,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,hi/ory2 ,,9 ,a ,,c\rse ,,( ,,lectures1 ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,vi5na1 ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,,von ,,s*legel4 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,g]man1 ,,) ,a ,,memoir ,,( ,,! ,,au?or1 ,,by ,,james ,,burton ,,rob]tson1 ,,esq4 ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,london ,,saund]s ,,& ,,otley1 ,,conduit ,,/reet4 ,,mdcccxxxv4 ,b4 ,,b5sley1 ,,pr9t]4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,lecture ,x4 ,on ! ,*ri/ian po9t ( view 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4--,! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ! political _w4--,decl9e ( ! ,roman ,empire4 #a ,,lecture ,,xi4 ,( ! anci5t ,g]mans1 & ( ! invasion ( ! ,nor!rn tribes4--,! m>* ( ,nature 9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( ,nations4--,fur!r diffusion & int]nal consolidation ( ,*ri/ianity4--,great corruption ( ! _w4--,rise ( ,mahometanism4 #dj ,,lecture ,,xii4 ,sket* ( ,mahomet & 8 religion4--,e/abli%m5t ( ! ,s>ac5ic ,empire4--,new organization ( ! ,european ,we/1 & ,re/oration ( ! ,*ri/ian ,empire4 #gh ,,lecture ,,xiii4 ,on ! =mation & consolidation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,gov]nm5t 9 mod]n times4--,on ! pr9ciple :i* l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! old ,g]man ,empire4 #aag ,,lecture ,,xiv4 ,on ! /ruggles ( ! ,guelfs & ,ghibell9es4--,_s ( ! ,ghibell9e age4--,orig9 ( romantic poetry & art4--,"* ( ! s*ola/ic sci5ce & ! old jurisprud5ce4--,an>*ical /ate ( ,we/]n ,europe4 #aeb ,,lecture ,,xv4 ,g5]al obs]vations on ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 ,on ! corrupt /ate ( society 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4--,orig9 ( ,prote/antism1 & "* ( ! times ( ! ,re=mation4 #aid ,,lecture ,,xvi4 ,fur!r developm5t & ext5sion ( prote/antism1 9 ! p]iod ( ! religi\s w>s1 & subsequ5tly !reto4--,on ! diff]5t results ( ^? w>s 9 ! pr9cipal ,european c\ntries4 #bbh ,,lecture ,,xvii4 ,p>allel betwe5 ! religi\s peace ( ,g]many & t ( ! o!r c\ntries ( ,europe4--,! political sy/em ( ! ,balance ( ,p[]1 & ! pr9ciple ( false ,illum9ism preval5t 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 #bfh ,,lecture ,,xviii4 ,on ! g5]al _s ( ! age1 & on ! univ]sal ,reg5]ation ( ,society4 #cjj ,,philosophy ,,( ,,hi/ory4 ,,lecture ,x4 ,on ! ,*ri/ian po9t ( view 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4--,! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ! political _w4--,decl9e ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,a regul> hi/ory ( ! life ( our ,savi\r1 rec\nt$ l any o!r hi/orical occurr5ce1 w\ld 9 my op9ion be out ( place 9 a philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,! subject is ei!r too va/ = pr(ane hi/ory1 or 9 its fir/ beg9n+s too obscure1 :e!r we consid] its int]nal importance1 or 9 a m]e hi/orical po9t ( view1 its outw>d appe>ance4 ,a ?9k+1 & 9 8 way well-?9k+ ,roman1 :5 he _h obta9$ a m accurate k ( ! life ( our ,savi\r f ! acc\nts ( ! ,roman ,procurator1 or o!r ,roman dignit>ies 9 ,pale/9e1 might h express$ himself respect+ ! :ole transaction 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,?is is a v extraord9>y man1 endu$ ) wond]ful & div9e p[]1 = su* vague & g5]al admiration might well be indulg$ 9 by a ,hea!n1 :o yet adh]$ to ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( 8 ance/ral fai?1--a man1 :o1 he w\ld cont9ue to say1 has produc$ a great moral revolution 9 m9ds1 & 01 accord+ to ! mo/ cr$ible te/imony1 ( ! pure/ "* & mo/ rigid morals1 :o taught mu* t 0 sublime on ! immortality ( ! s\l & ! secrets ( futurity2 b :o 0 accus$ by 8 enemies1 & deliv]$ ov] to dea? by 8 own p4 ,su*1 p]haps1 w\ld h be5 ! judgm5t ( a ,tacitus1 _h he drawn 8 in=mation f bett] & less pollut$ s\rces4 ,s long h[ev] z all ^! transactions 7 conf9$ to ! small prov9ce ( ,judea1 ! s\nde/ & be/ con/itut$ ,roman m9d c\ld h sc>cely felt a m ?an pass+ regret at ! p]petration ( s signal an act ( private inju/ice2 & w\ld1 9 o!r respects1 h n reg>d$ x z an ev5t :i* c\ld1 9 a ,roman po9t ( view1 be t]m$ hi/orical1 or wor?y to occupy a place 9 ! m ext5d$ circle ( 8 own _w4 ,x 0 only :5 ,*ri/ianity _h become a p[] 9 ! _w--! pr9ciple ( a new life1 & ( a new =m ( life totally diff]+ f all prec$+ =ms ( exi/5ce1 t x began to attract ! att5tion ( ! ,romans1 z a rem>kable hi/orical occurr5ce4 ,h[ p]fectly un9telligible1 /range & my/]i\s ?is mighty ev5t at its orig91 & = a long "t aft]w>ds1 appe>$ to ! ,romans2 h[ errone\s & absurd 7 _! op9ions & conduct 9 reg>d to ! ,*ri/ian religion1 we h already %ewn by "s *>act]i/ic examples4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we view ! :ole transaction ) ! eye ( fai?--:5 we consid] all t has s9ce gr[n up 9 ! _w out ( beg9n+s app>5tly s small--! case *anges its aspect 9 our reg>d2 & we are !n incl9$ to believe t ! my/]ies & miracles ( our ,savi\r's life & dea?1 nay1 ! :ole sy/em ( 8 doctr9e1 :i* is intimately connect$ ) ^? my/]ies & miracles1 & is itself ! greate/ my/]y & miracle1 %\ld be ab&on$ exclusively to religion1 &1 z !y transc5d ! ord9>y sph]e ( hi/ory1 w\ld be misplac$ 9 a "w ( ?is nature4 ,i w !re=e pre-suppose a k ( ^! sacr$ my/]ies1 &1 )\t ent]+ into any exam9ation ( !m1 w endeav\r to describe ! /ate ( ! _w1 & ! aspect ( society1 :5 ! ,*ri/ian religion fir/ made its appe>ance4 ,a notice ( "s p>ticul> po9ts ( doctr9e1 connect$ ) politics & hi/ory1 ei!r 9 respect to ! pa/ or to ! future1 is by no means incompatible ) my plan2 b a complete exam9ation ( ! :ole sy/em ( ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 z ( any o!r great sy/em ( doctr9e or philosophy1 w\ld1 = ! reason ,i h alleg$1 be q misplac$ 9 a "w ( ?is description4 ,i w 9 ! next place endeav\r to %ew ! hi/orical influ5ce :i* ?is div9e p[] has ex]t$1 & po9t out h[ f its v orig91 & /ill m 9 its progress1 x entirely r5ovat$ ! face ( ! _w4 ,d\btless ! philosophy ( hi/ory =ms an ess5tial "p ( ! sci5ce ( div9e & human ?+s--?+s :i* 9 ! mode ( conceiv+ or treat+ !m1 %\ld be r>ely & ev5 nev] entirely sep>at$4 ,= h[ is x possible to atta9 to a j & correct k ( human ?+s1 9 any dep>tm5t ( life & sci5ce1 unless !y be view$ 9 relation to & connection ) ! div9e pr9ciple1 :i* animates or directs !m8 ,a c]ta9 m$ium1 h[ev]1 is to be obs]v$1 & ! limits mu/ be cle>ly & accurately trac$ betwe5 div9e & human ?+s1 le/ ! "o dep>tm5t %\ld be conf\nd$ ) ! o!r4 ,= z x is v prejudicial to religion to make x m]ely a matt] ( le>n$ hi/orical rese>*2 s x is inconsi/5t ) ! object ( hi/orical philosophy to trans=m x into a m]e s]ies ( religi\s m$itations4 ,und\bt$ly hi/orical philosophy c & ought to assume ! div9e pr9ciple 9 man--! div9e image implant$ 9 ! human brea/--z ! great pivot ( human de/9y1 ! ma9 & ess5tial po9t 9 univ]sal hi/ory1 & ! re/oration ( t ,image z ! prop] purpose ( mank9d4 ,?us ! philosophic hi/orian may endeav\r1 z ,i h attempt$1 to po9t out ! div9e tru? conta9$ 9 ! primitive revelation1 ! orig9al ^w :i* 0 curr5t among ! nations ( ! primitive age3 9 ! second p]iod ( ! _w--! decisive crisis betwe5 anci5t & mod]n times--he w discov] 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ! sole pr9ciple ( ! subsequ5t progress ( mank9d2 & ! di/9ctive "* & intellectual importance ( ! ?ird or la/ epo* ( ! _w1 he w f9d only 9 t light1 :i*1 em]g+ f ! primitive revelation1 & ! religion ( love e/abli%$ by ! ,r$eem]1 has %one ev] cle>] & bright] ) ! progress ( ages1 & has *ang$ & reg5]at$ n only gov]nm5t & sci5ce1 b ! :ole sy/em ( human life4 ,"h is ! pr9ciple :i* furni%es ! plan ( classification = all ! great epo*s ( hi/ory4 ,f ?is philosophic survey ( hi/ory1 ! hi/orian1 9 ! accompli%m5t ( 8 task1 may ) great propriety po9t out & illu/rate ! ways & views ( div9e ,provid5ce 9 ! conduct ( p>ticul> nations & ages1 & 9 ! de/9y ( rem>kable p]sonages1 or hi/orical *>act]s1 :5 ^? views & ways are /rik+ly p]ceptible to our feel+s4 ,yet x is bett] t ?is tra9 ( obs]vations %\ld n be too sy/ematically prosecut$1 b %\ld be introduc$ occasionally only1 & z x 7 episodically1 9 ^? passages ( hi/ory1 :]e su* reflections naturally pres5t !mselves2 & !y %\ld ev] be conf9$ )9 ! limits ( a mode/ sugge/ion2 = all ^! reflections are only ! esot]ic _s--! int]nal religi\s idea ( hi/ory4 ,o!rwise ! hi/orian w be expos$ to ! dang] ( introduc+ a sy/em ( ,provid5tial designs prematurely =m$ accord+ to human insight & human sagacity1 into ! yet unf9i%$ drama ( ! _w's hi/ory1 ^: compreh5sive va/ness & hidd5 my/]ies1 besides1 f> exce$ ! n>r[ limits ( all t man c conceive1 judge & "k ) c]ta9ty4 ,& ?is is a defect :i* _m writ]s h n entirely avoid$ 9 _! o!rwise v religi\s m$itations on univ]sal hi/ory4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 z ! hi/orian conf9es 8 tra9 ( reflections )9 ! mode/ limits ( a m]e p>tial explanation1 & does n prematurely anticipate ! g5]al s*eme ( div9e polity1 or plunge too deeply1 & ) presumptu\s confid5ce into its details2 he w f9d mu* & obvi\s matt] = su* consid]ations1 9 ! visible selection ( p>ticul> individuals1 & p>ticul> nations & ev5 ages = ! accompli%m5t ( c]ta9 ends1 = ! atta9m5t on _! "p ( prosp]ity1 glory1 or "s high object 9 "s p>ticul> sph]e4 ,b ?is p[] ?us allott$ to p>ticul> individuals or to p>ticul> nations1 ex]ts ev5 at ! "t a g5]al influ5ce on ! fate ( mank9d1 & evid5tly accompli%es ! designs ( ,provid5ce ) reg>d to ! _w at l>ge2 =ms a po9t ( transition f pa/ ages1 or op5s a passage to "s manife/ation ( div9e p[]1 ) respect to ! future4 ,9 ! progress ( human civilisation1 su* designs are frequ5tly manife/4 ,nay1 on ! great "q ( ! p]mission ( evil1 :5 x ex]ts a widely de/ructive influ5ce 9 ! moral & physical _w1 & on ! views ( ,god 9 t p]mission2 ! enlight5$ hi/orian may sometimes succe$1 if n 9 p5etrat+ into ! hidd5 decrees ( div9e wisdom1 yet at lea/ 9 uplift+ a corn] ( ! my/]i\s veil :i* cov]s !m4 ,9 p>ticul> ph5om5a ( hi/ory--su* = example z ! de/ruction ( a :ole nation1 ! ,jews = in/ance2 or 9 ! ov]:elm+ calamities1 ! g5]al mis]ies inflict$ on a corrupt age1 manife/+1 cle>ly z !y d1 ! retributive ju/ice ( ,god--calamities :i*1 :5 reg>d$ f ?is po9t ( view 7& x is only f ?is po9t ( view !y c be rightly judg$71 appe> l a p>tial judgm5t ( ! _w--9 all su* hi/orical ph5om5a1 a mode/ ref]5ce to ! f9al causes ( su* ev5ts may be exce$+ly appropriate4 ,?is idea ( div9e ju/ice1 & ( ,god's judgm5ts on ! _w exemplifi$ 9 hi/ory1 belongs und\bt$ly to ! prov9ce ( hi/orical philosophy2 &1 z man's resemblance to 8 ,mak] con/itutes ! fir/ f\ndation-/one ( hi/ory1 ?is m practical pr9ciple1 relat+ z x does1 to real life & all its mighty ph5om5a1 =ms ! second4 ,b ! ,my/]y ( grace 9 ! div9e ,r$emption ( mank9d1 transc5ds ! sph]e ( pr(ane hi/ory4 ,! ,*ri/ian philosophy ( hi/ory mu/ inde$ tacitly pre-suppose ! tru? ( t my/]y1 & assume x z kn[n1 & inde$ z self-evid5t to all well-?9k+ p]sons--x mu/ ev51 "u ! inspiration ( ?is fai?1 ref] to x v _m1 ! great] "p1 inde$ almo/ all1 ( ! facts & ph5om5a ( hi/ory--b x %\ld =be> to introduce x into its own prov9ce1 & %\ld leave x to ! sanctu>y ( religion4 ,9 ! same way1 :5ev] philosophy attempts to incorporate & rank ?is my/]y ) h] own speculative conceptions1 ! consequ5ce mu/ ev] be hurtful to religion2 =1 z philosophy ?us attempts to expla9 &1 z x 71 d$uce ?is my/]y f h] own speculations1 ! my/]y ( ,r$emption ceases to be a div9e fact1 & x is only z su* t x is & c be ! true & et]nal f\ndation ( religion4 ,i wi% "h expressly to d away ) an op9ion :i* is completely unhi/orical1 & ev5 subv]sive ( all hi/ory4 ,i _c m truly & succ9tly designate ?is op9ion1 ?an by /at+ x z foll[s3--,*ri/1 to say x 9 "o ^w1 0 a ,jewi% ,socrates2 & ?is pure/1 noble/1 & sublime/ ( all e?ical tea*]s 7accord+ to ! rationali/s' int]pretation ( 8 hi/ory7 met ) a fate no less deplorable = mank9d ?an t :i* befel ! ,a!nian philosoph]1 & ! wise/ ( all ! ,grecian sages4 ,9 reply to ?is1 "o obs]vation only ne$ be made--,if ,*ri/ 7 n m ?an a ,socrates1 !n a ,socrates ,he 0 n4#a ,b ?is op9ion is n only unhi/orical1 or1 to speak m prop]ly1 anti-hi/orical1 because x is 9 utt] opposition to all cov5ants1 te/imonies1 au!ntic records1 & ev5 ,*ri/'s express decl>ations2 b fully z mu*1 & ev5 /ill m on ?is acc\nt1 t if we once remove ?is div9e key/one 9 ! ar* ( univ]sal hi/ory1 ! :ole fabric ( ! _w's hi/ory falls to ru9--= its only f\ndation is ?is new manife/ation ( ,god's p[] 9 ! crisis ( "t--?is hope 9 ,god abid+ unto ! end4 ,=1 al?\gh ,i d n consid] a =mal demon/ration ( ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion z fall+ )9 ! prov9ce ( pr(ane hi/ory2 yet ! belief ( its tru?--a fai? 9 its dogmas1 is ! only clue 9 su* inve/igations4 ,)\t ?is fai?1 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w w\ld be n\ght else ?an an insoluble enigma--an inextricable labyr9?--a huge pile ( ! blocks & fragm5ts ( an unf9i%$ edifice--& ! great trag$y ( humanity w\ld rema9 devoid ( all prop] result4 ,conf9+ myself )9 ^? limits :i* ! v nature ( ! subject1 & ! =ce ( circum/ances prescribe1 & :i* ,i h "h ?\ght x necess>y to m>k out ) exactness1 ,i %all n[1 9 ord] to see "u :at circum/ances ,*ri/ianity fir/ arose 9 ! _w1 & appe>$ on ! doma9 ( hi/ory1 direct y\r att5tion m imm$iately to ! ,jewi% /ate4 ,dep5dant at fir/ on ! ,grecian dyna/y ( ,egypt1 & at a subsequ5t p]iod subdu$ by ! ,sov]igns ( ! new ,syrian mon>*y1 :i* sprang out ( ! dismemb]m5t ( ! ,mac$onian empire1 ! m virtu\s portion ( ! ,hebrew p ev9c$ "u ! religi\s p]secution !y _h to su/a9 f ! latt] mon>*s1 mu* con/ancy 9 ! old fai? ( _! fa!rs2 = :i* inde$ sev]al ( ! h]oic family ( ! ,maccabees _h ! c\rage to lay d[n _! lives4 ,f ^! rul]s !y 7 rescu$ by ! ,romans1 :o took !m "u _! p[]ful protection1 :i*1 ) ! ,jews1 z ) all o!r nations1 0 soon trans=m$ into a sy/ematic & v oppressive dom9ation4 ,! ,jewi% p 7 s f> involv$ 9 ! civil w> betwe5 ,cs> & ,pompey1 t ea* p>ty fav\r$ t aspirant to ! ?rone ( ,judea1 mo/ fav\rable to its own designs4 ,"u ! mon>*y ( ,augu/us1 ,h]od1 :o 0 creat$ tribut>y sov]eign ( ,pale/9e ab\t =ty ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian ra1 0 ! la/ :o _h be5 promot$ to sov]eignty amid ?is conflict ( p>ties4 ,! temple ( ,j]usalem1 t _h be5 rebuilt ) ! p]mission ( ,cyrus1 /ill rema9$ 9 all its pomp & gr&eur4 ,if a pr(ane curiosity _h tempt$ ,crassus & ,pompey to intrude )9 its sanctu>y1 on ! o!r h&1 ! munific5ce ( ,h]od _h add$ to its size & increas$ its decorations4 ,al?\gh ,h]od ev] reta9$ a p>tiality = ,roman cu/oms1 & /ill m = ,grecian op9ions1 yet ! temple ( ,j]usalem consid]$1 n z ! augu/ sanctu>y ( ,heav5's revelations to ! *os5 p1 b z ! c5tre ( attraction = ! ,jewi% nation1 situat$ z x 0 9 ! mid/ ( a great comm]cial city1 7"o ( ! l>ge/ 9 all ,we/]n ,asia71 & =m+ at once ! treasury1 & by its close proximity to ! citadel1 ! ramp>t1 ( ! city & ( ! /ate1 mu/ h be5 reg>d$ by ,h]od z ! seat ( 8 p[]1 & ! ne>e/ object ( 8 ambition4 ,!re 7 at t p]iod among ! ,jews two p>ties1 :i*1 l ^? ( ! ,patricians & ,plebeians 9 ! civil w>s ( ,rome1 be> "s resemblance to ! p>ties t at pres5t divide ! _w3 al?\gh 9 _! relative position t[>ds ea* o!r1 z well z 9 _! int]nal "* & t5d5cy1 !re are _m important po9ts :i* di/+ui% !m f ! p>ties at pres5t exi/+4 ,?\gh f ! pr$om9ant _s & peculi> con/itution ( ! ,jewi% p1 ! subjects ( cont5tion betwe5 ! two p>ties relat$ *iefly or m imm$iately to matt]s ( religion2 yet politics 7 n entirely exclud$ f _! disputes1 :i* embrac$ 9 g5]al ! :ole ( human life & its v>i\s relations4 ,! ,ph>isees 7 ! *ief scribes & doctors ( ! law1 & 9 ! /ate1 ! hon\r$ ,patricians ( ! ,hebrews1 :o s\ght to ma9ta9 ! anci5t fai? & anci5t con/itution ( _! c\ntry ) its rights & jurisprud5ce1 adh]+ inde$ ) a rigid scupulosity1 & a cont5ti\s subtilty to ! lett] ( ! old law1 :ile !y _h long =gott5 its div9e _s1 & 7 notori\s = _! atta*m5t to _! own int]e/s1 _! selfi% feel+s1 & false & contract$ views4 ,z !y ackn[l$g$1 & respect$ ) ! mo/ scrupul\s fidelity all exi/+ laws1 !y sid$1 app>5tly at lea/1 ) ! ,romans2 ?\gh !y nev] ent]ta9$ a cordial atta*m5t = ^? conqu]ors2 & inde$ !y ev] *]i%$ ! hope ( be+ able to ensn>e ! great ,tea*]1 s belov$ by ! ,jewi% p1 into a decl>ation aga9/ ! ,roman rule1 z 9 _! limit$ views !y conceiv$ ,he mu/1 soon] or lat]1 be necess>ily driv5 to t exp$i5t 9 ord] to su/a9 8 popul>ity4 ,b x _c be d\bt$ t ! cause :i* ! ,ph>isees def5d$ 01 on ! :ole1 ! legitimate cause ( ! ,hebrews ( t p]iod1 s9ce our ,savi\r himself expressly ackn[l$g$ ?is1 :5 he said ( ! ,ph>isees1--,!y sit 9 ! *air ( ,moses1 & :atsoev] !y comm& y1 t d ye4 ,x 0 precisely because !y _h made ! old law1 & ! cause ( ,god1 _! own cause1 t s mu* 0 exact$ ( !m2 & t !y 7 judg$ ) s mu* sev]ity by our ,savi\r1 app>5tly ) great] sev]ity ?an 7 ! ,sadducees !mselves1 :o by an ,epicurean philosophy1 & a latitud9>ian sy/em ( morals1 _h fall5 almo/ entirely f ! fai?1 _h affix$ a m]e human int]pretation to ,scripture1 & _h ev5 call$ 9 "q ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,if 9 ?is sect !re 7 individuals ent]ta9+ pur] & m exalt$ notions ( ! tru?1 we mu/ reg>d !m r z happy & honorable exceptions4 ,we mu/ n1 besides1 =get t ! sev]e judgm5ts on ! ,ph>isees1 :i* occur 9 ,scripture1 ref] only to ! m deg5]ate among !m1--a great portion1 d\btless1 p]haps ! great] "p2 b by no means include ! :ole sect or body1 among :om 7 _m wor?y individuals4 ,we ought also to recollect t ! apo/le ,paul 0 a ,ph>isee1 & ?\gh a well-int5tion$1 yet a v zeal\s1 "o1 = all 8 writ+s %ew ! man :o _h sat at ! feet ( ,gamaliel3 ! latt] aga9 0 ! gr&son ( ! illu/ri\s ,hillel1 :o is nam$ z "o ( ! la/ great doctors ( ! ,hebrews1 :o 0 pr(\ndly v]s$ 9 _! sacr$ traditions1 & 0 inde$ "o ( ! la/ pill>s ( ! ,synagogue4 ,! ,jewi% hi/ory or tradition m5tions sev5 species ( false ,ph>isees1 to :om all ! reproa*es ( our ,savi\r are p]fectly applicable4 ,_m o!r ,ph>isees1 besides ! apo/le ,paul1 are m5tion$ ) hon\r 9 ,holy ,writ1 z fri5ds & disciples ( our ,r$eem]1 ?\gh !y _h n ! c\rage op5ly to decl>e !mselves 8 foll[]s4 ,:5ev]1 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 we arrive at "s epo* ( great crisis1 or mom5t\s collision1 we f9d inv>iably1 & 9 all c\ntries1 two cont5d+ p>ties l ^!1 appe>+ at once on ! hi/orical ar5a1 ?\gh 9 =ms or positions v>i\sly modifi$4 ,! p>ty def5d+ antiquity1 (t5 adh]es only to ! dead lett] ( rigid law1 =gett+ its inw>d s5se & liv+ _s2 :ile ! opposite p>ty1 :i* has a /rong conviction t ! _w /&s 9 ne$ ( a new legislation1 & t ! epo* ( a new legislation approa*es1 is n entirely 9 ! wrong4 ,b :5 ! memb]s ( ! latt] p>ty h lo/ all fai? 9 ! sacr$ traditions ( ! pa/1 & h consequ5tly =gott5 t ! great "w ( reg5]ation c emanate f ,god only2 !y conceive t x is 9 _! p[] to accompli% ?is "w1 nay1 !y fancy !y h already succe$$ 9 _! ent]prise1 :ile all _! futile attempts c accompli% n\ght b a total revolution 9 ! pa/--a revolution br\ght ab\t ei!r by ext]nal viol5ce1 or1 9 its be/ & milde/ =m1 by ! int]nal ru9 ( moral pr9ciple & feel+4 ,betwe5 ^! extreme & conflict+ p>ties1 individuals are (t5 f\nd :o fly f ! field ( cont5tion1 & seek out a high] asylum1 at lea/ = !mselves4 ,su* 7 ^? small communities ( holy contemplatives t !n exi/$ among ! ,jews1 ! ,ess5ians 9 ,pale/9e1 & ! ,!rapunt 9 ,egypt2 b ^! ascetics1 limit$ 9 numb]1 =m$ a trifl+ exception by ! side ( ! two great pr$om9ant sects4 ,x 0 betwe5 ^! two lead+ p>ties--on "o h&1 ! n>r[-m9d$ & selfi% ,jewi% legitimati/s--/iff adh]5ts to ! lett] ( ! law1--&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! lib]al illum9s2--betwe5 ! old promises & expectations ( ! ,hebrews1 & ! ,roman dom9ion1 n[ become & ackn[l$g$ to be legitimate1 t our ,savi\r _h to /e]2 & x requir$ a m ?an human prud5ce to trav]se ?is critical p]iod1 unaffect$ by ! _s ( cont5d+ factions4 ,give unto ,cs> :at belongs to ,cs>1 0 8 simple decl>ation1 :5 m5 s\ght to entrap him by _! worldly cunn+3 & ?is decl>ation has rema9$ a fundam5tal precept ( ,*ri/ianity1 & w cont9ue un*ang$ to ! end ( "t4 ,s w t o!r oracle1 ,?\ art a rock1 & ^u ?is rock ,i w build my *ur*2 9 ?is !re is a cle> & di/9ct precept h[ ,*ri/ians 7 to treat ^? ,pagan pret5sions ( ! ,romans :i* reg>d$ acts ( political idolatry1 su* z ! sacrifice be=e ! image ( ! ,emp]or1 & acts ( a simil> k9d2 & h[1 z witnesses ( ! tru?1 aga9/ all ! p[]s ( e>?1 !y 7 to seal _! te/imony ) _! blood4 ,! capital error ( ! ,jews lay 9 ?is1 t 9 ! ,deliv]]1 promis$ to !m ( old1 !y n[ g5]ally expect$ an e>?ly lib]ator de/9$ to emancipate !m f ! oppressive yoke ( ! ,romans1 & to re/ore _! national empire to its highe/ glory & spl5d\r4 ,&1 inde$1 _h !y n c>ri$ _! notions on ?is po9t to su* extreme l5g?s1 & ) su* unyield+ ob/9acy1 mu* might h be5 alleg$ 9 _! excuse4 ,accord+ to ! usual "* ( prophetic spee*1 ! portrait ( a spiritual ,deliv]]1 inve/$ ) real glory & pomp1 _h be5 drawn 9 su* vivid col\rs 9 ^? anci5t prophecies1 t ! description might1 9 _m passages at lea/1 be easily mi/ak5 = "o ( an e>?ly mon>*4 ,or1 to express my mean+ ) great] accuracy & precision1 z x is ! peculi> "* ( sacr$ prophecy to repres5t ev5ts ab\t to foll[1 9 imm$iate contact ) ! ultimate objects to :i* !y t5d1 !re are (t5 9 ^? prophetic descriptions ( ! future prosp]ity ( ! *os5 p1 _m passages on ! remote p]iod ( ! la/ ages ( ! _w1 & on ! univ]sal triumph ( ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh\t ! e>? at ! end ( "t2 !re are (t51 we say1 _m ( ^? passages :i* also ref] & inde$ conta9 ! close/ allusions to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian r$emption4 ,9 ! same way1 al?\gh 9 a diff]5t sort ( subject1 we see our ,savi\r himself =etell ! imp5d+ ru9 ( ,j]usalem & ( ! ,jewi% nation1 :ile 8 lam5tations are closely l9k$1 & almo/ conf\nd$ )1 prophetic w>n+s respect+ ! awful & t]rific sc5es ( latt] times1 & ! approa*+ day ( g5]al acc\nt2 al?\gh bo? ^! ev5ts1 ! ru9 ( ! temporal ,j]usalem1 & ! la/ glori\s trans=mation ( nature1 :5 creation %all be consummat$1 & a new heav5 & a new e>? %all spr+ into exi/5ce1 are to be /rictly reg>d$ z real & hi/orical4 ,s close an att5tion1 & s great a p[] ( discrim9ation are requisite to di/+ui% betwe5 p>ts1 to comb9e ! :ole1 & place ea* p>ticul> fact 9 its prop] po9t ( view4 ,b ! be/ excuse t c be (f]$ = ! ,jews1 9 ?is respect1 is ! fact1 z ! scripture cle>ly %[e?1 t all ! foll[]s ( our ,savi\r1 & 8 mo/ tru/y disciples1 7 at fir/ "u ! same delusion1 & = a long "t believ$ t1 ?\gh ! "r mom5t _h n yet arriv$1 /ill _! ma/] w\ld c]ta9ly appe> z ! e>?ly ,deliv]] & ,mon>* ( 8 nation2 & inde$ ! idea ( 8 suff]+s & dea? 0 s abhorr5t to _! feel+s1 t !y ev5 d>$ to express _! disapprobation1 & upbraid _! ,savi\r = ent]ta9+ su* ?\ghts2 = x 0 only at a mu* lat] p]iod ! b&age fell f _! eyes4 ,& ! great reproa* :i* we are to make ! ,jews is t !y %\ld h adh]$ ) su* ob/9acy to an error1 v excusable "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 & t aft] all !y _h he>d1 se5 & exp]i5c$1 !y %\ld h /ill clos$ _! eyes aga9/ ! light4 ,! conduct ( our ,savi\r t[>ds ! ,jews is (t5 repres5t$ 9 a mann] little con=mable to hi/oric tru?1 & to ! _s & "* ( ?is mighty revolution1 :5 x is said t he entirely abrogat$ ! :ole sy/em ( ! ,mosaic law4 ,! outw>d scaffold+ 0 inde$ remov$1 :5 x _h ceas$ to be necess>y2 su* 7 all ^? laws :i* appli$ only to t /ate ( /rict sep>ation f ,hea!n nations1 :i* at an e>li] p]iod _h be5 ( su* absolute importance4 ,v _m ?+s 7 /ill reta9$2 & all n[ receiv$ 9 ! fulfilm5t a high] spiritual signification2 & ?is 0 natural1 :5 we consid] t 9 ,judaism itself e ?+ :i* _h n be5 design$ m]ely = local & tempor>y wants1 f ! v comm5cem5t ( t disp5sation1 0 typical ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! twelve apo/les1 z well z ! fir/ sev5ty-two disciples1 7 tak5 exclusively f ! *os5 p1 & ev51 9 ?is respect1 ! div9e promises 7 completely fulfill$1 & lit]ally obs]v$4 ,! con/itution ( ! anci5t hi]>*y has v evid5tly furni%$ ! patt]n = t ( ! ,*ri/ian prie/hood2 ?\gh ?is ( c\rse has be5 adapt$ to ! wid] circle ( a high] & m spiritual sy/em4 ,! expression1 ,my k+dom is n ( ?is _w1 does n imply t x 0 n to be 9 ?is _w a real & effective p[]1 ) a =m & organization cle>ly def9$4 ,_m h read s mu*1 or inf]r$ s mu*1 f ?is decl>ation1 t !y c\ld n adopt an easi] or m polite me?od ( %utt+ out ?is div9e empire ( tru? f ! _w4 ,9 ! h\rs ( ! greate/ solemnity1 ! div9e ,ma/] reveal$ to 8 disciples ! hidd5 s5se ( ! anci5t revelation 9 all ! pl5itude ( its my/]ies4 ,z ! ,savi\r himself said t e ^w & syllable ( ! old law mu/ be lit]ally fulfill$2 z 9 g5]al ! spiritual int]pretation ( ! div9e oracles is by no means inconsi/5t ) _! lit]al tru? & inviolable sanctity2 s ! same rem>k w apply to ! new revelation1 9 :i* e ^w & e syllable ( prophecy w receive a full & practical accompli%m5t be=e ! consummation ( "t4 ,ev5 9 ano!r po9t ( view1 p>ticul>ly wor?y ! consid]ation ( ! hi/orian1 ,*ri/ianity mu/ be reg>d$ only z a div9e cont9uation1 a high] & m expansive =m1 or spiritual r5ovation1 ( ! ,mosaic in/itution2 & 0 s int5d$ by its div9e ,f\nd]2 namely 9 ^? aspirations aft] futurity1 :i* n[ s exclusively direct$ ! :ole ( human life1 & its v>i\s views4 ,t law ( div9e wisdom1 by :i* e>?ly exi/5ce is to be look$ ^u only z a /ate ( expectation1 ( prep>ation1 & ( /ruggle--a view ( life alone accordant ) human nature--t law has reta9$ its full =ce 9 ! new cov5ant4 ,= ! primitive ,*ri/ians1 dea? 0 :at ! ,savi\r said ( himself1 a return1 a pass+ unto ! ,fa!r1 b life 0 "o ceaseless /ruggle4 ,= him :o unto ! end f\ght /eadfa/ 9 ?is /ruggle1 ! angel ( dea? 0 dive/$ ( 8 t]rors2 he 0 a cele/ial mess5g] ( peace1 t br\ght to ! ,*ri/ian ! bright g>l& ( victory1 & ! cr[n ( et]nal life2 9 ?is fai? & 9 ^! s5tim5ts1 did ! ,sa9ts live1 & ! m>tyrs die4 ,& z e human s\l is conduct$ to ! realms above by ! g5tle h& ( its div9e gu>dian2 s ! ,savi\r himself has ann\nc$ to all mank9d1 9 _m prophetic passages1 t :5 ! p]iod ( ! dissolution ( ! _w %all approa*1 he himself w return to ! e>?1 w r5ovate ! face ( all ?+s1 & br+ !m to a close4 ,s lively an assurance _h ! fir/ ,*ri/ians ( ! imm$iate pres5ce ( _! invisible "l & guide1 s vivid a hope did !y ent]ta9 ( 8 spe$y return to ! e>?2 t1 9 ord] to *eck ! aspirations ( a zeal t w\ld accel]ate ! p]iod ( consummation s ard5tly desir$1 div9e ,provid5ce judg$ x necess>y t ! ,prophet ( ! ,new ,te/am5t %\ld close ! volume ( et]nal revelation ) t long succession ( ages t 7 to witness ! progressive /ruggle ( humanity--all ^? c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity t mank9d 0 yet to trav]se1 be=e ! promise %\ld be fulfill$1 & 9 ! fulness ( "t ! f9al & univ]sal triumph ( ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh\t ! e>? %\ld be accompli%$1 = all mank9d mu/ be ga!r$ into "o fold1 & "u "o ,%eph]d4 ,accord+ to ! _s & precept ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 man mu/ at e mom5t be prep>$2 b he mu/ n1 9 a presumptu\s ard\r1 accel]ate ! t]m ( exi/5ce fix$ by ! wisdom ( ,almighty ,god4 ,?us all ^? ,*ri/ians :o1 dur+ ! times ( ! mo/ viol5t p]secution ( ! *ur* "u ! ,romans1 c\rt$ ! dang]1 & w\ld n await ! hon\r ( m>tyrdom1 7 w>n$ t su* conduct 0 by no means con=mable to ! w ( ,god2 z x (t5 happ5$ t ^? :o1 by su* an ov]we5+ confid5ce 9 _! own /r5g?1 _h wantonly ru%$ to ! field ( dang]1 succumb$ "u _! torm5ts1 & fell f ! fai?4 ,_h ! ,jews b op5$ _! eyes 9 ! "r "t2 _h !y ackn[l$g$ ! div9e fulfilm5t ( anci5t promises 9 ! mission ( ,*ri/1 :i* 0 9 fact f> m exalt$ & m spl5did ?an any ?+ !y _h expect$2 & _h all1 or ev5 ! great] "p1 ( ! nation embrac$ ,*ri/ianity2 !y w\ld h become ! mighty /em--! great f\ndation--! c5tral po9t ( all mod]n hi/ory1 & all mod]n life4 ,b z !y did n correspond to ?is call ( div9e ,provid5ce1 a call fully ju/ifi$ by _! circum/ances1 _! e>ly hi/ory1 & ! pr]ogatives :i* ! ,almighty _h once accord$ to !m above all o!r nations2 ! ju/ice ( ,god requir$ t !y %\ld n[ receive a signal *a/isem5t1 t !y %\ld be depriv$ ( _! national exi/5ce1 disp]s$ among all ! nations ( ! e>?2 & t1 9 ?is /ate ( ru9 & disp]sion1 !y %\ld s]ve z a memorable example to ! _w4 ,b ?is humiliation ( ! ,jews1 :i* 0 calculat$ to draw d[n ! contempt ( ! ,hea!n1 :o look$ only to outw>d ?+s1 %\ld h nev] giv5 rise to oppression or ill-treatm5t among ,*ri/ian nations2 & ! m s1 z x is /ill a problem :e!r any o!r p plac$ 9 a simil> situation1 & w>p$ by selfi% prejudices1 & old & deep root$ errors1 w\ld h done bett]2 or :e!r mank9d 9 g5]al1 subject$ to a simil> trial1 w\ld h come (f m successfully4 ,! old temple ( ! holy city 0 n1 l ! idolatr\s temples ( ! ,hea!ns1 a m]e magnific5t monum5t ( national glory1 adorn$ ) all ! spl5d\r ( art2 b ! idea & plan ( ! :ole /ructure1 its m9ute/ p>ts1 e /one1 & e ciph]1 7 cle>ly indicative & pr(\ndly symbolical ( t invisible temple1 t mighty city1 t div9e k+dom ( peace1 :i* ,*ri/ 0 to e/abli% on e>?1 & :i* he _h n[ at l5g? come to e/abli%4 ,ev5 ! "n ( ,j]usalem1 accord+ to ! ,hebrew signification ( ! ^w1 has ! emblematic s5se ( revelation & f\ndation1 or city ( peace1 by :i* is und]/ood n a m]e e>?ly & transitory peace1 b t high] & div9e peace :i* =ms ! subject ( all ! promises made unto ! *os5 p4 ,?is prophetic s5se & typical design ( ! holy city is s closely connect$ ) ! orig9 & :ole idea ( ! city1 t 9 "s passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t su* figurative expressions are us$1 z if ! :ole bus9ess1 nay ! :ole life1 ( man _h no o!r object ?an to build up ! walls ( ,j]usalem2 9 ! same s5se z if a ,*ri/ian morali/ 7 to say2 ! prop] end & ultimate object ( mank9d1 & ( ! hi/ory ( all nations & ages1 is ! k+dom ( ,god1 t is to say1 ! ev] wid] diffusion & firm] consolidation ( ,*ri/ian tru? & ,*ri/ian p]fection ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,:5 ! spiritual & int]nal s5se ( ?is mighty & hi/orical hi]oglyph ( ! ,jewi% p 0 no long] und]/ood2 :5 ! mighty tru?s :i* x embodi$1 at ! v mom5t !y 7 ab\t to receive _! full explanation & p]fect developm5t1 7 misund]/ood & reject$2 :at 0 m natural ?an t ! emblem1 :i* _h lo/ its mean+1 %\ld be effac$1 ! temple de/roy$1 & ! city itself levell$ & raz$ by ! arm ( div9e ju/ice8 ,?is is ! view :i* ! ,*ri/ian hi/orian mu/ take ( t mighty & fe>ful cata/rophe :i* n[ befell ,j]usalem1 & ! :ole ,jewi% p "u ,vespasian2 & inde$ ! impression :i* ?is ev5t made on ! ,jews1 ?\gh some:at div]sifi$ by national s5tim5ts1 is 9 all ess5tial po9ts con=mable to our own feel+s4 ,t 9 e su* widely de/ructive disa/]1 :i* by div9e p]mission may afflict any portion ( ! human race1 ! lov+ wisdom ( ,god w "k h[ to take ea* individual s\l "u its special protection1 & w gu>d & sp>e x1 at lea/1 9 its immortal "p1 is a tru? s evid5t to e religi\s m9d1 t x is unnecess>y to en=ce x at any l5g?4 ,if1 z ! ,scripture sai?1 ! hairs on a man's head are numb]$1 s w ea* day1 nay ea* h\r1 ea* pulsation ( human exi/5ce be c\nt$2 yea1 e he>tfelt te> ! eye ( sorr[ %all %$1 w be reckon$ by ! gu>dian _s ( et]nal love4 ,b ?is religi\s reg>d = ! fate ( individuals1 & ?is humane sympa?y ) _! mis=tunes1 mu/ be kept )9 its prop] sph]e 9 hi/orical disquisitions1 :]e ! pr9cipal design is to /udy & obs]ve1 z f> z ! limit$ p]ception ( man w p]mit1 ! mighty c\rse ( div9e ju/ice1 ?r\gh all ages ( ! _w4 ,:5 ! ,jews 7 disappo9t$ 9 ! hope !y _h ent]ta9$ ( a lib]ator1 :o 0 to be s5t f above1 arm$ ) div9e p[] to deliv] !m f ! /]n yoke ( ,roman dom9ation2 exasp]at$ by ! ev] increas+ tyranny ( _! ma/]s1 aft] sev]al p>tial insurrections1 ! :ole nation1 ?ree & ?irty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( our ,"l1 broke out into op5 rebellion2 & ! :ole c\ntry1 torn by infuriat$ factions1 :i* fanatic hate inspir$ ) ! c\rage ( despair1 exhibit$ all ! horrors ( ! mo/ t]rific revolution4 ,! savage w>f>e ( ! ,romans 9 su* a deadly /ruggle1 we h already le>n$ f ! example ( ,c>?age2 = h[ev] mild & b5evol5t might be ! p]sonal "* ( ,titus1 x 0 out ( 8 p[] to introduce any *ange 9 ! sy/em ( w>2 & ! numb] ( m5 t p]i%$ 9 ! siege & ravage ( ! holy city is e/imat$ at #a1cjj1jjj2 includ+ ! small numb] t 7 l$ away captives1 or res]v$ to grace ! triumph ( ! conqu]or4 ,! ,emp]or ,hadrian rebuilt ! city1 :i* _h be5 totally de/roy$1 "u ! new & ,pagan "n ( lia ,capitol9a1 & ev5 erect$ )9 x a temple to ,jupit]3 b no ,jew 0 p]mitt$ to ent] )9 its walls4 ,at a lat] p]iod ! ,emp]or ,julian _h int5d$ to re-e/abli% ! ,jews 9 _! anci5t city1 & 9 all probability x 0 8 ho/ility to ,*ri/ianity :i* _h inspir$ him ) ! design2 b unexpect$ ev5ts & physical ob/acles#b oppos$ ! execution ( ?is plan4 ,! ,jewi% cov5ant & ! old revelation ( ! ,hebrews =m$ ! *ief corn]-/one on :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 f\nd$2 & ! fir/ apo/les ( ! new religion 7 all *os5 f among t p4 ,! scriptures ( ! new cov5ant 7 compos$ 9 ! ,greek tongue1 & ! fir/ apologies1 & o!r expositions ( fai?1 or books ( in/ruction by ! primitive fa!rs1 7 mo/ly writt5 9 ! same language4 ,we may !re=e consid] ?is language z =m+ ! second f\ndation-/one ( ! ,*ri/ian edifice4 ,?\gh ! political consequ5ces ( ! ,mac$onian conque/s 9 ,asia 7 n ( any p]man5ce1 yet ! influ5ce :i* ^! conque/s h ex]t$ on ! intellectual "* ( nations1 ! asc5dancy :i* !y gave to ! ,greeks ov] ! :ole civiliz$ _w ( t p]iod1 7 by no means unimportant4 ,x 0 by means ( ^! conque/s t ! philosophy & lit]ature ( ! ,greeks became1 along ) _! language1 pr$om9ant 9 ,egypt & ! ,we/]n c\ntries ( ,asia2 & h5ce ?is language 0 adopt$ z ! orig9al tongue ( ,*ri/ianity2 because no o!r at t p]iod _h atta9$ su* intellectual ref9em5t1 or su* g5]al diffusion4 ,z 9 human society e class & condition ( life1 nay1 e individual1 by ! peculi> rights & advantages :i* ea* exclusively enjoys1 /ill s]ves ! community1 & contributes to ! weal ( o!rs1 unconsci\sly & )\t precisely wi%+ x2 s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & 9 ! progress ( nations1 all ?+s are closely int]l9k$1 & "o s]ves z ! in/rum5t1 auxili>y1 or bond ( union to ! o!r2 & x 0 n "o ( ! lea/ important results ( ! ,greek sci5ce & language1 t ! two po9ts :]e9 t nation _h ris5 to ! greate/ em95ce1 & 0 end[$ ) ! greate/ p[]1 %\ld bo? h be5 s ne>ly alli$ ) ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity1 ev5 f its orig94 ,! ,roman empire 0 ! ?ird f\ndation-/one ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 = its va/ ext5t facilitat$ 9 a s+ul> mann] ! e>ly & v rapid diffusion ( ,*ri/ianity1 & =m$ inde$ ! gr\nd-"w on :i* ! fabric ( ! new *ur* 0 fir/ con/ruct$4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! primitive *ur*1 hi/orians are wont to sep>ate ! diff]5t bran*es ( _! subject1 :i* =m s _m diff]5t p>ts ( a s+le :ole1 & ?us to describe sep>ately ! dogmas & doctr9es ( ! *ur*1 its holy rites & sacram5ts1 its liturgies & fe/ivals1 & next its moral condition & ext]nal relations2 & ?is division ( ! subject may1 no d\bt1 v well answ] ! special design ( su* ecclesia/ical hi/ories4 ,b if we wi% to take a m g5]al view ( ! subject1 to seize ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 & =m a j1 true & lively conception ( ! primitive *ur*1 we mu/ be p>ticul>ly c>eful n to =get 9 ! inve/igation ( ^? sev]al heads1 t !y =m$ "o undivid$ & liv+ :ole 9 ! eyes ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians1 amid ! ov]fl[+ fulness ( a new moral life2 & ( ?is _s ( unity1 z well z ( ! wond]ful en]gy ( fai? & love :i* 0 its nev]-fail+ s\rce1 x is almo/ impossible = u to =m a full & adequate notion4 ,*ri/ianity 9 its primitive influ5ce1 0 l an electric /roke1 :i* trav]s$ ! _w ) ! rapidity ( lightn+--l a magnetic fluid ( life1 :i* unit$ ev5 ! mo/ di/ant memb]s ( humanity 9 "o animat+ pulsation4 ,public pray] & ! sacr$ my/]ies =m$ a /rong] & clos] bond ( love among m51 ?an ! /ill sacr$ ties ( k9dr$ & e>?ly affection4 ,"s p]sons h affect$ to comp>e ! secret assemblies ( ! primitive ,*ri/ians ) ! pagan ,my/]ies2 & und\bt$ly x 0 only 9 secret1 & 9 ! retir$ & obscure oratory1 t ! fir/ foll[]s ( ,*ri/ c\ld ga!r toge!r amid ! fury ( g5]al p]secution4 ,b1 f a compet5t k :i* we possess ( ! import ( ^? pagan ,my/]ies1 !y _h ab\t z mu* resemblance to ! religi\s assemblies ( ! primitive ,*ri/ians1 z ! div9e sacrifice ( holy commemoration1 & ! *alice consecrat$ ) ! blood ( ! et]nal ,cov5ant1 bore to ! human sacrifices ( ! ,ca9ites4 ,! ,*ri/ians saw & felt ! pres5ce ( _! invisible ,k+ & et]nal ,"l2 & :5 _! s\ls ov]fl[$ ) ! pl5itude ( spiritual & heav5ly life1 h[ c\ld !y value e>?ly exi/5ce1 & h[ mu/ !y n h be5 will+ to sacrifice x 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ ! p[]s ( d>kness2 = t /ruggle =m$ ! :ole & prop] bus9ess ( _! lives8--,h5ce we c und]/& ! reason ( ! o!rwise incr$ibly rapid diffusion ( ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh all ! prov9ces1 & ev5 sometimes beyond ! limits1 ( ! va/ empire ( ,rome2--l a heav5ly flame1 x ran ?r\gh all life1 k9dl+1 :]e x f\nd cong5ial sympa?y1 all t x t\*$ into a k9dr$ f]v\r4 ,h5ce1 along ) t mighty _s ( love :i* produc$ s rapid a spread ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & :i* unit$ 9 ! close/ bonds ! fir/ ,*ri/ian communities1 t en]gy ( fai? :i* inspir$ su* h]oic =titude "u ! dreadful & (t r5ew$ p]secutions ( ! ,romans4 ,! fir/ p]secution "u ,n]o 0 only a mom5t>y freak ( blood-?ir/y tyranny--a pass+ trait ( t mon/]'s cruelty4 ,! fir/ regul> edict aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! ,roman empire 0 pass$ by ,domitian 9 ! #hg? ye> ( our era1 &1 accord+ to a cu/om :i* _h be5 borr[$ f ! ,jews1 he assimilat$ ! (f5ce ( diss5t f ! national religion to ! crime ( high treason4 ,! bett] ,n]va s(t5$ ! rig\r ( ?is law1 & decl>$ t ! d5unciations ( slaves aga9/ _! ma/]s 7 n to be receiv$1 b1 on ! contr>y1 su* in=m]s 7 to be sev]ely puni%$4 ,trajan also1 on ! be=e-m5tion$ report ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 decid$1 9 ! #abj? ye> ( our era1 t ! ,*ri/ians1 :o 7 !n uncommonly num]\s1 7 n to be s\ght aft]1 b t1 :5 d5\nc$1 !y %\ld be puni%$ accord+ to ! law exi/+ aga9/ su* religi\s associations & communities4 ,b not)/&+ all ^! app>5t mitigations ( sev]ity introduc$ by ! bett] emp]ors1 ! crim9al jurisprud5ce ( ! ,romans1 l _! =eign w>f>e1 ev] rema9$ mo/ atroci\s2 & ! passages & allusions :i* are to be f\nd 9 anci5t hi/orians1 concur ) ! g5]al voice ( ,*ri/ian tradition 9 /at+ ! prodigi\s cruelties inflict$ on ! ,*ri/ians 9 ^? p]secutions4 ,9 g5]al ,hadrian pursu$ t mild] & middle c\rse ( policy :i* ,trajan _h comm5c$ be=e him2 he approv$ ( legal & judicial p]secutions aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 b he /rictly prohibit$ ^? tumultu>y attacks :i* 7 ! m]e ebullitions ( popul> hatr$4 ,) _m vicissitudes1 ,*ri/ianity rema9$ 9 ?is /ate until ! reign ( ,diocletian1 :o1 pursu+ a f> m sy/ematic plan ?an mo/ ( 8 pr$ecessors1 attempt$ entirely to root x out2 b ?is 0 no long] possible1 & ! gr[+ *ur* receiv$ its fir/ =mal edict ( pacification at ! h&s ( ! emp]or ,con/ant9e4 ,! pagan en?usia/ ,julian attempt$ a second "t to subv]t x1 b x 0 n[ too late4 ,9 ! /ruggle aga9/ pagan cruelty & ,roman p]secution1 ,*ri/ianity _h come (f victori\s2 9 bondage1 & "u e species ( suff]+1 x _h prov$ ! inv9cible might ( ! div9e arm2--&1 next to ! apo/les1 ! m>tyrs1 s highly rev]$ by ! gratitude ( ,*ri/ians1 mu/ occupy ! second place among ^? :o 7 in/rum5tal 9 br++ ab\t ?is mighty r5ovation ( society1 & :o seal$ _! ef=ts ) _! blood4 ,b we mu/ n imag9e t ! m>tyrs1 z m]e m51 & by _! unassi/$ /r5g?1 c\ld h endur$ su* dreadful torm5ts ) su* un%ak5 con/ancy2 or1 aga91 t !y 7 ! m]e unconsci\s in/rum5ts ( a div9e fatality1 )\t ! co-op]ation ( _! free1 cle> & /eadfa/ w4 ,by ! side ( ^? :o 7 con/ant1 _m individuals 7 f\nd t 7 n s1--_m1 :o1 ov]come by suff]+1 deliv]$ up ! holy scriptures1 or entirely apo/atiz$ f ! fai? & sacrific$ to idols2 s t x 0 aft]w>ds a matt] ( dispute1 h[ f> ! laps$ c\ld be p>don$ & receiv$ aga9 into ! *ur*4 ,aft] t p]iod 0 pa/ :i* _h witness$ ! reign ( ^? inhuman tyrants t imm$iately succe$$ ,augu/us1 sev]al ( ! m virtu\s emp]ors s\ght by v>i\s exp$i5ts to br+ ab\t ! moral reg5]ation ( ! p & empire ( ,rome4 ,trajan1 :o possess$ mu* ( ! rectitude & old m>tial virtues t belong$ to ! eld] & bett] p]iod ( ,rome1 s\ght to introduce ^! aga92 &1 ?\gh ! effects ( 8 policy 7 transi5t1 !y 7 /ill b5eficial4 ,hadrian endeav\r$ to reanimate paganism1 & to make x once m ! basis ( ! empire & ( public life2 = ?is purpose1 he _h rec\rse especially to ! m pr(\nd & au/]e ,!ology ( ,egypt2 & t new ,egyptian /yle1 :i* *>act]izes ! lat] monum5ts ( ,roman art1 0 connect$ ) ! emp]or's pr$ilection = ! old religion ( ,egypt4 ,b ! heal?y vig\r1 ! moral reg5]ation1 ( public life1 & ( ! empire itself1 c\ld n n[ be obta9$ by ! ma9t5ance1 or firm] consolidation1 ( ! pagan religion2 on ! contr>y1 x is 9 ! errone\s nature ( ! primitive paganism ( ,rome t we mu/ seek = ! pr9cipal cause :y1 ev5 9 t eld] p]iod n[ s highly extoll$1 & :i* c]ta9ly 0 at lea/ bett]1 a true1 pure1 & /able sy/em ( morals & politics c\ld nev] take root & fl\ri%4 ,"u ! two ,anton9es1 ! sev]e morality ( ,/oicism 0 reg>d$ z ! vital pr9ciple ( moral reg5]ation1 & political re=m1 & a practical application ( its pr9ciples 0 s\ght = on all sides4 ,& c]ta9ly if ! /oical philosophy1 ) its m]e dead lett] ( rigid ju/ice1 & correct morality1 unsupport$ by ! div9e maxims ( "r fai?1 & t _s ( exalt$ love :i* true fai? alone c imp>t1 c\ld h accompli%$ ?is high design2--if x _h possess$ )9 itself ?is mighty s\rce1 ?is creative en]gy ( moral & social life2 ! s]i\s det]m9ation & p]sonal virtues ( ^? imp]ial /oics might inde$ h promis$ to ! decl9+ age ( ,rome ! fulfilm5t ( ! la/ hope to :i* ,paganism yet clung4 ,b t :i* do? n re/ on ! basis ( tru? c receive no life f any ext]nal cause2 & x c imp>t no life to any ?+ )\t1 because x is decay$ )91 & :5 ! illusive bloom ( fir/ y\? has fl$1 x s9ks inevitably into its native corruption4 ,:5 ! ,"l do? n build ! h\se1 sai? ! ,psalmi/1 ^? :o w\ld build x lab\r 9 va94 ,to ! bett] times t _h witness$ ! rule ( ! ?ree or f\r great mon>*s we h m5tion$1 ! reign ( a ,commodus succe$$2 & ?us ! ,empire1 d[n to ! "t ( ,diocletian1 beheld a con/ant mutation ( rul]s1 sometimes b5evol5t1 or at lea/ comp>atively good1 ^: reigns h[ev] 7 (t5 b ( %ort duration1 sometimes weak & spiritless1 & sometimes aga9 tyrants ( ! mo/ abject & atroci\s ca/4 ,among ^! latt] ,sov]eigns1 h[ev]1 :o 9 cruelty & arbitr>y caprice1 resembl$ ! fir/ successors ( ,augu/us1 !re 7 no *>act]s possess$ ( t /rong ,roman s5se :i* di/+ui%$ ,tib]ius2 & ! empire 9 _! h&s assum$ daily m & m a ?or\ghly effem9ate & ori5tal complexion4 ,no?+ 0 m subject to *ance ?an ! "r ( succession 9 ! ,roman empire1 :]e ! arbitr>y application ( ! ,roman pr9ciple ( adoption op5$ a wide field to ! cont5tion ( p>ties2 )\t includ+ ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( conspiraces 9 a milit>y empire1 :i*1 z x 0 =m$ by a milit>y conspiracy1 ev] reta9$ ! /amp ( its orig94 ,augu/us _h employ$ 8 :ole life1 n )\t app>5t success1 = a "t at lea/1 9 endeav\r+ to give to au?ority1 acquir$ by =ce ( arms1 ! col\r & =ms ( legitimacy4 ,b h[ c\ld x be ev] =gott5 t he1 z well z ,cs>1 _h be5 rais$ to ! ,imp]ial ?rone by ! army1 & amid ! /ruggles ( factions1 conspiracies1 & civil w>s4 ,! soldi]s knew ?is1 & recollect$ b too well ! s\rce :5ce ! supreme p[] 9 ! /ate _h emanat$4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,prtorians1 especially1 01 f _! orig91 v consid]able1 z !y surr\nd$ ! ,emp]or1 & =m$ 8 body-gu>d4 ,by virtue ( 8 (fice ! lead] ( ! ,prtorians _h a sort ( negative & controll+ p[]1 l t ( ! ,c5sor & popul> ,tribune 9 ! anci5t republic1 except t ?is function>y wield$ ! sword1--a p[] 9 "s degree ackn[l$g$ by ! ,emp]or himself1 z x 0 acc\nt$ "o ( ! highe/ m]its ( ,trajan1 t to ! *ief ( t troop :i* def5d$ ! p]son1 & (t5 decid$ ! fate1 ( ! ,emp]or1 he deliv]$ ! sword ) ^! words3 ,= me1 if ,i gov]n well--aga9/ me1 if ,i %\ld become a tyrant4 ,?us ! empire 0 entirely ab&on$ to *ance & caprice1 & z its orig9 0 milit>y1 x rema9$ unto ! end ess5tially a milit>y despotism4 ,! m p[]ful legions t 7 qu>t]$ 9 ! mo/ important prov9ces1 especially 9 ^? ( ! fronti]s1 soon began to feel t !y 7 f> sup]ior 9 numb]s & /r5g? to ! effem9ate ,prtorians ( ! capital4 ,sev]al emp]ors 7 elect$ & proclaim$ by ^! legions2 & 9 ! numb]1 su* ev5 z 7 n ,romans1 & 7 ( b>b>ian extraction2 = x happ5$ t1 9 ! prov9cial legions1 _m =eign]s1 especially ,g]mans1 7 engag$ 9 ! ,roman s]vice 9 ! prov9ces on ! ,nor?-we/]n fronti]4 ,sev]al ( ! emp]ors ?us *os5 by ! legions1 cont9u$ to reside :]e ! c5tre ( _! p[] exi/$--9 ! /ation1 or 9 "s prov9cial capital conv5i5tly situat$4 ,! ,s5ate _h long be5 b a m]e %ad[ ( its =m] greatness2 ev5 ! capital began to lose mu* ( its importance4 ,at ! same "t ! repeat$ incursions ( ! ,nor!rn nations ev] r5d]$ a g5]al invasion m imm95t1 & ! disa/]1 :i* m5 _h =ese5 f af>1 appe>$ ev] ne>] its accompli%m5t4 ,already ! fir/ irruption ( ! ,cimbri & ,teutones1 :5 n m]ely an army = ! sake ( booty1 or to plant a milit>y colony1 b a :ole tribe ) wives & *ildr5 _h migrat$ into ! ,roman t]ritory1 ?rew ,rome into con/]nation dur+ ! civil w>s1 :5 %e 0 at ! v height ( h] milit>y pr[ess4 ,cs> _h sp>$ no ex]tion to r$uce ,gaul to complete subjection1 & ?is c\ntry _h ev] s9ce adopt$ m & m ! language & cu/oms ( ,rome4 ,he exp]i5c$ f no p su* vigor\s resi/ance1 z f ! ,g]manic tribes2 & to protect aga9/ ^! nations ! safety ( ! empire1 by /rongly =tify+ ! banks ( ! ,rh9e & ,danube1 con/itut$ aft]w>ds ! fir/ conc]n ( ! ,roman ,emp]ors4 ,:at a %ock ,augu/us receiv$ f ! defeat ( ,v>us1 by ! ,g]man ,arm9ius 9 8 native woods6 ,ev5 "u ! m>tial ,trajan1 :o 0 almo/ ! la/ conqu]or 9 ! l9e ( ,roman ,emp]ors1 m5 began to ent]ta9 s]i\s appreh5sions ( ! invasion ( ! ,g]manic tribes4 ,! fir/ great irruption 0 t ( ! ,alemanni1 :o1 "u ,m>cus ,aurelius bur/ into ! ,rhtian prov9ces1 :ile simil> movem5ts occurr$ 9 ,noricum & ea/w>d t[>ds ,pannonia4 ,h[ev]1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 by an en]getic & successful resi/ance1 repell$ ?is fir/ attempt1 & ?us 0 ! means ( det]r+ ! b>b>ians = a long "t f simil> ent]prises2 & a hundr$ ye>s elaps$ be=e ,aurelian drove !m aga9 f ,italy1 ov] ! ,alps z f> z ! ,le*4 ,among ! ,g]man nations1 ! ,go?s1 :o f ! ,sc&9avian ,isles _h p5etrat$ f> into ! int]ior ( ,g]many1 p>ticul>ly t[>ds ! ea/]n1 z aft]w>ds t[>ds ! we/]n1 p>ts ( t c\ntry1 7 pre-em95t 9 p[]4 ,!y c\ld n be prev5t$ f obta9+ a firm foot+ 9 ! ,nor?-ea/]n prov9ces1 by ! ,black ,sea4 ,! ,emp]or ,decius p]i%$ 9 ! w> aga9/ ?is p2 & ! ,romans 7 oblig$ to surr5d] to !m by a =mal treaty1 ! fur!r ,dacia4 ,con/ant9e1 inde$1 0 victori\s 9 ! w> he wag$ aga9/ !m2 b he pref]r$ to conclude an advantage\s peace1 to ga9 _! fri5d%ip1 & enli/ _! y\? 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,roman armies4 ,( ! lat] reigns t ( ,diocletian display$ ! greate/ en]gy2 b 8 cruel p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians 01 ev5 to judge f ! m]e ext]nal /ate ( society1 z little adapt$ to ! _s ( ! age z x 0 repreh5sible 9 itself1 & h5ce 8 design rema9$ unaccompli%$4 ,al?\gh1 aft] 8 abdication1 ,diocletian %[$ himself a ?or\gh ,roman 9 private life1 yet1 :ile he sway$ ! sceptre1 he deem$ x exp$i5t to surr\nd ! ?rone ) all ! pomp & =ms ( ,asiatic homage4 ,! division ( ! empire among sev]al sov]eigns appe>$ !n1 z aft]w>ds1 "u ,con/ant9e & 8 successors1 an unavoidable & necess>y evil2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! sev]al p>ts & memb]s ( ! va/ body ( ! ,roman ,empire1 :i* approa*$ ne>] & ne>] to its dissolution1 began to fall to pieces1 & t division itself accel]at$ aga9 ! de/ruction ( ! /ate1 z x became ! occasion ( int]nal discord1 & univ]sal convulsion 9 ! ,roman _w4 ,! revolution accompli%$ by ,con/ant9e1 inde$1 might h become a real1 & by f> ! mo/ compreh5sive1 reg5]ation ( ! ,roman /ate1 z x sub/itut$ = its orig9ally defective1 & n[ completely rott51 f\ndation ( ,paganism1 a new pr9ciple ( life1 a high] & m pot5t en]gy ( div9e tru? & et]nal ju/ice4 ,b ,*ri/ianity _h n yet ne> become ! univ]sal religion ( ! p1 & ,empire ( ,rome--o!rwise ! great re-action1 :i* took place "u ,julian1 _h n be5 possible4 ,! peasantry1 9 p>ticul>1 cont9u$ = a long "t yet atta*$ to ! old idolatry2 & h5ce ! "n ( ,pagans 0 d]iv$4#c ,ev5 ,con/ant9e1 ?\gh he publicly decl>$ himself a conv]t to ,*ri/ianity1 /ill did n d>e to receive baptism imm$iately1 & ?us ent] fully into ! great community ( ,*ri/ians4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ! ,roman /ate 0 s completely int]wov5 ) ,pagan rites & ,pagan doctr9es1 t1 f an act ( ?is public nature1 dang]\s collisions might h at fir/ easily ensu$4 ,on ! :ole1 ! old ,roman maxims & pr9ciples ( /ate-policy cont9u$ to prevail1 ev5 = a long "t aft] ! reign ( ,con/ant9e2 & ! p]iod _h n yet arriv$ :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 to "w a fundam5tal re=m ?r\gh\t ! :ole political _w1--& a ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t1 if ,i may s speak1 0 to be e/abli%$ & organiz$ on t et]nal basis1 & to /rike deep root & gr[ into ! fai? & life ( ! p1 & into _! habits & _! feel+s2 b ?is great revolution 0 res]v$ = ano!r & a lat] p]iod4 #a ,9 confirmation ( ?is pi?y s5t5ce ( ,s*legel's1 ,i may cite a rem>kable passage f ! celebrat$ ,less+1 :i*1 z com+ f an ,infidel1 may p]haps h m weight ) ! ,unit>ian4 ,if ,*ri/1 he says1 is n truly ,god1 !n ,mohamm$anism 0 an und\bt$ improvem5t on ! ,*ri/ian religion3 ,mahomet1 on su* a supposition1 w\ld indisputably h be5 a great] man ?an ,*ri/1 z he w\ld h be5 f> m v]aci\s1 m circumspect1 & m zeal\s = ! hon\r ( ,god1 s9ce ,*ri/1 by 8 expressions1 w\ld h giv5 dang]\s occasion = idolatry2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 n a s+le expression ( ! k9d c be laid to ! *>ge ( ,mahomet4--,less+'s ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te und ,litt]atur4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #daj4--,trans4 #b ,by ?is expression1 ,s*legel does n mean to "q ! sup]natural ag5cy t produc$ ^? ob/acles4--,trans #c ,f ! ,lat9 ^w ,pagus1 a rural di/rict4 ,,end ,,( ,,lecture ,x4 ,,lecture ,,xi4 ,( ! anci5t ,g]mans1 & ( ! invasion ( ! ,nor!rn tribes4--,! m>* ( ,nature 9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( ,nations4--,fur!r diffusion & int]nal consolidation ( ,*ri/ianity4--,great corruption ( ! _w4--,rise ( ,mahometanism4 ,! idolatry ( ! anci5t ,g]mans1 l ! less poetical1 less artificial1 & less elaborate ,paganism ( all primitive nations1 consi/$ 9 a simple adoration ( ,nature1 su* z exi/$ among ! ,p]sians1 ) :om !y _h a v close aff9ity 9 race & 9 language4 ,?us ! objects ( _! wor%ip 7 ! />s1 ! sun & ! moon1 ! cele/ial spirits1 ! v>i\s p[]s & elem5ts ( ,nature1 & 9 p>ticul> ! "m e>?1 "u ! "n ( ! goddess ,h]?a4 ,9 ! ,g]man & ,engli% names = ! days ( ! week1 ! names ( ! gods1 ,?un1 ,wodan1 ,?or1 & ,freya1 are /ill pres]v$2 & ^! 9 ! ,g]manic my?ology correspond to ! planets1 mo/ cle>ly visible f our globe--,m>s1 ,m]cury1 ,jupit]1 & ,v5us2 z x is also f ^! ! ,romanic languages h tak5 ! names ( ! weekdays4 ,x does n appe>1 inde$1 t !re exi/$ 9 ,g]many q s p[]ful1 influ5tial1 & well-organiz$ a body ( prie/s1 z ! ,druids compos$ 9 ,gaul2 & we c only discov] ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 secret rites & my/]ies ( a v primitive simplicity2 z1 = in/ance1 ! human sacrifice :i* 0 (f]$ to ! lake ,h]?a1 9 ! ,isle ( ,rug51 :5 a "y man & maid5 7 ?r[n into its solit>y wat]s4 ,x 0 9 ! obscurity ( woods1 "u ! sacr$ oak1 or by ! ,l9d51 ! tree ( ,nor!rn en*antm5t1 & on ! m\nta9tops1 !y celebrat$ _! rites1 fe/ivals1 & ent]ta9m5ts1 or arrang$ ! ,runic /icks to se>* into futurity2 & z1 among ! ,greeks1 ! ,delphic oracle 9 mom5ts ( g5]al dang] 0 consult$1 & gave its advice on ! mo/ important conc]ns ( ! nation2 s ! prophetesses & sybils ( ! ,nor?1 l ! ,vell$a m5tion$ by ! ,romans1 ex]t$ a v decisive influ5ce on ! public c\ncils4 ,old poetical traditions ( gods1 h]oes1 giants1 & spirits 79 _m respects l ^? ( ,p]sia71 =m$ ! key/one ( ! sacr$ recollections & national exi/5ce ( ! ,g]manic nations4 ,_! orig9al desc5t f ,asia rema9$ ev] /rong & lively 9 _! remembrance1 & allusions to x 7 int]wov5 into ! :ole body ( _! tradition>y poetry2 & z 9 ! ,p]sian traditions1 ! ,arii are celebrat$ z ! mo/ g5]\s & h]oic nation ( ! primitive ages1 s ! ,asae occupy ! mo/ di/+ui%$ place 9 ! ,nor!rn my?ology4 ,9 ! ,sc&9avian ,nor?1 :i* rema9$ ,pagan = _m c5turies aft] ,g]many _h become ,*ri/ian1 !re are /ill extant _m monum5ts & songs ( a simil> purport & /ra92 & ( ^!1 inde$1 abundant ve/iges are to be f\nd e-:]e4 ,^! old hi/orical traditions & ?is h]$it>y poetry _h (t5 a v p[]ful influ5ce on real life1 & on ! m>tial ent]prises & a*ievem5ts ( ! tribes2 & z 9 ! h]oic ages ( ! ,greeks1 accord+ to ! ,hom]ic description1 s 9 ^? times ! b>d1 proclaim+ ! hi/ory ( gods & h]oes1 & att5d+ on ! p]son ( ! pr9ce or g5]al ( ! army1 0 by no means an unimportant p]sonage4 ,a mon>*y ( su* wide ext5t1 z ! anci5t k+dom ( ,p]sia1 did n exi/ 9 ,g]many4 ,! con/itution1 if we c apply su* a t]m to ! wild fre$om ( ^? e>ly ages1 0 m l t ( ,greece 9 ! h]oic times1 :5 %e 0 gov]n$ by h] noble families1 & h] t]ritory 0 divid$ into a numb] ( petty k+doms1 :i* only r>ely unit$ 9 a great league = a common ent]prise4 ,?is primitive ,g]manic con/itution 0 a v simple & free ari/ocracy ( ,nature4 ,! tribe t compos$ ! nation 0 an union or conf$]acy ( freem5 & nobles "u an h]$it>y tribe-pr9ce1 or *os5 lead]2 & x 0 only at a lat] p]iod t among "s ( ! ,g]manic nations1 ?is conf$]acy gave way to a regul> regal gov]nm5t4 ,e freeman1 & e man hav+ a "r to be> arms1 0 a memb] ( ! ,h]mannia1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds call$ ! arri]e-ban2 & x 0 ?is anci5t ,h]mannia t gave rise to ! ,roman "n = ,g]many4 ,! l& 0 cultivat$ by bondsm5 & slaves1 :o _h be5 ei!r pur*as$1 or tak5 prison]s 9 w>1 or 7 ! conqu]$ remnant ( ! anci5t inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 or ev5 m5 :o = "s crime _h =feit$ _! fre$om & nobility4 ,:5 ! ,romans became bett] acqua9t$ ) ! ,g]manic nations1 ! latt] _h p>tly become an agricultural p2 & !y obs]v$ t v primitive cu/om ( lett+ _! fields lie alt]nately 9 fall[--a cu/om :i* has be5 s long reta9$ 9 ! ,nor? ( ,g]many1 "u ! "n ( dreyfeld]-wir?s*aft4 ,private prop]ty 9 l& itself 0 n yet m>k$ out nor enclos$ )9 any exact limits--!re 0 /ill mu* common l&1 & ?is 0 naturally an inducem5t = ! diff]5t tribes1 :5ev] !y _h a fav\rable opportunity1 to *ange _! abode & migrate4 ,b ?is infant agriculture 0 /ill held subord9ate to ! occupations ( ! *ace & ( ! pa/oral life1 :i* furni%$ ! pr9cipal means ( subsi/5ce4 ,! diff]5t =e/s t /ill exi/ 9 ,g]many are m]ely ! rema9+ fragm5ts ( ! "o1 va/1 b\ndless ,h]cynian =e/1 t once ext5d$ ?r\gh ! :ole int]ior ( ! c\ntry4 ,f ! quantity ( wood t yet rema9$1 ! soil ( ,g]many 0 mu* m m>%y1 & its atmosph]e incomp>ably cold]1 ?an at ! pres5t day4 ,! buffalo & ! elk1 :i* at pres5t are s v r>ely to be met ) 9 ,g]many1 7 !n animals indig5\s to our c\ntry4 ,t ?is condition ( ! soil1 & ?is unsettl$ mode ( life1 9 a gr[+ population are circum/ances q suffici5t to acc\nt = a p>tial1 ?\gh 7)\t o!r co-op]at+ causes7 n p]haps = ! g5]al1 emigration ( a :ole tribe1 mu/ be evid5t to e p]son4 ,int]nal factions & w>s are q adequate causes = ! emigration ( a :ole tribe1 or1 at lea/1 ( a consid]able portion4 ,9 ! e>ly ages x 0 cu/om>y1 :5 ! population became too num]\s1 = ! y\ng] bro!rs1 or a c]ta9 numb] ( y\?s *os5 by lot1 to quit _! c\ntry "u ! guidance ( a lead] ( _! *oice1 or ( "o m>k$ out by ,fame1 &1 proce$+ on an exp$ition ( adv5ture1 conqu] o!r homes = !mselves1 & seek out _! =tunes t[>ds ! ea/1 or t[>ds ! we/1 or b5ea? ! fair] sky ( a s\!rn region4 ,ev5 9 a m advanc$1 nay 9 ! mo/ advanc$1 /age ( civilization1 e /ate & nation is necessitat$ by nature1 if ,i may s speak1 to disbur!n itself ( a r$undant population1 & to ext5d itself 9 new settlem5ts--9 "o ^w1 to f\nd colonies1 & to possess colonies4 ,?is is ! /&+ law1--! fundam5tal rule ( heal? 9 ! progressive developm5t ( nations2 & :]e ?is necessity does n exi/ 9 an equal degree1 we mu/ consid] x only a case ( exception1 & we %all be sure to f9d t "s special cause precludes ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple = a "t3 =1 soon] or lat]1 nature w =ce u to ?is exp$i5t4 ,! comm]cial colonies ( ! ,pho5icians & ,greeks 7 9 "p f\nd$1 & c]ta9ly at lea/ def5d$1 ext5d$ & consolidat$ by =ce ( arms2 & x is only by simil> means1 t 9 mod]n times1 ,mexico & ,p]u h become colonies ( ,spa94 ,b 9 ^? e>ly ages1 & among ^? nor!rn1 w>like *ildr5 ( nature1 ?is natural necessity ( emigration c\ld take no o!r c\rse1 nor h any o!r object b a milit>y settlem5t4 ,su* 0 ! result ( ! fir/ irruption ( ! nor!rn nations1 m5tion$ 9 hi/ory--! exp$ition ( ! ,gauls into ,?race1 :i* 0 soon succe$$ by a second ( a simil> k9d "u ,br5nus2 :5 t ,gallic g5]al m>*$ at ! head ( 8 troops into ,mac$on & ,greece1 & became ma/] ( ! ri* temple ( ,apollo at ,delphi1 & ( all its accumulat$ treasures4 ,a remnant ( ^! troops f9ally fix$ _! abode 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & e/abli%$ a ,gallic settlem5t 9 a prov9ce :i* f !m receiv$ ! "n ( ,galatia4 ,9 ?is fir/ great exp$ition1 or irruption ( ! nor!rn nations1 ! names ( almo/ all ! tribes & _! lead]s are ,celtic2 /ill "s few ,g]man names are f\nd among/ !m2 & ?is may be easily acc\nt$ =1 :5 we recollect t ! ,gauls1 :o 7 !n widely spread1 & inhabit$ ev5 ! ,nor? ( ,italy1 7 und\bt$ly 9 possession ( mo/ ( ! ,alp9e c\ntries1 & ?us may easily h engag$ 9 _! s]vice "s ,g]man tribes4 ,:o kn[s b :at "s m>vell\s tradition1 & fabul\s acc\nt ( ! lovely climate & delici\s fruits ( ! ,s\!rn regions1 toge!r ) recollections ( _! orig9al desc5t f ! ,s\!rn nations ( ,asia1 may h contribut$ to br+ ! ,cimbri & ,teutones f ! isl&s ( ,sc&9avia to ! pla9s ( ,italy8 ,_h ! ,romans n dread$ ! dang]\s prec$5t1 & _h !y b allott$ l&s to ^! nations1 !y might easily h kept t]ms ( peace ) !m1 & enli/$ _! mo/ valiant y\? 9 ! s]vice ( _! legions2 z1 inde$1 "u ! lat] emp]ors1 ! fl[] ( _! troops 0 select$ f ! ,go?ic tribes4 ,b ! case 0 widely diff]5t :5 ! relations ( peace & w>1 ! proximity ( fronti]s1 & ! occupation ( ! ,g]man t]ritory1 br\ght ! ,romans 9 clos] contact ) ! ,g]manic nations2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! campaigns :i* ,cs> conduct$ aga9/ ! *ief ( ! ,suevi1 ,ariovi/us2 ,tib]ius aga9/ ,m>oboduus1 k+ ( ! ,m>comanni2 & ! g5]al ( ,augu/us aga9/ ! ,saxon pr9ce1 ,h]mann4 ,"h bo? p>ties dilig5tly /udi$ & obs]v$ ea* o!r's excell5cies & defects1 & mix$ 9 ! mo/ v>i\s int]c\rse4 ,?us ,h]mann's fa!r liv$ among ! ,romans2 8 bro!r bore a ,roman "n2 & 8 nephew 0 educat$ at ,rome4 ,m>oboduus himself repair$ ?i!r1 desir\s l a prud5t foe1 to exam9e ) 8 own eyes ! capital ( ,roman greatness & p[]4 ,among ! ,g]man tribes & _! lead]s1 factions 7 sometimes =m$ ev5 aga9/ ,h]mann & ,m>oboduus2 & at a lat] p]iod1 ^! divisions _h no inconsid]able influ5ce on ! relations ( ! ,g]manic nations ) ! ,romans1 & on _! =eign ent]prizes4 ,! ,roman fronti] on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube1 =tifi$ by a long l9e ( ca/les1 =tresses1 & cities1 lay = ! mo/ "p )9 ! ,g]man t]ritory1 & 0 inhabit$ by "s ,g]man tribes1 or ,g]man settl]s t _h be5 attract$ ?i!r4 ,"h ! nations ( ,g]many saw _! bre?r5 ( a k9dr$ race1 liv+ inde$ "u ! contr\l ( ,roman laws1 :i* ^?1 :o /ill reta9$ _! fre$om1 s\ght to repel by =ce ( arms2 b on ! o!r h&1 !y obs]v$ ! high cultivation ( a c\ntry1 ble/ ) all ! advantages ( civilization1 & adorn$ ) s _m ( ! arts ( life1 ) ! culture ( ! v9e1 & a v>iety ( ! mo/ exquisite fruits4 ,& :51 9 ! c\rse ( ! almo/ incessant w>s wag$ on ! fronti]1 !y ei!r enc\nt]$ a feeble resi/ance1 or obs]v$ "s defect 9 ! mode ( ,roman def5ce1 ! desire to prosecute _! =tune1 & p5etrate into ^? beautiful c\ntries1 mu/ h consid]ably augm5t$4 ,z1 ?ree c5turies ago1 ! fabul\s acc\nts ( treasures ( gold1 & ri* ores ( silv]1 to be f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 drew ho/s ( ,spani% & o!r ,european adv5tur]s ov] ! ,atlantic to ! %ores ( ! newly-discov]$ cont95t2 s ! *>ms ( a s\!rn sky1 ! ri* fruits1 ! v9ey>ds1 ! bloom+ g>d5s ( a w>m1 lovely & highly cultivat$ region1 wr\ght p[]fully on ! imag9ations ( ! ,nor!rns1 & 7 (t5 ! motive ( _! exp$itions & arm$ migrations4 ,! fir/ irruptions ( ! ,alemanni 9 ! reign ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 & subsequ5t to x1 appe> to h aris5 imm$iately & naturally1 7z ,i h said17 out ( ! p]petual w>s wag$ on ! fronti]1 on ! fir/ advantage :i* ^? b>b>ians obta9$ ov] ! ,romans1 & on ! fir/ defect or weakness :i* !y espi$ 9 ! def5sive op]ations ( _! enemies4 ,t ! w>f>e on ! fronti] 0 p]petuat$ almo/ )\t int]mission1 x is ! m natural to suppose1 s9ce ! ,g]manic nations by two arm$ conf$]acies ( _! tribes1 _h on _! side oppos$ to ! =tifications ( ! ,roman b\nd>ies a liv+ fronti]-wall4 ,! "n ( ! ,m>comanni s]v$ to designate n a p>ticul> tribe1 b an arm$ conf$]ation = ! def5ce ( ! :ole nation2 & ! same rem>k holds good ( ! ,alemanni4 ,9 ! descriptions :i* ! ,romans h giv5 ( ,g]many1 !y 7 occasionally l$1 by _! ignorance ( ! language1 to mi/ake a league = a p1 & to apply to a tribe ! d5om9ation int5d$ to d5ote a di/rict or a cu/om4 ,b 9 ^! acc\nts x is v easy to trace ! ?ree or f\r lead+ nations ( ,g]many1 t figure aft]w>ds 9 its hi/ory1 & :i*1 on ! dissolution ( ! ,roman empire1 possess$ !mselves ( its prov9ces1 spread ?r\gh ! diff]5t ,romanic c\ntries1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t became ! f\nd]s ( ! mod]n ,european /ates4 ,^! ?ree pr9cipal nations ( ,g]many 7& su* !y 7 consid]$ by ! ,romans17 7 ! ,suevi1 ! ,saxons1 & ! ,go?s1 :o may be be/ di/+ui%$ by ! c\rse ( ! riv]s1 :i* fl[$ ?r\gh ! c\ntries !y inhabit$4 ,! :ole ( t ext5sive c\ntry1 aft]w>ds call$ ,anci5t ,saxony1 & :i* lay along ! c\rse & emb\*ures ( ! ,elbe1 ! ,eyd]1 ! ,ems & ! ,wes]1 includ+ ! :ole sea-coa/ ) ,jutl& & ,d5m>k1 all ! ,rh5i% ,ne!rl&s ) ! ,batavian %ores1 0 inhabit$ by ! ,saxons2 a p 7= x 0 only lat] _! "n 0 expla9$ f a peculi> national weapon1 or species ( sword17 atta*$ to ! soil1 & :o 7 ( all ! ,g]manic tribes ! lea/ prone to emigration2 =1 z m>9]s1 !y kept to ! sea-coa/s1 & ! banks ( riv]s4 ,x 0 only at ! p]iod :5 ! tide ( emigration _h rea*$ its highe/ po9t t ! ,saxons1 issu+ f _! native seat1 n only possess$ !mselves (1 b z x 71 peopl$ anew1 ! great ,briti% ,isle2 & x is v possible t ?is n widely disp]s$1 b closely connect$ l[-,g]man race1 !n out-numb]$ all ! o!r nations ( ,g]many4 ,x 0 on ! banks ( ! ,upp] ,rh9e & ! ,upp] ,danube t lay ! orig9al seat ( ! ,suevi1 a race p]haps m mix$1 :o occur 9 hi/ory "u ! "n ( ! ,alemanni1 & 7 di/+ui%$ = a re/less _s ( adv5ture & migratory ent]prize4 ,! "n ( ! ,franks1 a p occupy+ s important a place 9 lat] hi/ory1 d5ot$ orig9ally r a league ?an a p>ticul> nation2 & z _! geographical seat lay betwe5 ^? ( ! ,suevi & ! ,saxons1 !y 7 ak9 9 "* & by desc5t to bo? ^? nations4 ,9 _! mann]s & mode ( gov]nm5t !y resembl$ ! ,alemanni2 :ile 9 race & language !y 7 orig9ally m ne>ly alli$ to ! ,saxons4 ,if ! ,franks are to be consid]$ a di/9ct nation1 x is ! anci5t ,catti or ,hessians 7:o h ev] be5 includ$ among t p7 t we mu/ reg>d z ! ma9 /ock ( ! :ole race4 ,b ! second great primitive & lead+ race among ! ,g]manic nations 7 ! ,go?s1 a p ^: t]ritory spread f ! ,sc&9avian ,p59sula1 & ! %ores ( ! ,baltic1 along ! :ole c\rse ( ! ,vi/ula1 z f> z ! ,black ,sea4 ,_! language1 z x exi/s 9 ! yet extant ,go?ic bible ( ,ulphilas1 is :at we w\ld n[ call ! high ,dut* dialect2 ?\gh its =m is m anci5t1 & is di/+ui%$ = a c]ta9 purity ( /ructure1 n )\t its peculi> *>m4 ,?is ,go?ic dialect is1 9 tone & =m1 less ak9 to ! ,saxon & ,sc&9avian languages1 except 9 s f> z ! bran*es ( a /em1 ! ne>] we approa* ! roots1 reveal m cle>ly _! common orig94 ,9 ! ,sc&9avian ,nor?1 ! t]ritories ( ^! two pr9cipal ,g]manic races1 ! ,go?s & ! ,saxons1 7 contigu\s2 &1 proce$+ f ?is common s\rce1 ! two nations bran*$ out into sep>ate & v>i\s /reams4 ,( a simil>1 or at lea/ ( a k9dr$1 race to ! ,go?s1 7 ! ,burgundians & ,v&als1 :o aft]w>ds f\nd$ ! k+doms ( t "n 9 ,gaul & ,spa94 ,h]$it>y mon>*y atta9$ to a m settl$ =m among ! ,go?s ?an among any o!r ( ! ,g]manic nations2 &1 divid$ betwe5 two diff]5t dyna/ies1 ! ,o/ro-,go?s 7 subject to ! h]oic family ( ! ,amali1 & ! ,visi-,go?s to t ( ! ,balti4 ,! ,roman hi/orians ( t age (t5 speak ( _! m>tial c\rage & magnanimity1 z well z ( _! l(ty & comm&+ /ature4 ,! real emigration ( ! ,nor!rn tribes orig9at$ solely & imm$iately ) ! ,go?s2 &1 9 ! fir/ p]iod1 0 n produc$ by any commotion among ! ,asiatic nations1 z 0 aft]w>ds ! case4 ,z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury1 ! ,go?s took possession ( ! c\ntries situat$ on ! ,nor!rn coa/ ( ! ,eux9e1 & p5etrat$ into ,greece z f> z ,a!ns4 ,! ,emp]or ,decius fell 9 ! w> aga9/ !m1 & 9 ! peace :i* !y conclud$ ) ,aurelian1 !y reta9$ ! fur!r ,dacia :i* _h be5 previ\sly surr5d]$4 ,!y n[ became allies ( ! ,romans1 :o 7 happy en\gh to cultivate ! relations ( peace ) !m1 & to recruit _! legions ) ! ,go?ic y\?4 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ! ,go?s on ! dea? ( _! k+ ,h]manric1 7 di/urb$ 9 _! settlem5ts ne> ! ,black ,sea by ! ,huns3 a p :o1 accord+ to ! ,*9ese annals1 orig9ally inhabit$ ! ,nor!rn fronti] ( ,*9a t[>ds ! ,ea/]n p>ts ( ! ,middle ,asia1 & :o aft]w>ds1 be>+ d[n we/w>d1 took up _! abode = a long "t on ! ,ea/]n %ores ( ! ,caspian1 till at la/ !y =c$ _! way into ! ,caucasian regions1 & ! t]ritory ( ! ,go?s on ! bord]s ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,x 0 only n[1 :5 ! m9ds ( ! ,g]man tribes ( ! ,we/ 7 at ! same "t ris+ to a high] & high] pit* ( excitem5t1 & ! old ,empire ( ,rome 0 on e side crumbl+ into ru9s1 t ! tide ( ,nor!rn emigration bur/ out 9 all its full & fe>ful viol5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ irruptions1 ! names ( ! diff]5t tribes1 z well z ( _! lead]s1 7 almo/ all )\t exception ,g]man2 b n[ we meet ) _m =eign names1 :i* discov] n only ! ,asiatic ,huns1 b ! ,sclavonian1 & ev5 p]haps1 occasionally1 ! ,f9ni% tribes1 t 7 und\bt$ly !n int]m+l$ ) ! ,go?s 9 ! va/ empire ( ! latt]4 ,= fifty ye>s aft] ! fir/ invasion1 ! ,huns rema9$ at peace 9 _! new settlem5ts betwe5 ! ,!iss & ! ,danube1 nor did !y di/urb ! ,roman ,empire till ! "t ( ,attila4 ,! ,go?s (f]$ to def5d ! fronti] aga9/ ^! b>b>ians1 & receiv$ 9 return ! prov9ce to ! s\? ( ! ,danube4 ,! ,go?s readily embrac$ ,*ri/ianity2 b !y receiv$ x 9 ! ,arian =m2 = at ! "t :5 religi\s in/ructors & ! ,go?ic bi%op ,ulphilas 7 s5t f ,con/ant9ople1 ! ,arian p>ty _h ! asc5dancy 9 t capital4 ,?is circum/ance _h aft]w>ds ! mo/ fatal influ5ce on ! de/9ies ( ! ,roman ,empire2 = "o ( ! *ief causes ( its d[nfal 0 ?is new conte/ 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,x 0 on ?is v acc\nt ! second conque/ ( ,rome by ! ,v&al ,k+ ,g5s]ic 0 att5d$ ) f> m deva/ation ?an ! fir/ "u ! ,visi-,go? ,k+ ,al>ic2 = ! =m] p]secut$ ! ,ca?olic *ur* ) all ! animosity ( an ,arian4 ,! ,go?s 7 n animat$ by feel+s ( ho/ility t[>ds ! ,romans2 b 7 r dispos$ to admire ! excell5ce & sup]iority ( _! civilization4 ,:5 ! ,emp]or ,val5s p]i%$ 9 ! ,go?ic w>1 :i* ,roman trea*]y _h occasion$1 ,!odosius contriv$ to conclude an advantage\s peace ) ?is p1 :5 !y /ood at ! v gates ( ,con/ant9ople1 took =ty ?\s& ( _! troops into 8 pay1 & r5ew$ ! arm$ conf$]acy ( ! ,go?s :i* ,con/ant9e _h =m$4 ,:5 ! ,go?ic pr9ce ,a?an>ic _h contemplat$ ) a/oni%m5t ! pomp & spl5d\r ( ,con/ant9ople1 & _h conceiv$ s5tim5ts ( respect = ! p]sonal "* ( ,!odosius2 ! ,go?s1 mov$ by ! repres5tations ( _! pr9ce1 decl>$ to ,!odosius t z long z he liv$1 !y wi%$ to h no o!r k+ b himself4 ,b ! case 0 alt]$ "u ! sons ( ,!odosius2 &1 to def5d !mselves f ?is p1 ^! pr9ces knew no o!r exp$i5t ?an to let loose on ,italy ^! b>b>ians1 & to div]t & po9t ! /orm ( invasion t[>ds t qu>t]4 ,?is policy produc$ ! exp$ition ( ! ,visi-,go? ,k+ ,al>ic to ,rome1 & ! fir/ conque/ ( ! et]nal & sev5-hill$ city4 ,! disputes betwe5 ,rome & ! new ,byzant9e c\rt did n a little contribute to ! d[nfal ( ! ,roman ,empire2 & ! dext]ity1 or r craft9ess1 :i* ! politicians ( ,con/ant9ople display$ on ?is1 z on _m o!r occasions1 0 (t5 att5d$ ) consequ5ces ! mo/ ru9\s to ,italy4 ,z ! univ]sal empire ( ,rome _h gr[n out ( civil w>1 s x 0 und]m9$ & ru9$ m by int]nal discord & corruption1 ?an by ! p[] ( ! ,go?s2 a nation ) :om ! ,romans might easily h contract$ relations ( amity1 & induc$ to frat]nize1 & become by degrees "o p ) !mselves2 & inde$1 at v>i\s p]iods1 ! policy ( ! bett] ,emp]ors _h prep>$ ! way = su* an union4 ,z1 ( all ! ,g]manic nations1 ! ,go?s 7 ! mo/ p[]ful2 & z _! assi/ance w\ld h enabl$ ! ,romans to resi/ all ! o!r tribes2 su* an alliance1 z ,i "h speak (1 w\ld h accompli%$ by pacific means ! purpose ( ! great ,nor!rn migration1 namely1 ! union ( ! s\nd1 vigor\s1 native _s ( ! ,g]mans ) ! civilization ( ! ,romans 7!n inde$ sunk to ! l[e/ /ate ( debasem5t71 & ^: polity & public life ,*ri/ianity itself 0 unable totally to reg5]ate4 ,& ?us a long int]m$iate p]iod ( conflict & confusion w\ld h be5 r5d]$ unnecess>y4 ,dur+ ! tr\bles :i* foll[$ ! fir/ conque/ ( ,rome by ,al>ic1 ! ,romans invok$ f ,africa ! aid ( ,g5s]ic1 ,k+ ( ! ,v&als1--a pr9ce :o bo? z a w>rior1 & z a rul]1 0 f> m cruel ?an ,al>ic1 & :o e :]e spread t]ror on 8 m>*4 ,jeal\s & suspici\s ( ! ,go?s1 he invit$ into ,italy ,attila1 ) all ! nations :i* 8 m>tial pr[ess _h subject$ or atta*$ to 8 au?ority1 & occasion$ ! exp$ition ( ! latt] into ! ,we/1 :]e1 9 ! great battle on ! banks ( ! ,m>na1 ! ,go?s con/itut$ ! ma9 portion ( bo? ! cont5d+ armies4 ,! ,huns & "s o!r ( ! invad+ nations 7 /ill ,pagans2 & ! hi/ory ( t age amply demon/rat$ t w>s are ev] m de/ructive 9 proportion z ! armies are m num]\s1 ! ?rong ( arm$ multitudes m d5se1 & ! nations compos+ !m m v>i\s & dissimil>4 ,/ill ! g5]al oppression1 an>*y1 desolation1 & mis]y1 9 ^? times1 are n to be trac$ solely to w>s & battles2 =1 dur+ ! mo/ fl\ri%+ & civiliz$ ages ( anci5t ,rome1 w>s 7 almo/ p]petually wag$1 & 7 g5]ally m1 & c]ta9ly n less1 bloody & de/ructive ?an ! pres5t4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,rome contriv$ to av]t ! torr5t ( ho/ilities f 8 capital1 & ! city 0 sp>$4 ,on ! dea? ( ,attila1 ! ,huns ceas$ to be =midable2 = ! p[] ( t pr9ce1 :i* dep5d$ f> less on _! numb]s1 ?an on 8 own milit>y pr[ess & glory1 p]i%$ at once ) him4 ,odoac]1 ,pr9ce ( ! ,h]uli & ,rugians1 7nations also ,go?ic7 0 call$ to ! ,empire ( ,rome f ! banks ( ! ,danube4 ,f 8 conque/ dates ! d[nfal ( ! ,we/]n ,empire1 & ! la/ ,roman y\? :o 0 yet dignifi$ ) ! "n ( emp]or1 0 call$ ,romulus1 #abbh ye>s aft] ! fir/ ,romulus1--! f\nd] ( ! et]nal city--a city :i* aft] x _h lo/ its outw>d & political p[]1 became ! c5tre ( a va/ sac]dotal dom9ion1 & aga9 occupi$ 9 succe$+ times a mighty & important place 9 hi/ory4 ,:5 ! sway ( ! ,h]uli became an object ( dete/ation 9 ,rome & ,italy1 ! ,greek ,emp]or ,z5o1 9 a =mal docum5t1 conf]r$ on ! ,o/ro-,go? ,k+ ,!odoric1 :o _h be5 educat$ at ,con/ant9ople1 ! dom9ion ( ,italy2 & ! latt]1 aft] 8 victory ov] ,odoac]1 assum$ ! ,roman purple1 9 lieu ( ! ,go?ic dress4 ,he 0 highly e/eem$ 9 ,rome1 & by all ! ,g]manic nations2 8 "n1 l t ( ,*>lemagne aft] him1 0 celebrat$ 9 ! h]oic songs ( ! ,g]mans1 :ile political writ]s & hi/orical critics comm5d alike 8 tal5ts & 8 virtues4 ,8 rule 0 g5]\s & noble2 he lov$ & hon\r$ ! arts & sci5ces :i* 8 age /ill possess$1 & ! la/ ( ,roman writ]s1 ,cassiodorius & ,boe?ius1 7 ! ornam5ts ( 8 reign4 ,factions :i* arose on ! dea? ( ?is great pr9ce1 & a crime p]petrat$ on ! relics ( 8 h\se1#d af=d$ ! active ,emp]or ( ! ,ea/1 ,ju/9ian1 an opportunity to re-e/abli% ! ,greek sway 9 ,italy1 by means ( 8 successful ,g5]al1 ,belis>ius4 ,milit>y comm&]s l ,belis>ius1 & "s wor?i] & m ent]priz+ pr9ces on ! ?rone ( ,byzantium1 z well z t sy/ematic c\rse ( policy ,i h be=e describ$1 ma9ta9$ ! ,byzant9e ,empire2 :ile ,rome itself 0 ru9$1 & ,italy fell "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,lomb>ds1 :o succe$$ ! ,go?s1 & 7 succe$$ 9 _! turn by ! ,franks--"u :om ! ,roman ,empire ( ,g]many 0 re-e/abli%$1 & ,rome became1 & cont9u$1 unit$ ) t empire dur+ ! middle ages1 ?\gh = ! mo/ "p only 9 "n4 ,?is rapid b fai?ful sket* ( ! migration ( ! ,nor!rn nations seem$ necess>y to enable u to =m a "r op9ion on ?is subject4 ,= ?is p]iod1 :i* laid ! mighty f\ndation on :i* ! :ole ,teutonico--,romanic /ructure ( ! in/itutions1 laws1 mann]s1 languages1 op9ions1 & ev5 ! peculi> imag9ative "* ( mod]n ,european nations1 has be5 rais$1 has n always be5 fully und]/ood1 or ju/ly appreciat$ by _m writ]s1 ei!r l$ away by a p>tial en?usiasm = ! antique1 or en?rall$ by mod]n op9ions & prejudices--writ]s :o wi% to trace 9 all p>ts ( creation1 & ev5 9 univ]sal hi/ory1 ! same dead uni=mity & monotony ( plan4 ,x is by no means common to meet ) an ,hi/orical inquir]1 possess+ a flexibility ( fancy1 a ju/ness ( feel+1 & a s\ndness & correctness ( judgm5t1 capable ( transport+ him into ! remote ages ( hi/ory1 & ! my?ic antiquity ( nations4 ,b 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is *aotic epo*1 :5 ! old fictions ( ! ,titanic w>s appe> to be actually realiz$1 & :5 ! m>vell\s ( ev5ts & s5tim5ts is to be f\nd 9 ! obscure & meagre *ronicles ( t age1 :i* (t5 unite fragm5ts ( popul> my?ology & ,pagan tradition1 ) real hi/oric incid5ts2 x is p]haps /ill m difficult to =m an accurate judgm5t1 & to discrim9ate betwe5 ! elem5ts ( tru? & falsehood4 ,z we _c figure to ourselves su* a /ate ( an>*y1 we are unable to compreh5d x4 ,we %\ld be> 9 m9d h[ (t5 9 nature ! faire/ bloom ( vegetation1 & ! ri*e/ fullness ( organic life1 spr+ out ( a /ate ( confusion & *aos1 :5 ! elem5tal p[]s1 aft] a long /rife & conflict1 settle at la/ into a /ate ( h>moni\s equipoise1 unite & fructify1 & 9 "s creative mom5t1 :5 ! /ruggle ( lab\r is ov]1 give bir? to new & m beautiful =ms ( exi/5ce4 ,anci5t ,egypt 0 indebt$ = its f]tility to ! p]iodic inundations ( ! ,nile1 :i*1 _h !y n be5 provid$ aga9/ by m\nds & dams1 w\ld h occasion$ ! utmo/ desolation4 ,nay1 do? n ?is e>? we inhabit1 & :i* n\ri%es u1 ) all t fair & bloom+ vegetation spread ov] its surface1 ) all t b\ndless weal? & v>iety ( animal life1 & ) all ! civility & ref9em5t ( man's exi/5ce1 ^: abode x con/itutes2 do? n ?is e>?1 ,i say1 teem+ z x do? ) f]tility & life1 re/ on ! gigantic rema9s ( a primitive _w subm]g$ by ! old floods1 & :i* 0 (t5 torn1 convuls$ & r5t asund] by ! eruptions ( subt]rane\s fire8 ,well1 ! migration ( ! ,nor!rn nations br\ght ab\t a sort ( *aotic /ruggle betwe5 ! v>i\s elem5ts ( society--x 0 a new ,ogygean inundation ( nations 9 ! hi/orical ages--b x laid ! fruitful soil--! hi/orical f\ndation ( a new moral & intellectual =m ( life4 ,?is va/ flux & reflux ( nations1 roll+ 9 incessant waves f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/1 & f ! ,nor? to ! ,s\?1 & back aga9 to ! ,ea/ & to ! ,nor?1 ?is emission ( imm5se armies issu+ 9 all directions f a common c5tre1 & return+ aga9 to t c5tre f e side--all ?is va/ movem5t mu/ be look$ ^u z a /rife & cont5tion betwe5 ! elem5tal p[]s ( human society4 ,! fir/ effect1 inde$1 ( su* a /rife ( nature's elem5ts let loose is to de/roy1 or at lea/1 to impair all exi/+ organic =ms2 & x mu/ be confess$1 ?is wild & protract$ /ate ( confusion & an>*y does n pres5t ! mo/ pleas+ & auspici\s aspect to ! eye ( ! hi/orical obs]v]4 ,) respect to ! latt] circum/ance1 we mu/ recollect t ! extremely sl[ progress1 & (t5 unexpect$ delays1 9 ! advancem5t ( human society1 correspond n always1 & inde$ r>ely1 to our wi%es & expectations2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are epo*s 9 hi/ory1 :5 we are amaz$ by ! sudd5 out-bur/ ( ! mo/ extraord9>y ev5ts1 & :5 a great spl5d\r ( moral & intellectual life surprises u ( a sudd51 l a bright morn+ 9 ,spr+4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is a /rong1 wise & ,fa!rly h& :i* guides & conducts ! de/9ies ( individuals1 z well z ! m>* ( society1 & ! c\rse ( ages2 or z ! ,scripture1 ) t\*+ simplicity1 sai?1 ! ,fa!r ha? res]v$ times unto himself2 & ,"t 9 8 m>* keepe? n pace ) ! rapidity ( our desires1 nor move? accord+ to our views & hopes4 ,b :atev] may be1 if ,i may s speak1 ! fe>ful t>d9ess1 :]e) ! views ( ,provid5ce ov] ! de/9ies ( ! human race are accompli%$2--a t>d9ess1 :]e( man has to be> ! greate/ blame2 or :atev] may be1 if ,i may s say1 ! long delays ( div9e ju/ice--! procra/9ation ( ! p]iod ( grace2--x _c be d\bt$ t ! g5]al result ( ! great ,nor!rn migration 0 mo/ salut>y1 & t t mixture ( ! ,g]manic tribes ) ! deg5]ate population ( ,rome--t alliance betwe5 ! heal?y1 vigor\s1 & native intellectual en]gy ( ,g]many1 & ! rapidly decay+ civilization ( ,rome1 7 productive ( ! mightie/ & mo/ b5eficial consequ5ces4 ,:oev] d\bts ! tru? ( ?is obs]vation1 may cure 8 scepticism by comp>+ ! spl5d\r1 activity & v>iety 9 ! political & intellectual exi/5ce ( ! mod]n ,european /ates1 t h sprung out ( ?is union ( ! ,g]manic & ,romanic nations1 ) ! dull monotony1 ! ?or\gh moral & intellectual /upor :i* prevail$ 9 ! lat] ,byzant9e ,empire4 ,b ,i h m ?an once obs]v$ t1 indep5d5tly ( t progressive p[] ( reason1 inh]5t 9 all ! =ms & dep>tm5ts ( human activity2 & indep5d5tly ( ! op]ations ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 :i* =m t high my/]i\s *a9 ( unity :i* l9ks toge!r ! diff]5t p]iods ( man's social progress2 indep5d5tly1 ,i say1 ( all ^!1 !re is a law ( nature--a high1 & secret pr9ciple ( nature1 presid+ ov] ! life & gr[? ( human society--:i*1 if kept 9 due subord9ation to ! high] pr9ciple ( ,provid5ce1 w n be f\nd incompatible ) x4 ,! preval5ce ( ?is law ( nature may be cle>ly trac$ 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 & ev5 9 t ( p>ticul> nations1 :5 _! social progress is n imp$$ or int]rupt$ by viol5t or irregul> causes4 ,& 9 foll[+ ! curr5t ( ev5ts 9 ,hi/ory1 ! hi/orical obs]v] c accurately di/+ui% ! diff]5t p]iods ( national developem5t--! fir/ p]iod ( artless1 yet m>vell\s1 *ildhood--! next ( ! fir/ bloom & flu% ( y\?--lat]1 ! matur] vig\r & activity ( manhood--& at la/ ! symptoms ( approa*+ age1 a /ate ( g5]al decay1 & second *ildi%ness4 ,?is en]gy ( nature1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! o!r1 high] & div9e pr9ciple ( human de/9y1 is inh]5t 9 mank9d1 displays itself ev5 9 ! sph]e ( intellect1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! fl\ri%+ eras ( art & sci5ce4 ,x is ev5 /ill m1 or at lea/ q z1 p]ceptible 9 ^? creative mom5ts already describ$1 ( a new1 ?\gh p]haps1 at fir/1 a *aotic epo* ( human society3 s f>1 at lea/1 z ^? pla/ic1 ev5tful mom5ts are n ! m]e (fspr+ & c\nt]feit production ( revolution>y viol5ce--b h issu$ f ! v well-spr+ ( nature4 ,:5 ! latt] is ! case1 x w be f\nd t ! :ole t5d5cy ( ^! p]iods ( extraord9>y f]m5t 9 society is conducive to ! ext5sion ( ! div9e pr9ciple1 & to ! promotion ( ! views ( ,provid5ce1 z 0 em95tly ! case 9 ! era ( ! great ,nor!rn migrations2 an era1 :5 a cata/rophe1 at fir/ ! mo/ appall+1 l$ to ! fur!r triumph ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* conf]r$ on ^? robu/1 ,nor!rn *ildr5 ( nature ! high consecration ( an empire1 :i* !reby1 9 its ult]ior progress1 f> out%one ! ,roman1 or any o!r old ,pagan dom9ation4 ,b unque/ionably ! two conflict+ elem5ts 9 t ev5tful p]iod1 :i* conta9$ ! fir/ g]ms ( all mod]n civilization--! free-born en]gy ( ,g]manic nature1 & ! ,romanic ref9em5t1 sci5ce1 & language1 7 happily bl5d$ & h>moniz$ by ! ,*ri/ian religion only1 :i* on t acc\nt mu/ be reg>d$ z ! all-connect+ bond--! "o all-animat+ pr9ciple ( social life 9 mod]n ages4 ,b )\t t new elem5t ( vital p[] furni%$ by ! ,nor!rn emigrations1 ,*ri/ianity alone w\ld n h reg5]at$ ! degrad$ p ( ,rome1 nor h re/or$ its intellectual en]gy1 !n sunk to too l[ a /ate ( debasem5t4 ,above all1 ! primitive1 innate1 & deeply root$ corruption ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t 0 beyond ! p[] ( rem$y1 & c\ld only be remov$ by "t4 ,! evils ( ! age 7 inde$1 univ]sal2 =1 ev5 9 ! bosom ( ,*ri/ianity1 discord _h brok5 out2 & :]e ev5 fai? 0 pres]v$ 9 its purity1 !re1 to use ! expression ( ,holy ,writ1 mu* ( fir/ love 0 gone4 ,b = ?is1 ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity on ! ,roman empire1 & ! ,roman _w1 w\ld h be5 f> m ext5sive2 & a miracul\s cure w\ld h be5 wr\ght on ! moral di/emp]s ( society1 z on ! physical diseases ( individuals4 ,& z holy h]mits 7 (t5 able to comm& ! elem5ts ( nature & ! savage bea/s ( ! des]t2 s a div9e p[]1 by its mild1 conciliat+1 prompt & effective influ5ce w\ld 9 ! fir/ mom5t h allay$ ! wild j> & /rife ( ! social elem5ts4 ,b ^! effects 7 accompli%$ only by sl[ degrees1 by ! soo?+ influ5ce ( "t1 & by ! gradual infusion ( ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity into ! human m9d4 ,! progressive corruption & ev] gr[+ disord]s ( ! ,roman _w 7 productive ( consequ5ces 9 "s degree important to ,*ri/ianity1 p>ticul>ly 9 relation to aft]-ages4 ,to =sake & r5\nce t _w ( cruelty & vice1 t k+dom ( dissimulation1 t age ( confusion & b>b>ism1 & to seek by pref]5ce an abode & asylum 9 ! wild]ness1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( lions & o!r savage animals ( ! des]t1 requir$ no extraord9>y impulse ( ,*ri/ian feel+1 & sc>cely m ?an a high ef=t ( human c\rage4 ,& ?us 9 t convuls$ p]iod ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & "u ! accur/ dom9ation ( its la/ tyrants1 ,*ri/ian an*orets peopl$ ! solitudes ( ,!bais1--^? solitudes :]e ! old pyramids & o!r monum5ts ( ho> antiquity /ill speak 9 mute signs to ! travell]1 _! grave & e>ne/ language4 ,self-contemplation did n %ut up ^! ,*ri/ian an*orites )9 a n>r[ & egoti/ical sph]e ( ?\ght1 z is ! case ) ! ,indian recluse1 :o1 to outw>d appe>ance1 leads ! same mode ( life4 ,z ! primitive ,*ri/ians ev9c$ ! p[] ( fai? & *>ity by de$s & 9 suff]+s1 9 words & 9 works ( manifold k9ds2 s pray] 0 to ^! solit>ies ! inw>d por* ( a new & invisible _w--a real bus9ess ( life1 & a bond ( ! close/ & t5d]e/ connection1 :]eby1 ?\gh sep>at$ f ! _w1 !y rema9$1 ev5 at ! remote/ di/ance1 intimately unit$ ) all :o1 l !mselves1 7 firmly unit$ to ,god4 ,?us x 0 t ! ,primitive ,*ri/ians display$ ! p[] ( div9e ,hope1 & ard5t ,*>ity1 n only 9 _! h]oic con/ancy "u assaults1 p]secutions1 suff]+s & torm5ts ( all1 ev5 ! mo/ exquisite1 k9ds2 b 9 _! r5unciation ( society & ( all e>?ly enjoym5ts1 9 _! contempt & ab&onm5t ( a _w1 :i* seem$ 9 tru? et]nally di/ract$ & irretrievably undone4 ,9 ! eremitical life1 a simple h&icraft 0 ord9>ily c\pl$ ) ! duty ( spiritual contemplation4 ,^! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,an*orites ( ,egypt 7 ! orig9al & model ( all lat] mona/ic in/itutes2 al?\gh1 con=mably to ! liv+ & q practical _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 ^! in/itutes h g5]ally admitt$ into _! rules o!r useful & salut>y ex]cises adapt$ ei!r to ! g5]al circum/ances ( ! age1 or to ! wants ( individuals--su* z ! education ( y\?--! cultivation ( ! sci5ces--! relief ( ! poor--! c>e ( ! infirm--& ! practice ( o!r works ( *>ity4 ,! ,an*orites1 :o lead a purely contemplative life1 con/itute a comp>atively small & r>e exception 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*2 & !y are tol]at$ only because ! ways ( human nature are s inf9itely div]sifi$1 & (t5 s /range & s s+ul>4 ,to resi/ _! int]nal foes1 to )/& ! assaults ( ! fi5d--! _s ( discord & corruption1 & to pres]ve inviolate ! purity ( morals1 z well z ( fai?1 ! ,primitive ,*ri/ians z mu* ne$$ ! div9e assi/ance1 z to enable !m to endure outw>dly ! torm5ts ( m>tyrdom1 or to r5\nce 9 holy solitude ! pleasures ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is respect ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( h]esy1 :i* 7 s _m trials ! ,*ri/ian religion _h to su/a91 are well wor?y ( our att5tion4 ,f ! v bir? ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,gno/ics gave loose to ! ard\r ( an ,ori5tal fancy1 indulg$ 9 a v>iety ( ,!osophi/ic speculations1 & ) _! sy/ems ( ,div9e ,emanations1 ,eradiations1 ,inc>nations1 & ,p]sons1 =m$ an almo/ my?ological concat5ation ( ideas2 s t _h x be5 possible = ?is sect to become pr$om9ant1 & = ,*ri/ianity to sw]ve into su* a labyr9? ( doctr9es1 our div9e religion w\ld h deg5]at$ into a sy/em ( metaphysical fictions1 n unlike ! philosophic my?ology & poetical cre$ ( ,india4 ,happily ^! sects ( ,gno/ics 7 n num]\s1 nor 9 g5]al ( long duration2 & !y 7 extremely divid$ among !mselves2 = a truly inv5tive fancy ev] /rikes out a pa? ( enquiry = itself4 ,b1 :5 consid]$ 9 an intellectual po9t ( view1 ^! sect>ies1 amid all _! /range & :imsical errors1 mu/ ev] comm& ! att5tion ( mank9d4 ,x w\ld seem f all appe>ance1 7& inde$ ! nature ( ?+s w\ld suffici5tly w>rant ! inf]5ce7 t _m ( ^! sects comb9$ ) _! own peculi> notions1 ! op9ions ( o!r ori5tal sects1 totally ali5 f ,*ri/ianity4 ,z ! m>* ( error is inf9itely progressive1 & z1 f its v nature1 false op9ion is sure to bran* out into a v>iety ( ramifications1 x is (t5 difficult to det]m9e ) exactness :e!r "s ( ^! ,gno/ic sects1 t spread ?r\gh ,c5tral ,asia1 & 7 lo/ 9 a multitude ( o!rs1 7 or n ( a ,*ri/ian orig94 ,( all ! sects belong+ to ! ,gno/ic family1 ! ,mani*ans alone appe> to h _h a long] exi/5ce2 & dur+ ! middle ages1 !y secretly g]m9at$ 9 ,europe4 ,! second corruption ( ,*ri/ianity 0 f ,arianism1 :i* corresponds to :at 9 mod]n times is t]m$ ,rationalism2 ?\gh ! =m] appe>$ 9 ano!r & m ,*ri/ian =m4 ,t ! dispute ) ,arianism 0 no m]e v]bal dispute--t x involv$ a capital article ( fai?--a "q ( life or dea? = ,*ri/ianity--a "q :e!r ! real ,f\ndation--! ess5tial ,corn]-/one--& ,beg9n+ ( our fai? 7 really1 truly1 & 9 v de$ div9e1 & f ,god1 & equal ) ,god1 or m]ely 9 a c]ta9 s5se l to ,god--7an op9ion :i* ! ,platonic1 or any o!r sy/em ( philosophy might h includ$ among its t5ets7--t ! dispute ) ,arianism 0 no m]e v]bal dispute1 mu/ be evid5t to e upright1 +5u\s1 & unprejudic$ m9d4 ,no sect has ev] be5 s widely diffus$1 nor has ev] tak5 su* deep root2 &1 by ! arts & evasions ( a prodigi\s subitlty x ma9ta9$ its pr9ciples "u ! mask ( app>5t submission4 ,x 0 n[ t = ! fir/ "t1 ! importance & p[] ( a g5]al c\ncil became app>5t1 9 ord] to oppose to ! _m-%ap$1 subtle1 & intangible _s ( error1 a brief1 b cle>1 & def9ite =mul>y ( t fai? :i* animat$ ! bosom1 & 0 root$ 9 ! conviction1 ( e ,*ri/ian4 ,?is de/ructive rationalism ( ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity 0 at la/ repress$1 & became f9ally ext9ct2 ?\gh ! la/ ramifications ( ?is sect h cont9u$ d[n to our times among ! ,euty*ians ( ,arm5ia1 & ! ,ne/orians ( ,e?iopia4 ,h[ mu* ! unhappy disputes ( ,arianism contribut$ 9 ?is p]iod ( g5]al decl9e1 t[>ds ! d[nfal ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ,i h already _h occasion to notice4 ,b t passion = dispute1 :i*1 if n innate 9 man1 has at lea/ become 8 second nature1 & is1 z x 71 ! orig9al s9 ( human intellect1 displays itself 9 a m /rik+ degree 9 c]ta9 sects1 t did n "q any article ( fai?1 b m]ely "s subord9ate matt]s ( op9ion1 or ! rights ( ecclesia/ical au?ority1 & :o conduct$ _! disputes ) ! mo/ unyield+ ob/9acy--su* a passion1 ,i say1 displays itself m /rik+ly 9 ^! sects ?an 9 o!rs1 t call$ 9 "q po9ts ( fai?1 & :o1 s f> z !y 7 consci5ti\s 9 _! errors1 appe> entitl$ to our respect & =be>ance4 ,among ! =m] class ( disputants1 mu/ be rank$ "s ( ! small]1 less diffus$1 & obscur] sects ( ! fir/ ages ( ! *ur*1 l ! ,montani/s & ,donati/s2--sects1 ^: influ5ce 0 on t acc\nt by no means unimportant1 & :o occupy no insignificant place 9 ! hi/ory ( _! times2 = _! errors con/itute ! ?ird =m ( deviation f univ]sal ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ! same category mu/ we place ! great s*ism ( a lat] p]iod1 :i* sev]$ ! ,greek f ! ,we/]n *ur*2 = ?is unhappy sep>ation1 z is well kn[n1 _h no relation to any important dogma ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,z ! g5]al c\ncils ( t p]iod prove ! self-pres]v+ & self-su/a9+ p[] ( ,*ri/ianity1 s ! en]gy ( ,*ri/ian fai? & ,*ri/ian intellect displays its life1 activity & sci5tific progress 9 ! numb]less & manifold productions ( ^? fir/ doctors ( ! *ur*1 s highly rev]$ by all succe$+ ages4 ,! /yle & language ( ^! works mu/ be e/imat$ by ! /&>d ( _! age2 & x w\ld be absurd to expect !m to possess1 9 a l degree1 ! attic simplicity ( a ,x5ophon1 or ! full & elaborate p]iods ( a ,livy4 ,b ) ?is s+le exception1 ^! writ+s display ! mo/ v>i$ tal5ts = oratory & philosophy1 unit$ ) ext5sive le>n+1 ! pure/ feel+s ( religi\s love1 & ! mo/ correct views 9 religion4 ,&1 to cite b "o or two examples out ( ! multitude ( ecclesia/ical writ]s1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 by ! ext5t ( 8 hi/orical in=mation1 by a philosophy zeal\s 9 its enquiries aft] tru?1 b /ill irresolute1 pres5ts ! image ( a ,*ri/ian ,cic]o1 9 a language some:at alt]$ inde$1 b di/+ui%$ = a simil> employm5t ( rhetoric4 ,nor 0 ?is great man de/itute ( political disc]nm5t & p5etration2 & he c]ta9ly possess$ a mu* m decid$ tal5t = speculative enquiry1 ?an ! old ,roman :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! la/ age ( ! ,republic4 ,!re 0 next t le>n$ & holy recluse1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 :o 0 z well v]s$ 9 classical lit]ature z 9 ! ori5tal languages1 & :o 0 gift$ ) a dep? ( critical disc]nm5t1 & an orig9al p[] ( ?\ght & expression1 equall$ by v few orators & ?9k]s 9 any age4 ,! dread ( a false ,gnosis 0 at t p]iod1 z (t5 9 subsequ5t ages1 an ob/acle to ! progress ( a pr(\nd ,*ri/ian philosophy4 ,! lean+ ( ! great ecclesia/ical writ]1 ,orig51 p>ticul>ly 9 8 y\?1 to "s op9ions ( ! ,gno/ics1 excit$ long aft] 8 dea? _m d\bts & controv]sies respect+ "s po9ts ( 8 belief1 & t5d$ at lea/ to impair ! rev]5ce ) :i* 8 philosophical g5ius 0 o!rwise reg>d$4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly ! case :5 ! ,arians made use ( "s d\btful op9ions ( ?is great man = ! support ( _! sy/em2 z inde$ x (t5 happ5s t an elevat$ sy/em ( philosophy if n complet$ 9 its p>ts1 or at lea/ t ! individual errors x may conta9 are seiz$ ^u by ! dull1 innovat+ _s ( a sup]ficial1 & half-d\bt+ fai?1 & debas$ to a q ali5 & inf]ior sph]e ( speculation4 ,!re is also ano!r error1 or r illusion1 :i* des]ves to be notic$1 z x is a *>act]i/ic incid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ^? e>ly ages ( ! *ur*2 = x 0 no regul> sy/em ( error1 nor did its p>tisans con/itute a sect2 b x 0 m]ely ! exagg]at$ op9ion ( "s individuals 9 ! bosom ( ! *ur*1 :o 7 animat$ by no int5tions ho/ile to ,*ri/ianity4 ,i allude to ! 7s call$7 ,mill5>ian doctr9e1 :i*1 z x ref]s to ! future hi/orical de/9y ( ,*ri/ianity1 possesses a high hi/orical int]e/4 ,?\gh ! ,prophet ( ! ,new ,te/am5t m>k$ out ! p]iod ( a ?\s& ye>s = ! duration ( ! triumph ( ! *ur*1 he expressly intimat$ !reby t t p]iod c\ld n be discov]$ nor det]m9$ by human p5etration1 =1 z ! scripture sai?1 a ?\s& ye>s are z "o day ) ! ,"l1 & "o day z a ?\s& ye>s2 & ?\gh ! inspir$ writ] expressly add$1 t z ! great combat1 :i* man is doom$ to on ! e>? & 9 e>?ly life1 c nev] be completely t]m9at$1 a la/ combat await$ humanity at ! close ( ^? ?\s& ye>s2 _m virtu\s & praisewor?y m5 7 /ill f\nd1 :o depict$ ?is k+dom ( a ?\s& ye>s 9 ! mo/ s5sual col\rs ( e>?ly felicity1 & ?us de/roy$ all fai? 9 t prophetic w>n+1 s necess>y = man & = all ages--all belief 9 ! ideal conception ( ! k+dom ( div9e tru?3 or1 ) reckless precipitancy equally misappli$ ! words ( ! prophet1 & 7z has (t5 be5 ! case 9 succe$+ times7 v unseasonably al>m$ !mselves & o!rs2 ?\gh t long s]ies ( ages m>k$ out by ! ,apo/le = ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity might h op5$ _! eyes1 & taught !m diff]5tly4 ,b ! pr9cipal cause :i* oppos$1 & mu/ ev] oppose an insurm\ntable difficulty to ! ,mill5>ian sy/em ( t & ( all succe$+ ages1 is ! limit assign$ to ! judgm5t ( ,*ri/ians 9 all t relates to ! inscrutable decrees ( ,div9e ,provid5ce2 :e!r ^? decrees reg>d individuals or mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,surely no?+ c\ld be conceiv$ m disquiet+1 m fatal to human life1 ?an = e individual to "k be=eh& ) ! utmo/ c]ta9ty f 8 bir? ! day & h\r ( 8 dea?2 & no great] calamity c\ld happ5 to any man ?an a revelation ( su* a k9d4 ,! same rem>k is equally applicable to ! _w 9 g5]al1 :]e su* =e-k w\ld only produce ! utmo/ disord] & confusion4 ,z 9 ! case ( a sick man r$uc$ to imm95t dang] f ! increas+ symptoms ( dissolution2 ?\gh no man1 n ev5 ! physician1 c positively "k & det]m9e ) c]ta9ty ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 :i* is kn[n to ,god alone1 /ill e fri5d w\ld wi% t ! pati5t %\ld exam9e 8 int]ior1 unite 8 ?\ghts to ,god1 & set 8 h\se 9 ord]2 s cases may be imag9$1 :5 ?is comp>ison w\ld apply to mank9d at l>ge4 ,?us !n on ! ,roman soil1 & amid t _w once s brilliant1 ,*ri/ianity _h gr[n up1 l a t5d]1 lum9\s plant1 ^: se$ _h come d[n f ,heav54 ,= ! fur!r expansion ( t heav5ly se$1 = ! =mation ( ! ,*ri/ian /ate1 & ! political organization ( ,*ri/ian nations1 we mu/ all[ t ! all-wise & p[]ful ,h&1 :i* guides ! de/9ies ( m5 & ( nations1 ! m>* ( ages1 & ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 f\nd x necess>y to employ at fir/ v viol5t1 & 7if we may borr[ a t]m ( ! m$ical art7 almo/ h]oic rem$ies4 ,! cause ( ?is und\bt$ly mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! fact1 t al?\gh _m great & holy m5 are to be f\nd 9 ! fir/ ages ( ! *ur*1 mank9d on ! :ole _h v imp]fectly correspond$ to t mighty & div9e impulse :i* ,*ri/ianity _h imp>t$ to ! _w2 & _h v soon & v quickly fall5 into ! mo/ fe>ful disputes4 ,sc>ce _h t inundation ( ! ,nor!rn nations bur/ 9 ^u ! bloom+ g>d5 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,we/1 7& b5eficial to mank9d z h be5 ! remote consequ5ces & f9al results ( t revolution1 & def5sible !re=e z x may be 9 a hi/orical ,!odicea1 /ill we _c d5y t its imm$iate effects 7 mo/ t]rible & de/ructive27--sc>ce1 we say1 _h ?is inundation ( ! ,nor!rn nations occurr$1 :51 9 ! opposite qu>t] ( ! ,ea/1 !re broke out among ! nations ( ,asia1 t mighty ,arabian conflagration1 ^: flames 7 scatt]$ ov] ! t]rifi$ globe1 by ! sons ( ! des]t1 guid$ by _! new prophet ( unbelief1 & animat$ !mselves ) all ! en?usiasm ( de/ruction4 ,i am at a loss to conceive h[ "s c\ld h reg>d$ x z a peculi> m]it ( ?is religion ( empty arrogance & s5seless pride1 t x ma9ta9s & inculcates ) purity a belief 9 "o ,almighty ,deity4 ,?is1 z ! ,scripture says1 ! demons !mselves1 9 _! realms ( et]nal d>kness1 believe1 )\t be+ on t acc\nt at all ! bett]2 & x is only a pr(\nd ignorance ( ! _w & himself t c\ld ev] make man =get & oblit]ate f 8 bosom t fir/ f\ndation ( all fai?4 ,all ! elem5ts ( salvation1 reconciliation1 m]cy1 love1 & happ9ess = mank9d1 to be f\nd 9 et]nal tru?1 & a belief 9 t tru?1 all ^! are want+ 9 ! religion ( ,mahomet4 ,!re is n a m decid$ contra/ ?an t pres5t$ by ! sil5t progress ( ! new & div9e light ( tru? 9 ! primitive *ur*1 amid oppression & p]secution1 9 meek submission to e exi/+ law1 &1 except 9 matt]s ( fai?1 9 a pati5t1 unwe>i$1 & *e]ful submission to ! ho/ile1 b /ill legitimate1 p[]s ( ! e>?2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t fanatic ?ir/ ( conque/ inspir$ by ,mahomet--t express precept to propagate by fire & sword ?r\gh\t ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe ! new ,unit>ian fai? ( ,arabia4 ,if "s writ]s in/ead ( /udy+ ! hi/ory ( mod]n ,europe1 9 ord] to d$uce f _! rese>*es new matt] & occasion = reviv+ ! old conte/s ab\t ! respective rights & limits ( ! secul> & ecclesia/ical p[]s1 w\ld only exam9e ) att5tion ! hi/ory ( ! anci5t ,caliphate1 !y w\ld soon satisfy !mselves ( ! fe>ful "* ( t ,in/itution1 ( ! inf]nal _s t produc$ t anti-,*ri/ian comb9ation ( spiritual & temporal au?ority1 & ( ! horrible /ate ( moral degradation to :i* x has r$uc$ mank9d 9 e c\ntry :]e x has prevail$4 ,x 0 ) ! rapidity ( a de/ructive fire t ?is mighty mis*ief spread ov] ! c\ntries ( ,asia1 & a l>ge portion ( ,africa1 till x soon m5ac$ ! ,s\!rn extremities ( ,europe4 ,:5 ,mahomet di$1 he 0 ma/] ( ,arabia1 a c\ntry t f ! e>lie/ antiquity _h rema9$ 9 a /ate ( absolute seclusion f ! re/ ( ! _w2 & consequ5tly if ?is great revolution _h rema9$ conf9$ )9 ! limits ( ?is region1 ! religion ( ,mahomet w\ld nev] h ex]t$ s mighty an hi/orical influ5ce on o!r nations & k+doms4 ,b only a few score ye>s f 8 decease1 & "u 8 imm$iate successors1 ! :ole ,we/]n ,asia betwe5 ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1 z f> z ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,syria1 & ,pale/9e1 d[n to ,m\nt ,taurus & ! fronti]s ( ,asia ,m9or1 & soon aga9 ! :ole ,nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa1 d[n to ! opposite %ores ( ,spa91 7 subdu$ by ! disciples ( ! ,koran2 :ile at ! same mom5t ! ,roman ,we/ & ! ,empire ( ,p]sia 7 m5ac$ by ! arms ( ^! =midable invad]s4 ,x 0 a g5]al pr9ciple ) ! ,mahometan conqu]ors to extirpate all recollection ( antiquity 9 ! c\ntries :i* !y subdu$1 to give !m an entirely new =m & aspect--or1 9 o!r words1 to de/roy & oblit]ate e ve/ige ( ! high] & bett] civilization t _h adorn$ ^? once fl\ri%+ regions4 #d ,s*legel alludes to ! murd] ( ,amalason?a1 daught] ( ,!odoric1 & to ! usurpation ( ,!odatus4--,trans4 ,,end ,,( ,,lecture ,,xi4 ,,lecture ,,xii4 ,sket* ( ,mahomet & 8 religion4--,e/abli%m5t ( ! ,s>ac5ic ,empire4--,new organization ( ! ,european ,we/1 & ,re/oration ( ! ,*ri/ian ,empire4 ,f ! e>lie/ p]iod1 ! pa/oral tribes ( ,arabia h liv$ "u _! ,emirs1 9 all ! wild indep5d5ce ( ,nomade nations2 !y 7 n h[ev] )\t cities1 z ^! 7 creat$ & r5d]$ necess>y by ! trade ( ! c>avan1 :i* 9 its j\rnies ?r\gh ! wild]ness1 & 9 its passage f "o inhabit$ prov9ce to ano!r1 requir$ ^! po9ts ( re/4 ,a few ( ! fronti]-di/ricts & m>itime coa/s 7 inde$ possess$ by "s ( ! m anci5t ,egyptian ,ph>aohs2 b ! entire c\ntry 0 nev] subdu$ or conqu]$ ei!r by ! ,assyrians1 ! ,p]sians1 or ! ,mac$onian conqu]ors4 ,nor 7 ! ,romans m successful2 & x 0 only 9 ! reign ( ,trajan1 ! la/ ( ,roman emp]ors1 :o m$itat$ s*emes ( conque/1 t a small fronti] tract ( ,arabia ,petra 0 tak5 possession (1 & annex$ to1 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,imm$iately on ! dea? ( ,trajan1 ! ,roman gov]nm5t recurr$ to ! pacific policy ( ,augu/us1 :o _h consid]$ x dang]\s to enl>ge ! empire by any new conque/s3 & 9 consequ5ce1 ?is prov9ce ( ,arabia 0 ab&on$ by ! ,romans1 & left to ! enjoym5t ( its anci5t fre$om4 ,?is long-e/abli%$ lib]ty & total indep5d5ce on all =eign conqu]ors & rul]s has n a little contribut$ to exalt among ! ,arabs a /rong self-consci\sness4 ,_! orig91 :i* is v ne>ly ak9 to t ( ! ,hebrews1 !y d$uce z desc5dants ( ,yoktan f ,heb]1 :o 0 an ance/or ( ,abraham1 or f ,i%mael1 ! son ( ,abraham1 t 0 born 9 ! des]t4 ,among ^! free & w>like pa/oral nations1 ! feel+s ( clan%ip1 ! pride ( noble desc5t1 & ! glory ( an anci5t & r5[n$ race1 & aga9 ! mutual ho/ility ( tribes transmitt$ f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 ! nev]-to-be-cancell$ debt ( blood1 =m ! rul+ & animat+ pr9ciple1 nay1 ! almo/ exclusive purport ( exi/5ce4 ,?is tribe-_s ( ! ,arabians has _h a mighty influ5ce on ! orig9 & fir/ developem5t ( ! ,mahometan religion1 & has /amp$ on x a peculi> "*4 ,& among ! ,nomade nations 9 a simil> /age ( social advancem5t1 & :o comb9e ! fre$om ( ! pa/oral life ) ! comm]ce ( c>avans1 & are n total /rang]s to ! ref9em5t ( cities1 ! fai? ( ,mahomet has n only obta9$ ! easie/ access1 b has /ruck ! deepe/ roots1 & f9ds1 z x 71 its mo/ natural disciples4 ,= ! ,t>t> nations 9 ! int]ior p>ts ( ,asia1 & ! tribes ( ,b]b]s1 :o are ! orig9al inhabitants ( ! ,nor? ( ,africa1 lead ! same mode ( life1 ?\gh !y _c boa/ ( ! anci5t orig9 & high desc5t ascrib$ to ! ,arabs4 ,comp>$ ) ,roman deg5]acy1 ) ! corruption ( ! ,byzant9e c\rt1 ) ,assyrian effem9acy1 & ! immorality ( ! great ,asiatic cities1 ?is tribe-"* ( ! ,arabians1 z pres]v$ 9 its purity dur+ _! anci5t fre$om1 appe>s und\bt$ly to be ( a less corrupt1 m moral & m g5]\s nature4 ,d\btless ! ,arabs possess$ 9 ! fir/ ages ( _! hi/ory1 a great moral en]gy ( w & /r5g? ( "*1 &1 ev5 9 ! p]iod ( _! decl9e1 ^! qualities are /ill p]ceptible4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 ?is tribe-"*1 & 9 ^? feel+s ( clan%ip1 :i* det]m9e all ! social relations among t p2 pride1 p>ty-animosities1 & ! _s ( rev5ge1 are ! rul+ elem5ts ( life1 & ! passions to :i* all ?+s are made subs]vi5t1 or are sacrific$4 ,! moral corruption ( ! human race1 ! pr(\nd disord] ( man's :ole be+1 is prov$ z well by ! con/ant pron5ess ( civiliz$ nations t[>ds a s(t voluptu\sness ( morals1 or by ! innate disposition ( polit] classes & ages to a _s ( speculative cont5tion1 z by ! rude pride & animosities ( tribes1 :i* consid]$ 9 a natural po9t ( view1 appe> to be pur] & less corrupt 9 _! morals1 or to possess great] /r5g? & g5]osity ( "*4 ,^? tribe-feel+s & passions ( pride & hatr$1 ang] & rev5ge1 s preval5t among ! ,arabians1 are display$ 9 _! anci5t poetry1 & ev5 con/itute its ess5tial _s & purport2 = except ^? p>ables1 riddles1 & prov]bial say+s 9 :i* ! ,ori5tals s mu* delight1 ?is poetry has no my?ological fictions1 l t ( ! ,indians & ! ,greeks1 nor ) ! exception ( a c]ta9 en?usiasm ( passion1 does x ev9ce any truly f]tile & inv5tive p[] ( imag9ation4 ,! old ,arabians nev] possess$1 l ! ,indians1 ,egyptians1 & ,greeks1 a poetical1 high-wr\ght1 & sci5tifically arrang$ sy/em ( ,poly!ism4 ,! hi/orical traditions ( _! diff]5t races _h mu* analogy ) ^? ( ! ,hebrews1 & co9cid$ ) !m 9 a v>iety ( po9ts2 = z !y 7 ( ! ,semitic race1 !y d$uc$ _! orig9 f ,abraham & ! o!r holy ,patri>*s ( ! primitive _w4 ,h5ce ! tradition ( a pur] fai?1 & ! simple1 patri>*al wor%ip ( ! ,deity1 appe> to h nev] be5 totally ext+ui%$ among ! ,arabs2 ?\gh inde$ ! v]aci\s ,h]odotus ass]ts1 t !y ador$ ! ,assyrian ,v5us "u ! "n ( ,alila?4 ,b su* a mixture ( religi\s doctr9es & practices is by no means incr$ible1 :5 we reflect on ^? p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews1 :5 ?\gh t p 7 9 possession ( ! ,mosaic revelation & code ( laws1 & ?\gh _! :ole arrangm5t ( life 7 f\nd$ !reon2 ?\gh mighty & zeal\s prophets p]petually arose to w>n !m ( _! errors2 !y /ill w5t aft] ,baal1 & /ill sacrific$ _! *ildr5 to ,molo*4 ,9 ! age ( ,mahomet1 & %ortly be=e 8 "t1 v>i\s k9ds ( idolatry _h f\nd _! way among ! ,arabs f ! neighb\r+ nations1 :o if n n[1 _h =m]ly be5 plung$ 9 ! errors ( ,paganism4 ,at ! same "t sev]al ,jewi% tribes exi/$ 9 ,arabia1 & ev5 "s ,*ri/ian communities1 belong+ mo/ly to ! ,ori5tal sects1 m+l$ ) ! re/ ( ! population4 ,! neighb\r+ ,*ri/ian mon>*1 or ,negus ( ?iopia1 also ex]t$ consid]able influ5ce on ! diff]5t tribes & communities ( ,arabia4 ,mahomet felt ! mo/ decid$ av]sion to all ,pagan idolatry1 & ev5 to all v5]ation ( images2 & x is v possible1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( a great hi/orian1 :o on ! :ole does n judge ! ,arabian prophet unfav\rably1 t ! expectation :i* ! ,jews /ill ent]ta9$ ( ! future com+ ( a ,deliv]] & ,prophet1 %\ld h op]at$ v p[]fully on ! m9d & imag9ation ( ,mahomet4 ,9 ! same way z ! ,jews1 !n incomp>ably m active ?an aft]w>ds1 /ill expect$ ,him :o _h long s9ce come2 s c]ta9 ,*ri/ian sects1 totally misund]/&+ ! ,scriptures1 :i* !y int]pret$ accord+ to _! own arbitr>y s5se1 believ$ t ! ,holy ,gho/ & ! div9e ,p>aclete :om ! ,savi\r _h promis$1 0 yet to come2 al?\gh ! ,savi\r _h promis$ t ! ,holy ,_s %\ld come d[n ^u 8 disciples1 imm$iatly aft] 8 asc5sion1 & _h add$1 t ! same _s %\ld = ev] abide ) !m4 ,n[ e "o :o pr(ess$ himself a ,*ri/ian1 knew v well f ! ,holy ,scriptures1 t a sup]natural light _h desc5d$ on ! ,apo/les 9 ! fir/ assembly !y held1 & :51 z !y ?\ght1 _! ,"l & ,ma/] _h ab&on$ !m2 & t ?is light _h trans=m$ ! disciples1 till !n weak1 wav]+1 & trembl+ be=e ! _w1 into apo/olic m5 fill$ ) ! _s ( ,god1 into prophets ( et]nal tru? & div9e love1 humble1 b en]getic1 & no less h]oic ?an enlight5$4 ,t ,assi/] & ,com=t]1 or t guid+ ,p>aclete promis$ by ,god to 8 disciples1 :i* 9 ! ,apo/les _h prov$ itself a _s ( k1 ( illum9ation1 & ( insight into ! my/]ies ( fai?--9 ! m>tyrs1 a _s ( div9e p[] & ( h]oic con/ancy "u suff]+s1 0 n[ 9 ! great doctors ( ! *ur*1 & 9 ! g5]al c\ncils ! guid+ _s ( wisdom1 rightly disc]n+ & /eadfa/ly adh]+ to ! tru?s ( revelation4 ,b ?is tru? did n prev5t _m lead]s ( ^? sects f reg>d+ !mselves 9 _! own conceit z ! ,com=t] & ! ,p>aclete promis$ by ,god = ! consolation ( succe$+ ages1 or ev5 f p]mitt+ !mselves to be s consid]$ by _! own disciples4 ,! supposition ( ! great hi/orian j n[ cit$1 t ^! ,judo-,*ri/ian expectations ( ! future com+ ( an e>?ly ,deliv]]1 ,r$eem] & ,tea*]1 or ,prophet ( ! _w1 may h ex]t$ no inconsid]able influ5ce on ! m9d ( ,mahomet1 & may h awak5$ simil> conceptions & imag9ations 9 8 own head1 is confirm$ by ! fact1 t ! ,koran itself conta9s no v obscure allusions & ref]5ces to ! notion ( ! ,p>aclete1 & to a sup]natural & div9e p[] & =ce "u ! v d5om9ation us$ among ! lat] ,hebrews1 & accord+ to ! v ^w sanction$ = t peculi> object4 ,9 ! "t ( ,mahomet1 & %ortly be=e him1 ! ,caaba at ,mecca con/itut$ ! great sanctu>y ( ,arabian wor%ip4 ,?is1 if we may s designate x1 0 a simple *apel ( ,pagan pilgrimage1 :i* conta9$ ! black /one1 ! object ( ! religi\s devotion ( ! ,arabs f a v anci5t p]iod4 ,! idolatr\s wor%ip ( su* %apeless or conical blocks ( /one 0 by no means unkn[n to ! wayw>d g5ius ( anci5t ,poly!ism4 ,we meet ) a simil> =m ( idolatry 9 ! my?ology ( ! ,greeks1 ?\gh set (f & embelli%$ by ! peculi> fancy ( t p2 & in/ances ( a l k9d 7 to be f\nd 9 ! wor%ip :i* ! neighb\r+ p ( ,syria paid to ,belus or ,baal4 ,^? /ones :i* are frequ5tly m5tion$ by anci5t hi/orians z hav+ fall5 f ,heav51 may probably h giv5 rise to ?is peculi> species ( idolatry2 & ! fact itself 7z n[ inde$ is (t5 ! case ) ! g5]al traditions ( antiquity7 is suffic5tly prov$ by ! exi/5ce ( ^? well-kn[n meteor-/ones1 ^: orig91 ?\gh !y h und]gone *emical analysis1 & m9]alogical inve/igation1 /ill rema9s1 ev5 9 ! pres5t advanc$ /ate ( mod]n sci5ce1 a problem ( no small difficulty4 ,! ,arabian tribe f :i* ,mahomet 0 sprung1 _h long be5 intru/$ ) ! c>e & cu/ody ( ! ,caaba & ! black /one1 & plac$ its highe/ glory 9 ?is its allott$ dignity4 ,accord+ to ! ,arabian tradition1 ,abraham _h fir/ erect$ ! ,caaba1 & ! ,amalecites _h aft]w>ds repair$ x4 ,:5 ! tribe ( ,korei%1 :o 7 inve/$ ) ?is high *>ge1 _h to rebuild ?is temple2 !y 7 at a loss to "k h[ ! sacr$ black /one %\ld be fix$ 9 ! walls1 & :at h& %\ld t\* ! consecrat$ piece1 :5 q unexpect$ly1 ?is hon\r fell to ! lot ( ,mahomet1 !n a /ripl+ ( fifte54 ,= ?is reason we may well suppose t ?is anci5t seat ( ,arabian wor%ip--! ,caaba--produc$ "o ( ^? y\?ful impressions t det]m9$ ! future de/9y ( ?is extraord9>y man4 ,ev5 9 ! religi\s sy/em :i* he aft]w>ds f\nd$1 ?is anci5t sanctu>y ) its magical /one1 has rema9$ 9 e age a high object ( v5]ation2 & x is only 9 our times t ! temple ( ,mecca has be5 expos$ to ! rage ( ! ,we*abites1 :o ?\gh _! religi\s fury has tak5 an opposite c\rse1 exhibit ! old ,arabian "* 9 all its fanatical viol5ce4 ,b ?is old black /one-idol is a v rem>kable feature 9 ! hi/ory ( ,mahomet & ( 8 religion4 ,9 ! holy temple ( ! ,caaba 7 kept & susp5d$ ! sev5 mo/ rem>kable poems :i* _h won ! prize ov] ! o!r tribe-songs ( ! ,arabs1--a species ( poetry peculi> to ?is p1 & brea?+ all ! en?usiasm ( pride & hatr$4 ,9 ^! compositions1 ,mahomet held a v di/+ui%$ rank1 & long be=e he ann\nc$ himself z a prophet1 8 poetry1 :i* f> out%one t ( 8 competitors1 _h rais$ him to a high degree ( hon\r & consid]ation4 ,x 0 only 9 ! =tie? or =ty-second ye> ( 8 age1 & aft] a long & solit>y abode 9 a cav]n dur+ :at ! ,mahometans t]m1 ! night ( div9e decrees1 t ,mahomet =m$ ! fir/ det]m9ation1 & ?\ght he felt ! fir/ inw>d call+ to ! mission ( a prophet4 ,! fir/ p]son t believ$ 9 ?is mission1 & ackn[l$g$ him = a prophet1 0 8 own wife ,cadijah1 :o1 ?\gh a ri* wid[1 _h be/[$ h] h& on ,mahomet1 :5 8 sole patrimony consi/$ ( five camels & an ,e?iopian maid-s]vant1 & _h ?us rais$ him to a /ation ( weal? & indep5d5ce4 ,x is wor?y ( notice1 t x is only 9 ! epileptic fits to :i* he 0 subject1 t he is repres5t$ z hav+ my/]i\s colloquies ) ! angel ,gabriel4 ,o!rs repres5t him z a lunatic2 & 9 connection ) ?is *>ge ,i may m5tion ! /ory1 t he wi%$ to pass ) 8 disciples z a p]son transfigur$ 9 a sup]natural light1 & t ! cr$ulity ( 8 foll[]s saw ! moon1 or ! moon's light desc5d ^u him1 pi]ce 8 g>m5ts1 & repl5i% him4 ,t v5]ation = ! moon1 :i* /ill =ms a national or r religi\s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,mahometans1 may p]haps h its f\ndation 9 ! eld] sup]/ition1 or ,pagan idolatry ( ! ,arabs4 ,mod]n hi/orians h (t5 compla9$ ( ! difficulty ( asc]ta9+ ! precise tru? 9 ! hi/ory ( ,mahomet1 f ! sev]ity ( 8 oppon5ts on ! "o h&1 & ! en?usia/ic admiration ( 8 ,ea/]n p>tisans1 on ! o!r4 ,if we ?9k prop] to foll[ ^? writ]s only1 :o by _! acqua9ta9ce ) ! language h copi$ f ,arabic au?orities1 we %all f9d t _! n>ratives are mu* di/ort$ by fanaticism1 & r5d]$ almo/ un9telligible by an absurd exagg]ation4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! evid5t traces 9 ?is religion ( a demoniacal influ5ce & op]ation2 und\bt$ hi/orical facts w furni% u ) suffici5t data = =m+ a cle> & def9itive op9ion on ! "* ( ,mahomet & ! nature ( 8 religion4 ,al?\gh ! ,arabs ( t age1 l o!r nations ( t "t1 & ! anci5t ,hebrews1 univ]sally ?\ght t sup]natural works 7 to be expect$ f a prophet2 & t ! high p[] ( miracles 0 necess>y to prove a div9e mission2 yet ,mahomet f\nd x m fitt+ or conv5i5t to decl>e1 t he c\ld disp5se ) ! aid ( miracles1 z he came n to f\nd a new religion1 b to re/ore ! purity ( ! old--! fai? ( ,abraham1 & ! o!r ,patri>*s4 ,ev5 ?\gh we _h n su* cle> & positive hi/orical pro(s & te/imonies1 respect+ ! nature ( t pres5ti5t fai? ( ,abraham1 & ! o!r ,patri>*s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--a fai? :i* po9t$ to all ! my/]ies ( futurity--/ill to suppose t ! religion ( ^? pi\s ,fa!rs ( ho> antiquity1 7 no?+ m ?an t sy/em ( 7s call$7 pure1 b 9 reality %all[1 & mean+less1 ,!ism1 :i* ! pret5d$ ,arabian ,re=m] has ann\nc$ to ! _w1 w\ld be little consonant ) probability1 & little con=mable to ! nature & m>* ( ! human m9d4 ,consid]$ 9 its true int]nal _s1 & dive/$ ( its outw>d g>b ( ori5tal cu/oms & symbolical language1 ! religion ( ,mahomet on a clos] inve/igation w be f\nd r to be> a /rong] aff9ity to ! inane & sup]ficial philosophy ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 & if t philosophy 7 hone/ & consi/5t1 x w\ld n hesitate l\dly to proclaim & op5ly to rev]e ,mahomet1 if n z a prophet1 /ill z a real ,re=m] ( mank9d1 ! fir/ promulgator & mighty tea*] ( tru?1 & ! f\nd] ( ! pure religion ( reason4 ,su* a dead empty ,!ism1 su* a m]e negative ,unit>ian fai?1 is little adapt$ = ! true purposes ( a religion1 ?\gh x may =m ! basis ( "s s*ola/ic sy/em ( ,rationali/ ,!ology4 ,reg>d$ z a religi\s sy/em1 ! cre$ ( ,mahomet is nei!r old nor new2 b is 9 "p p]fectly void & mean+less1 & 9 "p compos$ ( v mix$ mat]ials4 ,! "p 9 x :i* is new1 is t fanatic _s ( conque/ x has inculcat$ & diffus$ ?r\gh ! _w2 & t "p 9 x :i* is old1 is copi$ f ! ,hebrew traditions & ! ,*ri/ian revelation1 or conta9s allusions to ! "o or to ! o!r1 includ+ "s old ,arabian cu/oms & usages :i* ?is religion has /ill reta9$4 ,9 ! fir/ infancy ( ! ,mahometan fai?1 & dur+ ! fir/ disputes & w>s :i* occurr$ ab\t t religion1 a numb] ( ,mahomet's foll[]s 7 oblig$ to seek refuge 9 ?iopia1 :5 ! ,*ri/ian mon>* ( t c\ntry ask$ !m :e!r !y 7 ,*ri/ians4 ,!y cit$ 9 reply sev]al passages f ! say+s & poems ( _! prophet1 relat+ to ! ,savi\r1 to 8 bir?1 & to ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,9 ^! ! ,prophet spoke ( ! bir? & orig9 ( our ,savi\r1 z ( a ,gno/ic eradiation or emanation ( div9e p[]2 & ?\gh su* language 0 by no means consonant ) ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 yet x 0 calculat$ to produce on ! m9ds ( "s ( ! ,ea/]n sect>ies a v false & deceitful impression4 ,fav\rable to ,*ri/ianity z "s ( ^! expressions might at fir/ sight appe> to ! ignorant2 !re 0 mu* aga9 t betray$ a _s ( ! mo/ decid$ ho/ility t[>ds ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,ev5 ! prohibition ( w9e 0 p]haps n s mu* int5d$ = a moral precept1 :i*1 consid]$ 9 t po9t ( view1 w\ld be f> too sev]e1 z = answ]+ a religi\s design ( ! f\nd]2 = he might hope t ! express condemnation ( a liquid :i* =ms an ess5tial elem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian sacrifice1 w\ld necess>ily recoil on t sacrifice itself1 & ?us raise an insup]able b>ri] betwe5 8 cre$1 & ! religion ( ,*ri/4 ,! peculi> _s & true "* ( any religi\s sy/em1 mu/ be judg$ n s mu* by ! lett] ( its pr(ess$ doctr9es1 z by its practice & prevail+ usages4 ,& ?us t e/abli%$ cu/om is extremely rem>kable1 :i* makes x imp]ative on e ,jew1 :o may wi% to become a ,mahometan1 previ\sly to receive ! rite ( baptism4 ,?us did ,mahomet ?9k to /& ^u ! basis ( ,*ri/ianity2 & :ile address+ ! ,arabs1 he appeal$ solely to ! religion ( _! fir/ ance/or1 & ( ! o!r ,patri>*s1 he assign$ 9 8 graduat$ scale ( revelation1 ! fir/ degree to ,judaism1 ! second to ,*ri/ianity1 & ! ?ird & highe/ to 8 own ,islam4 ,t he 0 a m]e fanatic1 & entirely devoid ( all ambiti\s or political views1 ,i _c admit2 & al?\gh he himself _h ev5 be5 m unconsci\s ( a delib]ate ho/ility t[>ds ! my/]ies ( ! true religion1 ano!r may h inspir$ him ) t subtle design4 ,su* !n 0 ?is new1 or z ! f\nd] himself /yl$ x1 ?is pure old doctr9e ( all-conqu]+ ,islam & ( all-surpass+ fai?1 :i* ?is pret5d$ re/or] ( ! religion ( ,abraham--?is false ,p>aclete ( misconceiv$ promise & idle phantasy1 br\ght & ann\nc$ to ! _w3--a prophet )\t miracles--a fai? )\t my/]ies--& a morality )\t love1 :i* has enc\rag$ ! ?ir/ ( blood1 & :i* began & t]m9at$ 9 ! mo/ unb\nd$ s5suality4 ,suppos+ ev51 t "o ( ! lead+ po9ts 9 ?is sy/em ( morals1 ! re-e/abli%m5t ( polygamy to su* a wide ext5t1 & at a p]iod ( ! _w :5 ?is in/itution 0 =mally aboli%$ among _m nations1 & among o!rs _h fall5 into disuse1 c\ld be 9 "s measure excus$ by ! cu/oms ( ,asia1 ! wants ( climate1 & ! g5]al prejudices ( ! nation1 or o!r l cause2--:at mu/ we ?9k ( a code ( morals pr(ess+ to be div9e1 :i* 9 opposition to ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! pure happ9ess enjoy$ by ! cele/ial spirits 9 ! intuition ( ,god1 & to :i* man mu/ ev5 9 ?is life1 aspire by vigilant prep>ation1 if he wi%es to r5d] himself wor?y ( t /ate--c =m no o!r ideal ( supreme felicity--c devise no o!r exp$i5t to fill up ! imm5se void :i* ?is religion has left 9 ! sup]natural _w1 ?an a b\ndless ,h>em--a p>adise ( lu/1 portray$ 9 ! mo/ gl[+ col\rs ( s5suality6 ,t "p ( ! ,mussulman morality relat+ to our fell[-be+s1 ! precept ( alms-de$s :i* x prescribes1 is ! only "p entitl$ to praise1 :i* we will+ly accord2 & we s9c]ely tru/1 t n m]ely ! comm&m5t1 b ! cu/om & practice ( *>ity among ,*ri/ians may nev] prove inf]ior4 ,b 9 e o!r respect1 ?is religion p]mits n only hatr$ & v5geance1 9 opposition to t ,*ri/ian precept s repeat$ly inculcat$1 & s deeply engrav5 on our m9ds--! p>don ( our enemies2 b x enc\rages1 & ev5 comm&s irreconcileable ho/ility1 et]nal w>f>e1 et]nal slaught]1 to propagate ?\gh\t ! _w a belief 9 ?is blood-/a9$ prophet ( pride & lu/4 ,p]haps all ! ,hea!n nations put toge!r1 9 ! long s]ies ( ages1 h n (f]$ to _! false gods s _m human victims1 z 9 ?is new ,arabian idolatry h be5 sacrific$ to ?is highly extoll$1 anti-,*ri/ian prophet4 ,= ! ess5ce ( idolatry is n 9 names or 9 words1 9 rites or 9 sacrifices2 b 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 9 ! actual transactions ( life1 9 un*ri/ian cu/oms1 & anti-*ri/ian s5tim5ts2 & !re is ev5 t old black /one-idol1 ( :i* ,i said be=e 9 a figurative s5se1 t x has ev] rema9$ firmly fix$ 9 ! religion ( ,mahomet4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ?is religion 0 n m>k$ by any conte/ ab\t my/]ies ( fai?1 or po9ts ( doctr9e2 b by combats ( ano!r k9d m cong5ial to ! _s ( ! ,arabs1 by a w> :i* broke out betwe5 ! p>ty ( ,mahomet1 & ! ho/ile tribe :i* refus$ to ackn[l$ge him = a prophet1 & ^: refusal occasion$ 8 flight f ,mecca4 ,9 ?is conte/ he drew ! sword1 f\ght c\rage\sly aga9/ ! unbeliev]s1 & by ov]p[]+ by =ce ( arms all :o refus$ to recognize him z a prophet1 ?\ght to prove 8 div9e mission4 ,he met h[ev] ) mu* resi/ance1 & _h _m factions to ov]come1 be=e he succe$$ 9 subdu+ ! v>i\s tribes ( 8 nation4 ,?is conte/ la/$ = t5 ye>s1 up to ! v mom5t ( 8 dea?1 :5 he di$ ma/] ( all ,arabia4 ,%ortly be=e t ev5t1 he wrote v insol5t lett]s to ! ,emp]or ,h]aclius1 & to ! great k+ ( ,p]sia1 summon+ !m to ackn[l$ge him = a ,prophet1 & to believe 9 8 mission4 ,bo? gave r evasive replies1 ?an positive refusals2--s great 0 ! t]ror :i* ?is new p[] ( ,hell _h already /ruck into ! _w4 ,imm$iately on ! dea? ( ,mahomet1 a great conte/ arose among 8 disciples4 ,on "o side ,ali1 8 son-9-law1 by m>riage ) 8 daught] ,fatima1 & on ! o!r ,abubek]1 8 fa!r-9-law1 ^: daught] ,aye%a 0 ! surviv+ wid[ ( ! ,prophet1 & :o 0 aft]w>ds succe$$ by ,om>1 cont5d$ ) all ! might ( _! respective adh]5ts = sup]iority & dom9ion2 & ?is bloody family-qu>rel1 :i* di/ract$ ! v infancy ( ! ,arabian ,empire1 has produc$ among ,mahometan nations a long & protract$ religi\s s*ism1 :i* has cont9u$ d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,?is 0 orig9ally a m]e p]sonal dispute1 & n a dogmatic controv]sy z among ,*ri/ian sects2 = ! religion ( ,mahomet furni%es no matt] = su* controv]sies1 z 9 reality x conta9s little ( a doctr9al nature1 & recognizes no dogmas b ! two conta9$ 9 ! sev5 ,arabic words ( ! well-kn[n symbol ( ,islam3--,!re is no ,god b ,god1 & ,mahomet is ! ,apo/le ( ,god4 ,! "o ( ^! is a decl>ation ( ! self-evid5t t5et ( ! unity ( ,god1 b levell$ indirectly aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian dogma ( ! ,tr9ity2 :ile ! o!r expresses ! div9e mission ( ,mahomet1 & by call+ =? a v5]ation t leads to ! contempt & rejection ( all ?+s besides1 has 9 a practical po9t ( view1 really e/abli%$ a new species ( idolatry4 ,abubek] & ,om> ass]t$ t !y alone 7 ! legitimate ,caliphs & successors ( ,mahomet2 & z ! ,p>tisans ( ,ali reject$ ! supplem5t f\nd$ on oral tradition1 to ! poems & maxims ( ! ,prophet1 !y 7 /igmatiz$ z s*ismatics by ! opposite p>ty4 ,9 ,p]sia1 ! sect ( ,ali has rema9$ pr$om9ant d[n to ! pres5t day2 & z 9 t c\ntry1 ! anci5t traditions & old national poetry h be5 p>tly pres]v$1 & h be5 comb9$ 9 a v peculi> mann] ) ! t5ets ( ,mahometanism1 _m bold]1 fre]1 & less contract$ notions h f\nd _! way among ?is p4 ,h5ce x is v possible t on a clos] inve/igation1 we c\ld discov] a great diff]5ce 9 ! intellectual "* ( ^! two sects1 n s mu* p]haps 9 religi\s doctr9es1 ab\t :i* !re is "h little room = enquiry1 z 9 moral feel+s & views ( life4 ,! progress ( ! ,arabian conque/s 0 n *eck$ by ^! int]nal disputes4 ,five ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,mahomet1 & fifte5 f ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,hegira1 ! city ( ,j]usalem 0 conqu]$ by ! arms ( ! ,arabs2 & 9 ! eighte5? ye> ( ! same era1 ,egypt became a ,mussulman prov9ce4 ,! ?irtie? ye> ( ! ,hegira 0 n yet t]m9at$1 be=e ! :ole ,empire ( ,p]sia 0 subdu$1 & its la/ mon>* ( ! race ( ! ,sassanides1 ,yezdeg]d _h p]i%$ 9 =eign p>ts1 a suppliant & a fugitive4 ,9 ! fiftie? ye> ( ! ,hegira1 ,arabian vessels m5ac$ & beseig$ ,con/ant9ople1 :i* 0 indebt$ = its deliv]ance *iefly to ! use ( ! ,greek fire4 ,9 ! n9etie? ye> ( ! same era1 :ile on "o side ! ,arabs ext5d$ _! victori\s arms ov] ,india1 !y subv]t$ on ! o!r ! ,visigo? k+dom 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 & became ma/]s ( ! :ole ,hesp]ian ,p59sula1 z f> z ^? inaccessible m\nta9s1 9 ^: fa/nesses a fugitive remnant ( ! rul+ ,go?s1 & ( ! old inhabitants ( ! c\ntry _h intr5*$ !mselves1 !nce to c>ry on t /ruggle = fre$om1 :i* till ! f9al conque/ ( ,granada1 & ! complete expulsion ( ! ,moors f ,spa91 la/$ = a p]iod ( eight hundr$ ye>s4 ,aft] ! d[nfal ( ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,caliphs ( ! h\se ( ,ommiyah1 & ! subsequ5t accession ( ! ,abbassides to ! empire1 a sep>ate & indep5d5t ,caliphate 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,mussulman ,spa91 & la/$ !re = sev]al ages4 ,! ,arabs _h sc>ce a*iev$ ! conque/ ( ,spa91 :5 !y aspir$ to ! possession ( ! ,visi-,go? & ,burgundian prov9ces ( ,france4 ,b a t]m 0 at la/ put to ! progress ( _! arms1 by ! mighty victory :i* ! ,frank h]o1 ,*>les ,m>tel1 ga9$ betwe5 ,t\rs & ,poiti]s1 ov] _! ,g5]al ,abd]ame1 :o fell on ! field ) ! fl[] ( 8 troops1 9 ! tw5tie? ye> aft] ! conque/ ( ,spa91 & 9 ! hundr$ & t5? ye> ( ! ,hegira4 ,?us did ! arm ( ,*>les ,m>tel save & deliv] ! ,*ri/ian nations ( ! ,we/1 f ! deadly grasp ( all-de/roy+ ,islam4 ,9 ,asia ! univ]sal dom9ion ( ! ,arabs 0 m & m firmly consolidat$1 & ! second ( ! ,abbassides1 ,almansor1 erect$ ! city ( ,bagdad1 or ! new ,babylon1 n f> f ! c\ntry :]e ! old 0 situat$1 & :i* 0 !nce=? ! va/ metropolis ( an imm5se empire4#e ,! new religion & conque/s ( ! ,arabs may be consid]$ 9 ! light ( a new migration ( nations1 z no inconsid]able portion ( ! ,moori% population pass$ into ,spa92 & ?is ,arabian migration has ex]t$ 9 ,asia 9 ,africa1 a f> m ext5sive influ5ce on empire1 language1 mann]s1 political in/itutions1 & intellectual cultivation1 ?an ! invasion ( ! ,g]manic tribes has ex]cis$ 9 ,europe4 ,:5 we comp>e ! immigrations ( ! ,g]manic tribes ) ^? ( ! ,arabs1 & consid] ! viol5ce :i* *>act]iz$ ! latt]1 ! p]nici\s influ5ce !y h ex]t$ on ! human m9d1 & on civilization1 & ! despotism !y h inv>iably introduc$ into political & dome/ic society1 we may look ^u ! migrat+ tribes ( ,g]many1 almo/ z ,colonies1 :i* ?\gh orig9ally !y p>took ( a w>like "*1 yet incl9$ m & m & to a peaceful nature1 & ultimately assum$ t _s1 :5 ! tumult ( int]m$iate an>*y _h subsid$1 & ,*ri/ianity _h m intimately bl5d$ & f9ally incorporat$ ! new settl]s & ! old inhabitants4 ,z ! div9e au?or ( ,*ri/ianity _h promis$ 8 disciples1 t ! high p[] ( ,god %\ld ev] abide ) !m1 %\ld guide & def5d !m2 & t ! assi/+ & c\nsell+ ,_s ( tru?1 ( peaceful ord]1 & ( active zeal %\ld nev] be remov$ f !m2 ! efficay ( ?is div9e promise 0 n[ manife/$ dur+ ?is int]m$iate p]iod ( an>*y2 & ?\gh 9 a diff]5t =m f :at x appe>$ 9 ! e>li] ages ( ! *ur*1 yet 0 x p]fectly adapt$ to ! exig5cies ( ! "t4 ,! great problem ( ! age 0 fir/ 9 ?is new agglom]ation ( nations1 to endeav\r to allay ! agitat$ elem5ts ( society1 till aft] t agitation _h subsid$1 !y %\ld gr[ & /r5g!n into organic life & =m2 & next1 to pres]ve ! h]itage ( ,european sci5ce & lett]s1 & ?us s[ ! se$s ( a ri*] & m fl\ri%+ h>ve/ = future ages4 ,& to effect ?is by ! mild & g5ial influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 0 ! object1 ! task1 & ! "w ( ! di/+ui%$ ecclesia/ics1 bi%ops1 dignit>ies1 & o!r apo/olic m5 ( ^? ages4 ,! two great popes1 ,leo & ,gregory1 %one conspicu\s above all _! contempor>ies1 & 7 9 t p]iod ( an>*y1 a pill> ( /r5g? & a %ield ( safety to afflict$ ,rome & ,italy--! gu>dians ( ,european society & ( ,*ri/ian sci5ce4 ,bo? by _! practical & in/ructive writ+s1 are consid]$ z ! la/ ( ! anci5t fa!rs2 & ,leo ev5 is rem>kable = great purity ( diction & =ce ( eloqu5ce4 ,9 po9t ( sci5ce & le>n+1 ! succe$+ bi%ops & dignit>ies ( ! *ur* _c inde$ be comp>$ ) ! anci5t fa!rs2 b on ! o!r h&1 !y unit$ ) a true ,*ri/ian piety a practical s5se t nev] fail$ to disc]n ev]y:]e :at 0 fitt+ = ! em]g5cy ( ! mom5t4 ,! ,mona/ic s*ools f\nd$ by ,/4 ,b5$ict 7 inde$ ( a v diff]5t nature f ! primitive eremitical in/itutes ( ,egypt2 & entirely adapt$ to ! exig5cies ( ,europe 9 t age1 !y 7 ! asylums & sem9>ies ( le>n+ & philosophic contemplation2 & :ile !y promot$ ! int]e/s ( education1 !y 7 equally conducive to ! progress ( agriculture4 ,a numb] ( works h suffici5tly %ewn h[ mu* ! influ5ce ( ! ,b5$ict9e ord]1 :i* = _m c5turies ext5d$ ov] all ! c\ntries ( ! ,we/1 has advanc$ ! intellectual civilization ( mod]n ,europe1 & inde$ s[n its fir/ se$s4 ,by ,bi%op ,boniface ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 e/abli%$ & widely diffus$ 9 ! int]ior ( ,g]many4 ,at an e>li] p]iod1 o!r holy m5 animat$ ) an apo/olic zeal1 =ty ( :om 7 s5t by ,pope ,gregory ! ,great1 c>ri$ ! light ( ! gospel into ,brita92 :]e x 0 receiv$ ) peculi> avidity by ! ,picts & ,scots1 & ! old inhabitants ( ,er91 z well z by ! ,anglo-,saxons4 ,9 true ,*ri/ian piety1 & 9 su* k & sci5ce z ! age possess$1 ,engl& dur+ ?is ,saxon p]iod1 prior & d[n to ! reign ( ,alfr$1 ma9ta9$ ne>ly a pre-em95ce above ! o!r k+doms ( ! ,we/4 ,ev5 t apo/le ( ! ,g]mans1 ,boniface1 orig9ally nam$ ,w9fri$1 came f ,engl&2 & among ! writ]s ( ! age1 ,alcu9 ass]t$ ! intellectual sup]iority ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ri/ians4 ,limit$ z 0 ! k ( ! ,we/]n _w 9 ^? ages1 & n>r[ ! circle ( ,european sci5ce & le>n+1 /ill we f9d 9 ^? times1 b almo/ only 9 ! ,we/1 writ]s ( v orig9al p[]s1 & peculi> turn ( m9d1 ^: writ+s1 compos$ ei!r 9 a b>b>\s ,lat91 or 9 a half-=m$ ,romanic v]nacul> tongue1 are ! fai?ful & in/ructive mirrors ( ! _s ( ! times4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lat] ,byzant9e writ]s1 ?\gh !y possess$ incomp>ably great] res\rces1 & mu* m ext5sive philological acquirem5ts1 h produc$ no?+ b le>n$ compilations4 ,n[ !re arose 9 ! ,we/1 ,*ri/ian k+s1 h]oes & legislators1 bo? among ! ,franks & ! ,saxons1 su* z ,*>lemagne & ,alfr$1 :o z m5 7 n inde$ faultless1 b :o %\ld be judg$ & appreciat$ accord+ to ! "* ( _! times2 a k ( :i* is necess>y = rightly und]/&+ ! _s ( ^! extraord9>y m54 ,9 peace & 9 w> !y endeav\r$ firmly to e/abli% a new model society on ,*ri/ian pr9ciples & maxims2 & !y re/or$ ! ,we/]n 9 ! =m ( a great ,*ri/ian ,empire1 de/9$ to def5d & protect all ,*ri/ian /ates--all ! civiliz$ nations ( ! ,european ,conf$]acy aga9/ ,b>b>ian invasion & int]nal an>*y4 ,if we comp>e ^! ,frank & ,saxon ,k+s & ,emp]ors1 valiant & *ivalr\s z !y 71 ?ir/+ = glory1 yet seek+ & e/abli%+ peace1 hon\r+ ju/ice1 & f\nd+ or re/or+ laws1 on "o h& ) ^? ,s>ac5 rul]s & caliphs1 ev] burn+ ) a rage = conque/ & de/ruction1 & on ! o!r h&1 ) t ,byzant9e c\rt1 pres5t+ almo/ always ! uni=m picture ( corruption1 & rul+ ov] an empire p9+ 9 hopeless decay--if we contra/ ^? fla%es ( g5ius :i* di/+ui%$ ! writ+s ( ! ,we/]n nations1 ) ! dead1 spiritless monotony p]vad+ all ! productions ( ! ,byzant9e intellect1 sup]ior z ! ,greeks 7 to ! re/ ( ,europe 9 erudition1 sci5ce & lit]>y /ores2 we %all f9d 9 ?is comp>ison1 7tak+ into consid]ation ! imp]fection ( all human ?+s1 & actions1 & p]sons1 = ev5 9 ?is p]iod ( ! _w1 errors & defects are to be f\nd 9 ! conduct ( individuals mix$ up ) ! mo/ praisewor?y qualities17 we %all f9d1 ,i say1 9 ?is comp>ison1 ! be/ v9dication & ! highe/ eulogium ( ! ,ca?olic ,we/ & its e>li] hi/ory4 ,! misrepres5tation ( t hi/ory =m]ly s frequ5tly made by ! passion1 ! exagg]ations1 & ! prejudices ( p>ty1 has /ill an injuri\s influ5ce1 b is ) u no long] 9 season2 = ! mom5t has arriv$1 :5 fix$ 9 ! "r c5tre1 we mu/ n[ beg9 to take a m complete & compreh5sive survey ( ! primitive _w1 & classical antiquity1 next ( ! hi/ory ( ! middle age1 & ( mod]n times1 d[n to ! pres5t day1 & to t approa*+ futurity /ill 9 ! crisis ( its =mation2 & :5 we mu/ judge !m ) m correctness 9 all _! details1 & und]/& !m bett] by exam9+ _! relative position 9 ! great plan ( hi/ory1 & e/imate !m all by ! /&>d giv5 to u by ,god1 :i* is ! only true "o4 ,!n we %all judge ^! p>ticul>s )\t pr$ilection1 & )\t av]sion1 s9e odio et s9e dilectione1 :i* is some:at m ?an t excell5t & greate/ ( all anci5t hi/orians1 :o gave utt]ance to ?is say+1 really accompli%$1 or 0 inde$ 9 8 "t & ) 8 pr9ciples capable ( accompli%+4 ,= x is only ! k & complete compreh5sion ( ! great s*eme ( hi/ory1 :i* c enable u to rise above ! p>ticul> transactions ( our own1 or ( a =eign nation1 ( ! pres5t times or ( pa/ ages2 & x is ?is k :i* c alone cle>ly & safely det]m9e ! feel+ ) :i* we %\ld reg>d p>ticul> hi/orical facts4 ,b = t end1 ! anci5t hi/orian1 z well z all antiquity1 want$ ! clue :i* ,*ri/ianity alone has giv5 u1 to ! int]nal connexion ( ! _w's hi/ory1 & :i* !y :o seek = x else:]e b 9 ?is religion1 w c]ta9ly seek 9 va94 ,9 ?is p]iod ( an>*y1 & dur+ ! sway ( ! ,lomb>ds1 ! circum/ances ( ! times gave to ! ,popes a p>am\nt au?ority 9 ! int]nal adm9i/ration ( ! city & di/rict ( ,rome2 z well z a g5]al political influ5ce ov] all ,italy2--an influ5ce :i* 0 = ! mo/ "p v salut>y1 & t5d$ effectually to ensure ! public peace & prosp]ity4 ,i mu/ "h obs]ve t ?is political position & p[] ( ! ,popes1 s naturally adapt$ to ! circum/ances ( ! times1 & to ! g5]al situation ( ! ,we/]n _w1 0 fir/ put 9 a cle> & correct po9t ( view by writ]s n belong+ to ! ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,= ! political hi/orians on ! ,ca?olic side h1 9 almo/ e c\ntry1 reta9$ too lively a recollection ( ! w>m disputes z to ! respective limits & rights ( ! ecclesia/ical & secul> p[]1 n to be sway$ by su* feel+s 9 _! conception & acc\nts ( an age long gone by2 & ?is has c]ta9ly weak5$ ! imp>tiality becom+ ! tribunal ( hi/ory4 ,aft] ! subv]sion ( ! ,o/ro-,go? dom9ion 9 ,italy1 ! disgrace or ev5 dissatisfaction ( ! ,byzant9e ,g5]al1 ,n>ses1 provok$ ! incursion ( ! ,lomb>ds into ,italy4 ,?is p 7 n s exclusively devot$ to ! ,arian p>ty1 z a portion ( !m1 & sev]al among _! k+s1 pr(ess$ ! ,ca?olic religion2 b !y 7 f> f possess+ ! mild1 g5]\s "* ( ! ,go?s1 & _! sway (t5 prov$ oppressive 9 ,italy4 ,yet e ?+ appe>$ m desirable & m tol]able 9 ! op9ion ( _m o!rwise unprejudic$ hi/orians1 ?an ! imp5d+ dang] ( ,byzant9e rule4 ,:5 9 ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury1 ! ,greek ,emp]or ,con/ans ,,ii4 wag$ w> 9 ,italy aga9/ ! ,lomb>ds1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! w> conqu]$ ,rome1 ! plund]1 especially ( ! treasures ( anci5t art1 0 s imm5se1 t comp>$ ) ^! ,greek deva/ations1 all ! e>li] & de/ructive ravages ( ! ,go?s appe>$ to be no?+4 ,! %ips :i* 7 convey+ to ,con/ant9ople all ^! plund]$ treasures ( art1 fell into ! h&s ( ! ,arabs1 & 7 de/roy$1 s t x 0 nev] kn[n :at became ( _! valuable freight4 ,s true x is1 t ,rome p]i%$ solely & entirely by h] own h&1 by int]nal discord1 & ! weight ( h] own corruption1 & n by ! h&s ( ,g]mans or ( ,go?s4 ,:5 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ! dom9ion ( ! rude ,lomb>ds became oppressive1 & ! ,greek sway "u ! ,iconocla/ ,leo 0 /ill m dete/$1 & all ! cities & prov9ces ( ,italy _h revolt$ aga9/ x2 ,pope ,gregory ,,ii4 )\t any previ\s conc]t1 & by unanim\s cons5t1 0 plac$ at ! head ( ! ,italian league1 & decl>$ its *ief2 b he w>n$ 8 c\ntrym5 aga9/ ! dang]s ( precipitation1 exhort$ !m to ! ma9t5ance ( peace1 & ev] *]i%$ ! hope ( obta9+ a fri5dly reconciliation ) ! ,byzant9e ,emp]or4 ,! rigid prohibition ( ! religi\s use ( images 0 prop] 9 ^? cases only1 :]e ! use ( !m 0 n conf9$ to a m]e devotional respect1 b 0 likely to deg5]ate into a real adoration & idolatry1 & :]e a /rict sep>ation f ,pagan nations & _! rites 0 a matt] ( prim>y importance1 z 0 ! case 9 ! ,jewi% disp5sation ( old4 ,b n[ t ! ,mahom$an proscription1 & scornful rejection ( all holy emblems & images ( devotion1 arose f a decid$ly anti-*ri/ian _s1 t display$ itself ei!r 9 op5 viol5ce or secret ma*9ation aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian religion2 ?is ,byzant9e attack on images1 & ?is furi\s w> aga9/ all symbols ( piety1 :i* 9 its ult]ior consequ5ces might & mu/ h proce$$ to mu* great] l5g?s1 c be reg>d$ only z a mad contagion ( ! moral disease ( ! age4 ,?is disord] & phr5zy inde$ subsid$2 & ! ,greeks ( ! ,byzant9e ,empire 9 _! religi\s rites1 z well z dogmas1 h rema9$ ,*ri/ians1 & fai?ful to ! old ,*ri/ian traditions4 ,yet ?is controv]sy on ! use ( images1 & ! animosites & jeal\sies :i* x enk9dl$ betwe5 ! ,*ri/ians ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 did n a little contribute to t p]fectly gr\ndless1 irrational1 & unhappy s*ism :i* has sev]$ ! ,greeks f ! univ]sal *ur*4 ,! protract$ conte/ betwe5 ! k+s ( ,lomb>dy & ! ,greek ,ex>*s ( ,rav5na1 7dur+ ^: disputes ! ,popes felt ! call+ & incl9ation1 b _h n ! p[]1 to ex]cise ! high functions ( ,protectors to oppress$ ,italy17 naturally provok$ ! arbitration ( ! ,franks1 l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( _! ,protectorate ov] ,italy1 & 0 ?us ! fir/ occasion ( ! re/oration ( ! ,we/]n ,empire1 & ( ! f\ndation ( ! great ,*ri/ian imp]ial mon>*y4 ,! sublime idea ( su* an empire sprang solely & entirely out ( circum/ances & ev5ts1 z !y arose1 & _h n by any individual be5 fully anticipat$1 mu* less cle>ly und]/ood4 ,h5ce we _c attribute to any p]sons ! blame or entire m]it ( ev5ts t really took place ( !mselves1 by ! m]e =ce ( circum/ances1 ! _s ( ! times1 & ! happy impulse ( a l(ty inspiration4 ,nor c we at ?is remote di/ance ( "t1 & "u circum/ances s totally dissimil>1 in/itute a =mal discussion 79 ! mann] ( ! ,juri/s7 on ! lawfulness or unlawfulness ( any p>ticul> measure 9 ?is great s]ies ( public acts4 ,no c\ntry besides 0 oppress$ by s _m & su* cont5d+ rul]s1 z t ,italy :i* _h once b[$ all nations b5ea? h] yoke4 ,sicily1 :i* _h be5 conqu]$ by ! ,arabs1 lab\r$ "u ! mo/ cruel oppression2 & x 0 ! tyrannical conduct ( ! ,greek gov]nors t _h pav$ ! way = ! conque/ ( t isl&4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury1 ! ,franks _h already migrat$ into ,gaul2 _! rul]s 7 f ! orig9 ( _! empire mo/ devot$ to ,*ri/ianity2 & _h besides 9 _! conduct t[>ds k9dr$ or neighb\r+ nations1 ev9c$ a m judici\s1 prud5t1 & sy/ematic policy1 ?an _h be5 %ewn by any o!r ,g]manic or ,go?ic tribe1 9 ! invasion & subsequ5t gov]nm5t ( ! ,roman prov9ces4 ,?is nation1 :i* f its orig9 _h ev] be5 w>mly atta*$ to ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 :i* _h subdu$ ! ,visi-,go? k+dom 9 ,gaul1 _h become ma/]s ( ! ,burgundian prov9ces1 :ile x p]petually /rove to ext5d & consolidate its dom9ion 9 ! int]ior ( ,g]many2 0 n[1 aft] its spl5did victory ov] ! ,s>ac5s1 & ! g5]al protection :i* ?is victory _h ensur$ to all ,*ri/5dom1 call$ into ,italy1 less by ! ,pope & ! ,romans1 ?an by ! /ate ( affairs1 & ! urg5cy ( times & circum/ances1 !re to t]m9ate an>*y1 & re-e/abli% ! anci5t ord] ( ?+s1 or "o bett] adapt$ to ! exig5cies ( ! age4 ,! ,empire ( ! ,franks 0 h5ce=w>d ! mo/ p[]ful /ate 9 ! ,we/1 & 0 inde$ ! great c5tre ( ! civiliz$ _w2 z aft]w>ds became1 ?\gh on a high] & m ext5d$ scale1 ! great ,*ri/ian ,empire ( ! middle age 9 ,g]many & 9 ,italy4 ,"h we f9d t high clue 9 human hi/ory to :i* we %\ld ev] adh]e--on "o side1 ! lum9\s trace ( ! m imm$iate provid5ce ( ,god--& on ! o!r1 ! gradual unfold+ ( ! human m9d1 ev9c$ 9 sci5ce z 9 language1 9 feel+s z 9 modes ( ?9k+--an intellectual developem5t1 :i* ?\gh (t5 conceal$1 &1 z x 71 buri$ b5ea? ! agitat$ surface ( ext]nal ev5ts1 =ms 7toge!r ) ! conduct ( div9e provid5ce17 ! real & ess5tial matt] & purport 9 ! hi/ory & progress ( human communities4 ,9 ?is respect1 if we reg>d ei!r ( ! !n two great rival p[]s 9 ! ,ea/1 we %all f9d t nei!r ! dead monotony ( ! ,byzant9e ,empire1 s9k+ ev] l[] 9 ! scale ( moral1 political & intellectual degradation1 nor ! m ha/y gr[? & ! int]nal di/raction ( ! ,s>ac5ic ,empire1 7pres5t+1 z x does1 9 its long s]ies ( political cata/rophes1 milit>y revolutions1 & frequ5t *anges ( dyna/y1 ! same t$i\s uni=mity ( despotism17 w furni% mu* matt] ( int]e/ or ( mom5t to ! philosophic hi/orian4 ,x is 9 ?is p]iod ( ! _w1 ! gradual organization ( ! ,*ri/ian /ate1 z 9 a lat] age1 ! developem5t ( ,*ri/ian sci5ce1 :i* *iefly comm&s our reg>d1 naturally s curi\s aft] all t relates to ! conc]ns & de/9ies ( mank9d1 & fixes our att5tion exclusively1 or m p>ticul>ly1 on t ,european ,we/1 :]e all n[ display$ a full] life1 & a m con/ant movem5t & activity4 ,! t]ritorial p>titions1 & ! v>i\s feuds & diss5sions :i* occurr$ betwe5 ! ,frank k+s1 possess b little1 or at be/ a subord9ate int]e/1 amid ! great ev5ts ( ! times--x is ! lead+ idea ( ! age1 ! progressive m>* ( society at ?is p]iod1 :i* (f]s matt] ( in/ruction to ! hi/orian4 ,_m faults & errors1 h[ev]1 /a9$ ! fir/ execution ( ?is gr& plan ( a ,*ri/ian ,empire2--su* = in/ance1 7 ^? w>s :i* ,*>lemagne wag$ aga9/ ! ,saxons1 z well z simil> w>s "u 8 pr$ecessors 9 ! prec$+ age2 = ! propagation ( ! ,*ri/ian religion by su* means ( co]cion1 c sc>cely ev] be excus$1 & 9 no case entirely ju/ifi$4 ,! be/ excuse is p]haps 9 ! fact1 t all w>s betwe5 tribes ne>ly alli$1 are l family disputes1 usually conduct$ ) great] /ubbornness & animosity4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! ye> #ghd1 ,*>lemagne conclud$ ) ! ,saxons a peace :i* 0 v advantage\s to ! latt]2 & ! extremely prosp]\s & fl\ri%+ condition ( ! empire1 & ev5 ( ! c\ntries 9 ! ,nor? ( ,g]many1 "u ,h5ry ! fir/ k+ ( ! ,saxon race1 proves at lea/ t ! evil 0 conf9$ )9 v n>r[ limits1 & _h n be5 productive ( su* wide-spread & protract$ desolation4 ,9 ! transition f ! ,c>lov+ian1 to ! ,capetian dyna/y1 we %\ld n =get t ! mon>*y 0 n /rictly h]$it>y 9 any ,g]man /ate1 b 0 = ! mo/ "p m]ely elective2 & x 0 only he1 :o _h prov$ himself a valiant1 prud5t1 & p[]ful def5d] ( 8 nation1 t became ! man ( ! public *oice4 ,royalty 0 !n consid]$ m 9 ! light ( an (fice1 a *>ge1 a peculi> call+1 ?an ( an inh]itance or patrimony4 ,! g5]al idea ( ! ,*ri/ian ,empire1 0 a univ]sal protectorate ov] all ,*ri/ian nations & c\ntries--a mighty c5tral dom9ion f\nd$ on ju/ice1 :ile ! great connect+ & p]vad+ p[] ( ! :ole sy/em 0 suppos$ to reside 9 ! p]fect unity ( religi\s pr9ciples4 ,:5 ?is religi\s unity 0 de/roy$1 ! :ole political edifice fell to pieces2 & 9 ! /ruggles ( lat] times1 ! artificial relations f\nd$ on a m]e me*anical balance ( p[]1 on a republican equality ( /ates1 )\t ! f\ndation ( ,*ri/ian or any o!r solid pr9ciples1 h furni%$1 z exp]i5ce has %ewn1 b a v bad sub/itute = t old ,*ri/ian bro!rhood ( ! ,european /ates & nations2 & h 9 ! g5]al subv]sion ( ,*ri/ian morality1 produc$ a sort ( polite disord] & ref9$ an>*y4 ,9 ! p>tition ( ! ,c>lov+ian ,empire--a p>tition :i* 0 only 9 accordance ) ^? pr9ciples ( desc5t :i* regulat$ ! inh]itance ( ! great families--we c trace an almo/ h]oic1 & if we might use ! expression1 a nave patri>*al confid5ce 9 ! duration ( t religi\s unity2 = x 0 only on su* a basis t m5 deem$ x possible to comb9e ! advantage ( ! dome/ic1 int]nal gov]nm5t ( a c\ntry limit$ 9 ext5t1 ) ! contr\l ( "o g5]al sup]9t5d+ mon>*y4 ,:5 a man ( su* consummate prud5ce1 su* long =esight1 & p[]ful und]/&+ z ,*>lemagne deem$ su* a s*eme n impracticable1 & ?\ght x possible to ma9ta9 ! political unity ( 8 empire1 "u ! jo9t dom9ion ( 8 sons1 & by _! subord9ation to _! elde/ bro!r2 we %\ld le>n n to judge ! plan ) too mu* precipitation1 & accord+ to ! notions ( our times1 & our pres5t sy/ems ( policy4 ,?is fir/ p>tition :i* ,*>lemagne _h design$1 0 prev5t$ by ! h& ( dea?4 ,! entire division ( ! :ole ,c>lov+ian ,empire into ?ree di/9ct portions1 0 fir/ effect$ by ,lewis ! ,pi\s2 b ! p]petual family diss5sions :i* occurr$ "u 8 successors1 ! weakness or viol5ce ( _! *>act]s1 & ! v>i\s factions :i* arose1 r5d]$ totally impossible ! ma9t5ance ( t union1 :i* 0 orig9ally s\ght to be p]petuat$ 9 ! empire1 & l$ to ! f9al dismemb]m5t & total dissolution ( ! old ,empire ( ! ,franks1 :5 ano!r dyna/y succe$$ to ! imp]ial cr[n4 ,9 ! primitive mon>*y ( ! ,g]mans1 h[ev]1 ! exi/5ce ( ! f\r great national dut*ies1 :i* 7 subord9ate to ! imp]ial cr[n1 f> m happily accompli%$ ?is union ( a local1 dome/ic1 & pat]nal gov]nm5t ) ! contr\l ( "o p[]ful & sup]9t5d+ mon>*y2 s long at lea/ z int]nal union subsi/$1 & discord _h n obta9$ ! supremacy4 ,!re !n exi/$1 ?\gh mo/ly 9 a diff]5t =m ?an aft]w>ds1 a division ( p[]s 9 ! /ate z well z 9 ! *ur*2 b unity 9 ?is division1 or ) ?is division1 0 s\ght = only 9 ,*ri/ian & ,national s5tim5ts2 & z long z ^! subsi/$ 9 _! integrity1 ! body politic rema9$ unimpair$4 ,at no "t has a political con/itution or mode ( gov]nm5t be5 devis$1 :i* c\ld p]man5tly supply ! place ( pr9ciple4 ,9 ! national meet+s ( ! great & small] /ates ( t age1 9 _! assembl$ c\ncils ( dukes & pr9ces1 bi%ops1 c\nts & lords1 nobles & freem5 7to :om 7 add$ ! ,commons ( ! cities1 :5 by _! rights & privileges !y began to obta9 importance71 we mu/ look = ! fir/ g]m ( all ! succe$+ p>liam5ts & /ates-g5]al ( ! ,european nations1 & ( ! rights ( ! diff]5t ord]s ( society1 & ! privileges & corporate immunities ( ! cities4 ,all ^! rights & lib]ties 7 purely local--!y grew up on ! root ( national cu/oms--!y 7 f\nd$ on no speculative !ory ( univ]sal equality1 b on positive usage1 & special laws4 ,! union & /ability ( an empire 0 !n s\ght = n 9 ! balance ( artificial =ms1 b 9 ! holy h]itage ( anci5t cu/oms1 9 pr9ciple 9 %ort4 ,on ?is basis1 fir/ ( ,*ri/ian1 !n ( national s5tim5ts1 d all ,*ri/ian /ates repose2 & :5 ?is f\ndation is de/roy$1 ^? /ates are undone4 ,ecclesia/ical p[] _h !n a real & sub/antial weight1 & a v ext5d$ circle ( op]ation2 al?\gh its limits & relations ) secul> au?ority 7 n s rigidly circumscrib$ z aft]w>ds4 ,to be s5sible t ?is division ( p[] w n necess>ily impair ! unity ( /r5g? & _s 9 ! social frame1 z long z pr9ciple rema9s pure1 & religi\s concord is pres]v$2 we ne$ only call to our recollection ! fact1 t all ,*ri/ian /ates & k+doms h sprung f ?is happy agreem5t betwe5 secul> & ecclesia/ical au?ority1 & t ?is union 0 ! sure f\ndation ( _! /ability4 ,& s long z bo? p[]s rema9$ 9 h>moni\s accord1 ! times 7 prosp]\s1 peace & ju/ice ev] increas$1 & ! condition ( nations 0 fl\ri%+ & happy4 ,*ri/ianity1 says a great hi/orian1 :o manife/s a great] pr$ilection = antiquity1 & ev5 = ! ori5tal _w1 b ^: compreh5sive intellect (t5 rightly appreciates ! b5ign influ5ce ( ?is religion1 :i* ) u mu/ h ! priority2 ,*ri/ianity 0 ! electric sp>k :i* fir/ r\s$ ! w>like nations ( ! ,nor?1 r5d]$ !m susceptible ( a high] civilization1 /amp$ ! peculi> "*1 & f\nd$ ! political in/itutions ( mod]n nations1 :i* h sprung out ( su* het]og5e\s elem5ts4 ,& we may add1 ,*ri/ianity 0 ! connect+ p[] :i* l9k$ toge!r ! great community ( ,european nations1 n only 9 ! moral & political relations ( life1 b 9 sci5ce & modes ( ?9k+4 ,! *ur* 0 l ! all-embrac+ vault ( heav51 b5ea? ^: k9dly %elt]1 ^? w>like nations began to settle 9 peace1 & gradually to frame _! laws & in/itutions4 ,ev5 ! (fice ( in/ruction1 ! h]itage ( anci5t k1 ! promotion ( sci5ce1 & ( all t t5d$ to advance ! progress ( ! human m9d1 devolv$ to ! c>e ( ! *ur*1 & 7 exclusively conf9$ to ! ,*ri/ian s*ools4 ,if sci5ce 0 !n ( a v limit$ range1 x 0 /ill q proportion$ to ! exig5cies & intellectual cultivation ( ! age2 = mank9d _c transc5d all ! degrees ( civilization by a s+le b\nd1 b mu/ m\nt sl[ly & 9 succession its v>i\s grades2 & at any rate1 sci5ce 0 n at t "t unpr(itably buri$ 9 libr>ies & 9 ! closets ( ! le>n$1 z 0 aft]w>ds ! case 9 ,europe1 & ev5 p>tly !n among ! ,byzant9es4 ,! little k :i* 0 !n possess$1 0 by ! m active _s1 & ! s\nd und]/&+ & practical s5se ( ! ,european nations1 & _! bett] prie/hood1 appli$ ) g5]al advantage to ! int]e/s ( society4 ,sci5ce 0 n !n1 z 9 ! lat] p]iod ( its pr\d asc5dancy1 9 op5 ho/ility ) ! pure dictates ( fai? & ! in/itutions ( life4 ,on t _w s v>i\sly excit$ 9 peace1 z 9 w>1 & by ! diff]5t pursuits ( art & indu/ry1 useful k & :olesome speculation desc5d$1 n l a viol5t flood1 b l ! s(t di/illations ( ! refre%+ dew1 or ! g5tle drops ( f]tiliz+ ra91 f ! ,heav5 ( fai? :i* ov]>*$ ! :ole4 #e ,x may n p]haps be un9t]e/+ to ! read] to comp>e ) ,s*legel's acc\nt ( ,mohamm$anism1 an admirable1 ?\gh brief] sket* ( ! same religion by ! h& ( ano!r great ma/]--! illu/ri\s ,go]res4 ,9 ! ,synopsis :i* he has publi%$ ( ! ,lectures on ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 t he has be5 = sev]al ye>s deliv]+ at ,muni*1 we f9d ! foll[+ rem>kable passage on ! ,mohamm$an religion4 ,! au?or aft] speak+ ( ! v>i\s trials :i* ! ,*ri/ian *ur* _h to endure1 says ,h5ce ! "y *ur* mu/ wre/le ) all ! =ms ( error 9 ! ,gno/ic doctr9es & 9 ! o!r h]esies2 "o aft] ! o!r %e rema9s ! triumphant conqu]ess ov] all1 & ma9ta9s aga9/ e attack h] well-balanc$ equilibrium4 ,at l5g?1 :5 ! conte/ has rag$ = c5turies1 ! enemy comb9es 9 "o focus all ! scatt]$ rays ( error2 & ! ,prophet ( ,mecca kn[s h[ to balance himself !re94 ,! rigid ,mono!ism ( 8 doctr9e1 :i* by d5y+ ! ,tr9ity1 & ) x all p]sonal manife/ation ( ! ,deity1 limits its idea to ! dep?s ( ,et]nity1 )\t admitt+ any true or liv+ communication ( ! ,god-head ) :at app]ta9s to "t1 naturally allures ! metaphysical pride :i* 9 ?is ab/raction ha? made itself its own ,god4 ,! e?ical ,pan!ism :i* ?is religion pr(esses1 :ile x furni%es a pretext1 a motive & a palliation to all ! pret5sions ( ! mighty1 to ! ambition ( usurp]s1 ! viol5ce ( pride1 & ! arrogance ( tyranny1 & at ! same "t consoles & dis>ms ! injur$ & ! oppress$1 by ! inevitabl5ess ( de/9y1 mu/ draw to its prea*] ! m5 ( ! sword1 ( viol5ce1 & ( blood1 & l9k ^? once b\nd indissolubly to him4 ,! s5sual ,eudaimonism1 to :i* 8 cre$ op5s s free a scope bo? 9 ?is _w & ! next1 mu/ rally r\nd ! apo/le ( lu/1 ! multitude t burns ) all ! passionate gl[ ( t f]vid zone1 & place "u 8 contr\l all ! wild fi]y en]gies ( t region4 ,& ?us d ! cold doctr9e1 ! cutt+ /eel1 & ! de/roy+ flame g be=e him z 8 mission>ies2 & ! ,s\? & ! ,ea/1 & soon ev5 a "p ( ! ,european ,we/1 are b[$ "u ! yoke ( 8 religion3 & :ile 9 ! ,caliphate he f\nds = x a new spiritual & secul> empire1 ! mod]n _w betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,mohamm$anism becomes divid$ into night & day4--,go]res ,ub] die ,grundlage d] ,weltges*icte1 page #ii-ajj4 ,breslaw1 #ahcj4--,trans4 ,,end ,,( ,,lecture ,,xii4 ,,lecture ,,xiii4 ,on ! =mation & consolidation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,gov]nm5t 9 mod]n times4--,on ! pr9ciple :i* l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! old ,g]man ,empire4 ,! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era & ( mod]n hi/ory compose ! epo* :51 by a second fiat ( creation1 ! light ( ,*ri/ianity spread ?r\gh ! :ole ,roman _w1 & :5 aft] und]go+ long p]secutions1 ! religion ( ,*ri/ "u ,con/ant9e came victori\s out ( ! /ruggle4 ,! second epo* or ! succe$+ five c5turies compreh5d t *aotic & int]m$iate /ate 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 or ! transition f decl9+ antiquity to mod]n times1 gr[+ out ( ! ru9s ( ! anci5t _w--! f]m5t+ mixture ( _m & v>i\s elem5ts ( social life4 ,b :5 at la/ ! tempe/ _h disbur!n$ itself ( its fury1 ! cl\ds _h brok5 asund]1 & ! pure firmam5t ( ,*ri/ian fai? _h /ret*$ out its ample vault to %elt] ! rise ( new communities2 :5 ! wild wat]s ( t mighty inundation ( nations _h begun gradually to fl[ (f2 !n ! ,g]manic tribes incorporat$ ) ! ,romanic nations1 laid ! deep firm soil on :i* mod]n ,european society 0 to spr+ up & fl\ri%4 ,= x 0 ,*>lemagne :o laid ! sure f\ndation = ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t1 & all ! improvem5ts ( its subsequ5t sup]/ructure4 ,on ?is basis ( ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t1 & ,*ri/ian mann]s1 & "u ! cov] & vivify+ influ5ce ( ! lum9\s firmam5t ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 sprang human sci5ce out ( ! small fragm5ts ( anci5t art & le>n+1 :i* _h surviv$ all ^! mighty deva/ations1 till at la/ x exp&$ into a full] bloom1 & grew into a m heav5ly & ,*ri/ian =m4 ,?is new progress ( social man "u ! ,*ri/ian =m ( gov]nm5t1 & ?is progress ( ! human m9d 9 ,*ri/ian sci5ce1 m>k ! ?ird epo* ( mod]n hi/ory1 or ! sev5 c5turies :i* elaps$ f ! reign ( ,*>lemagne1 to ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w1 & ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,re=mation4 ,x may naturally be suppos$ t ^! sev5 c5turies :i* witness$ ! progressive civilization ( mod]n nations1 & ! vigor\s gr[? & wide spread ( ,*ri/ian pr9ciples1 7 at ! same "t a p]iod ( /ruggle bo? 9 ! /ate & 9 sci5ce1 & t 9 ea* ( ^! dep>tm5ts1 ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity 0 int]mix$ )1 & mo/ injuri\sly & fatally ?w>t$ & oppos$ by1 _m un*ri/ian elem5ts4 ,& inde$1 to discov] & discrim9ate betwe5 ^! conflict+ elem5ts1 to compreh5d & det]m9e _! mutual be>+s "o t[>ds ! o!r1 is ! fit problem = hi/orical philosophy4 ,! progress ( ! ,*ri/ian /ate & ! advancem5t ( ,*ri/ian sci5ce1 =m dur+ ?is p]iod ! ma9 subject ( an univ]sal hi/ory1 :5 ?is is n a m]e collection ( special or national hi/ories1 b truly univ]sal1 9 ! philosophic s5se ( ! t]m2 treat+ solely ( ^? subjects common to all mank9d1 or :i* illu/rate ! g5]al m>* ( humanity4 ,h5ce all o!r hi/orical views1 dictat$ by a pr$ilection = "o's own c\ntry--inquiries into ! political in/itutions ( "o1 or sev]al1 or all exi/+ /ates--a review ( ! circle ( m]cantile op]ations1 & _! gradual ext5sion1 & ( ! progress ( ! me*anical arts--& la/ly1 curi\s & erudite diss]tations on lit]ature1 philology & ! f9e arts 7h[ev] int]e/+1 in/ructive1 & 9 _m respects useful1 su* special diss]tations may be 9 !mselves7--all ^! mu/ be ei!r entirely exclud$ f g5]al hi/ory1 or mu/ at lea/ occupy a place v subord9ate to1 & are des]v+ ( notice only z f> z !y illu/rate1 :at mu/ ev] con/itute ! ma9 subject ( ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 ,9 ! fir/ ages ( ! _w1 x is (t5 difficult to obta9 satisfactory in=mation1 & a compet5t degree ( c]ta9ty on ! subjects :i* are alone1 or at lea/ *iefly1 wor?y ( att5tion4 ,b 9 mod]n times1 x is a f> m ardu\s task to select out ( ! imm5se multitude & v>iety ( facts susceptible ( hi/orical pro(1 ^? :i* are ( a g5]al int]e/ = mank9d1 & amid ! cr[d ( details /eadily to pres]ve ! g5]al outl9e ( hi/ory4 ,x w\ld be a great error to ref] to ! ,*ri/ian con/itution ( ! /ate & ( sci5ce1 e rem>kable or important incid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( gov]nm5t & ( sci5ce1 m]ely because su* incid5ts h occurr$ 9 ! middle age1 or among ,*ri/ian nations ( lat] times4 ,we mu/ /rive to =m a l(ti] idea ( ! ,*ri/ian model bo? 9 sci5ce & 9 gov]nm5t1 s t ! highe/ & noble/ monum5ts 9 ei!r1 %\ld f human infirmity be consid]$ b fa9t approximations1 ,i d n say1 to ! unatta9able /&>d ( an imag9>y p]fection1 b to ! sob] reality ( ,*ri/ian tru?4 ,al?\gh x is n possible rigidly to sep>ate public life f public op9ions1 on acc\nt ( ! intimate union betwe5 bo?1 & ! mutual influ5ce :i* gov]nm5t & sci5ce ex]cise ov] "o ano!r2 yet z ! /ate is ! gr\ndwork = ! cultivation ( sci5ce1 & ! =m] mu/ prec$e ! latt]1 ,i %all foll[ ?is hi/orical ord]1 & comm5ce ) ! con/itution ( ! ,*ri/ian /ate4 ,z "h ! "q is n z to ! ,beau ,ideal ( supreme p]fection1 or z to a precise1 rigid1 & sci5tific !ory ( ! ,*ri/ian /ate1 7= :i* "h at lea/1 if n = ! pres5t age1 ! "t may n h arriv$7--b m]ely z to a g5]al outl9e ( su* a !ory--,i %all only obs]ve1 t ! ,*ri/ian /ate mu/ re/ on ! basis ( religi\s feel+s4 ,= )\t feel+ its relation to religion _c be conceiv$--& su* a m]e relation1 consid]$ 9 itself1 w\ld lose its religi\s "*4 ,b ! gov]nm5t :i* is f\nd$ on ,*ri/ianity1 is on t acc\nt limit$1 & is consequ5tly 9 its v nature abhorr5t ei!r f absolute despotism1 or ! uncontroll$ tyranny ( popul> factions4 ,9 ! next place1 ! gov]nm5t f\nd$ on religion1 is "o 9 :i* s5tim5t1 p]sonal _s1 & p]sonal "* are ! prim>y & rul+ elem5ts1 & n ! dead lett]1 & ! writt5 =mula ( a m]e artificial con/itution4 ,9 ?is la/ respect "o may say1 t ! ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t incl9es v /rongly t[>ds mon>*y2 = 9 mon>*y1 x is ! sacr$ p]son ( ! k+1 ! "* ( ! rul]1 ! _s ( 8 adm9i/ration1 confid5ce 9 8 p]son1 & atta*m5t to ! h]$it>y dyna/y1 :i* =m ! basis1 ! animat+ _s1 & vivify+ pr9ciple ( ! social sy/em4 ,9 a republic x is n ! p]son1 b ! law :i* gov]ns2 nay1 ! writt5 ^w ( ! law is !re ( ! utmo/ importance2 & ?us ! dead lett] ( ! con/itution is 9 a republic almo/ z sacr$1 z 9 a mon>*y ! p]son call$ & consecrat$ to ! functions ( gov]nm5t by div9e "r4 ,b m ?an ?is we %\ld n say--namely1 t ! ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t1 f\nd$ z x is on p]sonality & on s5tim5t1 incl9es on ! :ole /rongly t[>ds ! mon>*ical =m--a lean+ :i* is by no means incompatible ) _m ,republican usages & ,republican ,in/itutions ( a subord9ate k9d4 ,/ill less %\ld we exagg]ate ?is idea s f>1 z to ma9ta9 t ! ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t is entirely & necess>ily mon>*ical1 ev5 9 its outw>d =m2 & t a ,republic is objectionable at all times & "u all circum/ances )\t di/9ction4 ,su* absolutism 9 ! doctr9es ( public law1 & 9 ! !ory ( gov]nm5t1 is v remote f true ,*ri/ian pr9ciples4 ,! unhi/orical gov]nm5t ( m]e ,reason--! de/ructive pr9ciple ( revolution--is inde$ totally incompatible ) ,*ri/ianity2 pr9cipally because ! ,*ri/ian religion tol]ates & recognizes all legal in/itutions1 su* z !y are1 )\t enquir+ into _! orig92 7z ! gospel n only left inviolate1 b ev5 respect$ ! legality ( ! ,roman dom9ion 9 ! conqu]$ & incorporat$ c\ntries27 & also because ! ,*ri/ian notion ( "r1 l ! ,*ri/ian sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 is by no means absolute1 b is ev] qualifi$ by circum/ances4 ,a ,republican gov]nm5t1 :i* is f\nd$ n s mu* on ! ab/ract or rationali/ pr9ciple ( absolute fre$om & equality1 b on anci5t cu/oms & h]$it>y rights1 on fre$om ( s5tim5t & g5]osity ( "*1 consequ5tly on p]sonality1 is by no means ess5tially oppos$ to ! true _s ( mon>*y2 /ill less is x inconsi/5t ) ! ,*ri/ian !ory ( gov]nm5t4 ,b a despotism1 illegitimate n p]haps 9 its orig91 b 9 its abuse ( p[]1 /rikes at ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian /ate1 ^: mild1 temp]ate1 & hi/orical "* is z abhorr5t f absolutism1 z f ! opposite pr9ciple ( unqualifi$ fre$om & univ]sal equality--! revolution>y pr9ciple1 :i* involves ! ov]?r[ ( all exi/+ rights4 ,z 9 ! ,*ri/ian's e/imation1 ! wor? & excell5ce ( an individual is n to be judg$ by 8 outw>d appe>ance or by ! obs]vance ( c]ta9 =ms1 b by ! s9c]ity ( 8 inw>d s5tim5ts2 s ! same obs]vation w apply to /ates4 ,x is ! _s & purpose ( an action1 ! nature ( a de$1 ! p]sonal conduct display$ 9 a public measure2 & n any outw>d =m1 :i* proves or det]m9es ! good or evil t5d5cy ( any important act1 :i* may be ! subject ( hi/ory4 ,t ,*ri/ian tone & _s :i* belongs to ! gov]nm5t ( ! illu/ri\s1 b n immaculate ,*>lemagne1 does n proce$ f ! circum/ance1 t he1 l ,alfr$ aft] him1 solicit$ ! c\nsels & co-op]ation ( 8 ,bi%ops 9 fram+ laws = ! v>i\s prov9ces ( 8 empire1 7= _m ( ^! laws conta9$ moral injunctions17 or t at ,rome ! ,pope plac$ ! ,imp]ial cr[n ^u 8 head4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian _s ( 8 gov]nm5t is ev9c$ by t l(ty idea :i* fill$ up ! :ole ( 8 active life--by 8 conception ( ! relations ( *ur* & /ate1 & ( ! utility ( sci5ce = ! civilization ( nations--by 8 project ( an univ]sal empire de/9$ to embrace & protect all civiliz$ nations--! noble fabric ( mod]n ,*ri/5dom1 ( :i* he laid ! fir/ f\ndation-/one1 & :i* reveals 8 enl>g$ views1 compreh5d+ alike 8 own age & succe$+ times4 ,b :5ev] we meet 9 hi/ory ) a gov]nm5t :i* indep5d5tly ( outw>d =ms1 is f\nd$ on ! love ( div9e ju/ice--on a pr9ciple ( self-devotion :]eby rul]s are ready to sacrifice _! own int]e/ & ev5 _! own exi/5ce 9 ! cause ( ju/ice & ( social ord]--^!1 we may be sure are ! c]ta9 & indubitable m>ks ( ! realization ( ! ,*ri/ian !ory ( law & gov]nm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]ev] we p]ceive despotism or viol5ce1 or :at we feel to be absolute wrong1 ?\gh !y be veil$ "u ! sanction ( spiritual or temporal p[]1 !n we may be sure ! :ole ent]prise is un*ri/ian1 z ! pr9ciple is un*ri/ian4 ,( all ! diff]5t =ms ( ?is political disease1 ( ! manifold k9ds ( tyranny1 :e!r ecclesia/ical or secul>1 milit>y or comm]cial1 dome/ic or municipal1 academic or ari/ocratic1 ! despotism ( popul> lic5ti\sness is ! mo/ repreh5sible 9 pr9ciple1 & ! mo/ de/ructive 9 its effects4 ,) ! usages & in/itutions ( ! ,g]manic nations1 ?is peculi> temp] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion p]fectly h>moniz$2 incomp>ably bett] at lea/1 ?an ) ! arbitr>y gov]nm5t ( ! ,roman /ate1 :i* ev5 aft] ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e1 /ill reta9$ 9 all ess5tial po9ts a ,pagan "*4 ,9 ! old ,g]man /ates1 ! sy/em ( h]$it>y mon>*y mo/ly prevail$2--b x 0 q ali5 f absolutism1 & 0 int]mix$ ) _m ,republican in/itutions1 laws1 & cu/oms4 ,! :ole sy/em ( ^? gov]nm5ts 0 f\nd$ on ! hi/orical basis ( anci5t usages--on ! pure1 free & g5]\s s5tim5t ( hon\r--on p]sonal glory & p]sonal "* & tal5ts4 ,z soon z ?is natural moral en]gy ( ! ,g]manic nations _h receiv$ a religi\s consecration f ,*ri/ianity1 & ^? en]getic1 h]oic s\ls _h imbib$ ) f]v\r1 simplicity1 & humility1 ! maxims ( ! religion ( love2 all ! elem5ts ( a truly ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t1 & ,*ri/ian sy/em ( policy 7 !n (f]$ to mank9d4 ,! political hi/ory ( ^? anci5t times has be5 mo/ly repres5t$ 9 a too sy/ematic po9t ( view1 = ! purpose ( fav\r+ "s p>ticul> object1 or int]e/1 or "s fav\rite op9ion ( mod]n times2 s9ce hi/orians employ all _! +5uity 9 trac+ /ep by /ep1 & disclos+ to our view ! fir/ rise & gradual gr[? ( any p>ticul> =m ( gov]nm5t1 or pr9ciple ( "r--su* z ! e/abli%m5t ( royalty on ! "o h&1 & t ( ! con/itution ( ! ?ree ord]s on ! o!r4 ,b !y rema9 q unconc]n$ ab\t e m exalt$ pr9ciple 9 society4 ,to judge & appreciate n accord+ to ! /&>d ( our own or any o!r age1 b accord+ to ! dictates ( et]nal tru?1 ! mann]s1 ! modes ( ?9k+1 ! tone ( society1 ! _s & views :i* animat$ m51 :atev] 0 good or evil1 *ri/ian or anti-*ri/ian 9 _! s5tim5ts1 is ) ^! writ]s a matt] ( ! utmo/ indiff]5ce4 ,if !re is any exception f ! tru? ( ?is rem>k1 x is :5 !y meet ) "s s+ul> trait ( mann]s or "*--"s hi/orical p>adox calculat$ to /imulate int]e/1 & :i* !y !n nev] fail to sev] f its g5]al connexion ) ! age1 to te> up f its natural roots1 & exhibit to ! curiosity ( ! behold]4 ,& yet 9 su* individual traits ( "* 9 ! middle age1 ?\gh !y be at fir/ rem>k$ only f _! s+ul>ity1 & be n ev5 fully und]/ood1 m traces ( hi/orical life & tru? are to be f\nd1 ?an 9 ^? sy/ematic repres5tations ( hi/ory1 drawn up ) "s specific political view1 & :i* aim at an elaborate dissection & viol5t disrupture ( in/itutions1 :i* 9 ^? e>ly times1 7 insep>ably unit$ 9 ! life ( ,*ri/ian nations4 ,if ! be/ & mo/ praisewor?y measures adopt$ 9 t fir/ p]iod ( ,*ri/ian polity1 = ! settlem5t & fur!r improvem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian /ate1 & = ! e/abli%m5t & application ( *ri/ian maxims & pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 7 no?+ m b a g5]\s ef=t1 a good int5tion1 a rude design--a feeble1 imp]fect approximation t[>ds a div9e t]m--yet we mu/ consid] !m z peculi> hi/orical ph5om5a1 leave !m 9 _! individual be>+s1 & n prematurely =ce !m into any sy/ematic connexion1 or atta* !m to any fix$ or =mal pr9ciple ( "r2 = 9 ! ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t1 feel+ & p]sonality are ! mo/ ess5tial ?+s4 ,if ,i c\ld ov]/ep ! n>r[ limits ( ?is "w1 conf9$ z x is to a rapid sket* ( ! ma9 & ess5tial facts 9 ! hi/orical progress ( mank9d1 ,i %\ld pref] to draw a portrait ( ! mode ( gov]nm5t & preval5t op9ions ( t age1 out ( ! _m *>act]i/ic traits 9 ! lives ( its di/+ui%$ rul]s1 its great & virtu\s k+s & emp]ors1 knights & h]oes3--su* z t ,*>lemagne1 :o w\ld rightly op5 ! s]ies1 t pi\s ,k+ ,alfr$1 :o 9 a f> m contract$ sph]e1 0 equally great1 ^? fir/ ,saxon ,k+s & ,emp]ors ( ,g]many--pr9ces di/+ui%$ = _! religi\s & virtu\s s5tim5ts1 _! great & upright "*1 & ^: reigns exhibit+ z !y d1 ! p>am\nt influ5ce ( religion on public life1 con/itute ! happie/ era1 & ! truly gold5 p]iod ( our annals4 ,! peculi> nature & con/itution1 ! int]nal _s & ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian /ate1 w\ld be mu* m cle>ly & vividly repres5t$ by ! examples ( ^! great *>act]s1 :o to ! pure w ( _! en]getic1 h]oic s\ls1 unit$ a practical k ( life1 & a natural insight into ! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian policy4 ,su* a c\rse ,i w\ld pref] to entangl+ myself 9 ! usual disputes ab\t ! respective relations ( ! spiritual & temporal p[]s1 & all ! cont5ti\s po9ts involv$ 9 t matt]2 or to ent]+ ^u any diss]tation respect+ ! decisive era 9 ! developem5t ( royalty & its rights1 or 9 ! progress ( ! con/itution ( ! ?ree e/ates1 & ( v>i\s municipal corporations2 h[ev] useful & in/ructive su* enquiries may be 9 ! special hi/ory ( p>ticul> c\ntries4 ,& ev5 9 ! latt] respect1 ^? glori\s names =m a mighty epo*2 & 9 ! hi/ory ( almo/ all ! great ,european c\ntries1 we meet ) "s holy & magnanim\s mon>*1 :o laid ! solid f\ndations ( 8 c\ntry's con/itution1 or introduc$ a high] civility & ref9em5t 9 life & mann]s4 ,su* 7 9 ,hung>y ! holy ,k+ ,/eph51 & 9 ,france1 ! great ,/4 ,lewis1 :o 9 m unquiet times re/or$ a bett] _s1 & = a :ile ret>d$ ! progress ( corruption4 ,!re 7 also o!r k+s1 h]oes & emp]ors1 l ,rodolph ( ,hapsburgh1 :o )\t be+ hon\r$ ) ! title ( sa9ts1 7 truly pi\s1 *ivalric & equitable mon>*s1 & may be e/eem$ & rev]$ z ! ,*ri/ian reg5]ators ( _! age1 & ! f\nd]s ( a true & religi\s sy/em ( gov]nm5t & mann]s4 ,a lively sket* ( su* m5 & rul]s1 :o act$ & gov]n$ well & greatly accord+ to ,*ri/ian pr9ciples & views1 w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 furni% a f> m complete idea ( ! true nature ( ! ,*ri/ian /ate 9 ?is its fir/ p]iod ( developem5t1 ?an any lab\r$ or artificial def9ition4 ,!re are along ) ^! individual *>act]s1 individual & transi5t p]iods ( prosp]ity1 :i* break out = "o g5]ation or m 9 ! hi/ory ( ^? e>ly times2 p]iods :i* c only be consid]$ z hi/orical exceptions f ! g5]al ord] ( ?+s4 ,ev5 ^? m compreh5sive1 & s f> m g5]al political in/itutions1 evid5tly peculi> to ^? ,*ri/ian ages1 & n[h]e else to be f\nd--l ! truce ( ,god1 :i* repress$ )9 c]ta9 limits ! h]$it>y _s ( feud--or ! spiritual *ivalry 9 ! ord]s ( ! ,templ>s & ( ! ,knights ( ,/4 ,john1 consecrat$ to w>f>e 9 ! cause ( ,god1 & op5+ z !y did1 9 ! "t ( ! crusades1 to ! same _s ( *ivalr\s feud a high] pa? & a m noble c>e]--all ^! political in/itutions1 ,i say1 spr++ out ( ! nature & exig5cies ( _! age1 c be und]/ood only by a ref]5ce to ! circum/ances & prevail+ _s ( ! times1 & mu/ !re=e be judg$ z hi/orical peculi>ities4 ,z !y (t5 sprang up sudd5ly )\t a visible or app>5t cause1 & z if by "s high my/]i\s impulse1 s !y (t5 sank aga9 z rapidly2 & ! pure _s--! true import ( su* in/itutions appe>$ b = a mom5t1 l a silv]y gleam2 !n !y deg5]at$1 or 7 trans=m$ into some?+ totally diff]5t4 ,& we mu/ n be a/oni%$ at ?is1 s9ce :at is be/ & noble/ 9 man--feel+ & its div9e quality1 is mo/ easily & rapidly impair$1 & may sometimes inde$ pres]ve an ext]nal vig\r1 :5 x has und]gone an int]nal *ange1 & assum$ a direction oppos$ to ,god & all goodness4 ,!re 7 also p>ticul> rul]s possess$ ( an en]getic w & a compreh5sive und]/&+1 :o ex]cis$ a wide & comm&+1 b p]nici\s influ5ce on _! age1 & ! _w2 & among ^!1 ! mo/ not$ 7 ,b>b>ossa & t secret fri5d ( ! ,s>ac5s1 ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ! ,second2 pr9ces :o ) "s o!rs1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! fir/ au?ors ( ! great diss5sion4 ,aft] ?is diss5sion _h brok5 out 9 ! fe>ful /ruggle ( ! ,guelphs & ,ghibell9es1 & ,*ri/5dom 0 divid$ into two p>ties2 discord became g5]al1 pursu$ its resi/less c\rse1 & act+ 9 ^? di/ract$ times l "s new de/roy+ law ( nature1 absorb$ all p]sonality & its influ5ce 9 ! g5]al abyss ( error1 or made x at lea/ less conspicu\s4 ,i w n[ endeav\r to give a %ort sket* ( ! g5]al progress ( ,european society 9 ?is its fir/ p]iod ( developem5t1 & to po9t out ! !n peculi> nature & con/itution ( ! ,*ri/ian /ate2--f t epo* :5 ,*>lemagne laid ! fir/ solid f\ndation = a p]man5t sy/em ( *ri/ian gov]nm5t & *ri/ian mann]s1 d[n to ! mom5t :5 an anti-*ri/ian _s ( discord broke out ) incurable viol5ce1 & became univ]sally pr$om9ant4 ,i w at ! same "t endeav\r to take an hi/orical survey ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian ,we/1 z x has rema9$ ! !atre ( ! subsequ5t progress ( society1 & ( ! great transactions ( ! _w d[n to our times4 ,9 ! blame s commonly lavi%$1 7& n unreasonably1 :5 we consid] ! hi/orical consequ5ces17 on ! cu/om>y divisions 9 ! ,franki% or ,c>lov+ian ,empire1 & ! o!r ,g]man /ates1 m5 =get t accord+ to ! old ,g]manic idea1 a k+dom 0 no?+ m ?an any o!r great family e/ate1 or pr9cely inh]itance1 & gov]n$1 l ^!1 by ! same law ( desc5t4 ,?is 0 s f ! e>lie/ times among bo? ! pr9cipal races ( ! ,g]mans4 ,9 ?is mann] we f9d ! nation ( ! ,go?s divid$ into two k+doms2 & z ! ,saxons 7 ) difficulty unit$ "u "o head 9 _! own ance/ral c\ntry on ! ,nor!rn coa/ ( ,g]many2 s 9 ! ,engl& :i* !y _h conqu]$ & newly peopl$1 we f9d sev5 pr9cipalities or petty k+doms ( ,anglo-,saxons co-exi/5t ) "o ano!r2 & ^! 7 only by accid5t r$uc$ to a less numb]1 & b = a "t bl5d$ into "o sov]eignty4 ,we (t5 ascribe to ! m51 & to ! _s ( ^? times1 pret5sions q inappropriate1 inapplicable1 & p]fectly mod]n4 ,s possess$ are we ) ! notion ( our times z to ! natural & et]nal b\nd>ies ( ?is or t c\ntry1 ( ! pr$e/9ation ( a p to political unity1 or ( ! necess>y national unity ( e /ate--notions or prejudices :i* are held z s _m ma!matical axioms1 9 :i* we make ! highe/ idea ( policy to consi/1 to :i* we ascribe an inviolable sanctity1 & :i* 9 our rev]5ce1 & 9 "s cases1 we might almo/ say--idolatry1 we exalt above e ?+ else1 & w\ld make e ?+ else subs]vi5t to4 ,to ! simplicity ( ^? anci5t times1 ! excell5ce & advantages ( a mild1 dome/ic1 pat]nal1 national sov]eignty = ! m conv5i5t adm9i/ration ( small] /ates1 appe>$ great1 & sup]ior to e o!r consid]ation4 ,?us ^? :o _h to decide ( !mselves1 & )\t ! imp]i\s call ( duty--)\t ! feel+ ( a /rong necessity = und]tak+1 ev5 at ! sacrifice ( a "p at lea/ ( _! own national welf>e1 ! heavy burd5 ( ! imp]ial (fice1 9 t ,*ri/ian empire evid5tly e/abli%$ by div9e ,provid5ce = ! protection ( ! *ur*1 & all ! nations belong+ to x2--)\t ?is /rong feel+ ( duty1 ,i say1 !y nev] w\ld h deviat$ f ! good old simple usage ( divid+ ! royal patrimony4 ,! m s inde$ z ! glory !y s\ght 0 r ( a *ivalr\s k9d1 consequ5tly purely p]sonal2 & t fav\rite idol ( mod]n times--national vanity1 0 p]fectly unkn[n to !m4 ,_! in/itution1 c]ta9ly1 w\ld n be adapt$ to our times2 nor 0 x ev5 suit$ to ^? imm$iately succe$+2 b an age to be judg$ aright & duly appreciat$1 mu/ be e/imat$ by its own /&>d1 & ! op9ions prop] to x4 ,t ev5 a division ( sov]eignty & p>tition ( k+doms is n incompatible ) ! ext]nal union ( ! body politic = "o g5]al design1 s long z ! pot5tates are animat$ by a ,*ri/ian & bro!rly feel+1 & a _s ( union z to ?is "o object--! all-unit+ bond ( conf$]acy2 is a tru? :i* may be prov$ by _m pleas+ & glori\s examples f ! hi/ory ( ! e>li] middle age1 & f t ( ,g]many especially4 ,if on ! "o h& we w\ld lay x d[n z a g5]al hi/orical law1 & axiom ( /ate1 t sep>at$ or divid$ k+doms & c\ntries c nev] comb9e = "o common object1 nor rema9 p]man5tly unit$ 9 feel+ nor ,*ri/ian equity--s on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ rememb] t ! division ( nations accord+ to c]ta9 natural b\nd>ies1 :i* we w\ld fa9 reg>d z ! only p]fect & absolutely "r "o1 is l ! quadrature ( ! circle1 a problem elud+ all calculation1 & rema9+ = ev] insoluble1 s9ce ea* "o1 accord+ to 8 peculi> political position1 or national prejudices1 views ^? et]nal b\nd>ies 9 a diff]5t light1 & det]m9es !m diff]5tly4 ,?us 9 ord] to put an end to all discord & to ! injuri\s sy/em ( p>tition1 no?+ w\ld rema9 b ! vulg> res\rce ( an univ]sal mon>*y & milit>y dom9ion--a res\rce :i* z (t5 z x has be5 tri$1 has be5 z little ju/ifi$ or recomm5d$ by its hi/orical results1 z t cu/om ( p>tition :i* prevail$ 9 ! ,g]man ance/ral k+doms ( ! e>li] middle age4 ,! dang]s ( a bitt] family feud1 or ( ! mutual jeal\sies ( ! heirs to ! sev]al k+doms z to _! respective portions1 :5 ^! grew to any consid]able ext5t1 7 e>ly en\gh p]ceiv$4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t 9 ! fir/ division ( ! great ,c>lov+ian empire into ?ree p>ts1 design$ by ,*>lemagne himself1 b accompli%$ only "u 8 feebl] successor2 ! inh]itance assign$ to ! elde/ & imp]ial bro!r--,lo?aire1 0 toge!r ) ,rome & ,italy1 ! ,rh5i% di/rict situate betwe5 ,france on ! "o side1 & ! int]ior ( ,g]many on ! o!r1 & ext5d+ f ,switz]l& to ! sea--a di/rict :]e ! ,romans _h plant$ _m & mo/ fl\ri%+ colonies1 & :i* = _m ages back _h be5 f> sup]ior 9 civilization & ref9em5t to ! c\ntries on ei!r side4 ,) ! same prospective c>e1 ,*>lemagne _h already fix$ 8 resid5ce at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 pref]r+ ! ,rh5i% prov9ce z ! !n true seat ( civilization4 ,b 9 ! family qu>rel & diss5sions :i* ensu$1 ?is measure ( ,*>lemagne z f> z x 0 int5d$1 _h no o!r p]man5t effect ?an to cause amid ! p>titions ( c\ntries & *anges ( dyna/y1 ! cont9uance d[n to v mod]n times1 ( ,lorra9e z an indep5d5t k+dom or dut*y4 ,! ,rh5i% di/rict long pres]v$ its pre-em95ce 9 ref9em5t above ! re/ ( ,g]many2 & ) "s ext]nal *anges1 0 long ! seat ( empire4 ,9 t d>k old _w ( ! ,nor?1 on :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 j beg9n+ to dawn1 no mon>* aft] ,*>lemagne1 %one s conspicu\sly z ! virtu\s ,alfr$1 ,k+ ( ! ,we/ ,saxons 9 ,engl&4 ,& ! same rem>k is applicable n only to him1 b to ,engl& 9 g5]al1 :i* dur+ ?is fir/ ,*ri/ian p]iod ( mod]n hi/ory1 f> out%one all o!r c\ntries 9 lit]ature & sci5ce1 z well z 9 religion1 piety1 & virtue4 ,! great ,pope1 ,/4 ,gregory1 z ,i h already m5tion$1 laid ! f\ndations ( ,*ri/ianity & intellectual ref9em5t 9 ,engl&1 :i!r he s5t =ty ,mission>ies2 & s active 0 _! zeal & efficaci\s _! influ5ce1 t 9 ! succe$+ age1 ?is fir/ s*ool ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,engl& s5t =? to o!r c\ntries ! mo/ em95t m5 ( _! "t4 ,su* 7 ! ,g]man apo/le & bi%op1 ,/4 ,boniface1 & ,alcu91 ! le>n$ fri5d & confidant ( ,*>lemagne4 ,besides _m ,lat9 writ]s produc$ by ?is yet fl\ri%+ ,engli% s*ool1 ! great ,*ri/ian ,philosoph] ,scotus ,erig5a1 liv$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! "t ( ,alfr$2 & ?\gh ?is philosoph] 0 p]haps n q free f speculative error1 he 0 f> sup]ior to 8 own age1 & 9 ! dep? & orig9ality ( 8 conceptions1 0 n equall$1 & c]ta9ly n surpass$ = _m succe$+ c5turies4 ,k+ ,alfr$1 :o ?\gh a b>d & a writ] 9 8 own native spee*1 priz$ equally ! ,lat9 lit]ature1 & :o def5d$ 8 c\ntry aga9/ ! ,danes ) ! mo/ p]sev]ant val\r1 0 ! fir/ f\nd] ( ! ,engli% con/itution2 = ) ! wisdom & pacific _s ( a lawgiv]1 he re/or$ ! old ,saxon rights & privileges1 & ! regulations relat+ to ! cities & ! diff]5t ord]s ( ! /ate4 ,x 0 8 virtu\s c\rage1 :i* 9 ! mo/ try+ adv]sity1 ev] rema9$ cool & collect$1 t alone rescu$ ! isle ( fre$om f ! fi]ce1 impetu\s p[] ( ! ,danes4 ,! successful naval exp$itions ( ! ,normans to all ! coa/s ( ,europe1 z f> z ,sicily & ev5 beyond x1 & ! incursion ( ! ,magi>s into ,europe1 :]e !y receiv$ ! "n ( ,hung>ians1 =m 9 ! n9? c5tury ! close1 & are1 z x 71 ! la/ rev]b]ation1 ( ! great immigration ( ! ,nor!rn nations1 & mu/ on t acc\nt n be entirely pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,?is la/ m>itime migration f ! ,nor? began ) a p[]ful & ent]priz+ rul] ( ,norway1 ! fair-hair$ ,h>old2 & ^! naval exp$itions :i* 7 und]tak51 n m]ely f motives ( vulg> piracy1 or ( m>tial adv5ture1 b = ! f\ndation & p]man5t settlem5t ( new /ates1 soon sc\r$ all ! coa/s & regions ( ! ,nor!rn ocean1 z well z ( ! ,m$it]ranean sea4 ,! prov9ce 9 ,france :i* ^! freeboot]s conqu]$1 ! ,fr5* ackn[l$g$ by ! title ( du*y ( ,norm&y2 & !y 7 glad en\gh ?us to b9d x to _! k+ by ! homage ( fealty1 & to atta* x to1 if n to incorporate x )1 _! k+dom4 ,call$ to ,naples & ,sicily by ! ,greeks1 :o dem&$ _! aid aga9/ ! ,s>ac5s1 ! ,normans !re f\nd$ = !mselves a k+dom ( long duration4 ,aft] ,*ri/ianity _h introduc$ into ,d5m>k a bett] sy/em ( gov]nm5t & legislation1 ! p[]ful ,dani% mon>*1 ,canute ! ,great1 rul$ ov] ,engl& dur+ ?is p]iod ( ! ,norman sway2 till at la/1 aft] a %ort int]val ( conte/1 ano!r ,norman1 ,william ! ,conqu]or1 issu+ f ,france1 f\nd$ a new dyna/y 9 ,engl&1 & e/abli%$ on ! basis ( ! old free ,saxon con/itution1 a high *ivalr\s ari/ocracy4 ,f ! remote/ "p ( ,ea/]n ,asia1 situate betwe5 ! ,uzi & ! ,patz9acites1 an emigration ( nations took a ,we/w>d c\rse t[>ds ! c\ntry ( ! ,*az>s1 & at la/ l$ ! nation ( ! ,magi>s f _! orig9al seat to ,pannonia1 :]e1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( contempor>y writ]s1 ! ,av>s1 ! desc5dants ( ! anci5t ,huns1 /ill liv$ "u _! ,*agan4 ,once excit$ into tumultu\s activity1 ^! ,hung>ians 7:o 7 /ill ,pagans7 rov$ z f> z ! ,nor? ( ,italy1 & d[n to ,!ssalonica 9 ,greece1 & to ! v neighb\rhood ( ,con/ant9ople2 !y !n advanc$ we/w>d 9 l>ge squadrons f> into ! int]ior ( ,g]many1 ev5 to ,saxony4 ,x 0 "h t ! noble ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,fir/1 oppos$ a vigor\s resi/ance to _! incursions1 & ,o?o ! ,great put a f9al t]m to ! progress ( _! arms by ! victory on ! banks ( ! ,le*4 ,*ri/ianity1 :i* 0 introduc$ into ,hung>y "u ,geisa1 ! fa!r ( ,k+ ,/eph51 e/abli%$ a mild] sy/em ( mann]s & ( legislation2 a sy/em :i* ,/4 ,/eph5 by a close union ) ,g]many1 br\ght to full maturity4 ,at ! same p]iod1 ,pol& "u ! happy influ5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* introduc$ "h a bett] sy/em ( mann]s & legislation1 0 incorporat$ into ! civiliz$ community ( ! ,european nations1 & ) ,g]many 9 p>ticul>1 =m$ a v close political connexion4 ,x is p>ticul>ly pleas+ to obs]ve ! v b5eficial influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! promotion ( agriculture1 & 9 ! advancem5t ( intellectual ref9em5t 9 ! ,nor!rn vallies ( ,sw$51 dur+ ! reigns ( ,olaus & ,/4 ,eric2 :5 ! old ,hall ( ,od9 at ,upsal 0 f9ally de/roy$1 & ! new religion obta9$ ! victory4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,norman glory1 ! ,russians 7a popul\s & widely spread ,sclavonian nation1 inhabit+ ! va/ & anci5t ,s>matia1 =m]ly gov]n$ by ! ,go?s7 call$ to _! assi/ance ! ,v>angians1 :o e/abli%$ a new dyna/y at ,novogorod4 ,ei!r f ?is circum/ance1 or f ! =m] dom9ion ( ! ,go?s1 ! c\ntry 0 by ! neighb\r+ ,f9ni% tribes aft]w>ds call$ ,go?l&4 ,russia receiv$ ,*ri/ianity at ! h&s ( ! ,byzant9es--& ?us 9 its remote ,nor?1 rema9$ a /rang] to ! ,ca?olic ,we/--! m s1 inde$1 z ! c\ntry1 invad$ & desolat$ by ! ,moguls1 long groan$ "u ! oppressive yoke ( ^! b>b>ians--till at l5g?1 9 v rec5t times1 & 9 ! v /ruggle ( reg5]ation1 x has gr[n up into a mighty p[]4 ,?us ! :ole circuit ( ! ,*ri/ian ,we/1 & all ! k+doms x includ$1 0 n[ tol]ably well fill$ up2 & x !n consi/$ ( t5 pr9cipal c\ntries or nations2 b 9 =m+ ?is e/imate we mu/ n att5d to m9ut] subdivisions or m]e national v>ieties1 or to ! frequ5t p>titions ( k+doms1 & alt]ations ( t]ritory1 amid v>i\s conflict+ or successive dyna/ies2 b we %\ld keep 9 view only ! g5]al & p]man5t outl9e ( ! ,european /ates4 ,g]many & ,italy1 :i* 7 respectively ! seats ( ! ,*ri/ian empire & ! ,papal dignity1 =m$ ! c5tre ( ,europe4 ,along ) ^! two /ates1 ,france & ,engl& 7 ! mo/ active1 ! mo/ p[]ful1 & ! mo/ influ5tial memb]s ( ! ,european commonweal?2 :ile ,spa9 0 pr9cipally occupi$ ) h] own dome/ic conte/s aga9/ ! ,s>ac5s4 ,! ,sc&9avian c\ntries 7 some:at connect$ ) ! ,g]manic ,empire1 & ,pol& & ,hung>y1 aft] !y _h embrac$ ,*ri/ianity1 7 unit$ ) t empire 9 ! close/ bonds4 ,la/ly1 9 ! f> ,nor!rn & ,ea/]n extremities ( ,europe1 ! ,byzant9e ,empire & ! k+dom ( ! ,muscovites1 7closely connect$ by ! ties ( religion17 =m$ ! extreme & remote/ memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,republic4 ,su* 0 ! geographical ext5t1 & su* ! hi/orical situation ( ,*ri/5dom at t p]iod4 ,aft] ! d[nfal ( ! ,c>lov+ian family1 ! empire 0 re/or$ to its pri/9e vig\r by ! election ( ! noble ,conrad1 ,duke ( ! ,franconians4 ,?is pi\s1 *ivalr\s1 wise & valiant mon>* _h to cont5d ) _m difficulties1 & =tune did n always smile ^u 8 ef=ts4 ,b he t]m9at$ 8 royal c>e] ) a de$1 :i* alone exalts him f> above o!r celebrat$ conqu]ors & rul]s1 & 0 att5d$ ) m important consequ5ces to aft]-times1 ?an h result$ f _m brilliant reigns2 & ?is s+le de$1 :i* =ms ! brighte/ jewel 9 ! cr[n ( glory t adorns ^? ages1 s cle>ly reveals ! true nature ( ,*ri/ian pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 & ! ,*ri/ian idea ( political p[]1 t ,i may be p]mitt$ to notice x briefly4 ,:5 he felt 8 end approa*+1 & p]ceiv$ t ( ! f\r pr9cipal ,g]man nations1 ! ,saxons alone by _! sup]ior p[]1 7 capable ( br++ to a successful issue ! mighty /ruggle 9 :i* all ,europe 0 at t critical p]iod involv$1 he bade 8 bro!r c>ry to ,h5ry ,duke ( ,saxony1 hi!rto ! rival ( 8 h\se1 & :o 0 z magnanim\s z =tunate1 ! holy lance & consecrat$ sword ( ! anci5t k+s1 ) all ! o!r imp]ial insignia4 ,he ?us po9t$ him out z ! successor ( 8 own *oice1 & 9 8 reg>d = ! g5]al weal1 & 9 8 anxiety to ma9ta9 a great pacific p[] capable ( def5d+ ! common int]e/s ( ,*ri/5dom1 he disreg>d$ ! sugge/ions ( national vanity1 & sacrific$ ev5 ! glory ( 8 own h\se4 ,s wise & judici\s1 z well z h]oic a sacrifice ( all selfi% glory1 = :at ! int]e/s ( society1 & ! necessities ( ! times evid5tly dem&1 is t pr9ciple :i* =ms ! v f\ndation1 & con/itutes ! true _s ( all ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t4 ,& by ?is v de$ ,conrad became aft] ,*>lemagne1 ! second re/or] ( ! ,we/]n ,empire1 & ! real f\nd] ( ! ,g]man nation2 = x 0 ?is noble resolve ( 8 great s\l :i* alone sav$ ! ,g]manic body f a complete dismemb]m5t4 ,! ev5t fully ju/ifi$ 8 *oice4 ,! new ,k+ ,h5ry1 victori\s on e side1 lab\r$ to build a great numb] ( cities1 to re/ore ! reign ( peace & ju/ice1 & to ma9ta9 ! purity ( ,*ri/ian mann]s & ,*ri/ian in/itutions2 & prep>$ = 8 mighti] son1 ! great ,o?o1 ! ,re/oration ( ! ,*ri/ian ,empire 9 ,italy1 :i!r ! latt] 0 l\dly & unanim\sly call$4 ,?is fir/ age ( ! ,saxon ,emp]ors 0 ! happy p]iod :]e9 ,g]many possess$ ! greate/ p[] & res\rces1 & enjoy$ great int]nal peace & prosp]ity4 ,x is 9 ?is p]iod1 too1 t we trace ! fir/ beg9n+s ( m5tal ref9em5t1 9 _m excell5t & rem>kable productions ( ! ,lat9 s*ool1 :i* 7 soon succe$$ by ! successful cultivation ( ! v]nacul> tongue4 ,q z unhi/orical1 & ev5 /ill m absurd ?an ! reproa*es urg$ aga9/ ! ,c>lov+ians = _! impolitic p>tition ( ! ,empire1 are ^? repeat$ lam5tations & et]nal regrets 9 :i* mod]n hi/orians indulge1 :5ev] !y h occasion to notice ! frequ5t exp$itions ( ! ,g]man ,k+s & ,emp]ors to ,rome & ,italy1 & ! connection :i* subsi/$ betwe5 ! ,g]man nation & ! ,*ri/ian ,imp]ial ,dignity--a connection :i* ^! writ]s consid] a great mis=tune4 ,!y d n ent] into ! true idea ( ?is dignity--!y d n compreh5d ! urg5t ne$ ( ^? times = an univ]sal ,protectorate1 :i* might1 l a bulw>k1 def5d ,europe aga9/ int]nal an>*y1 & ! invasions ( b>b>\s nations2 & :i* might prev5t ! light ( ,*ri/ianity f be+ p]haps ext+ui%$ 9 a second night ( univ]sal b>b>ism4 ,! mod]n critics ( ^? anci5t times _c und]/& t high ,*ri/ian feel+--t exalt$ pr9ciple ( self-devotion1 :]eby a nation f its int]nal /r5g? & natural situation1 0 call$ by ! g5]al voice to take on itself ?is burd5 = ! common weal1 & to be ! firm su/a9+ c5tre ( ! ,european sy/em--a call+ :i* mu/ necess>ily occasion a mighty loss & heavy sacrifice ( repose & prosp]ity to ! nation s und]tak+ ! mom5t\s *>ge4 ,)\t ?is firm c5tral p[]1 :i* held toge!r ! ,european nations1 !y w\ld1 yield+ at ! fir/ %ock1 h succumb$ "u ! attacks ( ! ,mahometans or ,moguls4 ,)\t ?is c5tral p[]1 ,europe w\ld h be5 brok5 up into a multitude ( petty /ates1 & h sunk into et]nal & irrem$iable an>*y2 :]eas n[1 great z might be at times ! confusion1 & fe>fully wild ! _s ( w>f>e1 !re 0 always a res\rce & a rem$y aga9/ su* calamities4 ,z ! religi\s v[ ( ! knight dignifi$ 8 duties into a sort ( ecclesia/ical w>f>e2 s ! high functions ( ! ,emp]or 7 consid]$ z p>tly ecclesia/ical1 & he 0 look$ on z ! sworn liegeman ( ,almighty ,god1 intru/$ ) ! high sword ( univ]sal ju/ice4 ,x 0 ! exalt$ idea ( ?is ardu\s & mom5t\s *>ge1 f> m ?an s*emes ( selfi% ambition & idle glory1 t fill$ up ! lives ( ! mo/ active & p[]ful ( ^? anci5t emp]ors4 ,h5ce ?is common reg>d = ! g5]al welf>e ( ,*ri/5dom1 :i* ! obligations ( _! respective /ations impos$ ^u !m1 produc$ a v intimate union betwe5 ! heads ( ! spiritual & temporal au?ority 9 ,europe1 & plac$ !m 9 a /ate ( mutual dep5dance4 ,:5 ! mighty emp]or1 ,o?o ! ,great1 _h be5 call$ into ,italy1 & _h witness$ ) 8 own eyes ! /ate ( g5]al corruption & deg5]acy at ,rome1 :]e among ! b>onial factions :i* surr\nd$ ! ,papal *air1 "o ( ! m p[]ful families s\ght by ! mo/ culpable intrigues to obta9 a la/+1 & z x 71 h]$it>y possession ( ! holy see2 he ex]t$ 8 imp]ial au?ority1 & depos$ ! ,pope1 :o by means s unlawful _h obta9$ 8 dignity1 & on :om ! g5]al voice ( ! age _h long pron\nc$ a s5t5ce ( condemnation1 caus+ a wor?i] ,pontiff to be elect$ 9 8 room4 ,!re /ill exi/$ among ^? ( ! same m9d 9 ,*ri/5dom1 an un]r+ feel+1 :]eby ! righte\sness or unrighte\sness ( any action1 its real _s & purpose1 7 easily & promptly det]m9$ )\t any anxi\s reg>d to m]e outw>d =ms4 ,b :5 t uni=mity ( feel+ _h disappe>$1 & ) x feel+ itself _h ceas$ to be a rul+ pr9ciple ( public & political life1 ! /&>d ( political e/imation re/$ almo/ exclusively on outw>d =ms1 & ! cont5ti\s po9t ( law involv$ 9 ^? =ms2 & z 9 e hi/orical fact m5 saw b a prec$5t f]tile ( application1 or ev5 dang]\s 9 its consequ5ces1 !y no long] =m$ a pure hi/orical judgm5t on ! g5]al _s ( any great action1 & !y almo/ lo/ ! v notion ( su* a ?+4 ,! :ole _w at t "t 0 unanim\s 9 ju/ify+ ! conduct ( ! great ,o?o 9 t affair4 ,:5 h[ev] ! cl]gy ( ,rome1 9 _! fir/ feel+s ( gratitude & admiration at _! deliv]ance f intol]able an>*y1 & ! toils ( an unwor?y family1 conf]r$ on ! emp]or ! future & p]man5t p[] ( *oos+ ! ,pope1 x might h be5 easily =ese5 t s ext5d$ a pr]ogative1 little compatible z x 0 ) ! indep5d5ce ( ! *ur*1 w\ld 9 ! sequel provoke a /rong reaction4 ,?is accord+ly took place ab\t a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 :5 a man ( great en]gy ( "*1 ,pope ,gregory ,,vii4 arose to re=m ! *ur*1 & a*ieve its indep5d5ce aga9/ ! _m unlawful encroa*m5ts ( ! secul> p[]4 ,& :5 a pr9ce1 di/+ui%$ inde$ = 8 w>like qualities1 b utt]ly *>act]less & animat$ ) an unquiet _s1 :o1 accord+ to ! unanim\s te/imony ( 8 contempor>ies1 _h incurr$ _m & mo/ s]i\s *>ges2 :5 ?is pr9ce fir/ attack$ & depos$ ! ,pope1 & ! latt] laid him "u an excommunication1 ! conduct ( ! ,pontiff 0 n only 9 /rict accordance ) ! g5]al op9ion ( ! age z to ! mis*iev\s rule ( ?is secul> pot5tate2 b 0 q con=mable to ! !n prevail+ doctr9e ( public law1 :i* sanction$ ! responsibility & acc\ntability ( ! temporal p[]4 ,h5ce1 ,h5ry ,,iv4 f\nd x m exp$i5t to loose himself f ?is excommunication by a fe9t submission1 ?an to impugn x by op5 =ce2 al?\gh he nev] aft]w>ds ceas$ p]secut+ ! ,pope1 ^: con/ancy 0 prov$ 9 adv]sity & p]secution4 ,9 our own times1 ju/ice has be5 at la/ r5d]$ to ! great qualities ( ?is ,pontiff1 & x has be5 all[$ he 0 p]fectly free f all selfi% views1 & t ! au/]e & decisive en]gy ( 8 "* sprang f no o!r motive ?an a burn+ zeal = ! re=m ( ! *ur* & ( mank9d4 ,! ,g]man hi/orians 9 p>ticul>1 & 9 tru? ^? on ! ,prote/ant side1 h be5 ! fir/ to p]=m ?is act ( ju/ice2 & ! "n ( ,gregory ,,vii4 :o liv$ 9 times s diff]5t f our own1 has long ceas$ to be ) ! ,g]mans a wat*-^w = p>ty /rife4 ,b on ! matt] at issue1 or r on ! op9ion ! _w !n ent]ta9$ respect+ x1 x w be necess>y to say a few words4 ,t ! ,sov]eign is 9 no way responsible seems 9 mod]n times to be consid]$ an immutable axiom1 or r ! fir/ ( all axioms 9 ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t2 & :5ev] a mon>* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! middle ages1 h[ev] vici\s he may be & h[ev] =getful ( 8 dignity1 meets ) ! treatm5t ( ! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,iv41 political indignation is rais$ to ! highe/ pit*4 ,no "o c h ! slighte/ int5tion ( que/ion+ ! p]fect ju/ness ( ! above /ate-axiom1 "u c]ta9 giv5 circum/ances4 ,b1 if ! "q be a p>allel betwe5 ! middle ages & mod]n times1 we may oppose to ! sc&al ( ! ecclesia/ical excommunication pron\nc$ aga9/ ?is pr9ce dur+ ! =m] p]iod1 ! /ill m fatal example :i* has occurr$ )9 ! la/ ?ree c5turies1 ( ! public execution ( sev]al mon>*s1 & ( ! assass9ation ( _m o!rs4 ,?us1 9 ?is respect1 ! hi/ory ( ! middle age /&s pur]2 & ?is w>ns u to decide ) less precipitancy on ! sup]iority ( our own /&>d ( political morality1 & on ! great] p]fection ( mod]n pr9ciples ( /ate-policy4#f ,accord+ to ! feel+ ( "r1 & ! prevail+ maxims ( public law 9 t age1 a mutual contr\l & responsibility subsi/$ betwe5 *ur* & /ate1 & betwe5 ! heads ( ei!r4 ,9 ! mo/ e/eem$ con/itutions ( mod]n /ates1 !re is also a mutual dep5d5ce & possible contr\l4 ,?us ! pr9ce may dissolve ! p>liam5t1 or resi/ its enactm5ts by 8 veto2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! p>liam5t1 by )hold+ its sanction to ! imposition ( taxes1 or refus+ ! grant ( subsidies1 may weak5 ! s9ews ( gov]nm5t1 & summon1 n inde$ ! k+1 :o seems to be reg>d$ z a m]e ciph]1 b ! m9i/ry to a mo/ sev]e reckon+4 ,! gov]nm5t loses all /ay & support1 :5 ! ,opposition obta9s a p]man5t & decid$ majority4 ,:e!r ?is mutual dep5d5ce & contr\l 9 ! mod]n !ory ( gov]nm5t be less dang]\s ?an 9 ! anci5t sy/em1 is a "q :i* x is n s easy to decide4 ,z all ! in/itutions ( ! middle age _h a religi\s _s & "*1 x _c excite our surprise t ?is opposition betwe5 ! spiritual & temporal p[]1 & ?is mutual dep5d5ce ( ! heads ( *ur* & /ate %\ld h be5 f\nd$ 9 religion1 & 9 ! religi\s "* & purpose ( ! ,imp]ial1 z well z ( ! ,papal1 dignity4 ,x 0 only by ! excesses ( passion & viol5ce1 by ! exagg]at$ proce$+s ( bo? ! spiritual & temporal p[]s1 z well z by un=tunate accid5ts & a human imp]fection1 by no means inh]5t 9 ! nature ( ! ?+ itself1 t ! dispute betwe5 *ur* & /ate grew to su* a fe>ful magnitude1 0 s prolong$1 & (t5 became almo/ incurable4 ,b h[ easily1 ev5 !n1 peace might be re/or$ betwe5 ! spiritual & temporal p[]s by ! wisdom1 ! prud5ce1 ! good-w1 & conciliatory temp] ( bo?1 is prov$ by ! peaceable t]m9ation ( ! qu>rel respect+ inve/iture "u ! successor ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,9 ! sequel1 inde$1 ! h>%1 /]n1 inflexible "* ( ! ,ghibell9e ,emp]ors1 especially ,b>b>ossa1 aga9 p]plex$ ?is "q2 :5 f ! conte/ gr[+ m & m viol5t betwixt ! ,guelfs & ,ghibell9es1 ! political s*ism became wid] & wid]1 & discord seem$ to be aga9 ! mi/ress ( ! _w4 #f ,9 confirmation ( :at ,s*legel ass]ts 9 ! text1 ,i %all cite a few passages f "s di/+ui%$ ,prote/ant ,hi/orians ( ,g]many4 ,to %ew my read]s ! enl>g$1 lib]al & enlight5$ views tak5 by ! ,prote/ant writ]s ( t c\ntry on ! political influ5ce ( ! ,papacy 9 ! middle age1 & on ! s]vices :i* at t mom5t\s p]iod ! hi]>*y r5d]$ to ! cause ( social ord]1 lib]ty & civilization1 x 7 easy to transcribe matt] m ?an suffici5t to fill a volume4 ,let a few examples suffice4--,! ,nor!rn nations1 says ! celebrat$ hi/orian ( ,switz]l&1 ,john ,mull]1 ru%+ 9 ^u ! mo/ beautiful c\ntries ( ,europe1 trampl+ "u foot1 or di/urb+ & convuls+ all social in/itutions1 m5ac$ ! :ole ,we/]n _w ) a b>b>ism simil> to t :i*1 "u ! ,ottoman sceptre1 has oblit]at$ e ?+ good1 great & beautiful t anci5t ,greece & ,asia _h produc$4 ,yet ! ,bi%ops & o!r ,dignit>ies 7,v]/eh]7 ( ! *ur*1 /rong 9 _! au?ority1 contriv$ to impose a re/ra9t on ^? giants ( ! ,nor? :o1 z reg>ds intellig5ce1 7 b *ildr54 ,!y w\ld n h be5 m successful ?an ! ,greek prelates1 _h !y be5 subject to f\r diff]5t ,patri>*s4 ,! ,popes ( ,rome1 7^: primitive hi/ory is z obscure & defective z t ( ! anci5t ,roman ,republic1 s9ce we "k little ( ! fir/ ,popes1 except t !y devot$ _! lives = ! fai?1 z ,decius _h done = 8 c\ntry17 ! ,popes1 we say1 employ$ _! au?ority ) ! same address :i* we admire 9 ! anci5t ,s5ate1 to r5d] _! see indep5d5t1 subject to its imm$iate action ! :ole ,we/]n hi]>*y1 & e/abli% its sway1 f> beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ! anci5t empire1 on ! ru9s ( ! ,nor!rn religions4 ,?us :oev] refus$ to hon\r ! ,*ri/1 trembl$ be=e ! ,pope2 & "o fai? & "o *ur* 7 pres]v$ 9 ,europe1 amid ! break+ up & subdivision ( ! newly-f\nd$ k+doms into a ?\s& petty pr9cipalities4 ,we "k :at ,pope made ,*>lemagne ! fir/ ,emp]or2 b :o made ! fir/ ,pope8 ,! ,pope1 !y say1 0 only a ,bi%op2 yes1 b at ! same "t1 ! ,holy ,fa!r1 ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 ! great ,caliph1 7z he 0 call$ by ,ho-,albufr$a1 ,pr9ce ( ,hama?7 ( all ! k+doms & pr9cipalities1 ( all ! lord%ips & cities ( ! ,we/4 ,x is he :o contr\l$ by ! fe> ( ,god ! /ormy y\? ( our mod]n /ates4 ,at pres5t ev51 :5 8 au?ority is no long] =midable1 he is /ill v puissant by ! b5$ictions :i* he %[]s2 he is /ill an object ( v5]ation to innum]able he>ts1 hon\r$ by ! k+s :o hon\r ! nations1 inve/$ ) a p[]1 be=e :i* 9 ! long succession ( ages1 f ! ,cs>s to ! ,h\se ( ,hapsburg1 a ho/ ( nations & all _! great names h vani%$4 ,we declaim aga9/ ! ,pope6 z if x 7 su* a mis=tune t !re %\ld exi/ an au?ority to sup]9t5d ! practice ( ,*ri/ian morality1 & to say to ambition & to despotism1 ,halt6--s f>1 & no fur!r6 ,bi%]1 und ni*t weit]6 ,s speaks ! illu/ri\s ,john ,mull]4 ,! celebrat$ ,h]d] all[s t )\t ! hi]>*y1 ,europe 9 all probability _h become ! prey ( tyrants1 ! !atre ( et]nal w>s1 or ev5 a des]t4 ,! hi]>*y1 says ,beck1 oppos$ ! progress ( despotism 9 ,europe1 pres]v$ ! elem5ts ( civilization1 & upheld 9 ! recollection ( m5 :at is s easily effac$--! ties :i* b9d e>? to ,heav54 ,^? ignorant m51 z we affect to call !m1 h settl$ almo/ all ! c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,! fruits ( t "t are ! =mation ( ! ?ird e/ate1 :5ce dates ! true exi/5ce ( nations--& ! e/abli%m5t ( cities1 :]e9 social life & true lib]ty 7 develop$4--,beck on ! ,middle ,age1 page #ac4 ,leipzick1 #ahbd4 ,! weak1 says ,ruhs1 9 8 ,manual ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,age1 !n f\nd 9 spiritual au?ority a bett] protection aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ! p[]ful ?an aft]w>ds 9 ! balance ( p[]--a sy/em :i*1 z x 0 a ?+ purely ab/ract1 devoid ( all ext]nal gu>antee1 mu/ soon h lo/ all influ5ce4 ,! ,pope 0 always pres5t to t]m9ate ! w>s :i* _h brok5 out among ,*ri/ian pr9ces1 & to protect ! p aga9/ ! inju/ice & tyranny ( _! rul]s4 ,! ,cl]gy !re=e e :]e %[$ !mselves oppos$ to ! p[] ( k+s1 :5 ! latt] wi%$ to become p]fectly absolute--!y wi%$ n to dom9e] ov] !m1 b conf9e !m )9 ! legitimate b\nds ( _! au?ority4 ,! ,prie/hood 0 consequ5tly always = pr9ces1 :5 p[]ful vassals attack$ ! rights ( ! ,sov]eign--!y 7 ! natural & con/ant gu>dians ( ! rights & lib]ty ( all classes4--,manual ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,age4 #ahaf4--,trans4 ,,end ,,( ,,lecture ,,xiii4 ,,lecture ,,xiv4 ,on ! /ruggles ( ! ,guelfs & ,ghibell9es4--,_s ( ! ,ghibell9e age4--,orig9 ( romantic poetry & art4--,"* ( ! s*ola/ic sci5ce & ! old jurisprud5ce4--,an>*ical /ate ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! mo/ rapid sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ! middle age1 if x conta9$ b a few lively1 *>act]i/ic & fai?ful traits on a subject inexhau/ible 9 itself1 w\ld suffice to conv9ce any reasonable man t great *>act]s1 7ab\nd+ almo/ m ?an 9 any o!r p]iod ( hi/ory17 important int]e/s1 mighty motives1 & l(ty feel+s & ideas 7 !re 9 mutual collision2 & t 9 :at is call$ ! an>*y ( ! middle age we f9d an active & /irr+ life1 ! mo/ spl5did feats ( h]oism1 & _m lum9\s traces ( a high] p[]4 ,! mo/ c>eful consid]ation & pr(\nd inve/igation ( ! hi/ory ( ^? ages1 inv>iably discov]s t all t 0 !n great & good 9 ! /ate1 z well z 9 ! *ur*1 proce$$ f ,*ri/ianity1 & f ! wond]ful efficacy ( religi\s pr9ciples4 ,:atev] 0 imp]fect1 defective1 & hurtful1 belong$ n to t moral pr9ciple :i* animat$ society1 & :i* 0 itself ! be/1 ! noble/1 & ! s\nde/2 b 0 9 ! "* ( m51 we might almo/ say1 9 ! "* ( ! age itself1 :i*1 ?\gh p]haps n orig9ally & purposely selfi%1 _h yet become s 9 ! viol5ce ( ! conflict4 ,& by selfi%ness1 ,i d n precisely und]/& a vulg> self-int]e/1 or an ord9>y ambition1 b t absolute w or conduct :i* spr+s f "s unalt]able resolution1 :i*1 hurry+ f "o extreme to ano!r1 is sure to produce a p]petual alt]nation ( extreme measures4 ,9 "s cases ?is conduct proce$$ f a want ( p5etration1 prud5ce1 & /ead9ess1 :i* did n always accompany ! de$s ( h]oic en?usiasm1 ! a/oni%+ en]gy ( w & /r5g? ( "* :i* di/+ui%$ ! m5 ( ^? ages4 ,! pr9ciple !n really bad1 ! pr9ciple ho/ile to good1 mu/ be ascrib$ to t incl9ation to discord1 innate 9 man1 or :i* at lea/ has become 8 second nature--an incl9ation :i*1 :5 unit$ ) ^? o!r mighty qualities ( ! age1 assum$ inde$ ! mo/ =midable %ape4 ,! :ole middle age1 h[ev]1 mu/ n by any means be depict$ z a p]iod ( univ]sal an>*y2 z1 f ! great diff]5ce ( times1 & ! fact t mu* 9 ! mann]s & political in/itutions ( ^? ages is n[ sc>cely intelligible1 mod]n writ]s are b too apt to indulge 9 ?is /ra9 ( c5sure4 ,above all1 we mu/ be c>eful to di/+ui% 9 ! hi/ory ( ! middle ages ! v>iety ( epo*s4 ,z long z ^? religi\s pr9ciples on :i* *ur* & /ate dep5d$1 7 ma9ta9$ 9 _! unity & intregrity1 ! social /ability ( t fir/ & happi] p]iod is inde$ rem>kable1 & =ms a /rik+ contra/ ) ! succe$+ age4 ,= private feuds1 re/ra9$ )9 c]ta9 b\nds by ! mann]s ( *ivalry & ! laws ( hon\r1 or ! m protract$1 & frequ5tly r5ew$ /ruggles ( a w>like nation to repel ! inroads ( b>b>ians1 or ! aggressions ( turbul5t neighb\rs1 are no adequate pro(s ( g5]al an>*y4 ,b a full k & j appreciation ( ! p[] ( pr9ciple1 :i* dur+ t bett] p]iod 0 ! ,*ri/ian f\ndation ( ! /ate1 is ( s mu* m importance to our age1 z 9 ^! times :5 pr9ciple has giv5 way to ! mutable op9ion ( ! mom5t1 & ! latt] ex]ts s mighty an influ5ce on public life2 ?\gh m5 h ! p[] to ?r[ (f ?is ursurp$ dom9ion1 !y w n return to t unity & /abilty ( pr9ciple1 h[ev] /rongly !y may feel ! necessity ( re/or+ its sav+ influ5ce4 ,no p>allel c\ld be m pr(itable & in/ructive ?an ! comp>ison betwe5 an age & a /ate1 :]e pr9ciple 0 pr$om9ant1 & ano!r :]e op9ion 0 p>am\nt4 ,all t 0 great & good 9 ! hi/ory ( ! middle age1 z ,i obs]v$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is lecture1 exi/$ only 9 fragm5ts1 & ?is has v mu* contribut$ to height5 ! appe>ance ( an>*y ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is great p]iod ( human hi/ory4 ,( ?is ! blame mu/ be s\ght = 9 a comb9ation ( _m injuri\s causes1 & 9 ! resi/ance ( _m oppos+ elem5ts4 ,t wond]ful p[] ( reg5]ation1 by :i* ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom1 aft] e mighty de/ruction1 & reign ( confusion 9 *ur* & /ate1 has1 9 a =m some:at modifi$1 sprung up anew1 r5ovat$ & exalt$1 c be ascrib$ only to t religion :i* 0 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries ! fir/1 & = s _m c5turies ! app>5tly almo/ inde/ructible support ( ! social edifice4 ,9 _m & memorable p]iods ( reg5]ation1 d[n to our own times1 ?is tru? has be5 repeat$ly manife/$2 unless p]haps ?is self-r5ovat+ p[] conspicu\s 9 ! progress ( ,*ri/ian ,europe1 z well z ( ! p>ticul> nations compos+ x1 langui%+ & decay+ by degrees1 become at la/ utt]ly ext9ct4 ,among ! *>act]i/ic1 rem>kable1 & peculi>ly ,*ri/ian in/itutions ( ! middle age1 we ought especially to m5tion t ecclesia/ical truce1 or peace ( ,god1 :i* t[>ds ! comm5cem5t ( ! elev5? c5tury1 oppos$ a p[]ful b>ri] to ! gr[+ & re/less _s ( private w>f>e4 ,)\t its be+ possible to specify exactly1 h[ or :]e ?is in/itution fir/ arose1 x 0 at once proclaim$ 9 sev]al places1 & g5]ally receiv$ ) pi\s fai?1 z a voice ( reconciliation f above1 an imm$iate revelation & b5ign disp5sation ( div9e ,provid5ce2 & e week ! toll+ ( ! bell ann\nc$ ! sacr$ truce f ,w$nesday ev5+ to ,monday morn+1 dur+ :i* "t all feuds 7 to subside1 & all ho/ilities to cease4 ,x may inde$ "h be ask$ 9 ! _s ( mod]n times1 :y 7 only f\r1 & n ! :ole sev5 days ( ! week fix$ ^u1 = ! cessation ( disord]8 & x may be fur!r said t a sev]e crim9al code1 & a prompt1 vigor\s & enlight5$ adm9i/ration ( ! law1 w\ld h r5d]$ su* exp$i5ts unnecess>y4 ,& x is ?us t m5 speak & reason )\t any k ( t age2 = _m feuds1 tr\bles1 & conte/s !n exi/$1 z 9 all ages h exi/$ & /ill exi/1 :i* no crim9al legislation c rea*3 & :o w n deem x ! "p ( prud5ce & a real ga91 :5 peace is n atta9able1 to obta9 at lea/ a safe & hon\rable armi/ice1 or to subtract f ! pr9ciple ( w> f\r sev5?s ( its baneful influ5ce & actual duration8 ,& h[ happy w\ld m5 h acc\nt$ !mselves1 if1 9 o!r & lat] times ( disord]1 :5 n\ght 0 rev]5c$ or respect$1 & e ?+ sacr$ 0 an object ( hatr$ & p]secution1 !y c\ld1 amid ! g5]al confusion1 h f\nd %elt] "u su* a wall ( safety1 or be5 bless$ ) su* a holiday ( peace1 ?\gh only at p>ticul> times ( ! week6 ,we %\ld r admire ! p[] ( religion1 :]eby su* a prohibition )\t ! aid ( ext]nal =ce1 or secul> au?ority1 & runn+ directly c\nt] to ! rul+ passion ( ! age1 0 receiv$ ) su* pi\s fai?1 & foll[$ ) su* humble docility4 ,9 ! fir/ crusade1 religi\s feel+ & en?usiasm 0 ! great spr+ ( action2 & 9 ! outset1 at lea/1 x 0 f> m ! gl[+ eloqu5ce ( ,pet] ! h]mit1 8 affect+ description ( ! ,holy ,l&1 & ( ! holy places groan+ "u ! ,s>ac5 yoke1 :i* contribut$ to br+ ab\t ?is memorable exp$ition1 ?an ! pret5d$ policy ( ! ,popes = caus+ ! depression ( regal p[]1 & ! promotion ( popul> fre$om4 ,^! mighty consequ5ces1 ?\gh 9 fact hi/orically true1 became app>5t only at a mu* lat] p]iod1 & s f> f be+ pre-conc]t$1 7 !n n ev5 =ese54 ,z ! fir/ ,crusade occurr$ 9 ! mo/ brilliant p]iod ( ,norman glory1 ! ,norman h]oes1 especially ^? f ,france1 took a v active & prom95t "p 9 x4 ,! w>f>e :i* ! ,s>ac5s wag$ aga9/ ,*ri/5dom 0 consid]$ 7& !n p]haps n )\t reason17 z a /ate ( p]man5t & univ]sal ho/ility4 ,! *ivalr\s & def5sive w>s ( ,*ri/ian nations aga9/ ! unbeliev]s 7 look$ ^u 9 ! same light2 & if we may judge f po/]ior ev5ts1 ,j]usalem & ,egypt1 9 t long & memorable conte/ betwe5 ,europe & ,asia1 c\ld v well be reg>d$1 bo? 9 a milit>y & political po9t ( view1 z ! bulw>ks ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,feats ( prodigi\s1 & almo/ incr$ible1 h]oism 7 a*iev$ 9 ! ,holy ,l&2 &1 at ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury1 ! victori\s cross 0 plant$ 9 ! holy city1 & ! pi\s ,*ri/ian h]o1 ,godfrey1 proclaim$ ,k+ ( ,j]usalem1 ?\gh ?is title1 z suit$ only to ! div9e ,son ( ,david1 he ) all humility r5\nc$4 ,9 ?is holy city ! fir/ two spiritual ord]s ( *ivalry sprang up2 ! knights ( ,/4 ,john1 :o took up arms = ! def5ce ( pilgrimage1 & 9 _! v[s comb9$ ! c>e ( ! sick pilgrims ) ! managem5t ( ! sword2 & ! ,templ>s1 s call$ aft] ! temple ( ,solomon1 & f a recollection ( ! rem>kable secrets connect$ ) t edifice4 ,*ivalr\s in/itutions ( ?is k9d1 :]e9 ,*ri/ianity contriv$ to bl5d ! mo/ opposite qualities & incl9ations ( human nature1 c\ld n h sprung up "u a ma!matical gov]nm5t ( reason1 or 9 a /ate :]e e ?+ is r$uc$ to ! level ( a dead uni=mity1 & g5]al equality1 & :]e all feel+ & p]sonality are effac$4 ,b ! voice ( ages has decid$ completely 9 fav\r ( ^! m>vell\s in/itutes1 & ev5 9 our own times1 amid all ! *anges & fluctuations ( op9ion1 !y h pres]v$ ! respect1 & obta9$ ! =be>ance1 ( mank9d4 ,ev5 9 ! second ,crusade :i* took place ab\t fifty ye>s lat]1 :5 ! new progress ( ! ,s>ac5 arms appe>$ to ?reat5 ! safety ( ! holy city1 x 0 f> m ! pi\s eloqu5ce ( ,/4 ,b]n>d ?an any s*eme or calculation ( policy1 :i* set ! :ole ,european _w 9 motion4 ,! numb] ( w>riors & arm$ pilgrims :o1 "u ! guidance ( ! ,emp]or ,conrad1 & ! ,k+ ( ,france1 p\r$ 9 ^u ! ,holy ,l&1 is comput$ at m ?an half a million4 ,! religi\s en?usiasm & *ivalric h]oism :i* =m$ ! sole & animat+ pr9ciple ( ! :ole ent]prise1 7 n always accompani$ ) suffici5t prud5ce1 wisdom & circumspection4 ,! want ( ^! qualities at lea/1 z reg>d$ ! influ5ces ( climate1 ! physical wants ( s va/ an army1 & a geographical k ( localities1 is too (t5 app>5t2 & 9 default ( ?is necess>y =esight & prep>atory in=mation1 _m ?\s&s p]i%$ 9 ! second z well z 9 ! fir/ ,crusade2 a fate :i* inde$ is n unfrequ5t 9 w>s1 :]e great bodies ( p are expos$ to toil & h>d%ip 9 a =eign climate4 ,^! exp$itions 7 inde$ l new migrations ( nations1 :i* took an opposite direction f ! fir/1 & roll$ backw>d f ,europe t[>ds anci5t ,asia4 ,! great multitude ( m5 engag$1 w\ld suffici5tly acc\nt = ^! memorable exp$itions1 z x proves ! r$undance ( population 9 ,europe1 :i* s\ght on ?is occasion1 & by means ( ?is k9d1 to disburd5 itself ( its surplus numb]s4 ,& if ?is num]\s population may h giv5 rise to1 or af=d$ mat]ials =1 turbul5ce & an>*y1 /ill on ! o!r h&1 x furni%es a pro( t t an>*y 0 n ( s de/ructive & depopulat+ a nature1 z ! descriptions ( mod]n hi/orians w\ld sometimes lead u to suppose4 ,! real po9t ( transition 9 ,g]man hi/ory f good to evil1--f ^? ,*ri/ian pr9ciples :i* 7 ev] pr$om9ant 9 ! e>li] p]iod1 to ! unappeasable conte/s ( ! ,guelfs & ,ghibell9es 9 ! lat] middle age1 mu/ be fix$ 9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ! ,fir/4 ,! ho/ile treatm5t ( ! old ,saxon race1 ! de/ruction ( t fir/ & greate/ ( ! old national dut*ies ( ! ,g]mans1 0 occasion$ by ! jeal\sy ( ! ,ea/ ,franconians "u ! dyna/y ( t race2 & ?is measure1 begun dur+ ! reign1 79 e respect s mis*iev\s7 ( ,h5ry ! ,f\r?1 :o ?us became *>geable ) ?is mighty inju/ice t[>ds ! :ole ,g]man nation1 0 n[ br\ght to a head by ! ,emp]or ,b>b>ossa4 ,& ?us1 ) ! mo/ signal +ratitude1 0 cut (f by ! root t noble /em :5ce ,g]man glory & ,g]man p[] _h sprung2 = ! reigns ( ! great ,saxon ,emp]ors =m precisely ! mo/ prosp]\s & mo/ brilliant p]iod ( ,g]man hi/ory1 su* inde$ z has nev] be5 aga9 witness$4 ,) ! same unrel5t+ sev]ity & atroci\s cruelty1 ?is ,ghibell9e ,emp]or de/roy$ ! conf$]ate cities ( ,lomb>dy1 & ) !m cru%$ ! fair plant ( ,italian civilization j !n beg9n+ to blossom4 ,^! two great hi/orical p>ties--! ,guelfs & ,ghibell9es1 are ! same :i* we meet ) 9 o!r p]iods ( hi/ory1 & ev5 9 our own times1 ?\gh "u o!r names1 (t5 9 a =m v diff]5t f t ( ! pres5t day1 & n always 9 ! same relative position t[>ds ea* o!r2 b 9 ! middle age !y appe>$ 9 ! l>g] & m gigantic proportions ( ! vigor\s1 h]oic "* belong+ to t epo*4 ,!re is ev] ! "o p>ty aspir+ aft] great] fre$om1 & ! o!r immovably atta*$ to ! anci5t fai?1 & to ! pr9ciples x inculcates4 ,t ! lib]al pr9ciples ( innovation %\ld1 accord+ to ! peculi> complexion :i* ^! op9ions take 9 e age1 h emanat$ ev5 f imp]ial p[]1 & %\ld h s\ght to e/abli% _! dom9ion 9 ! _w by =ce ( arms1 is n improbable 9 itself2 & examples ( a l k9d are n want+ 9 hi/ory4 ,& 9 ?is %ape we f9d ^! pr9ciples 9 ! middle age1 :]e = a long :ile !y ex]t$ ! greate/ influ5ce1 & at la/ became almo/ pr$om9ant4 ,on ! o!r h& ! legitimate atta*m5t to ! old p]man5t pr9ciple ( fai? appe>$ "h 9 ! =m ( an ecclesia/ical opposition to secul> asc5dancy4 ,b 9 ! "t ( ,b>b>ossa1 ! solemn reconciliation :i* took place betwe5 ?is ,emp]or & ! ,pope1 re/or$ h>mony betwe5 ! heads ( *ur* & /ate1 & at la/ compos$ ! long feud4 ,?is p[]ful ,emp]or1 accompani$ by ! ,k+ ( ,france1 & ! lion-he>t$ ,ri*>d1 und]took a new crusade1 9 ord] to deliv] ,j]usalem :i* _h be5 wre/$ f ! ,*ri/ians by ,salad92 b be=e he c\ld accompli% 8 design1 dea? t]m9at$ 8 active c>e]4 ,al?\gh ! la/ ,ghibell9e ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ! ,second1 _h be5 educat$ by ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii41 a ,pontiff di/+ui%$ by 8 enl>g$ views1 & great intellectual end[m5ts1 & :o _h und]tak5 ! c>e & gu>dian%ip ( ! ,emp]or's *ildhood2 yet ! old dispute broke out aga9 "u ?is mon>* ) m viol5ce & m implacable animosity ?an ev]4 ,?is qu>rel 0 nev] m appeas$1 at lea/ dur+ ! sway ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 & 8 family2 & x t]m9at$ only ) ! d[nfal ( ! ,hoh5/auf51 ! mo/ p[]ful ( all ! pr9cely h\ses ( ! middle age4 ,yet ! ,ghibell9e "n1 h]et(ore /amp$ 9 *>act]s ( blood ^u ! e>?1 subsi/$ a long :ile yet2 & = ages aft]1 ! ,ghibell9e _s cont9u$ to be ! prevail+ "o 9 ,europe4 ,al?\gh ! lat] ,swabian ,pr9ces & ,emp]ors ( ?is h\se1 su* z ,h5ry ,,vi4 & o!rs1 7 ! patrons ( poetry1 & ( ! ,prov5al m9/rels & ,g]man ,m9nes+]s2 yet !y all resembl$ "o ano!r 9 an unb5d+ /]nness ( "*4 ,h5ry ,,vi4 p]petrat$ ! mo/ enorm\s cruelties at ,naples2 ! blood-?ir/y ,ezzel91 :ile ,gov]nor ( ,lomb>dy "u ,fr$]ick ! ,second1 has left beh9d him s fe>ful a recollection 9 ,italy1 su* a "* 9 ! pages ( hi/ory1 t 8 v "n ne$ only be m5tion$1 & w disp5se ) all m9ut] hi/orical details4 ,! la/ ( ?is family1 ,conrad91 0 an innoc5t victim ( ! public hatr$ borne to 8 ance/ors1 & he p]i%$ on a scaffold at ,naples by ! h&s ( ,*>les ( ,anj\1 ! bro!r ( ,/4 ,lewis1 :o _h seiz$ on ! k+dom ( ! two ,sicilies1 ! lawful patrimony ( ! royal y\?4 ,! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ! ,second--a pr9ce :o = 8 times _h receiv$ a mo/ polite education1 & 0 end[$ ) ! greate/ & mo/ orig9al p[]s ( m9d1--0 n only accus$ by ! ,pope 9 ! excommunication he pron\nc$ aga9/ him ( a secret b decid$ enmity to ! ,*ri/ian religion2 b 9 ! g5]al op9ion ( ! _w1 lab\r$ "u ! same suspicion4 ,h[ev]1 by a prud5t peace1 :i* ?is pr9ce conclud$ ) ! ,sultan ( ,egypt1 he t]m9at$ 8 crusade m successfully ?an 8 gr&fa!r _h done 8 own2 = by ?is he won back ! holy places1 & plac$ ! cr[n ( ,j]usalem on 8 head4 ,he 0 ! fir/ :o br\ght into ,europe ! ,arabic translation ( ,ari/otle's works2 & z at ?is p]iod a mighty *ange took place 9 ! sci5ce & philosophy ( ! middle age1 & z ev5 ! art & poetry ( ,european nations began to display new life & en]gy1 x may n be amiss to give "h a rapid sket* ( ^! important *anges1 z !y s]ve to *>act]ize ! times4 ,*ivalry 0 9 itself ! poetry ( life2 :at wond] !n t t life ( imag9ation1 %\ld h op5$ a new f\nta9 ( poesy 9 ! traditional songs1 ! fairy lays1 ! v>i$ m9/relsy1 & knightly n>ratives ( ,g]many & ,france1 ,spa9 & ,engl&1 s9ce 9 ^! c\ntries1 *ivalry 0 ! rul+ elem5t ( society1 & _h made ! greate/ progress8--,= ! m imm$iate object ( ?is ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1--& 9 ord] to contemplate ! progress ( mank9d 9 matt]s m s]i\s & important1 ,i h ?\ght ! moral pr9ciples ( m5 9 ! middle age1 & _! political doctr9es1 z !y 7 f\nd$ on religion1 or on ! sy/em ( opposition to religion1 to be ( f> great] mom5t & importance ?an ! m]e /hetic "p ( ^? ages2 = s5tim5tali/s may indulge 9 a c]ta9 vague1 sup]ficial love & pr$ilection = ! times ( *ivalry1 = ! romantic _s ( ! *ivalr\s life1 & ( ! *ivalr\s poetry1 & ( ! :ole sy/em ( mod]n art :i* has !nce emanat$2 & nev]!less all ! deep] problems ( life involv$ 9 t mom5t\s epo* may rema9 unexam9$1 unsolv$1 or ev5 misund]/ood4 ,on ! nature ( ?is romantic t5d5cy1 inasmu* z x ex]t$ a mighty influ5ce on life1 & 0 a motive ( va/ & und\bt$ weight 9 _m ( ! mo/ important hi/orical ev5ts ( ^? ages1 ,i %all m]ely say a ^w by way ( psy*ological illu/ration2 = ?is is applicable to ! prevail+ =ms ( m9d1 ! peculi> intellectual be>+s ( :ole nations & ages1 z to ^? ( individuals4 ,z :]e op9ion is ! rul+ pr9ciple ( life--x is v soon brok51 divid$1 p>cell$ out & lo/ 9 a *aos ( het]og5e\s !ories1 & ! age--! _w--life itself are involv$ 9 int]m9able disputes2 s :5 religi\s feel+ con/itutes ! prim>y pr9ciple ( life2 & x ha? be5 dismemb]$1 & torn f its "r c5tre1 be5 driv5 to "s extreme2 & op9ions fl[+ f ?is s\rce h be5 c>ri$ into action2 !n all ! great transactions ( public life exhibit t ov]rul+ influ5ce ( imag9ation1 p]ceptible n 9 ! e>li]1 b 9 ! lat] p]iods ( ! middle age1 especially f ! great epo* ( ! ,crusades4 ,al?\gh ^! & o!r l great hi/orical ev5ts ( t p]iod be> _m noble traces ( ! high religi\s s\rce :5ce !y sprang2 yet su* a p>am\nt influ5ce ( imag9ation ov] real life1 mu/ 9 ?is p>tial excess be reg>d$ z ! consequ5ce ( ! dismemb]m5t ( man's psy*ological p[]s--a symptom ( ! dissolution ( t int]nal h>mony :i* c nev] subsi/ 9 society1 unless x be previ\sly e/abli%$ 9 consci\sness4 ,! radical vice ( ! middle age--t is to say1 ! "o mo/ preval5t 9 its lat] p]iod f ! "t ( ! ,ghibell9es--if "o may v5ture to *>act]ize x ) su* psy*ological g5]ality--is disc]nible 9 ! productions ( ! poetry1 art & sci5ce ( t age4 ,& ! relations :i* ^! bore to society--! di/9ctive "*--! peculi> _s ( ?is critical p]iod 9 ! progress ( ,*ri/ian nations1 are matt]s ( ! highe/ int]e/ & greate/ mom5t4 ,?is vice consi/$ 9 t disposition to extremes--t lean+ t[>ds ! absolute ,i h already spok5 (1 z manife/$ 9 w1 9 det]m9ation1 9 rule--or 9 sci5ce1 speculation1 & poetry4 ,! fir/ g]m1 or at lea/ ! fir/ disposition to ?is fault1 lies 9 ! v orig9 ( mod]n nations1 especially ^? five ^: political exi/5ce sprang out ( ! union ( ! ,g]manic con/itution1 mann]s1 & "*1 ) ! ,lat9 civilization1 lit]ature1 & language 9 ! ,romanic c\ntries2 or :i* at lea/ 7 =m$ by a v /rong infusion ( ! ,roman _s--,i mean ! ,g]man & ,engli%1 ! ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 & ,italian nations4 ,:]e ! "* ( ! ,g]man tribes1 ! free1 h]oic en]gy ( ,g]manic nature 0 bl5d$ & incorporat$ ) ! /rong worldly s5se ( ! ,romans by ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian pr9ciples & religi\s love2 !re sprang out ( t happy union ^? great & mild *>act]s1 to :i* ,i h already drawn y\r att5tion1 & :i* fl\ri%$ dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( ! ,g]man ,empire & ( ! middle age4 ,b z soon z ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian religion began to decl9e1 & its p[] 0 enfeebl$1 cl\d$ or obscur$1 ! two elem5ts1 :i* _h be5 unit$ 9 ! human race1 fell asund]2 & on "o side 0 to be se5 no?+ b m]e ,roman a/ut5ess 7z is (t5 en\gh ! case 9 ! lat] hi/ory ( ,france & ,italy72 & on ! side ( ! ,g]manic nations1 no?+ b a rude m>tial impetuosity & *ivalric pride1 uncontroll$ & uns(t5$ by ! pr9ciple ( religion4 ,or :5 aga9 ! rigid pr9ciples ( t old worldly s5se & in/9ct ( dom9ion1 :i* belong$ to ! ,romans1 7 conjo9$ ) ! h]oic en]gy ( ! ,nor?1 )\t h[ev] ! heal+ & conciliatory influ5ce ( ! religion ( love2 ?is comb9ation1 :i* is conspicu\s 9 ! vehem5t b fe>ful *>act]s engag$ 9 ! ,ghibell9e conte/s1 0 inde$ ! mo/ un=tunate ( all4 ,h[ ! t5d5cy t[>ds ! absolute--t abyss to mank9d1 :i* along ) love1 conf\nds & swall[s up all life--!n hurri$ ! political _w f "o extreme to ano!r1 we h already m5tion$1 s f> z 0 necess>y = our object4 ,b ev5 9 ! art & poetry1 z well z ! sci5ce ( ! middle age1 ?is lean+ t[>ds ! absolute is equally app>5t1 & ! m s1 z bo? rea*$ _! full maturity at t p]iod only :5 ?is _h become ! rul+ _s ( ! age4 ,z1 on "o h&1 ! *ivalr\s poetry1 especially 9 its orig91 0 excessively fanta/ical1 until lat] x 0 fa%ion$ into a =m ( mild] symmetry1 & made to p\r =? ! t\*+1 he>t-felt tones ( romantic art2 s on ! o!r h& ! s*ola/ic philosophy 0 bewild]$ 9 a maze ( subtleties n s mu* metaphysical z m]ely logical1 & (t5 q de/itute ( s5se4 ,! s+ul> mann]1 inde$1 9 :i* ! ,italian poet ,dante1 has 9 8 mighty poem ( visions1 :]e9 he displays ! mo/ ma/]ly & classical cond5sation ( language1 & ! pr(\nde/ poetical art1 contriv$ to su/a9 9 8 progress ?r\gh ! ?ree regions ( ! invisible _w t fanta/ic _s1 7:i* 0 n conf9$ to ! *ivalr\s poetry1 b 0 common to e dep>tm5t ( imag9ation 9 t age17 next ! /]n maxims ( ! ,ghibell9e /ate-policy1 & a cong5ial wor%ip ( ,roman antiquity1 & has manag$ to unite all ^! qualities ) ! subtle di/9ctions ( ! s*ola/ic philosophy2 ?is s+ul> mann]1 inde$1 has nev] be5 an object ( g5]al imitation1 nor has x op5$ a pa? to ! subsequ5t lab\rs ( art4 ,b ?is "w w ev] rema9 an extraord9>y1 wond]ful1 & *>act]i/ic monum5t1 :]e9 ! peculi> _s ( ?is fir/ s*ola/ico-romantic epo* ( ,european art & sci5ce is display$ 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]4 ,9 ?is _s !re 7 _m het]og5e\s elem5ts1 n conf9$ to _! sep>ate & di/9ct sph]es1 b (t5 9 ! /range/ juxta-position1 or r confusion4 ,& ?us a regul> s*ola/ic sci5ce ( love1 ) all ! borr[$ =ms ( ! philosophy ( ! day1 =m$ (t5 ! purport ( ! mo/ t5d] romantic lays or devices2 & logical anti!ses1 syllogisms1 & subtleties 7 solv$ 9 rhyme & v]se1 ) a mo/ *>m+ play ( fancy4 ,x is ^! vag>ies 7& s !y are 9 _m respects7 :i* s captivate our feel+s 9 ! poetry ( ,petr>*--"o ( ! re/or]s ( anci5t lit]ature & ( mod]n le>n+4 ,m /rongly /ill ?an 9 its poetry1 ! ri*ness ( an inv5tive imag9ation display$ itself 9 ! wond]ful ar*itecture ( ! middle age1 z s _m spl5did monum5ts 9 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 a "p ( ,france1 & 9 ! ,nor? ( ,italy & ,v5ice c atte/4 ,! /yle ( ! ,byzant9e *ur*es 0 ! fir/ & pr9cipal model ( ?is ,go?ic ar*itecture2 ?\gh a fanta/ic monum5t ( ,arabic ar*itecture may "h & !re p]haps h _h "s influ5ce 9 its =mation4 ,! elaborate & ornate /yle1 & ! fanta/ic s+ul>ity ( ?is ar*itecture1 brea! ! true _s ( ! ,g]man middle age4 ,at ?is "t1 pa9t+1 too1 began to make "s progress 9 ,italy & ,g]many2 ?\gh its progress 0 incomp>ably sl[] ?an t ( ar*itecture1 & ! art rea*$ its p]fection only 9 ! fifte5? c5tury2 b devot$ entirely to religi\s subjects1 & consecrat$ to ! use ( *ur*es or private devotion1 pa9t+ rema9$1 d[n to ! "t ( ,raphael1 an art peculi>ly ,*ri/ian1 & display$ ! pr(\nde/ import1 & ! mo/ ma/]ly p[]4 ,f ?is p]iod1 r5\nc+1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! religi\s "* ( ! eld] ,*ri/ian pa9t+1 art began to be affect$ by t en?usiasm = ! ,pagan antique1 :i* inde$ 0 n limit$ to ! f9e arts1 b 0 ! prevail+ "* ( lit]ature & sci5ce 9 ?is second p]iod ( ,european culture4 ,& ,i h made ^! few rem>ks1 n s mu* = ! sake ( art itself1 :i* w\ld require a sep>ate inve/igation1 b z t5d+ to elucidate ! v>i\s epo*s & /ages 9 ! progress ( mod]n civilization4 ,x 0 an ill-bod+ gift t ! ,ghibell9e ,emp]or made to ,europe :5 he br\ght f ! ,ea/ ! works ( ,ari/otle1 translat$1 or r burlesqu$1 into ,arabic1 & !nce turn$ aga9 into ,lat91 till at la/ !y became (t5 p]fectly un9telligible4 ,! eld] ,*ri/ian philosoph]s belong+ to ! fir/ p]iod ( ! middle age1 su* z 9 ,engl& 7:i* /ill reta9$ a high pre-em95ce 9 ,lat9 lit]ature & ,*ri/ian sci5ce17 a ,scotus ,erig5a1 ! contempor>y ( ,alfr$1--a ,/4 ,anselm1 s highly rev]$ 9 !ology1--& aft]w>ds 9 ,france1 an ,abel>d1 & also a ,/4 ,b]n>d1 9 ^: eloqu5ce !re runs s pure a ve9 ( piety--& s *>m+ a my/icism ( feel+--all ^! eld] ,*ri/ian philosoph]s1 bo? 9 ?\ght & language 7 incomp>ably cle>] & m precise ?an ! s*oolm5 ( succe$+ times1 & 7 = ! mo/ "p entirely free f t int]m9able play ( an idle logic1 & ^? empty metaphysical subtleties4 ,! natural sci5ces 7 !n 9 too l[ & feeble a /ate to =m any di/9ct bran* ( human inquiry2 & ?is v circum/ance contribut$1 z 0 !n inde$ p]fectly natural1 to knit clos] ! ties :i* connect$ philosophy ) !ology4 ,b indep5d5tly ( ! peculi> circum/ances ( ^? times1 x is evid5t t ,*ri/ian philosophy c be f\nd$ on religion only1 & n on any !ory1 :]e9 nature occupies ! fir/ & highe/ place--n on any doctr9e1 :i* conta9s ! g]m ( a ,pagan wor%ip ( nature1 r5ew$ "u a sci5tific =m4 ,z little c a ,*ri/ian philosophy re/ on ! pr9ciple ( ,individualism--a reason :i* submits n humbly to ,god & 8 revelation1 b :i*1 all conc5trat$ 9 itself1 aspires to be all-suffic+ & all-creative4 ,9 ei!r respect1 ! ,/agyrite1 :5 /udi$ ev5 9 ! orig9al1 & ?or\ghly und]/ood1 w\ld h be5 a guide v unsafe1 v likely to mislead1 z well 9 natural philosophy z 9 ! high] problems ( ,metaphysics4 ,! be/ & mo/ in/ructive ( 8 writ+s1 8 e?ical or political works1 c\ld n ev5 be und]/ood by ^? s*ola/ic admir]s ( ! ,grecian sage2 = ! pr(\nd allusions !y conta9$ to ! cu/oms & political hi/ory ( ,greece made ! k ( ^!1 & a complete inve/igation ( ! orig9al s\rces ( in=mation1 absolutely necess>y to _! compreh5sion4 ,ev5 8 logical & rhetorical books d]ive _! *ief & livelie/ int]e/ f ! fact t !y 7 int5d$ to rem$y ! dialectic malady ( ,grecian intellect1 & to oppose ! all-usurp+ influ5ce ( a false rhetoric among ! ,greeks4 ,la/ly1 to compreh5d fully1 rightly appreciate1 & turn to advantage1 z our times are enabl$ to d1 ! mo/ solid works ( ! pr(\nd anci5t--^? on mix$ physics & natural hi/ory1 ! s*oolm5 7 entirely de/itute ( ! necess>y aids & prep>atory in=mation4 ,if ! ,*ri/ian philosoph]s ( ! middle age1 in/ead ( adopt+ ! ,ari/otelian sy/em1 _h built & improv$ on ! philosophy ( ^? fir/ great orig9al ?9k]s ( ,*ri/ian ,europe already m5tion$1 or on ! philosophy ( ! primitive fa!rs1 ev5 ^? ( ! ,lat9 *ur*1 = by !m also ! ,platonic doctr9es 7! only doctr9es ( antiquity at all reconcileable ) a philosophy ( revelation17 _h long be5 plant$ & naturaliz$ on ! ,*ri/ian soil2--if ?is _h be5 ! case1 ! edifice ( ,*ri/ian philosophy w\ld h be5 rais$ ) f> great] ease & rapidity1 & be5 wr\ght into a mu* m beautiful /ructure4 ,or if ev5 ! ,greek orig9als _h be5 deem$ absolutely indisp5sable t[>ds su* an object1 x _h be5 bett] t1 in/ead ( wait+ till ! de/ruction ( ,con/ant9ople1 ! p[]ful ,emp]ors & ,pot5tates1 :o patroniz$ art & sci5ce1 _h1 dur+ ! %ort duration ( ! ,lat9 ,empire at ,con/ant9ople1 br\ght away ) !m ^? philological treasures1 in/ead ( ! works ( ,ari/otle s absurdly disfigur$ 9 ! ,arabic1 & 9 ! /ill m un9telligible ,lat9 v]sion4 ,x 01 on "o h&1 ! incl9ation ( ! age to absolute modes ( ?9k+1 to ! art ( logical t\rnam5ts1 & on ! o!r1 a hope1 secretly ent]ta9$1 t by ! pret5d$ magical p[] ( ^! logical devices1 "o might le>n & obta9 ! ma/]y ( _m pr(\nd secrets ( nature 7:i* by ! way %\ld h be5 s\ght any:]e b 9 ! real ,ari/otle72 f9ally1 ! unqu5*able ?ir/ aft] a fruit ( k1 deem$ =bidd5--x 0 all ^! circum/ances1 :i* creat$ n[ t univ]sal & irresi/ible rage = ,ari/otle1 reput$ z he 0 to conta9 ! v ess5ce ( all lib]al sci5ce & philosophy4 ,! :ole f\ndation ( ! s*ola/ic philosophy 0 ?or\ghly & ess5tially false2 & x _h ! mo/ prejudicial & injuri\s influ5ce1 n only on !ology1 b on ! :ole _s & modes ( ?9k+ ( ?is age4 ,:5 h[ev] ! evil appe>$ ne>ly incurable1 & ! false curr5t ( op9ion 0 too /rong to be resi/$1 a mighty s]vice 0 r5d]$ to mank9d1 :5 acute & sagaci\s !ologians1 end[$ ) philosophical tal5ts & disc]nm5t1 l a ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 adopt+ ! common1 b errone\s1 basis ( ?is old ,ari/otelian rationalism1 f\nd$ on x a sy/em 9 :i* !y attempt$ to reconcile ?is philosophy ) ! dictates ( fai?1 & ?us1 9 ?is respect at lea/1 av]t f _! age ! dang]\s consequ5ces ( ?is false direction ( ! human m9d4 ,yet1 on ! :ole1 ?is 0 b an app>5t reconciliation2 & ! s*ola/ic philosophy1 or 9 o!r words1 ! rationalism ( ! middle age1 broke out (t5 aft]w>ds into a haughty & viol5t opposition to ! doctr9es ( revelation4 ,?is s*ola/ic _s ( ! n[ deg5]ate middle age ex]t$ its p]nici\s influ5ce on life itself1 & on ! sci5ces m imm$iately connect$ ) life1 p>ticul>ly jurisprud5ce4 ,= :5 ! fir/ ,ghibell9e ,fr$]ick1 on ! pla9s ( ,roncaglia1 gave 8 solemn sanction to ! ,roman law1 & to all ^? absolute rights & pr]ogatives ( ! cr[n :i* 7 !nce to be d$uc$1 he !reby op5$ a door to an intricate s*ola/ic jurisprud5ce1 to all ! le>n$ subtlety ( processes1 & ! int]m9able logic ( law2 & conf]r$ on mank9d a boon z little propiti\s z ! ,arabic ,ari/otle1 :i* 8 desc5dant1 ! second ,fr$]ick1 aft]w>ds br\ght into ,europe4 ,! va/ p&ects ( ,ju/9ian 7 already ! recogniz$ code ( laws1 "u ! ,ea/]n ,franconian ,emp]ors1 long be=e ! ,g]man ,juri/ ,irn]ius op5$ 8 s*ool ( civil law 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna4 ,^? old ,roman ,=mulas ( univ]sal dom9ion :i* are occasionally to be f\nd 9 ! ,corpus ,juris1 suit$ p]fectly ! _s & policy ( ! ,ghibell9e ,emp]ors1 :o1 9 p>ticul> cases1 alleg$ !m aga9/ ! ,greek ,emp]ors & o!r ,pot5tates1 z cle> pro(s ( ! univ]sal mon>*y :i* app]ta9$ to !m4 ,b x 0 p>ticul>ly f ! ,ghibell9e p]iod t ! ,roman law became a fav\rite sci5ce1 & its /udy a new mania among ! ,european nations1 especially on acc\nt ( ! lean+ to absolute pr9ciples 9 t sy/em ( jurisprud5ce1 ^: artificial =ms ( rigid law 7 inde$ little cong5ial to ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 to mod]n society1 & ,g]man mann]s4 ,! true problem = ! legal sci5ce ( ,*ri/ian ,europe to solve w\ld h be5 ?is--to adopt ! =ms ( ! old ,roman jurisprud5ce1 s highly wr\ght & f9i%$ 9 its way1 & to re=m its _s by ! doctr9es & pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian ju/ice2 & at ! same "t to employ ! _m excell5t mat]ials to be f\nd 9 ! native laws ( ,european nations1 & 9 all ! old ,g]manic codes4 ,^! laws 7 inde$ ( a v local nature1 adapt$ mo/ly to infant communities & ! simple mann]s ( w>like tribes1 & by no means appropriate to a m advanc$ /age ( civilization2 yet !y conta9$ ! solid sub/ance ( g5u9e fre$om & exalt$ equity4 ,b ?is task ought to h be5 accompli%$ 9 t e>li] p]iod :5 ,*ri/ianity1 :i* _h unit$ & h>moniz$ s _m discordant elem5ts1 _h /ill reta9$ all its influ5ce--an influ5ce :i* 0 aft]w>ds want+4 ,^? ages1 h[ev]1 :i* 7 s ?or\ghly ,*ri/ian1 & on t v acc\nt ( su* political importance1 7 defici5t 9 sci5ce2 & h5ce1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 x 0 n s mu* delib]ate selfi%ness1 or ho/ile opposition1 b ! real want ( k & =esight :i* occasion$ ! civil & political in/itutions ( ,*ri/ian /ates to be left imp]fect4 ,x is only 9 v rec5t times t an attempt has be5 made to solve ! problem :i* e>li] ages _h left unexecut$1 or to supply ?is old defici5cy ( a ,*ri/ian sy/em ( jurisprud5ce4 ,& if hi!rto ?is task has nev] be5 adequately1 or completely1 accompli%$1 ?\gh all ! conditions h long exi/$ = ! solution ( ?is necess>y problem ( ,european society2 x w\ld n be "r to def] aga9 ! execution ( ! "w1 & ?us lose once m ! seasonable mom5t4 ,h[1 aft] ! /ruggle ( p>ties _h become m g5]al1 & an absolute mode ( ?9k+ ! rul+ "* ( ! age1 ! viol5t conte/s betwe5 *ur* & /ate1 betwe5 ! ,secul> & ,ecclesia/ical au?orities t5d$ to promote _! mutual injury & de/ruction1 ,i %all n[ endeav\r briefly to /ate4 ,aft] ! la/ excommunication pron\nc$ aga9/ ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 "o anti-emp]or _h foll[$ ano!r 9 succession2 & ,g]man pr9ces1 a pr9ce ( ! royal h\sehold ( ,engl&1 & a k+ ( ,ca/ile1 _h fill$ successively ! imp]ial ?rone2 none 7 g5]ally & legally recogniz$1 & x 0 ! reign ( univ]sal an>*y & savage club-law4 ,x 0 a d>k int]regnum 9 social ord]1 z if ! sun ( ju/ice & ( peace _h )drawn its light f a _w ( corruption & irreconcilable hate2 & = a :ole g5]ation ?is /ate ( wild disord]1 & fe> ( /ill great] calamities1 la/$4 ,! loss ( ,j]usalem & all ! ,holy ,l& to ! ,*ri/ians1 :i* n[ took place1 add$ to ! g5]al gloom ( ! times4 ,9 va9 _h ,/4 ,lewis 9 8 la/ ,crusade aga9/ ,egypt1 once m ex]t$ all 8 en]gies = ! deliv]ance & pres]vation ( ! ,*ri/ian possessions 9 ! ,ea/2 possessions1 :i* _h !y be5 reta9$1 might 9 ! end h =m$ a ramp>t & a b>ri] aga9/ ! inroads ( ! ,mussulman p[] into ! adjo9+ prov9ces ( ,europe4 ,/ill ! dang] f ?is qu>t] 0 n s imm95t2 = x 0 n till a hundr$ ye>s lat] t ! ,turks bur/ f ,asia ,m9or into ,europe1 conqu]$ ! ,nor!rn prov9ces ( ! ,byzant9e ,empire1 & began to m5ace ! ,*ri/ian k+doms ( ! ,we/4 ,b !re 0 a ne>] & mighti] dang] roll+ on aga9/ ,europe--! =midable p[] ( ! ,moguls1 :i* surpris$ x 9 ?is p]iod ( ! great int]regnum4 ,z if ! ho/ile _s ( de/ruction _h anticipat$ or kn[n t ! p[] ( ,*ri/5dom c\ld be subv]t$ only by int]nal discord2 an old sage or prie/ ( ! /ill ,pagan ,moguls1 _h1 ab\t a g5]ation be=e1 ann\nc$ to ! y\?1 :o 0 aft]w>ds call$ ,z+is ,khan1 7t is to say "l ( ! _w1 & :o is kn[n by ?is "n 9 hi/ory17 t 9 a vision1 he _h se5 ! ,great ,_s1 seat$ on 8 flam+ ?rone1 judge ! nations ( ! e>?1 & t1 by 8 decision1 ! dom9ion ( ! _w _h be5 allott$ to ! "y ,khan ( ! ,moguls4 ,fill$ ) ?is _s1 ,z+is trav]s$ ! _w ) 8 c\ntless ho/s2 conqu]$ ,*9a1 ,?ibet & ,japan1 subdu$ ! ,mussulman ,empire ( ,c>izme1 & p5etrat$ z f> z ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,! conqu]or's f\r sons cont9u$ ! "w :i* he _h comm5c$1 & divid$ ! e>? into f\r p>ts = _! task ( desolation4 ,! "o to :om 0 assign$ ! ,we/]n portion ( ! e>? invad$ ,*ri/5dom ) 8 innum]able squadrons2 ! ?rone ( ,rurick1 ! greate/ ,*ri/ian pot5tate 9 ! ,nor?1 0 ov]turn$2 & = sev]al c5turies1 ,russia1 incorporat$ ) ! gov]nm5t ( ,kipzak1 groan$ "u ! oppressive yoke ( ! ,mogul sway4 ,pol& 0 ov]run by ! all-wa/+ ho/s ( ,moguls2 ! ,k+ ( ,hung>y 0 defeat$1 & =c$ to flee 8 c\ntry2 ,silesia 0 laid wa/e1 & ! bloody discomfiture ( ! ,*ri/ian army at ,lignitz fill$ ! :ole ,we/]n _w ) con/]nation4 ,happily ! de/roy]s p5etrat$ no fur!r into ,europe2 & ! /ream ( _! conque/s1 z if div]t$ by a protect+ h&1 took its c\rse fir/ t[>ds ! ,arabian ,caliphate ( ,bagdad1 :i* !y put an end to2 & aft]w>ds t[>ds ,india1 & o!r ,asiatic & ,mahometan c\ntries4 ,?is 0 a pass+1 b awful1 w>n+ to ,*ri/5dom1 h[ mu* %e ne$$ ! /rong arm ( a p[]ful ,protector1 & t union alone w\ld enable h] to resi/ ! assaults & inroads ( b>b>\s nations4 ,x 0 ! /rong feel+ ( su* a necessity :i* _h fir/ inspir$ ! idea ( ! ,we/]n ,empire4 ,9 ! ,g]man ,empire ord] 0 fir/ re/or$ by ,rodolph ( ,hapsburgh1 :o1 not)/&+ 8 e>ldom ( ,alsace & 8 o!r h]$it>y demesnes 9 ! ,alps1 _h n yet s mu* p[] z _m o!r aspirants to ! imp]ial cr[n2 b 8 *ivalr\s virtues rank$ him high 9 ! e/imation ( _m ( ! pr9ces4 ,a happy & s+ul> co9cid5ce ( accid5tal circum/ances occasion$ 8 unexpect$ election to ! empire1 :i* appe>$ to him1 z to _m o!rs1 a call+ f above4 ,be+ on ! mo/ peaceful und]/&+ ) ! ,pope1 he yet ab&on$ 8 exp$ition to ,rome2 = he 01 above all ?+s1 anxi\s to put an end to an>*y1 to e/abli% ! public tranquillity on a solid basis1 &1 z f> z 0 !n possible1 to re/ore ! reign ( ju/ice4 ,! high s]vices :i* by ?is he r5d]$ to 8 c\ntry 9 ^? di/ract$ times1 ,hi/ory has n be5 backw>d to ackn[l$ge2 &1 z ! ,patri>* ( ! imp]ial h\se ( ,hapsburgh1 he has be5 ! f\nd] ( a p[] :i*1 9 succe$+ ages1 has ev] prov$ a pill> ( /r5g? & security to ,g]many & ev5 ,europe4 ,b (t5 aga9 did an>*y re> h] head1 & (t5 did disord] obta9 ! asc5dant 9 ,g]many1 z well z 9 o!r ,european /ates4 ,nations felt ! want ( "o mighty1 indep5d5t1 & protect+ p[]--!y lam5t$ ! decl9e ( ^? ,*ri/ian pr9ciples :i* _h knit s closely all ! ties ( public & private life2 & !y saw ) regret ! gradual approa* ( ! g5]al dissolution & mighty ru9 ( ,european society4 ,"u ,rodolph's successors1 d[n to ,maximilian & ,*>les ! ,fif?1 ! ,emp]ors 7 conf9$ 9 _! sph]e ( action to ,g]many & its int]nal affairs1 :i* d n "h imm$iately conc]n u4 ,! exp$itions to ,rome t5d$1 inde$1 to keep alive ! remembrance ( ! old imp]ial rights & claims2 b !y 7 productive ( no p]man5t advantage1 nor real ext5sion ( p[]4 ,x 0 only 9 ! summon+ ( g5]al c\ncils 7! want ( :i* 0 soon s urg5tly felt = ! well-be+ ( ! *ur* & ( ,*ri/5dom71 t ! imp]ial p[] 0 really ex]t$ 9 fav\r ( ! g5]al int]e/s ( ,europe4 ,b ! evils :i* ensu$ to ! *ur* & its head1 f its unhappy conflict ) ! temporal p[]1 7 f> m ext5sive & fatal 9 _! consequ5ces4 ,9 ! mighty conte/s betwe5 ! ,popes & ,emp]ors1 x 0 actual "r :i* 0 ! subject ( dispute2 &1 9 tru?1 ! fir/ basis & highe/ pr9ciple ( all "r 9 ,*ri/ian /ates1 & inde$ 9 all human society2 & h[ev] mu* ( error ! exagg]ations ( lat] times may h infus$ into ^! disputes1 x 0 a sublime idea :i* animat$ ei!r p>ty4 ,9 ,france1 :i* n[ took up t attitude ( ho/ility t[>ds ! head ( ! *ur* :i* ! ,emp]ors _h once assum$1 an entirely new era 9 ,european policy1 :i* _h n[ ceas$ to be ,*ri/ian1 comm5c$ ) ! reign ( ,philip-le-bel4 ,9 ! place ( ^? great motives & l(ty ideas :i* animat$ a ,gregory ,,vii41 on ! "o h&1 & a ,conrad or ,b>b>ossa1 on ! o!r1 we meet ) a vulg> policy1 a selfi% cupidity1 & an unwor?y cunn+4 ,9 e po9t ( view1 ,philip ! ,fair may be consid]$ z ! wor?y pr$ecessor ( ,l\is ,,xi4 ,ev5 8 conduct t[>ds ! :ole ord] ( ,templ>s1 _! execution1 or r judicial murd]1 = ! purpose ( confiscation1 0 a de$ ( viol5ce :i* no?+ c\ld ju/ify2 ev5 _h ! suspicion ent]ta9$ aga9/ ! m corrupt portion ( ! ord]1 ( hav+ introduc$ f ! ,ea/ c]ta9 un*ri/ian t5ets1 rites & practices1 be5 n entirely de/itute ( f\ndation4 ,b yet ?is suspicion did n affect ! :ole body1 nor ev5 ! !n wor?y gr&ma/]1 z 0 %ortly aft]w>ds ackn[l$g$ by ! ,k+ ( ,portugal & ! ,pope himself2 &1 9 any case1 an ecclesia/ical affair ( s mu* importance ought to h be5 inve/igat$ & det]m9$ by a mode ( proc$ure v diff]5t f ?is arbitr>y & despotic c\rse4 ,! untimely exagg]ations & absolute pret5sions ( ,boniface ,,viii41 :i*1 ?\gh ,papal1 may almo/ be t]m$ ,ghibell9e 79 ! same s5se t we h appli$ t t]m to ! acts ( prec$+ emp]ors71 mu/ h prov$ v welcome to ,philip ! ,fair4 ,he f\nd 9 ! conduct ( ! ,pope1 a pretext = entic+ him into ,france1 9 ord]1 on ! fir/ vacancy 9 ! ,holy ,see1 to promote ! election ( a ,pope fav\rable to 8 views1 & fix him at ,avignon4 ,x 0 a deep-laid plan ( policy on 8 "p1 to fix ! resid5ce ( ! ,popes = ev] )9 8 t]ritories1 9 ord] m easily to extort _! cons5t to all 8 selfi% projects1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,templ>s2 a policy by :i* ! ,popes1 dur+ sev5ty ye>s1 7 kept 9 a /ate ( absolute dep5dance on ! c\rt ( ,france4 ,& :5 at la/ "o ( ! ,popes succe$$ 9 rescu+ ! *air ( ,pet] f ?is ,babyloni% captivity1 & plac+ x aga9 at ,rome1 ,popes 7 elect$ "o aga9/ ! o!r at ,rome & ,avignon2 & a s*ism broke out 9 ! *ur* :i* la/$ = =ty ye>s1 till x 0 f9ally quell$ by ! g5]al c\ncil ( ,con/ance4 ,a deep] w\nd c\ld n h be5 inflict$ on ,*ri/ianity ?an ?is division 9 ! *ur*1 :i* l$ m9ds a/ray1 & introduc$ an indescribable confusion 9 all ! relations ( public & private life4 ,z1 )\t ! all-protect+ & all-connect+ au?ority ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,emp]ors1 ,europe 9 g5]al1 & ,g]many 9 p>ticul>1 w\ld mu* soon] h be5 split & dismemb]$1 & be5 depriv$ ( all p[] ( p]man5t resi/ance aga9/ =eign aggression1 & b>b>ian inroads2 s1 )\t ! ,papal p[]1 :i* 0 f\nd$ on1 & adapt$ =1 unity1 & :i* held toge!r ! fabric ( ! *ur*1 ,*ri/ianity w\ld v soon h be5 lo/ & ext+ui%$ 9 a multitude ( p>ticul> sects1 petty congregations1 & opposite p>ties1 ev5 :]e totally dissimil> sy/ems ( religion did n spr+ up4 ,! ma9t5ance ( or?odoxy 9 ! ,greek *ur*1 :]e ! ,patri>* does n possess ! same spiritual p[]1 nor ! same ext5sive influ5ce on society1 z ! ,pope dur+ ! middle ages1 _c be fairly adduc$ z an objection to ! tru? ( ?is obs]vation4 ,= x w\ld be absurd to expect f ! active1 /irr+1 re/less1 & animat$ _s ( ! ,we/]n nations1 mov+ on z !y did ?r\gh a s]ies ( rapid1 incessant1 & progressive *anges1 t innate monotony ( ?\ght ev5 9 fai?1 :i* 0 natural to ! dead1 torpid ,byzant9e m9d4 ,:5 ! ,we/]n *ur* _h be5 weak5$ & convuls$ by ! conflict ) ! secul> p[]1 ! prejudicial & fatal effects ( ?is conte/ became app>5t 9 religion itself & ! int]nal region ( fai?4 ,at fir/1 inde$1 !re arose a mighty moral p[] ( resi/ance aga9/ ! gr[+ corruption & ! imp5d+ evil--a great spiritual rem$y1 :i* sprang out ( religion1 & 0 p]fectly con=mable to its _s4 ,x 0 "h aga9 app>5t h[ t /r5g!n+ ,_s ( aid & c\nsel--t ,p>aclete promis$ to ! *ur* by its div9e ,f\nd]1 kn[s at e p]iod1 & on e new occurr5ce ( dang]1 to employ ! rem$ies ! be/ & mo/ fitt+ = ! exig5ces ( ! "t2 rem$ies ( :i* ! high orig9 is cle>ly disc]nible1 ?\gh 9 ! h&s ( m5 !y no long] reta9 _! primitive "*1 & d n accompli% all ! good !y might h effect$1 or ev5 become at la/ m & m p]v]t$4 ,! great weal? ( ! *ur* 0 n ! sole1 b "o ( ! pr9cipal subjects ( dispute ) ! secul> p[]1 & 0 ev5 a /umbl+-block to _m1 especially among ! p4 ,x 0 ?is weal?1 inde$1 :i* _h furni%$ ! means ( cultivat+ & f]tiliz+ ! soil ( ,europe1 & s[+ ! se$s ( sci5ce on ! soil ( human intellect2 = ! exi/5ce ( ! cl]gy _h be5 f\nd$ on l&$ prop]ty1 & by ?is means !y _h become naturaliz$ & domiciliat$ 9 ! /ate1 & among ! nation2 till ! spl5did end[m5ts :i* !y receiv$ f ! lib]ality ( religi\s zeal1 made ! abbots1 bi%ops1 & ! :ole ( ! high] cl]gy1 weal?y lords1 s5ators1 & pr9ces4 ,?is weal? & ?is p[]1 ! cl]gy1 especially 9 ! e>li] times1 g5]ally employ$ 9 a mann] ! mo/ praisewor?y1 & ! mo/ conducive to ! welf>e ( ! community4 ,! annals ( mod]n ,europe1 & ! hi/ory ( e great & petty /ate )9 x1 are full ( ! high political s]vices :i* ! excell5t *ur*m5 ( ! middle age r5d]$ to ! public weal4 ,?is 0 univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 & any sudd5 sep>ation ( ! high] cl]gy f ! /ate--any degradation ( t body f ! exalt$ /ation :i* !y occupi$ !re91 w\ld h be5 a mo/ s]i\s loss to society4 ,9 ! conte/s ( ! emp]ors & o!r pr9ces ) ! *ur* & its head1 ! imm$iate & orig9al object ( dispute 0 n ecclesia/ical prop]ty1 :i* no "o ev] dream$ ( attack+2 b ! jurisdiction ov] t prop]ty1 & ! ackn[l$gm5t ( t jurisdiction4 ,x is easy to conceive t all ! memb]s ( ! high] cl]gy _h n r5d]$ s]vices equally em95t1 & t ! employm5t ( _! ri*es _h n be5 equally laudable & blameless4 ,b1 indep5d5tly ( individual abuses & sc&als1 ! great weal? ( ! dignifi$ cl]gy1 ! em95t & spl5did rank !y occupi$ 9 ! /ate & 9 society1 7 ev] a /umbl+-block to ! p1 & ev5 to "s ecclesia/ics1 & seem$ 9 contradiction ) ! orig9al rule & evangelical pov]ty ( ! primitive ,*ri/ians4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ cause1 ! pr9cipal subject1 &1 z x 71 ! fav\rite text ( t popul> opposition :i* n[1 aft] ! example _h be5 set by pr9ces & pot5tates1 began to unfurl its bann]s aga9/ ! *ur*4 ,no?+ !re=e c\ld be bett] adapt$ to ! exig5ces ( ! age ?an t1 9 opposition to ! too great worldly pomp ( _m ( ! high ?\gh m]itori\s & virtu\s dignit>ies ( t "t1 communities ( m51 animat$ by ! s9c]e/ piety1 & ! mo/ au/]e _s ( humility & self-d5ial1 %\ld h aris5 to make !mselves all 9 all to ! p1 & set ! example ( p]fect evangelical pov]ty2 or to devote _! undivid$ zeal to popul> in/ruction & ! (fice ( prea*+4 ,m5 ( real sanctity1 & ! mo/ humble piety1 & gift$ ) wond]ful p[]s1 ent]$ on ?is new pa? ( religi\s zeal2 & _m among/ !m1 ) a truly high-m9d$ fre$om1 repreh5d$ ! abuses & ! moral corruption !n exi/+ 9 *ur* & /ate1 & among all ord]s ( society4 ,!y met ) contradiction & opposition1 & ev5 at an e>ly p]iod incurr$ mu* blame2 b "h we mu/ be c>eful to di/+ui% human infirmity & p>tial deg5]acy f ! holy orig9 ( ^? e/abli%m5ts--f t sp>k ( div9e inspiration :i* call$ ^!1 & all o!r ecclesia/ical in/itutes1 into exi/5ce4 ,& ?us t tide ( popul> opposition to ! *ur*1 :i* _h receiv$ its fir/ impulse f ! secul> p[]1 & ! conte/s ( ! ,ghibell9e ,emp]ors1 roll$ on ) an ev] increas+ =ce1 swell1 & viol5ce4 ,sc>ce _h ! ,wald5ses disappe>$1 :5 a religi\s sect /ill m num]\s1 ! ,albig5ses--broke out 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france1 & n cont5t ) display+ ! usual popul> opposition to ! ri*es & real abuses ( ! *ur*1 broa*$ _m errors & doctr9es ( ! ,ea/]n sects1 :i* dur+ ! ,crusades may h f\nd _! way into t c\ntry4 ,= ?is reason x 0 ?\ght ju/ifiable to proclaim aga9/ !m a =mal ,crusade1 &1 by a mo/ atroci\s w> ( ext]m9ation1 :]e9 ! rem$y appe>s no less repreh5sible ?an ! evil itself1 pr9ces put d[n ?is popul> sect1 :i* !y reg>d$ z rebelli\s n only aga9/ ! *ur*1 b ! /ate itself4 ,wickliffe 9 ,engl& 0 ! fir/ s+le bold ,re=m] t appe>$1 & he 0 succe$$ soon aft]w>ds by an ,innovator1 ^: ent]prise 0 att5d$ ) f> m important consequ5ces--,john ,huss 9 ,bohemia4 ,_! writ+s1 ab\nd+ n only 9 ! wont$ condemnation ( real abuses1 b 9 _m fanciful doctr9es1 unf\nd$ ass]tions1 & g]ms ( h]esy1 _! cause z well z ! g5]al /ate ( affairs1 & ! problem ( ! age1 became m complicat$ & p]il\s4 ,john ,huss 0 summon$ be=e ! c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 :i* _h t]m9at$ s successfully ! s*ism 9 ! ,papacy2 b !re1 )\t any reg>d to ! imp]ial safe-conduct :i* he _h receiv$1 he 0 condemn$1 & deliv]$ ov] to capital puni%m5t4 ,z "o inju/ice1 "o act ( bloody sev]ity1 is sure to br+ on ano!r1 a few ye>s aft]w>ds ! ,s5ators ( ,prague 7 precipitat$ f a w9d[4 ,?is 0 ! signal = a g5]al ris+ ( ! p2 ,ziska1 at ! head ( 8 infuriat$ troops1 ravag$ ,bohemia1 bur/ into ! neighb\r+ prov9ces ( ,g]many1 &1 ) a ,hussite army ( sev5ty ?\s& m5 spread t]ror e :]e on 8 m>*4 ,?is insurrection 0 inde$ suppress$1 b ,europe grew e day m & m ripe = a ,revolution4 ,a new & press+ dang]1 :i* _h be5 long =ese51 n[ ?reat5$ ,europe f an opposite qu>t]4 ,! ,turks1 :o = almo/ a c5tury _h be5 9 possession ( ! ,nor!rn prov9ces ( ! ,byzant9e ,empire1 became n[ ma/]s ( ,con/ant9ople1 & ! old *ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia 0 conv]t$ into a ,mosque4 ,t portion ( ,europe :i* /ood 9 mo/ imm$iate dang]1--,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,hung>y & ,pol&--0 n[ compell$ to make1 = ! space ( m ?an two c5turies1 resi/ance to ! progress ( ! ,turki% p[] ! object ( its mo/ assidu\s att5tion2 & ?is 0 a circum/ance :i* t5d$ to imp$e ! emp]ors 9 all _! o!r ent]prises1 to div]t _! ef=ts1 & consume _! be/ en]gies1 & s f>1 9 ! !n exi/+ emb>rassm5ts 9 *ur* & /ate1 ex]t$ a v fatal influ5ce on ! :ole sy/em ( ,european society4 ,! imm$iate effects ( ! siege & fall ( ,con/ant9ople 7 highly fav\rable to lit]ature & sci5ce 9 ! la/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 :5 ! ,greek fugitives1 by ! ri* & long-lo/ treasures ( classical k :i* !y br\ght1 creat$ a new & brilliant era 9 lett]s & sci5ce2 9 ,italy 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 !n 9 ,g]many 7at t "t s closely connect$ ) ,italy71 & la/ly 9 ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,! k ( _! classical tongue & anci5t lit]ature _h nev] be5 totally ext+ui%$ among ! ,greek s*ol>s & ecclesia/ics2 b 9 _! h&s ?is k rema9$ a m]e dead treasure1 :i* 0 only aft]w>ds turn$ to pr(itable acc\nt1 & to ! s]vice ( society1 by ! m active _s ( ! ,europeans4 ,! bett] ( ! late ,byzant9e ,emp]ors1 p>ticul>ly "s ( ! ,palologi1 _h cultivat$ ! sci5ces1 &1 by _! love & enc\ragem5t ( le>n+1 _h giv5 a new life to lit]ature4 ,ev5 9 ! p]iod imm$iately prec$+ ! fall & conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople1 _m ,greeks _h tak5 refuge 9 ,italy1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! v>i\s attempts made to br+ ab\t ! re-union ( ! ,greek ) ! ,roman *ur*2--attempts1 h[ev]1 :i* ) ! exception ( a small numb] ( individuals :o w5t ov] to ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 7 n att5d$ ) any g5]al success4 ,9 ,italy ! ,greek fugitives e/abli%$ s*ools = _! own language & lit]ature1 & f\nd$ libr>ies2 & if 9 ! "t ( ,petr>* few ,italians c\ld be nam$ t 7 conv]sant ) t language & lit]ature1 7& among ^! zeal\s promot]s ( ,greek le>n+1 ,boccaccio mu/ be includ$ ) himself17 ,flor5ce n[ "u ! ,m$ici1 ! fir/ ,cosmo1 & ,lor5zo ! ,great1 became a fl\ri%+ sem9>y ( ,grecian lett]s & erudition2 & at ,rome also1 ! h\se ( ,c>d9al ,bess>ion 0 a true ,platonic academy ( sci5ce4 ,ev5 ! /udy ( ! anci5t ,roman writ]s receiv$ a new /imulus1 & 0 prosecut$ ) a m classical ta/e & _s4 ,c\rtly lit]ati1 & ,lat9 poets =m$ on ! old classical models--political writ]s 9 ! ,lat9 tongue1 :i* 0 /ill ! language ( diplomacy--/atesm5 & politicians ( ! greate/ influ5ce1 tra9$ up 9 ! s*ool ( ,greek & ,roman hi/ory & politics--& polite dilettanti ( ,pagan antiquity1--all n[ gave ! tone to ?is new & second epo* 9 ! intellectual culture ( ,europe4 ,b ! rul+ _s & tone ( ! age proce$$ ma9ly f ! revival ( ! anci5t lit]ature & le>n+ ( ! ,greeks4 ,natural philosophy1 :atev] ext5sion x may h receiv$ f ! improvem5ts 9 a/ronomy1 & a m compreh5sive k ( ! globe obta9$ by ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w1 _h n yet be5 wr\ght into a sci5tific =m1 capable ( ex]t+1 z x did aft]w>ds1 an effective influ5ce on ! ,european m9d1 or ( giv+ x a new direction4 ,9 ?is p]iod ( ! re/oration ( sci5ce1 "s individuals1 l ,picus ,mir&ola1 & above all1 ! ,g]man ,reu*l91 foll[$ a ,platonic track 9 se>* ( a m pr(\nd philosophy2 or1 l ,bess>ion1 ,m>silius ,fic9us & o!rs1 illu/rat$ & diffus$ ! philosophy ( ,plato4 ,b ^! 7 p>tial exceptions1 & ^! fir/ attempts 7 n always faultless4 ,yet x mu/ ev] be a matt] ( regret t ! beg9n+ !n made t[>ds a bett] & m pr(\nd philosophy %\ld h be5 left unf9i%$4 ,to ?is ! old s*ola/ic philosophy 0 !n a p[]ful ob/acle1 & ! _s ( an>*y1 :i* ! religi\s conte/s ( ! foll[+ age call$ into exi/5ce1 /ruck at ! root ( all l(ty speculation2 & ev5 9 ! fl\ri%+ age ( ! ,m$ici1 x 0 ! /hetic "p ( anci5t lit]ature1 & ! political application ( classical k1 :i* =m$ ! ma9 & almo/ exclusive object ( pursuit4 ,?us ?is reg5]ation1 z x 0 call$1 0 v imp]fect & incomplete2 &1 9 a g5]al s5se1 0 really n su*2--ev5 9 sci5ce itself1 ! advantages :i* mank9d _h obta9$1 & :i* !y 7 s eag] to display1 7 m l a pass+ blossom1 ?an a s\nd & vigor\s root4 ,_m ( ^? classical spirits 7 m conv]sant & m at home 9 anci5t ,rome & ,a!ns1 9 ! mann]s1 hi/ory1 politics ( antiquity1 or ev5 9 its my?ology 7!n inve/igat$ ) peculi> fondness & en?usiasm71 ?an 9 _! own age1 9 ! exi/+ relations ( society1 or 9 ! doctr9es & pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! prevail+ "* ( ?is new epo* ( intellectual cultivation1 :i* succe$$ to ! s*ola/ico-romantic p]iod ( ,european art & sci5ce1 0 by ^? modes ( ?9k+ & ^? modes ( life1 :i*1 ) m or less modification & v>iety1 x diffus$ ov] all ! ,european c\ntries2 at ! be/ a v p>tial en?usiasm = ,pagan antiquity1 n m]ely 9 ! dep>tm5t ( art1 b 9 ! :ole compass ( lit]ature1 nay ev5 9 hi/ory1 politics1 & morals also4 ,if we comp>e ) ! fe>ful commotions ( ! foll[+ age ?is classical en?usiasm1 (t5 s ill suit$ to ! exi/+ relations ( society2 its influ5ce on ! _w w appe> l an en*ant+ draught1 :i* intoxicat$ = a :ile ! ,european nations1 drew !m aft] objects totally =eign1 made !m =get !mselves 9 an illusive consci\sness ( _! intellectual ref9em5t1 & lull+ !m into a false security1 bl9d$ !m to _! own corruption1 & ! greatness ( ! imp5d+ dang]--! yawn+ abyss on ^: v]ge !y !n /ood4 ,,end ,,( ,,lecture ,,xiv4 ,,lecture ,,xv4 ,g5]al obs]vations on ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4--,on ! corrupt /ate ( society 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4--,orig9 ( ,prote/antism1 & "* ( ! times ( ! ,re=mation4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory--t is to say1 ! "r compreh5sion ( its wond]ful c\rse1 ! solution & illu/ration ( its mighty problems1 & ( ! complex enigmas ( humanity1 & its de/9y 9 ! lapse ( ages--is n to be f\nd 9 isolat$ ev5ts1 or deta*$ hi/orical facts1 b 9 ! pr9ciples ( social progress4 ,hi/orical p>ticul>s c only s]ve to *>act]ize ! inw>d motives1 ! prevail+ op9ions1 ! decisive mom5ts1 ! critical po9ts 9 ! progress ( human society2 & ?us place m vividly be=e our eyes ! peculi> "* ( e age--ea* /ep ( mank9d 9 intellectual ref9em5t & moral improvem5t4 ,to ?is end1 hi/orical details are indisp5sable2 = ! rul+ pr9ciples ( social developem5t are ( a m exalt$ k9d1 & n m]e organic laws ( nature1 f :i* z 9 physiology1 :5 ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! disord] is well und]/ood1 we c accurately d$uce & p>tly at lea/ det]m9e be=eh&1 ! nature ( ! diff]5t ph5om5a & symptoms1 ! rule ( heal?1 ! diagno/ic ( ! disease1 z well z ! me?od ( cure1 ! approa* ( ! crisis1 & its natural decl5sion1 )\t be+ oblig$ to g ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( all ! diff]5t cases t may h ev] exi/$4 ,aga91 x is n 9 ! hi/ory ( man1 z 9 natural hi/ory1 :]e ! /ructure ( ! v>i\s plants & animals =ms by close analogy "o connect$ sy/em ( species & g5]a2 & :]e ! gr[?1 bloom1 decay & ext9ction ( individuals foll[ 9 an uni=m ord]1 l day & night1 or l ! *ange ( ! seasons4 ,b 9 ! sph]e ( human fre$om2 z man is a natural creature1 b a natural creature end[$ ) free-w1 t is to say1 ) ! faculty ( moral det]m9ation betwe5 ! good or heav5ly impulse1 & ! wick$ or ho/ile pr9ciple2 all ^! organic laws ( nature =m only ! physical basis ( 8 progress & hi/ory4 ,& h>dly d !y =m ?is--b r a m]e disposition ( :i* ! direction dep5ds on man1 or on ! use he makes ( 8 own fre$om4 ,x is only :5 t high] pr9ciple ( man's free-w has be5 weak5$1 debas$1 obscur$1 ext+ui%$1 & utt]ly conf\nd$1 t ^? laws ( nature c hold good 9 hi/ory4 ,!n inde$ ! symptoms ( a diseas$ age1 ! organic vices ( a nation1 ! progno/ics ( a g5]al crisis ( ! _w may be det]m9$ to a c]ta9 ext5t ) ! precision ( m$ical sci5ce4 ,?\gh ! g5]al feel+s ( mank9d cle>ly decl>e ! s\l to be end[$ ) ! faculty ( free-w2 yet to reason1 ?is fre$om is an almo/ inextricable enigma1 ! solution ( :i* mu/ be furni%$ by fai?4 ,or r ?is is a my/]y1 ( :i* ! key & explanation mu/ be s\ght = 9 ,god & 8 ,revelation2 & ! same w apply to e high] pr9ciple1 t transc5ds nature1 & nature's laws4 ,along ) ! pr9ciple ( man's free-w :i* rises above necessity1 t law ( nature--!re is ano!r high] & div9e pr9ciple 9 ! hi/orical progress ( nations2 & ?is is ! visible guidance ( an all-lov+ & all-rul+ ,provid5ce display$ 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 & ! m>* ( human de/9y1 :e!r 9 ?+s great or small4 ,b ! p[] ( evil is some?+ m ?an a m]e p[] ( nature1 & 9 comp>ison ) ?is1 x is a p[] ( a high] & m spiritual k9d4 ,x is t p[] ^: influ5ce is n only felt 9 ! s5sual incl9ations ( nature1 b :i* "u ! mask ( a false lib]ty1 unceas+ly lab\rs to rob man ( 8 true fre$om4 ,?us ,provid5ce is n a m]e vague notion1 a =mula ( belief1 or a feel+ ( virtu\s anticipation--a m]e pi\s conjecture--b x is ! real1 effective1 hi/orical1 r$eem+ p[] ( ,god1 :i* re/ores to man1 & ! :ole human race _! lo/ fre$om1 & ) x ! effectual p[] ( good4 ,! problem ( human exi/5ce consi/s 9 ?is1 t man 9 ! great /age ( hi/ory1 z 9 ! little details ( private life1 has to *oose & det]m9e betwe5 a true heav5ly fre$om1 ev] fai?ful & /eadfa/ to ,god1 & ! false1 rebelli\s fre$om ( a w sep>at$ f ,god4 ,! m]e lic5ce ( passion or ( s5sual appetite is no lib]ty1 b a /]n bondage "u ! yoke ( nature4 ,b z t false & crim9al fre$om is spiritual1 s x is sup]ior to nature2 & x is /rictly con=mable to tru?1 to reg>d him z ! fir/ au?or ( ?is false lib]ty1 :om revelation repres5ts z ! mightie/1 ! mo/ pot5t1 & ! mo/ intellectual egoti/ among all creat$ be+s ei!r 9 ! visible or invisible _w4 ,)\t ?is fre$om ( *oice innate 9 man or imp>t$ to him1--?is faculty ( det]m9+ betwe5 ! div9e impulse & ! sugge/ions ( ! _s ( evil1 !re w\ld be no hi/ory1 & )\t a fai? 9 su* a pr9ciple1 !re c\ld be no ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 ,if free-w 7 a m]e psy*ological illusion2 if consequ5tly man 7 incapable ( s5tim5t or delib]ate action2 if all 9 life 7 pr$et]m9$ by necessity1 & subject1 l nature1 to a bl9d1 immutable de/9y2 9 t case1 :at we call hi/ory1 or ! description ( mank9d1 w\ld m]ely con/itute a bran* ( natural sci5ce4 ,b su* notions are utt]ly repugnant to ! g5]al belief & ! mo/ intimate feel+s ( mank9d1 accord+ to :i*1 x is precisely ! conflict betwe5 ! good or div9e pr9ciple on ! "o h&1 & ! evil or adv]se pr9ciple on ! o!r1 :i* =ms ! purport ( human life & human hi/ory1 f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( "t4 ,)\t ! idea ( a ,god-head regulat+ ! c\rse ( human de/9y1 ( an all-rul+ ,provid5ce1 & ! sav+ & r$eem+ p[] ( ,god2 ! hi/ory ( ! _w w\ld be a labyr9? )\t an outlet--a confus$ pile ( ages buri$ ^u ages--a mighty trag$y )\t a "r beg9n+1 or a prop] end+2 & ?is melan*oly & tragical impression is produc$ on our m9ds by sev]al ( ! great anci5t hi/orians1 p>ticul>ly ! pr(\nde/ ( !m all1--,tacitus1 :o t[>ds ! close ( antiquity1 glances s d>k a retrospect ^u ! pa/4 ,b ! greate/ hi/orical my/]y--! deepe/ & mo/ complicat$ enigma ( ! _w1 is ! p]mission ( evil on ! "p ( ,god1 :i* c f9d its explanation & solution only 9 ! unfett]$ fre$om ( man1 9 ! de/9ation ( ! latt] = a /ate ( /ruggle1 expos$ to ! influ5ces ( two cont5d+ p[]s1 & :i* comm5ces ) ! fir/ e>?ly mission ( ,adam4 ,?is is no?+ else b ! real & entire ex]cise1--! div9ely orda9$ trial ( ! faculty ( fre$om1 imp>t$ to ! fir/l+ ( ! new creation1--! image ( ,god1 9 ! conflict & ! victory ov] temptation1 & all ho/ile spirits4 ,t man only :o recognizes ! p]mission ( ,god giv5 to evil 9 its at fir/ inconceivably wide ext5t--! :ole magnitude ( ! p[] p]mitt$ to ! wick$ pr9ciple1 accord+ to ! inscrutable decrees ( ,god1 f ! curse ( ,ca9--& ! sign ( t curse--its unimp$$ transmission ?r\gh all ! labyr9?s ( error1 & tru? grossly disfigur$--?r\gh all ! false religions ( ,hea!nism1--all ! ages ( extreme moral corruption1 & et]nally repeat$1 & ev] increas+ crime1 d[n to ! p]iod :5 ! anti-*ri/ian pr9ciple--! _s ( evil %all usurp entire dom9ion ( ! _w2 :5 mank9d suffici5tly prep>$1 %all be summon$ to ! la/ decisive trial--! la/ great conflict ) ! enemy 9 all ! fulness ( 8 p[]3--t man only we say1 is capable ( und]/&+ ! great ph5om5a ( univ]sal hi/ory 9 _! (t5 /range & d>k complexity1 z f> at lea/ z human eye c p5etrate into ^? hidd5 & my/]i\s ways ( ,provid5ce4 ,b he :o reg>ds e ?+ 9 humanity1 & ! progress ( humanity1 9 a m]e natural or rationali/ po9t ( view1 & w expla9 ev]y?+ by su* views2 :o ?\gh p]haps n )\t a c]ta9 in/9ctive feel+ ( an all-rul+ ,provid5ce--a c]ta9 pi\s def]5ce = its secret ways & high designs1 yet is devoid ( a full k (1 & deep insight into1 ! conduct ( ,provid5ce--he to :om ! p[] ( evil is n cle>1 evid5t1 & fully intelligible2 he w ev] re/ on ! surface ( ev5ts & hi/orical facts1 & satisfi$ ) ! outw>d appe>ance ( ?+s1 nei!r compreh5d ! mean+ ( ! :ole1 nor und]/& ! import ( any "p4 ,b ! matt] ( greate/ mom5t is to wat* ! ,_s ( ,god1 reveal+ itself 9 hi/ory1 enlight5+ & direct+ ! judgm5ts ( m51 sav+ & conduct+ mank9d1 & ev5 "h bel[ admoni%+1 judg+ & *a/is+ nations & g5]ations2 to wat* ?is ,_s 9 its progress ?r\gh all ages1 & disc]n ! fi]y m>ks & traces ( its foot/eps4 ,?is ?ree-fold law ( ! _w--^! ?ree mighty pr9ciples 9 ! hi/orical progress ( mank9d--! hidd5 ways ( a ,provid5ce deliv]+ & emancipat+ ! human race--next ! free-w ( man1 doom$ to a decisive *oice 9 ! /ruggle ( life1 & e action & s5tim5t spr++ f t fre$om--la/ly ! p[] p]mitt$ by ,god to ! evil pr9ciple1 _c be d$uc$ z ?+s absolutely necess>y1 l ! ph5om5a ( nature1 or ! laws ( human reason4 ,su* a g5]al d$uction w\ld by no means answ] ! object int5d$2 b x is 9 ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( p>ticul> ev5ts & hi/orical facts1 t ! visible traces ( invisible p[] & design1 or ( high & hidd5 wisdom mu/ be s\ght =4 ,& h5ce ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory is n a !ory /&+ ap>t & sep>at$ f hi/ory--b its results mu/ be drawn out ( ! multitude ( hi/orical facts--f ! fai?ful records ( ages1 & mu/ spr+ up1 z x 71 ( !mselves1 f b>e obs]vation4 ,& "h an unprejudic$ m9d w disc]n ! motive1 & also1 ! ju/ification ( ! c\rse we h pursu$2 = 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 we h n to d ) any sy/em--any s]ies ( ab/ract notions1 positions1 & conclusions1 z 9 ! con/ruction ( a m]e !ory--b ) ! g5]al pr9ciples only ( hi/orical inve/igation & hi/orical judgm5t4 ,9 ! multitude1 h[ev]1 ( hi/orical ph5om5a1 all ?+s1 especially 9 times ( great p>ty-conflicts1 are ( a mix$ nature1 :]e 9 ! selection ( *>act]i/ic traits1 we %\ld r avoid ?an seek = any rude & viol5t contra/s4 ,= :ile on ! "o h&1 9 any great hi/orical conte/1 we are b\nd to recognize ! full ju/ice ( ! true cause1 yet on ! o!r1 we %all (t5 f9d "s flaw--"s /a9--"s weak po9t connect$ ) t cause--n inh]5t 9 ! cause itself1 b *>geable solely on human infirmity4 ,or :5 we mu/ condemn ! ,revolution ( any p]iod1 z p]nici\s 9 its g5]al relations1 & repreh5sible 9 itself1 we %all (t5 see "s motive lie conceal$ 9 its orig9--9 its fir/ proce$+s1 :i* tak5 9 itself1 & ab/ract$ly ( subsequ5t errors1 & ! false consequ5ces !nce d$uc$1 comprises "s important indications ( "r--"s l(ty aspirations aft] tru?4 ,e g5]al ass]tion mu/ be re/rict$ by exceptions1 & qualifi$ by v>i\s modifications2 & z 9 hi/orical ev5ts1 s 9 hi/orical n>ration & speculation1 no?+ is s hurtful & unpr(itable z an absolute mode ( reflection1 enquiry1 & decision4 ,?is rem>k we may apply by anticipation to ! :ole p]iod ( latt] ages1 & z inculcat+ ! necessity ( t conciliatory _s1 :i* true philosophy _c fail ( adopt+ = its rule4 ,x is only :5 we h gone v deeply into ! v>i$ & complex nature ( ! circum/ances ( any age1 & exam9$ 9 _! manifold be>+s ^? hi/orical ph5om5a :i* att5d or produce ! critical turn+-po9ts1 ! decisive eras ( hi/ory1 t we c cle>ly discov] ! spiritual elem5ts--! great ideas :i* lie at ! bottom ( a mighty revolution 9 society4 ,9 e o!r ab/ract sci5ce1 an exception f ! rule appe>s a contradiction--b 9 ! sci5ce ( hi/ory1 e real exception s]ves b ! bett] to make u compreh5d & judge ! re/4 ,su* an exception ,i h n[ to po9t out 9 ref]5ce to my rem>ks on ! intellectual progress ( ,europe1 9 ^? two epo*s ( its m5tal cultivation1 "o ( :i* ,i designat$ z ! s*ola/ico-romantic era1 ! o!r z ! era ( en?usiasm = ! ,pagan antique2 ! =m] be+ inadequate to ! wants ( t age1 z well z ( po/]ity1 & ! o!r secretly de/ructive ( ! old ,*ri/ian ord] ( ?+s4 ,b on ! :ole1 f ! tone preval5t 9 ei!r p]iod1 ,i d n "k ,i c\ld h o!rwise *>act]iz$ ! _s peculi> to ^? two epo*s4 ,yet ev5 9 ^? p]iods1 & 9 ! sph]e ( philosophic & religi\s m$itation1 ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity %[$ itself indep5d5t (1 & sup]ior to ! temp] ( ! times2 & betwe5 ^! opposite eras1 we meet ) works display+ a cle> & beautiful simplicity ( expression1 unit$ ) ! utmo/ purity & dep? ( ascetic feel+s4 ,among sev]al o!rs1 ,i ne$ only cite ! ,g]man ,?omas a ,kempis1 ^: mo/ celebrat$ "w has become a manual ( devotion = all ! ,european nations1 :ile ^? :o "k ! philosophic _s :i* reigns 9 8 o!r writ+s1 c well recognize 9 ?is ! same cle> ma/]ly m9d1 :i* ?r[+ (f ! ab/ruse =ms ( ! s*ool1 p\rs itself =? 9 a mo/ lovely simplicity ( diction4 ,i may be p]mitt$ to cite ?is glori\s exception ( a m9d1 t amid ! deg5]ate sci5ce ( t age1 rose into ! pure atmosph]e ( ,*ri/ian philosophy1 inasmu* z x s]ves to ?r[ a light on ! g5]al _s ( ! times4 ,_h t mild light ( moral tru? & div9e *>ity n be5 !n s r>e an exception2 _h t _s ( ,*ri/ian morality be5 some:at m widely diffus$2 ! viol5t commotions 9 ! foll[+ g5]ation w\ld n h occurr$2 = !y w\ld h _h no motive1 nor object1 nor any possible s\rce ( exi/5ce4 ,b 9 direct opposition to t pi\s ,flem+1 !re 0 a great ,italian writ]1 :o gave ! tone to ! moral & political op9ions ( 8 age1 & ex]t$ ! mightie/ influ5ce on 8 times1 bo? z a morali/ & z a politician4 ,i allude to ,ma*iavelli1 :o may s]ve z a pro(1 t ! maxims & pr9ciples ( ,pagan antiquity1 ) :i* ! s*ol>s ( t age 7 imbu$1 7 n conf9$ to ! dep>tm5ts ( art & ( imag9ation1 or ( m]e erudition1 b _h a v p[]ful influ5ce on politics3 & h[ev] mu* "o may attempt to excuse1 or expla9 away ! design ( "o ( 8 works1#g /ill all 8 o!r political writ+s cle>ly & evid5tly %ew t he 0 actuat$ by no o!r maxims ( /ate-policy ?an ! old ,roman & ,pagan pr9ciple1 ( grasp+1 inexorable1 & selfi% cunn+4 ,?is writ] ann\nc$ only ) great] cle>ness & precision :at 7 already ! prevail+ pr9ciples ( 8 times1 & 0 ?us ! means ( br++ ^? pr9ciples to fulness & maturity4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian bond ( union betwe5 ! ,european /ates & nations _h be5 s completely dissev]$1 policy1 toge!r ) all moral pr9ciple1 became = ! mo/ "p ,pagan1 came to consid] all means z lawful = its ends1 respect$ n ! sacr$ness ( any in/itution1 & 0 guid$ 9 all its projects by selfi%ness1 cupidity1 or ambition4 ,animat$ ) ?is _s1 & guid$ by ^! views1 ,lewis ,,xi4 consolidat$ ! absolute au?ority ( ! cr[n 9 ! int]ior ( 8 dom9ions1 ) ! same inflexible p]sev]ance ( "*1 & ! same consummate political art1 :i* 9 8 endeav\rs to ma9ta9 8 p[] aga9/ ! ,duke ( ,burgundy & o!r neighb\rs1 *>act]iz$ 8 =eign policy4 ,9 ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic1 ,k+ ( ,spa91 :o p]man5tly unit$ ! two k+doms ( ,arragon & ,ca/ile1 put an end to ! ,arab dom9ion by ! conque/ ( ,granada1 & came into possession ( ! gold5 m9es ( ,am]ica2 ! arbitr>y pr9ciples ( policy & ( gov]nm5t1 :i* 7 !n s g5]ally preval5t1 are p>ticul>ly p]ceptible4 ,! b>b>\s p]secution1 & ! expulsion ( ! ,jews f ,spa91 0 c]ta9ly prejudicial to ! welf>e ( ! c\ntry1 0 9 itself an act ( repreh5sible sev]ity1 & 01 above all1 a dang]\s prec$5t = ! fur!r ext5sion & application ( ! same oppressive policy t[>ds ! ,arabian population 7/ill v num]\s 9 _m prov9ces ( ,spa971 & t[>ds ! peaceable desc5dants ( ! old ,mahom$an conqu]ors4 ,f ! conte/s c>ri$ on 9 ,spa9 itself1 ) ! ,mahom$ans = ! space ( eight c5turies1 a religi\s w> almo/ ent]$ into ! sy/em ( national policy4 ,! wisdom ( a great & l5i5t mon>*1 l ,*>les ! ,fif?1 might inde$ mitigate ! evils ( ! times1 & z long z he liv$1 & z f> z circum/ances p]mitt$1 might oppose a *eck to ! torr5t ( ! new op9ions 9 ,g]many4 ,b ) all 8 pacific endeav\rs he 0 unable ei!r to prev5t ! rupture & sep>ation ( a "p ( ,g]many1 or to /op ! progress ( arbitr>y pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 :i* "u 8 successor on ! ,spani% ?rone1 became p]fectly irresi/ible4 ,! int]mixture ( political & ecclesia/ical affairs & in/itutions exi/$ m or less ev]y:]e1 & 9 tru? _h a deep hi/orical f\ndation 9 ! peculi> circum/ances ( place2 & unless we deeply inve/igate all ! p>ticul>s ( ^? local circum/ances1 & accurately discrim9ate _! sev]al peculi>ities1 x w\ld be difficult1 & inde$ ra% to pron\nce a g5]al op9ion respect+ !m--z s sweep+ a judgm5t w\ld give a false & errone\s turn to a c5sure app>5tly well-f\nd$1 & (t5 j 9 itself4 ,! ,inquisition 9 ,spa9 = in/ance1 0 f ! v peculi> "* :i* x took 9 t c\ntry1 f> m a political ?an an ecclesia/ical in/itute4 ,if ! secul> p[] _h be5 guilty ( arbitr>y & viol5t encroa*m5ts on ecclesia/ical jurisdiction1 ecclesia/ical p[] 9 its turn _h f ! _s ( ! times become 9 _m respects too secul>4 ,:5 ! ,popes _h return$ to ,rome f ! captivity ( ,avignon1 exp]i5ce taught !m h[ necess>y to _! dignity & indep5d5ce 0 ! possession ( a sov]eign pr9cipality1 :i* h[ev] inconsid]able1 %\ld be at lea/ free f =eign contr\l4 ,nay1 s9ce ! ,g]man ,empire _h become really ext9ct1 or exi/$ only 9 "n1 x 0 ! int]e/ ( ! secul> p[]s !mselves1 t ! political au?ority ( ! ,pope )9 ! ecclesia/ical /ates %\ld re/ on a firm & secure f\ndation1 & %\ld ?us af=d !m a gu>antee t ! sov]eign ,pontiff w\ld n aga9 be 9 a /ate ( exclusive dep5dance on any "o ( ! diff]5t p[]s--divid$ z !y n[ all 7 9 int]e/s1 & animat$ by mutual jeal\sy4 ,)\t tak+ into acc\nt ! p]sonal sc&als ( ,alex&] ,,vi41 ! mode 9 :i* "s ,popes1 especially ( ! ,borgia family1 s\ght to consolidate _! p[] )9 ! ecclesia/ical t]ritory1 mu/ h appe>$ v revolt+ 9 ! spiritual heads ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,& al?\gh ,julius ,,ii4 possess$ _m great & pr9cely qualities2 /ill an injuri\s impression mu/ h be5 produc$ on ! public & popul> m9d1 :5 ! *ief ecclesia/ic1 & a pr9ce ( peace gird$ on ! sword1 & put on ! m>tial cuirass4 ,! "n ( ! ,m$icean ,pope1 ,leo ,x41 is "o celebrat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( art & sci5ce1 & s]ves to d5ote its mo/ brilliant era2 he possess$ p]haps all ! qualities mo/ calculat$ to %$ lu/re r\nd ! ?rone ( a secul> mon>*2 b he 0 n ! ,pontiff to disc]n ! fe>ful dang]s & urg5t necessities ( ! *ur* 9 t age1 to av]t ^? dang]s by 8 =esight1 or to surm\nt !m by conciliation4 ,a succession ( su* ,pontiffs imm$iately prior to ! break+ out ( ! ,re=mation1 is ( no slight hi/orical importance4 ,x w\ld really appe> z if ! *ur* 7 de/9$1 by ! losses x exp]i5c$1 to le>n ! greatness ( ! dang] to :i* its too worldly policy expos$ x1 & to be br\ght back by mis=tune to its true1 prop]1 & ess5tial de/9ation4 ,inde$ at t "t1 ! mat]ials ( political combu/ion 7 by no means want+ 9 ,italy4 ,ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,popes1 a political fanatic1 ,ri5zi1 _h excit$ a ,revolution = ! purpose ( re/or+ ! anci5t ,republic2 & ! int]nal feuds & civil w>s ( ,flor5ce 7 ! effects ( factions1 almo/ insep>able f a /ate con/itut$ l ! ,flor5t9e ,republic4 ,9 ! la/ p]iod ( civil disord]1 %ortly aft] ,lor5zo's dea?1 a religi\s fanatic1 ! ,dom9ican ,savan>ola--appe>$ at ! head ( a political ,revolution2 & 8 revolution>y pr9ciples 7 /rangely mix$ up ) 8 religi\s t5ets4 ,"h evid5tly is a fact n undes]v+ ( att5tion1 if we w\ld wi% to =m a "r e/imate ( ! /ate & circum/ances ( t age--x is t ! v orig9 ( ?is new species ( fanaticism or h]esy1 & n its ult]ior progress 7z 9 ! case ( ! ,hussites17 0 m>k$ & accompani$ by political commotions1 & crimes aga9/ ! /ate4 ,:5 t bond ( religi\s unity--t high fell[%ip ( ,*ri/ian feel+ :i* _h unit$ ! v>i\s /ates ( ,*ri/5dom1 0 9 a great measure dissolv$1 ! diff]5t p[]s ( ,europe 7z is usually ! case among neighb\r+ indep5d5t nations1 :5 direct$ by sep>ate views ( policy7 ! diff]5t p[]s ( ,europe engag$ 9 a sy/em ( alliances subject to v>i\s fluctuations1 b all =m$ on ! pr9ciple ( a m]e dynamical equilibrium--j z if gov]nm5t & social p[]1 ev5 "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 7 n\ght b a m]e mat]ial weight--a m]e lev] ( physical =ce4 ,ev] s9ce ! exp$ition ( ,*>les ,,viii4 into ,italy _h provok$ resi/ance1 & occasion$ a re-action1 ! dom9ion ( t c\ntry1 = :i* ,spa9 & ,france cont5d$ ) all _! might1 0 a peculi> subject ( jeal\sy betwe5 ^? /ates1 & gave rise to _m w>s4 ,! o!r p[]s t took an active "p 9 ?is game ( political alliances--?is sy/em ( ! balance ( p[]1--7 ,v5ice1 ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 & ! ,pope4 ,h[ v mu* an active p>ticipation 9 affairs ( s worldly a nature 0 unbefitt+ ! la/-nam$ pot5tate1 ,i ne$ n /op to obs]ve4 ,t conduct gave occasion aft]w>ds to a great public sc&al4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! ,pope _h =m$ an alliance ) ! ,k+ ( ,france aga9/ ,*>les ,v42 & to res5t ?is1 ! ,emp]or's ,g]man army 7among :om 7 a great _m ent]ta9+ ! op9ions ( ,lu!r71 _h proce$$ to ! conque/ ( ,rome2 ?is 0 a fre% & mighty s\rce ( sc&al at t mom5t\s epo*4 ,nay1 ! great dissatisfaction ( ! ,emp]or ) ! conduct ( "s ,popes 7?\gh ?is ref]r$ m]ely to _! political acts71 :5 c\pl$ ) 8 conciliatory conduct t[>ds ! ,g]man ,prote/ants1 induc$ _m to "q ! s9c]ity ( 8 atta*m5t to ! ,ca?olic fai?4 ,h[ev] false & unf\nd$ su* a surmise might be1 /ill all ?+s contribut$ to fo/] ! belief1 & on all sides !re 0 a concurr5ce ( circum/ances to lead ! public m9d m & m a/ray4 ,! good & high-m9d$ ,emp]or1 ,maximilian1 :o _h m$itat$1 & might h accompli%$ _m o!r noble projects & important ent]prises1 0 compell$ to lab\r dur+ 8 :ole life1 ?\gh 9 va91 to discov] 9 ! total abs5ce ( all physical res\rces1 "s c\nt]poise to ! p[] ( ,france1 & "s b>ri] & security aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ,turki% ambition4 ,b :5 =tune _h plac$ on ! head ( ,*>les ,v4 ! unit$ cr[ns ( ,spa9 & ,burgundy1 ! necessity ( *oos+ an ,emp]or1 :o l ^? ( e>li] ages1 might be capable ( cop+ ) all ! dang]s ( ! times1 0 univ]sally felt2 & ?is feel+ l$ to ! election ( ,*>les4 ,b = ?is *oice1 ! sy/em ( ,european /ates w\ld h fall5 to pieces1 & ,*ri/5dom become a prey z well to =eign conque/ z to int]nal an>*y4 ,! m9d ( ,*>les 0 entirely occupi$ ) ! old idea ( an univ]sal ,*ri/ian ,empire1 & a religi\s feel+ 0 at ! bottom ( all 8 political s*emes & ent]prises4 ,b :atev] might be ! ext5t ( ! c\ntries ov] :i* he reign$1 & :atev] ! app>5t greatness ( 8 p[]1 yet amid ! v>i\s designs he _h to prosecute1 & 9 ! /ruggle he _h to ma9ta9 aga9/ ! comb9$ array ( s _m ho/ile elem5ts1 he felt ! want ( ^? real res\rces :i* are to be f\nd 9 a compact & well-unit$ mon>*y4 ,to ! ,spani% cr[n he imp>t$ great spl5d\r1 & ev5 9 ,italy rema9$ ! ma/]2 b he met ) v imp]fect success 9 8 ef=ts aga9/ ,mohamm$an p[]--a p[] f ^: oppressions1 & /ill fur!r encroa*m5ts1 x 0 ! fir/ duty ( ! ,emp]or1 z ! arm$ ,protector ( ,*ri/5dom1 to def5d ! ,european /ates4 ,8 conciliatory policy t[>ds ! ,g]man ,prote/ants did n atta9 its object1 = amid ! g5]al f]m5t ( ! age1 ! torr5t ( religi\s op9ions bore d[n all be=e x4 ,8 wi% to re-e/abli% ord] 9 *ur* & /ate by means ( a g5]al c\ncil1 & !reby to consolidate anew ! old f\ndations ( fai?1 0 fully accompli%$ only aft] 8 dea?4 ,9 all t reg>ds ! orig9 & fir/ break+ out ( ! ,re=mation1 ,i wi% to premise t all controv]sy on po9ts ( dogma1 all controv]sy on ! m]its or dem]its ( individuals1 ! wor?9ess or unwor?9ess ( p]sons1 does n ent] into ! plan ( ?is "w4 ,my object is p>ticul>ly to describe ! v>i\s mann] 9 :i* ! religi\s revolution comm5c$ 9 ! ?ree or f\r c\ntries ov] :i* x ex]t$ ! mo/ rem>kable influ5ce2 z well z ! dissimil> =m :i* x f9ally assum$ 9 ea* ( ^? c\ntries4 ,i wi% p>ticul>ly to trace ! influ5ce ( ! re=mation on ! progress ( ,*ri/ian /ates1 & on ,european lit]ature & sci5ce2 two ?+s :i* con/itute ! ma9 subject ( ! la/ *apt]s ( ?is ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 ,b we mu/ notice briefly1 & z f> z is necess>y to ! elucidation ( ! subject1 ! po9t ( connection exi/+ betwe5 p]sons & doctr9es1 & ! hi/orical ev5t :i* alone is ! subject ( our enquiries4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is evid5t ( itself1 t a man :o accompli%$ s mighty a ,revolution 9 ! human m9d1 & 9 8 age1 c\ld h be5 end[$ ) no common p[]s ( intellect1 & no ord9>y /r5g? ( "*4 ,ev5 8 writ+s display an a/oni%+ boldness & en]gy ( ?\ght & language1 unit$ ) a _s ( impetu\s1 passionate1 & convulsive en?usiasm4 ,! latt] qualities are n inde$ v compatible ) a prud5t1 enlight5$1 & dispassionate judgm5t4 ,! op9ion z to ! use :i* 0 made ( ^? high p[]s ( g5ius mu/ ( c\rse v>y ) ! religi\s pr9ciples ( ea* individual2 b ! ext5t ( ^? intellectual end[m5ts !mselves1 & ! /r5g? & p]sev]ance ( "* ) :i* !y 7 unit$1 mu/ be univ]sally admitt$4 ,_m :o did n adh]e aft]w>ds to ! new op9ions1 /ill ?\ght at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,re=mation1 t ,lu!r 0 ! real man = 8 age1 :o _h receiv$ a high vocation to accompli% ! great "w ( reg5]ation1 ! /rong necessity ( :i* 0 !n univ]sally felt2 = no well-?9k+ man !n dream$ ( a subv]sion ( ! anci5t fai?4 ,if at ?is great di/ance ( "t1 we pick out ( ! writ+s ( ?is individual1 _m v h>% expressions1 nay p>ticul> words1 :i* are n only co>se1 b absolutely gross1 no?+ ( any mom5t c be prov$ or det]m9$ by su* selections4 ,inde$ ! age 9 g5]al1 n only 9 ,g]many1 b 9 o!r v highly civiliz$ c\ntries1 0 *>act]iz$ by a c]ta9 co>s5ess 9 mann]s & language1 & by a total abs5ce ( all excessive poli% & ov]-ref9em5t ( "*4 ,b ?is co>s5ess w\ld h be5 productive ( no v de/ructive effects2 = intellig5t m5 well knew t ! w\nds ( old abuses lay deep1 & 7 ulc]at$ 9 _! v roots2 & no "o 0 !re=e %ock$ if ! knife1 de/9$ to amputate abuses1 cut some:at deep4 ,lu!r acquir$1 too1 ! respect ( pr9ces1 ev5 ( ^? oppos$ to him4 ,?us :5 %ortly aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,re=mation1 a g5]al insurrection ( peasants broke out1 :i* r5ew$ all ! excesses ( ! ,hussites2 ,lu!r s f> f excit+ ! rebels1 l "s ( ! new ,gospell]s1 oppos$ !m ) all ! p[]s ( 8 comm&+ eloqu5ce1 & all ! weight ( 8 high au?ority2 = he 0 by no means 9 politics an advocate = democracy1 l ,zu+lius & ,calv91 b he ass]t$ ! absolute p[] ( pr9ces1 ?\gh he made 8 advocacy subs]vi5t to 8 own religi\s views & projects4 ,x 0 by su* conduct1 & ! influ5ce :i* he !reby acquir$1 z well z by ! sanction ( ! civil p[]1 t ! ,re=mation 0 promot$ & consolidat$4 ,)\t ?is1 ,prote/antism w\ld h sunk into ! lawless an>*y :i* m>k$ ! proce$+s ( ! ,hussites1 & to :i* ! w> ( ! peasants rapidly t5d$2 & x w\ld inevitably h be5 suppress$1 l all ! e>li] popul> commotions--= "u ! latt] =m1 ,prote/antism may be said to h sprung up sev]al c5turies be=e4 ,& besides1 none ( ! o!r heads & lead]s ( ! new religi\s p>ty _h ! p[]1 or 7 9 a situation to uphold ! ,prote/ant religion--its pres5t exi/5ce is solely & entirely ! "w & ! de$ ( "o man1 unique 9 8 way1 & :o holds unque/ionably a conspicu\s place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,mu* 0 /ak$ on ! s\l ( t man1 & ?is 0 9 e respect a mighty & critical mom5t 9 ! annals ( mank9d1 & ! m>* ( "t4 ,! real problem = ! age w\ld h be5 to t]m9ate ?is unhappy confusion ( doctr9es1 t is to say1 t disord] & n unfrequ5t confusion 9 ! relations ( ! ecclesia/ical & civil p[]s1 7occasion$ by ! g5]al /ate ( ?+s 9 ,europe1 & by ! circum/ances :i* fir/ promot$ ! political & intellectual civilization ( ! ,we/7--9 a ^w1 to compose ! old dispute betwe5 *ur* & /ate1 & br+ x to a j ,*ri/ian settlem5t by a peaceful & amicable arrangem5t4 ,!n ! _m exi/+1 ?\gh scatt]$1 rays ( true ,*ri/ian piety1 humility1 & self-d5ial1 z well z ! new discov]ies 9 sci5ce w\ld h acquir$ a m int5se & m ext5d$ p[]--an ev5t :i* 0 n[ entirely prev5t$ by a great civil w> betwe5 two religi\s p>ties1 & 0 n br\ght to a full accompli%m5t till a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,b ! total rejection ( ! traditions ( ! pa/ 7& "h 0 ! capital vice & error ( ?is ,revolution71 r5d]$ ! evil incurable1 & ev5 = ,biblical le>n+ & philology n[ s highly valu$1 ! true key ( int]pretation1 :i* sacr$ tradition alone c furni%1 0 irretrievably lo/1 z ! sequel has b too well prov$4 ,& ev5 if ?is 7 n ! case1 h[ c\ld m]e le>n$ in/itutes ( ,biblical philology1 unit$ ) popul> s*ools ( morality1 con/itute ! _s & ess5ce ( a religion8 ,?is is no :]e s fully und]/ood1 & s deeply felt1 z 9 ,prote/ant ,g]many at ! pres5t day--,g]many1 :]e lies ! root ( ,prote/antism1 its mighty c5tre1 its all-rul+ _s1 its vital p[]1 & its life-blood--,g]many1 :]e to supply ! want ( ! true _s ( religion1 a rem$y is s\ght sometimes 9 ! ext]nal =ms ( liturgy1#h sometimes 9 ! pomp\s app>atus ( ,biblical philology & rese>*1 de/itute ( ! true key ( int]pretation#i2 sometimes 9 ! empty philosophy ( ,rationalism1 & sometimes 9 ! mazes ( a m]e int]ior ,pietism4 ,und\bt$ly ev5 )9 ! pale ( ,ca?olicism1 we meet occasionally ) individuals :o adopt ! same1 or at lea/ v simil> sy/ems1 :o ei!r give 9 to ! pr9ciple ( ,rationalism1 or to a false !ological illum9ism 7z 9 ! rec5t p]iod ( ,neology71 or l "s ( ! ,jans5i/s1 indulge 9 ! unsafe & illusive sugge/ions ( a s5tim5tal my/icism4 ,= ! conte/s ( two ho/ile p>ties w n always prev5t ! imitation ( defects1 & ! contagion ( errors2 & ?is is only an additional reason1 :y 9 a "w ( ?is k9d1 we %\ld ab/a9 f ent]+ m closely & m9utely into ! nature ( ^! controv]sies4 ,9 contemplat+ ! fir/ /eps ( ?is great ,revolution2 9 consid]+ ! circum/ances ( t p]iod1 we exp]i5ce a feel+ ( regret1 t ! great problem ( t age1 ! ardu\s task :i* devolv$ on x1 ( accompli%+ an univ]sal reg5]ation & real ,re=mation ( ! _w1 %\ld h rema9$ unexecut$1 f ! v revolution>y turn :i* affairs took--nay1 t ?is task %\ld n ev5 h be5 und]/ood or felt by any ( ! lead+ *>act]s ( ! "t4 ,! e>li] disputes betwe5 ! spiritual & temporal p[]s _h relat$ to ! dom9ion ov] c]ta9 t]ritories1 or ov] ,ecclesia/ical prop]ty 9 g5]al1 & especially to ! jurisdiction ( ! /ate ov] ! latt] species ( prop]ty4 ,! allurem5ts :i* ! confiscation ( *ur* prop]ty held out to cupidity1 mu/ be rank$ among ! ma9 causes :i* contribut$ to ! diffusion ( ,prote/antism4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,prussia1 ! c\ntry ( ! ,teutonic ord]1 0 n[ conv]t$ into a secul> dut*y2 & 9 ! int]ior ( ,g]many1 a celebrat$ knight1#aj l$ away by ! _s ( t age ( feud1 invad$ "o ( ! ,ecclesia/ical electorates1 ?9k+ no d\bt1 t t /ate1 l e o!r ,ecclesia/ical doma91 0 ! lawful booty ( ! fir/ com]4 ,b indep5d5tly ( ^! p>tial *anges & m9or transactions1 7& 9 _m ,prote/ant c\ntries1 su* z ,engl& & ,sw$51 *ur* prop]ty rema9$ inviolate1 & ev5 ,episcopacy 0 reta9$17 ! ho/ility ( ! ,g]man ,re=m]s to ! *ur* 0 ( a diff]5t & m spiritual nature2 & x 0 ! religi\s dignity ( ! prie/hood :i* 0 m especially ! object ( _! de/ructive ef=ts4 ,& ?is is ! po9t1 :]e doctr9al controv]sy ent]s )9 ! prov9ce ( hi/ory2 = ! prie/hood /&s or falls ) fai? 9 ! sacr$ my/]ies4 ,! rejection ( ^! my/]ies1 by "o half ( ! ,prote/ant body 9 ,switz]l&1 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,lu!r n only disc\nt5anc$1 b /r5u\sly reprobat$2 yet x 0 only by a subtle di/9ction he attempt$ to sep>ate ^? my/]ies f ! functions ( ! prie/hood2 & x 0 n difficult to =esee t toge!r ) fai? 9 ! sacr$ my/]ies1 respect = ! cl]gy mu/ soon] or lat] be de/roy$1 z inde$ exp]i5ce has suffici5tly demon/rat$4 ,= t great my/]y ( religion1 on :i* ! :ole dignity ( ! ,*ri/ian prie/hood dep5ds1 =ms ! simple1 b v deep int]nal key/one ( all ,*ri/ian doctr9es2 & ?us ! rejection1 or ev5 ! infr+em5t ( ?is dogma1 %akes ! f\ndations ( religion1 & leads to its total ov]?r[4 ,! pacific conf]5ces ( le>n$ & well-mean+ m5 ( bo? p>ties1 ?\gh (t5 r5ew$1 7 n att5d$ ) real & ultimate success2 al?\gh sometimes1 9 look+ at ! language ( su* a man z ! mild ,melanc?on1 we are almo/ p]plex$ to discov] ! few po9ts :i* d n co9cide ) ! old ,ca?olic doctr9es--s ne>ly ak91 & almo/ id5tical d ! two religi\s sy/ems appe>1 :5 we m]ely consid] _! sep>ate p>ts4 ,equally fruitless 7 all ^? hone/ attempts at pacification1 incessantly made by ! ,emp]or ,*>les1 :o s\ght by 8 int]im to create delay1 :ile he indulg$ a secret hope1 t ! agitat$ waves ( an>*y1--all t mighty tempe/ ( op9ion1 w\ld be allay$ by "t1 & w\ld f9ally be /ill$4 ,b t int]im has be5 ( long] duration ?an 0 at fir/ calculat$1 & x /ill awaits ! judgm5t ( ,god = its great day ( t]m9ation4 ,:5 we consid] ,lu!r's orig9al p[]s ( m9d1 indep5d5tly ( ! use & employm5t :i* he made ( ^? extraord9>y p[]s1 7= ev5 ! greate/ comet1 ?\gh x %\ld cov] half ! heav5s ) ! spl5d\r ( its light1 c nev] possess1 or be suppos$ to possess1 ! sun's g5ial w>m?27--:5 ,i say1 we consid] ! intellectual end[m5ts ( ?is extraord9>y man solely 9 !mselves2 ! boldness ( 8 speculations & ! vig\r ( 8 eloqu5ce w be f\nd to =m an epo*1 n only 7z is univ]sally ackn[l$g$7 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,g]man language1 b 9 ! progress ( ,european sci5ce & ,european culture4 ,aft] ! fir/ p]iod 9 ! intellectual hi/ory ( ,europe1 :i* ,i d5om9at$ ! s*ola/ico-romantic epo*1 & aft] ! second1 :i* ,i t]m$ ! epo* ( en?usiasm = ,pagan ,antiquity1 & 9 :i* a ,*ri/ian simplicity ( eloqu5ce & a dep? ( sci5tific enquiry appe> z only happy & occasional exceptions2 a ?ird epo* n[ arose1 :i* f ! g5]al _s ( ! age1 & ! tone ( ! writ+s1 :i* ex]t$ a comm&+ influ5ce ov] ! times1 _c be o!rwise designat$ ?an z ! era ( a polemico-b>b>\s eloqu5ce4 ,?is rude polemic _s :i* _h its orig9 9 ! ,re=mation1 & 9 t concussion ( fai?1 & consequ5tly ( all ?\ght & all sci5ce :i* ,prote/antism occasion$1 cont9u$1 d[n to ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 to prevail 9 ! controv]sial writ+s & philosophic speculations bo? ( ,g]many & ,engl&4 ,?is _s 0 n incompatible ) a sort ( deep my/ical s5sibility1 & a c]ta9 orig9al boldness ( ?\ght & expression1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ,lu!r's writ+s display2 yet we _c at all reg>d 9 a fav\rable light ! g5]al _s ( t intellectual epo*1 or consid] x z "o by any means adapt$ to ! intellectual exig5cies ( t age4 ,b ) respect to ! language & lit]ature ( ,g]many1 s f> z ^! are ( g5]al int]e/1 ,i %\ld wi% to make "o obs]vation4 ,besides ,?omas ,kempis1 :om ,i h already m5tion$1 ,i might cite sev]al o!r religi\s writ]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury & ev5 ( an e>li] p]iod1 :o ?\gh less kn[n1 7 di/+ui%$ by a simil> _s1 p>tly among ^? :o made use ( ! ,lat9 language1 !n univ]sally curr5t1 & p>tly among ^? :o1 l ,taul]us1 = example1 made ! ,g]man ! vehicle ( _! ?\ghts4 ,& inde$ 7 we to comp>e ! g5tle simplicity1 ! *>m+ cle>ness ( ?\ght & expression :i* reign 9 ! works ( ^! writ]s1 ) ! productions ( ! foll[+ age ( b>b>\s polemic /rife1 we %\ld !n be furni%$ ) ! be/ crit]ion = duly appreciat+ ! e>li] & ! lat] p]iod4 ,) respect to ^? in/itutes ( ! *ur*1 :i* _h e>ly devot$ !mselves to ! task ( ! propagation ( ! gospel1 or ( ! def5ce & support ( religion1 & made ?is spiritual conflict & holy engagem5t ! bus9ess ( _! lives2 x n[ happ5$1 z x _h (t5 occurr$ be=e1 t ! prop] def5d]s ( ! *ur* arose at t mom5t1 & adopt$ t c\rse & mode ( def5ce :i* ! circum/ances ( ! *ur* precisely requir$4 ,! p[]ful prelates ( ! old ,episcopal sees1 :o _h r5d]$ su* high & imp]i%able s]vices to ! cause ( ,european civilization1 ?\gh !y might n be unfai?ful to ! orig9al _s ( _! call+1 & might be no /rang]s to sci5ce1 71 h[ev]1 mu* too dep5dant on gov]nm5t1 & mix$ up 9 affairs ( /ate4 ,! m popul> & m5dicant ord]s1 f _! v nature & "*1 & _! peculi> habits ( life & modes ( spee*1 7 n always calculat$ to ex]t due influ5ce on gov]nm5t & ! upp] classes ( society1 :ile _! ard5t zeal1 unm9dful ( times & circum/ances1 (t5 transgress$ ! b\nds ( mod]ation4 ,! great want ( ! age 0 a religi\s ord]1 :i* e/abli%$ 9 opposition to ,prote/antism1 %\ld n be dep5dant on ! /ate1 b devot$ exclusively to ! int]e/s ( ! *ur*2 a religi\s ord]1 :i* well equipp$ ) mod]n le>n+1 sci5ce & accompli%m5t1 possess+ a k ( ! _w1 acqua9t$ ) ! _s ( ! times1 & pursu+ ! c\rse :i* exp$i5cy dictat$1 ) prud5ce & circumspection1 %\ld und]take ! def5ce ( ! ,ca?olic religion1 & ! propagation ( ! gospel 9 =eign c\ntries1 & wor?ily & successfully prosecute ?is tw(old object4 ,su* an ord] 0 ! society ( ! ,jesuits 9 its fir/ in/itution2 & t among ! f\nd]s & fir/ memb]s ( ?is ord]1 !re 7 m5 ( und\bt$ piety & em95t sanctity1 m5 animat$ by ! sublime/ pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian self-d5ial1 possess$ ( great intellectual end[m5ts1 & fav\r$ by ,god ) high pret]natural p[]s1 no unprejudic$ hi/orical enquir] w d5y4 ,:e!r ! reproa*es :i* h be5 made to _m memb]s ( ?is ord]1 ( hav+ ex]t$ an undue political influ5ce1 & display$ a _s ( intrigue & ambition 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is p]iod1 be well-f\nd$ or n1 ,i %all n /op to enquire2 because su* *>ges at be/ c affect individuals only1 & n ! society1 ^: v "n inde$ has become 9 our times ! wat*-^w ( p>ty /rife & cont5tion4 ,! sev]e/ condemnation ( ! ,jesuits proce$s f a qu>t] :]e we cle>ly disc]n ! mo/ implacable ho/ility to ,*ri/ianity & to all religion2 & ?is circum/ance ought to furni% ! ,jesuits ) an additional claim to our good op9ion2 b any judgm5t on ! m]its ( ?is society1 z ?is is a "q :i* m imm$iately reg>ds ! pres5t age1 is q =eign to ! purpose ( ! pres5t "w4 ,if "s memb]s ( ! ord] adopt$ at ?is p]iod ^? absolute maxims & pr9ciples ( policy & gov]nm5t1 :i* 9 g5]al *>act]iz$ t age2 & if ! writ+s ( o!rs 7 di/+ui%$ by t rude polemic tone & _s spok5 ( above1 & :i* 0 equally *>act]i/ic ( ^? times2 x w\ld be unju/ to lay to ! *>ge ( ! ord]1 or ev5 ( p>ticul> memb]s1 fail+s & defects :i* 7 common to ! age1 & a p]fect exemption f :i* is ! mo/ r>e ( human excell5cies4 ,a viol5t insurrection c be put d[n only by =cible means2 b e sy/em ( t]ror1 ( :atsoev] nature1 is sure to provoke1 soon] or lat]1 a re-action equally t]rible4 ,& if ! dang]\s disease be *eck$ by means m]ely ext]nal1 & no heal+ rem$y be appli$ to ! root & pr9ciple ( ! disord]1 nor us$ to r5ovate ! impair$ organs ( life--if ! fire be smo!r$ 9 its own flames--x w lie conceal$ b5ea? ! a%es1 & w burn 9 secret1 till ! fir/ casual & unlucky sp>k %all k9dle x anew into a fi]c] blaze4 ,su*1 9 my op9ion1 are ! pla9 & obvi\s pr9ciples :i* ! hi/orian %\ld be> 9 m9d1 :ile pass+ 9 review p]iods ( revolution l ! "o "u consid]ation2 pr9ciples1 :i* ev5 n[ are susceptible ( no v remote application4 ,9 t fir/ p]iod ( f]m5t :i* m>k$ ! bir? ( ! re=mation1 ! revolt ( ! peasants _h be5 put d[n ) amaz+ promptitude & vig\r4 ,x 0 b t5 ye>s lat]1 :5 9 ! nor? ( ,g]many1 a new insurrection broke out1 :i* f its religi\s complexion1 seem$ /ill m revolt+1 ^: adh]5ts s\ght to e/abli% on e>? ! invisible empire ( ,god by fire & sword1 & ^: new spiritual mon>*1 ,john ( ,leyd51 made 8 triumphant entry into ,mun/]1 amid _m & dreadful excesses2 till at la/ ?is savage fanaticism 0 cru%$1 & 7z inv>iably happ5s 9 simil> cases71 met ) a bloody end4 ,b ! mo/ s+ul> ph5om5on at ?is mom5t\s epo* 0 ,h5ry ,,viii4 ( ,engl&3 a pr9ce :o :ile he adh]$ to ! ,ca?olic doctr9es1 & zeal\sly ass]t$ !m aga9/ ,lu!r1 yet sev]$ 8 k+dom f ! *ur*1 decl>$ himself its spiritual head1 & by t mon/r\s & un*ri/ian comb9ation ( ! two p[]s1 appe>$ 9 ! mid/ ( ,*ri/5dom1 l ! ,caliph ( ,engl&4 ,:51 too1 we take into consid]ation ! private life ( ?is ,pr9ce1 8 endless s]ies ( divorces1 & ! execution ( 8 ,que5s2 8 conduct 0 a great] sc&al to 8 contempor>ies1 & fixes a deep] /a9 on ! hi/ory ( 8 age1 ?an any o!r e>li] example 9 ,italy1 or else:]e1 sev]al ( :i* h be5 already m5tion$4 ,! executions on acc\nt ( religion :i* took place "u ,h5ry1 & :i*1 z he 0 oppos$ to bo? ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants1 affect$ ! two p>ties alike1 7 ( a peculi>ly odi\s & blood-?ir/y "*4 ,on ?is subject ,i wi% to make "o obs]vation4 ,f ! connection :i* !n subsi/$ betwe5 *ur* & /ate1 a case might easily arise1 :]e a religi\s error w\ld become a political crime4 ,:5 an insurrection orig9at+ 9 a religi\s cause1 breaks out & ?reat5s ! peace ( society1 l ! religi\s w> ( ! ,hussites1 & ! revolt ( ! ,g]man peasants1 no o!r res\rce rema9s b to put d[n =ce by =ce4 ,b :5 ! fir/ viol5ce has subsid$1 ano!r & a bett] & a truly moral rem$y %\ld1 if possible1 be appli$ to ! evil2 & ?is rem$y 0 n always adm9i/]$ 9 a "r1 b5ign1 & truly ,*ri/ian =m4 ,/range & fanciful h be51 9 all times & places1 ! (fspr+s ( human error4 ,?us ev5 9 ! mo/ mod]n times1 & 9 a peaceful & civiliz$ c\ntry1 examples /ill occur1 :]e religi\s errors lead _! unhappy dupes to viol5t attempts on _! own lives1 or ! lives ( o!rs2 & a wise legislation & humane judicature %\ld r treat ^! errors z m5tal diseases1 ?an judge !m accord+ to ! rigid lett] ( crim9al law4 ,h[ mu* m %\ld n ?is be ! case1 :5 religi\s error is conf9$ to ! sph]e ( speculation1 & is n att5d$ ) any practical consequ5ces4 ,x is (t5 p]haps n easy to draw ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 measures ( wise precaution aga9/ ! assaults ( a dang]\s fanaticism1 & un*ri/ian modes ( puni%m5t4 ,b c]ta9ly ! crim9al process ( ,ecclesia/ical tribunals at t p]iod1 0 n only oppos$ to ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 b at utt] v>iance ) ! express & anci5t canons ( ! *ur*1 & urg5t admonitions ( ! ,fa!rs1 t ! *ur* %\ld /r5u\sly avoid ! %$d+ ( blood4 ,m5 s\ght to evade ?is wise & beautiful law1 by ab&on+ all executions to ! secul> arm2 b except 9 ! puni%m5t ( actual crimes1 & 9 ! necess>y def5ce aga9/ op5 insurrection1 we mu/ admit t ! _s ( ?is law 0 griev\sly violat$4 ,a v9dictive crim9al jurisprud5ce1 :i* 0 !n dictat$ by ! mutual rage ( cont5d+ p>ties1 & :i* 0 made /ill m revolt+ to ,*ri/ian feel+s by ! religi\s col\r+ x assum$1 rema9s a /igma on t age2 = x 0 ! "w n ( "o1 b ( bo? religi\s p>ties1 or to speak m prop]ly1 ( memb]s ( bo? p>ties4 ,! comm5cem5t1 inde$1 ( ?is great disord]--( ?is great dep>ture f ! law ( love--is to be f\nd 9 ! middle age1 dur+ ! /rife ( exasp]at$ factions2 b h[ small are ^? beg9n+s :5 comp>$ ) ! excesses ( subsequ5t times4 ,:5 we he> ! middle age call$ b>b>\s1 we %\ld rememb] t t epi!t applies ) f> great] =ce to ! truly b>b>\s era ( ! ,re=mation1 & ( ! religi\s w>s :i* t ev5t produc$1 & :i* cont9u$ d[n to ! p]iod :5 a sort ( moral & political pacification 0 re-e/abli%$1 app>5tly at lea/1 9 society & 9 ! human m9d4 #g ,! ,pr9ce4 #h ,s*legel "h alludes to ! ,ord9ances promulgat$ a few ye>s ago by ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 = ! re=m ( ! ,prote/ant ,liturgy4 #i ,! au?or "h ref]s to t mania = ,biblical criticism1 long preval5t 9 ,prote/ant ,g]many1 & :i* h[ev] x may in=m our reason1 & gratify a laudable curiosity1 is 9 itself no guide to ! k ( religi\s tru?4--,trans4 #aj ,s*legel "h alludes to ,pr9ce ,alb]t ( ,br&5burgh4 ,,end ,,( ,,lecture ,,xv4 ,,lecture ,,xvi4 ,fur!r developem5t & ext5sion ( ,prote/antism1 9 ! p]iod ( ! religi\s w>s1 & subsequ5tly !reto4--,on ! diff]5t results ( ^? w>s 9 ! pr9cipal ,european c\ntries4 ,! true ,re=mation1 l\dly dem&$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury z ! mo/ urg5t want ( ! times1 n only by ! caprici\s voice ( ! multitude1 b by ! fir/ & mo/ legitimate organs ( op9ion 9 *ur* & /ate1 & ! nature ( :i* _h be5 long be=e cle>ly /at$1 & fully & g5]ally und]/ood1--ought to h be5 a div9e ,re=mation4 ,!n w\ld x h c>ri$ ) x its own high sanction--x w\ld h prov$ x by ! fact--& at no "t & "u no condition w\ld x h sev]$ itself f ! sacr$ c5tre & v5]able basis ( ,*ri/ian tradition1 9 ord]1 reckless ( all legitimate decisions1 prec$+ z well z actual1 to p]petuate discord1 & seek 9 negation itself a new & peculi> basis = ! edifice ( s*ismatic op9ion4 ,su* a va/1 ext5sive1 deep1 & effectual ,re=m1 :i* :ile x kept )9 ! limits ( anci5t fai?1 & /eadily adh]$ to its div9e c5tre1 w\ld at ! same "t r5ovate & revivify ! *ur*1 0 n !n accompli%$4 ,! discipl9>y canons ( ! c\ncil ( ,tr5t und\bt$ly conta9$ _m wise1 excell5t & :olesome regulations1 ^: efficacy has be5 prov$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! diff]5t ,ca?olic c\ntries1 & ^: reception has be5 det]m9$ by ! local circum/ances ( ea*2 = ^! regulations int5d$ = ! correction & removal ( abuses1 & = ! revival ( anci5t discipl9e1 7 n adopt$ )\t modification1 nor receiv$ to a l ext5t 9 all ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) respect to ! ,prote/ants1 ! decrees ( ! c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 f ! v nature ( ?+s1 c\ld be only ( a def5sive "*4 ,in/ead ( ! desir$ ,re=mation1 ,prote/antism e>ly en\gh ann\nc$ itself z a new & peculi> religion1 & /ill m 0 x con/itut$ z su*2 b ! rupture 0 already consummat$--! evil _h become incurable1 be=e ! rem$y 0 appli$4 ,prote/antism 0 ! "w ( man2 & x appe>s 9 no o!r light ev5 9 ! hi/ory :i* its own disciples h drawn ( its orig94 ,! ,p>tisans ( ! ,re=mation proclaim$ inde$ at ! outset1 t if x 7 m ?an a human "w1 x w\ld endure1 & t its duration w\ld s]ve z a pro( ( its div9e orig94 ,b surely no "o w consid] ?is an adequate pro(1 :5 he reflects t ! great ,mohamm$an h]esy1 :i* m ?an any o!r de/roys & oblit]ates ! div9e image /amp$ on ! human s\l1 has /ood its gr\nd = full twelve hundr$ ye>s2 ?\gh ?is religion1 if x proce$ f no worse s\rce1 is at be/ a human "w4 ,b ev5 z ! m]e "w ( man1 ! ,re=mation 0 unque/ionably a mighty1 extraord9>y1 & mom5t\s revolution1 :i* :5 once x _h be5 outw>dly e/abli%$ 9 ! _w1 7?\gh inw>dly x rema9$ 9 a /ate ( p]petual agitation17 has !nce=w>d mo/ly direct$ ! m>* ( mod]n times1 influ5c$ ! legislation & policy ( ! ,european /ates1 & /amp$ ! "* ( mod]n sci5ce1 d[n to our own days1 :5 ?\gh its influ5ce has n be5 s exclusive & undivid$1 z at an e>li] p]iod1 x has be5 /ill ! ma9 & /irr+ cause ( all ! great political *anges1 & all ! new & a/oni%+ ev5ts ( our age4 ,we mu/ endeav\r to view ?is great ,revolution ) ! imp>tial eye ( ! hi/orian1 & lab\r duly to compreh5d & judge x 9 all its manifold be>+s1 & 9 all its remote consequ5ces2 & if we %\ld feel incl9$ to lam5t & deplore ! long cont9uance ( ?is unhappy division 9 ! great ,european family1 we %\ld rememb] t su* a feel+ ( regret1 h[ev] innoc5t & natural 9 our own bosoms1 & 9 our own conviction1 c furni% no adequate crit]ion = an hi/orical decision4 ,at any rate1 we %\ld 9 no case immod]ately rep9e at su* an ev5t1 & murmur aga9/ ,de/9y1 t is to say1 ! rul+ ,provid5ce :i* p]mits ! occurr5ce ( su* evils4 ,! p]mission by ,god ( a m]e human1 unsanction$ ent]prise1 nay1 ( a mighty1 g5]al1 protract$1 & incurable division among mank9d--a sy/em ( opposition ) all its unhappy consequ5ces1 its moral imp$im5ts1 & its political disa/]s2 su* a p]mission =ms1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 ! great enigma ( hi/ory--! wond]ful secret ( ! div9e decrees 9 ! conduct ( mank9d1 z well z 9 ! conduct ( individuals4 ,p]haps ?is great enigma w !n only be p]fectly unravell$1 & ! my/]y :i* hangs ov] ?is subject1 !n only be p]fectly dispell$1 :5 ?is mighty ,revolution %all h be5 t]m9at$1 & br\ght to a close4 ,ev5 n[1 ! exp]i5ce we h acquir$1 h[ev] imp]fect & limit$ x may be1 makes "o ?+ evid5t2 namely1 t ! influ5ce ( ,prote/antism has n be5 conf9$ to ^? /ates & c\ntries :]e x became pr$om9ant1 & :]e x receiv$ a public & legal e/abli%m5t4 ,f> great] 0 ! dang]1 f> m fatal 7 ! consequ5ces1 :5 an op5 rupture1 a =mal sep>ation f ! *ur* did n take place1 or _h1 if a tempor>y1 at lea/ no p]man5t exi/5ce--b :]e ,prote/antism1 t is to say1 ! _s ( ,prote/antism1 a l or a k9dr$ set ( op9ions1 0 infus$ into ! moral sy/em ( c\ntries ext]nally ,ca?olic1 & secretly in/ill$ into ! ve9s ( ! body politic1 gradually corrod$ its vitals2 till at la/1 amid a false & app>5t repose1 ! long suppress$ elem5t ( revolution>y innovation infect$ ) its deadly virus1 op9ion1 sci5ce1 & la/ly1 gov]nm5t & society4 ,! consci5ce 9 its enquiries aft] religi\s tru?1 to :atev] decision x may come1 only looks to ! det]m9ation ( a po9t ( fai? z ! sole clue ( its inve/igations4 ,b 9 hi/orical enquiries1 ?is rigid int]sect+ l9e ( fai? =ms no adequate rule ( judgm5t4 ,! exp]i5ce ( our own times1 or t ( ! la/ g5]ation has prov$1 t innovations 9 fai?1 politics & philosophy +raft$ on a ,ca?olic nation1 are f> m fatal to its repose1 & t ( its neighb\rs1 ?an a sy/em ( ,prote/antism :i* has settl$ into a /ate ( p]man5t peace & /ability4 ,h5ce = in/ance1 ! policy & political int]e/s ( ,engl&1 :i* is a /ate m ?an any o!r ess5tially ,prote/ant1 h (t5 be5 9 p]fect accordance ) ! political sy/em ( an old lead+ ,ca?olic p[]4 ,& ,i w\ld ask1 has ! ,a!ism ( ! eighte5? c5tury be5 productive ( few] commotions & less convulsion 9 ! _w1 ?an ,prote/antism 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( its exi/5ce1 or 9 ! era ( religi\s w>s2 al?\gh ! infidel p>ty 9 ! la/ c5tury by no means con/itut$ a di/9ct & sep>ate sect1 b 0 l a deadly contagion ( ! _s ( ! times1 infect+ all beside & ar\nd1 above & bel[ x1 :i!rsoev] ! w9d ( *ance1 or ! brea? ( fanatic zeal might c>ry x4 ,accord+ to my own p]sonal conviction1 ! !ological po9t ( view is to be pref]r$ 9 hi/orical enquiries z ! be/ & f9al rule ( inve/igation4 ,b 9 ^! latt] times1 :5 religi\s op9ion is s divid$1 & :]e ! juridical view ( ?+s1 9 :i* ea* p>ty /ruggles to make out a fav\rable case = itself1 leads only to endless disputes2 ! hi/orian is compell$ to view ! diseas$ /ate ( society ) ! eye ( a pa?ologi/4 ,9 m$ic9e x is consid]$ f> bett] & m advantage\s1 t a dang]\s disease %\ld be got rid ( 9 a decisive b happily t]m9at$ /ruggle = life or dea?1 ?an t by any sudd5 *eck giv5 to ! crisis1 ! disord] %\ld fall on any int]nal "p1 & ?us attack & corrode ! vital p[]s4 ,?is pr9ciple1 :i* ! hi/ory ( p>ticul> c\ntries has %ewn to be equally applicable to man's moral exi/5ce1 may be appli$ to ! g5]al /ate ( ,europe at t p]iod4 ,if ,prote/antism _h !n be5 outw>dly suppress$ & put d[n1 w\ld x n h rag$ inw>dly1 t is to say1 w\ld n ! mo/ ess5tial "p ( ,prote/antism1 ! _s ( ,revolution>y innovation1 ! _s ( de/ructive negation1 rationalism1 9 a ^w1 h secretly rema9$8 ,& may we n conclude f ! examples ( a p>tial exp]i5ce1 t t secret & inw>d work+ ( ! disease w\ld h be5 f> m dang]\s & fatal8--,i %\ld wi% t ^! & o!r l expressions be=e made use (1 %\ld n be tak5 z s _m categorical ass]tions2 = ! "q ( doctr9e1 ly+ z x does beyond ! rea* ( d\bt1 does n fall )9 ! limits ( my plan1 & ! p]fect reconciliation ( m9ds is n 9 ! p[] ( man1 b c come only f ,god4 ,b ^! expressions are m]ely meant to convey a conciliatory view ( ?+s 9 hi/ory1 7&1 z is ! prop] duty ( ! philosophic hi/orian17 to v9dicate ! ways ( provid5ce4 ,und\bt$ly ?is great religi\s conte/1 ?is long protract$ /ruggle has t5d$ to excite ! emulation ( bo? p>ties 9 ! pursuits ( le>n+1 & ! lab\rs ( sci5ce1 to /ir up a mutual vigilance 9 ! moral conduct ( individuals1 z well z 9 ! adm9i/ration ( /ates1 & ?us to keep bo? p>ties 9 a /ate ( salut>y wat*fulness & activity4 ,ev5 f ! collision ( ^! two conflict+ elem5ts1 !re has sprung up 9 "s c\ntries a new & ?ird elem5t1 :i* ?\gh n su* z c\ld be desir$1 nor entirely con=mable to ,*ri/ianity1 has /ill be5 productive ( important & rem>kable consequ5ces4 ,( ! eight or n9e c\ntries1 9 :i* ,prote/antism has obta9$ a firm foot+1 & acquir$ a p]man5t exi/5ce1 !re are ?ree 9 p>ticul>1 :]e x has be5 att5d$ ) mighty hi/orical effects1 & :]e ! orig9ally de/ructive conflict ( ho/ile elem5ts has giv5 bir? to ?ree new & mom5t\s ph5om5a 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,^! are1 9 ,g]many ! religi\s pacification1 :i* =ms ! basis ( h] future prosp]ity1 /amps ! peculi> "* ( ! ,g]man nation1 & designates its future moral de/9y3 9 ,engl&1 ! highly valu$1 or z x is !re call$1 ! glori\s ,con/itution ( #afhh1 ^: m]e outw>d =m1 or dead lett]1 has be5 an object ( desire to s _m o!r nations3--la/ly 9 ,france1 ! ,revolution 9 philosophy1 produc$ by ! indirect influ5ce ( ,prote/antism1 & ! comb9ation ( s _m ,prote/ant1 or semi-prote/ant elem5ts1 & :i* gave bir? to a frightful political ,revolution1 :i* aft] a %ort int]v5i5t p]iod ( milit>y despotism1 has be5 succe$$ 9 its turn by a mighty epo* ( moral & social reg5]ation--a reg5]ation :i* inde$ has n yet be5 consummat$1 :i* is /ill 9 a /ate ( prec>i\s & convulsive lab\r1 b is ev5 on t acc\nt ! m entitl$ to ! hi/orian's att5tion4 ,( ! c\ntries imm$iately contigu\s to ,g]many1 ! home & cradle ( ,prote/antism1 ,switz]l& 0 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,re=mation1 ! !atre ( a fi]ce civil w>1 9 :i* ! ,swiss ,re=m] fell fight+ on ! field ( battle4 ,b ! /rong f$]al _s ( ! ,swiss1 ! necessity ( mutual def5ce1 & ! ne>ly equal numb]s & /r5g? ( bo? religi\s p>ties1 produc$ at an e>ly p]iod a religi\s pacification4 ,! indirect ,prote/ant influ5ce :i* ,fr5* ,switz]l& has ex]t$ ov] ,france1 has cont9u$ v great & p[]ful f ,calv9 to ,r\sseau4 ,aft] ! ,g]man treaty ( ,we/phalia1 ! ,au/rian ,emp]ors e/abli%$ 9 ,hung>y1 :i* 0 already half subdu$ by ! ,turks1 & /ill m expos$ to _! ravages1 ! pr9ciple ( religi\s tol]ation--a pr9ciple t became a receiv$ maxim ( /ate1 & 0 incorporat$ into ! v con/itution ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! la/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 !re p5etrat$ into ,pol& ! sect ( ,soc9us1 :i* pr(ess$ t5ets di/9ct f ^? ( ! primitive ,re=m]s1 & :i* ) ! usually rapid m>* ( religi\s innovation1 & s*ismatic diss5t1 _h n[ reject$ along ) ! great ,my/]y ( devotion1 ! fundam5tal article ( ,*ri/ian !ology1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,z long z ! ,soc9ians =m$ a di/9ct & sep>ate body ( religioni/s1 !y 7 n v num]\s 9 ,pol&1 or else:]e2 b dur+ ! prevail+ infidelity ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 !y acquir$ _m m disciples1 & 9 _m c\ntries h become almo/ ! pr$om9ant sect4--,h[ ,prussia1 ! l& ( ! ,teutonic ord] 0 trans=m$ into a secul> du*y1 :i* = ab\t a c5tury rema9$ connect$ ) ,pol&1 ,i h already _h occasion to obs]ve4 ,into no c\ntry ( ,europe 0 ,*ri/ianity introduc$ s late z into ,li?uania1 :]e ! fai? 0 plant$ only t[>ds ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! anci5t ,russian prov9ces ( ,pol&1 z well z 9 ,hung>y & o!r neighb\r+ c\ntries1 a l>ge portion ( ! population belong$ to ! ,greek *ur*4 ,9 ! great /ruggle ( ! foll[+ age1 & 9 ! p]petual w>s :i* ,pol& _h to su/a9 aga9/ ,turkey1 ,sw$5 & ,russia1 all ^! ho/ile & het]og5e\s elem5ts ( :i* ,i h spok51 & to :i* may be add$ ! real or app>5t atta*m5t ( ! religi\s ,diss5t]s to ,sw$51 increas$ ! g5]al f]m5t & confusion 9 ! ,poli% /ate1 d[n to ! f9al dissolution & dismemb]m5t ( ! k+dom4 ,russia1 :i* t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury _h be5 re/or$ to a high degree ( p[] & spl5d\r by ,wassili ,ivan[it*1 7:o ent]ta9$ ! mo/ fri5dly relations ) ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 & :o _h e/abli%$ 9 8 ,empire ! ,g]man ,hanseatic league71 ,russia /ill rema9$ totally sep>at$ f ! ,european community1 & 0 exempt f ! influ5ce ( ,prote/antism1 l ,spa9 & ,italy at ! opposite extremity ( ,europe4 ,! ,sc&9avian c\ntries at ! comm5cem5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 _h be5 incorporat$ into "o /ate1 & consid]$ m]ely 9 a geographical po9t ( view1 !y might h =m$ a great & la/+ p[] 9 ! ,nor?2 & "u _m vicissitudes1 !y rema9$ unit$ till ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,yet ! voice & feel+s ( ! two nations 7 aga9/ ! ,union2 & ,gu/avus ,vasa effect$ at once ! total & def9itive sep>ation ( ,sw$5 f ,d5m>k1 ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 own mon>*ical sway 9 ! =m] c\ntry1 & ! introduction ( ,prote/antism1 :i* 0 br\ght into ,sw$51 n z 9 o!r c\ntries1 by ! torr5t ( popul> op9ion1 b by ! arm ( p[]--by ! au?ority ( a sov]eign :o knew h[ to conduct ! ent]prise ) /eady p]sev]ance1 & sl[1 pati5t & consummate skill4 ,9 ,sw$51 h[ev]1 ,episcopacy 0 reta9$4 ,by its situation betwixt ,prussia & ,pol&1 & by ! ,prote/ant influ5ce 9 ,g]many1 ,sw$5 became = a "t 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury a great ,european p[]2 & to ?is political em95ce ! p]sonal qualities ( ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 z well z ( sev]al o!r ,sw$i% mon>*s pr9cipally contribut$4 ,9 ,sw$51 ,prote/antism did n give rise to any ev5ts ( a new & peculi> "*1 or ( great hi/orical mom5t1 z 9 ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,! ,re=mation 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,d5m>k1 *iefly ?\gh n exclusively z 9 ,sw$51 by sov]eign p[]2 9 ,icel&1 its e/abli%m5t 0 almo/ ! "w ( viol5ce4 ,9 ^? /ill regions ( ! ,nor?1 ! real abuses & sc&als exi/+ 9 ! ,ca?olic *ur* 7 nei!r s great nor num]\s z 9 ! ,s\!rn c\ntries4 ,!re 0 great] simplicity ( mann]s2 & corruption 0 mu* less diffus$1 mu* less g5]ally kn[n ?an ev5 9 ,g]many2 & ?us ! anci5t fai? _h /ruck deep] roots 9 ! m9ds ( m51 & c\ld n be eradicat$ b ) difficulty4 ,to t old ,revolution>y _s ( ! ,sw$es1 :i* 9 _! e>li] hi/ory _h (t5 display$ itself 9 ! p>ty-conte/s ( _! high ari/ocracy1 a wid] field 0 n[ op5$ by ! ,re=mation introduc$ by ! c\rt2 & arm$ 9 ! ,prote/ant cause1 ?is _s f\nd full] scope 9 ! tr\bles ( ,pol&1 9 its connection ) ,prussia & o!r /ates1 & above all1 9 ! great religi\s w> ( ,g]many4 ,:5 at a lat] p]iod1 & aft] ! ,sw$i% asc5dancy 9 ,europe _h pass$ away1 ?is _s became compress$ )9 n>r[] limits1 & 0 ?r[n back ^u itself1 x !n broke out into _m viol5t int]nal commotions4 ,x 0 only "u ! successor ( ! despotic ,h5ry t ,prote/antism 0 really introduc$ into ,engl&2 b x !re appe>$ "u two diff]5t =ms1 & ) two p>ties 9 a /ate ( mutual & viol5t ho/ility4 ,9 ,engl& ,episcopacy 0 reta9$2 b 9 ,scotl&1 ! ,puritans1 ! ,me?odi/s ( ^? days1 _h ! asc5dant4 ,b "u ,que5 ,m>y1 ! wife ( ,philip ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,spa91 a ,ca?olic re-action took place2 & ?is aga9 0 succe$$ by a ,prote/ant re-action "u ,elizabe?1 ^: /eady & inflexible policy alone consolidat$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ,prote/antism--a policy at ^: %r9e ! head ( ! unhappy ,m>y ,/u>t fell a sacrifice4 ,?us ?+s proce$$ f "o extremity to ano!r--f ! execution ( ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 to ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,republic1 & ! absolute sway ( a ,protector--till amid ! v>i\s disputes ( ! ,scot* & ,engli% ,prote/ants1 & ! v>i\s /ruggles ( national rivalry1 ! c\rt fell back ^u ,ca?olicism4 ,at la/1 ,k+ ,william f ,holl&1 a c5tury be=e ! break+ out ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 gave ! f9al triumph to ,prote/antism1 & br\ght to maturity ! glori\s con/itution ( t isl&1 :i* has be5 s repeat$ly transplant$1 imitat$ & modifi$ on ! ,cont95t & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,on ?is basis1 a ?or\gh ,prote/ant policy 0 e/abli%$1 :i* affect$ ev5 ! public & int]national law ( ,europe--a policy :i* has s em95tly *>act]iz$ ,engl& 9 mod]n times1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! p]iod ( h] great p[]1 & :i* 0 foll[$1 or ev5 accompani$ by a ,prote/ant philosophy4 ,i %\ld premise t ?is ,prote/antism 9 philosophy %\ld n by any means be conf\nd$ )1 b %\ld c>efully be di/+ui%$ f1 ! ,revolution>y philosophy--f an unbridl$ an>*y 9 sci5ce & speculation1 ?\gh ! =m] 9 its corruption may easily deg5]ate into ! latt]4 ,= ! mod]n ,paganism--! av[$ ,a!ism ( ! eighte5? c5tury acquir$ _m m p>tisans & assum$ a f> bold] attitude on ! ,cont95t1 ?an 9 ! ,con/itutional isl&1 :i* ev5 9 philosophy oscillates 9 a sort ( artificial equipoise betwe5 tru? & error4 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,prote/antism 0 inde$ a /rong co-op]ative cause1 b n ! only cause ( ! rupture ) ,spa92 = ev5 9 e>li] times ! ,burgundian _s _h be5 prone to turbul5ce1 & ! arbitr>y rule ( ! ,spani>ds _h excit$ 9 o!r c\ntries also g5]al dissatisfaction1 av]sion1 & resi/ance4 ,:5 ! ,prote/ant half ( ! ,ne!rl&s _h sep>at$ f ,spa91 & _h e/abli%$ ! sov]eign & indep5d5t /ate ( ,holl&1 ! latt] ev] ex]t$ a p[]ful influ5ce on ,engl& 9 all religi\s & political matt]s1 9 ! same way z ,belgium has ev] ex]cis$ a m>k$ influ5ce ov] ,france4 ,b 9 ,holl&1 ,prote/antism did n give rise1 z 9 ,g]many & ,engl&1 to any ev5ts ( a new & peculi> "*1 if we except ! g5]al tol]ation ( religi\s sects1 :i* 0 !re c>ri$ to a fur!r ext5t ?an 9 any o!r /ate4 ,9 h] own int]ior1 ,spa9 _h an ardu\s problem to solve--%e _h to ov]come ! old en]getic resi/ance ( a :ole p1--! tol]ably num]\s desc5dants ( ! =m] lords & conqu]ors ( ! c\ntry1 :o /ill adh]$ to ! ,arabian mann]s & language1 & ev5 9 "p pr(ess$ ! doctr9es ( ,mohamm$anism4 ,?is /ruggle1 :i* comm5c$ "u ,philip ,,ii4 by v sev]e laws aga9/ ! ,moriscoes1 t]m9at$ "u ,philip ! ,?ird1 ) ! b>b>\s expulsion ( ! :ole ,moori% population to ! coa/s ( ,africa4 ,t f ! intimate & manifold relations :i* exi/$ betwe5 ,spa9 & ,g]many "u ,*>les ,v41 ! armies ( ! ,emp]or may h introduc$ into ,spa9 ! op9ions ( ! new ,g]man gospell]s to a great] ext5t p]haps ?an c be n[ /at$ ) c]ta9ty1 or ?an is n[ susceptible ( m9ute & accurate pro(1 is by no means improbable2 & ?is fact w\ld s]ve to expla91 ?\gh n entirely to ju/ify _m acts ( ! ,spani% gov]nm5t4 ,at any rate1 ! ,spani% m9d & "*1 9 o!r repects s g5]\s & upright1 s little prone to selfi% cunn+ or fickle frivolity1 became 9 ! long /rife & animosities ( a fi]ce religi\s w>1 m & m p>tial & exclusive1 arbitr>y & viol5t4 ,!re yet l+]$1 h[ev]1 _m *ivalr\s virtues peculi> to ?is high-m9d$ nation--_m extraord9>y & l(ty effusions ( religi\s g5ius1 su* z are display$ 9 ! wond]ful writ+s ( ,/4 ,!resa1 ^: holy m$itations are c\*$ 9 language ( su* inimitable beauty4 ,among no o!r p did ! _s & "* ( ! middle age1 9 its mo/ beautiful & dignifi$ =m1 s long cont9ue & survive 9 mann]s1 ways ( ?9k+1 intellectual culture1 & works ( imag9ation & poetry1 z among ! ,spani>ds2 & x is n ! m]e effect ( *ance1 b x is a v rem>kable & *>act]i/ic fact1 t 9 ,spa9 alone1 ! peculi> poetry ( ! middle age atta9$ to its utmo/ p]fection1 & rea*$ its la/ exquisite bloom4 ,9 ,italy1 too1 art & poetry fl\ri%$ 9 h] beautiful language2 & classical erudition made consid]able progress1 & ev5 arriv$ to a v advanc$ /ate1 dur+ t tr\bl$ p]iod :5 ! re/ ( ,europe 0 involv$ 9 religi\s disputes & civil w>s4 ,b ! fair & fl\ri%+ ,italian lit]ature ( t age may be comp>$ to a bloom+ g>d51 situat$ on a volcanic soil4 ,no imm$iate dang] !n ?reat5$ ,italy1 ?\gh we are n to e/imate private op9ions by ! /&>d ( ^? :i* publicly prevail$2 !re 7 at lea/ no public examples ( t excessive p>tiality & passionate en?usiasm = ,pagan antiquity1 :i* occurr$ 9 t e>li] & brilliant p]iod ( moral f]m5t & false security--! fifte5? c5tury4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 "s individual in/ances ! real progress ( sci5ce 0 imp$$1 & on ! :ole its m>* ret>d$ by a dread ( ! dang] ( its abuse2 & h5ce ! old s*ola/icism rema9$ long] ?an 0 "r 9 h]$it>y possession ( its exclusive empire1 al?\gh t cont5ti\s & p>tly negative ,rationalism ( ! middle age 0 ill calculat$ to supply ! place ( a truly ,*ri/ian philosophy1 :i* ! circum/ances ( ! *ur* !n s imp]i\sly dem&$4 ,x %\ld !n h be5 borne 9 m9d1 t e new error--e new %ape :i* ! old ,proteus may assume 9 ! *ang+ _s ( "t1 requires1 n inde$ a new philosophy 7= philosophy itself1 :i* is1 z ! anci5ts said1 ! sci5ce ( div9e & human ?+s1 is 9 ! sanctu>y ( its highe/ subjects & problems an edifice un*angeable ?r\gh all ages1 & built on ! ev]la/+ f\ndation ( div9e tru?71 b a new =m & direction giv5 to philosophy1 a new resuscitation ( its p[]s4 ,inde$ ! v5]able ,bi%op & holy man ( ,god1 ,/4 ,*>les ,borromeo1 _h 9 8 ,manual ( ,religion furni%$ an example1 9 :i* we see ! utmo/ pr(undity ( ascetic sci5ce unit$ ) a beautiful lucidness ( expression1 & ! greate/ simplicity & purity ( ta/e4 ,b ! regul> philosophy ( ! s*ools rema9$ = a long "t yet mu* too s*ola/ic2 & x 0 prejudicial1 or at lea/ disadvantage\s to ! ,ca?olic cause1 t ! fir/ f\ndations ( a bett] philosophy1 ( "o at lea/ m fai?ful to its high vocation1 & ( an enl>g$ & improv$ sci5ce1 %\ld h be5 laid by m51 l ,bacon & ,leibnitz1 :o belong$ to ! opposite p>ty4 ,prote/antism _h p5etrat$ into ,france f ,fr5* ,switz]l&1 z ! v "n ( ,hugonots indicates4 ,! religi\s w>s 9 ,france broke out mu* lat] ?an 9 ,g]many2 & ! religi\s disputes 9 t c\ntry _h ?is di/9ctive "*2 t ! ,pr9ces & noble lead]s ( ! ,opposition1 ! facti\s among ! high ari/ocracy1 & ! cont5d+ p>ties at ,c\rt1 made ! ,prote/ants 7:o =m$ inde$ only ! m9ority among ! p1 & /ill m 9 ! /ate1 b yet a v important & p[]ful m9ority71 ! tools & in/rum5ts ( _! own political designs & intrigues4 ,x is ?is peculi> comb9ation ( circum/ances :i* has /amp$ ! "* ( ! ,fr5* religi\s w>s1 & :i* di/+ui%es !m f ^? ( ,g]many4 ,! religi\s w>s 9 ! =m] c\ntry 7 n ( su* long & un9t]rupt$ duration1 nor 7 !y ( s de/ructive & desolat+ a "* z ! ?irty ye>s' w>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! treaties ( religi\s pacification 7 ( mu* %ort] duration1 & 7 r5ew$ ev5 five or six times1 = !y 7 ev] foll[$ by new insurrections4 ,ev5 ! edict ( ,nantes1 :i* 0 de/9$ to t]m9ate ?is long an>*y1 did n prev5t ! recurr5ce ( tr\bles aft] ! assass9ation ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 & 0 itself totally repeal$ at a subsequ5t p]iod4 ,! v>i\s political intrigues ( discont5t$ nobles1 & ( facti\s lead]s ( ! ,opposition1 gave a v hateful complexion to ! religi\s w>s 9 ,france2 & t disposition to v9dictive retaliation1 :i* sway$ p>ties 9 ! v>i\s alt]nations ( p[]1 pres5t$ =midable1 & almo/ insurm\ntable ob/acles to ! e/abli%m5t ( a p]man5t religi\s peace4 ,t odi\s "* 9 ! religi\s w>s ( ,france1 appe>s 9 ,engl& "u equally revolt+ col\rs 9 ! despotism ( ! eigh? ,h5ry1 9 ! crafty policy ( ,elizabe?1 9 ! great an>*ical & regicide rebellion1 & 9 ! tyranny ( ,cromwell1 & has be5 (t5 & /rongly p\rtray$ by ! national hi/orians4 ,x is extremely wor?y ( rem>k1 z ! fact s]ves to expla9 _m po/]ior ev5ts 9 hi/ory1 t ! /ruggle 9 ,france rema9$ undecid$1 p>took f fir/ to la/ ( an unc]ta9 & fluctuat+ "*1 & l$ nei!r to ! e/abli%m5t ( a free ,con/itution1 z 9 ,engl&2 nor to ! f\ndation ( a firm1 la/+1 & irrevocable religi\s pacification1 z 9 ,g]many4 ,b ?is /ruggle rema9$ an unsolv$ problem ( /ate-policy1 l ! religi\s dispute itself--a dispute ^: contagion infect$ ! ,ca?olics !mselves1 inoculat$ t portion ( ! population1 & cont9u$ to rage among _! desc5dants4 ,9 ,france1 ! ,prote/ants 7 9 a decid$ m9ority1 & x 0 by o!r & subord9ate causes t !y acquir$ a tempor>y p[] & importance 9 ! fir/ religi\s w>s2 b 9 ,engl& !y probably became ! majority at a v e>ly p]iod1 ?\gh n su* an ov]:elm+ majority z !y =m at ! pres5t day4 ,! ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant p>ties !n divid$ ,g]many into two ne>ly equal portions1 z 9 po9t ( numb]s !y d at ! pres5t day2 & al?\gh political p[] does n dep5d on numb]s1 p>ticul>ly :51 z 0 at t "t ! case1 s _m het]og5e\s elem5ts 7 comb9$1 yet bo? ! cont5d+ p>ties 7 suffici5tly /rong n to succumb easily 9 ! conte/4 ,x is ?is fact :i* ultimately e/abli%$ ! necessity ( a cordial & p]man5t religi\s peace1 & caus$ t necessity to be s univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,b ?is v equality ( numb]s1 & /ill m ! active int]f]5ce ( almo/ all ! great cont95tal p[]s 9 ! conte/1 r5d]$ x at fir/ m ob/9ate & la/+4 ,nev] 0 !re a religi\s w>1 s widely ext5d$ & s complicat$ 9 its op]ations1 s protract$ 9 duration1 & entail+ mis]y on s _m g5]ations4 ,t p]iod ( ?irty ye>s' havoc1 9 :i* ! e>ly civilization1 & ! noble/ en]gies ( ,g]many 7 de/roy$1 =ms 9 hi/ory ! great wall ( sep>ation betwe5 ! anci5t ,g]many1 :i* 9 ! middle age 0 ! mo/ p[]ful1 fl\ri%+1 & weal?y c\ntry 9 ,europe1 & ! new ,g]many ( rec5t & happi] times1 :i* is n[ gradually recov]+ f h] long exhau/ion & g5]al desolation1 & ris+ aga9 into light & life f ! sepul*ral d>kness--! night ( dea?1 to :i* h] anci5t disputes _h consign$ h]4 ,we c be little a/oni%$ at ! orig9 ( ?is w>--inde$ x is almo/ a matt] ( surprise t ho/ilities did n break out soon]2 & ! v fact t ext]nal w>f>e 0 s long suppress$1 may acc\nt = ! viol5ce & animosity ( ! fir/ conflict4 ,! fir/ religi\s peace 0 9 reality a m]e truce--ano!r prolong$ int]im :i* /ill left _m debateable po9ts1 t ) ! mo/ hone/ int5tions 9 bo? p>ties x 0 extremely difficult1 & almo/ impossible to settle by a peaceful & equitable adju/m5t4 ,:]e s mu* combu/ible matt] exi/$1 ! m]e/ accid5t might enk9dle a conflagration4 ,?is fir/ occurr$ 9 ,bohemia1 :]e ! old insurrection ( ! ,hussites _h be5 put d[n by =ce--7! only way 9 :i* on its fir/ outbreak1 x c\ld h be5 suppress$7 b :]e z x n[ appe>$ t no vital rem$y _h be5 appli$ to ! roots ( ! disord]1 mu* diseas$ & inflammable matt] yet rema9$4 ,/ill ! revolt ( ,bohemia 0 n ! only cause or subject ( a w>1 :i* "s hi/orians h consid]$ r z a complicat$ s]ies ( w>s1 p>tially v>y+ 9 _! object4 ,! :ole c\ntry--! age itself seem$ involv$ 9 w>f>e2 & w> appe>$ z ! p]man5t policy1 ! rul+ _s1 ! invet]ate habit1 & natural necessity ( mank9d4 ,z a ma/]ly h&#aa has seiz$ & p\rtray$ _m ev5ts & incid5ts--_m sc5es & acts ( ?is great trag$y--! religi\s feel+s1 & /eadfa/ & inflexible "* ( ! ,emp]or ,f]d9& ,,ii4--! high milit>y glory & conque/s ( ! ,sw$i% mon>* ,gu/avus ,adolphus--& ! g5ius & disa/r\s fate ( ! ,g5]al ,wall5/e92--x is unnecess>y to dwell at any l5g? on ^! great hi/orical recollections1 ?\gh ! subject is inexhau/ible 9 itself4 ,! peace :i* 0 ! fruit ( a high & imp]i\s necessity1 is 9 ! po9t ( view we "h take1 ( f> great] int]e/4 ,) respect to indemnities1 ! treaty ( ,we/phalia did n diff] f any o!r treaty ( g5]al peace1 9 :i* l&s & p>cels ( l& are to be allott$1 & ev5 secul>iz$1 b :]e ! numb] ( claimants exce$s ! portions ( allotm5t4 ,consid]$1 too1 z a treaty :i* re/or$1 & fix$ on a firm basis1 ! peace ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 ! treaty ( ,we/phalia did n dep5d 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r respects1 on ! =ce ( its own articles1 b on ! g5]al sy/em ( ,european policy--on ! pr9ciple ( ! balance ( p[] :i* regulat$ t policy--a pr9ciple :i* !n1 & /ill m 9 lat] times1 ?is treaty has mu* contribut$ to diffuse & ext5d4 ,b x is z a solemn pact ( religi\s peace1 t ,i wi% "h p>ticul>ly to consid] ! treaty ( ,we/phalia--z ! f9al conclusion ( all religi\s w>s 7& 9 ?is respect x has nev] be5 mat]ially violat$7--z a la/+ cov5ant ( religi\s fre$om1 ^: ma9 pr9ciple cont9ues deeply implant$ 9 ! ,g]man m9d1 :ile ! two o!r relations 9 :i* ?is treaty rema9$ s incomplete1 h = ! mo/ "p lo/ _! practical int]e/4 ,:5 we contemplate1 too1 ?is treaty z a noble lab\r ( equity--! successful "w ( unwe>i$ indu/ry1 x has no p>allel among prec$+ treaties ( peace2 & h5ce x has become ! basis ( ! int]national law ( ,europe1 & ! textbook ( diplomatic sci5ce 9 mod]n times ev5 d[n to our own days4 ,h5ce its long1 undi/urb$ duration4 ,! nations--! age itself bless$ x z ! t]m9ation ( _! long calamities2 b f> great] has be5 its influ5ce on aft]-times4 ,! religi\s peace :i* x e/abli%$1 has become 9 mod]n times a national habitude--a second nature to ! ,g]man p2 = "h & no :]e else mu/ we look = its high hi/orical de/9ation4 ,x may be said t ?is1 l e o!r peace :]e ! "q ( "r rema9s ! subject ( dispute1 is only a truce--ano!r m]e int]im--b x is a sacr$ & et]nal truce--a div9e int]im--t is to say1 an int]m$iate /ate ( peace to la/ till ,god %all pron\nce 8 f9al & unfail+ aw>d4 ,( little mom5t to ! philosoph]1 :o consid]s ?is religi\s peace 9 its va/ be>+s on ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! mom5t\s future1 is ! reflection ( ! ,juri/ h[ f>1 & "u :at re/rictions ?is treaty 9 ! alt]$ circum/ances ( rec5t times1 c be consid]$ z really valid & politically b9d+4 ,= m ?an any o!r treaty1 has ?is solemn pact ( religi\s peace be5 int]wov5 ) life1 & become a reality4 ,& :5 we take a wide survey ( ! _w1 & include ! future 9 our prospective k51 we may say1 t n[ t mo/ ( ! sep>ate articles ( ?is treaty h lo/ _! value1 & are no long] susceptible ( execution1 ! g5]al _s & object--! high import ( ?is religi\s peace are mu* ne>] _! fulfilm5t ?an =m]ly1 :5 ! practical application ( ?is treaty to p>ticul> cases 0 solely consid]$4 ,= t outw>d1 b la/+ cov5ant ( religi\s peace--t holy truce & int]im =ms ! prelude & introduction to ano!r1 high]1 f> m compreh5sive1 spiritual & div9e peace1 = :i* our age--! epo* ( a mighty reg5]ation--is irrevocably de/9$4 ,= h[ c ,*ri/ianity1 t is to say1 et]nal tru? itself1 be = ev] torn by divisions8 ,! solution ( ! great problem ( ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s is by no means complicat$1 if we und]/& x 9 ?is s5se1 b extremely simple4 ,=1 if z x is ! object ( all true & elevat$ philosophy to prove1 fai? & sci5ce are really & ess5tially "o1 fai? w be re/or$ to its =m] unity1 & !n ! s*ism betwe5 fai? & sci5ce w cease4 ,ev5 z reg>ds ! political relations ( ! pres5t times1 ?is great1 fundam5tal treaty ( peace has become a new ,*ri/ian basis ( int]national law2 = ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity requires t :]e absolute ju/ice1 :i* is r>ely atta9able1 _c be f\nd1 a sy/em ( peaceable & equitable compromise %\ld be=e all ?+s be pref]r$4 ,& h5ce ?is treaty has1 = all succe$+ times1 /amp$ ! pacific & cons]vative policy ( ! great ,g]man p[] ( ,au/ria4 ,9 ,france & ,engl&1 inde$1 religi\s w>s aft]w>ds occurr$2 b !y 7 m]ely ! la/ agitations--! aft]-pa9s ( t fe>ful p]iod ( convulsive lab\r4 ,^! commotions 7 soon allay$2 & ! example & prec$5t ( ?is great religi\s pacification 9 ,g]many1 highly & univ]sally admir$ z x 01 caus$ ! pr9ciple ( religi\s tol]ation to be tacitly ackn[l$g$ z "o :i* religion & necessity alike prescrib$ = ! imitation ( all ,europe4 ,among ! la/ & mo/ frightful consequ5ces ( ! g5]al revolution 9 ! *ur*1 0 ! calamit\s execution ( ,k+ ,*>les ! ,fir/1 :i* = ! sake ( ord]1 ,i h previ\sly adv]t$ to1 & :i* took place a ye> aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! great religi\s peace 9 ,g]many1 & 0 foll[$ =ty ye>s aft]w>ds by ! great national peace ( ,engl&--! f9al settlem5t ( ! ,briti% con/itution4 ,among ! lam5table ev5ts :i* occurr$ at t p]iod 9 ,france1 0 ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes1 ! la/1 & comp>atively speak+1 ! mo/ solid & durable ( ! treaties ( religi\s peace made 9 t c\ntry--a revocation :i* c by no means a/oni% u1 s9ce ?is edict1 de/itute ( all int]nal & ext]nal gu>antees1 & :i* emanat$ solely f absolute p[]1 c\ld n (f] ! same security1 nor possess ! same durability1 z ! great1 fundam5tal treaty ( ,we/phalia4 ,yet bo? 9 ,france & abroad1 ?is measure1 s appall+ to ! :ole ,european _w1 01 aft] s long an int]val1 extremely unexpect$4 ,"o ( ! effects ( ?is measure 0 a cruel w> ( ext]m9ation c>ri$ on 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,cev5nes aga9/ ! ,prote/ants1 :o appe> to h !re d]iv$ a "p ( _! t5ets f "s ( ! e>li] sects ( ! middle age4 ,) respect to ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes1 consid]+ x m]ely z an act ( au?ority1 & indep5d5tly ( ! bl[ :i* x gave to ! e/abli%m5t ( a p]man5t religi\s peace1 we c only say t su* an abuse ( p[] on ! "p ( ! majority1 7& x is to ! influ5ce ( a prepond]ant majority ?is act 0 ascrib$ by public op9ion17 su* an abuse ( p[] 0 a v dang]\s prec$5t 9 ! native l& ( all viol5t reactions2 & ?us 9 our days ! emigration ( ! ,fr5* nobility has be5 ! great hi/orical c\nt]-bl[ to ! bani%m5t ( ! ,hugonots4 ,?is viol5t expulsion ( ! ,prote/ants c\ld n ev5 accompli% ! imm$iate object ( its au?ors2 = ! _s ( ,prote/antism _h /ruck mu* too deep roots 9 ,france2 & ! evil c\ld n be remov$ by m]e physical =ce1 & )\t ! application ( a moral rem$y4 ,! ,prote/ant influ5ce ( ,fr5* ,switz]l& 0 n de/roy$1 & inde$ x became /ill m p[]ful 9 ! sequel2 :ile a f> deep] w\nd 0 inflict$ on ! ,ca?olic cause 9 ,france by ! spread ( ,jans5i/ical pr9ciples f ! ,ne!rl&s1 :i*1 support$ z ^? pr9ciples 7 by great lit]>y tal5ts1 ex]t$ !n a mighty influ5ce ov] ! ,fr5* nation4 ,! ess5ce ( ,jans5ism 0 ! ,rationalism ( ,calv91 comb9$ ) feel+s ( pietism1 & cov]$ ov] ) a deep v>ni% ( ,ca?olicism4 ,x 0 n ! small p>ty ( ! ,jans5i/s ( ,utre*t1 exclud$ z !y 7 f ! *ur*1 & completely sep>at$ f ! two great religi\s p>ties ( ,europe1 t c\ld injure ! ,ca?olic cause 9 ,france2 b x 0 t modifi$ or disguis$ ,jans5ism :i* _h crept into ! v bosom ( ! ,gallican *ur*1 & !re grew up 9 secret1 t 0 mo/ to be fe>$4 ,all ^! p>tial or disguis$ influ5ces ( ! _s ( ,prote/antism d]iv$ _! full sanction f ! !ory ( a ,gallican *ur*1 su* z x 0 proclaim$ by ! supreme au?ority 9 ! /ate4 ,9 ! ,prote/ant con/itution ( ,engl&1 inde$1 ! pr9ciple ( a ,national *ur*1 l ! ,anglican1 7h[ev] su* a pr9ciple may be oppos$ to ! v ess5ce & fundam5tal maxims ( ,*ri/ianity71 is n inconsi/5t ) ! orig9 & g5]al doctr9es ( t *ur*4 ,b 9 ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 :]e ! pr9ciple ( national diss5t is n admissible to a l ext5t1 su* a sy/em is p]fectly absurd1 & c>ries ) x its own refutation4 ,! old] !ory ( a ,g]manic *ur* _c be "h adduc$ z an hi/orical prec$5t2 = t !ory 0 />t$ ) a view to regulate ! ext]nal relations ( ! *ur*1 or to fix ) m precision ! limits ( ! ,papal & ,imp]ial p[]1 b did n ref] to matt]s ( doctr9e1 or to ! int]nal discipl9e ( ! *ur*4 ,yet ) ?is sy/em ( a ,g]manic *ur*1 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,ghibell9e asc5dancy1 _m errors 7 mix$ up--! fir/ g]ms ( ! s*ism aft]w>ds consummat$4 ,b ?is disguis$1 half-s*ism ( ! ,gallican *ur*1 n less fatal 9 its hi/orical effects ?an ! op5 s*ism ( ! ,greeks1 has contribut$ v mat]ially t[>ds ! decl9e ( religion 9 ,france1 d[n to ! p]iod ( ! ,re/oration4 ,x 0 n only ! dispute ) ,rome1 :i* ,l\is ,,xiv4 c>ri$ to su* fe>ful extremes2 b ! alliances he s frequ5tly r5ew$ ) ! ,sw$i% conqu]or1 & ) ! ,turki% p[] 7/ill s =midable to ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom71 :i* mu/1 z com+ f a ,ca?olic qu>t]1 h giv5 mu* sc&al to ! age2 & we mu/ at lea/ all[ t ! =eign policy ( ,lewis ,,xiv4 0 sc>cely 9 any respect ,*ri/ian1 & t x prep>$ ! way = t relaxation ( moral & religi\s pr9ciples :i* took place 9 ,france "u 8 feebl] successors4 ,lewis ,,xiv4 und\bt$ly well knew h[ to /r5g!n 8 regal pr]ogative1 & r5d] x m absolute1 & 9 ?is "w1 l sev]al ( 8 pr$ecessors1 ev9c$ ! mo/ sy/ematic art1 & ! greate/ det]m9ation ( "*4 ,b all ! great problems ( t age--all ! religi\s que/ions :i* !n divid$ ! _w1 :i* =m+ z !y did ! highe/ object ( all practical reflection & conduct 7 !n s w>mly agitat$1 c\ld n be br\ght to a p]man5t1 adequate1 & g5]ally satisfactory solution by ! caprici\s m&ates ( p[]1 or ! p>tial adjudications ( regal au?ority4 ,& if 9 ?is e/abli%m5t ( absolute p[] 9 ! int]ior1 no reg>d is paid to ! lawful rights ei!r ( ,=eign nations1 or ( ! p at home1 :at security is !re t su* a sy/em w or c endure8 ,! spl5d\r ( ! !n ,fr5* lit]ature is "o ( ! ma9 pill>s on :i* ! glory ( t reign & c5tury dep5ds--?is lit]ature :i* atta9$ s high a degree ( p]fection1 conta9s h[ev] to "s ext5t ! g]ms ( t political scepticism1 & ^? religi\s errors1 :i* l$ to ! disa/]s ( subsequ5t times4 ,an /hetic cri/icism ( pure art1 falls n )9 ! limits ( ! plan ,i h trac$ out to myself1 & ,i c notice subjects ( ?is nature only inasmu* z !y s]ve to d5ote ! "* ( p>ticul> ages & nations4 ,z 9 no c\ntry 0 ! _s ( ! middle age--! s*ola/ico-romantic "* ( ! fir/ p]iod ( ,european cultivation1 bo? 9 ! tone ( feel+ & ! mode ( expression s long pres]v$1 nor rais$ to su* a /ate ( high ref9em5t & beautiful p]fection1 z 9 ,spa92 s we may say t ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ! ,fr5* m9d 9 ! age ( ,lewis ,,xiv4 consi/$ 9 a /udi\s & m9ute avoidance ( ! two pr9cipal defects 9 ! intellectual productions ( ! middle age--! s*ola/ic vagu5ess & obscurity 9 works ( speculation on ! "o h&1 & ! fanta/ic wildness 9 works ( imag9ation on ! o!r4 ,t *oice & exquisite ta/e :i* prevails 9 all ^? models ( secul> & cl]ical1 hi/orical1 poetical1 & philosophic eloqu5ce1 :i* t age produc$ 9 su* abundance1 orig9at$ 9 ?is species ( precision av]se f all excess & obscurity4 ,& x 0 by ! cle>ness & lightness x ow$ to ?is pr9ciple t ! ,fr5* language became1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! univ]sal model & mo/ conv5i5t m$ium1 n only ( conv]sation1 b ( epi/ol>y communication1 among ! polite classes ( all ,european nations4 ,b 9 a compreh5sive survey ( g5]al lit]ature1 ?is /&>d ( a pleas+ /yle mu/ n be consid]$ z univ]sally applicable1 or high] ?an any o!r2 & )\t wi%+ to comp>e objects totally dissimil> 9 !mselves1 ,i may obs]ve t al?\gh among all ! classical writ]s & orators ( t age1 ,bossuet is ! greate/ 9 po9t ( /yle1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ solid & intellectual1 yet ! naive loquacity & infant9e simplicity :i* di/+ui% ! incorrect1 old ,fr5* diction ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,sales1 are peculi>ly graceful & attractive 9 !mselves2 :ile 9 ! dep? & cle>ness ( ! ascetic _s1 ! ,sa9t f> surpasses ! =m] writ] m celebrat$ 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! regul> philosophy ( ! s*ools1 ! ,lat9 0 mo/ly ! prevail+ language dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ?is ! sy/em ( ,desc>tes !n =m$ an epo*2 or at lea/ obta9$ v g5]al cr$it4 ,8 fanciful vortices 9 nature1 z well z 8 rigid demon/ration by reason1 ( t pr9ciple :i* is exalt$ above all reason1 comprise r ! fir/ g]m ( ! v>i\s errors 9 ! physics & metaphysics ( ! succe$+ age1 ?an a s\nd basis ( true sci5ce1 & a ,*ri/ian philosophy ( ! human m9d4 ,sp9oza 0 ! imm$iate disciple ( ,desc>tes1 b x is 9 ,g]many alone t 8 rationali/ sy/em ( pan!ism1 express$ z x is 9 ! =ms ( ma!matical demon/ration1 & embelli%$ by a morality pure & noble1 7at lea/ 9 appe>ance & 9 its g5]al outl9e17 has be5 ju/ly appreciat$ 9 its true metaphysical import1 & has f\nd philosophic critics & imitators4 ,b 9 its negative be>+s1 ! philosophy ( ,sp9oza1 toge!r ) o!r writ+s by t inquir] & o!rs on & aga9/ revelation1 _h a v ext5sive influ5ce 9 ^? times2 & t philosophy =ms ! notable po9t ( transition to ! metaphysical speculations ( our own age4 ,soc9us _h direct$ 8 attacks aga9/ ! great my/]y 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! liv+ ,god--! ,*ri/ian dogma ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ,sp9oza1 philosophic ,prote/antism1 or ! progressive _s ( negation1 advanc$ "o /ep fur!r2 = he d5i$ ! p]sonal exi/5ce1 or ! liv+ p]sonality ( ,god1 & endeav\r$ to sub/itute = ! notion ( ! ,god-head ! empty idea ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sy/ems ( ,bacon & ,leibnitz 7 two diff]5t f\ndations laid 9 t age = a high] & a bett] philosophy--sy/ems :i* by a m ext5sive developem5t & h>moni\s comb9ation ( _! p>ts might h be5 m\ld$ into a frame ( phylosophy ?or\ghly ,*ri/ian4 ,almo/ all ! sci5tific lab\rs ( ,leibnitz 7 direct$ to ?is po9t1 namely1 ! demon/ration1 confirmation1 & exemplification ( ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity1 by ! aid ( sci5ce4 ,! va/ sy/em ( spiritualism1 exalt$ f> above all ideas ( nature1 :i* 0 prop\nd$1 or r sket*$ out by ,leibnitz1 7) ! exception ( "s peculi> op9ions & m]e hypo!ses17 agrees p]fectly ) t pur] ,platonism :i* all ! ,*ri/ian writ]s & fa!rs ( ! fir/ ages inculcat$4 ,& ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( su* a philosophy1 if expos$ 9 _! native cle>ness & simplicity & )\t adv5titi\s alloy1 are ! same :i* 9 _! g5]al _s are to be cle>ly trac$1 or are tacitly impli$ 9 ! sacr$ ,scriptures1 ^: l(ty purposes1 h[ev]1 rise f> above ! n>r[ =ms & limit$ sph]e ( philosophic inve/igation4 ,h[ well ,leibnitz und]/ood & appreciat$1 & h[ f> he subscrib$ to ! tru? ( ! ,ca?olic religion1 has be5 br\ght to light 9 a s+ul> mann] 9 our own days2#ab & if we except "s ov]sights1 v p>donable "u all circum/ances1 8 philosophic sket* ( ! ,ca?olic sy/em ( !ology1 is 9 its ma/]ly brevity "o ( ! bolde/ & happie/ expositions ( t religion1 at lea/ = ! g5]al purposes ( ! _w4 ,! o!r great celebrat$ philosophical sy/em ( mod]n times1 0 bas$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! philosophy ( exp]i5ce--a sy/em :i* has t5d$ to enl>ge almo/ immeasurably ! field ( natural discov]ies4 ,z ! f\nd] ( ! philosophy ( exp]i5ce--,bacon _h conceiv$ x1 t philosophy1 if we except "s p>ticul> defects & individual errors1 is by no means at v>iance ) ! ,*ri/ian philosophy ( ,revelation2 = ! latt] is 9 itself a philosophy ( exp]i5ce1 ?\gh ( ano!r1 high]1 & spiritual k9d4 ,& x is ! m necess>y to keep ?is 9 view1 z o!rwise ! ord9>y abyss ( rationalism c sc>cely be avoid$4 ,! case is widely diff]5t :5 ! pr9ciples ( ! empirical philosophy1 z 9 ,locke & 8 foll[]s1 are direct$ aga9/ ev]y?+ exalt$1 sup]natural & spiritual 9 man & 8 consci\sness4 ,by ?is important di/9ction1 ,bacon is an ,european philosoph]1 l ,leibnitz2 b ,locke is a m]e ,engli% philosoph]2 z x 0 9 ,engl& ?is ,prote/ant philosophy sprang up & kept pace ) ! ,prote/antism ( /ate1 eng5d]$ & nurtur$ by ! ,con/itution ( #afhh4 ,h[ev]1 9 ,engl&1 ! ,prote/ant philosophy1 true to its "*1 kept )9 ! limits ( a mitigat$ scepticism1 & did n plunge into ! same wild1 revolution>y excesses z ! ,fr5* philosophy ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 t />t$ ) ! same pr9ciples4 ,! high intellectual cultivation ( ! ,engli% is by no means conf9$ to ?is negative philosophy1 b is ( a v peculi> "*1 & l ! ,briti% ,con/itution1 comb9es 9 ! mo/ s+ul> mann] ! mo/ het]og5e\s elem5ts4 ,= al?\gh ! ,briti% ,con/itution is g5]ally consid]$ z ! fa%ionable model = our times1 & 9 "o respect may inde$ be s consid]$2 yet a p[]ful ari/ocracy & _m p>ts ( ! feudal con/itution ( ! middle age1 are !re e/abli%$ 9 a sort ( h>mony1 or at lea/ p]man5t equipoise ) ! m mod]n elem5ts ( comm]ce & democracy4 ,! h]oic _s ( *ivalry1 & ! :ole moral "* ( ! middle age 7 long p>am\nt 9 ,engl&2 & h5ce 9 ! poetry ( no c\ntry1 if we except ! ,spani%1 is t _s s conspicu\s4 ,! /ruggles betwe5 ! h\ses ( ,york & ,lanca/] dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 :i* 9 ! rugg$ & almo/ savage /]nness ( ^? h]oic *>act]s1 be> no little resemblance to ! conte/s ( ! ,guelfs & ,ghibell9es1 =m ! h]oic & tradition>y1 ?\gh n v remote era ( ,briti% hi/ory--an era :i* witness$1 too1 ! high milit>y glory t ,engl& acquir$ 9 ! _m battles & *ivalr\s engagem5ts f\ght on ! ,fr5* soil4 ,! great national poet ( ,engl&1 :o has tak5 ! subject ( _m ( 8 dramas f t glori\s p]iod ( 8 c\ntry's annals1 ma9ta9s a sort ( sceptical m$ium--a k9d ( poetical balance betwe5 ! romantic en?usiasm ( eld] times1 & ! cle>-sight$ p5etration ( mod]n2 & x is 9 ?is peculi> comb9ation ( qualities1 t ! orig9ality ( 8 g5ius1 8 unfa?omable dep? & high intellectual *>m p>tly consi/4 ,z ! ,con/itution ( ,engl&--t is1 ! balance ( h] social in/itutions--sprang out ( ! old & mighty /ruggles :i* _h convuls$ t c\ntry2 we mu/ n be surpris$ at f9d+ 9 h] high] poetry1 :i* is only ! image & reflection ( life1 ! same artificial union & comb9ation ( ! conflict+ elem5ts exi/+ 9 h] political organization4 ,a pr(\nd analysis ( art1 conduct$ exclusively ) ?is view1 & t[>ds :i* ! ,g]man m9d has a /rong & p]haps excessive incl9ation1 w\ld be =eign to my pres5t plan4 ,to po9t out ! traits ( analogy exi/+ betwe5 ! productions ( intellect1 & ! ages & nations to :i* !y sev]ally belong1 may s]ve to ?r[ a cle>] & m vivid light on important p]iods & mom5t\s epo*s ( hi/ory2 & x is ) ?is view ,i h indulg$ n[1 z =m]ly1 9 %ort p>allels ( ?is k9d4 ,d[n to ! mo/ rec5t times1 ?is m>k$ pr$ilection = ! romantic _w ( ! middle ages1 & ! *ivalr\s days1 z well z ! bold g5ius ( poets bur/+ ?r\gh all vulg> trammels1 h be5 ! di/9ctive "* ( ,engli% poetry1 & h p>tly t5d$ to make x s great a fav\rite ) all ! nations ( ,europe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! negative philosophy ( ! ,engli% rema9s true to its "*1 9 z f> z c>efully %unn+ all objects ( a high] nature1 x has = ! mo/ "p made x a pr9ciple to limit its views entirely to man1 )\t attempt+ to dive & p5etrate into ! pr(\nd my/]ies ( ! ,deity1 or into ! int]nal secrets ( nature4 ,to ?is a high philosophy w object1 man is no isolat$ be+2 b z he 0 orig9ally plac$ by 8 ,creator 9 nature1 x is only 9 t connexion ) ,god & ,nature1 t ! my/]ies ( 8 inw>d be+1 & ! hi/ory ( 8 outw>d progress c be fully und]/ood & expla9$4 ,9 hi/orical rese>*es & n>rations1 :5 ^! are conf9$ to special subjects & p>ticul> eras1 & d n attempt ! m compreh5sive plan ( ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 t conf9$ _s ( philosophic inve/igation :i* limits its views exclusively to man1 is n prejudicial2 = on ! o!r h&1 ! flexible p[]s ( poetical g5ius 7unless _! activity be cramp$ by ! sceptical influ5ce ( a ,prote/ant philosophy71 keep ! m9d alive to all high & g5]\s qualities1 *>act]i/ic peculi>ities1 & orig9al greatness 9 m5 & ev5ts4 ,h5ce t dep>tm5t ( ,briti% lit]ature :i* embraces hi/oric rese>* & n>rative1 is peculi>ly f]tile1 & has met ) a g5]al & ,european success4 ,! ,prote/antism ( /ate1 :i* 0 br\ght to maturity by ! ,engli% ,con/itution1 0 dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ,engl& held g5]ally ! =emo/ rank among ! nations1 ext5d$ & appli$ 9 ! sy/em ( ! balance ( p[]1 to ! :ole ,cont95t ( ,europe4 ,b ! ,prote/antism ( sci5ce :i* orig9at$ !re1 =m$ toge!r ) ! sy/em ( religi\s peace1 ! fir/ f\ndation ( ,illum9ism2 & d5otes ! :ole p]iod ( its hi/ory f ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury d[n to ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 #aa ,! au?or "h alludes to ! hi/ory ( ! ,?irty ye>s' w> by ,s*ill]4--,trans4 #ab ,! au?or alludes to ! ,sy/ema ,!ologicum ( ,leibnitz1 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,p>is 9 ! ye> #ahai1 f ! manuscript s5t by ! c\rt ( ,prussia to t ( ,france4 ,x 0 publi%$ by ! ,abbe ,em]y1 :o accompani$ ! ,lat9 orig9al ) a ,fr5* translation4--,trans4 ,,end ,,( ,,lecture ,,xvi4 ,,lecture ,,xvii4 ,p>allel betwe5 ! religi\s peace ( ,g]many & t ( ! o!r c\ntries ( ,europe4--,! political sy/em ( ! ,balance ( ,p[]1 & ! pr9ciple ( false ,illum9ism preval5t 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! great b5efits ( ! religi\s peace ( ,g]many1 :i* f\nd$ ^u1 & spr++ out ( a great hi/orical necessity1 has /ruck su* deep roots 9 ! public m9d1 & at la/ become a second nature to ! ,g]mans1 may be be/ appreciat$ by a comp>ison ) ! /ate ( religi\s lib]ty su* z x n[ exi/s1 or did rec5tly exi/ among o!r nations--& ^? 9 tru? :i* are 9 e o!r respect ! mo/ civiliz$ ( mod]n ,europe4 ,9 ,g]many1 inde$1 ! /rict & vigilant ma9t5ance ( t religi\s peace1 on :i* h] :ole political exi/5ce dep5ds1 & )\t :i* %e w\ld fall into an an>*ic /ruggle ( p>ties2 has receiv$ 9 rec5t times a new confirmation2 & ?is religi\s peace1 :i* has be5 reviv$1 n inde$ 9 its old =ms1 b 9 its g5]al _s & ess5tial import1 has become only ! m necess>y1 z by ! rec5t p>titions ( t]ritories1 a great int]mixture ( religions has be5 introduc$ into /ates :]e =m]ly "o religion only prevail$4 ,?us 9 t /ate1#ac :i* 0 orig9ally ! greate/ ( all ! ,prote/ant /ates ( ,g]many1 & is n[ ev5 /ill m p[]ful ?an =m]ly1 a full half ( ! population is ,ca?olic4 ,ne>ly to ! same ext5t1 ! same obs]vation w apply1 ?\gh inv]sely1 to t ,ca?olic /ate#ad 9 ,g]many1 :i* next to ! ,imp]ial /ate itself1 is ! greate/4 ,s /rongly has ?is ,magna ,*>ta#ae ( ! religi\s lib]ty ( ,g]many1 7:i* sc>cely ne$s any ext]nal securities1 n[ t mo/ ( ^? securities no long] exi/1 or at lea/ h be5 v mat]ially alt]$ 9 ! =ms "u :i* !y =m]ly exi/$ 9 ! ,conf$]ation & 9 ! ,imp]ial c\rts ( ,judicature71 s /rongly1 ,i say1 has ?is ,magna ,*>ta tak5 root bo? 9 ! public m9d & /ate-policy ( ,g]many1 t ! pr9ciple ( religi\s fre$om no long] dep5ds on ! degree ( population1 or ! relation ( numb]s4 ,?us1 = example1 9 ! ,g]man ,ca?olic prov9ces ( ! ,au/rian ,empire1 ! ,prote/ants1 ?\gh comp>$ ) ! re/ ( ! population !y =m s v small a m9ority1 h be5 long 9 possession ( ! mo/ unlimit$ religi\s fre$om2 & 9 ! c\ntry#af :i* 0 ! v cradle ( ,prote/antism1 ! fact t ! royal dyna/y & a v small m9ority ( ! nation pr(ess ! ,ca?olic religion1 has be5 no ob/acle to ! mo/ cordial1 deep1 & solid atta*m5t on ! "p ( ! p to _! old h]$it>y rul]s--an atta*m5t :i* has be5 ev9c$ 9 ! mo/ unequivocal & affect+ mann] by all classes ( ! nation at e p]iod ( mis=tune4 ,if n[ we look to ! o!r great /ates & civiliz$ c\ntries ( ,europe1 :i* l ,g]many 7 involv$ = a c5tury & m 9 ! turmoil ( religi\s w>s1 & consid] :at issue ^! w>s h _h1 :at results !y h produc$1 we %all f9d t 9 ,engl& civil w> inde$ no long] rages4 ,b h[ ! relations betwe5 ! ,anglican *ur* on ! "o h&1 :i* =ce alone ma9ta9s 9 its political privileges & asc5dancy1 & ! ,prote/ant diss5t]s 7:o h a diff]5t "* f ^? 9 ,g]many1 or else:]e1 & are di/+ui%$ by a v viol5t sect>ian _s7 & ! ,ca?olic population ( ,irel&1 on ! o!r2 h[ ^! relations1 ,i say1 c be said to exhibit a /ate ( religi\s peace1 ,i am at a loss to und]/&2 = at no v remote p]iod ! latt] c\ntry 0 ! !atre ( a bloody civil w>4 ,we mu/ at lea/ all[ t a solid & p]man5t int]nal peace1 a p]fect conciliation ( m9ds1 & an equitable adju/m5t ( ! respective rights & claims ( bo? p>ties1 h app>5tly n yet be5 br\ght to a quiet & satisfactory issue4 ,nay1 to judge f ^? great p>liam5t>y discussions 9 ,engl&1 :]e9 n unfrequ5tly & f passages ! mo/ obscure1 & ! lea/ obs]v$ by ! sup]ficial eye1 ! mo/ secret motives1 ! deepe/ spr+s ( policy1 & ! mo/ hidd5 ?\ghts & disquietudes ( ! /atesman come to light 9 t wond]ful /age ( public life2 x w\ld appe> t great self-appreh5sion reign$ 9 ! m9ds ( ,engli% politicians2--a fe> :i* is ! m likely to arise on e s]i\s retrospect t p take ( ! old abyss ( _! civil conte/s2 = m ?an any o!r nation1 !y are conv]sant ) _! own annals1 & h !m ev] be=e _! eyes1 & live 9 ! pa/ ) all ! int5se feel+s ( ! pres5t4 ,h5ce e individual among !m kn[s full well t ! fe>ful & f]m5t+ elem5ts ( _! great old civil commotion h nev] be5 p]fectly appeas$1 & f9ally allay$1 b h be5 m]ely repress$ f "t to "t1 & prev5t$ f break+ out anew by means ( a ,con/itution1 :i* on t acc\nt is reput$ glori\s4 ,& mu/ n e ,engli%man ask himself ! p]emptory "q1 h[ a c\ntry c be1 or be t]m$ free1 :5 its ,ca?olic inhabitants1 am\nt+ to a ?ird "p ( its entire population1 are doom$ to und]go indescribable tyranny1 & are 9 fact treat$ l a conqu]$ nation8#ag ,9 ,france !re prevails on matt]s ( religion an indiff]5ce ( feel+1 r ?an any p>ty cont5tions1 or viol5t animosities1 at lea/ among ! great] "p ( ! nation2 & s long z ! matt] is n mix$ up ) political consid]ations1 ?is feel+ ( indiff]5ce w b5d to "o op9ion or to ! o!r4 ,ev5 9 =m] times ! religi\s w>s1 ?\gh viol5t en\gh1 7 n ( s long & un9t]rupt$ a duration & s widely de/ructive a nature1 z 9 ,g]many1 & comp>atively speak+ at lea/1 7 n att5d$ ) su* frightful circum/ances1 z 9 ,engl&4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 !y did n lead to ^? mighty1 def9ite & p]man5t results1 su* z 9 ,g]many1 a religi\s pacification--& 9 ,engl&1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a free ,con/itution4 ,& 9 ! revocation ( ! edict ( ,nantes1 accompli%$ 9 defiance ( all antec$5t promises1 /ipulations & rights1 ! victory ( ! ,ca?olic majority ( ! nation1 unju/ 9 itself1 0 m]ely app>5t & illusive1 = all ! great problems ( moral life rema9$ unsolv$1 & ! ho/ile & f]m5t+ elem5ts ( ,prote/antism or a species ( semi-prote/antism reta9$ _! full =ce2 till a hundr$ ye>s aft] ?is arbitr>y proce$+1 an imm5se & =midable reaction occurr$ 9 ! break+ out ( ! great ,revolution4 ,t gr& conflict ( ! ,european nations :i* sprang out ( ?is ,revolution1 & att5d$ its :ole c\rse1 mu/ be look$ ^u 9 no o!r light ?an z a religi\s w>2 = a =mal sep>ation n only f ! *ur*1 b f all ,*ri/ianity--a total abolition ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 an object ( ?is ,revolution :i* la/$ n9e ye>s1 be=e a sort ( religi\s peace 0 e/abli%$1 by :i* x seem$ to be ackn[l$g$1 t religion1 = a "t at lea/1 0 n an absolutely sup]flu\s want ( ! p2 = ! attempt ( !ophilan?ropy1 or ! public & legal e/abli%m5t ( a pure rationali/ religion _h no success4 ,b z respect$ p]sons1 ?is peace 0 n ( long duration1 z 0 b too soon app>5t 9 ! ill-treatm5t & imprisonm5t ( ! head ( ! *ur*4 ,! drama ( ! old ,ghibell9e times 0 r5ew$1 & ,ghibell9e pr9ciples & maxims ( policy 7 op5ly av[$4 ,if ! milit>y success ( ! ,fr5* _h be5 ( long] cont9uance1 ^! pr9ciples w\ld h made incomp>ably great] progress1 & w\ld h be5 m cle>ly unfold$1 z !re 0 a secret incl9ation to a c]ta9 ,mahometan junction ( civil & ecclesia/ical p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! same p]son4 ,x c\ld n1 h[ev]1 h escap$ ! ke5 p]ception ( ,buonap>te1 h[ mu* ! feel+s & op9ions ( ,europe1 7:atev] indiff]5ce x may manife/ ab\t religion1 & h[ev] easily x may give its sanction to encroa*m5ts on spiritual p[]1 f want ( k or ( int]e/ 9 ^? matt]s17 are ev] adv]se to a complete & anti-*ri/ian fusion ( secul> & ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,t fanatic & de/ructive "* :i* di/+ui%$ ! ,revolution>y /ruggle 9 its orig91 rema9$ ! same1 ?\gh some:at modifi$ 9 its =m dur+ ! "t ( ! ,imp]ial conque/s2 & ! g5]al resi/ance ( ! nations ( ,europe1 d[n to ! f9al triumph ( ! ,allies1 reta9$ to ! la/ ! "* ( a religi\s w>1 c>ri$ on 9 def5ce ( all t 0 mo/ sacr$ to humanity4 ,?us t great /ruggle mu/ be consid]$ z a five-&-tw5ty ye>s' religi\s w>1 or r p]haps 9 its orig91 a w> ( irreligion1 ?\gh x is n wor? :ile to dispute ab\t a ^w4 ,= ?is reason1 9 ! c\ntry :]e ?is mighty ,revolution _h its bir?1 ! re/oration ( mon>*y is insep>ably connect$ ) t ( religion2 & x is by a religi\s reg5]ation1 t ! /atesm5 ( t k+dom1 :o are well-wi%]s to _! c\ntry1 & h 9 view its p]man5t well-be+1 & n ! idle & transi5t spl5d\r ( milit>y glory1 %\ld endeav\r to secure ! future de/9ies ( ,france4 ,?is univ]sal & convulsive crisis ( ! _w 9 latt] times1 n[ t x has happily & entirely pass$ by1 has creat$ a mighty *asm1 & ?r[n up a wall ( sep>ation betwe5 ! pres5t age & ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,n[ t ! conflict is ov]1 & all ! illusions incid5t to t /ate ( /ruggle h pass$ away1 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :i* bore t great ,revolution 9 its womb1 & at la/ br\ght x into life1 c be judg$ ) great] imp>tiality & hi/oric fre$om1 & bett] und]/ood1 & m duly appreciat$ 9 all its compreh5sive be>+s4 ,= dur+ ! exi/5ce ( any /ruggle1 x is app>5tly giv5 to few mortals to =m respect+ pass+ ev5ts a judgm5t :i* c be truly t]m$ hi/orical2 z 9 g5]al1 a c]ta9 di/ance ( "t is requisite to ! =mation ( j & accurate op9ions4 ,9 ?is la/ section ( univ]sal hi/ory1 x w\ld be idle & sup]flu\s to ent] into a m9ute detail ( facts s g5]ally kn[n4 ,x is on t acc\nt ! m important = ! due illu/ration & philosophic inve/igation ( a p]iod s ne> to u1 briefly to po9t out amid ! multitude ( well-kn[n facts1 ! lead+ & det]m9+ causes ( all ! ev5ts :i* occurr$4 ,! lead+ & /irr+ pr9ciples ( all occurr5ces & ent]prises 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 z ! hi/ory ( t age abundantly proves1 may be trac$ on ! "o h&1 to ! sy/em ( ! ,balance ( ,p[] 9 ! int]nal gov]nm5t & outw>d relations ( /ates2 & on ! o!r1 to ! pr9ciple ( illum9ism 9 ! dep>tm5t ( morals1 ?\gh ?is pr9ciple 0 n conf9$ to ! sph]e ( m9d1 b ex]t$ a great practical influ5ce on real life1 & f9ally br\ght ab\t a total revolution 9 ! /ate4 ,bo? ^! pr9ciples--! sy/em ( ! balance ( p[]1 :i* 0 ! prote/antism ( /ate--& ! pr9ciple ( illum9ism1 :i* f its negative "*1 agre$ 9 ! ma9 ) ! ,prote/antism ( philosophy1 & 0 only a natural consequ5ce ( t philosophy1--_h _! orig9 *iefly 9 ,engl&1 & !re fir/1 or m ?an else:]e1 rea*$ _! developm5t4 ,= f ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury d[n to ! mighty ,revolution :i* clos$ x1 ,engl& 0 ! /ate t took ! lead 9 e occurr5ce & transaction1 gave ! tone to ! age1 & =m$ ! /rong c5tral lev] to ! sy/em ( ! ,balance ( ,p[]4 ,! plan ( su* a sy/em _h inde$ be5 op5ly av[$ sev]al c5turies be=e1 & _h be5 act$ ^u z a pr9ciple 9 _m political ent]prises & negotiations2 b ! !n exi/+ circum/ances ( ! _w1 :i* requir$ & admitt$ ( a f> high] law ( adjudication1 conf9$ ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,?us x 0 a f> high] pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ian equity1 :i* con/itut$ ! basis ( ! holy ,roman ,empire ( ,g]many 9 ! middle age2 & x 0 only :5 t empire _h be5 weak5$ & und]m9$ by v>i\s %ocks1 ext]nal & int]nal1 t ! sy/em ( ! ,balance ( ,p[] began t[>ds ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 to ex]t a comm&+ influ5ce4 ,italy 0 9 g5]al ! !atre & ar5a = ! work+s ( t policy2 ,spa91 ,france1 & ,au/ria1 next ,v5ice1 ! ,pope1 & ,switz]l&1 ! active ag5ts 9 t *angeful /ruggle2 & ,naples & ,lomb>dy ! subject ( dispute1 & ! prize ( cont5tion4 ,b :5 ! progress & success ( ! ,turki% arms f )\t1 & ! =midable1 gr[+ & f]m5t+ elem5ts ( religi\s /rife f )91 _h ?reat5$ ,europe ) total ru91 or at lea/ ) ! mo/ =midable dang]1 ! new1 inf]ior pr9ciple ( policy 0 compell$ to yield to ! urg5t necessities ( ! times1 & to old op9ions n yet totally ext9ct4 ,m5 felt ! absolute want ( an ,emp]or & g5]al ,protector ( ,*ri/5dom1 inve/$ z 9 anci5t times1 ) p[] really adequate to 8 dignity2 & ?is 0 ! motive :i* l$ to ! election ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 ,! ext5t ( 8 empire1 h[ev]1 made 8 p[] appe> great] ?an x 0 9 reality4 ,if a decid$ & =midable prepond]ance ( p[] exi/$ any :]e1 we mu/ look = x on ! side ( ! ,turks1 ^: triumphant arms br\ght !m ev] ne>] t[>ds ,europe1 & ^: progress ,*>les 0 little able to arre/4 ,france1 situat$ z %e 0 9 ! c5tre ( ,europe1 _h no?+ to appreh5d f ! ,turks1 :ile %e 0 suffici5tly /rong & p[]ful to disreg>d dang] f any qu>t]4 ,h] rivalry ) ,spa91 & h] p]petual w>s ) ! ,emp]or1 7 exce$+ly injuri\s to ,europe1 z !y cramp$ & imp$$ all ! op]ations ( ! emp]or 9 behalf ( ,*ri/5dom1 & all 8 ex]tions = provid+ = its ext]nal & int]nal security4 ,b to no c\ntry 7 ^? w>s m hurtful ?an to ,france h]self1 :i* _h ne$ ( all h] en]gies = ! ma9t5ance ( int]nal tranquillity1 9 ord] by h] undivid$ activity1 to be able to allay & settle ! v>i\s elem5ts ( religi\s /rife1 :i* aft]w>ds broke out ) su* fe>ful viol5ce4 ,at t p]iod1 & ev5 dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! w>s ( ,turkey 7 g5]ally consid]$ z religi\s w>s1 p>tly f ! dreadful consequ5ces :i* ensu$ to ! ,*ri/ian religion 9 ! conqu]$ c\ntries1 :]e if x 7 n entirely extirpat$1 x 0 at lea/ doom$ to ! sev]e/ oppression2 & p>tly f ! fanatic & sangu9>y "* ( ^? w>s !mselves4 ,! alliances :i* ,france dur+ ! religi\s w>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & contr>y to ! int]e/s ( h] own cre$1 ent]$ into ) ,sw$5 & ,turkey1 "u pret5ce ( ma9ta9+ ! ,balance ( ,p[]1 7 m ?an any?+ else prejudicial to ! ,ca?olic cause1 inflict$ a deep w\nd on ,*ri/ian pr9ciples1 & contribut$ mu* to mislead ! op9ion ( ! age4 ,! f9al result ( ?is policy 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( a decid$ prepond]ance on ! "p ( ,france1 t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--a prepond]ance :i* !n at lea/ mu/ be ascrib$ to ,lewis ,,xiv4 only4 ,n[ t ! religi\s w>s 7 t]m9at$1 ?is appe>$ ! p]iod prop] = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! sy/em ( ! ,balance ( ,p[]--a sy/em :i* mu/ ev] be call$ into action1 :5 e high] pr9ciple ( int]national adjudication has ceas$ to be applicable--& :i*1 z x 0 ! s\rce :5ce _h emanat$ ! :ole moral & intellectual culture ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 atta9$ n[ a m sy/ematic =m1 & held a m brilliant & dignifi$ place1 ?an at any =m] p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,engl& 0 ! /rong1 c5tral prop ( ! great lev] = ! ,european ,balance ( ,p[]1 :ile ,au/ria1 :i* 9 e age has be5 true to a pacific sy/em ( policy1 7al?\gh h] moral exi/5ce dep5d$ on f> high] pr9ciples ( religion71 =m$ on ! ,cont95t ! o!r ma9 /ay to ! sy/em ( ! ,balance ( ,p[]1 n[ become ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( int]national policy4 ,& ?is firm alliance betwe5 ! two p[]s 0 9 g5]al1 ! ext]nal basis ( ?is sy/em1 indep5d5tly ( ! _m fluctuations :i* 7 inh]5t to its v nature4 ,we mu/ n h[ev] conf\nd ?is pr9ciple ( policy ) a cons]vative & pacific sy/em1 act+ accord+ to exi/+ & ackn[l$g$ rights2 = al?\gh ! =m] sy/em be mu* ak9 to ! latt]1 & bo? may easily & naturally co-op]ate 9 a common resi/ance to an ov]gr[n p[]1 reg>dless ( all "r2 /ill !y are f> f be+ "o & ! same2 & diff] widely 9 _m *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 nay 9 _! v nature4 ,! fundam5tal law ( ! cons]vative & pacific policy is ,"r--n an ab/ract notion & pure ideal ( absolute ju/ice1 by :i* ! int]national policy ( /ates is to be fa%ion$ & regulat$2 b r 7if = ! sake ( great] cle>ness ,i may be all[$ ! use ( a ma!matical phrase7 an appli$ "r1 t is to say1 an exi/+ & ackn[l$g$ "r4 ,= if we seek ! fir/ orig9 & ultimate f\ndation ( all "r & all ju/ice1 we mu/ seek x 9 ,god alone1 :o is ! et]nal arbit] ( ! _w1 ( /ates & nations z well z ( individuals1 & :o well kn[s h[ to requite e great political inju/ice on 8 appo9t$ day ( retribution1 to visit x ) unexpect$ puni%m5t1 & to r$uce x to its own no?+ness by an (t5 fe>ful aw>d4 ,b s soon z man1 or any e>?ly p[] presumes to lay its h& ^u ?is "w--to propose to itself absolute ju/ice1 to judge & regulate all ?+s by t /&>d1 & to model ! _w 9 con=mity to x--! consequ5ce is a total ,revolution 9 all ! relations ( society--an entire subv]sion ( all exi/+ ord]2 & x is ?is false idea :i* is ! pr9ciple or ! pretext ( all ^? fanatic attempts at univ]sal conque/1 & ( e ,revolution n direct$ to ! atta9m5t ( specific rights1 b aim+ at sweep+1 unqualifi$ & univ]sal *ange4 ,x is only :5 9 ! g5]al sy/em ( exi/+ & positive int]national rights1 "s occurr5ce has produc$ a *asm--"s int]/ice appe>s--"s p>ticul> "q rema9s1 or becomes anew1 op5 & debateable gr\nd--t a pacific policy act+ on ! pr9ciple ,i h m5tion$1 c & w 9 su* special cases1 rev]t to ! orig9al1 pure & et]nal ju/ice ( ,god4 ,b 9 ! mat]ial sy/em ( ! ,balance ( ,p[]1 "r & wrong are n ! ultimate object1 nor ! sole crit]ion ( political e/imation1 nor ! sole rule ( political negociations2 b ! great object is ! prev5tion or removal ( any asc5dancy :i* endang]s or ev5 ?reat5s dang] to ! g5]al int]e/s ( ! p[]s4 ,bo? sy/ems ( policy may v well concur 9 _! effects1 & 9 mo/ cases really d concur1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( political asc5dancy is g5]ally f\nd$ on ! violation ( exi/+ rights1 or may easily lead !reto4 ,b ?is is n absolutely necess>y2 cases may easily be conceiv$ :]e "r is cle>ly on ! side ( asc5dant might1 z 0 once ! case 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & z happ5$ 9 ano!r way t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ! same age1 :5 ! cause ( ju/ice 0 esp\s$ by prepond]ant p[] only4 ,& 9 su* cases1 ) a total disreg>d to ju/ice1 ?is sy/em ( ! mat]ial ,balance ( ,p[] w fl+ its weight into ! oppos+ scale1 9 ord] to imp$e ! progress ( ov]gr[n dom9ion4 ,9 ano!r respect1 also1 ! "* & ord9>y t5d5cy ( ?is sy/em diff] widely f t pacific policy1 :i* aims at ! pres]vation ( all exi/+ & ackn[l$g$ rights4 ,9 ! latt] sy/em1 x is only ! actual di/urbance & real violation ( ! g5]al peace ( nations1 :i* c lead to ! decl>ation ( w>4 ,b on ! contr>y1 9 ! =m] sy/em x is m]ely a =midable prepond]ance ( p[]--a m]e possibility ( its abuse--a dread ( future dang]1 :i* is deem$ a suffici5t motive = engag+ 9 ho/ilities--a motive by :i* a /ate1 :]e ?is is ! exclusive pr9ciple ( policy1 is und\bt$ly1 z has (t5 be5 object$ to ,engl&1 m easily & m quickly det]m9$1 ?an any o!r3 & su* a motive may op]ate ! m easily 9 a c\ntry l ,engl&1 :]e ^? inducem5ts = ent]+ into w> ) m ha/e ?an is exp$i5t or desirable1 are /r5g!n$ by ! fact1 t an insul> & naval /ate1 conc5trat$ )9 itself1 c c>ry on ho/ilities ) all ! advantages ( peace1 & ) ! wont$ activity ( trade4 ,engl& dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury acquir$ ! highe/ glory1 & 9 g5]al made a v b5eficial use ( h] great p[]1 9 contribut+ to ! g5]al aid1 security & fre$om ( ,europe2 & 9 :at is "h said1 x is by no means int5d$ to ca/ a slur on1 or to und]value ! old & well-acquir$ p[] ( ,great ,brita91 z su* a c5sure w\ld be futile 9 itself1 & extremely misplac$ "h4 ,b = ! "r und]/&+ ( ! peculi> political "* & t5d5cies ( an age1 l ! eighte5? c5tury1 s ne> to our own times1 x is necess>y to obs]ve t ! sy/em ( ! ,balance ( ,p[] is ei!r m]ely ! sub/itute = a high] pr9ciple1 :]e ! latt] is no long] susceptible ( application1 or 9 ^? cases :]e ! latt] ha? really =ce1 ! sy/em ( ! ,balance ( ,p[] mu/ be consid]$ a m]e supplem5t--a subord9ate auxili>y = ! settlem5t ( incid5tal que/ions4 ,b ) ! great ,revolution :i* clos$ ! eighte5? c5tury1 !re comm5c$ an epo* ( intellectual z well z political b>b>ism & desolation1 to :i* ! m]e negative pr9ciple ( an equilibrium ( p[]1 h[ev] x might be adequate to ! ord9>y relations ( civiliz$ /ates1 0 no long] applicable2 = n[ a high] pr9ciple ( moral & social rep>ation 0 ne$$4 ,9 no dep>tm5t ( human activity c ! positive p[] ( evil be ov]come by a m]e negative pr9ciple ( resi/ance1 b solely by a pr9ciple ( a homog5e\s1 ?\gh l(ti] nature--a div9e p[] act+ )9 ! same circle4 ,a mighty religi\s w>1 :i* has %ak5 all moral exi/5ce to its c5tre1 & convuls$ x 9 all its dep?s1 c be completely t]m9at$ only by a true religi\s peace4 ,b su* a peace dep5ds on ! moral =ce ( pr9ciple1 & n on ! exact measurem5t ( any physical equilibrium4 ,z dur+ ! late frightful ,revolution1 ! political relations ( e /ate h be5 *ang$1 & ! :ole ,balance ( ,p[] 9 ,europe be5 di/urb$1 no =ce c n[ easily alt] or replace :at has ?us be5 e/abli%$4 ,( ?is1 ,engl& h]self may af=d u an example4 ,c]ta9ly t great c\ntry 9 ,s\!rn ,asia--! ri*e/ ( all ! c\ntries 9 ! _w--& :i* ,great ,brita9 has annex$ to h] sway1 by means ( a navy t gives h] ! empire ( ! seas1 & ^: population five or six times exce$s t ( ! ocean-que51 & equals 9 numb]s ! be/ half ( ,europe2 has br\ght an accession ( /r5g? to ,engl&1 :i* c n possibly be measur$1 judg$1 or condemn$ accord+ to ! old n>r[ rules ( ! sy/em ( ! ,balance ( ,p[]2 s9ce s _m va/ & important results h accru$1 & 9 all probability w yet accrue to ,europe & ,india h]self f ?is mo/ s+ul>1 & 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 q unprec$5t$ connection2 & s9ce 9 o!r respects1 n only ! int]nal adm9i/ration ( ,h9do/an1 b ! entire conduct ( ! ,engli% 9 ^? transactions1 has be5 at once s wise & glori\s4 ,z ! %all[1 sup]ficial notion ( illum9ism1 :i* dur+ ! great] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 consid]$ ! all-rul+ pr9ciple & highe/ object ( all sci5ce & speculation1 is no long] adequate to ! pres5t views ( philosophy2 9 l mann] ! sy/em ( ! ,balance ( ,p[] has ceas$ to be any long] applicable to ! /ate ( ,europe 9 ! late g5]al w>f>e1 or to t /ate ( ?+s :i* x has giv5 rise to2 & x is n f ?is sy/em we c expect ! f9al settlem5t & adju/m5t ( ?+s1 & ! solution ( ! ,gordian knot--! great enigma ( ! _w 9 our times4 ,aft] ! sy/em ( ! ,balance ( ,p[]1 ! next lead+ & *>act]i/ic pr9ciple 9 ! hi/ory ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 is ! notion ( illum9ism1 :i* ex]cis$ on ! int]nal civilization ( all ,european nations ! same influ5ce :i* ! =m] sy/em ex]t$ on _! ext]nal relations4 ,p are s accu/om$ to conf\nd ! pr9ciple ( enlight5m5t ) ! abuse & false application made ( x dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 t 9 ord] to repres5t ?is great epo* 9 all its hi/orical be>+s1 ,i %all endeav\r to %ew t to an imp>tial judge & obs]v]1 x (f]s _m & div]se po9ts = consid]ation4 ,= we mu/ rememb] t !re 0 a true enlight5m5t by ! side ( a false "o1 & t enlight5m5t 0 n e :]e ( a negative "*1 precipitate 9 its progress1 & de/ructive 9 its effects4 ,9 its fir/ obscure beg9n+s1 x _h a solid1 irreproa*able1 & v b5eficial "* & t5d5cy4 ,dur+ ! public calamities1 & g5]al an>*y ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! natural sci5ces 9 all _! v>i\s bran*es1 made sil5t b v extraord9>y progress2 & numb]less 7 ! advantages ( ^! new discov]ies to all ! useful arts & sci5ces1 especially 9 ^? comm]cial & m>itime /ates :]e su* k 0 mo/ly ne$$4 ,a bold1 ent]pris+ g5ius1#ah heir to ! mo/ spl5did ?rone 9 ! ,nor?1 _h z an appr5tice & artisan appropriat$ on ! spot all ^! advantages ( mod]n civilization1 & turn$ !m to full acc\nt 9 navigation1 9 ! v>i\s me*anic arts1 9 ! f\ndation ( cities1 & 9 ! g5]al civilization ( 8 subjects2 & ?us he became ! f\nd] ( ! pres5t greatness ( ,russia2--a greatness :i* is built on a species ( enlight5m5t1 t s f> f be+ ( a futile & ra% nature1 & ( a de/ructive t5d5cy1 has ex]t$ a gradual b b5eficial influ5ce ov] ! :ole ext5t ( an empire1 :i* /ret*es f> into two cont95ts ( ! globe4 ,x 0 only by t true & g5u9e improvem5t & civilization1 :i* comm5c$ "u ,pet] ! ,great1 t ,russia acquir$ ! k & ma/]y ( h] own res\rces1 & ?us rose to a high & p]man5t grade 9 ! scale ( nations4 ,! sep>ation ( ! ,russian *ur* f ! au?ority ( ! ,greek patri>*1 :o _h n[ fall5 "u ,turki% dep5dance1 appe>$ a necess>y condition = op5+ a door 9 ,russia to ! moral & intellectual civilization ( ,europe2 nor :5 we consid] t su* a /ep 0 b ! cont9uation ( an orig9al s*ism1 c we deem x a subject ( blame4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t ! sy/em ( a national *ur*1 :i* has sprung out ( ?is sep>ation1 has be5 "h z mu* abus$ z 9 ! ,anglican *ur*1 or 9 t sy/em ( anti-papal opposition ne>ly ak9 to x1 adopt$ 9 "o or m ,ca?olic c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,! v sy/em1 h[ev]1 ( an exclusively national religion1 mu/ ev] be an object ( ! greate/ solicitude1 = x is b too easily susceptible ( an ext5sion mo/ fatal to ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t1 :i* no?+ s mu* impairs & und]m9es z any lean+ to ! ,mahometan confusion ( spiritual & temporal p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! same p]son4 ,m5 h (t5 blam$ t h>% junction ( opposites obs]vable 9 ! sudd5 & artificial civilization ( ,russia2 t is to say1 ! contra/ :i* !re exi/s betwe5 ! highe/ intellectual luxury1 & ! mo/ exquisite & fa%ionable ref9em5t 9 ?\ght & mann]s among ! high] classes1 at ! c\rt & 9 ! capital1 & ! v l[ grade ( civilization1 ! /ate ( utt] or at lea/ semi-b>b>ism1 to :i* s l>ge a portion ( ! population are r$uc$4 ,b no v prejudicial effects h result$ to society 9 ,russia1 f ?is conjunction ( elem5ts1 & f ! ob/acles :i* s _m va/ masses h oppos$ to ! progress ( civilization2 & ev5 t hurry & precipitancy 9 ! c>e] ( enlight5m5t1 :i* 0 ! great fault ( almo/ all o!r ,european c\ntries1 0 by ?is means avoid$1 or r prev5t$ by ! v nature ( ?+s4 ,! only ?+ "h to be appreh5d$ & gu>d$ aga9/ 0 ?is1 t 9 copy+ ! civilization ( ,europe1 ,russia %\ld n introduce along ) x ^? negative & de/ructive pr9ciples--^? maxims ( lib]alism & irreligion :i* 7 almo/ exclusively preval5t 9 ,european lit]ature & sci5ce dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury2 9 a ^w t ,prote/antism1 79 ! wide & compreh5sive signification ( t t]m17 %\ld n become too pr$om9ant 9 ! public m9d4 ,! fir/ gr\nd-"w ( ! mod]n civilization ( ,russia1 z laid d[n by ,pet] ! ,great1 0 ( a ?or\ghly practical nature1 direct$ 9 "p to objects ( comm]cial utility1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,dut* & ,engli%4 ,! moral corruption occasion$ by ! ,fr5* philosophy introduc$ "u ,ca!r9e ,,ii41 0 conf9$ to a small circle2 & 9 ! c\rse ( succe$+ times1 ?is philosophy came to be consid]$ z an exotic elem5t ( de/ruction1 :i* s f> f be+ adequate to ! exig5cies ( ! age1 /ruck at ! v root ( society4 ,9 a m rec5t p]iod1 lib]al & ,revolution>y !ories ( gov]nm5t1 copi$ f con/itutional c\ntries1 may at mo/ h l$ to a crim9al ent]prise2 b h n ex]cis$ any ! lea/ p]man5t influ5ce on ! bulk ( ! nation4 ,b ! great & ess5tial po9t = ?is ,european & ,asiatic ,empire1--! seat ( a progressive enlight5m5t1--z well z = ! re/ ( ,europe1 is /ill ?is--t ?is enlight5m5t1 :i* is ! basis on :i* ?is empire is f\nd$1 %\ld nev] take an irreligi\s c\rse1 b %\ld ev] ma9ta9 a decid$ly religi\s "*4 ,& 9 ?is respect m ?an any o!r1 a g5]\s mon>*#ai :o became great 9 ! s*ool ( adv]sity1 mu/ be consid]$ z ! second f\nd] ( ,russian greatness1 because he has /amp$ on ?is empire a /rong1 p]man5t religi\s impress4 ,i d n allude "h ( c\rse to any fanatic measure ( co]cion1 b to ! moral influ5ce ( religion--to its firm e/abli%m5t z ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ,european gov]nm5t 9 ! pres5t times4 ,! pr9ciple ( illum9ism1 :5 prop]ly conceiv$1 has no?+ at all repreh5sible 9 itself1 or at v>iance ) ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,9 ! same way t ,*ri/ianity1 if n only its dogmas 7 develop$1 b its g5]al influ5ce ext5d$1 & made triumphant 9 ! _w1 w\ld soon supplant ! exi/+ human ,re=mation1 & be ! true1 ! div9e re=mation ( mank9d1 ( ! _w1 & ev5 ( ! visible creation2 s x is itself ! true illum9ation1 :]e( ,holy ,writ speake?3 x is t light ( et]nal light1 :i* 0 9 ! beg9n+1 & :i* 0 ! life ( m51 7z ! words f ! m\? ( et]nal ,tru? decl>e17 & 9 :i* m5 are once m to f9d _! life4 ,b to desc5d f ?is l(ty idea into ! _w ( hi/orical exp]i5ce1 we %\ld c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 a true1 la/+1 & vivify+ illum9ation1 & a false1 mimic1 & illusive species ( enlight5m5t4 ,"o ?+ is ! w>m1 g5ial light ( ! sun return+ to ! new-born spr+1 or ! fre% gl[ ( morn+ aft] ! l5g!n$ night--& ano!r ! transi5t glimm] ( a bonfire1 :i* aft] excit+ a false al>m1 s9ks rapidly aga9 into d>kness4 ,"o ?+ is ! solit>y midnight lamp ( sil5t m$itation--& ano!r ! lightn+ :i* fla%es a?w>t ! gloomy heav5s1 or ! d>k lant]n ( ! murd]] /eal+ 8 way along 9 ! night1 or ! tor*light 9 ! robb]s' cave1 :]e ! spoil is divid$1 & new misde$s are conc]t$4 ,= all ^! v>i\s significations ( true & false illum9ation1 ! eighte5? c5tury 9 its real or pret5d$ enlight5m5t may furni% u ) hi/orical pro(s4 ,?us )\t misappreh5d+ or dis[n+ t true & div9e light visible ev5 9 ! progress ( sci5ce1 or )\t reject+1 or contract+ 9 too n>r[ b\nds ! salut>y & necess>y light ( human reason1 /ill we mu/ be c>eful to di/+ui% f ! =m] ! light :i* is illusive1 or *angeable1 z well z t :i* is spuri\s1 & c\nt]feit$ by ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ,9 ?is consi/s ! sign ( a false enlight5m5t--if n m]ely 9 its orig91 & 9 its outw>d effects1 b 9 its own nature z well z undeviat+ c\rse1 x reta9s a negative "*1 & is !re=e holl[ & sup]ficial4 ,b any sy/em :i* is orig9ally de/itute ( a firm & solid f\ndation1 may easily be driv5 into an irregul> & devi\s1 & ultimately into a mo/ fatal c\rse4 ,?is is 9 %ort ! ess5tial di/9ction obs]vable 9 ! progress ( a g5u9e & a spuri\s species ( enlight5m5t4 ,?is illum9ism ex]cis$ s g5]al an influ5ce 9 ! eighte5? c5tury on *ur* & /ate1 on sci5ce & on social life1 on ! relations ( policy & ! c\rse ( public ev5ts1 t ev5 ,spa9 & ! ,papal t]ritories 7 n exempt f its influ5ce--an influ5ce :i* 0 p]ceptible on ! "o h&1 9 _m useful re=ms 9 ! int]nal adm9i/ration ( ^? /ates--& on ! o!r h&1 9 ! expulsion ( ! ,jesuits1 :i* 0 fir/ comm5c$ by ,portugal & ,spa91 & to :i* ! jeal\sy ( o!r religi\s ord]s _h contribut$4 ,b ! :ole transaction mu/ be ascrib$ to a de/ructive p>ty ( ,illum9ati1 t _h secretly gr[n up 9 ^? c\ntries1 & n[ exp&$ to public view1 & appe>$ 9 full p[]4 ,to su* a p>ty ^? religi\s ord]s :i* _h fall5 into a /ate ( real deg5]acy1 inactivity1 & ignorance1 s f> f be+ objects ( hatr$1 7 exce$+ly welcome = ! promotion ( _! secret views4 ,b n s an ord]1 :i* 0 di/+ui%$ = its zeal & activity1 its devotion to ! int]e/s ( ! *ur*1 its sci5tific acquirem5ts1 & k ( ! _w4 ,a critical enquiry into ! tru? or falsehood ( ! sev]al *>ges & accusations aga9/ ! ,jesuits1 mu/ be res]v$ to a special hi/ory ( ^? c\ntries ,i h nam$1 or to a p>ticul> hi/ory ( ! ord]4 ,b _! expulsion is "h m5tion$1 z x is a v *>act]i/ic circum/ance 9 ! hi/ory ( t age ( pret5d$ illum9ation4 ,x may be g5]ally ?\ght t ! det]m9ation :i* ,pope ,ganganelli at la/ came to = ! suppression ( ! ord]1 0 extort$ f him by ! ov]rul+ influ5ce ( ! secul> p[]s4 ,b if su* a supposition be really admissible1 x is evid5t on ! o!r h&1 t ! re/oration ( ! ord] 0 effect$ by ! virtu\s ,pontiff :o rul$ ! *ur* 9 ! late p]iod ( oppression1 at ! v mom5t :5 ! iron yoke ( milit>y despotism weigh$ heavie/ on ! nations ( ,europe4 ,! true progress ( ,*ri/ian enlight5m5t 9 ! pursuits ( philosophy & sci5ce1 ,i %all h occasion to m5tion aft]w>ds4 ,! pr9ciple ( tol]ation1 :i* 0 solidly e/abli%$ by ! ,g]man treaty ( religi\s peace1 became an ess5tial elem5t ( social illum9ation4 ,by degrees ?is pr9ciple 0 admitt$ ?r\gh\t almo/ all ,europe--yet we mu/ obs]ve t its adoption _c be det]m9$ by "o uni=m1 inv>iable rule 9 all c\ntries1 b t local circum/ances1 respect+ :i* x is (t5 difficult = ! di/ant obs]v] to come to a "r judgm5t1 mu/ & ought to produce num]\s modifications 9 ! application ( ! pr9ciple4 ,t wide tol]ation :i* 9 ,holl& & ,nor? ,am]ica has = a long "t incorporat$ into ! /ate a multitude ( petty sects1 w\ld n be practicable or exp$i5t 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! religi\s lib]ty :i* 9 ! ,russian ,empire is ext5d$ ev5 to ,mahometans1 & to c]ta9 tribes ( ,buddhi/s & ,pagans1 w\ld n apply to ! circum/ances ( mo/ o!r civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,!re are 9 ! deep-root$ habits ( nations1 & 9 ! con/itution ( individual /ates1 v peculi>1 & (t5 app>5tly s+ul>1 circum/ances & comb9ations1 :i* no man %\ld judge ( ha/ily1 & accord+ to ab/ract pr9ciples1 until he has obta9$ a close1 accurate1 & deep insight into ! hi/orical condition & situation ( a c\ntry4 ,?us :ile ,engl& is intol]ant 9 h] ,con/itution at home1 %e gives ! fulle/ latitude 9 ,canada to ! ,nor? ,am]ican pr9ciple ( religi\s fre$om2 & ! :ole ,briti% ,empire 9 ,india is f\nd$ on tol]ation--t is to say1 on ! pr9ciple ( gov]n+ ! ,indians accord+ to _! own laws1 mann]s1 cu/oms1 & op9ions4 ,by ?is policy ! ,engli% h become almo/ complete ma/]s ( ?is great & f]tile c\ntry2 & _! enlight5$ rule =ms a /rong contra/ to ! e>li] tyranny ( ! ,mahometans1 :o hold ! ,indian idolatry 9 ! utmo/ abhorr5ce2 al?\gh t idolatry1 amid a *aos ( errors & fables1 conta9s _m bett] & high] ve/iges ( anci5t tru?1 ?an ! m]e negative & fanatic sup]/ition ( ,mahomet4 ,ev5 ! ,fr5*1 :5 !y _h a firm foot+ 9 ,india1 committ$ a capital fault 9 =m+ alliances m ) ! ,mahometans ?an ) ! native ,indian p[]s4 ,9 ,europe1 ,norway alone1 among ! ,prote/ant /ates1 has ma9ta9$ d[n to our times laws ( sev]e exclusion aga9/ e religion diff]+ f ! e/abli%$ "o--an exclusion :i* ext5ds z well to ,jews z to ,ca?olics2 :ile ,spa9 & ,portugal only1 among ,ca?olic c\ntries1 (f] an example ( simil> intol]ance4 ,to aboli% sudd5ly )\t urg5t & ov]p[]+ reasons1 or "s new hi/orical em]g5cy1 laws :i* h ?us gr[n out ( ! g5]al circum/ances ( a c\ntry1 :i* h exi/$ = ages1 & h tak5 deep root 9 ! mann]s & habits ( life1 provokes suspicion1 & may occasion dang]4 ,b we mu/ n suppose t a sev]e & exclusive sy/em ( legislation1 l t exi/+ 9 ,spa91 c always c\nt]act ! occult & f> m dang]\s opposition ( secret sects & societies4 ,?is might be prov$1 or r5d]$ probable by _m facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ^? c\ntries dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,italy ?is rigid & exclusive legislation 0 nev] c>ri$ to ! same unqualifi$ ext5t4 ,intol]ance !re nev] ext5d$ to ! ,jews1 nor to ! ,greek s*ismatics1 & 9 rec5t times x does n1 z =m]ly1 affect ! ,prote/ants4 ,9 ,g]many1 tol]ation 0 legally e/abli%$ by ! treaty ( ,we/phalia1 & !re ! cause ( tol]ation /ood 9 no ne$ ( ! mod]n pr9ciple ( illum9ism--! all-/irr+ & animat+ pr9ciple ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,b "h illum9ism 9 its fir/ negative p]iod 0 direct$ aga9/ prejudices & abuses ( ano!r k9d4 ,9 c]ta9 ,prote/ant c\ntries 9 ! ,nor? ( ,g]many1 ?is p]iod ( illum9ation dates f ! abolition ( trials = wit*craft4 ,& aga9/ s mode/ a beg9n+ n ! slighte/ objection c\ld be urg$2 = 9 g5]al ! crim9al law :i* ! lat] & already deg5]ate middle age bequea!d to mod]n times1 af=d$ ample scope = amelioration1 & conta9$ _m b>b>\s edicts t des]v$ to be aboli%$4 ,! use ( torture1 & ( un-*ri/ian & excruciat+ modes ( execution1 7 next ! objects ( ,re=m4 ,! total abolition ( capital puni%m5t1 :i* ?is legal ,re=m soon aim$ at 9 its ult]ior progress1 ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d has n yet f\nd to be ei!r possible or practicable4 ,:o w be dispos$ to d5y t ! _m abuses :i* 7 n[ correct$1 & ! _m vulg> prejudices :i* 7 refut$ or done away )1 7 especially at ! outset1 9 a great measure su* z 7 truly des]v+ ( t "n1 & t v _m ( ^? re=ms 7 useful & necess>y1 j & :olesome4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 sometimes1 t b>b>\s abuses ?us ha/ily & precipitately remov$1 soon reappe> "u o!r =ms & d5om9ations4 ,?is may easily be ! case1 :]e ^? useful & necess>y re=ms are conf9$ to ! outw>d surface1 & d n p5etrate to ! roots1 & int]nal ess5ce ( ?+s4--,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t 9 ! abs5ce ( solid & positive pr9ciples1 ! m]e removal ( abuses--a m]e negative c\rse ( conduct1 w nev] alone atta9 ! desir$ end1 nor is x 9 itself always safe & c]ta94 ,soon a ra% & passionate precipitancy w be app>5t 9 ! conduct ( affairs--! /&>d & real t]m ( our ex]tions w be lo/ sight (1 & ?+s w fall into a ru9\s c\rse2 & su* is ! "* ( t p]iod ( transition f ! age ( illum9ism to ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,0 !re a s+le object1 n only 9 ! que/ions relat+ to humanity1 b 9 ! :ole dep>tm5t ( public life & g5]al belief1 9 religion & 9 gov]nm5t1 :i* 0 n soon reg>d$ z a prejudice or an abuse8 ,9 ,g]many1 :5 ! ,empress ,m>ia ,!resa asc5d$ ! ,imp]ial ?rone1 ! long e/abli%$ peace ( ! empire1 :i* x _h once co/ su* ef=ts to secure & pres]ve1 appe>$ to ! new s*ool ( philosophy1 a ridicul\s prejudice ( un5light5$1 p$antic ,burgh]s ( /ate4 ,b fifty ye>s aft]w>ds1 dur+ ! a!i/ic & revolution>y p]iod ( ! ,fr5* philosophy1 imm$iately prior to ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 z well z at its comm5cem5t1 ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 fact all religion1 0 consid]$ z a m]e prejudice ( ! infancy ( ! human m9d1 totally de/itute ( f\ndation 9 tru?1 & no long] adapt$ to ! _s ( ! age2 mon>*y & ! :ole civilization ( mod]n ,europe z abuses no long] to be tol]at$4 ,x 0 only :5 m5 _h rea*$ ?is extreme t]m ( _! boa/$ enlight5m5t1 t a re-action took place4 ,b prior to ?is1 t[>ds ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & 9 ! t5 ye>s imm$iat$ly subsequ5t1 ! _s ( ! age bore all be=e x 9 its irresi/ible progress4 ,z 9 anci5t times1 mon>*s _h compet$ = ! title ( ,mo/ ,*ri/ian1 or ,mo/ ,ca?olic1 s n[ ! pot5tates pre-em95t = p[] & und]/&+1 7 flatt]$ by ! title ( enlight5$4 ,x is n )\t a great %ock to our feel+s1 we contemplate ! close intimacy :i* subsi/$ betwe5 a mon>* gr[n grey 9 ! toils ( w> & ! c>es ( /ate1 a p[]ful ,empress ( a ,nor!rn c\rt1 & ! mo/ deprav$ *ampions ( ,fr5* infidelity4 ,) respect to ! ?ird ( ^? em95t pot5tates ( ! age ( illum9ism1 ,joseph ,,ii41 x has nev] be5 d5i$ by ^? mo/ compet5t to =m a correct op9ion on ?is subject1 t among ! v>i\s measures & regulations pass$ 9 ! %ort reign ( t active emp]or1 al?\gh "s are n entitl$ to ! same praise1 yet _m 7 really adapt$ to ! exig5cies ( ! age1 & h be5 att5d$ ) ! mo/ b5eficial consequ5ces to indu/ry & to intellectual cultivation4 ,b ! s]i\s turn :i* ?+s aft]w>ds took1 ! univ]sal convulsion1 & remodell+ ( ! _w1 h long fully demon/rat$1 t n "o or two only1 b _m ( ! mo/ active & enlight5$ sov]eigns ( t age1 yield$ f> too mu* to ! prevail+ pr9ciples ( ! "t1 & foll[$ too readily ! _s ( t age 9 its wild1 rapid1 & all-de/ructive c>e]4 ,to ! _m elem5ts ( int]nal f]m5t already exi/+ 9 ,france1 ! imitation ( ,engli% mann]s "u ! ,reg5t1 :i* 0 soon succe$$ by an imitation ( ,engli% lit]ature & philosophy1 add$ a s\rce ( equal dang]4 ,= to ma9ta9 )9 c]ta9 prescrib$ limits ?is ,engli% philosophy t r$uces ev]y?+ to ! exp]i5ce ( s5sation1 ! ,fr5* want$ t s5se ( equilibrium innate 9 ! ,engli%1 & :i* _! con/itution _h r5d]$ almo/ in/9ctive to !m2 & by means ( :i* 9 philosophy1 z 9 _! int]nal gov]nm5t1 & 9 _! relations ) ,=eign /ates1 !y c keep )9 b\nds2 & ) !m a philosophy1 h[ev] unspiritual & ungodly1 does n s rapidly ru% into a headlong & de/ructive c\rse1 z x did 9 ,france & 9 ,europe dur+ ! a!i/ical & revolution>y p]iod ( lit]ature & sci5ce2 = ! deadly influ5ce ( ?is _s 0 n conf9$ to ,france--! l& ( its bir?--b spread ov] e c\ntry4 ,?is is ! important & ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ! philosophy ( ,locke or ( ,hume = example1 :i* ,i be=e designat$ z ! ,prote/antism ( philosophy1 9 opposition to ! ?or\ghly revolution>y philosophy ( ,fr5* a!ism--= ?\gh ! =m] by its opposition to all spiritual ideas is ( a negative "*1 yet mo/ ( its p>tisans & *ampions contrive to make "s sort ( capitulation ) div9e fai?1 & to pres]ve a k9d ( belief 9 moral feel+4 ,! ,fr5* philosophy 0 9 fact a new ,pagan idolatry ( nature1 & ev5 ! mo/ spl5did discov]ies ( natural sci5ce1 :i* might & ought to h po9t$ to a high] pr9ciple1 7 n contemplat$ 9 _! true _s1 nor employ$ to prop] advantage1 b 7 ev5 made ! in/rum5ts ( a fanatic ho/ility t[>ds ! ,deity4 ,ev5 among ! comp>atively bett] natural philosoph]s ( ,france1 mat]ialism 0 too g5]ally ! basis ( _! sci5ce1 & a s5sual en?usiasm = nature too mu* ! prevail+ tone ( _! writ+s4 ,! m brilliant ! tal5ts :i* l$ ! way 9 ?is new impi\s & ,revolution>y c>e] ( ! ,european m9d1 ! m g5]ally p]nici\s 0 ! result4 ,su* 0 ! case ) t sc(f]1 ^: g5ius c\ld adapt itself to all ! =ms1 moods1 & /yles ( ! old ,fr5* lit]ature1 & :o wield+1 z he did1 ) s ma/]ly a h& ! weapon ( a lawless wit1 direct$ x )\t int]mission dur+ 8 :ole life aga9/ ev]y?+ holy & v5]able1 ( :at nature & k9d soev]4 ,z ^? errors are ! mo/ dang]\s1 :i* z conta9+ a portion ( tru?1 c>ry ) !m a great] p[] ( conviction2 s ,r\sseau has p]haps ex]cis$ a m fatal influ5ce ?an t o!r _s1 :o ) 8 mock]y pollut$ all ?+s4 ,we _c precisely t]m him un-*ri/ian--at lea/ su* an epi!t _c be appli$ to him 9 ! same unqualifi$ & univ]sal ext5t--& :5 comp>$ ) ! ,atomical philosophy & ! ,a!i/ical idolatry ( nature1 8 fanatic wor%ip ( nature w be f\nd ( a m spiritual ca/4 ,! great eloqu5ce ( ?is man entitles him p]haps z cle>ly to ! fir/ rank among ! orators ( 8 nation dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 z ,bossuet ) v diff]5t religi\s pr9ciples holds 9 8 own age4 ,eloqu5ce less p[]ful ?an ,r\sseau's c\ld n well h suffic$ to draw 8 age into an admiration = t savage equality :i* he prea*$ up--to h excit$ its en?usiasm = ! /ate ( ! ,c>ibees & ! ,iroquois1 :i*1 look+ back ) regret to man's orig9al happ9ess 9 ! pure fre$om ( nature1 he repres5t$ z 8 prop] de/9y1 utt]ly m>r$ z he 01 by ,european civilization4 ,?is 0 n a m]e idle freak ( imag9ation1 su* z any false en*antm5t ( romance might display--b ,r\sseau endeav\r$ to demon/rate ) all ! rigid d$uctions ( ma!matical pro(1 ! happy equality ( ! savage /ate2 & ) ! mo/ e>ne/ conviction & bl9d fanaticism1 8 sy/em 0 appli$ to ! actual relations ( life4 ,! result 0 t p]iod ( godless fre$om--fre$om sep>at$ f ,god & f e div9e pr9ciple :e!r ( conduct or belief1 & :i*1 z usual1 0 soon succe$$ by ! false unity ( a cru%+ despotism1 equally ho/ile to e heav5ly & exalt$ motive ( human action4 ,b su* has be5 ! frightfully accel]at$ m>* ( ev5ts 9 ^! latt] times1 t ! =m] /ages ( ! ,revolution>y c\rse 9 anci5t ,rome--! attempt ( ! eld] ,brutus--! e/abli%m5t ( a ,republic--! w>s ) ! rival ,c>?age--! rapid c>e] ( milit>y conque/s--& ! transition to despotism1 d[n to ,tib]ius or ,dioclesian--h be5 "h trav]s$ 9 ! %ort p]iod ( sc>cely "o g5]ation4 ,x w\ld be unju/ always to t]m ?is ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 or to consid] x exclusively z su*--x 0 a g5]al political malady--an univ]sal epidemic ( ! age4 ,9 ,holl& & ,belgium a ,revolution _h previ\sly brok5 out--! ,poli% ,revolution occurr$ ab\t ! same "t2 b ?\gh ! ,belgian1 & m p>ticul>ly ! ,poli% ,revolutions 7 ( a totally diff]5t "* f ! ,fr5*1 !y /ill pres5t$ to ! turbul5t _s ( ! age1 "o example m ( political commotion4 ,b ,nor? ,am]ica _h be5 to ,france & ! re/ ( ,europe1 ! real s*ool & nurs]y ( all ^! ,revolution>y pr9ciples4 ,natural contagion1 or wilful propagation spread ?is disord] ov] _m o!r c\ntries--b ,france cont9u$ to be ! c5tre & g5]al focus ( ,revolution4 ,ev5 :5 ! :ole p[] ( ! ,revolution _h be5 conc5trat$ 9 ! p]son ( a s+le man1 its g5]al m>* 0 n mat]ially *ang$4 ,) respect to ,=eign /ates & c\ntries1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution produc$ a protract$ religi\s w> ( tw5ty-"o ye>s2 = x 0 su* n only f its orig91 b f its ,revolution>y & de/ructive "*1 & f its fanatic opposition to ev]y?+ holy4 ,!re 0 a fix$ pr9ciple at ! bottom ( ?is mod]n ,paganism4 ,x 0 political idolatry--& x matt]s little :at may be ! imm$iate object ( ?is idolatry--:at ! idol ( ! day1 :e!r a ,republic & ! goddess ( reason--! gr&e nation--or ! lu/ ( conque/ & ! glory ( arms4 ,x is /ill ! same demon ( political de/ruction--! same anti-,*ri/ian _s ( gov]nm5t1 :i* wi%es to mislead ! age1 & control ! _w4 ,! great religi\s w>1 :i* has desolat$ all ,europe1 c be f9ally t]m9at$ only by a new & g5]al religi\s peace3--b ! great gulph ( p]dition to our age is t political idolatry1 :atev] %ape x may assume--:atev] "n x may be>4 ,until t idolatry be aboli%$1 until t abyss ( ru9 be clos$ up1 ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 :]e peace & righte\sness embrace ea* o!r1 c nev] be f\nd$ on a r5ovat$ e>?4 #ac ,prussia4 #ad ,bav>ia4 #ae ,! ,treaty ( ,we/phalia4 #af ,saxony4 #ag ,! pass+ ( ! ,ca?olic ,relief ,bill has happily r5d]$ ?is obs]vation obsolete4--,trans4 #ah ,pet] ! ,great4 #ai ,! late ,emp]or ,alex&]4 ,,end ,,( ,,lecture ,,xvii4 ,,lecture ,,xviii4 ,on ! g5]al _s ( ! age1 & on ! univ]sal ,reg5]ation ( ,society4 ,i come soon1 & w r5ew all ?+s4 ,!re are 9 ! hi/ory ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 _m ph5om5a :i* occurr$ s sudd5ly1 s in/antane\sly1 s contr>y to all expectation1 t al?\gh on deep] consid]ation we may discov] _! effici5t causes 9 ! pa/1 9 ! natural /ate ( ?+s1 & 9 ! g5]al situation ( ! _w1 yet are !re _m circum/ances :i* prove t !re 0 a delib]ate1 ?\gh secret1 prep>ation ( ev5ts1 z1 inde$1 9 _m in/ances has be5 actually demon/rat$4 ,i mu/ n[ say a few words on ?is secret & my/]i\s bran* ( ,illum9ism1 & on ! progress x made dur+ ! p]iod ( its sway1 9 ord] to complete ! sket* ( t p]iod1 & to %ew ! influ5ce ( ?is pr9ciple1 bo? 9 reg>d to ! orig9 & g5]al _s ( ! ,revolution1 7:i* 9 its fanaticism believ$ itself a reg5]ation ( ! _w71 & 9 reg>d to ! true re/oration ( society f\nd$ on ! basis ( ,*ri/ian ju/ice4 ,b !re is ?is peculi> circum/ance 9 ?is hi/orical enquiry1 t ^? :o z eye-witnesses c\ld be/ speak f _! p]sonal exp]i5ce1 _c always be consid]$ ! mo/ cr$ible v\*]s2 = we nev] "k1 or c "k :at _! p>ticul> views & int]e/s may lead !m to say or conceal1 to suppress :olly or 9 "p4 ,h[ev] x has s happ5$1 t 9 ! univ]sal convulsion & ov]?r[ ( society1 _m ?+s h come to light on ?is my/]i\s & esot]ic clue 9 mod]n hi/ory--?+s :i* :5 comb9$ toge!r1 furni% u ) a n incorrect1 & a tol]ably complete idea ( ?is mighty elem5t ( ! ,revolution1 & ( ,illum9ism bo? true & false1 :i* has ex]cis$ s evid5t & v>i\s an influ5ce on ! _w4 ,& x is only on su* hi/orical gr\nds 7:i* are q suffici5t = our purpose1 & c alone be made ! matt] ( consid]ation "h71 ,i am at all compet5t to pron\nce an op9ion on ?is subject1 or1 z ,i %\ld r say1 to give an acc\nt ( ?is ev5t2 & x is f hi/orical s\rces1 ref]5ces & facts alone1 t ! foll[+ sket* has be5 tak54 ,z to ! orig9 ( ?is esot]ic influ5ce1 ! imp>tial hi/orical enquir] _c d\bt 7:atev] motives or views "s may h to d5y ! fact1 or ?r[ d\bt on its au!nticity71 t ! ord] ( ,templ>s 0 ! *annel by :i* ?is society 9 its anci5t & long pres]v$ =m 0 introduc$ into ! ,we/4 ,! religi\s ,masonic symbols may be acc\nt$ = by ! ,solomonian traditions connect$ ) ! v f\ndation ( ! ord] ( ,templ>s2 & inde$ ! occasion ( ^! symbols may be trac$ 9 o!r passages ( ,holy ,writ1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( sacr$ hi/ory1 & !y may v well admit ( a ,*ri/ian int]pretation4 ,traces ( ^! symbols may be f\nd 9 ! monum5ts ( ! old ,g]man ar*itecture ( ! middle age4 ,any secret spiritual association1 h[ev]1 diffus$ at once among ,*ri/ians & ,mahometans1 _c be ( a v ,*ri/ian nature1 nor long cont9ue s4 ,nay ! v idea ( an esot]ic society = ! propagation ( any secret doctr9es is n compatible ) ! v pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ianity itself2 = ,*ri/ianity is a div9e my/]y1 :i* accord+ to ! int5tion ( its div9e ,f\nd]1 lies op5 to all1 & is daily expos$ on e alt>4 ,= ?is reason1 9 a ,revelation imp>t$ to all alike1 !re c be no secrecy1 z 9 ! ,pagan my/]ies1 :]e by ! side ( ! popul> my?ology & ! public religion ( ! /ate1 c]ta9 esot]ic doctr9es 7 inculcat$ to ! initiat$ only4 ,?is w\ld be to con/itute a *ur* )9 a *ur*--a measure to be z little tol]at$ or ju/ifi$1 z an ,imp]ium 9 ,imp]io2 & 9 an age :]e worldly int]e/s & public or secret views ( policy h f> great] asc5dancy ?an religi\s op9ions or s5tim5ts1 su* a secret p>asitical *ur* w\ld unque/ionably1 z exp]i5ce has already prov$1 be v soon trans=m$ into a secret directory = political *anges & ,revolutions4 ,t 9 ?is society ! un-*ri/ian pr9ciples ( a negative ,illum9ism1 veil$ z !y (t5 7 9 s5tim5ts ( univ]sal philan?ropy1 7 ( a date tol]ably mod]n1 all hi/orical analogies w\ld lead u to suppose4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*ri/ian op9ions :i* surviv$ 9 ?is ord]1 7?\gh 9 our times1 amid ! innum]able factions :i* h agitat$ ?is society by _! conte/s1 ! adh]5ts to ,*ri/ian pr9ciples =m a small m9ority ( its memb]s17 ! ,*ri/ian op9ions surviv+ 9 ?is ord] p>took1 con=mably to ! hi/orical orig9 ,i h assign$1 m ( an ori5tal & ,gno/ic "*4 ,! great1 or at lea/1 n inconsid]able influ5ce :i* ?is society ex]cises 9 politics1 we may discov] 9 ^? ,revolutions1 :i* aft] hav+ convuls$ our qu>t] ( ! globe1 h roll$ onw>ds to ! new _w1 :]e ! two pr9cipal ,revolution>y factions 9 "o ( ^? ,s\? ,am]ican /ates1 ^: tr\bles are n yet t]m9at$1 are call$ ! ,scots & ! ,yorki/s1 f ! two p>ties :i* divide ! ,engli% ,masonic lodges4 ,:o does n "k1 or :o does n rememb]1 t ! rul] ( ! _w 9 ! p]iod j pass$1 made use ( ?is vehicle 9 all ! c\ntries he conqu]$1 to delude & deceive ! nations ) false hopes4 ,& on ?is acc\nt he 0 /yl$ by 8 p>tisans ! man ( 8 age1 & 9 fact he 0 a slave to ! _s ( 8 age4 ,a society1 f ^: bosom1 z f ! secret laboratory ( ,revolution1 ! ,illum9s1 ! ,jacob9s1 & ! ,c>bon>i1 h successively proce$$1 _c possibly be t]m$1 or be 9 fact v b5eficial to mank9d1 politically s\nd1 or truly ,*ri/ian 9 its views & t5d5cy4 ,/ill ,i mu/ "h obs]ve1 t x has be5 ! fate ( ! olde/ ( all secret societies1 t its v5]able =ms :i* are kn[n to all ! initiat$1 %\ld s]ve z a cloak to e new conspiracy4 ,9 ! next place1 we mu/ n =get t ?is ord] itself appe>s to be split & divid$ into a multitude ( diff]5t sects & factions2 & t on ?is acc\nt we mu/ n suppose t all ^? fe>ful ab]rations1 & wild excesses ( impiety1 all ^? op5ly de/ructive or secretly und]m9+ pr9ciples ( ,revolution 7 univ]sally approv$ ( by ?is society4 ,on ! contr>y1 su* a supposition w\ld be utt]ly false1 or at lea/1 v exagg]at$4 ,! m]e notice ( all ! highly e/imable *>act]s1 mi/ak5 b on ?is po9t--( mo/ di/+ui%$ & illu/ri\s p]sonages 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 memb]s ( ?is association1--w\ld suffice to annul1 or at lea/ mat]ially modify1 ?is sweep+ c5sure4 ,f _m indications1 we may consid] x c]ta91 or at lea/ extremely probable1 t 9 no c\ntry did ?is esot]ic society s well h>monize ) ! /ate & ! :ole e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s1 z 9 t c\ntry :]e all ! conflict+ elem5ts ( morals & society are br\ght into a sort ( /range & artificial equipoise--,i mean ,engl&4 ,if n[ we turn our view to ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 & ev5 to ^? c\ntries :i* 7 ! *ief !atre ( ! ,revolution1 we %all see t !re1 among _m o!r factions1 a ,*ri/ian p>ty _h sprung up 9 ?is society--a p>ty :i*1 ?\gh x =m$ a v small m9ority 9 po9t ( numb]s1 possess$ by its pr(\nd] doctr9es1 & ! int]e/+ fragm5ts ( anci5t tradition x _h pres]v$1 a great moral asc5dancy2 & ?is _m hi/orical facts1 & _m writt5 docum5ts1 :i* h s9ce obta9$ publicity1 place beyond ! %ad[ ( a d\bt4 ,in/ead ( br++ =w>d ! names ( "s ,g]man writ]s less g5]ally kn[n1 ,i pref] to allege1 9 confirmation ( :at ,i h said1 ! example ( a ,fr5* writ]1 :o well d5otes ! int]nal & m hidd5 "* ( ! ,revolution4 ,! ,*ri/ian !osophi/1 ,/4 ,m>t91 :o 0 a disciple ( ?is s*ool1 /&s 9 8 age q ap>t f ! o!r organs ( ! !n prevail+ ,a!i/ical philosophy4 ,he 0 h[ev] a mo/ decid$ ,revolutioni/1 7b a dis9t]e/$ fanatic1 guid$ entirely 9 8 conduct by high & moral motives71 f 8 utt] contempt & abhorr5ce = ! :ole moral & political sy/em ( ,europe1 z x !n /ood--a contempt 9 :i*1 if we _c entirely agree ) him1 we _c 9 _m in/ances )hold f him at lea/ a sort ( negative approbation--&1 secondly1 he 0 a ,revolutioni/ by 8 en?usia/ic hope ( a complete ,*ri/ian reg5]ation ( society1 conceiv$ inde$ accord+ to 8 own views1 or ! views ( 8 p>ty4 ,among ! ,fr5* writ]s ( ! ,re/oration1 none h s ?or\ghly und]/ood ?is rem>kable philosoph]1 & s well kn[n h[ to appreciate him 9 all ! dep?s ( 8 errors1 z well z 9 ! _m excell5t ?+s :i* 8 writ+s conta91 & to apply to him ! necess>y corrections1 z ,c\nt ,mai/re4 ,?is secret clue 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,revolution mu/ n be ov]look$1 if we w\ld wi% to =m a due e/imate ( its "*2 = x greatly contribut$ to ! illusion ( _m1 by no means ill-int5tion$ p]sons1 :o saw or wi%$ to see 9 ! ,revolution b ! inevitable1 necess>y1 ?\gh 9 its orig91 h>% & sev]e1 reg5]ation ( ,*ri/ian /ates & nations1 !n s widely gone (f f _! orig9al de/9ation4 ,?is illusive notion ( a false re/oration ( society 0 p>ticul>ly preval5t dur+ ! ,imp]ial sway ( t extraord9>y man1 ^: true biography--,i mean ! high moral law ( 8 de/9y1 or ! !ological key to 8 life--seems /ill to exce$ ! critical p[]s ( our age4 ,sev5 ye>s 7 allott$ him = ! gr[? ( 8 p[]--= f\rte5 ye>s ! _w 0 deliv]$ ov] into 8 h&s2 & sev5 ye>s 7 left him = solit>y reflection1 ! fir/ ( :i* he misemploy$ 9 embroil+ ! _w anew4 ,on ! use he made ( ! extraord9>y p[] t _h be5 imp>t$ to him---( t =midable dom9ion :i* _h fall5 to 8 lot1 hi/ory has long pron\nc$ h] s5t5ce4 ,nev] is su* p[] p]mitt$ b 9 ! p]iod (1 & ) a view to1 "s awful reckon+1 & a /ill m fe>ful probation ( mank9d4 ,b if 8 ,re/oration--t is to say1 ! ,re/oration :i* 8 infatuat$ p>tisans attribut$ to him1 0 mo/ c]ta9ly a false "o2--! "q naturally occurs1 :e!r ! ,re/oration attempt$ by 8 successors has be5 p]fectly s\nd1 or at lea/ q complete2 & :at may be ! defects 9 ! new sy/em1 & h[ !y may be suppli$8 ,a m]e treaty ( t]ritorial arrangem5ts c\ld n & c nev] con/itute a great religi\s & int]national pacification = ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,! re-e/abli%m5t ( subv]t$ ?rones--! ,re/oration ( exil$ sov]eigns & dyna/ies1 w n 9 !mselves h any security nor p]man5ce1 unless bas$ on moral pr9ciples & maxims4 ,aft] ! sev]e unexpect$ lesson aga9 inflict$ on ,europe1 religion 0 at la/ made ! basis ( ,european policy2 & we mu/ n make x a matt] ( reproa*1 t ?is pr9ciple /ill reta9$ s indef9ite a "*2 = ?is 0 necess>y at ! beg9n+ at lea/1 9 ord] to remove any misconception1 or any possible suspicion ( int]e/$ views4 ,& n only do? ! /ability & future exi/5ce ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian & civiliz$ _w dep5d on ?is bond ( religi\s conf$]acy1--:i* we c only hope may be ev] m & m firmly knit--b e great p[] 9 p>ticul> is m especially call$ ^u to take a "p !re94 ,t ! moral /r5g? & /ability ( ! ,russian ,empire ma9ly dep5ds on religion--t e dep>ture f its sacr$ _s mu/ h ! mo/ fatal effects on its :ole sy/em1 has already be5 decl>$ by h] late mon>*1 di/+ui%$ alike 9 adv]se & 9 prosp]\s =tune1 an axiom ( /ate-policy1 & c sc>cely ev] be aga9 =gott54 ,b 9 t c\ntry1 :]e ! elem5ts ( ,prote/antism 7to use t ^w 9 its mo/ compreh5sive signification7 obta9$ su* weight 9 ! outset ( its lit]>y ref9em5t1 & are s incorporat$ ) ! :ole political sy/em ( ! /ate1 ! tol]ation ext5d$ to e =m ( wor%ip1 %\ld n be )held f t *ur*1 :i* is ! "m-*ur* ( ! re/ ( ,europe1 & ( ,pol& inclusively2#bj nor %\ld ! religi\s lib]ty ( individuals be 9 t respect at all re/rict$4 ,x is equally evid5t t 9 t c\ntry ( ,europe :]e mon>*y has be5 re/or$1 ! re/oration ( religion mu/ g h& 9 h& ) t ( mon>*y1 & t ! latt] w\ld lose all security 7 ! =m] remov$4 ,9 ! pacific mon>*y1#ba un*angeably atta*$ z %e is to h] anci5t pr9ciples1 religion has ev] be51 m ?an any o!r pr9ciple1 ! recognis$ basis ( h] exi/5ce4 ,z to ! fif?#bb ,g]manico-,european mon>*y rec5tly creat$1 ! solid ma9t5ance ( religion is ! only means to allay ! disquiet incid5t to su* a /ate1 & to secure its future exi/5ce4 ,any act ( ev5 indirect ho/ility t[>ds ! ,ca?olic body--"o half ( ! nation#bc--;any infr+em5t on ! lib]ty ( individuals 9 t sacr$ conc]n--a lib]ty :i* mu/ be gu>ante$ n only by ! lett] ( ! law1 b by real1 effective & practical measures--w\ld n only be 9 utt] opposition to ^? religi\s pr9ciples1 rapidly spread+ z !y are 9 all ,europe1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,g]many2 b w\ld violate & r5d] insecure ! great fundam5tal & long e/abli%$ pr9ciple ( tol]ation2 z has hi!rto be5 ackn[l$g$4 ,x is only 9 ,engl& t ,anglicanism has rais$ h] d\bts z to ! utility ( a religi\s frat]nity among ! ,*ri/ian /ates & nations--d\bts :i* are connect$ ) ! /ill exclusively ,prote/ant "* ( ! ,engli% ,con/itution1 & :i* on _m occasions may lead ,engl& to a sort ( s*ismatical rupture ) ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,on sev]al occasions we mu/ contemplate ) regret1 h[ t mighty ,engl&1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury s brilliant & s p[]ful by ! sway %e ex]t$ ov] ! :ole ,european m9d1 no long] seems to feel h]self at home 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 nor to "k :]e to f9d h] place 9 ! new ord] ( ?+s4 ,b z respects ,europe at l>ge1 ! maxims & pr9ciples ( lib]alism are only a p>tial return to ! ,revolution--!y c h no o!r t5d5cy b to ,revolution4 ,lib]alism w nev] obta9 a majority among ! well-?9k+ p]sons ( any ( ! ,european /ates1 except by "s gross error--"s s+ul> deg5]acy 9 t p>ty1 :i* really does n con/itute a p>ty1 & ought n to be call$ su*--,i mean ! m5 :o 9 politics are atta*$ to mon>*y1 & 9 religion to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! m]e pr9ciple ( a me*anical ,balance ( ,p[] to s]ve z a negative *eck on ov]gr[n dom9ion--a sy/em :i* emanat$ f ,engl&1 & 0 9 ! eighte5? c5tury univ]sally receiv$--has ceas$ to be applicable1 or to be ( s]vice to ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s 9 ,europe2 = all ! rem$ies :i* x c (f]1 t5d only to aggravate ! evil :5 x has once occurr$4 ,9 religion alone are to be f\nd ! rem$ies & ! safegu>ds1 ! emancipation & consolidation ( ! :ole civiliz$ _w1 z well z ( e p>ticul> /ate4 ,! mo/ imm95t dang] to our age1 & ! possible abuse ( religion itself1 are ! excesses ( ! absolute4 ,great is ! dang]1 :5 9 a v9dictive _s ( re-action1 a revolution>y conduct is adopt$ by ! p>ty ( legitimacy2 :5 passion itself is consecrat$ into a maxim ( reason1 & held up z ! only valid & j mode ( proce$+2 & :51 ! sacr$ness ( religion itself is hawk$ ab\t z "s fa%ionable op9ion2 z if ! _w-r$eem+ p[] ( fai? & tru? consi/$ 9 ! m]e dead lett]1 & 9 ! recit$ =mula4 ,true life c spr+ only f ! vivify+ _s ( et]nal tru?4 ,9 sci5ce ! absolute is ! abyss :i* swall[s up ! liv+ tru?1 & leaves beh9d only ! holl[ idea1 & ! dead =mula4 ,9 ! political _w ! absolute 9 conduct & speculation is t false _s ( "t1 oppos$ to all good & to ! fulness ( div9e tru?1 :i* 9 a great measure rules ! _w1 & may entirely rule x1 & lead x = ev] to its f9al ru94 ,z errors w\ld n be dang]\s or deceptive1 & w\ld h little effect1 unless !y conta9$ a portion or appe>ance ( tru?2 ?is false _s ( "t :i* successively assumes all =ms ( de/ruction1 s9ce x has ab&on$ ! pa? ( et]nal tru?1 consi/s 9 ?is--x )draws p>ticul> facts f _! hi/orical connection1 & holds !m up z ! c5tre & t]m ( a sy/em1 )\t any limitation1 & )\t any reg>d to hi/orical circum/ances4 ,! true f\ndation1 & ! "r t]m ( ?+s1 9 ! hi/ory ( society z 9 ! lives ( individuals1 _c be ?us sev]$ f _! hi/orical connection1 & _! place 9 ! natural ord] ( ev5ts4 ,9 any speculation or ent]prise conduct$ by ?is passionate _s ( exagg]ation1 ! liv+ _s mu/ evaporate1 & only ! dead & dead5+ =mula survive4 ,:at idols may successively be wor%ipp$ by ! *ang+ _s ( "t :i* easily b\nds f "o extreme to ano!r1 _c be det]m9$ be=e-h&4 ,x is ev5 possible t = a :ile et]nal tru? itself may be pr(an$ & p]v]t$ to su* an idol ( ! day--,i mean ! c\nt]feit =m ( tru?2--= ! _s ( "t1 h[ev] x may assume ! g>b1 c nev] atta9 ! inw>d ess5ce & liv+ en]gy ( tru?4 ,:atev] may be ! alt]nate idol1 & ! reign+ object ( its wor%ip1 or ( its passionate rhetoric1 x /ill rema9s ess5tially ! same--t is to say1 ! absolute1 alike dead5+ to intellect1 & de/ructive to life4 ,9 sci5ce1 ! absolute is ! idol ( va9 & empty sy/ems1 ( dead & ab/ract reason4 ,! ,*ri/ian fai? has ! liv+ ,god & 8 revelation = its object1 & is itself t revelation2 h5ce e doctr9e tak5 f ?is s\rce is some?+ real & positive4 ,! def5ce ( tru? aga9/ error w !n only be att5d$ ) p]man5t success1 :5 ! div9e doctr9e1 9 :atev] dep>tm5t x may be1 is repres5t$ ) intellectual en]gy z a liv+ pr9ciple2 & at ! same "t plac$ 9 its hi/orical connection1 ) a due reg>d to e o!r hi/orical reality4 ,?is calm1 hi/orical judgm5t ( ?+s--?is acute insight into subjects1 :e!r !y be real facts or intellectual ph5om5a--is ! inv>iable concomitant ( tru?1 & ! indisp5sable condition to ! full k ( tru?4 ,?is is ! m s1 inde$1 z religion1 :i* =ms ! basis ( all tru?1 & ( all k1 naturally traces ) att5tive eye ! my/]i\s clue ( ,div9e ,provid5ce & ,div9e p]mission ?r\gh ! long labyr9? ( human errors & human follies1 be !y ( a practical or a speculative nature4 ,error1 on ! o!r h&1 is always unhi/orical2 ! _s ( "t almo/ always passionate2 & bo? consequ5tly untrue4 ,! conflict aga9/ error _c be br\ght to a prompt] & m successful issue1 ?an by sep>at+ 9 e sy/em ( moral & speculative error1 & accord+ to ! /&>d ( div9e tru?1 ! absolute1 :i* is ! basis ( su* sy/ems1 into its two compon5t p>ts ( tru? & falsehood4 ,= :5 we ackn[l$ge & po9t out ! tru? to be f\nd 9 ^? sy/ems1 !re only rema9s error1 ^: inanity x requires little lab\r1 little co/ ( tal5t1 or "t to expose & make evid5t to e eye4 ,b 9 real life ! /ruggle ( p>ties (t5 ceases to be purely intellectual--_! physical en]gy is display$ 9 viol5t commotions2 & 9 proportion z all p>ties become absolute1 s _! /ruggle becomes "o ( viol5t & mutual de/ruction--a circum/ance :i* mo/ fatally imp$es ! great "w ( religi\s reg5]ation--! mighty problem ( our age1 :i* s f> f be+ br\ght to a satisfactory t]m9ation1 is n yet ev5 solv$4 ,9 ?is respect x is no d\bt a critical fact1 t 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s ( ,european life1 nay ev5 9 "s entire c\ntries1 p>ties & gov]nm5ts %\ld be m & m c>ri$ away by ! _s ( absolutism4 ,= ?is is n a "q ( names1 & x is v evid5t t n ^? p>ties1 :i* are call$1 or call !mselves absolute1 are ! mo/ s 9 reality2 s9ce n[1 z 9 all p]iods ( viol5t p>ty /ruggles1 a :imsical mi/ake 9 names1 a great disord] ( ideas1 & a ,babel confusion ( tongues1 occur ev5 9 ^? languages o!rwise di/+ui%$ = _! cle>ness & precision4 ,fix$ness ( pr9ciple1 consi/5cy 9 reason+1 firmness ( "*1 & ! sev]e1 dogmatic precision ( fai?1 z ^! are ! qualities :i* =m ! be/ te/ ( man 9 ! int]c\rse ( life1 s !y ought by no means to be conf\nd$ ) absolutism ei!r 9 conduct or speculation2 = all ^! qualities are v compatible ) ! calm hi/orical judgm5t ( ?+s1 & a consci5ti\s reg>d = all hi/orical circum/ances4 ,among ! ,fr5* writ]s ( rec5t times :o h devot$ !mselves to ! task ( ! religi\s reg5]ation ( ! public m9d1 no "o possesses ! above-nam$ qualities 9 a high]1 or 9 s rem>kable a degree1 z ,c\nt ,mai/re2 & yet ( all ! writ]s ( ?is class1 he is ! lea/ op5 to ! *>ge ( promot+ a passionate _s ( reaction2 & 9 my own op9ion1 he mu/ be entirely acquitt$ ( su* an imputation4 ,"s m rhetorical def5d]s1 h[ev]1 ( religion 9 ,france1 _c c]ta9ly be entirely absolv$ f ! *>ge ( fav\r+ ?is absolute & exagg]at$ _s ( re-action2 & s !y unque/ionably1 ev5 m ?an _! oppon5ts1 injure ! cause :i* !y wi% to def5d4 ,b _m imputations ( ?is sort :i* p>ty _s has alleg$1 are entirely )\t f\ndation2 z :5 ! opposition 9 ! c\ntry ,i speak (1 ext5ds to ! gov]nm5t1 & to all ! diff]5t m9i/ries s9ce ! ,re/oration1 ! *>ge ( political absolutism1 & ( a _s ( re-action2 e "o mu/ cle>ly see t no cause has really be5 giv5 = su* imputations4 ,& t 9 a c\ntry :]e ! mo/ ho/ile p>ties & all conceivable op9ions are tol]at$1 a small numb] ( ,jesuits %\ld p>take ( ! g5]al tol]ation1 is a circum/ance t c excite blame1 jeal\sy & hypocritical al>m1 only 9 ! brea/s ( m5 animat$ by ! unju/ & v9dictive _s ( faction4 ,to ! di/ant & imp>tial obs]v]1 ! greate/ & mo/ imm95t dang] to ,france appe>s to be a relapse to ,revolution by means ( lib]alism4#bd ,! dogmatic decision & def9it5ess ( ,ca?olic fai? on ! "o h&1 & ! firmly root$ private convictions ( ,prote/antism on ! o!r1 are v compatible ) an hi/orical judgm5t ( hi/orical ev5ts4 ,difficult z ?is may appe> to ! absolute _s ( our age1 x is ?is v hi/orical imp>tiality :i* mu/ prep>e ! way = ! complete triumph ( tru?1 & ! consummate glory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,& x is 9 ?is consi/s ! great di/9ction betwe5 true tol]ation & ! fatal indiff]5tism ( our age1 & ( ! age imm$iately prec$+4 ,true tol]ation is f\nd$ on ! humble & consequ5tly religi\s pr9ciple & firm hope1 t :ile "o leaves 9 quiet :at has already an hi/orical exi/5ce1 ,god w conduct & arrange all ?+s1 & br+ !m to _! appo9t$ end4 ,?is is widely remote f t pret5d$ equality ( all religions1 provid$ !y inculcate b a good morality--a sy/em :i* /rikes at ! root ( all religion4 ,intol]ance1 on ! o!r h&1 is gr\nd$ 9 ! pr\d1 & !re=e impi\s op9ion1 t x c m\ld all ?+s to :at x fancies !y ought to be1 )\t any reg>d to ! limits ( human weakness--& )\t reflect+ t :at is put d[n by outw>d =ce1 n unfrequ5tly gr[s up 9 secret 9 an alt]$1 ?\gh /ill m dang]\s1 =m4 ,( ?is tru?1 x w\ld n be difficult to adduce _m hi/orical pro(s4 ,9 ! absolute _s ( our age1 & 9 ! absolute "* ( its factions1 !re is a deep-root$ intellectual pride1 :i* is n s mu* p]sonal or individual1 z social1 = x ref]s to ! hi/orical de/9y ( mank9d1 & ( ?is age 9 p>ticul>4 ,actuat$ by ?is pride1 a _s exalt$ by moral en]gy1 or inve/$ ) ext]nal p[]1 fancies x c give a real exi/5ce to t :i* c only be ! "w ( ,god3 z f him alone proce$ all ^? mighty1 & real reg5]ations ( ! _w1 among :i* ,*ri/ianity--a revolution 9 ! high & div9e s5se ( ! ^w--occupies ! fir/ place2 & 9 ^! pla/ic mom5ts1 e ?+ is possible t man c wi% or d>e to hope1 if 9 :at he adds on 8 own "p1 he m>s n mu* 9 :at ! b\nte\s mon>* ( ! univ]se1 f ! ov]fl[+s ( 8 ineffable love1 outp\rs ^u 8 e>?4 ,= ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s ?is human pride has be5 at "w--a pride t wi%es to orig9ate ev5ts1 in/ead ( humbly await+ !m1 & ( re/+ cont5t$ ) ! place assign$ to x among ^? ev5ts1 & ( mak+ ! be/ & mo/ *>itable use ( ^? circum/ances :i* ,provid5ce has decre$4 ,:at ,i said be=e ) reg>d to ! ,re=mation may be equally appli$ to ! pr9ciple & p]iod ( ,illum9ism4 ,! idea itself is p]fectly blameless1 & x is unfair to pron\nce on x an indiscrim9ate c5sure1 & to treat x z an unqualifi$ abuse4 ,x 0 inde$ b a v small portion ( ?is illum9ism ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 t 0 really d]iv$ f ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! pure light ( ,revelation4 ,! re/ 0 ! m]e "w ( man1 consequ5tly va9 & empty1 or at lea/ defective1 corrupt 9 p>ts1 &1 on ! :ole1 de/itute ( a solid f\ndation1 & !re=e devoid ( all p]man5t /r5g? & duration4 ,b :5 once1 aft] ! complete victory ( tru?1 ! div9e ,re=mation %all appe>2--!n t human ,re=mation1 :i* till n[ ha? exi/$1 w s9k to ! gr\nd1 & disappe> f ! _w4 ,!n by ! univ]sal triumph ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! ?or\gh religi\s reg5]ation ( ! age1 ( ! _w1 & ( gov]nm5ts !mselves1 w dawn ! era ( a true ,*ri/ian ,illum9ism4 ,?is p]iod is n p]haps s remote f our own1 z ! natural indol5ce ( ! human m9d1 :i* aft] e great occurr5ce1 loves to s9k aga9 into ! dea?-sleep ( ord9>y life1 w\ld be dispos$ to believe4 ,yet mu/ ?is exalt$ religi\s hope--?is high hi/orical expectation be c\pl$ ) great appreh5sion1 z to ! full display ( div9e ju/ice 9 ! _w4 ,= h[ is su* a religi\s reg5]ation possible1 until e species1 =m1 & d5om9ation ( political idolatry be eradicat$1 & entirely extirpat$ f ! e>?8 ,nev] 0 !re a p]iod t po9t$ s /rongly1 s cle>ly1 s g5]ally t[>ds ! future1 z our own4 ,on ?is acc\nt we %\ld endeav\r cle>ly & accurately to di/+ui% betwe5 :at on ! "o h& man may by sl[1 progressive1 b unwe>$ ex]tions--by ! pacific adju/m5t ( all disput$ po9ts--& by ! cultivation ( 8 intellectual qualities1 contribute t[>ds ! great "w ( ! religi\s reg5]ation ( gov]nm5t & sci5ce--& :at on ! o!r h& he %\ld look = 9 sil5t awe f a high] ,provid5ce--f ! new creative fiat ( a la/ p]iod ( consummation1 unable z he is to produce or call x =?4 ,we are direct$ mu* m t[>ds ! future ?an t[>ds ! pa/2--b 9 ord] to compreh5d 9 all its magnitude ! problem ( our age1 x suffice? n t we %\ld seek ?is social reg5]ation 9 ! eighte5? c5tury--an age 9 no respect entitl$ to praise--or 9 ! reign ( ,lewis ! ,f\rte5?1 & 8 times ( false national glory4 ,! bir? ( ,*ri/ianity mu/ be ! great po9t ( survey to :i* we mu/ recur1 n to br+ back1 or c\nt]feit ! =ms ( ages pa/1 :i* are no long] applicable to our own2 b cle>ly to exam9e :at has rema9$ incomplete1 :at has n yet be5 atta9$4 ,= unque/ionably1 all t has be5 neglect$ 9 ! e>li] p]iods & /ages ( ,*ri/ian civilization1 mu/ be made good 9 ?is true1 consummate reg5]ation ( society4 ,if tru? is to obta9 a complete victory--if ,*ri/ianity is really to triumph on ! e>?--!n mu/ ! /ate become ,*ri/ian1 & sci5ce become ,*ri/ian4 ,b ^! two objects h nev] be5 g5]ally1 nor completely realiz$2 al?\gh dur+ ! _m ages mank9d h be5 ,*ri/ian1 !y h /ruggl$ = ! atta9m5t ( bo?2 & ?\gh ?is political /ruggle & ?is intellectual aspiration =m ! purport ( mod]n hi/ory4 ,! ,roman ,empire1 ev5 aft] ! true religion _h become pr$om9ant1 0 too ?or\ghly & radically corrupt1 ev] to =m a truly ,*ri/ian /ate4 ,! s\nd1 unvitiat$ natural en]gy ( ! ,g]manic nations1 seem$ f> bett] fitt$ = su* a de/9y1 aft] !y _h receiv$ f ,*ri/ianity a high religi\s consecration = ?is purpose4 ,!re 01 if we may s speak1 9 ! int]ior ( ea* /ate1 z well z 9 ! g5]al sy/em ( ,*ri/5dom1 a mo/ magnific5t f\ndation laid = a truly ,*ri/ian /ructure ( gov]nm5t4 ,b ?is gr\nd-"w rema9$ unf9i%$1 aft] ! int]nal divisions 9 ! /ate1 !n ! divisions betwe5 *ur* & /ate1 & la/ly1 ! divisions 9 ! *ur* & 9 religion itself1 _h int]rupt$ ! successful beg9n+s ( a mo/ glori\s "w4 ,! ecclesia/ical writ]s ( ! fir/ ages furni% a solid f\ndation = all ! future lab\rs ( ,*ri/ian sci5ce2 b _! sci5ce does n compreh5d all ! bran*es ( human k4 ,9 ! middle age1 und\bt$ly1 ?is f\ndation ( a ,*ri/ian sci5ce1 laid d[n by ! e>ly fa!rs1 0 sl[ly prosecut$ & 9 detail2 b on ! :ole1 _m hurtful influ5ces ( ! "t _h r$uc$ sci5ce & speculation to a v l[ ebb1 :5 sudd5ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury all ! lit]>y treasures ( anci5t ,greece1 & all ! new discov]ies 9 geography & physics1 7 (f]$ to philosophy4 ,sc>cely _h philosophy begun to exam9e ^! mighty /ores ( anci5t & mod]n sci5ce1 9 ord] to give !m a ,*ri/ian =m1 & to appropriate !m to ! use ( religion & mod]n society1 :5 ! _w aga9 broke out into disputes2 & ?is noble beg9n+ ( a ,*ri/ian philosophy 0 int]rupt$1 & has s9ce rema9$ an unf9i%$ fragm5t = a lat] & a happi] p]iod4 ,su* !n is ! two-fold problem ( a real & complete reg5]ation :i* our age is call$ ^u to solve2--on "o h&1 ! fur!r ext5sion ( ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t1 & ( ,ca?olic pr9ciples ( legislation1 9 opposition to ! ,revolution>y _s ( ! age1 & to ! anti-,*ri/ian pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t hi!rto s exclusively preval5t2 & on ! o!r h& ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,*ri/ian philosophy1 or ,ca?olic sci5ce4 ,z ,i be=e *>act]iz$ ! political _s ( ! eighte5? c5tury by ! t]m--,prote/antism ( /ate 7tak+ t ^w 9 a purely philosophic s5se1 & n z a religi\s designation7--a sy/em :i* f\nd its "o ma9 support 9 an old ,ca?olic ,empire2#be & z ,i *>act]iz$ ! intellectual _s ( ! same age by ! t]m ,prote/antism ( sci5ce2--a sci5ce :i* made ! greate/ progress & ex]t$ ! wide/ influ5ce 9 ano!r#bf great ,ca?olic c\ntry2 sy/ems 9 :i* no?+ irreligi\s 0 orig9ally int5d$1 b :i* became s by _! too exclusive or negative be>+3 s ,i may "h p]mit myself to say1 9 l mann]1 t ! de/9y ( ?is age--! peculi> want ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 is ! e/abli%m5t ( ^? ,ca?olic pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 & ! g5]al con/ruction ( a ,ca?olic sy/em ( sci5ce4 ,?is expression is us$ 9 a m]e sci5tific s5se1 & ref]s to all t is positively & completely religi\s 9 ?\ght & feel+4 ,9 ! c]ta9 conviction t ?is _c be misund]/ood 9 an exclusive or polemical s5se1 ,i w expressly add t ?is f\ndation ( ,ca?olic legislation = ! future political exi/5ce ( ,europe may be laid by "o1 or m ?an "o1 non-ca?olic p[]2 & t ,i ev5 *]i% ! hope1 t x is our own ,g]many1 "o half :]e( is ,prote/ant1 :i* m ?an any o!r c\ntry is de/9$ to complete ! fabric ( ,ca?olic sci5ce1 & ( a true ,*ri/ian philosophy 9 all ! dep>tm5ts ( human k4 ,! religi\s hope ( a true & complete reg5]ation ( ! age1 by a ,*ri/ian sy/em ( gov]nm5t & a ,*ri/ian sy/em ( sci5ce1 =ms ! conclusion to ?is ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 ,! bond ( a religi\s union betwe5 all ! ,european /ates w be m closely knit1 & be m compreh5sive1 9 proportion z ea* nation advances 9 ! "w ( its own religi\s reg5]ation1 & c>efully avoids all relapse to ! old revolution>y _s--all wor%ip ( ! false idols ( mi/ak5 fre$om1 or illusive glory1 & rejects e o!r new =m or species ( political idolatry4 ,= x is ! v nature ( political idolatry to lead to ! mutual de/ruction ( p>ties1 & consequ5tly x c nev] possess ! elem5ts ( /ability4 ,philosophy1 z x is ! vivify+ c5tre ( all o!r sci5ces1 mu/ be ! pr9cipal conc]n & ! highe/ object ( ! lab\rs ( ,*ri/ian sci5ce4 ,yet hi/ory1 :i* is s closely & s v>i\sly connect$ ) religion1 mu/ by no means be =gott51 nor mu/ hi/orical rese>* be sep>at$ f philosophic speculation4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ! religi\s _s & views already p]vad+ ! comb9$ ef=ts ( hi/orical le>n+ & philosophic speculation1 t *iefly di/+ui% ?is new era ( a bett] intellectual culture1 or z ,i %\ld r express myself1 ?is fir/ /age ( a return to ! great religi\s re/oration4 ,& ,i may v5ture to ass]t t ?is _s1 at lea/ 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 has become ev] m & m ! prevail+ *>act]i/ic ( ,g]man sci5ce1 & on ?is sci5ce1 9 its relation to ! moral wants1 & spiritual call+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,i h n[ a few obs]vations to make4 ,l an image reflect$ 9 a mirror1 or l ^? symptoms :i* prec$e & ann\nce a crisis 9 human ev5ts1 ! c5tre-po9t ( all gov]nm5t1 or ! religi\s basis ( legislation1 is sure to be reflect$ 9 ! :ole m5tal culture1 or 9 ! mo/ rem>kable intellectual productions ( a nation4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! equilibrium ( a con/itution t comb9es 9 itself s _m conflict+ elem5ts1 is reflect$ 9 its philosophy4 ,! revolution>y _s 0 preval5t 9 ! ,fr5* lit]ature ( ! eighte5? c5tury long be=e x broke out 9 real life2 & ! /ruggle is /ill v animat$ betwe5 ! intellectual def5d]s & *ampions ( ! mon>*ical & religi\s ,re/oration1 & ( ! newly awak5$ lib]al opposition4 ,9 l mann]1 z ! ,g]man p 71 & /ill are1 half ,ca?olic & half ,prote/ant1 x is religi\s peace :i* 9 all lit]ature1 & p>ticul>ly 9 philosophy1 =ms ! basis ( _! mod]n intellectual culture4 ,! m]e /hetic "p ( ,g]man lett]s1 z reg>ds art & poetry1--t arti/-l en?usiasm peculi> to our nation--! /ruggles :i* convuls$ ! infancy ( our lit]ature--! successive imitation & rejection ( ! ,fr5* & ,engli% models--! v g5]al diffusion ( classical le>n+--! newly enk9dl$ love = our native spee*1 & = ! e>ly hi/ory ( our c\ntry1 & its eld] monum5ts ( art--all ^! are subjects ( m9or int]e/ 9 ! ,european po9t ( view we "h take1 & =m b ! prelude & introduction to t high] ,g]man sci5ce & philosophy1 :i* is n[ m imm$iately ! subject ( our enquiries4 ,hi/orical rese>* %\ld nev] be sep>at$ f any philosophy1 /ill less f ! ,g]man2 z hi/orical erudition is ! mo/ effectual c\nt]poise to t absolute _s1 s preval5t 9 ,g]man sci5ce & ,g]man speculation4 ,art & poetry con/itute t dep>tm5t ( intellect :]e9 e nation %\ld mo/ly foll[ ! impulse ( its own _s1 its own feel+s1 & its own turn ( fancy2 & we mu/ reg>d x z an exception :5 ! poetry ( any p>ticul> nation1 7su*1 = in/ance1 z t ( ! ,engli% at ! pres5t day71 is felt & receiv$ by o!r nations z an ,european poetry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 hi/ory is a sort ( intellectual common op5 to all ,european nations4 ,! ,engli%1 :o 9 ?is dep>tm5t 7 ev] s active & di/+ui%$1 h1 9 v rec5t times1 produc$ works on _! own national hi/ory1 :i* really m]it ! "n ( classical monum5ts ( ! new religi\s re/oration4 ,sci5ce 9 g5]al1 & philosophy 9 p>ticul>1 %\ld nev] be exclusive or national--%\ld nev] be call$ ,engli% or ,g]man--b %\ld be g5]al & ,european4 ,& if ?is is n s entirely ! case z 9 ! nature ( ?+s x ought to be--we mu/ ascribe x to ! defects ( p>ticul> =ms4 ,( ?is tru? ! example ( ! ,fr5* language may conv9ce u2 = no "o w d5y ! metaphysical pr(undity ( ,c\nt ,mai/re1 or ! dialectic p]spicacity ( ! ,visc\nt ,de ,bonald4 ,al?\gh ^? absolute pr9ciples :i* appe> to *>act]ize ! ,european nations at ?is "t1 h mu* less influ5ce on real life & on ! social relations 9 ,g]many ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry2 yet ! false _s ( ! absolute seems to be q native to ,g]man sci5ce & philosophy2 & = a long p]iod1 has be5 ! pr9cipal cause :i* has cramp$ ! religi\s _s & feel+s s natural to ! ,g]man "*1 or at lea/ has giv5 !m a false direction4 ,) reg>d to religi\s op9ions1 ,prote/antism 9 ,g]many has n be5 split into a multitude ( new1 v>i\s1 & j>r+ sects1 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 su* z ,engl&1 ,holl&1 & ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e x 0 exclusively or = ! mo/ "p pr$om9ant2 = ev5 ! ,h]nhutt]s 7 n prop]ly a sect4 ,x is only v rec5tly ! ,pieti/s h =m$ !mselves into a p>ty oppos$ to ! ,rationali/s--b _! doctr9es are n suffici5tly precise & det]m9ate to con/itute !m a sect1 accord+ to ! prop] signification ( t ^w4 ,pietism consi/s r 9 a deep1 ?\gh vague1 s5tim5t ( religion1 & 9 a fusion ( v>i\s & opposite religi\s views & doctr9es4 ,und\bt$ly ?is moral fusion ( op9ions1 z well z t outw>d complication ( ! int]e/s & doctr9es ( ,ca?olicism & ,prote/antism1 & ( s _m private views 9 matt]s ( religion1 produc$ _m wild & fanciful abortions peculi> to ! age2 _m pure idiosyncrasies among ! ,prote/ants1 :e!r !y made half advances t[>ds ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 or pursu$ ! opposite pa? ( absolute individualism--or among ! ,ca?olics /ill m mon/r\s amalgamations--,prote/ant or semi-,prote/ant innovations 9 doctr9e aim$ at by individuals--innovations :i* orig9at$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( ,illum9ism1 & 7 c\nt5anc$ by ! well-kn[n policy ( c]ta9 sov]eigns4 ,mu* z we may feel dispos$1 or are ev5 b\nd to oppose ) all our might1 su* moral abortions1 :5 ! "q reg>ds _! practical op]ation--yet ,i d n ?9k we ought to pron\nce an absolutely unfav\rable judgm5t on _! g5]al intellectual t5d5cy4 ,! real prim>y evil ( ! eighte5? c5tury--an utt] indiff]5ce = all religi\s doctr9es & conc]ns1--! dang]\s _s ( complete indiff]5tism1 f ^: contagion _m purely ,ca?olic c\ntries did n escape1 took less /rong hold 9 ,g]many1 & obta9$ less g5]al diffusion ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,a deep1 indelible religi\s feel+ /ill cont9u$ to *>act]ize ! ,g]man nation1 & to give a tone to its philosophical speculations4 ,we %\ld n pay too mu* att5tion to "s transi5t & p>tial p>adoxes3--,i well recollect ! words ( an old1 v exp]i5c$1 pi\s1 & enlight5$ ecclesia/ic1 :o well und]/ood ! ,g]man "*1 & :o us$ to say2 ,if we don't give a religion to ! ,g]mans1 !y w make "o out = !mselves4 ,ev5 9 ! greate/ errors ( _! philosophy1 a c]ta9 religi\s be>+ & t5d5cy c easily be po9t$ out4 ,h[ev] 9 a c\ntry l ,g]many1 :]e religi\s op9ions & int]e/s are s v>i\s & s int]mix$1 a long "t mu/ elapse be=e a pr(\nd philosophy1 :i* w\ld satisfy ^! ye>n+s ( religi\s desire1 c atta9 its full moral developem5t1 or assume a cle> outw>d tangible =m4 ,if ,i be=e said ( ! ,engli%1 9 ref]5ce to ! /ruggle go+ on betwe5 ! conflict+ elem5ts ( _! gov]nm5t--a /ruggle :i* 9 "o =m or o!r e great ,european nation has to settle 9 its own int]ior1 & to br+ to a successful issue--t x w\ld appe> by _m expressions 9 _! p>liam5t>y proce$+s1 f ^? 9 p>ticul> at ! head ( affairs1 & :o are be/ acqua9t$ ) !m1 t a secret self-appreh5sion besets ! m9ds ( ,engli% politicians2--s ,i may n[ say ( our ,g]man nation1 among :om ! conflict lies pr9cipally1 or m imm$iately 9 ! sph]e ( religion & philosophy2 t m ?an all o!r nations ! ,g]mans are de/itute ( self-k & ( mutual concord2 & ! cause ( ?is mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! unfulfilm5t ( _! religi\s & philosophical de/9y1 & 9 ! yet unallay$ discord betwe5 opposite elem5ts ( fai? & v>i\s sy/ems ( sci5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod ( ,g]man lit]ature1 ! ,prote/ants _h q ! prepond]ance2 b s9ce !n1 ! balance1 at lea/ 9 sci5ce1 has be5 completely re/or$4 ,i speak "h ( int]nal religi\s pr9ciples1 & n ( outw>d confessions ( fai?1 :i* _c be made ! crit]ion = a philosophic classification4 ,= o!rwise by desc5d+ into details1 ,i might cite1 among ! few q irreligi\s organs ( ,g]man philosophy1 "s writ]s 7happily r>e exceptions7 :o belong$ to ,ca?olic ,g]many2 & on ! o!r h&1 among ^? =emo/ & mo/ di/+ui%$ 9 reviv+ ! pure ,platonic philosophy1 & ^: pr(\nd religi\s conceptions h giv5 q a ,*ri/ian =m to natural philosophy itself1 ,i might adduce ! names ( m5 :o 7 memb]s ( ! ,prote/ant *ur*4 ,philosophy itself has n to det]m9e1 nor to illu/rate religi\s dogmas1 nor does x /& 9 imm$iate connection ) !m4 ,! ma9 po9t to :i* ,i wi% to direct att5tion1 & :i* is necess>y to r5d] philosophy ,*ri/ian2 is t an int]nal h>mony or unison %\ld be pres]v$ betwe5 fai? & sci5ce2 next t ! pr9ciple ( div9e revelation %\ld be reg>d$ z ! basis1 n only ( !ology b ( e o!r sci5ce2 & la/ly1 t ev5 nature h]self %\ld be /udi$ & inve/igat$ by ?is high religi\s light1 & ?us made to receive f sci5ce a new & transp>5t lu/re4 ,! mod]n ,g]man philosophy ev5 9 its infancy1 :5 x 0 yet pretty closely alli$ to ! ,engli% s*ool1 & mo/ly />t$ ) ! same problems 7?\gh x gave to ^! a deep] & a wid] solution71 aim$ at ?is h>mony betwe5 fai? & sci5ce4 ,x und]/ood bo? inde$ 9 ! v limit$ s5se ( a m]e fai? ( reason & sci5ce ( reason1 influ5c$ z x 0 by ! ,rationalism !n s g5]ally diffus$1 n only 9 ,prote/ant b ev5 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 & notably 9 ,ca?olic ,g]many4 ,b at ! same "t o!r pr(\nd ?9k]s s\ght ano!r & high] f\ndation = philosophy 9 ! idea ( revelation2 a revelation :i* "s und]/ood 9 a m]e g5]al & speculative1 ?\gh n irreligi\s1 s5se--& o!rs 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se ( positive fai? & pi\s feel+4 ,! capital vice ( ,g]man philosophy is ! absolute--! philosophic reflection ( ! g5]al vice ( ! _s ( ! age1 :i* ex]ts an absolute influ5ce on life itself--:e!r ?is vice ( ,g]man philosophy assume ! =m ( ! absolute ego1#bg or t ( ! ,pan!i/ic naturalism1#bh or t ( absolute reason4#bi ,x is ?is :i* orig9ally gave to ! natural philosophy ( ! ,g]mans a false ,pan!i/ic direction1 = ! real mat]ialism :i* has f\nd s _m advocates among ! ,fr5* ,naturali/s1 has f ! v ideal t5d5cy ( ! ,g]man m9d1 exp]i5c$ little fav\r 9 ,g]many4 ,yet ?is =eign influ5ce 0 n ( long cont9uance--,g]man physics became deeply imbu$ ) a religi\s _s1 & ! ,g]man natural philosophy is n[ 9 ! h&s ( its fir/ repres5tatives decid$ly ,*ri/ian4 ,& ?is progress 9 ! great "w ( ! religi\s reg5]ation ( sci5ce1 ,i mu/ consid] z ! noble/ triumph ( g5ius1 = x is precisely 9 ! dep>tm5t ( physics ! problem 0 ! mo/ difficult2 & all t ri* & b\ndless treasure ( new discov]ies 9 nature1 :i* are ev] bett] und]/ood :5 view$ 9 connection ) ! high tru?s ( religion1 mu/ be look$ ^u z ! prop]ty ( ,*ri/ian sci5ce4 ,! v>i\s sy/ems ( philosophic ,rationalism1 mutually subv]sive1 z !y are1 ( ea* o!r1 w fall to ! gr\nd1 & ! vulg> ,rationalism :i* is b an emanation ( ! high]1 & :i* /ill prevails 9 "s p>ticul> s*ools1 & 9 _m ( ! l[] walks ( ,g]man lit]ature1 w f9ally disappe>2 9 proportion z ,g]man philosophy becomes imbu$ ) ! _s ( religion1 & ,g]man sci5ce becomes ?or\ghly ,*ri/ian1 or ,ca?olic4 ,9 ! firm hope t ?is w c]ta9ly happ51 ,i h giv5 publicity to ^! fir/ essays ( a philosophy ,i _h long 9 secret prep>$2 & ( :i* ! fir/ "p1 ! ,philosophy ( ,life1 treats ( consci\sness1 or ( ! inw>d man3 ! second1 ?is ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 :i* ,i n[ h "h br\ght to a close1 consid]s ! outw>d man1 or ! progress ( /ates & nations ?r\gh all ages ( ! _w4 ,t 9 ?is progress ( mank9d1 a div9e ,h& & conduct+ ,provid5ce are cle>ly disc]nible2 t e>?ly & visible p[] has n alone co-op]at$ 9 ?is progress1 & 9 ! opposition :i* has imp$$ x2 b t ! /ruggle has be5 9 "p c>ri$ on "u div9e1 & aga9/ invisible might2--is a tru?1 ,i tru/1 :i* if n prov$ to ma!matical evid5ce1 7an evid5ce "h nei!r appropriate nor applicable71 has /ill be5 sub/antiat$ on firm & solid gr\nds4 ,we may conclude our "w1 by a retrospective view ( society1 consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to t invisible _w & high] region1 f :i* ! op]ations ( ?is visible _w proce$1 9 :i* its great de/9ies h _! root1 & :i* is ! ultimate & highe/ t]m ( all its movem5ts4 ,*ri/ianity is ! emancipation ( ! human race f ! bondage ( t inimical _s1 :o d5ies ,god1 &1 z f> z 9 him lies1 leads all creat$ intellig5ces a/ray4 ,h5ce ! ,scripture /yles him1 ! ,pr9ce ( ?is _w2 & s he 0 9 fact1 b 9 anci5t hi/ory only1 :5 among all ! nations ( ! e>?1 & amid ! pomp ( m>tial glory1 & ! spl5d\r ( ,pagan life1 he _h e/abli%$ ! ?rone ( 8 dom9ation4 ,s9ce ?is div9e era 9 ! hi/ory ( man1 s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( 8 emancipation 9 mod]n times1 ?is _s c no long] be call$ ! pr9ce ( ?is _w1 b ! _s ( "t1 ! _s oppos$ to div9e influ5ce1 & to ! ,*ri/ian religion1 app>5t 9 ^? :o consid] & e/imate "t & all ?+s temporal1 n by ! law & feel+ ( et]nity1 b = temporal int]e/s or f temporal motives1 *ange1 or und]value1 & =get ! ?\ghts & fai? ( et]nity4 ,9 ! fir/ ages ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 ?is _s ( "t appe>$ z a beguil+ sect>ian _s4 ,?is _s obta9$ its highe/ triumph 9 ! new & false fai? ( a fanatic ,unit>ianism1 utt]ly oppos$ to ! religion ( love1 & :i* sev]$ f ,*ri/ianity s l>ge a portion ( ! ,ea/]n *ur*1 & :ole regions ( ,asia4 ,9 ! middle ages ?is _s display$ itself1 n s mu* 9 ho/ile sects1 z 9 s*ola/ic disputes1 9 divisions betwe5 *ur* & /ate1 & 9 ! int]nal disord]s ( bo?4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! new era ( ! _w1 ! _s ( "t claim$ z an urg5t want ( mank9d1 full fre$om ( fai?2 a claim ( :i* ! imm$iate consequ5ce 0 only a bloody w>f>e1 & a fatal /ruggle ( life & dea? protract$ beyond a c5tury4 ,:5 ?is /ruggle 0 t]m9at$1 or r appeas$1 x 0 succe$$ by an utt] indiff]5ce = all religions1 provid$ only _! morality 7 good2 & ! _s ( "t proclaim$ religi\s indiff]5tism1 z ! ord] ( ! day4 ,?is app>5t calm 0 foll[$ by ! revolution>y tempe/1 & n[ t ?is has pass$ away1 ! _s ( "t has 9 our days become absolute--t is to say1 x has p]v]t$ reason to p>ty--passion1 or exalt$ passion1 to ! place ( reason2 & ?is is ! exi/+ =m & la/ metamorphosis ( ! old evil _s ( "t4 ,turn+ n[ to t ,div9e aid :i* has support$ mank9d 9 _! ev]-endur+ /ruggle aga9/ _! own infirmities1 aga9/ all ! ob/acles ( nature1 & natural circum/ances1 & aga9/ ! opposition ( ! evil _s2 ,i h endeav\r$ to %ew1 t 9 ! fir/ ?\s& ye>s ( ,primitive ,hi/ory1 ,div9e ,revelation1 al?\gh pres]v$ 9 its native purity b 9 ! "o orig9al s\rce1 /ill fl[$ 9 copi\s /reams ?r\gh ! religi\s traditions ( ! o!r great nations ( t pri/9e epo*2 & t tr\bl$ z ! curr5t might be by ! admixture ( _m errors1 yet 0 x easy to trace x 9 ! mid/ ( ?is slime & pollution1 to its pure & sacr$ s\rce4 ,& ) su* a belief mu/ comm5ce e religi\s view ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,& x is only ) ?is religi\s belief1 & p]ception ( ! traces ( div9e revelation1 we c rightly compreh5d & judge ?is primitive epo* ( hi/ory4 ,we %all prize ) deep]1 m e>ne/1 & m solid affection1 ! great & div9e era ( man's r$emption & emancipation 7occurr+ z x does 9 ! middle-po9t ( human hi/ory71 ! m accurately we discrim9ate betwe5 :at is ess5tially div9e & un*angeably et]nal 9 ?is revelation ( love1 & ! elem5ts ( de/ruction :i* man has oppos$ !reto1 or int]m+l$ !re)4 ,& x is only 9 ! _s ( love1 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian times c be rightly und]/ood & accurately judg$4 ,9 lat] ages1 :5 ! _s ( discord has triumph$ ov] love1 hi/orical hope is our only rema9+ clue 9 ! labyr9? ( hi/ory4 ,x is only ) s5tim5ts ( grateful admiration1 ( amazem5t1 & awe1 we trace 9 ! special disp5sations ( provid5ce1 = ! advancem5t ( ,*ri/ianity & ! progress ( mod]n society1 ! wond]ful concurr5ce ( ev5ts t[>ds ! s+le object ( div9e love1 or ! unexpect$ ex]cise ( div9e ju/ice long delay$2 su* z ,i h 9 ! prop] places endeav\r$ to po9t out4 ,) ?is fai? 9 ,primitive ,revelation1 & 9 ! glori\s consummation ( ,*ri/ian love1 ,i _c bett] conclude ?is ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 ?an ) ! religi\s hope ,i h m ?an once express$1 & :i* is m p>ticul>ly applicable to ^! times--! dawn ( an approa*+ era3--t by ! ?or\gh religi\s reg5]ation ( ! /ate1 & ( sci5ce1 ! cause ( ,god & ,*ri/ianity may obta9 a complete triumph on ! e>?4 #bj ,:at a melan*oly =ebod+ is conta9$ 9 ^! words6--,trans4 #ba ,au/ria4 #bb ,prussia4 #bc ,s*legel "h conveys an indirect c5sure on ! ,prussian gov]nm5t1 = "s acts ( an intol]ant nature t[>ds its ,ca?olic subjects4--,trans4 #bd ,?is 0 spok5 exactly two ye>s be=e ! ,fr5* ,revolution ( ,july1 #ahcj4--,trans4 #be ,au/ria4 #bf ,france4 #bg ,s*legel alludes to ! philosophy ( ,fi*te1 :i* 0 an ideal subjective ,pan!ism4 #bh ,! au?or "h alludes to ! philosophy ( ,s*ell+1 :i* 0 m a mat]ial & objective ,pan!ism1 n unlike ! sy/em ( ,sp9oza4 #bi ,?is la/ expression conta9s1 ,i believe1 an allusion to ! philosophy ( ,hegel4--,trans4 ,,f9is4 ,b4 ,,b5sley1 ,,pr9t]4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,footnotes 7 r5umb]$ sequ5tially & mov$ to ! end ( ! lecture 9 :i* ! relat$ an*or appe>s4 ,words 9 italics are surr\nd$ by und]scores1 l ?is4 ,! items li/$ bel[ 7 consid]$ pr9t]'s errors & 7 correct$ z not$4 ,obsolete & ar*aic words & o!r spell+ errors 7 n *ang$4 ,unpr9t$ p]iods 7 add$ at end ( s5t5ces & abbreviations4 delet$ duplicate 'be+' 444 hope ( be+ able 444 ',seuvi' to ',suevi' 444 ^? ( ! ,suevi & ! ,saxons1444 'vegetion' to 'vegetation' 444 & bloom+ vegetation spread 444 ',asyrian' to ',assyrian' 444 ! ,assyrian ,v5us 444 'dec5d$' to 'desc5d$' 444 light _h desc5d$ 444 capitaliz$ ',lat9' 444 b>b>\s ,lat91444 '&' to 'a' 444 firmly to e/abli% a new model society 444 mov$ comma inside close p>5!sis 444 ( despotism17 w 444 'gov]m5t' to 'gov]nm5t' 444 ! ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t 444 two in/ances ( ',*>lemange' to ',*>lemagne' 'con/ition' to 'con/itution' 444peculi> nature & con/itution 444 'aud' to '&' 444 & s active 0 _! 444 ',*ri/a9' to ',*ri/ian' 444 mann]s & ,*ri/ian in/itutions2444 remov$ hyph5 f 'p>ty-/rife' 444 a wat*-^w = p>ty /rife 444 'ecclesia/al' to ecclesia/ical' 444 ecclesia/ical excommunication 444 'al?ongh' to 'al?\gh' 444 al?\gh t idolatry1444 'intet]e/s' to 'int]e/s' 444 complication ( ! int]e/s 444 'h>m\y' to 'h>mony' 444 aim$ at ?is h>mony betwe5 444 ,footnote #f1 add$ op5 quote to beg9n+ ( second p>agraph4 capitaliz$ ',sy/ema' 444 ,sy/ema ,!ologicum ( ,leibnitz1444