ,the engine has six exhausts to a revolution1 and the effect on the fire is good4 ,it is claimed that by setting the cranks at an angle of #abj degrees the slip is reduced to a minimum4 ,this engine makes #cj miles an hour on a #dj ft4 grade easily1 with a light load1 and is considered a good machine by those who have run her4 ,its weight is about #ab tons4 ,scientific ,american4 ,,established #ahde4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,editors and ,proprietors4 ,,published ,,weekly ,,at ,no4 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,o4,d4 ,,munn4 ,a4,e4 ,,beach4 ,,terms ,,for ,,the ,,scientific ,,american4 ,one copy1 one year1 postage included #c #jj ,one copy1 six months1 postage included #a #ej ,clubs4--,one extra copy of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american will be supplied gratis for every club of live subscribers at #c4jj each2 additional copies at same proportionate rate4 ,postage prepaid4 ,remit by postal or express money order4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 corner of ,franklin ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,the ,scientific ,american ,supplement is a distinct paper from the ,,scientific ,,american4 ,,the ,,supplement is issued weekly4 ,every number contains #af octavo pages1 uniform in size with ,,scientific ,,american4 ,terms of subscription for ,,supplement1 #e4jj a year1 postage paid1 to subscribers4 ,single copies1 #aj cents4 ,sold by all newsdealers throughout the country4 ,combined ,rates4--,the ,,scientific ,,american and ,,supplement will be sent for one year1 postage free1 on receipt of seven dollars4 ,both papers to one address or different addresses as desired4 ,the safest way to remit is by draft1 postal order1 express money order1 or registered letter4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 corner of ,franklin ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,scientific ,american ,export ,edition4 ,the ,,scientific ,,american ,export ,edition is a large and splendid periodical1 issued once a month4 ,each number contains about one hundred large quarto pages1 profusely illustrated1 embracing3 7#a47 ,most of the plates and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of the ,,scientific ,,american1 with its splendid engravings and valuable information2 7#b47 ,commercial1 trade1 and manufacturing announcements of leading houses4 ,terms for ,export ,edition1 #e4jj a year1 sent prepaid to any part of the world4 ,single copies1 #ej cents4 ,illustration ,manufacturers and others who desire to secure foreign trade may have large and handsomely displayed announcements published in this edition at a very moderate cost4 ,the ,,scientific ,,american ,export ,edition has a large guaranteed circulation in all commercial places throughout the world4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 corner of ,franklin ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,saturday1 ,,february #bf1 #ahhg4 ,contents4 7,illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk47 ,architecture1 naval1 during last half century #abg ,armament1 ,british1 at ,victoria99 #aca ,army1 peace1 of the ,united ,states #abi ,aurora borealis99 #ace ,beam caloric engine99 #abg ,bench and ironing board1 combined99 #aca ,birds1 incendiary #acc ,birds1 phosphorescent #acc ,birds1 winter1 our99 #acc ,blind stop1 improved99 #aca ,books and publications1 new #ach ,boots or shoes1 crimping1 device for99 #aca ,brush and comb cleaner99 #acb ,business and personal #ach ,charcoal as fossil #acc ,chevreul's black99 #acg ,cocaine habit1 the #abh ,correspondence #acc ,craze1 ,yankee1 the latest #acf ,defense of ,new ,york within thirty days' time #acb ,dredger1 marine1 improved99 #acd ,earthquake1 ,charleston #acc ,electroplating with platinum #acb ,emery wheels for gumming saws99 #acj ,engine1 caloric1 improved99 #abg ,eruption in the ,tonga group #acc ,exhibition1 ,american1 ,london #acg ,fish1 meat1 etc41 canned #acc ,guns1 steel1 are they superior8 #abh ,hats1 ladies'1 protector for99 #acb ,hydraulic dredging at ,washington #acd ,injector1 ,penberthy99 #acb ,inventions1 agricultural #ach ,inventions1 engineering #ach ,inventions1 index of #aci ,inventions1 miscellaneous #ach ,life insurance company1 a solid #abi ,locomotive1 three-cylinder #abg ,measuring rack1 wood1 adjustable99 #aca ,medicine1 preventive #abi ,nervous patient1 treatment1 length of #acf ,northern lights1 the99 #ace ,notes and queries #ach ,patent law1 amendment of the1 new #abh ,patent1 steel wire brush #acf ,petroleum in ,egypt #acg ,plasterer's hawk99 #aca ,pyrofuxin--a new tanning substance from coal #abh ,saw gummer1 emery vulcanite99 #acj ,shark1 frilled1 the99 #acj ,snails1 strength of #acg ,sodium1 producing1 new method of1 ,castner's #abi ,steel rail capacity of the ,united ,states #acb ,stump puller1 improved99 #acb ,sugar process1 new #acd ,sun1 duration of #acd ,thermoscopic balance99 #acd ,torpedo boat armed with pneumatic dynamite guns99 #acg ,torpedo1 effect of1 on an ironclad99 #acf ,torpedo experiments at ,portsmouth99 #acf ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,of ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,no4 #ehb4 ,for the ,week ,ending ,february #bf1 #ahhg4 ,price #aj cents4 ,for sale by all newsdealers4 ,,page ,i4 ,,aeronautics4--,war ,balloons4--,the establishment of balloon corps in the armies of different countries2 the ,french1 ,english1 ,italian1 and ,russian establishments4--#a illustration #ibhh ,,ii4 ,,astronomy4--,astronomical ,telescopes2 their object glasses and reflectors4--,by ,g4,d4 ,,hiscox4--,the dialyte telescope2 practical details of the mechanical operations of construction1 such as lens grinding and shaping2 washing flour of emery1 tests for correction4--#bc illustrations #ibif ,fleurials' ,gyroscope ,collimator4--,an ingenious application of the gyroscope to fixing the horizon line in sextant observations2 an instrument crowned by the ,french ,academy4--#b illustrations #ibia ,,iii4 ,,biology4--,an ,epidemic of ,micrococcus prodigiosus4--,by ,m4 ,,grimbert4--,interesting case of bacterial poisoning1 with details of the detection of the bacteria #icja ,the ,morphological ,conditions of ,heredity4--,an exposition of ,professor ,a4 ,weissman's theory of the perpetuity of germ plasma2 a theory opposed to the doctrine of evolution #ibie ,the ,third ,eye of ,reptiles4--,the last conclusions on the pineal gland in reptiles2 curious development in anatomy1 the possible organ of a sixth sense4--#a illustration #icjj ,,iv4 ,,chemistry4--,nitrogenous ,principles of ,vegetable ,mould4--,note of the conclusions of ,,mm4 ,berthelot and ,andre #icjb ,the ,lactocrite4--,a new method of ascertaining the amount of fat in milk4--,by ,h4 ,faber4--,an apparatus for analyzing milk employing centrifugal force4--,results obtained4--#a illustration #ibib ,v4 ,,electricity4--,electric ,welding4--,the new art in metallurgy described by ,prof4 ,,elihu ,,thomson2 full details of the process1 apparatus1 and current required4--#b illustrations #ibic ,the ,electric ,waltzers4--,an ingenious electric toy4--#a illustration #ibic ,,vi4 ,,engineering4--,sustaining ,walls4 ,arched sustaining walls and arched buttresses2 elaborate study of ,french practice4--#aa illustrations #ibhh ,,vii4 ,,meteorology4--,popular ,errors in ,meteorology4 ,popular fallacies2 the habits of animals1 the ,rocky ,mountain locust2 the equinoctial storm #ibii ,,viii4 ,,miscellaneous4--,beethoven's ,portrait4 ,an authentic portrait of the great musician4--#a illustration #icja ,dwarfs and ,giants4--,relative sizes of men2 the ,austrian giant1 ,francis ,winckelmeler1 #h feet high4--#a illustration #icjb ,the ,sinaloa ,colony4--,the ,topolobampo settlement2 its origin1 progress1 principles and prospects #icja ,,ix4 ,,naval ,,engineering4--,torpedo ,boat ,catchers4 ,a review of recent constructions of fast light armored vessels for combating torpedo boats #ibij ,x4 ,,ordnance4--,the ,use of ,machine ,guns in the ,field in ,combination with ,infantry4--,abstract of a recent paper on this subject by ,major ,a4 ,d4 ,,anderson1 ,r4,h4,a4--,the advantages and uses of the weapon discussed4--,advocacy of their introduction #ibhh ,,xi4 ,,photography4--,orthochromatic ,photography4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,b4 ,,wellington4--,formul and practical directions for orthochromatic work4--,the use of silver carbonate and erythrosin together #ibic ,,xii4 ,,physics4--,a ,new ,gas ,thermo-,regulator4--,a simple and efficient apparatus for regulating heat in air baths1 etc4--#a illustration #ibib ,a ,new ,thermometer4--,the principle of the ,bourdon safety gauge applied to thermometry4--,fermis' new thermometer4--#a illustration #ibia ,phosphorescence of ,alumina4--,by ,,edmond ,,becquerel4--,the effects of impurities on phosphorescence discussed #ibid ,separation of ,nickel by the ,magnet4--,by ,,thomas ,t4 ,p4 ,,bruce-,,warren4--,the effect of copper on nickel in modifying its susceptibility to magnetic attraction4--,practical deductions as to nickel crucibles and gauze #ibid ,the ,capillarity and ,density of ,liquids4--,a simple experiment in physics without apparatus4--#a illustration #ibid ,,xiii4 ,,sanitation ,,and ,,hygiene4--,a ,floating ,hospital4--,a new structure recently erected at ,newcastle-on-,tyne4--#b illustrations #ibie ,,xiv4 ,,technology4--,employment of ,acetic or ,formic ,acid in ,bleaching4--,ingenious use of a small quantity of organic acids to decompose indefinite amounts of bleaching powder4--,the invention of ,dr4 ,lunge1 of ,zurich #ibij ,sulphurous ,acid in the ,chemical ,industries4--,its use in the phosphate and tartaric acid industries #ibid ,tea ,withering ,apparatus4--,a portable blowing apparatus for drying tea4--,use of chloride of calcium to absorb moisture therein4--#a illustration #ibia ,,new ,,amendment ,,of ,,the ,,design ,,patent ,,law4 ,an amendment of the patent law relating to design patents has lately passed both houses of ,congress and received the approval of the ,president4 ,the object of the amendment is to correct a defect in the law1 which prevented the patentee from collecting damages in cases of infringement4 ,under the old law1 the ,supreme ,court held that in the case1 for example1 of a carpet manufacturer who complained of an infringement of his design or pattern of carpet1 the complainant must clearly prove what portion of the damage1 or what portion of the profit made by the infringer1 was due to the use of the patented design4 ,it was practically impossible to make this showing4 ,hence the infringer could imitate the patented design without liability1 and the law was a nullity4 ,under the provisions of the new law1 the infringer is obliged to pay the sum of #bej in any event2 and if his profits are more than that sum1 he is compelled1 in addition1 to pay all excess of profits above #bej to the patentee4 ,it is believed that the penalty of #bej1 irrespective of profits1 will put a stop to the wholesale system of infringement heretofore carried on by unscrupulous persons4 ,the following is the text of the new law3 ,an act to amend the law relating to patents1 trade marks1 and copyright4 ,be it enacted by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled1 ,that hereafter1 during the term of letters patent for a design1 it shall be unlawful for any person other than the owner of said letters patent1 without the license of such owner1 to apply the design secured by such letters patent1 or any colorable imitation thereof1 to any article of manufacture for the purpose of sale1 or to sell or expose for sale any article of manufacture to which such design or colorable imitation shall1 without the license of the owner1 have been applied1 knowing that the same has been so applied4 ,any person violating the provisions1 or either of them1 of this section shall be liable in the amount of two hundred and fifty dollars2 and in case the total profit made by him from the manufacture or sale1 as aforesaid1 of the article or articles to which the design1 or colorable imitation thereof1 has been applied1 exceeds the sum of two hundred and fifty dollars1 he shall be further liable for the excess of such profit over and above the sum of two hundred and fifty dollars2 and the full amount of such liability may be recovered by the owner of the letters patent1 to his own use1 in any circuit court of the ,united ,states having jurisdiction of the parties1 either by action at law or upon a bill in equity for an injunction to restrain such infringement4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,that nothing in this act contained shall prevent1 lessen1 impeach1 or avoid any remedy at law or in equity which any owner of letters patent for a design1 aggrieved by the infringement of the same1 might have had if this act had not been passed2 but such owner shall not twice recover the profit made from the infringement4 ,approved1 ,february #d1 #ahhg4 ,,are ,,steel ,,guns ,,really ,,superior8 ,admiral ,porter said recently that there was little hope of building fast war ships as long as the ,bureau of ,steam ,engineering designed the engines1 for that1 such was the influence of interested persons1 it was not free to choose the best devices4 ,whoever is familiar with the workings of the ,ordnance ,bureau will admit that this1 too1 is similarly controlled4 ,long ago it pronounced in favor of steel guns1 and like a judge who records his decision and then asks to hear the evidence1 this bureau has been listening unmoved to the most convincing testimony regarding the relative efficiency of cast iron guns4 ,the importance of this question of steel vs4 cast iron guns will be appreciated when it is explained that it would take at least five years after the passage of an appropriation before the first steel gun could be turned out1 while only a twelvemonth would be required to establish a cast iron gun plant4 ,it has never been the custom among ,american mechanicians to blindly follow the lead of others1 but rather to work untrammeled by traditions2 to carefully note what has already been done1 and to strike out anew in whatever direction gives the most promise4 ,experienced gun makers and artillerists have recently admitted that the steel rifle has not fulfilled the promises made for it4 ,the ,krupp guns1 of which we hear so much1 have never yet been subjected to such high pressures as have been applied to cast iron guns1 and experience has shown it would not be safe to put them through such tests4 ,indeed1 the cast-iron smooth bore guns which have been converted into rifles by the insertion of wrought iron rifled cylinders have been fired under a pressure fully three times as great as it has been thought advisable to subject steel guns of the same caliber to4 ,an authority says3 ,cast iron guns have often been fired hundreds of rounds under pressure of nearly seventeen tons to the square inch of bore1 yet there has never been a failure1 nor a sign of one4 ,the ,united ,states has now a #ab in4 cast iron rifle constructed on the same plan as the #h in4 converted rifle4 ,this gun was made ten years ago1 as an experiment4 ,it has been fired with charges as high as two hundred pounds of hexagonal or quick powder 7as compared with powder now considered suitable71 and is still serviceable4 ,the ,united ,states has another experimental #ab in4 rifle1 entirely of cast iron4 ,it has been fired more than a hundred rounds with high power charges 7#bfe pounds powder1 #hjj pound shot71 and is still serviceable4 ,curiously enough1 the experiments with these guns ceased at the very time when there was the most reason for continuing them1 to wit1 while they were giving evidence of their ability to stand a long series of continuous rounds4 ,the mode of testing a high pressure gun1 upon which all authorities agree1 is to fire it1 round after round1 until it bursts or shows weakness4 ,there is authority for the statement that there is not a #ab inch steel gun in ,europe which has been fired two hundred rounds1 and yet1 just as soon as these cast iron guns gave promise of withstanding successfully such a test1 a peremptory order came from the ,ordnance ,bureau to cease firing and stop further experiment4 ,the failure of steel guns in ,europe is frequent1 though there is good reason for the belief that we only hear of a tithe of them1 the balance being kept secret4 ,only the other day a big steel gun exploded at the muzzle1 on the ,french trial grounds1 and news comes that both in the war ships ,collingwood and ,ajax a number of steel guns have been condemned4 ,because of these facts it is not at all surprising that the majority in the ,house of ,representatives1 though willing to appropriate money for guns1 are averse to having the outlay controlled by the ,ordnance ,bureau1 which is wedded to the steel gun theory and others not much better sustained4 ,,the ,,cocaine ,,habit4 ,a number of cases of confirmed cocaine habit have recently been reported4 ,while some of them lack confirmation1 it is certain that several physical and mental wrecks have been caused by the excessive use of this alkaloid4 ,the ,south ,american ,indians1 long famous as coca eaters1 seem as a rule not to succumb to its effects4 ,they use the dried leaf1 which they chew1 previously introducing a small amount of alkali1 to set the cocaine free4 ,in civilized countries the alkaloid as a chloride is usually employed1 and is administered by hypodermic injection4 ,the practice of using it habitually in excess is hitherto reported as almost confined to physicians4 ,its effects upon its victims are very sad4 ,the brain becomes permanently or for a period affected1 a species of lunacy being produced4 ,just as in the case of opium eaters1 the moral nature is undermined4 ,one doctor was reported1 so recently as to be within the memory of our readers1 as having turned on the gas in a drug store where the alkaloid was refused him1 with the design of asphyxiating the clerk1 in which attempt he nearly succeeded4 ,another doctor1 within a space of some sixteen months1 has gone insane from the cocaine habit and has been removed to an asylum1 leaving his wife also ill from the effects of the same drug1 with which he had experimented on her4 ,if the cases continue to multiply1 there may be room for questioning the utility to man of the discovery of this ansthetic4 ,it is doubtful if all the services in local ansthesia rendered by it can compensate for the ill it has already done4 ,pyrofuxin--a ,new ,tanning ,substance from ,coal4 ,a new extract of coal is being introduced in ,germany for industrial purposes1 especially for tanning leather and disinfection generally1 to which the name pyrofuxin is given by the discoverer1 ,professor ,paulus ,reinsch1 of ,erlangen1 ,bavaria4 ,unlike the generality of such compounds1 this new material is not a derivative of coal tar1 or of any of the distillates of coal1 but is obtained directly from coal itself4 ,pit or bituminous coal contains most of it1 and is prepared for treatment by being broken into nuts4 ,the crude pyrofuxin is extracted by repeated boilings in a solution of caustic soda4 ,the pyrofuxin enters into solution1 and is allowed to stand for a time4 ,it is then poured off1 and a carbonic acid gas is passed through it4 ,the resultant liquor has a specific gravity of #a4jbe to #a4jcj1 and holds from #aj to #ae grammes of pyrofuxin to the liter4 ,in its purified form the compound is a fine1 non-triturable substance1 without taste or smell1 non-poisonous1 and in appearance like catechu4 ,some ,russian coals contain #ah per cent of pyrofuxin4 ,after the extraction of this material the coal remains combustible4 ,it is described as being one of the most powerful and effective antiseptics known to science4 ,on this account it is expected to be most valuable for tanning1 as being twenty-eight times quicker in action than bark1 and producing a better result at decreased cost4 ,it will be soon enough to give credence to this alleged leather tanning agent when specimens of good leather are produced4 ,weight and ,power of ,modern ,guns4--,table of ,armstrong ,guns4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,total ,gun4 ,caliber4 ,weight4 ,length of ,length of ,bore4 ,gun4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ in4 in4 tons4 calibers4 in4 calibers4 in4 #d4gbd #d4gbd #b4e #bd #aab4g #bb #ajd4j #d4gbd #d4gbd #b4b #ce #afe4c #cc #aef4f #f4j #f4j #d4j #bh #aff4d #bf #aef4b #f4j #f4j #d4e #cb #aib4j #cj #ahj4j #f4j #f4j #e4e #cg #bbb4j #ce #baj4j #g4j #g4j #g4j #bh #aif4j #bf #ahb4j #g4j #g4j #h4j #cb #bbd4j #cj #baj4j #g4j #g4j #i4j #cg #bei4j #ce #bde4j #h4j #h4j #aa4e #bh #bbb4e #bf #bjh4j #h4j #h4j #ab4e #cb #bef4j #cj #bdj4j #h4j #h4j #ad4j #cg #bif4j #ce #bhj4j #i4b #i4b #ai4j #bh #beg4f #bf #bch4g #i4b #i4b #ba4e #cb #bhg4c #cj #bfg4h #i4b #i4b #bd4j #cg #cdj4d #ce #cbb4j #aj4j #aj4j #be4j #bh #bgd4j #bf #bed4e #aj4j #aj4j #bg4j #cb #cbj4j #cj #cjj4j #aj4j #aj4j #cj4j #cg #cgj4j #ce #cej4j #ab4j #ab4j #dc4j #bh #cca4j #bf #cjg4e #ab4j #ab4j #df4j #cb #chd4j #cj #cfj4j #ab4j #ab4j #ea4j #cg #ddd4j #ce #dbj4j #af4be #af4be #ic4j #bh #dee4j #bf #dbb4e #af4be #af4be #aaj4j #cb #ebj4j #cj #dhg4e #af4be #af4be #abg4j #cg #fja4c #ce #efh4ge #ag4j #ag4j #ajj4j #bh #dfh4j #bf #ddb4j #ag4j #ag4j #aaf4j #cb #edd4j #cj #eaj4j #ag4j #ag4j #acg4j #cg #fbi4j #ce #eie4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,weight4 ,thickness of ,energy ,energy ,wrought ,iron ------------------ ,muzzle ,total per ,ton per ,inch ,plate the ,shot ,velocity4 ,energy4 ,weight of ,shot's is ,capable of ,charge4,projectile4 of ,gun4 ,circumference4 ,perforating4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ lb4 lb4 ft4 per sec4ft4 tons4ft4 tons4 ft4 tons4 in4 #ab #dj #a1fhj #ghc #ebb4j #ec4a #g4j #af #dj #b1jgh #a1aih #ecb4d #ha4c #i4a #db #hj #b1jfj #b1ced #ehh4e #abe4g #aa4f #de #ajj #a1idj #b1faj #ehj4j #aci4d #ab4b #fj #ajj #b1adf #c1aic #ehj4e #agj4e #ac4e #fj #abj #b1jej #c1dig #dff4c #afj4b #ac4j #ge #ade #b1jbj #d1jge #dgi4d #ahf4f #ad4a #hj #ade #b1adj #d1fjd #eaa4e #baj4i #ad4i #abj #ahj #b1agg #e1iae #ead4c #bcf4i #ae4h #abj #bjj #b1aeg #f1deb #ecg4f #beh4d #af4e #acj #baj #b1bcf #g1bhj #ebj4j #bia4e #ag4e #age #cbj #b1jfj #i1dab #die4c #cbg4e #ah4e #bjj #chj #b1jce #aj1ibc #ejh4j #chj4a #bj4j #bcj #chj #b1cge #ad1hjj #faf4f #eae4j #bc4b #bjj #dej #a1iaj #aa1chc #dee4c #cfd4b #ai4e #bgj #dgj #b1ahe #ae1efj #egf4c #dig4i #bb4h #bgj #ejj #b1bac #af1igi #eff4j #edc4c #bc4h #ccj #gjj #b1jhg #ba1ada #dia4f #efc4a #bd4b #djj #hjj #b1aag #bd1hfa #edj4d #ffb4b #bf4b #dej #hej #b1bje #bh1ffe #efb4j #gfc4f #bh4a #hej #a1hjj #b1ajf #ee1cgg #eie4d #a1jhh4g #cc4e #ijj #a1hjj #b1baf #fa1bjj #eef4d #a1bjc4b #ce4b #ijj #a1hjj #b1bie #fe1gde #eag4f #a1bib4f #cf4e #hbg #b1jjj #a1icb #ea1gij #eag4i #igc4a #ca4g #a1jjj #b1jjj #b1aij #ff1eab #egc4c #a1bdi4g #ce4h #a1jjj #b1jjj #b1bee #gj1ebj #ead4g #a1cbe4j #cg4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,castner's ,new ,method for ,producing ,sodium4 ,this new method1 heretofore mentioned by us1 is now being successfully worked in ,london1 and is thus described in ,engineering3 ,up to the present this novel method of manufacture has been kept rather secret1 but now1 owing to the success achieved by a plant erected and worked on a commercial scale1 we are enabled1 through the courtesy of ,mr4 ,h4 ,y4 ,castner1 to lay before our readers an outline sketch of the method of operation which is followed1 and which we have seen carried out with success at his works1 #fe ,belvidere ,road1 ,lambeth4 ,few persons outside of the chemical profession are aware of the commercial existence of the metal sodium or of its uses1 and even among those following that profession but little is known1 except that it is used in the manufacture of aluminum1 and is very expensive4 ,much has lately been published in various scientific journals throughout the world upon the subject of alleged new processes1 whereby that highly interesting metal--aluminum--might be cheaply produced without sodium1 and thus be made to take in the commercial world a place to which its varied valuable properties entitle it4 ,so far nothing has resulted from these numerous so-called discoveries1 and at the present time the only process in use whereby aluminum can be produced is that devised by and due to ,deville's ingenuity4#a ,this process has been called the sodium process1 apparently to distinguish it from others1 but seeing that it is the only process which has ever proved practical1 it is somewhat of a mystery why it needed to be so distinguished4 #a ,the ,cowles electric smelting process1 heretofore described by us1 has only produced aluminum alloys as yet1 and it is doubtful whether it can be made to do more than this4 ,the late ,dr4 ,walter ,weldon1 in a paper read before the ,society of ,chemical ,industry a few years ago1 clearly resolved the great question of cheaply producing aluminum1 and showed by argument that this end was only to be gained in either of the two following directions1 namely1 first1 by the production of cheap sodium and the employment of ,deville's process1 and second1 by the discovery of a substitute for sodium1 which has hitherto given to aluminum its excessive cost in production4 ,after twenty-five years of research by some of the best scientists of the present age1 no substance has been found that will replace sodium1 and although every known substance has1 at various times1 been proposed1 none has been successful4 ,so discouraging has been the research1 that those familiar with the subject have almost abandoned hope of ever seeing aluminum cheaply manufactured by chemical processes1 believing also that ,weldon's first proposition was an impossibility4 ,it is not the purpose of this article to enter into a lengthy discussion of ,mr4 ,castner' process of producing sodium1 as ,mr4 ,james ,mactear1 ,f4,c4,s41 is about to prepare a scientific paper on the subject1 to be read on ,march #g before the ,society of ,chemical ,industry4 ,we shall content ourselves by presenting to our readers a short practical description of the process and its results4 ,before doing so it will1 however1 be advantageous to give a short account of the method by which sodium has hitherto been separated from its compounds1 in order that a clearer conception of the features in which the new process differs from the old one may be obtained4 ,at high temperatures carbon has the property of separating sodium from its oxygen compounds1 carbon uniting with the oxygen to form carbonic oxide1 the sodium being thereby liberated4 ,in the usual process this reaction is brought about by mixing carbonate of soda1 lime1 and carbon in small wrought iron cylinders1 and exposing them to an intense heat1 when a part of the sodium comes off as vapor4 ,the lime is added to prevent fusion1 for were the mass to melt1 the carbon would float on the top1 and could no longer attack the soda4 ,the new process differs from the old principally in working with a fused mass of soda compound1 this operation having been rendered feasible by the most ingenious device of weighting every particle of carbon with iron1 so that the two chemicals--soda and carbon--are kept in perfect admixture1 and are continually presenting fresh surfaces to each other as the liquid circulates in the crucible under the action of the heat4 ,by this simple but beautiful plan of weighting the carbon1 it is rendered possible to employ a soda compound which is decomposed at a much lower temperature than that hitherto used1 and to carry on the process in large and durable vessels1 instead of in small cylinders1 which have a very short life4 ,having thus given a short account of the chemical process1 we will describe the commercial method of manufacture4 ,the operations are carried on in large cast steel crucibles1 and the charges consist of caustic soda and a finely ground artificial compound of carbon and iron1 which is the reducing agent4 ,this compound is made by coking a mixture of fine iron and pitch4 ,the crucibles containing these materials are first heated in a small furnace at a low temperature1 the object being to expel the hydrogen from the caustic alkali and bring about quiet fusion4 ,the crucibles are then removed from this furnace1 by means of a little truck1 and placed upon a movable platform1 which is operated by hydraulic power4 ,they are then by this means raised into the large furnace1 where the crucible covers are fixed stationary4 ,the edges of the crucible and cover coming together form a tight joint1 and from this cover projects a small tube to the outside of the furnace into a narrow rectangular box1 known as the condenser4 ,the reduction of the sodium commences soon after the crucible containing the charge is in its place1 the vapors and gases passing from the fused mixture through the exit pipe from the cover into the condenser1 where the metallic vapors are condensed to metal1 while the uncondensed gases escape by a small outlet tube4 ,after the charge is exhausted1 the crucible is lowered1 and one containing a fresh charge raised in its place2 in this manner the process might almost be called continuous4 ,the actual temperature used in this process to bring about reduction1 as measured by experts1 has been found to be #hej ,cent4 ,by the older method the temperature necessary is about #a1djj ,cent4 ,this is practically the great point of economy in this process1 as the high price of sodium has hitherto been owing to the excessive heat used in the older process and the consequent destruction of the wrought iron vessels4 ,sodium at present costs about four shillings per pound to produce1 while the materials necessary for this quantity1 were nothing wasted1 would hardly cost four pence4 ,the difference between these two figures represents the wear and tear to the furnace1 the destruction of the wrought iron cylinders1 the loss and waste of materials1 the excessive labor and care necessary to employ in manufacturing1 and fuel4 ,approximately1 the cost of these items in producing one pound of sodium by the older process is as follows3 ,two shillings is due to the destruction of wrought iron1 etc4 ,one shilling is due to the loss and waste of materials1 of which three times the theoretical quantity must be employed4 ,eightpence is due to the labor4 ,fourpence is due to the fuel4 ,mr4 ,castner seems justified in his claim to produce sodium at a shilling per pound in large quantities4 ,the steel crucibles which have now been in use some time show but little wear1 and indicate indefinite use in future1 thus reducing the first item of cost in the older process to a fraction4 ,there is hardly any appreciable loss or waste of materials1 and from four pennyworth of caustic soda is ultimately obtained one pound of sodium4 ,the labor is a very small item of expense1 and the fuel consumed is less than one-third that used in the older process4 ,seventy-five tons of fuel are required by the older method in producing one ton of sodium4 ,from actual results a like amount of fuel will produce over three tons of sodium by ,mr4 ,castner's process4 ,the results from this new process are not obtained by calculations on paper1 as the inventor has shown from actual working that his claims are well founded4 ,the process is no longer an experimental one1 the furnace now erected having a capacity of #abj pounds of sodium per day1 which is probably more than is produced at any works now in existence4 ,the production of sodium at one shilling a pound by this process may be considered an accomplished fact1 which ultimately means cheapened aluminum and a solution of the problem that has so long engaged the attention of chemists and metallurgists4 ,preventive ,medicine4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,illingworth thus writes in the ,med4 ,press3 ,one of our great aims as physicians is to prevent disease2 another is to cut short its course when developed4 ,our power in these directions finds full scope among that class of disorders now generally recognized as depending upon the reception1 growth1 and development in the tissues of micro-organic life in one shape or another4 ,by the continual suppression of the growth and development of these forms of cell life1 we may1 indeed1 hope at length to erase the names of the diseases they cause from the category of those ills that flesh is heir to4 ,the diseases ,i refer to are scarlet fever1 diphtheria1 measles1 whooping cough1 rheumatic fever1 chicken-pox1 small-pox1 syphilis1 hydrophobia1 yellow fever1 et hoc genus omne4 ,the germicide remedy ,i have found to answer as a specific and prophylactic in such diseases is the biniodide of mercury given in solution of potassic iodide4 ,in all cases of scarlatina or measles occurring in one member of a family1 ,i put the rest upon preventive medicine4 ,thus1 for children ,i prescribe as follows3 ,bichloride of mercury solution1 iss2 iodide of potassium1 j2 ammonio-citrate of iron1 j2 sirup1 iss2 water to eight ounces4 ,one or two teaspoonfuls to be given three times a day4 ,the ,peace ,army of the ,united ,states4 ,the following figures are believed to be approximately accurate1 and most interesting and instructive they are3 ,french army1 peace footing4 #ebc1bhc ,german army1 peace footing4 #dde1dag ,united ,states army of pensioners1 peace footing4 #djj1jjj ,one of the great evils of a huge standing army is the cost of its support--a constant drain upon the national resources4 ,it does not seem that in this respect we have so very much the advantage of ,france or ,germany1 loaded down as those nations are with military burdens4 ,the great difference is that1 while all or nearly all of the ,french and ,german soldiers1 supported at the national expense1 are available in case of a national emergency1 few or none of ours are4 ,is this enormous burden a just debt8 ,the question is best answered by another question4 ,is it not fair to assume that in #ahgg1 twelve years after the end of the civil war1 about all the equitable claims for pensions on account of that war had been put in and allowed8 ,yet since #ahgg1 the number of pensioners on our rolls has almost doubled2 and the annual cost of maintaining them has nearly trebled4--,n4 ,y4 ,sun4 ,a ,solid ,life ,insurance ,company4 ,the figures of the last annual report of the ,new ,york ,life ,insurance ,company1 just issued1 present a record of almost unexampled success in the conduct of the business of that old and strong company for the past year4 ,its income for the year was #ai1bcj1djh1 it paid policy holders #g1fbg1bcj1 and it has cash assets amounting to #ge1dba1dec4 ,it goes without the saying that this great company does its insurance business on strictly business principles4 ,it recognizes the policy holder's right to paid-up insurance in case of a discontinuance of payment of premiums1 and its policies are notably free from restrictions as to occupation1 residence1 and travel4 ,the company issues a great variety of policies1 thus adapting its contracts to the wants of almost every one having present means from which a small percentage can be spared for the benefit of themselves or those dependent upon them at a future date4 ,,dr4 ,,giles ,,de ,,la ,,tourette has recently published a monograph upon normal locomotion and the variations in the gait caused by diseases of the nervous system4 ,he found1 from a comparison of a large number of cases1 that the average length of pace is1 for men1 #be inches2 for women1 #bj inches4 ,the step with the right foot is somewhat longer than that with the left4 ,the feet are separated laterally in walking about #d inches in men and about #e inches in women4 ,,emery ,,wheels ,,for ,,gumming ,,saws4 ,in the illustration herewith1 the operation of gumming saws with an emery wheel is vividly represented1 the frame affording sufficient support for the side of the saw where the teeth are being ground1 and the arrangement being a simple one1 readily made at any work bench or machine where a shaft is run upon which an emery wheel can be placed4 ,the operation itself involves only the simplest mechanical knowledge and but a rudimentary experience in the handling of tools1 yet the desirability of this method of sharpening saws is largely dependent upon the kind of emery wheel used and the rate of speed at which it is run4 ,illustration3 ,,emery ,,vulcanite ,,saw ,,gummer4 ,the vulcanite emery wheels made by the ,new ,york ,belting and ,packing ,company have especial advantages for this kind of work4 ,they are strong and safe at the highest speed at which it is desirable to run them1 the company recommending that they never be run at a less rate than #f1jjj feet per minute circumferential speed1 and from that up to #h1jjj and #aj1jjj feet per minute1 although the lowest named speed is rather above the ordinary limit of many other kinds of emery wheels1 and attempts to run other wheels at or beyond this limit have frequently resulted in serious accidents1 from the breaking of the wheels4 ,the higher rate of speed1 which not only cuts faster1 but1 in the case of the vulcanite emery wheel1 prolongs the life of the wheel1 is concededly safe with the vulcanite wheel4 ,thus run1 it is not likely to wear out of true1 the operator does not have to bear on so hard1 and the wheel retains its shape much better than when run at a slow speed4 ,the nature of the wear of the working surface in the vulcanite wheel is claimed to be essentially different from that in wheels where the emery is fixed in its place by other methods1 the rubber affording an elastic foundation or cushion1 from which the particles of emery slightly protrude4 ,this not only insures more efficient work from the cutting edges of the emery1 as they become changed by use1 but allows of more access of air to the work1 thus tending to prevent casehardening of the edges of the metal being ground4 ,in addition to wheels with bevel shaped grinding surfaces1 as represented in the engraving1 the company also make wheels with round grinding surfaces1 and this kind is always considered best for large saws4 ,,the ,,frilled ,,shark--,,the ,,oldest ,,living ,,type ,,of ,,vertebrates4 ,in technical terms this is a living species of cladodont shark1 named by ,mr4 ,garman ,chlamydoselachus anguineus4 ,the specimen here figured was found in a miscellaneous collection of fishes1 etc41 in alcohol1 furnished the ,museum of ,comparative ,zoology by ,professor ,h4 ,a4 ,ward1 who purchased them in ,japan4 ,it was soon recognized as not only belonging to a new family1 but one closely allied to certain forms supposed to have become extinct in the ,carboniferous time4 ,this discovery displaces ,ceratodus from the position of the oldest living type of the vertebrata4 ,the term ,chlamydoselachus is applied on account of the curious frill-like mantle that surmounts the first gill cover4 ,the term is made up of two ,greek words implying mantle and shark4 ,six gill openings1 and certain structure of the brain1 remove this form from the present known sharks4 ,its affinity to some of the earliest known sharks1 those of the middle ,devonian1 render it of great interest and importance to science4 ,the family characters which this form represents1 under the term ,chlamydoselachid1 are3 ,body elongate1 with a depressed head4 ,the eyes are lateral1 with no nictitating membrane4 ,the nasal cavity is separate from that of the mouth4 ,the mouth is situated anteriorly1 like that of some fishes4 ,the teeth have broad1 backward extended bases and slender cusps4 ,the spiracles are present4 ,one dorsal fin1 spineless1 is present4 ,there is also an anal fin1 and a caudal with no pit at its root4 ,the first gill cover is free across the isthmus4 ,the intestine has a spiral valve4 ,the generic characters are3 ,six gill openings1 opercular flap1 first gill cover1 broad4 ,teeth similar in both jaws2 each with three slender1 curved1 subconical cusps1 separated by a pair of rudimentary denticles or a broad base4 ,there is no median upper series of teeth in front1 but there is a series below1 on the symphysis4 ,the mouth is wide1 and has no labial folds at the angles4 ,the pupil is horizontally elongate2 the fins are broad1 the caudal without a notch4 ,the total length of this shark is nearly five feet4 ,its greatest width1 across the ventrals1 is seven inches4 ,its resemblance to a snake is very striking4 ,its elongated body1 long1 flattened head1 anterior mouth1 and sinister expression of the eyes are quite suggestive of the ophidians4 ,there are fifty-one rows of teeth1 and six teeth in each row2 the whole number at one time in function is #cjf4 ,the brain is very small4 ,the present state of icthyological science recognizes eliminations that have been made from its main body4 ,comprehensively1 a fish is a cold-blooded vertebrate1 adapted for life in the water1 breathing by means of gills1 having the limbs1 if present1 in the form of fins1 the smaller members being represented by cartilaginous rays connected by membrane4 ,one or more fins are developed on the median line of the body4 ,the lancelets1 myzonts1 myxinoids1 hag fishes1 lampreys1 sharks1 and rays are recognized as differing sufficiently from the true fishes to entitle them to places of class distinction4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,frilled ,,shark--,,the ,,oldest ,,living ,,type ,,of ,,vertebrates4 ,the true fishes form one class2 the elasmobranchs1 sharks1 and rays1 another class2 the marsipobranchs1 myxinoid fishes1 hag fishes1 and lampreys1 a class2 and the lancelets and cirrostomes1 a class4 ,it will be seen1 then1 that technically there are four classes of fish-like vertebrates1 where but one--fishes--has heretofore been recognized4 ,the lancelets1 as is well known1 are the lowest in the scale1 their structure being extremely simple4 ,the skull in this class is undeveloped1 the brain not distinctly differentiated1 nor is there any heart4 ,the term ,leptocardii1 which designates this class1 means thin heart1 in reference to the simplicity of this portion of the arterial system4 ,at first sight of the mouth of the frilled shark1 which is figured here1 the teeth have a singular and wholly unnatural appearance1 appearing like indented1 leaf-like organs2 but it is seen that there are three fangs1 serpent-like1 on a base1 and several rows of them give the peculiar appearance1 arranged as they are consecutively from before inward4 ,the ,port ,jackson sharks1 of the family ,heterodontid1 have long been regarded as of great interest to paleontologists1 from their being closely related to some extinct sharks4 ,under the term ,cestracion 7now ,gyropleurodus71 these sharks are known to naturalists4 ,a species1 ,g4 francisci1 is now found off the coast of ,california4 ,cestracion phillipi is found in the ,australian seas4 ,the term cestracion is from the ,greek kestra1 a weapon4 ,many of the extinct species are known by the preservation of this spine1 which being of more durable structure is preserved after all other traces of the creature have passed away4 ,illustration3 ,,tichenor ,,walker',s ,,improved ,,stump ,,puller4 ,,for ,,description ,,see ,,page #acb4 ,the mouth of the frilled shark1 as seen in our engraving1 is peculiar appearing for a shark1 as this important part is usually situated far beneath4 ,in this respect1 the anterior aspect of the mouth1 there is resemblance to that of the great rhinodon1 the largest living fish1 measuring #gj feet in length4 ,the general appearance of this shark is1 however1 extremely different from that of the frilled shark4 ,the rhinodon is immensely bulky1 the head being quite as deep and wide as any other portion4 ,a very interesting structure1 and one little known1 belonging to the latter is a set of whalebone-like fringes along the gills1 arranged comb-like4 ,these frills have much the same functions of those in the whalebone or right whales4 ,the food of the creature is mostly of sea jellies and other soft pelagic animals1 which are strained into the throat by means of this adaptation4 ,the great basking shark has this structure4 ,this shark has been taken off ,block ,island measuring1 according to authority1 nearly seventy feet4 ,it is the ,cetorhinus1 or bone shark1 also so called4 ,large as these creatures are1 they are harmless1 most fortunately1 their teeth being very small4 ,their food being of gelatinous animal matter1 the masticating apparatus is not required to be of any considerable size or strength4 ,the more harmful sharks are of moderate dimensions1 in which the teeth are very large4 ,in the largest species of maneater shark living1 the teeth are about two inches in length4 ,some of the great carcharodon-like fossil sharks have teeth measuring five inches and a half in length4 ,one in my possession has that measurement4 ,judging from the size of the shark1 which has a tooth two inches in length1 the extinct species here indicated must have been much over one hundred feet in length4 ,such enormous size can more readily be accommodated in the vast ocean than that of the great land beasts on their appropriate element4 ,i am indebted to papers on this subject by ,mr4 ,garman1 of ,cambridge1 ,mass41 for material of this account4 ,j4 ,b4 ,h4 ,,immediately after eating1 a person weighs more than before it4 ,,combined ,,bench ,,and ,,ironing ,,board4 ,the bench is composed of side pieces1 legs1 end pieces1 and a central cross brace4 ,at one end it is provided with stationary top pieces having curved inner edges1 as shown in the upper view1 which are covered with a thin strip of angle iron extending up flush with the top and bent to conform with the curved edge4 ,to the upper ends of the legs are hinged supports adapted to extend upward to form continuations of the legs1 to engage with and hold an ironing board in a horizontal position4 ,a tongue formed upon the free end of each support enters a socket box fitted in a recess formed in the board1 so that the hinged lids of the boxes are flush with the bench surface of the board4 ,when the board is in position to be ironed upon1 the hinged lids rest against the sides of the supports1 an opening in the lids receiving pins projecting from the sides of the supports4 ,the lids are held in this position by suitably arranged buttons4 ,by this means the ironing board is securely fixed in its elevated position4 ,the rigidity of each support is promoted by another button attached to its inner side1 and which enters a slot in the top edge of the side piece4 ,to convert the ironing board into a bench1 the board is lifted up and the supports closed down within the bench1 as shown in the lower view4 ,the wraps used upon the board are then placed neatly over the supports4 ,the board itself is then turned over and its narrow end slid under the projection of the angle iron to a bearing upon the upper edges of the bench frame4 ,the board now forms a smooth top for the bench4 ,the under side of the ironing board1 when forming a seat1 is recessed near each side of its square end4 ,each recess is covered by a metal plate having a diamond-shaped opening to receive the elongated head of a bolt secured to the inner face of the bench side pieces4 ,the square end of the board is thus held to the bench1 the narrow end being held by the angle irons4 ,illustration3 ,,weller',s ,,combined ,,bench ,,and ,,ironing ,,board4 ,this invention has been patented by ,mr4 ,daniel ,h4 ,weller1 of ,boyertown1 ,pa4 ,,improved ,,blind ,,stop4 ,illustration3 ,,gulick',s ,,improved ,,blind ,,stop4 ,by means of the simple attachment here shown1 the blind may be securely held in any desired position4 ,secured to the lower cross bar is a metal plate1 bent at right angles to form flanges1 the projecting one of which is finely corrugated4 ,the plate is held to the bar by screws passing through the other flange4 ,across the face of the outer flange is secured a spring retaining strip1 which bears against the corrugated face and which carries a set screw4 ,to the end of the slat bar is secured a corrugated strip1 which is passed between the flange and its strip1 the corrugated faces resting against each other1 as shown in the right hand view4 ,this device will hold the slats in any required position1 but when the slat bar is subjected to a positive pull1 the strip will slip upon the face of the flange1 against which it will be held by the action of the spring strip4 ,by means of the set screw1 the parts may be so locked together as to prevent the turning of the slats from the outside4 ,this invention has been patented by ,mrs4 ,lizzie ,t4 ,gulick1 of ,corsicana1 ,texas4 ,the ,british ,armament at ,victoria4 ,some mistake appears to have been made in the recent announcement that the ,british ,government are sending out a number of eighty ton guns for the coast defense of ,esquimault and ,victoria4 ,twelve sixty-four pounders have been sent out from ,england1 not for the armaments of the forts1 but to be placed on board the ,british ships of war belonging to the ,pacific squadron or to go into the naval reserves4 ,some time ago the ,british ,minister of ,war made application to the ,canadian ,pacific ,railway to know if they could transport one or more eighty ton guns over their road4 ,an estimate of the cost was given1 with the model of a car composed of three trucks1 which it was proposed to use if the shipment was made4 ,since then nothing has been heard of the eighty ton guns4 ,the officer in command of the ,british ,columbia district does not speak very creditably of the condition of the armament at that point4 ,the artillery armament is described as old1 the carriages and limbers are reported rotten and are falling to pieces1 while the guns are without sights4 ,the batteries at ,victoria and ,esquimault1 the officers say1 are in a discreditable condition4--,n4 ,y4 ,evening ,post4 ,a ,,simple ,,device ,,for ,,crimping ,,boots ,,or ,,shoes4 ,illustration3 ,,la ,,follette',s ,,boot ,,crimper4 ,the crimper herewith illustrated has a yoke-shaped stationary portion1 the jaws of which are formed with transverse corrugations4 ,the top of this yoke has a longitudinal slot1 in which are pivoted the upper reduced ends of movable inner jaws1 whose operative faces have transverse corrugations1 arranged to always meet and fit within the corresponding corrugations of the outer jaws4 ,these inner jaws are normally held open by a spring4 ,the operating or crimping screw slides freely through the slot in the yoke1 extending between the inner jaws1 and on its lower portion fits a wedge-shaped clamping block1 which is drawn up between the inner jaws by turning the operating screw4 ,the outer end of this screw being placed in an aperture in the heel of the last1 or in other suitable position relative to a form over which the leather is to be crimped1 and the edges of the leather placed between the jaws1 the leather may be strained about its forming block as desired by simply rotating the screw4 ,this invention has been patented by ,mr4 ,elery ,b4 ,la ,follette1 of ,flemington1 ,west ,va4 ,,plasterer',s ,,hawk4 ,the object of this invention1 which has been patented by ,mr4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,jaques1 of ,burton1 ,o41 is to provide a plasterer's hawk in which the board on which the mortar is received1 and which is subjected to expansion and contraction due to alternate moistening and drying1 may be rendered light and rigid and1 at the same time1 be free to expand and contract without warping or cracking4 ,in the center of the board is secured a bolt1 upon which is received a handle having a nut in its outer end fitting the end of the bolt4 ,a circular concave plate is placed on the bolt1 between the handle and board1 with its concave side toward the board4 ,between the plate and board is held an elastic rubber washer1 which is compressed by screwing the handle down4 ,the plate has a plane edge1 which is secured to the board by screws1 and in the edge are four notches for receiving the ends of wire frames that extend a short distance under the plate1 by which they are clamped to the board4 ,each frame consists of a wire1 bent to the shape shown in the upper view in the engraving4 ,through the end loops are passed screws1 projecting from the board1 and the center of each frame is secured to the board by a clip1 the clips and bolt being arranged in a line parallel with the grain of the wood4 ,the frames support the edges of the board1 and the loops permit of the lateral movement of their screws and the portions of the board by which they are carried4 ,this hawk weighs1 even when thoroughly soaked1 only one pound and a half1 the old style weighing from three to five pounds4 ,illustration3 ,,jaques' ,,plasterer',s ,,hawk4 ,,adjustable ,,wood ,,measuring ,,rack4 ,by means of this device wood may be measured by the cord or fractional parts of a cord1 as occasion may require4 ,the sill frame consists of two longitudinally ranging timbers connected by cross bars4 ,near one end of the timbers are fixed uprights1 braced to each other and to the timbers4 ,to the inner faces of the sills are screwed a series of headed pins1 the first one being exactly one foot from the inner face of the end posts1 and the others being spaced one foot apart4 ,two posts1 braced together by rods1 are adapted to stand on the sills1 and to the inside face of each post is attached1 by coach screws1 a metal plate provided with a hook at its lower end1 adapted to engage with the shank of one of the headed screw pins of the sills4 ,attached to each post is a brace with two arms1 and formed at its lower end with a notch to engage the pins on the sills4 ,the metal plates and braces are slotted for the passage of the screws1 so that the movable frame may be quickly and easily set perfectly plumb1 whichever opposite pair of the sill pins may be engaged by the hooked plates4 ,the posts are exactly four feet high1 and one is marked by cross lines one foot apart4 ,it is apparent that1 to measure a cord1 the frame is moved to the eighth set of pins and the wood is piled to the tops of the posts4 ,to measure half a cord1 the hooks are engaged with the fourth pins4 ,by adjusting the hooks to the first pair of pins1 and filling the wood in between the end posts up to the first cross line on the post1 a single foot of wood can be measured1 or up to the second line for two feet1 and so on4 ,thus a cord or any fractional part can be readily measured4 ,to disengage the frame1 it is only necessary to tilt it forward toward the fixed posts1 when it may be shifted to any point along the sill frame4 ,illustration3 ,,broughton',s ,,adjustable ,,wood ,,measuring ,,rack4 ,this invention has been patented by ,mr4 ,horace ,l4 ,broughton1 whose address is ,p4 ,o4 box #cbj1 ,marblehead1 ,mass4 ,steel ,rail ,capacity of the ,united ,states4 ,name4 ,capacity in ,tons4 ,springfield ,iron ,company #ab1jjj ,indianapolis ,rolling ,mill ,company #ge1jjj ,joliet ,steel ,company #bjj1jjj ,lackawanna ,coal and ,iron ,company #baf1jjj ,troy ,steel and ,iron ,company #abj1jjj ,montour ,iron and ,steel ,company #ij1jjj ,california ,mills #ej1jjj ,lochiel ,iron and ,steel ,works #fe1jjj ,cleveland ,rolling ,mill ,company #bjj1jjj ,roane ,iron ,company #ej1jjj ,union ,steel ,works1 ,chicago #afh1jjj ,colorado ,coal and ,iron ,company #abe1jjj ,cambria ,works #ajj1jjj ,western ,steel ,company #acb1jjj ,south ,chicago ,plant #bej1jjj ,bay ,view ,plant #ej1jjj ,north ,chicago ,plant #bjj1jjj ,carnegie1 ,phipps ,co4 #abe1jjj ,union ,iron ,mills1 ,pittsburg #ej1jjj ,edgar ,thomson ,plant #dej1jjj ,cranston ,steel ,company #age1jjj ,pennsylvania ,steel ,company #cjj1jjj ,bethlehem ,iron ,company #bej1jjj ,worcester ,steel ,works #ej1jjj --------- ,total apparent rail capacity #c1fga1jjj ,,penberthy ,,injector4 ,at last a mechanical combination and device has been produced1 and a man's labor and study crowned with success1 in the production1 for the convenience of engineers1 of a simple and compact device known as the ,penberthy injector or boiler feeder4 ,its mechanical construction is very simple1 but perfect4 ,all its parts are movable and convenient of access 7not being screwed in71 its working so complete that an inexperienced person can operate it with success and perfectness4 ,its adaptability to all classes of boilers1 such as stationary1 portable1 traction1 marine1 and locomotive1 and its working on each1 makes it very desirable1 and recommends it to all classes of engineers4 ,the automatic working of this injector is of very great advantage1 as by this mechanical construction it works under all conditions of shakes1 jars1 and concussions4 ,in case of a break1 or the suction is to be removed and then returned1 it picks up or begins working without any aid1 assistance1 or attention from the engineer1 thereby relieving of much care and annoyance4 ,its convenience of access is of very great consideration and importance1 owing to the advantage of cleaning and examining its interior parts4 ,the working parts of this injector are stationary in their work1 thereby causing comparatively no wear in its mechanical parts4 ,the inventor seems to have combined common sense with mechanical science1 by leaving out all complications1 and combining in the injector every convenience of operating1 getting at1 and putting it on the boiler4 ,the body is of a single cylinder or barrel1 with two jets inside1 steam and combining1 and governed by an automatic swinging overflow4 ,the injector is operated by the opening or closing of the globe valves4 ,it is connected to the boiler and pipes with uniform and interchangeable square centered unions1 and can be put on or taken off very quickly without any annoyance or injury1 and the only tool required being an ordinary wrench4 ,another great point gained in this injector is its great range of working capacity4 ,it will lift water twenty-five feet perpendicular1 or take it a hydraulic pressure and force it into the boiler at a temperature of from #adj to #ahj ,fah4 ,it will work under a steam pressure of from #bj to #adj lb4 ,it will also lift and force water at a very warm temperature 7say #abj ,fah47 in tank or well1 and under all circumstances and at all points it works automatically4 ,the inventor and manufacturers of the ,penberthy injector have great confidence in its working qualities1 and to satisfy engineers of its merits and perfectness of work1 solicit a trial4 ,from observation1 a brilliant future is in store for this little wonder of simplicity and compactness1 which is a model of mechanism in appearance and finish4 ,illustration3 ,,penberthy ,,injector4 ,for prices1 etc41 address ,jenkins ,bros41 #ga ,john ,st41 ,new ,york1 #ac ,so4 #dth ,st4 ,philadelphia1 and #aje ,milk ,st41 ,boston1 agents for this injector4 ,,protector ,,for ,,ladies' ,,hats4 ,this simple and readily adjustable protector may be quickly applied to and removed from a hat or bonnet1 without injuring its delicate trimmings1 and may be adjusted to fit large or small hats4 ,the main portion of the protector1 which alone will be used to cover hats of small or medium size1 consists of a piece of some light waterproof fabric strengthened about the margin with an inside facing4 ,at the inner face of the body are secured a couple of narrow strips of suitable fabric 7,fig4 #b71 forming casings for drawing strings4 ,at the opposite edges of the facing are attached small rings1 through either series of which a drawing string may be passed4 ,the extension piece 7,fig4 #a7 of the protector consists of an endless band of waterproof fabric1 like that of the body1 provided at its edges with bindings1 to which rings for drawing strings are secured4 ,the protector can readily be adjusted and held upon a small or medium sized hat by properly manipulating the drawing strings4 ,to adapt the protector to a large hat1 the extension piece is united to the main piece by a string passed through the inner series of rings on the facing and through one of the series of rings on the extension piece4 ,a string is then passed through the other rings of the extension piece1 when the protector can be held to the hat by adjusting the drawing strings4 ,it is evident that this protector may be applied over a hat without danger of crushing the most delicate trimmings4 ,illustration3 ,,hopkirk',s ,,protector ,,for ,,ladies' ,,hats4 ,this invention has been patented by ,mrs4 ,w4 ,h4 ,hopkirk1 of ,agency1 ,iowa4 ,,improved ,,stump ,,puller4 ,the stump puller shown in the accompanying engraving 7page #acj7 is exceedingly powerful1 as1 by a system of compound levers1 a pull of one pound on the operating bar will exert a pull of #chd pounds on the stump1 and if the lifting chain be passed around a single pulley1 this power is doubled4 ,with one of these machines one man has pulled a green maple stump two feet in diameter from clay soil4 ,the pulling mechanism is supported by a tripod1 to the upper end of which is secured a chain carrying a bar or plate provided with a bearing in which slides a notched bar4 ,meshing with the notches of this bar are the teeth of a pawl1 which is so connected1 by levers1 with the operating handle that the downward movement of the latter will raise the pawl and notched bar and the chain attached to its lower end4 ,a sliding bolt then holds the notched bar in its raised position1 when the handle can be raised to enable the pawl to engage with the next lower teeth of the bar4 ,thus1 by a succession of up and down movements of the handle1 the notched bar may be elevated its entire length1 or until the stump is pulled completely out4 ,it will be seen that the sliding bolt permits of the upward1 but prevents the downward1 movement of the notched bar when the pawl is disengaged and slides downward4 ,but1 by means of a suitably arranged hand lever1 the pawl may be moved so as to be out of contact with the bar1 and1 at the same time1 the bolt1 which is pressed forward by a spring1 may be moved to disengage it from the notch in the bar1 which may then be adjusted in any desired position4 ,the machine is built of steel and malleable iron4 ,this invention has been patented by ,messrs4 ,r4 ,r4 ,tichenor and ,p4 ,walker1 of ,henning1 ,minn4 ,the ,defense of ,new ,york within ,thirty ,days' ,time4 ,the idea seems to prevail that the ,united ,states is absolutely helpless against a naval attack from ,england4 ,i think this idea is entirely erroneous4 ,there is the pneumatic gun1 capable now of throwing #cjj lb4 of nitro-glycerine1 which amount could easily be increased to #a1jjj lb4 ,for the value of one modern ironclad1 #aej steamers with such a gun could be put in service in two weeks by the ,united ,states1 because any steamer of #ajj feet or over would answer2 while the gun1 being a mere tube1 subjected to but #a1jjj lb4 of air per square inch1 with air-compressing machinery1 is all so available and quickly built that a month would put the ,united ,states into possession of #ejj of them4 ,if1 now1 #bj such steamers be told off for each ironclad sent against us1 even if two-thirds were sunk1 they would1 before being entirely demolished1 succeed in depositing #e to #aj tons of nitro-glycerine on the deck of the ironclad1 and exploding it4 ,would not the effect of repeated explosions of #a1jjj lb4 of nitro-glycerine blow the deck in1 dismount the guns and engine1 and shake the armor loose1 as the explosions of the ,monitors' guns did when they were in service in the late war--the heads of bolts and other fastenings of the armor flying off from the concussion4 ,then there is the submarine boat1 that has already stayed under water thirty minutes with its crew1 and been easily and correctly guided4 ,what is in the way of using ten such boats to each ironclad1 one of which would unquestionably succeed in placing #a1jjj lb4 of nitro-glycerine under the ironclad1 the explosion of which would be heard from8 ,because the explosion of #ij lb4 of gun-cotton did not materially damage an ironclad1 can it be reasoned that #a1jjj lb4 of nitro-glycerine1 which would have twenty-five times the force of #ij lb4 of gun-cotton1 would be equally ineffective8 ,hardly1 ,i think4 ,nets1 etc41 would not prevent such boats from diving under them1 while they would only impede the speed and maneuvering of the ironclad1 and render her more easily approached4 ,blucher1 the ,german cavalry officer1 insisted that it was the impression and belief existing in ,germany that ,napoleon was invincible1 and the ,germans helpless1 that alone prevented them from conquering4 ,when the occasion came when he could demonstrate this1 the ,germans and allies easily defeated and dethroned ,napoleon4 ,it is similarly true in this country1 for too many believe that the ,english ironclad is invincible1 and this impression makes cowards of too many4 ,give the nitro-glycerine gun and submarine boat a trial1 if occasion arises1 and ,england's ironclads will succumb as easily as ,napoleon when sufficient power of the right kind was brought to bear on him4 ,the right kind of power to apply to ,england is nitro-glycerine and dynamite1 which could be ready with guns and boats in a month or less4 ,one hundred days sufficed to build the first ,monitor many years ago1 and much less time will be needed for dynamite guns4 ,,wayne4 ,electroplating with ,platinum4 ,platinum has not been much used in electroplating1 notwithstanding its hard1 durable1 and protective properties4 ,this is1 perhaps1 chiefly owing to the practical difficulty of obtaining a good firm reguline deposit4 ,a process for effecting this has1 however1 been brought out recently by a ,mr4 ,bright1 whose patents have been acquired by the ,bright ,platinum ,plating ,company1 and are in actual operation in ,london at works established there4 ,platinum has the advantage of keeping its color where silver1 brass1 or copper becomes discolored1 and will1 to some extent at least1 replace the use of these metals in electrotyping4 ,it will be highly useful in plating chemists' crucibles and so on4 ,german silver1 for example1 plated with platinum can be used to manipulate strong acids4 ,by the ,bright process1 platinum can be deposited on any surface which can be electroplated with other metals4 ,,combined ,,brush ,,and ,,comb ,,cleaner4 ,the invention herewith illustrated relates to a device for cleaning brushes and combs4 ,it consists of a handle or body of suitable form1 provided at one end with a brush1 and at the opposite end with thin curved fingers of metal1 or equivalent elastic material1 adapted to enter between the teeth of the comb or the bristles of the brush4 ,in making use of the device the hooks are employed to loosen and remove1 as far as possible1 the hairs or other foreign matter1 after which the brush is employed to complete the operation4 ,it is intended to afford a cheap1 simple1 and efficient means of cleaning articles in daily use in every household1 and is virtually sure1 considering the low cost at which it can be manufactured1 to become a staple article of merchandise4 ,the invention has been patented by ,mr4 ,j4 ,o4 ,brookbank1 of ,driftwood1 ,cameron ,county1 ,pa41 to whom all particulars relating to purchase of rights for the ,united ,states and ,canada should be addressed4 ,illustration3 ,,brookbank',s ,,combined ,,brush ,,and ,,comb ,,cleaner4 ,correspondence4 ,coincidence of ,charleston ,earthquake with a ,reported ,eruption in the ,tonga ,group4 ,to the ,editor of the ,scientific ,american3 ,i would like to call your attention to a reported coincidence1 described in a letter in the ,london ,times of ,december last4 ,an interview with captain and crew of a vessel just then arrived at ,sydney1 ,australia1 from ,tonga ,islands1 is given4 ,the captain is represented assaying that while lying off the islands on the night of the #cast of ,august1 #ahhf1 he observed a most terrific eruption of a volcano situated on one of them1 accompanied by earthquake shocks1 and the vessel received showers of dust and ashes4 ,the occurrence on the same night with the ,charleston earthquake on this continent is curious1 to say the least4 ,the statement might be acceptable to those of your readers interested in seismic disturbances4 ,p4 ,,max4 ,,foshay4 ,beaver ,falls1 ,pa41 ,february #b1 #ahhg4 ,incendiary ,birds4 ,to the ,editor of the ,scientific ,american3 ,i write to relate an incident which may be of interest to some of the readers of your valuable paper4 ,there is a bar iron mill1 situated in a neighboring town four miles from here1 that has been on fire three or four times1 in which the ,english sparrow might be called the incendiary4 ,these sparrows pick up old pieces of cotton waste1 which they build in their nests1 among the timbers of the roof of the mill1 and in every case of the fires above mentioned1 these nests were the cause1 either from spontaneous combustion or from sparks from the hot iron striking and lodging in the nest4 ,if you could suggest some way of getting rid of the sparrows1 ,i think the manager of the mill would be glad to adopt your plan4 ,r4 ,w4 ,,kear4 ,pottsville1 ,pa41 ,february #ad1 #ahhg4 ,charcoal as ,fossil4 ,to the ,editor of the ,scientific ,american3 ,perhaps charcoal has not often been observed as occurring naturally with mineral coal1 though1 as a result of metamorphism1 graphite is not uncommon in coal districts4 ,in a variety of bituminous coal that comes from ,tennessee1 and that is largely used in this ,state1 there are to be seen along in the cleavage planes films of true charcoal1 in varying quantity1 but commonly thin4 ,this coal has been coming to us for several years1 and all the while ,i have noticed in it the presence of the charcoal4 ,i have scarcely ever put coal into the fire without making the observation2 and there is perhaps not a lump1 of size at all considerable1 that does not contain these films4 ,on close examination1 ,i have frequently found that the surface of the films on the broken lumps contains a delicate tracery1 closely resembling vegetable impressions4 ,the tracery is not so well marked as a fossil imprint1 but not so indistinct as to escape notice4 ,j4 ,f4 ,b4 ,emory ,college1 ,ga4 ,phosphorescent ,birds4 ,to the ,editor of the ,scientific ,american3 ,in reading of the habits of the wading birds1 and particularly of the crane1 ,i do not find that naturalists give any account of their manner of attracting their prey at night4 ,my attention was called to the matter while gigging for fish1 by frequently observing dim phosphoric lights appear and disappear along the shore like jack o' lanterns1 which ,i for a long time supposed them to be4 ,oh one occasion ,i fired at such a light1 and brought down a large blue crane1 on which the phosphoric spots were clearly visible after death4 ,there are two such spots2 the larger being high up on the breast and the smaller at the bottom of the breast bone1 the bird having power to reveal and conceal them at will4 ,i have since stuffed many of the water walkers1 and find that all have the same general arrangement of the feathers1 and1 as ,i believe1 the same power of lighting up the water to attract the fish4 ,will some naturalist who is posted on this subject please throw some further light upon it1 for the benefit of science8 ,,isaac ,n4 ,,worrall4 ,topeka1 ,kansas4 ,canned ,fish1 ,meats1 etc4 ,a correspondent in ,british ,columbia1 who is engaged in the business1 gives us the following practical information3 ,noticing your reply to a correspondent anent canned goods1 ,i recently opened several cans of salmon that were processed in ,july of #ahgi1 #ahhj1 #ahha1 and on comparing them with last season's cans1 found it impossible to detect the slightest difference4 ,i hold that if a can is once perfectly sealed1 the contents will remain unaltered as long as the metal casing remains intact4 ,a can will keep if every portion of the contents has been subjected to a temperature of #bab ,fah41 whether the air is expelled or not1 as my experiments have conclusively proved4 ,when ,i first began the business1 ,i was taught that the air unless expelled would cause the contents to deteriorate1 and that was the reason the cans were vented4 ,i soon found it was a mistake4 ,the venting is done for the purpose of testing for leaks4 ,a tight can has a sound that cannot be mistaken for a leaky one4 ,if your correspondent boils his fish1 flesh1 or fowl with the vents open1 he will have dry cans for his pains4 ,the vents must be closed when cooking1 and opened1 in the case of meats1 after boiling one hour1 then closed and returned to kettle1 and boil three hours for fish and less for meat without bone4 ,fruit is vented and closed when finished4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,our ,,winter ,,birds4 ,,by ,e4 ,m4 ,,hasbrouck4 ,it is a popular belief that the woods and fields in winter time are void of bird life1 and are what they appear at a distance--a cold1 bleak1 and desolate waste4 ,this opinion1 however1 is not correct4 ,it is true that the birds1 which were so numerous during the summer1 have left us and gone to their winter homes1 but as they departed an entirely different fauna started from a colder climate1 and gradually took their place4 ,i refer to the birds of the northern part of ,canada and the fur countries1 whose summer homes are in these desolate regions1 and which on the approach of winter are driven southward1 making a temporary stay with us until the rigors of an ,arctic winter shall have departed1 and once more left their homes in an inhabitable condition4 ,illustration ,a glance at these birds will take one into the same localities that have been so often traversed in the summer time1 and once within the woods1 the fact that they are cold and leafless is lost sight of4 ,one can now find birds entirely different from any that he has heretofore seen1 and at the same time learn several facts of interest concerning birds with which he considers himself well acquainted2 as1 for instance1 the ,american goldfinch1 which is supposed to migrate in the fall1 will be found in the swampy woods in large flocks1 but with plumage so changed that they will probably not be recognized1 being of a somber brown color1 and sexes undistinguishable4 ,why hundreds of a species1 the majority of which migrate regularly1 and which do not reach us until late in the spring1 should change their dress and remain with us throughout our most severe winters is a problem4 ,in company with them will often be found the pine linnet and common red poll4 ,these little finches are rather rare1 and are seldom found together in any great numbers4 ,they leave the ,north in large flocks1 but as they journey southward break up into smaller and smaller companies1 until only a few are left together4 ,these join interests with the nearest goldfinches1 and remain with them throughout the winter4 ,the results of a visit to the fields1 on some clear day1 will often repay a somewhat wearisome tramp4 ,the snow buntings and shore larks frequent such places in large numbers1 and a locality where the ground has been swept bare of snow1 or is covered with a growth of weeds1 is a favorite feeding ground4 ,their food consists entirely of the seeds1 and a spot once chosen by them is seldom forsaken until all in this line has been eaten4 ,the buntings will be found in flocks of from a dozen to two hundred1 and in some even more4 ,their appearance when flying is pure white1 but the upper parts of a specimen in the hand will be found mostly black4 ,they are extremely shy1 and when approached spring into the air and dart away in a manner that would indicate their intention of departing for the next county2 but should you return that way in the course of half an hour1 you will1 in all probability1 find them in the same place4 ,the shore larks1 although feeding on the same grounds1 seldom mix with the buntings1 preferring to keep in flocks by themselves1 and are worthy of attention1 inasmuch as they have one marked peculiarity2 this is the small tuft of feathers on each side of the head1 resembling minute horns1 which are raised and lowered at pleasure4 7,see cut47 ,the majority of these birds reach us at the approach of cold weather1 although a few spend the summer here and rear their young4 ,they are less timid than the snow bunting1 and may often be approached quite close4 ,these two species form about all the attraction to be found to any extent in the fields1 and1 aside from an occasional hawk1 only one more species frequents them1 a species that is worth going miles to see--the snowy owl4 ,these birds reach us about the last of ,november and remain until the last of ,february1 frequenting the neighborhood of some body of water1 and seldom straying from it more than a mile or two4 ,to see them and become at all acquainted with their habits1 one must face all kinds of weather1 possess untiring energy1 and must undergo a considerable amount of fatigue4 ,he will find them in the open country 7as they frequent such ground altogether1 seldom1 if ever1 entering the woods71 perched on some fence post or stump1 where1 if undisturbed1 they will remain for a considerable length of time1 intently watching for mice1 of which their food largely consists1 set off by an occasional rabbit4 ,they are extremely rare4 ,one may tramp the fields for several days without success1 and then again find one the first hour out4 ,on ,december #bj1 #ahhf1 the writer started on a trip to ,oneida ,lake1 ,n4 ,y41 intending to devote his attention entirely to these birds2 was gone four days1 and saw five birds4 ,this1 of course1 was exceptional1 but shows what may happen4 ,in the dense pine and hemlock swamps several other species of owls are found1 which are much more numerous at this season than in the summer4 ,these are the long eared and short eared owls1 with an occasional barred owl2 but the most interesting of all is the ,acadian or saw-whet1 one of the smallest of the family and little known4 ,it is far from common1 being met with only at intervals4 ,its note1 which closely resembles the filing of a large saw1 occasionally betrays it2 while at the same time it has a tendency to stray into barns and out-buildings1 thus affording an opportunity for capture4 ,as it is not generally known1 a description may be of some benefit4 ,upper parts1 including wings and tail1 uniform chocolate-brown1 spotted with white2 under parts white1 thickly streaked lengthwise with the color of the back2 face1 white4 ,in general appearance1 they are the same as all owls1 but when seen in the woods have a somewhat comical appearance1 owing to their wise look for so small a bird4 ,we have often heard of the shrikes1 or butcher birds1 that capture small birds and impale them on the thorns of bushes4 ,many of us have wished to see them1 and wondered where and when they were to be found4 ,now is the time4 ,any clump of bushes or young second-growth is a likely place to find them1 for there are two species which visit us every winter and frequent these places4 ,these are the great northern and loggerhead shrikes1 the latter being most common2 both bear a general resemblance1 but differ mainly in size and in markings on the under parts4 ,one can find them almost any day1 perched on the topmost branch of some tree or bush1 steadily eyeing the surrounding bushes in search of some victim1 while on a thornbush near by will be found numberless moles1 mice1 and an occasional bird1 awaiting the appetite of the marauder4 ,aside from the goldfinches1 many other birds of different species1 instead of migrating with the rest1 remain behind1 and are to be found1 on almost any pleasant day1 in the warmer and more secluded parts of the swamp4 ,among these are the robin1 golden-winged1 downy1 and hairy woodpeckers1 the white-bellied nuthatch1 and chickadees4 ,these last are1 perhaps1 the most numerous of all our winter birds2 whole flocks roam from one end of the swamp to the other1 and ,i think there is no pleasanter sound to be heard in the woods in winter than to hear their clear chick-a-dee-de-de-de from a score of little throats1 or to see them clinging to the branches and acting as familiarly as though no one was within sight or hearing4 ,an occasional meadow lark will be flushed from the tall grass in some sheltered spot1 while on the open streams will be found black ducks and mallards1 whistlers and mergansers of two species1 the hooded and buff-breasted or common sheldrake4 ,truly1 then1 with all this material awaiting us1 the fields and forests will be found inviting1 and you who have never traversed them in winter do so now1 and get a new interest awakened in them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,it is not long since we spoke of the benefits conferred on the farmer by the inventor4 ,the following statement is a good illustration of our views as then presented4 ,it is taken from our contemporary1 the ,new ,england ,farmer4 ,by the use of mowing machines and horse rakes and a horse hay fork1 two boys in ,connecticut last summer cut1 raked1 and helped to stow away #ajj tons of hay1 while their father was disabled from work by illness4 ,under such conditions a farmer is apt to feel like blessing the man who invents labor-saving machinery4 ,,thermoscopic ,,balance4 ,,by ,,geo4 ,m4 ,,hopkins4 ,the action of this instrument is due to the facility with which liquids evaporate in a vacuum4 ,a small amount of heat is sufficient to vaporize the liquid to the extent required to secure the desired action4 ,the instrument is provided with a glass tube bent twice at right angles1 and having a bulb blown on each end4 ,the tube and the bulbs are partly filled with water1 and a vacuum is secured by boiling the water in the bulbs before sealing them4 ,the center of the tube is furnished with ,v-pivots1 which rest in bearings in the top of the forked column4 ,the column also supports a metal screen1 which is bright one side and black on the other4 ,two pins project from the shield1 to limit the movements of the glass tube and bulbs4 ,when the instrument is in use1 the screen is placed toward the source of heat1 and when radiant heat strikes the bulb which is unshielded by the screen1 the water in that bulb is vaporized1 and sufficient pressure is produced to drive the water upward into the bulb behind the screen4 ,when a little more than half of the water has been in this manner forced from the lower to the higher bulb1 the upper bulb preponderates4 ,the tube and bulbs are supported on their pivot so as to secure unstable equilibrium1 so that1 when the upper bulb begins to descend1 it completes its excursion at once1 and exposes the full bulb to the radiant heat1 at the same time carrying its empty bulb behind the screen1 where it cools4 ,the transfer of the water from the full bulb to the empty one now occurs as before4 ,this operation is repeated so long as the bulbs are exposed to the action of radiant heat4 ,the oscillations may be quickened by smoking the sides of the bulbs remote from the screen1 and still greater rapidity of action may be secured by concentrating the heat on the bulbs by means of condensers or reflectors4 ,illustration3 ,,thermoscopic ,,balance4 ,the ,duration of the ,sun4 ,the ,builders' ,weekly ,reporter 7,london7 has an interesting account of a lecture at the ,royal ,institute1 given by ,professor ,sir ,william ,thomson1 on the latest dynamical theories regarding the probable origin1 total amount1 and possible duration of the sun's heat4 ,during the short #c1jjj years or more of which man possesses historic records there was1 the learned physicist showed1 no trace of variation in solar energy2 and there was no distinct evidence of it even though the earth1 as a whole1 from being nearer the sun1 received in ,january #f per cent more heat than in ,july4 ,but in the millions of years which geology carried us back1 it might safely be said there must have been great changes4 ,how had the solar fires been maintained during those ages8 ,the scientific answer to this question was the theory of ,helmholtz that the sun was a vast globe gradually cooling1 but as it cooled1 shrinking1 and that the shrinkage--which was the effect of gravity upon its mass--kept up its temperature4 ,the total of the sun's heat was equal to that which would be required to keep up #dgf1jjj millions of millions of millions horse power1 or about #gh1jjj horse power for every square meter--a little more than a square yard--and yet the modern dynamical theory of heat shows that the sun's mass would require only to fall in or contract thirty-five meters per annum to keep up that tremendous energy4 ,at this rate1 the solar radius in #b1jjj years' time would be about one hundredth per cent less than at present4 ,a time would come when the temperature would fall1 and it was thus inconceivable that the sun would continue to emit heat sufficient to sustain existing life on the globe for more than #aj1jjj1jjj years4 ,applying the same principles retrospectively1 they could not suppose that the sun had existed for more than twenty million years1 no matter what might have been its origin--whether it came into existence from the clash of worlds pre-existing1 or of diffused nebulous matter4 ,there was a great clinging by geologists and biologists to vastly longer periods1 but the physicist1 treating it as a dynamic question with calculable elements1 could come to no other conclusion materially different from what he had stated4 ,sir ,william ,thomson declined to discuss any chemical source of heat1 which1 whatever its effect when primeval elements first came into contact1 was absolutely insignificant compared with the effects of gravity after globes like the sun and the earth had been formed4 ,in all these speculations they were in the end driven to the ultimate elements of matter1 to the question--when they thought what became of all the sun's heat--what is the luminiferous ether that fills space1 and to that most wonderful form of force upon which ,faraday spent so much of the thought of his later years--gravity4 ,the lecture was heard with deep interest and close attention4 ,,improved ,,marine ,,dredger4 ,the twin screw dredger ,dolphin was recently constructed for the ,colonies1 under the direction of ,sir ,john ,coode1 assisted by ,mr4 ,wm4 ,matthews1 ,c4,e41 and is especially designed1 says the ,engineer1 for harbor improvements in the ,west ,indies4 ,the dimensions are3 ,ft4 ,in4 ,length between perpendiculars #acj #j ,breadth moulded #cj #j ,depth #h #j ,,engines--,compound surface condensing1 ,i4,h4,p #bej ,stroke of pumps #ad ,diameter of high pressure cylinder #af low pressure #cc ,length of stroke #bd ,diameter of air pump #aa circulating pump #f feed pumps #b bilge pumps #b ,the boiler is of steel1 for a working pressure of #ij lb4 per square inch4 ,the bucket ladder works through a well formed in the center of the vessel1 and dredges to a depth of #cc ft4 below the water level1 and the buckets are made wholly of steel1 and are capable of lifting #bej tons of free soil per hour4 ,triple-geared winches are supplied at bow and stern for working the mooring chains1 the barrels of which can be worked independently or conjointly1 as required4 ,the cabins for the officers and crew are of the most complete description2 those of the former being fitted on starboard side of the well1 and consist of rooms for the captain1 mate1 and engineers1 also mess room4 ,all the rooms are large and efficiently lighted and ventilated4 ,a powerful crane is erected at forward end for overhauling the buckets1 hoisting gear1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,dredger ,,dolphin4 ,hydraulic ,dredging at ,washington4 ,at a recent meeting of the ,engineers' ,club of ,philadelphia1 a paper by ,conway ,b4 ,hunt was read on hydraulic dredging machinery4 ,the paper mentions the early application of the principle of hydraulic dredging1 that is1 the mixing of dredged material with water and then removing the mixture by suction or otherwise2 and after referring briefly to the ,roy ,stone and ,bowers dredges as typical machines1 describes in detail the ,von ,schmidt dredge4 ,two of these dredges are engaged on the improvement of the ,potomac ,river at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 under the ,united ,states ,government4 ,each is #ajj feet by #ej feet1 with a semicircular bow1 around which travels a vertical suction pipe1 #bb in4 in diameter1 and telescopic4 ,at its foot is a conical hood1 beneath which works a rotary excavating plow1 #h feet in diameter4 ,the suction is produced by a powerful centrifugal pump1 run by a #bjj horse power engine4 ,the discharge pipe is #bj in4 in diameter1 has rubber hose joint connections1 and is carried to the shore on pontoons4 ,the material was mixed with from three to ten times its volume of water1 and discharged at distances up to #c1ejj feet from the dredge1 and at from #f to #aj feet above water4 ,a year's record shows an average of #age cubic yards per working hour1 and #b1cjj yards per day1 for each dredge4 ,the work was done1 by contract1 at prices of #ab4cg cts41 #ae cts41 and #ae4de cts4 per cubic yard1 which includes the cost of levees to confine the semi fluid material1 drains to carry off the water1 etc4 ,the final estimates were specified to be taken by cross sections of the completed fill after it had become solidified and compacted4 ,in conclusion1 it is noted that the devices and details of hydraulic dredging machines are the subjects of numerous patents1 and their most efficient combination may be long deferred4 ,the large number of machines that are still in the experimental stage of development would indicate that the best results attainable from this class of dredges have not yet been accomplished4 ,a ,new ,sugar ,process4 ,the details of the process vary with quality of beets4 ,to a vat containing the secondary products to be treated are added calculated quantities of diluted hydrochloric acid and milk of lime at #be ,b4 ,the mass is heated to the boiling point by a steam coil4 ,in a separate vat the product is diluted with water at #ge ,c4 to #bc ,b41 and subsequently run through ,puvrez filtering bags4 ,the filtrate is clear in color1 and is received in a measuring tank1 from which it is run into the diffusion battery4 ,in the latter but few changes are necessary4 ,it is said that by this method an additional #a per cent sugar is extracted from the beet1 and the white sugar obtained can be at once placed upon the market4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,there were exported last season from ,prince ,edward ,island #ia1jjj cases of lobsters4 ,,the ,,northern ,,lights4 ,when1 in #ageb1 ,franklin succeeded1 through a kite sent up into a storm cloud1 in obtaining an electric spark at the extremity of the cord1 which had been made a conductor through the rain1 it was no longer possible to doubt that lightning was but an immense electric discharge between two clouds1 or a discharge between a cloud and the earth4 ,this discovery was of great importance1 since it connected with the laws of physics certain phenomena which1 until then1 had passed for marvelous1 and in which nothing but supernatural and mysterious manifestations were seen4 ,the aurora borealis1 which is more difficult to understand1 and which necessitates more extended scientific notions1 has remained much longer unexplained4 ,this enigmatic phenomenon was especially striking to the imagination of ancient peoples4 ,it was regarded as an omen of inauspicious events1 and the historians who describe it affirm that1 at times1 armies have been seen passing through the bloody heavens1 and that the clash of arms has been heard4 ,it is now known that the aurora borealis has the same origin as lightning1 that it is one of the visible manifestations of atmospheric electricity1 and that it is due to slow movements of that fluid1 while lightning is the result of violent motions4 ,the effects of the aurora and of the thunderbolt are absolutely different2 but between them there is an intermediary that connects them1 and this is heat lightning4 ,these elementary notions are now the property of science2 but the study of the aurora has hitherto been only partially outlined4 ,travelers and physicists have1 indeed1 given numerous descriptions1 but it has remained to find the bonds that unite these so important phenomena in the economy of the globe1 to study the causes that set them in action1 to observe the correlations that they may offer1 and to discuss theories4 ,this is a labor that ,mr4 ,s4 ,lemstrom has been engaged in for several years1 and we now propose to analyze the results published by this great ,finnish physicist4 ,the author of this important work1 who has long been occupied in the study of the aurora borealis1 so frequent in his country1 was attached to the polar expedition made in #ahfh by ,nordenskjold4 ,he was led to begin a series of important observations4 ,in #ahga he visited ,finnish ,lapland1 and1 after a series of ingenious researches1 constructed an apparatus that permitted him to artificially reproduce the light of the aurora1 and to present science with a summary of new and incontestable facts4 ,mr4 ,lemstrom has observed a large number of auror1 and before touching upon theoretic questions1 we shall give his description of one of the phenomena that seems to him to be the completest4 ,on the #ahth of ,october1 #ahfh1 the steamer ,sophia was nearing the coast of ,norway1 after battling with a furious sea for three days in succession4 ,to the west of the horizon we remarked two strata of clouds that were clearly separated by a blue band of the heavens1 crossed by a band striated with a pale yellow4 ,it was the feeble beginning of an aurora1 whose splendor was soon to surpass all the phenomena of the same kind that we had up till then observed4 ,the edges of the upper stratum of clouds gradually lighted up1 and we soon saw isolated flames issuing from them that sometimes rose to the zenith4 ,suddenly1 the phenomenon embraced the entire horizon4 ,everywhere were flames1 everywhere were jets of brilliant light1 yellow below1 green in the center1 and reddish violet above4 ,in an instant1 all the rays united in a regular and dazzling crown1 situated in the heavens to the south of the zenith4 ,when the phenomenon reached the maximum of its intensity1 it reminded us of the immense vault of a temple1 with a brilliant chandelier in the center4 ,the apparition lasted but a few minutes1 but1 on vanishing1 left behind it a luminous zone between the banks of clouds4 ,from the upper bank there continued to emanate1 at short intervals1 isolated rays that rose to the zenith1 and there formed the fragments of a crown4 ,the edges of the banks of clouds remained luminous1 although the rays had disappeared4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,,auroral ,,light ,,around ,,the ,,summit ,,of ,a ,,mountain4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,,aurora ,,borealis ,,observed ,,in ,,lapland4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,,aurora ,,borealis ,,observed ,,at ,,the ,,presbytery ,,of ,,enare4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,,aurora ,,borealis ,,observed ,,near ,,the ,,coast ,,of ,,norway4 ,according to ,mr4 ,lemstrom1 ,fig4 #a gives an idea1 although a feeble one1 of the phenomenon at its height4 ,it reproduces only half of the horizon1 and the reader may supply the missing portion of this grand spectacle in imagination4 ,the streams of light verging toward a common center were alternately rose colored and pale yellow1 and overlooked an immense violet zone4 ,the rosette in the center was of a beautiful red1 and stood out upon a greenish blue circle4 ,fig4 #b represents an aurora that was observed on the #aith of ,november1 #ahga1 in ,finnish ,lapland4 ,at the beginning1 and at #cj above the horizon1 it formed an arch from whence rose waves of light1 and which gradually ascended4 ,the figure shows it when it had reached about #fj above the horizon4 ,the base of the aurora was yellow1 and the oblique and very brilliant rays were1 slightly higher up1 rosy1 violet1 and blue4 ,the colors of the polar light are usually clear and bright1 but never did they exhibit greater luster than on this occasion4 ,fig4 #c gives an idea of the variety of forms that the phenomenon may affect4 ,it represents an aurora that was observed at the presbytery of ,enare on the #afth of ,november1 #ahga4 ,the aurora this time took on the form of a glowing red band1 curved as shown in the figure4 ,the two extremities bordered on yellow and green4 ,there is another form of aurora frequently observed in northern countries1 and that is the one that is seen to occur above clouds1 and that has the appearance of a wide piece of drapery with undulating folds4 ,as it is the form most usually represented1 we shall not dwell upon it4 ,on the contrary1 we shall speak of other phenomena of the same origin1 and much less known1 that ,mr4 ,lemstrom describes4 ,it concerns those auroral lights that shine at the edges of clouds1 or that form around the tops of the mountains in ,spitzbergen or in the ,alpine districts of ,lapland4 ,according to the ,finnish observer1 it would be impossible to tell by the naked eye whence this light comes1 but1 by means of a spectroscope1 we find that it is of the same nature as the aurora4 ,sometimes1 these strange lights take on the form of flames of but little brightness1 which1 at short intervals1 rise from the crest of the mountain and suddenly vanish 7,fig4 #d74 ,these phenomena sometimes exhibit themselves at the level of the earth's surface1 or upon the roofs of houses4 ,finally1 ,mr4 ,lemstrom describes the diffuse light which sometimes fills the atmosphere of the polar regions1 thus proving that the phenomenon shows itself from time to time in the vicinity of the earth itself4 ,meteors of the same nature as the light of the auror boreales do not occur solely in the polar regions1 and the author demonstrates1 not without attaching much importance to it from the standpoint of the theories to which he has been led1 that they are observed in other countries of the earth4 ,in ,peru1 ,bolivia1 and ,chili the summits of the mountains are often seen illuminated by a brilliant light4 ,this light1 which occurs especially in summer1 has been compared to heat lightning by scientists4 ,similar observations have been made in the ,swiss ,alps4 ,dr4 ,de ,saussure has seen electricity escape through all the projecting parts of objects1 and the same phenomena have been observed upon the high plateaus of ,mexico4 ,again1 we may cite the fact that ,brewster observed a light upon a church tower during an aurora borealis4 ,in every country phenomena similar to polarized light may occur4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,in #ahhf1 #ag ,gloucester fishing vessels were lost1 worth #aae1hjj1 and #aae fishermen never came home4 ,the year was remarkable for the small inshore catch1 almost all the fishing being done on the high seas4 ,the ,latest ,yankee ,craze4 ,at the forthcoming ,american ,exhibition in ,london1 we are promised1 among other novelties1 a house of straw1 which is now being made in ,philadelphia4 ,this house is to represent an ,american suburban villa1 announced to be handsome and artistic in design1 two and a half stories high1 and covering a space of #db feet by #ej feet4 ,it is constructed entirely of materials manufactured from straw--foundations1 timbers1 flooring1 sheathing1 roofing1 everything in fact1 including the chimneys--the material being fire proof as well as water proof4 ,the inside finish is to be in imitation rosewood1 mahogany1 walnut1 maple1 ash1 ebony1 and other fine woods1 the straw lumber taking perfectly the surface and color of any desired wood4 ,this straw house is1 in the first place1 to illustrate ,philadelphia's commercial1 financial1 and industrial interests by means of large photographs of the leading buildings2 but it will also demonstrate how far the inventive ,yankee has succeeded1 not in showing us how to make bricks without straw1 but how to produce timber from straw4 ,if1 after this brilliant exhibition of inventive genius1 we do not bow down and worship him as the licker of creation1 we may consider ourselves lost to all sense of what is proper under the circumstances4--,iron4 ,,effect ,,of ,a ,,torpedo ,,on ,,an ,,ironclad4 ,the ,british government lately strengthened up the bottom of the old ironclad ,resistance1 and tried the effect of firing off a #ij lb4 guncotton torpedo against the vessel4 ,to the surprise of every one1 the ship was not seriously damaged4 ,the ,engineer comments upon the experiment as follows3 ,the ,resistance experiments so far tend to demonstrate that the total disablement or destruction of a modern ironclad is not so easy as many people imagined4 ,it was too hastily assumed that the explosion of a charge of #ij lb4 of guncotton in contact with any portion of the hull under water would have such destructive effect as to overcome the protection afforded by a thick lining of coal and the cellular system of construction now always adopted in vessels of war4 ,there are1 however1 certain considerations attached to this experiment which1 if duly weighed1 should reassure the advocates of the torpedo1 and restrain the exultation of naval architects within reasonable bounds4 ,we shall endeavor to place these before our readers briefly and impartially1 reserving a fuller summing-up until the remaining experiments are concluded1 as they are of greater importance than any of those preceding4 ,it is the more essential to do this because the ,times1 in a leading article of ,november #c1 leads us to believe that as this attack failed1 in the broad sense of the word1 similar attempts under different conditions would have a like result3 and that although serious damage would be caused1 the ship would remain floating and seaworthy1 with her offensive powers not materially impaired4 ,we are not prepared to accept this conclusion1 for the following reasons3 ,first1 let us consider the general effect of a submarine explosion4 ,it closely resembles the action of gunpowder when ignited in a gun4 ,we know that in the latter case a quantity of heated gas is formed1 which in its power of expansion exerts force in all directions4 ,prevented from expanding by its rigid confinement1 except in the direction of the bore1 the gas attains its object by the displacement of the projectile4 ,this is1 in fact1 the line of least resistance4 ,when the same explosive is ignited under water1 the heated gas presses outward in all directions1 forcing the surrounding molecules of water against their neighbors1 which are1 in turn1 propelled forward with great violence4 ,this effect continues until the back pressure of the liquid medium equals the now reduced pressure of the gas due to its expansion in the space vacated by the displaced water1 which is likewise to some extent compressed by the action of the gas4 ,though brought actually to a state of rest1 the surrounding water is under the influence of great pressure1 which by the law of fluids is transmitted equally in all directions4 ,when a vessel is sufficiently near the explosion to be struck by the water which has been so violently disturbed1 it will act upon her like a huge projectile1 and it is obvious this range will be in proportion to the amount of explosive employed4 ,this1 combined with the resistance her hull offers1 will also determine the effect produced4 ,if the charge is too near the surface of the water1 the liquid layer above it will not restrain the liberated gas sufficiently to allow of its full power being exerted in other directions1 and hence permits its escape into the atmosphere1 throwing up the water in its way to a greater or less height1 according to the thickness of the layer4 ,the spectacular effect1 therefore1 afforded by the upheaval of a large and lofty column of water is no criterion of the efficiency of a submarine explosion1 but1 on the contrary1 shows that much of its energy has been expended in the wrong direction4 ,the amount of submersion to give the greatest lateral effect to different charges of explosive has been ascertained by practical experiments4 ,for #ajj lb4 of gunpowder1 it is stated to be #aj ft41 while for the same quantity of guncotton it should be #ae ft4 ,as the charge employed against the ,resistance was #ij lb4 of guncotton placed #aj ft4 below the surface1 it is probable that some loss of power was sustained in the manner we have indicated4 ,at a greater depth also the charge would have been to some extent under the vessel1 where its explosive effect would have been more severe1 and where the construction of the hull cannot be as strongly fortified with coal as was the case in the ,resistance4 ,we are unable to state why a depth of #aj ft4 was selected on this occasion2 but it may be due to the fact that up to a late date most of our locomotive torpedoes have not carried a larger charge than #dj lb4 of guncotton1 and are usually run at #aj ft4 below the surface4 ,considerable stress has been laid on the fact that in this experiment the charge was in actual contact1 and yet did not effect complete penetration4 ,it is even gravely asserted that an actual torpedo would have rebounded a certain distance before explosion took place1 and this would diminish its effect4 ,in the first place1 the detonation of guncotton is practically instantaneous1 so that impact and explosion would be simultaneous4 ,we are hardly prepared to allow an inch rebound1 but will concede that until actual proof convicts us of error4 ,in the second place1 it is possible that a distance of three or four feet between charge and ship would rather augment than diminish the effect produced in the case of such an explosive as guncotton when sufficiently immersed4 ,it is possible the intervening water thrown against the side of the ship would do more damage than the gas liberated in actual contact4 ,at any rate1 experiments some years ago with smaller quantities of both dynamite and guncotton showed that when exploded #d ft4 from the bottom of a ship1 enormous damage was inflicted on her4 ,although it is generally estimated that guncotton is about four times more powerful than gunpowder1 this does not appear to hold good under all conditions2 while1 on the other hand1 for certain purposes1 ten times the amount of gunpowder would not produce the same result4 ,this is proved by the ease with which the strongest chain cable and wire rope can be ruptured by a small charge of guncotton1 which even more than ten times the amount of gunpowder could not accomplish4 ,this is due to the peculiar shattering action of detonated guncotton1 which the slower burning substances does not possess1 its characteristic being more of the nature of a push than a blow4 ,taking into consideration the method in which the hull of the ,resistance had been strengthened for this experiment1 and the exact locality chosen for the explosion1 it is probable that less than twice the amount of gunpowder would have caused a more complete breach through the coal protection4 ,the torpedo is stated to have had everything in its favor2 whereas1 in our opinion1 all the advantages were on the side of the ship4 ,the attack was made at her strongest point1 where the coal was specially disposed1 and her shape under water lent no assistance to the explosive4 ,to assume from this that if a similar torpedo struck lower down1 or further aft1 or against the propeller1 the ship would still have her offensive powers not materially impaired1 is to express an opinion with which few will be found to concur4 ,under the alternative circumstances mentioned1 half the amount of explosive might practically disable the vessel1 though her flotation need not be overcome4 ,whitehead torpedoes need not necessarily be limited to a depth of #aj ft41 as by slightly strengthening their construction they could be run #bj ft4 below the surface4 ,we presume it will be allowed that this would increase their destructive power1 especially in the vicinity of engines and boilers1 which now occupy so much space4 ,in a similar manner there is no difficulty in increasing the charge of a locomotive torpedo to a point at which it becomes irresistible1 whatever system of internal protection may be devised4 ,this has1 in fact1 been going on for some time2 more than one nation possesses torpedoes armed with #ajj lb4 of guncotton1 and if we do not1 it is simply because former experiments led us to believe sufficient damage would be caused by a less quantity4 ,we can only consider that disproved on demonstration by further trials under conditions less favorable to the ship1 and we venture to predict some delusions will then be dispelled which this particular experiment seems to have occasioned4 ,illustration3 ,,torpedo ,,experiments ,,at ,,portsmouth--,,damage ,,done ,,to ,,the ,,port ,,side ,,of ,h4,m4,s4 ,,resistance4 ,steel ,wire ,brush ,patent4 ,before ,judges ,mc,kennan and ,acheson of the ,united ,states ,circuit ,court for the ,western ,district of ,pennsylvania1 at ,pittsburg1 ,pa41 ,no4 #af of ,november term1 #ahhf1 a question arose as to whether a steel wire brush for cleaning castings1 and a steel wire brush for cleaning boiler flues1 was an infringement on what is generally known as the ,wright patent1 ,no4 #ei1gcc1 and the reissue1 ,no4 #b1eih1 owned by ,joseph ,mc,arthur1 of ,new ,york city4 ,the ,wright patent consists of a wooden block with a series of pairs of holes4 ,a bundle of wire splints is doubled and the ends inserted in the holes1 being held by the wooden bridge between the holes and by a wooden back screwed to the block4 ,joseph ,h4 ,davis1 of ,sewickley1 ,pa41 the defendant1 under his casting brush patent1 ,no4 #bcb1fjj1 the construction of which consists in the doubling of the wire splints and inserting in one hole of a wooden block1 and fastening by means of weaving a wire through the loop1 the wire being held in place by a wooden back fastened on by driving wrought iron nails through the block and back and clinching on the back1 thus making the block and back practically inseparable4 ,the ,davis flue brush patent1 ,no4 #aha1daf1 is made by sticking the wire splints through holes in an iron cylinder1 there being no wood about its construction4 ,several cases had been tried in other ,states involving the validity of the ,wright patent1 which had resulted in ,mr4 ,mc,arthur's favor1 but after exhaustive argument in the case at ,pittsburg1 ,pa41 the court held the ,davis brush not to be an infringement on the ,wright patent4 ,how ,long ,should a ,nervous ,patient be ,treated8 ,the question of how long treatment should be continued in a neurotic case when no evident benefit is produced has recently been raised in a ,hamburg law court4 ,a medical man1 says the ,lancet1 having as a patient a merchant suffering from nervousness1 treated him by galvanism4 ,altogether he galvanized him #dde times1 but the nervousness did not disappear4 ,then came the matter of fees4 ,the sum claimed was #eef4 ,the merchant disputed this on the ground that the treatment ought not have been continued so long1 as it was not producing any benefit4 ,the court referred the matter to the medical board1 which gave as its opinion that the doctor ought to have asked the patient1 after some fifty sittings1 whether he would like to continue them1 as it was doubtful whether the treatment was doing any good4 ,the court1 however1 declined to accept this view1 holding that it was for the patient to say when he had tried the treatment as long as he was disposed to pay for it1 and so gave judgment for the full amount claimed4 ,this judgment seems to accord with the principle that applies to newspaper subscriptions4 ,a man must pay for his paper as long as he takes it from the post office4 ,,torpedo ,,boat ,,armed ,,with ,,pneumatic ,,dynamite ,,guns4 ,in former issues of the ,,scientific ,,american we have given illustrations and detailed descriptions of the pneumatic dynamite gun invented by ,lieutenant ,e4 ,l4 ,zalinski1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,artillery ,corps4 ,this gun1 it will be remembered1 was designed to throw a projectile loaded with dynamite or nitro-glycerine by means of compressed air2 and so successful were the experiments carried on with it at ,fort ,lafayette1 under the supervision of a board of naval experts1 that ,congress eventually appropriated #cej1jjj for building a swift torpedo boat1 large enough to go to sea1 and to be armed with three of these guns4 ,contracts for this boat have been signed with the ,cramps4 ,the upper view in the accompanying engraving is a longitudinal vertical section1 the lower one being a plan view4 ,the following details regarding the boat we take from the ,sun4 ,the boat will be #bej ft4 long1 #bf ft4 beam1 and will draw #h ft4 of water4 ,her displacement will be about #hjj tons4 ,the engines will be of the triple expansion type1 of the best known design1 and the guaranteed power will be #c1bjj4 ,she will be propelled by twin screws1 and it is expected that the guaranteed speed of #bj knots an hour will be exceeded4 ,the three dynamite guns are to be placed side by side1 at the elevation indicated in the upper view4 ,they are to be fired in their places1 but their range can be varied by increasing or diminishing the charge of air let in behind the projectile4 ,an extreme range of one mile is put down in the contract1 and the weight of gelatine to be thrown is #bjj pounds2 but the guns1 as now building1 will throw #djj pounds instead of #bjj pounds1 and the effective range will probably be about two miles4 ,air chambers and compressors of sufficient size and power are provided to enable fifteen shots to be fired to the distance of one mile without stopping2 but if the boat were heading for the enemy at full speed1 thirty shells could be thrown before the air would be exhausted and the cruiser obliged to turn tail4 ,thirty shells would mean the explosion of #ab1jjj pounds of nitro-glycerine about the enemy4 ,in fixing the gun permanently in its place1 the designer has followed out the old idea of making the ship simply a floating gun carriage4 ,the new ,british cruiser ,polyphemus is built on the same idea1 and there are other floating gun carriages4 ,in this cruiser the firing is entirely under the control of the officer in the pilot house4 ,he has simply to head his boat for the enemy1 dash ahead at full speed1 and blaze away4 ,the trained pilot1 even in the excitement of battle1 would steer his ship instinctively1 so there would be little trouble with the aim1 except1 perhaps1 in getting the range4 ,each gun can be fired once in two minutes1 or the three successively in two minutes4 ,the new cruiser has a freeboard of about four feet above water4 ,this is quite enough to enable her to travel anywhere along the coast4 ,she carries enough coal to travel #e1jjj miles at #ab knots an hour4 ,this would take her about #gjj miles at full speed4 ,she could probably turn a complete circle of a radius of twice her length in between two and three minutes4 ,she can carry #ajj or even a much greater number of torpedoes with her when going on a cruise4 ,to show how she compares with the best of the latest ,english built torpedo boats1 it may be said that the ,destructor1 built for the ,spanish ,government1 carries but ten torpedoes1 although she has five tubes to fire them from1 and this is the usual number carried4 ,the range of the best of these foreign torpedoes is #fjj yards1 under the most favorable circumstances1 and in a seaway not more than #ajj or #bjj yards4 ,the exploding charge is #ge pounds of gun-cotton1 an explosive that is exceedingly inefficient when compared with nitro-glycerine4 ,the new boat will also be armed with the usual rapid-firing guns which are placed on foreign torpedo boats4 ,these are to be used in battle with craft like herself and small boats4 ,it is expected that she will be finished in six months4 ,illustration3 ,,torpedo ,,boat ,,armed ,,with ,,pneumatic ,,dynamite ,,guns4 ,the ,strength of ,snails4 ,perceiving a common snail1 ,helix aspersa1 crawling up the window blind one evening1 it occurred to me to try what it could draw up perpendicularly4 ,accordingly1 ,i attached to its shell four reels of cotton1 fastening one after the other until ,i ascertained that a greater load would exceed the limit of its strength4 ,i then weighed the entire load1 and found that it weighed #b ounces1 while the snail weighed only ounce4 ,thus it was able to lift perpendicularly nine times its weight4 ,i then made an experiment with a larger snail1 weighing one-third ounce1 the load being composed chiefly of the same material as the last1 but so placed as to be drawn in a horizontal position on the table4 ,reels of cotton to the number of twelve were fastened to it1 with a pair of scissors1 a screw driver1 a key1 and a knife1 weighing altogether seventeen ounces1 or fifty times the weight of the snail4 ,the same snail when placed on the ceiling was able to travel with a weight of four ounces suspended from its shell4 ,i next tried it on a piece of common thread1 suspended and hanging loose with another snail of its own weight1 which it carried up the thread with apparent ease4 ,after this ,i tried it on a single horsehair strained in a horizontal position1 but it had then enough to do to crawl over this narrow bridge without a load4--,e4 ,sandford1 in ,zoologist4 ,,chevreul',s ,,black4 ,t4 ,o',,conor ,,sloane1 ,,ph4,d4 ,the production of absolute black by a pigment or surface coloration has been shown by ,chevreul to be an impossibility4 ,no substance is known that does not possess the power of reflecting light to some extent4 ,if paper is blackened1 its surface will reflect rays that can act powerfully upon the sensitive plate in a camera1 even if the eye1 by convention and association1 would determine it to be actually black4 ,the same is to be said of black silk and velvet4 ,the latter1 more than any other substance1 approaches real black4 ,it is an object of common observation that all colors show much more strongly in velvet than in any other material4 ,the reason for this is that1 owing to the depth of the pile1 the light undergoes multiple reflection4 ,the percentage of white light is diminished with each reflection1 and the colored rays become less and less contaminated with those of other hues4 ,the same reasoning applies to black velvet4 ,the light by multiple reflection from its substance is more and more absorbed1 and the familiar intense black is the result4 ,a piece of this material1 placed upon cloth or silk1 always appears1 and is1 the blacker4 ,in choosing velvet for such experiments1 care must be taken not to use a blue black4 ,the dead black is the proper one to select4 ,illustration3 ,,chevreul',s ,,black4 ,black being the absence of color is producible by excluding light4 ,the production of the velvet black1 we have seen1 depends on the mechanical texture of the goods4 ,nothing is so black as a perfectly dark room4 ,carrying out these principles1 ,chevreul devised the wonderfully ingenious way of producing a true black which we illustrate4 ,he lined the interior of a box with black4 ,pigment1 black silk1 or black velvet may be used4 ,in the cover of the box he made a hole1 not too large1 but bearing a certain ratio to the area of the cover4 ,the size should not exceed one-tenth this surface4 ,the spot thus produced reflected no light1 as there was no surface4 ,the interior of the box1 by color and shadow1 was prevented from reflecting any light1 so that absolute blackness resulted4 ,the blackest velvet or silk placed alongside of this spot appears lighter in color4 ,in constructing the apparatus illustrated1 a famous proverb was selected as a theme1 in which a certain personage is stated not to be so black as he is painted4 ,the author of ,english as ,she is ,spoke renders this proverb1 ,he not so devil as he is black4 ,the blackness of this image is absolute4 ,a pasteboard box is lined with black silk or velvet1 and any desired figure is cut through the cover4 ,this may then be painted as black as possible1 or before the figure is cut out1 silk or velvet may be pasted over it1 and the figure cut through pasteboard and covering together4 ,then1 on putting the cover in place1 holding the box so that a side light will fall upon it1 thus preventing direct access of light rays to the interior1 the figure will stand out strongly black against a background which1 but for the contrast1 would itself be pronounced absolutely black4 ,to apply the most rigorous test1 a member of the ,society of ,amateur ,photographers of ,new ,york made a photograph of such a box4 ,a carbon ,b dry plate was used1 with thirty-five minutes' exposure1 with stop f-#cj4 ,the result was a negative perfectly transparent where the figure came1 but strongly affected by the black box cover4 ,part of the cover was coated with black silk and part was painted1 but both reflected light enough to produce a full photograph upon the plate4 ,a most interesting application of this principle on the large scale has been made of late years1 especially by ,e4 ,j4 ,marey1 in the photography of moving animals4#b ,with ,chevreul's black as a screen1 a plate can be exposed unaffected by the background1 and will reproduce objects moving across the space with perfect fidelity4 #b ,see ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 ,nos4 #egi and #ehj1 for fully illustrated article on this subject4 ,the ,american ,exhibition1 ,london4 ,recently we had an opportunity of going over the grounds of the forthcoming ,american ,exhibition at ,earls ,court4 ,the site is comprised in the triangle between ,earls ,court1 ,west ,brompton1 and ,west ,kensington stations1 and is thus extremely well situated for easy access from all parts of ,london4 ,the area that will be covered by the exhibition is about twenty-three acres1 eight of which are on one and fifteen on the other side of the ,west ,london line1 an iron bridge over the railway connecting the two portions4 ,although the work has been going on for some time1 little is as yet seen of any building1 the operations up to the present having been confined mostly to earth works1 leveling1 and draining4 ,the land to be occupied by the exhibition might almost be called virgin soil1 and all the drains had to be put in by the company4 ,a good deal of soil has been moved1 and some artificial mounds of considerable extent have been thrown up4 ,in that portion of the exhibition which will be illustrative of the ,wild ,west1 a large arena and a grand stand capable of seating #be1jjj persons are in course of construction4 ,the feature of special interest to engineers is1 however1 on the other side of the grounds1 where the main building for the reception of the machinery and other exhibits is now being erected4 ,the main hall has a frontage of brickwork #bdj feet long1 but the rest will all be constructed of iron and glass4 ,the total length of this hall is #a1bjj feet1 and a special feature in its construction is the employment of old steel rails for the columns1 purlins1 and rafters1 on a plan devised by ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wynne1 the engineer to the company4 ,the whole of the framework is thus made out of old rails1 the only portions specially made for the purpose being the cast iron sockets for the columns1 cast steel shoes for the connections between purlins1 rafters1 and columns1 and tie bars1 which are made of ordinary round iron4 ,there will be six bays of #cj feet each1 and one bay of #fj feet4 ,the columns are formed by two rails1 riveted together with their flanges1 so as to present a cross in transverse section4 ,these are placed into cast iron sockets1 which are set upon cement piers sunk in the ground4 ,the outermost columns for the first and last spans are provided with struts1 also formed out of rails1 fixed to a sleeper1 connecting the bottom of the strut with the foot of the column1 this provision being made to provide against lateral strains2 but the columns of the intermediate spans have no struts4 ,the rafters are also made of rails1 placed with the flanges uppermost1 those for the short spans being in one length1 but those for the long spans being fastened together by fish plates4 ,the usual length of rail employed for the columns is #ah feet and #bd feet4 ,there is a fall in the ground of about #b feet to both sides from the middle of the building4 ,to avoid the necessity of employing columns of different lengths1 the ridge of the roof is carried parallel to the ground1 and will therefore also show a fall of #b feet on each side of the middle4 ,this will be hidden by a loose louver1 which is placed all along the ridge1 so that the outline of the roof will appear straight and horizontal4 ,the sides of the building will be of galvanized corrugated iron4--,industries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,petroleum ,,in ,,egypt4--,at ,jemsah1 in ,egypt1 in boring for petroleum1 ozokerite1 or solid petroleum1 has been found at a depth of #cfe feet1 and #ae feet lower a close grained coral has been struck4 ,at another boring1 slight traces of gas and oil have also been found4 ,,engineering ,,inventions4 ,a spark arrester has been patented by ,mr4 ,john ,c4 ,albrecht1 of ,columbus1 ,ga4 ,combined with a draught pipe is a cone with curved volutes1 and in its center and underneath it an inverted cone1 with spark pockets1 and other novel features1 the sparks being returned to the fire box1 the invention being an improvement on two former patented inventions of the same inventor4 ,a steam condenser has been patented by ,mr4 ,john ,mc,intyre1 of ,new ,york ,city4 ,it is cylindrical in form1 a central perforated or slotted casing being used in connection with the cooling pipes1 with a regulating valve to open or close the perforations or slots1 in such way that the cooling effect will be more instant and the temperature of the cooling parts more equal than in ordinary condensers4 ,a car coupling has been patented by ,mr4 ,george ,w4 ,giles1 of ,buffalo1 ,west ,va4 ,in connection with a suitable drawhead1 a weight and pin are joined by a flexible connection1 the weight being adapted to overbalance the pin1 and the weight being projected into the path of the drawbar1 so that the entering drawbar will raise the weight1 and thus permit the pin to fall by its own gravity into coupled position4 ,a car coupling has been patented by ,mr4 ,wesley ,e4 ,roberts1 of ,hartford1 ,ky4 ,the coupling link consists of a straight bar1 with a wedge shaped pointed lug at each end1 a spring being fastened to the under side1 and the coupling being effected by an arm dropping in front of the lug after the link enters the drawhead1 the device being simple in construction1 and one which can be operated from the side or top of the car4 ,,agricultural ,,inventions4 ,a mower has been patented by ,messrs4 ,james ,b4 ,nieth and ,charles ,l4 ,thomas1 of ,independence1 ,iowa4 ,this invention covers a novel construction and combination of various parts of the machine1 so that it will operate with less friction than ordinary mowers1 while being simple in construction and not liable to get out of order4 ,a plow has been patented by ,mr4 ,thomas ,j4 ,eriom1 of ,union ,church1 ,miss4 ,it is an improved garden plow1 with simple means for adjusting the gauge wheel to regulate the depth of working1 and a breast bar for pressure by the operator to increase the propelling power and to give the plowman a better control of the plow1 with other novel features4 ,,miscellaneous ,,inventions4 ,an attachment for elevator doors has been patented by ,mr4 ,edward ,p4 ,walker1 of ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,it is an attachment designed to effect by the movement of the elevator car the automatic operation of the doors of the shafts1 so that the elevator man is relieved of this duty4 ,a saw gummer has been patented by ,mr4 ,eli ,rogers1 of ,fulton ,county1 ,ind4 ,the invention consists of a cam lever operating a spring arm on which is pivoted a tool holder1 making a device which is simple in construction1 durable1 and effective in operation4 ,a hame has been patented by ,mr4 ,john ,e4 ,james1 of ,mossy ,creek1 ,va4 ,it is so made that the shoulder of the horse will not be affected by heavy jars1 and the hames may not only be fitted to any length of collar1 but the point of draught may be shifted1 so that the draught will be brought to the proper point4 ,a tongue support has been patented by ,messrs4 ,charles ,w4 ,van de ,mark and ,calvin ,moore1 of ,clyde1 ,kansas4 ,the construction is such that the tongue may be supported so as to relieve the team of its weight1 and the devices for supporting it are simple1 inexpensive1 and not likely to get out of order4 ,a fence post has been patented by ,mr4 ,john ,j4 ,kimball1 of ,naperville1 ,ill4 ,combined with side strips are rivets1 spacing strips arranged between the side strips1 clips formed with apertures1 and staples arranged to pass through the apertures1 making a cheap1 durable1 and efficient post for barbed wire fences4 ,a combined chair and lounge has been patented by ,mr4 ,gustavus ,hamel1 of ,de ,soto1 ,mo4 ,the parts are so arranged that the back of the chair may be adjusted to any angle desired1 and the attachment constituting the foot rest or foot of the lounge may be disposed beneath the main seat of the chair when not in use4 ,a harmonic keyboard for violins has been patented by ,mr4 ,james ,f4 ,poage1 of ,la ,plata1 ,mo4 ,it is designed to enable the performer to produce harmonic high tones without great difficulty1 and is attached to the neck of violins of the usual construction1 the keyboard being a combination of pivoted finger keys with a pivoted stop plate4 ,a rein holder has been patented by ,mr4 ,william ,tennison1 of ,mount ,vernon1 ,ind4 ,this invention covers an improvement in rein holders consisting of a skeleton frame adapted for attachment to a harness or for support upon a horse's back1 and used for the purpose of supporting the reins out of the way of the animal's tail4 ,a collar button has been patented by ,mr4 ,leopold ,baer1 of ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,to the center of the button back is secured a tubular shank in which is a spiral spring1 there being a knuckle joint by which a tongue may be held in three different positions1 the device making a conveniently working button for holding the necktie in place4 ,a bridle has been patented by ,mr4 ,benjamin ,s4 ,seaman1 of ,corning1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the cheek plate is formed with studs on which the blind sheet is adapted to be placed1 and secured by a key plate constructed to engage with the studs1 the cheek loop being secured to the cheek plate with the same stud plate and key plate which hold the blind4 ,a machine for bending carriage thills has been patented by ,mr4 ,thomas ,e4 ,montague1 of ,west ,lorne1 ,ont41 ,canada4 ,it is for bending wooden shafts or thills for buggies1 sulkies1 carriages1 and other vehicles1 and covers a novel construction and combination of parts and details1 whereby thills of greater or less thickness can be bent1 the machine operating very rapidly and automatically4 ,a nut lock has been patented by ,mr4 ,jeremiah ,c4 ,butler1 of ,lexington1 ,mo4 ,the construction is such that the key may be drawn off the bolt by the nut1 and need not be bent out straight into the keyway of the bolt to prevent its locking portion engaging in the recesses of the nut as the latter is being turned off the bolt1 the key needing only to be bent very slightly for adjustment into locked or unlocked position4 ,a trousers stretcher has been patented by ,mr4 ,charles ,e4 ,ray1 of ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,the trousers are clamped below the waist band and at the bottom1 the clamp at the waist band attached to a spiral or rubber spring1 secured in fixed position at one end1 while to the clamp at the bottom is attached a strap by which tension can be placed upon the trousers1 and permanently maintained4 ,a log dog has been patented by ,mr4 ,eugene ,h4 ,allman1 of ,mobile1 ,ala4 ,it is made of heavy wrought iron1 with a flat body portion1 and having end points or fangs1 and is applied to the chain by shouldered clips1 all extra chains and dogs being dispensed with by its use1 and when used on endless chains it being only necessary to point the logs in the logway1 when the dogs take hold and bring them up4 ,an electrical weighing scale has been patented by ,mr4 ,willis ,m4 ,hunt1 of ,glen ,gardner1 ,n4 ,j4 ,combined with feeding hoppers arranged above the scale pan are valves operated by connection with the foot lever for discharging the hoppers1 and combined therewith is an electro-magnetic holding and releasing device1 which automatically stops the feed when the scale beam is tipped4 ,a boot or shoe stretcher has been patented by ,mr4 ,lloyd ,nottingham1 of ,norfolk1 ,va4 ,centrally pivoted levers have apertures in their lower end to receive pins with rounded outer ends1 and above the pivotal point is an adjusting screw to separate the levers in stretching the boot or shoe1 the levers being held apart by locking pieces1 the device being simple1 strong1 and easily operated4 ,a combined bench and ironing table has been patented by ,mr4 ,daniel ,h4 ,weller1 of ,boyertown1 ,pa4 ,combined with a reversible board with covered socket boxes are supports hinged to the legs of a bench1 with other details1 to make a desirable piece of furniture to serve the two purposes of a seat and a table to iron upon1 with compartments for keeping the cloths used in ironing4 ,a window frame and sash has been patented by ,mr4 ,john ,e4 ,jones1 of ,new ,york ,city4 ,the construction is such that the sashes when closed are to all intents and purposes air tight1 and wear and friction are removed from the packing strips1 so the sashes may be raised and lowered without injury to the packing1 the invention being an improvement on a former patented invention of the same inventor4 ,a tug fastener has been patented by ,mr4 ,daniel ,t4 ,chambers1 of ,mansfield1 ,ohio4 ,it is in the nature of a divided button1 one portion integral with a shank that goes in the end of the single tree1 and the other formed of two limbs1 one completing the periphery of the button and the other extending up parallel with the shank and forming a part of the neck beside the button on which the trace is contained4 ,a tug fastener for single trees has also been patented by the above inventor4 ,it consists of a tilting latch hinged upon a horizontal axis at or near the end of the single tree1 with one hub adapted to lie longitudinally with the single tree and the other to project upwardly at about a right angle thereto1 making an easily operated device for fastening the traces to a single tree4 ,a plaster fastener has been patented by ,messrs4 ,forest ,m4 ,lampson1 ,alpheus ,m4 ,laning1 and ,george ,w4 ,hogben1 of ,ripon1 ,wis4 ,it consists of a metallic washer formed of thin sheet metal1 slightly convex1 and provided with a countersink in the center1 formed by the process of stamping1 the device being intended to secure plastering loosened by shrinking of the lath1 etc41 before it becomes cracked and disintegrated4 ,a combined towel1 hat and paper rack has been patented by ,mr4 ,elbridge ,l4 ,scribner1 of ,amesbury1 ,mass4 7,p4 ,o4 ,box #ih74 ,it is a simple1 inexpensive1 and efficient device1 consisting of a frame formed of end pieces of wood1 connected by wooden slats on the back1 and supporting three rods of metal or wood for receiving the articles to be held1 the lower rod being designed for receiving a roller towel1 and the upper rod being offset or cranked for convenience in placing articles on the lower rods4 ,,new ,,books ,,and ,,publications4 ,,mineral ,,resources ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states1 ,,calendar ,,year #ahhe4 ,washington3 ,government ,printing ,office1 #ahhf4 ,pp4 #egf4 ,this is a carefully compiled volume1 giving the statistics for mineral products in the ,united ,states4 ,coal1 coke1 petroleum1 and natural gas are first treated of2 the metals1 from iron to zirconium1 come next4 ,under aluminum the work of ,col4 ,frishmuth1 of ,philadelphia1 and of the ,cowles ,smelting ,company1 of ,cleveland1 are noted4 ,in view of the demand for zirconium pencils for the oxyhydrogen light1 the section on the sources and preparation of the oxide1 by ,mr4 ,david ,t4 ,ray1 is of special interest4 ,other subjects treated are structural materials1 abrasive materials 7buhr stones1 etc471 precious stones1 fertilizers1 glass materials1 and1 under many other headings1 a complete review of the titular subject appears4 ,we also note a section of much interest on mineral paints1 by ,mr4 ,marcus ,benjamin1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,in it the preparation of barytes as an adulterant for paints is described at some length4 ,in some instances an elaborate explanation of the classification of paints as adopted is given4 ,in other cases it is entirely omitted4 ,the first system is certainly preferable4 ,a very full index closes the work4 ,it can be had on application to the ,director of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 the cost of printing and binding 7#dj cents7 being at the same time remitted4 ,business and ,personal4 ,the charge for ,insertion under this head is ,one ,dollar a line for each insertion2 about eight words to a line4 ,advertisements must be received at publication office as early as ,thursday morning to appear in next issue4 ,best tempering fluid known--,mercury1 potash1 and hydrochloral4 #b4jj per gallon4 ,samples1 #be;c4 ,address ,chemical ,works1 ,new ,albany1 ,ind4 ,hodges' universal angle union makes pipe connection at any angle4 ,rollstone ,machine ,co41 ,fitchburg1 ,mass4 ,to makers of water wheels1 current wheels1 and horizontal turbines--,please address ,w4 ,h4 ,garlick1 ,calumet1 ,ohio4 ,sphero6 ,a new and original game2 an out-door sport2 unlike any other4 ,apparatus of wood1 simple1 inexpensive4 ,packed like croquet1 and cost to manufacture about the same4 ,patent pending4 ,rights1 etc4 ,address ,j4 ,m4 ,hughes1 ,brooklyn ,p4 ,o41 ,n4 ,y4 ,the ,h4 ,w4 ,johns ,manufacturing ,co41 #hg ,maiden ,lane1 ,n4 ,y41 will send to any address in the ,united ,states1 postage prepaid1 a trial package of pound of asbestos wick packing and #a pounds of asbestos piston rod packing1 on receipt of one dollar2 or pound of asbestos wick packing and #c pounds of asbestos piston rod packing1 on receipt of two dollars4 ,give address in full--name1 town or city1 county1 and ,state4 ,the ,h4 ,w4 ,johns asbestos packings are the best and most economical made4 ,for ,sale--,ivory button works4 ,large1 well lighted building2 #bj ,h4,p4 engine2 capacity1 #bjj gross per day2 doing splendid business2 plenty of cheap labor4 ,price1 only #c1jjj4 ,address ,t4 ,bergy1 ,caledonia1 ,mich4 ,wanted--,a pushing man1 capable of taking charge of a shop for building engines4 ,a fine chance for a skilled mechanic4 ,address1 with references1 etc41 lock box #ag1 ,york1 ,pa4 ,blake's ,improved ,belt ,studs are the best fastening for ,leather and ,rubber ,belting4 ,greene1 ,tweed ,co41 #hc ,chambers ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,wanted--,tool agents in shops4 ,outfit free4 ,e4 ,h4 ,randall ,co41 #aed ,lake ,st41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,link ,belting and ,wheels4 ,link ,belt ,m4 ,co41 ,chicago4 ,the ,railroad ,gazette1 handsomely illustrated1 published weekly1 at #gc ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,specimen copies free4 ,send for catalogue of railroad books4 ,protection for ,watches4 ,anti-magnetic shields--an absolute protection from all electric and magnetic influences4 ,can be applied to any watch4 ,experimental exhibition and explanation at ,anti-,magnetic ,shield ,watch ,case ,co41 #ah ,john ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,f4 ,s4 ,giles1 ,agt41 or ,giles ,bro4 ,co41 ,chicago1 where full assortment of ,anti-,magnetic ,watches can be had4 ,send for full descriptive circular4 ,woodworking ,machinery of all kinds4 ,the ,bentel ,margedant ,co41 #aaf ,fourth ,st41 ,hamilton1 ,o4 ,guild ,garrison's ,steam ,pump ,works1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pumps for liquids1 air1 and gases4 ,new catalogue now ready4 ,concrete patents for sale4 ,e4 ,l4 ,ransome1 ,s4 ,f41 ,cal4 ,the ,knowles ,steam ,pump ,works1 #dd ,washington ,st41 ,boston1 and #ic ,liberty ,st41 ,new ,york1 have just issued a new catalogue1 in which are many new and improved forms of ,pumping ,machinery of the single and duplex1 steam and power type4 ,this catalogue will be mailed free of charge on application4 ,presses ,dies4 ,ferracute ,mach4 ,co41 ,bridgeton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,nickel ,plating4--,sole manufacturers cast nickel anodes1 pure nickel salts1 polishing compositions1 etc4 #ajj ,little ,wonder4 ,a perfect ,electro ,plating ,machine4 ,sole manufacturers of the new ,dip ,lacquer ,kristaline4 ,complete outfit for plating1 etc4 ,hanson1 ,van ,winkle ,co41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 and #ib and #id ,liberty ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,iron ,planer1 ,lathe1 ,drill1 and other machine tools of modern design4 ,new ,haven ,mfg4 ,co41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,supplement ,catalogue4--,persons in pursuit of information of any special engineering1 mechanical1 or scientific subject1 can have catalogue of contents of the ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement sent to them free4 ,the ,,supplement contains lengthy articles embracing the whole range of engineering1 mechanics1 and physical science4 ,address ,munn ,co41 ,publishers1 ,new ,york4 ,planing and ,matching ,machines4 ,all kinds ,wood ,working ,machinery4 ,c4 ,b4 ,rogers ,co41 ,norwich1 ,conn4 ,billings' ,drop ,forged ,steel ,c ,clamps4 ,drop ,forgings1 all kinds4 ,billings ,spencer ,co41 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,curtis ,pressure ,regulator and ,steam ,trap4 ,see p4 #de4 ,chucks--over #ajj different kinds and sizes in stock4 ,specials made to order4 ,cushman ,chuck ,co41 ,hartford1 ,ct4 ,the ,improved ,hydraulic ,jacks1 ,punches1 and ,tube ,expanders4 ,r4 ,dudgeon1 #bd ,columbia ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,hoisting ,engines1 ,friction ,clutch ,pulleys1 ,cut-off ,couplings4 ,d4 ,frisbie ,co41 #aab ,liberty ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,if an invention has not been patented in the ,united ,states for more than one year1 it may still be patented in ,canada4 ,cost for ,canadian patent1 #dj4 ,various other foreign patents may also be obtained4 ,for instructions address ,munn ,co41 ,,scientific ,,american patent agency1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,veneer ,machines1 with latest improvements4 ,farrel ,fdry4 ,mach4 ,co41 ,ansonia1 ,conn4 ,send for circular4 ,tight and ,slack ,barrel ,machinery a specialty4 ,john ,greenwood ,co41 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,see illus4 adv41 p4 #bh4 ,walrus1 ,bull ,neck1 and ,buffalo ,leather for polishing emery1 glue1 composition1 ,polishers' ,supplies4 ,greene1 ,tweed ,co41 ,new ,york city4 ,catarrh ,cured4 ,a clergyman1 after years of suffering from that loathsome disease1 catarrh1 and vainly trying every known remedy1 at last found a prescription which completely cured and saved him from death4 ,any sufferer from this dreadful disease sending a self-addressed stamped envelope to ,dr4 ,lawrence1 #bab ,east #ith ,st41 ,new ,york1 will receive the recipe free of charge4 ,lick ,telescope and all smaller sizes built by ,warner ,swasey1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio4 ,send for catalogue of ,scientific ,books for sale by ,munn ,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,free on application4 ,notes ,queries ,,hints ,,to ,,correspondents4 ,names and ,address must accompany all letters1 or no attention will be paid thereto4 ,this is for our information1 and not for publication4 ,references to former articles or answers should give date of paper and page or number of question4 ,inquiries not answered in reasonable time should be repeated2 correspondents will bear in mind that some answers require not a little research1 and1 though we endeavor to reply to all1 either by letter or in this department1 each must take his turn4 ,special ,written ,information on matters of personal rather than general interest cannot be expected without remuneration4 ,scientific ,american ,supplements referred to may be had at the office4 ,price #aj cents each4 ,books referred to promptly supplied on receipt of price4 ,minerals sent for examination should be distinctly marked or labeled4 99 99 99 99 99 7#a7 ,l4 ,m4 ,w4 asks 7#a7 a receipt for marsh mallows1 as made by confectioners4 ,a4 ,dissolve one-half pound of gum arabic in one pint of water1 strain and add one half pound of fine sugar1 and place over the fire1 stirring constantly until the sirup is dissolved1 and all of the consistency of honey4 ,add gradually the whites of four eggs well beaten4 ,stir the mixture until it becomes somewhat thin and does not adhere to the finger4 ,flavor to taste and pour into a tin slightly dusted with powdered starch1 and when cool divide into small squares4 #b4 ,the title of a good veterinary journal4 ,a4 ,american ,veterinary ,review1 ,new ,york4 #c4 ,the formula for a spavin cure8 ,a4 ,take of sweet oil #d ounces1 spirits of turpentine #b ounces1 oil of stone #a ounce4 ,mix and apply three times per day4 #d4 ,a receipt for a wash that will prevent rabbits from injuring the bark of fruit trees4 ,a4 ,we know of nothing good for this purpose4 7#b7 ,a4 ,l4 ,k4 asks how common fat can be rendered into tallow in an open kettle4 ,a4 ,keep the tallow melted for some time1 along with about two per cent of sulphuric acid largely diluted with water1 employing constant agitation1 and allowing the whole to cool slowly2 then remelt the cake with a large quantity of hot water1 and wash well4 7#c7 ,w4 ,c4 ,b4 asks about the process and kind of machinery used in preparing raw sienna for paint4 ,a4 ,the raw sienna is thrown directly on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace and kept thoroughly raked until it assumes a proper color4 ,very little1 if any1 sienna is known to be burnt in this country4 7#d7 ,w4 ,m4 ,m4 asks for some transparent paint suitable to paint on tracing muslin4 ,a4 ,you must use a transparent varnish such as the following3 ,dissolve #cj parts of copal and #b parts of camphor in #abj parts of oil of turpentine and #cj parts of oil of lavender4 ,use lakes1 gamboge1 ,prussian blue1 and the other transparent colors1 mixed with the vehicle4 7#e7 ,s4 ,s4 asks a receipt for black heads4 ,a4 ,cover the parts afflicted with a pomade consisting of kaolin #d parts1 glycerine #c parts1 acetic acid #b parts1 with the addition of a small quantity of ethereal oil4 ,see ,,supplement1 ,no4 #edb4 7#f7 ,w4 ,l4 asks 7#a7 a cure for frost bitten feet4 ,a4 ,for frost bites1 rub the affected parts with pure oil of peppermint4 ,it will also prevent the after effect of chilblains4 ,care should be taken to use only the pure oil1 and not the essence of peppermint1 as the essence will not have the desired effect4 #b4 ,how plate glass is made4 ,a4 ,see ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 ,no4 #cdj4 7#g7 ,a4 ,t4--,hard rubber is a very good insulator2 gutta percha is also very good1 and can be softened by boiling water and given any desired shape4 7#h7 ,j4 ,h4 ,s4 wants a good receipt to prevent hair coming out4 ,a4 ,scald black tea1 #b ounces1 with #a gallon of boiling water1 strain1 and add #c ounces glycerine1 tincture cantharides ounce1 bay rum #a quart4 ,mix well and perfume4 ,this is a good preparation for frequent use in its effect both on the scalp and hair1 but neither will be kept in good condition without care and attention to general health4 ,see articles in ,,supplements1 #ajb1 #chh1 #cif4 7#i7 ,a4 ,h4 asks the size of steel wire rope necessary to suspend a weight of #af1jjj pounds1 each end of the rope being fastened #a1fjj yards apart1 the weight to travel from one end to the other on the rope4 ,a4 ,the scheme of so long a span carrying a load is impracticable4 ,a span of #d1hjj feet will nearly absorb the margin of safety by its own weight1 depending upon the amount of deflection that could be allowed in the catenary curve4 ,the largest steel cables that are made1 #b inches1 weigh #ac pounds per foot1 or over #ca net tons for your span2 with a deflection of one twenty-fifth1 or nearly #bjj feet1 the tension would be #c times the weight1 or #bed1hjj pounds1 while the ultimate strength is but #djj1jjj pounds4 7#aj7 ,g4 ,a4 ,l4 asks3 ,why will a brake on the hind end of a train of cars hold more than a brake set ahead of it on train8 ,a4 ,we do not know that it is so4 ,it is possibly a fancy4 7#aa7 ,a4 ,k4 ,h4 asks3 ,will hot air cool off by sending it rapidly through a wooden tube #cjj or #djj feet long8 ,if so1 how much8 ,a4 ,yes1 slightly4 ,an iron pipe is better if you wish to cool the air4 ,how much the air will be cooled will depend on initial temperature and the temperature of the conductor and surrounding air4 7#ab7 ,h4 ,h4 writes3 ,i have large quantities of iron and steel to pickle1 or1 in other words1 to clean4 ,i use oil of vitriol1 which is expensive and dangerous4 ,is there an acid that would be cheaper and at the same time as effective8 ,a4 ,we know of nothing cheaper or better than sulphuric acid for pickling castings4 ,the most economical method1 as practiced here1 is found in the hot bath1 a tub lined with lead1 or if of small requirement a stone pot4 ,water #e to #h parts1 acid #a part4 ,boil the work in the acid bath for a few minutes1 then rinse in hot water4 ,there is no danger if properly managed4 ,for wrought iron and steel1 use hydrochloric acid and water4 7#ac7 ,w4 ,f4 ,e4 asks3 #a4 ,how are bath bricks made8 ,a4 ,bath bricks are found native as minerals1 and are imported from ,england4 #b4 ,how are papier mache ornaments moulded1 and where can ,i procure a work on the subject8 ,a4 ,we can send you ,spons' ,workshop ,receipts for #b4jj1 first series1 which contains full information on papier mache4 ,see also various articles in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement on the technology of the paper trade4 7#ad7 ,w4 ,m4 ,s4 asks how to make liquid glue4 ,a4 ,take a wide mouthed bottle1 and dissolve in it #h ounces best glue in pint water1 by setting it in a vessel of water1 and heating until dissolved4 ,then add slowly #b ounces strong nitric acid #cf ,baume1 stirring all the while4 ,effervescence takes place1 with generation of fumes4 ,when all the acid has been added1 the liquid is allowed to cool4 ,keep it well corked1 and it will be ready for use at any time4 7#ae7 ,e4 ,h4 ,f4 asks what preparation steam laundries use to make their goods so stiff and have such a fine gloss1 and how is it used1 and1 if used with starch1 is hot or cold starch used8 ,a4 ,melt #b pounds of the very best ,a #a paraffine wax over a slow fire4 ,when liquefied1 remove from the fire and stir in #ajj drops oil of citronella4 ,have a lot of round new pie tins1 clean and nice2 place them on a level table1 coat them slightly with sweet oil1 and pour about six tablespoonfuls of the enamel into each tin4 ,the pan may be floated in water to cool the contents sufficiently to permit the mixture to be cut or stamped out with a tin cutter into small cakes about the size of a peppermint lozenge4 ,two of these cakes added to each pint of starch will cause the smoothing iron to impart the finest possible finish to muslin or linen1 besides perfuming the clothes4 7#af7 ,j4 ,t4 ,m41 ,jr41 asks for a tempering liquid for tempering a flat coiled spring1 of an inch thick1 #a inches wide1 #bj feet long1 without drawing the temper4 ,a4 ,you can get a spring temper in the hardening bath4 ,harden in water or oil and draw temper in an iron pan of linseed oil at boiling temperature4 7#ag7 ,c4 ,e4 ,h4 writes3 ,i have nearly #a1jjj feet of out-door steam pipe carried in elevated wooden boxes4 ,what is a good and cheap pipe covering to prevent loss of heat8 ,a4 ,pulverized charcoal or sawdust makes a good cheap insulation for steam pipes4 ,the boxes should be large enough to allow #b inches clearance all around the pipe1 the latter to be retained in position by cleats4 ,boxes should be tight enough to prevent circulation of air4 ,tar the outside to make weather proof4 7#ah7 ,b4 ,l4 asks3 #a4 ,is there any method for removing rust stains from white cloth or linen8 ,a4 ,see the table in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,no4 #aeh1 for the ,removal of ,stains and ,grease ,spots4 #b4 ,is there any book showing how to work out chemical problems1 and giving answer in the back of the book8 ,a4 ,professor ,j4 ,p4 ,cooke's ,chemical ,problems and ,reactions can be sent you postpaid for #a4 7#ai7 ,d4 ,b4 wants a receipt for a dark cherry stain for a white pine floor4 ,a4 ,use rain water #c quarts1 annatto #d ounces2 boil in a copper kettle till the annatto is dissolved1 then put in a piece of potash the size of a walnut2 keep it on the fire about half an hour longer1 and it is ready to bottle for use4 7#bj7 ,j4 ,t4 ,s4--,engines with automatic cut-offs will run steady with variable work4 ,if you have a governor that only controls a throttle valve1 there will be a small variation of speed with as much variation in the work as you state4 ,much depends upon the relative amount of work absorbed by the mill and the variable machinery4 ,,to ,,inventors4 ,an experience of forty years1 and the preparation of more than one hundred thousand applications for patents at home and abroad1 enable us to understand the laws and practice on both continents1 and to possess unequaled facilities for procuring patents everywhere4 ,a synopsis of the patent laws of the ,united ,states and all foreign countries may be had on application1 and persons contemplating the securing of patents1 either at home or abroad1 are invited to write to this office for prices1 which are low1 in accordance with the times and our extensive facilities for conducting the business4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 office ,,scientific ,,american1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,index ,,of ,,inventions ,for which ,letters ,patent of the ,united ,states were ,granted ,february #h1 #ahhg1 ,,and ,,each ,,bearing ,,that ,,date4 ,see note at end of list about copies of these patents4 ,account register or coin counter1 ,l4 ,benham4 #ceg1cfa ,acid1 concentrating sulphuric1 ,j4 ,b4 ,f4 ,herreshoff4 #ceg1ebh ,alarm4 ,see ,burglar alarm4 ,fire and burglar alarm4 ,albumen from blood1 obtaining1 ,t4 ,nordenfelt4 #ceg1cca ,anvil for steam hammers1 ,a4 ,e4 ,barnard4 #ceg1edf ,auger1 earth1 ,s4 ,albright4 #ceg1edd ,baling press1 ,s4 ,t4 ,mc,canless4 #ceg1djj ,bandage1 suspensory1 ,miller ,maughmer4 #ceg1did ,banjo1 ,e4 ,j4 ,cubley4 #ceg1bgj ,basin or grease trap1 settling1 ,g4 ,e4 ,waring1 ,jr4 #ceg1cdi ,basins1 alarm attachment for overflow1 ,f4 ,brandt #ceg1cjg ,basket cover1 ,a4 ,s4 ,chamberlin4 #ceg1dff ,battery4 ,see ,galvanic battery4 ,bed bottom frames1 machine for securing fabrics to1 ,w4 ,s4 ,seymour4 #ceg1cdc ,bed bottom1 spring1 ,t4 ,e4 ,o',brien4 #ceg1bbd ,bed1 sofa1 ,g4 ,e4 ,krause4 #ceg1ecj ,bed1 sofa1 ,l4 ,s4 ,trotter4 #ceg1cdh ,bed spring1 oscillating1 ,j4 ,r4 ,masters4 #ceg1bae ,bedstead fastening device1 ,n4 ,h4 ,waters4 #ceg1beb ,bee feeder1 ,w4 ,h4 ,mc,williams4 #ceg1dic ,beer in fermenting tubs1 apparatus for cooling1 ,m4 ,gottfried4 #ceg1aif ,belt for transmitting power1 ,f4 ,m4 ,walker4 #ceg1dcb ,bench4 ,see ,wash bench4 ,bit4 ,see ,bridle bit4 ,blind stop1 ,l4 ,t4 ,gulick4 #ceg1cha ,blind1 window1 ,j4 ,fawcett4 #ceg1bgg ,boiler furnace1 steam1 ,j4 ,r4 ,youart4 #ceg1ddb ,bolt threading machine1 ,j4 ,w4 ,adams4 #ceg1cjj ,book adjuster1 ,i4 ,j4 ,adair4 #ceg1edc ,boot and shoe uppers1 device for packing1 ,c4 ,w4 ,haselton4 #ceg1eef ,boots or shoes1 heel plate for1 ,f4 ,e4 ,hollenbeck4 #ceg1chf ,bottle1 nursing1 ,c4 ,b4 ,wheelock4 #ceg1dci ,bottles1 machine for capsuling1 ,e4 ,gumbrecht4 #ceg1cae ,box4 ,see ,fare box4 ,bracelet1 ,c4 ,w4 ,lord4 #ceg1cbf ,brake4 ,see ,car brake4 ,brake shoe1 ,j4 ,n4 ,mileham4 #ceg1bhd ,bridle1 ,b4 ,s4 ,seaman4 #ceg1cda ,bridle bit1 ,j4 ,l4 ,murphy4 #ceg1dig ,bucket1 chamber and water1 ,l4 ,z4 ,jenkins4 #ceg1cij ,buckle1 ,l4 ,b4 ,stowell4 #ceg1bdc ,bungs1 machine for cutting1 ,s4 ,c4 ,chase4 #ceg1age ,burglar alarm1 electrical1 ,g4 ,schleicher4 #ceg1daf ,button1 ,m4 ,d4 ,shipman4 #ceg1bcg ,button1 collar1 ,l4 ,baer4 #ceg1ceh ,buttonhole stitching machine1 ,j4 ,h4 ,reed4 #ceg1ecg ,button ornamenting and engraving machine1 ,c4 ,r4 ,bannihr4 #ceg1bfd ,button or stud1 ,w4 ,w4 ,covell4 #ceg1agi ,button1 spring1 ,f4 ,w4 ,lynn4 #ceg1cbg ,calendar1 perpetual combination date1 ,j4 ,m4 ,anderson4 #ceg1bfb ,cap1 ,j4 ,j4 ,seldner4 #ceg1dah ,capsules1 machine for cutting off gelatine1 ,f4 ,a4 ,hubel 7r74 #aj1hjg ,car brake1 ,h4 ,r4 ,wolfe4 #ceg1beg ,car brake1 railway1 ,j4 ,l4 ,brown4 #ceg1dee ,car coupling1 ,r4 ,bigney4 #ceg1dea ,car coupling1 ,w4 ,brendon4 #ceg1bff ,car coupling1 ,g4 ,w4 ,giles4 #ceg1dgg ,car coupling1 ,s4 ,haltom4 #ceg1eee ,car coupling1 ,j4 ,mullen4 #ceg1dif ,car coupling1 ,w4 ,e4 ,roberts4 #ceg1ejd ,car coupling1 ,c4 ,snyder4 #ceg1efb ,car coupling1 ,r4 ,s4 ,sumner4 #ceg1eaj ,car1 sleeping1 ,g4 ,leve4 #ceg1eca ,car starter and brake1 ,r4 ,b4 ,avery4 #ceg1bfc ,car1 stock1 ,l4 ,mengeler4 #ceg1bai ,car1 stock1 ,ott ,cordray4 #ceg1ece ,cars1 electro-magnetic attraction device for1 ,j4 ,b4 ,atwater4 #ceg1eaf ,cardboard or pasteboard1 apparatus for cutting or dividing1 ,w4 ,r4 ,bacon4 #ceg1dde ,card1 game1 ,p4 ,k4 ,dealy4 #ceg1ahd ,carding machines1 condenser for1 ,w4 ,gill4 #ceg1dgh ,carriage curtain1 ,f4 ,a4 ,bradenburg4 #ceg1bfe ,carriage1 folding baby1 ,c4 ,haller4 #ceg1chb ,carriage top1 ,c4 ,a4 ,keyser4 #ceg1dhe ,carriages1 canopy top for1 ,r4 ,f4 ,krause4 #ceg1cbd ,carrier4 ,see ,crock carrier4 ,cart1 road1 ,g4 ,w4 ,payne4 #ceg1eja ,cartridge loading machine1 ,g4 ,burdick4 #ceg1deg ,case4 ,see ,egg case4 ,fishing rod case4 ,organ case4 ,pigeon hole case4 ,watch case4 ,cash carrier apparatus1 ,s4 ,w4 ,barr4 #ceg1ddi ,casks1 machine for pitching1 ,t4 ,krausch4 #ceg1cbc ,caster1 furniture1 ,l4 ,scofield4 #ceg1cdj ,casting1 manufacture of moulds for1 ,r4 ,bagaley4 #ceg1cjc ,chair4 ,see ,rocking chair4 ,tilting chair4 ,chair1 ,g4 ,hunzinger4 #ceg1chh ,chair and lounge1 combined1 ,g4 ,hamel4 #ceg1chc ,chair bottom1 ,r4 ,mitchell4 #ceg1dje ,check register and coin counter1 ,v4 ,a4 ,krepps4 #ceg1eeg ,chimney cowl1 ,c4 ,w4 ,ackermann4 #ceg1cee ,chimney cowl and ventilator1 ,w4 ,b4 ,crowther1 ,sr4 #ceg1bfi ,chuck1 ,j4 ,l4 ,kirkpatrick4 #ceg1cid ,chuck1 lathe1 ,j4 ,h4 ,westcott4 #ceg1dcg ,churn1 ,w4 ,h4 ,talley4 #ceg1bdg ,cider press1 ,j4 ,l4 ,barnes4 #ceg1ddh ,cigar cutter1 ,w4 ,h4 ,myers4 #ceg1efj ,clamp4 ,see ,clothes suspending clamp4 ,clamp1 ,f4 ,f4 ,houston4 #ceg1chg ,clamp or vise1 ,w4 ,h4 ,denney4 #ceg1ebd ,clasp4 ,see ,pocket clasp4 ,cleaner4 ,see ,flue cleaner4 ,clock1 programme alarm1 ,e4 ,cushing4 #ceg1cgc ,closet4 ,see ,earth closet4 ,clothes suspending clamp and tag holder1 combined1 ,carson ,witherell4 #ceg1dfd ,clothes washer1 ,e4 ,c4 ,willis4 #ceg1dda ,coffin1 ,j4 ,maxwell4 #ceg1dij ,collets1 machine for drilling and splitting1 ,c4 ,v4 ,woerd4 #ceg1ead ,coloring matter for dyeing by the action of tetrazo dyes with beta naphthylamine sulpho acid1 red1 ,c4 ,duisberg4 #ceg1bgd ,coloring matter from tetrazodiphenyl1 blue1 ,c4 ,duisberg4 #ceg1bgc ,comb4 ,see ,gauge comb4 ,combing machine1 circular1 ,j4 ,w4 ,bradley4 #ceg1aga ,condenser1 steam1 ,j4 ,mc,intyre4 #ceg1dja ,cork fastener1 ,w4 ,m4 ,fischer4 #ceg1caa ,corn husker1 ,a4 ,decker4 #ceg1ebc ,corset1 ,m4 ,adler4 #ceg1cef ,corset1 ,i4 ,w4 ,birdseye4 #ceg1cfb ,cotton and other presses1 packing attachment for1 ,w4 ,r4 ,rodgers et al4 #ceg1bcb ,coupling4 ,see ,car coupling4 ,thill coupling4 ,crock carrier1 ,g4 ,k4 ,schauer4 #ceg1cci ,cuff holder1 ,g4 ,e4 ,adams4 #ceg1afg ,cultivator1 ,s4 ,t4 ,hudson4 #ceg1bjb ,cultivator1 ,w4 ,v4 ,walker4 #ceg1bej ,cultivator1 tongueless1 ,h4 ,j4 ,schmeiser4 #ceg1bce ,cutter4 ,see ,cigar cutter4 ,dental waste receptacle1 ,t4 ,f4 ,spencer4 #ceg1dba ,derrick for use on dredging machines1 ,butler1 ,jr41 ,clarke4 #ceg1ebj ,desk1 wall1 ,m4 ,a4 ,miller4 #ceg1ecc ,digger4 ,see ,mechanical digger4 ,potato digger4 ,disinfectant mixture1 ,e4 ,g4 ,xander4 #ceg1bei ,distance indicator for cabs1 etc41 ,g4 ,b4 ,smith4 #ceg1dbj ,doors1 fastening for hinged and sliding1 ,g4 ,g4 ,smith4 #ceg1cdd ,draught equalizer1 ,d4 ,conover4 #ceg1agh ,draught or tug link1 spring1 ,j4 ,t4 ,b4 ,siden4 #ceg1dai ,dredging purposes1 float or ponton for carrying1 lines of pipes for1 ,e4 ,chaquette4 #ceg1cfg ,dyeing with basic aniline1 ,holliday ,rau4 #ceg1bha ,earth closet1 ,j4 ,h4 ,watson4 #ceg1bec ,egg case1 ,j4 ,r4 ,jones4 #ceg1dhd ,electric cut-out1 ,o4 ,b4 ,shallenberger4 #ceg1bic ,electric machines1 commutator for dynamo1 ,westinghouse1 ,jr41 ,schmid4 #ceg1bie ,electrical distribution1 ,w4 ,b4 ,harvey4 #ceg1bhj ,electro-magnetic motor1 ,darling ,bock1 ,jr4 #ceg1cgd ,elevator4 ,see ,hydraulic elevator4 ,elevator doors1 attachment for1 ,e4 ,p4 ,walker4 #ceg1dcj ,engine4 ,see ,oscillating engine4 ,steam engine4 ,evaporating apparatus1 ,a4 ,miller4 #ceg1djd ,evaporating apparatus1 vacuum1 ,j4 ,h4 ,hancock4 #cfg1dha ,exhibitor4 ,see ,wall paper exhibitor4 ,fanning mill1 ,c4 ,altringer4 #ceg1bfa ,fare box1 electrical1 ,w4 ,a4 ,crowdus4 #ceg1cgb ,fare register1 ,c4 ,e4 ,pratt4 #ceg1bbi ,farm gate1 ,b4 ,f4 ,ellis4 #ceg1bge ,faucet1 ,c4 ,h4 ,loper4 #ceg1dhh ,faucet and filter for cans1 ,h4 ,h4 ,hull4 #ceg1cai ,feed motion1 ,c4,e4 ,ring4 #ceg1dae ,feed water heater1 ,e4 ,g4 ,t4 ,colles4 #ceg1bfh ,feed water purifying apparatus1 ,i4 ,b4 ,mc,cormack4 #ceg1cbh ,fence post1 ,gough ,speakman4 #ceg1cad ,fence post1 ,j4 ,j4 ,kimball4 #ceg1cic ,fence post base1 ,w4 ,w4 ,mc,callip4 #ceg1bag ,fence wires1 machine for winding and tightening1 ,w4 ,knapp4 #ceg1bji ,fertilizer distributer1 ,s4 ,h4 ,everett4 #ceg1cgf ,file1 binding1 ,j4 ,w4 ,dickieson4 #ceg1cge ,filter1 ,mc,lean ,cumming4 #ceg1djb ,filter1 ,h4 ,roeske4 #ceg1eje ,fire and burglar alarm1 combined4 ,i4 ,s4 ,bunker4 #ceg1cff ,firearm1 magazine1 ,a4 ,burgess1 #ceg1deh to #ceg1dfb1 #ceg1eag to #ceg1eai ,firearm1 repeating1 ,c4 ,j4 ,bjerkness4 #ceg1agj ,fire extinguisher1 chemical1 ,j4 ,p4 ,scott4 #ceg1bib ,fishing rod case1 ,g4 ,kamp4 #ceg1bjf ,flatiron heater1 ,e4 ,a4 ,nelms4 #ceg1djf ,flue cleaner1 ,c4 ,f4 ,w4 ,doehring4 #ceg1cji ,fog horn1 steam1 ,c4 ,a4 ,davis4 #ceg1dfi ,fork4 ,see ,saddle tree fork4 ,frame4 ,see ,spectacle frame4 ,funnel1 ,a4 ,gersdorff4 #ceg1dgf ,furnace4 ,see ,boiler furnace4 ,heating furnace4 ,reheating furnace4 ,furnaces1 air feeding device for1 ,t4 ,w4 ,jenkins4 #ceg1cia ,gauge comb1 ,o4 ,c4 ,hubbell4 #ceg1bja ,galvanic battery1 ,s4 ,a4 ,chase4 #ceg1eej ,garbage receptacle1 ,e4 ,g4 ,xander4 #ceg1beh ,garments1 shape retainer for the breasts of1 ,j4 ,markmann4 #ceg1cig ,gas holder4 ,c4 ,g4 ,fairchild4 #ceg1bgf ,gas motor1 ,gavillet ,martaresche4 #ceg1aic ,gate4 ,see ,farm gate4 ,gate1 ,j4 ,b4 ,holton4 #ceg1ebi ,gate latching device1 ,snow ,higgins4 #ceg1ejg ,glass1 decorating1 ,l4 ,winterhoff4 #ceg1ced ,gloves or shoes1 fastening for1 ,a4 ,nolte4 #ceg1bhg ,governor1 tread power1 ,c4 ,c4 ,smalley4 #ceg1bci ,grader and ditcher1 ,c4 ,cook4 #ceg1ebb ,grain winnower1 ,c4 ,j4 ,ericson4 #ceg1ebe ,hame1 ,j4 ,e4 ,james4 #ceg1chi ,hammers1 lifting device for drop1 ,w4 ,s4 ,ward4 #ceg1dcc ,hand and spring motor1 combined1 ,c4 ,nicholson4 #ceg1bbb ,handle4 ,see ,ratchet tool handle4 ,tool handle4 ,hanger4 ,see ,picture cord and hook hanger4 ,harrow1 ,f4 ,m4 ,everingham4 #ceg1cgg ,harrow1 ,e4 ,a4 ,grady4 #ceg1bgh ,harrow1 ,g4 ,i4 ,waughtal4 #ceg1bed ,harvesters1 cutting mechanism for1 ,f4 ,van den ,bosch4 #ceg1eab ,hat bodies1 etc41 felting machine for1 ,j4 ,t4 ,waring4 #ceg1cej ,hat hook1 ,o4 ,i4 ,foster4 #ceg1aib ,hat protector1 ,m4 ,e4 ,c4 ,hopkirk4 #ceg1bjj ,hat ventilator1 ,f4 ,c4 ,bowen4 #ceg1cfd ,hay press1 ,c4 ,a4 ,hamilton4 #ceg1dhj ,hay rake and loader1 ,w4 ,b4 ,f4 ,bader4 #ceg1ddf ,hay rake and loader1 ,j4 ,t4 ,hart4 #ceg1aih ,head rest1 ,bonnell ,gilson4 #ceg1cje ,heater4 ,see ,feed water heater4 ,flatiron heater4 ,heating and ventilating apparatus1 ,r4 ,a4 ,rew4 #ceg1daa ,heating buildings1 apparatus for1 ,i4 ,j4 ,ordway4 #ceg1ccb ,heating furnace1 air1 ,j4 ,weik4 #ceg1eac ,heel strips1 making1 ,f4 ,w4 ,coy4 #ceg1eeb ,hinge for step ladders1 ,a4 ,edmondson et al4 #ceg1ahh ,hoisting and supporting device1 ,r4 ,f4 ,de ,grain4 #ceg1ahe ,holder4 ,see ,cuff holder4 ,gas holder4 ,napkin holder4 ,rein holder4 ,hook4 ,see ,hat hook4 ,horse power1 ,b4 ,a4 ,lombard4 #ceg1bab ,hub attaching device1 ,i4 ,johnson4 #ceg1cba ,hydraulic elevator1 ,r4 ,c4 ,smith4 #ceg1cde ,indicator4 ,see ,distance indicator4 ,ingot moulds1 feeder for1 ,g4 ,nimmo4 #ceg1bhf ,joint4 ,see ,tripod joint4 ,kiln4 ,see ,ore roasting kiln4 ,knapsack reservoir1 ,g4 ,b4 ,donavin4 #ceg1bgb ,knife4 ,see ,pocket knife4 ,knitting machine1 circular1 ,j4 ,c4 ,egly4 #ceg1dgb ,ladder1 step1 ,h4 ,c4 ,russell4 #ceg1bcc ,lamp1 ,f4 ,rhind4 #ceg1dab ,lamps and lamp stoves1 wick tube for1 ,l4 ,j4 ,atwood4 #ceg1ede ,lamps1 switch and holder for incandescent electric1 ,w4 ,hochhausen4 #ceg1che ,latch1 ,b4 ,a4 ,stevens4 #ceg1bdb ,lathes1 drum for turning1 ,g4 ,brenner4 #ceg1dec ,leather creasing machine1 ,s4 ,h4 ,randall4 #ceg1bcj ,leather1 machine for japanning and enameling1 ,wood ,reilly4 #ceg1eae ,life detecting and preserving apparatus1 ,farnham ,askew4 #ceg1aij ,lifting apparatus1 ,j4 ,sargent4 #ceg1bcd ,link blanks1 machine for cutting and bending1 ,h4 ,brauchler4 #ceg1agb ,liquid separator1 centrifugal1 ,h4 ,f4 ,beimling4 #ceg1edg ,lock4 ,see ,nut lock4 ,lubricating composition1 ,j4 ,plante4 #ceg1bbg ,lubricator1 ,e4 ,mc,coy4 #ceg1dia ,mattress1 folding woven wire1 ,kunkel ,van ,sas4 #ceg1eeh ,measuring rack for goods in the piece1 ,newton ,ferrill4 #ceg1ecd ,mechanical digger1 ,m4 ,r4 ,pryor4 #ceg1ecf ,mechanical movement4 ,e4 ,e4 ,orrell4 #ceg1dii ,metal1 machine for bending and upsetting1 ,dosme-,chatain ,guibert4 #ceg1ahf ,meter4 ,see ,water meter4 ,milk1 preparing powdered1 ,j4 ,carnrick4 #ceg1dfe ,mill4 ,see ,tanning mill4 ,mirror1 hand1 ,p4 ,wiederer4 #ceg1ceb ,motor4 ,see ,electro-magnetic motor4 ,gas motor4 ,hand and spring motor4 ,steam motor4 ,water motor4 ,motor1 ,fisher ,hart4 #ceg1cgh ,mower1 ,nieth ,thomas4 #ceg1ccj ,multiple switch board systems1 local battery circuit for1 ,j4 ,a4 ,seely4 #ceg1edj ,multiple switch boards1 metallic circuit for1 ,j4 ,a4 ,seely4 #ceg1eci ,musical instrument1 ,v4 ,t4 ,barnwell4 #ceg1afh ,musical instrument1 mechanical1 ,racca ,seward #ceg1ejb ,napkin holder1 ,e4 ,gaillac4 #ceg1cac ,nut lock1 ,j4 ,t4 ,clark4 #ceg1dfg ,oliver4 ,a4 ,e4 ,welsh4 #ceg1bee ,ore pulverizer1 ,n4 ,clement4 #ceg1cfi ,ore roasting kiln1 ,h4 ,h4 ,burden4 #ceg1def ,organ case1 ,e4 ,h4 ,loring4 #ceg1eei ,oscillating engine1 ,w4 ,l4 ,todd4 #ceg1bdh ,outsoles1 laying4 ,f4 ,f4 ,raymond1 #b;d4 #ceg1cce ,paper box machines1 printing mechanism for1 ,h4 ,p4 ,fiske4 #ceg1eec ,paper making machine1 ,g4 ,ferguson4 #ceg1dgd ,paper may be made to adhere to metal1 process by which1 ,d4 ,macdonald4 #ceg1bac ,pen1 fountain1 ,a4 ,h4 ,cobb4 #ceg1agf ,photographic plates1 apparatus for coating1 ,ismay ,dodds4 #ceg1dhc ,piano1 upright1 ,richardson ,warren4 #ceg1bia ,pianos1 pianissimo pedal for1 ,p4 ,weber4 #ceg1dcf ,picture cord and hook hanger1 ,g4 ,b4 ,fowler4 #ceg1cab ,pigeonhole case1 ,d4 ,c4 ,meehan4 #ceg1djc ,pin4 ,see ,rafting boom pin4 ,scarf pin4 ,pipe moulding apparatus1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,dermott4 #ceg1dib ,plane1 bench1 ,j4 ,brice4 #ceg1ded ,planter and marker1 corn1 ,s4 ,davis4 #ceg1dgj ,planter1 check rower corn1 ,c4 ,e4 ,sweney4 #ceg1efc ,planter1 corn1 ,f4 ,m4 ,h4 ,hempel4 #ceg1aii ,planter1 corn1 ,t4 ,c4 ,young4 #ceg1eji ,plasterer's hawk1 ,g4 ,w4 ,jaques4 #ceg1bjc ,plow1 ,j4 ,w4 ,allen4 #ceg1ddc ,plow1 ,t4 ,j4 ,erwin4 #ceg1ebf ,plow1 ,f4 ,grimm4 #ceg1bgi ,pneumatic dispatch tubes1 automatic gate lock lock for1 ,bryson1 ,jr41 ,mudge4 #ceg1agd ,pocket clasp1 ,h4 ,m4 ,welliver4 #cga1cea ,pocket knife1 ,j4 ,wiesner4 #ceg1cec ,post4 ,see ,fence post4 ,potato digger1 ,w4 ,young4 #ceg1bfj ,press4 ,see ,baling press4 ,cider press4 ,hay press4 ,pressure regulator1 steam1 ,j4 ,p4 ,stabler4 #ceg1dbb ,printing and delivery mechanism1 web1 ,l4 ,c4 ,crowell4 #ceg1eea ,protector4 ,see ,hat protector4 ,watch protector4 ,puller4 ,see ,stump puller4 ,pulleys to shafts1 securing1 ,c4 ,c4 ,smalley4 #ceg1bch ,pulp1 process of and apparatus for cooking wood1 ,c4 ,cornwell4 #ceg1cga ,pulverizing machine1 ,j4 ,b4 ,waring4 #ceg1dcd ,pulverizing machines1 feeder for1 ,j4 ,b4 ,waring4 #ceg1dce ,pump1 measuring lift1 ,l4 ,d4 ,p4 ,w4 ,miller4 #ceg1bhe ,pumping and distributing semi-fluids or liquids holding solid matter in suspension1 ,j4 ,v4 ,v4 ,booraem4 #ceg1cfc ,rack4 ,see ,measuring rack4 ,radiator1 heat1 ,j4 ,f4 ,keener4 #ceg1bjg ,rafting boom pin1 ,c4 ,buisson4 #ceg1cfe ,railway rail1 ,r4 ,l4 ,harris4 #ceg1caf ,railway rails1 cast iron brace chair for street4 ,o4 ,w4 ,meysenburg4 #ceg1ecb ,railway signaling1 electric1 ,g4 ,westinghouse1 ,jr4 #ceg1bif ,railway switch4 ,a4 ,h4 ,ege4 #ceg1ahi ,railway switch1 ,w4 ,wharton1 ,jr4 #ceg1dch ,railway switch stand1 ,d4 ,h4 ,foreman4 #ceg1dge ,railway time signal1 ,a4 ,p4 ,odell4 #ceg1djg ,railway track1 ,j4 ,lawler4 #ceg1cif ,railways1 construction of1 ,j4 ,j4 ,anderson4 #ceg1cja ,rake4 ,see ,hay rake4 ,ram1 hydraulic1 ,j4 ,richards4 #ceg1dac ,ram or engine1 hydraulic1 ,w4 ,a4 ,rife4 #ceg1dad ,ratchet tool handle1 ,j4 ,swan4 #ceg1bde ,reaping and mowing machine1 ,grimes ,williams4 #ceg1ebg ,register4 ,see ,account register4 ,check register4 ,fare register4 ,regulator4 ,see ,pressure regulator4 ,watch regulator4 ,reheating furnace for sheet iron or steel4 ,w4 ,h4 ,bailey4 #ceg1ddg ,rein holder1 ,w4 ,tennison4 #ceg1dbg ,ring4 ,see ,sheet metal ring4 ,rivet receptacle1 ,a4 ,l4 ,conklin4 #ceg1agg ,riveting machine1 ,j4 ,f4 ,webster4 #ceg1bid ,rocking chair1 reclining1 ,i4 ,w4 ,johnson4 #ceg1bje ,roller bearing for shafts and axles1 ,j4 ,gibbons 7r7 #aj1hje ,roof1 slate1 ,w4 ,redett4 #ceg1ejc ,saddle tree fork1 ,r4 ,wines4 #ceg1big ,sash balancing device1 ,a4 ,g4 ,johnson4 #ceg1bjd ,sash1 window1 ,t4 ,a4 ,sweet4 #ceg1bdf ,saw gummer1 ,e4 ,rogers4 #ceg1ccf ,sawing machine1 circular1 ,h4 ,m4 ,darling4 #ceg1ahb ,scale1 weighing1 ,w4 ,m4 ,taylor4 #ceg1dbf ,scales1 attachment for calculating1 ,r4 ,c4 ,smith4 #ceg1cdf ,scarf pin1 ,c4 ,huffner4 #ceg1cah ,screen4 ,see ,window screen4 ,screw cutting machine1 ,h4 ,f4 ,coy4 #ceg1ahj ,seam pressing machine1 ,haselton ,felt4 #ceg1dhb ,separator4 ,see ,liquid separator4 ,sewage or other impurities1 apparatus for removing1 ,f4 ,sanders4 #ceg1cch ,sewing machine1 ,fisher ,hart4 #ceg1cgi ,sewing machine1 ,ramsden ,ellis4 #ceg1ccd ,sewing machine driving mechanism1 ,c4 ,nicholson #ceg1bbc ,sewing machines1 rotary take-up for1 ,s4 ,w4 ,wardwell1 ,jr4 #ceg1bea ,shackle clips1 manufacture of1 ,f4 ,p4 ,bates4 #ceg1dej ,shackle1 spring1 ,bergman ,miller4 #ceg1afi ,sheathing and lath machine4 ,e4 ,m4 ,byrkit4 #ceg1eba ,sheet metal bending machine1 ,o4 ,pocock4 #ceg1bbh ,sheet metal1 machine for shearing and bending1 ,a4 ,j4 ,duncan4 #ceg1ahg ,sheet metal ring and making the same1 ,c4 ,c4 ,andrews4 #ceg1cjb ,shell1 ,c4 ,g4 ,otis4 #ceg1ejj ,shirt1 ,e4 ,a4 ,lehmann4 #ceg1cbe ,shoe fastening1 ,c4 ,f4 ,w4 ,seidel4 #ceg1eda ,signal4 ,see ,railway time signal4 ,skirt spring1 dress1 ,m4 ,cohn4 #ceg1cgj ,snow excavator1 railway1 ,newman ,greene4 #ceg1dih ,spade1 ,h4 ,c4 ,pittenger4 #ceg1djh ,spark arrester1 ,j4 ,c4 ,albrecht4 #ceg1ceg ,spectacle frame1 ,w4 ,r4 ,johnston4 #ceg1cib ,speculum1 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,call4 #ceg1baf ,spinning spindles1 cap for footsteps for1 ,pickford ,jagger4 #ecg1bbf ,spring4 ,see ,bed spring4 ,skirt spring4 ,spring jack switch1 ,c4 ,e4 ,scribner4 #ceg1ech ,square1 calipers1 and dividers1 combined1 ,kline ,jadicke4 #ceg1dhg ,stamp1 pocket4 ,l4 ,ehrlich4 #ceg1dgc ,stand4 ,see ,railway switch stand4 ,steam engine1 ,c4 ,e4 ,robertson4 #ceg1bca ,steam engine1 ,w4 ,steers4 #ceg1dbc ,steam engines1 reverse gear for4 ,g4 ,w4 ,cushing4 #ceg1cjh ,steam motor1 ,h4 ,davey4 #ceg1dfh ,stone cutting saw1 ,j4 ,w4 ,maloy4 #ceg1bad ,stone flower1 cut1 ,f4 ,stickel4 #ceg1dbe ,stoneware1 etc41 composition for the manufacture of1 ,r4 ,c4 ,remmey4 #ceg1daj ,stove doors1 device for opening1 ,wood ,brown4 #ceg1bih ,street sweeper1 ,h4 ,whiley4 #ceg1ddj ,structure1 extensible1 ,w4 ,w4 ,atkinson4 #ceg1ddd ,stump puller1 ,tichenor ,walker4 #ceg1cdg ,switch4 ,see ,railway switch4 ,spring jack switch4 ,table leaf support1 ,g4 ,l4 ,slater4 #ceg1ejf ,telephone receiver1 ,w4 ,c4 ,barney4 #ceg1cfj ,telephone support4 ,s4 ,rosenblatt4 #ceg1ccg ,telephone transmitter1 ,w4 ,c4 ,barney4 #ceg1cei ,telephone transmitter1 ,f4 ,blake4 #ceg1deb ,tent4 ,m4 ,p4 ,mc,koon4 #ceg1cbi ,thermostat1 ,j4 ,l4 ,campbell4 #ceg1dfc ,thill coupling1 ,d4 ,murray4 #ceg1bba ,thill coupling1 ,j4 ,c4 ,oliver4 #ceg1bbe ,thrashing machine1 ,morgan ,tolson4 #ceg1die ,tilting chair1 ,c4 ,e4 ,davis4 #ceg1ahc ,time signals1 instrument for transmitting audible1 ,j4 ,r4 ,etter4 #ceg1caj ,tires1 heating1 setting1 and removing1 ,gentry ,o',brien4 #ceg1aid ,tobacco stems1 machine for granulating1 ,s4 ,e4 ,hascall4 #ceg1cag ,tongue support1 ,van de ,mark ,moore4 #ceg1dbh ,tool handle for interchangeable tools1 ,e4 ,walker4 #ceg1dbi ,traction engine driving gear1 ,f4 ,m4 ,walker4 #ceg1dca ,transplanting trees1 device for1 ,c4 ,d4 ,harsin4 #ceg1aig ,trestle tree1 ,w4 ,l4 ,bradford4 #ceg1edh ,tripod joint1 ,f4 ,e4 ,wright4 #ceg1bii ,trunk fastener1 ,g4 ,d4 ,spielman4 #ceg1bdj ,tug fastener1 ,d4 ,t4 ,chambers4 #ceg1edi ,tug fastener for singletrees1 ,d4 ,t4 ,chambers4 #ceg1cfh ,type writing machines1 attachment for1 ,a4 ,b4 ,dick4 #ceg1bga ,valve1 automatic air1 ,h4 ,l4 ,ide4 #ceg1cbj ,valve1 balanced slide1 ,a4 ,j4 ,stevens4 #ceg1dbd ,valve for engine cylinders1 relief1 ,t4 ,m4 ,fell4 #ceg1aia ,valve gear1 ,w4 ,wilson4 #ceg1bef ,valve1 globe1 ,a4 ,b4 ,rohney4 #ceg1efa ,valve1 throttle1 ,j4 ,j4 ,tonkin4 #ceg1eaa ,vehicle running gear1 ,f4 ,s4 ,seagrave4 #ceg1dag ,vehicle1 spring1 ,j4 ,w4 ,brown4 #ceg1agc ,vehicle1 spring propelled1 ,d4 ,m4 ,pfantz4 #ceg1bhi ,velocipede1 ,l4 ,p4 ,valiquet4 #ceg1bdi ,veneers1 apparatus for cutting1 ,h4 ,b4 ,crandall4 #ceg1aha ,ventilator4 ,see ,hat ventilator4 ,violin tail piece1 ,e4 ,p4 ,jenison4 #ceg1bhc ,violins1 keyboard for1 ,j4 ,f4 ,poage4 #ceg1dji ,vise1 pipe1 ,c4 ,s4 ,bonney4 #ceg1cjf ,wagon1 dumping1 ,t4 ,hill4 #ceg1chd ,wall hangings and other fabrics1 decorating1 ,w4 ,sochefsky4 #ceg1ejh ,wall paper exhibitor1 ,j4 ,travis4 #ceg1edb ,wardrobe attachment1 ,goodrich ,corwin4 #ceg1eed ,wash bench1 ,d4 ,beaudry4 #ceg1cjd ,washboard plate1 ,j4 ,h4 ,o4 ,t4 ,lapham4 #ceg1baa ,washer4 ,see ,clothes washer4 ,washing machine1 ,j4 ,m4 ,gilman4 #ceg1dgi ,washing machine1 ,schumpe ,mollenkamp4 #ceg1bcf ,washing machine1 ,h4 ,a4 ,stumpf4 #ceg1bdd ,watch balances1 machine for drilling and tapping1 ,e4 ,a4 ,marsh #ceg1cih ,watch case1 ,j4 ,c4 ,landmann4 #ceg1cie ,watch case pendant1 ,c4 ,k4 ,giles4 #ceg1aie ,watch protector1 ,m4 ,marx4 #ceg1cii ,watch regulator1 ,a4 ,platt4 #ceg1ccc ,watch1 stem winding1 ,e4 ,kuhn4 #ceg1baj ,watch1 stem winding and setting1 ,j4 ,johnson4 #ceg1cbb ,water closets and other sanitary appliances1 flushing apparatus for1 ,o4 ,j4 ,mc,gann4 #ceg1bah ,water meter1 rotary1 ,l4 ,h4 ,nash 7r74 #aj1hjf ,water motor1 ,w4 ,j4 ,mingle4 #ceg1bbj ,water pipes from freezing1 device for preventing1 ,f4 ,steinkoenig4 #ceg1bda ,wheel4 ,see ,wind wheel4 ,wind wheel1 ,w4 ,ecker4 #ceg1dga ,wind wheel1 ,h4 ,c4 ,hutchinson4 #ceg1bhb ,windmill attachment1 automatic1 ,m4 ,oppenheimer4 #ceg1bhh ,windmill tower1 ,c4 ,b4 ,putnam4 #ceg1bij ,window screen1 ,j4 ,a4 ,bryan4 #ceg1bfg ,wire covering machine1 ,d4 ,macduff4 #ceg1dhi ,wire fabrics1 machine for weaving coiled1 ,w4 ,s4 ,seymour4 #ceg1cdb ,wire springs1 machine for making coiled1 ,w4 ,l4 ,goddard4 #ceg1chj ,wool for spinning1 preparing1 ,p4 ,l4 ,klein4 #ceg1dhf ,yarn dresser1 ,w4 ,s4 ,kenyon4 #ceg1bjh ,,designs4 ,bridle front1 ,f4 ,m4 ,livingston4 #ag1jid to #ag1jif ,casket lid1 ,j4 ,maxwell4 #ag1ajh ,corsets1 ornamentation of1 ,c4 ,a4 ,griswold4 #ag1jhh ,glassware1 ornamentation of1 ,d4 ,forbes4 #ag1jhf ,hat rack1 ,j4 ,k4 ,palmenberg4 #g1jih ,knitted fabric1 ,j4 ,h4 ,osborne4 #ag1jig ,lamp burner1 ,l4 ,henkle4 #ag1jij ,purse1 ,i4 ,heymann4 #ag1ajg ,quilted fabric1 ,a4 ,hildt4 #ag1jib1 #ag1jic ,rug1 ,g4 ,b4 ,fox4 #ag1jhg ,rug1 ,j4 ,pegel4 #ag1jii1 #ag1ajj ,starching machines1 frame for1 ,f4 ,m4 ,watkins4 #ag1aje ,statuary1 group of1 ,j4 ,rogers4 #ag1ajb ,statue1 ,p4 ,dumont4 #ag1ajf ,stove rail1 ,j4 ,a4 ,price4 #ag1aja ,target1 flying1 ,a4 ,h4 ,hebbard4 #ag1jhi ,toy savings bank1 ,shepard ,adams4 #ag1ajc ,type1 font of printing script1 ,c4 ,e4 ,heyer4 #ag1jia ,watch case1 ,f4 ,rapp4 #ag1aji ,watch case1 ,p4 ,stucker4 #ag1ajd ,,trade ,,marks4 ,copies1 apparatus for producing transferred1 ,o4 ,lelm4 #ad1jfg ,crackers1 biscuits1 and kindred articles1 ,c4 ,d4 ,boss ,son4 #ad1jdi ,crackers1 soda1 ,dozier-,weyl ,cracker ,company4 #ad1jec ,electromotor necklaces for teething children1 ,gehrig ,gebruder4 #ad1jed ,face powder1 ,c4 ,l4 ,diehl4 #ad1jeb ,fertilizer1 bone phosphate4 ,lancaster ,chemical ,company4 #ad1jef ,flavoring extracts1 ,m4 ,michaelis ,son4 #ad1jfh ,floor covering1 ,corticine ,floor ,covering ,company4 #ad1jej ,flour1 wheat1 ,h4 ,c4 ,cole ,co4 #ad1jfc ,gloves1 kid1 ,v4 ,x4 ,jouvin4 #ad1jee ,heating by hot water1 apparatus for1 ,gurney ,hot ,water ,heater ,company4 #ad1jfd ,jewelry and silverware1 ,s4 ,f4 ,myers ,co4 #ad1jei ,liniment1 ,staats ,pine ,liniment ,company4 #ad1jfa ,liniment1 liquid1 ,t4 ,tindale4 #ad1jfb ,medicinal preparation in the form of a lotion1 ,lynde ,hough4 #ad1jfe ,milk1 condensed1 ,n4 ,y4 ,condensed ,milk ,company4 #ad1jea ,mitts1 gloves1 hose1 and hand and arm coverings1 ,a4 ,g4 ,jennings ,sons4 #ad1jff ,pantaloons1 ,e4 ,f4 ,miller4 #ad1jeh ,preservative liquids1 ,avenarius ,brothers4 #ad1jdh ,soap1 laundry and toilet1 ,c4 ,f4 ,miller4 #ad1jeg ,stove polish1 ,f4 ,h4 ,schweizer4 #ad1jfj ,a ,printed copy of the specifications and drawing of any patent in the foregoing list1 also of any patent issued since #ahff1 will be furnished from this office for #be cents4 ,in ordering please state the number and date of the patent desired1 and remit to ,munn ,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,we also furnish copies of patents granted prior to #ahff2 but at increased cost1 as the specifications1 not being printed1 must be copied by hand4 ,canadian ,patents may now be obtained by the inventors for any of the inventions named in the foregoing list1 provided they are simple1 at a cost of #dj each4 ,if complicated1 the cost will be a little more4 ,for full instructions address ,munn ,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,other foreign patents may also be obtained4 ,,forty-,,second ,,annual ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,life ,,insurance ,,company ,office3 ,nos4 #cdf #cdh ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,january #a1 #ahhg4 ,amount of ,net ,cash ,assets1 ,january #a1 #ahhf4 #fc1eab1fah4jj ,,revenue ,,account4 ,premiums #af1chf1jfg4fi ,less deferred premiums1 ,january #a1 #ahhf #hgh1afa4fe--ae1ejg1ijf4jd ,interest and rents1 etc4 7including realized gains on ,securities sold7 #d1aeg1ghf4db ,less ,interest accrued ,january #a1 #ahhf #dce1bhd4ah----c1gbb1ejb4bd--ai1bcj1djh4 bh ------------------------------ #hb1gdc1jbf4bh ,,disbursement ,,account4 ,losses by death1 including reversionary additions to same #b1geg1jce4ig ,endowments1 matured and discounted1 including reversionary additions to same #eei1jge4ja ,dividends1 annuities1 and purchased policies #d1caa1aai4aa ,total ,paid ,policy-holders #g1fbg1bcj4ji ,taxes and re-insurances #bdc1adb4hd ,commissions1 brokerages1 agency expenses and physicians' fees #b1ebi1ceg4eg ,office and law expenses1 salaries1 advertising1 printing1 etc4 #ebc1fgb4cj--aj1ibc1djb4hj ---------------------------- #ga1hai1fbc4dh ,,assets4 ,cash in bank1 on hand1 and in transit 7since received7 #c1jcc1cje4ac ,united ,states ,bonds and other bonds and stocks 7market value1 #dc1abd1bgc4hh7 #ci1ebb1ddc4ii ,real ,estate #f1hci1igd4bb ,bonds and ,mortgages1 first lien on real estate 7buildings thereon insured for #ad1jjj1jjj and the policies assigned to the ,company as additional collateral security7 #ae1bbh1gge4jj ,temporary ,loans 7market value of securities held as collateral1 #e1iab1gda7 #d1dej1jjj4jj 99,loans on existing policies 7the ,reserve held by the ,company on these policies amounts to over #b1jjj1jjj4jj7 #djh1fai4dd 99,quarterly and semi-annual premiums on existing policies1 due subsequent to ,jan4 #a1 #ahhg #a1jda1fff4ae 99,premiums on existing policies in course of transmission and collection4 7,the ,reserve on these policies1 included in ,liabilities1 is estimated at #a1jej1jjj7 #fdf1dcg4ad ,agents' balances #afa1ije4ca ,accrued ,interest on investments1 ,january #a1 #ahhg #dhf1dig4aj--ga1hai1fbc4dh ,market value of securities over cost on ,company's ,books #c1fja1hbi4hi 99 ,a detailed schedule of these items will accompany the usual annual report filed with the ,insurance ,department of the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,,cash ,,assets1 ,january #a1 #ahhg1 #ge1dba1dec4cg ,appropriated as follows3 ,adjusted losses1 due subsequent to ,january #a1 #ahhg #bjb1cdf4dc ,reported losses1 awaiting proof1 etc4 #cee1fbe4bh ,matured endowments1 due and unpaid 7claims not presented7 #cg1hij4gj ,annuities due and unpaid 7uncalled for7 #i1cah4gd ,reserved for re-insurance on existing policies2 participating insurance at #d per cent4 ,carlisle net premium2 non-participating at #e per cent4 ,carlisle net premium #fb1ebe1eii4jj ,reserved for contingent liabilities to ,tontine ,dividend ,fund1 ,january #a1 #ahhf1 over and above a #d per cent4 ,reserve on existing policies of that class #c1abc1gdb4gg ,addition to the ,fund during #ahhf #a1cbj1ecj4fi ------------- ,,deduct-- #d1ddd1bgc4df ,returned to ,tontine policy-holders during the year on matured ,tontines #bfg1hdh4ba ------------- ,balance of ,tontine ,fund1 ,january #a1 #ahhg #d1agf1dbe4be ,reserved for premiums paid in advance #cc1gbj4gb ------------ #fg1cdj1ibf4ab ,divisible ,surplus 7,company's ,standard7 #h1jhj1ebg4be ------------- #ge1dba1dec4cg ,surplus by the ,new ,york ,state ,standard at #d per cent4 7including the ,tontine ,fund71 #ae1edi1cai4ec ,from the undivided surplus of #h1jhj1ebg4be the ,board of ,trustees has declared a ,reversionary dividend to participating policies in proportion to their contribution to surplus1 available on settlement of next annual premium4 ,death ,claims paid4 ,income from ,interest4 #ahhb1 #a1iee1bib #ahhb1 #b1gih1jah #ahhc1 #b1bfc1jib #ahhc1 #b1gab1hfc #ahhd1 #b1beg1age #ahhd1 #b1iga1fbd #ahhe1 #b1iii1aji #ahhe1 #c1cii1jfi #ahhf1 #b1geg1jce #ahhf1 #c1gbb1ejb ,insurance in force4 ,cash ,assets4 ,jan4 #a1 #ahhc1 #aga1dae1jig ,jan4 #a1 #ahhc1 #ej1hjj1cif #ahhd1 #aih1gdf1jdc #ahhd1 #ee1edb1ijb #ahhe1 #bbi1chb1ehf #ahhe1 #ei1bhc1gec #ahhf1 #bei1fgd1ejj #ahhf1 #ff1hfd1cba #ahhg1 #cjd1cgc1edj #ahhg1 #ge1dba1dec ,number of ,policies issued during the year1 #bb1jbg4 ,risks assumed1 #he1agh1bid4 ,,trustees4 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,appleton1 ,,william ,h4 ,,beers1 ,,william ,a4 ,,booth1 ,,hon4 ,,benj4 ,h4 ,,bristow1 ,,henry ,,bowers1 ,,john ,,claflin1 ,,robert ,b4 ,,collins1 ,r4 ,,suydam ,,grant1 ,,elias ,s4 ,,higgins1 ,,walter ,h4 ,,lewis1 ,,edward ,,martin1 ,,richard ,m,,ser1 ,,george ,h4 ,,potts1 ,c4 ,c4 ,,baldwin1 ,,john ,n4 ,,stearns1 ,,wm4 ,l4 ,,strong1 ,,alex4 ,,studwell1 ,,henry ,,tuck1 ,a4 ,h4 ,,welch1 ,l4 ,l4 ,,white4 ,,theodore ,m4 ,,banta1 ,cashier4 ,d4 ,o',,dell1 ,superintendent of ,agencies4 ,a4 ,,huntington1 ,m4,d41 ,medical ,director4 ,,william ,h4 ,,beers1 ,president4 ,,henry ,,tuck1 ,vice-,president4 ,,archibald ,h4 ,,welch1 #b;d ,vice-,president4 ,,rufus ,w4 ,,weeks1 ,actuary4 ,advertisements4 ,inside ,page1 each insertion #ge cents a line4 ,back ,page1 each insertion #a4jj a line4 ,the above are charges per agate line--about eight words per line4 ,this notice shows the width of the line1 and is set in agate type4 ,engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per agate line1 by measurement1 as the letter press4 ,advertisements must be received at publication office as early as ,thursday morning to appear in next issue4 ,,special ,,machinery ,for ,grinding and ,polishing ,manufactured by ,the ,somersworth ,machine ,co41 ,e4 ,r4 ,,ware1 ,agt41 #aed ,lake ,street1 ,,chicago4 ,write for ,circulars4 ,,caldwells ,,conveyor ,,caldwell',s ,,spiral ,,steel ,,conveyor1 #aca-acc ,west ,washington ,st41 ,chicago1 ,ill ,,ice-,,boats--,,their ,,construction and management4 ,with working drawings1 details1 and directions in full4 ,four engravings1 showing mode of construction4 ,views of the two fastest ice-sailing boats used on the ,hudson river in winter4 ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,horsfall1 ,m4,e4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 #a4 ,the same number also contains the rules and regulations for the formation of ice-boat clubs1 the sailing and management of ice-boats4 ,price #aj cents4 ,,catalogues ,,free ,,to ,,any ,,address ,,tools ,,of ,,all ,,kinds ,,tools ,,goodnow ,,wightman ,,boston ,illustration ,smith ,machine for making ,thimbles or ,sockets for ,steam ,boilers4 ,can make over #hjj per day1 all uniform in diameter and perfectly parallel1 leaving no space for the bolts to bend in the thimble1 making it almost impossible to make a tight boiler1 for when the hydrostatic pressure is applied1 straighten the bolt enough to make it leak2 often has to be taken out4 ,address ,,james ,t ,,smith1 ,people's ,machine ,boiler ,w'ks1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,,ventilation4--,great importance of ventilation4 ,the vitiation of air that is constantly going on in inhabited places1 exhaustion of oxygen by gas1 candles and lamps4 ,ventilation by natural and artificial means4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 ,no4 #ebe4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and from all newsdealers4 ,a ,,big ,,offer4 ,to introduce them1 we will ,give ,away1 #a1jjj ,self-,operating ,washing ,machines4 ,if you want one send us your name1 ,p4 ,o4 and express office at once4 ,the ,national ,co41 #bc ,dey ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,velocity ,,of ,,ice ,,boats4 ,a collection of interesting letters to the editor of the ,,scientific ,,american on the question of the speed of ice boats1 demonstrating how and why it is that these craft sail faster than the wind which propels them4 ,illustrated with #aj explanatory diagrams4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 ,no4 #bad4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and from all newsdealers4 ,,electrical4 ,edward ,p4,thompson1 ,solicitor of ,electrical ,patents1 #c ,beekman ,street1 ,n4 ,y4 ,write for testimonials and instructions4 ,,chlorination ,,of ,,gold ,,ores4--,a paper by ,g4 ,w4 ,small1 ,e4,m41 detailing the method of chlorinating gold adopted by the ,plymouth ,consolidated ,gold ,mining ,co4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 ,no4 #ede4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and from all newsdealers4 ,,sebastian1 ,,may ,,co',s ,improved ,screw ,cutting ,,lathes ,foot ,power ,drill ,presses1 ,chucks1 ,drills1 ,dogs1 and machinists' and amateurs' outfits4 ,lathes on trial1 ,catalogues mailed on application #afe ,w4 #b;d ,st41 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,,st4 ,,paul ,,and ,,newport ,,improvement ,,company4 ,,capital #b1jjj1jjj4 ,,this ,,company ,,offers ,a ,,bonus ,,and ,,liberal ,,inducements ,,to ,,any ,,manufacturing ,,concern ,,that ,,will ,,remove ,,their ,,plant ,,to ,,st4 ,,paul1 ,,minn41 ,,or ,,start ,a ,,new ,,manufactory4 ,correspondence ,solicited4 ,address ,,fred4 ,s4 ,,bryant ,sec'y1 ,,st4 ,,paul1 ,,minn4 7,,bank ,,of ,,minnesota ,,building47 ,illustration ,perfect small steam yachts4 ,no smoke or noise4 ,simple and safe4 ,fuel1 oil4 #b and #c cylinder engines4 ,boats and canoes4 ,send stamp for either yacht or boat catalogue4 ,,thos4 ,,kane ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill41 and ,racine1 ,wis4 ,,malleable ,,and ,,fine ,,gray ,,iron ,,also ,,steel ,,castings ,,from ,,special ,,patterns ,,fine ,,tinning ,,japanning ,,and ,,finishing4 ,,thomas ,,devlin ,,co4 ,,lehigh ,,ave4 ,,american ,,st4 ,,phila4 ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement4 ,any desired back number of the ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement can be had at this office for #aj cents4 ,also to be had of newsdealers in all parts of the country4 ,print ,your ,own ,cards6 ,press #c4 ,circular size #h4 ,newspaper size #dd ,type setting easy1 printed directions4 ,send #b stamps for list presses1 type1 etc41 to factory4 ,,kelsey ,,co41 ,meriden1 ,conn4 ,barnes' ,pat4 ,foot and ,hand ,power ,,machinery1 #ae4 ,contractors and ,builders1 ,cabinet ,makers and ,jobbers in ,wood or ,metal1 who have no steam power1 can1 by using outfits of these machines1 bid lower and save more money than by any other means for doing their work4 ,sold on trial4 ,illustrated ,catalogue ,,free4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,john ,,barnes ,,co41 ,address #aiii ,ruby ,st41 ,rockford1 ,ill4 ,,excellent ,,black ,,copies of anything written or drawn with any ,pen 7or ,type ,writer7 by the ,patent ,,autocopyist ,only equalled by ,lithography4 ,specimens ,free4 ,,autocopyist ,co41 #c ,thomas ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,,barrel ,,machinery4 ,e4 ,b4 ,,holmes1 ,,buffalo1 ,n4,y4 ,,the ,,copying ,,pad4--,,how ,,to ,,make and how to use2 with an engraving4 ,practical directions how to prepare the gelatine pad1 and also the aniline ink by which the copies are made2 how to apply the written letter to the pad2 how to take off copies of the letter4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 ,no4 #dch4 ,price #aj cents4 ,for sale at this office and by all newsdealers in all parts of the country4 ,illustration ,syracuse ,malleable ,iron ,works ,,the ,,eroding ,,power ,,of ,,ice4--,a paper by ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry1 discussing the reality of a glacial period1 and the importance of glaciers as geological agents4 ,glacial ,topography1 ,drift ,deposits4 ,excavation of ,lake ,basins1 ,mode of ,glacial ,erosion4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 ,no4 #dii4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and from all newsdealers4 #b;d ,,hand ,,machinery ,lists sent4 ,n4,y4 ,machinery ,depot1 ,bridge ,store ,no4 #af1 ,frankfort ,street1 ,n4,y4 ,,ingersoll ,,rock ,,drill ,,co41 #aj ,,park ,,place1 ,,new ,,york4 ,improved ,eclipse ,,rock ,,drills4 ,for ,mining1 ,tunneling1 ,shaft-,sinking1 ,quarrying1 ,submarine drilling1 and for all kinds of rock excavation4 ,straight ,line ,,air ,,compressors1 ,boilers1 ,steam and ,horse ,power ,hoists1 ,electric ,blasting ,batteries and ,general ,mining ,machinery4 ,send for full descriptive ,catalogue4 ,the ,new ,catalogue of ,valuable ,papers contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 sent free of charge to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,n ,y ,edco ,system ,of ,arc and ,incandescent ,lighting4 ,electric ,light and ,power4 ,motors1 ,dynamos1 ,lamps1 and ,batteries in all varieties4 ,electro-,dynamic ,co41 #bbd ,carter ,st41 ,philadelphia4 ,w4 ,w4 ,griscom1 ,consulting ,electrical ,engineer ,a ,,few ,,choice ,,technical ,,books4 ,,recently ,,published4 ,crew4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ,petroleum4 ,comprising its ,origin1 ,geology1 ,geographical ,distribution1 ,history1 ,chemistry1 ,mining1 ,technology1 ,uses and ,transportation4 ,together with a description of ,gas ,wells1 the application of ,gas as ,fuel1 etc4 ,by ,,benjamin ,j4 ,,crew4 ,with an ,appendix on the ,product and ,exhaustion of the ,oil ,regions1 and the ,geology of ,natural ,gas in ,pennsylvania and ,new ,york4 ,by ,,charles ,a4 ,,ashburner1 ,m4,s41 ,geologist in ,charge ,pennsylvania ,survey1 ,philadelphia4 ,illustrated by #gj engravings4 #hvo4 #ejh pages1 #d4ej ,richards4--,aluminium3 ,its ,history1 ,occurrence1 ,properties1 ,metallurgy and ,applications1 including its ,alloys4 ,by ,,joseph ,w4 ,,richards1 ,a4,c41 ,chemist and ,practical ,metallurgist1 ,member of the ,deutsche ,chemische ,gesellschaft4 ,illustrated by #af engravings4 #abmo4 #cdf pages1 #b4ej ,davis4--,the ,manufacture of ,paper3 ,being a description of the various ,processes for the ,fabrication1 ,coloring1 and ,finishing of every kind of ,paper1 including the different ,raw ,materials1 and the ,methods for ,determining their ,values1 the ,tools1 ,machines1 and ,practical ,details connected with an intelligent and profitable prosecution of the ,art1 with special reference to the best ,american practice4 ,to which are added a ,history of ,paper1 ,complete ,lists of ,paper-making ,materials1 ,list of ,american ,patents for ,machines1 ,tools1 and ,processes used in ,treating the ,raw ,materials1 and in ,making1 ,coloring1 and ,finishing ,paper4 ,by ,,charles ,,thomas ,,davis4 ,illustrated by #ahj engravings4 ,one vol4 #hvo41 #fjh pages1 #f4jj ,rose4--,modern ,steam ,engines3 ,an ,elementary ,treatise upon the ,steam ,engine1 written in ,plain ,language1 for ,use in the ,workshop1 as well as in the ,drawing ,office1 giving full ,explanations of the ,construction of ,modern ,steam ,engines2 ,including ,diagrams1 showing their ,actual ,operation4 ,together with complete1 but simple ,explanations of the ,operations of various kinds of ,valves1 ,valve ,motions1 and ,link ,motions1 etc41 thereby enabling the ,ordinary ,engineer to clearly understand the ,principles involved in their ,construction and ,use1 and to ,plot out their ,movements upon the ,drawing ,board4 ,by ,,joshua ,,rose1 ,m4,e41 author of ,the ,complete ,practical ,machinist4 ,pattern ,makers' ,assistant1 ,the ,slide ,valve1 and ,mechanical ,drawing ,self-,taught4 ,illustrated by #dbb engravings4 ,in one vol4 #dto1 #cbj pages1 #f4jj ,erni4--,mineralogy ,simplified4 ,easy ,methods of ,identifying ,minerals1 including ,ores1 by means of the ,blowpipe1 by ,flame ,reactions1 by the ,spectroscope1 and by ,humid ,chemical ,analysis1 based on ,prof4 ,von ,kobell's ,tables for the ,determination of ,minerals1 with an ,introduction to ,modern ,chemistry4 ,by ,,henri ,,erni1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 ,late ,professor of ,chemistry1 some time ,chief ,chemist of the ,u4,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture4 ,second edition1 revised and enlarged4 ,illustrated by #aba engravings4 ,in one vol4 #abmo41 cloth1 #cif pp41 #c4jj ,brannt4--,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,raw ,materials and the ,distillation and ,rectification of ,alcohol1 and the ,preparation of ,alcoholic ,liquors1 ,liqueurs1 ,cordials1 ,bitters1 etc4 ,edited chiefly from the ,german of ,dr4 ,k4 ,stammer1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,elsner1 and ,e4 ,schubert4 ,by ,,wm4 ,t4 ,,brannt4 ,illustrated by #ca engravings4 #abmo1 #b4ej ,davis4--,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,manufacture of ,bricks1 ,tiles1 ,terra-,cotta1 ,drain ,tiles1 ,sewer ,pipe1 ,fire ,clays1 ,fire ,bricks1 ,roofing1 ,flooring1 and ,art ,tiles1 etc41 etc4 ,including full detailed descriptions of the most modern ,machines1 ,tools1 ,kilns1 and ,kiln ,roofs used4 ,illustrated by #bbh engravings and six plates4 #hvo4 #dgb pages1 #e4jj ,dawidowsky-,brannt4--,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,raw ,materials and ,fabrication of ,glue1 ,gelatine1 ,gelatine ,veneers and ,foils1 ,isinglass1 ,cements1 ,pastes1 ,mucilages1 etc4 ,including a description of the most recent ,american processes4 #ce engravings4 #abmo1 #b4ej ,wahl4--,galvanoplastic ,manipulations4 ,a ,practical ,guide for the ,gold and ,silver ,electroplater4 ,comprising the ,electro ,deposition of all ,metals by means of the ,battery and the ,dynamo-,electric ,machine1 as well as the most approved processes of ,deposition by simple immersion4 ,illustrated by #ahi engravings4 #fef pages4 #hvo1 #g4ej ,andres4--,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,fabrication of ,volatile and ,fat ,varnishes1 ,lacquers1 ,siccatives1 and ,sealing ,waxes4 ,illustrated4 #abmo1 #b4ej ,hoffer-,brannt4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ,caoutchouc and ,gutta-,percha1 comprising the properties of the ,raw ,materials1 and the ,manner of ,mixing and ,working them4 ,illustrated4 #abmo1 #b4ej ,kerl4--,the ,assayer's ,manual4 ,an ,abridged ,treatise on the ,docimastic ,examination of ,ores and ,furnace and other ,artificial ,products4 ,illustrated by #fe engravings4 #hvo1 #c4jj ,davis4--,the ,manufacture of ,leather4 ,being a ,description of all the ,processes for the ,tanning1 ,currying1 and ,finishing of ,leather1 with special reference to the best ,american ,practice4 ,illustrated by #cjb engravings4 #hvo4 #hjj pages1 #aj4jj ,illustration ,the above or any of our ,books sent free of postage1 at the publication prices1 to any address in the ,world4 ,illustration ,our new and enlarged catalogue1 #if pages1 #hvo1 and our other catalogues1 the whole covering every branch of science applied to the ,arts1 sent free and free of postage to any one in any part of the world who will furnish us with his address4 ,,henry ,,carey ,,baird ,,co41 ,,industrial ,,publishers1 ,,booksellers ,,importers #haj ,walnut ,st41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,the ,techno-,chemical ,receipt ,book3 ,,now ,,ready4 ,the ,techno-,chemical ,receipt ,book4 ,containing ,several ,thousand ,receipts1 covering the ,latest1 most ,important1 and most ,useful ,discoveries in ,chemical ,technology1 and their ,practical ,application in the ,arts and ,industries4 ,edited chiefly from the ,german of ,drs4 ,winckler1 ,elsner1 ,heintze1 ,mierzinski1 ,jacobsen1 ,koller1 and ,heinzerling1 with additions by ,william ,t4 ,brannt1 ,graduate of the ,royal ,agricultural ,college of ,eldena1 ,prussia1 and ,william ,h4 ,wahl1 ,ph4,d4 7,heid471 ,secretary of the ,franklin ,institute1 ,philadelphia1 author of ,galvanoplastic ,manipulations4 ,illustrated by #gh engravings1 in one volume1 over #ejj pages1 #abmo1 closely printed1 containing an immense amount and a great variety of matter4 ,elegantly bound in scarlet cloth1 gilt4 ,price #b1 free of postage to any address in the world4 ,illustration ,a circular of #cb pages1 showing the full ,table of ,contents of this important ,book1 sent by mail1 free of postage to any one in any part of the ,world who will furnish his address ,,henry ,,carey ,,baird ,,co41 ,industrial ,publishers1 ,booksellers1 and ,importers1 #haj ,walnut ,st41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,cure ,,for ,,the ,,deaf ,,peck',s ,,patent ,,improved ,,cushioned ,,ear ,,drums ,perfectly ,restore the ,hearing1 and perform the work of the natural drum4 ,invisible1 comfortable and always in position4 ,all conversation and even whispers heard distinctly4 ,send for illustrated book with testimonials1 ,,free4 ,address or call on ,f4 ,,hiscox1 #hec ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,mention this paper4 ,,consumption ,and ,lung ,affections ,cured4 ,a remedy lately discovered by a ,german physician by which ,hundreds of cases have been cured4 ,so great is our faith in the remedy1 we will send sample bottles ,,free with treatise and directions for home treatment4 ,give ,express office4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,g4 ,,noetling ,,co41 ,,east ,,hampton1 ,,conn4 ,,deafness ,its causes1 and a new and successful ,,cure at your own home1 by one who was deaf twenty-eight years4 ,treated by most of the noted specialists without benefit4 ,cured himself in three months1 and since then hundreds of others4 ,full particulars sent on application4 ,t4 ,s4 ,,page1 ,no4 #da ,west #cast ,st41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,piles4 ,instant relief4 ,final cure and never returns4 ,no indelicacy4 ,neither knife1 purge1 salve or suppository4 ,liver1 kidney and all bowel troubles--especially constipation--cured like magic4 ,sufferers will learn of a simple remedy free1 by addressing1 ,j4 ,h4 ,,reeves1 #gh ,nassau ,st41 ,n4,y4 ,,rubber ,,belting1 ,,packing1 ,,hose4 ,oldest and ,largest ,manufacturers in the ,united ,states4 ,illustration ,,vulcanized ,,rubber ,,fabrics ,for ,mechanical ,purposes4 ,air ,brake ,hose ,a ,specialty4 ,,rubber ,,mats1 ,,rubber ,,matting ,,and ,,stair ,,treads4 ,illustration ,,new ,,york ,,belting ,,packing ,,co41 #ae ,,park ,,row1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,john ,h4 ,,cheever1 ,treas41 ,branches3 #afg ,lake ,st41 ,chicago2 #cjh ,chestnut ,st41 ,phila4 #eb ,summer ,st41 ,boston4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,cheever1 ,dep'y ,treas4 ,,shafting ,,department ,couplings1 ,hangers1 ,shafting1 ,pulleys4 ,,send ,,for ,,catalogue4 ,,edison ,,machine ,,works4 ,salesroom1 #ai ,,dey ,,street1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration ,,artesian ,wells1 ,oil and ,gas ,wells1 drilled by contract to any depth1 from #ej to #cjjj feet4 ,we also manufacture and furnish everything required to drill and complete same4 ,portable ,horse ,power and ,mounted ,steam ,drilling ,machines for #ajj to #fjj ft4 ,send #f cents for illustrated catalogue4 ,pierce ,well ,excavator ,co4 ,new ,york4 ,,plays ,dialogues1 ,tableaux1 ,speakers1 for ,school1 ,club1 ,parlor1 ,best out4 ,catalogue free4 ,t4 ,s4 ,denison1 ,chicago4 ,,model and ,,experimental ,,work ,a ,,specialty4 ,send for ,circulars4 ,c4 ,e4 ,jones ,bro4 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 7,mention this ,paper47 ,,plants ,,only ,,the ,,best4 ,,illustrated ,,catalogue ,,free4 ,a4 ,d4 ,,cowan ,,co4 #aad ,chambers ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,,bulbs ,,garden ,,tools4 ,,seeds4 ,,recent ,,progress ,,in ,,chemistry4 ,by ,prof4 ,h4 ,c4 ,boltom4--,chemical societies1 new elements1 atomic weights1 spectrum analysis1 form of matter1 affinity and chemical action1 electrolytic thermal chemistry1 new views of chemical reaction1 chemical dynamics1 chemical physics1 liquefaction of gases1 chemical industries1 nomenclature1 progress in organic chemistry1 the aromatic series of compounds1 synthesis of organic compounds1 physiological and sanitary chemistry1 tendency of modern chemistry4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 ,no4 #edf4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and from all newsdealers4 ,handle for ,rubber ,stamps4 ,four stamps and dater on one handle4 ,simple and convenient4 ,send #ej cents for sample and trade price list4 ,g4 ,b4 ,,sholes1 #cjh ,n4 #fth ,street1 ,st4 ,louis4 ,to ,manufacturers --,,seeking ,a ,,new ,,location4-- ,to parties already established1 or about to form new companies1 special inducements will be offered1 and correspondence is solicited with a view to locating in the thriving city of ,brockton1 ,mass41 on the old ,colony ,r4 ,r41 #cj minutes from ,boston and one hour's ride from ,fall ,river4 ,present population #bb1jjj1 #dj per cent increase in the past #e years4 ,address ,,secretary ,,business ,,men',s ,,club1 ,brockton1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,cheapest ,,and ,,best3 ,,photo ,,engraving ,,co4 #fg ,,park ,,place1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,engraving ,,for ,,all ,,illustrative ,,and ,,advertising ,,purposes ,,solid ,,emery ,,wheels4--,by ,t4 ,d4 ,paret4--,early forms of emery wheels and their defects4 ,vulcanite wheels4 ,the tanite wheels4 ,testing of tanite wheels at ,stroudsburg4 ,best working speeds for emery wheels4 ,bursting of emery wheels4 ,tests for emery wheels4 ,comparative merits of ,american and ,english emery wheels4 ,with #b engravings4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 ,no4 #ech4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and from all newsdealers4 ,,the ,,phonographic ,,magazine ,jerome ,b4 ,howard1 ,editor4 ,a #bd page ,monthly4 ,the authentic exponent of the ,benn ,pitman ,system of ,phonography4 #a4ej per annum4 ,specimen copy free4 ,the ,phonographic ,institute1 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,,ice ,,refrigerating ,machines4 ,york ,patent4 ,,york ,,mfg4 ,,co41 ,york1 ,pa4 ,,pulleys1 ,,hangers1 ,,friction ,,clutches4 ,,progress ,,machine ,,works1 ,a4 ,f4 ,,brown1 #dc ,park ,place1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,reid',s ,,lightning ,,brace ,,specially ,,designed ,,for ,,light ,,boring1 ,,screw ,,driving c4 ,illustration ,,nickel ,,plated1 ,,with #b ,,bits ,,rosewood ,,trimmings #b4ge ,,post ,,paid4 ,a4 ,h4 ,,reid4 #afce ,,barker ,,st4 ,,phila4 ,agents ,wanted4 ,transmission of ,power4 ,suspension ,bridges1 ,tramways1 and other applications of ,,wire ,,rope ,trenton ,iron ,co4 ,,works and ,,office1 ,,trenton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,new ,york ,office--,,cooper1 ,,hewitt ,,co41 #ag ,burling ,slip4 ,philadelphia ,office--#bb and #bd ,north ,fourth ,street ,,seeds ,,given ,,away6 ,a package of ,mixed ,flower seeds 7#ejj kinds71 with ,,park',s ,,floral ,,guide1 all for #b stamps4 ,every flower-lover delighted4 ,tell all your friends4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,park1 ,fannettsburg1 ,pa4 ,illustration ,send at once4 ,this notice will not appear again4 ,,small ,,steam ,,yachts ,,and ,,steam ,,launches4 --,our boats are not experimental1 but are powerful1 fast and economical of fuel4 ,burn either coal or wood4 ,do not require experienced engineer4 ,no complete boats under #ejj4jj in price4 ,illustrated ,catalogue1 including engines and boilers1 and propeller wheels and six photographs of launches1 sent on receipt of six two cent stamps4 ,,chas4 ,p4 ,,willard ,,co41 #bhb ,michigan ,st41 ,chicago4 ,,wanted --,agents to sell ,,pratt',s ,,patent ,,button ,,fastener4 ,address ,,pratt ,,manufacturing ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,illustration ,,the ,,best ,,steam ,,pump4 ,van ,duzen's ,patent ,steam ,pump4 ,incomparable in cheapness and efficiency4 ,needs no care or skill2 cannot get out of order2 has no moving parts4 ,a ,superior ,fire ,pump4 ,instantaneous and powerful1 ever ready4 ,available1 wherever steam pressure can be had1 for pumping any kind of liquid 7hot1 cold1 sandy1 impure1 etc474 ,we make ten sizes1 prices from #g to #ge4 ,capacities from #ajj to #bj1jjj gallons per hour4 ,state for what purpose wanted and send for ,catalogue of ,pumps4 ,van ,duzen ,tift1 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,illustration ,ainsworth's ,patent ,improved ,,belt ,,clamp4 ,this clamp is light and strong2 a pair will last a life time2 are made of the best cast steel4 ,no tool or wrench is needed1 as it is complete in itself4 ,can be used on any size belt1 from one inch to size of clamp4 ,e4 ,ainsworth1 ,mfr1 #hbi ,washington ,st41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,,legs ,,arms1 7,,artificial7 ,,with ,,rubber ,,hands ,,and ,,feet4 ,the ,most ,natural1 ,comfortable ,durable1 ,thousands in ,daily ,use4 ,new ,patents ,important ,improvements4 ,u4 ,s4 ,gov't ,manufacturer4 ,ill4 ,pamphlet of #afj ,pages ,,sent ,,free4 ,a4 ,a4 ,,marks1 #gja ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,steam ,,engines4 ,horizontal and ,vertical4 ,dredging ,machinery1 ,flour1 ,powder1 ,slate and ,flint ,mill ,machinery1 ,turbine ,water ,wheels4 ,york ,mfg ,co41 ,york1 ,pa4 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,scientific ,,books ,we send our catalogue of books1 free of postage1 to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration ,,harrison ,,conveyor6 ,for ,handling ,grain1 ,coal1 ,sand1 ,clay1 ,tan ,bark1 ,cinders1 ,ores1 ,seeds1 c4 ,send for ,circulars4 ,,borden1 ,,selleck ,,co41 ,sole ,manu'f'ers1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,hoisting ,,engines and ,boilers for every possible duty4 ,new catalogue ready4 ,,lidgerwood ,,manufacturing ,,co41 #if ,,liberty ,,street1 ,,new ,,york4 ,illustration ,the ,caligraph4 ,,life ,,is ,,too ,,short ,,to ,,write ,,the ,,old ,,way ,address3 ,the ,american ,writing ,machine ,co41 ,hartford1 ,conn42 ,new ,york ,office1 #bcg ,broadway4 ,patents in ,brazil and ,mexico4 ,until quite recently1 considerable difficulty has been experienced by inventors in obtaining patents in both ,brazil and ,mexico4 ,the requirements of the officials of these countries caused much bother and delay1 and the expenses of a patent corresponded therewith4 ,but there no longer exists that trouble and delay in obtaining patents in either country4 ,the proprietors of this paper have perfected arrangements with resident professional gentlemen in both countries1 ,brazil and ,mexico1 which enables them to obtain patents within reasonable time and at reasonable cost4 ,these two countries embrace an enormous area of territory1 and makers of improved machinery and implements are now finding a market for their products in those countries4 ,the cost need no longer deter inventors from obtaining patents in either ,brazil or ,mexico4 ,for further information address ,,munn ,,co41 ,proprietors ,,scientific ,,american1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,cutler's ,pocket ,inhaler ,,and ,,carbolate ,,of ,,iodine ,,inhalant4 ,a cure for ,catarrh1 ,bronchitis1 ,asthma and all diseases of the ,throat and ,lungs--,,even ,,consumption--if taken in season4 ,it is the ,,king ,,of ,,cough ,,medicines4 ,a few inhalations will correct the most ,,offensive ,,breath4 ,carried as handily as a penknife4 ,this is the only ,,pocket ,,inhaler approved by ,physicians of every school1 and endorsed by the ,,standard ,,medical ,,journals of the world4 ,,over #djj1jjj ,,in ,,use4 ,sold by ,druggists for #a4 ,by mail #a4be4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,smith ,,co41 ,prop's1 #daj ,michigan ,street1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,agents ,,wanted 7,samples ,,free7 for ,dr4 ,scott's beautiful ,electric ,corsets1 ,brushes1 ,belts1 ,etc4 ,no risk1 quick sales4 ,territory given1 satisfaction guaranteed4 ,,dr4 ,,scott1 #hdc ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,well ,encyclopedia of #gjj ,engravings of ,,well ,,tools1 ,diamond ,drills and ,lightning ,hydraulic ,,well ,machines4 ,book free1 #be;c4 for mailing it4 ,american ,well ,works1 ,aurora1 ,ill4 ,,foreign ,,patents4 ,their ,cost ,reduced4 ,the expenses attending the procuring of patents in most foreign countries having been considerably reduced the obstacle of cost is no longer in the way of a large proportion of our ,inventors patenting their inventions abroad ,,canada4--,the cost of a patent in ,canada is even less than the cost of a ,united ,states patent1 and the former includes the ,provinces of ,ontario1 ,quebec1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,british ,columbia1 and ,manitoba4 ,the number of our patentees who avail themselves of the cheap and easy method now offered for obtaining patents in ,canada is very large1 and is steadily increasing4 ,,england4--,the new ,english law1 which went into force on ,jan4 #ast4 #ahhe1 enables parties to secure patents in ,great ,britain on very moderate terms4 ,a ,british patent includes ,england1 ,scotland1 ,wales1 ,ireland and the ,channel ,islands4 ,great ,britain is the acknowledged financial and commercial center of the world1 and her goods are sent to every quarter of the globe4 ,a good invention is likely to realize as much for the patentee in ,england as his ,united ,states patent produces for him at home1 and the small cost now renders it possible for almost every patentee in this country to secure a patent in ,great ,britain1 where his rights are as well projected as in the ,united ,states4 ,,other ,,countries4--,patents are also obtained on very reasonable terms in ,france1 ,belgium1 ,germany1 ,austria1 ,russia1 ,italy1 ,spain 7the latter includes ,cuba and all the other ,spanish ,colonies71 ,brazil1 ,british ,india1 ,australia1 and the other ,british ,colonies4 ,an experience of ,,forty years has enabled the publishers of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american to establish competent and trustworthy agencies in all the principal foreign countries1 and it has always been their aim to have the business of their clients promptly and properly done and their interests faithfully guarded4 ,a pamphlet containing a synopsis of the patent laws of all countries1 including the cost for each1 and other information useful to persons contemplating the procuring of patents abroad1 may be had on application to this office4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,editors and ,proprietors of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american1 cordially invite all persons desiring any information relative to patents1 or the registry of trade-marks1 in this country or abroad1 to call at their offices1 #cfa ,broadway4 ,examination of inventions1 consultation1 and advice free4 ,inquiries by mail promptly answered4 ,address1 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publishers and ,patent ,solicitors1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,branch ,,offices3 ,no4 #fbb and #fbd ,f ,street1 ,pacific ,building1 near #gth ,street1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,advertisements4 ,inside ,page1 each insertion--#ge cents a line4 ,back ,page1 each insertion--#a4jj a line4 ,the above are charges per agate line--about eight words per line4 ,this notice shows the width of the line1 and is set in agate type4 ,engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per agate line1 by measurement1 as the letter press4 ,advertisements must be received at publication office as early as ,thursday morning to appear in next issue4 ,illustration3 ,,star ,,hack ,,saw ,on receipt of #be cents we will send by mail1 postage paid1 a ,hack ,saw ,frame and one ,star ,blade for cutting iron4 ,this blade will cut off a half inch bar of iron more than one hundred times without sharpening1 and at the rate of two cuts per minute4 ,for #ae cents we will send a ,keyhole ,saw ,handle and one ,star ,blade for cutting wood4 ,these blades are all #i inches long1 and one dozen of either kind will be sent at any time for #gj cents4 ,we warrant these patent saws to be very much better than any other kind in market4 ,they will come into more general use than files when once introduced4 ,hardware dealers every where will furnish them on request4 ,millers ,falls ,co4 #gd ,chambers ,st41 ,new ,york ,illustration ,,charter',s ,,gas ,,engine4 ,warranted equal to any in ,power and ,economy1 and superior to all in ,simplicity1 and ,compactness4 ,gives an ,impulse at every ,revolution4 ,,chicago ,,agent3 ,h4 ,h4 ,latham1 #aae ,monroe ,street4 ,,new ,,york ,,agent4 ,zell ,engineering ,co41 #aab ,liberty ,street4 ,williams ,orton ,mfg4 ,co4 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #adh4 ,,sterling1 ,,ill4 #aj4jj to #ej4jj per night4 ,a light and profitable business4 ,magic ,lanterns and ,views of popular subjects4 ,catalogues on application4 ,part #a ,optical1 #b ,mathematical1 #c ,meteorological1 #d ,magic ,lanterns1 etc4 ,l4 ,,manasse1 #hh ,madison1 ,street1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,ice-,,house ,,and ,,refrigerator4 ,directions and ,dimensions for construction1 with one illustration of cold house for preserving fruit from season to season4 ,the air is kept dry and pure throughout the year at a temperature of from #cd to #cf4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,no4 #aaf4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ,mineral ,lands ,prospected4 ,artesian ,wells ,bored4 ,superior ,stationary ,engines1 specially adapted to ,electric ,light purposes4 ,built by ,,pa4 ,,diamond ,,drill ,co41 ,birdsboro1 ,pa4 ,illustration ,,witherby1 ,,rugg ,,richardson4 ,manufacturers of ,patent ,wood ,working ,machinery of every description4 ,facilities unsurpassed4 ,shop formerly occupied by ,r4 ,ball ,co41 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,send for ,catalogue4 ,,seamless ,,brass ,,copper ,,tubes4 ,,sheet ,,brass1 ,,brasswire ,,fine ,,tools1 ,,taps ,,drill ,,vise ,,chucks ,,charles ,h4 ,,besly ,,co4 #age-agg ,,lake ,,st4 ,,chicago4 ,,send ,,for ,,catalogue ,mention this paper4 ,,remington ,standard ,typewriter4 ,the ,remington ,typewriter has stood every test1and we are adding every improvement1 however costly1 that can increase its efficiency4 ,buy it with the privilege of returning unbroken within #cj days ,c4 ,o4 ,d41 if not absolutely satisfactory in every respect4 ,,full ,,particulars ,,upon ,,application4 ,wyckoff1 ,seamans ,benedict1 #cci ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,patents4 ,,messrs4 ,,munn ,,co41 in connection with the publication of the ,,scientific ,,american1 continue to examine improvements1 and to act as ,solicitors of ,patents for ,inventors4 ,in this line of business they have had forty-one years' experience1 and now have unequaled facilities for the preparation of ,patent ,drawings1 ,specifications1 and the prosecution of ,applications for ,patents in the ,united ,states1 ,canada1 and ,foreign ,countries4 ,messrs ,munn ,co4 also attend to the preparation of ,caveats1 ,copyrights for ,books1 ,labels1 ,reissues1 ,assignments1 and ,reports on ,infringements of ,patents4 ,all business intrusted to them is done with special care and promptness1 on very reasonable terms4 ,a pamphlet sent free of charge1 on application1 containing full information about ,patents and how to procure them2 directions concerning ,labels1 ,copyrights1 ,designs1 ,patents1 ,appeals1 ,reissues1 ,infringements1 ,assignments1 ,rejected ,cases1 ,hints on the ,sale of ,patents1 etc4 ,we also send1 free of charge1 a ,synopsis of ,foreign ,patent ,laws1 showing the cost and method of securing patents in all the principal countries of the world4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,solicitors of ,patents1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,branch ,,offices4--,no4 #fbb and #fbd ,f ,street1 ,pacific ,building1 near #gth ,street1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,standard4 ,h4,w4,,johns' ,,asbestos ,,boiler ,,coverings ,,asbestos ,,cement ,,felting4 ,,air-,,chamber ,,covering4 ,,locomotive ,,lagging4 ,,asbestos ,,lining ,,felt4 ,samples and ,illustrated ,pamphlet ,steam ,saving and ,fire-,proof ,materials ,free by ,mail4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,johns ,,manufacturing ,,co41 ,,sole ,,manufacturers ,,of ,h4 ,w4 ,johns' ,fire and ,water-,proof ,asbestos ,roofing1 ,sheathing1 ,building ,felt1 ,asbestos ,steam ,packings1 ,boiler ,coverings1 ,roof ,paints1 ,fire-,proof ,paints1 etc4 ,,vulcabeston4 ,moulded ,piston-,rod ,packing1 ,rings1 ,gaskets1 ,sheet ,packing1 etc4 ,established #aheh4 #hg ,,maiden ,,lane1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,chicago4 ,,philadelphia4 ,,london4 ,,saws ,wanted #ej1jjj ,sawyers and ,lumbermen to send us their full address for a copy of ,emerson's ,illustration ,book of ,,saws4 ,we are first to introduce ,,natural ,gas for heating and tempering ,saws with wonderful effect upon improving their quality and toughness1 enabling us to reduce prices4 ,address ,,emerson1 ,,smith ,,co4 7,ltd471 ,beaver ,falls1 ,pa4 ,illustration ,the most successful ,lubricator for ,loose ,pulleys in use4 ,,van ,,duzen',s ,,patent ,,loose ,,pulley ,,oiler4 ,highly recommended by those who have used them for the past two years4 ,prices very reasonable4 ,every user of machinery should have our ,catalogue ,no4 #ee2 sent free4 ,,van ,,duzen ,,tift1 ,cincinnati4 ,o4 ,,play ,,the ,,piano ,,and ,,organ ,by using ,soper's ,instantaneous ,guide4 ,any person can play a tune on either instrument at once without the aid of a teacher4 ,no previous knowledge of music whatever required4 ,send for book of testimonials free4 ,address ,g4 ,k4 ,,hearne ,,co41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #adhg1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration ,chandler ,farquhar1 #agg ,washington ,st41 ,,boston4 ,agents for ,fay's ,yankee ,,calipers ,,and ,barnes' ,foot ,power ,machinery1 ,,and ,,dealers ,,in ,machinists' ,supplies of ,every ,kind4 ,send two stamps for illus4 catalogue4 ,,wire ,,rope ,address ,,john ,a4 ,,roebling',s ,,sons1 ,manufacturers1 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j41 or #aag ,liberty ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,wheels and ,rope for conveying power long distances4 ,send for circular4 ,illustration3 ,,jenlins ,,packing ,,standard ,,trade ,,mark ,the ,original ,unvulcanized ,packing ,,called ,,the ,,standard --,as it is the ,packing by which all others are compared4 ,accept no packing as ,,jenkins ,,packing unless stamped with our ,trade ,mark4 ,,jenkins ,,bros4 #ga ,john ,street1 ,n4 ,y4 #aje ,milk ,street1 ,boston4 #ac ,so4 ,fourth ,st41 ,phila4 ,illustration ,,gas ,,engines4 ,best in principle1 workmanship1 and materials4 ,an unequaled small ,motor adapted to all uses4 ,when the motor is not at work1 the expense of running it ceases4 ,simple1 ,safe1 ,economical1 ,durable4 ,no extra insurance4 ,four sizes3 #a ,h4 ,p41 ,h4 ,p41 #a man power1 and ,dental ,engine4 ,these ,engines are especially suited for ,gasoline ,gas for country use4 ,illustration ,send for ,illustrated ,catalogue4 ,,economic ,,motor ,,co41 ,office and ,salesrooms #cd ,dey ,st4 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration3 ,,abestos ,,pipe ,,coverings ,made entirely of ,,asbestos4 ,absolutely ,fire ,proof4 ,,braided ,,packing1 ,,mill ,,board1 ,,sheathing1 ,,cement1 ,,fibre ,,and ,,specialties4 ,,chalmers-,,spence ,,co41 ,,foot ,e4 #h,,th ,,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,shields ,,brown ,manufacturers and ,sole ,proprietors of ,illustration3 ,,bradley',s ,,insulated ,,air ,,coverings ,for ,,boilers and ,,steam ,,pipes ,reduces ,condensation of ,steam4 ,,for ,,gas ,,and ,,water ,,pipes4 ,prevents ,sweating and ,freezing4 ,the ,best ,non-,conductor of ,heat and ,cold in the ,world ,send for illustrated descriptive ,circular1 and name this paper4 #adc ,worth ,street1 ,new ,york4 #gh and #hj ,lake ,street1 ,chicago4 ,,violin ,,outfits4 ,consisting of ,violin ,box1 ,bow1 and ,teacher1 sent to any part of the ,united ,states on #a to #c days' trial before buying4 ,illustration ,violin ,outfits at #d1 #h1 #ae and #be each4 ,send ,stamp for ,beautiful ,illustrated #if-page ,catalogue of ,violins1 ,guitars1 ,banjos1 ,cornets1 ,flutes1 ,strings1 etc4 ,lowest prices4 ,mail orders a specialty4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,story1 #bf ,central ,street1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,ice ,,house ,,and ,,cold ,,room4--,,by ,r4 ,g4 ,hatfield4 ,with directions for construction4 ,four engravings4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 #ei4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ,,hartford ,,steam ,,boiler ,,hartford4 ,,conn4 ,,inspection ,,and ,,insurance ,,co4 ,,opera ,,glasses ,microscopes1 ,telescopes1 ,spectacles1 ,barometers1 ,thermometers1 ,photographic ,outfits for ,amateurs1 ,w4 ,h4 ,,walmsley ,,co4 successors to ,r4 ,j4 ,beck1 ,philadelphia4 ,illus4 ,price ,list free to any address4 ,illustration ,bibb's ,celebrated ,original ,,baltimore ,,fire-,,place ,,heaters1 ,to warm upper and lower rooms4 ,the handsomest1 most economical ,coal ,stoves in the world4 ,b4,c4 ,,bibb ,,son ,foundry ,office and ,salesrooms1 #ci and #da ,light ,street1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,,marbelized ,,slate ,,mantels4 ,illustration ,send for ,circulars4 ,,the ,,boomer ,,boschert ,,presses4 ,illustration3 ,lard ,press4 ,illustration3 ,baling ,press4 ,illustration3 ,oil ,press4 ,illustration3 ,cider ,press4 ,illustration3 ,baling ,press4 ,we make a great variety of ,presses1 with powers from #ej to #gjj tons1 with movement of platens from one inch to six feet or more1 to work by hand or power1 and at any speed required4 ,send for catalogue4 ,,boomer ,,boschert ,,press ,,co4 #aee ,,west ,,water ,,street1 ,,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,the ,,american ,,bell ,,telephone ,,co4 #ie ,,milk ,,st41 ,,boston1 ,,mass4 ,this ,company owns the ,letters ,patent granted to ,alexander ,graham ,bell1 ,march #gth1 #ahgf1 ,no4 #agd1dfe1 and ,january #cjth1 #ahgg1 ,no4 #ahf1ghg4 ,the transmission of ,speech by all known forms of ,electric ,speaking ,telephones infringes the right secured to this ,company by the above patents1 and renders each individual user of telephones not furnished by it or its licensees responsible for such unlawful use1 and all the consequences thereof1 and liable to suit therefor4 ,illustration3 ,gap ,lathe1 #abe4 ,,shepard',s ,,new #fj ,screw-,cutting ,foot ,lathe4 ,foot and ,power ,lathes1 ,drill ,presses1 ,scroll-saw ,attachments1 ,chucks1 ,mandrels1 ,twist ,drills1 ,dogs1 ,calipers1 etc4 ,lathes on trial4 ,lathes on payment4 ,send for catalogue of ,outfits for ,amateurs or ,artisans4 ,address ,h4 ,l4 ,shepard1 ,agent1 #acd ,e4 #b;d ,st41 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,,pulleys4 ,order from our ,special ,list4 ,,the ,,john ,t4 ,,noye ,,mfg4 ,,co41 ,,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,prospectus ,,of ,,the ,scientific ,american ,,for #ahhg4 ,the ,most ,popular ,scientific ,paper in the ,world4 ,only #c4jj a ,year1 including ,postage4 ,weekly4 #eb ,numbers a ,year4 ,this widely circulated and splendidly illustrated paper is published weekly4 ,every number contains sixteen pages of useful information and a large number of original engravings of new inventions and discoveries1 representing ,engineering ,works1 ,steam ,machinery1 ,new ,inventions1 ,novelties in ,mechanics1 ,manufactures1 ,chemistry1 ,electricity ,telegraphy1 ,photography1 ,architecture1 ,agriculture1 ,horticulture1 ,natural ,history1 etc4 ,all ,classes of ,readers find in the ,,scientific ,,american a popular resume of the best scientific information of the day2 and it is the aim of the publishers to present it in an attractive form1 avoiding as much as possible abstruse terms4 ,to every intelligent mind1 this journal affords a constant supply of instructive reading4 ,it is promotive of knowledge and progress in every community where it circulates4 ,terms of ,subscription4--,one copy of the ,,scientific ,,american will be sent for one year--#eb numbers--postage prepaid1 to any subscriber in the ,united ,states or ,canada1 on receipt of three dollars by the publishers2 six months1 #a4ej2 three months1 #a4jj4 ,clubs4--,one extra copy of the ,,scientific ,,american will be supplied gratis for every club of five subscribers at #c4jj each2 additional copies at same proportionate rate4 ,the safest way to remit is by ,postal ,order1 ,draft1 or ,express ,money ,order4 ,money carefully placed inside of envelopes1 securely sealed1 and correctly addressed1 seldom goes astray1 but is at the sender's risk4 ,address all letters and make all orders1 drafts1 etc41 payable to ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,the ,scientific ,american ,supplement4 ,this is a separate and distinct publication from ,,the ,,scientific ,,american1 but is uniform therewith in size1 every number containing sixteen large pages4 ,,the ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement is published weekly1 and includes a very wide range of contents4 ,it presents the most recent papers by eminent writers in all the principal departments of ,science and the ,useful ,arts1 embracing ,biology1 ,geology1 ,mineralogy1 ,natural ,history1 ,geography1 ,archology1 ,astronomy1 ,chemistry1 ,electricity1 ,light1 ,heat1 ,mechanical ,engineering1 ,steam and ,railway ,engineering1 ,mining1 ,ship ,building1 ,marine ,engineering1 ,photography1 ,technology1 ,manufacturing ,industries1 ,sanitary ,engineering1 ,agriculture1 ,horticulture1 ,domestic ,economy1 ,biography1 ,medicine1 etc4 ,a vast amount of fresh and valuable information pertaining to these and allied subjects is given1 the whole profusely illustrated with engravings4 ,the most important ,engineering ,works1 ,mechanisms1 and ,manufactures at home and abroad are represented and described in the ,,supplement4 ,price for the ,,supplement for the ,united ,states and ,canada1 #e4jj a year1 or one copy of the ,,scientific ,,american and one copy of the ,,supplement1 both mailed for one year for #g4jj4 ,address and remit by postal order1 express money order1 or check4 ,,munn ,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y41 ,publishers ,,scientific ,,american4 ,to ,foreign ,subscribers4--,under the facilities of the ,postal ,union1 the ,,scientific ,,american is now sent by post direct from ,new ,york1 with regularity1 to subscribers in ,great ,britain1 ,india1 ,australia1 and all other ,british colonies2 to ,france1 ,austria1 ,belgium1 ,germany1 ,russia1 and all other ,european ,states2 ,japan1 ,brazil1 ,mexico1 and all ,states of ,central and ,south ,america4 ,terms1 when sent to foreign countries1 ,canada excepted1 #d1 gold1 for ,,scientific ,,american1 one year2 #i1 gold for both ,,scientific ,,american and ,,supplement for one year4 ,this includes postage1 which we pay4 ,remit by postal or express money order1 or draft to order of ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,printing ,,inks4 ,the ,scientific ,american is printed with ,,chas4 ,,eneu ,,johnson ,,co4',s ,,ink4 ,tenth and ,lombard ,sts41 ,phila41 and #dg ,rose ,st41 pop4 ,duane ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original4