,frontispiece ,image3 ,m\nt ,calv>y4    
,,! ,,h& ,,(    ,,provid5ce1      ,,z   
,,%[n ,,9 ,,!    ,,hi/ory ,,(           
,,nations ,,& ,,individuals1      ,f !  
,great ,apo/asy to ! ,re/oration ( !    
,gospel4      ,,illu/rat$4      ,,by    
,,eld] ,j4 ,h4 ,,w>d4      ,,salt ,,lake
 ,,city1 ,,utah3    ,publi%$ at !       
,juv5ile ,in/ructor ,(fice4 #ahhc4      
,,preface4    ,don't ?r[ ?is book d[n   
c>elessly4 ,x w d y no h>m4 ,x  assumes 
no dictation4 ,x may b5efit y if y w    
read x c>efully4    ,we h pl5ty (       
hi/ories4    ,true4 ,b mo/ are too l>ge 
to be ( practical value to ! sons &     
daught]s ( toil4 ,_m are writt5 9 !     
int]e/ ( "s p>ty or  sect1 & 9 ord] to  
ga9 favor1 !y flatt] ! vanity ( m54     
,b !y tell ( wond]ful de$s1 & ?rill+    
adv5tures4    ,v true4 ,"s ( !m are     
mo/ly compos$ ( recitals ( legaliz$     
slaught]1 & praise ( tyrants :o h climb$
 to p[] ov] !  mangl$ bodies ( _!       
fell[-m51 & ^: names w n live  9 "o     
grateful memory2 :ile ! real b5efactors 

( ! race1 !  unfold+ ( new & high] tru?s
 &1 above all1 ! ov]-rul+ h&  ( ,god are
 unnotic$1 or1 at mo/1 b>ely m5tion$4   
,does ,god rule ! _w8    ,yes1 v]ily4 ,!
 greate/ actors on ! !atre ( ! _w are   
only  in/rum5ts 9 ! h& ( ,god1 = !      
execution ( ,8 purposes4    ,:]e h y    
obta9$ ! facts conta9$ 9 ?is volume8    
,f _m au!ntic works1 "s ( !m n easily   
accessible to mo/  read]s4    ,,iv4     
,?is w be a good book = ! "y1 & all ^?  
:o h n !  opportunity to consult l>g]   
works1 w x n8    ,) ?is idea x has be5  
writt5 & to ?is end ,i d$icate x to my  
*ildr5 z heirs 9 ! k+dom ( ,god1 to !   
y\? ( ,zion & to my  e>ne/ fri5ds       
ev]y:]e4    ,,! ,,au?or4    ,salt ,lake 
,city1    ,m>* #af?1 #ahhc4             
,,cont5ts4    ,,*apt] ,i4    ,inju/ice (
 ,roman ,gov]nors--,n]o                 
,emp]or--,vespasian & ,titus  ,s5t to   
,judea--,=tifications (                 
,j]usalem--,titus ,(f]s ,t]ms (         
,peace--,horrors ( ! ,siege--,wom5      
,dev\r _! own ,*ildr5--,temple          

,burn$--,city ,de/roy$--,disp]sion ( !  
,jews--,univ]sal  ,apo/asy--,prie/hood  
no ,m--,ideas ( ,god ,p]v]t$--,wor%ip   
,corrupt$ ) ,hea!n ,rites--,p]secution (
 ,*ri/ians--,emp]or  ,con/ant9e--,rise (
 ,mona/ic ,ord]4    ,,*apt] ,,ii4       
,description ( ,arabia--,arabian        
,cu/oms--,bir? ( ,mahomet--,e>ly        
,life--,j\rney to ,syria--,*ri/ian      
,sects--,doctr9es ,taught by            
,mahomet--,8 ,m>riage--,proclaims       
,himself a ,prophet--,p]secution--,flees
  to ,m$9a--,becomes ,p[]ful--,sickness 
& ,dea?--,p]sonal ,appe>ance4    ,,*apt]
 ,,iii4    ,causes (                    
,triumphs--,ab\-,bek] ,elect$           
,caliph--,w> ,decl>$--,fall (           
,bozrah--,battle ( ,aiznad9--,siege (   
,j]usalem--,dep>ture ( ,roman           
,emp]or--,s>ac5 ,fleet--,ea/]n          
,conque/s--,fall ( ,alex&ria--,conque/  
( ,nor!rn ,africa--,conque/ (           
,spa9--,battle ( ,poicti]s--,ext5t (    
,s>ac5 ,empire4    ,,*apt] ,,iv4        
,intellectual ,/agnation--,s>ac5s &     

,jews ,revive ,le>n+--,univ]sity  (     
,bagdad--,public ,s*ools--,m$ical       
,college ( ,cairo--,circulat+           
,libr>y--,mod]n ,=m ( ,books--,arabic   
,notation--,discov]ies 9                
,*emi/ry--,rotundity ( ! ,e>?--,m>9]'s  
,compass--,discov]ies (                 
,alhaz9--,a/ronomical                   
,obs]vatories--,gold5 ,age (            
,judaism--,cities (  ,&alusia--,s>ac5   
,dwell+s--,condition ( ,wom5--,female   
,physicians4    ,,*apt] ,v4    ,j]usalem
 ! ,sacr$ ,city--,alex&ria ,not$ =      
,philosophy--,s*ool (  ,hypatia--,mob   
,murd]s ,h]--,doctr9es (                
,cyril--,j]usalem a ,sc5e (             
,suff]+--,fulfillm5t (                  
,prophecy--,h]culaneum & ,pompeii--,_!  
,de/ruction--,evid5ces ,,vi4 ( _!       
,wick$ness--,excavations--,roman        
,rule--,removal ( ,capital--,crimes (   
,con/ant9e--,comm5cem5t  ( ,greek       
,empire--,description (                 
,con/ant9ople--,its  ,capture by        
,crusad]s--,tak5 by !                   

,turks--,intellectual                   
,degradation--,prie/craft--,debau*]y--,t
urki% ,rule4    ,,*apt] ,,vi4    ,gr[? (
 ,relic-,wor%ip--,s*emes ( ! ,roman     
,pontiffs--,manufacture  ( ,relics--,_! 
,great ,v>iety--,value (                
,relics--,insults ,(f]$ to              
,pilgrims--,pet] !                      
,h]mit--,crusades--,disord]ly           
,rabble--,t]rible  ,suff]+--,capture (  
,j]usalem--,t]rible ,massacre--,capture 
( ,con/ant9ople--,crusades ( !          
,*ildr5--,results ( !                   
,crusades--,revival ( ,le>n+4    ,,*apt]
 ,,vii4    ,! ,morn+ ,dawns--,rise (    
,knigh?ood--,pr9ciples (                
,knights--,apo/ate ,prie/s ,held 9      
,contempt--,wald5ses--,p]secutions  9   
,s\!rn ,france--,rise ( !               
,inquisition--,lib]al ,policy (         
,fr$]ick--,ev]la/+ ,gospel--,its        
,rem>kable ,tea*+s--,bacon's            
,discov]ies--,geographical ,k--,azores &
 ,can>y ,isl&s--,travels  ( ,m>co       
,polo--,condition ( ,european           

,/ates--,mod]n ,/ates4    ,,*apt]       
,,viii4    ,lesson f ,hea!n             
,my?ology--,vicissitudes ( ,roman       
,*ur*--,boniface  ,pope--,advancem5t 9  
,civilization--,"w ( ! ,roman           
,*ur*--,inv5tion  (                     
,pr9t+--,gut5b]g--,bible ,fir/          
,pr9t$--,columbus--,8 ,wond]ful         
,dream--,8 ,great ,voyage--,discov]y (  
,am]ica--,trials & ,triumphs4    ,,*apt]
 ,,ix4    ,hi/ory 9 ,words--,briti%     
,coat ( ,arms--,! ,t5 ,tribes--,acc\nt  
( ,esdras--,disp]sion ( ! ,tribes--,mix$
 ,se$ ( ,israel--,effect  on ,european  
,society--,jewi% ,influ5ce--,discov]y ( 
,cape ( ,good  ,hope--,pacific ,ocean   
,discov]$--,magellan's                  
,voyage--,discov]s ,cape                
,horn--,di/ance ,sail$--,dea? (         
,magellan--,voyage ,complet$--,its      
,effect  on ! ,public--,huss & ,j]ome   
,burn$--,john ,ziska--,p]secutions  (   
,wald5ses--,capture ( ,m5tz--,disp]sion 
( ,pr9t]s--,hans  ,boheim--,joss        
,fritz--,sale ( ,indulg5ces--,m>t9 ,lu!r

 ,burns ! ,pope's  ,lett]--,gr& ,c\ncil 
at ,worms--,rome 9 a ,rage--,lu!r       
,kidnapp$4    ,,*apt] ,x4    ,g]many    
,ar\s$--,peasants' ,w>--,muntz]'s       
,proclamation--,emp]or  ,qu>rels ,) !   
,pope--,results 9 ,o!r ,,vii4           
,c\ntries--,gr[?  9 ,mod]n              
,languages--,lu!r's ,cr[n+ ,"w--,p[] (  
,sup]/ition--,wit*craft--,re=m]s n      
,inspir$--,extracts f                   
,mo%eim--,battle-,ax (                  
,god--,cop]nicus--,galileo--,newton--,de
a? (  ,bruno--,*ange 9 ,comm]cial       
,affairs--,spani% ,armada--,bless$ by ! 
,pope--,de/roy$ by a ,/orm--,its ,effect
 on ,europe--,engl&'s ,influ5ce  &      
,position--,am]ica ! ,l& ( ,refuge4     
,,*apt] ,,xi4    ,columbus ,de/roy$     
,papal ,dogmas--,cruelty (              
,spani>ds--,_!  ,retribution--,relics 9 
,massa*usetts--,newport ,t[]--,m\nds 9  
,ohio--,rema9s ,f\nd 9 ,i[a--,plates    
,f\nd 9 ,ill9ois--,anci5t ,mexican      
,pyramids--,human ,sacrifices--,view f !
 ,great ,pyramid--,anci5t  ,am]ican     

,sculptures--,mammo?s--,mexican         
,cu/oms--,religi\s  ,rites--,computation
 ( ,"t--,arts & ,sci5ces--,description (
 ,p]u--,its  ,civilization--,massacre ( 
! ,incas--,te/imony (                   
,travell]s--,indian  ,traditions4       
,,*apt] ,,xii4    ,engl&'s              
,developm5t--,reign (                   
,elizabe?--,influ5ce ( !                
,bible--,tyranny ( ! ,k+s--,jacques     
,c>ti]--,discov]y ( !  ,/4              
,lawr5ce--,quebec ,f\nd$--,acadia       
,coloniz$--,transf]r$ to                
,engl&--,extracts f ,longfell['s        
,poem--,virg9ia ,settl$4    ,,*apt]     
,,xiii4    ,"* ( ! ,coloni/s--,!y ,leave
 ,engl&--,soj\rn 9  ,holl&--,brew/]'s   
,pr9t+ ,press--,puritans ,emb>k =       
,am]ica--,_!  ,tru/ 9 ,god--,rob9son's  
,prophecy--,plym\? ,f\nd$--,suff]+s ( ! 
,coloni/s--,conflict 9                  
,engl&--,peculi>ities ( !               
,puritans--,h>v>d  ,college             
,f\nd$--,ext5t ( ,settlem5ts--,fir/     
,conf$]ation4    ,,*apt] ,,xiv4         

,description ( ,holl&--,a ,l& (         
,refuge--,tyranny ( ,alva--,! ,/ruggle  
= ,indep5d5ce--,siege ( ,leyd5--,!      
,c\ntry ,subm]g$--,fam9e 9 !            
,city--,spee* ( ! ,mayor--,h]oic        
,conduct--,tru/ 9 ,god--,/orm ,raises  !
 ,wat]s--,spani>ds ,retreat--,leyd5 is  
,sav$--,?anksgiv+--,wat]s  ,retire4     
,,*apt] ,,xv4    ,rise (                
,quak]ism--,george ,fox--,william       
,p5n--,f\nds  ,p5nsylvania--,k9dness to 
! ,indians--,philadelphia               
,f\nd$--,m>yl&1  ,c>ol9a & ,georgia     
,settl$--,rog] ,williams--,rhode ,isl&  
,f\nd$--,its  ,tol]ation4    ,,viii4    
,,*apt] ,,xvi4    ,condition ( ,engli%  
,society--,manufacture ( ,g9 &          
,rum--,orig9 (  ,me?odism--,eloqu5ce (  
,:itfield--,john & ,*>les               
,wesley--,rem>kable  ,tea*+s--,rob]t    
,raikes--,john ,h[>d--,william          
,wilb]=ce--,me*anical  ,inv5tions--,gr[?
 ( ,am]ican ,fre$om--,?ree ,great       
,battles--,cook's  ,voyages--,ext5sion (
 ! ,engli% ,language--,greatness (      

,pitt--,wa%+ton's ,e>ly ,life--,b5jam9  
,frankl94    ,,*apt] ,,xvii4    ,ga!r+ (
 ,political ,=ces--,g5]al               
,revolution--,civil  ,re=m]s--,decay (  
,old ,in/itutions--,rosseau & ,8        
,writ+s--,voltaire--,holl&1 a ,political
 ,refuge--,am]ican  ,settl]s--,l9es (   
,alb]t ,b4 ,/reet--,gr[? ( !            
,colonies--,love =  ,engl&--,causes (   
,revolution--,manufactures              
,=bidd5--,/amp ,act--,tax  on           
,tea--,philadelphia ,conv5tion--,address
 to ! ,k+--,appeal ,to  ,engl&--,to     
,canada--,incid5t 9 ,old ,s\? ,*ur*1    
,bo/on--,paul ,rev]e's  ,ride4          
,,*apt] ,,xviii4    ,battle (           
,lex+ton--,(fic]s ,*os5--,a ,ye> (      
,discussion--,decl>ation  (             
,indep5d5ce--,_s ( ,engli%              
,nobility--,defeat ( ,am]ican           
,=ces--,success at ,tr5ton &            
,pr9ceton--,suff]+s at ,valley          
,=ge--,wa%+ton's ,pray]--,burgoyne's    
,campaign--,arrival ( ,la               
,fayette--,arnold's ,treason--,&re's    

,dea?--,siege ( ,yorkt[n--,close  ( !   
,w>--,treaty ( ,peace--,army            
,disb&$--,wa%+ton ,resigns  8           
,commission--,con/itutional             
,conv5tion--,wa%+ton ,elect$            
,presid5t--,8 ,dea?--,8 ,tomb4          
,,*apt] ,,xix4    ,influ5ce ( ,la       
,fayette--,despotism 9 ,france--,!      
,ba/ile--,corruption  ( !               
,*ur*--,comm5cem5t ( ! ,revolution--,!  
,m>seillaise--,its  ,wond]ful           
,influ5ce--,reign ( ,t]ror--,napoleon   
,bonap>te--,8 ,wond]ful  ,c>e]--,jewi%  
,sanh$rim--,fall ( ,napoleon--,8        
,dea?--,progress (  ,lib]ty4    ,,*apt] 
,,xx4    ,! ,g5ius ( ! ,age--,european  
,w>s--,am]ican  ,tranquil--,decl>ation (
 ,w>--,divisions ( ,nor? ,am]ica--,unit$
  ,/ates--,canada--,mexico--,am]ican    
,common ,s*ools--,_!                    
,influ5ce--,progress ( ,inv5tion--,fir/ 
,/eamboat--,fir/  ,locomotive--,electric
 ,telegraph--,improvem5ts 9             
,pr9t+--,spiritual  ,d>kness--,! ,k+dom 
( ,god--,wants ( ! ,pres5t ,age--,joseph

  ,smi?--,8 ,tragic ,dea?--,conclusion4 
#i        ,,! ,,h& ,,( ,,provid5ce4     
,,*apt] ,i4    ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,(     
,,j]usalem ,,& ,,apo/asy ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly 
,,*ur*4    ,,inju/ice ,,( ,,roman       
,,gov]nors--,,n]o ,,emp]or--,,vespasian 
,,& ,,titus  ,,s5t ,,to                 
,,judea--,,=tifications ,,(             
,,j]usalem--,,titus ,,(f]s ,,t]ms ,,(   
,,peace--,,horrors ,,( ,,!              
,,siege--,,wom5 ,,dev\r ,,_! ,,own      
,,*ildr5--,,temple  ,,burn$--,,city     
,,de/roy$--,,disp]sion ,,( ,,!          
,,jews--,,univ]sal                      
,,apo/asy--,,prie/hood ,,no ,,m--,,ideas
 ,,( ,,god ,,p]v]t$--,,wor%ip           
,,corrupt$ ,,) ,,hea!n                  
,,rites--,,p]secution ,,(               
,,*ri/ians--,,emp]or                    
,,con/ant9e--,,rise ,,( ,,mona/ic       
,,ord]4    ,accord+ to ! be/ records t h
 come d[n to u1 ! la/ book  ( ! ,new    
,te/am5t 7commonly call$ ! ,apocalypse (
 ,/4 ,john7 0  writt5 ab\t sixty ye>s   
aft] ! asc5sion ( our ,savior4    ,at t 

"t ! gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/ _h be5 prea*$
 9 all !  pr9cipal cities & c\ntries ( !
 kn[n _w4 ,num]\s bran*es (  ! primitive
 *ur* _h be5 plant$ 9 ,pale/9e1 ,syria1 
,egypt1 ,asia  ,m9or1 ,greece & ,italy4 
,9 ! meantime ! awful doom :i* ! ,savior
 pr$ict$ aga9/  ,j]usalem _h be5        
lit]ally fulfill$4 ,%ortly aft] !       
crucifixion  & asc5sion ( ! ,savior1    
,judea became ! !atre ( _m cruelties  & 
oppressions aris+ f cont5tions betwe5 ! 
,jewi% prie/s1  ! depr$ations ( num]\s  
b&s ( robb]s1 :i* infe/$ !  c\ntry2 b m 
?an all f ! inju/ice & av>ice ( ! ,roman
  gov]nors4    #aj ,! la/ ( ^! gov]nors 
0 ,gessius ,floras1 :om ,josephus       
repres5ts z a mon/] 9 wick$ness &       
cruelty1 & :om ! ,jews  reg>d$ r z a    
bloody execution]1 s5t to torture1 ?an z
 a  magi/rate to gov]n !m4    ,image3   
,j]usalem4    ,dur+ ! gov]nm5t ( ,felix1
 8 pr$ecessor1 a dispute hav+  aris5    
betwe5 ! ,jews & ,syrians ab\t ! city ( 
,caes>ea1 _!  respective claims 7 ref]r$
 to ! emp]or1 ,n]o1 at ,rome4 ,!        

decision 0 9 favor ( ! ,syrians1 & !    
,jews imm$iately took up  arms to av5ge 
_! cause4    #aa ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 ,n]o
 gave ord]s to ,vespasian to m>*  into  
,judea ) a p[]ful army4 ,accord+ly1     
,vespasian1 accompani$  by 8 son ,titus1
 m>*$ into ,pale/9e at ! head ( #fj1jjj 
well-discipl9$ troops4 ,:ile ,vespasian 
0 ?us prep>+ m  effectually to curb !   
/ill unbrok5 _s ( ! ,jews1 intellig5ce  
arriv$ ( ! dea? ( ! emp]or & 8 own      
election to ! ?rone4  ,dep>t+ !re=e =   
,rome he left ! be/ ( 8 troops ) 8  son1
 ord]+ him to besiege & utt]ly de/roy   
,j]usalem4    ,titus lo/ no "t 9 c>ry+  
into effect 8 fa!r's injunction4        
,j]usalem 0 /rongly =tifi$ bo? by nature
 & art4 ,?ree walls  surr\nd$ x :i* 7   
consid]$ impregnable2 besides :i* x _h  
num]\s t[]s outside ( ! walls1 l(ty1    
firm & /rong4 ,!  circumf]5ce 0 ne>ly   
f\r miles4    ,desir\s ( sav+ ! city1   
,titus repeat$ly s5t (f]s ( peace to  ! 
inhabitants2 b !y 7 indignantly reject$4
 ,at l5g? f9d+  all ef=ts at treaty     

ineffectual1 he ent]$ ^u ! siege det]m9$
  n to leave x until he _h raz$ ! city  
to its f\ndation4    ,! int]nal /ate ( !
 city soon became horrible4 ,!          
inhabitants  be+ divid$ 9 _! c\nsels    
f\ght ) "o ano!r1 & !  /reets 7 (t5     
delug$ ) blood %$ by ! h&s ( k9dr$4  ,9 
! meantime fam9e spread its horrors     
abroad1 & pe/il5ce its  ravages4 ,?\s&s 
di$ daily & 7 c>ri$ out ( ! gates to be 
buri$ at ! public exp5se2 until be+     
unable to hurry !m to !  grave ! wret*$ 
victims 7 ?r[n into h\ses z fa/ z !y    
fell1 & !re %ut up4    ,dur+ ! preval5ce
 ( ! fam9e1 ! h\se ( a c]ta9 woman by  !
 "n ( ,miriam 0 repeat$ly plund]$ ( su* 
provisions z %e  _h be5 able to procure4
 ,s extreme did h] suff]+ become1 t %e  
entreat$ ^? ar\nd h]1 to put an end to  
h] mis]able exi/5ce4  ,at l5g? frantic )
 fury & despair %e snat*$ h] infant f   
h] bosom1 kill$ & cook$ x2 & hav+       
satiat$ h] pres5t  hung]1 conceal$ !    
re/4 ,! smell ( food soon drew !        
voraci\s  human tig]s to h] h\se2 !y    

?reat5$ h] ) tortures2 %e hid  h]       
provisions f !m4 ,be+ ?us compell$ #ab  
%e set be=e !m  ! relics ( h] mangl$    
babe4 ,at ! sight ( ?is horrid          
spectacle1  inhuman z !y 71 !y /ood     
agha/1 petrifi$ ) horror1 & at  l5g?    
ru%$ precipitately f ! h\se4    ,:5 !   
report ( ?is spread ?r\gh ! city1 !     
con/]nation 0  univ]sal & inexpressible4
 ,! p n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 began  to ?9k    
!mselves =sak5 ( ,god4 ,9 ! m9d ( ,titus
 ! recital  awak5$ bo? horror &         
indignation1 & he resolv$ to pu% ! siege
  ) /ill great] vigor1 aim+ p>ticul>ly  
to obta9 possession (  ! temple4 ,!     
pres]vation ( ?is noble edifice 0       
/rongly desir$  by him2 b "o ( ! ,roman 
soldi]s be+ exasp]at$ by ! ,jews1  or1 z
 ,josephus says1 pu%$ on by ! h& (      
,provid5ce1 seiz$  a blaz+ firebr&1 &   
gett+ on 8 comrades' %\ld]s1 ?rew  x    
?r\gh a w9d[1 & soon ! :ole nor? side 0 
9 a flame4  ,titus imm$iately gave ord] 
to ext+ui% ! fire2 b ! enrag$  soldi]s1 
b5t on de/roy+ ! city & all x conta9$1  

ei!r did  n he> or did n reg>d him4 ,!  
flames cont9u$ to spread until  ?is     
consecrat$ edifice1 ! glory ( ! nation1 
became "o m+l$  heap ( ru9s4 ,!n foll[$ 
a t]rible massacre 9 :i* ?\s&s  p]i%$1  
"s 9 ! flames & o!rs by ! sword ( !     
enemy4 ,at  l5g? ! city 0 ab&on$ to !   
fury ( ! soldi]s4 ,x is said  t ne>ly "o
 million five hundr$ ?\s& p]sons p]i%$ 9
 !  siege4    ,! conque/ ( ! city be+   
a*iev$1 ,titus proce$$ to demoli%  its  
noble /ructures1 its =tifications1      
palaces & walls4 ,s  lit]ally 7 !       
pr$ictions ( ! ,savior fulfill$ respect+
 its  de/ruction t n "o /one 0 left ^u  
ano!r t 0 n  ?r[n d[n4    ,f t day !    
,jews h be5 disp]s$ ?r\gh ! _w1 despis$ 
& hat$1 p]secut$ & yet upheld--lo/ z x 7
 among !  nations1 & yet di/9ct--!y live
 z ! monum5ts ( ! tru? (  ,god4    ,:ile
 ! apo/les liv$ ! *ur*es plant$ by !m   
cont9u$ to  exi/ ) m or less ( spiritual
 life4    ,b ! _s ( apo/asy 0 already at
 "w4 ,9 "s places pagan  rites &        
c]emonies _h p]v]t$ ! wor%ip ( ! true   

,god & b  few c\ld be f\nd :o rema9$ #ac
 pure amid ! corruptions ( !  age or    
undaunt$ by ! trials & p]secutions t    
surr\nd$ !m on  e side4    ,s univ]sal 0
 ?is apo/asy t only sev5 *ur*es ?r\gh\t 
,asia1 ,africa & ,europe 7 consid]$     
wor?y ( be+ ei!r reprov$  or bless$ by !
 voice ( revelation4 7,see ,revelations 
#bnd & #crd  *apt]s47    ,! :ole ea/]n  
cont95t ( :i* we h au!ntic hi/ory 0 at  
t p]iod "u ! control ( ,rome1 & paganism
 0 ! religion  ( ! empire4 ,?us ! :ole  
p[] ( ! realm 0 br\ght to be>  aga9/ !  
infant *ur*4    ,pagan prie/s excit$ !  
populace to fr5zy1 & royal decrees      
deliv]$ ! sa9ts to ! mo/ t]rible        
tortures & dea?4    ,9 a few ye>s !     
apo/olic organization & prie/hood 7 no  
m4  ,a few glimm]+s ( spiritual light   
rema9$ = a %ort "t1 among  ^? :o _h tak5
 refuge 9 ! catacombs or subt]ranean    
vaults (  ,rome1 or _h fl$ to ! wilds ( 
! ,libyan des]t4 ,b ev5 ?is  light 0    
soon ext+ui%$1 & !n fell t m5tal1 moral1
 &  spiritual night f :i* mank9d are    

only n[ sl[ly em]g+4    ,b false        
religion c\ld nev] satisfy ! crav+s ( ! 
immortal  s\l4    ,paganism pres5t$ only
 a *e]less prospect4 ,x gave itself no  
conc]n  = ! l[ly & un=tunate1 limit$ !  
hopes & de/9y ( man to  ?is pres5t life1
 & taught him t temporal prosp]ity might
 be  selfi%ly ga9$ at any co/ to o!rs 9 
prop]ty & suff]+4 ,=  example1 ,rome1 = 
_m ages _h enri*$ h]self ) ! weal? (    
conqu]$ nations1 & impov]i%$ !m t h]    
sons & daught]s  might live 9 luxury &  
gr&eur4 ,yet ?r\gh\t h] va/ dom9ions    
!re 7 no in/itutions ( b5evol5ce2 no    
hospitals = ! sick1  no asylums = !     
afflict$ or un=tunate4 ,! pleasant      
pa/imes (  h] populace 7 to witness     
sc5es ( cruelty2 & ! mo/ ref9$  ladies (
 t p]iod eag]ly ?rong$ ! amphi!atres to 
view !  agonies ( captives f di/ant     
tribes or e>ly ,*ri/ian m>tyrs z  !y 7  
?r[n to fami%$ & enrag$ wild bea/s 9 !  
public  ar5a4 ,_m ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7  
?us put to dea? #ad 9 !  ,coliseum1 !   
ru9s ( :i* are %[n 9 ! engrav+4         

,image3 ,engrav+ ( ,coliseum 9 ru9s4    
,no wond] !n t :5 ! *ur* 0 tak5 f ! e>?1
 & its  =ms amalgamat$ ) pagan          
in/itutions1 ! #ae _w pres5t$ an        
unp>allel$ sc5e ( c>nage & cruelty1     
blood%$ & t]ror4    ,b ,rome 0 de/9$ to 
endure a t]rible retribution4 ,! nor!rn 
b>b>ians :om %e _h s long oppress$1 & f 
:om %e _h drawn  _m ( ! victims ( h]    
gladiatorial combats n[ wreak$ _!       
long-s\ght v5geance1 spread+ t]ror &    
deva/ation :]ev] !y  w5t4    ,"o ( !m1  
,attila1 k+ ( ! ,huns1 call$ himself !  
sc\rge (  ,god1 & boa/$ t grass nev]    
grew :]e 8 horse _h trodd54  ,^!        
incursions spread an intellectual fam9e 
?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,!  only m5 ( le>n+ 7 !
 monks1 :o seldom left _! cloi/]s1  & ! 
only books 7 manuscripts conceal$ 9 !   
libr>ies (  ! mona/]ies4 ,n only 7 !    
common p extremely ignorant1  b also !  
ri* & noble1 & ev5 ! k+s c\ld sc>cely   
read  or write4 ,! reign ( sup]/ition 0 
univ]sal4 ,! simplicity  ( primitive    
wor%ip 0 *ang$ to an unmean+ r\nd (     

rites &  c]emonies3 & ! glori\s         
pr9ciples ( ! gospel 7 hidd5  f sight by
 a d>k cl\d ( ignorance1 my/icism &     
un9telligible  j>gon1 out ( :i* !re too 
(t5 fla%$ ! lurid light5+s (  prie/ly   
v5geance & p]secutions4    ,! ,"l1      
speak+ by ! m\? ( ,j]emiah1 says1 ,my p 
h  committ$ two errors2 !y h =sak5 me1 !
 f\nta9 ( liv+  wat]s & hew$ !m out     
ci/]ns1 brok5 ci/]ns t c hold no  wat]4 
,:5 ! voice ( revelation 0 hu%$ m5 began
 to foll[  fables & traditions1 & he :o 
possess$ ! livelie/ imag9ation  inv5t$ !
 greate/ numb]4    ,!y1 in/ead ( ! ^w ( 
,god1 became ! rule ( life2 & m5  s\ght 
by bodily suff]+ to pur*ase admission to
 ! c\rts (  heav54    #af    ,image3    
,fakir4    ,we pity ! devotee ( ,india1 
:o measures by ! l5g? ( 8 body1  !      
we>isome j\rney ( hundr$s ( miles2 or ! 
fakir :o sits )  8 legs 9 an upright    
position1 = ye>s until ! limbs becomes1 
)]$1 di/ort$ & useless4 ,b :at %all we  
say ( a pr(ess$  foll[] ( ! ,savior :o  
makes a pilgrimage ( a ?\s& miles )  %>p

 spikes driv5 into ! inside ( 8 %oes1 by
 :i* 8 feet are  lac]at$ #ag at e /ep6  
,or ( "o :o sp5ds ! great] "p (  8 life 
sitt+ on a column ?irty feet high & only
 ?ree feet 9  diamet]1 ?r\gh all !      
vicissitudes ( ! seasons1 /orm &        
sun%9e1 cold & heat1 ) ! idea t1 by ?is 
means1 he c\ld  secure salvation &      
exaltation 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god6 ,surely x
 0  ! self-same pagan idea t actuat$    
all4    ,9 ^? days1 also1 ev5 ! =ms &   
c]emonies ( ! primitive  *ur* und]w5t   
complete trans=mation4 ,pagan rites 7   
celebrat$  at ,*ri/ian fe/ivals1 & days 
commemorative ( great ev5ts 7  made to  
con=m to ! times appo9t$ = ! wor%ip (   
hea!n  div9ities4    ,= example1 !      
fe/ival ( ,ea/] z obs]v$ by ! ,ca?olic  
*ur*1  0 & /ill is degrad$ by pagan     
rites4 ,& ! day t commemorates  our     
,savior's bir?1 :i* ev5t took place 9   
,april1 :5 ! %eph]ds  7 abroad on !     
pla9s ( ,be?lehem1 ) _! flocks1 0 *ang$ 
f ! beautiful ,spr+ "t to ! d>k & gloomy
 ,decemb]1 t x  might con=m to a day    

already set ap>t = pagan c]emonies1 & by
  ?is means 0 secur$ its univ]sal       
obs]vance4    ,! ideas conc]n+ ,god 7   
also p]v]t$4 ,space w p]mit only  a     
glance at ?is subject4 ,! passions t 7  
said to control !  "* ( hea!n gods 7    
attribut$ to ! great ,creator &  lov+   
,fa!r ( u all4 ,he 0 repres5t$ z        
delight+ 9 v5geance2  & glory+ 9 !      
et]nal suff]+s ( ,8 creatures4 ,?us !   
mo/ inhuman p]secutors claim$ !y 7 do+  
,8 w2 & h5ce  arose ! doctr9e ( endless 
torm5ts beyond ! grave1 :i* /ill        
disgraces ne>ly all ! sects ( ,*ri/5dom4
 ,! doctr9e ( fate has  ev] be5 a       
prom95t doctr9e ( pagan religions4      
,?is dogma 0 also engraft$ into _! cre$2
 h5ce1 we f9d le>n$  tea*]s ( ! pres5t  
age gravely ass]t+ t1 ow+ to !          
unalt]able decrees ( ,god1 !re are "y & 
irresponsible infants1  sc>cely a span 9
 l5g?1 :o are & ev] w be doom$ to suff] 
! torm5ts ( ! lo/4    ,su* 0 ! condition
 ( ! social & religi\s _w at ! "t (  !  
,emp]or ,con/ant9e4    #ah ,?is politic 

pr9ce 0 n a man ( religi\s convictions1 
b  hop+ to consolidate 8 p[] & ga9 va/  
numb]s ( adh]5ts  he grant$ univ]sal    
religi\s tol]ation & ev5 w5t s f> z to  
proclaim himself a ,*ri/ian4    ,?is act
 ( tol]ation gave a tempor>y protection 
to all classes  & 0 ( especial b5efit to
 ^? :o wi%$ to retire f !  confusion &  
corruption ( ! age1 & sp5d _! lives 9   
pursuit  ( sci5ce1 lit]ature &          
philosophy4    ,su* 7 ! ta/eless & (t5  
brutal amusem5ts1 ! l[  s5suality1 !    
base intrigue & bloody w>f>e ( ^? times1
 t  _m long$ = retirem5t & seclusion4   
,m5 & also wom51 sometimes ( ! highe/   
rank1 awoke1 sudd5ly to  ! discov]y t   
life 0 giv5 !m = nobl] purposes4        
,loa?+ society1 despis+ !mselves1 & (t5 
_! companions1  to :om !y _h be5 w$d$ 9 
loveless m>riages--companions ^:        
infidelities & lic5ti\sness !y _h too   
(t51 to endure1 !y  fl$ f a _w :i* _h   
sat$ & sick5$ !m4    ,?us arose !       
mona/ic ord]4    ,by ! side ( ,alp9e    
torr5ts & 9 ! valleys ( ,pi$mont1 by !  

rocky %ores ( ! beautiful ,aegean sea & 
on its lonely yet lovely  isl&s1 z well 
z on ! classic hillsides ( ,judea1 arose
 ?\s&s  ( mona/]ies4    ,at fir/1 no    
d\bt1 ! inmates s\ght = a high] & pur]  
life2 b  aft] a "t !y too sunk into     
luxury1 lic5ti\sness & debau*]y4    ,yet
 ^! mona/ic in/itutions s]v$ "o good    
purpose1 & t "o  0 important4 ,dur+ ^!  
p]il\s times sci5ce & lit]ature "h  f\nd
 an asylum4 ,libr>ies 7 =m$ & c>efully  
pres]v$1 :i*1  on ! re/oration ( le>n+1 
7 ( great value to ! _w4    ,! =ego+ w  
indicate to "s ext5t ! condition (      
mank9d  at ! close ( ! six? c5tury ( !  
,*ri/ian era4 ,! light (  antiquity _h  
p]i%$4 ,! dawn ( mod]n days _h n yet    
gild$  ! ea/]n horizon4 ,! _w pres5t$   
ov] its :ole surface "o  va/ field (    
cont5tion & #ai blood%$1 ) sc>cely an   
object  suffici5tly prom95t to excite   
int]e/ or des]ve att5tion4    ,x 0 !    
midnight h\r ( human hi/ory4    ,?\gh ! 
e>ly *ur* _h be5 de/roy$ & ! prie/hood  
tak5  f ! e>?2 yet ,god did n give x up 

z lo/1 nor entirely  )draw ,8 ,_s4 ,!n z
 n[ ! e>? is ! ,"l's1 & ,he w  yet make 
good ,8 claim to x4 ,x is a blood-b\ght 
_w1 & ,he :o  ransom$ x at s de> a price
 w "o day return to rule ov] x z  ,k+ ( 
k+s & ,"l ( lords4 ,! e>? t 0 b$ew$ ) ! 
,savior's te>s & sweat--! e>? t 0 trodd5
 by ,8 hall[$  feet--! e>? t drank ,8   
life blood %all yet ?r[ (f ! curse  t   
has s long blight$ x & receive its      
p>adisaic glory4    ,?r\gh ag5cies ! mo/
 div]se ! m9ds ( m5 7 develop$ &        
discipl9$ = ! reception ( tru? until 9 !
 ,"l's due "t 9  a prep>$ place & among 
a p prep>$ to receive ,8 tru?1 ,he  w\ld
 aga9 re/ore ,8 prie/hood1 & set up ,8  
k+dom ^u !  e>?4    #bj        ,,*apt]  
,,ii4    ,,mahomet4    ,,description ,,(
 ,,arabia--,,arabian ,,cu/oms--,,bir?   
,,( ,,mahomet--,,e>ly  ,,life--,,j\rney 
,,to ,,syria--,,*ri/ian                 
,,sects--,,doctr9es ,,taught ,,by       
,,mahomet--,,8 ,,m>riage--,,proclaims   
,,himself ,a                            
,,prophet--,,p]secution--,,flees  ,,to  

,,m$9a--,,becomes ,,p[]ful--,,sickness  
,,& ,,dea?--,,p]sonal ,,appe>ance4      
,f> away 9 ! s\?-we/]n "p ( ,asia1 lies 
a /range & peculi>  c\ntry call$        
,arabia4 ,x is b\nd$ on ! nor? by       
,syria1 on ! ea/  by ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 on
 ! s\? by ! ,indian ,ocean1 & on ! we/  
by ! ,r$ ,sea1 & comprises m ?an a      
million ( squ>e miles1 or  ab\t twelve  
times ! area ( ,utah4    ,?is va/ region
 possesses a div]sifi$ l&scape4 ,9 "s   
places  va/ s&y des]ts /ret* away f>!r  
?an ! eye c rea*2 9  o!rs1 imm5se piles 
( d>k volcanic rock re> al(t _! b>r5    
peaks1 ar\nd ^: base ! dry1 hot w9ds h  
drift$ ! s&s (  ! des]t = untold        
c5turies4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! seclud$ valleys ( 
! m\nta9s1 & along ! base ( ! great     
m\nta9 *a9s1 may be  f\nd _m f]tile     
tracts1 :]e1 wat]$ by pure & nev]-fail+ 
m\nta9 /reams1 & w>m$ by ! rays ( a     
tropical sun1 ! e>?  produces 9         
abundance ne>ly e k9d ( gra91 vegetable1
 fruit1  fl[] & aromatic %rub t c       
conduce to ! happ9ess ( man4  ,inde$1 "s

 portions are s wond]fully productive1 t
 9 anci5t z  well z mod]n times x has   
receiv$ ! significant title ( ,araby  ! 
ble/4    ,mo/ ( ! inhabitants ( ?is     
c\ntry are g5]ally consid]$  to be !    
desc5dants ( ,i%mael1 ! son ( ,abraham4 
,_m ( !m  lead a wild1 nomadic life1    
support$ by _! flocks & h]ds &  !       
spontane\s productions ( ! soil1 #ba &  
reta9 among _!  laws & cu/oms1 _m ( !   
usages t prevail$ 9 ! primitive1        
patri>*al times ( _! great ance/or4     
,o!rs live 9 t[ns & cities & engage 9   
comm]ce1 ei!r )  =eign c\ntries or )    
di/ant p>ts ( _! own l&4    ,! usual    
me?od ( transport+ _! m]*&ise is on !   
backs  ( camels1 & sometimes sev]al     
hundr$ or ev5 a ?\s& ( ^!  animals1     
accompani$ by _! driv]s1 may be se5     
sl[ly w5d+ _!  way across ! des]t1 c>ry+
 ) !m ! c(fee ( ,mo*a &  spices (       
,muscat to ! di/ant cities ( ,bagdad &  
,damascus4    ,z among ! ,jews ! rul+   
prie/s 7 *os5 f ! tribe ( ,levi  &      
family ( ,a>on1 s1 among ! anci5t       

,arabs1 ! gu>dians ( !  sacr$ ?+s ( _!  
wor%ip 7 *os5 f ! tribe ( ,korei%  &    
family ( ,has*em4    ,abd-,al-,mutallib 
0 ! rul+ prie/ 9 ,mecca1 ! sacr$ city ( 
,arabia1 at ! "t t 8 gr&son1 ,mahomet1 0
 born1 :i* ev5t  occurr$ at ,mecca1 9 ! 
ye> #egj ( ! ,*ri/ian era4    ,(        
,mahomet's p>5ts1 b little is record$1  
except t 8 fa!r1  ,abdallah1 0 rem>kable
 = 8 comm&+ pres5ce & great p]sonal     
beauty4 ,he di$ :5 8 future illu/ri\s   
son 0 only two mon?s  old4 ,am9a1 8 "m1 
:o is said to h be5 ( ,jewi% desc5t1    
also di$ :5 ,mahomet 0 only six ye>s    
old4    ,! e>ly life ( ,mahomet 0 sp5t 9
 ! h\se ( 8 ,uncle1 ,ab\  ,taleb1 :o _h 
become ! pr9cipal gu>dian ( ! ,ca-aba1  
or great  temple1 ( anci5t ,arabian     
wor%ip4    ,! c]emonies & devotions     
connect$ ) ?is temple-wor%ip may  h giv5
 an e>ly bias to ,mahomet's m9d1 &      
incl9$ x to ^?  speculations & ideas 9  
:i* x aft]w>ds became engross$4 ,8      
education 9 *ildhood seems to h be5     
neglect$2 = he 0 n  taught ei!r to read 

or write4 ,b he 0 a ?\ghtful *ild1 quick
 to  obs]ve1 prone to m$itate on all t  
he _h obs]v$1 & possess$  ( an          
imag9ation f]tile1 d>+ & expansive4     
#bb ,at ! age ( twelve ye>s1 ,mahomet   
solicit$ ! privilege (  accompany+ 8    
uncle1 ,ab\ ,taleb1 to ,syria1 :i!r he 0
 ab\t to  conduct a c>avan4 ,_! r\te lay
 ?r\gh regions f]tile 9 fables  &       
traditions1 :i* x is ! delight ( !      
,arabs to rec\nt 9 !  ev5+ halts ( !    
c>avan4    ,) an att5tive e>1 ! y\?ful  
,mahomet li/5$ to ^? tales (  en*antm5t 
& wond]ful ev5ts :i* happ5$ 9 days (    
old1 &  d\btless imbib$ ideas t _h a    
p[]ful influ5ce on him 9 8  aft] life4  
,9 ?is j\rney also he li/5$ to !        
conv]sation (  _m ( ^? exiles f !       
,*ri/ian sects1 :o1 9 flee+ f           
p]secution _h tak5 refuge 9 ! wilds (   
,nor!rn ,arabia4 ,?us he  le>n$ _m facts
 conc]n+ ! ,*ri/ian religion4    ,hav+  
arriv$ at ! city ( ,bozrah1 :i* 0       
situat$ on !  conf9es ( ,syria1 ab\t    
sev5ty miles s\? ( ,damascus1 ,mahomet 0

  ent]ta9$ at a ,ne/orian conv5t4 ,"o ( 
! monks nam$ ,bahira1 0  v mu* int]e/$  
by ! _s ( inquiry & intellig5ce :i*  !  
y\? manife/$1 especially on religi\s    
subjects1 & gave him  all possible      
in=mation4    ,mahomet return$ to       
,mecca1 8 imag9ation teem+ ) ! wild     
tales  & traditions pick$ up 9 ! des]t1 
& 8 m9d deeply impress$  ) ! tea*+s he  
_h receiv$ among ! ,ne/orians4    ,9    
ord] t we may und]/& ! nature ( ! tea*+s
 :i*  ,mahomet receiv$ on ?is &         
subsequ5t j\rneys to ,syria1 an         
enum]ation ( ! lead+ dogmas ( ! j>r+    
sects ( ori5tal  ,*ri/ians w be         
necess>y3    ,! mo/ num]\s ( ^! sects 7 
! ,arians1 s call$ f ,arius1  a great   
religi\s tea*] ( ,alex&ria4 ,!y claim$ t
 ,jesus ,*ri/  0 ! ,son ( ,god1 ! ,fa!r2
 t ,8 exi/5ce comm5c$ at ,8  adv5t 9 ?is
 _w2 t ,he 0 creat$ = a special mission1
 b  0 subject to ! influ5ces ( virtue & 
vice l common mortals4    ,! foll[]s (  
,ne/orius1 ! great bi%op (              
,con/ant9ople1 7  also v num]\s2 &      

,mahomet1 9 8 subsequ5t j\rneys to      
,syria1  frequ5tly came 9 contact ) !m4 
,!y claim$ t ,*ri/ _h two  di/9ct       
natures1 human & div9e2 t ,jesus 0 a    
man2 t ,m>y  0 only ,8 #bc "m accord+ to
 ! fle%1 & t x 0 an  abom9ation to /yle 
h] ,m>y ! "m ( ,god1 z 0 & /ill is  !   
cu/om ( ! ,ca?olic *ur*4    ,ano!r sect 
0 ! ,m>ianites1 or wor%ipp]s ( ,m>y4 ,!y
 reg>d$  ! tr9ity z consi/+ ( ,god1 !   
et]nal ,fa!r1 ,m>y1 ! et]nal  "m1 &     
,*ri/1 _! ,son4    ,! ,val5t9ians 7     
ano!r sect1 :o taught t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0  
only a wise & virtu\s mortal1 select$ by
 ,god to re=m & in/ruct  mank9d4 ,_!    
cre$ is /ill pr(ess$ by "s ( ! ,unit>ian
 sects  ( ! pres5t day4    ,! ,naz>5es 7
 a sect ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 :o consid]$ 
,*ri/  z ! promis$ ,messiah1 b con=m$ 9 
all o!r respects to !  rites & c]emonies
 ( ! ,mosaic law4    ,_m o!r sects might
 be enum]at$ :o took _! names f le>n$  &
 zeal\s lead]s1 & :o 7 subdivid$ into   
v>i\s & oppos+  p>ties ( fanatical      
en?usia/s4    ,a glance at ^! diss5tions

 :i* convuls$ society at ?is p]iod is   
suffici5t to acquit ,mahomet ( any *>ge 
( consci\s blasphemy 9  ! op9ions he    
taught conc]n+ ! nature & mission ( our 
,savior4    ,! pr9cipal doctr9es taught 
by ,mahomet 7 drawn f ! writ+s  ( ! ,old
 & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,he recogniz$ 9 all  
ab\t ?ree hundr$  prophets4 ,?is numb]  
includ$ all ! anci5t wor?ies ( ! ,old   
,te/am5t1 z well z ! ,savior & !        
apo/les1 evangeli/s &  m>tyrs m5tion$ 9 
! ,new4 ,h[ev]1 f\r p]sons 7 consid]$ z 
great] prophets ?an ! re/1 & 7 rev]5c$ z
 ! f\nd]s  ( f\r di/9ct disp5sations4   
,^! 7 ,abraham1 ,moses1 ,jesus &        
,mahomet4    ,! book conta9+ ! writ+s & 
revelations ( ,mahomet is commonly      
call$ ! ,koran4 ,h[ev]1 ,mahomet %\ld n 
be held responsible =  all t ! ,koran   
conta9s1 z !re is abundant evid5ce t x  
has  be5 *ang$ & corrupt$ 9 _m places   
s9ce 8 dea?4    ,pray]1 fa/+ & acts (   
*>ity are inculcat$ by x4 ,m]*ants  7   
especially comm&$ to p]=m acts ( *>ity1 
z !y 7 !  class :o 7 mo/ liable to ! s9s

 #bd ( deception & extortion4  ,! cre$  
:i* all 7 requir$ to believe1 0 simply1 
,!re is "o  ,god1 & ,mahomet is ,8      
prophet4    ,b little is kn[n (         
,mahomet's hi/ory betwe5 8 twelf? &     
tw5ty-fif? ye>4 ,he seems to h be5      
engag$ pr9cipally 9  conduct+ c>avans   
across ! des]t4 ,he !reby ga9$ mu*      
practical  k1 & became kn[n z a "y man (
 ability & integrity1  pleas+ appe>ance1
 & engag+ mann]s4    ,at ! age (        
tw5ty-five1 he became ! /ew>d or bus9ess
 ag5t  ( a c]ta9 weal?y wid[1 nam$      
,cadijah2 & a few ye>s lat] %e  m>ri$   
him & fai?fully foll[$ him till h] dea?1
 ?r\gh all !  vicissitudes ( 8 /range & 
ev5tful life4    ,:5 ,mahomet1 9 8 =tie?
 ye>1 proclaim$ himself ! prophet (     
,god1 ,cadijah repli$1 ,i w be ?y fir/  
believ]4 ,!y knelt d[n  9 pray] toge!r4 
,twelve c5turies h pass$ s9ce !n1 & n9e 
?\s& millions (  human be+s h foll[$ h] 
example4    ,we are told t z ,mahomet   
lay wrapp$ 9 8 mantle1 9 ! sil5t  wat*es
 ( ! night1 he he>d a voice call+ ^u    

him4 ,uncov]+ 8  head1 a flood ( light  
bur/ ^u him ( su* intol]able spl5dor t  
he swoon$ away4    ,on rega9+ 8 s5ses1  
he beheld an angel1 :o1 approa*+ him  f 
a di/ance1 display$ a scroll1 cov]$ )   
writt5 *>act]s4  ,read1 said ! angel4   
,i "k n h[ to read1 repli$ ,mahomet4    
,read1 repeat$ ! angel1 9 ! "n ( ,god1  
:o has creat$ all  ?+s4    ,^u ?is1     
,mahomet in/antly felt 8 und]/&+        
illum9$1 & read  :at 0 writt54 ,^! words
 7 aft]w>ds promulgat$ 9 ! ,koran1  :i* 
also conta9s _m ( ! doctr9es taught 9 ! 
,new ,te/am5t4    ,:5 he _h f9i%$ read+1
 ! heav5ly mess5g] ann\nc$1 ,o1         
,mahomet1 v]ily ?\ art a prophet ( ,god1
 & ,i am ,8 angel ,gabriel4    ,mahomet1
 we are told1 came trembl+ & agitat$ to 
,cadijah 9  ! morn+1 & told h] :at he _h
 se5 & #be he>d4 ,%e saw  ev]y?+ ) ! eye
 ( fai?1 & embrac$ ^? tea*+s ) !        
devotion ( an affectionate woman4       
,joyful tid+s do/ ?\ br+6 exclaim$ %e4  
,by ,him 9 ^: h&  is ! s\l ( ,cadijah1  
,i h5ce=? reg>d !e z ! prophet (  our   

nation4 ,rejoice6 rejoice6 ,allah w n   
suff] !e to come to  %ame4 ,ha/ ?\ n be5
 lov+ to ?y k9dr$1 k9d to ?y neighbors1 
*>itable to ! poor1 hospitable to !     
/rang]1 fai?ful to ?y  ^w1 & ev] a      
def5d] ( ! tru?8    ,! ann\ncem5t (     
,mahomet's message provok$ bitt]        
opposition among  8 k9dr$4 ,only "o (   
!m1 8 c\s9 ,ali1 became 8 disciple4  ,^?
 :o _h kn[n him f 8 infancy1 :o _h se5  
him a boy ab\t  ! /reets ( ,mecca1 &    
aft]w>ds engag$ 9 ! ord9>y conc]ns  (   
life1 sc(f$ at ! idea ( 8 assum+ !      
prophetic "*4  ,:5 he walk$ ! /reets he 
0 subject$ to je]s & insults4 ,if  he   
attempt$ to prea*1 8 voice 0 dr[n$ by   
discordant noises  & ribald songs4 ,z   
gradually 8 foll[]s increas$1 s did !   
opposition 9 bitt]ness & int5sity4      
,at l5g? he 0 oblig$ to flee f 8 native 
city & take refuge  9 ,m$9a1 a city (   
nor?-we/]n ,arabia4    ,space w n p]mit 
a recital ( ! num]\s intrigues ( 8      
enemies1 or 8 v>i\s successes4 ,suffice 
x to say t1 9 a few  ye>s he became !   

lead] ( a p[]ful1 con/antly-increas+ &  
en?usia/ic p4    ,! "t _h at l5g? arriv$
 :5 ! wild1 w&]+ & discordant  tribes ( 
,arabia 7 to be m>%all$ "u "o bann]1    
unit$ 9 "o  cre$ & animat$ by "o cause2 
:5 a mighty g5ius _h aris51 :o  %\ld br+
 toge!r ^? scatt]$ remnants1 inspire !m 
) 8  own religi\s zeal & d>+ _s1 & s5d  
!m =? an inv9cible  ho/1 to %ake &      
ov]turn ! empires ( ! e>?4    ,mahomet  
surviv$ ! mo/ ( 8 *ildr51 & di$ 9 !     
sixty-?ird  ye> ( 8 age4    ,9 8 la/    
illness1 he gave 8 foll[]s ?ree p>t+    
comm&s3  ,expel all idolat]s f ,arabia2 
all[ e believ] equal privileges  )      
y\rselves2 devote y\rselves to pray] & !
 propagation ( !  fai?4    #bf ,:5 ! h\r
 ( dea? approa*$ he fe>$ x n1 b1 gaz+   
upw>ds ) unmov+ eyelids1 he exclaim$1   
,o1 ,allah6 be x s1  =ev] ) ! glori\s   
associates 9 p>adise4    ,?us pass$ away
 ! man :o gave embodim5t to a fai? t is 
/ill  adh]$ to by m ?an #acj1jjj1jjj ( !
 human family2 & :o  f\nd$ an empire t 0
 ! mo/ ext5sive ! _w has ev] se54    ,9 

appe>ance1 he 0 ( ! middle /ature4 ,8   
head 0 capaci\s1  & well set on a neck t
 rose l a pill> f 8 ample *e/4  ,he _h  
an oval face2 d>k eyes1 long1 wavy hair 
& a full be>d4 ,8  deportm5t 0 calm &   
dignifi$1 & he is said to h possess$ a  
smile ( captivat+ sweetness4 ,8         
complexion 0 fair] ?an ,arabs  usually  
are1 & 9 8 en?usia/ic mom5ts !re 0 a gl[
 &  radiance to 8 c\nt5ance4 ,he 0      
extremely cleanly 9 8 p]son1  ab/emi\s 9
 8 diet1 & simple & unaffect$ 9 8 dress 
&  mann]s4 ,he seem$ to h an intuitive k
 ( human nature1 &  an innate p[] to    
c\nsel1 comm&1 reprove & inspire 8      
foll[]s  ) 8 own ard5t nature4 ,take him
 all 9 all1 ! race has seldom  se5 a    
tea*] m k9d1 m noble or m s9c]e4    #bg 
,,*apt] ,,iii4    ,,! ,,s>ac5ic         
,,conque/4    ,,causes ,,(              
,,triumphs--,,ab\-,,bek] ,,elect$       
,,caliph--,,w> ,,decl>$--,,fall ,,(     
,,bozrah--,,battle ,,(                  
,,aiznad9--,,siege ,,(                  
,,j]usalem--,,dep>ture ,,( ,,roman      

,,emp]or--,,s>ac5 ,,fleet--,,ea/]n      
,,conque/s--,,fall ,,(                  
,,alex&ria--,,conque/  ,,( ,,nor!rn     
,,africa--,,conque/ ,,( ,,spa9--,,battle
 ,,( ,,poicti]s--,,ext5t ,,(  ,,s>ac5   
,,empire4    ,aft] ! dea? ( ,mahomet1 8 
foll[]s assum$ ! "n ( ,s>ac5s1  by :i*  
title !y 7 aft]w>ds g5]ally kn[n4 ,?is  
t]m1 x  is said1 is d]iv$ f two ,arabic 
words :i* signify ea/]n1 or  ori5tal1 & 
conqu]ors4    ,sc>cely 0 ,mahomet buri$1
 :5 x 0 f\nd necess>y to =m  a civil &  
political con/itution & code ( laws1 by 
:i* 8  foll[]s 7 to be gov]n$4 ,?is     
gov]nm5t 0 call$ ! ,caliphate4          
,mahometanism1 ev5 dur+ ! life ( its    
f\nd]1 gave unmi/akable  indications (  
ov]pass+ ! b\nds ( ,arabia4    ,a few   
ye>s lat] x ent]$ ^u a sy/em ( conque/  
unp>allel$ 9  ! hi/ory ( ! _w4    ,"o   
cause ( ?is ph5om5on is to be f\nd 9 !  
moral & social  condition ( ! _w4 ,!    
influ5ce ( religion _h long be=e  ceas$4
 ,*ri/ianity 0 completely paganiz$4 ,h] 
popes 7 busy  d5\nc+ & excommunicat+ ea*

 o!r1 9 _! rivalry =  e>?ly p[]2 or     
brib+ royal females & c\rtesans to      
influ5ce  ! decision ( c\ncils1 t 7     
suppos$ by ! masses to speak  ) ! voice 
( ,god4 ,h] bi%ops no long] s\ght to fe$
 _!  flocks ) ! bread ( life4 ,on ! o!r 
h& !y 7 conc]n$ 9  assass9ations1       
poison+s1 adult]ies1 riots1 treason &   
civil #bh  w>4 ,! religi\s tea*]s ( ^?  
days nev] rais$ _! voices 9  ! sacr$    
cause ( lib]ty1 or spoke 9 def5se ( !   
outrag$ rights  ( man4    ,no wond] !n  
t1 9 ! mid/ ( ! wrangl+ ( sects1 &      
un9telligible j>gon ( ,arians1          
,augu/9ians1 ,ne/orians &  ,m>ianites1  
society /ood 9 brea?less awe1 :5 x he>d 
! t]rible  ,arabian battle cry1 ,!re is 
b "o ,god1 & ,mahomet is ,8 prophet6    
en=c$ z x 0 by ! tempe/ ( ,s>ac5 armies4
 ,^! w>riors1  arm$ ) lances & cimet]s1 
& m\nt$ on fleet ,arabian /e$s1  pass$  
swiftly f city to city1 & frequ5tly f\nd
 ! masses (  ! p s cru%$ by tyranny1 s  
worn out by wrangl+ & civil  w>s1 t !y  
welcom$ ! ,s>ac5s z deliv]]s4           

,mahomet's life _h be5 almo/ entirely   
occupi$ 9 ! conque/ or  conv]sion ( 8   
native c\ntry4 ,x is true1 9 ! latt] "p 
( 8  c>e] he felt himself /rong en\gh to
 ?reat5 ,p]sia = ! aid  %e _h giv5 8    
enemies2 & he ev5 decl>$ w> aga9/ !     
,roman  ,empire = ! same reason4 ,b     
fail+ heal? fru/rat$ 8 designs4  ,he _h 
made no provision = ! p]petuation ( 8   
own p[]4 ,h5ce1  a /ruggle ensu$ be=e a 
successor 0 appo9t$4 ,at l5g?1 ,ab\     
,bek]1 ! fa!r ( 8 wife ,aye%a1 0        
select$4 ,he 0 proclaim$  ! fir/        
,caliph1 & imm$iately attack$ bo? !     
,romans & !  ,p]sians4    ,! r5[n$      
g5]al1 ,khal$1 commonly call$ by ,s>ac5 
hi/orians1  ! sword ( ,god1 0 despat*$  
into ,syria4 ,8 "n /ruck t]ror  into !  
he>ts ( ! inhabitants4 ,! =tifi$ t[n (  
,bozrah  fell into 8 h&s )\t a /ruggle4 
,?is 0 ! same t[n :]e  fifty ye>s       
previ\s ! y\?ful ,mahomet _h be5        
ent]ta9$ at !  ,ne/orian conv5t4 ,m>*+  
nor?w>d sev5ty miles1 to ,damascus1     
,khal$ laid siege to ! ,syrian capital4 

,a decisive battle took place  on ! pla9
 ( ,aiznad94 ,! ,roman army 0 ov]?r[n & 
disp]s$4  ,a few days lat] ,damascus    
surr5d]$ to ! ,s>ac5s4    ,gu>d$ on ! "r
 by ! beautiful riv] ,orontes1 & on !   
left  by ! sn[-clad peaks ( ,lebanon1 !y
 /ill cont9u$ _! m>*  nor?w>d4 ,to resi/
 _! fur!r progress1 ! ,roman emp]or1    
,h]aclius1 collect$ an army ( "o hundr$ 
#bi & =ty ?\s&  m54 ,a great battle took
 place on ! pla9s ( ,y]muck4 ,at ! fir/ 
onset ! ,s>ac5s 7 repuls$2 b driv5 back 
to ! field by !  h]oism ( _! wom51 :o   
also aid$ !m1 !y end$ ! conflict by  !  
complete ov]?r[ ( ! ,roman army4    ,!  
:ole ( ,syria n[ fell into ! h&s ( !    
,s>ac5s4    ,!y !n turn$ s\? & laid     
siege to ! city ( ,j]usalem4 ,aft]  a   
def5se ( f\r mon?s ! patri>*1           
,sophronius1 appe>$ on !  wall & ask$ ! 
t]ms ( capitulation4 ,x 0 /ipulat$ t !  
surr5d] %\ld take place 9 ! pres5ce ( ! 
,caliph himself4  ,accord+ly1 he came   
all ! way f ,m$9a = t purpose4 ,at  t "t
 su* 7 ! cu/oms among ! ,s>ac5s1 t x is 

said  ! ambassador f\nd ! ,caliph ,om>  
asleep "u ! %ad[ ( a  mosque4 ,x is also
 said t he j\rney$ alone on a r$ camel1 
c>ry+ ) him a bag ( dates = 8 own food &
 "o ( corn  = 8 camel1 a wood5 di% & a  
lea!rn wat] bottle4    ,image3          
,damascus4    ,aft] receiv+ ! surr5d] ( 
! city1 ,om> return$ to ,m$9a z  quietly
 z he _h come4    ,?us fell ! ,roman p[]
 9 ,syria & ,pale/9e1 aft] hav+ rul$  ^?
 c\ntries ne>ly eight hundr$ ye>s4 ,?us 
#cj 0 transf]r$  )\t tumult or outrage !
 religi\s capital ( ! pr(ess$ly         
,*ri/ian _w into ! h&s ( ! ,caliph ,om>4
 ,?us1 ,j]usalem1 s  long consid]$ !    
bir?place ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! sc5e ( its   
mo/  sacr$ & tragic memories1 pass$ into
 ! h&s ( ! ,mahometans4  ,consid]ably m 
?an a ?\s& ye>s h elaps$ s9ce !n1 &  x  
is /ill "u _! dom9ion4 ,! mosque ( ,om> 
n[ re>s its  glitt]+ dome :]e once /ood 
! temple ( ,solomon4    ,h]aclius1 !    
,roman emp]or1 /ruggl$ valiantly to     
reta9 8  possessions4 ,he pla9ly saw t !
 corruptions ( ,*ri/ianity 7  among !   

causes ( ,s>ac5ic triumphs4 ,he made a  
h]oic attempt to  r\se ! cl]gy to _!    
duties1 b x 0 !n too late4 ,h]aclius    
himself 0 oblig$ to seek safety 9       
flight4 ,f ! deck ( !  little vessel t  
bore him homew>d1 he gaz$ int5tly on !  
rec$+  hills1 & 9 bitt]ness ( angui%    
exclaim$1 ,f>ewell1 ,syria1  =ev]       
f>ewell6    ,! rema9+ details ( ! ,s>ac5
 conque/ we ne$ n "h relate4  ,! nam+ ( 
_! victories is suffici5t to indicate ! 
greatness  ( _! triumphs4    ,! great   
cities ( ,tyre & ,caes>ea 7 captur$4 ,) 
! c$>s  ( ,lebanon & sailors ( ,tyre !y 
equipp$ a fleet t drove !  ,roman navy  
into ! ,hellespont4 ,?us !y ga9$        
undi/urb$ control (  ! ,m$it]ranean1 &  
conqu]$ or coloniz$ ! isl&s ( ,cyprus1  
,c&ia1 ,rhodes1 ,sicily1 ,s>d9ia1       
,corsica & _m o!rs4 ,a ,s>ac5  naval    
exp$ition ev5 appe>$ be=e ! walls (     
,rome1 & aft]  ?reat5+ ! imp]ial city1  
c>ri$ away ! alt> ( silv] f  ,/4 ,pet]'s
 *ur*1 & ga!r$ o!r relics f ! tombs (   
,/4  ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul4    ,"o ( !      

,s>ac5 armies turn$ ea/w>d1 & on !      
battlefield (  ,cadesia ! fate ( ,p]sia 
0 decid$4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,neha-v5d  ! 
treasury & royal arms ( ,p]sia fell into
 ! h&s ( !  ,s>ac5s4    ,aft] ?is battle
 ! ea/]n army divid$ into two divisions4
 ,"o  m>*$ nor?w>d to ! ,caspian ,sea & 
took possession ( !  neighbor+ c\ntries2
 ano!r1 s\?w>d to ,p]sepolis1 f :5ce  ! 
k+ ( ,p]sia fl$ = 8 life across ! dre>v 
des]ts (  ,khorassan4 ,! "n ( ,s>ac5    
t]rifi$ #ca ! wild tribes (  indep5d5t  
,t>t>y1 & !y ha/5$ to pay tribute &     
accept !  fai? ( _! conqu]ors4    ,!    
emp]or ( ,*9a1 9 8 palace at ,pek+1 he>d
 ( _! exploits1  & s5t ambassadors to   
!m1 crav+ _! fri5d%ip4 ,! k+doms  n[    
includ$ 9 ,afghani/an & ,beloo*i/an     
surr5d]$ at _!  approa*1 & ! ,mahometan 
/&>d ( ! cresc5t wav$ on ! banks  ( !   
,indus4    ,mean:ile important ev5ts 7  
transpir+ 9 ! we/4 ,a l>ge  proportion (
 ! ,egyptian p welcom$ ! ,s>ac5s4 ,!    
,arabs (  ! des]t loit]$ 9 ! palaces ( !
 anci5t ,ph>aohs4 ,alex&ria1  aid$ by   

,roman troops1 alone held out4 ,aft] a  
siege ( f\rte5  mon?s x also fell1 & ) x
 ,egypt & ,abyss9ia 7 add$ to !         
dom9ions ( ! ,caliphs4    ,! mo/ p[]ful 
religi\s empire t ! _w has ev] se5 _h   
sudd5ly sprung into exi/5ce4 ,x /ret*$ f
 ! ,great ,wall (  ,*9a to ! burn+ s&s (
 ,tripoli1 & f ! ,caspian ,sea on !     
nor? to ,abyss9ia on ! s\?4 ,yet ?is 0 b
 little m ?an half  ! t]ritory t x soon 
aft]w>ds controll$4 ,"o ( its armies    
advanc$ on ,con/ant9ople4 ,x did n fall 
!n1 b aft]w>ds became  ! capital ( !    
,mahometan p[] 9 ,europe4 ,ano!r took   
possession  ( ! :ole nor? ( ,africa1 &1 
hav+ consolidat$ its p[] !re1  "u !     
comm& ( _! g5]al1 ,t>ik1 !y cross$ !    
/raits  t sep>ate ,africa f ,spa91 & l&+
 on ! rocky clift (  ,gib-el-,t>ik1 or  
m\nta9 ( ,t>ik 7n[ call$ ,gibralt>71    
unfurl$  _! gre5 bann] ) gold5 cresc5t =
 ! fir/ "t on ! soil  ( ,europe4        
,t>ik 0 soon foll[$ into ,spa9 by 8     
sup]ior (fic]1 ! emir  ,musa4 ,!y took  
possession ( ! :ole s\!rn portion (     

,spa9  & ,portugal1 :i* 9 _! own        
picturesque language1 !y nam$  ,&alusia1
 or ! region ( ! ev5+4    ,x 0 soon f\nd
 t ! :ole p59sula 0 ripe = revolution4  
,!  ,jews compris$ a l>ge proportion ( !
 ,spani% p4 ,!y 71 to  a great ext5t1 ! 
cultivators ( ! soil1 :i* pursuit well  
repaid  _! labors4 ,!y 7 #cb !n1 z n[1  
fam\s z m]*ants &  money-l5d]s1 & _m (  
!m held high positions 9 ! gov]nm5t1    
:ile ?\s&s ( !m 7 scatt]$ 9 e city1 t[n 
& village1  z ! physicians & tea*]s ( ! 
p4    ,_! wrongs _h be5 accumulat+ =    
c5turies4 ,bigotry1 envy &  av>ice _h   
conspir$ to po9t !m out z objects (     
p]secution4 ,laws  7 pass$ :i* 7 nev]   
int5d$ to be execut$4 ,x 0 expect$  t !y
 w\ld pur*ase a remission ( ! p5alties  
by p\r+ _!  h>d-e>n$ treasures into !   
lap ( ,rome4 ,no d\bt ! ,jews exult$  z 
! tide ( ,s>ac5 conque/ swept onw>d4 ,!y
 did n deplore a  *ange ( ma/]s = ^? :o 
w\ld leave !m 9 possession ( civil  &   
religi\s lib]ty4    ,be=e long ! :ole   
,ib]ian p59sula fell into ! h&s ( !     

,mahometans4 ,n cont5t ) ?is1 !y cross$ 
! ,pyr5ees1 & took  possession ( t      
portion ( ,france t lies to ! s\? ( !   
riv] ,loire4 ,all ,c5tral ,france 0     
ov]run4 ,ca/les1 *ur*es &  mona/]ies 7  
despoil$4 ,= a "t !y held undi/urb$     
dom9ion4  ,! empire ( ! ,s>ac5s 0 !n at 
its greate/ ext5t4 ,x rea*$  f ! conf9es
 ( ,*9a to ! ,atlantic ocean1 & compris$
 )9  its limits =ty degrees ( latitude &
 ne>ly "o hundr$ & tw5ty  ( longitude4  
,9 ,we/]n ,europe alone x /ret*$ 9 an   
unbrok5 l9e  m ?an a ?\s& miles nor?w>d 
f ! cliffs ( ,gibralt>4  ,m ?an         
?irty-six ?\s& cities paid tribute to ! 
successors (  ,mahomet 9 ! city ( ,m$9a4
    ,9 attempt+ to ext5d _! conque/s    
nor?w>d ! ,s>ac5s 7  met by an army "u  
,*>les ,m>tel1 k+ ( ,france1 ,a4 ,d4    
#gcb4  ,betwe5 ,t\rs & ,poicti]s a      
t]rible battle 0 f\ght1 :i* la/$  sev5  
days4 ,! ,franks & ,go?s lo/ s _m t x 0 
impossible  to tell ! numb] ( ! sla94 ,b
 ^! losses 7 m ?an  c\nt]balanc$ by !   
losses ( ! ,s>ac5s ^: great g5]al1      

,abd]ahman1 0 f\nd among ! sla94 ,_!    
previ\s successes  _h fill$ !m ) pride4 
,!y look$ ) contempt ^u _!  enemies4 ,= 
example1 :5 ! ,roman emp]or1            
,nicephor\s1 _h s5t  a ?reat5+ lett] to 
! ,caliph ,h>\n-al-,ras*id1 ! latt]     
repli$1 ,9 ! "n ( ! mo/ m]ciful #cc     
,god1 ,h>\n-al-,ras*id1  comm&] ( !     
fai?ful1 to ,nicephor\s1 ! ,roman dog6  
,i h read  ?y lett]1 ,o ?\ son ( an     
unbeliev+ "m6 ,?\ %alt n he> my  words2 
?\ %alt behold my reply6 ,a few weeks   
lat] x 0 writt5 9  lett]s ( blood on !  
pla9s ( ,phrygia4    ,al?\gh ! ,s>ac5   
empire _h rea*$ ! z5i? ( its p[]1 9  "o 
s5se ,mahometanism _h n rea*$ its       
culm9ation4 ,! day 0  to come1 :5 "u !  
"n ( ,ottoman ,turks1 x w\ld expel !    
desc5dants ( ! ,caes>s f _! capital1    
hold ! classic l& (  ,greece 9          
subjection1 & "u ! v walls ( ,vi5na     
dispute !  empire ( ,europe 9 ! c5t] ( t
 cont95t2 & 9 ,africa ext5d  its dogmas 
& fai? across burn+ des]ts & pe/il5tial 
=e/s  f> s\? ( ! equ9octial l9e4    ,x  

is a mi/ak5 idea t ! progress ( !       
,s>ac5s dep5d$ on !  sword alone4 ,!    
causes ( _! success 7 _m & v>i\s4 ,"o ( 
^!1 ! paganization ( ,*ri/ianity1 has   
already be5 notic$4 ,!  long & desolat+ 
w>s ( ! ,romans _h ?r[n ! :ole ori5tal  
& ,african trade into ! h&s ( ! ,arabs4 
,h5ce a comm]cial  int]e/ & sympa?y _h  
gr[n up betwe5 ^! peoples4 ,ano!r       
reason 0 ! mildness ( ! ,s>ac5 gov]nm5t 
9 comp>ison )  t ( ! ,romans4 ,! only   
taxation 0 a s+le annual tribute1       
am\nt+ to less ?an "o-half ! v>i\s taxes
 by ! ,romans4  ,ano!r feature 0        
complete religi\s tol]ation except to   
idolators4  ,! only cre$ requir$ 0      
simply1 ,!re is b "o ,god1 & ,mahomet   
is ,8 prophet4 ,/ill1 ano!r cause (     
,s>ac5 success 0 !  effective plan      
adopt$ = ! consolidation ( _! p[]4 ,9   
battle  !y 7 simply t]rible1 & !        
de/ruction ( human life 0 9  "s in/ances
 )\t a p>allel2 yet ! wid[s & *ildr5 (  
_!  fall5 foes 7 univ]sally treat$ )    
k9dness4 ,z a consequ5ce1  ! *ildr5     

became ard5t disciples ( ,mahometanism1 
& ! wid[s  (t5 m>ri$ _! =m] conqu]ors4  
,?is 0 all ! m frequ5t  z polygamy 0 an 
e/abli%$ cu/om4 ,! *ildr5 ( ^! unions   
glori$ 9 _! desc5t f _! conqu]+ fa!rs4  
#cd ,no wond] !n1 t 9 a little m ?an a  
s+le g5]ation  ,abd]ahman wrote to !    
,caliph t 9 ,nor? ,africa & ,&alusia all
  tribute mu/ cease1 z all ! *ildr5 born
 9 ^? regions 7  ,mahometans1 & ,arabic 
_h become ! language ( ! c\nty4    ,b   
above all ^! causes1 ! c>eful /ud5t (   
hi/ory w  p]ceive ! h& ( ,provid5ce4    
,?\gh ,*ri/ianity 0 paganiz$1  & !      
prie/hood & div9e au?ority 7 tak5 f !   
e>?1  ,god _h put =? ,8 h&1 & ?r\gh     
ag5cies ! mo/ div]se 0  discipl9+ ! m9ds
 ( m5 = ! reception ( tru?1 & prep>+  a 
place & a p = ! com+ ( ! ,son ( ,man4   
,,*apt] ,,iv4    ,,a*ievem5ts ,,( ,,!   
,,s>ac5s4    ,,intellectual             
,,/agnation--,,s>ac5s ,,& ,,jews        
,,revive ,,le>n+--,,univ]sity  ,,(      
,,bagdad--,,public ,,s*ools--,,m$ical   
,,college ,,( ,,cairo--,,circulat+      

,,libr>y--,,mod]n ,,=m ,,(              
,,books--,,arabic                       
,,notation--,,discov]ies ,,9            
,,*emi/ry--,,rotundity ,,( ,,!          
,,e>?--,,m>9]',s ,,compass--,,discov]ies
 ,,(  ,,alhaz9--,,a/ronomical           
,,obs]vatories--,,gold5 ,,age ,,(       
,,judaism--,,cities ,,(                 
,,&alusia--,,s>ac5                      
,,dwell+s--,,condition ,,(              
,,wom5--,,female ,,physicians4    ,!    
civiliz$ _w is dott$ ov] ) !ological    
sem9>ies1 !  tea*]s 9 :i* are consid]$  
to be m5 well educat$ 9 !  le>n+ (      
anci5t & mod]n times4 ,! av[$ purpose ( 
^!  in/itutions is to tea* ! facts1     
philosophy & hi/ory ( !  s-call$        
,*ri/ian religion1 yet n a tea*] 9 ^!   
in/itutions  c be f\nd :o d>es to ass]t 
! /up5d\s fact t f ! "t  ( ! apo/les to 
! n9? c5tury sci5ce1 lit]ature &        
philosophy  7 well nigh ext9ct4 ,dur+   
all ?is "t1 ) ! exception  #ce ( ,jewi% 
& ,s>ac5 writ]s1 sc>cely a "w c be f\nd 
(  suffici5t m]it to rescue ! "n ( !    

au?or f oblivion4 ,let  ! skeptic answ] 
?is "q3 ,:y 0 x t :5 ! voice (          
inspiration 0 hu%$ & ! gospel & its     
ord9ances tak5 f  ! e>?1 !re fell ^u x  
an intellectual /agnation1 an invisible 
atmosph]e ( oppression1 ready to cra%   
d[n morally & physically  :atev] provok$
 its weight8 ,?us ! dre>y & we>y        
c5turies  roll$ on1 until a nation1     
hi!rto consid]$ b>b>\s1 yet ( !  se$ (  
,abraham1 & heirs ( ! promises made to  
,i%mael & ,esau1  ar\s$ society f !     
hide\s fanaticism1 ignorance &          
sup]/ition  into :i* apo/asy _h plung$  
x4    ,if x be true t ! ,s>ac5s burn$ ! 
,alex&rian libr>y1 x  mu/ be consid]$ t 
?is 0 ! act ( an un$ucat$ g5]al &  !    
v5geance ( ! soldi]y aft] a t]rible     
siege1 r ?an !  delib]ate policy ( !    
gov]nm5t4 ,)9 tw5ty-five ye>s f !  dea? 
( ,mahomet ! ,caliphs _h become fam\s = 
_! patronage (  le>n+4 ,ali1 ! f\r?     
,caliph & son-9-law ( ,mahomet1 us$ to  
say1 ,! _w is su/a9$ by f\r ?+s only3 ! 
pray]s ( !  good1 ! le>n+ ( ! wise1 !   

ju/ice ( ! great1 & ! valor  ( ! brave4 
,?is s5tim5t 0 e*o$ & re-e*o$ until x   
became  an honor$ maxim 9 ! m9ds (      
millions4    ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,jewi%1   
,ne/orian & ,s>ac5 tea*]s !  mann]s ( ! 
,s>ac5s became m poli%$ & _! ?\ghts m   
elevat$4 ,!y made conque/s 9 ! realms ( 
sci5ce1 lit]ature &  ! arts z quickly z 
9 ! prov9ces ( ! ,roman empire4    ,=   
example1 ,almansor1 :o reign$ z ,caliph 
f ,a4 ,d4 #gec to #gge1  e/abli%$ !     
,univ]sity ( ,bagdad1 & end[$ x ) two   
hundr$  ?\s& pieces ( gold1 & an annual 
rev5ue ( fifte5 ?\s&  d9>s1 equal 9     
comm]cial value to "o hundr$ & tw5ty    
?\s&  doll>s ( our money4 ,he invit$    
?i!r le>n$ m5 f e l&1  irrespective ( _!
 religi\s op9ions4 ,by ^! m5 7 f\nd$    
celebrat$ s*ools ( ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 
*emi/ry1 m$ic9e1 law  & languages4      
#cf ,8 gr&-son1 ,h>\n-al-,ras*id1 ord]$ 
9 ,a4 ,d4 #ghf1 t a  public s*ool %\ld  
be atta*$ to e mosque 9 8 dom9ions4     
,?is 0 m ?an sev5 hundr$ ye>s be=e !    
e/abli%m5t ( !  fam\s p>i% s*ools (     

,scotl&4    ,! ,caliph-al-,mamun1 9 ,a4 
,d4 #hac1 f\nd$ ! great m$ical college  
( ,cairo1 :i* requir$ /ud5ts to pass a  
rigid exam9ation be=e  receiv+ au?ority 
to ent] on ! practice ( _! pr(ession4   
,at  ?is college we h ! fir/ acc\nt (   
dissect+ human bodies =  ! purpose (    
asc]ta9+ ! nature & locality ( diseases1
 &  ! fir/ circulat+ libr>y = /ud5ts4   
,^! books 7 b\nd  accord+ to ! mod]n =m1
 :i* !n began to be us$ among !  ,s>ac5s
 9 place ( ! anci5t =m ( ! scroll4      
,by ! means j m5tion$1 ! anci5t sci5ces 
7 greatly ext5d$  & new ones introduc$4 
,to ! ,s>ac5s we are indebt$ = our      
pres5t sy/em ( ari?metical notation4    
,if1 = example1 we wi%  to multiply     
#ahhb by #abe & !n attempt x by ! anci5t
 me?od  ,,mdccclxxxii41 multipli$ by    
,,cxxv41 we %all soon p]ceive ! va/     
sup]iority ( ! ,arabic sy/em ov] t =m]ly
 9 use4 ,no wond]1  !n t "u ! anci5t    
sy/em ^? :o 7 engag$ 9 solv+  difficult 
ma!matical problems 7 frequ5tly /yl$    
sweat+  calculators4    ,9 ?is case z 9 

_m o!rs ! ,arab has left 8 impress on   
?is  sci5ce4 ,= in/ance1 our ^w ciph]1 &
 k9dr$ words1 su* z  deciph]1 ciph]+1   
etc41 are d]iv$ f ! ^w tsaph>a1 or      
ciphra1 ! "n = ! #j 9 ! ,arabic         
language4    ,9 exp]im5tal sci5ces1 !y  
orig9at$ *emi/ry & discov]$  ! nature & 
prop]ties ( sulphuric acid1 nitric acid1
 alcohol &  _m o!r *emical ag5ts4 ,f _! 
s*ools ( m$ic9e may be  trac$ su* words 
z julep1 syrup1 elixir1 al*emy1 etc4 ,to
 !m we  are indebt$ = algebra1 or       
univ]sal ari?metic1 & 9 a/ronomy  !y    
made su* advances t _m con/ellations &  
/>s ( ! fir/  magnitude /ill reta9 !    
,arabic names4    ,9 geography1 !       
,s>ac5s made important discov]ies4      
,hi!rto mank9d  _h be5 taught t ! e>? 0 
a va/ #cg pla91 surm\nt$ by an  imm5se  
vault commonly call$ ! sky4 ,!y 7 ! fir/
 to prove  t ! e>? is a va/ globe1 or   
ball2 & 9 ord] to det]m9e its  size1 !y 
fir/ asc]ta9$ on ! level %ore ( ! ,r$   
sea !  exact position ( ! ,nor? ,/>4 ,!n
 travel+ directly nor? until  x _h      

atta9$ ano!r degree ( elevation1 !y     
measur$ ! di/ance  betwe5 ^! po9ts1 &   
multiply+ ! result by ?ree hundr$ &     
sixty 7! numb] ( degrees 9 a circle71 !y
 f\nd ! e>? to be  ne>ly tw5ty-five ?\s&
 miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,s accurate 7  _! 
obs]vations & measurem5ts t ! be/       
calculators ( rec5t  times diff] f !m   
less ?an "o-?ird ( a mile4    ,five     
hundr$ ye>s lat] ! ,roman pontiffs 7    
excommunicat+ &  tortur+ ^? :o taught ! 
rotundity ( ! e>?4 ,:ile ,ca?olic  monks
 7 tea*+1 9 all its absurdity1 !        
flatness ( ! e>?1  & h[ x re/$ on a va/ 
rock1 & t rock on ano!r & s on  all !   
way d[n to ! bottom7871 ! ,s>ac5s 7     
tea*+ geography  f globes 9 _! common   
s*ools4 ,x co/ a long /ruggle ?r\gh     
sev]al c5turies1 ) spiritual wick$ness 9
 high places1 be=e  ! tru? f9ally       
triumph$4    ,european hi/orians h      
g5]ally giv5 great cr$it to ,pope       
,gregory  = ! inv5tion & adoption ( !   
,gregorian cal5d> & a m  accurate me?od 
( measur+ ! exact l5g? ( ! civil ye>4   

,yet1 ,gregory only adopt$ :at _h be5   
discov]$ & taught by  ,!bit-,b5-,corrah1
 ! ,s>ac5 a/ronom]1 m ?an five hundr$   
ye>s  be=e1 & :at ,gregory himself _h   
le>n$ 9 y\? :ile att5d+ a  ,s>ac5       
univ]sity4    ,! m>9]'s compass 0 well  
kn[n to ! ,arabs1 :o probably br\ght  x 
f ,*9a & introduc$ x to ! nations (     
,europe4 ,f ?is we  may correctly inf] t
 !y 7 a m>itime p4 ,9 fact1 long  be=e !
 "t ( ,mahomet1 ,arabian m]*ants 7      
acqua9t$ ) !  ,indies1 & ev5 ,*9a & !   
ea/]n coa/ ( ,africa z f> s\? z         
,madagasc>4    ,alhaz91 :o wrote ab\t   
,a4 ,d4 #ajhj1 made ! great discov]y (  
atmosph]ic refraction--t a ray ( light  
:5 x t\*es !  atmosph]e is b5t f a      
/raight l9e2 & #ch consequ5tly we see  !
 sun be=e x rises & aft] x sets1 9 !    
same mann] t  an object ly+ at ! bottom 
( a bucket fill$ ) wat] appe>s  9 q a   
diff]5t position f t 9 :i* x really is4 
,he  0 ! fir/ to give t beautiful &     
sci5tific explanation (  twilight1 viz41
 ! refraction ( light1 :i* is /ill      

reg>d$ by  mod]n sci5ti/s z ! true "o4  
,he ev5 attempt$ to asc]ta9 !  height ( 
! atmosph]e1 :i* he e/imat$ to be ab\t  
fifty-eight  & a half miles4 ,?is       
philosoph] also wrote a treatise on     
weights &  measures1 & introduc$ t      
excell5t sy/em ( weigh+ by means  ( a   
small1 movable weight atta*$ to ! long] 
arm ( a lev]1 z  9 our mod]n scales or  
/eely>ds4 ,! ,arabian a/ronom]1         
,ebn-,junis1  0 ! fir/ :o made use ( !  
p5dulum 9 ! ma*9]y ( clocks  = !        
accurate measurem5t ( ! h\rs4    ,9 !   
gold5 age ( ! ,s>ac5 empire1 !re 7      
colleges 9 e  "p ( its va/ dom9ions4 ,s 
num]\s 7 ^! in/itutions1 t  m ?an six   
?\s& /ud5ts receiv$ in/ructions 9 !m    
annually4  ,9 ! f> ea/ 7 ! college &    
a/ronomical obs]vatory (  ,sam]c&2 :ile 
9 ! we/]n prov9ce ( ,&alusia 7 ! fam\s  
s*ool & obs]vatory ( ,giralda4    ,!    
fir/ m$ical college e/abli%$ 9 ,europe 0
 t f\nd$ by !  ,s>ac5s at ,sal]no1 9    
,italy2 ! fir/ fam\s s*ool ( ma!matics  
& a/ronomy 0 t e/abli%$ by !m at        

,seville1 9 ,spa94    ,among !m1 le>n+ 0
 n conf9$ to ! ri*1 b e class  receiv$  
its b5efits4 ,! tea*]s ( _! colleges 7  
paid lib]al  sal>ies = _! s]vices1 & an 
all[ance 0 made = indig5t  s*ol>s1 s t !
 son ( ! me*anic c\ld graduate f ! same 
class z ! heirs ( ! ,caliphs4    ,at    
fir/ glance x seems rem>kable t ! wild  
f]ocity ( ! ,arabs  %\ld s sudd5ly *ange
 into a passion = intellectual pursuits2
 yet  x %\ld n be =gott5 t ?is f]ocity 0
 to a great ext5t  caus$ by religi\s    
en?usiasm4 ,?us1 :5 ! ,g5]al ,akbah _h  
conqu]$ 8 way f ,egypt to ! ,atlantic   
ocean1 opposite ! ,can>y  ,isl&s1 he    
rode 8 horse into ! sea & drew 8 sword1 
exclaim+1  #ci ,great ,allah6 if my     
c\rse 7 n /opp$ by ?is sea1 ,i w\ld     
/ill g on to ! unkn[n regions ( ! ,we/1 
prea*+ ! unity  ( ?y holy "n1 & putt+ to
 ! sword ! rebelli\s nations :o  wor%ip 
any o!r gods ?an !e4    ,aga91 :5 we    
consid] t a l>ge majority ( _! tea*]s & 
philosoph]s 7 ( ! ,jewi% nation1 we see 
a beautiful ,provid5ce  9 all ?is4 ,!   

remnants ( ,god's *os5 p1 ?\gh exiles & 
w&]]s1 despis$ & d[n-trodd5 by !        
,g5tiles1 7 yet !  in/rum5ts 9 ,god's   
h&s = ! execution ( ,8 purposes & !     
elevation ( ! race4    ,surely !re is a 
broad]1 high]1 gr&] mean+ 9 ! promise   
giv5 to ,abraham1 ,9 ?y se$ %all all !  
nations ( ! e>?  be bless$1 ?an _m are  
will+ to admit6 ,& ?is is all !  m      
rem>kable1 t1 at ! v "t :5 mank9d s mu* 
ne$$  in/ruction1 %\ld occur :at ,milman
 s aptly t]ms1 ,! gold5  age ( ,judaism4
 ,n an age ( royal pomp & political     
p[]--t  pass$ away ) ,david &           
,solomon--b an age ( intellectual       
culture1  sci5tific rese>* & practical  
discov]y4    ,/range x w\ld appe> to !  
casual /ud5t1 if ^u fur!r  rese>* he    
%\ld f9d t all great religi\s tea*]s h  
be5 (  ,israeliti% orig91 z well z a    
l>ge proportion ( ^? :o h  a*iev$       
di/9ction 9 ! arts & sci5ces4 ,b x 0 9  
,spa91  s\!rn ,france & ,sicily t !     
,s>ac5s atta9$ _! greate/  p[] &        
influ5ce2 = !re !y came 9 contact ) !   

nations (  we/]n ,europe1 & s influ5c$  
,european mann]s1 cu/oms & modes  (     
?\ght t ?r\gh !m t influ5ce has be5     
transmitt$ to our  times4    ,to !      
+5uity ( ! ,s>ac5s we are indebt$ = !   
orig9 (  _m articles ( clo?+ & p]sonal  
com=t4 ,_! religion taught  !m to be    
clean 9 p]son4 ,!y did n !re=e clo!     
!mselves1  accord+ to prevail+ cu/oms 9 
t age1 9 an "u-g>m5t made  f ! sk9s (   
wild bea/s--a g>m5t :i* rema9$ unwa%$ & 
un*ang$ until x dropp$ to pieces (      
itself1 a loa?some mass (  v]m91 /5* &  
rags4 ,!y taught u ! use ( t (t5-*ang$  
& (t5-wa%$ g>m5t commonly call$ a %irt1 
#dj :i* /ill is  kn[n among ! ladies "u 
its old ,arabic "n1 *emise4    ,to !m we
 are indebt$ = "s ( our mo/ valuable    
fruits1 su* z  ! apricot & pea*4        
,rememb]+ ! cool+ effects ( wat] 9 _!   
own hot climate1 !y  sp>$ no pa9s 9     
con/ruct+ artificial lakes & f\nta9s &  
/reams = ! irrigation ( _! g>d5s4       
,&alusia became ! p>adise ( ! _w4 ,!    
capital 0 ,cordova1  :i* !y greatly     

embelli%$ z well z ! rival cities       
,tol$o1  ,seville & ,granada4 ,a p]son  
might walk = miles ?r\gh _! cities  aft]
 night-fall by ! light ( _! public      
lamps4 ,sev5 hundr$  ye>s aft]w>ds1 n a 
s+le public lamp c\ld be f\nd 9 ! city  
( ,london4 ,! /reets ( ^! cities 7      
solidly pav$1 ?r\gh  :i* roll$          
magnific5t c>riages1 drawn by horses1 ! 
fame ( :i*  has desc5d$ to our times4   
,five hundr$ ye>s lat] ! sov]eigns (    
,great ,brita9 & ,g]many 7 /ill travel+ 
9 unc\? wagons1 drawn  by ox51 goad$ on 
by p$e/rian driv]s4    ,! sidewalks (   
,cordova1 ,tol$o1 ,seville & ,granada 7 
pav$ )  flag/ones2 :ile at a correspond+
 p]iod ! inhabitant ( ,london or  ,p>is 
:o v5tur$ beyond 8 ?re%old on a ra9y day
 sank ankle-deep  9 fil? & mud4 ,_!     
resid5ces 7 frequ5tly 9 ! mid/ (  or*>ds
 or embosom$ 9 %ady groves4 ,!y _h cool 
& spaci\s  por*es = re/ 9 ! heat ( !    
day4 ,(t5 ^! por*es _h ro(s  ( /a9$     
glass1 on :i* fell 9 soo?+ cad5ces !    
glitt]+  pe>l-drops ( wat] f elevat$    

f\nta9s4    ,_! h\ses 7 usually built ( 
brick or /one1 & conta9$  _m ap>tm5ts1  
su* z sleep+ rooms1 ba?s1 libr>ies1     
p>lors  & d9+ halls4 ,9 ! be/ class (   
dwell+s1 ! ceil+s 7  fresco$ & ! walls  
cov]$ ) pa9t+s1 repres5t+ sc5es (       
p>adise1 groves & fruits1 lawns &       
f\nta9s4 ,yet1 del9eations (  ! human   
=m1 ei!r nude or p>tly s1 7 religi\sly  
=bidd51  z x 0 consid]$ t su*           
repres5tations 7 promotive (            
lic5ti\sness4    #da ,"s ( ^! ap>tm5ts 7
 furni%$ ) musical in/rum5ts1  :]e ! "y 
( bo? sexes 7 wont to jo9 9 mir? &      
fe/ivity1  & danc+ to ! music ( ! lute &
 m&ol94 ,9 o!rs1 !  s$ate & reflect+1   
c\ld engage 9 sci5tific rese>* or       
philosophical discussion4 ,! #db dwell+s
 ( ! ri* 7 c>pet$1  & sometimes w>m$ by 
furnaces 9 w9t] & cool$ 9 summ] )       
p]fum$ air1 br\ght by "u-gr\nd pipes f  
di/ant fl[]  g>d5s4 ,! use ( w9e 0      
prohibit$4 ,! fea/s ( ! ,s>ac5s  7 m>k$ 
) sobriety1 & furni%$ a pleas+ contra/  
to !  drunk5 revelries ( _! nor!rn      

neighbors4    ,image3 ,int]ior ( a      
,s>ac5 ,palace4    ,! en*ant+ moonlight 
ev5+s ( ,&alusia 7 frequ5tly sp5t  by ! 
dev\t 9 seque/]$ g>d5s1 consol+ !mselves
 =  ! disappo9tm5ts ( ?is life by ! hope
 ( immortality1 &  reconcil+ !mselves to
 _! daily toil by ! expectation ( !     
joys ( p>adise1 :]e fl[]s nev] fade nor 
fruits decay1 :]e  sickness1 & sorr[1 & 
dea? are kn[n no m4    ,"u ,s>ac5       
gov]nm5t1 religi\s p]secution 0 unkn[n4 
,/ud5ts  f ,great ,brita91 ,irel&1      
,france & ,g]many came to /udy at       
,s>ac5 univ]sities4 ,!re1 among di/+ui%$
 *>act]s1 ^:  names & influ5ce h desc5d$
 to our times1 0 ,fr$]ick1  aft]w>ds    
,fr$]ick ,,ii41 k+ ( ,italy2 ,g]b]t1    
aft]w>ds fam\s z  ,pope ,sylve/] ,,ii42 
,pet] ! ,v5]able1 ,abel>d1 ! poet1 &    
,arnold  ( ,brescia4    ,no wond] !n t !
 ,s>ac5s look$ ) contempt ^u !  b>b>ism 
( ! native races ( ,europe1 :o c\ld     
sc>cely be said to  h em]g$ f ! savage  
/ate--unclean 9 p]son1 b5ight$ 9  m9d1  
inhabit+ huts 9 :i* x 0 a m>k ( weal? if

 !re 7  bulru%es on ! floor & /raw mats 
aga9/ ! wall2 subsi/+ on  b>ley1 beans1 
cabbages1 h]bs & ev5 ! b>k ( trees2     
clo!d  9 rudely-tann$ sk9s ( wild       
animals1 :i* 7 fam\s inde$ =            
durability1 b n v conducive to p]sonal  
cleanl9ess4    ,b ! arts1 sci5ces &     
g5]al culture 7 n conf9$ to !  ,s>ac5 m5
 alone4 ,among ! wom5 !re 7 _m :o1 l    
,valada1  ,aye%a1 ,labana & ,algasania1 
a*iev$ a national reputation4 ,"s  ( ^! 
7 daught]s ( ,caliphs1 :o consid]$ x n  
b5ea?  _! dignity to devote _! lives to 
sci5ce & ! elevation (  _! sex4 ,:]e    
%all we f9d _! equals at t "t 9 s-call$ 
,*ri/ian c\ntries8 ,albucasis1 a        
celebrat$ physician ( ,cordova1  #dc 9 8
 m$ical works1 makes m5tion ( sev]al    
female physicians1  & recomm5ds !       
employm5t ( su* 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,no d\bt 
!  condition ( wom5 0 sup]ior & _!      
duties & position bett]  und]/ood among 
polygam\s ,s>ac5s ?an 9 monogam\s       
,*ri/5dom4    ,! =ego+ w indicate to "s 
ext5t ! condition ( ,s>ac5  society 9 ! 

t5? & elev5? c5turies4 ,%all we comp>e x
 )  ! contempor>y b>b>ism ( ! o!r       
portions ( ,europe8    ,7 we to pursue  
?is subject fur!r x w\ld n be difficult 
to  %[ t ,v5ice ow$ h] comm]cial        
greatness to ,s>ac5 fleets  & ,jewi%    
m]*ants2 t ,m>co ,polo only travel$ ov] 
c\ntries  already well del9eat$ on maps1
 & well describ$ by ,abulf$a &  o!r     
,arabian geograph]s2 t ,columbus himself
 fir/ receiv$  sci5tific pro( ( !       
rotundity ( ! e>? :ile correspond+ )    
,torricelli1 ! great ,flor5t9e a/ronom]1
 :o 9 turn _h receiv$  8 education at ! 
,s>ac5 univ]sity ( ,seville1 & modell$ 8
  globes1 maps & *>ts f ^? 9 its        
possession4    ,! c>eful /ud5t ( hi/ory 
mu/ deplore ! attempts made by _m       
hi/orians to ignore our indebt$ness to !
 ,s>ac5s1 :o 9 !  provid5ce ( ,god h    
left _! impress on ! religions1 arts &  
sci5ces ( ! _w4 ,surely prejudice f\nd$ 
on national conceit &  sect>ian bigotry 
_c la/ =ev]4    #dd        ,,*apt] ,v4  
,,rem>kable ,,cities ,,( ,,m$ieval      

,,times4    ,,j]usalem ,,! ,,sacr$      
,,city--,,alex&ria ,,not$ ,,=           
,,philosophy--,,s*ool ,,(               
,,hypatia--,,mob ,,murd]s               
,,h]--,,doctr9es ,,( ,,cyril--,,j]usalem
 ,a ,,sc5e ,,(  ,,suff]+--,,fulfillm5t  
,,( ,,prophecy--,,h]culaneum ,,&        
,,pompeii--,,_!                         
,,de/ruction--,,evid5ces ,,( ,,_!       
,,wick$ness--,,excavations--,,roman     
,,rule--,,removal ,,(                   
,,capital--,,crimes ,,(                 
,,con/ant9e--,,comm5cem5t  ,,( ,,greek  
,,empire--,,description ,,(             
,,con/ant9ople--,,its  ,,capture ,,by   
,,crusad]s--,,tak5 ,,by ,,!             
,,turks--,,intellectual                 
,,degradation--,,prie/craft--,,debau*]y-
-,,turki% ,,rule4    ,! f\r great cities
 ( m$ieval times 7 ,j]usalem1 ,rome1    
,alex&ria & ,con/ant9ople4 ,! fir/ nam$ 
has ev] be5 ! sacr$  city1 n m]ely ( !  
,jews1 b also ( dev\t ,*ri/ian pilgrims 
( all ages4 ,dur+ ! crusades x 0 ! great
 object = !  possession ( :i* s mu*     

blood & treasure 7 exp5d$4    ,alex&ria1
 = ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian    
era1 0  ! comm]cial metropolis ( ! _w1 z
 well z ! *ief seat (  pagan le>n+ &    
philosophy4 ,x 0 "h t ,hypatia1 !       
daught]  ( ,!on1 ! ma!matician1 held h] 
fam\s s*ool4 ,ea* day be=e  h] academy  
/ood a long tra9 ( *>iots4 ,h] lecture  
room 0  cr[d$ ) ! cultur$ classes (     
,alex&ria4 ,!y came to ask ^?  pr(\nd   
que/ions t human reason1 unaid$1 c nev] 
answ]3 ,:at  am ,i8 ,:]e am ,i8 ,:at c  
,i "k8    ,at ?is "t1 ,cyril1 ar*bi%op (
 ,alex&ria1 0 attempt+ to =ce  ^u ! _w 8
 tr9it>ian views4 ,8 absurd ideas c\ld n
 endure  ! %>p criticism ( philosophic  
#de m9ds4 ,cyril employ$ a mob (        
,alex&rian monks4 ,amid ! fe>ful yell+ (
 ^! b>e-legg$ &  black-c[l$ fi5ds1      
,hypatia 0 dragg$ f h] *>iot4 ,9 mortal 
t]ror %e fl$ to an adjac5t *ur*1 & 0 !re
 brutally murd]$  by ! club ( ,pet] !   
,read]4 ,b ?is 0 n all4 ,we c only get  
a fa9t idea ( ! deprav$ condition (     
paganiz$ ,*ri/ianity1 :5  we call to m9d

 ! fact t ! monks f9i%$ _! inf]nal crime
  by dismemb]+ h] body & scrap+ ! fle% f
 h] bones )  oy/] %ells4    ,cyril !n   
procur$ ! bani%m5t ( all :o held oppos+ 
doctr9es1  & ?us 8 absurd doctr9es 7 =c$
 ^u society4 ,su* 0 !  debas$ condition 
( society 9 a city :]e _h be5 plant$ "o 
(  ! apo/olic *ur*es4 ,z vice increas$  
h] prosp]ity decreas$4  ,dur+ ! reign ( 
,con/ant9e1 ! influ5ce ( ,alex&ria 0 mu*
  dim9i%$1 & ) ! ,mahometan conque/ x   
fell to ! rank ( a  prov9cial t[n4      
,j]usalem1 once ! glory ( ! e>?1 & !    
pride ( ! nations1  nev] recov]$ f !    
siege by ,titus1 9 ,a4 ,d4 #gj4 ,! answ]
  :i* ! ,jews made to ,pilate1 ,8 blood 
be ^u u & ^u our  *ildr51 :i* !y spake 9
 ref]5ce to ! ,savior1 has be5  t]ribly 
& lit]ally fulfill$4 ,x may be safely   
ass]t$ t  ,j]usalem has witness$ m sc5es
 ( human suff]+ ?an any o!r  spot on    
e>?4    ,:o does n see ! h& ( ,provid5ce
 9 h] retribution1 z well z  9 ! fate ( 
,h]culaneum & ,pompeii8    ,^! cities 7 
de/roy$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #gi1 by an eruption ( 

,m\nt  ,vesuvius1 & buri$ by a %[] (    
a%es1 s& & /ones4 ,h]culaneum  0 situat$
 ab\t eight miles s\? ( ! pres5t city ( 
,naples1 &  ,pompeii ab\t fifte5 miles  
ea/w>d4    ,?us !y rema9$ buri$ = ne>ly 
sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,ext5sive          
excavations h be5 made dur+ ! pa/       
c5tury1 disclos+ ! city  walls1 /reets1 
temples1 !atres1 private dwell+s1       
dome/ic ut5sils  & /atu>y4 ,_m objects h
 be5 f\nd :i* indicate ! wick$  &       
lic5ti\s "* ( ! inhabitants1 & g to     
prove t !y  7 ripe = ! de/ruction :i*   
await$ !m4 ,! inhabitants di$  j z !    
cata/rophe f\nd !m1 gue/s 9 _! #df      
banquet+  halls1 soldi]s at _! po/s1    
prison]s 9 _! dungeons1 maid5s at  !    
mirror & /ud5ts at _! books4    ,image3 
,eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius4    #dg ,:5 
! city 0 une>!d1 ! h\ses 7 f\nd /&+4 ,! 
int]ior pa9t+s 7 /ill fre%1 & !         
skeletons rema9$ 9 !  v position & ! v  
place 9 :i* dea? _h ov]tak5 !m s  long  
ago4 ,! m>ks left by ! cups ( ! tipl]s  
/ill rema9$ on  ! c\nt]s2 ! prison]s    

/ill wore _! fett]s1 ! ladies _!  *a9s &
 bracelets4 ,! rese>*es are /ill go+ on1
 new wond]s  are e day com+ to light1 & 
we %all soon h q a di/9ct  idea ( ,roman
 t[ns 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 
,rome1 f be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian 
era1 _h be5 !  political & milit>y      
capital ( ! _w4 ,f h] gates issu$  =? ^?
 imp]ial armies t conqu]$ nations &     
cru%$ !  lib]ties ( mank9d4 ,h] rule 0 n
 "o ( reason b "o ( =ce4  ,f ! age (    
,augu/us ,caes> h] p[] _h be5 wan+1 & :5
 !  ,emp]or ,con/ant9e remov$ ! capital 
to ,con/ant9ople1 ,rome became  a city (
 second>y importance4 ,?\gh h] political
 pre/ige 0 gone  %e became ! seat ( a   
religi\s empire :i* _h & /ill has a     
mighty influ5ce 9 ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,! 
wrongs :i* %e  inflict$ on o!rs h       
recoil$ ) t]rible retribution on h]self4
  ,h] ru9s are sil5t & maje/ic witnesses
 ( ! provid5ce ( ,god4    ,to ! reign ( 
,con/ant9e ! ,great1 mu/ be ref]r$ !    
comm5cem5t ( ^? d>k & dismal times :i*  
oppress$ ,europe =  a ?\s& ye>s4        

,con/ant9e1 :ile dwell+ at ,rome1 _h    
murd]$ 8 son ,crispus1 8  nephew        
,lic9ius1 & _h suffocat$1 9 a /eam ba?1 
8 wife1 ,fau/a1  to :om he _h be5 m>ri$ 
tw5ty ye>s1 & :o 0 ! "m (  ?ree ( 8     
sons4    ,! public abhorr5ce ( 8 crimes 
c\ld no long] be conceal$4  ,con/ant9e  
!re=e det]m9$ to *ange 8 resid5ce &     
build  ano!r metropolis1 :i* he nam$ 9  
honor ( himself4 ,he also f\nd  x       
politic to favor ! paganiz$ & wrangl+   
,*ri/ian sects1 t  by _! aid he might be
 able to triumph ov] ! p[]ful coalition 
t _h be5 =m$ aga9/ him4 ,! reign (      
,con/ant9e is !re=e  ! true close ( !   
,roman empire3 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,greek4 ,!  
transition f ! "o to ! o!r is           
emphatically #dh & abruptly  m>k$1 by a 
new metropolis & a new national         
religion4    ,con/ant9ople1 at pres5t ! 
capital ( ! ,turki% empire1 /&s1  l     
,rome1 on sev5 hills1 & on a tongue ( l&
 project+ into !  ,bosphorus1 :i* "h =ms
 an inlet or small bay kn[n z ! ,gold5  
,horn4    ,! ,bosphorus1 z mo/ ( our    

read]s are aw>e1 is ! "n giv5 to  !     
/rait ?r\gh :i* fl[ ! wat]s ( ! ,black  
sea into ! sea  ( ,m>mora1 & :i* divides
 ,europe f ,asia4    ,con/ant9ople is   
admirably situat$ = comm]ce4 ,?is is "o 
reason  :y ,russia has s long look$ ^u x
 ) a covet\s eye4 ,9 fact1 !  reason :y 
! bay1 on ! %ores ( :i* ! city is built1
 has be5  call$ ! ,gold5 ,horn1 or horn 
( abundance1 is because into x 0  br\ght
 ! weal? ( ?ree cont95ts & ! products ( 
e clime4    ,t :i* is commonly call$    
,con/ant9ople1 9 reality consi/s (  ?ree
 great cities1 divid$ by arms ( ! sea1  
yet s ne> to ea*  o!r t ! edifices (    
ei!r ( ! cities may be se5 di/9ctly  f !
 o!r two4    ,! view "h giv5 repres5ts  
,con/ant9ople look+ f ! nor?4  ,9 !     
backgr\nd is se5 ! city ( ,scut>i1 on ! 
,asiatic side (  ! ,bosphorus4 ,! hills 
9 ! di/ance are ^? ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,on  !
 "r is %[n ! city ( ,/amb\l1 :i* /&s on 
! site (  ! anci5t ,byzantium1 & !      
=egr\nd repres5ts ! mod]n city (        
,galata1 :]e ! great] "p ( ! =eign      

population resides1 &  :]e ! ex*ange1   
cu/om-h\se1 & mo/ ( ! *ur*es1 conv5ts  &
 hospitals are situat$4    ,z "h depict$
 ! curr5t ( ! ,bosphorus fl[s f left to 
"r  & disappe>s 9 ! di/ance4    #di     
,image3 ,con/ant9ople4    ,! hi/ory (   
?is city is v rem>kable1 & runs f> back 
into  ! mi/ ( antiquity4 ,long be=e !   
,*ri/ian era x 0 a place (  consid]able 
trade & political importance4 ,"h !     
b>b>ians f  ! coa/ ( ! ,black sea came  
to b>t] _! furs = ! products  ( m favor$
 regions4 ,ne> ?is po9t ,alex&] ! ,great
 cross$  ! ,bosphorus on 8 great        
campaign ( ea/]n conque/4 ,9 ! second   
c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 ! ,romans hav+ subdu$
 ! neighbor+  #ej c\ntries1 built a =t  
on ! site ( ! anci5t city & nam$  x     
,byzantium4    ,! ,roman emp]or1        
,con/ant9e ! ,great1 enl>g$ & beautifi$ 
!  city & made x ! capital ( ! ,roman   
empire1 & 9 honor (  himself *ang$ ! "n 
to ,con/ant9ople4 ,aft] 8 dea? ! ,roman 
empire 0 divid$1 & ,con/ant9ople cont9u$
 to be ! capital (  ! ea/]n division4   

,= m ?an "o ?\s& ye>s x 0 ! resid5ce ( !
 ,caes>s  & ! comm]cial metropolis ( !  
_w4    ,ow+ to ! religi\s rivalry (     
,rome x 0 tak5 & p>tly burn$1  by !     
,crusad]s1 9 ,a4 ,d4 #abje4 ,b ! mo/    
memorable siege x has  ev] endur$ 0 9   
,a4 ,d4 #adec1 :5 x fell into ! h&s ( ! 
,ottoman ,turks4 ,by a /range co9cid5ce 
a ,con/ant9e gave 8 "n to  ! city1 & a  
,con/ant9e reign$ at its fall4    ,x 0  
on ! morn+ ( ,april #f?1 ,a4 ,d4 #adec4 
t ,mahomet ,,ii41  gave ! signal = !    
attack1 & ! ,turki% cannon 7!n a new    
inv5tion7 ?und]$ aga9/ ! walls ( ! city4
 ,= fifty days !  siege 0 c>ri$ on )    
little success4 ,at la/1 food 0 gett+   
sc>ce1 & ! pangs ( hung] 7 sorely felt  
by ! ,*ri/ians  )9 ! city4 ,b hope      
reviv$ z away on ! sea ( ,m>mora1 !y    
spi$ five great %ips well lad5 )        
supplies & ) ! ,*ri/ian  flag unfurl$4  
,onw>d ! vessels flew be=e ! breeze1 b  
:at a  sight met !m z !y ne>$ ! port6   
,?ree hundr$ ,turki% %ips  7 drawn up 9 
a l9e across ! /raits1 ea* fill$ )      

troops &  eag] = ! fight4 ,b !re 7 brave
 he>ts 9 ^? five gallant  ,*ri/ian %ips1
 full will+ to meet ! outnumb]+ enemy4  
,gaily  !y c>e5$ be=e ! swell+ breeze1 &
 /e]+ /raight = !  ,turki% l9e bore d[n 
^u ! foe4 ,sudd5ly f ! ,*ri/ian ranks   
!re bur/ a joy\s %\t1 z ! ,turki% %ips  
fir/ wav]$ & !n  fl$4 ,9 va9 ! fi]ce    
sultan1 ,mahomet ,,ii41 mad ) rage1     
call$  ^u 8 capta9s to make good !      
fight4 ,b ! r5t 0 made1 &  amid a hundr$
 ?\s& ,*ri/ian *e]s ! succor+ %ips sail$
 9  victori\sly to ! ,gold5 ,horn1 & _m 
a "m's he>t 0 glad z  %e closely clasp$ 
h] half-fami%$ *ild4    #ea ,a /rong *a9
 _h mean:ile be5 plac$ across ! h>bor1  
to  prev5t ! entrance ( ! ,turki% fleet4
 ,b ,mahomet 0 det]m9$  n to be baffl$4 
,9 ! sil5ce ( ! night he caus$ eighty   
boats  to be dragg$ t5 miles across !   
neck ( l& t divides ! sea (  ,m>mora f !
 tip ( ! ,gold5 ,horn4 ,rafts 7 !n made1
 on :i*  cannon 7 float$ to bomb>d !    
city f ! h>bor4    ,by ! #bi? ( ,may all
 0 ready = ! f9al battle4 ,! great      

,byzant9e empire1 once =emo/ 9 ! p[]s ( 
! _w1 _h %runk  into ! n>r[ limits ( a  
few squ>e miles4    ,! sun _h set1 &    
night fell ^u ! cont5d+ ho/s4 ,*ri/ian  
w>riors1 z !y lay "u ! />ry canopy (    
heav51 ca/ (f !  /]n] half ( man1 & let 
_! s(t] natures free3 & lov+  ?\ghts (  
si/]s1 mo!rs1 wives w5t w9d+ ?r\gh !    
air1 to  meet 9 la/ embrace4    ,& n[ ! 
solemn calm be=e ! /orm drew ne>1 & all 
0 hu%$  & /ill4 ,con/ant9e did n sleep4 
,he knew t 8 h\r 0 at  h&4 ,) a few *os5
 knights1 he retir$ to ! great *ur* (   
,/4 ,sophia1 & !re uncov]$ /ood be=e !  
cross4 ,to-morr[ !  great ,byzant9e     
empire w\ld pass away ) him6 ,8 te>s    
fell ?ickly  at ! ?\ght2 & he pray$ t he
 might die z became a ,*ri/ian  knight4 
,!n = ! la/ "t he p>took ( ! sacram5t1  
&1  turn+ to ^? ar\nd1 he said1 ,i pray 
=giv5ess if ,i h injur$  any "o 9 ?\ght1
 or ^w1 or de$4    ,he /epp$ to ! portal
 ( ! *ur*1 :]e /ood 8 impati5t  /e$1    
plac$ 8 helmet on 8 noble head1 & m\nt+ 
into !  saddle1 ! humble p5it5t rode (f 

z w>rior ,*ri/ian k+1 to  battle & to   
die4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds f\nd among a heap ( 
! sla94    ,! bann] ( ! cresc5t wav$ ov]
 ! wat]s ( ! ,bosphorus1 &  :at 0 !n !  
ri*e/ capital & f9e/ c\ntry 9 ,europe4  
,f\r  hundr$ & ?irty ye>s h roll$ by    
s9ce !n4 ,x is /ill 9  _! possession4   
,! appe>ance ( ,con/ant9ople at ! pres5t
 "t is v peculi>4  ,! city is embosom$ 9
 g>d5s1 or*>ds & v9ey>ds4 ,! h\ses  are 
= ! mo/ "p built 9 ! =m ( a holl[ squ>e1
 ) flat  ro(s & ! w9d[s fac+ #eb inw>d4 
,?is gives to ! compact  p>ts ( ! city a
 r d+y appe>ance4 ,! /reets1 especially 
9  ! anci5t portions1 are extremely     
n>r[1 & frequ5tly fil?y4 ,x  is !re=e   
pleasant to turn f ^! cr[d$ ?or\ghf>es1 
& 9  a few mom5ts' walk1 f9d y\rself    
surr\nd$ ) %ady trees1 s++  birds1      
f\nta9s & fl[]s4    ,"h1 9 ! limits ( a 
s+le city1 may be f\nd repres5tatives  (
 almo/ e race & clime4 ,! fair-hair$    
natives ( nor!rn  ,europe1 ! sw>?y      
inhabitants ( ,t>t>y1 tall fi]ce-look+  
,circassians1 & flat-nos$1 woolly-head$ 

negroes f c5tral ,africa2  all m+l+ ) ! 
m poli%$ inhabitants ( we/]n ,europe1   
ea*  dress$ 9 8 own peculi> g>b1 &      
pres5t+ a liv+ picture no  less /rik+   
?an /range4 ,9 ?is great hive ( humanity
 may be he>d  at lea/ fifty diff]5t     
languages mak+ a complete ,babel (      
s\nds4  ,"h1 also1 may be se5 9 /rik+   
contra/1 ! diff]5t mann]s1  cu/oms &    
usages ( ori5tal & we/]n nations4    ,! 
diff]5t me?ods us$ 9 ! transportation ( 
m]*&ise are no  less peculi>2 = :ile on 
! ea/]n side ( ! city1 may be se5       
approa*+ long c>avans ( camels lad5 ) ! 
ri* products ( !  ,ea/1 on ! we/]n side 
may be he>d ! %riek ( ! locomotive1     
ann\nc+ ! arrival ( a tra91 br++        
pass5g]s1 m]*&ise &  late/ intellig5ce f
 we/]n nations4    ,b ! mo/ significant 
cu/om is t five times a day !  muezz9s1 
or ,mahometan prie/s1 asc5d to ! top ( !
 mosques 7z  places ( wor%ip are call$7 
& :i* are ?ickly scatt]$ ?r\gh  ! city1 
& 9 a l\d wail+ voice exclaim1 ,god is  
great6 ,!re is  "o ,god6 ,mahomet is ,8 

prophet6 ,come to pray]6 ,?is is repeat$
 f\r  times fac+ ! ea/1 s\?1 we/ & nor?1
 & has a p5etrat+  effect on ! m9d ( !  
he>]1 mu* m ?an ! s\nd ( !  *ur*-bell ( 
! ,*ri/ians1 or ! trumpet ( ! ,jews4    
,mo/ ,european hi/orians h lam5t$ !     
seizure ( ,con/ant9ople  by ! ,turks z a
 t]rible disa/]4 ,to ! unprejudic$ /ud5t
 (  hi/ory !re seems to be b little     
reason = regret4 ,= elev5  hundr$ ye>s  
,con/ant9ople _h greatly influ5c$ !     
de/9ies (  ! _w2 b dur+ #ec all t "t h] 
p[] _h t5d$ m  to ! degradation ?an to !
 elevation ( mank9d4 ,h] citiz5s        
possess$ all ! classical writ+s & works 
( art ( ! great  au?ors ( antiquity2 yet
 9 a ?\s& ye>s !y nev] produc$ "o       
orig9al1 nev] advanc$ "o /ep 9          
philosophy or sci5ce1 or made a  s+le   
practical discov]y4 ,:at 0 x t produc$  
?is b>r5ness1  ?is intellectual         
degradation 9 ,con/ant9ople8 ,x 0 !     
tyranny  ( prie/craft ov] ?\ght4 ,= a   
?\s& ye>s ,con/ant9ople _h  be5 n m]ely 
! lead+ comm]cial city1 b also ! lead+  

city  9 debau*]y & crime4 ,9 ?is respect
 x has va/ly improv$ "u  ,turki% rule4  
,at ! pres5t "t1 especially 9 !         
,mahometan portions  ( ! city1 x is !   
lea/ lic5ti\s ( all ! great capitals (  
mod]n ,europe4        ,,*apt] ,,vi4     
,,relic-,,wor%ip1 ,,pilgrimages ,,&     
,,crusades4    ,,gr[? ,,(               
,,relic-,,wor%ip--,,s*emes ,,( ,,!      
,,roman ,,pontiffs--,,manufacture  ,,(  
,,relics--,,_! ,,great ,,v>iety--,,value
 ,,( ,,relics--,,insults ,,(f]$ ,,to    
,,pilgrims--,,pet] ,,!                  
,,h]mit--,,crusades--,,disord]ly        
,,rabble--,,t]rible  ,,suff]+--,,capture
 ,,( ,,j]usalem--,,t]rible              
,,massacre--,,capture  ,,(              
,,con/ant9ople--,,crusades ,,( ,,!      
,,*ildr5--,,result ,,( ,,!              
,,crusades--,,revival ,,( ,,le>n+4    ,9
 previ\s *apt]s has be5 trac$ ! apo/asy 
( ! e>ly *ur*1  also ! c>e] ( ,mahomet1 
& ! conque/s & a*ievem5ts ( !  ,s>ac5s4 
,:ile ^! ev5ts 7 transpir+1 o!r causes 7
 at  "w :i* l$ ev5tually to ! elevation 

( mank9d1 ! hi/ory (  :i* pla9ly        
indicates ! work+s ( an ,all-wise       
,provid5ce4    #ed ,at ?is p]iod !re 7  
no pr9t$ books1 & ! only means  (       
religi\s in/ruction to :i* ! masses _h  
access1 7 !  pictures & images to be    
f\nd 9 ! *ur*es1 toge!r ) !             
explanations ( !m giv5 by ! prie/s4 ,by 
means ( ^! practical  object-lessons mu*
 useful in=mation 0 imp>t$4 ,! pr9cipal 
ev5ts 9 ! life ( our ,savior 7 ?us      
depict$1 &1 ?\gh !  p did n fully und]/&
 ! gr&eur ( ,8 mission1 !y at  lea/     
le>n$ some?+ ( ,8 hi/ory1 _! duties to  
ea* o!r &  _! own future de/9y4    ,?us 
!re came to be associat$ 9 _! m9ds a    
rev]5ce = !  picture or image itself1 & 
?is idea ext5d$ until x includ$ !       
localities :]e ! great ev5ts ( !        
,savior's life1 dea? &  resurrection    
transpir$4    ,) ! gr[? ( devotion to ! 
p]son ( ,*ri/1 grew ! feel+  ( rev]5ce =
 e place :i* ,he _h visit$ & e memorial 
:i* ,he _h left beh9d ,him4 ,! impulse  
once giv51 soon became  irresi/ible4 ,e 

incid5t ( ! gospel n>ratives 0 associat$
  ) "s p>ticul> spot1 & millions believ$
 t ! sight (  ^! places br\ght !m ne>]  
to heav54 ,! cave or excavation 9  :i* x
 0 said ! ,r$eem] 0 born1 & :]e ! wise  
m5 ( !  ,ea/ laid be=e ,him _! royal    
gifts ( gold1 frank9c5se & myrrh1  !    
m\nt f :i* ,he utt]$ ,8 bless+s on !    
meek1 ! m]ciful  & ! pure 9 he>t1 9     
%ort1 e spot connect$ ) 8 life1  dea? & 
resurrection call$ =? emotions (        
passionate v5]ation4  ,^! feel+s 7      
greatly int5sifi$ by ! alleg$ discov]y (
 !  cross on :i* ! ,savior di$1 toge!r )
 ! two crosses on :i*  ! ?ieves 7       
crucifi$4    ,! spl5did *ur*es rais$ by 
! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e & 8 "m  ,hel5a ov] 
! suppos$ spot ( our ,savior's bir? at  
,be?lehem1 &  ,8 sepul*re at ,j]usalem1 
became = ! ,*ri/ian ( t day :at  ! tomb 
( ! prophet at ,m$9a became aft]w>ds to 
! foll[]s (  ,mahomet4    ,! remission (
 s9s & et]nal rew>ds 9 ! _w to come 7  !
 bless+s promis$ to ! we>y pilgrim :5 he
 %\ld tread !  classic soil ( ,judea1   

ba! 9 ! riv] ,jordan1 *ant 8 quiet  an!m
 ( praise 9 ! cave at ,be?lehem1 #ee    
walk 9 ! quiet  %ades ( ,ge?semane &    
kneel 9 rev]5ce at ! ,savior's tomb4    
,no wond] !n t a hundr$ ?\s& pilgrims   
might h be5 se5  ea* ye> w5d+ _! way    
across ! pla9s ( ,asia ,m9or1 de/9$  =  
,j]usalem4    ,! ,roman pontiffs1 ow+ to
 ! ignorance ( ! times1 _h already      
built up a wide-spread sy/em (          
sup]/ition4    ,image3 ,*ur* ( ! ,holy  
,sepul*re4    ,!y held almo/ imp]ial    
sway ov] ! c\ntless hordes ( c5tral &   
nor!rn ,europe4 ,ev5 k+s & emp]ors paid 
tribute1 & sov]eigns  d>$ n disobey _!  
comm&s4 ,z an in/ance1 might be m5tion$ 
,h5ry ,,iv41 ( ,g]many1 :o hav+         
displeas$ ,pope ,gregory ,,vii41 0      
oblig$1 "u p5alty ( los+ 8 k+dom1 to /& 
z a p5it5t at  ! pope's ca/le gate dur+ 
?ree dre>y w9t] #ef days1 seek+  p>don &
 reconciliation ( ! inexorable pontiff4 
,x is n surpris+ t ! popes1 :o _h long  
traffick$ 9 human  cr$ulity1 saw1 9 !   
gr[? ( relic-wor%ip1 an opportunity to  

increase _! own p[] & ! rev5ues ( ! *ur*
 ( ,rome4  ,accord+ly an und]/&+ 0 made 
) ! monks ( ,pale/9e &  relics 7        
manufactur$ 9 untold numb]s4    ,an     
amus+ & in/ructive *apt] might be writt5
 on ?is subject3  amus+ because ( its   
absurdity1 & in/ructive z x %[s to :at  
extremes ( folly m5 w g :5 left )\t !   
guidance ( !  ,holy ,_s4    ,! crimes & 
corruptions ( ! papacy _h de/roy$ public
  confid5ce4 ,! dev\t in/9ctively turn$ 
) rev]5ce t[>ds  e object t recall$ !   
memories ( ! pure & good :o once  liv$  
^u ! e>?4    ,no soon] _h ! wild rage = 
relics fairly set 9 ?an ea*  mona/]y 9 !
 vic9ity ( ,j]usalem made a specialty ( 
"s  p>ticul> relic4 ,! monks at         
,be?lehem sold ?\s&s ( p\nds (  half    
rott5 rags1 ea* fragm5t purport+ to be a
 portion ( !  swaddl+ clo?s ( ! infant  
,savior4 ,! monks :o gu>d$ !  suppos$   
sepul*re ( ,*ri/1 sold hundr$s ( ?\s&s (
 little  *ips ( /one said to h be5 brok5
 (f f ! v walls (  ! tomb :]e ! body (  
,jesus _h la94 ,x does n seem to h  %ak5

 ! cr$ulity ( ! pilgrims 9 ! lea/1 t !  
tomb /ill  rema9$ 9 z good repair z ev]1
 & %[$ no m>ks ( demolition4    ,! monks
 :o inhabit$ ! mona/]ies on ! banks ( ! 
,jordan  c\ld po9t to at lea/ tw5ty     
places :]e x 0 said ! ,savior _h  be5   
baptiz$1 & ea* mona/]y possess$ num]\s  
pebbles :i*  ! monks claim$ _h be5 t\*$ 
by ,8 feet4 ,no less ?an sev5  mona/]ies
 claim$ to h ! true cross 9 _!          
possession1 &  ?\s&s ( pieces1 ( wood   
am\nt+ to _m tons 9 weight1 7  sold to  
dev\t pilgrims4 ,ea* ( ^! pieces1 x 0   
claim$1 0 a  "p ( ! true cross4    ,b x 
w\ld require a long & t$i\s li/ to ev5  
enum]ate !  v>i\s articles compris$ 9   
?is relic-wor%ip4 ,9 #eg ord] to get  "s
 fa9t idea ( _! ext5t & v>iety1 ! relics
 :i* ! ,abbot  ,m>t9 obta9$ = 8 mona/]y 
9 ,alsace might be m5tion$4 ,^!1  among 
o!r ?+s1 includ$ a piece ( ! true cross1
 a fragm5t  ( ! infant ,savior's swaddl+
 clo?s1 "s pebbles f ! riv]  ,jordan :i*
 ! ,savior's feet _h t\*$1 a bran* ( !  
tree "u  :i* ,he pray$ 9 ! g>d5 (       

,ge?semane1 a piece ( ! ,savior's  robe1
 = :i* ! ,roman soldi]s ca/ lots1 7see  
,mat!w1 #bg?  *apt]71 a too? ( ,/4 ,m>k1
 sev5 hairs ( ! m>tyr1 ,/eph51 a  ?igh  
bone ( ! animal :i* ,jesus rode into    
,j]usalem1 7see ,luke1  #ai? *apt]71 &  
7,i hesitate to write su* blasphemy7 a  
bottle (  ! milk ( ! "m ( ,god4    ,9   
connection ) ?is relic-wor%ip1 an amus+ 
anecdote is relat$3  ,x s happ5$ t ab\t 
?irty pilgrims 7 travel+ homew>d  f     
,pale/9e toge!r4 ,be+ some:at we>y1 !y  
conclud$ to  re/ & refre% !mselves4     
,hav+ p>tak5 ( "s w9e too freely  !y    
comm5c$ to boa/ ( ! v>i\s relics :i* ea*
 _h 9 8  possession4 ,"o claim$ t he _h 
actually ! id5tical piece (  money :i*  
,pet] took out ( ! fi%'s m\? 7see       
,mat!w1 #ag?  *apt]1 #bg? v]se74 ,b1 to 
_! mutual surprise1 !y soon f\nd  t ea* 
_h made a simil> pur*ase4 ,x 0 pla9 t at
 lea/  tw5ty-n9e ( !m _h be5 defraud$4  
,b !y reason$ t if x  0 n wrong = !     
monks to defraud !m1 x w\ld n be wrong =
  !m to defraud o!rs4 ,s !y quietly sold

 ! pieces ( money z  soon z possible4   
,no d\bt "o reason :y relic-wor%ip      
became s ext5sive1 0 !  enc\ragem5t giv5
 to x by ! ,roman pontiffs4 ,x 0 boldly 
ass]t$  t ! possession ( a relic 0 a    
specific aga9/ evil spirits1  accid5ts1 
disease1 &1 9 %ort1 ne>ly e evil to :i* 
humanity  is heir4 ,h5ce ! great dem& = 
relics by ! ignorant &  sup]/iti\s1 & ! 
va/ sums ( money :i* 7 ?us p\r$ into  ! 
treasury ( ! *ur* ( ,rome4    ,=        
example1 a too? ( an apo/le 0 valu$ at a
 sum equal  comm]cially to "o hundr$    
doll>s ( our money1 & a ?\s&  doll>s    
w\ld sc>cely buy a piece ( ! true cross 
#eh z l>ge z a  common friction mat*4 ,(
 c\rse ^! prices v>i$ accord+ to !      
weal? & ! cr$ulity ( ! pur*as]4    ,:51 
9 ,a4 ,d4 #fcg1 ,j]usalem 0 captur$ by !
 ,s>ac5s1 !  ,*ri/ians & pilgrims 7     
treat$ ) mu* consid]ation4 ,!y 7  n only
 to be safe 9 _! p]sons1 b undi/urb$ 9 !
 ex]cise  ( _! religion & 9 ! use ( _!  
*ur*es4    ,! ye>ly influx ( at lea/ "o 
hundr$ ?\s& pilgrims1 h[ev]1  ar\s$     

suspicion among ! great mass (          
,mahometans1 :o fail$ to  compreh5d !   
purport ( _! extraord9>y j\rney1 b      
p]ceiv$  ! necessity ( putt+ "s re/ra9t 
on ?is annual ru% ( su*  c\ntless       
multitudes4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t wrongs 7  
inflict$  & retaliat$ until ! m]e j\rney
 to ,j]usalem involv$ dang]s  f :i* ev5 
! brave/ might %r9k4 ,insults (f]$ to ! 
pilgrims 7 accompani$ by insults (f]$ to
 ! holy places & to  ^? :o m9i/]$ 9 !m4 
,/ill ! pilgrims w5t =? by ?\s&s1 &     
occasionally hundr$s  & frequ5tly only  
t5s return$ to rec\nt ! mis]ies & wanton
  cruelties !y _h und]gone4    ,?r\gh\t 
! l5g? & bread? ( ,*ri/5dom a fi]ce     
indignation  0 /irr+ ! he>ts ( m51 & _! 
rage1 l p5t up wat]s1  ne$$ only an     
opportunity to ru% =? z a flood ov] !   
l&s  "u ! control ( ! ,mahometans4 ,t   
opportunity 0 n long  want+4 ,pet]1 !   
h]mit1 :o _h witness$ ! b>b>ities to :i*
  ! pilgrims 7 expos$1 r\s$ ,europe to a
 frantic /ate by 8  prea*+4    ,dw>fi% 9
 /ature & mean 9 p]son1 he 0 yet fill$ )

 a zeal  t knew no b\nds4 ,! horrors :i*
 fir$ 8 s\l 7 ^? :i*  w\ld mo/ surely   
/ir ! consci5ce & ar\se ! wra? ( 8      
he>]s4 ,8 fi]y appeals c>ri$ ev]y?+ be=e
 him4 ,:]ev] he  w5t1 ! ri* & ! poor1 ! 
ag$ & ! "y1 ! nobles &  ! peasants      
?rong$ 9 ?\s&s ar\nd ! emaciat$ /rang]4 
,he  travel$ ) 8 head & feet b>e1 call+ 
on all classes to deliv]  f ! unbeliev] 
! l& :i* 0 ! cradle ( _! fai?4    #ei ,!
 vehem5ce :i* *ok$ 8 own utt]ance became
 contagi\s4  ,8 sobs & groans call$ =? !
 te>s & cries ( ! va/ cr[ds  :o hung ^u 
8 words & gre$ily dev\r$ ! h>r[+ acc\nts
 (  ! pilgrims1 :om ,pet] br\ght =w>d z 
witnesses ( ! tru? (  8 picture4 ,!     
excitem5t & fr5zy ( ! mom5t ?rew1 no    
d\bt1  a speci\s color+ ov] an ent]prise
 ( d\btful morality1 & :i*  ev5tually   
p&]$ to ! base/ passion ( humanity4     
,^! w>s are kn[n 9 hi/ory by ! "n (     
,crusades1 f !  ,lat9 t]m crux1 a cross1
 :i* emblem 0 pa9t$ on ! brea/s or      
%\ld]s ( all :o engag$ 9 !m4    ,:5 !   
masses 7 ?or\ghly excit$1 ,pope ,urban  

gave ! ent]prise  8 sanction1 & promis$ 
to all :o w\ld enli/ a full remission ( 
_! s9s4 ,?is enc\rag$ innum]able        
desp]adoes to assume ! badge  ( ! cross4
 ,fanaticism & hypocrisy1 lu/ & av>ice  
/rangely  urg$ _! sev]al vot>ies to     
pursue "o pa?1 & all "u !  sacr$ & n[   
woefully pr(an$ "n ( ,*ri/ian zeal6     
,yet ! h& ( ,provid5ce 0 9 all ?is4 ,ev5
 ! rage ( m5 work$  out ,8 purpose1 &1 z
 ! sequel w %[1 produc$ results :i*1  "u
 ! controll+ h& ( ,god l$ to ! elevation
 ( ! race4    ,to give a detail$        
description ( ! ,crusades w\ld alone    
require a  volume4 ,x is en\gh to say t 
! fir/ ,crusade fail$1 n only           
disa/r\sly1 b hide\sly1 s f> z !        
ignorant rabbles "u  ,pet]1 ! h]mit1 &  
,walt]1 ! p5niless1 7 conc]n$4 ,! long  
& gha/ly l9e ( bones :it5+ ! roadside   
all ! way f  ,hung>y to ,judea1 %[$ h[  
diff]5t a ?+ x 0 = a peaceable  &       
solit>y pilgrim ) 8 /aff & wallet &     
scallop-%ell to beg  8 way1 & !         
disord]ly rabble ( ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s to ru%

  =w>d )\t any organization1 & ga!r+ _! 
daily supplies  by robb+ & kill+ !      
helpless peasants on _! r\te4 ,?is1 9   
_! ignorance or blasphemy1 !y call$     
tru/+ 9 ! provid5ce  ( ,god4    ,! van (
 ! ,crusades consi/$ ( two hundr$ &     
sev5ty-five  ?\s& m54 ,beh9d ^! came a  
rabble ( #fj two hundr$ ?\s&  m51 wom5 &
 *ildr51 prec$$ by a goat & a goose1    
into :i*  "s blasphem\s lunatic _h told 
!m t ! ,holy ,gho/ _h ent]$4  ,:5 at    
l5g? ^! animals di$1 a repres5tation (  
!m 0 pa9t$  on _! bann]4    ,9 ?is vile 
horde no pret5se 0 kept up ( ord] or (  
dec5cy4  ,driv5 to madness by           
disappo9tm5t & fam9e1 & expect+1 9  _!  
ignorance1 t e t[n !y came to mu/ be    
,j]usalem1 !y  laid h&s on :atev] !y    
c\ld 9 _! extremity4 ,_! track 0  m>k$  
by robb]y1 fire & blood%$4 ,9 ! fir/    
,crusade alone1 m  ?an five hundr$ ?\s& 
human be+s p]i%$4 ,h[ev]1 a bett]       
organiz$ exp$ition soon foll[$1 comm&$  
by ,godfrey de ,b\illon1  ,duke (       
,lorra9e4 ,by him ,j]usalem 0 captur$   

,july #ae?1 ,a4 ,d4 #ajii4  ,z might be 
expect$1 its siege & capture 7 att5d$ by
 !  p]petration ( cruelties almo/       
surpass+ belief4    ,:at a contra/ to ! 
conduct ( ! ,arabs1 :5 ! ,caliph ,om>   
took ,j]usalem1 ,a4 ,d4 #fcg6 ,he rode  
into ! city by ! side ( !  patri>*1     
,saphronius1 conv]s+ ) him on its       
antiquities4 ,:5 !  "t ( ev5+ pray]     
arriv$1 he decl9$ to pay 8 devotions 9 !
  *ur* ( ,con/ant9e1 fe>+ t 8 foll[]s   
might wi% to imitate  8 example1 & ?us  
r5d] x practically useless to !         
,*ri/ians2  b he knelt outside 9 ! y>d  
ne> ! entrance gate4 ,:at a supreme  act
 ( religi\s tol]ation6 ,:5 w free-born  
,am]icans le>n to act  ?us nobly8    ,b 
9 ! capture ( ,j]usalem by ! ,crusad]s !
 bra9s ( "y  *ildr5 7 da%$ out aga9/ !  
walls1 infants 7 ?r[n ov]  ! battlem5ts1
 m5 & wom5 7 tortur$ t !y might be      
compell$ to disclose hidd5 weal?1 !     
,jews 7 driv5 into _!  synagogue & !re  
burnt4 ,a massacre ( sev5ty ?\s& p]sons 
took  place1 & ! pope's especial        

ambassador 0 se5 p>tak+ 9 !  triumph4   
,su* 7 ! exploits ( ! fir/ ,crusade4 ,! 
second 0 b>r5 (  results except !       
inhuman but*]y ( ?\s&s ( un(f5d+ ,jews4 
,! ?ird produc$ no p]man5t effects1 b a 
halo ( false glory  is %$ ar\nd x1 f !  
#fa exploits ( ,ri*>d ! ,lion-he>t1  k+ 
( ,engl&1 :o 0 connect$ ) x1 & ^:       
adv5tures h  /irr$ to en?usiasm ev5 !   
dulle/ ( hi/orians4 ,) great            
difficulty1 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii41      
succe$$ 9 prep>+ ! f\r?  ,crusade1 ,a4  
,d4 #abjb4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,v5ice agre$ to
 furni% %ips  to c>ry !m to ,pale/9e1 b1
 actuat$ by a love ( plund]1 & a  desire
 to gratify ! bitt] feel+ :i* exi/$     
betwe5 ! popes (  ,rome & ! bi%ops (    
,con/ant9ople1 !y turn$ aside to v5t _! 
rage on _! fell[-,*ri/ians4             
,con/ant9ople 0 tak5 by /orm ,a4  ,d4   
#abjd4 ,on ! night ( its capture m h\ses
 7 burn$ ?an c\ld  be f\nd 9 any ?ree ( 
! l>ge/ cities ( ,france4 ,! treasures  
( ! *ur*es 7 c>ri$ away1 & ev5 ! tombs (
 ! anci5t  emp]ors 7 rifl$ 9 ! mad se>* 

= relics4    ,?us1 ,crusade foll[$      
,crusade = m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty      
ye>s1 until n9e armies1 compris+ m ?an  
?ree millions ( m51  laid _! bodies d[n 
to decay & _! bones to :it5 on ! pla9s  
& hill-sides ( ! ,ea/4    ,among all !  
ent]prises1 none 7 m wild & wick$ ?an ^?
  :i* are call$ ! ,crusades ( ! *ildr54 
,emiss>ies f ,rome  w5t ?r\gh\t ,we/]n  
,europe1 prea*+ & decl>+ t ,god w\ld    
only give ! ,holy ,l& into ! h&s (      
innoc5t *ildr54 ,pope  ,innoc5t ,,iii4  
applaud$ _! wild en?usiasm4 ,^! *ildr51 
said  he1 are a reproa* to u ( rip] age4
 ,:ile !y hurry to ,pale/9e1  we are    
asleep4    #fb    ,image3 ,anci5t       
,vessels4    ,a few words w suffice to  
tell ! /ory h[ tw5ty ?\s&  *ildr51 "u ! 
boy ,/eph51 encamp$ ar\nd ,v5dome4 ,9   
less  ?an a mon? t5 ?\s& ( !m _h p]i%$  
or /ray$ away4 ,:5  !y rea*$ ,m>seilles1
 !y l+]$ ne> ! %ore1 expect+ !          
,m$it]ranean to divide1 &1 l ! ,r$ ,sea 
9 anci5t times1 give  !m a dry passage  
to ,pale/9e4 ,at l5g? two m]*ants (f]$  

to  convey !m !re 9 %ips1 )\t *>ge2 b at
 ! end ( _!  j\rney !y f\nd !mselves1 n 
9 ,pale/9e1 b 9 ! slave  m>kets (       
,alex&ria & ,algi]s4    ,a sequel to ?is
 o'er true tale is f\nd 9 ! suff]+s (   
ano!r  rabble ( ?irty ?\s& boys & girls1
 :o1 "u #fc ! peasant  lad1 ,ni*olas1 9 
cross+ ! ,alps lo/ ne>ly half _! numb]4 
,five  ?\s& rea*$ ,g5oa1 &1 be+ invit$  
by ! s5ate1 conclud$  to settle !re4 ,! 
re/ m>*$ to ,br9disi1 &1 sett+ sail =   
,pale/9e1 7 nev] he>d ( m4    ,wor?less 
9 !mselves & :olly useless z a means =  
f\nd+ any  p]man5t dom9ion 9 ,pale/9e or
 else:]e1 ^! ent]prises 7 a  means 9 !  
ov]rul+ h& ( ,god ( effect+ ! nations ( 
,europe  9 a way :i* ! promot]s nev]    
dream$ (4    ,_! results 7 _m & v>i\s4  
,"o 0 t !y drew away _m  ( ! w>like &   
turbul5t1 & gave1 z x 71 a re/+ "t  = ! 
/ates ( ,we/]n ,europe1 dur+ :i*1 le>n+1
 sci5ce &  g5]al culture1 among !       
quietly-dispos$1 made rapid advances1 & 
_m cities & small] /ates rose f         
obscurity to opul5ce &  p[]4    ,ano!r 0

 ! *ange ( feel+ :i* took place 9 !     
,crusad]s  !mselves4 ,:at a surprise    
await$ ^! religi\s b>b>ians--=  su* !y  
really 7--:5 = ! fir/ "t !y gaz$ on !   
spl5dors ( ,con/ant9ople 9 its palmie/  
days6 ,:at a contra/ to  _! own rude    
homes1 :5 !y pass$ into ,asia ,m9or1 t  
g>d5  ( ! _w1 pres5t+ well-cultivat$    
fields1 or*>ds1 v9ey>ds1  palaces &     
s*ools1 ! civilization ( a ?\s& ye>s6   
,h[  unexpect$ ! "* ( ^? ,s>ac5s1 :om !y
 _h be5 taught  to reg>d z no bett] ?an 
blood?ir/y fi5ds1 b :om !y f\nd to  be  
valiant1 m]ciful & j6    ,:5 ,ri*>d !   
,lion-he>t1 k+ ( ,engl&1 lay 9 8 t5t    
consum$  by a fev]1 !re came into ! camp
 camels lad5 ) sn[1 f ,m\nt  ,lebanon1  
to assuage 8 disease4 ,x 0 a pres5t f 8 
enemy1 !  great ,mahometan ,salad9--!   
homage ( "o brave soldi] to ano!r4  ,b  
:5 ,ri*>d 0 return+ to ,engl& x 0 by a  
,*ri/ian pr9ce1  :o %\ld h aid$ him1 t  
he 0 trea*]\sly seiz$ &  secretly       
conf9$4    ,?is 0 d\btless only "o ( _m 
su* incid5ts4 ,e ,crusad]  mu/ h        

recogniz$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at !y _h   
anticipat$  & :at !y _h f\nd4 ,!y _h se5
 undaunt$ c\rage1 *ivalr\s  be>+1       
intellectual culture & #fd religi\s     
tol]ation f> great]  ?an _! own4 ,:5 !  
,crusad]s return$ to _! native l&s1 !y  
c>ri$ ) !m ! memory ( _! exp]i5ces1 & a 
reli% =  m poli%$ mann]s & a high]      
civilization ?an t to :i* !y  _h be5    
accu/om$ at home4 ,h5ce1 imm$iately aft]
 ! ,crusades !  arts & sci5ces began to 
be s$ul\sly cultivat$ 9 ,europe4 ,!y _h 
dep>t$ ) ! int5t ( conqu]+1 aye ev5     
ext]m9at+ _!  enemies2 b by contact ) ^?
 enemies !y _h le>n$ 9 "s  ?+s a m      
excell5t way4 ,! words ( ! ,koran       
inscrib$ on !  bann] ( ,salad9 are true3
 ,!re is no conqu]or b ,god6 ,equally   
true ! words writt5 by ! ,prophet       
,esdras1 z he sat by ! side  ( !        
will[-fr+$ riv] ( ,babylon m ?an        
tw5ty-?ree hundr$  ye>s ago3 ,z = tru?1 
x endure? & is always /rong2 x live?  & 
conqu]e? = ev]more1 7see ,apocrypha1 ,i4
 ,esdras1 iv41 #ch74        ,,*apt]     

,,vii4    ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,mod]n        
,,intellig5ce4    ,,! ,,morn+           
,,dawns--,,rise ,,(                     
,,knigh?ood--,,pr9ciples ,,(            
,,knights--,,apo/ate ,,prie/s ,,held ,,9
 ,,contempt--,,wald5ses--,,p]secutions  
,,9 ,,s\!rn ,,france--,,rise ,,( ,,!    
,,inquisition--,,lib]al ,,policy ,,(    
,,fr$]ick--,,ev]la/+ ,,gospel--,,its    
,,rem>kable ,,tea*+s--,,bacon',s        
,,discov]ies--,,geographical            
,,k--,,azores ,,& ,,can>y               
,,isl&s--,,travels  ,,( ,,m>co          
,,polo--,,condition ,,( ,,european      
,,/ates--,,mod]n ,,/ates4    ,^? :o h   
wait$ = ! dawn+ ( ! morn+ 9 ! latt] "p  
( a cle> summ] night1 c und]/& ! delight
 exp]i5c$ at !  fir/ tok5s ( approa*+   
day4 ,at fir/ ! rays ( light are v  fa9t
 & only p]ceptible to a ke5 & exp]i5c$  
eye4 ,z "t we>s  on ! timid approa* (   
twilight becomes m p]ceptible4 ,! int5se
  blue ( ! sky beg9s to s(t54 ,! rays t 
fir/ d>t$ up #fe  9 ! f> nor?-ea/1 ?\gh 
occasionally int]cept$ by m\nta9s or    

banks ( cl\ds1 gradually sw+ ar\nd to ! 
ea/4 ,! d>kness (  ! night dissolves    
into ! glories ( ! dawn4 ,! great       
wat*-/>s  fade away1 "o by "o4 ,! :ole  
firmam5t is fill$ ) ! infl[+  tides (   
morn+ light4 ,at l5g? a /ream ( gold5   
sunlight fla%es  out f above ! hills &  
turns ! dewy te>-drops ( fl[] &  leaf   
into rubies & diamonds4 ,?us ! k+ ( day 
beg9s 8 c\rse  array$ 9 glories too     
sev]e = ! gaze ( man4    ,9 l mann] we  
may 9 imag9ation gaze at ! dawn+ ( !    
disp5sation ( ! fullness ( times1 & wat*
 ! increas+ rays  ( moral1 intellectual 
& spiritual light1 feeble inde$ at fir/1
 yet  con/antly gr[+ /rong]1 ?\gh       
sometimes int]cept$ by m\nta9s  (       
bigotry & mi/s ( error1 until at l5g? ! 
gospel's glori\s  sun%9e aga9 lights a  
b5ight$ _w1 & ! div9e au?ority  &       
,prie/hood are re/or$ to ! *ildr5 ( m54 
,b let u n  anticipate4 ,let u r        
pati5tly deciph] on hi/ory's scroll !   
*>act]s writt5 !re by ! f+] ( ,god4 ,let
 u c>efully wat*  ! developm5t ( ,8     

purposes amid ! /rife & commotion ( ^?  
p]il\s times4    ,) ! close ( !         
,crusades ! midnight d>kness ( human    
hi/ory  end$4 ,human mis]y _h rea*$ its 
climax4 ,sup]/ition & ignorance  _h done
 _! mo/ t]rible "w4 ,?\s&s1 aye ev5     
millions _h _h  an opportunity ( comp>+ 
! tea*+s & pret5ses ( ,rome )  o!r      
civilizations4 ,x is almo/ ne$less to   
say t ,ca?olicism _h  s]i\sly suff]$ by 
! comp>ison4 ,rome 0 weigh$ 9 ! balance 
& f\nd want+4    ,^? ( ! ,crusad]s :o   
rema9$ 9 ,pale/9e 7 soon bl5d$  ) !     
,mahometan population1 & 9 a few ye>s   
sc>ce a ve/ige (  !m rema9$4 ,_m ( !    
lead]s :o return$ 71 l ,ri*>d  !        
,lion-,he>t$1 full ( praise ( ! treatm5t
 !y _h receiv$  f _! enemies1 & sp5t mu*
 ( _! "t 9 f\nd+ v>i\s  ord]s ( *ivalry 
& knigh?ood4 ,at fir/ ^? ord]s receiv$ !
  b5$iction ( ! popes4 ,"s ( !m 7 ev5   
organiz$ be=e  !y return$ f ! ,holy ,l&4
 ,( su* 7 ! fam\s #ff  knights ( ,/4    
,john & ,knights ,hospitall]4 ,b x 0    
soon f\nd  t ^? brave m5 lov$ lib]ty m  

?an prie/craft1 s aft] a  "t1 not)/&+ _!
 em95t s]vices1 !y 7 weak5$ &  divid$ by
 /ratagem1 *>ges 7 pref]r$ aga9/ !m & !y
 7  cruelly put to dea?4 ,! /ory ( _!   
fate w ev]1 rema9 "o  ( ! d>ke/ pages 9 
! annals ( our race4 ,b _! dea? only    
accel]at$ ! progress ( _! ideas4 ,! _s &
 in/itutions  ( *ivalry spread rapidly4 
,trea*]y & hypocrisy 7 held by !m 9     
dete/ation4 ,to speak !  tru?1 to succor
 ! helpless & nev] turn back f an enemy1
 0  ! fir/ v[ ( ! y\? :o s\ght ! honors 
( *ivalry4    ,9 an age ( d>kness &     
degradation1 *ivalry develop$ ! "*  (   
woman4 ,x caus$ h] virtues to be        
appreciat$ & honor$1 made  h] ! equal & 
companion ( man1 & ! object ( 8 love &  
devotion4 ,! love ( ,god & ! protection 
( wom5 7 enjo9$ z  a s+le duty 7see     
,halem's ,middle ,ages1 page #eab74 ,he 
:o 0 fai?ful  to 8 v[ & true to 8 wife 0
 sure ( salvation 9 ! op9ion (  !       
knights1 ?\gh he fail$ to p]=m ! p5ance 
prescrib$ by !  ,romi% cl]gy4           
,*ivalry 0 ! religion ( ! he>t1 9 a rude

 & untutor$ age4  ,x _h ! effect (      
infus+ m ( humanity & g5]\s pr9ciple    
into ! op]ations ( w> ?an ! anci5t      
nations _h any conception  (4 ,h5ce we  
seldom or nev] he> 9 mod]n times ( su*  
sc5es  ( unm+l$ atrocity1 su* deadly    
trea*]y1 su* ext5sive &  cold-blood$    
massacres z we s frequ5tly read ( 9     
anci5t pagan or  papal hi/ory4    ,at ! 
close ( ! ,crusades a great *ange       
comm5c$ 9 society4 ,!  m9/rels1 :o )    
h>ps _h gone ab\t s++ ballads1          
commemorat+  de$s ( h]oism & adv5ture1  
n[ *ang$ _! !me & sang songs  ( a v     
diff]5t "*4 ,amid %\ts ( laught] !y w5t 
?r\gh ! l&1 wagg+ _! heads1 & slyly w9k+
 _! eyes1  & s++ d]isive songs ab\t !   
am\rs ( ! prie/s1 :o 9  turn 7 n sl[ to 
d5\nce ! m9/rels z lewd blasphem]s &    
a!i/s4    #fg ,:ile ! "y 7 s++1 ! old 7 
?9k+2 :ile ! gay  7 c>ri$ away ) romance
 & *ivalry1 ! grave & reflect+  7 fall+ 
into h]esy4    ,ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #aajj1     
,pet] ,waldo1 a weal?y citiz5 ( ,lyons1 
became  conv9c$ ( ! corruptions ( ,rome4

 ,he1 probably aid$ by o!rs1  translat$ 
! scriptures into ,prov5cal ,fr5*4 ,?us1
 to him !  _w is indebt$ = ! fir/       
translation ( ! ,bible into a mod]n     
tongue4 ,waldo c\ld n long rema9 9      
,lyons4 ,he fl$ into ,g]many  & aft]w>ds
 settl$ 9 ,bohemia1 :]e he di$ ab\t ,a4 
,d4 #aagi4  ,he 0 ! in/rum5t ( spread+  
^? lib]al ideas 9 ,bohemia1  ( :i* ,john
 ,huss & ,j]ome ( ,prague became 9 aft] 
times wor?y  repres5tatives4 ,at ! "t ( 
8 dea? x is said t ,waldo _h  five      
hundr$ ?\s& foll[]s4    ,already1 ,a4   
,d4 #aacd1 ,pet] de ,brueys _h be5 burn$
 at ,langu$oc =  d5y+ infant baptism4   
,already ! valleys ( ,pi$mont 7 full (  
,wald5ses1 :o d5\nc$ ! gre$ ( ! popes & 
! int]m+l+  ( bi%ops 9 blood%$ & w>4 ,at
 ?is juncture ,innoc5t ,,iii41  asc5d$ !
 pontifical ?rone4 ,"h 0 a /ate ( ?+s   
:i*1 z  he consid]$1 dem&$ imm$iate     
att5tion4 ,! me?ods to :i*  he resort$ =
 ! suppression & ext9ction ( h]etics1 z 
misbeliev]s 7 call$1 h made 8 "n =ev]   
infam\s4    ,innoc5t well knew t ! gre$ 

& ! corruptions ( ! cl]gy  _h made !m   
unpopul> ) ! p4 ,he !re=e e/abli%$  !   
m5dicant ord]s ( prie/s1 m commonly kn[n
 "u ! names  ( ,franciscans &           
,dom9icans4 ,v[$ to pov]ty & liv+ on    
alms1  !y liv$ & mov$ among ! masses1 & 
yet 7 held sacr$4 ,!  accusations &     
dissipation ( luxury s =cibly urg$ aga9/
 !  regul> cl]gy1 7 altoge!r            
inapplicable to ^! half-/>v$  w&]+      
fanatics4 ,once m = a "t ! popes _h ga9$
  possession ( ! e> ( ! masses4    ,at  
?is "t ,s\!rn ,france 0 ! g>d5 ( re=m4  
,"h !  eloqu5ce ( ,abel>d1 ! patriotism 
( ,arnold & ! /atesman%ip  ( ,fr$]ick   
wield$ a mighty influ5ce4 ,l se$s fall+ 
into good  gr\nd1 !y br\ght =? mu*      
fruit4 ,already ,arnold _h be5 burn$  at
 ! /ake & 8 #fh a%es ?r[n on ! waves ( !
 ,tib]4 ,he  has ?us become ! h]itage1 z
 x 71 ( e nation ^: %ores  are wa%$ by !
 tides ( ! sea4 ,sev5 c5turies h roll$  
by  s9ce !n1 yet ! memory ( ,arnold (   
,brescia is ev] gre52 !  pr9ciples = :i*
 he liv$ & di$ are n[ incorporat$ 9 e   

con/itutional gov]nm5t on ! globe4    ,9
 no l& 7 8 pr9ciples m preval5t ?an 9   
,s\!rn ,france1  & on x ,innoc5t det]m9$
 to v5t 8 rage4 ,9 look+ ar\nd =  a     
suitable pretext t w\ld r\se ! masses & 
excite !m to  religi\s fr5zy1 he soon   
discov]$ ! object = :i* he s\ght4  ,x 0 
,raymond1 e>l ( ,t\l\se1 :o _h s f>     
turn$ ,mahometan t  he _h no less ?an   
?ree wives 9 emulation ( 8 ,s>ac5       
neighbors  beyond ! ,pyr5ees4 ,an       
inve/igation ( ! dome/ic life (         
,raymond1  w\ld h %[n x to h be5 f> m   
honorable ?an t ( !  popes1 !mselves4   
,raymond 0 !re=e arre/$ on ! *>ge (     
h]esy1 ( h>bor+ h]etics & plac+ (fices (
 tru/ 9 ! h&s  ( wor?y ,jews4 ,8        
subjects 7 indignant1 = ,raymond1 x w\ld
  seem1 0 a wise & good rul] & mu* lov$ 
by 8 p4    ,9 ! disputes t ensu$ !      
pope's ambassador 0 accid5tally  kill$4 
,innoc5t consid]$ ?is a suffici5t reason
 = s5d+ into  ! e>l's dom9ion an army ( 
ne>ly five hundr$ ?\s& m54 ,!re  0 no   
alt]native = ! e>l b to submit4 ,he     

surr5d]$ up 8  /rong places1 & ev5      
ackn[l$g$ ! ju/ice ( 8 puni%m5t4 ,he  0 
publicly /ripp$ nak$ to ! wai/1 &1 ) a  
rope ar\nd 8  neck1 l$ to ! alt> ( !    
ca!dral & !re sc\rg$4    ,b !           
humiliation & sc\rg+ ( ! e>l 0 n        
suffici5t to  satisfy ! soldi]y4 ,!y _h 
come = blood & plund]1 & blood  & plund]
 !y mu/ h4 ,!n foll[$ su* a sc5e (      
horror z  tongue or p5 _c describe4 ,!  
army 0 (fic]$ by ,roman &  ,fr5*        
prelates4 ,bi%ops 7 its g5]als & an     
ar*deacon its  eng9e]4 ,! pope's        
ambassador 0 ! comm&]-9-*ief1 :o1 :5    
ask$ by a subord9ate (fic] at ! battle (
 ,bezi]s1 h[ !  ,ca?olics might be      
di/+ui%$ f ! misbeliev]s #fi & sav$1    
repli$3 ,kill !m all1 ,god w "k ,8 own 9
 ! resurrection4  ,9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y  
,magdal5e1 sev5 ?\s& p]sons 7  massacr$4
 ,9 ! city tw5ty ?\s& m 7 slaught]$4 ,! 
place  0 !n fir$ & left z a monum5t (   
prie/ly v5geance4    ,image3 ,dungeon ( 
! ,inquisition4    #gj ,at ! massacre ( 
,levaur f\r hundr$ p]sons 7 pil$ toge!r 

& burn$4 ,! embassador1 9 mak+ up 8     
dispat*es to !  pope1 said t !y made a  
wond]ful blaze1 & !n w5t to burn        
ev]la/+ly 9 hell4    ,x 0 hop$ t ^!     
horrors w\ld s t]rify m5 t !y w\ld  nev]
 aga9 d>e to use ! ,god-giv5 p[] (      
reason4 ,! soil _h  be5 /eep$ ) ! blood 
( m5 & ! air pollut$ by _!  burn+s2 yet 
all ?is did n /ifle ! tru?1 nor prev5t  
its  gr[?4 ,hop+ /ill to effect ?is1 t  
inf]nal in/itution1 !  ,inquisition1 0  
e/abli%$4 ,its projectors int5d$ x n    
only to  put an end to public tea*+1 b  
also to private ?\ght4 ,:5 once  !      
,inquisition seiz$ its victim1 no p]son1
 n ev5 ! ne>e/  relative1 c\ld conv]se )
 him1 write to him or int]c$e = him4    
,he 0 lo/ to public view until ! h\r = 8
 torture or execution  _h arriv$4 ,9    
,spa9 alone m ?an ?ree hundr$ & =ty ?\s&
  pass$ ?r\gh its t]rible ordeal4 ,b ?is
 fe>ful tribunal did n  fail to draw ^u 
itself ! indignation ( m54 ,su* outrages
 aga9/  humanity _c be p]petrat$ )\t    
br++ retribution 9 ! end4    ,! great   

=ces :i* 7 !n at "w 9 society1 7 well   
illu/rat$ 9 ! *>act]s ( ! two lead+     
actors4 ,on "o side  /&s ,innoc5t       
,,iii41 8 h&s r$ ) ! blood ( 8 fell[-m51
  & hesitat+ at no atrocity 9 ord] to   
accompli% 8 purposes4    ,on ! o!r1 0   
,fr$]ick ,,ii41 emp]or ( ,g]many &      
,italy4  ,fr$]ick's e>ly life _h be5    
sp5t 9 famili> int]c\rse ) ,jews  &     
,arabs4 ,9 a ,s>ac5 univ]sity he _h     
receiv$ 8 education2 &  to 8 _m o!r     
accompli%m5ts1 he add$ ! speak+ ( !     
,arabic  z flu5tly z a ,s>ac54 ,jewi% & 
,s>ac5 philosoph]s _h taught  him to    
sne] at ! pret5sions ( ! *ur* ( ,rome3 z
 might be  expect$ he soon came 9       
conflict ) h] au?ority4    ,betwe5      
,innoc5t & ,fr$]ick 0 p]petual enmity2 b
 = a "t  ! conflict 0 def]r$4 ,dur+ ?is 
int]val ! greatness (  ,fr$]ick 0       
manife/$ 9 ! int]nal improvem5ts ( 8    
k+dom4  ,he in/itut$ a repres5tative    
assembly or p>liam5t1 :i* by 8  sanction
 fram$ a #ga code ( wise & useful laws4 
,?is code ass]t$  ! pr9ciple ( equal    

rights to all1 ! peasants1 ! nobles &  !
 *ur*1 & an equal proportion ( taxation4
 ,x also provid$  = ! tol]ation ( all   
religions1 ,ca?olic1 ,jewi% &           
,mahometan4  ,fr$]ick emancipat$ all !  
s]fs & slaves ( 8 dom9ions1  e/abli%$   
*eap c\rts ( ju/ice = ! poor1 & regulat$
 trade  & comm]ce4 ,he ev5 laid d[n "s (
 ^? comm]cial & political  maxims       
rec5tly discuss$ by ,adam ,smi? & ,john 
,/u>t ,mill1 & only  9 our own times    
f9ally receiv$ z true4 ,he also e/abli%$
 fairs  & m>kets1 = ! ex*ange (         
products1 & (f]$ prizes =  me*anical    
improvem5ts & ! be/ bre$s ( dome/ic     
animals4 ,9  ,naples he f\nd$ a great   
univ]sity ) lib]al provision = wor?y  b 
indig5t y\?s4 ,"u him sculpture1 pa9t+1 
poetry & music  7 lib]ally patroniz$1 & 
! ,italian tongue fir/ rose to !        
dignity ( a language4    ,all ?is 0 an  
abom9ation 9 ! sight ( ,rome4 ,gregory  
,,ix41  succe$$ to ! pontifical *air 9  
,a4 ,d4 #abbh4 ,fr$]ick &  8 p>liam5ts1 
8 laws & univ]sities1 8 libr>ies & 8    

tol]ation 7 all d5\nc$1 & ,fr$]ick      
himself 0 deliv]$ ov]  to ,satan = !    
good ( 8 s\l4 ,= ?irty ye>s ,fr$]ick    
combat$  ! p[] ( ! *ur*1 b he sank 9 !  
conflict at la/4 ,b !  fate ( m5 is by  
no means an indication ( ! fate (       
pr9ciples4      ,tru? cru%$ to e>? w    
rise aga91    ,! et]nal ye>s ( ,god are 
h]s4    ,?\gh d5\nc$ !n1 ,fr$]ick is n[ 
consid]$ "o ( !  b5efactors ( 8 race4   
,mean:ile an om9\s cl\d 0 ga!r+ 9 !     
horizon ( ,rome4  ,! ,franciscans1 we>y 
( pov]ty1 began to d5\nce ! luxury &    
corruptions ( ! regul> cl]gy4 ,at ?is   
juncture a /range book made  its        
appe>ance1 :i*1 "u ! title ( ,! ,ev]la/+
 ,gospel1  /ruck t]ror to ! he>ts ( !   
papal au?orities4    ,x 0 affirm$ t an  
angel br\ght x f heav5 & gave x to  !   
prie/ call$ ,cyril1 :o x 0 said deliv]$ 
x to ! ,abbot  ,joa*im1 by :om ! book 0 
publi%$4 ,cyril #gb _h be5 dead ab\t    
fifty ye>s :5 ! "w fir/ made its        
appe>ance4 ,accord+ to !  admissions (  
,ca?olic hi/orians1 ,! "w display$ an   

enl>g$  & ma/]ly conception ( !         
hi/orical progress ( humanity4 ,x       
claim$ t ,romanism _h done its "w & mu/ 
n[ make way = a new  ord] ( ideas4 ,x   
proce$$ to %[ t !re are epo*s1 or ages 9
  ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,dur+ !      
,jewi% disp5sation1  x _h be5 "u !      
imm$iate influ5ce ( ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,= !  
next twelve hundr$ ye>s1 x _h be5 "u !  
control ( ,god !  ,son1 b ! "t has n[   
arriv$ :5 ! _w w\ld be "u !  special    
control ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,t man ne$ no    
long] treasure  up ! relics ( antiquity1
 se>* aft] ! say+s ( ! e>ly  fa!rs or   
ev5 solely & implicitly rely on ! lett] 
( ! anci5t  scriptures1 = ! ,holy ,_s   
w\ld manife/ itself 9 visions1  dreams &
 revelations to ! *ildr5 ( m54    ,"o ( 
! gr& pr9ciples :i* x taught 01 ! div9e 
"r (  private judgm5t4 ,x ass]t$ t g5ius
 %\ld n be consid]$  an individual      
possession1 b r ! gift ( ,god--! visible
  manife/ation ( ! secret work+s ( !    
,holy ,_s = !  elevation ( ! race4 ,9   
%ort1 x taught t e inv5tion &  discov]y 

0 only1 9 "s degree1 a revelation ( ,god
 to man1 an  unfold+ ( ! secret laws (  
nature to man's f9ite und]/&+4  ,x      
consid]$1 ^? h]oes z inspir$1 :o1 spr++ 
f society  at appo9t$ epo*s1 display$ a 
m5tal or moral p[] beyond !  ord9>y     
limits ( humanity1 & ar\nd :om1 z ar\nd 
a sup]ior &  my/]i\s p[]1 nations &     
individuals unhesitat+ly ga!r4    ,x    
recogniz$ ! h& ( ,god 9 ^? gr&          
revolutions1 ^? great  m51 ^? mighty    
nations1 :i*1 aris+ f obscurity1        
communicate  a fre% impulse1 new vigor &
 advanc$ ideas to ! human race4 ,x  0   
)\t d\bt ! mo/ p[]ful writt5 "w :i* _h  
appe>$  s9ce ! days ( ! apo/les4 ,no    
wond] ! pope1 ,alex&] ,,iv41 took       
imm$iate measures = its de/ruction4 ,s  
f> f be+ suppress$1  its copies 7       
multipli$ rapidly1 ?\gh pr9t+ 0 z yet   
unkn[n4    #gc ,on ! f> (f pla9s (      
,bohemia1 among ! rugg$ m\nta9s  ( !    
,tyrol1 by ,alp9e torr5ts & 9 ! valleys 
( ,pi$mont1 z  well z on ! di/ant %ores 
( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 its words 7         

c>efully read & pond]$4 ,9 size x 0     
ne>ly equal to ! ,new  ,te/am5t1 & by _m
 ( ! humble classes x 0 rev]$ z its     
equal 9 au?ority4 ,_m ( its tru?s 7     
convey$ 9 ! =m (  fable or p>able4      
,hi/orians g5]ally write 9 ! int]e/ ( "s
  sect or p>ty1 & f9d+ 9 x little to    
flatt] ! pride or vanity  ( man1 h      
frequ5tly pass$ x by 9 sil5ce or h giv5 
x m]ely  a pass+ notice1 b x 0 evid5tly 
an in/rum5t 9 ! h&s (  ,god = awak5+    
human intellect4    ,mean:ile ! b\nd>ies
 ( human k 7 greatly enl>g$4  ,*emi/ry &
 m$ic9e _h tak5 _! places z e/abli%$    
sci5ces4  ,rog] ,bacon1 :o 0 born ,a4   
,d4 #abad1 _h already a/oni%$ !  le>n$  
by 8 exp]im5ts & discov]ies 9 optics1   
ma!matics &  *emi/ry4 ,at ! pres5t "t x 
is almo/ impossible to compreh5d  !     
difficulties & p]ils :i* !n att5d$ e /ep
 9  exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,= example1 9    
mak+ "s exp]im5ts on !  prop]ties (     
antimony1 or /ibium1 z x 0 !n call$1 x 0
  f\nd t :5 giv5 to ! sw9e 9 _! food x  
increas$ _!  fatness ) surpris+         

rapidity4 ,b :5 x 0 adm9i/]$ to "s      
half-/>v$ monks ! poor fell[s 7 e "o    
kill$4 ,h5ce !  mod]n "n ( antimony1 f  
anti1 aga9/1 & mo9e1 a monk4 ,x  may    
also be add$ t antimony1 :e!r us$ z a   
m$ic9e or 9 !  composition ( pr9t]'s    
type = ! dissem9ation ( tru? is equally 
unheal?y = sect>ian bigots ( e          
description4    ,geographical k _h also 
be5 greatly ext5d$4 ,adv5tur\s  m]*ants 
_h sail$ along bo? ! ea/]n & we/]n %ores
 (  ,africa f> s\? ( ! equator1 = !y    
discov]$ />s &  con/ellations invisible 
9 nor!rn latitudes4 ,! ,azores & ,can>y 
,isl&s _h be5 r$iscov]$ aft] a lapse ( m
 ?an a ?\s&  ye>s4 ,portuguese sailors  
_h already made voyages to f> (f ,icel&1
  ! ,ullima ,?ule ( ! anci5ts4 ,) !     
exception ( nor?-ea/]n  ,asia & s\!rn   
,africa1 ! entire b\nd>ies ( ! ea/]n    
cont95t 7 kn[n4 ,m>co ,polo1 9 ! #gd    
int]e/s ( ,v5etian  comm]ce1 _h explor$ 
! va/ regions ( c5tral ,asia1 & ,moori% 
m]*ants ( ,tripoli1 by means ( c>avans1 
_h traffick$ ) !  tribes ( c5tral       

,africa4    ,! /ates ( ,europe _h       
comm5c$ to assume _! mod]n =ms2         
,portugal _h become indep5d5t ( ,spa9   
ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #aaci2 ,switz]l&1  "u      
,rudolph ( ,hapsburg1 became a di/9ct   
nationality 9 ,a4 ,d4  #aaea2 ,irel& 0  
subjugat$ by ,h5ry ,,ii41 ( ,engl&1 9   
,a4 ,d4 #aagb1  & ,briti% con/itutional 
gov]nm5t comm5c$ by wre/+ ! ,magna      
,*>ta f ,k+ ,john1 9 ,a4 ,d4 #abae4     
,9 f9e arts we f9d t ,cimabue1 :o 0 born
 9 ,a4 ,d4 #aadj1 &  8 pupil ,giotto1 :o
 0 born 9 ,a4 ,d4 #abgf1 e/abli%$ !     
,italian  s*ool ( mod]n pa9t+4    ,!    
=ego+ w indicate to "s ext5t ! condition
 ( society  at ! latt] end ( ! ?irte5?  
c5tury4 ,! d>kness ( night  _h comm5c$  
to vani%4 ,! morn+ /> ( intellig5ce _h  
aris51  h]ald+ ! com+ ( a peaceful day--
      ,a day n cl\dless or devoid (     
/orm1    ,b sunny = ! mo/ & cle> & w>m4 
,,*apt] ,,viii4    ,,! ,,morn+ ,,(      
,,mod]n ,,times4    ,,lesson ,,f ,,hea!n
 ,,my?ology--,,vicissitudes ,,( ,,roman 
,,*ur*--,,boniface  ,,pope--,,advancem5t

 ,,9 ,,civilization--,,"w ,,( ,,!       
,,roman ,,*ur*--,,inv5tion  ,,(         
,,pr9t+--,,gut5b]g--,,bible ,,fir/      
,,pr9t$--,,columbus--,,8 ,,wond]ful     
,,dream--,,8 ,,great                    
,,voyage--,,discov]y ,,(                
,,am]ica--,,trials ,,& ,,triumphs4      
,x breaks--x comes--! mi/y %ad[s fly3   
,a rosy radiance gleams ^u ! sky2    ,! 
m\nta9 tops reflect x calm & cle>1    ,!
 pla9 is yet 9 %ade1 b day is           
ne>4--,*as4 ,mackay4    ,! fifte5?      
c5tury may be ju/ly consid]$ !          
comm5cem5t (  mod]n times2 = !n began ! 
great #ge revolution 9 sci5ce1  religion
 & g5]al k1 :i* has cont9u$ until !     
pres5t  "t4 ,! "t-worn colossus ( ,rome 
0 tott]+ "u its own  weight4 ,great     
pr9ces fill$ ! ?rones ( all ! pr9cipal  
c\ntries  ( ,europe4 ,! m9ds ( m5 seem$ 
awak5+ z f a sleep4 ,a _s  ( sci5tific  
rese>* _h seiz$ ! le>n$1 & a desire =  k
 f\nd its way ev5 to ! homes ( ! l[ly4  
,9 e grade ( society a new life 0 9     
motion4 ,:at an age6  exclaim$ ,huetton1

 ! religi\s knight ( ,g]many1 /udies    
fl\ri%1  m9ds are awak5+2 x is a joy    
m]ely to be alive6    ,! hi/ory ( ^?    
times _c be correctly told by a simple  
recital  ( facts4 ,?is tru? %\ld ev] be 
ackn[l$g$1 t ,god is ev]  pres5t on t   
va/ !atre :]e successive g5]ations ( m5 
meet  & /ruggle4 ,x is true ,he is      
unse52 & ! un?9k+ multitude may  pass   
he$lessly by4 ,to ! ignorant cr[d1 !    
hi/ory ( ! _w  pres5ts a confus$ *aos2 b
 to m5 ( ?\ght1 x appe>s z a  maje/ic   
temple on :i* ! invisible h& ( ,god is  
at "w4    ,mod]n m9ds might le>n a      
lesson f hea!n my?ology4 ,! "n  giv5 by 
! anci5t ,greeks to ! ,deity %[s t !y _h
 receiv$  "s primeval revelation ( ?is  
great tru?4 ,he 0 /yl$ ,zeus1 or  !     
life-giv] to all t lives--to nations z  
well z individuals4  ,f 8 inspirations  
,m9os & o!r legislators pr(ess$ to h    
receiv$ _! laws2 & on 8 alt>s k+s & p   
swore _!  solemn oa?s4 ,?is great tru?  
is taught by "o ( ! mo/ beautiful       
fables ( hea!n my?ology4    ,?us ,zeus1 

! life-giv+ pr9ciple is ! fa!r ( ,clio1 
!  muse ( hi/ory1 ^: "m is ,mnemosyne1  
or memory4 ,hi/ory !n  is ! memory (    
m5's acts & ,god's provid5ces1 & comb9es
 a  heav5ly ) an e>?ly nature4 ,%e is ! 
daught] ( ,god & man2  b1 alas1 !       
purbl9d philosophy ( ! n9ete5? c5tury   
has n  atta9$ to ! l(ty views ( hea!n   
wisdom6    ,:at a />tl+ fact1 t m5      
br\ght up amid ! glori\s light (  !     
pres5t age %\ld d5y t div9e #gf         
int]v5tion 9 human  affairs :i* ev5 ! v 
hea!ns admitt$6    ,! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5?
 c5tury f9ds ,boniface ,,ix41 on !      
pontifical ?rone4 ,dur+ 8 reign ! papal 
p[] culm9at$ &  began to decl9e4    ,no 
empire ( anci5t or mod]n times has      
exp]i5c$ su* m>vel\s &  v>i$            
vicissitudes1 z ^? :i* h befall5 !      
empire ( !  ,roman *ur*4 ,born 9        
obscurity & re>$ 9 adv]sity1 t *ur*     
nev]!less succe$$ 9 climb+ to a l(ti]   
?rone & grasp+  ! scept] ( a m absolute 
dom9ion ?an ei!r a ,x]xes or an  ,alex&]
 c\ld boa/4 ,pret5d+ to despise m]e     

worldly ga9s1 %e  cunn+ly turn$ !       
*annels ( ri*es t[>ds h]self1 & empti$  
!m )\t scruple into h] own c(f]s4    ,:5
 ,boniface asc5d$ ! papal ?rone1 !      
au?ority ( ,rome 0  app>5tly great] ?an 
ev]2 b 9 reality x 0 mu* und]m9$ by  !  
advanc+ labors ( civilization4          
,society _h made a great advance 9 !    
previ\s eight hundr$ ye>s4  ,9 ! sev5?  
c5tury1 a cl\d ( m ?an ,egyptian d>kness
  ov]%ad[$ ,europe4 ,!n x 0 occupi$ by  
w&]+ savages2 n[  x 0 organiz$ into     
families1 neighborhoods & cities4 ,!    
sev5?  c5tury left x full ( bondm52 !   
fifte5? f\nd x )\t a  slave4 ,:]e !re _h
 be5 trackless =e/s !re 7 n[ ! abodes  (
 civiliz$ m54 ,in/ead ( bloody *iefta9s 
dr9k+ out ( _!  enemies' skulls1 !re 7  
grave pr(essors tea*+ ! laws (  nature &
 ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce4    ,nor 0 ?is    
all4 ,rome h]self _h a prep>atory "w to 
d1 & _h  %e conf9$ h]self to t "w1 &    
s\ght n to trammel ! m9ds  ( m51 %e w\ld
 h cont9u$ a bless+ to ! race4 ,nev]    
be=e  9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w 0 !re su* a     

sy/em4 ,f h] c5tral  seat %e c\ld       
equally take 9 a hemisph]e at a glance  
or exam9e  ! private life ( any         
individual4 ,9 all ,europe !re 0 n a man
  too great or too obscure1 too         
insignificant or too desolate = h]4     
,surr\nd$ by h] solemnities e "o receiv$
 8 "n at h] alt>2  h] bells *im$ at 8   
m>riage2 & h] knell toll$ at 8 fun]al4  
,:5 ev5 to 8 fri5ds 8 lifeless corpse _h
 become an (f5se1 %e  receiv$ x into h] 
#gg consecrat$ gr\nd1 !re to re/ until !
  great reckon+ day4 ,9 times (         
lawlessness & rap9e1 %e %elt]$  !       
helpless f ! tyrant1 & made h]          
sanctu>ies a refuge = !  despair+ &     
oppress$1 ,b l all man-made sy/ems (    
religion1  %e fail$ by attempt+ to en=ce
 fix$ laws on society 9 !  pres5ce (    
high] tru?s & advanc+ civilization4     
,dur+ all ^! c5turies mank9d _h sl[ly b 
surely advanc$ &  ,abraham's se$1 !     
,jews & ,s>ac5s1 _h be5 ! lead]s ( t    
progress4 ,quietly ! mat]ials _h be5    
ga!r+ until ! :ole  cont95t 0 ripe =    

revolution4    ,mean:ile ,god _h rais$  
up in/rum5ts1 by :i* ! comm]ce1         
politics & religi\s ?\ght ( ,europe 7   
completely *ang$4    ,9 ,a4 ,d4 #adhd1  
!re 7 liv+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe ?ree  
p]sons :o 7 de/9$ to set 9 motion ^!    
mighty movem5ts4  ,^! 7 ,gut5b]g1       
,columbus & ,lu!r4 ,ar\nd ^! m5 clu/]   
_m notable ev5ts2 & a hi/ory ( _! lives 
& times w\ld  include "s ( ! brighte/   
pages 9 ! annals ( our race4    ,gut5b]g
 0 !n an old man liv+ at ,m5tz1 9       
,g]many4 ,8  broad %\ld]s1 well knit    
frame & /rong arms %[$ t he 0  acqua9t$ 
) labor1 & capable ( great endurance4 ,8
 broad  & full =ehead indicat$ a man (  
reflective m9d & inv5tive  faculty4 ,8  
ke51 full grey eye reveal$ a s\l full ( 
e>ne/ness1  intellig5ce & p[]4 ,he _h   
conf]r$ on mank9d ! mo/ useful          
inv5tion1 s9ce ,cadmus1 ne>ly ?ree ?\s& 
ye>s ago1 taught !  b>b>ian ,greeks !   
art ( writ+4 ,?is inv5tion 0 ! art (    
pr9t+1 :i* has be5 su* a mighty in/rum5t
 = ! transmission  ( ?\ght1 & !         

civilization ( ! _w4 ,! ,s>ac5s _h      
already inv5t$ ! art ( mak+ pap] f l95  
rags4 ,previ\s to  ?is1 p>*m5t 0 ! only 
sub/ance well adapt$ = writ+ ^u4        
,pap]-mak+ & pr9t+ produc$ great *anges 
9 ! manufacture (  books4 ,by ! "o1     
books 7 greatly *eap5$1 by ! o!r1       
greatly  multipli$4 ,?\ght c\ld n[ be   
transmitt$ *eaply & swiftly 9 a  ?\s&   
diff]5t directions4 ,prie/craft saw !   
#gh dang]1 &1  t]rifi$ le/ tru? %\ld    
em]ge1 imm$iately attempt$ to control  &
 re/ra9 ! press4 ,at ?is "t ! art (     
pr9t+ 0 kn[n to  only five or six       
p]sons4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve t ev5 w> 
0  ! means ( quick5+ ! gr[? & ext5sion (
 ?is wond]ful art4  ,9 #adfb1 ! /orm+ ( 
,m5tz disp]s$ ,gut5b]g & 8 co-work]s  & 
gave ! secret to ! _w4 ,9 ,a4 ,d4 #adfe1
 x appe>$ 9 ,italy2  9 #adfi1 9 ,france2
 9 #adgd1 ,caxton br\ght x to ,engl&1 & 
9 #adgg  x 0 introduc$ 9 ,spa94         
,mean:ile ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi41          
excommunicat$ all pr9t]s n lic5s$  by   
him1 & an ord] 0 issu$ to burn all books

 n recomm5d$ by  ! papal au?orities4 ,b 
^! frantic /ruggles ( ! p[]s (  d>kness 
7 unavail+4 ,lov]s ( books 7 gratifi$ by
 see+ !m  multipli$ by ?\s&s4 ,! ,bible 
0 pr9t$ z e>ly z #aded1 &  0 foll[$     
%ortly aft]w>ds by o!r important books4 
,! p[] ( ! press cont9u$ to increase1   
until at ! pres5t "t  x is )\t d\bt !   
mo/ p[]ful aid to mod]n civilization4   
,at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury a pr(\nd
 ignorance  prevail$ conc]n+ ! we/]n    
regions ( ! ,atlantic4 ,its va/  wat]s 7
 reg>d$ ) awe & wond]2 & ?\gh f "t to   
"t1  pieces ( c>v$ wood & o!r relics (  
,indian skill _h float$  to ! %ores ( ! 
old _w1 giv+ to its wond]+ inhabitants  
evid5ces ( l& beyond ! wat]y horizon1   
yet no "o v5tur$ to  spread a sail &    
seek t l& veil$ 9 my/]y & p]il4         
,columbus 0 ! fir/ :o _h ! inspiration  
to conceive &  ! h]oic c\rage to brave !
 my/]ies ( ?is p]il\s deep4  ,he unfold$
 to ! w&]+ gaze ( ! inhabitants (       
,europe a  new hemisph]e1 & op5$ x to _!
 _s ( discov]y &  ent]prise--op5$ x     

also1 alas1 to _! cupidity & cruelty6   
,*ri/oph] ,columbus 0 born 9 ! city     
,g5oa1 ab\t #addg1 & became  "o ( ! mo/ 
rem>kable m5 ( any l& or "t4 ,hav+      
c>efully  /udi$ ! sci5ces ( geography & 
a/ronomy he became conv9c$  t ! e>? 0 n 
flat1 z mo/ m5 !n believ$1 b 0 really  a
 va/ globe or ball4 ,he p]ceiv$ t :5 !  
moon 0 eclips$1  ! #gi %ad[ :i* ! e>?   
ca/ ^u ! moon 0 r\nd2 & he  reason$ t z 
! %ad[ 0 r\nd1 ! object t made t %ad[   
mu/ be r\nd also4    ,he visit$ ! great 
,s>ac5 s*ools 9 ,spa91 & !re receiv$    
additional pro( ( ?is tru?4 ,spa91 0 !n 
a great m>itime  nation1 & !re he       
conv]s$ ) great sea-capta9s ^: voyages  
7 already attract+ ! att5tion ( ! le>n$4
 ,he himself also  made a voyage to f>  
(f ,icel&1 & possibly to ,gre5l&1 to :i*
  c\ntry ! pope _h already s5t a bi%op &
 sev]al mission>ies4    ,image3         
,*ri/oph] ,columbus4    ,9 ,a4 ,d4      
#adhe1 :5 ,columbus 0 ab\t ?irty-eight  
ye>s ( age he  made 8 fir/ application  
to ! k+ ( ,portugal = aid 9 8 great     

s*eme ( m>itime discov]y1 b )\t success4
 ,he !n successively  appli$ to ,spa91  
,g5oa1 ,v5ice & ,engl&4    ,b ! mon>*s (
 ,europe 7 "u ! control ( ,rome1 &      
!re=e too busy 9 aid+ h] religi\s       
p]secutions to li/5 to  ! appeals (     
sci5ce4    ,inde$ 9 ! v ye> 9 :i*       
,columbus made 8 fir/ application1  !   
,inquisition put to dea? ne>ly sev5te5  
?\s& p]sons1 besides  imprison+         
?irty-two ?\s& #hj m4 ,nor 0 ?is all1   
n9ety-two  ?\s& ,jews _h suff]$         
confiscation ( _! prop]ty1 & _h  be5    
giv5 ! un5viable *oice ( dea?1 bani%m5t 
or p]petual  slav]y4 ,& ! ,s>ac5s1 :o _h
 dwelt 9 ,spa9 = m ?an sev5  hundr$     
ye>s1 or ne>ly twice z long a "t z has  
elaps$ s9ce !  discov]y ( ,am]ica1 7    
expell$ f ! l&s :i* !y _h s  long       
cultivat$ & beautifi$1 & f _! cities :i*
 _h s long  l$ ! _w 9 ! arts1 sci5ces & 
g5]al civilization4    ,"o ev5+ 9 !     
autumn ( ,a4 ,d4 #adhe1 a man ( maje/ic 
appe>ance1  pale1 c>e-worn1 & ?\gh 9 !  
m]idian ( life1 ) silv]  hair1 lead+ a  

little boy by ! h&1 ask$ alms at ! gate 
( a  ,franciscan conv5t ne> ,polos--n = 
himself1 b only a little bread  & wat] =
 8 *ild4 ,t man 0 ,columbus1 de/9$ to   
/>tle !  inhabitants ( ,europe ) !      
discov]y ( a new cont95t4 ,b he 0       
oblig$ to wait until he c\ld take       
advantage ( ! comm]cial rivalry  ( ,spa9
 & ,portugal4    ,! trade ( ,ea/]n ,asia
 _h always be5 a s\rce ( imm5se weal?   
to ! nations t _h controll$ x4 ,= m ?an 
a ?\s& ye>s  ,v5ice _h held ! keys to t 
comm]ce4 ,z discov]ies ext5d$1  o!r     
nations p]ceiv$ ! possibility ( op5+ new
 r\tes to !  ,ea/ & ?us rivall+ !       
comm]cial greatness ( ,v5ice4 ,"o ( ^!  
plans 0 to sail ar\nd ! s\!rn end (     
,africa1 ! o!r to sail  directly we/w>d 
across ! ,atlantic4 ,x 0 pla9 to e ?9k+ 
p]son t if ,india c\ld be rea*$ by sail+
 we/w>d1 m>itime  p[] w\ld pass f !     
,m$it]ranean c\ntries to ^? ^u !        
,atlantic coa/4    ,ab\t ?is "t         
,columbus _h a wond]ful dream1 or       
vision4 ,an  unkn[n voice spoke to him1 

& said3 ,god w cause ?y "n to  be       
wond]fully res\nd$ ?r\gh\t ! e>?2 & w   
give !e  ! keys to ! ocean :i* are held 
) /rong *a9s4 ,f ?is  "t =w>d1 ,columbus
 look$ ^u himself z *os5 f among m5  to 
accompli% ! purposes ( heav52 to br+ !  
ends ( ! e>?  toge!r1 t all nations1 &  
peoples1 & tongues might be unit$  "u ! 
bann] ( ! ,r$eem]4    #ha ,isabella &   
,f]d9& 7 !n jo9t k+ & que5 ( ,spa94     
,mean:ile1 ,columbus _h ga9$ _m         
influ5tial fri5ds1 among :om  0 a ,jewi%
 sea-f>+ family nam$ ,p9zon1 & ,luis de 
,santangel !  spiritual advis] ( ,que5  
,isabella4    ,at ?is "t ,columbus seem$
 m likely to fall into ! h&s ( !        
,inquisition & suff] = 8 h]esy ?an to   
succe$ 9 8 great  ent]prise4    ,at ?is 
juncture ,luis de ,santangel obta9$     
audi5ce ) ! que51  & address$ h] ) all !
 en]gy ( a man :o speaks = ! la/  "t 9  
behalf ( a favor$ project4 ,isabella    
li/5$ att5tively1  hesitat$ a mom5t & !n
 pl$g$ h] jewels to raise ! am\nt       
necess>y = ! exp$ition4 ,contempor>y    

writ]s h be5  en?usia/ic 9 _!           
descriptions ( ,isabella3 b "t has      
sanction$  _! eulogies4 ,%e is "o ( !   
pure/ & mo/ beautiful *>act]s  on !     
pages ( hi/ory4    ,at l5g?1 on ! #ag? (
 ,april1 ,a4 ,d4 #adib1 ,columbus 0 u%]$
  into ! royal pres5ce1 & receiv$ 8     
commission4 ,imm$iately he  comm5c$     
prep>ations1 & on ! #crd ( ,augu/1      
#adib1 set sail on 8  ev]-memorable     
voyage4 ,! exp$ition consi/$ ( ?ree     
small vessels3  ! ,santa ,m>ia1 comm&$  
by ,columbus2 ! ,p9ta1 by ,m>t9 ,alonzo 
,p9zon2 & ! ,n9a1 by ,v9c5t ,yanez      
,p9zon4 ,! ,p9zons 7  d\bly int]e/$ 9   
?is voyage1 = :ile !y s\ght = a new &   
pr(itable r\te ( comm]ce1 !y d\btless   
also felt a desire to f9d  an asylum =  
_! p]secut$ ,jewi% bre?r54 7,see        
,lovel's ,am]ican  ,hi/ory1 ,canadian   
edition47    ,hav+ t\*$ at ! ,can>y     
,isl&s !y sail$ directly we/w>d4 ,on    
los+ sight ( ! la/ trace ( l& ! he>ts ( 
! crews fail$  !m4 ,beh9d !m 0 ev]y?+   
de> to ! he>t ( man3 c\ntry1  family1   

fri5ds1 life itself2 be=e !m ev]y?+ 0   
*aos1 my/]y  & p]il4    ,columbus tri$ 9
 e way to soo! _! di/ress & inspire  !m 
) 8 own glori\s anticipations4 ,he      
describ$ to !m !  magnific5t c\ntries to
 :i* he 0 ab\t to conduct !m3 !  isl&s (
 ! ,indian seas1 teem+ ) #hb gold &     
preci\s /ones2  ! regions ( ,mangi &    
,ca?ay ) _! cities ( unrivall$ weal?  & 
spl5dor4 ,nor 7 ^! promises made =      
purposes ( deception4  ,columbus        
evid5tly believ$ t he w\ld realize !m   
all4    ,= _m days !y 7 g5tly b spe$ily 
waft$ ov] a tranquil sea1  b :5 ne> !   
middle ( ! ,atlantic1 !y1 = ! fir/ "t1  
obs]v$ ! v>iation ( ! ne$le ( ! compass1
 :i* no long]  po9t$ directly nor?1 b _h
 ve]$ ar\nd & po9t$ 9 a some:at  diff]5t
 direction4    ,image3 ,%ips (          
,columbus4    ,columbus 0 greatly       
p]plex$ yet d>$ n communicate 8 ?\ghts  
to anyone4 ,x seem$ z if ! v laws (     
nature 7 *ang+1  z !y advanc$1 & !y 7   
ent]+ ano!r _w subject to  unkn[n       
influ5ces2 t ! compass 0 ab\t to lose   

its my/]i\s  virtue1 & )\t t guide :at 0
 to become ( !m on a va/ &  trackless   
ocean8 ,columbus gave an explanation (  
?is ph5om5on :i*  satisfi$ ! crew ?\gh  
unsatisfactory to himself4 ,8 situation 
0  daily becom+ m critical 9 proportion 
z !y #hc approa*$  ! regions :]e he     
expect$ to f9d l&4 ,at l5g?1 on ! #i? ( 
,octob]1 ! crew broke out 9 op5 mut9y & 
?reat5$ to ?r[  him ov]bo>d1 design+ !n 
to return to ,spa94 ,a compromise 0     
effect$1 t if !y w\ld cont9ue to sail   
we/w>d ?ree days  long]1 & no l& 0      
discov]$ he w\ld !n return4 ,two days   
pass$ away & /ill no sight ( l&4        
,image3 ,l&+ ( ,columbus4    #hd ,on !  
ev5+ ( ! second day1 ,columbus rema9$ on
 deck4 ,:at  7 ! feel+s t p]vad$ 8 brea/
 no "o b ,god c tell2  ) no?+ b ! heav+ 
ocean b5ea? him & ! sil5t />s  o'er     
head4 ,anxi\sly he /&s ^u ! pr[ ( 8     
vessel & pe]s  into ! d>kness4 ,x is "o 
o'clock6 ,sudd5ly a gleam z ( a tor* is 
se5 9 ! horizon6 ,is x a fla% (         
phosphoric light z is sometimes  se5 on 

! surface ( ^! tropical seas1 or is x a 
blaze ( fire  indicat+ ! habitations (  
m58    ,soon ! joyful cry ( ,ho6 l&1 ho6
 res\nd$ ?r\gh\t ! %ip1  & ! boom+ (    
cannon ann\nc$ ! discov]y to ! o!r      
vessels4    ,:5 ! dawn+ ( ! morn+ came1 
!y beheld 9 all _! gr&eur  & beauty1 !  
hills & valleys1 /reams & =e/s ( a new  
_w4  ,! m5 :o _h be5 s lately mut9\s n[ 
came =w>d & b[$ d[n  be=e ,columbus1 &  
did homage to him z ?\gh he 7 a god4    
,trials be=e triumphs h ev] be5 ! lot ( 
self-taught m51 &  w be to ! end ( "t4  
,if ! *os5 h]oes ( ?is e>? 7  c\nt$ ov]1
 !y w\ld be f\nd to be m5 :o /ood alone 
& labor$  & wait$2 :ile ^? = :om !y     
agoniz$ & toil$ p\r$ ^u  !m contumely & 
scorn4    ,! v m>tyrs ( ! pa/ :o 7 hoot$
 at1 revil$ & spit ^u  by ! mob1 are !  
ones :o are honor$ n[4 ,!y suff]$ cruel 
tortures & burn+s2 to-day1 ! *ildr5 (   
?is g5]ation are  ga!r+ up _! scatt]$   
a%es to deposit !m 9 ! gold5 urn (  a   
nation's hi/ory4    #he        ,,*apt]  
,,ix4    ,,influ5ce ,,(                 

,,israel--,,discov]]s ,,& ,,re=m]s4     
,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,words--,,briti% ,,coat   
,,( ,,arms--,,! ,,t5 ,,tribes--,,acc\nt 
,,( ,,esdras--,,disp]sion ,,( ,,!       
,,tribes--,,mix$ ,,se$ ,,(              
,,israel--,,effect  ,,on ,,european     
,,society--,,jewi%                      
,,influ5ce--,,discov]y ,,( ,,cape ,,(   
,,good  ,,hope--,,pacific ,,ocean       
,,discov]$--,,magellan',s               
,,voyage--,,discov]s ,,cape             
,,horn--,,di/ance ,,sail$--,,dea? ,,(   
,,magellan--,,voyage ,,complet$--,,its  
,,effect  ,,on ,,! ,,public--,,huss ,,& 
,,j]ome ,,burn$--,,john                 
,,ziska--,,p]secutions  ,,(             
,,wald5ses--,,capture ,,(               
,,m5tz--,,disp]sion ,,( ,,pr9t]s--,,hans
  ,,boheim--,,joss ,,fritz--,,sale ,,(  
,,indulg5ces--,,m>t9 ,,lu!r ,,burns ,,! 
,,pope',s  ,,lett]--,,gr& ,,c\ncil ,,at 
,,worms--,,rome ,,9 ,a ,,rage--,,lu!r   
,,kidnapp$4    ,"o ( ! mo/ pleas+ & at !
 same "t in/ructive amusem5ts  9 :i* a  
?\ghtful m9d c engage1 is to trace !    

d]ivation (  c]ta9 words ( our language 
to ! primitive times & p :]e  !y        
orig9at$1 & ?us le>n ! social & m5tal   
condition ( !  p :o fir/ us$ !m4 ,x is  
pleas+ to "k t di% &  mop1 mat & rug1 & 
o!r h\sehold t]ms are ! v words  t 7    
spok5 by ! wom5 ( anci5t ,brita91 two   
?\s& ye>s  ago1 & h be5 h&$ d[n f       
g5]ation to g5]ation1 )  little or no   
v>iation4 ,9 l mann] ! words ax1 pl[1   
h\se1  po/1 b$1 fire1 & hundr$s ( o!rs1 
c be easily disc]n$  "u ! old ,saxon    
=ms4 ,& z ^! words are precisely ^? t   
w\ld be us$ by a rude or half-civiliz$  
p1 :ile ^? words  t ref] to a m advanc$ 
/ate ( society _c be trac$ to our       
,saxon ance/ors we may correctly inf] ! 
ext5t ( _! k  #hf & social condition4   
,fur!r1 z ! anci5t ,briti% words ref]   
to dome/ic affairs :ile ^? ( ,saxon     
orig9 ref] exclusively to  ! avocations 
( man1 we c easily p]ceive t !          
,anglo-,saxon  tongue has orig9at$ f !  
m>riage ( ! anci5t ,briti% wom5  ) _!   
,saxon conqu]ors4    ,h5ce ,max ,mull]1 

! le>n$ pr(essor ( languages1 9 !       
univ]sity  at ,ox=d1 ,engl&1 v ju/ly    
rem>ks t by means ( philology we  h a m 
accurate record ( our race ?an any      
n>rative writt5 by  prejudice or        
ill-in=m$ hi/orians4    ,n[ x is g5]ally
 admitt$ t ,g]mans1 ,anglo-,saxons & m5 
desc5d$ f ^! nationalities1 9 "o ^w1    
,g]man ?\ght1 l$  ! van ( progress 9    
sci5ce1 lit]ature & religi\s ?\ght1     
dur+ ! f\rte5?1 fifte5? & sixte5?       
c5turies1 & 9 fact  has cont9u$ to d s  
up to ! pres5t "t4    ,f ! fif? c5tury1 
:5 ,attila1 k+ ( ! ,huns1 decl>$ himself
  ,! sc\rge ( ,god1 wave aft] wave (    
conque/ by ^! h>dy  w>riors _h swept ov]
 ! hills & pla9s ( we/]n & s\!rn        
,europe1 until _! blood & _! love (     
civil & religi\s lib]ty  7 infus$ into e
 ,european nation4    ,n[ ! language ( !
 ,go?s1 or anci5t ,g]mans1 pla9ly       
indicates  t !y 7 n ! primitive p (     
,europe1 b _h conqu]$  & int]m+l$ ) !m 9
 ! same mann] z ! ,saxons conqu]$  &    
int]m+l$ ) ! inhabitants ( anci5t       

,brita91 or !  ,spani>ds ) ^? ( ,mexico4
    ,b x may be ask$1 :5ce came !y8 ,9  
?is connection two o!r  que/ions may    
also be ask$3 :y is x t ! ,g]man        
language  conta9s s _m idioms & t]ms t  
be> a close relation%ip to  ! language (
 ! anci5t ,hebrews & ,*aldeans8 7,see   
,max ,mull]'s  lectures on language47 ,&
 :y is x t ! lion1 :i* 0 !  emblem (    
,judah1 & ! unicorn1 :i* 0 ! emblem (   
,israel1 are  9 mod]n times1 emblazon$  
on ! coat ( arms ( ,engl&8 7,see  ,ant4 
( ,jews by ,josephus1 also ,num4 xxiii41
 #bb & ,deut4 xxxiii1 #ag47  ,^!        
que/ions are wor?y ( deep & #hg c>eful  
consid]ation2 &  to bett] und]/& !m x w 
be necess>y to briefly trace !  hi/ory (
 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4    ,z is well kn[n1
 aft] ! dea? ( ,solomon ! k+dom 0 divid$
  into two p>ts1 kn[n z ! k+dom ( ,judah
 & ! k+dom (  ,israel4 ,9 #gcj ,b4 ,c1  
,ha%em1 k+ ( ,israel1 became tribut>y to
  ,%almanes]1 k+ ( ,assyria4 ,n9e ye>s  
lat] 8 capital 0 tak5  & ! great]       
portion ( ! p 7 c>ri$ away captive      

beyond  ! riv] ,euphrates1 & p f o!r    
c\ntries 7 put 9  possession ( _!       
inh]itance4 ,9 ! ,apocrypha ! ,prophet  
,esdras  /ates t ^! t5 tribes w5t a     
j\rney ( a ye> & a half into  ! nor?    
c\ntry4 ,he says3 ,^! are ! t5 tribes   
:i* 7  c>ri$ away prison]s out ( _! own 
l& 9 ! "t ( ,hosea !  k+1 :om ,%almanes]
 ! k+ ( ,assyria l$ away captive2 & he  
c>ri$ !m ov] ! wat]s s !y came into     
ano!r l&4 ,b !y  took ?is c\ncil among  
!mselves1 t !y w\ld leave ! multitude  (
 ! hea!n & g =? into a f>!r c\ntry :]e  
nev] mank9d  dwelt1 t !y might !re keep 
_! /atutes :i* !y nev] kept  9 _! own   
l&4 ,= ?r\gh t c\ntry !re 0 a great way 
to  g1 namely1 9 a ye> & a half's       
j\rney1 & ! same region is  call$       
,ars>e?4 7,,ii4 ,esdras1 xiii1 #dj1 #da1
 #db & #de47    ,n[ by look+ on a map ( 
! ea/]n cont95t x w be se5 at  once t ! 
,black ,sea & ! ,caucasus m\nta9s lie   
directly nor?  ( ! riv] ,euphrates4 ,x  
is q possible t ! ,black ,sea is  !     
wat]s to :i* ,esdras ref]s4 ,also       

,josephus1 9 speak+ (  ! return ( !     
,jews "u ,esdras1 says1 ,_m ( !m took _!
  effects ) !m & came to ,babylon1 z v  
desir\s ( go+ d[n  to ,j]usalem1 b !n ! 
entire body ( ! p ( ,israel rema9$  9 t 
c\ntry1 :]e=e !re are b two tribes 9    
,asia & ,europe  subject to ! ,romans1  
:ile ! t5 tribes are beyond ! ,euphrates
  till n[1 & are an imm5se multitude & n
 to be e/imat$ by  numb]s4 7,ant4 ,book 
,,ii4 *apt] #e47    ,p]haps ! words ( ! 
anci5t ,roman are n altoge!r fable :5   
he says t ,beyond ! ,borean 7,caucasus7 
,m\nta9s live a p :o  are sublime 9 _!  
virtue s9ce !y #hh dwell v di/ant =m !  
prov9ces1 9 great simplicity & give     
great he$ to ! oracles :i*  _! gods h   
giv5 unto !m4 ,?us we h n only ! sure ^w
  ( prophecy1 b likewise ! admission (  
hea!n writ]s4    ,max ,mull]1 9 8 "w on 
language1 9 ref]r+ to ! migrations (    
anci5t ,european tribes1 says1 ,two     
great r\tes lay be=e !m1 "o  by way ( ! 
valleys ( ! ,don & ,volga across mod]n  
,russia to !  %ores ( ! ,baltic1 ! o!r  

along ! %ores ( ! ,black ,sea to  !     
valley ( ! ,danube4    ,he also         
demon/rates ! close relation%ip t exi/s 
betwe5 !  ,hebrew language & ! language 
( ! p ( ,f9l& 9 we/]n  ,russia4         
,consid]+ t m ?an tw5ty-five c5turies h 
roll$ by  s9ce ! disp]sion ( ,israel1   
suffici5t "t has elaps$ = mighty        
*anges4 ,mull] adds 9 ano!r place1 ,! "t
 0 :5 ! ance/ors  ( ! ,indians1 ! ,f9s1 
! ,slavonic & ,g]man tribes ( c5tral    
,europe & ! mod]n ,engli% liv$ 9 "o     
enclosure1 nay1 "u !  same ro(4    ,9 ! 
latt] "p ( ! second c5tury or beg9n+ ( !
 ?ird1  ^! new settl]s _h spread z f>   
we/w>d z ! ,danube1 &  settl$ 9 ! ,roman
 prov9ce ( ,dacia1 :i* lay on ! nor?    
bank (  t riv]4 ,!y also ask$ p]mission 
to cross ! riv] :i* 0  grant$ "u c]ta9  
/ipulations4    ,/ill !y cont9u$ to     
increase 9 numb]s1 & by int]-m>riage )  
! native tribes _h 9 ! fif? c5tury      
become =midable enemies  ( ,rome & "u ! 
"n ( ,dacians1 ,huns1 ,v&als1 ,o/rogo?s1
  ,visigo?s1 ,suevi & ,h]uli precipitat$

 !mselves ^u ,italy &  wreak$ a t]rible 
v5geance4    ,! hi/ory ( "s ( ^!1 z !   
,huns = example1 may be trac$ to  !     
second c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era & to !
 v locality  indicat$ by ! ,prophet     
,esdras & by ,josephus4 ,= ov] tw5ty-six
  c5turies ^! scatt]$ tribes h cont9u$  
to mix up ) !  nations ( ! e>?1 b 9 _!  
long migrations we/w>d !y h  lo/ _m ( _!
 di/9ctive *>act]i/ics4    #hi ,d\btless
 x is f ?is mix$ se$ ( ,israel t _m1 aye
  ne>ly all1 ! great re=m]s1 inv5tors & 
discov]]s h sprung4  ,?is infusion ( new
 blood _h a m>k$ effect on ! nations (  
we/]n ,europe1 b m especially on ,italy1
 :i* _h cont9u$ to  decl9e1 f ! days (  
,augu/us1 until ^! nations m+l$ )  !    
deg5]ate anci5t race1 & infus$ new life 
into h] decay+  civilization4 ,! result 
0 t a succession ( poets1 pa9t]s1       
sculptors1 philosoph]s1 inv5tors &      
discov]]s sprung up 9 ,italy  & we/]n   
,europe unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4   
,above all1  ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ _h j    
come 9 "t to spread :atev] new  ideas 7 

afloat1 ) a rapidity nev] kn[n be=e4 ,9 
fifty-two  ye>s f ! "t ( t inv5tion came
 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4  ,five ye>s lat] 
two ,jewi% prie/s1 ,rabbi ,abraham1 &   
,rabbi ,joseph1  br\ght to ,k+ ,john    
,,ii41 ( ,portugal1 a ,s>ac5 map ( !    
entire  coa/ ( ,africa4    ,?us in/ruct$
 ,k+ ,john s5t out sev]al exp$itions 9  
"o ( :i*  ,brazil 0 accid5tally         
discov]$4 ,aid$ by ?is1 ,vasco de ,gama 
set  sail1 & on ,nov4 #bj?1 #adig1 r\nd$
 ! cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,sixte5  ye>s    
lat] ,balboa discov]$ ! ,pacific ,ocean1
 & six ye>s /ill  lat]1 or 9 ,a4 ,d4    
#aeai1 ,magellan set out on 8 memorable 
voyage to  circumnavigate ! _w4    ,!   
/ory ( t voyage ( wild adv5ture seems   
nev] to gr[ old by  repeat+4 ,! n>rative
 ( t voyage is too long = ?is brief     
sket*1 b a few items may n be out (     
place4    ,aft] _m mon?s ( sail+ 9      
/range seas1 he at l5g? discov]$ a  new 
l& to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,patagonia4 ,"h
 he f\nd giants  clad 9 sk9s1 "o ( :om 0
 greatly t]rifi$ at see+ 8 own  image 9 

a look+-glass4    #ij    ,image3 ,!     
,/raits ( ,magellan4    ,8 p]sev]ance 0 
at la/ rew>d$1 & aft] fifte5 mon?s (    
/ruggl+ & adv5tures he discov]$ ,cape   
,horn1 pass$ ?r\gh !  /rait :i* n[ be>s 
8 "n & ent]$ ! ,great ,s\? ,sea1 on     
,nov4 #bh?1 #aebj4 ,an eye-witness      
relates t he %$ te>s ( joy :5  he       
recogniz$ its great expanse1 & t ,god _h
 br\ght him :]e  he might grapple ) its 
unkn[n dang]s4 ,admir+ its placid #ia   
surface he c\rte\sly gave x ! "n x w ev]
 be>1 ! ,pacific  ,ocean4 ,magellan 0 ! 
fir/ ,european to discov] t :5 !  nights
 are long 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e !y are   
correspond+ly  %ort 9 ! s\!rn4 ,:5 he   
pass$ ?r\gh ! /raits ! nights  7 only   
f\r h\rs long4 ,at ! same "t 9 ,spa9 !y 
7 ne>ly  fifte5 h\rs long4 ,& n[ ! great
 sailor hav+ bur/ ?r\gh !  b>ri] ( !    
great ,am]ican cont95t /e]$ = !         
nor?-we/4 ,=  ?ree mon?s & fifte5 days  
he sail$ on & on1 b saw no inhabit$  l&4
    ,he & 8 crew 7 compell$ by fam9e to 
soak old lea!r 9 !  sea1 !n boil x &    

make ( x a wret*$ food2 & to dr9k wat]  
t _h become putrid by keep+2 yet he     
resolutely held 8 c\rse1  ?\gh 8 m5 7   
dy+ daily4 ,he e/imat$ t he sail$ ov]   
?is  unkn[n sea m ?an twelve ?\s& miles4
    ,9 ! :ole hi/ory ( human und]tak+s  
!re is no?+ t  exce$s1 if inde$ !re is  
any?+ t equals1 ?is voyage (  ,magellan4
 ,t ( ,columbus dw9dles away 9          
comp>ison4 ,x is a display  ( sup]-human
 c\rage & p]sev]ance1 an exhibition (   
h]oic  resolution1 n to be div]t$ f its 
purpose by any motive1 or any  suff]+1 b
 inflexibly p]si/+ to its end4    ,?is  
unp>allel$ resolution met its rew>d at  
la/4 ,he rea*$ !  ,ladrones1 a gr\p (   
isl&s nor? ( ! equator4 ,!nce he sail$  
to ! ,spice ,isl&s1 :]e he met )        
,european m]*ants4 ,he _h  accompli%$ 8 
object & prov5 t ! e>? 0 r\nd4 ,at an   
isl& call$ ,zebu1 or ,mutan1 he 0 murd]$
 ei!r by ! natives  or by 8 own m54 ,9 a
 few days m 8 crew le>n$ t !y 7         
actually 9 ! vic9ity ( _! fri5ds4 ,on ! 
morn+ ( ,nov4 #h?1  #aeba1 !y ent]$     

,tidore1 ! capital ( ! ,spice ,isl&s1 & 
!  k+ swore ^u ! ,koran alliance to !   
sov]eign ( ,spa94    ,magellan's crew   
cont9u$ _! voyage amid h>d%ips & p]ils1 
&  at l5g?1 on ,sept4 #aj?1 #aebb1 !    
good %ip1 ,san ,vittoria1 sail$  into ! 
v port f :i* %e _h dep>t$ j ?ree ye>s & 
tw5ty-sev5 days be=e4 ,%e _h accompli%$ 
! greate/ a*ievem5t  9 ! hi/ory ( ! #ib 
human race4 ,%e _h circumnavigat$ !     
e>?4 ,magellan lo/ 8 life 9 8 great     
ent]prise1 b he made 8  "n immortal4 ,8 
lieut5ant ,seba/ian d',elcano receiv$ ! 
pr\de/  & noble/ m$al ev] giv5 to a     
sailor4 ,x 0 a gold5 globe belt$  ) ?is 
inscription1 ,primus circumd$i/i me--,?\
 ha/ fir/  circumnavigat$ me4    ,at !  
pres5t "t x is almo/ impossible to      
conceive ! effect (  ,magellan's voyage 
_h ^u ! public m9d4 ,"o ( ! lead+ dogmas
  ( ,rome _h be5 t ! e>? 0 flat4 ,n[ x 0
 prov$ t !  e>? 0 inde$ a va/ ball4 ,if 
,rome _h be5 9 error 9 ?is case1  :]e 0 
h] infallibility8 ,might n "s ( h] o!r  
tea*+s be  equally false8 ,_m lead+ m9ds

 began to d\bt h] au?ority4 ,ev5  ,pope 
,leo ,x41 is said to h become skeptical4
 ,at all ev5ts he *ose  to sp5d 8       
leisure "t 9 8 libr>y read+ to 8 si/]   
out  ( ! beautiful new pr9t$ books :i* 7
 !n ?r[+ a flood  ( intellectual light  
on all grades ( society4 ,! philosophy (
  ,ari/otle & ,plato1 ! poems ( ,hom] & 
,virgil1 ! sci5ces ( !  ,s>ac5s & !     
n>ratives ( ! adv5tures ( ,columbus &   
,vasco de  ,gama _h m *>ms = him ?an    
burn+ & tortur+ h]etics z 8  pr$ecessors
 _h done4    ,:ile sci5ce 0 und]m9+ !   
influ5ce ( ,rome 9 "o direction1        
religi\s ?\ght 0 busy at "w 9 ano!r4 ,t 
great religi\s  revolution commonly     
call$ ! ,re=mation _h long be5 ga!r+ its
  =ces2 & already s\nd$ f beh9d ! ,alps 
! l\d cl>ion (  battle4    ,! memory (  
,john ,huss & ,j]ome ( ,prague 0 /ill   
fre% 9 !  m9ds ( ! populace4 ,huss _h   
be5 burn$ at ,con/ance1 9 ,a4 ,d4       
#adae1 & ,j]ome ! ye> foll[+4 ,:5 ! news
 ( ^! b>b>\s  executions rea*$ ,bohemia1
 x ?rew ! :ole k+dom into confusion  & a

 civil w> 0 k9dl$ f ! a%es ( ! m>tyrs4  
,john ,ziska1 ! lead] ( ! populace1     
collect$ an army ( =ty  ?\s& m5 &       
defeat$ ! emp]or1 ,sigismund1 9 sev]al  
battles4  ,:5 ,ziska f\nd t he 0 dy+1 he
 gave ord]s t 8 sk9  %\ld be made into a
 drum :i* 0 long ! symbol ( victory to 8
  foll[]s4    #ic ,image3 ,! ,rack4     
,! ,wald5ses also :o dwelt 9 ! valleys (
 ,switz]l& & ,pi$mont  _h lively        
memories ( cruel wrongs4 ,_! ance/ors _h
 be5 de/roy$  by ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii41 
& z late z ,a4 ,d4 #adhg1 !y _h be5     
driv5  to ! m\nta9s & oblig$ to w&] !re 
until _! feeble &  little ones 7 #id    
left buri$ 9 ! ,alp9e sn[s4 ,no wond] !y
  *ant$ t gr& old ,hymn1 comm5c+3       
,o ,god1 arise1 av5ge ,?y slaught]$     
,sa9ts1    ,^: bones lie blea*+ on !    
,alp9e m\nta9s cold4    ,! writ+s (     
,dante & ,petr>*1 ,reu*l9 & ,erasmus1 7 
already  scatt]$ 9 e direction1 by means
 ( ! pr9t+ press1 &  wield$ a mighty    
influ5ce 9 society4    ,! siege &       
capture ( ,m5tz1 9 ,a4 ,d4 #adfb1 _h !  

effect (  scatt]+ ,gutt5b]g & 8         
co-work]s4 ,pr9t+ presses 7  e/abli%$   
imm$iately aft]w>ds 9 ,italy1 ,spa91    
,portugal1 ,holl&1  ,france & ,engl&4   
,9 #adgf1 on ! banks ( ! riv] ,ma9e1 9  
c5tral ,g]many _h  appe>$ a /range "*   
nam$ ,hans ,boheim4 ,he pr(ess$ to be  a
 prophet ( ,god1 to h receiv$ visions1 &
 to h be5 s5t  to proclaim t ! k+dom (  
heav5 0 at h&4 ,m ?an =ty  ?\s& m5      
flock$ to 8 /&>d4 ,at l5g? ! bi%ops (   
,m5tz  & ,wurtzburg int]f]$1 disp]s$ !  
cr[d & burn$ ! prophet4  ,he 0 b a sign 
( ! times--a voice cry+ 9 ! wild]ness4  
,8  memory 0 n =gott54 ,9 #adic1 ano!r  
movem5t took place1 &  aga9 9 #aeja4    
,maximilian1 ! emp]or ( ,g]many1 ord]$ !
 lead]s  to be qu>t]$ alive & _! wives &
 *ildr5 to be bani%$4  ,b ! fire 0 only 
slumb]+4 ,9 #aeab1 x comm5c$ aga9 on a  
l>g] scale4 ,x f\nd a lead] 9 ,joss     
,fritz1 a soldi] ( comm&+  pres5ce &    
great natural eloqu5ce1 us$ to battle & 
above all to  pati5ce4 ,he 0 "o ( ^? :o 
_h escap$ be+ qu>t]$4 ,8  bann] 0 blue  

silk ) a :ite cross1 & und]nea? ! motto1
 ,o  ,"l1 help ! righte\s4 ,fritz 0 !   
,william ,tell ( 8 times4 ,no  wond] 8  
"n is a favorite "o among ! ,g]mans4    
,^! conflicts1 commonly kn[n z ! ,w>s ( 
! ,peasants1 _h  %[n ! masses t ) m     
union & bett] in=mation !y 7  ! real    
/r5g? ( ! nation4    ,su* 0 ! condition 
( affairs 9 ! v locality :]e1 f\r  ye>s 
aft]w>ds1 bur/ =? ! great religi\s      
revolution kn[n z  ! ,re=mation4        
,society seem$ wait+ = a com+ man (     
/rong w & f]v5t  religi\s nature1 :o    
%\ld give some?+ ( organization #ie to  
^? movem5ts1 & ga!r ar\nd him an        
irresi/ible phalanx ( !  noble1 ! le>n$ 
& ard5t spirits ( ! age4 ,?is man 0     
,m>t9  ,lu!r4 ,he came f 8 cell a %av5  
monk1 9 8 h& no sceptre1 on  8 head no  
cr[n4 ,b he _h a human he>t )9 him2 & x 
gu%$  out = human woe4    ,/rong 9 !    
pr9ciples ( "r he hurl$ ! firebr&s (    
tru?  "r & left & k9dl$ su* a flame t   
all ! waves ( error  c\ld nev] qu5* x4  
,! imm$iate cause ( ! ,re=mation 0 :5   

,john ,tetzel1 9 #aegd1  0 s5t into     
,g]many to sell indulg5ces4    ,! *ur* (
 ,rome _h long taught ! p t ! pope &    
cl]gy  "u him held ! keys ( heav54 ,at  
?is "t ! pope 0 9 ne$ (  means to       
complete t great ca!dral call$ ,/4      
,pet]'s ,*ur*4 ,he  !re=e issu$         
indulg5ces or p>dons = all k9ds ( s9s4  
,^!  p>dons or indulg5ces entitl$ :oev] 
b\ght !m to a free passport  to heav54  
,nor 0 ?is all4 ,a man ( suffici5t weal?
 c\ld pur*ase  ! p>don ( a s9 he int5d$ 
to commit4 ,?us ! civil law 0  %orn (   
its p[] & ! nation ( its weal?4    ,?is 
bold blasphemy provok$ ! indignation ( a
 p already ripe  = revolution4    ,lu!r1
 !n ?irty-f\r ye>s ( age1 began to      
d5\nce ! sale (  ^! indulg5ces4 ,9      
#aebj1 ! pope issu$ a decree1 or bull1 z
 x  0 call$1 condemn+ ,lu!r & 8 writ+s4 
,lu!r 9 turn defi$  ! pope4 ,:5 ! news  
rea*$ him he took ! decree & all !      
,roman books he c\ld f9d1 & on ,decemb] 
#aj1 #aebj1 burn$ !m 9 a  public place j
 outside ! walls ( ! city ( ,witt5b]g4  

,!n  ,lu!r 0 summon$ to appe> be=e a gr&
 c\ncil1 or c\rt1 to  be held 9 ! city (
 ,worms4 ,8 fri5ds procur$ him a        
passport or  pl$ge ( security1 le/ !    
papal au?orities %\ld take 8 life4      
,accord+ly1 on ! #ag? ( ,april1 #aeba1  
,lu!r appe>$ be=e !  c\ncil1 or diet1 z 
x 0 call$4 ,! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v41 (     
,g]many1  presid$ 9 p]son4 ,:5 ,lu!r 0  
ask$ to recant 8 op9ions &  d5y 8 own   
tea*+s1 he n only refus$ to d s b also  
plead$  8 own cause #if ) eloqu5ce &    
p[]4 ,s p[]ful 7 8  argum5ts t _m ( !   
nobility 7 won ov] to 8 side4 ,a poor   
monk1 ! son ( a simple peasant1 clad 9 !
 armor ( tru?1 _h  defi$ & defeat$ !    
pr\de/ pot5tates ( e>?6 ,no wond] t     
,rome 0 9 a rage6 ,no wond] t ! fri5ds (
 ,lu!r deem$ x  advisable to kidnap him 
& c>ry him away to ! ca/le ( ,w>tburg1  
9 ! solitudes ( ! ,?ur+ian =e/6 ,no     
wond] t ^?  valiant knights1 ,ulri* von 
,hutt5 & ,franz von ,sick+51 prep>$  to 
use _! swords & eloqu5ce 9 def5se ( "r6 
,we may n 9  all ?+s admire ! "* ( ,lu!r

 or def5d 8 acts2 yet no  gr&] figure   
appe>s on ! pages ( mod]n hi/ory ?an    
,lu!r1 z1  ) "o h& ^u 8 brea/ & ! o!r   
lift$ t[>ds heav51 he  refus$ ! emp]or's
 dem& to retract 8 writ+s or d5y ! tru?1
  clos+ ) ^! memorable words1 ,hi] /ehe 
i*1 ,gott helfe mir4  ,am54 ,"h ,i /&1  
,god help me4 ,am54    ,! battle t ,lu!r
 f\ght 0 n only = ,g]many & !  sixte5?  
c5tury1 b = all c\ntries1 all peoples & 
all com+  times4 ,x 0 a battle n m]ely  
aga9/ ! pope1 b aga9/ all  p[]s religi\s
 or secul>1 t seek to en*a9 ! human m9d 
or  prev5t ! free ex]cise ( religion4   
#ig        ,,*apt] ,x4    ,,results ,,( 
,,! ,,re=mation4    ,,g]many            
,,ar\s$--,,peasants' ,,w>--,,muntz]',s  
,,proclamation--,,emp]or  ,,qu>rels ,,) 
,,! ,,pope--,,results ,,9 ,,o!r         
,,c\ntries--,,gr[?  ,,( ,,mod]n         
,,languages--,,lu!r',s ,,cr[n+          
,,"w--,,p[] ,,(                         
,,sup]/ition--,,wit*craft--,,re=m]s ,,n 
,,inspir$--,,extracts ,,f               
,,mo%eim--,,battle-,,ax ,,(             

,,god--,,cop]nicus--,,galileo--,,newton-
-,,dea? ,,(  ,,bruno--,,*ange ,,9       
,,comm]cial ,,affairs--,,spani%         
,,armada--,,bless$ ,,by ,,!             
,,pope--,,de/roy$ ,,by ,a ,,/orm--,,its 
,,effect ,,on ,,europe--,,engl&',s      
,,influ5ce  ,,& ,,position--,,am]ica ,,!
 ,,l& ,,( ,,refuge4    ,z ! boom+ (     
cannon1 ann\nc+ ! beg9n+ ( battle e*oes 
& re-e*oes f> & wide1 s did ! result ( !
 c\ncil1 or diet1  9 ! city ( ,worms4 ,!
 answ] ( ,lu!r 0 repeat$ by ?\s&s  (    
sympa?iz+ fri5ds4 ,in/ead ( gr[+ fa9t] z
 x di$ away  9 ! di/ance1 x increas$ 9  
int5sity & p[]1 till its e*oes          
rev]b]at$ ?r\gh e valley1 & ov] e       
hill-top 9 c5tral  ,g]many4    ,)9      
tw5ty-f\r h\rs ,ulri* von ,hutt5 &      
,franz von ,sick+5 _h  mu/]$ f\r hundr$ 
arm$ knights & eight ?\s& foot soldi]s  
all ready to fight1 or1 if ne$ be1 to   
die = ! pr9ciples ,lu!r  _h advocat$4 ,!
 commotion cont9u$ until x culm9at$ 9 a 
civil  w>1 9 ,a4 ,d4 #aebe4 ,! horrors (
 t w> no tongue c tell4 ,nightly  !     

papal p>ty burn$ at ! /ake ! prison]s !y
 _h tak54 ,amid  ! groans ( w\nd$ & dy+ 
peasants on ! battle field ar\nd  !m1 & 
! drunk5 revelry ( ! camp1 might be he>d
 ! laught]  ( ! nobles z !y wat*$ !     
/ruggles & he>d ! %rieks (  _! victims z
 !y sl[ly roa/$ to dea?4 ,b ! revolution
  cont9u$ to spread4 ,! rage ( #ih !    
peasants1 :o _h s long  be5 cru%$ by !  
iron heel ( oppression1 knew no b\nds4  
,a few  extracts f ! proclamation ( _!  
lead]1 ,munz]1 may n be out  ( place1 z 
!y indicate to "s ext5t ! nature ( !    
conflict  !n go+ on6    ,arise & fight !
 battle ( ! ,"l6 ,on6 on6 on6 ,n[ is !  
"t2  ! wick$ tremble :5 !y he> ( y4 ,be 
pitiless6 ,he$ n !  groans ( ! impi\s6  
,r\se up ye t[nsm5 & villag]s2 above    
all1  r\se up ye free m5 ( ! m\nta9s6   
,on6 on6 on6 :ile ! fire is  burn+1 :ile
 ! w>m sword is yet reek+ ) ! slaught]6 
,give  ! fire no "t to g out1 ! sword no
 "t to cool6 ,kill all !  pr\d ones6    
,:ile !y reign ov] y x is no "t to talk 
( ,god6  ,am54      ,giv5 at ,muhlhaus51

 #aebe4        ,,?omas ,,munz]1         
s]vant ( ,god aga9/ ! wick$4    ,su* 0 !
 "* ( ! m5 ) :om ! pope _h to deal4 ,at 
l5g? ! emp]or1 ,*>les ,v41 f\nd x       
politic to side ) 8  p4 ,mean:ile       
,clem5t ,,vii41 succe$$ to ! papal      
?rone1 9 #aebc4  ,! emp]or & ! new pope 
soon qu>rell$1 &1 9 #aebg1 a ,g]man     
army act+ "u ! direction ( ! ,g]man     
emp]or captur$ &  sack$ ! imp]ial city (
 ,rome1 & m pitilessly pillag$ x ?an  x 
_h be5 a ?\s& ye>s be=e by ! ,go?s &    
,v&als4 ,f ?is  "t ,rome ceas$ to be !  
capital ( ! pr(ess$ly ,*ri/ian _w4    ,b
 ! revolution /ay$ n "h4 ,its pr9ciples 
( re=m pass$  ov] ! ,alps & f\nd a he>ty
 welcome among ! h>dy m\nta9e]s  (      
,switz]l&4 ,x rea*$ ! ,rh9e & ) ! curr5t
 ( t  mighty riv] fl[$ onw>d to ! sea4  
,! /urdy sons ( ,holl&  receiv$ its     
tea*+s2 & ! pati5t peasantry ( ,d5m>k1  
,norway  & ,sw$5 accept$ x z an         
improvem5t on ! pa/4    ,g]many cont9u$ 
9 ! ?roes ( revolution = m ?an ?irty    
ye>s1 or until ! peace ( ,augsburg1 9   

#aeee4    ,9 ! meantime ,engl& _h       
revolt$ f ,rome1 9 #aecb2 ,d5m>k  foll[$
 9 #aech2 ,g5eva 9 #aeda2 ,norway &     
,sw$5 9 #aeej2 ,scotl&  9 #aefj2 &      
,holl& 9 #aeha4    #ii ,nev] 9 ! hi/ory 
( ! _w 0 fulfill$ m lit]ally !  words t 
our ,savior said 9 ref]5ce to ! tru?3   
,?9k n t ,i am come to s5d peace on e>?3
 ,i came n to s5d  peace b a sword1 etc4
 7,see ,matt4 x4 #cd1 #ch47 ,= m ?an a  
hundr$ ye>s ,europe cont9u$ to be !     
!atre ( civil w>s1 until  ! nations 7   
completely exhau/$--9 "s cases _! p[] & 
influ5ce p]man5tly weak5$4    ,we might 
9 view ( its imm$iate results1 be incl9$
 to look ^u  ! ,re=mation z produc+ m   
evil ?an good4 ,yet amid ! w>s1         
blood%$1 an>*y & p]secutions1 society   
made rapid /eps 9 !  pa? ( progress4    
,! ,re=mation promot$ national gr[?1 &  
m5tal activity4 ,dur+  ! middle ages1 ! 
v>i\s nations ( ,europe 7 9 ! condition 
( colonies to a va/ religi\s empire ^:  
c5t] & seat (  gov]nm5t 0 ,rome4 ,b aft]
 ! peace at ,augsburg1 #aeee1 all ?is  0

 *ang$4 ,ea* nation t accept$ !         
,re=mation1 became socially  &          
religi\sly z well z politically free4   
,rome 0 %orn ( h]  p[]4 ,%e 0 no long] !
 supreme c\rt ( appeal2 nor did ! high  
dignit>ies ( ^? realms look to h] =     
pref]m5t4    ,! ,re=mation 0 obvi\sly   
only p>tially successful4 ,:]e x        
succe$$ x infus$ new en]gy2 :]e x fail$ 
x produc$ reaction4  ,^? nations t      
reject$ ! light1 glimm]+ ?\gh x 01 fell 
back into ! d\ble bondage ( k+craft &   
prie/craft4 ,! ,ba/ile  ( ,france 0 a   
symbol ( ! "o2 ! ,inquisition ( ,spa9 a 
type (  ! o!r4 ,wave aft] wave (        
revolution has swept ov] ^! unhappy     
c\ntries4 ,! guilty /reets ( ,p>is &    
,madrid h be5 delug$  ) blood until _!  
population has sunk d[n into religi\s   
apa?y  or braz5 infidelity4    ,9 no    
p>ticul> 0 ! effect ( ! ,re=mation m    
app>5t ?an  9 ! impulse x gave to       
national languages & lit]ature4 ,lat9 _h
  be5 ! language ( ! ,roman empire &    
,roman *ur*4 ,b :5 !  nations revolt$ f 

?is c5tral au?ority !y imm$iately began 
to  cultivate _! own native tongues4    
,le>n+ 0 no long] conf9$  to ! #ajj few1
 nor communicat$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a =eign
  language1 b became ! h]itage ( ! p4   
,! cr[n+ "w ( ,lu!r 0 9 giv+ to ! ,g]man
 p 8  ,g]man ,bible & hymns4 ,! e>ne/1  
vigor\s ,g]man 9 :i* !y 7  writt5 fix$ !
 future /yle ( ! language4 ,! classic   
,g]man (  to-day is ! ,g]man ( ,lu!r's  
,bible1 & ,lu!r's hymns4    ,9 ,engl&1  
too1 ! same ?+ is to be m>k$4 ,! ,engli%
  translation ( ! ,bible1 toge!r ) o!r  
works ( t era1 su*  z ,%akspe>e's       
dramas1 ,milton's poems & ,bunyan's     
,pilgrim's ,progress1  h done m to /amp 
! "* ( our mod]n ,engli% ?an all  lat]  
publications4    ,x may be ask$1 ,:y did
 n ! human m9d1 9 ?is era1 free itself  
f its trammels1 claim its true fre$om & 
conc$e x to e "o8  ,! answ] is1 ! range 
( k 0 too n>r[4 ,! m9ds (  m5 c\ld n    
take a broad] view ( ?+s ?an ! horizon (
 _!  k let !m4 ,ignorance & sup]/ition  
/ill held a t]rible  sway4    ,x is true

 t ! :ole "* ( t age be>s ! /amp (  !   
,g]man r ?an ! ,italian intellect4 ,x 0 
! en]gy ( a  ,lu!r1 ! le>n+ & lov+ he>t 
( a ,melan*?on1 ! poli%$  wit ( an      
,erasmus1 :i* !n gave impulse &         
direction to !  ?\ghts & op9ions ( ! _w1
 mu* m ?an ! frivol\s  je/+ ( ! infidel 
prie/s :o ?rong$ ! /reets ( ,rome &  !  
halls ( ! ,vatican4 ,yet ev5 ^! great m5
 7 controll$  by sup]/ition1 to a v     
great ext5t4 ,wit*craft 0 univ]sally    
believ$ 9 at t "t4 ,hundr$s1 aye ?\s&s1 
( un(f5d+ old  wom51 ) no o!r fault ?an 
t !y 7 poor & old1 7  burn$ to dea? z   
wit*es1 in/ead ( be+ treat$ ) t respect 
due to ^? :o h liv$ _m ye>s & sp5t _!   
be/ days =  ! good ( o!rs4    ,social   
em95ce 0 no safegu>d aga9/ ^! delusions4
 ,:5 x 0  affirm$ t ,agnes ,sampson1 )  
two hundr$ o!r wit*es1 _h sail$  9      
sieves f ,lei? to ,nor? ,b]wick *ur* to 
hold a banquet )  ! devil1 ,james ,i41  
#aja _h ! torture appli$ to ! wret*$    
woman1 & took pleasure 9 putt+          
appropriate que/ions to h]4 ,x  !n 0    

*>g$ t ! two hundr$ old wom5 _h baptiz$ 
& !n  dr[n$ a black cat1 !reby rais+ a  
dreadful /orm 9 :i* ! %ip  t c>ri$ ! k+ 
n>r[ly escap$ be+ wreck$4 ,^u ?is1      
,agnes  0 condemn$ to ! flames4 ,%e di$ 
prote/+ h] innoc5ce1 &  pite\sly call+  
on ,jesus to h m]cy on h] = ,*ri/ian m5 
w\ld  n4    ,( all ! e>ly re=m]s1 ,lu!r 
& ,melan*?on 7 p]haps !  free/ f        
sup]/ition1 & yet ev5 !y dev\tly believ$
 t 9  ! ,tib]1 n f> di/ant f ! pope's   
palace1 a mon/] _h be5  f\nd hav+ ! head
 ( an ass1 ! body ( a man & ! claws ( a 
bird4 ,aft] se>*+ _! ,bibles to f9d out 
:at ! prodigy meant1  !y at l5g?        
conclud$ t x 0 "o ( ! signs & wond]s :i*
  7 to prec$e ! fall ( ! papacy1 &      
publi%$ a pamphlet ab\t  x4 ,yet ,lu!r &
 ,melan*?on 7 ! lead]s ( a great        
movem5t1  ! tea*]s ( a great nation1 & 7
 9 e respect ! mo/  influ5tial p]sons 9 
t nation4 ,! p1 cr$ul\s & grossly       
ignorant1 li/5$ & believ$4 ,we1 at ?is  
di/ance ( "t &  liv+ 9 ano!r realm (    
?\ght1 c =m b a fa9t conception (  !    

effect ^! horrible conceits produc$ ^u  
!m4    ,b ! greate/ ne$ ( ^? times 0 !  
want ( div9e au?ority4  ,! writ+s (     
,lu!r1 ,melan*?on1 ,erasmus & ,calv9 7  
nev]  consid]$ z inspir$4 ,lu!r himself 
nev] pr(ess$ to h div9e  au?ority = 8   
tea*+s2 b on ! o!r h& d5\nc$ ! v  idea (
 inspiration4    ,:51 9 #aebe1 ,munz] & 
8 associates 7commonly kn[n z !         
prophets ( ,zwickaw7 claim$ div9e       
au?ority1 ,lu!r 0 =emo/ 9  d5\nc+ &     
p]secut+ !m1 & _! foll[]s4 ,accord+ to  
,mo%eim1 _! pr9cipal crimes 7 9 d5y+    
infant baptism &  ! "r ( a di/9ct class 
to prea* = hire2 & ass]t+ t  ,god /ill  
cont9u$ to reveal ,8 w to *os5 p]sons by
 dreams  & visions4 7,see ,mo%eim ,vol4 
,,ii1 p4 #abh47 ,!y also claim$  t ,god 
9 ,8 own good "t w\ld erect to ,himself 
a holy *ur*  possess+ a p]fect          
organization1 & w\ld set #ajb ap>t = !  
execution ( ?is gr& design1 a c]ta9     
numb] ( *os5 in/rum5ts  div9ely assi/$ &
 prep>$ = ?is *os5 "w1 by ! aid &       
inspiration ( ,8 ,holy ,_s4 ,z a        

consequ5ce !y claim$ ! "r  to rebaptiz+ 
p]sons com+ f o!r *ur*es4    ,mo%eim    
fur!r admits1 ,! extreme difficulty (   
correct+ or  influ5c+ by ! prospect (   
suff]+1 or ev5 by ! t]rors (  dea?1 m9ds
 t are firmly b\nd by ! ties ( religion4
 ,9 almo/  all ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 an 
unspeakable numb] ( ^? unhappy  p       
pref]r$ dea?1 9 its wor/ =ms1 to a      
retraction ( _!  op9ions4 ,nei!r ! view 
( ! flames t 7 k9dl$ to consume  !m1 nor
 ! ignom9y ( ! gibbet1 nor ! t]rors ( ! 
sword1  c\ld %ake _! inv9cible con/ancy 
or make !m ab&on t5ets t  appe>$ de>] to
 !m ?an life itself & all its enjoym5ts4
 7,see  ,mo%eim ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aca47   
,to ?is sect & its pr9ciples ,lu!r 0    
bitt]ly oppos$1 b ?is  opposition argues
 no?+ 9 8 favor1 nor does x /r5g!n 8    
au?ority4 ,x may also be add$ t if ,rome
 _h div9e au?ority1  ,lu!r _h no "r to  
sec$e f h]4 ,b if1 z ,lu!r claim$1 %e   
_h ?r\gh apo/asy lo/ h] au?ority1 !n1 x 
may be ask$1 ,f  :5ce did ,lu!r receive 
8 au?ority8 ,9 all ?is1 ,lu!r's actions 

7 inde$ logical1 b fatal to ! claims (  
mod]n sect>ians :o  pr(ess to be !      
m9i/]s ( ,*ri/4    ,lu!r 0 simply !     
battle-ax ( ,god to hew d[n ! edifice ( 
pop]y :i* /ood 9 ! way ( human progress4
 ,! *ur*es1 :i*1  "u ! lead]%ip ( ,lu!r1
 ,melan*?on1 ,zw+le1 ,calv91 ,knox  &   
,h5ry ,,viii4 ( ,engl&1 sep>at$ f ,rome 
receiv$ ! "n (  ,prote/ant4 ,& ?is v "n 
implies t !y 7 m]ely a prote/  aga9/    
,rome1 h] tea*+s & au?ority4 ,! "r (    
prote/+  be+ once grant$1 x foll[s t    
o!rs1 also1 h ! "r  to prote/ aga9/ !m4 
,?is pr9ciple caus$ ! long & bloody  w>s
 :i* 7 only clos$ by ! peace (          
,we/phalia1 9 #afdh1 &  !n x 0 f\nd t   
c5tral & nor!rn ,europe _h ca/ (f !     
intellectual tyranny ( ,rome1 & _h      
e/abli%$ ! "r ( e  man to ?9k = himself4
    #ajc ,! ,prote/ant p>ty hav+ ?us    
e/abli%$ its exi/5ce1 by  prote/ &      
sep>ation1 0 oblig$ to submit to !      
op]ation ( !  same pr9ciples4 ,a        
decomposition into _m rival sects 0     
inevitable4  ,^! hav+ no c5tral or      

controll+ au?ority1 & no long] 9  fe> ( 
_! great ,roman adv]s>y1 comm5c$ bitt]  
w>f>es on  ea* o!r2 ,lu!rans p]secut$   
,ca?olics & ,ca?olics p]secut$          
,prote/ants1 & !y 9 turn p]secut$       
,puritans4 ,ev5 ,calv9 prov$  ! d>kness 
( 8 own m9d :5 he put to dea? !         
celebrat$  philosoph] & physician1      
,mi*ael ,s]vetus1 ^: greate/ crimes 7  t
 9 religion he d5i$ t ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son & 
! ,holy ,gho/  7 "o & ! same p]son2 & 9 
sci5ce he _h p>tially succe$$  9        
discov]+ ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,!    
circum/ances also  7 ( ! mo/ atroci\s   
"*4 ,= two h\rs he 0 roa/$ 9  ! flames (
 a sl[ fire1 begg+ = ! love ( ,god t !y 
w\ld  put on m wood1 or d some?+ to end 
8 torture4    ,yet ! dea? ( ,s]vetus 0 n
 )\t advantage to ! _w4  ,m5 ask$ )     
amazem5t & indignation if ! atrocities (
 !  ,inquisition 7 aga9 to be reviv$4   
,!y saw at once t intol]ance  0 n conf9$
 to ! ,romi% *ur*4    ,9 spite ( all ^! 
commotions1 sci5ce 0 mak+ rapid         
progress4  ,cop]nicus liv$ at ! same "t 

z ,lu!r & di$ two ye>s be=e  him4 ,8 0 z
 brave a life z ev] liv$ 9 /ory4 ,=     
?irty-six  ye>s--at ! v "t ! ,prote/ant 
/ruggle 0 rag+--he 0  work+ at t        
immortal book1 9 :i* he s cle>ly        
demon/rates !  motions ( ! e>? & !      
revolutions ( ! planets ar\nd !  sun4 ,b
 he did n d>e to publi% x until !re 0 a 
lull 9 !  political /orm4 ,he 0 !n an   
old man 9 brok5 heal?4 ,8 book  0 9 !   
pr9t]'s h&s :5 he 0 on 8 dea? b$4 ,he   
wait$ at  dea?'s door f day to day4 ,at 
l5g? ! mess5g] arriv$ ) !  pr9t$ book4  
,he receiv$ x ) te>s 9 8 eyes1 compos$  
himself  & di$4    ,cop]nicus 0 foll[$  
by ,ty*o ,brahe1 ,kepl] & ,galileo1 &   
la/1  b by no means lea/1 ,isaac        
,newton1 t sci5tific giant1 :o bur/     
?r\gh ! fett]s ( ! ages1 & taught #ajd  
man ! laws1 h>mony  & gr&eur ( !        
,creator's works4    ,dur+ ^! tr\bl\s   
times ,leon>do da ,v9ci wrote 8         
celebrat$  works on ma!matics & natural 
philosophy2 & ! arts ( pa9t+1  sculpture
 & music 7 greatly improv$ "u !         

direction (  ,titian1 ,corregio1 ,mi*ael
 ,angelo & ,filippo ,n]i4 ,a few ye>s   
lat]  ,bruno wrote 8 "w on ! plurality (
 worlds4    ,cop]nicus hav+ di$ soon    
aft] ! publication ( 8 works1 0  beyond 
! rea* ( 8 p]secutors4 ,galileo 0 br\ght
 be=e !  ,inquisition1 & aft] ye>s (    
imprisonm5t1 only sav$ 8 life  by d5y+ !
 great tru?s he _h discov]$4 ,b ,bruno  
h]oically  refus$ to recant1 & 0 tortur$
 to dea? ,febru>y #af?1 #agjj1 a  m>tyr 
to ! cause ( tru?4    ,:ile ^! ?+s 7    
transpir+1 great *anges _h tak5 place  9
 ! m>itime & comm]cial affairs ( ! _w4  
,bold navigators  _h sail$ along ! :ole 
ea/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica1 & a l>ge "p  ( !  
we/]n coa/4 ,tol]ably accurate maps ( ! 
outl9es ( !  we/]n hemisph]e1 _h be5    
publi%$ z e>ly z #aeij4 ,aft] ^!        
discov]ies1 ! great c5t]s ( comm]ce 7 no
 long] to be f\nd  on ! %ores ( !       
,m$it]ranean1 b _h %ift$ to ! %ores (  !
 ,atlantic4    ,engl& by h] geographical
 position1 betwixt ! two cont95ts1 &  9 
! v c5t] ( ! inhabitable portion ( !    

e>?1 z well z  ! indomitable en]gy ( h] 
sons1 _h rapidly become ! =emo/         
comm]cial nation ( ! _w4    ,! great    
naval armam5t call$ ! ,inv9cible        
,armada1 0 equipp$ =  ! subjugation (   
,engl&2 b 9 ! provid5ce ( ,god %e       
de/roy$  ! ,armada & p>alys$ ! influ5ce 
( ,spa94    ,9 ,may1 #aehh1 a ,spani%   
fleet ( "o hundr$ & ?irty %ips sail$  f 
! h>bor ( ,lisbon = ! ,engli% coa/4 ,"s 
( ^! %ips  7 ! l>ge/ t _h yet be5 built2
 !y c>ri$ eight ?\s&  sailors1 & tw5ty  
?\s& ,spani% troops4 ,! pope _h bless$ !
  exp$ition & (f]$ ! sov]eignty ( ,engl&
 z ! conqu]or's  prize4 ,! ,ca?olics    
?r\gh\t ,europe 7 s confid5t ( success  
#aje t !y nam$ ! armam5t ,! ,inv9cible  
,armada4 ,s va/  0 ! numb] ( %ips t1 z  
!y sail$ along 9 ! =m (  an inv]t$ ,v   
7?us 71 or 9 ! =m ( a va/ flock ( wild  
geese1  ! di/ance f "o extremity ( !    
fleet to ! o!r 0 m ?an  sev5 miles4     
,b !y 7 de/9$ to realize t      ,god    
moves 9 a my/]i\s way1    ,8 wond]s to  
p]=m2    ,he plants ,8 foot/eps 9 ! sea1

    ,& rides ^u ! /orm4    ,sc>cely _h !
 fleet ent]$ ! ,engli% *annel :5 a /orm 
arose :i* la/$ m ?an a week4 ,! w9d blew
 a p]fect gale  f ! s\?-we/1 s t x 0    
impossible = !m to return  if !y _h s   
desir$4 ,! l9e ( battle c\ld no long] be
 kept  up4 ,!y drift$ helplessly & 9    
disord] up ! /raits ( ,dov]4  ,:5 ne>ly 
opposite ,calais1 ! ,engli% load$ sev]al
 vessels )  gunp[d]1 set !m on fire &   
s5t !m into ! ,spani% fleet4  ,!        
explosions caus$ t]rible havoc4 ,!      
,spani% admiral no long]  ?\ght (       
victory1 b only ( escape4 ,b 8 disa/]s 7
 n  yet end$4 ,_m ( 8 vessels 7 wreck$  
on ! %ores ( ,norway  & ,scotl&4 ,9     
return+ ar\nd ! nor? coa/ ( ,irel& a    
second  /orm 0 exp]i5c$ ) almo/ equal   
loss4 ,only a few %att]$  vessels ( ?is 
mighty armam5t return$ to ,spa9 to br+  
intellig5ce  ( ! calamities t _h        
ov]:elm$ ! re/4 ,! defeat ( !  ,armada 0
 reg>d$ ev5 !n z ! "w ( ,provid5ce4 ,!  
,spani%  k+1 :5 he he>d ! news1         
exclaim$1 ,i did n expect to fight  !   

elem5ts6 ,?us 0 ! triumph ( ! ,prote/ant
 cause secur$1  ! lov]s ( fre$om ?r\gh\t
 ,europe 7 enc\rag$1 & ! p[]  ( ,spa9   
=ev] p>alys$ 9 ! affairs ( ,europe4     
,h5ce=? !  comm]ce & prosp]ity ( ,spa9  
decl9$4 ,k+ ,philip1 :o _h plann$  !    
,armada1 di$ 9 #aeih1 & bequea!d a va/  
debt to 8 nation  ^: res\rces 7 already 
exhau/$1 not)/&+ h] ri* m9es  ( gold &  
silv] 9 ! new _w4 ,9 #aehi1 ! next ye>  
aft] !  de/ruction ( ! ,armada1 ,h5ry   
,,iv11 ! fir/ ,prote/ant k+ (  ,france1 
#ajf asc5d$ ! ?rone1 & by ! ,edict (    
,nantes secur$  to ! ,prote/ants ! free 
ex]cise ( _! religion4    ,engl&1 at t  
"t ! mi/ress ( ! seas1 held ! keys ( !  
comm]ce ( ,europe4 ,h] long conflict )  
h] ,ca?olic sov]eigns1 &  ! ,ca?olic    
p[]s ( ,europe1 _h taught h]            
self-reliance1 & _h  educat$ h] p 9 !   
pr9ciples ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,h] laws 7  !
 be/ ! _w !n new4 ,h5ce=? %e became !   
favor$ l& (  ! se$ ( ,abraham1 & !      
asylum ( ! oppress$ ( e nation4    ,!   
=ego+ w indicate to "s ext5t ! condition

 ( society  9 ,europe at ! beg9n+ ( !   
sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x is n  surpris+ t "u 
su* circum/ances m5 began to look t[>d  
,am]ica1 z ! l& ( refuge1 :]e !         
in/itutions ( lib]ty might  be plant$ & 
fo/]$1 & political in/itutions fram$ :i*
 w\ld  insure unto all1 life1 lib]ty &  
religi\s tol]ation4        ,,*apt] ,,xi4
    ,,anci5t ,,am]ican ,,civilization4  
,,columbus ,,de/roy$ ,,papal            
,,dogmas--,,cruelty ,,( ,,spani>ds--,,_!
  ,,retribution--,,relics ,,9           
,,massa*usetts--,,newport ,,t[]--,,m\nds
 ,,9  ,,ohio--,,rema9s ,,f\nd ,,9       
,,i[a--,,plates ,,f\nd ,,9              
,,ill9ois--,,anci5t ,,mexican           
,,pyramids--,,human ,,sacrifices--,,view
 ,,f ,,! ,,great ,,pyramid--,,anci5t    
,,am]ican                               
,,sculptures--,,mammo?s--,,mexican      
,,cu/oms--,,religi\s                    
,,rites--,,computation ,,( ,,"t--,,arts 
,,& ,,sci5ces--,,description ,,(        
,,p]u--,,its  ,,civilization--,,massacre
 ,,( ,,! ,,incas--,,te/imony ,,(        

,,travell]s--,,indian  ,,traditions4    
,9 anci5t times1 ,rome _h taught t ! e>?
 0 flat2 & t  ! :ole habitable _w 0     
compris$ 9 ! ?ree divisions ( !  ea/]n  
cont95t4 ,to ^! divisions #ajg 7 assign$
 respectively  ! desc5dants ( ,%em1 ,ham
 & ,japhe?1 ! ?ree sons ( ,noah4    ,:5 
,am]ica 0 discov]$1 ^! dogmas 7 oblig$  
to fall4 ,if  inde$ ,columbus _h1 z he  
suppos$1 rea*$ ! ,indies by a we/w>d    
voyage1 !n ! _w 0 prov5 to be a va/     
ball4 ,if on ! o!r  h& ,am]ica 0 a      
sep>ate cont95t1 divid$ f ! ea/]n by a  
wild wa/e ( wat]s ( _m ?\s& miles 9     
ext5t1 z 0 %[n by  ! voyage ( ,magellan1
 a few ye>s lat]1 !n x 0 f\nd necess>y  
to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! inhabitants4    
,! tea*+s ( ,rome 7 altoge!r aga9/ _!   
be+ desc5d$  f ,adam1 s9ce none su* 7   
m5tion$ 9 _! scriptures4 ,!  prote/ant  
sects 7 too busy 9 _! rivalries1        
diss5sions &  civil w>s1 to give mu*    
att5tion to ! subject4 ,! /up5d\s ev5t  
record$ 9 ,g54 x4 #be1 seems to h       
entirely escap$ _! notice4  ,h5ce !y    

proce$$ to act t[>ds ! un=tunate        
inhabitants (  anci5t ,am]ica1 z ?\gh !y
 did n belong to ! human race4    ,!    
conque/ ( ,mexico & ,p]u by ! ,spani>ds 
w ev] rema9 "o  ( ! bloodie/ pictures 9 
! book ( ,"t4 ,by millions ^u  millions1
 :ole races & nations 7 ru?lessly       
de/roy$4 ,x 0 "o  unspeakable outrage1  
"o unutt]able ru91 )\t discrim9ation (  
age1 sex or "*4 ,^? :o fell n by !      
sword1 di$ "u !  la% 9 a tropical clime1
 or p]i%$ 9 ! d>kness & dampness (  !   
m9es4 ,f ! fev]-/rick5 coa/ ( ,mexico1 &
 ! gloom (  d5se =e/s 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica2
 f hid+ places 9 ! clefts (  ! rocks1 & 
f ! et]nal sn[s ( ! ,&es1 :]e !re 0 no  
witness b ! all-see+ eye ( ,god1 !re w5t
 up to ,him a cry (  human despair4     
,! ,bi%op ( ,*iapa affirms t m ?an      
fifte5 millions 7  de/roy$ 9 8 "t4 ,f   
,mexico & ,p]u 0 cru%$ out a            
civilization t might h in/ruct$ ,europe4
    ,:at treasures w\ld n[ be giv5 = a  
view ( t wond]ful  civilization & p t   
met ! gaze ( ,cortez & 8 companions6    

#ajh    ,image3 ,anci5t ,p]uvian        
,resid5ce4    ,is x = no?+ t ,spa9 has  
be5 made a hide\s skeleton among  !     
nations--a w>n+ spectacle to ! _w8 ,_h n
 h] puni%m5t  ov]tak5 h]1 m5 w\ld h     
surely said3 ,!re is no retribution2    
!re is no ,god4 ,%e has be5 ! in/rum5t 9
 ! h&s ( ,rome (  ru9+ two              
civilizations3 an ea/]n & a we/]n3 & bo?
 ( !  #aji se$ ( ,abraham2 & 9 turn %e  
has be5 ru9$ !reby h]self4    ,)        
circum/ances ( dreadful b>b>ity1 %e     
expell$ ! ,jews &  ,s>ac5s :o _h become 
! *ildr5 ( h] soil by a resid5ce ( m    
?an sev5 hundr$ ye>s1 & 9 ,am]ica       
de/roy$ nations1 9 "s  respects m       
civiliz$ ?an h]self4 ,by expulsion %e   
lo/ "s ( h]  be/ citiz5s2 & ! weal? (   
,mexico & ,p]u1 induc$ habits (  luxury 
& effem9acy among ! rema9d]4 ,h] great  
cities h sunk  into insignificance1 &   
t[ns t once boa/$ ( m ?an a million     
inhabitants c n[ only %[ a few scanty   
?\s&s4 ,surely ! h&  ( ,god is visible 9
 ! degradation ( ,spa94    ,x is n alone

 ! massive ru9s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1      
,yucatan1 ,p]u &  ,mexico1 t a/oni% !   
behold]4 ,9 almo/ e "p ( ! we/]n        
cont95t may be f\nd ! footpr9ts ( a     
mighty race1 n[ vani%$  f ! e>?4    ,9 !
 copp] m9es on ! %ores ( ,lake ,sup]ior1
 h be5 f\nd  ! implem5ts ( ^? :o work$ 9
 ^? m9es _m c5turies ago4  ,^! in/rum5ts
 are made ( copp]1 yet "s ( !m are ( s  
f9e  a temp] t !y w turn ! edge ( ! be/ 
/eel in/rum5ts (  our times4    ,a few  
ye>s ago1 9 digg+ d[n a hill ne> ! t[n (
 ,fall ,riv]1  ,massa*usetts1 a mass (  
e>? slid (f uncov]+ a human skull :i*  0
 f\nd to belong to a human skeleton     
buri$ 9 a sitt+ po/ure4  ,:5 ! cov]+ 0  
remov$1 ! a/oni%$ workman saw t !  trunk
 ( ! skeleton 0 encas$ 9 a brea/plate ( 
brass4 ,?is  brea/ plate 0 oval 9 =m1   
ab\t ?irte5 in*es long1 t5 9 wid?  &    
ne>ly "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,bel[
 ! brea/plate1  & entirely encircl+ !   
body1 0 a belt compos$ ( brass tubes1   
ea* f\r & a half in*es 9 l5g? & "o-f\r? 
( an in* 9  diamet]4 ,! poet1           

,longfell[1 has writt5 a poem on ?is    
subject )  :i*1 no d\bt1 _m ( our read]s
 are famili>4 ,! poem comm5ces3         
,speak1 speak ?\ fe>ful gue/1    ,:o1 ) 
?y holl[ brea/4    ,/ill 9 rude armor   
dre/1     ,come/ to daunt me4    #aaj ,n
 f> di/ant1 on ! bank ( ! ,taunton riv]1
 is !  celebrat$ ,dighton ,rock1 a huge 
piece ( f9e-gra9$ granite cov]$  )      
sculptures & hi]oglyphic inscriptions4  
,bo? ! skeleton &  ! inscriptions on !  
rock seem to be ( ,asiatic orig94 ,!    
armor  is ! same z appe>s 9 draw+s tak5 
f ! sculptures f\nd at  ,palanque1      
,mexico4    ,image3 ,anci5t ,t[] at     
,newport4    ,n f> f ,newport1 9 ! /ate 
( ,rhode ,isl&1 ne> ! sea %ore1  is a   
/range t[]1 :i* may h be5 ! base = a    
beacon or  light-h\se4    ,at ,m>ietta1 
,ohio1 are anci5t works t cov] an area  
ab\t  ?ree-f\r?s ( a mile long1 & half a
 mile broad4 ,b #aaa ! mo/  intricate1 &
 p]haps ! mo/ ext5sive1 are ^? 9 !      
,lick+  ,valley1 ne> ,new>k1 ,ohio1     
ext5d+ ov] an area ( two squ>e miles4   

,^! m\nds are evid5tly ! rema9s ( anci5t
 =tifications1 z  !y are inv>iably      
situat$ on a comm&+ em95ce1 or by ! side
  ( a /ream4 ,_m ( ^! m\nds h be5 f\nd  
to conta9 skeletons2  & ! appe>ance ( ! 
bones w\ld seem to po9t to an antiquity 
(  m ?an a ?\s& ye>s4    ,curi\s pott]y1
 kn[n z coil-made pott]y1 has be5 f\nd 9
 !  m\nds & caves1 & at ! ru9$ pueblos1 
or anci5t villages1  9 ,utah4 ,^!       
vessels seem to h be5 =m$ )\t ! aid ( a 
pott]'s :eel1 by coil+ b&s ( clay ^u    
!mselves4    ,o!r relics h be5 discov]$ 
9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! cont95t  :i* ?r[ "s    
light on ! m5tal & social condition ( ! 
anci5t inhabitants ( ,am]ica4 ,9 ,augu/1
 #ahge1 on an isl& 9 !  ,mississippi    
riv]1 ne> ! city ( ,dav5port1 ,i[a1 0   
f\nd a  petrifi$ skeleton4 ,b ! mo/     
s+ul> "p ( ! f9d came to  light 9 !     
h>d5$ & petrifi$ /raps1 bronze buckles &
 wood5  leg :i* cont9u$ ! "r extremity1 
t limb hav+ be5 remov$  ab\t midway     
betwe5 ! hip & knee4 ,?is v int]e/+     
discov]y  proves t ! arts ( manufactur+ 

bronze1 & artificial limbs1  z well z ! 
art ( surg]y1 7 well kn[n among ! anci5t
  ,am]icans4 ,^! rema9s 7 h&$ ov] to !  
,academy ( ,sci5ces1  & a photograph 0  
tak5 ( ! inscription conta9$ on a rock 9
  ! vic9ity4 ,a copy ( ?is photograph 0 
=w>d$ to ! late ,mr4  ,b>foot1 !n       
curator ( ! ,des]et ,museum1 9 ,salt    
,lake ,city4    ,on ! #af? ( ,april1    
#ahdc1 9 a m\nd ne> ,k9d]hook1 ,pike    
c\nty1  ,ill9ois1 7 f\nd six plates (   
brass ( a bell %ape1 ea* hav+  a hole   
ne> ! small end1 & a r+ ?r\gh !m all4 ,!
 plates 7  s completely cov]$ ) ru/1 z  
almo/ to oblit]ate ! *>act]s  inscrib$  
^u ea* side ( !m4 ,b aft] und]go+ a     
*emical  process1 ! inscriptions 7      
br\ght out pla9 & di/9ct4    ,!re 7     
indications t lead to ! belief t ?is    
m\nd 0 !  tomb ( a family or p]son (    
di/9ction1 9 #aab ages long gone by2  & 
^! plates probably conta9 ! hi/ory ( a  
p]son or p  :o exi/$ at a "t f> beyond !
 memory ( ! pres5t race4 7,=  fur!r     
p>ticul>s see app5dix to ,o4 ,pratt's   

,works47    ,9 #ahae1 ne> ,pittsfield1  
,mass41 at a place call$ ,indian ,hill1 
0  f\nd :at appe>$ to be a black /rap   
ab\t six in*es 9 l5g?  & "o & a half 9  
bread?1 & ab\t ! ?ickness ( a lea!r     
trace to a h>ness4 ,on exam9ation x 0   
f\nd to be =m$ ( two  pieces ( ?ick     
raw-hide sew$ & made wat]-tight ) !     
s9ews  ( "s animal & gumm$ ov]2 & 9 !   
fold 7 conta9$ pieces  ( p>*m5t1 ( a    
d>k-yell[ hue & on :i* 0 "s k9d (       
writ+4 ,?ree ( ! pieces 7 pres]v$ & s5t 
to ! ,univ]sity  ( ,cambridge1 ,mass41  
:]e !y 7 exam9$ & discov]$ to h  be5    
writt5 ) a p5 9 ,hebrew1 pla9 & legible4
 ,! writ+ 0  quotations f ! ,old        
,te/am5t1 ,deut1 vi4 #d-i1 inclusive1 & 
*ap4  xi4 #ac-ba1 inclusive1 & ,exodus  
xiii1 #aa-af1 inclusive4 7,see ,voice ( 
,w>n+47    ,! anci5t ,mexican pyramids1 
teocallis1 or temples ( ! sun1 7  /ill m
 rem>kable4 ,two ( ! mo/ anci5t ( ^!1   
ne> ! city  ( ,mexico1 7 ea* ne>ly #bjj 
feet high1 & ! l>g] ( ^! two1  cov]s an 
area ( elev5 acres1 :i* is ne>ly equal  

to t ( !  pyramid ( ,*eops1 9 ,egypt4   
,b ! greate/ pyramid 0 t ( ,*olula4 ,ea*
 side ( its base  0 "o ?\s& f\r hundr$ &
 tw5ty-?ree feet1 twice z long z  !     
great pyramid ( ,*eops4 ,x may give "s  
idea ( its dim5sions  to /ate t its base
 cov]s ne>ly =ty-f\r acres1 & ! area on 
its summit embraces m ?an "o4 ,on ?is   
elevation /ood a co/ly  temple1 9 :i* 0 
! image ( ! my/ic deity ,quetzalcoatl   
god  ( ! air1 we>+ a mitre on 8 head1   
wav+ ) plumes (  fire4 ,a respl5d5t     
coll> ( gold hung ar\nd 8 neck3 he held 
a  ri*ly-jewel$ scept] ( gold 9 "o h&1 &
 a curi\sly pa9t$  %ield1 emblematic ( 8
 rule ov] ! w9ds1 9 ! o!r4 ,?is  temple 
fac$ ! ea/1 & 9 front ( x1 & 9 view ( ! 
:ole  valley1 0 ! great alt> ( porphyry 
on :i* 7 (f]$ human  sacrifices4    #aac
 ,ea* ye>1 "o 0 *os5 f ! mo/ illu/ri\s  
captives  tak5 9 w>4 ,he 0 array$ 9     
co/ly app>el4 ,he fea/$ on ! mo/        
delicate vi&s4 ,! p did homage to him z 
to a k+4 ,:atev]  c\ld contribute to 8  
pleasure 0 freely giv54 ,at l5g? ! fatal

  day arrives4 ,sl[ly & by a circuit\s  
r\te a procession asc5ds !  pyramid4 ,x 
is compos$ ( ! captive1 ,mexican prie/s1
 & "s (  ! notables ( ! gov]nm5t1       
accompani$ by b&s ( music4 ,z !y  asc5d 
! captive ?r[s away 8 g>l&s1 !n 8 jewels
 & at  l5g? portions ( 8 dress1 z       
emblematic t dea? w disrobe u  all4     
,hav+ arriv$ at ! top1 he is /ret*$ ^u !
 huge alt> (  /one1 & !re sacrific$ = ! 
s9s ( ! p4 ,aft]w>ds !  p fea/ ^u 8     
fle%--n z fami%$ cannibals--b at a table
  teem+ ) delici\s fruits & fragrant    
fl[]s4 ,!y :o p>took (  8 fle% 7        
consid]$ to h an especial %>e 9 ! m]its 
(  ! sacrifice4 ,comp>e ) ?is1 ,john1   
vi4 *apt]1 #dh to #ee v]se1  ,,iii4     
,nephi1 xviii4 *apt]4 ,"s idea may ?us  
be ga9$ conc]n+ !  orig9 ( ^! rites & _!
 t]rible p]v]sion caus$ by apo/asy4     
,no?+ c be m gr& ?an ! view :i* meets ! 
eye1 f !  area on ! summit ( ! pyramid4 
,t[>ds ! ,we/ /ret*$ t bold  b>ri] (    
rocks1 :i* nature has re>$ ar\nd !      
valley ( ,mexico4  ,f> away to ! ,ea/   

are ! b>r5 ?\gh beautifully-%ap$        
,si]ras1  t[]+ high into ! cl\ds & /&+ l
 s5t9els to gu>d !  entrance to !       
valley4 ,?ree ( ^! are volcanoes1 high] 
?an !  highe/ m\nta9 peak 9 ,europe1 &  
%r\d$ 9 sn[s :i* nev]  melt "u ! fi]ce  
sun ( ! tropics4 ,at ! feet ( !         
spectator  lay ! sacr$ city ( ,*olula ) 
its bright t[]s & p9nacles  sp>kl+ 9 !  
sun1 repos+ amid/ g>d5s & v]dant groves4
    ,su* 0 ! magnific5t prospect :i* met
 ! gaze ( ,cortes & 8  companions1 & may
 /ill ) slight *ange1 meet t ( ! mod]n  
travell]1 z f ! plat=m ( ! great        
pyramid1 8 eye w&]s  ov] ! faire/       
portion ( ! beautiful plateau ( ,pueblo4
    ,n[ ! "q arises1 :o built ^! m\nds 9
 ! ,mississippi  valley1 & ^! pyramids 9
 ,mexico8 ,to #aad :at race belong !    
relics f\nd 9 ,massa*usetts1 ,ill9ois & 
,i[a8 ,surely n to !  ,indians :o 7 f\nd
 9 ,am]ica :5 ! c\ntry 0 discov]$2 =  ^!
 ?+s indicate a great] skill & culture  
?an ^? tribes  possess$4    ,antiqu>ies 
h furni%$ _m !ories to answ] ?is "q :i* 

arises 9 ! m9d ( e /ud5t4 ,"s ( ^!      
!ories are v  +5i\s1 b all are lack+ 9 t
 important elem5t1 tru?4    ,= m ?an    
?ree hundr$ ye>s no c]ta9 light 0 ?r[n  
^u !  hi/ory ( t race4 ,b t :i* man c\ld
 n f9d out1 ) all  8 le>n+ & rese>*1    
,god has reveal$ 9 ,8 own due "t4 ,&  "h
 we see a wond]ful manife/ation ( ! h& (
 ,god 9 ! hi/ory  ( ?is cont95t4 ,a     
record1 au!ntic1 ?\gh brief1 has be5    
giv5  to ! _w4 ,! writ+s ( "s ( ! anci5t
 wor?ies ( t  race h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! e>?
 & h n[ come =? = !  guidance &         
in/ruction ( liv+ m54    ,! ,book (     
,mormon conta9s sket*es ( _! hi/ory & ! 
deal+s  ( ,god ) ^! peoples 9 a simil>  
mann]1 z ! ,bible tea*es  ! hi/ory &    
deal+s ( ,god ) ,8 anci5t p1 ! ,jews4 ,x
  also conta9s _m incid5tal ref]5ces to 
_! m5tal & social  condition & ! ext5t  
to :i* ! arts & sci5ces 7 cultivat$     
among !m4    ,x tea*es u t :5 ! ,"l     
conf\nd$ ! languages at ,babel1 ,he  l$ 
=? a colony f !nce to ! we/]n cont95t1  
n[ call$  ,am]ica4 ,?is colony1 aft]    

cross+ ! ocean 9 eight vessels &  l&+ 9 
?is c\ntry1 became 9 process ( "t a     
great nation4  ,!y inhabit$ ,am]ica ab\t
 fifte5 hundr$ ye>s b 7 at l5g?  de/roy$
 = _! wick$ness1 ab\t six hundr$ ye>s   
be=e ,*ri/4  ,a prophet by ! "n ( ,e!r  
wrote _! hi/ory & an acc\nt (  _!       
de/ruction4    ,?is p is kn[n 9 mod]n   
hi/ory by ! "n ( ,toltecs1 !  ru9s ( ^: 
edifices are widely scatt]$ 9 ,yucatan &
 ,c5tral  ,am]ica4    #aae    ,image3   
,mammo?4    ,! sculptures & hi]oglyphics
 on ^! ru9s be> a /rik+  resemblance to 
^? f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,babylon & ,n9eveh4  
,x also  appe>s t ! mammo?1 or ,am]ican 
elephant1 & ma/odon--animals  :i* are n[
 ext9ct--!n roam$ ! wilds ( ! we/]n     
cont95t2  = repres5tations ( ^! animals 
are (t5 f\nd sculptur$ on !  walls (    
,toltec ru9s4 ,"s p]sons h tri$ to ?r[  
d\bts ^u  ^! /atem5ts alleg+ t no su*   
animals ev] exi/$ outside (  tropical   
regions4 ,h[ev]1 num]\s rema9s ( !m h   
be5 f\nd 9  v>i\s p>ts ( ,am]ica1       
especially 9 ,k5tucky1 ,ohio1 ,miss\ri &

  ,oregon4 ,9 ,sib]ia !y h be5 f\nd     
froz5 9 a complete /ate (  pres]vation4 
,! illu/ri\s ,ruf9 ,piotr[ski1 a ,poli% 
#aaf exile1  gives a full acc\nt ( ^!   
animals & ! me?ods employ$ by !         
,russian gov]nm5t 9 cutt+ !m out ( !    
ice4 7,see ,s\v5irs d'un  ,sib]i547     
,x is no d\bt to ^! animals t ref]5ce is
 made 9 ! f\r?  *apt] ( ! book ( ,e!r4  
,aft] ?is1 ano!r colony came f ,j]usalem
 ab\t six hundr$  ye>s be=e ,*ri/ &     
re-peopl$ ,am]ica4 ,?is la/ colony grew 
&  multipli$1 & f9ally gave rise to two 
mighty nations4 ,"o ( ^!  0 call$       
,nephites1 ! o!r ,lamanites4    ,!      
,nephites 7 a civiliz$ & enlight5$ p4 ,=
 ne>ly "o  ?\s& ye>s !y 71 f "t to "t1  
favor$ ) revelations  f ,god4 ,prophet  
aft] prophet 0 rais$ up f among !m1 & at
  l5g? !y 7 bless$ ) a p]sonal appe>ance
 ( ,jesus ,*ri/1  aft] ,8 resurrection1 
f ^: m\? !y receiv$ ! doctr9e (  !      
gospel & a k ( ! future d[n ?r\gh all   
succe$+  ages4 ,b1 aft] all ! bless+s & 
privileges conf]r$ ^u !m1  !y fell into 

great wick$ness 9 ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies
 (  ! ,*ri/ian era1 & f9ally 7 de/roy$  
by _! enemies1 !  ,lamanites4    ,b ?\gh
 ! ,nephite race has vani%$ f ! e>?1    
/ill !  gr&eur ( its ru9s atte/ !       
greatness ( its civilization4 ,inde$  x 
seems impossible to und]/& ! "* & ext5t 
( ^!  ru9s unless we admit ! tru? ( !   
records giv5 by ,mosiah1 ,alma  &       
,nephi1 conc]n+ ! arts1 sci5ces1 mode ( 
w>f>e1 religion  & subsequ5t apo/asy &  
degradation ( t p4 ,9 fact1 z  rese>*es 
cont9ue x becomes m & m evid5t t anci5t 
,am]ican civilization 0 only a          
transcript ( anci5t ,jewi% &  ,egyptian 
ar*itecture1 mann]s1 cu/oms & modes (   
?\ght4 ,9  matt]s ( gov]nm5t1 ! pomp (  
_! mon>*s1 ! arbitr>y p[]1  & !         
obligation ( all to milit>y s]vice      
pres5t a /rik+  resemblance to ! p[]s & 
privileges ( ! k+s ( anci5t  ,israel4   
,likewise _! religi\s /ate 0 only a     
reflection ( t  ( ,asia4 ,_! wor%ip 0 an
 impos+ c]emonial4 ,?\gh ! common  p _h 
a my?ology ( _m gods1 simil> to !       

sa9t-wor%ip #aag  ( ,rome1 yet !        
high]-cultur$ classes ackn[l$g$ b "o    
almighty  ,creator4    ,m>riage 0       
celebrat$ by religi\s c]emonies & ! laws
 p]ta9+  !reto bore a /rik+ resemblance 
to ^? ( anci5t ,israel4  ,polygamy 0    
sanction$1 b 9 practice 0 g5]ally conf9$
 to !  weal?y4    ,! prie/s adm9i/]$ a  
rite ( baptism to infants & proselytes  
= ! purpose ( wa%+ away _! s9s4 ,!y also
 taught t  !re are rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 
a _w to come--a p>adise =  ! good1 & a  
hell ( d>kness = ! wick$4 ,b ! highe/   
glory  & rew>d 0 pres]v$ = ! noble few  
:o fell 9 sacrifice or 9  battle = !    
cause ( "r4 ,!y w5t directly 9 to !     
pres5ce  ( ! sun1 :om !y accompani$ 9 8 
bright progress ?r\gh !  heav5s4 ,aft] a
 few ye>s ^! spirits w5t to animate !   
cl\ds  & add lu/] to ! glories ( !      
sunset1 or 7 s5t to rule ov]  & increase
 ! pure & undy+ light ( ! />s4 ,:o does 
n  see 9 all ?is ! traces ( a pur]      
religion1 :i* c5turies (  apo/asy &     
degradation _h n be5 able to entirely   

de/roy8 ,?is  is all ! m manife/ :5 we  
consid] "s ( _! maxims &  =ms ( pray]4  
,"o 03 ,be> injuries ) humility1 ,god1  
:o sees1  w av5ge y4 ,ano!r 03 ,clo! !  
nak$ & fe$ ! hungry1  :atev] privations 
x may co/ !e2 = rememb]1 _! fle% is  l  
?9e & !y are m5 l !e4 ,aga93 ,imp>t to  
u1 ,"l1  out ( ,?y great m]cy ,?y gifts 
:i* we are n wor?y to receive  ?r\gh our
 own m]its4 ,also3 ,o1 m]ciful ,"l1 ?\  
:o kn[e/ !  secrets ( all he>ts1 let ,?y
 =giv5ess & favor desc5d4 ,9 all  ^! we 
f9d s5tim5ts su* z are conta9$ 9 !      
scriptures ( !  ,old ,te/am5t4    ,"o ( 
! mo/ important duties ( ! prie/hood 0 t
 (  education1 to :i* c]ta9 build+s 7   
appropriat$4 ,to ea* ( !  pr9cipal      
temples1 s*ools 7 atta*$ & l&s 7 annex$ 
=  ! ma9t5ance ( ! prie/s4 ,_! writ+s 7 
on cotton clo? or  sk9s1 or on papyrus1 
a k9d ( pap] made f ! aloe4 ,at ! "t  ( 
! ,spani% conque/1 va/ collections ( ^! 
manuscripts 7 9  exi/5ce2 b ! fir/      
ar*bi%op ( ,mexico1 burn$ !m 9 ! #aah   
m>ket-place4 ,rome 0 det]m9$ t no       

lit]ature %\ld exi/ b  h] own4    ,!    
,mexican ye> consi/$ ( eighte5 mon?s &  
ea* mon? ( tw5ty  days2 five days 7 add$
 to make ! numb] to ?ree hundr$ &       
sixty-five4 ,to provide = ! leap ye>s !y
 add$ tw5ty-f\r days  to ea* c5tury4 ,! 
,mexican mode ( reckon+ 0 !n sup]ior  to
 t ( ,europe4 ,:5 ! nations ( ,europe   
adopt$ ! cal5d>  discov]$ & p]fect$ by !
 ,jews & ,s>ac5s1 !n _! mode (  reckon+ 
correspond$ ) t discov]$ by ! se$ (     
,abraham on  ?is cont95t & bo? 7 true4  
,! anci5t ,am]icans _h asc]ta9$ !       
globul> =m ( ! e>?  previ\s to _!       
contact ) ,europeans4 ,ca?olic ,europe  
w\ld n  admit t tru? till compell$ to by
 ! voyages ( ,columbus &  ,magellan4    
,_! agriculture 0 9 "s respects sup]ior 
to t ( ,europe4  ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! old _w 
to comp>e ) ! m5ag]ies &  botanical     
g>d5s ( ,huax-tepec1 ,*apultepec &      
,tezcuco4    ,!y excell$ 9 ! arts ( !   
jewell] & enamell]4 ,!y 7  skillful     
weav]s ( f9e clo?4 ,!y 7 n ignorant ( ! 
use (  iron2 & und]/ood ! manufacture ( 

bronze1 ( :i* !y also  made use4 ,to !m 
we are indebt$ = tobacco1 snuff1        
*ocolate &  co*9eal4 ,f !m we le>n$ !   
use ( ! potato1 :i* has n[  ext5d$ to   
all p>ts ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,!y1 l u1 knew
 !  use ( intoxicat+ dr9ks2 & l u       
sometimes p>took ( !m to  excess4       
,?is sket* w\ld be incomplete )\t a     
ref]5ce to ! civilization  ( ,p]u4 ,z   
,egypt 0 ! cradle ( civilization 9 ! old
 _w1 s  ,p]u 0 9 ! new4 ,l ,egypt also x
 0 9 mo/ p>ts a ra9less  region4 ,!     
anci5t ,p]uvian empire 0 ne>ly two ?\s& 
f\r  hundr$ miles 9 l5g?1 b sc>cely     
sixty miles 9 wid?--a n>r[  /rip hemm$ 9
 betwe5 ! gr& ,&es m\nta9s & ! ,pacific 
ocean4    #aai    ,image3 ,mummy4    ,! 
sides ( ?is great m\nta9 range might    
seem altoge!r unfitt$  = agriculture4 ,b
 ! advanc$ /ate ( ,p]uvian civilization 
is  at once demon/rat$ :5 x is said t ^!
 m\nta9 slopes _h  become a g>d54       
,imm5se t]races 7 con/ruct$ :]ev]       
requir$1  & irrigation 0 employ$ on !   
gr&e/ scale ! _w has ev]  se54 ,p]u     

possess$ a v>i$ climate4 ,9 ! l[]       
valleys ne> !  coa/ c\ld be rais$ all ! 
products ( tropical regions1 at an      
elevation ( a few ?\s& feet ! climate 0 
adapt$ = gra9s (  a temp]ate zone4 ,on  
table-l&s1 at a great elevation above ! 
sea1  !re 7 villages & ev5 cities4 ,?us 
! pla9 on :i* ,quito  /&s1 "u ! equator1
 is ne>ly t5 ?\s& feet high1 & enjoys  a
 climate ( p]petual #abj spr+4 ,s great 
0 _! indu/ry t  ! ,p]uvians _h g>d5s &  
or*>ds above ! cl\ds1 & on ranges  /ill 
high] flocks ( %eep & llamas1 9 regions 
bord]+ on !  limit ( p]petual sn[4    ,9
 ,cuzco1 ! metropolis1 0 ! resid5ce ( ! 
inca or emp]or1  & ! great temple ( !   
sun4    ,! inca 0 bo? temporal pr9ce &  
rul+ prie/ ( _! religion4  ,?\gh !y     
o/5sibly wor%ip$ ! sun1 yet ! high]     
classes  recogniz$ ! exi/5ce ( "o       
almighty1 invisible ,god4    ,l !       
,egyptians1 ! ,p]uvians und]/ood ! art (
 embalm+ !  dead4 ,! mummies ( _! incas 
be+ plac$ 9 ! vaults b5ea? !  temple ( !
 sun1 at ,cuzco4    ,?is city conta9$   

edifices :i* excit$ ! amazem5t ( !      
,spani%  adv5tur]s !mselves--/reets1    
squ>es1 bridges & =tresses  surr\nd$ by 
turret$ walls4 ,! public walls ( ,p]u z 
well z  ,mexico 7 sup]ior to ^? ( ,spa9 
h]self4 ,two great milit>y  roads ext5d$
 ! :ole l5g? ( ! empire--"o along !     
coa/1 !  o!r along ! base ( ! m\nta9s4  
,^! highways greatly aid$ !  ,spani>ds 9
 _! conque/ ( ! c\ntry4    ,hav+ ga9$   
possession ( ! c\ntry & robb$ !         
inhabitants (  _! gold1 silv] & preci\s 
/ones1 !y put to dea? ! inca &          
nobility1 & took possession ( _!        
resid5ces4    ,! enorm\s crime ( ,spa9 9
 de/roy+ ?is civilization has nev]  be5 
fully appreciat$4 ,9 va9 ! ,spani>ds    
excuse _! atrocities1  on ! plea t ^?   
nations 7 savages & p]mitt$ human       
sacrifices4 ,true1 ! nations ( ,am]ica  
sank v l[ :5 ! light  ( ! gospel 0      
)drawn2 b e c&id m9d w ask3 ,:i* 0  ! m 
degrad$1 papal ,europe or apo/ate       
,am]ica8 ,human sacrifice1  h[ev] cruel1
 has no?+ 9 x degrad+ to its victim4 ,x 

may be  r said to ennoble him by devot+ 
him to ! gods4 ,al?\gh s  t]rible ) !   
,mexicans1 x 0 sometimes volunt>ily     
embrac$ by  !m z ! mo/ glori\s dea?1 &  
"o t op5$ a sure passage  into p>adise4 
,!re 0 no spectacle on ! ,am]ican       
cont95t1 at :i* a j man  might s deeply 
blu% = 8 race z t pres5t$ #aba 9 ,we/]n 
,europe :5 ! m>tyr1 f :om confession _h 
be5 wrung by torture1  pass$ to ! /ake 9
 a sleeveless g>m5t1 ) flames ( fire &  
pictures ( devils pa9t$ ^u x4 ,let x be 
rememb]$ t f ,a4  ,d4 #adha to #ahjh1 m 
?an ?ree hundr$ & =ty ?\s& p]sons _h    
be5 tortur$1 & out ( ^! ne>ly ?irty-two 
?\s& burnt4    ,image3 ,massacre ( !    
,incas4    ,let x also be rememb]$ t !  
body ( man is ( less value ?an  !       
immortal s\l1 = ! r$emption ( :i* !     
agony & dea?  ( ! ,son ( ,god 0 n too   
great a price to pay4 ,let x n be       
=gott5 t at t p]iod ! entire au?ority ( 
,europe 0  direct$ to ! enslav+ ( ! m9ds
 & s\ls ( m5 & mak+ t  noble/ creation (
 heav5 a wor?less ma*9e4    #abb        

,ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! cont95t may be f\nd  
traces ( ,bible  & ,nephite hi/ory4     
,humbolt1 9 8 travels1 m5tions a        
multitude (  native books 9 :i* 7       
describ$ all ! lead+ circum/ances &     
hi/ory ( ! deluge1 ( ! fall ( man1 & !  
fir/ murd] z  p]petrat$ by ,ca94        
,clavig]o1 9 8 hi/ory ( ,mexico1 tells (
 an anci5t native  manuscript1 f\nd at  
,*iapa1 :i* gives a pla9 & brief acc\nt 
(  ! build+ ( ! t[] ( ,babel1 !         
confusion ( tongues1 & !  subsequ5t     
migration ( ,votan1 or ,jotan1 7no d\bt 
a corruption (  ,j>$7 & 8 companions to 
! cont95t ( ,am]ica4    ,! ,indians (   
,cuba relat$ to ,b]nal ,diaz1 a         
companion & hi/orian  ( ,columbus1 a    
complete & sc>cely corrupt$ acc\nt ( !  
deluge1  ! intoxication ( ,noah & ,ham's
 %ameful conduct4    ,humboldt m5tions  
num]\s traditions exi/+ among ! natives 
(  ,yucatan & ,c5tral ,am]ica conc]n+ a 
great religi\s tea*]1 a  wond]ful       
p]sonage1 :om !y call$ ,quetzalcoatl1 & 
:o 0 a  :ite & be>d$ man4 ,_m ?+s are   

said ( him 9 _! books (  p>*m5t1 & among
 o!rs1 t :5 he left !m he gave !m wise  
laws & maxims1 & promis$ to return &    
rule ov] !m & r5ew  _! happ9ess4 ,comp>e
 ) ?is ! record ( ,nephi4 7,see ,,iii4  
,nephi1 *ap4 ii4 to xxviii4 inclusive47 
,a tradition ( ! ,wy&ott ,indians1      
publi%$ by ,fr$]ick ,falley1 (  ,s&usky1
 ,o41 9 #ahbc1 gives a pla9 acc\nt ( !  
battle ( ,cumorah4  ,bo? ,breck5ridge & 
,humboldt conclude t a great battle took
 place  9 ! region ( ! great lakes n    
lat] ?an ! ye> #edd ( !  ,*ri/ian era1  
aft] :i* ! ,aztecs ,lamanites took      
possession (  ! c\ntry s\?w>d4    ,!    
=ego+ w indicate to "s ext5t ! work+s ( 
! h& (  ,god1 z manife/$ 9 ! hi/ory (   
?is cont95t4 ,volumes might be  writt5  
on ?is subject1 b en\gh has be5 said to 
awak5 inquiry  among ! hone/-9-he>t &   
indicate ! treasures conta9$ 9 !        
,nephite annals1 & corroborat$ by ! ru9s
 (      ,?is old1 old l&1 :i* m5 call   
new2    ,?is l& z old z "t is old4      
#abc        ,,*apt] ,,xii4    ,,!       

,,colonization ,,( ,,acadia4            
,,engl&',s ,,developm5t--,,reign ,,(    
,,elizabe?--,,influ5ce ,,( ,,!          
,,bible--,,tyranny ,,( ,,!              
,,k+s--,,jacques ,,c>ti]--,,discov]y ,,(
 ,,!  ,,/4 ,,lawr5ce--,,quebec          
,,f\nd$--,,acadia                       
,,coloniz$--,,transf]r$ ,,to            
,,engl&--,,extracts ,,f ,,longfell[',s  
,,poem--,,virg9ia ,,settl$4    ,9       
previ\s *apt]s we h trac$ !             
in/rum5talities :i* ,god  us$ 9 !       
un%ackl+ ( ! m9ds ( m5 f ! sup]/itions (
  ! pa/1 & discipl9+ !m = ! reception ( 
high] tru?s4  ,we h se5 h[1 amid/ ! rage
 ( tyrants & 9 spite ( !  opposition ( !
 p[]s ( evil1 society _h gradually      
climb$ to a  l(ti] intellectual em95ce  
?an t to :i* %e _h atta9$ 9  any previ\s
 age4 ,! "t _h at l5g? arriv$1 :51 f> f 
!  j>r+ sc5es ( ,europe's /rife1 a      
nation 0 to come into exi/5ce1  e>ne/ 9 
its love ( human lib]ty1 & vigor\s 9 !  
execution (  its purposes--a nation1 :i*
 %\ld accompli% "s ( ! mightie/         

a*ievem5ts ( ! human race2 & :]e1 "u !  
b5ign influ5ces  ( its political        
in/itutions1 & 9 ! ,"l's due "t1 !      
gospel  %\ld be aga9 reveal$ & ! ,k+dom 
( ,god set up among !  *ildr5 ( m54     
,to rightly und]/& ! hi/ory & "* ( an   
individual1 we  mu/ "k some?+ ( 8       
p>5tage & ! circum/ances ( 8 e>ly  life4
 ,h5ce to und]/& ! "* ( ! ,am]ican p1 we
 mu/  "k some?+ ( _! great national "m1 
! p ( ,engl&4    ,! defeat ( ! great    
,spani% armada deliv]$ ,engl& f !       
control ( cont95tal ,europe1 & m>k$ a   
critical epo* 9 h]  developm5t4 ,f t h\r
 ,engl&'s de/9y #abd 0 fix$4 ,%e 0  to  
be ! great prote/ant p[]4 ,h] sph]e (   
action 0 to be ^u  ! seas4 ,%e 0 to take
 a lead+ "p 9 ! new _w ( ! we/4  ,! "t 0
 com+ :5 h] comm]ce %\ld surpass all !  
nations (  anci5t or mod]n times2 b1    
above all1 h] language & lit]ature  7   
fa/ develop+1 by means ( :i* h] laws &  
influ5ce w\ld  effect ! remote/ nations 
( ! e>?4 ,hi!rto ,engl& _h lagg$  beh9d 
9 ! intellectual developm5t ( ,europe4  

,9 ! s+le  reign ( ,elizabe? %e leap$ to
 ! fir/ rank among ! nations  ( ! e>?2  
nay m1 %e 0 to become ! "m ( nations4   
,an impression1 vague & %ad[y inde$1 b  
none ! less real1  p5etrat$ ! m9ds ( !  
,engli% p1 t !y 7 to be !  repository ( 
! div9e w1 & ! executor ( ,8 purposes--t
  ! bless+s & pr]ogatives ( anci5t      
,israel1 7 to be _!  inh]itance4        
,b5ea? ! r\gh ext]ior & blunt mann]s ( t
 age1 lay ! new  s5se ( a prophetic     
p[]--! s5se ( a div9e commission4 ,& :o 
w say t !y 7 wrong1 or prove t !y 7 n   
div9ely  commission$ to break d[n !     
b>ri]s to human progress1 & to "s  ext5t
 prep>e society = ! disp5sation ( !     
fullness ( times8    ,! ,engli%         
translation ( ! ,bible1 became ! great  
rule ( life4  ,! :ole moral effect :i*  
is n[ produc$ by ! newspap]1 !  s]mon1 !
 lecture & ! circulat+ libr>y 0 !n      
produc$ by  ! ,bible alone2 & its effect
 on ! national "* 0 simply  amaz+4      
,religion 0 no long] conf9$ to ! cloi/] 
& ca!dral1  b became a subject ( ?\ght =

 e individual4 ,! pr(\nd  m$itations t  
,%akspe>e puts into ! m\? ( ,hamlet 7 b 
a  transcript ( ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( !   
e>ne/ m5 ( t  age1 :o saw !mselves day  
by day 9 ! !at] ( a mighty /ruggle      
betwe5 ! p[]s ( light & ! p[]s (        
d>kness--_! s\ls !  prize ( an et]nal   
conflict betwe5 heav5 & hell4    ,x 0   
?is phase ( ?\ght t gave to ! _w !      
sublime  conceptions ( ,milton1 !       
reali/ic dreams ( ,bunyan1 z well z !   
/]n & solemn "* ( ,oliv] ,cromwell & 8  
foll[]s2 &  made ^! lib]ty-lov+ peasants
 m #abe ?an a mat* = !  *ivalry &       
iron-clad knights ( ,k+ ,*>les ,i4      
,nor 0 ?is feel+ conf9$ to any "o class4
 ,x p]meat$ all ranks  & conditions1 ev5
 to ! sov]eign4 ,tradition /ill po9ts   
out !  tree 9 ,hatfield ,p>k1 b5ea? :i* 
,elizabe? 0 sitt+ :5 %e  receiv$ ! news 
( h] peaceful accession to ! ?rone4 ,%e 
fell  on h] knees & exclaim$3 ,x is !   
,"l's do+1 & m>vel\s 9  our eyes4 ,to ! 
end ( h] reign ^! words rema9$ /amp$ on 
!  gold5 co9age ( ! realm4 ,?r\gh all h]

 long & ev5tful life1  ! feel+ seems    
nev] to h left h]1 t h] pres]vation & h]
  reign 7 ! issues ( a direct           
int]position ( ,god4    ,! =ego+ may    
help u to und]/& ! "* ( ! ,engli%  p at 
! "t !y comm5c$ to plant ! in/itutions (
 lib]ty  on ?is cont95t4 ,:o c read !   
?rill+ n>rative ( ,engli%  hi/ory dur+ !
 sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies )\t        
ackn[l$g+ ! h& ( ,god1 9 m\ld+ ! "* ( ! 
,briti%  p8    ,x 0 n a pleasant _w :i* 
! m5 & wom5 ( ,europe _h  to live 9 dur+
 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,fight+ 0 ! con/ant  
occupation ( ! k+s ( t "t2 civil w>s 7  
also frequ5t4  ,9 ^! confus$ /rifes m5  
slew _! acqua9tances & fri5ds  z ! only 
me?od !y knew ( decid+ :o 0 to fill !   
?rone4  ,feeble comm]ce 0 cru%$ "u !    
iron heel ( w>4 ,no su* ?+  z security =
 life & prop]ty 0 expect$4 ,! fields ( !
  husb&man 7 trodd5 d[n by !  m>* (     
armies4 ,disb&$ or des]t$ soldi]s w&]$ z
 lawless  m5 ov] ! c\ntry & robb$ &     
murd]$ at _! w4 ,epidemic  diseases (   
/range type1 ! result ( insuffici5t &   

un:olesome  food1 & ! poison\s air (    
undra9$ l&s & fil?y /reets  de/roy$ !   
inhabitants4 ,"u :at h>d%ips & mis]ies !
 m5 (  ! sixte5? c5tury pass$ _! days1 x
 is sc>cely possible = u  n[ to         
conceive4    ,f ! p]secutions ( ! old _w
 !y fl$ to ! wilds ( !  new4 ,! ?rill+  
/ory ( _! adv5tures1 ?\gh inde$ real1   
s\nds m l romance ?an reality4 ,unlike !
 hi/ory ( ea/]n  nations1 :i* frequ5tly 
loses itself 9 #abf mi/s ( antiquity1 ! 
hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican p beg9s at a        
comp>atively rec5t date4  ,x is less ?an
 f\r hundr$ ye>s s9ce ,columbus & 8     
companions  fir/ saw ! we/]n cont95t1 & 
less ?an two hundr$ &  sev5ty-five ye>s 
s9ce ! fir/ colony 0 plant$ 9 ! t]ritory
  :i* =m$ ! ?irte5 orig9al /ates4       
,ano!r peculi>ity is1 t f ! v fir/ ?is  
l& has be5 an  asylum = ! p]secut$ &    
oppress$ ( e nation4    ,x 0 9 !        
beautiful mon? ( ,may1 #aece1 t ,jacques
 ,c>ti]1 a  bold navigator 9 ! s]vice ( 
! k+ ( ,france1 sail$ along  ! %ores ( !
 gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 /opp+ "h & !re to 

exam9e ! c\ntry & lay out plats = future
 settlem5ts4 ,9 ,july  he ent]$ ! riv]  
,/4 ,lawr5ce & sail$ on its broad wat]s1
  amid/ picturesque sc5]y 9 :i* 0       
realiz$ all 8 gl[+  expectations &      
dreams4 ,leav+ 8 vessel at ! pres5t site
 (  ,quebec1 he proce$$ up ! riv] 9 a   
small boat1 z f> z ! ,indian  settlem5t 
( ,ho*elaga4 ,?is place he nam$ ,m\nt   
,royal4 ,x is n[  ! magnific5t city (   
,montreal4 ,h[ev]1 no p]man5t settlem5ts
  7 =m$1 & x 0 n till #afjd t ,de       
,monts1 ,*ampla9 &  o!r explor]s began  
to colonize ! c\ntry1 on ! banks ( !    
gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,quebec 0 f\nd$ 9  
#afjh4 ,! :ole region on  ! s\? %ore ( !
 gulf 0 !n call$ ,acadia4 ,its hi/ory   
%[s  ! wond]ful influ5ce k9dness ex]ts1 
ev5 among ! savage tribes  ( ,nor?      
,am]ica4 ,p\tr9c\rt1 ! gov]nor ( !      
colony1 caus$ an  imm5se banquet+ hall  
to be erect$1 :i* 0 well suppli$ )  de]1
 moose1 be> & all k9ds ( wild f[l4 ,he  
made fri5ds ( !  ,indians & ent]ta9$ !  
*iefs at sumptu\s fea/s4 ,9 ! ,w9t]     

ev5+s by ! blaz+ p9e logs1 ,*ampla9 w\ld
 relate ! /ories  ( 8 wond]ful adv5tures
 among ! hills1 & valleys1 & lakes1  &  
/reams1 & cat>acts1 & r$ m5 ( ! we/4    
,at l5g?1 by ! =tunes ( w>1 ?is colony 0
 transf]r$ to  ,engl&2 b its he>t 0 /ill
 ) ,france4 ,! ,engli% di/ru/$  its     
loyalty1 & s5t an arm$ =ce to surprise &
 attack x1 &  c>ry away ! once happy p1 
& scatt] !m ?r\gh\t _!  ,am]ican doma9s4
 ,! ,acadians 7 #abg cr[d$ into         
transports1  _! families 7 sep>at$1 _!  
fri5d%ips & atta*m5ts brok5  up1 & !y 7 
exil$ among /rang]s1 nev] to see ea* o!r
  aga94 ,! "n ( ,acadia 0 blott$ out4   
,mo/ p are famili>  ) ,longfell['s      
beautiful /ory ( ,evangel9e4 ,x is n[   
almo/ !  only memorial t rema9s ( !     
hi/ory ( t colony4    ,z a picture (    
peace & prosp]ity1 cont5tm5t &          
neighborly love1  wor?y ( imitation 9   
?is selfi% age1 a few l9es f            
,longfell['s  beautiful poem1 may n be  
out ( place3      ,!re1 9 ! mid/ ( its  
f>ms repos$ ! ,acadian village1         

,/rongly built 7 ! h\ses ) frames ( oak 
& ( hemlock2    ,!re1 9 ! tranquil ev5+s
 :5 sunset _h fad$ to twilight1         
,s(tly ! *ur*-bell s\nd$ call+ ! p to   
wor%ip4    ,?us dwelt 9 love ^! simple  
,acadian f>m]s1    ,dwelt 9 ! love (    
,god & ( man4 ,alike !y 7 free f    ,fe>
 t reigns ) ! tyrant1 & envy ! vice (   
republics1    ,nei!r locks _h !y to _!  
doors nor b>s to _! w9d[s1    ,b _!     
dwell+s 7 op5 z day & ! he>ts ( ! own]s2
    ,!re ! ri*e/ 0 poor1 & ! poore/ liv$
 9 abundance4    ,mean:ile attempts at  
coloniz+ 7 go+ on f>!r s\?4 ,!          
settlem5t at ,jame/[n1 ,virg9ia1 0 f\nd$
 9 #afjg4 ,! adv5tures  ( ,capta9 ,john 
,smi?1 ! virtual f\nd] ( ! colony1 are  
well  kn[n to mo/ read]s1 z well z !    
romantic /ory ( ,pocahontas1 !  ,indian 
pr9cess4 ,its e>ly hi/ory is a n>rative 
( /rife & human  suff]+4 ,_m ( its e>ly 
inhabitants 7 scions ( nobility1 m5     
unus$ to toil2 9 "s cases !y 7 m]e      
adv5tur]s1 actuat$ by  a lu/ = gold or  
love ( plund]4 ,h[ev]1 x tea*es "o      

important  lesson1 t noble bir? &       
high-s\nd+ titles are ( little acc\nt   
:5 comp>$ ) ! pla9 virtues ( indu/ry1   
hone/y1 & tru/ 9  ,god--t x is n m5 (   
weal?1 b m5 ( noble "* t are  ( mo/     
importance 9 f\nd+ a commonweal?4       
#abh        ,,*apt] ,,xiii4             
,,colonization ,,( ,,new ,,engl&4       
,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,coloni/s--,,!y ,,leave   
,,engl&--,,soj\rn ,,9                   
,,holl&--,,brew/]',s ,,pr9t+            
,,press--,,puritans ,,emb>k ,,=         
,,am]ica--,,_!  ,,tru/ ,,9              
,,god--,,rob9son',s ,,prophecy--,,plym\?
 ,,f\nd$--,,suff]+s ,,( ,,!             
,,coloni/s--,,conflict ,,9              
,,engl&--,,peculi>ities ,,( ,,!         
,,puritans--,,h>v>d  ,,college          
,,f\nd$--,,ext5t ,,(                    
,,settlem5ts--,,fir/ ,,conf$]ation4     
,:at con/itutes a /ate8    ,n high-rais$
 battlem5ts or labor$ m\nd1      ,?ick  
wall or moat$ gate2    ,n cities pr\d1 )
 spires & turrets cr[n$1      ,n bays & 
broad arm$ ports    ,:]e1 laugh+ at !   

/orm1 pr\d navies ride2      ,n />r$ &  
spangl$ c\rts    ,:]e l[-br[$ bas5ess   
wafts p]fume to pride2      ,no6 ,m51   
high-m9d$ m51    ,) p[]s z f> above dull
 brutes endu$1      ,9 =e/1 brake or d51
    ,z bea/s excel cold rocks & brambles
 rude2      ,m51 :o _! duties "k1    ,b 
"k _! rights2 & kn[+ d>e ma9ta94    ,!  
m9d in/9ctively turns to ! coloniz+ (   
,new ,engl& z "o (  ! great l&m>ks (    
human hi/ory4 ,a little m ?an two       
c5turies  ago ?is l& 0 cov]$ ) =e/s 9   
:i* roam$ v>i\s tribes  ( ,indians2 & ! 
riv]s1 :i* n[ give life to s mu* *e]ful 
indu/ry1 fl[$ uselessly to ! sea4       
,to-day ?is same l& is cov]$  ) cities1 
t[ns & villages1 g>d5s1 v9ey>ds &       
or*>ds1  s*ools & palaces--a            
civilization surpass+1 9 "s respects1 t 
( any o!r c\ntry on ! face ( ! globe4   
,:5ce came ! m5 :o wr\ght ^! mighty     
*anges8 ,:at 7 !  circum/ances t l$ !m  
to ab&on _! #abi c\ntry & _!  k9dr$1 &  
all ! sacr$ associations t l9k man to 8 
native  l&1 to seek homes beyond ! /ormy

 ,atlantic1 9 a wild]ness !n  inhabit$  
only by savage bea/s1 & m5 /ill m       
savage2 & above  all1 t tra9$ !m 9 !    
pr9ciples ( self-gov]nm5t & fitt$  !m to
 become ! f\nd]s ( a mighty empire8     
,at t "t prote/ant pr9ces1 no m ?an     
popi%1 7 will+ t  _! subjects %\ld ?9k =
 !mselves4 ,james ,i4 _h j asc5d$  !    
,engli% ?rone4 ,8 0 ! head ( a fool & ! 
he>t ( a  tyrant4 ,he 0 det]m9$ t e "o (
 8 subjects %\ld obs]ve  ! rites &      
c]emonies ( ! ,episcopal *ur*4 ,on !    
nor!rn  bord] ( ,nott+ham%ire /&s !     
little t[n ( ,scrooby4 ,"h 7  "s brave &
 hone/ p1 to :om ! c]emonies ( !        
,episcopal  or ,e/abli%$ *ur* 7 an      
(f5se4 ,!y held _! meet+s  9 secret1 at 
! h\se ( "o ( _! numb]1 a g5tleman nam$ 
,brew/]4 ,!y *ose ,mr4 ,rob9son1 a wise 
& good man1 to be _!  lead] 9 spiritual 
?+s4 ,b _! secret meet+s 7 betray$ to  !
 au?orities & _! lives 7 made bitt] by !
 p]secutions  t fell ^u !m4 ,!y resolv$ 
to leave _! own l& & seek  among /rang]s
 t fre$om :i* 0 d5i$ !m at home4    ,!y 

emb>k$ ) all _! goods = ,holl&4 ,b :5 ! 
%ip  0 ab\t to sail1 soldi]s came ^u !m1
 plund]$ !m & drove  !m on %ore4 ,aft]  
"s weeks 9 prison !y 7 suff]$ to  return
 home4 ,next ,spr+ !y tri$ aga9 to      
escape4 ,?is "t a good  _m 7 on bo>d1 & 
! o!rs 7 wait+ = ! return (  ! boat1 :i*
 w\ld c>ry !m to ! %ip4 ,sudd5ly soldi]s
 on  horseback 7 se5 spurr+ across !    
s&s4 ,! %ipma/] weigh$  8 an*or & set   
sail ) ^? :om he _h on bo>d4 ,! soldi]s 
conduct$ ! rema9d] back to prison4 ,aft]
 a "t !y 7 set at  lib]ty4 ,9 little    
gr\ps !y made _! way to ,holl&1 & ?us   
!y accompli%$ ! fir/ /age ( ! t$i\s     
j\rney f ! old  ,engl& to ! new4 ,"h !y 
rema9$ = elev5 ye>s1 & work$  ) pati5t  
indu/ry at _! v>i\s trades4 ,!y ga9$ a  
reputation  = hone/y & skill 9 all _!   
und]tak+s1 & ?us !y f\nd  #acj abundant 
employm5t4 ,mr4 ,brew/] e/abli%$ a pr9t+
 press  & pr9t$ books ab\t lib]ty1 :i*  
greatly enrag$ ! fooli% ,k+  ,james4    
,mean:ile ?is little b& receiv$         
additions f "t to "t1  z oppression 9   

,engl& became m intol]able4 ,/ill !y    
look$  ^u !mselves z exiles4 ,! language
 & mann]s ( ! ,dut* 7  n pleas+ to !m4  
,!y did n wi% to lose _! id5tity4       
,already  _! sons & daught]s 7 =m+      
alliances t ?reat5$ ?is  result4 ,!y    
!re=e det]m9$ to g aga9 on a pilgrimage1
 & seek  a home 9 ! wilds ( ,am]ica2 :]e
 !y c\ld dwell ap>t & f\nd  a /ate1 :]e 
all %\ld enjoy civil & religi\s lib]ty4 
,!y collect$ _! little funds & procur$  
two vessels1 !  ,spe$well1 ( sixty tons1
 & ! ,mayfl[]1 ( "o hundr$ &  eighty4 ,!
 ,spe$well 0 f\nd to be unseawor?y & 0  
ab&on$4  ,!y _h n suffici5t funds = all 
to come at once4 ,brew/] 0  plac$ 9     
comm& ( ! company1 :i* 0 compos$ ( su* (
 !  y\nge/ & /ronge/1 z freely (f]$     
!mselves4 ,a solemn fa/  0 held4 ,let u 
seek ,god1 said !y1 a "r way = u1 & =   
our little ones1 & = all our sub/ance4  
,on a sunny morn+ 9 ,july1 #afbj1 !     
pilgrims knelt ^u ! sea%ore  at         
,delf?av51 :ile _! pa/or1 ,mr4 ,rob9son1
 pray$ = ! success  ( _! j\rney4 ,out ^u

 ! gleam+ sea a little %ip lay wait+4   
,money 0 want+ & s only "o hundr$ c\ld  
dep>t4 ,!y left !  rema9d] ) te>s & fond
 f>ewells1 to foll[ :5 !y c\ld4  ,mr4   
,rob9son dismiss$ !m ) c\nsels :i*      
brea!d a pure &  high-ton$ wisdom4 ,"s (
 ! words :i* he !n utt]$1 seem$ to  h a 
prophetic import4 ,?is w be readily se5 
f ! foll[+  extract3    ,! ,"l has m    
tru? yet to break =? out ( ,8 holy ^w4  
,lu!r & ,calv9 7 great & %9+ lights 9 _!
 times1 yet  !y p5etrat$ n into ! :ole  
c\nsel ( ,god4 ,i besee* ( y1  rememb]  
x1 t y be ready to receive :atev] tru?  
%all be made  kn[n to y4    ,:o w       
attempt to d5y t ,god1 ?r\gh him1 spake 
words pregnant  ) a mean+ t m5 at t age 
did n und]/&8    #aca ,a prosp]\s w9d   
soon waft$ !m across ! ,nor? sea & !y   
sight$ ! coa/ ( ,engl&4 ,aft]           
consid]able delay at ,s\?ampton1        
,d>tm\?1 & ,plym\?1 ! ,mayfl[] />t$ e>ly
 9 ,septemb]  on h] long & lonely voyage
 f ! old _w to ! new4 ,aft] a  boi/]\s  
voyage ( sixty-?ree days !y espi$ l&1 & 

9 two days  m ca/ an*or 9 ! h>bor (     
,cape ,cod4    ,h[ tru?ful ! l9es1      
,! heavy cl\ds hung d>k      ,! woods & 
wat]s o'er1    ,:5 a b& ( exiles moor$  
_! b>k      ,on ! wild ,new ,engl& %ore6
    ,x 0 a bleak-look+ & disc\rag+ coa/ 
:i* lay be=e !m4  ,no?+ met ! eye b l[  
s&-hills1 cov]$ ) /unt$ trees  d[n to ! 
m>g9 ( ! sea4 ,at fir/ no suitable      
locality = a  settlem5t c\ld be f\nd2 b 
at l5g? !y select$ a spot :]e !  soil   
appe>$ to be good1 ) delicate spr+s (   
wat]4 ,on ,decemb]  #bb1 #afbj1 !       
pilgrims l&$--/epp+ a%ore ^u a huge     
b\ld] (  granite1 :i* is /ill pres]v$ z 
a memorial ( t ev5t4 ,! cold  0 s       
excessive t ! spray froze ^u _! clo!s   
till !y  resembl$ m5 cas$ 9 armor4 ,!y  
_h be5 badly f$ on bo>d !  %ip1 :i*1    
toge!r ) exposure1 caus$ sickness to    
prevail among  !m4 ,e second day a grave
 _h to be dug 9 ! froz5 gr\nd4 ,!  c>e (
 ! sick & ! bury+ ( ! dead1 sadly h9d]$ 
_!  "w2 b ! build+ ( _! little t[n w5t  
on4 ,:5 ,spr+  arriv$ !re 7 only fifty  

survivors1 & ^! 7 sadly enfeebl$  &     
dispirit$4 ,^u an em95ce beside _! t[n  
!y erect$ a  /ructure :i* s]v$ a d\ble  
purpose4 ,! upp] /ory 0 us$ = a  =t1 9  
:i* 7 plac$ six small cannon4 ,! l[]    
/ory s]v$ =  a meet+-h\se & s*ool-h\se4 
,! pilgrims _h already drawn up & sign$ 
9 ! cab9 ( !  ,mayfl[]1 a docum5t =m+   
!mselves into an organiz$  gov]nm5t1 to 
:i* !y unanim\sly promis$ ob$i5ce4 ,"u  
?is  con/itution !y elect$ ,john ,c>v]  
to be _! fir/ gov]nor4 ,x is  true !y   
ackn[l$g$ ,k+ ,james1 b !y left no v    
l>ge place  = 8 au?ority4    #acb       
,image3 ,l&+ ( ! ,pilgrims4    #acc ,!y 
_h exp]i5c$ :at despotism 01 & !y       
det]m9$ f  ! fir/ to be a self-gov]n+ p4
 ,9 memory ( ! hospitalities  :i* !y _h 
receiv$ at ! la/ ,engli% port f :i* !y  
_h  sail$1 ?is colony took ! "n (       
,plym\?4    ,! ye>s :i* foll[$ !        
settlem5t ( ,plym\? 0 a "t ?r\gh  :i*   
good m5 f\nd x bitt] to live4 ,*>les    
,i41 0 ^u ! ?rone  ( ,engl&4 ,william   
,laud1 ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 0 ! k+'s  

"r-h& man = deal+ out p]secution4 ,:oev]
 refus$ to p]=m  ! religi\s c]emonies   
comm&$ by ,laud 0 =?) imprison$4 ,a     
,scot* cl]gyman nam$ ,leighton1 0       
publicly :ipp$1 br&$ on !  *eek1 _h "o (
 8 e>s cut (f & 8 no/rils slit1 = call+ 
,laud's c]emonies ! inv5tions ( m54 ,_m 
o!rs 7 treat$ 9 a  simil> mann]4        
,mean:ile ,john ,hampd51 ! incorruptible
 patriot1 0  arre/$ = n pay+ an unlawful
 tax4 ,a great] ?an he--8 c\s91  ,oliv] 
,cromwell--0 lead+ 8 quiet1 rural life  
at ,hunt+ton1 n  )\t _m anxi\s &        
indignant ?\ghts ab\t ! evils ( 8  "t4  
,he walk$ ov] 8 fields & along ! /reams1
      ,pond]+ ! solemn miracle ( life   
,z "o :o1 w&]+ 9 a />less night1        
,feels mom5tly ! j> ( unse5 waves1    ,&
 he>s ! ?und] ( an unkn[n sea    ,break+
 along an unimag9$ %ore4    ,& z he     
walk$ he pray$4    ,! we>y victims ( ?is
 s5seless p]secution look$ to ,new      
,engl&  = refuge4 ,! pilgrims wrote to  
_! fri5ds at home2 & e  lett] 0 read )  
int]e/4 ,!y _h h>d%ips to tell ( at     

fir/2  !n !y _h prosp]ity & com=t2      
always !y _h lib]ty6 ,e  ,summ] a few   
%ips 7 freight$ = ! settlem5ts4 ,at "o  
"t  eight %ips lay 9 ! ,?ames1 ) _!     
pass5g]s on bo>d1 :5  ! ord] 0 issu$1 t 
no "o %\ld leave )\t ! k+'s  p]mission4 
,! soldi]s cle>$ ! %ips1 & ! poor       
emigrants 7  driv5 back 9 despair to    
endure ! mis]ies f :i* !y 7 s  eag] to  
escape4 ,among ^! 7 ,hampd5 & ,cromwell4
 ,well w\ld x  h be5 = ! #acd k+ if he  
_h let !m g6 ,b ,god _h a "w  = !m to d4
 ,!y 7 to be ! in/rum5ts 9 ,8 h&        
,to hurl d[n wrong f its high seat1     
,to ! poor & oppress$1 firm fri5ds &    
true4    ,! details ( ! long w> betwe5 !
 k+ & ! p we ne$  n "h relate4 ,! result
 0 ! dea? ( ! unhappy mon>*1  & ano!r   
/ep =w>d by ! ,briti% p 9 ! pr9ciples ( 
self-gov]nm5t4    ,mean:ile ! settlem5ts
 9 ,am]ica cont9u$ to fl\ri%4 ,! virg9  
soil yield$ abundant h>ve/s4 ,f ! fleece
 ( _! %eep1 &  ! flax ( _! fields !y    
made a supply ( clo?+4 ,!y fell$  !     
timb] ( _! b\ndless =e/s1 & built %ips &

 s5t away  to =eign c\ntries1 ! timb]1 !
 fi% & ! furs :i* 7 n  requir$ at home4 
,!y 7 a noble p :o _h ?us begun to /rike
 _! roots 9  ! great =e/s ( ! we/4      
,_! peculi>ities may inde$ amuse u2 z = 
example ! /range  names !y gave _!      
*ildr54 ,_m ( ! boys bore names 9 memory
  ( "s =tunate circum/ance1 or hi/orical
 ev5t1 z ,rejoice 9 !  ,"l1 ,pill> (    
,fire1 ,/r5g? ( ,israel1 ,praise ,god   
,b>ebones1  etc42 :ile ! girls rejoic$ 9
 su* names z ,tru?1 ,temp]ance1         
,pati5ce1 ,*a/ity1 & ,love ! ,"l4    ,we
 may smile at ^! ?+s2 yet ! mo/ wise (  
all ages w admire  ! purity & e>ne/ness 
( ?is p4 ,!y br\ght ) !m !  love (      
le>n+4 ,9 a v few ye>s s*ools began to  
appe>4 ,su*  means z c\ld be af=d$ 7    
freely giv54 ,"s tol]ably qualifi$      
bro!r 0 entreat$ to become ! s*oolma/]4 
,soon a law 0  pass$ t e t[n%ip1 conta9+
 fifty families1 mu/ h a  common s*ool4 
,h>v>d ,college 0 e/abli%$ )9 fifte5    
ye>s (  ! l&+4 ,! f\nd]s ( ,new ,engl& 7
 m5 :o _h kn[n at home  ! value ( books4

 ,brew/] c>ri$ ) him a libr>y ( two     
hundr$  & sev5ty-five volumes1 & 8 0 n !
 l>ge/ collection 9  ! colony4 ,at t "t 
books 7 v sc>ce & tw5ty times m  co/ly  
?an !y are n[4    ,tw5ty-?ree ye>s aft] 
! l&+ ( ! pilgrims1 ! population (  ,new
 ,engl& _h gr[n to tw5ty-f\r ?\s&4 #ace 
,=ty-n9e little  wood5 t[ns1 ) _! wood5 
*ur*es1 wood5 =ts & wood5  ramp>ts1 7   
dott$ "h & !re ov] ! l&4 ,!re 7 !n  f\r 
sep>ate colonies3 ,plym\?1              
,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut & ,new      
,hav54 ,= mutual def5se & protection ^! 
colonies unit$ toge!r  & ?us =m$ ! fir/ 
conf$]ation ( /ates on ! we/]n  cont95t4
        ,,*apt] ,,xiv4    ,,! ,,conflict
 ,,9 ,,! ,,ne!rl&s4    ,,description ,,(
 ,,holl&--,a ,,l& ,,(                   
,,refuge--,,tyranny ,,( ,,alva--,,!     
,,/ruggle  ,,= ,,indep5d5ce--,,siege ,,(
 ,,leyd5--,,! ,,c\ntry                  
,,subm]g$--,,fam9e ,,9 ,,!              
,,city--,,spee* ,,( ,,! ,,mayor--,,h]oic
 ,,conduct--,,tru/ ,,9 ,,god--,,/orm    
,,raises  ,,! ,,wat]s--,,spani>ds       

,,retreat--,,leyd5 ,,is                 
,,sav$--,,?anksgiv+--,,wat]s  ,,retire4 
,9 a previ\s *apt] h be5 describ$ !     
circum/ances :i* l$  to ! colonization (
 ,acadia & ,new ,engl&4    ,:ile ^!     
ev5ts 7 transpir+ 9 old ,engl& & ,new   
,engl&1  o!rs ( sc>cely less importance 
7 occurr+ 9 ,holl&1 or !  ,ne!rl&s1 z x 
is frequ5tly call$1 & 9 its colony (    
,new  ,ne!rl&s4 ,x is a fact too        
frequ5tly =gott51 t at lea/ ?ree  ( !   
?irte5 orig9al /ates 7 coloniz$ by      
,holl&4 ,x is true  ,p5nsylvania &      
,delaw>e receiv$ a few coloni/s f ,sw$5 
&  ,f9l&1 :o _h settl$ !re to escape    
religi\s p]secution2 b  _! dom9ions 9 ! 
new _w 7 n ( long duration4 ,to ,holl&  
& ,engl& belong ! *ief glory ( coloniz+ 
! l&s embrac$ 9  ! ,unit$ ,colonies (   
#aggf4 ,! c\ntry n[ embrac$ 9 ! /ates  (
 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey & #acf         
,delaw>e1 receiv$ ! "n ( ,new  ,ne!rl&s1
 & l ! inhabitants ( ,new ,engl&1 !y 7 =
 !  mo/ "p a religi\s p4    ,dur+ !     
fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies ,holl& _h be5

 !  refuge ( exiles f _m l&s4 ,:5 ,john 
,huss & ,j]ome ( ,prague  fell "u papal 
v5geance1 _m ( _! foll[]s !re f\nd a    
home4  ,:5 ! fury ( p]secution 0 rag+   
aga9/ ! ,wald5ses1 _m (  !m fl$ to      
,holl& = protection4 ,aft] ! t]rible    
massacre ( !  ,fr5* prote/ants or       
,hugu5ots1 z !y 7 call$1 9 #aegb1 _m (  
!m took refuge 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,?is       
lib]ty-lov+ population  0 ! cause ( t   
deadly hatr$ manife/$ t[>d !m by ! ,duke
  ( ,alva4 ,?is insatiate mon/]1 dur+ 8 
brief adm9i/ration1  caus$ m ?an eighte5
 ?\s& p]sons to p]i% by ! h& ( !        
execution]4 ,8 cruelties at l5g? ar\s$ !
 indignation ( !  p1 & br\ght ab\t ^?   
notable ev5ts s well describ$ by !      
hi/orian1 ,motley1 9 8 ,rise ( ! ,dut*  
,republic4 ,?is conte/  0 "o ( ! mo/    
memorable 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 = 9
  x 0 cle>ly %[n ! wond]ful provid5ce ( 
,god4    ,holl&1 z is well kn[n1 is a   
l[1 flat c\ntry1 s l[1 9 fact1  t !     
inhabitants h be5 oblig$ to build dykes1
 or embankm5ts  ( e>?1 along ! coa/1 9  

ord] to protect ! c\ntry f !  wat]s ( ! 
ocean dur+ high tides & /orms4 ,7 x n = 
?is  precaution1 ,holl& w\ld frequ5tly  
pres5t ! appe>ance ( a va/1  %all[ bay  
or lake1 ?ickly /udd$ ) or*>ds dwell+s &
 cities  half subm]g$ 9 ! wat]4    ,at  
?is "t ,holl& 0 "u ! dom9ion ( ,spa94 ,!
 tyranny (  ,alva1 ! gov]nor1 provok$ ! 
p to resi/ance1 & ,k+ ,philip  s5t an   
army f ,spa9 to en=ce submission4 ,r ?an
 long]  endure ?is oppression1 ! brave  
,holl&]s resolv$ to a*ieve _!           
indep5d5ce or p]i% 9 ! attempt4 ,!      
=tifications ( _!  c\ntry 7 few1 b1 9 "o
 respect1 !y held ! keys ( ! ocean4  ,!y
 op5$ ! flood-gates ( ! dykes & prep>$  
to subm]ge !  c\ntry :5 ! fir/ /orm %\ld
 come4 ,mean:ile ! ,spani>ds 7  besieg+ 
,leyd51 & if t city fell1 ! #acg conque/
 ( !  c\ntry w\ld inevitably foll[4 ,!  
,holl&]s well knew t !  ocean w\ld      
damage _! fields & de/roy _! gr[+ crops1
 b  !y pref]r$ ! *ances ( />vation to an
 indiscrim9ate massacre4    ,leyd5 0    
situat$ tw5ty miles inl&4 ,x 0          

impossible to br+  ,leyd5 to ! ocean4   
,!y pray$ t ,god w\ld aid _! ef=ts to   
br+ ! ocean to ,leyd54 ,meantime !      
besieg$ city 0 at its la/  gasp4 ,at !  
dawn ( ea* day ! brave def5d]s turn$ _! 
eyes  t[>d ! vanes ( ! *ur* /eeples1 t  
!y might asc]ta9 !  direction ( ! w9d4  
,s long z an ea/]ly w9d prevail$1 !y    
felt  t !y mu/ look 9 va9 = ! welcome   
ocean4 ,yet1 :ile ?us  pati5tly wait+1  
!y 7 lit]ally />v+4 ,su* 0 ! condition  
( ,leyd5 on ! #aa? ( ,septemb]1 #aegd4  
,! comm&] ( ! ,dut*  fleet1 ,admiral    
,boisot1 _h con/ruct$ a numb] ( flat    
boats1 by :i*  he hop$ to be able to br+
 provisions & munitions ( w> to !       
besieg$ city4 ,b a week elaps$ aft] !   
op5+ ( ! dykes1 &  no /orm nor high tide
 _h come to =ce ! ocean inl&4 ,!        
flotilla  ( boats n[ lay motionless 9   
%all[ wat]1 hav+ accompli%$ less  ?an   
two miles4 ,ev]y?+ wore a gloomy aspect2
 /ill ! he>ts (  ! patriots 7 lift$ to  
,god 9 pray]4 ,on ! #ah? ! w9d %ift$  to
 ! nor?-we/1 & = ?ree days blew a gale4 

,! wat]s rose  rapidly1 & be=e ! second 
0 clos$1 ! flat boats 7 aga9  afloat4   
,onw>d ! boats flew be=e ! breeze1 &    
soon arriv$ at  ! villages ( ,zoet]me] &
 ,b5?uyz54 ,a /rong =ce ( ,spani>ds  7  
/ation$ at ea* place1 b !y 7 a/oni%$ to 
see ^!  brave & lib]ty-lov+ m51 sail+ on
 a sea1 :]e a few h\rs  be=e1 0 dry &   
solid l&4 ,"s ( _! (fic]s ev5 ask$ 9    
amazem5t1 0 x true t ,god & ! elem5ts 7 
go+ to fight  aga9/ !m8 ,few ?+s are m  
appall+ to ! imag9ation ?an  ! ris+     
ocean tide1 :5 man feels himself )9 its 
p[]4 ,!  ,spani% soldi]s saw ! wat]s    
deep5+ & clos+ ar\nd !m1  &1 z x 71     
dev\r+ ! e>? b5ea? _! feet1 :ile on !   
waves rode a flotilla1 mann$ by a       
lib]ty-lov+ & det]m9$ race1  ^: c\rage 0
 kn[n ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,no wond] !         
,spani>ds  7 seiz$ ) a panic & fl$      
precipitately4 #ach ,beh9d !m came  !   
ro>+ tide2 & ?\s&s sank b5ea? ! deep5+  
flood4 ,9  a few h\rs ! flotilla _h     
arriv$ at ,nor? ,aa1 f :5ce ,admiral    
,boiset s5t1 on ,septemb] #bh?1 a c>ri] 

pigeon ) a lett] (  enc\ragem5t to !    
fami%$ inhabitants ( ,leyd54    ,z "t   
pass$ on1 ! mortality 9 ! city became   
frightful4 ,mo!rs  dropp$ dead 9 !      
/reets ) _! dead *ildr5 9 _! arms4 ,a   
t]rible plague1 eng5d]$ by h>d%ips &    
fam9e1 0 sweep+ away  ! p l grass be=e !
 scy!4 ,f six to eight ?\s&  human be+s 
sank be=e ?is sc\rge alone1 yet ! p     
resolutely  held out--wom5 & m5 mutually
 enc\rag+ ea* o!r to resi/ !  entrance (
 ! =eign foe--an evil m horrible ?an pe/
 or fam9e4  ,! h]oism ( ! ,holl&]s t[]$ 
to sublimity4 ,true a few ( !           
fa9t-he>t$ "o day assail$ ! mayor (     
,leyd51 ! h]oic ,adrian  ,van d] ,w]f1 )
 ?reats & reproa*es z he pass$ ?r\gh !  
/reets4 ,he /epp$ to "o side & m\nt$ !  
/eps ( ! *ur*  ( ,/4 ,pancras4 ,!re he  
/ood1 a tall1 hagg>d1 impos+ figure1  ) 
d>k visage1 & a tranquil1 b comm&+ eye4 
,he wav$ 8  broad-brimm$ hat = sil5ce1 &
 !n exclaim$3 ,:at w\ld ye1 my  fri5ds8 
,:y d ye murmur t we d n break our v[s &
 surr5d]  ! city to ! ,spani>ds8--a fate

 m horrible ?an ! agony :i*  %e n[      
endures4 ,i tell y1 ,i h made an oa? to 
hold ! city1 &  may ,god give me /r5g?  
to keep my oa?6 ,i c die b once2 :e!r   
by y\r h&s1 ! enemy's1 or by ! h& (     
,god4 ,my own fate is  indiff]5t to me1 
n s t ( ! city entru/$ to my c>e4 ,i "k 
t we %all />ve if n soon reliev$2 b     
/>vation is pref]able  to ! di%onor$    
dea? :i* is our only alt]native4 ,y\r   
m5aces  move me n2 my life is at y\r    
disposal1 "h is my sword1 plunge x  into
 my brea/1 & divide my fle% among y4    
,take my body to appease  y\r hung]1 b  
expect no surr5d]1 s long z ,i rema9    
alive4    ,! words ( ! firm1 old mayor1 
inspir$ a new c\rage 9 ! he>ts  ( ^? :o 
he>d him1 & a %\t ( applause & defiance 
arose  f ! fami%+1 b en?usia/ic cr[d4   
,aft] ex*ang+ new v[s  ( fidelity ) _!  
magi/rate1 #aci !y left ! place & aga9  
asc5d$ t[] & battlem5t to wat* = ! com+ 
fleet4    ,f ! ramp>ts !y hurl$ r5ew$   
defiance at ! enemy4 ,ye call  u        
rat-eat]s & dog-eat]s1 !y cri$1 & x is  

true4 ,s long  !n1 z ye he> dog b>k1 or 
cat mew1 )9 ! walls ( ! city1  ye may "k
 t x /ill holds out4 ,& :5 all has p]i%$
 b  ourselves1 be sure t we w ea* dev\r 
our left arms1 reta9+  our "r to def5d  
our wom51 our lib]ty & our religion1    
aga9/  ! =eign tyrant4 ,%\ld ,god1 9 ,8 
provid5ce1 d5y u all relief1  ev5 !n w  
we ma9ta9 ourselves aga9/ y\r entrance4 
,:5 !  la/ h\r has come1 ) our own h&s  
we w set fire to ! city &  p]i%1 m51    
wom5 & *ildr51 toge!r 9 ! flames1 r ?an 
suff] our homes to be pollut$ & our     
lib]ties to be cru%$4    ,! ,spani>ds   
%\t$ back d]isively3 ,z well c ! pr9ce (
  ,orange pluck d[n ! />s f ! sky z br+ 
! ocean to !  walls ( ,leyd5 = y\r      
relief4 ,b !y _h =gott5 t pray]  moves !
 arm t moves ! _w2 t ,he1 :om ! w9ds &  
seas  obey1 & :o holds ! tempe/s z 9 !  
holl[ ( 8 h&1 _h  he>d ! cry ( t pati5t 
& p]secut$ p1 & 0 s5d+  ! d>kness & !   
/orm1 to sweep away _! enemies z ) !    
besom ( de/ruction4    ,:5 ! /\te/ he>ts
 began to fail1 ! tempe/ came aga9 to   

_! relief4 ,a viol5t gale1 on ! night ( 
! #a/ ( ,octob]1 came  /orm+ f !        
nor?-we/1 %ift+ aft] a few h\rs1 & !n   
bl[+ /ill m viol5tly f ! s\?-we/4 ,!    
wat]s ( !  ,nor? sea 7 pil$ 9 va/ masses
 ^u ! s\!rn coa/1 & !n  da%$ furi\sly   
l&-w>d4 ,! wat]s rose high] ?an ev] be=e
  kn[n1 & swept ) unob/ruct$ fury across
 ! ru9$ dykes4 ,!  fleet ( flat-boats at
 ,nor? ,aa1 0 no long] /r&$4 ,at        
midnight1  amid/ ! /orm & d>kness1      
,admiral ,boisot gave ord]s to advance4 
,a few s5t9els *all5g$ !m z !y swept by 
! village (  ,zoet]w\de4 ,! answ] 0 a   
fla% f ,boisot's cannon1 light+ !  d>k1 
wild wa/e ( wat]s4 ,!n came a fi]ce     
naval midnight battle4  ,x 0 a /range   
spectacle among ! bran*es ( ^? quiet    
or*>ds  & #adj *imney /acks ( half      
subm]g$ f>m-h\ses4 ,swiftly !  fleet    
sail$ on ov] ! wat]s betwe5 ,zoet]w\de &
 ,zwiet54 ,z  !y approa*$ %all[s !      
sailors da%$ into ! sea & lit]ally      
%\ld]$ ! vessels ?r\gh4 ,^! =ts & t (   
,lamm5 might  h prov$ s]i\s ob/acles1 _h

 n ! panic1 :i* _h hi!rto  driv5 _! foes
 be=e ! advanc+ patriots1 come aga9 to  
_!  relief4    ,a long procession (     
lights 0 se5 to flit across ! black face
 (  ! wat]s1 9 ! dead ( night4 ,!       
,spani>ds _h fl$ precipitately  along a 
road :i* l$ 9 a we/]ly direction t[>d ! 
,hague4 ,_!  n>r[ pa? 0 rapidly vani%+ 9
 ! waves1 & hundr$s sank 9  ! con/antly 
deep5+ flood1 to rise no m4    ,! morn+ 
dawn$1 b all 0 calm & /ill ar\nd ! city 
(  ,leyd54 ,! h& ( ,god :i* _h s5t !    
ocean & ! tempe/ =  h] deliv]ance1 _h   
likewise /ruck h] enemies ) t]ror4 ,!   
lights :i* _h be5 se5 dur+ ! night1 7   
lant]ns ( !  retreat+ ,spani>ds4 ,!     
succor+ fleet sail$ victori\sly into  ! 
city on ! morn+ ( ! #crd ( ,octob]1     
#aegd4 ,bread 0 freely  giv5 to ! poor  
creatures1 :o = mon?s _h ta/$ no        
:olesome  human food4 ,:5 ! admiral     
/epp$ on %ore a procession 0 =m$        
consi/+ ( citiz5s1 sailors1 soldi]s1    
wom5 & *ildr54 ,!y  repair$ to ! great  
ca!dral2 & !y :o _h be5 firm 9 _!       

resi/ance to an e>?ly tyrant1 n[ b[$ 9  
humble gratitude be=e  ! ,k+ ( k+s4     
,aft] pray]s ! :ole1 va/ congregation1  
jo9$  9 ! ?anksgiv+ hymn4 ,?\s&s (      
voices rais$ ! song1 b few  7 able to   
c>ry x to its conclusion1 = ! univ]sal  
emotion1  deep5$ by ! music1 became too 
full = utt]ance4 ,! hymn 0  abruptly    
susp5d$ :ile ! multitude wept l *ildr54 
,on ! foll[+ day1 ! #d? ( ,octob]1 ! w9d
 %ift$ to !  nor?-ea/1 & aga9 blew a    
tempe/4 ,x 0 z if ! wat]s1 hav+  n[ done
 _! "w1 _h be5 roll$ back to ! ocean by 
an ,omnipot5t  h&1 = 9 ! c\rse ( a few  
days ! l& 0 b>e aga91 & !  "w (         
recon/ruct+ ! dykes comm5c$4    #ada ,f 
?is t]rible ordeal came out _m illu/ri\s
 *>act]s4  ,its results t5d$ to civil & 
religi\s lib]ty1 z well z !  great      
pr9ciple ( f$]al union :i* has s9ce be5 
c>ri$ out to  su* a wond]ful ext5t4 ,^! 
pr9ciples ! ,dut* emigrants br\ght  )   
!m2 & :5 a few ye>s aft]w>ds _!         
settlem5ts fell into  ! h&s ( ! ,engli% 
!y 7 already assimilat$ to ! ideas      

prevail+ 9 ! ,new ,engl& colonies4      
,,*apt] ,,xv4    ,,e>ly ,,colonial      
,,hi/ory4    ,,rise ,,(                 
,,quak]ism--,,george ,,fox--,,william   
,,p5n--,,f\nds  ,,p5nsylvania--,,k9dness
 ,,to ,,! ,,indians--,,philadelphia     
,,f\nd$--,,m>yl&1  ,,c>ol9a ,,&         
,,georgia ,,settl$--,,rog]              
,,williams--,,rhode ,,isl&              
,,f\nd$--,,its  ,,tol]ation4    ,!      
hi/ory ( ,p5nsylvania z a di/9ct colony 
began 9 #afhb4 ,its  f\nd]1 ,william    
,p5n1 0 ! son ( ,admiral ,p5n1 :o _h    
ga9$ _m  victories = ,engl& & enjoy$ !  
favor ( ! k+1 z well z (  ! great       
/atesm5 ( 8 "t4 ,at ?is "t !re 0 9      
,engl& a  num]\s sect call$ ,quak]s4 ,"s
 ( _! pr9ciples 7 true1 &  mo/ ( !m 7 f>
 9 advance ( ! op9ions g5]ally ent]ta9$ 
9 t age4    ,! rise ( ! p call$ ,quak]s 
is "o ( ! memorable ev5ts  9 ! hi/ory ( 
man4 ,x m>ks ! mom5t :5 intellectual    
fre$om  0 claim$ by ! p z an inali5able 
"r4 ,! sect _h its  bir? 9 a p]iod (    
int5se national activity1 :5 zeal = re=m

  0 invad+ all ranks ( society1 & ev5   
subv]t+ ! ?rone4 ,its  cre$ 0 summ$ up 9
 "o %ort phrase1 ,! inn] light or voice 
( ,god 9 ! s\l4 ,_! lead]1 ,george ,fox1
 pr(ess$ to #adb  h visions f heav54    
,hav+ li/5$ to ! revelation :i* _h  be5 
made to 8 s\l1 he ?ir/$ = a re=m 9 e    
bran* (  le>n+4 ,! physician & ! sci5ti/
 %\ld quit _! /rife (  un9telligible    
words & solve ! appe>ances ( nature by  
an intimate  /udy ( ! laws ( be+4 ,!    
lawy]s %\ld ab&on _! deceit &  seek to  
e/abli% ju/ice among m5 accord+ to !    
tea*+s ( !  ,savior4 ,& ! prie/s %\ld   
cease to prea* = hire1 & seek ,god  9   
pray] z ! oracle ( all tru?4    ,image3 
,fox 9 ,discussion4    #adc ,no wond]   
!re 0 a great commotion4 ,9 ,lanca/]1   
=ty  prie/s appe>$ aga9/ him at once4   
,no?+ c\ld daunt 8  en?usiasm4 ,:5 ca/  
into jail among felons1 he claim$ ( !   
public  tribunals a release1 only to    
cont9ue 8 ex]tions4 ,if cruelly beat51  
or set 9 ! /ocks1 or ridicul$ z mad1 he 
none ! less proclaim$  ! pr9ciples ( 8  

fai?4 ,:5 driv5 f ! *ur*1 he prea*$  9 !
 op5 air2 :5 refus$ %elt] at a private  
dwell+ or humble  tav]n1 he slept )\t   
fe> "u a hay/ack4    ,8 fame increas$2  
cr[ds ga!r$ l flocks ( pigeons to he>   
him4 ,8 voice & frame 9 pray] are       
describ$ z ! mo/ awful &  rev]5t ev]    
felt or se54 ,8 cle> convictions & gl[+ 
?\ghts  deliv]$ 9 pla9 words made him   
p[]ful among ! masses & !  t]ror ( !    
prie/s 9 public discussions to :i* he   
defi$ !  _w4 ,by degrees ! hypocrites1 z
 ! hi/orian ,b>clay call$  !m1 fe>$ to  
dispute ) him4 ,! simplicity ( ! tru? he
  utt]$ & ! pla9ness ( 8 spee* f\nd su* 
ready acceptance  among ! p1 t ! prie/s 
trembl$ & scud z he drew ne>1  s t x 0 a
 dreadful ?+ to !m :5 x 0 told !m1 ',!  
man  9 lea!rn bree*es is come4'    ,f> f
 reject+ ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,quak]s insi/$ t
 !y alone  foll[$ its primitive         
simplicity4 ,!y believ$ 9 ! unity (     
tru?2 t !re c be no contradiction betwe5
 correct reason &  revelation2 & t !    
,holy ,_s is ! guide t leads into all   

tru?4 ,! ,quak]s read ! ,bible n )      
idolatry b ) delight1  = 9 !re own s\ls 
!y _h a te/imony t x 0 true4 ,!         
scriptures1 says ,b>clay1 are n religion
 b a record ( x2 a  decl>ation ( !      
f\nta91 b n ! f\nta9 itself4 ,9 read+ a 
record ( ^? times x might appe> to "o t 
,god 0 !n ready to  re/ore ,8 ,prie/hood
 & set up ,8 k+dom on ! e>?4 ,b mank9d  
7 n yet ready nor 0 !re a fit place 9   
all ! inhabit$  c\ntries ( ! _w = its   
e/abli%m5t4    #add    ,image3 ,p5n's   
,treaty ) ! ,indians4    ,! well-kn[n   
,william ,p5n jo9$ ?is sect1 & by ?is   
act greatly  provok$ 8 fa!r's           
displeasure4 ,l ,moses ( old he refus$ !
  favors & honors ( ! mon>*1 *oos+ #ade 
r to obey :at  he consid]$ to be ! tru? 
?an to enjoy all ! pomp & pleasures  ( !
 _w4 ,space w n p]mit u to relate ! /ory
 ( 8  suff]+s :ile an exile f 8 fa!r's  
home2 h[ he travel$ to  & fro on !      
cont95t ( ,europe1 f ! ,wes] to ! ,ma91 
f  ! ,rh9e to ! ,danube1 di/ribut+      
tracts1 prea*+ to pr9ces &  to peasants1

 & rebuk+ e attempt to en?rall ! m9d (  
man4  ,be=e he _h rea*$ ! age (         
tw5ty-five1 he _h ?rice suff]$  unju/   
imprisonm5t4 ,to ! k+'s mess5g]1 :o ask$
 him to recant1  he h]oically repli$1   
,club-law may make hypocrites1 x nev] c 
make conv]ts ,s+le h&$ & alone he plead 
8 cause be=e !  highe/ c\rts ( ,engl&4  
,9 va9 did wick$ m5 endeavor to con/rue 
! laws ( ,engl& to 8 injury4 ,aft] a    
t$i\s trial he 0 at  l5g? acquitt$1 ?\gh
 ! jurym5 7 f9$ =ty m>ks apiece =  n    
br++ 9 a v]dict ( guilty4 ,8 con/ancy   
call$ =? !  admiration ( 8 fa!r4 ,son   
,william1 said ! dy+ admiral1 if  y &   
y\r fri5ds keep to y\r pla9 way ( prea*+
 & liv+1  y w make an end ( ! prie/s4   
,at ! admiral's dea?1 ,william succe$$  
to 8 fa!r's possessions4  ,x deeply     
griev$ him t 8 ,quak] bre?r5 %\ld endure
 su*  wrongs z 7 cont9ually heap$ ^u !m4
 ,he1 !re=e1 =m$  ! design ( lead+ !m =?
 to ,am]ica4 ,! k+ _h ow$ ,p5n's  fa!r  
sixte5 ?\s& p\nds1 ne>ly equal to eighty
 ?\s&  doll>s ( our money4 ,p5n (f]$ to 

rel9qui% ?is claim = a  grant ( l&2 & ! 
k+ readily be/[$ ^u him a va/ region1   
/ret*+ we/ f ! riv] ,delaw>e1 to :i* 0  
giv5 !  "n ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,"h ,p5n     
propos$ to f\nd a /ate1 free &          
self-gov]n+4 ,he claim$ x to be 8 highe/
 ambition to make m5  z free & happy z  
!y c be4 ,:5 he arriv$1 he proclaim$  to
 ! p t he wi%$ !m to be gov]n$ by laws (
 _!  own mak+4 ,he 0 z good z 8 ^w4 ,! p
 elect$ _! own  repres5tatives by :om a 
con/itution 0 fram$1 & ,p5n sign$ ?is   
*>t] ( _! lib]ties4    ,p5n also dealt  
ju/ly & k9dly ) ! ,indians1 & !y %[$ a  
love = him su* z !y be/[$ on no o!r     
,engli%man4 #adf ,soon  aft] 8 arrival1 
he invit$ ! *ief m5 ( ! ,indian tribes  
to a  conf]5ce4 ,! meet+ took place     
b5ea? a huge elm-tree4 ,! anci5t  =e/ _h
 long giv5 way to ! h\ses & /reets (    
,philadelphia2  b a monum5t /ill po9ts  
out to ! /rang] ! sc5e ( ?is  int]view4 
,!y met1 ,p5n assur$ !m1 on ! broad     
pa?way ( good  fai? & good w4 ,all 0 to 
be op5ness & love4 ,& ,p5n meant  :at he

 said4 ,/rong 9 ! p[] ( tru? & k9dness1 
he b5t !  fi]ce savages ( ! ,delaw>e    
tribe to 8 w4 ,!y v[$ to live 9  love ) 
,william ,p5n & 8 *ildr5 z long z ! moon
 & ! sun  %\ld endure4 ,long ye>s aft]1 
ag$ ,indians 7 accu/om$ to come  f !    
di/ant =e/s & rec\nt ) deep emotion !   
words t  ,p5n _h spok5 to !m "u ! old   
elm-tree4    ,! fame ( ,p5n's settlem5ts
 w5t abroad 9 all l&s4 ,an asylum  0    
op5$ = ! good & oppress$ ( e nation4    
,grave &  ,god-fe>+ m5 f all !          
,prote/ant c\ntries ( ,europe s\ght a   
home :]e !y might live z consci5ce      
taught !m4        ,= "h ! exiles met f e
 clime1    ,& spoke 9 fri5d%ip e di/ant 
tongue2      ,m51 f ! blood ( w>r+      
,europe sprung1    ,7 b divid$ by !     
runn+ brook2      ,& happy :]e no ,rh5i%
 trumpet sung1    ,! blue-ey$ ,g]man    
*ang$ 8 sword to prun+-hook4    ,! new  
colony grew apace4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>     
tw5ty-two vessels  arriv$1 br++ two ?\s&
 p]sons4 ,9 ?ree ye>s ,philadelphia 0  a
 t[n ( six hundr$ h\ses4    ,?us did    

,p5n prove himself a b5efactor to 8     
race4 ,may we n also  consid] him an    
in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( ,god = ! execution ( 
,8  purposes8    ,mean:ile ,m>yl& _h be5
 coloniz$ by ,ca?olics "u ,"l           
,baltimore1 9 #afcd4 ,! fir/ coloni/s 7 
exiles :o fl$ "h to  escape p]secution 9
 _! native l&4 ,let x also be said to _!
  cr$it t !y 7 ! fir/ :o embodi$ 9 _!   
laws complete  religi\s tol]ation4    ,a
 few scatt]+ coloni/s _h settl$ )9 !    
b\nd>ies ( !  ,c>ol9as z e>ly z #afec1 &
 ^! colonies also became a refuge =  !  
,hugu5ots ( ,france4    #adg ,la/ly     
,georgia 0 coloniz$1 9 #agcb1 by !      
,engli%  philan?ropi/ ,james ,ogle?orpe2
 & x also became an asylum & a  refuge =
 ! des]v+ poor4    ,_h ^! /ates be5     
coloniz$ imm$iately aft] ! discov]y (   
,am]ica1 !y mu/ inevitably h br\ght ) !m
 ! in/itutions  ( ,ca?olic ,europe4     
,su*1 = example1 z /ill *>act]ize !     
civilization ( ,mexico4 ,ev5 _h !y be5  
coloniz$ a c5tury e>li]1  ! coloni/s    
w\ld n h be5 discipl9$ suffici5tly 9 !  

pr9ciples ( civil lib]ty to h built up  
free & self-gov]n+  /ates4    ,:o does n
 see a div9e provid5ce--a m>vel\s wisdom
 9 all ?is8    ,?\gh ! pilgrims _h left 
_! native l&s1 t !y might enjoy  !      
lib]ty to wor%ip ,god 9 ! way :i* !y    
deem$ "r2 yet !y  _h n discov]$ t p :o  
diff]$ f !m 7 z well  entitl$ to be     
tol]at$ z !y !mselves 74 ,simple z x    
seems  !re are _m to ?is day :o h n f\nd
 out t e "o is  entitl$ to ?9k =        
himself4    ,"o day !re /epp$ a%ore at  
,bo/on1 a "y man nam$ ,rog]  ,williams4 
,he 0 a man ( culture & ref9em5t1 a lov]
 ( tru?  & ju/ice1 a man ( r>e virtue & 
p[]4 ,he _h be5 an intimate  fri5d (    
,cromwell & ,milton1 9 ! bright days ( !
 poet's y\?4  ,williams br\ght to       
,am]ica :at 0 !n consid]$ /range        
op9ions4  ,long ?\ght _h satisfi$ him t 
9 reg>d to religi\s belief &  wor%ip man
 is responsible to ,god alone4    ,new  
,engl& society 0 n suffici5tly advanc$  
to receive su*  s5tim5ts4 ,williams _h  
become m9i/] at ,salem :]e he 0 held 9  

high e/eem4 ,9 "t 8 op9ions drew ^u him 
! unfavorable notice  ( ! au?orities2 & 
he 0 br\ght to trial be=e ! g5]al  c\rt 
( ,massa*usetts4 ,8 t[nsm5 &            
congregation des]t$ him4  ,8 poor wife  
reproa*$ him bitt]ly = ! evil he 0 br++ 
on  8 family4 ,/ill he 0 firm & cont9u$ 
to te/ify aga9/ !  s\l-oppression he saw
 ar\nd him4 ,at l5g? ! c\rt decl>$ him  
guilty & pron\nc$ aga9/ him ! s5t5ce (  
bani%m5t4 ,all honor  to ?is brave &    
good man6 ,he1 ( all ! m5 ( 8 "t1 saw   
mo/  cle>ly ! beauty ( #adh absolute    
fre$om 9 matt]s ( consci5ce4  ,he       
*e]fully left 8 home & w&]$ 9 !         
wild]ness4 ,dur+  ! "p ( "o w9t] he liv$
 ) ,massasoit1 ! ,indian *ief1 :o       
befri5d$ him & gave him a grant ( l&1 n[
 includ$ 9 ! /ate  ( ,rhode ,isl&4 ,"h  
he laid out a city :i* he call$         
,provid5ce1 9  grateful recognition ( ! 
p[] :i* _h guid$ 8 /eps4 ,to-day x  is  
"o ( ! mo/ beautiful & ?rifty cities 9 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4    ,rog] ,williams *]i%$
 a v =giv+ _s t[>ds ^? :o s5t  him into 

exile4 ,le>n+ t ! ,indians 7 plann+ !   
de/ruction  ( ! ,massa*usetts colony1 he
 boldly w5t among ! ,indians &  dissuad$
 !m f _! purpose4 ,?us did ?is good man 
put 8 life  9 p]il = 8 enemies4         
,provid5ce ,plantation1 z x 0 call$1    
became a %elt] = all :o  7 di/ress$ =   
consci5ce sake2 & s x has cont9u$ to !  
pres5t "t4 ,rhode ,isl& has no record ( 
p]secution 9 h] hi/ory4  ,massa*usetts  
cont9u$ to drive out misbeliev]s4 ,rhode
 ,isl& took  !m 94 ,:5 ,massa*usetts 0  
convuls$ ) suppos$ wit*craft  & !       
horrors ( wit*-burn+1 ,rhode ,isl& gave 
no he$ to su*  delusions4 ,9 aft] ye>s1 
,rog] ,williams became ! presid5t ( !   
colony :i* he _h f\nd$4    ,! neighbor+ 
/ates 7 at t "t sev]ely puni%+ ! ,quak]s
  ) ! la%1 br&+-iron & imprisonm5t2 & !y
 invit$ ,rhode  ,isl& to jo9 9 !        
p]secution4 ,mr4 ,williams repli$ t he  
_h no  law to puni% any man = 8 belief4 
,he 0 oppos$ to ! doctr9es  ( ! ,quak]s4
 ,9 8 sev5ty-?ird ye> he r[$ ?irty miles
 9 an  op5 boat to wage a public debate 

aga9/ !m4 ,9 ?is mann]1 &  ?is only1    
w\ld he resi/ ! progress ( op9ions :i*  
he deem$  p]nici\s4 ,?us to ! end ( 8   
life /ood =? ?is good man's  loyalty to 
! absolute lib]ty ( ! human consci5ce4  
,f !  =ego+1 we may get "s idea ( !     
moral & social condition (  ,engl& & h] 
colonies dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5?   
c5tury4    #adi        ,,*apt] ,,xvi4   
,,mod]n ,,engl& ,,& ,,h] ,,colonies4    
,,condition ,,( ,,engli%                
,,society--,,manufacture ,,( ,,g9 ,,&   
,,rum--,,orig9 ,,(                      
,,me?odism--,,eloqu5ce ,,(              
,,:itfield--,,john ,,& ,,*>les          
,,wesley--,,rem>kable  ,,tea*+s--,,rob]t
 ,,raikes--,,john ,,h[>d--,,william     
,,wilb]=ce--,,me*anical                 
,,inv5tions--,,gr[? ,,( ,,am]ican       
,,fre$om--,,?ree ,,great                
,,battles--,,cook',s                    
,,voyages--,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,engli%  
,,language--,,greatness ,,(             
,,pitt--,,wa%+ton',s ,,e>ly             
,,life--,,b5jam9 ,,frankl94      ,we/w>d

 ! c\rse ( empire takes its way4    ,f !
 fir/ settl+ ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican         
colonies1 ! relations  betwe5 ,europe & 
,am]ica 7 su* t e great revolution      
occurr+ 9 ! p>5t c\ntry _h its due      
effect 9 ! colonies4    ,9 #afhh1 j     
sixty-eight ye>s aft] ! sail+ ( !       
pilgrims1  ano!r fam\s dep>ture took    
place f ! coa/ ( ,holl&4 ,x 0  t (      
,william1 pr9ce ( ,orange1 com+ to      
deliv] ,engl& f  tyranny1 & give a new  
c\rse to ,engli% hi/ory4 ,a p[]ful fleet
 &  army sail$ ) ! pr9ce1 ! wick$ &     
fooli% ,k+ ,james fl$  f ! p he _h s    
long misrul$1 & ,william1 pr9ce (       
,orange1  ) ,m>y 8 wife1 7 proclaim$    
jo9t k+ & que5 ( ,engl&4    ,) !        
revolution ( #afhh1 a new _s appe>s 9   
,engl&4 ,hi!rto  ,engli% philosophy &   
lit]ature 7 almo/ unkn[n ^u !  cont95t4 
,x 0 only aft] ! revolution t we he> (  
=eign]s  visit+ ,engl&1 le>n+ ,engli% & 
seek+ to und]/& ,engli%  life & "*4 ,?us
 on ! eve ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,engli%   
ideas took a #aej great /ride =w>d4 ,! p

 in/ead ( ! k+  became ! virtual rul]s (
 ! nation4    ,! prec$+ age _h done its 
"w4 ,x _h giv5 to ! _w !  philosophy (  
,newton1 ! lit]ature ( ,%akspe>e1 &     
,addison1 ,pope  & ,swift1 ! political  
agitation ( ,cromwell1 & ! colonization 
( ,am]ica4 ,! av5ues ( k 7 ?us op5$ to !
 masses4  ,ev5 ! dulle/ & mo/ backw>d   
m9ds began to h notions (  lit]ature & !
 discov]ies ( sci5ce4 ,! anci5t =ms (   
royalty  & *ivalry _h lo/ _! pre/ige &  
/ood 9 ! %ady backgr\nd  ( ! pa/4 ,a new
 _w ( citiz5s h5ce=? occupies ! gr\nd1  
attracts ! gaze1 imposes its ideas on ! 
public mann]s & /amps  its image on !   
m9ds ( m54 ,9 #agji appe>$ ! fir/       
newspap]1  a %eet z big z a man's h& :i*
 ! editor did n "k h[ to  fill4 ,at !   
pres5t "t !re are m ?an #a1jjj1jjj1jjj  
copies (  newspap]s publi%$ 9 ! ,engli% 
language annually1 _m ( :i*  conta9 m   
read+ matt] 9 a s+le numb] ?an ! :ole   
,new  ,te/am5t scriptures4 ,) ! increase
 ( intellig5ce ! p[] (  ! p began to be 
felt4    ,increas$ intellig5ce br\ght   

political re=ms1 & ^! 9 turn  7 foll[$  
by a re=m 9 morals & mann]s4 ,dur+ !    
reign (  ! ,/u>ts ! morals ( ! p _h be5 
extremely l[4 ,z an  illu/ration might  
be m5tion$ ! disrespect %[n to ! cl]gy4 
,a  p>i% prie/ 0 only p]mitt$ to d9e at 
! second table1 aft] 8  sup]iors 787 _h 
be5 s]v$4 ,he might fill himself ) !    
beef &  cabbage1 b did n d>e to t\* !   
bett] di%es until invit$ to  d s by !   
ho/ess4 ,a law _h be5 pass$ dur+ ! reign
 ( ,*>les  ,,ii41 t no cl]gyman %\ld    
m>ry a s]vant-girl )\t ! cons5t  ( h]   
mi/ress4 ,mo/ ( ! prom95t /atesm5 dur+ !
 previ\s  half c5tury 7 unbeliev]s 9 any
 =m ( religion4 ,su* 7 !  irreligi\s    
t5d5cies ( ! age1 t drunk5ness & f\l    
talk 7  consid]$ no reproa* to ,rob]t   
,walpole1 prime m9i/] ( ,engl&4  ,purity
 ( life 0 sne]$ at by ! nobility z out (
 fa%ion4  ,= example1 ,"l ,*e/]field1 9 
8 lett]s to 8 son 7:i* 7  design$ =     
publication71 #aea in/ructs him 9 ! art 
( s$uction1  z "p ( a polite education4 
,at ! l[] end ( ! social scale lay !    

masses ( ! extremely  poor4 ,!y 7       
ignorant & brutal to a degree :i* x is  
h>d to  conceive4 ,! manufacture ( g9 & 
rum _h be5 discov]$ 9 #afhd2  &         
intemp]ance ov]ran ! nation z a plague4 
,tav]n-keep]s1 on  _! sign-bo>ds1 invit$
 ! p to come & get drunk = a  p5ny4 ,=  
two p5ce !y might get dead drunk1 & h a 
place to  lie d[n ) no *>ge = /raw4 ,mu*
 ( ?is social degradation 0  due1 )\t   
d\bt1 to ! apa?y & slo? ( ! religi\s    
tea*]s4    ,su* 0 ! condition ( society 
:5 a rem>kable religi\s revival  began 9
 a small knot ( ,ox=d /ud5ts ^: revolt  
aga9/ !  wick$ness ( ! times express$   
itself 9 en?usia/ic religi\s  wor%ip &  
an au/]e & me?odical regul>ity ( life1 t
 gave  !m ! nickname ( ,me?odi/s4    ,( 
^! /ud5ts1 ?ree soon attract$ special   
att5tion by _!  religi\s f]vor & ev5    
extravagance4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,george         
,:itfield1  became ! greate/ orator4 ,8 
voice 0 soon he>d 9 ! wilde/  & mo/     
b>b>\s corn]s ( ! l&1 among ! bleak     
moors (  ,nor?umb]l&1 9 ! d5s ( ,london1

 & 9 ! d>k & gloomy m9es  ( ,cornwall4  
,:itfield's prea*+ 0 su* z ,engl& _h    
nev] he>d  be=e1 !atrical1 extravagant1 
sometimes common-place1 b w9n+  favor by
 its e>ne/ness & deep tremul\s sympa?y =
 ! s9s &  sorr[s ( mank9d4    ,he 0 no  
common en?usia/ :o c\ld s eloqu5tly     
plead ! cause (  ! err+ & un=tunate z to
 draw out ! la/ c5t f ! cool  &         
calculat+ ,frankl91 & comm& admiration f
 ! fa/idi\s  & skeptical ,horace        
,walpole2 or :o c\ld look d[n1 f ! top (
  a gre5 knoll at ,k+swood1 on tw5ty    
?\s& colli]s1 grimy f  ! ,bri/ol        
coal-pits1 & see z he prea*$1 ! te>s    
mak+ :ite  *annels d[n _! black5$ *eeks4
    ,on ! r\gh & ignorant masses to :om 
!y spoke1 ! effects (  ,:itfield & 8    
co-work]s 7 mighty bo? = good & ill4 ,_!
  prea*+ /irr$ a passionate hatr$ 9 #aeb
 ! he>ts ( _!  oppon5ts4 ,_! lives 7 (t5
 9 dang]2 !y 7 mobb$1 duck$1  /on$ &    
smo!r$ ) fil?2 b ! en?usiasm !y ar\s$   
among  _! foll[]s 0 equally int5se4     
,v important to ! cause 0 ,*>les        

,wesley1 a /ud5t at ,ox=d1  :o came z ! 
sweet s+] ( ! movem5t4 ,8 hymns express$
 !  fi]y zeal ( its conv]ts1 9 l9es s   
*a/e & beautiful t  _m ( ! cultur$      
classes 7 numb]$ among ! adh]5ts ( !    
movem5t4    ,b mo/ important ( all 0 !  
eld] bro!r1 ,john ,wesley1 an  orda9$   
m9i/] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 :o by 8 le>n+1
 en]gy  & p[] ( organization gave       
/ability to ! movem5t4 ,no man (  t age 
surpass$ him 9 self-d5ial & tru/ 9 ,god4
 ,) all 8  extravagance & sup]/ition1   
,wesley's m9d 0 ess5tially practical  & 
ord]ly4 ,he1 beyond mo/ m5 ( 8 age1 saw 
t he lack$ div9e  au?ority to f\nd a    
*ur*4 ,h5ce to ! la/ he clung           
passionately to  ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 &    
look$ ^u ! sect he _h =m$ z only a  lay 
society or bran* 9 full communication ) 
! p>5t *ur*4    ,= a long "t he w\ld n  
p]mit 8 co-work]s to adm9i/] !  sacram5t
 ( ! ,"l's supp]2 z he consid]$ !y did n
 possess  ! requisite au?ority4 ,wesley 
saw ) wond]ful cle>ness a fact  t no "o 
( t age p]ceiv$ or1 if he did1 _h n !   

moral  c\rage to decl>e4 ,he p]ceiv$ !  
univ]sal z well z ! total  apo/asy ( !  
s-call$ ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,9 8 #id? s]mon  
he says2  ,! real cause :y ! extraord9>y
 gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 7 no  long] to be
 f\nd 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 0 because !     
,*ri/ians  7 turn$ hea!ns aga91 & _h    
only a dead =m left4 ,9 ano!r  place he 
says3 ,a /r+ ( op9ions is no m ,*ri/ian 
fai?1 ?an  a /r+ ( beads is ,*ri/ian    
hol9ess4 ,! ju/ify+ fai? :i*  he        
consid]$ s ess5tial & taught s e>ne/ly1 
impli$ a p]sonal  revelation--an inw>d  
evid5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?us he          
unconsci\sly yet  logically taught !    
insuffici5cy ( ! anci5t scriptures z a  
guide  to salvation4 ,x also impli$ !   
ne$ ( new & cont9u\s revelation  z      
necess>y = ! vitality & gr[? ( ! *ur*4  
,wesley  cont9u$ 8 labors = upw>ds (    
fifty-two #aec ye>s1 travel+  & prea*+  
until )9 a %ort "t ( 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$
  9 8 eighty-eigh? ye>4 ,at ! "t ( 8    
dea?1 8 foll[]s  numb]$ m ?an "o hundr$ 
?\s&4 ,n[ !y are e/imat$ at  ne>ly eight

 millions4    ,image3 ,john ,wesley4    
,x 0 ! tea*+s & practices ( ! ,puritans1
 ! ,quak]s &  ! ,me?odi/s t gave to     
,engl& t great moral impulse :i* l$  to 
! e/abli%m5t ( ,sunday s*ools by ,rob]t 
,raikes ( ,gl\ce/]1  ! re=m+ ( prisons  
by ,john ,h[>d1 & ! abolition ( !  slave
 trade by ,william ,wilb]=ce4 ,! ardor &
 p]sev]ance :i*  ^! m5 %[$ 9 behalf ( ! 
poor1 ! wrong$ & ! afflict$1  excit$ a  
wave ( human sympa?y ?r\gh\t ! l5g? &   
bread?  ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,x is f ?is "t 
t may be dat$ !  comm5cem5t ( *>ity     
s*ools1 f\ndl+ hospitals1 insane asylums
  & o!r in/itutions #aed ( b5evol5ce =  
:i* ,engli%-speak+  p are n[ s fam\s4   
,:ile ! moral & religi\s movem5ts 7 9   
progress1 o!rs (  a political or        
sci5tific nature1 7 press+ =w>d ) rapid 
/rides4 ,amid ! tumult ( ^! times1      
,james ,br9dley 0 quietly  mak+ ,engl& a
 net "w ( canals4 ,watt 0 sil5tly       
p]fect+ 8  inv5tion ( ! /eam-eng9e &    
,adam ,smi? 0 work+ out ! great  problem
 ( political & indu/rial economy1 :i*   

has made ,engl& &  h] colonies ! lead+  
comm]cial & manufactur+ c\ntries ( !    
_w4    ,mean:ile ,john ,h>greaves1      
,ri*>d ,arkwright & ,samuel ,crompton1  
by  _! inv5tions 7 revolutioniz+ ! art (
 sp9n+ & weav+4  ,h[ev]1 ^! +5i\s       
devices w\ld h done b little _h x n  be5
 = ! new & inexhau/ible labor =ce ( !   
/eam-eng9e  :i* _h !n come into g5]al   
use4 ,"o ( ! fir/ effects 0 to  develop 
! iron manufactures ( ,engl&4 ,previ\s  
to #agej1 ,engl& &  h] colonies import$ 
f\r-fif?s ( _! iron goods f ,sw$52 n[   
!y produce m ?an f\r-fif?s ( all ! iron 
us$ 9 ! _w4    ,! influ5ce ( !          
/eam-eng9e & sp9n+ j5ny on !            
civilization ( ,engl& is beyond human   
calculation4 ,m9es 7  develop$1         
manufactories e/abli%$ & ! :ole national
 indu/ry  s increas$ t ! population (   
,engl& 0 twice d\bl$ 9 less  ?an fifty  
ye>s4 ,at ! same "t agriculture 0 s     
improv$ t  "o-six? ( ! p rais$ food = ! 
rema9d]4    ,:ile ^! ev5ts 7 transpir+ 9
 ,engl& !y _h _! due  influ5ce 9 !      

colonies4 ,europe saw = ! fir/ "t a /ate
  gr[+ up amid/ ! =e/s ( ! we/1 :]e     
religi\s fre$om _h  become complete4    
,religi\s tol]ance _h be5 br\ght ab\t by
 /range  circum/ances--a m$ley (        
religi\s sects su* z ! _w _h nev]  se5  
be=e4 ,new ,engl& 0 ! /ronghold ( !     
,puritans4 ,9 "s  ( ! s\!rn colonies !  
,episcopal *ur* 0 e/abli%$ by law  & !  
bulk ( ! settl]s clung to x4 ,! ,roman  
,ca?olics =m$  a l>ge majority 9 ,m>yl&4
 ,p5nsylvania 0 a /ate ( ,quak]s4       
,presbyt]ians & ,bapti/s fl$ f #aee     
p]secution to colonize  ,new ,j]sey2    
,lu!rans & ,moravians f ,g]many ab\nd$  
among !  settl]s ( ,georgia1 & !        
p]secut$ ,hugu5ots ( ,france _h fl$  f  
_! native l& to ! =e/s ( ,c>ol9a4 ,9 su*
 a *aos (  cre$s1 religi\s p]secution 0 
well nigh impossible4    ,z !re 7 b few 
l>ge =tunes among ! coloni/s1 s ne>ly   
all  _h ! same social /&+ & privileges4 
,education 0 g5]al4 ,x  0 ! pr\d boa/ ( 
_m ( ! colonies t e man & woman  c\ld   
read & write4    ,su* 0 ! condition ( ! 

colonies 9 #agdh1 :5 ,montesquieu1 !    
wise/ & mo/ reflect+ /atesman ( ,france1
 decl>$ t a free1  prosp]\s & great p 7 
=m+ 9 ! =e/s ( ,am]ica4  ,! h]$it>y     
dyna/ies ( ! old _w 7 all unconsci\s ( !
  rapid gr[? ( ?is p[]1 :i* 0 soon to   
involve !m 9 its new  & prevail+        
influ5ce4 ,! h\r ( revolution 0 at h&1  
promis+  fre$om to consci5ce & dom9ion  
to intellig5ce4 ,f ! fragm5ts  (        
,european society--fragm5ts t 9 "s      
in/ances _h be5  consid]$               
wor?less--humanity 9 ! provid5ce ( ,god 
0 build+ up  a self-gov]n+ & democratic 
dom9ion4    ,ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? 
c5tury occurr$ ?ree fam\s  battles :i*  
did mu* to det]m9e ! de/9ies ( m5 = ages
 to  come4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 0 ! great      
victory a*iev$ by ! ,engli%  arms on !  
pla9s ( ,plassey1 ,june #bc1 #ageg1 :i* 
laid ! f\ndation  ( ! empire ( ,briti%  
,india1 an empire :i* comprises m ?an   
"o hundr$ & tw5ty millions ( p4 ,!      
second 0 ! victory  ( ,rossba*1 :i*     
det]m9$ ! re-union ( ! ,g]man /ates &   

laid ! f\ndation ( ! pres5t ,g]man      
empire4 ,! ?ird 0 !  triumph ( ,wolfe on
 ! pla9s ( ,abraham1 ,septemb] #ac1     
#agei1 = )  x virtually began ! hi/ory (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,france _h ev]  be5 an
 enemy ^: dread _h knit ! coloni/s      
toge!r & to !  "m c\ntry1 ,engl&4 ,by   
wre/+ ,canada f h] grasp & break+  ?r\gh
 ! l9e ) :i* ,france _h b>r$ ! ,briti%  
coloni/s  f ! bas9 ( ! ,mississippi1    
,pitt laid ! f\ndation ( !  great       
republic ( ! ,we/4 #aef ,hi!rto !       
possessions ( ,france  9 ,nor? ,am]ica  
_h be5 tw5ty times z va/ z ^? ( ,engl&2 
h5ce=? !y 7 de/9$ to dw9dle into        
insignificance &  ev5tually become      
ext9ct4    ,! close ( ! sev5 ye>s' w>1  
:i* end$ at ! peace ( ,p>is1  #agfc1 0 a
 turn+ po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,engl& 0 
no  long] a m]e ,european p[]4 ,h]      
future action lay 9 a wid] sph]e  ?an t 
( ,europe4 ,mi/ress ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 !  
future mi/ress (  ,india1 claim+ z h]   
own ! empire ( ! seas1 ,brita9 sudd5ly  
t[]$ high above rival nations ^: int]e/ 

& position1 be+ on  a s+le cont95t1     
doom$ !m to comp>ative insignificance 9 
!  aft] hi/ory ( mank9d4    ,x is ?is t 
gives ,william ,pitt s peculi> a        
position among !  /atesm5 ( ! _w4 ,x 0 8
 fai?1 8 d>+--%all we n say  8          
inspiration8--t call$ ! ,engli% p to a  
s5se ( !  de/9y t lay be=e !m4    ,)    
,engl& on "o side & h] ,am]ican colonies
 on ! o!r1 !  ,atlantic 0 dw9dl+ into a 
m]e /rait )9 ! ,briti% realms2  b beyond
 x to ! we/w>d lay a va/ ocean :]e !    
,briti% flag  0 almo/ unkn[n4 ,true !   
,pacific ocean _h be5 discov]$ by       
,balboa 9 #aeac1 & cross$ by ,magellan 9
 #aeba4 ,dut* voyag]s _h  discov]$ t    
,great ,s\!rn ,l&1 :i* !y _h nam$ ,new  
,holl&  & also ! nor!rn extremity ( ,new
 ,zeal&4 ,b ! discov]ies _h  rema9$     
unhe$$ = m ?an a c5tury4    ,x 0 n till 
#aggh t1 "u ,pitt's direction1 ,capta9  
,cook 0  s5t into ! ,pacific ocean on a 
voyage ( discov]y4 ,he discov]$ !       
,s&wi* ,isl&s circumnavigat$ ,new ,zeal&
 & took possession (  ,au/ralia1 or ,new

 ,holl&1 9 ! "n ( ! ,engli% k+4 ,!      
reports  :i* he publi%$ ( t va/ ocean & 
^? f>-(f isl&s1 (  _! coral reefs1 &    
palms1 & bread-fruit1 & gum trees1 &    
kang>oos1 & tattoo$ w>riors1 awoke an   
int]e/ 9 ! m9ds (  ! ,engli% conc]n+ ?is
 _w ( wond]s4 ,!y saw 9 all ?is a  va/  
realm op5$ = ! expansion ( ! ,engli%    
race1 & ,engli%  civilization4    #aeg  
,! ext5sion ( ! ,engli% language ov] va/
 t]ritories &  populations is )\t a     
p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,fully       
"o-fif? ( ! surface ( ! globe & "o-f\r? 
( its population  are "u ! dom9ion (    
,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,engli%    
language is n[ spok51 & ,engli% &       
,am]ican lit]ature is read 9  e zone4   
,!y spread :]e ,w9t] piles deep sn[s on 
bleak ,canadian pla9s1    ,& :]e on gre5
 ,pacific isles et]nal summ] reigns4    
,!y glad ,acadia's mi/y coa/s1          
,jamaica's gl[+ isle1    ,& bide :]e gay
 ) e>ly fl[]s gre5 ,texan prairies      
smile4      ,!y dwell :]e ,cali=nian    
brooks wa% d[n _! s&s ( gold1    ,&     

track ! ,frazi]'s swell+ flood ?ro'     
sunset valleys roll$2    ,!y're f\nd 9  
,borneo's camphor groves1 on %ores (    
fi]ce ,malay1    ,9 valleys wa%$ by     
,ganges' flood :]e ,ceylon's zephyrs    
/ray4      ,old ,albions laws1          
,columbia's songs rejoice ! captive's   
limbs2    ,! d>k ,lib]ian soo!s h] *ild 
) ,engli% cradle hymns1    ,tasmanian   
maids are woo$ & won1 9 g5tle ,saxon    
spee*4    ,au/ralian boys read ,crusoe's
 life1 by ,sidney's %elt]$ bea*4        
,!y speak to m5 s f> ap>t1 t :ile ?is   
praise we s+1    ,"s may rejoice )      
autumn fruits1 o!rs ) fl[]s ( spr+1     
,!y speak ) ,%akspe>e's se>*+ ?\ghts &  
,bryant's l(ty m9d1    ,) ,alfr$'s laws 
& ,frankl9's lore1 to *e] & bless       
mank9d4    ,:o does n see a m>vel\s     
wisdom 9 all ?is8 ,! language ?us       
widely spread 0 de/9$ to be ! m$ium by  
:i* ! gospel is to  be spread 9 all !   
nations ( ! e>?4 ,:o does n p]ceive t  !
 /atesman%ip ( ,pitt 0 "o ( ! great     
in/rum5talities =  ! execution ( ! div9e

 purposes8 ,l all great m51 ,pitt 0 9   
advance ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$4 ,b ,engl&
 c\ld n =get !  em95t s]vices ( him1 :o 
_h done s mu* to promote h] greatness4  
,! a%es ( ,pitt 7n[ be/ kn[n z ! e>l (  
,*a?am7 repose 9  ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 !    
burial place ( #aeh ! k+s ( ,engl&4     
,hi/ory w decl>e t among /atesm51 few h 
left a m  /a9less1 none a m spl5did "n4 
,:ile ^! lead+ ev5ts 7 transpir+ ar\nd  
!m two rem>kable  p]sons 7 develop+ 9 ! 
,am]ican colonies4 ,"o ( ^! 0  ,george  
,wa%+ton1 ! o!r1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl94      
,wa%+ton 0 born 9 #agcb4 ,8 fa!r1 a     
g5tleman ( good =tune1  di$ :5 8 future 
illu/ri\s son 0 only elev5 ye>s ( age4  
,^u ,wa%+ton's "m devolv$ ! c>e ( 8 e>ly
 education4  ,%e 0 a dev\t woman1 (     
excell5t s5se & deep affections1 yet  ( 
a temp] :i* c\ld brook no %ad[ (        
insubord9ation4 ,"u h]  rule--g5tle &   
yet /rong1 ,george le>n$ ob$i5ce &      
self-control4  ,9 boyhood he gave       
rem>kable promise ( ^? excell5cies :i*  
di/+ui%$ 8 mature ye>s4 ,8 p]son 0 l>ge 

& p[]ful4 ,he  0 accu/om$ to labor1 :i* 
gave him endurance to p]=m ! "w  t lay  
be=e him4 ,8 education 0 limit$ to !    
common ,engli%  bran*es1 ma!matics & l& 
survey+4 ,9 8 eighte5? ye> he 0  employ$
 by ! gov]nm5t z surveyor ( public l&s4 
,_m ( 8  measurem5ts are /ill on record1
 & long exp]i5ce has e/abli%$  _! unv>y+
 accuracy4 ,a massive intellect & an    
iron /r5g? (  w 7 giv5 to him1 ) a      
g5tle1 lov+ he>t1 dauntless c\rage1  &  
l(t9ess ( purpose4 ,he possess$1 9 a    
wond]ful degree1 cle>  p]ceptions ( 8   
duty1 & a deep insight into ! wants ( 8 
"t4    ,:ile ,wa%+ton's boyhood 0 be+   
pass$ on ! banks ( !  ,potomac1 ,b5jam9 
,frankl9 0 toil+ h>d 9 ! city (         
,philadelphia  to e>n an hone/          
livelihood4 ,he edit$ a newspap]1 b\nd  
books1 made  ink1 sold rags1 soap &     
c(fee4 ,he also publi%$ ! fir/ ,am]ican 
almanac4 ,a facsimile ( ! title page is 
giv5 on ! next page4    #aei    ,image3 
,a ,facsimile ( ! ,title ,page = ,poor  
,ri*>d1 #aggc ,almanac4    #afj         

,image3 ,b5jam9 ,frankl94    ,he 0 a    
?riv+ man1 b he 0 n a%am$ to convey     
along !  /reets 9 a :eelb>r[ ! pap] :i* 
he b\ght = ! purpose (  8 trade4 ,z a   
boy1 he _h be5 /udi\s & ?\ghtful4 ,z a  
man1 he  0 prud5t1 sagaci\s & tru/wor?y4
 ,:5 he _h e>n$ a mod]ate  compet5cy he 
#afa ceas$ to labor at 8 bus9ess4       
,h5ce=? he  labor$ to s]ve 8 fell[-m54  
,philadelphia owes to ,frankl9 h]       
univ]sity1 h] hospital1 & h] fir/ &     
greate/ libr>y4 ,x 0 he  :o discov]$ !  
id5tity ( lightn+ & electricity4 ,be=e !
  revolution he 0 s5t to ,engl& to plead
 ! cause ( ! coloni/s4  ,dur+ ! w> he 0 
s5t z ambassador to ! c\rt ( ,france4   
,at !  close ( ! w> he 0 appo9t$ "o ( ! 
commission]s to negotiate  a treaty (   
peace betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great   
,brita94 ,! la/  great "w ( 8 life 0 to 
aid 9 ! =m+ ( ! con/itution (  ! ,unit$ 
,/ates4 ,he cont9u$ 9 public (fice till 
)9 six mon?s  ( 8 dea? & 9 public s]vice
 till )9 tw5ty-f\r days ( x4            
,,*apt] ,,xvii4    ,,! ,,eve ,,(        

,,revolution4    ,,ga!r+ ,,( ,,political
 ,,=ces--,,g5]al ,,revolution--,,civil  
,,re=ms--,,decay  ,,( ,,old             
,,in/itutions--,,rosseau ,,& ,,8        
,,writ+s--,,voltaire--,,holl&1 ,a       
,,political ,,refuge--,,am]ican         
,,settl]s--,,l9es ,,( ,,alb]t ,b4       
,,/reet--,,gr[?  ,,( ,,!                
,,colonies--,,love ,,= ,,engl&--,,causes
 ,,( ,,revolution--,,manufactures       
,,=bidd5--,,/amp ,,act--,,tax ,,on      
,,tea--,,philadelphia                   
,,conv5tion--,,address ,,to  ,,!        
,,k+--,,appeal ,,to ,,engl&--,,to       
,,canada--,,incid5t ,,9 ,,old ,,s\?     
,,*ur*1  ,,bo/on--,,paul ,,rev]e',s     
,,ride4          ,fre$om1 ?y br[1       
,glori\s 9 beauty ?\gh x be1 is sc>r$   
,) tok5s ( old w>s2 ?y massive limbs    
,are /rong ) /ruggl+4 ,p[] at !e has    
laun*$    ,8 bolts1 & ) 8 lightn+s      
smitt5 !e4    ,!y c\ld n qu5* ! light ?\
 ha/ f heav54    ,:o has fail$ to obs]ve
 on a calm summ] day ! elem5ts ( a /orm 
collect+ sil5tly1 & gradually1 until !  

:ole heav5s grew d>k1  & ! light ( ! sun
 0 hid8 ,! calm 0 *ang$ into a tempe/1  
! lightn+ fla%$1 ! ?und] ro>$1 ! cl\ds  
pil$ up #afb  ?ick] & heavi] until at   
l5g? ! /orm bur/1 ! ra9 fell 9  torr5ts 
delug+ ! e>? & 9 "s cases uproot+ !     
plants x  0 design$ to n\ri% & /r5g!n4  
,s1 too1 9 ! political _w ! =ces ga!r   
gradually1 until !y  h atta9$ suffici5t 
p[]1 & !n bur/ ^u ! affright$  nations 9
 all ! tumult ( a t]rible revolution4   
,!re are few intellig5t p 9 ?is age b   
:at h a g5]al  idea ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w2  
yet h[ comp>atively few are !re  :o     
realize ! fact1 t 9 ! sev5ty-five ye>s  
:i* elaps$  betwe5 #agge & #ahej ! great
 majority ( civiliz$ nations pass$      
?r\gh a great social & political *ange4 
,among ! nations s  affect$ may be      
m5tion$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,france1 ,spa91
 ,portugal1  ,italy1 ,greece1 ,belgium1 
,pol&1 ,hung>y1 ,turkey1 ,mexico1       
,c5tral  ,am]ica & ne>ly all ! ,s\?     
,am]ican /ates4 ,to ?is may be add$  !  
great commotions 9 ,russia1 ,sw$51      

,norway1 ,d5m>k1 ,holl&1  ,switz]l& & ! 
/ates ( ! ,g]man empire caus$ by ! w>s (
  ,napoleon4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,irel& &        
,canada1 w>s 7 only av]t$ by  civil     
re=ms & concessions to popul> rights4   
,= ,europe ?is epo* 0 ! result ( !      
/ruggles ( g5]ations4  ,at ! close ( !  
sev5 ye>s' w> 9 #agfc ! repres5tatives (
  ev5 ! ,ca?olic p[]s admitt$ ! decay ( 
old in/itutions4 ,!  ,ca?olic mon>*ies  
head$ by ! pope1 9 _! /ruggle aga9/     
,prote/antism & free ?\ght _h enc\nt]$  
defeat4 ,f ?is  great /ruggle came =? a 
pr9ciple ( all-p]vad+ en]gy4 ,!         
life-giv+ tru? ( ! ,re=mation 0 ! "r (  
private judgm5t4  ,! _w 0 ris+ up aga9/ 
sup]/ition2 ! oppression (  indu/ry 0   
pass+ away4 ,! use ( reason 0 no long]  
consid]$  a crime1 b 0 on ! o!r h&1     
consid]$ a duty4 ,ideas ( !  bro!rhood (
 man 7 fla%+ across ! m9ds ( lead+ m54  
,at ?is juncture a rem>kable political  
writ] made 8 appe>ance4  ,f !           
disciple%ip ( ,calv91 f ! republic (    
,g5eva1 f  ! abodes ( pov]ty1 ,jean     

,jacques ,rosseau came z ! advocate (  !
 poor & ! oppress$4 ,?r\gh him ! sons ( 
toil brea!d  out _! wrongs1 #afc & a new
 class ga9$ a voice 9 ! _w  ( publi%$   
?\ght4 ,?\gh full ( weaknesses &        
jeal\sies &  betray$ by pov]ty into     
%ameful de$s1 he possess$ a deep & real 
feel+ = humanity4 ,9 an age ( skepticism
 he solac$ ! ills  ( life by tru/ 9     
,god4 ,fe>lessly que/ion+ all ! gr&eurs 
( ! _w1 he brea!d ! _s ( revolution into
 words (  flame4 ,:at ?\gh ! *ur* (     
,rome curs$ 8 writ+s ) h]  ban2 &       
p>liam5ts burn$ !m at ! gibbet by !     
hangman's h&6  ,:at ?\gh ,france drove  
him f h] soil1 & ! republic ( 8  bir?   
dis[n$ h] son6 ,:at ?\gh ! wise & noble 
hoot$ at 8  wildness6 ,yet f ! woes ( ! 
_w 9 :i* he _h suff]$1  f ! wrongs ( !  
d[n-trodd5 :i* he _h %>$1 he d]iv$ an   
eloqu5ce t w5t to ! he>t ( ! masses (   
,europe4 ,beyond mo/  m5 ( 8 "t he saw !
 h& ( ,provid5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( m54       
,nor ,god alone 9 ! /ill calm we f9d1   
,he m\nts ! /orm & rides ^u ! w9d4      

,in/itutions may crumble & gov]nm5ts    
fall1 b x is only t  !y may r5ew a bett]
 y\?2 ! petals ( ! fl[] )] t  fruit may 
=m4 ,on ! banks ( ! /ream ( "t n a great
 de$  has be5 done by a h]o1 or monum5t 
rais$ by a nation1 b tells  ! /ory (    
human progress4 ,ea* p t has disappe>$1 
e  great in/itution t has pass$ away1   
has be5 b a /ep 9 !  ladd] by :i*       
humanity asc5ds to a high] plane4 ,!    
g5]ations  t h&$ ! tru?1 f rank to rank 
d[n ! ages1 h !mselves  become du/2 b ! 
light /ill increases its ev]-burn+      
flame4 ,f  ! intellig5ce t _h be5 sl[ly 
rip5+ sprang ! ,am]ican  revolution4    
,:ile ,rosseau 0 putt+ 8 burn+ ?\ghts 9 
pr9t1  & ,voltaire1 ! pr9ce ( sc(f]s1 0 
hurl+ 8 v5om$ %afts  ( s>casm at !      
prie/hood ( ! ,roman *ur*1 f>!r nor? 0  
! little c\ntry1 ,holl&1 :i* _h already 
ga9$ a l>ge %>e  ( civil & religi\s     
lib]ty4 ,"h ?\ght rang$ ?r\gh !  wide   
doma9 ( speculative reason2 "h ! lit]>y 
fugitive f\nd  an asylum1 & ! bolde/    
writ+s1 :i* 9 o!r c\ntries 7  circulat$ 

by /eal?1 7 op5ly publi%$ to ! _w4      
#afd ,:ile ! le>n$ & ?\ghtful m5 (      
,europe 7 ?9k+1  ! pione]s ( ,am]ica 7  
act+4 ,no?+ c\ld re/ra9 !m f  peopl+ !  
wild]ness4 ,to be a l&-own] 0 ! rul+    
passion  ( ! ,new ,engl& man4 ,9 g5]al1 
m>riages 7 e>ly & v  fruitful4 ,! sons1 
z !y grew up skill$ 9 ! use ( ! ax &  ! 
rifle1 w\ld1 "o aft] ano!r1 move f ! old
 home/ead2 &1  ) a wife1 a yoke ( ox51 a
 c[ & a few necess>y implem5ts1  build a
 small hut 9 ! =e/ & by d9t ( indu/ry   
soon w9 =  !mselves pl5ty & indep5d5ce4 
,! beautiful l9es ( ,alb]t ,b4  ,/reet  
well describe ! circum/ances z well z ! 
"* (  ! m5 :o f\nd$ ,am]ican in/itutions
 & m\ld$ ! national  "*3      ,8 e*o+ ax
 ! settl] swung      ,amid ! sea-l      
solitude1    ,& ru%+1 ?und]+ d[n 7 flung
      ,! ,titans ( ! wood4    ,l\d      
%riek$ ! eagle z he da%$    ,f out 8    
mossy ne/1 :i* cra%$      ,) its        
support+ b\gh1    ,& ! fir/ sunlight    
leap+ fla%$      ,on ! wolf's haunt     
bel[4      ,rude 0 ! g>b1 & /rong !     

frame      ,( him :o pli$ 8 ceaseless   
toil3    ,to =m ! g>b1 ! wild-wood game 
,contribut$ _! spoil2    ,! s\l t w>m$ t
 frame disda9$    ,! t9sel gaud & gl>e1 
t reign$      ,:]e m5 _! cr[ds collect2 
,! simple fur untrimm$1 un/a9$1         
,?is =e/ tam] deck$4      ,8 ro( adorn$ 
a pleasant spot1      ',mid ! black     
logs1 gre5 gl[$ ! gra91    ,& fruits &  
plants ! woods knew n      ,bloom$ 9 !  
sun & ra94    ,! smoke-wrea? curl+ o'er 
! dell1    ,! l[+ h]ds--! t9kl+ bell1   
,all made a l&scape /range4    ,:i* 0 ! 
liv+ *ronicle      ,( de$s t wr\ght !   
*ange4      #afe ,humble ! lot1 yet 8 ! 
race1      ,:5 lib]ty s5t =? h] cry1    
,:o ?rong$ 9 conflict's deadlie/ place  
,to fight--to ble$--to die2    ,:o      
cumb]$ ,bunk]'s hight ( r$4    ,by hope 
?r\gh we>y ye>s 7 l$      ,& witness$   
,yorkt[n's sun    ,blaze on a nations   
bann] spread--      ,a nation's fre$om  
won4    ,a c5tury & a half _h n[ pass$  
s9ce ! fir/ colony _h be5  plant$ on    
,am]ican soil4 ,! coloni/s 7 fa/ rip5+  

into fitness  = indep5d5ce4 ,!y _h      
increas$ ) m>vel\s rapidity4 ,europe    
nev] ceas$ to s5d =? h] ne$y ?\s&s4     
,am]ica op5$ wide h]  hospitable doors &
 gave assurance ( lib]ty & com=t to all 
:o  came4 ,! ?irte5 colonies n[ conta9$ 
a population ( ab\t ?ree  millions4     
,up to ! ye> #agfd1 ! ,am]icans *]i%$ a 
deep rev]5ce &  affection = ! "m c\ntry4
 ,!y 7 pr\d to be consid]$  ,briti%     
subjects1 & ( ! l(ty place ,engl& held  
among !  nations ( ! e>?4 ,!y glori$ 9 !
 spl5dor ( h] milit>y  a*ievem5ts4 ,!y  
copi$ h] mann]s & h] fa%ions4 ,h]       
language1  laws & lit]ature 7 z fondly  
*]i%$ by ! coloni/s z by !  ,engli%     
!mselves4    ,:y 0 x !n t su* a m>vel\s 
*ange %\ld take place 9  ! m9ds ( !     
,am]ican p1 dur+ ! next twelve ye>s8 ,9 
#agfd ! coloni/s lov$ ,engl& z _! "m    
c\ntry4 ,9 #aggf  !y _h le>n$ to despise
 h] au?ority4 ,!y b\nd !mselves1 by     
solemn oa?s1 to use no article ( ,engli%
 manufacture4 ,!y publicly  burn$ !     
,acts ( ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t4 ,!y ev5    

kill$ ! k+'s  soldi]s & ca/ f !m =ev] 8 
au?ority4 ,by :at t]rible  magic 0 ?is  
*ange wr\ght s swiftly3 t ?ree millions 
( p  %\ld be taught to abhor ! c\ntry !y
 once lov$8    ,to answ] ?is "q rightly 
we mu/ rememb] t ! cause ( !  coloni/s 0
 "o ( popul> rights aga9/ royal         
pr]ogative1 t !  be/ & wise/ m5 9 ,engl&
 7 9 favor ( ! coloni/s2 t  ev5 ,william
 ,pitt1 ! #aff greate/ /atesman ,engl&  
_h ev] se51  decl>$ op5ly 9 ,p>liam5t1  
,i rejoice t ,am]ica has resi/$4    ,we 
mu/ also be> 9 m9d t = _m ye>s ,engl& _h
 gov]n$ h]  ,am]ican colonies h>%ly2 & 9
 a _s ( undisguis$ selfi%ness1  ,am]ica 
0 rul$ n = h] own good b = ! good (     
,engli%  comm]ce4 ,! coloni/s 7 n all[$ 
to export _! products  except to ,engl&4
 ,no =eign %ips 7 p]mitt$ to ent]       
colonial  ports4 ,:atev] 7 ! exorbitant 
dem&s ( ,engli% manufactur]s or         
m]*ants1 /ill ! coloni/s 7 n p]mitt$ to 
buy at a *eap]  m>ket4 ,/ill m1 c]ta9   
goods1 wool5 = example1 7 n all[$  to be
 s5t f "o colony to ano!r4 ,!           

manufacture ( hats 0  =bidd51 & ev5 !   
,bible 0 n all[$ to be pr9t$ 9 ,am]ica4 
,! coloni/s _h long borne ! co/ ( _! own
 gov]nm5t &  def5se4 ,b 9 t age ( pr(use
 exp5diture on useless w>s1 !  k+ &     
nobility ( ,engl& ?\ght to ga!r f       
,am]ica's toil+  sons ! means to pay =  
_! own misrule4 ,! ,p>liam5t ( ,engl&   
pass$ a law to tax ,am]ica4 ,! coloni/s 
repli$ !y 7 will+ to  vote :at moneys ! 
k+ requir$ ( !m2 b !y vehem5tly d5i$  ! 
"r ( any assembly1 9 :i* !y 7 n         
repres5t$1 to take  f !m any portion (  
_! prop]ty4 ,ano!r law 0 also pass$     
requir+ a royal /amp to be plac$ on e   
legal docum5t4 ,b5jam9  ,frankl9 _h be5 
s5t to ,engl& by ! coloni/s4 ,he w5t to 
plead  _! cause be=e ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4
 ,he told !m pla9ly t  ! coloni/s c\ld n
 submit to su* taxation4 ,! act 0 to    
come  9 =ce on ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1 #agfc4
 ,on t day ! *ur* bells  7 toll$1 & ! p 
wore ! aspect ( ^? on :om "s heavy      
calamity _h fall54 ,n "o ( ! /amps 0 ev]
 sold 9 ,am]ica4  ,)\t /amps m]cantile  

transactions ceas$ to be b9d+1 notes 7  
n legal1 m>riages 7 null4 ,yet ! bus9ess
 ( life w5t on4 ,m5  m>ri$2 !y b\ght2 !y
 sold--illegally1 because )\t /amps2 b  
no h>m came ( x4    ,engl& he>d )       
amazem5t t ,am]ica refus$ to obey ! law4
 ,!  great /atesman1 ,pitt1 d5\nc$ !    
act1 #afg &1 at l5g?1 x 0  repeal$4 ,!  
repeal ( ! /amp act only delay$ = a     
little !  fa/-com+ crisis4    ,x 0 dur+ 
?is agitation t ! coloni/s fir/ felt !  
ne$ (  a comm]cial & political union4 ,!
 idea ( a g5]al congress ( !  /ates 0   
sugge/$1 :i* soon aft]w>ds met 9 ! city 
( ,new ,york4    ,! k+ ( ,engl& 0 /ill  
det]m9$ to tax ,am]ica1 & soon  levi$ a 
tax on tea4 ,! p det]m9$ !y w\ld dr9k no
 m tea  r ?an pay ! tax4 ,"o day %ips   
load$ ) tax$ tea arriv$  9 ,bo/on h>bor4
 ,!re 0 a great commotion2 ! m5 ran     
toge!r to  hold c\ncil4 ,x 0 ,sunday1 & 
! p ( ,bo/on 7 v /rict1  yet "h 0 an    
em]g5cy 9 ! pres5ce ( :i* all ord9>y    
rules  7 susp5d$4 ,! crisis _h come at  
l5g?4 ,if t tea 0 l&$1  x w\ld be sold2 

x w\ld be us$1 & ,am]ican lib]ty w\ld   
become a  by-^w ^u ! e>?4    ,! brave & 
lib]ty-lov+ ,samuel ,adams 0 ! lead+ man
 ( ,bo/on  at t "t4 ,he 0 a man 9 middle
 life j =ty-two ye>s ( age1  ( cultivat$
 m9d & /a9less reputation1 a p[]ful     
speak] &  writ]1 & a man 9 ^: sagacity &
 mod]ation all m5 tru/$4 ,he  resembl$  
,cromwell 9 "s p>ticul>s--8 love (      
lib]ty1 undaunt$  c\rage & tru/ 9 ,god4 
,he 0 among ! fir/ to see t !re 0  no   
re/+ place %ort ( indep5d5ce4 ,he said3 
,our =efa!rs 7  driv5 f ! l& ( _! bir? 9
 ! cause ( religi\s lib]ty4  ,!y made   
!mselves homes 9 ! wilds ( ,am]ica4 ,we 
h e>n$ a  compet5ce & are self-su/a9+4  
,we are free & ne$ no k+ b  ,god4 ,! m5 
( ,bo/on felt ! p[] ( 8 resolute _s &   
manfully foll[$ :]e ,samuel ,adams l$4  
,sev]al days ( excitem5t  & discussion  
foll[$4 ,p flock$ 9 f ! neighbor+ t[ns4 
,! "t 0 sp5t ma9ly 9 political meet+s4  
,at ,fanueil ,hall1 9  ! *ur*es & at !  
m>ket place1 ! rights ( ! p 7  discuss$4
 ,"o day a meet+ 0 held & ! excit$ p    

cont9u$  9 hot debate till ! %ades (    
ev5+ fell4 ,at l5g? ,samuel ,adams  /ood
 up 9 ! dimly light$ *ur* & ann\nc$3    
,?is meet+ c  d no?+ m to save ! c\ntry4
 ,) a /]n %\t ! meet+  broke up4 ,fifty 
m5 disguis$ #afh z ,indians hurri$ d[n  
to !  :>f1 ea* man ) a hat*et 9 8 h&4 ,!
 cr[d foll[$1 &  /ood on ! %ore 9 sil5ce
 :ile ! s-call$ ,indians w5t on  bo>d ! 
%ip1 broke op5 ! *e/s ( tea & ?rew !m & 
_!  cont5ts into ! sea4 ,no wond] ,k+   
,george 0 9 a rage4 ,no wond]  t he     
dem&$ t ! guilty p>ties1 if !y c\ld be  
f\nd1  %\ld be s5t to ,engl& = trial4 ,!
 great /atesman1 ,william ,pitt1  also  
call$ ! ,e>l ( ,*a?am1 plead$ = measures
 ( conciliation2  b all 9 va94 ,g5]al   
,gage ) f\r regim5ts 0 s5t to ,bo/on4   
,he ?rew up =tifications & lay z 9 a    
ho/ile city4 ,! coloni/s  appo9t$ a day 
( fa/+ & pray]4 ,!y knew t _! cause 0   
j4 ,!y look$ to ,him = protection1 :o   
holds ! nations 9 !  holl[ ( ,8 h&4 ,!y 
knew t ,he1 :o _h guid$ !m across  !    
roll+ deep & _h pres]v$ !m 9 !          

wild]ness1 c\ld also  protect !m f !    
rage & av>ice ( wick$ m54 ,!y also =m$  
!mselves into milit>y companies4 ,!y    
occupi$ !mselves )  drill4 ,!y laid up  
/ores ( ammunition4 ,mo/ ( !m _h muskets
 &  c\ld use !m4 ,he :o _h no musket1 n[
 got "o4 ,!y hop$ t  civil w> might be  
av]t$1 b !re 0 no h>m 9 be+ ready4      
,:ile ^! ?+s 7 go+ on 9 ,bo/on1 a       
congress ( delegates  _h met 9          
,philadelphia & 7 busy discuss+ measures
 9 reg>d  to ! tr\bles t 7 ?ick5+ ar\nd 
!m4 ,twelve colonies  7 repres5t$ b     
,georgia1 ! y\nge/ & feeble/ colony1    
/ill  paus$ timidly on ! br9k ( ! p]il\s
 ent]prise4 ,"s ( !  truly great m5 (   
,am]ica met 9 t congress4 ,( x ! great  
,e>l  ( ,*a?am said3 ,= g5u9e sagacity1 
= s+ul> mod]ation1 =  solid wisdom !    
congress ( ,philadelphia %9es unrivall$4
 ,t  qua9t old build+ :]e !y met became 
"o ( ! spots ev] de>  to ! patriot's    
he>t4 ,among ! fam\s m5 assembl$ !re 7  
,george ,wa%+ton ^: massive s5se &      
copi\s k attract$  att5tion1 & made him 

a guid+ p[]1 & ,patrick ,h5ry1 !n a  "y 
man4 ,he br\ght to ! c\ncil a wisdom    
beyond 8 ye>s1 &  a fi]y eloqu5ce1 :i*1 
to "s ( 8 he>]s1 seem$ almo/ m  ?an     
human4 ,he _h already %[n t he 0 #afi   
unfitt$ = f>m+  or m]*&is+4 ,he 0 n[ to 
prove t he c\ld utt] words :i*  w\ld    
sweep ov] a cont95t1 ?rill m5's he>ts l 
! mo/ sublime  /ra9s ( music1 & r\se !m 
up to high & noble de$s4 ,!re also  0   
,ri*>d ,h5ry ,lee1 ) 8 bewit*+ voice1 8 
ripe s*ol>%ip1  & ri* /ores ( hi/orical 
& political k1 :i* w\ld h  grac$ !      
highe/ assemblies ( ! old _w4 ,nor %\ld 
we =get  to m5tion ! noble-m9d$ f>m]1   
,john ,dick9son1 ^: publi%$  lett]s _h  
done s mu* to =m ! public s5tim5t4 ,8   
en?usia/ic  love ( ,engl& 0 n[ ov]borne 
by a s5se ( wrong4 ,& la/1 b by  no     
means lea/1 we may place on ! li/ ! "n (
 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91  ! sage philosoph]1 !
 practical sci5ti/1 ! %rewd diplomati/1 
! incorruptible patriot1 ! wise         
philan?ropi/4 ,su* 7 "s (  ! m5 :om ,god
 rais$ up to m\ld ! "* ( ! infant       

nation4    ,/ill !y did n wi% =         
sep>ation4 ,!y wi%$ to h _!  wrongs     
r$ress$ & cont9ue ,briti% subjects4 ,!y 
drew up a  n>rative ( _! wrongs4 ,!y    
implor$ ,k+ ,george to remove ^?        
grievances4 ,!y ev5 address$ ! p (      
,great ,brita91 z  subjects ( ! same    
empire1 z m5 possess+ common sympa?ies &
  common int]e/s2 yet !y add$ t !y w\ld 
n be 'hew]s (  wood & draw]s ( wat]' to 
any nation 9 ! _w4 ,_h all !  coloni/s  
be5 ,engli%m5 or desc5dants ( ,engli%m5 
no m c\ld  h be5 expect$4 ,:5 we        
recollect t !y _h be5 ga!r$ f  _m       
nations & diff]5t climes1 _! subs]vi5cy 
to ! int]e/s  ( ! ,briti% empire is     
rem>kable4 ,! coloni/s ev5 appeal$ to   
_! fell[-coloni/s 9 ,canada = aid &     
sympa?y4 ,b ,canada1  newly conqu]$ f   
,france1 0 peopl$ almo/ :olly by        
,fr5*m54  ,!y 7 /rang]s to ! religi\s   
/ruggles ?r\gh :i* !  m s\!rn coloni/s  
_h pass$4 ,& s f ,canada !re came no    
response ( sympa?y or help4    ,k+      
,george n[ det]m9$ to r$uce ! coloni/s  

to ob$i5ce4 ,all  trade ) ! colonies 0  
=bidd54 ,no %ip ( any nation 0  p]mitt$ 
to ent] ,am]ican ports or br+ supplies  
to ! settl]s 9  ,am]ica4 ,9 ju/ice to ! 
#agj ,engli% p x %\ld be said1 t  9 ^?  
days !y _h no control ov] ! gov]nm5t (  
_! c\ntry4  ,all ?is 0 manag$ = !m by a 
few great families4 ,_! allott$  "p 0 to
 toil h>d1 pay _! taxes1 & be sil5t4 ,if
 !y _h be5  p]mitt$ to speak1 _! voice  
w\ld h be5 on ! side ( popul>  rights4  
,!y w\ld h v9dicat$ ! m5 :o ass]t$ ! "r 
(  self-gov]nm5t--a "r :i* ! great mass 
( ,engli%m5 7 n to  enjoy = _m a long   
ye> aft]4    ,two incid5ts occurr$ ab\t 
?is "t :i* well illu/rate !  _s ( ! p4  
,x 0 ! ,sabba? morn+ be=e ! battle (    
,lex+ton4 ,! sc5e ( ! fir/ is ! ,old    
,s\? ,*ur*1 itself ri*  ) ! mem5tos ( ! 
pa/4 ,its walls are l9$ ) monum5ts4 ,!  
bury+-gr\nd ar\nd ! *ur* is a           
picturesque spot & 0 fir/  us$ ab\t     
#affj4 ,! trees int]weave _! bran*es    
above ! tombs1  & only p5cil-rays (     
sunlight break ! broad1 cool %ad[s ( !  

spot4 ,! ,bo/on bran* ( ! ,w9sl[ family 
re/s "h1 & "h also  sleeps ! fam\s ,m>y 
,*ilson1 :o is said to h be5 ! fir/  to 
/ep on %ore f ! ,mayfl[]4 ,%e di$ 9     
#afgi4 ,"h lie !  rema9s ( ,gov]nor     
,john ,w9?rop2 ,hon4 ,john ,philips1 !  
fir/ mayor  ( ! city2 ,rob]t ,treat     
,pa9e1 "o ( ! sign]s ( ! ,decl>ation  ( 
,indep5d5ce2 & _m o!rs among :i* %\ld n 
be =gott5  ! "n ( ,paul ,rev]e4    ,at  
?is *ur* ! gov]nor ( ! colony & o!r     
,briti% gov]nm5t  (ficials usually      
att5d$4 ,on ?is beautiful ,april ,sabba?
 morn+  !y _h come z usual2 & ! happy   
yet det]m9$ p 7  quietly talk+ & loit]+ 
among ! graves ( _! ance/ors4 ,at  l5g? 
! pa/or came1 & !y foll[$ him into !    
*ur*4 ,! hymn  !y sang is kn[n z !      
n9ety-f\r? psalm4 ,x comm5ces3      ,o  
,"l our ,god1 to :om alone1 all v5geance
 do? belong2    ,o mighty ,god1 :o      
v5geance owne/1 %9e =? av5g+ wrong1     
,?y folk !y break 9 pieces1 ,"l1 ?9e    
h]itage oppress1    ,! wid[ !y & /rang] 
slay1 & kill ! fa!rless4    ,! pa/or's  

text 0 ,psalms xlvi41 #a3 ,god is our   
refuge & /r5g?1  a v pres5t help 9      
tr\ble4    #aga ,he spoke ( ! wrongs !  
coloni/s _h endur$1 ! position  !y held 
9 reg>d to po/]ity1 & ! responsibility  
:i* re/$  ^u !m to plant ! in/itutions (
 lib]ty = ! b5efit (  future g5]ations4 
,w>m+ ) 8 !me1 he utt]$ s5t5ces :i*     
caus$ ! he>ts ( foes to quake & ! he>ts 
( fri5ds to gl[  & burn )9 !m4 ,/&+ on !
 plat=m ( tru? & "r1 he  d>$ to hurl    
defiance at a tyrant k+4    ,! gov]nor1 
,b]kley1 int]rupt$ ! speak]1 &1 call+   
him a  traitor1 dem&$ t he %\ld cease4  
,"s ( ! militia ( ,bo/on =esee+ ! dang] 
( ! d>+  speak] _h foll[$ him to ! *ur*1
 & already /ood 9 !  ve/ibule4 ,j at t  
mom5t ! trumpet s\nd$1 ! drums beat &  !
 great *ur*-bell rang out its cl>ion    
notes call+ ! citiz5s  to arms4 ,su* 0 !
 _s ( ! p t ! gov]nor s\ght 9  va9 to   
/ay _! indignation :i* swept l a flood  
ov] ! l&4  ,) ! ,puritans lib]ty 0 a "p 
( _! religion4    ,! o!r incid5t occurr$
 on ! eve ( ! battle ( ,lex+ton4        

,e>ly 9 ,april #agge1 ,g5]al ,gage le>n$
 t consid]able /ores (  ammunition 7    
collect$ at ! village ( ,concord1       
eighte5 miles  f ,bo/on1 & he det]m9$ to
 capture !m4 ,late on ! night (  ,april 
#ah?1 eight hundr$ soldi]s set out on   
?is err&4 ,! patriots  obs]v$ t !re 0   
some?+ m ?an ord9>y 9 progress4         
,companies ( soldi]s 7 mass$ on ,bo/on  
common "u pret5se (  le>n+ a new milit>y
 ex]cise4    ,doctor1 aft]w>ds ,g5]al1  
,joseph ,w>r51 :o fell at ,bunk] ,hill1 
receiv$ notice ( ! design ( ! troops1 & 
at once s5t ,paul  ,rev]e to ar\se !    
c\ntry4 ,x 0 agre$ t a signal light %\ld
  be plac$ 9 ! t[] ( ! ,old ,nor? ,*ur* 
to notify ! wat*]s  ( ! direction !     
troops _h tak5--"o if by l&1 two if by  
sea4  ,paul ,rev]e !n r[$ across ! /ream
 to ,*>le/[n4 ,he 0 n a  mom5t too soon4
 ,g5]al ,gage he>d t 8 plans 7 discov]$1
 &  ord]s 7 at once giv5 t no p]son %\ld
 be all[$ to leave  ,bo/on4 ,_h ^! ord]s
 be5 giv5 five m9utes soon]1 ! :ole     
c\rse ( ! revolution #agb might h be5   

*ang$4 ,z x 0  ,rev]e rea*$ ! o!r side 9
 safety4 ,hav+ obta9$ a fleet &         
sure-foot$ /e$ he /ood impati5tly wat*+ 
! belfry t[] ( !  ,old ,nor? ,*ur*4     
,mean:ile ,w>r51 9 disguise1 w&]$ ?r\gh 
!  d>kness & li/5$ ) eag] e>s till he   
he>d ! measur$ tread  ( ! gr5adi]s m>*+ 
d[n to ! boats4 ,!n ) lant]n 9  h& he   
climb$ up into ! belfry & a gleam (     
light %one ov] !  d>k & sil5t city4     
,paul ,rev]e sprang into ! saddle1 b    
paus$  a mom5t & gaz$ until a second    
light gleam$ out di/9ctly &  cle>ly4 ,!n
      ,a hurry ( ho(s 9 a village /reet1
    ,a %ape 9 ! moonlight1 a bulk 9 !   
d>k1    ,& b5ea? f ! pebbles 9 pass+1 a 
sp>k    ,/ruck out by ! /e$ t flies     
fe>less & fleet2    ,t 0 all6 ,& yet    
?ro' ! d>kness & gloom    ,! fate ( a   
nation 0 rid+ t night1    ,& ! sp>k     
/ruck out by ! /e$ 9 8 flight    ,k9dl$ 
! l& into flame ) its heat4    ,x 0     
twelve by ! village clock    ,:5 he     
cross$ ! bridge into ,m$=d t[n4    ,x 0 
"o by ! village clock    ,:5 he rode    

into ,lex+ton4    ,he saw ! gild$       
wea!rcock swim    ,9 ! moonlight z he   
pass$1    ,& ! meet+-h\se w9d[s blank & 
b>e    ,gaze at him ) a spectral gl>e   
,z if !y already /ood agha/1    ,at !   
bloody "w !y w\ld look ^u4    ,y "k !   
re/4 ,9 ! books y h read    ,h[ !       
,briti% regul>s fir$ & fl$1    ,h[ !    
f>m]s gave !m ball = ball1    ,f beh9d  
ea* f5ce & f>m-y>d wall1    ,*as+ !     
r$-coats d[n ! lane1    ,!n cross+ !    
fields to em]ge aga9    ,"u ! trees1 at 
! turn ( ! road1    ,& only paus+ to    
fire & load4    ,s ?r\gh ! night rode   
,paul ,rev]e2    ,& s ?r\gh ! night w5t 
8 cry ( al>m    ,to e ,middlesex village
 & f>m--    ,a cry ( defiance & n (     
fe>--    ,a voice 9 ! d>kness1 a knock  
at ! door1    #agc ,a ^w t %all e*o =   
ev]more6    ,=1 borne on ! night w9d ( !
 pa/    ,?r\gh human hi/ory to ! la/    
,! good %all pray & by fai? %all he>    
,a deliv]+ foot-fall z ( t /e$    ,& a  
midnight message z ( ,paul ,rev]e4      
,,*apt] ,,xviii4    ,,! ,,boys ,,( '#gf4

    ,,battle ,,( ,,lex+ton--,,(fic]s    
,,*os5--,a ,,ye> ,,(                    
,,discussion--,,decl>ation  ,,(         
,,indep5d5ce--,,_s ,,( ,,engli%         
,,nobility--,,defeat ,,( ,,am]ican      
,,=ces--,,success ,,at ,,tr5ton ,,&     
,,pr9ceton--,,suff]+s ,,at ,,valley     
,,=ge--,,wa%+ton',s                     
,,pray]--,,burgoyne',s                  
,,campaign--,,arrival ,,( ,,la          
,,fayette--,,arnold',s                  
,,treason--,,&re',s ,,dea?--,,siege ,,( 
,,yorkt[n--,,close  ,,( ,,!             
,,w>--,,treaty ,,( ,,peace--,,army      
,,disb&$--,,wa%+ton ,,resigns  ,,8      
,,commission--,,con/itutional           
,,conv5tion--,,wa%+ton ,,elect$         
,,presid5t--,,8 ,,dea?--,,8 ,,tomb4     
,) ! battle ( ,lex+ton ! w> ( !         
,revolution may be said  to comm5ce4    
,h5ce=? ! colonies 7 unit$4 ,georgia no 
long]  hesitat$1 b s5t h] delegates to !
 cont95tal ,congress4  ,resolutions 7   
unanim\sly pass$ to provide = ! def5se (
  ! c\ntry4 ,b x 0 n till aft] ! battle 

( ,bunk] ,hill  t ! p favor$ indep5d5ce4
 ,:5 ! tid+s ( ! battle  arriv$1        
,patrick ,h5ry exclaim$3 ,?is 0 ne$$ to 
r\se ! c\ntry  to action4 ,on ! same day
 ,congress appo9t$ ,george ,wa%+ton     
comm&]-9-*ief ( ! colonial =ces4 ,on !  
day foll[+ x  elect$ its f\r            
major-g5]als4 #agd ,f def]5ce to        
,massa*usetts1  = ! noble "p %e _h tak51
 ! fir/ ( ^! 0 ,artemas  ,w>d4 ,! second
 0 ,*>les ,lee1 ! son ( an ,engli%      
(fic]1 !  ?ird 0 ,philip ,s*uyl]1 ( ,new
 ,york2 ! f\r? 0 ,israel ,putnam1  (    
,connecticut4 ,?us ! c\ntry took up arms
 ) only "o g5]al  (fic]1 :o drew to     
himself ! tru/ & love ( ! c\ntry4       
,wa%+ton imm$iately accept$ ! position &
 wrote to 8 bro!r3  ,i bid adieu to e   
k9d & dome/ic ease1 & emb>k on a wide   
ocean1 b\ndless 9 its prospect1 & 9 :i*1
 p]haps1 no safe h>bor  is to be f\nd4  
,image3 ,george ,wa%+ton4    ,trumbull1 
! gov]nor ( ,connecticut1 wrote to him3 
,n[ be /rong &  v c\rage\s2 may ! ,god (
 ! armies ( ,israel give y wisdom  &    

=titude & cov] y\r head 9 ! day ( battle
 & dang]4 ,to  ?is ,wa%+ton repli$3 ,!  
cause ( our common c\ntry calls u bo?   
to an active & dang]\s duty2 div9e      
,provid5ce1 :i* wisely ord]s  ! affairs 
( m51 w enable u to dis*>ge x ) fidelity
 &  success4    ,su* 7 ! s5tim5ts :i*   
animat$ ! coloni/s 9 ,june1 #agge4  ,a  
ye> ( discussion & anxiety foll[$1 dur+ 
#age :i* a  rem>kable pamphlet 0        
publi%$1 entitl$1 ,common ,s5se4 ,!     
writ]1 :o embodi$ 9 words ! vague long+ 
( ! p1 mix$  ) crude notions ( 8 own1 0 
,?omas ,pa9e1 ! son ( an ,engli%        
,quak]1 &1 at t "t1 a little "u =ty ye>s
 ( age4 ,9 aft]  ye>s he became a       
pr(ligate & a revil] ( ! scriptures1    
yet1 at  t "t1 8 writ+s did mu* to      
prep>e ! ,am]ican p =  self-gov]nm5t4   
,h[ev]1 x 0 n until ,june1 #aggf1 t !   
coloni/s gave up !  hope (              
reconciliation4 ,at t "t ! ,assembly (  
,virg9ia issu$ a  fam\s circul> entitl$1
 ,! ,rights ( ,man4 ,! lead+ pr9ciples  
:i* x taught 71 t gov]nm5t ought to be  

in/itut$ = !  b5efit ( ! p2 t fre$om (  
spee* & ( ! press %\ld  nev] be int]f]$ 
)2 & t religion c be direct$ only by    
reason & conviction1 n by fraud or      
viol5ce4 ,a mon? lat]1  ,july #d?1      
#aggf1 ! cont95tal ,congress issu$ ,,!  
,,decl>ation ,,(  ,,indep5d5ce4 ,& = !  
support ( ?is decl>ation !y add$3 ,)  a 
firm reliance on ! protection ( ,,div9e 
,,provid5ce1 we mutually  pl$ge to ea*  
o!r1 our lives1 our =tunes & our sacr$  
honor4    ,?us ! y\?ful nation1 z x took
 its place among ! p[]s  ( ! _w1        
proclaim$ its fai? 9 ! tru? & reality & 
un*angeabl5ess ( fre$om1 virtue & "r4 ,!
 he>t ( ,jeff]son1  9 writ+ !           
decl>ation1 & ( ,congress 9 adopt+ x1   
beat =  all humanity4 ,! ass]tion ( "r 0
 made = all nations &  = all com+       
g5]ations4 ,x 0 address$ to all mank9d &
 0  de/9$ to make ! circuit ( ! _w4 ,z x
 pass$ by ! despotic  c\ntries (        
,europe1 & ! a/oni%$ p read ) m+l$      
surprise & joy1 t all m5 are creat$     
equal1 & h an equal  "r to life1 lib]ty 

& ! pursuit ( happ9ess1 !y />t$ z  f !  
sleep ( ye>s2 l ^?1 :o h be5 exiles f _!
  native l& f *ildhood1 />t up :5 !y    
sudd5ly he> ! dimly  rememb]$ acc5ts (  
_! "m tongue4    ,:5 ! news ( !         
decl>ation ( indep5d5ce rea*$ ,engl& !  
_s ( ! nobility 0 vehem5t aga9/ !       
,am]icans4 ,_h !  decision ( ! conflict 
hung on ! #agf /r5g? ( armies alone1  ! 
coloni/s c\ld n h ga9$ ! victory2 b x   
involv$ !  int]e/s ( ,europe's toil+    
millions1 & br\ght into action ideas    
:i* _h hi!rto no opportunity =          
expression1 & =ces :i*  until !n _h no  
sph]e ( action4 ,! pr9ciples t gave life
 to  ! new in/itutions p]vad$ hi/ory l a
 prophecy1 & seem$  l ! realiz+ ( !     
gold5 age ( :i* ! poets dream$4 ,!  mo/ 
pr(\nd ?9k]s & mo/ int5se lov]s ( ! race
 saw 9  ,am]ica's future an opportunity 
= man's high] developm5t2 !             
spiritual-m9d$ saw 9 ! hi/ory &         
circum/ances ( ,am]ica !  wond]-work+ & 
controll+ h& ( ,provid5ce4    ,! hi/ory 
( ! milit>y campaigns ( #aggf & #aggg1  

are too well  kn[n to ne$ repetition "h4
 ,! ,am]icans 7 beat5 9 e  attack made  
^u !m1 f ! battle ( ,bunk] ,hill1 ,june 
#ag1 #agge1  to ! battle ( ,=t ,miffl91 
,octob] #bb1 #aggg4 ,at ,cambridge !y   
_h no p[d]1 yet _! c\rage & p]sev]ance  
held out4 ,!y lo/  ,long ,isl&1 ,new    
,york1 ,=t ,wa%+ton & m ?an ?ree ?\s&   
m54 ,!y fl$ ?r\gh ,new ,j]sey foll[$ by 
! victori\s ,engli%4  ,! ,am]ican army  
kept on dw9dl+ & %r9k+ till x compris$  
sc>cely sev5 ?\s& m51 ill arm$1 unpaid1 
ill clad & unf$4    ,dur+ ^? two ye>s & 
f\r mon?s ! only battles1 t 7           
precursors ( success & gave r5ew$ hope &
 vigor to ! patriot  cause1 7 !         
brilliant successes at ,tr5ton &        
,pr9ceton4    #agg    ,image3 ,wa%+ton  
,cross+ ! ,delaw>e4    ,x 0 ! night be=e
 ,*ri/mas4 ,! ,briti% lay wait+ fur !   
,delaw>e riv] to freeze ov]1 t !y might 
aga9 pursue ,wa%+ton  & 8 little b&4    
,mean:ile ! ,am]icans collect$ all !    
boats  up & d[n ! riv] = sev5ty miles4  
,aft] d>k !y comm5c$ to  cross ! riv]4  

,! night 0 d>k & tempe/u\s1 & ! wea!r  s
 int5sely cold t two ( ! soldi]s 7 froz5
 to dea?4 ,yet  amid/ ! float+ ice &    
gu/s ( w9d !y fe>lessly r[$ across  !   
riv]4 ,at day-break ,*ri/mas morn+ !y   
attack$ ! a/oni%$  royali/s4 ,?ree times
 z _m prison]s 7 tak5 z ! numb] (  !    
,am]ican troops engag$4 ,! ,am]icans !n 
recross$ ! riv]  tak+ ! #agh prison]s ) 
!m4 ,a week lat]1 ,wa%+ton made  ano!r  
night m>* & surpris$ ! ,briti% at       
,pr9ceton1 captur+  prison]s & mak+ good
 8 escape4    ,^! exploits1             
inconsid]able z !y may seem1 greatly    
rais$ !  spirits ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,:5    
triumphs l ^! 7 possible1  "u           
circum/ances s disc\rag+1 !re 0 no ne$  
to despair4    ,?\gh ! ,briti% advanc$  
on ,philadelphia & took possession ( x1 
/ill !re 0 a feel+ ( insecurity 9 !     
,briti% army4 ,!y knew  n :at mom5t !y  
might be attack$4    ,not)/&+ ^!        
successes _m ( ! ,am]ican (fic]s left  !
 army 9 disgu/4 ,! nation c\ld n pay h] 
soldi]s & made  no promise ( future     

indemnity4 ,! ,briti% _h full possession
 (  ,new ,york1 & 7 riot+ & fea/+ at    
,philadelphia4 ,mean:ile  ,wa%+ton ) 8  
little army _h retreat$ to a seclud$    
place among  ! ,p5nsylvania hills1 :i* 0
 kn[n by ! "n ( ,valley ,=ge4    ,z ! m5
 mov$ t[>d ! spot select$ = _! w9t]     
re/+-place1 !y _h no clo!s to cov] _!   
nak$ness1 blankets  to lie on1 nor t5ts 
to sleep "u4 ,= ! want ( %oes1 _!  m>*es
 ?r\gh fro/ & sn[ might be trac$ by !   
blood f _!  feet1 & !y 7 almo/ z (t5 )\t
 provisions z ) !m4    ,an extract f "o 
( ,wa%+ton's lett]s to ,congress may n  
be out  ( place3 ,we h ?is day no less  
?an two ?\s& eight hundr$ &  n9ety-eight
 m5 unfit = duty1 because !y are b>efoot
 or o!rwise  nak$4 ,our :ole /r5g? 9    
cont95tal troops am\nts to no m ?an     
eight ?\s& two hundr$ m54 ,s9ce ! f\r?  
in/ant1 ow+ to  h>d%ips & exposures1 our
 numb]s h decreas$ ne>ly two ?\s&  m54  
,numb]s are oblig$ to sit all night by !
 fires2 or sleep on a  cold1 bleak hill1
 "u fro/ & sn[1 )\t clo!s or blankets4  

,all ?is "t ! ,briti% soldi]s 9         
,philadelphia 7 well  provid$ =2 !      
(fic]s 7 liv+ 9 luxury at ! exp5se  ( ! 
inhabitants4 ,! days 7 sp5t 9 pa/ime1 ! 
nights 9  ent]ta9m5ts4    #agi ,x 0 at  
?is p]iod ( ! w>--! d>ke/ ?r\gh :i*  !  
nation ev] pass$--t ! foll[+ incid5t    
occurr$4 ,x 0  obs]v$ t ea* day aft]    
,wa%+ton _h visit$ ! hospital  t5ts &   
adm9i/]$ to ! sick :atev] necessities or
 com=ts  he _h 9 8 p[] to be/[1 he      
retir$ into ! =e/ at "s  di/ance f !    
camp4 ,curiosity prompt$ an individual1 
nam$ ,isaac  ,pitts1 to foll[ him4 ,!re1
 at ! foot ( a l>ge tree1 ) head        
uncov]$1 kneel+ 9 ! sn[1 0 se5 !        
comm&]-9-*ief (  ! ,am]ican armies1     
engag$ 9 pray] be=e ,god4 ,) an anxi\s  
& burd5$ m9d--a m9d consci\s ( its ne$ (
 div9e support &  consolation--,wa%+ton 
w5t & roll$ ^? mighty burd5s--too heavy 
= him to be> unaid$--^u ! arm (         
,omnipot5ce4 ,isaac ,pitts  relat$ :at  
he _h se5 & he>d1 & on a subsequ5t day  
at lea/  ?ree p]sons beheld ! v5]at$    

fa!r ( 8 c\ntry1 at pray]  be=e 8 ,god4 
,x is record$ 9 ,mat!w vi41 #f3 ,b ?\1  
:5 ?\ praye/1 ent]  into ?y closet1 & :5
 ?\ ha/ %ut ?y door1 pray to ?y ,fa!r   
:i* is 9 secret2 & ?y ,fa!r1 :i* see? 9 
secret %all rew>d  !e op5ly4 ,may we n  
believe t ! high moral c\rage :i*  d>$  
great] p]ils ?an ! :i/l+ ( bullets2 t w 
(  mighty /r5g? :i* hav+ *os5 ! "r1 ?\gh
 unpopul>1 nev]  deviat$ f x2 t calm    
self-comm&1 :i* bore up "u !  greate/   
rev]ses & /ill pres]v$ its equanimity   
amid/ ! taunts  ( enemies & c5sure (    
fri5ds--may we n believe t ^! ?+s  7    
among ! op5 rew>ds ( secret pray]8    ,f
 t "t =w>d success seems to h att5d$ !  
,am]ican  arms4 ,mean:ile ! tid+s (     
,am]ican h]oism & suff]+ _h  rea*$ ! old
 _w & ?rill$ ! he>ts ( ! lov]s ( lib]ty 
9 ,europe4 ,prom95t among ^! 0 ! ,m>quis
 de la ,fayette1 a "y  ,fr5* nobleman1  
!n sc>cely n9ete5 ye>s ( age1 :o (f]$ to
  s]ve 9 ! ,am]ican army1 )\t p5sion or 
all[ance4 ,! k+ (  ,france dread$ ! gr[?
 ( civil & political lib]ty2 yet he c\ld

  n )/& ! temptation to wreak a t]rible 
v5geance on ,engl&  = hav+ wre/$ ,canada
 f 8 #ahj grasp4 ,he s5t a fleet &  army
 to ,am]ica1 :i* greatly aid$ ! cause ( 
,indep5d5ce4 ,?us  did ! rage ( wick$ m5
 fur!r ! designs ( ,provid5ce4    ,:ile 
,wa%+ton 0 /ill hemm$ 9 among ! hills ( 
,p5nsylvania1  ! ,briti% g5]al1         
,burgoyne1 _h m>*$ f ,canada into ! he>t
  ( ,new ,engl&4 ,at 8 approa* e man    
took d[n 8 musket f  ! wall & hurri$ to 
! front4 ,little discipl9e _h !y1 b a   
resolute purpose & a sure aim4          
,difficulties ?ick5$ ar\nd !  fat$ army4
    ,image3 ,sc5e ( ,burgoyne's         
,surr5d]4    ,at l5g?1 ,burgoyne f\nd   
himself at ,s>atoga4 ,x 0 n[ ,octob]4   
,heavy ra9s fell4 ,provisions 7 gr[+    
scanty4 ,gradually x became  evid5t t ! 
,briti% 7 surr\nd$4 ,night & day a      
circle (  fire encompass$ !m4 ,burgoyne 
call$ 8 (fic]s toge!r4 ,!re  0 b "o ?+  
to d & x 0 done4 ,! ,briti% army        
surr5d]$4  ,ne>ly six ?\s& brave m51 9  
sorr[ & 9 %ame1 laid d[n _!  arms4 ,! m5

 :o took !m 7 m]e peasants4 ,no two ( !m
 7  dress$ alike4 ,^! grotesque ,am]ican
 #aha w>riors behav$ t[>ds  _! conqu]$  
enemies ) true nobility4 ,g5]al ,gates1 
! ,am]ican  comm&]1 kept 8 m5 /rictly )9
 _! l9es1 t !y might  n witness ! pil+ (
 ! ,briti% arms4 ,no taunt 0 (f]$1 no   
look ( disrespect 0 direct$ aga9/ !     
fall54 ,all 7 mute 9  a/oni%m5t & pity4 
,image3 ,meet+ ,place ( ,&re & ,arnold4 
,"o ( ! sadde/ incid5ts ( ! w>1 0 !     
tragic fate ( ,major  ,&re4 ,! ,am]icans
 _h a /rong =tress at ,we/ ,po9t1 on !  
,hudson riv]4 ,! ,engli% desir$ to #ahb 
obta9 ?is place1 z its  possession w\ld 
give !m comm& ( ! ,hudson riv]1 up :i*  
_!  %ips might sail m ?an a hundr$      
miles4 ,b t =t1 sitt+  impregnably on   
rocks1 two hundr$ feet above ! riv]1 0  
h>d to  w94 ,b5$ict ,arnold1 a pr\d &   
ambiti\s ,am]ican (fic]1 0 9  comm& (   
?is po/4 ,lov+ money m ?an duty1 he     
det]m9$ to  sell ?is =tress to !        
,engli%4 ,he op5$ negotiations ) ,sir   
,h5ry ,cl9ton1 !n 9 comm& ( ! ,engli% at

 ,new ,york1 :o s5t  ,major ,&re to     
arrange ! t]ms ( ! transf]4    ,at      
midnight ,major ,&re l&$ f a ,briti% %ip
 at a lonely place1  :]e ,arnold await$ 
him4 ,_! conf]5ce la/$ s long1 t x  0   
deem$ unsafe = ,&re to return to ! %ip4 
,x 0 det]m9$  t ! next night he %\ld    
attempt1 9 disguise1 to rea* ,new ,york 
by l&4 ,! pass giv5 to him by ,arnold1  
p]mitt$ him to g ?r\gh  ! ,am]ican l9es4
 ,8 dang] might n[ be consid]$ at an    
end1 &1  "u cov] ( ! d>kness1 he rode   
*e]fully on 8 lonely j\rney1  till he   
came to a small /ream4 ,?ick woods on   
ea* side made !  d>kness /ill m gloomy4 
,sudd5ly ?ree m5 /epp$ f among !  trees 
& ord]$ him to halt4 ,?9k+ !m to be     
fri5ds1 he told  !m he 0 a ,briti% (fic]
 on v important bus9ess4 ,alas =  ,&re6 
!y 7 ,am]icans4 ,&re 0 se>*$1 & 9 8     
boots 7  discov]$ ,arnold's draw+s (    
,we/ ,po9t4 ,! m5 knew !n t he  0 a spy4
 ,he va9ly (f]$ !m a l>ge sum ( money1 b
 ! m5  nobly refus$ to sell _! lib]ty & 
_! c\ntry = gold4 ,&re  0 tri$1         

condemn$1 &1 t5 days aft]1 execut$4     
,8 dea? caus$ deep s5sation ?r\gh\t !   
army & ,engl&4 ,m5 9  ,engl& began to   
inquire into ! causes ( ?is t]rible1    
fratricidal  w>4    ,:ile ! ,briti%     
g5]al1 ,cl9ton1 0 hold+ ,new ,york1 ,"l 
,cornwallis 0 =tify+ himself 9 ,yorkt[n1
 ,virg9ia4 ,! ,fr5*  fleet sail$ = !    
,*esapeake bay1 & ,wa%+ton decid$ to act
 9  conc]t ) ! ,fr5*1 & lay siege to    
,yorkt[n4 ,! bomb>d+  0 c>ri$ on )      
extraord9>y en]gy4 ,9 a few days !      
def5ses  lay 9 utt] ru9s4 ,cornwallis   
det]m9$ to evacuate ,yorkt[n &  jo9     
,cl9ton #ahc at ,new ,york4 ,"o night he
 began to emb>k 8 m5  9 ord] to cross ! 
,york riv] & set out on 8 desp]ate m>*4 
,a viol5t /orm arose & scatt]$ 8 boats4 
,all hope 0 n[ at an  end4 ,9 ab\t a    
=tnight f ! op5+ ( ! siege1 ! ,briti%   
army1 eight ?\s& /rong1 laid d[n its    
arms4    ,well might ! coloni/s rejoice 
= _! long & bitt] /ruggle 0  ab\t to    
close4 ,eight ye>s _h pass$ s9ce ! fir/ 
blood 0 %$  at ,lex+ton4 ,!             

repres5tatives ( ! ,engli% p _h le>n$  !
 causes ( ! ,am]ican revolution1 &      
refus$ to cont9ue !  fratricidal w>4 ,! 
indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ackn[l$g$
  & ! ,briti% =ces 7 )drawn4    ,on !   
#cj? ( ,novemb]1 #aghb1 a treaty ( peace
 0 sign$ at  ,v]sailles1 betwe5 !       
commission]s1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ,john   
,adams  & ,john ,jay1 appo9t$ by !      
,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ^?  (     
,great ,brita94 ,! treaty 0 n a compact 
impos$ by =ce1 b  a p]petual settlem5t (
 all t _h be5 call$ 9 "q4 ,by  do+ ?is  
act ( ju/ice to h] =m] colonies1 ,engl& 
rescu$ h]  own lib]ties f imm95t dang]1 
& gave a pl$ge ( lib]ty to  h] o!r      
dep5d5cies4 ,t selfi% colonial policy1  
:i* _h l$ to  ! cruel & unnatural w>1 0 
laid aside =ev]4 ,great ,brita9 0       
h5ce=? ! "m ( nations--! great coloniz+ 
p[]--de/9$  to f\nd colonies 9 e qu>t] (
 ! globe1 & s[ ! isl&s (  ! ocean ) !   
se$s ( fre$om4    ,= ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! 
w> :i* began on ,lex+ton ,gre51 end$  ) 
! indep5d5ce & possession ( a c\ntry1   

:i* has increas$  till x is n[ ?irty    
times l>g] ?an ! p>5t /ate4    ,! boys (
 '#gf _h f\ght _! la/ battle4 ,decemb]  
#d?1 #aghc1  ,wa%+ton came to disb& !   
army4 ,_m ( ! soldi]s _h  be5 home by   
p]mission4 ,!y n[ came to bid f>ewell to
 _!  comm&]-9-*ief1 & !n return to _!   
great "w ( build+  a nation4 ,wa%+ton & 
8 soldi]s met = ! la/ "t4 ,no m  beat+ (
 drums or ro> ( cannon2 no m we>y m>*es 
or ! cla%  ( arms4 ,!y _h f\ght side by 
side1 & ! memories ( #ahd ^?  conflicts 
c\ld nev] be effac$4 ,wa%+ton said3 ,) a
 he>t full  ( love & gratitude1 ,i n[   
take leave ( y1 mo/ dev\tly wi%+1  t y\r
 latt] days may be z prosp]\s & happy1 z
 y\r =m]  ones h be5 glori\s &          
honorable4    ,! (fic]s !n took 8 h&4   
,!re 7 te>s ^u 8 *eek1 &  ! (fic]s felt 
a *ok+ 9 _! ?roats4 ,!y pass$ out (     
doors  d[n to ! f]ry4 ,wa%+ton /epp$    
into a boat1 took (f 8 hat &  wav$ a    
f>ewell4 ,! o>s ( ! r[]s soon bore him f
 ,new ,york to  ! ,new ,j]sey side4     
,at noon on ! #bj? ( ,decemb]1 he /ood 9

 ! old hall ( ! /ate  h\se at           
,annapolis1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,congress1  
:i* _h call$  him f 8 quiet home eight  
ye>s be=e1 to take comm& ( !  armies ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,n[ he 0 to resign x4   
,he said3 ,i comm5d ! int]e/s ( our     
c\ntry to ! protection  ( ,almighty     
,god1 & ^? :o h ! sup]9t5d5ce ( !m to   
,8 holy keep+4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ! "w assign$ 
me1 & bidd+  an affectionate f>ewell to 
?is augu/ body1 "u ^: ord] ,i  h s long 
act$1 ,i "h (f] my commission & take    
leave ( all  employm5ts ( public life4  
,?us did ,wa%+ton gladly return to 8    
home on ! ,potomac4  ,! simple gr&eur ( 
8 "* 0 n[ reveal$ beyond !  possibility 
( misconception4 ,aft]w>ds he 0 twice   
elect$  presid5t2 yet nev] abus$ ! tru/ 
repos$ 9 him4 ,!re 7 _m  :o w\ld h made 
him k+4 ,he trampl$ on _! (f]1 & w5t    
back  to 8 fields ( corn & quiet haunts 
at ,m\nt ,v]non4 ,! gr&e/  act ( 8      
public life 0 to give up p[]2 ! mo/     
magnanim\s de$  ( 8 private life1 0 to  
lib]ate 8 slaves4    ,dur+ ! ,revolution

 mo/ ( ! /ates _h adopt$ writt5 codes   
or con/itutions on :i* all _! civil laws
 7 bas$4 ,!y 7  virtually1 at t "t1     
?irte5 indep5d5t /ates4 ,congress _h b  
little au?ority2 c\ld n en=ce laws or   
collect taxes4 ,a g5]al  con/itution 0  
ne$$1 :i* w\ld fuse !m into "o          
nationality1  & control _! conflict+    
int]e/s4    #ahe    ,image3 ,m\nt       
,v]non4    ,9 #aghg1 fifty-five         
delegates met 9 ,philadelphia4 ,!y came 
toge!r  to devise means = p]petuat+ !   
lib]ty !y _h s de>ly won4  ,wa%+ton 0   
appo9t$ to preside ov] ! ,conv5tion2    
,?omas  ,jeff]son1 ,patrick ,h5ry1      
,alex&] ,hamilton & _m o!r wise  m5 7   
!re4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 br\ght to ?is--8  
late/ &  greate/ task--! ripe exp]i5ce (
 eighty-two ye>s4 ,!re 7  _m p]plex+    
que/ions to be settl$4 ,"s ( ! /ates 7  
l>ge1 o!rs small3 ought ! small ones to 
h equal voice 9 !  gov]nm5t ) ! l>ge    
ones8 ,!y decid$ t ,congress %\ld       
consi/ ( a ,s5ate & ,h\se (             
,repres5tatives--two s5ators f  ea*     

/ate1 no matt] :at its size or numb] (  
population2 b !  repres5tatives 7 to be 
elect$ accord+ to population4 ,= f\r    
mon?s ! delegates discuss$ ! mom5t\s    
issues t came be=e  !m4 ,!y sat ) clos$ 
doors2 ! _w w nev] "k h[ wise  or       
fooli%1 h[ eloqu5t or angry 7 _! words4 
,at #ahf "o "t  x seem$ impossible to   
reconcile _! diff]5ces4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9
  propos$ t ! bless+ ( ,god %\ld be ask$
 ^u _! labors4  ,f t "t =w>d1 pray] 0   
(f]$ ea* morn+1 & great]  unanimity     
prevail$ 9 c\nsel4 ,a _s ( concession 0 
manife/1  & a will+ness to give up _!   
private int]e/s = ! g5]al  good4 #ahg   
,?us did ! ,_s ( ,god act on ! he>ts ( !
  f\nd]s ( ?is nation4    ,image3 ,!    
,tomb ( ,wa%+ton4    ,at l5g? !y embodi$
 _! labors 9 a writt5 con/itution1 :i*1 
by a vote ( ! p1 became1 9 #aghi1 !     
supreme law ( ! l&4  ,) few am5dm5ts !  
orig9al con/itution rema9s 9 full =ce   
n[1 receiv+1 z x increases 9 age1 ! gr[+
 rev]5ce ( "r  m9d$ p4    ,wa%+ton 0 !  
fir/ presid5t4 ,he took ! oa? ( (fice   

,april  #cj?1 #aghi1 9 ! pres5ce ( a va/
 multitude4 ,he s]v$ eight  ye>s1 & !n  
retir$ aga9 to ,m\nt ,v]non1 :]e he di$ 
9 !  sixty-eigh? ye> ( 8 age1 ,decemb]  
#ae1 #agii4 ,8 c\ntrym5 m\rn$  him ) a  
sorr[1 s9c]e & deep4 ,_! rev]5ce = him  
has n  dim9i%$ ) ! progress ( ! ye>s4   
,to ?is day ! /eam]s1  :i* ply ^u !     
,potomac1 /rike m\rnful notes z !y sweep
 pa/  ,m\nt ,v]non1 :]e ,wa%+ton sp5t ! 
happie/ ye>s ( 8 life1  & :]e he n[     
reposes4        ,,*apt] ,,xix4          
,,progress ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,9 ,,europe4   
,,influ5ce ,,( ,,la                     
,,fayette--,,despotism ,,9 ,,france--,,!
 ,,ba/ile--,,corruptions  ,,( ,,!       
,,*ur*--,,comm5cem5t ,,( ,,!            
,,revolution--,,! ,,m>seillaise--,,its  
,,wond]ful ,,influ5ce--,,reign ,,(      
,,t]ror--,,napoleon ,,bonap>te--,,8     
,,wond]ful  ,,c>e]--,,jewi%             
,,sanh$rim--,,fall ,,( ,,napoleon--,,8  
,,dea?--,,progress ,,(  ,,lib]ty4    ,:5
 ! w> ( indep5d5ce 0 ov] ,la ,fayette   
return$ to ,france4  ,he 0 ! lightn+-rod

 by :i* ! curr5t ( republican s5tim5ts  
fla%$ f ,am]ica to ,europe4 ,he 0 ! h]o 
( ! h\r4 ,a man  #ahh :o _h help$ to set
 up a republic 9 ,am]ica1 0 a dang]\s   
elem5t = old despotic ,france to receive
 into h] bosom4 ,) !  *>m ( a great "n1 
imm5se weal? & b\ndless popul>ity to aid
  him1 he ev]y:]e urg$ t m5 %\ld be free
 & self-gov]n+4  ,! influ5ce ( ,la      
,fayette 0 soon app>5t4    ,! p (       
,france 7 liv+ "u a gov]nm5t :i* _h come
  d[n f ! feudal ages4 ,!y wi%$ to foll[
 ! example ( !  ,unit$ ,/ates1 b h[ c\ld
 ?is be accompli%$8 ,! k+ c\ld d  z he  
pleas$--make w>1 build fleets1 tax ! p1 
ev5 s5d m5  to prison :5 *>g$ ) no      
crime1 keep+ !m 9 prison till !y  became
 old & gray-hair$1 or until dea? set !m 
free4 ,( all !  gloomy prisons (        
,france1 ! ,ba/ile 0 ! mo/ horrible4    
,its d>k1  deep dungeons 7 ev] dripp+ ) 
wat] & alive ) v]m94 ,no  /raggl+ ray ( 
light ev] ent]$ !m ,! floor 0 cov]$ )   
mud & slime & ! bones ( victims :o _h   
di$ ( />vation4    ,l\is ,,xv41 k+ (    

,france 0 accu/om$ to sign 8 "n to blank
  lett]s & give !m to 8 fri5ds to fill 9
 z !y pleas$ !  names ( ^? !y wi%$ to   
puni%4 ,"o day1 ! k+ want$ money1  &    
dem&$ #abj1jjj ( ,m4 ,massot4 ,i _c pay 
x1 he repli$4  ,into ! ,ba/ile ) him1   
cri$ ! k+1 & ord]$ 8 goods to  be seiz$4
 ,m4 ,catalan 0 v ri*4 ,! k+ ca/ him    
into ! ,ba/ile  & he did n get out till 
he h&$ ov] #a1bjj1jjj6 ,madame de       
,pompad\r1 ! mi/ress ( ! k+1 rul$       
,france1 & woe to him :o  provok$ h]    
displeasure6 ,m4 ,latude1 tw5ty ye>s    
old1 (f5d$ h]1  & ! great door ( !      
,ba/ile clos$ ^u him4 ,! ye>s roll$ on1 
,madame de ,pompad\r & ! k+ w5t d[n to !
 grave1 yet ,m4 ,latude  0 /ill a       
prison] 9 ! ,ba/ile4 ,?us = sixty ye>s  
did ,l\is  ,,xv41 plund] & imprison ! p 
( ,france4    ,! nobility1 ! prie/s & ! 
(fic]s ( ! gov]nm5t paid no  taxes1 b1  
on ! o!r h&1 receiv$ great rev5ues f !  
p4  ,!y _h no?+ to d except to eat1     
dr9k1 att5d balls or hunt+  p>ties &    
play c>ds4 ,!y liv$ 9 f9e ca/les1 & _h  

beautiful  p>ks1 g>d5s & hunt+-gr\nds4  
,! tax collectors came sev]al  times a  
ye> to #ahi ! poor man's home1 b nev] to
 ! ca/le4  ,( e sixte5 doll>s produc$ f 
! l& by ! h>d-work+  peasants1 ! k+ took
 f\r1 ! prie/s took f\r1 & ! nobleman   
:o own$ ! l& took five1 leav+ only ?ree 
= ! poor man &  8 family4 ,mean:ile     
,l\is ,,xvi4 succe$$ to ! ?rone4    ,!  
*ur* 0 z corrupt z ! k+4 ,! prie/s liv$ 
luxuri\sly  on ! rev5ue wrung f ! toil+ 
p4 ,!y *>g$ ! p  enorm\s fees = e       
s]vice1 = baptism1 m>riage1 burial1 &   
masses = ! dead4 ,f ! cradle to ! grave 
x 0 "o cont9ual  extortion4    ,su* 0 ! 
condition ( ! p :5 ,la ,fayette pres5t$ 
to !  ,national ,assembly a ,decl>ation 
( ,rights4 ,x resembl$ ! ,decl>ation  ( 
,indep5d5ce 9 _m p>ticul>s1 & decl>$ t  
all m5 are  free & equal4 ,x 0 on       
,saturday1 ,july #aa?1 #aghi1 t ,la     
,fayette  pres5t$ ! ,decl>ation (       
,rights4 ,sunday came1 & ! troops 7     
m>*+4 ,! k+ _h resolv$ to disp]se !     
,national ,assembly1 &  if ! p resi/$ to

 m[ !m d[n ) cannon balls4 ,a great     
cr[d assembl$ 9 ! ,palais ,royal ,g>d54 
,!y eag]ly ask$ ,:at is  to be done8 ,a 
"y man nam$ ,camille ,desm\l9s1 sprang  
^u a table1  ) a pi/ol 9 ea* h& to def5d
 himself4 ,to arms6 to arms6 he  cri$1  
we mu/ def5d ourselves6 ,he pluck$ a    
gre5 leaf & put x  9 8 hat-b&1 = a      
plume4 ,! p foll[$ 8 example4 ,!y _h  no
 arms1 b !re 7 muskets 9 ! great ars5al1
 call$ ! ,hotel  des ,invalides4 ,!y    
broke x op5 & arm$ !mselves4 ,! cry rung
  ?r\gh ! /reets1 ,d[n ) ! ,ba/ile6 ,!y 
ru%$ to ! gloomy  prison & plant$ _!    
cannon to batt] d[n ! gates4 ,! gu>ds 9 
! ,ba/ile 7 he>t & s\l ) ! p4 ,!y hung  
out a :ite  flag1 & ! prison 0 surr5d]$4
 ,!n came =? to ! light (  day !        
emaciat$ victims :o _h be5 s long immur$
 9 its fil?y  dungeons4    ,a duke rode 
to ! k+'s palace at ,v]sailles to tell !
 news4 ,x is  a revolt1 exclaim$ ! k+4  
,! duke repli$1 ,nay1 sire1 x is a      
revolution4 ,! deluge ( blood _h come4  
,rev5geful m5 7 roam+  ! /reets ( ,p>is 

murd]+ ! nobles & ! cl]gy4 ,! ,national 
,assembly ord]$ #aij ! ,ba/ile to be    
torn d[n1 & ! p  level$ x to ! gr\nd4   
,9 ,/rasburg1 0 a "y man nam$ ,r\get de 
l',isle4 ,"o day he  0 d9+ ) 8 fri5d    
,dietri*1 & !y talk$ ( lib]ty &  equal  
rights4 ,aft] d9n]1 he w5t to 8 *amb]1  
sat d[n to !  clavi*ord & began to play 
& s+4 ,8 s\l 0 on fire = lib]ty  =      
,france4 ,he seem$ to be wr\ght ^u by a 
high] p[]4 ,words came1  & ) !m a       
/range1 wild melody4 ,he did n "k :i*   
came fir/4  ,he sang & play$1 & play$ & 
sang1 & felt a /range delight4 ,at  l5g?
 8 head fell ^u 8 brea/3 he 0 asleep4 ,!
 morn+ sun  0 %9+ 9 8 face :5 he awoke &
 ! song 0 /ill /irr+  9 8 he>t4 ,he     
call$ 9 8 fri5d ,dietri* to he> x1 he   
lik$ x  well1 & o!r fri5ds 7 call$ 9 to 
he> x4 ,a "y lady sat  d[n to !         
clavi*ord & play$ :ile ,r\get de l',isle
 sang3      ,ye sons ( fre$om1 wake to  
glory6      ,h>k6 h>k6 :at myriads bid y
 rise6    ,y\r *ildr51 wives & gr&-sires
 ho>y1      ,behold _! te>s & he> _!    

cries6      ,%all hateful tyrants1      
mis*ief bre$+1      ,) hirel+ ho/1 a    
ruffian b&1    ,:ile peace & lib]ty lie 
ble$+1      ,affright & desolate ! l&8  
,d y n he> ! prison]s moan+8      ,arise
 ye brave1 ! sword un%ea?1    ',nea?    
tyrants yoke no long] groan+1           
,resolv$ on lib]ty or dea?4    ,!       
peculi> g5ius ( ! ,fr5* language1 z well
 z ! /range  v]sification ( ! song1 w n 
p]mit ( an exact translation4    ,= !   
b5efit ( ^? ( our read]s :o und]/& !    
,fr5*  language we give "o ( ! /anzas z 
orig9ally writt53      ,quoi6 des       
cohortes etrang]es1       ,f]ai5t la loi
 dans nos foy]s1    ,quoi6 ces phalanges
 m]c5aires       ,t]rass]ai5t nos fi]s  
gu]i]s4 #aia    ,gr& ,dieu6 p> des ma9s 
en*a9ees1       ,nos fronts s\s le j\g  
se pli]ai5t1       ,de vils despotes    
devi5drai5t1    ,les maitres de nos     
de/9ees4    ,9 a few h\rs all ,/rasburg 
0 s++ x4 ,x w5t f village to  village1 f
 city to city1 f prov9ce to prov9ce1 &  
became  kn[n z ! ,m>seillaise1 or       

national song ( ,france1 :i* above  all 
o!r songs ev] writt5 has /irr$ ! he>ts (
 m54 ,great  ev5ts took place4 ,! k+ (  
,france & 8 beautiful que51 ,m>ia       
,anto9ette1 7 behead$4 ,a republic 0    
/>t$1 b 0 soon  ov]?r[n1 & ! gov]nm5t   
seiz$ by blood-?ir/y villa9s4 ,m  ?an a 
million p p]i%$ by ! guillot9e1 w>1     
fam9e &  />vation4    ,! nation wad$    
?r\gh a sea ( blood4 ,old ?+s pass$ away
 nev]  to return4 ,! int]nal hi/ory (   
,france dur+ a p]iod ( two ye>s  f !    
fall ( ! mon>*y1 is p]haps ! mo/ appall+
 record1  :i* ! annals ( ! human family 
pres5t4    ,:y did n ,france succe$ 9   
e/abli%+ a free gov]nm5t8 ,because  all 
su* mu/ be f\nd$ on intellig5ce1 virtue1
 & fai? 9 ,god &  immortality4 ,out ( ! 
revolution came ! "o man :o c\ld re/ore 
ord] to ,france--,napoleon ,bonap>te4   
,x does n come )9 ! limits ( ?is "w to  
relate !  v>i\s w>s ( ,napoleon4 ,!     
,fr5* revolution--abortive z x          
seem$--r5d]$ =ev] impossible !          
cont9uance ( ! despotism  :i* _h        

h]et(ore gov]n$ ,europe4 ,napoleon1 ?\gh
 "o ( ! wor/  despots1 s[$ revolution>y 
pr9ciples broad-ca/ ov] ,europe4 ,8     
judicial code taught ! equality ( man   
be=e ! law4 ,8 ov]?r[  ( s _m pr9ces    
taught ! p to place a l[] e/imate on  ! 
sanctity ( cr[n$ heads4 ,8 consolidation
 ( ! petty ,g]man  /ates1 awak5$ !      
desire = a unit$ ,g]many & pav$ ! way = 
its accompli%m5t4 ,he introduc$         
con/itutional gov]nm5t to ,italy1       
,we/phalia & ,spa94 ,he weak5$ !        
temporal p[] ( ! pope1 &  dealt fatal   
bl[s at ! feudal nobility4 ,8 rude      
assaults %ook to  its f\ndations ! :ole 
fabric ( ,european despotism1 & l$ !    
l[] ord]s ( ! p to ent]ta9 new ideas    
reg>d+ _! own  rights4 #aib ,nev] be=e  
_h influ5ces s p[]ful be5 br\ght s      
widely into op]ation ov] va/ multitudes 
( m54    ,image3 ,napoleon ,bonap>te4   
,napoleon1 ) ! exception ( ,oliv]       
,cromwell1 0 ! fir/ great  /atesman 9   
,europe to engage 9 designs = !         
advantage ( ! ,jews4  ,9 #ahjf1 ! _w    

he>d ) amazem5t t ,napoleon _h summon$ a
  gr& ,sanh$rim ( ! ,jews to assemble at
 ,p>is4 ,! twelve great  que/ions :i*   
,napoleon submitt$ to ! ,jewi% ,rabbis  
?us assembl$  & ! answ]s :i* !y gave to 
him1 did mu* to dispel popul>  prejudice
 aga9/ t p1 & prep>e ! way = _! social  
& mat]ial advancem5t4 ,"s ( ^! que/ions 
& answ]s 7 (  peculi> importance 9 a    
religi\s po9t ( view4 ,f ^! we le>n1  t 
9 #ahjf1 among ! ,jewi% p1 & among "s ( 
! advanc$  ?9k]s ( t age1 m>riage 0     
consid]$ null & void unless !  c]emony 0
 #aic p]=m$ by a p]son possess+ div9e   
au?ority4  ,fur!r1 t polygamy is taught 
9 ! ,jewi% scriptures1 b _h be5         
discont9u$ by ! ,jews by virtue ( a     
decree ( ! ,synod ( ,worms1  9 ,a4 ,d4  
#ajcj4 7,= fur!r p>ticul>s see ,j\rnal  
des ,debats p\r  #ahjg4 ,milman's       
,hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 page #eib47    ,!    
influ5ce :i* ,napoleon ex]t$ ^u ! c\rse 
( human affairs  is )\t p>allel 9       
hi/ory4 ,9 comp>ison ) ^!1 ! conque/  ( 
,caes> & ,alex&] dw9dle into            

insignificance4 ,nev] be=e _h  any man  
inflict$ ^u 8 fell[s1 mis]ies s appall+2
 yet did  nev] "o man's h& scatt] se$s  
de/9$ to produce a h>ve/ (  political   
*ange1 s va/ & s b5efic5t4 ,to ! despots
 ( ,europe  he 0 ! dread$ apo/le (      
democracy4 ,! amaz+ ev5ts :i*  foll[$   
ea* o!r 9 s swift succession 9 ,france 7
 wat*$ )  pr(\nd int]e/ 9 o!r l&s4 ,!   
results 7 quickly app>5t4  ,:5 ,napoleon
 fell1 ! desire = self-gov]nm5t _h      
sil5tly spread  ov] ,europe4 ,! anxiety1
 :i* ! de?ron$ mon>*s ev9c$ to  please  
_! subjects1 began to disclose to ! p ! 
secret (  _! own /r5g?4    ,a congress (
 delegates f ! great p[]s met 9 ,vi5na1 
9 #ahad1  to re/ore ! ?rones to ! k+s :o
 _h be5 exil$ dur+ !  w>s ( ,napoleon4  
,!y 7 bl9d to ! lesson :i* ! revolution 
_h taught4 ,!y dream$ n ( ! new =ces :i*
 _h be5 sil5tly  gr[+ /rong und]nea? !  
tumult & confusion ( univ]sal w>4       
,napoleon 0 at l5g? bani%$ to ,/4       
,hel5a1 a rocky isl& 9 !  ,s\?          
,atlantic1 f> f any o!r inhabit$ l&1 :]e

 he di$1 ,may  #e?1 #ahba4 ,?us d>kly   
clos$ a c>e] ! mo/ brilliant1 ! mo/     
influ5tial1 & ! mo/ rem>kable ( mod]n   
times4    ,! p[] ( ! p n[ began to be   
ev]y:]e felt4 ,9 #ahbj1 !  ,am]ican     
possessions ( ,spa9 rose aga9/ !        
despotism "u :i*  !y _h long suff]$1 &  
successfully ass]t$ _! indep5d5ce4      
,insurrections broke out 9 ,spa91       
,portugal1 ,naples & ,pi$mont1 &  only  
end$ :5 !y obta9$ con/itutional         
gov]nm5t4    #aid ,across ! ,adriatic1  
,greece took enc\ragem5t f ! en]gy  ( h]
 neighbors to ass]t ! lib]ty ( :i*      
,turki% oppression  defraud$ h]4 ,help$ 
by ,europe1 %e succe$$4    ,image3 ,!   
,city ( ,a!ns4    ,a!ns1 once ! seat (  
le>n+ & philosophy1 ! home (  poets1    
pa9t]s & sculptors1 ! city t once l$ !  
_w 9  civilization & art1 became !      
capital ( ! mod]n k+dom (  ,greece4     
#aie ,! influ5ce cont9u$ to spread until
 x effect$ all !  /ates ( we/]n ,europe4
 ,x turn$ m5's m9ds ev]y:]e to political
  ?\ght & discussion4 ,x quick5$ ! h>dy 

m\nta9e]s (  ,switz]l& to reorganize _! 
republican in/itutions1 on ! basis  (   
equal rights4 ,! little republic ( !    
m\nta9s f\nd$ s long  ago1 9 ! days (   
,william ,tell1 />t$ on a new era (     
prosp]ity4  ,france1 9 #ahcj1 once m    
attempt$ to ?r[ (f ! yoke ( h]  anci5t  
k+s4    ,image3 ,sc5e 9 ,switz]l&4      
,^! ev5ts may be said to m>k ! complete 
political awak5+ (  ,europe4 ,we/]n     
,europe 0 n[ free & #aif self-gov]n+4 ,!
 long  & pa9ful transition f despotism  
to responsible gov]nm5t 0 at  l5g?      
accompli%$4 ,"o hundr$ & eighty millions
 ( ,europeans _h  ris5 f a degrad$      
vassalage to ! rank & condition (       
freem54        ,,*apt] ,,xx4    ,,=ces  
,,( ,,civilization ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5?    
,,c5tury4    ,,! ,,g5ius ,,( ,,!        
,,age--,,european ,,w>s--,,am]ica       
,,tranquil--,,decl>ation ,,(            
,,w>--,,divisions ,,( ,,nor?            
,,am]ica--,,unit$                       
,,/ates--,,canada--,,mexico--,,am]ican  
,,common ,,s*ools--,,_!                 

,,influ5ce--,,progress ,,(              
,,inv5tion--,,fir/ ,,/eamboat--,,fir/   
,,locomotive--,,electric                
,,telegraph--,,improvem5ts ,,9          
,,pr9t+--,,spiritual  ,,d>kness--,,!    
,,k+dom ,,( ,,god--,,wants ,,( ,,!      
,,pres5t ,,age--,,joseph  ,,smi?--,,8   
,,tragic ,,dea?--,,conclusion4    ,human
 hi/ory %\ld be a record ( progress--a  
record ( accumulat+  k & increas+       
wisdom1 ( cont9ual advancem5t f a l[]   
to a high] plat=m ( intellig5ce &       
well-be+4 ,ea* g5]ation  %\ld pass on to
 ! next ! treasures :i* x has inh]it$1  
b5eficially modifi$ by its own exp]i5ce1
 & enl>g$ by !  acquisitions :i* itself 
has ga9$4    ,sometimes ! /ream ( human 
developm5t seems to pause & ! ye>s  seem
 to roll on )\t *ange4 ,yet ?is is only 
app>5t4 ,all !  :ile !re is a sil5t     
accumulation ( =ces1 :i* at l5g? bur/   
=? 9 ! viol5t ov]?r[ ( evils1 :i* _h be5
 endur$ =  g5]ations4    ,! n9ete5?     
c5tury1 has witness$ progress beyond all
 prec$5t1  = x has beheld ! ov]?r[ ( !  

b>ri]s t prev5t$  progress4 ,x has      
v9dicat$ = all succe$+ ages1 #aig ! "r (
  man to 8 own unimp$$ developm5t4 ,!   
g5ius ( ! age has t5d$  to ! abolition (
 s]fdom & slav]y1 & ! up-lift+ ( !      
poor1 ! d[n-trodd5 & oppress$4 ,m ?an at
 all previ\s times  x has se5 ! removal 
( artificial ob/acles plac$ 9 ! pa? (   
human progress by ! selfi%ness &        
ignorance ( ! /rong4    ,at ! op5+ ( !  
n9ete5? c5tury1 all ,europe 0 occupi$  )
 w>4 ,f ! ,nor? to ! %ores ( !          
,m$it]ranean1 f !  conf9es ( ,asia to ! 
,atlantic1 m5 toil$ to burn ea* o!r's   
cities1 to wa/e ea* o!r's fields1 &     
de/roy ea* o!r's lives4  ,9 "s places   
!re 0 he>d ! %\t ( victory1 9 "s ! wail 
( defeat4 ,! fir/ twelve ye>s ( ! c5tury
 7 sp5t by ,am]ica  9 pr(\nd            
tranquility4 ,%e look$ f af> ) a s]5e   
neutrality  ^u ! furi\s ef=ts :i* !     
,european nations 7 mak+ to  compass !  
ru9 ( ea* o!r4    ,9 process ( "t1      
,engl& & ,france1 eag]ly b5t on mutual  
h>m1  adopt$ measures :i* ne>ly de/roy$ 

trans-,atlantic comm]ce4  ,am]ican %ips 
lay 9 unpr(itable idl5ess2 grass grew ^u
 !  untrodd5 :>fs ( ,new ,york &        
,philadelphia4 ,moreov] ! high-h&$      
,briti% en=c$ a hateful claim to se>*   
,am]ican %ips & take away  any sailors  
suspect$ ( be+ ,briti% subjects4    ,^! 
grievances might h be5 peacefully       
r$ress$2 b ,am]ica &  ,engl& 7 too angry
 to be reasonable4 ,james ,madison 0    
presid5t  at t "t4 ,he did n want to g  
to w>1 b he desir$ to be  elect$        
presid5t a second "t4 ,8 fri5ds :o 7    
eag] = w>  in=m$ him t unless he decl>$ 
w> he c\ld n be re-elect$4  ,) clos$    
doors ! bill propos+ w> 0 discuss$4 ,x 0
 pass$  9 secret session1 & on ,june    
#ai?1 #ahab1 ,presid5t ,madison affix$  
8 signature1 & issu$ a proclamation     
decl>+ w> aga9/ ,great  ,brita94 ,!     
pr9cipal ,european p[]s1 includ+ ,engl&1
 7  !n engag$ 9 a mighty /ruggle aga9/  
,napoleon4 ,engl& c\ld  sp>e sc>cely    
?ree ?\s& m5 = ! def5se ( h] colonies4  
,! ,briti% =ces 9 ,am]ica 7 pr9cipally  

compos$ ( ,canadian  volunti]s &        
militia4    #aih ,!n came a w> ( m+l$   
success & disa/]4 ,! surr5d]  (         
,detroit1 ! disa/] at ,que5/on ,heights1
 ! victory ( ,p]ry1  ! midnight /ruggle 
at ,lundy's ,lane1 ! capture ( ,wa%+ton1
  ! t]rible havoc at ,new ,orleans--all 
^! are too well kn[n to  ne$ repetition 
"h4 ,aft] two ye>s & a half ( mutual    
injuries1  a treaty ( peace 0 sign$ 9   
:i* no?+ 0 said ab\t !  imprisonm5t (   
seam52 b f t day to ! pres5t no ,am]ican
  citiz5 has be5 imprison$ on bo>d a    
,briti% vessel4    ,!n came an era (    
peaceful indu/rial progress )\t p>allel 
9  ! annals ( ! human family4 ,! =ces ( 
mod]n civilization began  to "w4        
,nor? ,am]ica 0 n[ divid$ into ?ree     
great divisions1 ! ,unit$  ,/ates1      
,canada & ,mexico4 ,= obvi\s reasons !  
,unit$ ,/ates has  develop$ ! mo/       
rapidly4 ,! dom9ion ( ,canada is de/9$ 9
  process ( ye>s to become a p[]ful     
empire4 ,its area is m ?an  ?ree million
 five hundr$ ?\s& squ>e miles1 :i* is m 

?an  t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ne>ly equal 
to ! :ole ( ,europe4  ,mo/ ( ?is enorm\s
 region proves to be ( m>vel\s f]tility1
  produc+ 9 abundance ne>ly all ! gra9s 
( temp]ate regions4  ,millions ( acres  
are add$ annually to ! area "u          
cultivation4 ,!  va/ & magnific5t region
 wat]$ by ! ,saskat*ewan & ,ass9ibo9e   
seems de/9$ to become "o ( ! gran>ies ( 
! _w4 ,quietly &  peacefully1 ! dom9ion 
is gr[+ 9 p[] & influ5ce4 ,! area  (    
cultivat$ l& is fa/ ext5d+4             
,manufactures ( all k9ds are  rapidly   
multiply+1 & 9 %ip-build+ & comm]ce %e  
has already  out/ripp$ ! great republic4
 ,9 ^! respects1 if consid]$  sep>ate f 
,engl&1 ,canada n[ ranks ! f\r? p[] 9 ! 
_w4    ,rec5t developm5ts indicate t    
,mexico has an important "w to d  9 !   
economy ( ,god4 ,9 ! la/ few ye>s %e has
 made a/oni%+  progress 9 ! arts1       
sci5ces & social condition ( h] p4  ,z  
an illu/ration "o ( h] sons1 ! late     
,presid5t ,ju>ez %[$  himself to be "o (
 ! mo/ rem>kable m5 t has liv$ on ?is   

cont95t dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,!        
population ( ,nor? ,am]ica  9 #ahjj1 0  
sc>cely m ?an t5 millions1 n[ x         
approa*es sev5ty  #aii millions &       
increases 9 a ratio t defies            
calculation4  ,already x is ! !at] ( "s 
( ! mo/ important ev5ts 9 !  _w's       
hi/ory1 & great] ev5ts /ill await ! com+
 ye>s4    ,at ! "t t ,am]ica comm5c$ to 
be gov]n$ by ! fir/ writt5  con/itution 
t ! _w _h ev] se51 "o ( ! great que/ions
  t 0 ask$ by ! lead+ m9ds ( ! age z    
well z by !  toil+ millions ( ,europe 03
 ,:at w be ! future ( ,am]ica1  :at !   
=ces t w m\ld & fa%ion x8 ,"o ( ^! 0 !  
common s*ool4 ,"h ! future citiz5s met  
^u a level4 ,money &  position 9 society
 c\nt$ no?+2 m]it won4 ,a boy ) a pat*  
on  ea* knee1 8 jacket 9 rags1 :o liv$ 9
 a cab91 ^: breakfa/  0 potato & salt1 &
 ^: supp] 0 mu%1 & milk1 q likely  /ood 
at ! head ( ! class2 :ile ! boy :o wore 
good clo!s &  ^: fa!r 0 ri*1 possibly   
f\nd himself at ! foot ( ! long  l9e (  
spell]s4    ,f ^! s*ools _m ( ! boys    

made _! way ?r\gh college1  became      
tea*]s1 m9i/]s1 lawy]s1 legislators &   
gov]nors4 ,!  lessons !re le>n$ toge!r1 
) ! in/ructions ( hone/  ,god-fe>+      
p>5ts1 laid ! f\ndation ( "* & made !m !
  pione]s ( a new civilization4    ,!   
education ( ! masses multipli$ ! numb]  
?9k]s4 ,z a  consequ5ce1 me*anical skill
 & inv5tion is ! peculi> gr[? (  !      
pres5t c5tury & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ?is   
reg>d ranks among  ! =emo/ nations ( !  
_w4    ,f ! creation ( ! _w d[n to !    
middle ( ! la/ c5tury1  ne>ly all ! "w (
 ! _w _h be5 done by ! muscul> labor (  
m5 or animals4    ,b 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica 
m5 7 discov]+ t ma*9]y might be  made to
 d "w ( human h&s4 ,x 0 n until #agfd1 t
 ,james ,watt  comm5c$ 8 wond]ful       
inv5tions1 & t5 ye>s m elaps$ be=e  8   
eng9e 0 ( any practical use4            
,mean:ile ,h>greaves1 ,arkwright &      
,crompton _h inv5t$ ma*9es =  !         
manufacture ( clo?4 ,9 ,am]ica !re 7 l&s
 well adapt$  = rais+ cotton1 b ow+ to  
#bjj ! difficulty ( extricat+  ! se$s f 

! cotton1 b little 0 us$ & t little 0  v
 exp5sive4 ,9 #aghd1 only eight bagfuls 
( cotton 7 export$  f ,savannah to      
,engl& b :5 ,eli ,:itney inv5t$ !       
cotton-g9  9 #agib1 a great *ange took  
place4 ,x 0 se5 imm$iately t !  ma*9e   
w\ld d ! "w ( hundr$s ( m5 & a new      
indu/ry & new  product 0 giv5 to ! _w4  
,inconsid]able z ^! inv5tions may  seem1
 !y *ang$ ! clo?+ mat]ial ( !           
,engli%-speak+ p  ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,9 a few
 ye>s _! co/ume s *ang$ t !y  might be  
look$ ^u z belong+ to a diff]5t race & a
 diff]5t  civilization4    ,on ,augu/   
#bg?1 #aghg1 :ile ! ,national conv5tion 
0 at "w at  ,philadelphia fram+ !       
con/itution !y 7 invit$ to behold a     
sight t ! _w _h nev] se54 ,x 0 ,john    
,fit* glid+ up  /ream 9 ! fir/ practical
 /eamboat ev] con/ruct$4 ,9 ,july1      
#aghh1 ! boat made its fir/ trip f      
,philadelphia up ! riv] to              
,burl+ton--amid ! *e]+ ( cr[ds & !      
salvos ( artill]y4  ,x cont9u$ to make  
trips dur+ "p ( two ye>s b nev] exce$$  

?ree miles an h\r4 ,z ! ma*9]y 0        
imp]fect & ! runn+  exp5sive1 x 0 at    
l5g? ab&on$4    ,g5ius is f>-sight$ &   
prophetic4 ,john ,fit* look+ into !     
future  saw t ! "t w\ld come :5 /eam%ips
 w\ld trav]se ! ocean1  & glide to & fro
 ^u ! great riv]s ( ! ,we/4 ,he w5t to  
,ohio  to sp5d 8 la/ days1 & :5 ! %ad[ (
 dea? 0 ^u him1  he made ?is reque/1    
,bury me on ! banks ( ! ,ohio t ,i may  
be :]e ! song ( ! boatm5 & ! music ( !  
eng9es %all  enliv5 ! /illness ( my re/+
 place4 ,tw5ty ye>s pass$ away  be=e    
,fit*'s idea 0 realiz$4 ,at l5g? ,rob]t 
,fulton built !  ,cl]mont 9 #ahjg & />t$
 up ! ,hudson riv]4 ,! c\ntry p  knew n 
:at to make ( x4 ,a ,dut*man %\t$ to 8  
wife1 ,!  devil is on 8 way up ! riv] ) 
a sawmill 9 a boat4 ,fulton _h  succe$$ 
:]e o!rs _h fail$4 ,x 0 ! beg9n+ ( a new
 era 9  navigation4 ,9 #ahai1 !         
,savannah 0 ! fir/ /eamboat to cross  ! 
,atlantic ocean4 ,john ,/ev5s ( ,hobok51
 ,new ,j]sey appe>$ 9  #ahab be=e       
,congress ) a plan = a railroad4    #bja

    ,image3 ,an ,ocean ,/eam]4    #bjb  
,two ye>s lat]1 ,july #be?1 #ahad1      
,george ,/ev5son ( ,engl&  complet$ &   
ran ! ,rocket1 ! fir/ practical         
locomotive 9 !  _w4    ,b x 0 n till    
,septemb]1 #ahbe1 t ! fir/ railway =    
pass5g]s 0 op5$ 9 ,engl&4 ,six ye>s lat]
 railway tra9s 7  runn+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,!   
improv$ facilities = travel+ by means ( 
/eam1 h _h a wond]ful influ5ce ^u       
society4 ,a c5tury ago human  society 0 
compos$ ( a multitude ( little          
communities1 dwell+  ap>t1 mutually     
ignorant1 & !re=e1 *]i%+ mutual         
antipa?ies4  ,facilities ( travel br\ght
 toge!r m5 ( diff]5t t[ns &  diff]5t    
c\ntries4 ,!y le>n$ h[ little !re 01 on 
ei!r side1  to hate1 h[ mu* to love4    
,?us anci5t prejudice 0 brok5 up by !   
full] k ga9$ by ?is ext5d$ acqua9tance4 
,peculi>ities  ( dialect & mann]s grew  
indi/9ct1 & errors ( op9ion 7  correct$ 
by fri5dly conflict ( m9d4    ,9 #ahcb1 
,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 conceiv$ ! idea 
( ! electric  telegraph1 & 9 #ahcg1     

,congress grant$ him ?irty ?\s& doll>s  
to aid 8 great ent]prise4 ,9 #ahdd1     
,pr(essor ,morse s5t 8 fir/  message ov]
 ! _w's fir/ electric telegraph4 ,!     
words 71  ,:at ha? ,god wr\ght6 ,?us x 0
 f\nd t ! same my/]i\s  & t]rible p[]   
:i* fla%es out 9 ! midnight /orm 0 ready
  to convey across cont95ts & seas !    
messages ( man4 ,?is use (  electricity 
is ( peculi> int]e/4 ,x is ! fir/       
inv5tion :i*  is app>5tly f9al4 ,9 !    
race ( improvem5t all o!r inv5tions  &  
in/rum5talities may be sup]c$$4 ,b :at  
ag5cy = convey+  intellig5ce c ev] excel
 t :i* is in/antane\s8 ,x w\ld seem  t  
"h1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! human m9d has rea*$ !
 utmo/  limits ( its progress4    ,f !  
"t ( its fir/ inv5tion to ! ye> #ahad1  
sc>cely any  improvem5t _h be5 made on !
 pr9t+ press4 ,a rude ma*9e1  pr9t+ at  
its be/ sc>cely #aej copies p] h\r1 0   
/ill  univ]sally 9 use4 ,n[ we h ma*9es 
t pr9t #be1jjj copies p]  h\r2 books &  
pap]s h greatly *eap5$ 9 consequ5ce4    
,su* 7  "s ( ! =ces at "w ^u society    

dur+ ! fir/ half ( !  n9ete5? c5tury4   
#bjc ,b :ile mank9d _h progress$ 9      
sci5ce !y _h rema9$  /ation>y 9         
religion2 & h[ c\ld x be o!rwise8       
,inv5tion &  discov]y are b ! unfold+ ( 
! laws1 attributes & objects (  nature  
to man's limit$ und]/&+--! action ( !   
div9e w  on ! m9ds ( m54 ,:5 ,god       
reveal$ nature's laws1 man progress$    
sci5tifically3 until ,god reveal$       
religi\s tru? man grop$ 9  spiritual    
d>kness4 ,! intellectual light ( t age  
only made to  obs]v+ m9ds1 _! spiritual 
night m palpable2 ev5 z a c&le  %9+ 9 ! 
night only int5sifies ! surr\nd+ gloom4 
,_m  lead+ m9ds p]ceiv$ some:at1 !      
errors ( ! times1 & s\ght  to br+ ab\t  
re=m 9 v>i\s ways4 ,^! attempts br\ght  
=?  discussion & division4 ,!           
dis9tegration :i* _h comm5c$ 9  ! days (
 ,lu!r1 n[ work$ ) unexampl$ rapidity1  
until !  v>i\s s-call$ ,*ri/ian sects   
numb]$ m ?an six hundr$1 ea*  t5aci\s ( 
its own ideas1 & bitt]ly d5\nc+ all !   
o!rs4    ,none ( ^! j>r+ sects ev] _h   

div9e au?ority2 9 fact1 !y  d5i$ !      
possibility ( revelation f ,god4 ,ev5   
admitt+ _!  claims1 _! cre$s are only ! 
cry/alliz$ ideas ( ! lead+ m5  ( ! age t
 gave !m bir?4 ,= example1 ,rome dep5d$ 
n ^u  revelation1 nor ev5 ^u ! lett] ( !
 scriptures1 b ^u !  tradition ( !      
fa!rs4 ,9 o!r words1 ! rule ( fai?1 9 ! 
*ur* ( ,rome 0 ! conflict+ op9ions (    
m5--(t5 ill-in=m$  & sup]/iti\s--:o liv$
 betwe5 ! great apo/asy & ! "t (  ,lu!r4
    ,s aga91 ! cre$ ( ,lu!rism is only !
 be/ ideas ( m5 :o  liv$ 9 ,c5tral      
,europe ?ree hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago4 ,9
 l  mann]1 ,presbyt]ianism is ! reflex (
 ! /]n & rugg$ "*  ( ! ,scot* 9 ! #ag?  
c5tury4 ,s also ,me?odism & ,quak]ism   
are ! products ( zeal\s ,engli% re=m]s 9
 ! #ag? & #ah?  c5turies4 ,all ( !      
religions t exi/$ 9 ,am]ica at !  beg9n+
 ( ?is c5tury1 7 ! outgr[? ( ,european  
?\ght4 ,!y  7 sy/ems t _h be5           
transplant$ f =eign l&s1 by no means    
adapt$ to ! progressive ideas t prevail 
on ?is cont95t4    #bjd ,humanly speak+1

 x 0 "t to e/abli% a religion1 :i*  %\ld
 h>monize ) ! circum/ances & age 9 :i*  
we live4  ,div9ely speak+1 man _h become
 s develop$ & discipl9$ t he  c\ld      
receive ! gospel4 ,x 0 ! ,"l's due "t to
 aga9 reveal  ,8 w & set up ,8 k+dom ^u 
! e>?4    ,n only 0 ! age peculi>1 b    
likewise ! l& 9 :i* ?is "w  0 to be     
accompli%$4 ,! gov]nm5ts ( ,european    
c\ntries 7 all  committ$ to "s p>ticul> 
cre$1 "s peculi> =m ( religi\s  wor%ip4 
,b 9 ,am]ica !re 0 no e/abli%$ religion4
 ,all 7  free to accept or reject ! tru?
 untrammell$ by ! arbitr>y  requirem5ts 
( ! civil law4    ,! in/rum5talities us$
 = ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is "w 7  v peculi>4  
,no ho>y-head$ philosoph]1 full (       
worldly wisdom2  no crafty politician1  
zeal\s = a p>ty or sect2 no pr(\nd      
doctor  ( div9ity1 deeply v]s$ 9        
antiqu>ian lore1 0 appo9t$ to d  ?is "w4
 ,no6 ,a pure & +5u\s y\?1 :o _h sp5t ! 
few  ye>s ( 8 mortal life 9 ! quiet &   
peaceful avocations (  agricultural     
life--a y\? :o _h n yet drunk 9 ! poison

 (  man's !ology--su* 0 ! in/rum5t *os5 
by ! ,almighty = !  execution ( ,8      
purposes4    ,! sublime & tragic hi/ory 
( ,joseph ,smi? is too well kn[n to  ne$
 repetition "h4 ,a few lead+ facts w    
suffice4 ,joseph ,smi?  0 born ,decemb] 
#bcrd1 #ahje1 at ,%>on1 ,w9dsor ,co41   
,vt4 ,he receiv$  8 fir/ vision on !    
morn+ ( a beautiful1 cle> day1 e>ly 9  !
 ,spr+ ( #ahbj4 ,joseph 0 !n a little m 
?an f\rte5 ye>s  ( age4 ,?ree ye>s & a  
half pass$ away1 :5 he receiv$ 8  second
 vision4 ,x 0 ,septemb] #ba/1 #ahbc2 he 
_h retir$ to re/  :5 ! div9e mess5g]    
made 8 appe>ance4 ,dur+ ! night !  angel
 appe>$ ?ree times to ,joseph1 &        
imm$iately aft]1 ! dawn  approa*$2 s t  
_! int]views mu/ h occupi$ ! :ole (  t  
night4 ,?rice _h ! angel desc5d$1 &     
?rice _h he asc5d$1  ) all !            
circum/ances ( reality4 ,!re is some?+  
gr& 9 !  v simplicity ( ! n>rative (    
,joseph & all ! m impressive  :5 we     
consid] 8 m5tal & physical #bje         
*>act]i/ics--a  man ( l(ty /ature &     

giant m9d4 ,he dwelt 9 ! v gl>e &       
illum9ation ( a spiritual exi/5ce1 & yet
 0 ! f\nd]1  organiz] & lead] ( a       
latt]-day ,israel4 ,n m real 0 ,jacob's 
angel ) :om he wre/l$ all night1 ?an 7 !
 angels ( our  times to ,joseph4 ,!n he 
comm5c$ a life ( toil & p]secution--toil
  9 ! s]vice ( 8 div9e ,ma/]1 p]secution
 f ! enemy ( all  good4    ,we c only   
und]/& ! life & "* ( ,joseph ,smi?1 :5  
we consid] ! peculi> wants ( ! pres5t   
age4 ,nev] 0 !re a  "t 9 ! hi/ory ( !   
race :5 le>n+ & g5]al intellig5ce  7 s  
well diffus$ z at ! pres5t4 ,! press is 
?r[+  (f cont9ually its millions ( pr9t$
 pages :i* are scatt]$  broadca/1 z !   
leaves ( autumn4    ,nev] 0 !re a "t ( m
 int5se activity4 ,:o c pass ?r\gh  !   
cr[d$ /reets ( our cities1 li/5 to !    
?robb+ ( ! /eam  eng9e1 ! hum ( ma*9]y1 
gaze at ! va/ tra9s t are driv5  ) fire 
& vapor along our railways1 or view ^?  
magnific5t  /ructures t cross ! mighty  
deep )\t feel+ t ?is is an  e>ne/ age8  
,n[ ?is e>ne/1 active1 ?9k+ age1 dem&s a

 religion t has  life & p[] 9 x4 ,n a   
religion ( cold =mality & n>r[          
sect>ianism1 b a religion t w satisfy ! 
intellig5t )  its tru?s1 & t\* ! he>t ) 
its love1 & sway ! w )  its             
p]suasiv5ess1 & gratify ! ta/e ) its    
beauties1 & fill  ! imag9ation ) its    
sublimities4 ,a religion is want$ t w   
enli/ ^u its side ! :ole nature ( man & 
comm& 8 will+  & devot$ homage2 a       
religion1 t1 be>+ ! full impress ( its  
,au?or's image1 %all c>ry its own       
cr$5tials ) x1 & :i*1  clo!d ) all !    
elem5ts ( tru? & righte\sness1 beauty & 
gr&eur1 ( love & p[]1 %all be rev]$ by  
all ^? :o love !  tru?1 & dread$ by all 
:o love x n4    ,x is evid5t to e ?9k+  
m9d t ! /rife & confusion &  babel ( !  
six hundr$ j>r+ sects ( ,*ri/5dom c n d 
?is4  ,_! half-des]t$ ca!drals & cold1  
=mal c]emonies1 z well z  ! triumphant  
m>* ( infidelity #bjf & crime1 atte/ !  
fact1  t !y h lo/ _! hold on ! masses ( 
m54    ,z 9 ! days ( old ! ,"l r5ew$ 8  
communications ) man  ?r\gh ! dutiful & 

ob$i5t ,samuel2 s 9 ?is age he spake to 
! y\?ful ,joseph4 ,& h[ did ,joseph     
accompli% s mu* 9 s %ort  a "t8 ,simply 
because he ent]$ into 8 "w ) 8 :ole     
he>t4  ,he all[$ no inf]ior object to   
weak5 8 int]e/ or divide 8  att5tion1 & 
he cont9ually s\ght ! inspiration ( !   
,almighty1  :o came to 8 aid & enabl$   
him to accompli% 9 ! %ort space  ( a few
 ye>s ! mightie/ "w t any man has wr\ght
 s9ce !  ,savior 0 ^u ! e>?4 ,aft] an   
active & self-sacrific+ life (  ne>ly   
?irty-n9e ye>s1 he 0 brutally murd]$ by 
a mob ,june #bg?1  #ahdd4    ,?us liv$1 
suff]$1 toil$1 & di$1 ! m>tyr-prophet ( 
!  n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?us fla%$ a?w>t !   
spiritual d>kness (  8 age1 ! light ( ! 
latt] days4 ,ev5 z 9 days ( old !  light
 %one 9 ! d>kness & ! d>kness compreh5d$
 x n4  ,contemplat+ 8 dea? ! m9d        
in/9ctively rev]ts to t sc5e1  :5 !     
,savior suff]$ on ,calv>y1 eighte5      
hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,across  ! ages /ride !
 footpr9ts ( ! self-same _s4            
,unconsci\sly  are associat$ ! dea? ( ! 

,r$eem] & ! m>tyrdom ( ,8  s]vant4      
,already ! pr9ciples enunciat$ by       
,joseph ,smi?1 h %ak5  ! religi\s _w f  
c5t] to circumf]5ce4 ,! ignorant may    
effect to scorn1 yet ! day is nigh1 :5  
,am]ica w be pr\d ( h]  prophet son4    
#bjg        ,li/ ( ,illu/rations        
,m\nt ,calv>y - ,frontispiece           
,j]usalem - #aj    ,coliseum - #ad      
,fakir - #af    ,damascus - #bi         
,int]ior ( a ,s>ac5 ,palace - #da       
,eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius - #df       
,con/ant9ople - #di    ,*ur* ( ! ,holy  
,sepul*re - #ee    ,anci5t ,vessels -   
#fb    ,dungeon ( ! ,inquisition - #fi  
,*ri/oph] ,columbus - #gi    ,%ips (    
,columbus - #hb    ,l&+ ( ,columbus -   
#hc    ,! ,/raits ( ,magellan - #ij     
,! ,rack - #ic    ,anci5t ,p]uvian      
,resid5ce - #ajh    ,anci5t ,t[] at     
,newport - #aaj    ,mammo? - #aae       
,mummy - #aai    ,massacre ( ! ,incas - 
#aea    ,l&+ ( ! ,pilgrims - #acb       
,fox 9 ,discussion - #adb    ,p5n's     
,treaty ) ! ,indians - #add    ,john    

,wesley - #aec    ,fir/ ,am]ican        
,almanac - #aei    ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 -   
#afj    ,george ,wa%+ton - #agd #bjh    
,wa%+ton ,cross+ ! ,delaw>e - #agg      
,sc5e ( ,burgoyne's ,surr5d] - #ahj     
,meet+ ,place ( ,&re & ,arnold - #aha   
,m\nt ,v]non - #ahe    ,! ,tomb (       
,wa%+ton - #ahf    ,napoleon ,bonap>te -
 #aib    ,! ,city ( ,a!ns - #aid        
,sc5e 9 ,switz]l& - #aie    ,an ,ocean  
,/eam] - #bja        #bji    ,,index4   
,ab\-,bek] #bh    ,adam ,smi? #ga1 #aed 
,alhaz9 #cg    ,&alusia #ca1 #dj        
,am]ica ,discov]$ #hd    ,am]ican       
,antiquities #aji-aab    ,africa1 ,fir/ 
,map ( #hi    ,apo/asy ( ,primitive     
,*ur* #ac    ,arabia1 ,description ( #bj
    ,arabic ,notation #cf    ,aye%a #bh 
,armada1 ,inv9cible #ajd1 #aje          
,anci5t ,am]ican ,races #aad1 #aag      
,acadia1 ,colonization ( #abf1 #abg     
,almanac1 ,fir/ ,am]ican #aeh1 #aei     
,adams1 ,samuel #afg    ,antimony1 ,:y s
 ,call$ #gc    ,arnold's ,treason #ahb  
,&re1 ,major #aha    ,am]ican           

,revolution #agc    ,al ,mamun ,measures
 ! ,e>? #cg    ,&alusia1 ,conque/ ( #ca 
,atmosph]ic ,refraction #ch    ,arabian 
,a/ronomy #cf    ,arnold ( ,brescia #fg1
 #fh      ,bacon1 ,rog] #gc    ,ba/ile  
#ahh1ahi    ,bozrah #bb1bh    ,bagdad1  
,univ]sity ( #ce    ,boheim1 ,hans #id  
,balboa ,discov]s ,pacific ,ocean #hi   
,bruno1 ,dea? ( #ajd    #baj    ,b>b>ism
 ( ,europe #db    ,boniface ,,ix4 #gf   
,byzantium #dh1 #ej    ,bible ,fir/     
,pr9t$ #gh    ,brew/] #abi1 #acj        
,libr>y #acd    ,br9dley1 ,james #aed   
,briti% ,india #aee1 #aef    ,burgoyne's
 ,surr5d] #ahj    ,bonap>te #ahj        
,bible1 ,influ5ce ( #abd      ,caaba #ba
    ,cadijah #bd    ,caliphate #bg      
,caliphs ,patronize ,le>n+ #ce          
,*ivalry1 ,rise ( #fe1 #ff    ,canada   
#aih        ,fir/ ,settlem5ts 9 #abf    
,common ,s*ools1 ,effect ( #aii         
,*ri/ians ,p]secut$ #ac    ,*ri/ian1    
,e>ly ,sects #bc    ,columbus #gh       
,vessels ( #ha    ,compass1 ,m>9]'s #cg 
,con/ant9e1 ,crimes ( #dg               

,con/ant9ople #dh        ,view ( #di    
,siege ( #ej1 #ea    ,*olula1 ,pyramid (
 #aab    ,cotton-,g91 ,inv5tion ( #bjj  
,cop]nicus #ajc1 #ajd    ,con/itutional 
,conv5tion #ahe    ,coliseum #ad        
,crusades #ei        ( ,*ildr5 #fa      
,results ( #fc    ,culture ( ,wom5      
,among ,s>ac5s #db    ,cyril ( ,alex&ria
 #dd        ! ,prie/ #ga #baa           
,civilization ( ,mexico #aag1 #aah      
( ,p]u #aah1 #abj    ,*ampla9's ,voyages
 #abf    ,*a?am1 ,e>l ( #afh            
,cromwell #acc    ,conf$]ation1 ,fir/   
,am]ican #ace    ,coloniz+ ( ,new ,engl&
 #abh    ,*>les ,i4 #acc1 #acd          
,*emi/ry1 ,orig9 ( #cf    ,c>v]1 ,john  
#aca    ,c>ti]1 ,jacques #abf           
,damascus1 ,capture ( #bi    ,de/ruction
 ( ,j]usalem #aa1 #ab    ,de/ruction (  
,h]culaneum & ,pompeii #de    ,dom9icans
 #fg    ,discov]y ( ,am]ica #hd         
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce #age          
,delaw>e ,cross$ by ,wa%+ton #agf       
,diet ( ,worms #ie      ,e>? ,prov$ to  
be ,r\nd #cg        ,circumnavigat$ #hi1

 #ib    ,e>l ( ,*a?am #afh    ,ext5t (  
,primitive ,*ur* #i    ,ext5sion (      
,engli% ,language #aeg    ,europe       
,assumes ,mod]n ,=m #gd    ,ev]la/+     
,gospel1 ,! #ga1 #gb    ,ev]la/+        
,gospel1 ,its ,tea*+s #gb    ,ev]la/+   
,gospel1 ,its ,influ5ce #gc    ,esdras1 
,acc\nt ( #hg    ,engli% ,revolution    
#adi    ,electric ,telegraph #bjb       
,engl&'s ,dom9ion #aef    ,ebn ,junis   
,inv5ts ! ,p5dulum #ch      ,franciscans
 #fg    ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ( ,italy #gj     
,8 ,lib]al ,policy #ga    ,fox1 ,george 
#ada-adc    ,fit*1 ,john #bjj    ,fr5*  
,revolution #ahi #bab    ,fall ,riv]    
,skeleton #aji    ,frankl91 ,b5jam9     
#aeh1 #afa    ,female ,physicians #dc   
,gregorian ,cal5d> #cg    ,gut5b]g #gg  
,g9 ,fir/ ,made #aea    ,g5]al ,gates   
#aha    ,g5]al ,revolution #afb         
,galileo1 ,8 ,degradation #ajd          
,globes ,fir/ ,us$ by ,arabs #cd1 #dc   
,greece1 ,k+dom ( #aid      ,hampd51    
,john #acc    ,h>v>d ,college ,f\nd$    
#acc    ,holl&1 ,description ( #acf     

,h5ry1 ,patrick #afh    ,h]aclius1      
,emp]or #cj    ,h>\n al ,ras*id #cf     
,h]culaneum ,de/roy$ #de    ,huss ,burn$
 #ib    ,hypatia #dd    ,hugu5ots1      
,massacre ( #acf        ,flee to ,am]ica
 #adf1 #aee    ,h[>d1 ,john #aec        
,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,g]many1 a ,p5it5t #ee    
,human ,sacrifices #aac      ,incas1    
,massacre ( #abj1 #aba    ,india1       
,briti% #aee1 #aef    ,indians1 ,p5n's  
,treaty ) #adf    ,indian ,races        
,de/roy$ #ajg    ,inquisition ,e/abli%$ 
#gj    ,innoc5t ,,iii4 #fg1 #fh1 #gj    
,influ5ce ( ,m9/rels #ff    ,inv5tion ( 
,pr9t+ #gg    ,inv5tion ( ,/eely>ds #ch 
,jame/[n ,f\nd$ #abg    ,j]usalem       
de/roy$ by ,romans #ab        ,captur$  
by ,s>ac5s #bi        ,tak5 by ,crusad]s
 #fj    ,joss ,fritz #id #bac    ,ju>ez 
#aih    ,judaism1 ,gold5 ,age ( #ci     
,jews ,expell$ f ,spa9 #aji      ,koran 
#bc    ,khal$ #bh      ,la ,fayette #ahg
    ,leyd51 ,siege ( #acg-adj    ,lu!r1 
,m>t9 #ie1if    ,locomotive1 ,fir/ #bjb 
,levaur1 ,massacre ( #gj      ,massacre 

9 ,s\!rn ,france #fh    ,mahomet #ba-bf 
,mahometan ,s*ools #ch    ,m>co ,polo1  
,travels ( #gc1 #gd    ,magellan's      
,voyage #hi-ib    ,mona/]ies1 ,rise (   
#ah    ,munz]'s ,proclamation #ih       
,mexican ,pyramids #aab        ,ye> #aai
        ,arts & ,sci5ces #aah           
,mammo?1 ,rema9s ( #aae    ,m>yl&       
,coloniz$ #adf    ,me?odi/s1 ,rise (    
#aea    ,montesquieu #aee               
,m>seillaise #aia    ,morse1 ,samuel ,f4
 ,b4 #bjb      ,ne/orians #bb           
,newport ,t[] #aaj    ,newspap]1 ,fir/  
#aej    ,napoleon ,bonap>te #aib        
8 ,influ5ce #aic        8 ,dea? #aic    
,ne!rl&s1 ,indep5d5ce ( #acf      ,om>  
,caliph #bi    ,ottoman ,turks #cc      
,oliv] ,cromwell #acc    ,old ,s\? ,*ur*
 ,incid5t #agj      ,pet] ,waldo #fg    
,pet] ! ,h]mit #eh #bad    ,pompeii     
,de/roy$ #de    ,peasant's ,w> #ig      
,pr9t+1 ,inv5tion ( #gg    ,p]secution (
 ,*ri/ians #ac        ( ,quak]s #adh    
,p]u1 ,description ( #aah1 #abj    ,p5n1
 ,william #adc-adf    ,p5nsylvania      

,f\nd$ #ade    ,pitt1 ,william #aee1    
#aeg    ,pa9e1 ,?omas #age    ,pilgrim  
,fa!rs #abi1 #acc    ,pyramids ( ,mexico
 #aab      ,quebec ,f\nd$ #abf          
,quetzalcoatl #aab1 #abb    ,quak]ism1  
,rise ( #ada    ,que5 ,isabella #ha     
,raymond1 ,e>l ( ,t\l\se #fh            
,relic-,wor%ip #ed    ,ri*>d !          
,lion-,he>t$ #fa-fc    ,rise ( ,*ivalry 
#fe1 #ff    ,re=mation #ie-ii           
,religion ( ,mexico #aaf1 #aag    ,rog] 
,williams #adg    ,rum1 ,fir/ ,made #aea
    ,revolutions ,g5]al #afb    ,rosseau
 #afc    ,rev]e1 ,paul #agb    ,r\get de
 l',isle #aij    ,revolution1 ,fr5* #ahi
    ,railroad1 ,fir/ #bjb    ,rob9son's 
,prophecy #acj      ,s>ac51 ,conque/ (  
#cj        ,discov]ies #cf              
,expell$ f ,spa9 #aji        ,cities #dj
        ,s*ools #db    ,%ips ( ,columbus
 #ha    ,s]vetus1 ,dea? ( #ajc    ,smi?1
 ,adam #aed #bae    ,/amp ,act #aff     
,/eamboat1 ,fir/ #bjj    ,smi?1 ,joseph 
#bjd              ,8 ,bir? #bjd         
,8 ,dea? #bjf    ,spa91 ,degradation (  

#aji    ,spani%-,am]ican ,revolution    
#aic    ,skeleton1 ,fall ,riv] #aji     
,t5 ,tribes #hg    ,treaty ( ,peace #ahc
    ,telegraph ,inv5t$ #bjb             
,twilight1 ,reason ( #ach      ,valley  
,=ge #agh    ,vasco de ,gama #hi        
,vesuvius1 ,eruption ( #df    ,van d]   
,w]f1 ,spee* ( #aci    ,voltaire #afc   
,worms1 ,diet ( #ie        ,synod ( #aib
    ,wor%ip1 ,corrupt$ #ag    ,wald5ses1
 ,rise ( #fg    ,waldo1 ,pet] #fg       
,wit*craft #ajj1 #aja    ,williams1     
,rog] #adg    ,:itfield1 ,george #aea   
,wesley1 ,*>les #aeb    ,wesley1 ,john  
#aeb    ,wilb]=ce1 ,william #aec        
,watt1 ,james #aed    ,wa%+ton's        
,boyhood #aeh    ,wa%+ton ,*os5 ,g5]al  
#agd        z ,presid5t #ahd            
,wa%+ton's ,dea? #ahg    ,woman1        
,condition (1 ,among ! ,s>ac5s #db1 #dc 
,wy&otts1 ,tradition ( #abb      ,ziska1
 ,john #id        ,transcrib]'s ,note3  
,"s obvi\s pr9t]'s errors h be5 correct$
 z seem$ reasonable1  su* z c]ta9       
punctuation errors 7l omitt$ p]iods1    

p]iods  to commas or semi-colons to     
commas1 & "s mismat*$ quotation  m>ks1  
etc474 ,"s inconsi/5t or obvi\s spell+  
errors or typos  )9 ! text 7 also       
correct$ 7e4 g41 make to made1 beg9+  to
 beg9n+1 convic$ to conv9c$1 satisfiy to
 satisfy1 imm$ite to  imm$iate1         
successsful to successful1 m>atime to   
m>itime1 gunp[]  to gunp[d]1 b[ld] to   
b\ld]1 as5d to asc5d1 deg>dation to     
degradation1 =givness to =giv5ess1 en to
 t51 myrtyr to m>tyr1  cont9et to       
cont95t1 gratitute to gratitude1        
loyality to loyalty1  philan?rophi/ to  
philan?ropi/1 extavagant to extravagant1
  ju/ifiy+ to ju/ify+1 weak5d to weak5$1
 ,fi*'s to ,fit*'s1  ,re$em] to ,r$eem]1
 matyrdom to m>tyrdom1 etc41 etc474     
,! book us$ z a ref]5ce = ?is e-book    
transcription orig9ally  belong$ to ,o4 
,n4 ,toomey1 & 0 digitiz$ by ! ,h>old   
,b4 ,lee  ,libr>y at ,brigham ,"y       
,univ]sity4 ,x c be view$ or d[nload$   
free at                                 
https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/h&(provid

5ce#jj;aw>d4