,transcriber's ,note3 ,bold text is surrounded by equal signs and italic text is surrounded by underscores4 ,,the ,,chautauquan ,a ,,monthly ,,magazine ,,devoted ,,to ,,the ,,promotion ,,of ,,true ,,culture4 ,,organ ,,of ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,literary ,,and ,,scientific ,,circle4 ,,volume ,,iii4 ,,from ,,october1 #ahhb1 ,,to ,,july1 #ahhc4 ,,theodore ,l4 ,,flood1 ,d4 ,d41 ,editor4 ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,press1 ,meadville1 ,,pa4 ,,copyrighted ,,by ,,theodore ,l4 ,,flood1 ,,in ,,the ,,office ,,of ,,the ,,librarian ,,of ,,congress1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahhc4 ,,index ,,to ,,volume ,,iii4 ,,agassiz ,,at ,,penikese1 ,with4 ,prof4 ,j4 ,tingley1 ,ph4,d4 #ecc4 ,,air1 ,the ,worth of ,fresh4 #chf1 #ddi4 ,,amusements--,,lawn ,,tennis4 ,robert ,macgregor4 #dda4 ,,announcement ,,for #ahhb-c1 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 #aac1 #agb4 ,,answers4 ,to ,questions for ,further ,study4 ,a4 ,m4 ,martin4 #bhh1 #cee4 ,,arizona4 ,rev4 ,sheldon ,jackson1 ,d4,d4 #bee4 ,,art ,,and ,,artists1 ,some ,german4 #bei4 ,,assembly 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,d4,d4 #cbi4 ,tears of ,jesus1 ,the4 ,j4 ,h4 ,grandpierre1 ,d4,d4 #b4 ,,tales ,,from ,,shakspere4 ,charles ,lamb4 ,all's ,well that ,ends ,well4 #eae4 ,as ,you ,like ,it4 #dec4 ,hamlet1 ,prince of ,denmark4 #bge4 ,king ,lear4 #bga4 ,macbeth4 #cch4 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream4 #baj4 ,much ,ado ,about ,nothing4 #cie4 ,romeo and ,juliet4 #hd4 ,taming of the ,shrew4 #ha4 ,the ,tempest4 #ci4 ,twelfth ,night4 #aeb4 ,two ,gentlemen of ,verona4 #ehc4 ,winter's ,tale4 #bac4 ,,talk ,,from ,,headquarters4 ,concerning ,chautauqua4 #dgd4 ,,taxidermy4 #ejg4 ,,tennyson ,,and ,,mrs4 ,,carlyle4 #ehh4 ,,testimony1 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 #ajc1 #afb1 #bbc1 #djb1 #ebd4 ,,they ,,grow ,,to ,,flowers ,,or ,,to ,,weeds4 ,maxims4 #chc4 ,,thrift4 ,charles ,kingsley4 #bah4 ,,tour ,,round ,,the ,,world1 ,a4 #ii1 #adg1 #baf1 #bfg1 #dff1 #eaj1 #eea4 ,,transit ,,of ,,venus1 ,the4 #bci4 ,,united ,,states1 ,the ,resources of4 #cic4 ,,webster1 ,daniel4 ,a ,letter from ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson4 #bib4 ,,webster1 ,daniel1 versus ,stephen ,girard4 #dgb4 ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 ,,born ,,at ,,chautauqua1 ,the4 #aef4 ,,poetry ,,among ,,the ,,mountains4 ,by the author of 8,john ,halifax1 ,gentleman40 #cbf4 ,,beyond4 ,mrs4 ,emily ,j4 ,bugbee4 #eeg4 ,,celia ,,singing4 ,thomas ,stanley4 #ddb4 ,,chautauqua ,,chimes4 ,addie ,glover ,carter4 #dg4 ,,cheerfulness ,,taught ,,by ,,reason4 ,elizabeth ,barrett ,browning4 #ead4 ,,children1 ,our4 ,genevieve ,irons4 #aej4 ,,coming ,,of ,,summer1 ,the4 ,harriet ,mabel ,spalding4 #ecf4 ,,content4 ,a4 ,e4 ,a4 #aif4 ,,counsel4 ,alice ,e4 ,jennings4 #egc4 ,,daffodil1 ,the4 ,ada ,iddings ,gale4 #eeh4 ,,daffodils ,,at ,,sea4 ,j4 ,s4 ,howard4 #ddh4 ,,death',s ,,changed ,,face4 ,frederick ,langbridge4 #ecg4 ,,garden ,,reverie1 ,a4 ,i4 ,l4 ,cosham4 #ah4 ,,glint ,,of ,,moonlight1 ,a4 ,i4 ,l4 ,cosham4 #abi4 ,,god',s ,,hearthstone4 ,wallace ,bruce4 #ie4 ,,hours ,,of ,,rest4 ,anna ,h4 ,drury4 #cib4 ,,in ,,the ,,forest4 ,s4 ,reid4 #ha4 ,,june4 ,ellen ,o4 ,peck4 #ejg4 ,,kneeling ,,figure ,,in ,,malvern ,,priory1 ,on the4 ,chas4 ,grindrod4 #ada4 ,,last ,,snow ,,of ,,winter1 ,the4 ,sarah ,doudney4 #eah4 ,,loss ,,and ,,gain4 ,mrs4 ,emily ,j4 ,bugbee4 #dac4 ,,may4 ,luella ,clark4 #dgc4 ,,my ,,winter ,,garden4 ,harriet ,mabel ,spalding4 #cbj4 ,,my ,,own ,,girl4 ,frederick ,langbridge4 #afa4 ,,nightingale1 ,to the4 ,drummond of ,hawthornden4 #dcf4 ,,petition ,,to ,,time4 ,b4 ,w4 ,proctor4 #bjg4 ,,petrocchi1 ,sonnet of4 ,translated by ,strong4 #eeg4 ,,prophecy1 ,a4 ,rev4 ,benjamin ,copeland4 #ehb4 ,,quaint ,,old ,,garden ,,of ,,my ,,childhood4 ,clara ,thwaites4 #aee4 ,,renunciation4 ,a4 ,c4 ,m4 #efi4 ,,robin ,,and ,i4 ,c4 ,b4 #djg4 ,,satisfied4 ,j4 ,c4 ,a4 #deb4 ,,songs ,,in ,,winter4 ,david ,buxton4 #efa4 ,,song4 ,sir ,john ,denham4 #cch4 ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,robin4 ,miss ,a4 ,m4 ,starkweather4 #ecb4 ,,sonnet1 ,the4 ,william ,wordsworth4 #dff4 ,,sorrow ,,of ,,the ,,sea1 ,the4 ,alexander ,anderson4 #cbb4 ,,sowers1 ,the two4 ,alexander ,anderson4 #eji4 ,,stages4 ,benjamin ,bulkeley4 #aic4 ,,stranger1 ,the4 ,ada ,iddings ,gale4 #abc4 ,,striving4 ,henry ,burton4 #ge4 ,,sun-,,worshippers1 ,the4 ,hattie ,a4 ,cooley4 #bgi4 ,,surprise1 ,a ,sweet4 ,mary ,r4 ,dodge ,dingwall4 #cdf4 ,,thinking ,,of ,,michael4 ,alexander ,anderson4 #ag4 ,,three ,,ages4 ,john ,albee4 #aic4 ,,two ,,graves1 ,the4 ,henry ,hogan4 #gh4 ,,weary ,,heart1 ,the4 ,rev4 ,frank ,s4 ,child4 #bfc4 ,,we ,,must ,,not ,,forget ,,our ,,dead4 ,mary ,r4 ,d4 ,dingwall4 #bga4 ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,a ,,monthly ,,magazine ,,devoted ,,to ,,the ,,promotion ,,of ,,true ,,culture4 ,,organ ,,of ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,literary ,,and ,,scientific ,,circle4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,december1 #ahhb4 ,no4 #c4 ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle4 ,president1 ,lewis ,miller1 ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,superintendent of ,instruction1 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4 ,d41 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,general ,secretary1 ,albert ,m4 ,martin1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,office ,secretary1 ,miss ,kate ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,counselors1 ,lyman ,abbott1 ,d4 ,d42 ,j4 ,m4 ,gibson1 ,d4 ,d42 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren1 ,d4 ,d42 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4 ,d4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this table of contents of this periodical was created by the transcriber to aid the reader4 ,contents ,index to ,volume ,,iii4 ,,index ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle ,officers #aba ,,required ,,reading3 ,history of ,russia #aba ,the ,stranger #abc ,pictures from ,english ,history #abd ,studies in ,ancient ,greek ,life #abf ,a ,glint of ,moonlight #abi ,,sunday ,,readings4 ,december #c ,having1 ,doing1 ,being #acj ,growing #aca ,december #aj ,the ,goodness of a ,good ,man #aca ,december #ag ,the ,conflicts of ,life #acc ,december #bd ,christmas ,songs #acd ,december #ca ,god ,magnified in ,his ,works #ace ,atheistic ,scientists #acg ,poison in ,common ,things #acg ,manner #ada ,on the ,kneeling ,figure in ,malvern ,priory #ada ,comets #adb ,a ,tour ,round the ,world #adg ,our ,children #aej ,morals and ,sorrows of ,borrowing and ,lending #aea ,tales from ,shakspere--,twelfth ,night2 ,or1 ,what ,you ,will #aeb ,quaint ,old ,garden of ,our ,childhood #aee ,the ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 ,born at ,chautauqua #aef ,god's ,ideal of a ,man #aeg ,my ,own ,girl #afa ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,work #afa ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,testimony #afb ,local ,circles #afc ,questions and ,answers #afd ,outline of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,studies for ,december #afg ,questions for ,further ,study #afg ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,round-,table3 ,how ,england ,maintained ,her ,nationality ,during the ,middle ,ages #afg ,reasons for the ,study of ,greek #afi ,the ,ugly ,man #afi ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,announcement for #ahhb-'hc #agb ,editor's ,outlook #agc ,editor's ,note-,book #agd ,editor's ,table #agf ,books ,received #agg ,report of ,chautauqua ,normal ,examination--#ahhb #agg ,new ,books for ,boys and ,girls #agh ,,required ,,reading ,,for ,,the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle for #ahhb-hc4 ,,december4 ,,history ,,of ,,russia4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,mary ,s4 ,,robinson4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,heroic ,,age--,,growth ,,of ,,the ,,russian ,,state1 ,,to ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,iaroslaf 7#ajed74 ,the glory of the ,russian arms1 the splendor of the ,russian ,state1 attained their maximum in the reign of the great ,iaroslaf4 ,its form of government continued to retain the ,variag-,slav elements1 but was compacted and confirmed by the ideas brought into the country with the influx of ,greek priests and men of letters4 ,the prince long remained1 as in the primitive times1 first among his equals1 the drujina--the head and chief of a family of soldiers4 ,he had great respect for the counsels1 and for the demands of these4 ,vladimir's men complained1 in that they had to eat from wooden bowls4 ,he forthwith provided them with silver ones4 8,i can not buy myself a drujina with silver and gold10 he said1 8but with a drujina ,i can obtain silver and gold1 as did my father and my grandfather40 ,the ,roman empire of the east represented another form of government4 ,its sovereign was the heir of ,constantine and of ,augustus2 the vicar of ,god upon earth1 the human representative of the ,sovereign of the universe4 ,the ,greek emperor derived his power1 not from the consent of his subjects--a phrase unknown in his dominions1--but rather from the ,being who conferred it as a prerogative1 a divine right4 ,his person1 his regalia1 were sacred4 ,the populace of ,constantinople believed that when ,god gave the empire to their city1 he gave it also the regal vestments at the hands of an angel4 ,leo1 king of the ,kazarui1 was said to have been smitten with a fatal ulcer for his temerity in putting the ,byzantine crown upon his head4 ,this ,roman1 and antecedently ,asiatic conception of government1 as vested in the person of the imperator who made the laws1 executed justice1 received the adoring homage as well as the unquestioning obedience of his subjects1 essentially modified the nobler1 freer idea of government1 as held by the ,variag princes2 but the change was wrought gradually1 and was hardly perceptible during the epoch of the ascendency of the ,russia of the steppes1 the supremacy of ,kief4 ,it came into prominence1 as we shall see1 in the ,russia of the forests1 when ,suzdal1 and later ,moscow1 became the nuclei1 the centers of the realm in a subsequent epoch4 ,iaroslaf compiled a code of laws1 the ,russkaia ,pravda1 the ,russian right1 or verity1 a code that1 though subsequently modified by ,byzantine influence1 remained for centuries the basis of the national jurisprudence4 ,the laws of the ,pravda are in effect those of ancient ,scandinavia4 ,private revenge and avenging are recognized1 as are also the judicial duel and the ordeals2 fines are fixed for various crimes4 ,the primitive form of trial by jury is established1 but none of the harsher penalties are prescribed that were introduced later by the corrupted ,greeks4 ,prisons1 torture to wring confession1 corporal cruelties1 flogging and capital punishment were unknown in the ,russia of the eleventh century4 ,its laws were milder1 more humane than those of ,charlemagne4 ,the ,slav had not become debased by the vices of the ,roman empire of the east1 nor by the ferocity of the ,tatars4 8,a white ,arab10 a child of nature1 uncorrupted by the iniquities of an ancient civilization1 with his ardent ,oriental temperament1 he retained as yet much of the simplicity1 the freedom from duplicity1 that won the recognition of ,homer1 ,choerilius and ,strabo4 ,the introduction of ,greek ,christianity was a fact of immeasurable significance to the ,russian realm4 ,it proscribed the ,papal ,church from ,russian territory1 and thereby isolated it from the nations of the west4 ,this isolation precluded the ,russian people from the religious sympathy1 the material support of the ,pope1 and of the other ,european nations1 in crises of peril1 or periods of emergency1 such as that of the appalling ,tatar invasion4 ,they could look for no help beyond their own resources1 their own strength4 ,the difference of religion served also as a perpetual barrier1 a continually irritating antagonism between the ,russian and the ,polish ,slavs4 ,on the other hand1 as the new faith was introduced by means of the ,slavonic1 the mother tongue1 ,russian society was spared the sharp division between the clerical1 the learned1 the high1 ,latin-speaking class1 and the lower classes that compose the bulk of every nation2 a division that contributed immensely to the founding of caste and to the arrogations of a hierarchy throughout ,latin ,christendom4 ,in ,russia was reared a national church1 subject to no foreign1 no alien sway1 entangled with no foreign alliances or foreign politics4 ,thus was secured an absolute national and ecclesiastical independence4 8,no dragonnades1 no frightful inquisition1 no ,saint ,bartholomews1 no myriads of martyrs1 no hideous tortures1 such as those invented and practiced by ,jesuits and ,romish priests1 have ever defiled the venerable ministry that traces its origin to ,ephesus and ,saint ,john40 ,christianity gradually but essentially modified the social life1 the customs and manners of the people4 ,it abolished polygamy2 the structure of the family was no longer ,asiatic1 but ,european4 ,it heightened the ,slav virtues of hospitality and benevolence1 by inculcating the humanitarian precepts of the ,new ,testament4 ,it conferred a dignity previously unknown1 upon weakness1 infirmity1 poverty and labor4 ,it modified the public sentiment in regard to crime1 by teaching the inherent heinousness of sin4 ,the oft-uttered words of ,vladimir1 8,i fear to sin10 indicate the change that was gradually effected in the popular mind4 ,assassination1 theft1 and other crimes ceased to be regarded as private injuries1 to be commuted by fines or atoned for by reprisals4 ,they were punished as offences against humanity1 in the name of the ,legislator1 the ,father of the race4 ,what is more precious than a ,christian soul8 asks one of the earlier descendants and successors of ,vladimir4 ,the new religion brought music in its train to a people who had a capacity for this art1 but who were ignorant of its first principles4 ,it brought architecture into a realm whose buildings were simply wooden tents1 and whose ramparts were made of mud4 ,in the rude city were laid the decorated aisles1 the sumptuous columns1 the golden cupolas and domes of the ,russian church4 ,it brought literature1 first of all by the sacred books translated into the vernacular2 the works of the ,church fathers1 among them ,basil and ,chrysostom2 the lives of the saints1 ,byzantine chronicles1 eagerly read by the scholastic monk2 works on speculative and natural philosophy1 and some few romances4 ,contemporary ,byzantine literature was not of the highest order2 but exported among a people whose thought and knowledge were limited to the recital of their national legends1 their primitive poems1 it aroused their germinant powers1 and gave direction to their intellectual1 their social1 and their moral development4 ,we have to concede1 however1 that the introduction of the ,greek form of ,christian belief was not entirely salutary in its effects upon the people at large4 ,the ,byzantine ,church was smitten with the decay whereof the ,byzantine civilization was perishing4 ,it retained1 indeed1 the elevated truths of the ,christian system1 but had deplorably lost the spirit that alone 8giveth life40 ,it had failed1 generally speaking1 to eradicate the distinctive vices of the ,greek peoples--falsehood1 treachery1 perfidy1 instability4 ,in place of a regenerated nature1 it required of its adherents participation in its elaborate ceremonial1 the practice of its intricate rites1 homage to its imposing forms4 ,it did little for intellectual enlightenment or advancement1 save in the perverted form of ,oriental monachism1--a painfully unnatural mode of life1 calculated to foster mental disease and general self-stultification4 ,with no arrogations of secular or of civil power1 it has associated itself throughout ,russian history with the baleful conservatism1 the hoary tyranny1 the enslaving autocracy of her sovereigns4 ,oriental in its origin1 it has fastened upon the ,russian ,state the stationary ignorance1 the servitude1 the mental inertia of the effete ,oriental nations4 ,among its adherents we shall find scarcely an example of the moral and spiritual liberty wherewith the ,head of the ,church maketh his children free4 ,so far removed are they from this freedom1 that their spiritual debasement1 their intellectual bondage and moral perversion lie like an incubus1 against which thus far the inherent strength of the nation has struggled in vain4 ,an ,oriental autocracy and a church devoid of spiritual vitality have hitherto proved immovable checks upon the advancement of the ,russian people4 ,not without reason does the ,nihilist reject the wretched ecclesiasticism that has misguided and miseducated his race throughout a thousand years4 ,the portraits of ,rurik and his ,variag-,slav successors1 preserved in the imperial galleries of ,st4 ,petersburgh1 are doubtless much idealized2 yet they may be supposed to bear some resemblance to their originals1 for ,byzantine artists were in ,kief as early as the reign of ,vladimir 7#igb74 ,the face of ,rurik is strong1 and possessed of a primitive majesty2 beneath heavy brows his eyes are steadfast1 penetrating1 containing a force that under stress might break into the ,berserker rage1 the fury that was a characteristic of the ancient ,norse warrior4 ,the contours of the face are vigorous1 and marked by a certain rude symmetry1 so to speak4 ,the heavy mustaches part above the lips2 below them falls a dense beard that clings to the sides of the cheeks and climbs to the hair4 ,the head is shielded beneath a plain helmet terminating above in a talon4 ,from the under side of the helmet falls a cape of mail1 protecting the throat and shoulders2 a sack or loose coat of mail covers the body4 ,a man to put one's trust in1 a man to be feared as an enemy1 is the impression conveyed by the portrait1 as a whole4 ,vladimir1 8the beautiful sun of ,kief10 the ,christianized ,apollo of the ,russian ,slav1 the apotheosized hero of numberless legends and poems1 still current among his people1 is represented with a richly jewelled crown above an ermine border1 resting upon his shapely head4 ,his dark hair falls flowing upon his shoulders2 his beard is fine and waved2 his eyebrows delicately pencilled4 ,poetry and song lie in his liquid eyes and upon his well-moulded lips4 ,a touch of sadness allied with a princely stateliness adds an indefinable1 a melodious charm to this beautiful portrait1 that one might take at first glance for a humanized representation of the ,son of ,man4 ,lovely1 tender1 strong1 it is not difficult to ascribe to the gracious influences of ,christianity the elevation1 the chastened symmetry1 the perceptible advance1 evident in the face1 from the rude power of the ,norse physiognomy4 ,a bust like unto it1 set amid the busts of ancient ,athens1 would have elicited expressions of admiration from the beholders4 8,a noble1 a beautiful barbarian60 they would have exclaimed4 ,the portrait of ,iaroslaf represents a distinctive ,slav4 ,it depicts a melancholy temperament held in equipoise by a clear intellect and a firm will4 ,delicacy1 a capacity for sadness and strength1 combine in the intelligence of the face2 an intelligence more reposeful than animated4 ,the symmetry of the features is remarkable4 ,the long-lidded1 serious eyes are essentially ,slavic4 ,the throat is large and shapely4 ,the regal robe is heavily broidered1 decorated around the neck and down the front with a band of light-hued fur4 ,a grave man1 with capacities for understanding the arts that give solace and charm to existence1 ,iaroslaf the ,great was also a man to love and to be loved4 ,captain1 sovereign1 legislator1 he was especially the father of his people in his affectionate care of1 and in his intercourse with them4 ,the ,slav's inextinguishable passion for liberty1 and the faithfulness of the ,variag to his ruler1 his capacity for obedience and for martial discipline1 augured well for the nascent ,russian state4 ,the ,slav conception of the family1 however1 dominated long over that of a compact government4 ,the ,byzantine form of political unity took root in ,russian soil1 but was of slow growth1 and was long obstructed by the division of lands among the heirs of the reigning prince--a ,slavic custom observed from time immemorial4 ,iaroslaf had designed that his eldest son should succeed him upon his throne2 and upon his death-bed he urged upon his other children the duty of recognizing their brother ,isiaslaf as their sovereign2 they were to regard him 8as a father40 ,but notwithstanding the precautions of the great prince1 the ,slavic custom of division prevailed with those who came after him4 ,as a consequence1 the hundred and thirty years following his death 7#ajed-abbd71 form a period of internal partition1 of disturbance1 of civil wars and strifes between the increasingly numerous members of the royal family4 ,during this period the realm was divided into no less than sixty-four duchies or principalities1 under the varying possession of two hundred and ninety-three princes4 ,these partitions were the occasion of eighty-three civil wars1 some of which brought into conflict the entire fighting force of the nation4 ,in addition to the internal contentions1 the barbarians remained a hostile element in the country4 ,the chroniclers record forty-six invasions of the ,polovtsui1 and eighteen campaigns directed against them4 ,this anarchy of princes in eastern ,europe possessed features of similarity with the feudal anarchy of the west4 ,the principalities of ,russia corresponded with the domains of the dukes1 grafs1 land-grafs1 and mar-grafs of ,germany1 with those of the lords and counts of ,france1 and with the governments of the lords and barons of ,england4 ,the principality or grand duchy of ,kief remained preminent among these divisions4 ,its position near to1 and its intercourse with the ,greek empire1 its control of the ,dnieper1 the fertility of the ,warm ,soil1 the illustrious history of the capital and metropolis of the realm1 mother of ,russian cities1 all contributed to maintain its supremacy4 ,its prince was the ,grand ,prince1 chief among his fellow rulers elsewhere in the realm1 in point of privilege4 ,often was his territory hotly contested by those princes whose energy or ambition impelled them to audacious enterprises4 ,to obtain ,kief and the position of ,grand ,prince1 were the ends ardently coveted by the restless1 warlike rulers who chafed within the restricted limits of their obscure domains4 ,along the tributaries to the east of the ,dnieper1 lay the principalities of ,tchernigof and of ,novgorod-,severski4 ,the ruling family of ,tchernigof1 the ,olgovitchi1 who traced their lineage to the illustrious ,olga1 were the most formidable rivals of ,kief4 ,east of these lay the double principality of ,riazan and ,murom1 whose chief towns1 respectively of the same name1 the one on the ,moskova1 the other on the ,oka1 indicate their ancient principalities on the modern map of the empire4 ,westward1 in the heart of medival ,russia1 inclosing within its boundaries the great forest of ,okof1 where rise the ,volga1 the ,dnieper1 and the ,dwina1 was the principality of ,smolensk1 all of whose towns were built on the banks of one or another of its great rivers4 ,its political importance lay in its control of nearly all the commerce of the realm4 ,a government in the later divisions of the empire bears the name of the ancient principality4 ,near by was ,toropets1 capital of a secondary domain ruled over by two princes of renown1 ,mstislaf the ,brave1 and his son ,mstislaf the ,bold1 glorious names in the history of their country4 ,further to the northeast1 in the dense forests of the ,volga and the ,oka1 lay the principality of ,suzdal1 with its towns1 ,suzdal1 ,rostof1 ,vladimir-on-the-,kliasma4 ,this rugged region at the extremity of the ,russia of the eleventh century1 encircled by aboriginal ,finn tribes1 was destined in time to achieve a supremacy over all the other principalities1 and to control the destinies of the nation4 ,the ,slavs of the ,volga1 mingling with the ,finn tribes1 ,muromians1 ,meria1 ,tcheremisa1 who1 from being their enemies1 were ultimately forced to become their subjects1 produced a modified race1 endowed with permanent1 salient characteristics4 ,the ,russia of the steppes of the ,dnieper1 gave way gradually1 and yielded its supremacy to the ,russia of the forests of the ,volga4 ,from the principality of ,suzdal emerged the ,grand ,duchy or ,tsarate of ,moscow1 and from the ,tsarate of ,moscow arose ,little and ,great ,russia1 with which were included in the fifteenth century ,red and ,white ,russia1 the ,warm ,soil1 and other vast territories that combine to form the ,european portion of the modern empire4 ,the principalities we have named presented a frontier against the untamed tribes of the steppes and of the forests4 ,a northern system of frontier defences holding in check the ,lithuanians1 ,letts1 and ,tchudi1 was re-enforced by the powerful governments of ,novgorod and ,pskof1 situated in the regions of ,lake ,ilmen and ,lake ,pepus4 ,within the protection of these domains lay two secondary appanages1 ,polotsk and ,mursk1 the latter in the basin of the ,dnieper4 ,in southwest ,russia lay ,volhynia and ,gallicia1 or ,red ,russia1 one of whose cities was ,galitch4 ,gallicia was peopled by the ,white ,kroats1 a branch of the ,danubian ,slavs1 who had affinities with the neighboring kingdoms of ,poland and ,hungary4 ,igor1 ,prince of ,novgorod-,severski1 is the hero of a ,russian epic1 that relates his expeditions4 ,in it the wealth and glory of ,gallicia are thus exalted3 8,iaroslaf ,osmomuisl of ,gallicia10 cries the poet1 apostrophizing the prince1 8lofty is thy throne of beaten gold6 ,thou holdest up the ,carpathians with thy regiments of iron6 ,thou art he who shutteth the gates of the ,danube1 and putteth a bar across the pathway of the ,king of ,hungary4 ,at thy good pleasure the gates of ,kief are opened4 ,with thine arrows thou smiteth from afar60 ,the division into appanages delayed but did not strike at the root of the unity of the empire4 ,nay1 it may be said to have nourished this idea in its nascent development4 ,at the death of every powerful sovereign fresh divisions were made2 hence no principality remained sufficiently secure to become the home of a distinct1 an enduring nationality4 ,identity of race1 of language1 and of religion characterized these states1 whose princes were kinsmen1 and whose ties of blood were strengthened in many instances by the bonds of wedlock4 ,the descendants of ,rurik bore rule from the ,straits of ,ienikale to the borders of the ,frozen ,sea4 ,the ,grand ,prince was held in fatherly respect2 and if some of his contemporaries stood ready to contend for his throne1 more were at hand to defend him with their money and their arms4 ,the unity of the nation1 notwithstanding its numerous divisions1 was more distinct than that of ,germany or of ,france during certain periods of the medival era4 ,the isolation of the ,russian realm maintained the permanence of this idea1 in that it was preserved from alien invaders1 and from diplomatic or other complications with powers that might have interfered with its internal affairs1 or that might have modified its advancement4 ,the unity of the realm initiated by ,rurik1 was developed gradually but irresistibly1 and with no considerable fluctuations down to the national uprising in #afab1 when it attained its fullest strength1 and rendered the nation impregnable alike to the designs of aliens1 or to the subversions of internal discord4 ,to be continued4 ,,the ,,stranger4 ,by ,,ada ,,iddings ,,gale4 ,thou dazzling vision in the ,eastern sky1 ,moving so grandly through the fields of space1 ,thou stranger in our starry populace1 ,on what swift errand dost thou sunward fly8 ,haply1 among the everlasting host ,thou art a messenger fleet-winged as fate1 ,on some grave matter sent by powers of state1 ,thy winged speed thy special pride and boast4 ,or1 art thou but a vagrant--fetterless ,roaming at will among the wand'ring spheres1 ,as naught to thee the pulsing of the years1 ,a shining type of starry willfulness8 ,speed on1 oh1 wonderful6 through endless space1 ,one ,all-puissant marks thy tireless race4 8,for he who manages his own life badly1 how is he likely to take proper care of what is external to himself40--,euphron4 ,,pictures ,,from ,,english ,,history4 ,by ,c4 ,e4 ,,bishop4 ,,iii4--,,the ,,fighting ,,troubadour',s ,,return ,,from ,,the ,,war4 ,concerning the 8good old days0 of chivalry and the crusades1 the ,london ,quarterly ,review once said3 8,life was earnest in its beliefs1 stormy in its ambition1 hearty in its sports40 ,there is a funny story going the rounds in these 8degenerate days0 of a disciple of ,peter ,cartwright1 who resisted a western rough's invitation to drink and to fight4 ,the concluding remark of the bully1 as he picked himself out of the elder bushes1 was1 in the tones of a deeply-deceived man3 8,what do you come around here for1 with a long face on1 saying you #8never have fun with the boys1' when you are chock full of fun8 ,you've nearly broke my back40 ,in this contest the champions of religion and of 8fun0 were arrayed against each other1 but it was the advantage of the old crusaders that both religion and 8fun0 lay in the same direction4 ,the chief of those romantic bruisers1 ,king ,richard ,cur de ,lion1 is thus practically described by ,charles ,dickens3 8,he was a strong1 restless1 burly man1 with one idea always in his head1 and that the very troublesome idea of breaking the heads of other men40 ,anyway1 the crusades were the great safety-valve of ,europe for surplus religious zeal and pugnacity1 and a great relief they proved to the people who stayed at home1 as ,motley and ,prof4 ,fiske have splendidly argued4 ,richard sought this outlet for his 8idea40 ,his career in the ,holy ,land was romantically ferocious4 ,he was1 indeed1 so impatient to get to business that he fought two or three battles with ,christians on the way4 ,he showed but one redeeming trait1 brute courage2 and a historian declares that the ,saracen ,saladin shows as the ,christian statesman1 and ,richard as the fighting barbarian in these crusades4 ,he was far more considerate of his ,saracen prisoners than of his own soldiers1 and treated the ,mohammedan leaders with more chivalry than he did the allied kings and dukes4 ,his hot temper and overbearing manner really defeated the crusade1 for it drove every other prince and general home in anger4 ,the ,duke of ,austria1 for instance3 ,the walls of ,ascalon had to be hastily repaired to repel an assault1 but the ,duke held back from manual labor1 saying he 8was no stone mason40 ,whereupon ,king ,richard incontinently kicked his ,grace till he went to work4 ,the crusade collapsed4 ,richard heard that his amiable brother ,john1 encouraged by the angry ,king of ,france1 was plotting his deposition1 and he started for home1 undismayed by the fact that he had not a friend left on the continent1 and must needs cross hostile territory to reach ,england4 ,his accustomed luck and pluck seem to have deserted him1 for he was cast ashore in ,austria1 and he tried to skulk through the booted ,duke's dominions in disguise4 ,and so this proud1 grand hero of a hundred fights was captured in an inn kitchen1 attired like a scullion1 wrestling with pots and pans--was ,richard of the ,lion ,heart4 ,he was buried in a rocky dungeon1 high above the ,rhine1 and for months no one in ,england knew what had become of him4 ,curiously enough1 ,richard owed his discovery and consequent deliverance1 not to his own courage1 wit1 or influence1 but to his ability to write songs and sing them4 ,one of his ballads he had taught to a friend named ,blondel and ,blondel now went troubadouring through ,europe1 singing a verse of the song under the windows of every dungeon and castle4 ,he was at length relieved to hear the second stanza of the verse trolled1 or1 perhaps1 roared through the bars4 ,the secret was out1 but ,richard was not4 ,the ,duke of ,austria and the ,emperor of ,germany now went into partnership1 trading on the expected ransom of the royal prisoner--offering him to the highest bidder4 ,avarice proved a worse obstacle than hatred to his release4 ,his brother ,john and ,philip of ,france promised his captors more money to keep him1 or to deliver him to them1 than they might get from ,england for his release1 and so he lingered in jail for fourteen months1 while friends and enemies were competitively striving to get together the price of his release or his destruction4 ,during this time ,richard busied himself composing verses lamenting his lot1 and sighing for freedom and 8fun10--the most profitable and least discreditable portion of his career1 for the verses were very good4 ,for all this time we have the following picture of affairs in ,england3 8,the condition of the ,english nation was at this time sufficiently miserable4 ,john was strengthening his own faction in the kingdom1 of which he proposed to dispute the succession4 ,his own character being light1 profligate1 and perfidious1 ,john easily attached to his person and faction not only all who had reason to dread the resentment of ,richard for criminal proceedings during his absence1 but also the numerous class of #8lawless resolutes1' whom the crusades had turned back on their country1 accomplished in the vices of the ,east1 impoverished in substance1 hardened in character1 and who placed their hopes of harvest in civil commotion4 8,to these causes of public distress and apprehension1 must be added the multitude of outlaws who1 driven to despair by the oppression of the feudal nobility and the severe exercise of the forest laws1 banded together in large gangs1 and1 keeping possession of the forests and wastes1 set at defiance the justice and magistracy of the country4 ,the nobles themselves1 each fortified within his own castle1 and playing the petty sovereign over his own dominions1 were the leaders of bands scarce less lawless and oppressive than those of the avowed depredators4 ,under the various burdens imposed by this unhappy state of affairs1 the people of ,england suffered deeply for the present1 and had yet more dreadful cause to fear for the future4 8,yet amid these accumulated distresses1 the poor as well as the rich1 the vulgar as well as the noble1 in the event of a tournament1 which was the grand spectacle of the age1 felt as much interested as the half-starved citizen of ,madrid1 who has not a real left to buy provisions for his family1 feels in the issue of a bull-feast4 ,neither duty nor infirmity could keep youth or age from such exhibitions40,a ,one of these exhibitions1 the ,tournament of ,ashby1 is famous historically1 and has been made the subject of one of the finest word-pictures of the 8,wizard of the ,north40 ,in a natural amphitheater near the village of ,ashby the lists were enclosed with strong palisades1 forming an oblong space about a quarter of a mile in length1 and half as broad4 ,at either end were strong wooden gates wide enough to admit but two horsemen abreast2 each of these gates guarded by two heralds1 attended by six trumpeters1 six pursuivants 7messengers71 and a strong body of horsemen4 ,around the entrances the magnificent tents of knights1 each of its owner's chosen color1 surmounted by his pennon1 his shield and coat of arms hanging in front1 his guards1 retainers and jester in gay livery contributing to the moving scene4 ,back of these1 refreshment tents and the quarters of farriers and 8,the armourers1 accomplishing the knights1 ,with busy hammers closing rivets up1 ,give dreadful note of preparation40 ,around the circle were galleries1 spread with tapestry for the ladies and nobles1 while extending up the slopes1 and even to the tops of the trees set thick about were the great multitude of common people4 ,on one side the royal seat and canopy1 occupied by ,prince ,john and his brilliant retinue2 on the opposite a gayer gallery1 and the throne of the ,queen of ,beauty and of ,love1 monarch of the hour and rewarder of the victorious knights4 ,this stand was brilliant with the rich attire of the ladies and their pages--the prevailing colors of the habits of the latter1 as of the throne1 being green and pink4 ,the traditional insignia of ,cupid shone all about on banner and shield--wounded hearts1 bleeding hearts1 burning hearts1 bows1 quivers1 etc4 ,as the procession of contestants enters the arena1 the sound of wild1 barbaric music rends the air--a mixture of trumpets1 cymbals1 bells1 and other instruments brought back from the ,east by the crusaders4 ,it is a goodly and at the same time an anxious sight to behold so many gallant champions1 mounted bravely and armed richly1 awaiting the signal of encounter with the same ardor as their generous steeds1 neighing and pawing the ground4 ,the knights hold their long lances upright1 their bright points glancing in the sun1 and the streamers with which they are decorated fluttering over the plumage of their helmets4 ,all is ready2 the heralds make proclamation of the conditions of the tourney2 the marshals of the field proclaim2 the trumpets sound2 the signal words1 ,laissez aller6 ,french for 8,go60 are shouted2 spears drop to a horizontal1 spurs are sunk in the steeds1 and fifty knights crash together in full gallop4 ,anon the dust rises and the fight becomes visible2 we see half the knights dismounted1 some not to rise1 others already on their feet fighting hand to hand with mace or ax amid a struggling pile of disabled horses1 wounded men1 broken spears and armor1 the still mounted knights trampling and fighting with swords1 the crash of which on iron helmets and shields makes an infernal din1 over which roar the shouts of the champions1 and the more excited shouts of the crazed spectators1 the shriller encouragement of ladies and the clang of trumpets4 ,the splendid armor is now defaced with dust and blood2 the gay plumage1 shorn from the crests1 drifts upon the breeze like snowflakes2 all the beautiful and graceful has disappeared1 and what remains ought only to awaken terror or compassion4 ,but all1 including delicate and high bred ladies1 cheer on the combatants2 while the heralds spur back and forth on the borders of the melee1 crying1 8,fight on1 brave knights6 man dies1 but glory lives--death is better than defeat6 ,fight on6 for bright eyes behold your deeds60 ,now1 at length1 the combatants have thinned out until only one knight is left on one side to meet three powerful antagonists4 ,it is fighting in earnest now1 and ,prince ,john incites the three to the destruction of the one whom he hates as a friend of the absent ,richard4 8,the ,disinherited ,knight0 is sure to be overpowered4 ,suddenly a voice like a trumpet-call sounds1 8,to the rescue60 and a horseman in black armor1 not yet seen in the fray1 spurs like a thunderbolt on the three4 ,one is unhorsed in the shock2 another is cut down by the sword1 the last falls under his horse helpless1 and the tournament is ended4 ,eight knights were killed1 upwards of thirty wounded1 several disabled for life4 ,this is known in history as the 8,gentle and joyous ,passage-at-,arms of ,ashby40 8,hearty in their sports10 were those old knights4 ,they were 8chock full of fun40 ,in the tumult of relieving the wounded1 the knight of the black armor disappeared1 and could not be found to receive the chaplet of honor4 ,but a few minutes later there was a commotion in ,prince ,john's pavilion4 ,an unknown messenger had placed a letter in his hands2 it bears the signet of the arms of ,france2 it is from his confederate1 ,philip1 and it reads3 8,take heed to yourself6 the devil is loose60 8,what does it mean80 asked the courtiers4 8,it means ,richard is free and in ,england6 ,we have seen him4 ,let us away60 ,it was so4 ,the ransom1 partly raised from ,english loyalty and partly pledged by ,richard's faithful friends1 had been delivered to the captors1 and the plot of ,john and ,king ,philip had failed4 ,john fled to ,normandy1 and was subsequently forgiven by his brother4 8,i will try to forget my injuries as soon as ,john will forget my pardon10 said ,richard1 sarcastically4 ,this is the only case on record where ,cur de ,lion made the mistake of being too merciful4 ,if he had disposed of ,john1 ,england would have been saved from its worst king1 but possibly might have missed the advantage of the great charter of rights at that time4 ,but ,richard took swift vengeance on ,king ,philip4 ,richard had landed in ,england ,march #ab1 #aaid4 ,he remained only two months1 the rest of his reign1 five years1 being spent on the continent 8in his proper line of business0--fighting4 ,the two months were distinguished by two things3 his extortion from his subjects1 and his famous visit in the disguise of an abbott to ,robin ,hood1 the merry outlaw of ,sherwood ,forest4 ,popular ballads have it that ,richard indulged in a little 8fun0 with the doughty outlaw1 and was badly worsted2 while sober history has it that the lion-hearted king's method of raising money 8combined the attributes of the tyrant and the swindler4,b0 ,england had already been impoverished by the enormous taxes to raise the king's ransom1 and his return was the signal for fresh exactions4 ,he ordered the great seal to be broken1 declared the title to all property void1 and required everybody to take out new deeds and pay the price over again for the affixing of the new seal4 ,ah1 yes2 8life was earnest in those days1 stormy in its ambition1 hearty in its sports10 and we ought to add1 rascally in its administration4 ,government is gentler and more refined now--is it more honest8 ,the manner of ,richard's death was in as marked contrast to the heroic character which poetry and romance have given him1 as were his capture1 captivity and deliverance4 ,he was killed in ,normandy in a sordid quarrel for the possession of a pot of money which one of his knights had found concealed in his castle--very much as if ,alexander the ,great had met his death in a gambling-house row over the stakes4 ,the vulgar and repulsive features of ,richard ,cur de ,lion's career did not detract at all from his character as a hero in the days of chivalry4 ,indeed1 the minstrels sang admiringly of ,richard's atrocities3 of how he supped gayly on a fat ,saracen baby when he could not get roast pig2 and caused a ,saracen's head to be roasted and served up to the courtly ambassadors of ,saladin2 and butchered his prisoners by the thousands4 ,if the troubadours do not truly set forth ,richard's achievements1 they truly mirror the spirit of chivalry in the imputed attributes of its most perfect champion4 ,comparing the character of this lion-hearted ,plantagenet1 as thus reflected1 with that of ,robin ,hood1 the ,saxon hero1 as pictured in the popular ballads1 we must feel that the common people's idea of manliness and virtue1 though personified in a bandit1 was higher than that of the ,norman chivalry1 and we justify ,knight in saying3 8,the outlaw had the same attributes of bravery and generosity with which the character of ,richard the ,lion ,hearted has been invested1 without exhibiting those ferocious traits which belong to the chivalric worship of mere brute courage and blind fanaticism4 ,the popular notion of a hero is the more refined one1 although ,robin be merely #8a good yeoman4'0 8,so curtyous an outlawe as he was one ,was never none yfounde40 ,to be continued4 ,,footnotes3 ,a 8,ivanhoe10 chapter vii4 ,b ,knight4 ,,studies ,,in ,,ancient ,,greek ,,life4 ,by ,j4 ,p4 ,,mahaffy1 ,a4,m4 ,,general ,,features ,,of ,,the ,,greek ,,household4--,while the citizen prized above all things his liberty and his rights as a member of the state--a feeling which produced in many cases a citizen democracy--this principle was unknown within the household1 in which he was a despot1 ruling absolutely the inferior members1 who had no legal grades except as distinguished into free and slaves4 ,the laws were very cautious about interfering with his rights1 and he was permitted to exercise much injustice and cruelty without being punished4 ,if in such a case he was murdered by his dependants1 the whole household of slaves was put to death1 unless the culprit was detected4 ,nor could a household exist 7except perhaps in ,sparta7 without the master4 ,if he died1 his widow became again the ward of her father or eldest brother1 or son2 and so strongly was this sometimes felt that men on their death-beds betrothed their wives to friends1 who were likely to treat them and their orphan children with kindness4 ,of course clever women and servants often practically had their own way1 and ruled their lord or master2 but the theory of the ,greek home was nevertheless always that of an absolute monarchy1 if not a despotism4 ,,the ,,lady ,,of ,,the ,,house--,,her ,,dress4--,there were two distinct styles of female dress prevalent4 ,the first was the ,dorian1 which was noted for its simplicity4 ,unmarried girls at ,sparta often wore but a single light garment 7chitonion7 fastened with clasps down the sides--a dress much criticized by their neighbors4 ,over this was the ,doric peplos1 fastened on the shoulders with clasps and leaving the arms bare4 ,the ,ionians wore a long linen chiton with sleeves1 which reached down to the ground1 and over it a large flowing wrapper1 fastened with a girdle1 worn high or low according to fashion2 whereas the other band called strophion was worn under the chiton1 and took the place of modern stays4 ,as a general rule1 unmarried women confined their hairdressing to mere artistic arrangement of the hair itself1 while married women wore bands1 fillets1 nets1 and coronets4 ,dyeing the hair was not uncommon1 and the fashionable color was auburn1 or reddish fair hair4 ,women's shoes were very carefully made1 and they carried fans and parasols1 as may be seen in the terra-cotta figures so common in our museums4 ,both sexes wore rings1 but in addition the women wore earrings1 armlets1 and ankle-rings1 generally of gold4 ,these were the ornaments against which lawgivers made enactments1 and which were forbidden or discouraged in days of trouble or poverty4 ,the ornaments of one rich lady are spoken of as worth #ej min 7about #aie71 a very large sum in those days4 ,the ordinary color of women's dress was white1 but saffron cloaks1 and even flowered patterns1 are mentioned4 ,,her ,,duties4--,the constant outdoor life of the ,greek gentleman1 his many occupations in politics1 and campaigns in war1 must have made a sensible wife even more necessary than she is to modern men1 and yet we do not find that any ,greeks valued her high qualities for these important duties rightly except the ,spartans4 ,for among them alone we find the mistress of the house a person of real importance1 appearing when she chooses in public1 and even offering an opinion which is respected on public affairs4 ,in cultivated ,athens1 on the contrary1 she was only taught spinning and cooking1 and what rude medicine might be wanting for the treatment of her household in trifling illness4 ,one of her main duties was always the weighing out of wool to her women slaves1 and her own working at the loom4 ,if a lady of the higher classes1 she was not supposed to appear to male visitors1 but only saw her lady friends and her nearest male relatives in her own house4 ,she seldom went out1 except either to the funeral of a near relation or to some religious procession and sacrifice4 ,thus the liberty of women varied from a freedom as great as need be in ,sparta to a life of seclusion and neglect at ,athens4 ,other states may have held an intermediate position4 ,as for the vaunted dignity and liberty of ladies in ,homer1 it is to be remarked that he speaks of the wives and daughters of reigning princes1 who probably retained the same importance in historical ,greece1 wherever they were to be found4 ,for example1 aristocratic ladies1 such as ,cimon's sister1 ,elpinice1 were unrestrained1 even at ,athens1 and went where they chose4 ,this was also the case everywhere with the poor people1 who could not afford to keep their wives and daughters in the idleness and the restraint unfortunately so fashionable in higher life4 ,,her ,,rights4--,in ,homeric days we find the old barbarous custom still surviving of buying a girl from her father for a wife1 and this was commonly done1 unless the father himself offered her as a compliment4 ,the father1 however1 usually gave her an outfit from the price he received for her4 ,in case of a separation this outfit came back to the father1 but he was also obliged to restore the price he had received for his daughter4 ,she does not appear to have had any legal rights whatever4 ,in later days the custom of paying money was reversed1 and the husband received with his wife a dowry1 which was regarded as common property with his own1 so long as she lived with him4 ,in case of separation or divorce1 this dowry had to be repaid to her father1 and at ,athens #ah per cent4 was charged upon it in case of delay in repayment4 ,in many states to marry a second wife during the life of the first was against the practice1 and probably the law1 of the ,greeks1 but concubinage was tolerated and even recognized by them1 though a married woman had at ,athens a right to bring an action for general ill-treatment against her husband1 in which she was obliged to appear and give evidence in person4 ,the dowry seems to have been partly intended as a useful obstacle to divorce1 which required its repayment1 but we find that heiresses made themselves troublesome by their airs of importance1 and this is referred to in ,greek literature1 in which men are frequently advised not to marry above them in wealth or connections4 ,as all citizens were considered equal in birth1 and as marriages with aliens were illegal and void1 we do not hear of advice to young men not to marry beneath them4 ,to marry a poor citizen girl was always considered a good deed1 and is commended as such4 ,,wedding ,,customs4--,though marriage among the ,greeks was recognized thoroughly as a civil contract1 for the purpose of maintaining the household1 and raising citizens for the state1 yet a religious solemnity was considered by them not less essential to its dignity than by us1 and though this ceremony was not performed by an official priest1 it consisted in prayers and offerings to the gods who presided over marriage4 ,these were generally ,zeus1 ,hera1 ,aphrodite1 and ,artemis1 but many local fashions existed4 ,so also the full moon and the winter season were generally but not everywhere preferred4 ,a bath in the most sacred water of the district was thought necessary before the union1 by way of purification4 ,omens were carefully observed1 and votive offerings dedicated to the gods4 ,the preliminaries closed with a solemn sacrifice and feast combined1 at which the bride was present1 closely veiled1 with her female friends4 ,this was often a large dinner party1 for we find laws restricting the number to thirty1 and complaints of the bad taste of much display4 ,she was then brought in solemn procession late in the evening to her husband's house1 generally on a carriage1 with the bridegroom and his best man sitting on either side of her4 ,both were covered with garlands and perfumed1 while the ,hymenus or marriage song was sung by the company to the sound of harps and flutes4 ,the bride's mother had the special duty of carrying a torch behind the carriage1 while the bridegroom's mother received them torch in hand at his door4 ,the bride brought with her some household utensils1 and was presented with others1 and with sweetmeats1 on her arrival4 ,the next morning the married pair separated for a day 7apaulia71 and the bridegroom slept at the house of his father-in-law1 when the bride sent him a present of a garment4 ,then only the young couple were to receive their friends1 who offered congratulations and wedding-presents1 which were called anakalupteria1 because the bride unveiled herself to her friends on that day4 ,such were the general customs of a ,greek marriage1 but many old and rude habits survived in various places4 ,of these the most primitive was that of ,sparta1 where the bridegroom pretended to carry off his bride by violence1 and visited her secretly for some time even after his marriage4 ,this marriage by capture is still common among savages1 and points to a ruder state of life than the marriage by purchase1 which was common in ,homer's time4 ,,of ,,the ,,birth ,,and ,,treatment ,,of ,,infants4--,when a child was born in the house1 it was usual in ,attica1 and probably elsewhere also1 to hang a wreath of olive in case of a boy1 a fillet of wool in case of a girl1 over the door4 ,this served as an announcement to friends and neighbors4 ,greek law permitted the parents absolutely to dispose of it as their property1 and there was no provision against exposing it1 which was often done in case of girls1 in order to avoid expense4 ,these exposed children if found and brought up1 became the slaves of the finder4 ,but on the other hand1 the laws showed special favor to the parents of large families4 ,if a child was not exposed1 there followed on the fifth day a solemn purification of all the people in the house1 and on the seventh a sacrifice1 when the relations assembled and the child was named1 generally after parents and grand-parents1 sometimes by reason of special wants or fancies--in fact on the same principles which we follow in christening our children4 ,there is no evidence until the later ,macedonian times that birthday feasts were held yearly2 and ,epicurus' direction that his should be kept after his death was thought very peculiar4 ,children of rich people were often nursed by hired nurses--an employment to which respectable ,athenian citizens were reduced in the hard times at the end of the ,peloponnesian war4 ,but a ,lacedmonian nurse was specially valued1 and often bought at a great price among prisoners1 as they were famed for bringing up the child without swaddling-clothes1 and making him hardy and courageous4 ,the ,greeks used cradles for children as we do1 and gave them honey as we do sugar1 and the nurses represented on the vases are distinguished by a peculiar kerchief on the head1 as they often are in our day by a cap or national costume4 ,,of ,,toys ,,and ,,games ,,for ,,children4--,as might be expected1 the inventive genius of the ,greeks showed itself in the constructing of all manner of toys1 and children devised for themselves perhaps all the games now known and many more besides4 ,aristotle says you must provide them with toys1 or they will break things in the house1 and the older philosopher ,archytas was celebrated for inventing the child's rattle4 ,plato also complains of the perpetual roaring of younger1 and the mischievousness of older1 children4 ,we may infer from these things that the ,greek boys were fully as troublesome as our own4 ,they had balls1 hoops1 swings1 hobbyhorses1 and dice1 with dolls for the girls1 and various animals of wood and earthenware1 like the contents of our ,noah's arks4 ,they played hide and seek1 blind man's buff1 ,french and ,english1 hunt the slipper1 the ,italian morra1 and many other games which the scholiasts and ,germans have in vain endeavored to explain4 ,but for grown people1 we do not find many games1 properly speaking1 played for the game's sake1 like our cricket4 ,there was very simple ball-playing1 and1 of course1 gambling with dice4 ,of gymnastic exercises ,i will speak separately4 ,,greek ,,education ,,generally4--,as for the girls of the house1 they were brought up to see and hear as little as possible4 ,they only went out upon a few state occasions1 and knew how to work wool and weave1 as well as to cook4 ,we may fairly infer that the great majority of them could not read or write4 ,the boys1 on the contrary1 were subjected to the most careful education1 and on no point did the ,greek law-givers and philosophers spend more care than in the proper training1 both physical and mental1 of their citizens4 ,the modern system1 however1 of public school training was not practiced anywhere save at ,sparta1 where a state schoolmaster 7paidonomos7 was appointed1 and all the ,spartan boys taken out of the control of their parents4 ,they lived together under the care of elder boys1 as well as masters1 so that the system of monitors1 and even that of fagging1 was in ordinary practice4 ,they were encouraged to fight out their disputes1 and were much given to sports and athletic amusements1 just like our schoolboys4 ,but the public school training and discipline lasted much longer at ,sparta than among us1 and embraced the university period1 as well as the school period1 of life4 ,in the other states of ,greece1 which were chiefly towns1 or suburbs of towns1 the system of day schools was universal1 and the boys went to and from home under the charge of a special slave1 chosen because he was no longer fit for hard work4 ,he was called the boy's leader1 or pedagogue 7paidagogos71 a word which never meant schoolmaster among the ,greeks1 though it is so rendered in our ,english ,bible 7,gal4 iii4 #bd74 ,the discipline of boys was severe1 and they were constantly watched and repressed1 nor were they allowed to frequent the crowded market place4 ,corporal punishment was commonly applied to them1 and the quality most esteemed in boys was a blushing shyness and modesty1 hardly equalled by the girls of our time4 ,nevertheless ,plato speaks of the younger boys as the most sharp-witted1 insubordinate1 and unmanageable of animals4 ,,of ,,schools ,,and ,,schoolmasters4--,it does not seem that the office of schoolmaster was thought very honorable1 except of course in ,sparta1 where he was a sort of ,minister of ,education4 ,it was1 as with us1 a matter of private speculation1 but controlled by police regulations that the school should open and close with sunrise and sunset and that no grown men should be allowed to go in and loiter there4 ,the infant-school teachers1 who merely taught children their letters 7grammatodidaskolos71 were of a low class in society1 sometimes even teaching in open air1 like the old hedge schoolmasters in ,ireland4 ,the more advanced teaching of reading and writing was done by the grammatikos1 whose house was called1 like that of philosophers and rhetoricians1 schole1 a place of leisure4 ,for the physical and the sthetic side we have still to mention the trainer 7paidotribes7 and the teacher of music 7kitharistes71 the former of whom taught in the palstra the exercises and sports afterward carried on by the full-grown citizens in the gymnasia1 which were a feature in all ,greek towns4 ,the teachers of riper youth stood in social position above the mere teachers of letters1 but beneath the professors of rhetoric and philosophy 7sophists74 ,these latter performed the functions of college tutors at our universities1 and completed the literary side of ,greek education4 ,the fees paid to the various teachers were in proportion to their social importance4 ,some of the sophists made great fortunes1 and exacted very high fees2 the mere schoolmasters are spoken of as receiving a miserable pittance4 ,,of ,,what ,,they ,,taught4--,the ,greeks never thought of making foreign languages a matter of study1 and contented themselves with learning to read and write their own4 ,in so doing the schoolmasters used as text-books the works of celebrated epic or elegiac poets1 above all ,homer1 and then the proverbial philosophy of ,hesiod1 ,solon1 ,phocylides1 and others1 so that the ,greek boy read the great classics of his language at an early age4 ,he was required to learn much of them by heart1 especially when books were scarce2 and his teacher pointed out the moral lessons either professedly or accidentally contained in these poets4 ,thus they stood in the place of our ,bible and hymns in education4 ,all this was grammatike1 which with music and gymnastics1 made up the general education of the ,greeks4 ,it excluded the elementary arithmetic of our 8three ,r's10 and included what they do not1 a gentlemanly cultivation in music and field sports4 ,it is very doubtful whether swimming was included1 though ,herodotus speaks of the ,greeks generally as being able to swim4 ,there is1 however1 evidence that from the fourth century ,b4 ,c4 onwards both elementary geometry and arithmetic1 and also drawing1 were ordinarily taught4 ,as regards music every ,greek boy 7like modern young ladies7 either had or was supposed to have a musical ear1 and he was accordingly taught either the harp or the flute1 and with it singing4 ,here again the lyric poems of the greatest poets were taught him1 and the ,greek music always laid the greatest stress on the words4 ,aristotle and others complain that amateurs were spending too much time on the practising of difficult music1 and we know from the musical treatises preserved to us that the ,greeks thought and taught a great deal more about musical theory and the laws of sound than we do4 ,the ,greek tunes preserved are not pleasing1 but we know that they used the strictest and most subtle principles in tuning instruments1 and understood harmony and discord as well as we do4 ,great ,athenians1 like ,cimon1 were often able to sing and accompany themselves on the harp1 or lyre as we should rather call it4 ,the ,greeks laid great stress on the moral effects of music1 especially as regards the performer1 and were very severe in their censure of certain styles of music4 ,they distinguished their scales as modes1 and are said to have put far greater stress on keys than we do1 calling some manly and warlike 7,dorian71 others weak and effeminate1 or even immoral 7,mixo-,lydian74 ,the modern ,chinese have the same beliefs about the moral effects of music4 ,the ,greeks had their keynote in the middle of the scale1 and used chiefly the minor scale of our music4 ,they had different names and signs for the notes of the various octaves which they used1 and also different signs for vocal and for instrumental music4 ,,gymnastics4--,among the various exercises taught were those in fashion in the public contests in the games--throwing the discus1 running1 and wrestling1 and those of use in war--throwing the dart1 managing the sword and shield1 and riding4 ,boxing was not highly esteemed1 and seems not to have been properly understood by the ,greeks1 who would have had no chance against an ,english prize-fighter4 ,the severest contest was the pancration1 where the combatants1 who were naked and unarmed1 were allowed to use any violence they liked to overcome their adversary4 ,it was therefore a combination of boxing1 wrestling1 and kicking1 with occasional biting and gouging by way of additional resource4 ,we hear of a wonderful jumping feat by ,phayllus of ,croton1 who leaped forty-four feet2 but as he probably jumped down-hill1 and used artificial aids1 we can not be sure that it was more than can be done now-a-days4 ,the ,spartans specially forbad boxing and the pancration1 because the vanquished was obliged to confess his defeat and feel ashamed2 and they did not tolerate professional trainers4 ,all the special exercises for developing muscle practised in our gymnasia seem to have been known1 and they were all practised naked1 as being sunburnt was highly valued4 ,the ,greeks smeared themselves first with oil and then with sand before their exercises1 and cleaned themselves with a scraper or strigil1 or in later days by taking a bath4 ,,customs ,,on ,,coming ,,of ,,age4--,most ,greek states seem to have wished to free young men as soon as possible from the control of their parents4 ,hence1 having passed the age of boyhood1 when they were called children 7paides71 they were made epheboi1 or 8men of age10 at the age of sixteen or eighteen1 when they were enrolled solemnly in the list of citizens4 ,this was done at ,athens with a religious service1 and with a solemn oath on the part of the youth1 who declared his allegiance to the laws and to the religion of his city1 and promised to defend it against all enemies and seditions4 ,he was then enrolled on the list of his deme or parish1 and this roll was called the lexiarchikon grammateion4 ,he was then competent to join in debate at the assembly1 to plead in court1 to marry1 and perform all the duties of citizenship4 ,it is not clear how he stood as regards his father1 except that1 if the latter became unable to manage his affairs1 the son could have him so declared by an action in court1 and so become the owner during his father's life4 ,before the young men settled down1 they were employed for two years in outlying garrison duty and in patrolling the frontiers of the land1 during which time they were called peripoloi4 ,this gave them the necessary training for war1 and made them acquainted with the bounds of their country4 ,many remains of these frontier forts which were once garrisoned by the youth of ,athens still survive in ,attica4 ,,the ,,servants ,,of ,,the ,,house4--,these were of course slaves1 with the exception of some field laborers1 and of nurses in times of depression and distress1 when some free women went out for hire4 ,to these cases we may add the cook1 who was not an inmate of the house before the ,macedonian time1 but was hired for the day when wanted for a dinner party4 ,all the rest were slaves1 and were very numerous in every respectable household4 ,the principal sorts of servants were as follows3 ,there was a general steward1 a butler who had charge of the store-room and cellar1 a marketing slave1 a porter1 baking and cooking slaves for preparing the daily meals1 an attendant upon the master in his walks1 and this was an indispensable servant1 a nurse1 an escort for the children1 and a lady's maid4 ,in richer houses there was also a groom or mule-boy4 ,this list shows a sub-division of labor more like the habits of our ,east-,indian families than those of ordinary households in ,england4 ,i have spoken above of the purchasing and value of these slaves4 ,if faithful1 they were often made free1 especially by the will of their master on his death-bed1 but they did not become citizens4 ,they remained in the position of resident aliens under the patronage of their former master or his representatives4 ,in proportion as the free population of ,greece diminished the freeing of slaves became more and more common1 until it actually appears to have been the leading feature in the life of the small towns4 ,thousands of inscriptions recording this setting free of individual slaves are still found1 and on so many various stones1 even tombstones1 that it almost appears as if material for recording had failed them by reason of the quantity of these documents4 ,the same increase of liberation was a leading feature in the ,roman empire1 but there the freedman obtained the right and position of a citizen1 which was not the case in ,greece4 ,the most enlightened moralists of both countries exhorted benevolence toward slaves1 and the frequent freeing of them as the duty of humane masters1 but none of these writers ever dreamt of the total abolishing of slavery1 which they all held to be an institution ordained by nature4 ,this seems also the view of the early ,christian writers1 who nowhere condemn the principle of slavery as such4 ,,the ,,domestic ,,animals4--,these were first the horses and mules1 which do not seem to have been treated with any great familiarity1 but were carefully groomed1 and after exercise were allowed to roll in sand before being brought in--a treatment still common in southern ,italy1 where the old ,greek fashion of driving four-in-hand abreast also prevails4 ,the two center horses were yoked to the pole1 the others were fastened by loose traces1 and called paraseiroi 7outriggers74 ,the commonest and most valued domestic animal was the dog1 which maintains a very important place in ,greek society up to the present day4 ,there were various kinds of breeds for hunting1 chosen both for nose and for speed2 there were watch-dogs2 and also ornamental kinds1 such as little lap-dogs1 which are represented in the sad scenes of leave-taking on the tombs4 ,many anecdotes are told of their faithfulness1 and we hear of at least one case where a handsome dog1 which belonged to ,alcibiades cost about #gjl4 ,cats were also common1 so common as to be charged with the breaking of household ware by guilty servants1 and they are often described as wandering along the roofs of houses4 ,sundry birds were kept in cages1 and for ornament1 such as pheasants and peacocks2 the quail was used for combats corresponding to ,english cock fights4 ,,customs ,,of ,,burial4--,i will conclude our consideration of the ,greek household by describing the customs when death laid its hand upon one of the inmates4 ,at the moment of the death struggle the face was veiled1 that no man might see it2 then it was uncovered for a moment to close his eyes and mouth4 ,the body was then washed by female relatives1 scented with unguents1 dressed in white and with a garland1 and placed upon a couch adorned with branches1 and with an unguent bottle beside it4 ,this laying out was done in the entrance hall of the house and the feet were turned to the door4 ,outside was a cypress branch and water for sprinkling those who came out1 as the dead defiled the house and its inmates4 ,the laying out was limited to one day1 during which both male and female relatives1 together with hired mourners1 stood round the bier1 and uttered laments in refrain very like the ,irish cry of our day4 ,this almost universal custom in ,asia was discountenanced and restricted by ,greek law-givers1 especially the tearing of the hair and laceration of the face which accompanied it4 ,burial took place in the morning dawn1 before the sun could shine upon the corpse2 in later days a small coin was placed in his mouth to pay his passage in the nether world--a custom which still survives in some parts of ,greece4 ,in the funeral procession the male relatives went before1 the female followed after1 and in ,athens and other places where women lived secluded1 only aged women and near relatives were allowed to attend1 as young men took this opportunity of seeing the ladies1 who were at other times invisible4 ,when the dead was laid in the tomb1 he was called by name aloud1 and farewell was bidden him4 ,there was afterward a funeral feast1 and offerings at the tomb1 but the time of mourning and of wearing black or gray garments was short2 in ,sparta twelve days1 at ,athens a month2 at ,ceos1 exceptionally1 a mother mourned her growing son for a whole year4 ,praising speeches were not delivered over private persons as at ,rome1 but only in the case of a public funeral1 such as that of the bones of the dead who had fallen in battle1 and were burned on the battle field4 ,these ashes were brought home in urns1 and treated as the corpses of the dead would have been at home4 ,the burning of the dead1 though known early1 and often practiced in war and travel1 was decidedly the exception4 ,to cast earth upon the dead was of the last importance1 and even when the body could not be found an empty grave received the due honors4 ,,sepulchral ,,monuments4--,in the oldest times the dead were buried in their own ground1 and close beside the house they had occupied4 ,afterward the burying of the dead within the walls of cities was forbidden except in the case of great public benefactors1 who were worshipped as heroes and had a shrine set over them4 ,the rest were buried in the fairest and most populous suburb1 generally along both sides of the high road1 as at ,athens and at ,syracuse1 where their tombs and the inscriptions occupied the attention of everyone that passed by4 ,the oldest and rudest monuments placed over the tomb were great mounds of earth1 then these mounds came to be surrounded by a circle of great stones2 afterward chambers were cut underground in the earth or rock1 and family vaults established4 ,handsome monuments in marble1 richly painted and covered with sculpture1 were set up over the spot4 ,these monuments sometimes attained a size almost as great as a temple4 ,the scenes sculptured on the marble were from the life and occupation of the deceased1 more often parting scenes1 where they were represented taking leave of their family and friends1 nor do we possess any more beautiful and touching remains of ,greek life than some of these tombs4 ,in the chamber of the dead many little presents1 terra-cotta figures1 trinkets and vases were placed1 nay1 in early times favorite animals1 and even slaves or captives were sacrificed in order to be with him2 for the ,greeks believed that though the parting with the dead was for ever1 he still continued to exist1 and to interest himself in human affairs and in pursuits like those of living men4 ,the crowded suburbs where the tombs were placed were generally ornamented with trees and flowers1 and were a favorite resort of the citizens4 ,the dead bodies of executed criminals were either given back to their relatives or1 in extreme cases1 cast into a special place1 generally some natural ravine or valley hidden from view and ordinary thoroughfare4 ,here the executioner dwelt1 who was generally a public slave4 ,this place was called barathrum at ,athens1 and ,ceadas at ,sparta4 ,a ,,glint ,,of ,,moonlight4 ,by ,i4 ,l4 ,,cosham4 ,it was the time when ,lenten lilies bloom1 ,and buds are new upon the blackthorn tree2 ,and ,i1 alone in weariness and gloom1 ,gazed far across the sea4 ,alone ,i watched the cheerless daylight wane1 ,and heard the ocean-murmurs swell and rise2 ,sharp on the window smote the gusty rain1 ,and darker grew the skies4 ,old love-tones mocked me in the moaning tide1 ,and phantom faces rose upon the dark2 ,the ocean rolled beneath me1 black and wide1 ,without one beacon-spark4 ,i had no hope--,i had no comfort left1 ,my soul went out in wailing to the night2 ,when lo1 that sable sky was swiftly cleft ,by one pure shaft of light6 ,a glint of moonlight1 silver-bright and clear1 ,shone on a tossing bark amid the foam2 ,and struggling sailors1 worn with toil and fear1 ,beheld the shores of home4 ,the summer brought me back the love of old1 ,my autumn days were rich with corn and wine2 ,ah me1 what joy the moonlight beam foretold1 ,in that dark hour of mine6 ,but when the golden lilies are in bloom ,my heart looks backward1 and ,i pause to pray ,that others1 watching lonely in the gloom1 ,may see that silver ray4 ,,sunday ,,readings4 ,,selected ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4 ,d4 ,december #c4 ,,having1 ,,doing1 ,,and ,,being4 ,by ,,james ,,martineau4 ,some men are eminent for what they possess2 some for what they achieve2 others for what they are4 ,having1 doing1 and being1 constitute the three great distinctions of mankind1 and the three great functions of their life4 ,and though they are necessarily all blended1 more or less1 in each individual1 it is seldom difficult to say which of them is prominent in the impression left upon us by our fellow man4 ,in every society1 and especially in a country like our own1 there are those who derive their chief characteristic from what they have2 who are always spoken of in terms of revenue2 and of whom you would not be likely to think much1 but for the large account that stands on the world's ledger in their name4 ,in themselves1 detached from their favorite sphere1 you would notice nothing wise or winning4 ,at home1 possibly1 a dry and withered heart2 among associates a selfish and mistrustful talk2 in the council1 a style of low ignoble sentiments2 at church1 a formal1 perhaps an irreverent1 dullness betray a barren nature1 and offer you only points of repulsion1 so far as humanities are concerned2 and you are amazed to think that you are looking on the idols of the exchange4 ,their greatness comes out in the affairs of bargain and sale1 to which their faculties seem fairly apprenticed for life4 ,if they speak of the past1 it is in memory of its losses and its gains2 if of the future1 it is to anticipate its incomings and investments4 ,the whole chronology of their life is divided according to the stages of their fortunes1 and the progress of their dignities4 ,their children are interesting to them principally as their heirs2 and the making of their will fulfils their main conception of being ready for their death4 ,and so completely do they paint the grand idea of their life on the imagination of all who know them1 that when they die1 the mammon-image can not be removed1 and it is the fate of the money1 not of the man1 of which we are most apt to think4 ,having put vast prizes in the funds1 but only unprofitable blanks in the admiration and the hearts of us1 they leave behind nothing but their property2 or1 as is expressively termed1 their 8effects10--the thing which they caused1 the main result of their having been alive4 ,how plain is it that we regard them merely as instruments of acquisition2 centers of attraction for the drifting of capital2 that they are important only as indications of commodities2 and that their human personality hangs as a mere label upon a mass of treasure6 ,every one must have met with a few instances in which this character is realized1 and with many in which1 notwithstanding the relief of some redeeming and delightful features1 it is at least approached4 ,in proportion as this aim1 of possession1 is taken to be paramount in life1 length of days must1 no doubt1 be deemed indispensable to the human destination4 ,the longer a man lies out at interest1 the greater must be the accumulation4 ,if he is unexpectedly recalled1 every end which he suggested is disappointed2 the only thing he seemed fit for can not go on2 he is a power lost from this sphere1 and incapacity thrust upon the other2 missed from the markets here1 thrown away among sainted spirits there4 ,for himself1 and for both worlds1 the event seems deplorable enough2 and it is difficult to make anything but confusion out of it4 ,an imagination tacitly filled with this conception of life as a stage prepared for enjoyment and possession1 must look on a term that is unfulfilled1 as on a broken tool1 dropping in failure to the earth4 ,of those who have thus lived to accumulate and enjoy1 history is for the most part silent1 having in truth nothing to say4 ,not doing the work1 or joining in the worship of life1 but only feasting at its table1 they break up and drive off into oblivion as soon as the lights are out and the wine is spilt4 ,belonging entirely to the present1 they never appear in the past2 but sink with the weight of wealth in the dark gulf2--unless perchance some ,crsus the rich is fortunate enough to fall into association with ,solon the wise4 ,there are no historical materials in simple animal existence1 nor is the mere sentient being of a man1 considered as the successful study of comfort1 and receptacle of happiness4 ,history is constructed by a second or nobler class1 those who prove themselves to be here1 not that they may have1 but that they may do2 to whom life is a glorious hour2 and who are so seen not to work that they may rest1 but only to rest that they may work4 ,no sooner do they look around them with the open eye of reason and faith1 upon the great field of the world1 than they perceive that it must be for them a battle-field2 and they break up the tents of ease1 and advance to the dangers of lonely enterprise and the conflict with splendid wrong4 ,strong in the persuasion that this is a ,god's world1 and that his will must rule it by royal right1 they serve in the severe campaign of justice2 asking only for the wages of life1 and scorning the prizes of spoil and praise4 ,wherever you find such1 whether in the field1 in the senate1 or in private life1 you see the genuine type of the heroic character1--the clear mind1 the noble heart1 indomitable will1 pledged all to some arduous and unselfish task2 and whether it be the achievement1 with ,cobden1 of freedom of pacific commerce between land and land2 or1 with ,clarkson1 of freedom of person between man and man2 or1 with ,cromwell1 of freedom of worship between earth and heaven2 the essential feature is in all instances the same2 the man holds himself as the mere instrument of some social work2 commits himself in full allegiance to it2 and spends himself wholly in it4 ,they 8have a baptism to be baptized with2 and how are they straitened1 till it be accomplished60 ,during the glorious conflict of such lives it is impossible not to look on with breathless interest4 ,once possessed of their great design1 we watch its development with eager eye and beating heart4 ,and if1 early in the day1 they are struck down1 we clasp our hands in sudden anguish1 and a cry goes up that the field is lost4 ,and though this despair is a momentary loss of the true faith2 though ,god never fails to rally the forces of every good cause that has mustered for battle on the earth2 yet1 no doubt1 the victory in such a case is deferred2 the plan is broken off2 the painful sense of a suspended work1 that might have been finished1 remains upon survivors' hearts4 ,on behalf of the noble actors themselves1 indeed1 we have no embarrassment of faith2 there is that within them which may well find a home in more worlds than one1 and meet a welcome wherever ,almighty ,justice reigns4 ,we are not ashamed1 as with the man of mere possession1 to follow them into the higher transitions of their being1 and knock for them at the gate of better spheres4 ,but there appears something untimely and deplorable in the providence of the world they quit4 ,the fruit has not been permitted to ripen ere it dropped4 ,the great function of their life required time for its fulfilment2 and time has been denied4 ,their beneficent action was wholly through the energies of their living will2 and these energies are laid for us in unseasonable sleep4 ,and thus1 while we are ashamed at the grave of the epicurean1 we weep over the departure of the hero4 ,but there is a life higher than either of these4 ,the saintly is beyond the heroic mind4 ,to get good1 is animal2 to do good1 is human2 to be good is divine4 ,the true use of a man's possessions is to help his work2 and the best end of all his work1 is to show us what he is4 ,the noblest workers of our world bequeath us nothing so great as the image of themselves4 ,their task1 be it ever so glorious1 is historical and transient2 the majesty of their spirit is essential and eternal4 ,when the external conditions which supplied the matter of their work have wholly decayed from the surface of the earth1 and become absorbed in its substance1 the perennial root of their life remains1 bearing a blossom ever fair1 and a foliage ever green4 ,and while to some1 ,god gives it to show themselves through their work1 to others he assigns it to show themselves without even the opportunity of work4 ,he sends them transparent into this world2 and leaves us nothing to gather and infer4 ,goodness1 beauty1 truth1 acquired by others1 are original to them1 hiding behind the eye1 thinking on the brow1 and making music in the voice4 ,the angels appointed to guard the issues of the pure life seem rather to have taken their station at its fountains1 and to pour into it a sanctity at first4 ,such beings live imply to express themselves2 stand between heaven and earth1 and meditate for our dull hearts4 ,with fewer outward objects than others1 or at least with a less limited practical mission devoting them to a fixed task1 their life is a soliloquy of love and aspiration2 the soul not being with them1 the servant of action1 but action rather the needful articulation of the soul4 ,not1 of course1 that they are1 in the slightest degree1 exempt from the stern and positive obligations of duty1 or licensed1 any more than others1 to dream existence away4 ,if once they fall into this snare1 and cease to work1 the lineaments of beauty and goodness are exchanged for those of shame and grief4 ,usually they do not less1 but rather more1 than others2 only under somewhat sorrowful conditions1 having spirits prepared for what is more than human1 and being obliged to move within limits that are only human4 ,the worth of such a life depends little on its quantity2 it is an affair of quality alone4 ,these highest ends of existence have but slight relation to time4 ,years can not mellow the love already ripe1 or purify the perceptions already clear1 or lift the aspiration that already enters heaven4 ,,growing4 ,by ,f4 ,r4 ,,havergal4 ,unto him that hath1 thou givest ,ever 8more abundantly40 ,lord1 ,i live because thou livest1 ,therefore give more life to me2 ,therefore speed me in the race2 ,therefore let me grow in grace4 ,deepen all thy work1 ,o ,master1 ,strengthen every downward root1 ,only do thou ripen faster1 ,more and more1 thy pleasant fruit4 ,purge me1 prune me1 self abase1 ,only let me grow in grace4 ,jesus1 grace for grace outpouring1 ,show me ever greater things2 ,raise me higher1 sunward soaring1 ,mounting as on eagle wings4 ,by the brightness of thy face1 ,jesus1 let me grow in grace4 ,let me grow by sun and shower1 ,every moment water me2 ,make me really hour by hour ,more and more conformed to thee1 ,that thy loving eye may trace1 ,day by day1 my growth in grace4 ,let me1 then1 be always growing1 ,never1 never standing still2 ,listening1 learning1 better knowing ,thee and thy most bless'd will4 ,till ,i reach thy holy place1 ,daily let me grow in grace4 ,december #aj4 ,,the ,,goodness ,,of ,a ,,good ,,man4 ,by ,,alexander ,mc,l,a,r,e,n1 ,d4 ,d4 8,he was a good man1 and full of the ,holy ,ghost and of faith40--,acts xi3 #bd4 ,you remember how once a young man came to ,jesus1 with much beautiful youthful purity in his life and youthful enthusiasm in his heart1 and in his eager way1 prefaced his question with a lightly-uttered 8,good ,master40 ,christ answered by trying to make him feel how much more the word meant than he had ever seen4 8,why callest thou me good80 said he1 not thereby rejecting the term for himself1 but setting the youth to ponder its deep meaning4 ,and whenever we have learned to feel 8how awful goodness is10 we shall be ready to listen to ,jesus saying further3 8,none is good but one1 that is ,god40 ,by that saying he neither means to deny his own goodness nor that of men who will take up their cross and follow him1 but only to remind the light-hearted inquirer1 who was so ready with his conventional bestowment of the epithet1 and so eager to know what he was to do for eternal life1 that there was one source--and only one---of goodness1 and1 therefore1 that the only way to be good was to have our emptiness replenished by his fullness4 ,a good man1 then1 is a man who draws his goodness from ,god1 the source of all goodness4 ,he himself is the type of all perfection1 the home of all things fair4 ,whatsoever things are lovely and whatsoever things are venerable--all that we call virtue1 all to which hearts and consciences ascribe praise--dwell in ,god as in their native home4 ,in the abyss of his being the streams of goodness1 which part into many heads to fertilize the wilderness and sweeten the salt marshes of human nature1 rest undivided4 ,he is the reality of which all our conceptions of goodness are but the fragmentary representations1 the substance of which they are but shadows4 ,not only so1 but as all life is an effluence from him with whom alone is the fountain of life1 and as it is his light in which we see light1 so all the goodness which is in men is from above1 and cometh down from the ,father of ,light4 ,all light and heat are from the sun1 and all goodness is of ,god4 ,all virtues are radiations from him4 8,they are but broken lights of thee40 ,he alone is good of himself and by himself4 ,drawing his being from none1 he owes his character to none1 to no outward helps or occasions his actions1 to no importation his beauty4 ,receiving from none1 he gives to all1 and every deed of fair goodness that man has ever done1 at the last analysis1 has been to the doer no less than to the beholders or the hearers the gift of ,god4 ,he would not be good unless he delighted in bestowing himself4 ,goodness is communicative1 and all love has its chiefest delight in giving away itself4 ,as the sun 8rejoices to run his race10 and as it is the very nature and property of light to radiate1 and of gases to diffuse themselves1 so he can not be stayed nor sealed up1 but rejoices to impart4 ,and1 certainly1 there can be nothing in ,god which he so much delights to bestow as his goodness1 since it is that in which most chiefly do we bear his image1 and by which we are most closely knit to him4 ,his highest purpose concerning us all is 8that we should be partakers of his holiness40 ,happiness1 wisdom1 life itself1 all in some measure and fashion1 offshoots from his own1 he delights to give2 but these are but means to an end1 and thus moral likeness to himself is his aim in all his other gifts4 ,god had rather have us good than great1 and makes us sometimes glad and sometimes heavy that by both we may be made to desire1 and so be able to receive1 more resemblance to himself in holiness4 ,this is the meaning of life4 ,this is the dearest desire of our ,father for us4 ,this is the gift which he--the infinite love--is ever longing to bestow on us4 ,this goodness1 then1 affords a presumption that he will make us good4 ,that is a profound word of the ,psalmist's 8,good and upright is the ,lord2 therefore will he teach sinners in the way40 ,the more clearly we see the perfect purity and goodness of ,god1 the more conscious shall we certainly be of our own unlikeness to him4 ,but in that discernment of his lustrous perfectness1 and penitent recognition of our own sinfulness1 there lies hope1 not despair4 ,we may be sure that he loves us too well to keep such sovereign completeness to himself and leave his poor children stumbling here in the mud and mire4 ,what he is1 he assuredly will desire to make us1 so far as it may be4 ,he is the 8giving ,god0 and the poorest and most impure of men may be sure that ,god does desire to give him purity of heart and life1 and may lift up the hopeful and bold prayer1 8,thy spirit is good1 lead me into the land of uprightness40 ,surely1 too1 it needs but little experience of life to feel that1 if we are ever to be made good1 a divine power is needed to do it4 ,a very small amount of honest attempt to mend our own characters might teach each of us that the viper has got far too tight a hold on us for us to shake it into the fire1 and that its poison is in our blood4 ,if you have ever tried to cure a bad habit1 you know how hard it is2 and some of us could tell how the sins that we loathe most hold us in a grip none the looser because of our disgust at them and ourselves1 and1 like a reefer's knot1 their cords are tied the tighter by the pressure of our resistance against them4 ,it is as impossible for a man to make himself good1 in the deepest sense of the word1 as it is for him to lift himself by his own hand laid on his own collar4 ,there must be some power outside him to raise4 ,god only can strengthen us to cast out sin4 ,god only can enlighten our eyes to see lurking evil2 he only can give energy to our wills to root it up1 though we drag bleeding fragments of our hearts with it2 he only can give the positive goodness which is more than mere freedom from evil1 and fill the empty chamber with a guest strong enough to keep out the returning demon and all his crew4 ,so his ,holy ,spirit is given to us1 if we will1 to make us holy4 ,we may1 if we will1 have that divine guest in our inmost spirit1 molding us anew1 purging the fountains of our will1 enlightening our blindness1 fixing our love on all things pure and high1 burning up all our evil1 with which in our own strength we have vainly fought1 and kindling in us a flame of self-forgetting love1 in which1 as in the central fire of the earth1 all the elements of the new nature to be formed within us are molten together1 ready to crystallize into beauty like precious gems1 or to consolidate into strength like the granite mountains4 ,any man may1 if he will1 be 8full of the ,holy ,ghost0--as a vessel is filled with precious elixir poured into it4 ,any man may1 if he will1 have his whole nature influenced and inhabited by that mighty spirit of whom we may all be the temples1 and which dwells in us not as the image of the god abides in the shrine1 but as our spirits animate our bodies1 being diffused through all our nature1 the eye of our seeing1 the heart of our love1 the will of our resolve1 and in all of us the source of our goodness1 and the life of our better life4 8,if any man have not the spirit of ,christ1 he is none of his40 ,let us remember that this penetration of all our nature with a divine spirit dwelling within us is the promise of ,christianity to every man4 ,no mere love of ,god the ,father1 even if it were brought to us in the grace of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ would be enough without the communion of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,calvary and ,olivet are not sufficient for our victory over sin without the upper room and the rushing mighty wind4 ,and let us not forget that the spirit thus given to all ,christians is the spirit of illumination indeed1 the spirit of power1 rich in his seven-fold energies1 and the source of every endowment of mind and hand and tongue and heart that we possess1 but that his highest and most universal office is to make us good1 and his best name the ,holy ,spirit4 ,let us court earnestly the best gifts1 but seek more earnestly still that gift which needs no special capacity to receive nor any special circumstances to exercise1 but may be claimed by the poorest1 and will ennoble the loftiest4 ,let others seek for gifts2 do you pray for graces4 ,let who will be great1 do you try to submit to the working of the good ,spirit who makes you good4 ,our text carries the analysis a step farther1 and shows us how ,barnabas came to be full of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,it gives us the condition of goodness4 ,he was good because he was full of the spirit1 and he was full of the spirit because he was full of faith4 ,that is the final explanation of his character4 ,the spirit of ,god dwells in a man through his faith4 ,one text speaks of 8the ,holy ,ghost which they that believe on him should receive10 and everywhere similar language is held as to the connection between faith and the dwelling of the spirit of goodness in our hearts4 ,by the act of trust in ,christ1 the ,lord of the ,spirit1 we open our natures for the entrance of the sanctifier1 who ever waits to enter in4 ,a man has to shut his door and pull down his blinds to keep the light out4 ,if we open ever so minute a crevice1 a beam will come in1 and the wider we open1 the broader the stream that pours in4 ,so in our simple faith1 we open the door and there pour into our hearts the quickening energies of that good spirit4 ,the amount of our faith measures the amount of our possession of the ,spirit who makes us good4 ,thus faith becomes the condition of goodness1 because it is the condition of the ,spirit of ,god dwelling in us4 ,it brings us into contact with the electric battery1 completes the circuit1 and as soon as the circuit is completed the spark comes4 ,it is also the condition of goodness1 because it implies self-oblivion and self-distrust1 and is the opposite of that self-regard which1 as we have seen1 is the root of all evil4 ,the germ of all holiness is in faith1 not only because it brings us under the operation of the divine power which makes holy1 but because it is itself the great antagonist of selfishness4 ,so ,christian morality is the very opposite of the practical heathenism which lies at the bottom of so much of the teaching of to-day4 ,trust thyself1 say many voices--it is the beginning of wisdom1 strength1 freedom4 ,distrust thyself and trust ,christ1 says the ,gospel--thereby alone wilt thou be made pure and blessed4 ,the ,babel builders tried to get up to the heavens by their own building4 ,the ,titans tried to storm it by placing mountain on mountain1 but 8no man hath ascended up to heaven40 ,better for us to rise thither by that ladder which now binds together heaven and earth1 even ,jesus ,christ1 our brother and our ,lord1 by whom all bright-winged angels of help and cleansing will come to minister to us purity and joy1 and by whom we at last1 perfected in goodness1 shall pass into that presence1 of which the radiant purity would blast all that had one taint of uncleanness4 ,learn the conditions1 then1 on which you can be good4 ,no goodness without ,god's ,spirit--no ,spirit without faith4 ,you can not make yourself better1 can not hammer or pare your own nature into purity and loveliness4 ,but you can put your confidence in ,jesus ,christ1 who will take your nature into his hands and mold it into a fairest likeness to himself4 ,you can trust him1 who will breathe into you his spirit to make you holy4 ,if my epitaph is ever to be1 8,he was a good man10 it must first be said1 8,he was full of the ,holy ,ghost and of faith40 ,let us give up the weary1 hopeless work of trying to make ourselves good1 and yield ourselves to him that he may make us like himself1 and that we may have a mightier power ever working in our natures till they are full of beauty and 8holy as ,god is holy40 ,december #ag4 ,,the ,,conflicts ,,of ,,life4 ,by ,,bishop ,,edward ,,thomson1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4 #a4 ,we can not escape difficulty4 ,the air is tainted1 the soil churlish1 the ocean tempest tossed4 ,whether we are in the field or in the wilderness1 on ,persian plains or ,alpine heights1 amid equatorial heats1 or temperate climes1 or polar solitudes1 we are met by a thousand obstacles4 ,earth is cursed1 and everywhere she puts forth her thorn in obedience to her ,maker's withering word4 ,true1 the curse is tempered with the mercy which yields unnumbered blessings to the hand of toil2 nevertheless1 it cleaves to all earth's surface1 and turns the key upon her hidden treasures4 ,we read of cloudless skies1 and sunny climes1 and fields which need naught but the sickle2 but who finds them8 ,paradise is always ahead of the emigrant4 ,man is born to trouble1 as the sparks fly upward2 that is1 by a general law of nature4 ,hence we find it in want and abundance1 in toil and indolence1 in indulgence and restraint1 in infancy1 in manhood1 and in age4 ,it waits on every pleasure1 and every path1 and every pursuit--it dwells within4 ,we can no more escape it than we can fly existence4 ,take a few illustrations4 ,a young man resolves to be eminent4 ,entering the academy1 he finds many difficulties in algebra1 and becoming discouraged he gives it up2 but has he liberated himself8 ,no1 he has plunged from great to greater difficulties4 ,how can he unlock the vaults of mathematics without algebra1 their only key8 ,does he abandon mathematics1 another difficulty seizes him4 ,how can he become educated without a knowledge of the exact sciences8 ,does he relinquish his aim at scholarship8 ,how then1 can he carry out his resolution to become eminent8 ,will he rescind his resolution8 ,then challenge him to tame the restless passions by which it was prompted4 ,like the fabled ships of the ancients1 8,incidit in ,scyllam qui vult vitare ,charybdim0--he who endeavors to avoid ,charybdis is drawn into the jaws of ,scylla4 ,how many1 because of difficulties in their pursuits1 become idlers8 ,but who on earth has more trouble than the idler8 ,a man becomes religious1 and enters the path of life2 but he soon finds that the world opposes1 that his passions demur1 that his secular plans come in conflict with his religious efforts1 that an invisible adversary stands in the path to contend every inch of ground with him4 ,he retreats4 ,but now his difficulties are ten thousand fold greater4 ,he finds that an unseen footstep treads upon his wandering heels1 that an ,all-seeing eye surveys his inmost soul1 that an invisible hand writes his guilt in characters indelible on all the objects around him4 ,he must encounter the stings of conscience1 the upbraidings of reason1 the admonitions of the altar1 the prayers of ,zion1 the cross of his dying ,christ1 the intercession of his risen ,jesus1 the moving1 mellowing1 subduing influences of the divine ,spirit1 the ten thousand warnings of a merciful ,providence1 the unnumbered monitions of living1 decaying1 dying1 reviving nature1 the very sympathies of heaven1 yea1 even the moving entreaties of her compassionate king4 ,the apostate deliberately contends with conscience1 reason1 ,providence1 truth1 ,zion1 men1 angels1 ,god2 and in addition to all these the enemies he had before1 and without a single auxiliary in earth1 hell1 or heaven6 ,verily1 he has gained4 #b4 ,difficulties invigorate the soul4 ,i do not mean the difficulties of indolence and disobedience1 these are withering curses1 but the difficulties of industry1 of obedience4 ,they are conditions essential to strength4 ,what gives power to the arm of the smith8 ,the weight of his hammer4 ,what gives swiftness to the ,indian foot8 ,the fleetness of the game4 ,thus it is with the senses4 ,what confers exquisite sensibility upon the blind man's ear8 ,the curtain which1 by hiding the visible universe from his sight1 compels him to give intense regard to the most delicate vibrations that play upon his tympanum4 ,thus it is with the intellect4 ,who is the greatest reasoner8 ,he who habitually struggles with the worst difficulties that can be mastered by reason4 ,some men have fruitless imaginations2 but who are they8 ,those who have never led their fancies out4 ,the genial oak planted in a dismal cellar1 shut out from the light and air of heaven1 would not grow up and lift its branches to the skies4 ,plant your imagination in the heavens1 and let it be subject to the high and holy influences of its pure ether1 and its silent lights1 and it shall manifest vitality1 and vigor1 and upward aspirations4 ,the memory1 too1 is strong1 if subjected to proper exercise4 ,it will yield no revenue to the soul that does not tax it2 and just in proportion as it is taxed1 will it be found to have capacity of production4 ,i will add that it is thus with the moral powers4 ,envy1 jealousy1 anger1 those bitter fountains which so often tincture the streams of private and domestic joy1 deepen in proportion to the obstacles through which they flow4 ,avarice and ambition1 those demons that have desolated the globe with war1 derive their overwhelming power from the difficulties which impede their progress4 ,the daring lover testifies that love becomes more wild and resistless as great and romantic difficulties rise around him4 ,what makes the good ,christian8 ,perpetual trial4 ,he who has experienced the severest storms1 and has most frequently thrown out the ,christian anchor1 has the strongest hope4 ,where shall we expect the firmest faith8 ,at the gate of ,st4 ,peter's8 or at the martyr's stake8 ,who is compared to purified silver or gold8 ,that ,christian around whose soul ,god hath kindled the fires of his furnace1 and kept them glowing till it reflected his own image4 ,difficulties give a healthy tone and tendency to the powers4 ,as a body in a state of inaction becomes lethargic and diseased1 so the intellect1 if not kept in vigorous exercise1 becomes enfeebled1 and gradually sinks under the sway of the passions4 ,energetic action is indispensable to preserve both the body from disease1 and the soul from the dominion of sense4 #c4 ,difficulties develop resources4 ,to prove this it is only necessary to cite the aphorism--necessity is the mother of invention4 ,she levels forests1 she rears cities1 she builds bridges1 she prostrates mountains1 she lays her iron pathway from river to river1 and from sea to sea1 she baffles the raging elements1 and extends her dominion from earth to air and ocean1 she ascends the heavens1 and with fearless foot treads round the zodiac4 #d4 ,there is scarce any difficulty that can not be overcome by perseverance4 ,trace any great mind to its culmination1 and you will find that its ascent was slow1 and by natural laws1 and that its difficulties were such only as ordinary minds can surmount4 ,great results1 whether physical or moral1 are not often the offspring of giant powers4 ,genius is more frequently a curse than a blessing4 ,its possessor1 relying upon his extraordinary gifts1 generally falls into habits of indolence1 and fails to collect the materials which are requisite to useful and magnificent effort4 ,but there is a something which is sure of success2 it is the determination which1 having entered upon a career with full conviction that it is right1 pursues it in calm defiance of all opposition4 ,with such a feeling a man can not but be mighty4 ,toil does not weary1 pain does not arrest him4 ,carrying a compass in his heart1 which always points to one bright star1 he allows no footstep to be taken which does not tend in that direction4 ,neither the heaving earthquake1 nor the yawning gulf1 nor the burning mountain can terrify him from his course2 and if the heavens should fall1 the shattered ruins would strike him on his way to his object4 ,show me the man who has this principle1 and ,i care not to measure his blood1 nor brains4 ,i ask not his name nor his nation--,i pronounce that his hand will be felt upon his generation1 and his mind enstamped upon succeeding ages4 ,this attribute is ,god-like4 ,it may be traced throughout the universe4 ,it has descended from the skies--it is the great charm of angelic natures4 ,it is hardly to be contemplated1 even in the demon1 without admiration4 ,it is this which gives to the warrior his crown1 and encircles his brow with a halo that1 in the estimation of a misjudging world1 neither darkness1 nor lust1 nor blasphemy1 nor blood can obscure4 ,the bard of ,mantua1 to whose tomb genius in all ages makes its willing pilgrimage1 never presents his hero in a more attractive light1 than when he represents him1 8tot volvere casus10 rolling his misfortunes forward1 as a river bearing all opposition before it4 ,i am well satisfied that it is a sure passport to mental excellence4 ,science has no summit too lofty for its ascent--literature has no gate too strong for its entrance4 ,the graces collect around it1 and the laurel comes at its bidding4 ,talk not of circumstances4 ,repudiate forever that doctrine so paralyzing1 so degrading1 and yet so general1 8,man is the creature of circumstances40 ,rather adopt that other sentiment1 more inspiring to yourselves1 more honorable to your nature1 more consonant with truth1 ,man the architect of his own fortune4 ,i grant that circumstances have their influence1 and that often this is not small2 but there are impulses within1 to which things external are as lava to the volcano4 ,circumstances are as tools to the artist4 ,zeuxis would have been a painter without canvas2 ,michael ,angelo would have been a sculptor without marble2 ,herschell would have been a philosopher without a telescope1 and ,newton would have ascended the skies though no apple had ever descended upon his head4 ,one of the most distinguished surgeons of modern times performed nearly all the operations of surgery with a razor4 ,west commenced painting in a garret1 and plundered the family cat for bristles to make his brushes4 ,when ,paganini once rose to amuse a crowded auditory with his music1 he found that his violin had been removed1 and a coarse instrument substituted for it4 ,explaining the trick1 he said to the audience1 8,now ,i will show you that the music is not in my violin1 but in me40 ,then drawing his bow1 he sent forth sounds sweet as ever entranced delighted mortals4 ,be assured1 the world is a coarse instrument at best1 and if you would send forth sweet sounds from its strings1 there must be music in your fingers4 ,fortune may favor1 but do not rely upon her--do not fear her4 ,act upon the doctrine of the ,grecian poet1 8,i seek what's to be sought-- ,i learn what's to be taught-- ,i beg the rest of heav'n40 ,talk not of genius4 ,i grant there are differences in mind1 originally1 but there is mind enough in every ordinary human skull1 if its energies are properly directed1 to accomplish mighty results4 ,fear not obstacles4 ,what are your difficulties8 ,poverty8 ignorance8 obscurity8 ,have they not all been overcome by a host well known to fame8 ,but perchance you climb untrodden heights4 ,nevertheless1 fear to set down any obstacle as insuperable4 ,look at the achievements of man in the natural and moral worlds1 and then say whether you dare set down any difficulty as insurmountable1 or whether you are ready to prescribe boundaries to the operations of human power4 ,are you destined to maintain the worship of the true ,god amid the darkness of infidelity8 ,daniel in the den of lions1 ,shadrach1 ,meshech1 and ,abednego1 in the flames of the furnace1 and a long line of illustrious martyrs1 shouting hosannas from the flames1 put forth their hands from the stake to beckon you onward4 ,are you destined to plant the ,gospel in heathen lands--an enterprise the most daring and glorious in which mortals can engage8 ,do you imagine you can meet a difficulty which the apostle ,paul did not vanquish8 ,but he was an apostle1 yea1 and the most successful of all the apostles4 ,and what was the secret of his success8 ,was it his learning8 ,the gift of tongues made the other apostles his equals in this respect4 ,was it his eloquence8 ,doubtless he was eloquent2 but ,apollos1 too1 was eloquent and mighty in the ,scriptures4 ,was it his inspiration8 ,but were not others inspired1 also8 ,it was his firmness and perseverance4 ,when he preached ,christ ,jesus and him crucified1 nothing could drive or divert1 or daunt him3 8,this one thing ,i do10 etc4 ,are you called to meet bigotry and superstition1 armed with learning1 power1 and wealth8 ,see ,luther braving the thunders of the ,vatican1 and hear him say1 8,i would go to ,worms were there as many devils there as there are tiles on the houses10 and then affirm1 if you dare1 that it is your duty to succumb to your difficulties4 ,are you destined1 which heaven forbid1 to lead an army to resist invaders1 or advance to conquest8 ,ask ,csar1 ,hannibal1 ,pyrrhus1 ,alexander1 what kind of difficulties may be overcome by decision of character4 ,have you undertaken to ascend from poverty and obscurity to eminence and wealth8 ,ask the field or the cabinet1 any profession whatever1 or either house of ,congress1 whether there are any difficulties which will not yield to firmness and perseverance1 and ten thousand voices shall respond1 in animating accents1 ,no4 ,december #bd4 ,,christmas ,,songs4 ,,the ,,beautiful ,,song4 ,there's a song in the air1 ,there's a star in the sky1 ,there's a mother's deep prayer1 ,and a baby's low cry1 ,and the star rains its fire while the beautiful sing1 ,for the manger of ,bethlehem cradles a ,king6 ,there's a tumult of joy ,o'er the wonderful birth1 ,for the ,virgin's sweet boy ,is the ,lord of the earth4 ,aye1 the star rains its fire1 and the beautiful sing1 ,for the manger of ,bethlehem cradles a ,king6 ,in the light of the star ,lie the ages impearl'd2 ,and that song from afar ,has swept over the world3 ,every hearth is aflame1 and the beautiful sing ,in the homes of the nations that ,jesus is ,king6 ,we rejoice in the light1 ,and we echo the song ,that comes down through the night ,from the heavenly throng4 ,aye1 we shout to the lovely evangel they bring1 ,and we greet in his cradle our ,savior and ,king4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,holland4 ,,the ,,nativity ,,of ,,christ4 ,night of wonder1 night of glory1 ,night all solemn and serene1 ,night of old prophetic story1 ,such as time has never seen3 ,sweetest darkness1 softest blue ,that these fair skies ever knew4 ,night of beauty1 night of gladness1 ,night of nights--of nights the best2 ,not a cloud to speak of sadness1 ,not a star but sings of rest3 ,holy midnight1 beaming peace1 ,never shall thy radiance cease4 ,happy city1 dearest1 fairest1 ,blessed1 blessed ,bethlehem6 ,least1 yet greatest1 noblest1 rarest1 ,judah's ever-sparkling gem2 ,out of thee there comes the ,light ,that dispelleth all our night4 ,now thy ,king to thee descendeth1 ,borne upon a woman's knee2 ,to thy gates his steps he bendeth1 ,to the manger cometh he2 ,david's ,lord and ,david's ,son1 ,this his cradle and his throne4 ,he1 the lowliest of the lowly1 ,to our sinful world has come2 ,he1 the holiest of the holy1 ,can not find a human home4 ,all for us he yonder lies1 ,all for us he lives and dies4 ,babe of weakness1 child of glory1 ,at thy cradle thus we bow2 ,poor and sad thy earthly story1 ,yet the ,king of glory thou3 ,by all heaven and earth adored1 ,david's ,son and ,david's ,lord4 ,light of life1 thou liest yonder1 ,shining in thy heavenly love2 ,naught from thee our souls shall sunder1 ,naught from us shall thee remove3 ,take these hearts and let them be ,throne and cradle both to thee6 ,,horatius ,,bonar4 ,,christmas ,,hymn4 ,o ,north1 with all thy vales of green6 ,o ,south1 with all thy palms6 ,from peopled towns1 and fields between1 ,uplift thy voice of psalms4 ,raise1 ancient ,east1 the anthem high1 ,and let the youthful ,west reply4 ,lo1 in the clouds of heaven appears ,god's well-beloved ,son2 ,he brings a train of brighter years1 ,his kingdom is begun4 ,he comes a guilty world to bless1 ,with mercy1 truth1 and righteousness4 ,oh ,father1 haste the promised hour1 ,when at his feet shall lie ,all rule1 authority1 and power1 ,beneath the ample sky2 ,when he shall reign1 from pole to pole1 ,the ,lord of every human soul2 ,when all shall heed the words he said1 ,amid their daily cares1 ,and by the loving life he led1 ,shall strive to pattern theirs2 ,and he who conquer'd death shall win ,the mightier conquest over sin4 ,,on ,,christmas ,,eve4 ,by the firelight's quivering crimson1 ,while the winter sun sinks low1 ,let us watch till the first vague star1 wife1 ,has dawned o'er the glooming snow2 ,for if ever our lost ones may wander from the realms of their rest1 ,i believe ,that they seek us as visiting angels in the dusk of the ,christmas ,eve4 ,and our lonelier anguish of longing1 ,our thrills of in tenser despair1 ,are born--who may tell8--of a viewless embrace ,or a shadowy hand on our hair6 ,o1 the darlings are near us to-night1 wife1 as we watch the soft hearth-glimmer weave ,strange pictures on ceiling and curtain in the dusk of the ,christmas ,eve6 ,and pitiful memory's enchantment ,has mingled the gloom round us cast1 ,with a glow as from ashes of embers ,that crumble on hearths of the past6 ,and a note of boy-laughter1 long vanish'd1 or the gold of a ringlet1 each leaves ,an echo--a gleam--that forever must haunt the dusk of our ,christmas ,eves6 ,and the children draw near once again1 wife1 ,and1 marveling1 hark to the quaint ,immemorial holiday legend ,of the beautiful reindeer-drawn saint4 ,let us murmur it now1 till the shadows of the desolate chamber believe ,that they fall1 as of old1 round the dear ones in the dusk of the ,christmas ,eve6 ,let us murmur it softly2 who knows1 wife1 ,but a whisper will float1 in reply1 ,clear and sweet through the compassing dimness ,as proof that our darlings are nigh8 ,for if ever their footsteps may wander from the heavenly home1 ,i believe ,they will seek us as visitant angels in the dusk of the ,christmas ,eve6 ,,edgar ,,fawcett4 ,december #ca4 ,,god ,,magnified ,,in ,,his ,,works4,c ,by ,g4 ,,chaplin ,,child1 ,m4 ,d4 ,in an outlying province of the ,turkish empire1 where sultan and firman are often superseded by the lawless will of sheik or pacha1 two famous rivers--,tigris and ,euphrates--gradually converge1 and1 after mingling their waters together1 glide gently onward to the ,persian ,gulf4 ,in the fork thus formed between them stretches a vast plain1 made known to us in early ,scripture history as ,shinar1 ,chalda1 and ,babylon1 as well as by other less familiar names1 but to which the term ,mesopotamia has been more usually applied1 as it aptly designates a district 8lying between rivers40 ,the general aspect of this plain is one of desolation4 ,fertile strips here and there border the ,euphrates' banks1 and willows are still seen flourishing where the sorrowing ,israelites once hung up their harps2 but away from those green fringes the eye wanders over wild1 dreary wastes from which the last traces of cultivation are slowly dying out4 ,vast tracts lie soaked in permanent swamps1 while much of the remaining land is1 at one period of the year1 flooded by the unheeded inundations of the neighboring rivers1 and1 at another1 baked into an arid desert by the burning rays of the sun4 ,it need scarcely be said that population has almost disappeared from those melancholy plains2 for the wandering ,arab is little tempted to pitch his tent or to pasture his flocks on so sterile a soil4 ,the doom that was so clearly foretold by the prophets has fallen upon it1 and ,babylon now 8lies desolate in the sight of all that pass by40 ,it has become the 8habitation of the beasts of the desert40 ,as the traveler plods onward over its unfrequented tracts1 the startled wild-fowl rises with quick splash from the reedy pool1 or a few scared gazelles may perhaps be descried bounding over the distant plain4 ,the 8owl0 and the 8bittern10 the jackal and the hyena add their testimony to the exactness with which the words of ,scripture have been fulfilled4 ,more rarely a solitary lion may be seen skulking among the strange1 mysterious mounds and 8heaps0 of stones that loom here and there above the plain4 ,mournful and dreary though this land now be1 it is and ever will remain one of the most interesting spots on earth4 ,it was not always 8desolate40 ,no other place1 perhaps1 claims with a better title to be regarded as the scene where our first parents walked together in paradise4 ,such1 at least1 has been the common tradition2 and in a well-known edition of the ,bible1 published in #aeii1 may be found a map of the ,garden of ,eden1 of which the site of ,babylon forms the center4 ,but1 be that as it may1 there can be no doubt of its former greatness and fertility1 for the record is plainly written all over the soil4 ,everywhere it is furrowed by ruined canals1 of which some tell us of departed commerce and wealth1 others of skillful irrigation and abundant crops4 ,heaps of rubbish are to be met with in which lie hidden fragments of pottery which bear witness to the former presence of a highly cultivated people2 and uncouth mounds rise strangely above the plain1 in which the last relics of palaces and cities are buried together4 ,for centuries history appeared to have lost her hold upon the great places of the past1 and it is only within the last few years that some of them have been rescued from the oblivion that was slowly creeping over them4 ,questioned by the light of modern knowledge those mysterious stones of the plains open up to us the first page in the history of nations--transport us back almost to the dawn where antiquity begins1 and bring within our sight those to whom the deluge was a recent event4 ,they impart a substance to scenes we have often tried in vain to realize4 ,in imagination we see ,nimrod the ,mighty ,hunter1 busy with the foundations of the city of ,babel on the neighboring ,euphrates' banks1 and piling up the 8tower that was to reach ,heaven40 ,then it was that the patriarchal dignity of early ,bible records expanded into royalty1 and ,babylon became the starting point in the long pedigree of kingdoms4 ,babylon touched the zenith of its grandeur two thousand four hundred and fifty years ago1 when ,nebuchadnezzar sat upon the throne4 ,he was the great warrior of that age4 ,after overrunning ,egypt he had returned to his capital laden with its spoil2 he had chastised his rebellious subjects and treacherous allies1 and he had utterly crushed the power of the ,kings of ,judah4 ,the wicked and faithless ,jehoiakim1 blind to the warnings he received1 had brought a terrible doom upon his country2 for ,nebuchadnezzar1 not content with plundering the treasuries of the temple at ,jerusalem1 carried the king himself a prisoner to ,babylon4 ,among the captives on this occasion were included ,daniel the ,prophet and his three friends1--,ananias1 ,azarias1 and ,misael1 who in the land of their exile received the ,chaldan names of ,shadrach1 ,meshach1 and ,abednego4 ,nebuchadnezzar was no less great in the arts of peace than in those of war4 ,he1 therefore1 encouraged learned men to make his capital their resort1 and he also promoted the national prosperity by favoring agriculture and commerce4 ,he dug canals in all directions to fertilize the land by irrigation4 ,his merchants traded along the rich shores of the ,mediterranean1 and penetrated even to remote ,china4 ,he provided for the security of ,babylon by building or strengthening its walls1 and he made it beautiful by adorning it with palaces4 ,its 8hanging-gardens0 were acknowledged throughout ancient times to be one of the wonders of the world1 and their fame has endured up to this very hour4 ,at the court of such a monarch1 ,daniel's learning was sure to procure for him distinction1 and he soon became a member of the college of ,magi or wise men4 ,his subsequent success in interpreting ,nebuchadnezzar's dream1 after all others had failed1 raised him to the first rank in the tyrant's favor1 and we are told that 8he sat in the gate of the king40 ,nor in his prosperity did he forget his three ,jewish friends1--,shadrach1 ,meshach1 and ,abednego1--who through his influence were promoted to be governors in the province of ,babylon4 ,the history of ,nebuchadnezzar and the burning1 fiery furnace--so illustrative on the one hand of perfect trust in ,god1 and1 on the other1 of ,god's power to deliver his servants from the assaults of their enemies--is endeared to all as one of the interesting ,scripture narratives by which those who watched over us in the days of childhood endeavored to attract us onward to the knowledge of our ,bible4 ,in the book of ,daniel it is related how ,nebuchadnezzar1 after having been brought by the miraculous interpretation of his dream to acknowledge the 8,god of ,gods and ,lord of ,kings10 subsequently relapsed into idolatry through the corrupting influence of worldly prosperity4 ,in the full swell of his pride he set up a golden image1 and commanded that all his subjects should fall down and worship it4 ,the ,babylonian nobles were jealous of the favor shown to the three captives2 and they1 therefore1 encouraged this wicked fancy of the king1 because it seemed to open out the means of effecting their ruin4 ,they rightly calculated that the ,hebrew ,governors would never forsake the ,god of their ,fathers1 nor worship the image which the king had set up4 ,and we know that when the hour of trial did come1 ,shadrach1 ,meshach1 and ,abednego remained true to their faith2 and were forthwith bound and cast into the burning1 fiery furnace1 as a punishment for their disobedience to the tyrant's will4 ,from the torments and dangers of this ordeal the three ,hebrews were miraculously preserved4 ,daniel tells us that ,nebuchadnezzar himself saw them 8loose and walking in the midst of the fire40 8,not a hair of their heads was singed1 neither were their coats changed1 nor had the smell of fire passed on them40 ,elsewhere1 in the ,song of the ,three ,children1 we are told that 8they walked in the midst of the fire1 praising ,god1 and blessing the ,lord40 ,after so signal a deliverance1 it is easy to conceive the fervor with which their hymn of gratitude was poured forth4 ,the deepest consciousness of the merciful power of ,god welled up in their hearts and burst from their lips1 and the whole universe was ransacked for illustrations to typify and express it4 ,in whatever direction they turned1 they beheld ,nature crowded with emblems of his greatness and mercy1 and they eagerly seized upon them as aids to bring their thoughts up to the fervor of their adoration4 ,shall not we also do wisely to profit by their example8 ,our daily obligations to ,god may not be so miraculous1 in the ordinary meaning of the term1 but they are1 nevertheless1 great and countless beyond our power to conceive4 ,let us then1 in humble consciousness of the poverty and imperfection of our thanksgivings1 gladly make this suggestive hymn our own2 and let us on this1 as on all occasions1 accept with joy every aid that helps us to 8bless1 praise1 and magnify the ,lord40 8,,benedicite1 ,,omnia ,,opera40 ,o all ye ,works of the ,lord1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,angels of the ,lord1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,heavens1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,waters that be above the ,firmament1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o all ye ,powers of the ,lord1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,sun and ,moon1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,stars of ,heaven1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,showers and ,dew1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,winds of ,god1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,fire and ,heat1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,winter and ,summer1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,dews and ,frosts1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,frost and ,cold1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,ice and ,snow1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,nights and ,days1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,light and ,darkness1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,lightnings and ,clouds1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o let the ,earth bless the ,lord3 yea1 let it praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,mountains and ,hills1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o all ye ,green ,things upon the ,earth1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,wells1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,seas and ,floods1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,whales1 and all that move in the ,waters1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o all ye ,fowls of the ,air1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o all ye ,beasts and ,cattle1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,children of ,men1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o let ,israel bless the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,priests of the ,lord1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,servants of the ,lord1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye ,spirits and ,souls of the ,righteous1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ye holy and humble ,men of heart1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,o ,ananias1 ,azarias1 and ,misael1 bless ye the ,lord3 praise him1 and magnify him forever4 ,glory be to the ,father1 and to the ,son1 and to the ,holy ,ghost4 ,as it was in the beginning1 is now1 and ever shall be3 world without end4 ,amen4 ,end of ,required ,reading for ,december4 ,,footnote3 ,c ,babylon--the glory of kingdoms1 the beauty of the ,chaldees' excellency6--,isaiah xiii3 #ai4 ,her cities are a desolation1 a dry land1 and a wilderness1 a land wherein no man dwelleth4--,jeremiah li3 #dc4 ,,atheistic ,,scientists4 ,by ,,john ,,stuart ,,blackie4 ,there is a sort of men whose faith is all ,in their five fingers1 and what fingering brings1 ,with all beyond of wondrous great and small1 ,unnamed1 uncounted in their tale of things2 ,a race of blinkards1 who peruse the case ,and shell of life1 but feel no soul behind1 ,and in the marshaled world can find a place ,for all things1 only not the marshaling ,mind4 ',tis strange1 'tis sad2 and yet why blame the mole ,for channelling earth8--such earthy things are they2 ,e'en let them muster forth in blank array1 ,frames with no pictures1 pictures with no soul4 ,i1 while this ddal dome o'erspans the sod1 ,will own the builder's hand1 and worship ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 8,my friend1 whoever has experienced misfortunes knows that when a mountain-wave of ills comes upon mortals1 they are wont to fear all things2 but when the gale of fortune blows smoothly1 they are confident that the same deity will constantly propel their bark with a favorable breeze40--schylus4 ,,poison ,,in ,,common ,,things4 ,by ,,prof4 ,p4 ,a4 ,,simpson1 ,m4 ,a41 ,m4 ,d4 ,,poison ,,in ,,the ,,air ,,we ,,breathe4 ,there are few words in the ,english language which produce a more painful impression upon the popular mind than does the word ,poison1 and there are at least two valid reasons why it should be so4 ,in the first place we find poison waging war against human life1 sometimes openly1 sometimes insidiously1 often successfully2 and in the second place1 from remote ages down to the present day1 we are accustomed to see poison going hand in hand with crime as its chief companion4 ,but we must remember that poison is by no means an evil-doer1 only as the agent of the assassin or of the suicide4 ,these are doubtless its most hideous aspects1 but there are many others where its effects are produced as surely1 though often very insidiously1 without any evil intention1 and1 like a wolf in sheep's clothing1 clad in garments which are intended for our good4 ,it is to such cases that we wish to direct attention1 by pointing out a few of the modes in our every-day life in which poison may enter the human body without our knowledge1 and wherein its presence is unnoticed until disease or death makes it manifest4 ,let us1 then1 consider in the first place the composition of atmospheric air1 and how it may become so vitiated that1 instead of supporting life and health1 it may carry disease or death to those who breathe it4 ,it was long thought that air was spiritual1 that it was like the life1 and that it was the soul of the world2 but we now know that it is just as material as a piece of iron1 and that it will weigh down the scales of a balance in the same way2 and the time may yet come when by means of immense pressure and intense cold it may be condensed into a liquid1 as carbonic acid and other gases have already been4 ,we find air present everywhere4 ,there is scarcely a solid1 however compact it may appear1 which does not contain pores1 and these pores are filled with air4 ,it is to be found in abundance in the soil2 indeed were it not so1 numberless worms and insects which inhabit the latter would cease to exist4 ,the most compact mortar and walls are penetrated by it1 and water in its natural state contains a large quantity of air in solution4 ,the atmosphere was formerly believed to extend no higher than five miles above the earth's surface1 but meteorological observations have since shown that it extends to a height of more than two hundred miles4 ,owing to the force of gravity the air is much denser near the earth1 and gets thinner1 layer by layer1 as you ascend4 ,if then the atmosphere were possessed of color it would be very dark just round the globe1 and the tint would gradually fade into space4 ,there is no absolutely normal condition of the air we breathe2 or1 if there be1 it is not at present known4 ,it contains1 however1 in all cases1 unless under purely artificial conditions1 two essential elements1 which are nearly invariable under normal circumstances1 namely1 oxygen and nitrogen1 and two accessory elements which vary extremely in amount1 but are practically never absent1 namely1 carbonic acid and water4 ,without either of the first two1 air could not exist1 and without the last two1 air is scarcely found in nature4 ,their combination moreover is not a chemical union but a simple mechanical mixture4 ,but besides these constituents the air contains an immense amount of life1 and small particles derived from the whole creation4 ,in the air may be found animalcules1 spores1 seeds1 cells of all kinds1 eggs of insects1 fungi and elements of contagion1 besides formless dust1 and sandy and other particles of local origin4 ,for example1 no one can travel in a railway carriage without being surrounded by dust1 a large portion of which may be attracted by a magnet1 consisting as it does in a great measure of minute particles of iron derived from the rails4 ,the purest air has some dust in it4 ,there probably never fell a beam of light from the sun since the world was made which would not have shown countless numbers of solid particles4 ,roughly speaking1 #ajj measures of air1 if pure1 should contain #gh4ih parts of nitrogen1 #bj4ii of oxygen1 and 4#jc of carbonic acid4 ,without oxygen a candle will not burn1 and animals can not live2 but for the purposes of animal life this gas requires to be diluted1 and this is effected in the atmosphere by a large admixture of nitrogen4 ,in fact1 nitrogen seems to act in the animal economy purely as a diluent or vehicle for the administration of oxygen4 ,carbonic acid1 as far as we know1 is not essential to the animal kingdom4 ,to man it is simply a superfluous ingredient1 but harmless when in small quantity2 to the vegetable world1 on the contrary1 it is a food which together with water often suffices to support the entire life of a plant4 ,when1 however1 from any cause the quantity of carbonic acid is much increased1 it becomes highly poisonous to man4 ,when the amount reaches #aj or even #e volumes per cent4 it produces fatal results1 and even #b per cent4 occasions in most persons severe headache4 ,the balance between carbonic acid and oxygen in the atmosphere1 continually disturbed in one direction by the animal kingdom1 is constantly maintained by the vegetable kingdom2 for while the former consumes oxygen and gives off carbonic acid1 the latter for the most part performs the opposite function4 ,owing to certain local conditions1 however1 which we shall presently consider1 the quantity of oxygen in the atmosphere sometimes falls below the normal amount to the extent of over #c per cent41 while the carbonic acid proportionately increases4 ,in order to estimate the importance of what might otherwise appear trifling differences in the composition of the air we breathe1 we must remember that we take into our lungs from #a1jjj to #b1jjj gallons of air daily4 ,now the presence of only a few grains of impurity in a gallon of water would render it unfit for drinking purposes1 although as we only drink a comparatively small quantity of water the whole of these few grains would not be swallowed in a single day4 ,we have spoken of carbonic acid as an impurity in the atmosphere2 and so it is1 for it is unfitted to support animal life4 ,an animal will die from suffocation in an atmosphere containing plenty of free oxygen if it contains over #aj or #ab per cent4 of carbonic acid gas4 ,but a minute increase of this gas in the atmosphere is of most importance from the fact that it always comes in bad company1 and is found to be a measure of the many impurities which accompany it4 ,moreover1 for every increase of carbonic acid there is a corresponding decrease in oxygen1 so that we have in such cases a double effect1 viz41 a subtraction of the life-giving principle of the air1 and the addition of noxious substitutes4 ,these noxious substitutes consist for the most part of organic matter1 either of animal or vegetable origin4 ,the exact nature of the organic substances1 which constitute the specific poisons of contagious diseases1 still remains obscure4 ,whether they consist of inconceivably minute particles of decaying matter1 or of living microscopic germs2 whether in some instances they are conveyed by particles of skin and pus-cells from the diseased to the healthy1 or are condensed with the watery vapor of the atmosphere and thus disseminated2 all these are questions which have yet to be satisfactorily answered4 ,it is1 however1 certain that almost invariably the atmosphere is made the vehicle of the contagion or deadly agent1 whatever may be its nature2 and hence the great importance of taking such precautions as will prevent the contamination of the air2 or at all events1 aid in dissipating or destroying its more hurtful impurities4 ,an estimate of the amount of organic impurity in the air of our large cities may be formed by considering the enormous quantities of carbonic acid gas that are daily and hourly poured forth in these industrial centers4 ,dr4 ,angus ,smith1 whose investigations regarding 8,air and ,rain0 have won for him a world-wide celebrity1 has found that in the city of ,manchester #ae1jff tons of carbonic acid are daily passed into the air that envelops it2 and ,dr4 de ,chanmont states that #hbb1jjj1jjj cubic feet of this gas are generated in ,london per day1 or more than #i1ejj cubic feet per second4 ,fortunately the operations of nature are in themselves calculated to restore a state of equilibrium in the constitution of the air4 ,injurious gases become diffused1 diluted1 or decomposed2 animal emanations are absorbed in the processes of vegetation2 suspended matters are washed down by rain1 or fall by their own weight1 while many organic substances are so acted on by oxygen as to render them innocuous4 ,thus the vast aerial sea maintains a uniformity of composition1 owing to the mighty forces of nature1 without which all our sanitary measures would be futile4 ,but if nature be so powerful as a sanitary agent1 how is it that we still require to cope with that formidable enemy which we call foul air8 ,it is because we ourselves are constantly vitiating the atmosphere around us whether we live1 or work1 or die1 and because the impure products thus generated are not sufficiently provided against by efficient ventilation4 ,let us glance briefly at the principal sources from which these impurities rise4 ,these may be grouped under three heads1 viz43 7#a7 ,respiration2 7#b7 ,putrefaction2 7#c7 ,trades and ,manufactures4 ,respiration4--,the air which we draw into our lungs with every breath contains twenty-one per cent4 of oxygen1 but when we expire it again it only contains #ac parts4 ,we have1 in fact1 abstracted #h per cent4 of oxygen and given back in its place a poisonous mixture of carbonic acid1 organic matter1 and watery vapor4 ,we breathe out this poisonous mixture at the rate of one gallon each minute1 but 7even apart from the organic matter7 it is so impure1 owing to the amount of carbonic acid which it contains1 that each gallon would require to be diluted with one hundred gallons of pure air before being again fitted for respiration4 ,in such a city as ,london then1 the air is being polluted even by the carbonic acid which we exhale at the rate of nearly six hundred million of gallons per minute1 to such an extent as to render it unfit to be breathed again4 ,surely this should make us welcome every strong gale as an angel sent from heaven bearing healing on its wings4 ,but it is in dwellings1 and especially in the dwellings of the poor1 that the polluting effects of respiration are greatest1 for in these it is too often the case that man places every possible obstacle in the way of nature's methods of ventilation4 ,moreover1 in apartments that are crowded it is practically impossible to maintain the air in a state of purity1 and thus they become hot-beds of disease4 ,the very interesting experiments made by ,dr4 ,angus ,smith upon himself in an air-tight leaden chamber1 led him to the conclusion that1 in air containing an increased amount of carbonic acid1 this gas alone1 even without the other hurtful ingredients1 such as organic matter1 rapidly produces poisonous effects--indicated by feebleness of the circulation1 extreme slowness of the heart's action1 and great rapidity of the breathing--and that when men are exposed to it they are really gasping for breath1 without being aware of the cause4 ,the presence of carbonic acid in the air we expire is readily seen by blowing our breath1 by means of a tube1 into a bottle containing ordinary lime-water4 ,the water soon becomes opalescent and then milky in appearance1 owing to the formation of carbonate of lime or chalk2 the carbonic acid of the expired air having combined with the lime previously held in solution4 ,it is this principle which is taken advantage of in order to estimate the amount of carbonic acid in atmospheric air4 ,dr4 ,angus ,smith lays down a simple practical rule whereby any one may ascertain if the air of an apartment contains carbonic acid to a dangerous amount1 viz43 8,let us keep our rooms so that the air gives no precipitate when a #aj-ounce bottle full of air is shaken with half an ounce of clear lime water40 ,it is well known that speedily fatal results arise from overcrowding and want of fresh air4 ,out of the one hundred and forty-six prisoners confined in the 8,black ,hole of ,calcutta10 one hundred and twenty three died in one night2 and it is significant that many of the survivors afterward succumbed to 8putrid fever40 ,nor have similar instances been wanting in this country4 ,of the one hundred and fifty passengers that were shut up in the cabin of the ,irish steamer ,londonderry1 with hatches battened down during a stormy night in #ahdh1 seventy died before morning4 ,in these two catastrophes suffocation was doubtless the direct cause of death1 but the fact that 8putrid fever0 attacked many of those who were carried out alive from the 8,black ,hole of ,calcutta10 showed that the ftid exhalations to which they were exposed must have aided largely in destroying the lives of the immediate victims4 ,the re-breathing of ftid matter thrown off by the skin and lungs produces a kind of putrescence in the blood1 in proportion to the amount inhaled1 and to the period of exposure to its influences2 and even air only moderately vitiated1 if breathed for a long time day after day1 produces most serious results4 ,these results are seen in pale faces1 loss of appetite1 a lowering of the spirits1 and a decrease of muscular strength4 ,that air polluted by respiration is the one great cause of consumption1 which may be handed down from parents to children for generations1 rests upon such a mass of facts1 that it is no longer controvertible4 ,for instance1 we know that increase of the disease occurs pari passu with an increase in the density of population2 that in manufacturing centres1 where the males are the chief workers at indoor employment1 the male death-rate is the highest2 that in others1 where females are principally required at indoor work1 they suffer most2 and that in agricultural districts1 where the men spend nearly all their lives in the open air1 and the women scarcely ever leave their cottages1 the female death-rate from this disease is higher than the male4 ,moreover1 the testimony of the most able physicians at home and abroad1 the results of inquiries as to the prevalence of this disease amongst the picked men of the armies and navies of the world1 the reports of hospitals for consumption1 and of commissioners and committees appointed to make special investigations of jails1 workhouses1 and schools--all these point to poisoning by impure air as the most fertile source of consumption and many allied diseases4 ,putrefaction4--,we now pass on to the second source of foulness of the air1 viz43 putrefaction4 ,putrid emanations have from the earliest times been held to be capable of producing injurious effects on the human system4 ,in the ,bible we read of the great care taken to disinfect or clean vessels which may have contained any putrid matter1 and in ancient ,rome measures were adopted for the efficient cleansing of the sewers and streets of that city4 ,our present method of disposing of our refuse is by means of water1 which washes it through channels called 8sewers0 to the sea4 ,but meanwhile the organic portions are undergoing decay1 and certain gases are thus evolved1 which1 mixing together1 form what we term 8sewer gas40 ,the principal gases thus given off are carbonic acid1 nitrogen1 and sulphuretted hydrogen1 and although this mixture if breathed is injurious to health1 it can not be regarded as poisonous4 ,thus sulphuretted hydrogen 7similar to the odor given off by rotten eggs7 although a deadly poison when inhaled in large quantities1 is so diluted in sewer gas that its poisonous properties are in a great measure neutralized4 ,there is still1 however1 sufficient sulphuretted hydrogen in sewer gas to render it very injurious by lowering the tone of health1 and by gradually diminishing vitality to such an extent that disease ensues4 ,what1 however1 is of far greater importance as a poisonous agent1 is the organic matter which is held in suspension by these gases4 ,the composition of this organic matter is by no means uniform4 ,it is composed of particles from all kinds of decomposing matter1 sometimes containing minute living organisms1 and sometimes without doubt the germs of disease4 ,the exact nature of these germs of disease is still a matter of uncertainty1 and the question as to whether they may appear spontaneously during the progress of decay1 or whether they are merely wafted by sewer gas1 just as the ripe seeds of many plants are scattered by the atmosphere1 is equally unsettled4 ,this1 however1 has been sufficiently established1 that when diseases do come amongst us they take root with most effect in those places where decomposing matter is found1 and that the germs of these diseases find in the organic element of sewer gas a congenial soil1 in which they can increase and multiply indefinitely1 and by which they can be carried from the dead to the living4 ,that typhoid fever depends1 to a great extent1 upon the polluted air of sewers1 cesspools1 and of the soil1 is proved by very strong evidence4 ,in some cases the disease has been confined to a particular part of the house1 especially exposed to the effluvia from badly trapped drains1 where there could be no doubt as to the source of the infection4 ,the sewer air1 laden with the specific poison1 may be inappreciable to the senses1 but its hurtful effects make themselves felt none the less1 and1 as recent events have shown1 may sometimes exhibit themselves in the most exalted stations of life4 ,nay1 more1 it would seem that persons of the upper and middle ranks in towns are more liable to be attacked by typhoid fever than the poor classes2 the reason being that the houses of the former are more generally connected with sewers1 and either from structure or situation are of higher elevation1 so that the light sewer gases1 obeying natural laws1 are more apt to accumulate in the drains of such houses1 and failing efficient trapping and ventilation of the drains1 to effect an entrance into the houses themselves4 ,there is good ground for the belief that cholera1 diphtheria1 scarlet fever1 as well as many other diseases1 are occasionally spread by means of the air of sewers and cesspools2 but whether these diseases originate spontaneously in this way1 or whether the sewer gas only serves as a carrier of the disease-germs1 is a question1 as in the case of typhoid fever1 as yet unsettled4 ,trades and ,manufactures4--,let us next consider some trades and manufactures which have an injurious influence upon persons engaged in them1 and to a certain extent upon the community at large4 ,the injurious effects are owing to solid particles and offensive gases which are given out into the air4 ,the result of inhaling air more or less charged with solid particles may be easily explained4 ,when the latter reach the entrance to the windpipe they at once set up irritation in the delicate lining membrane1 and nature tries to repel the intruders by the involuntary cough which results4 ,should this fit of coughing fail in doing so1 a quantity of glairy fluid is poured out from small glands in the windpipe1 and this fluid enveloping the solid particles tends to prevent them from doing further mischief4 ,should they1 however find their way lower down into the air passages1 nature has provided a very beautiful mechanism for their expulsion4 ,the entire lining membrane of these passages is covered with innumerable minute hairs1 or 8cilia0 as they are called1 which1 by constantly waving in an upward direction toward the mouth1 tend to carry the solid particles1 and the glairy secretion which they have provoked1 away from the lungs1 and so out of harm's way4 ,this wonderful provision of nature is sufficient for the purpose1 provided the strain be not too prolonged2 but when the supply of irritating particles is constant1 or nearly so1 the nerves and muscles involved in this mechanism become exhausted and cease to perform this process of expulsion4 ,the irritating particles are now no longer removed from the delicate membrane of the air passages upon which they lodge1 this membrane becomes inflamed1 and bronchitis or asthma is the result4 ,but this inflammation1 at first only affecting the superficial membrane1 may sink into the deeper tissues and affect the lung itself1 in which case the original attack of bronchitis frequently merges into a condition of a consumptive nature4 ,this will explain why many trades are injurious in which the danger to health is due to the fine dust floating continually in the air of the premises4 ,for example1 the particles of coal dust in the air of mines1 and the smoke from factory chimneys2 particles of steel and grit given off in grinding2 organic dust or fluff in shoddy and flax mills2 the dust in potteries1 china works1 pearl button manufactories1 in polishing and cement works1 in brass works1 in marble and steel polishing works of various sorts1 especially where emery is used2 in all of these cases the solid particles are inhaled and tend to produce disease in the lungs and air passages4 ,moreover1 the severity of the effects is chiefly dependent on the amount of dust1 and on the physical conditions as to angularity1 roughness or smoothness of the particles1 rather than on the nature of the substance1 except in some specific cases4 ,the habitual inhalation of coal dust in the air of coal mines very frequently results in consumption1 and the fine divisions of the lung become so blocked up by the particles of coal that the term 8black lung0 has been applied to the appearance presented by the lung after death4 ,it has been found that the death rate from consumption among miners who work in mines where the air is changed rapidly1 is very much less than among miners who work in mines that are badly ventilated4 ,of all unhealthy occupations that of steel-grinding is the most fatal4 ,steel-grinding is divided into the dry1 wet1 and mixed methods2 and the injurious effects vary according to the amount of water used on the stone4 ,forks1 needles1 etc41 are ground on the dry stone1 and accordingly the men and boys employed at this kind of work are found to be the greatest sufferers4 ,dr4 ,hall1 of ,sheffield1 has furnished important information as to the average duration of life among the artisans in steel1 which he found to be as follows1 viz43 dry grinders of forks1 #bi years2 razors1 #ca years2 scissors1 #cb years2 edge-tool and wool-shears1 #cb years2 spring-knives1 #ce years2 files1 #ce years2 saws1 #ch years2 sickles1 #ch years4 ,in this and many other similarly injurious trades various methods have from time to time been devised1 more especially of late years1 whereby the dust might be prevented from entering the air-passages1 such as fans for blowing it away1 and respirators of various kinds to filter the air as it is being breathed2 but it has been found that workmen themselves frequently object to any innovation which appears to them to interfere with their more immediate comfort4 ,there are some trades where the dust given off acts not only as a mechanical irritant when breathed1 but where the substance thus inhaled acts as a direct poison4 ,for instance1 manufacturers of white lead and other mineral paints frequently exhibit symptoms of poisoning in this way1 and workmen who use arsenical compounds1 as in the making of wall papers1 artificial flowers1 etc41 are often the victims of poisoning by arsenic4 ,this poisoning by means of arsenical wall papers deserves more than a passing notice1 owing to the dangerous and even fatal effects which they induce1 not only in the workmen who prepare them1 but also in persons inhabiting apartments where the walls are covered by them4 ,these wall papers are mostly of a beautiful green color1 the latter being due to a paint composed of arsenic and copper4 ,owing to variations of heat and moisture the green particles are constantly being set free from the paper and carried about the room by ventilation4 ,some idea of the amount of poison with which so many people are surrounded in their rooms may be formed if we consider that this green pigment contains fifty-nine per cent of arsenic1 and that a square foot of one of these wall papers contains on an average more than sufficient arsenic to poison twelve persons4 ,in addition to the cases which most physicians are now so familiar with1 where dangerous symptoms of poisoning have been traced to this cause1 it is much to be feared that insidious and chronic disease is too often due to this practice of covering the walls of our sitting-rooms1 and more especially our bedrooms1 with arsenic4 ,it may be remembered1 however1 that a wall paper may be green and yet not contain any arsenic1 so that the following simple method of detecting an arsenical paper may be useful4 ,if a camel-hair brush be dipped in an ordinary solution of ammonia1 and applied to the green portions of the suspected paper1 the green will be rapidly changed to an azure blue color if arsenic be present4 ,some such simple test is all the more important1 because green papers1 8warranted free from arsenic10 have been found to contain a large percentage of that poison4 ,in addition to the sources of pollution of the atmosphere which we have been considering1 there are various trades and manufactures in which poisonous matters are given off4 ,some of these are of an organic nature1 as in the melting of fats1 in the making of size and glue1 in the boiling of oil1 in the boiling of bones1 and in many other processes carried out on a considerable scale1 where the emanations are highly offensive and often of unknown chemical composition4 ,gas works must be included in this poisonous group1 owing to the accidental escape of gas1 sometimes in large quantity4 ,in lime kilns enormous volumes of carbonic acid gas are poured out1 both from the limestone burnt and from the fuel employed1 and in this way persons living in the immediate neighborhood have been suffocated4 ,in chloride of lime 7bleaching powder7 manufactories1 and in places where it is used for bleaching wool and other materials1 chlorine gas is given off into the air1 causing when inhaled a great amount of irritation in the air passages4 ,moreover1 this chlorine vapor is often carried in the air for long distances4 ,in other branches of industry the workers are exposed to the vapors of sulphurous acid and muriatic acid1 both of these being very irritating1 and giving rise to various diseases of the lungs and eyes4 ,such1 then1 are a few of the impurities1 more or less poisonous1 to be met with in the air we breathe2 and dangerous to health as all of them are1 it must be admitted that they do far less mischief to the public health than the continual mismanagement of our atmospheric food1 common in all classes of society1 by which it is rendered unfit to support a healthy life4 ,the two ways in which air may be rendered thus comparatively valueless are either by excluding it too much from our dwellings1 and this is the fault of the rich1 or by crowding too many people together in small rooms1 and this is the fault of the poor4 ,in the houses of the better classes the air is kept out by closed windows1 doors1 curtains1 and even in some places by putting screens before the fire-places in summer1 and in bedrooms in winter when fire is not used4 ,pure air is1 in fact1 the most important of all health factors4 ,when it is breathed freely1 plentifully1 and continually1 there are few diseases which it will not enable the body to resist4 ,nay1 even some injuries1 which1 received by the denizens of the overcrowded city1 would be speedily followed by death1 will be readily recovered from by the agricultural laborer or country farmer1 who1 always breathing a pure atmosphere1 has thus stored up a great amount of additional constitutional force4--,good ,words4 ,,manner4 ,by ,,lord ,,chesterfield to his ,son4 ,i fear and suspect1 that you have taken it into your head in most cases1 that the matter is all1 and the manner little or nothing4 ,if you have1 undeceive yourself1 and be convinced that1 in everything1 the manner is full as important as the matter4 ,if you speak the sense of an angel in bad words and with a disagreeable utterance1 nobody will hear you twice1 who can help it4 ,if you write epistles as well as ,cicero1 but in a very bad hand1 and very ill-spelled1 whoever receives will laugh at them2 and if you had the figure of ,adonis1 with an awkward air and motions1 it will disgust1 instead of pleasing4 ,study manner1 therefore1 in everything1 if you would be anything4 ,,unprepossessing ,,manners4 ,this epigram in ,martial1 ,non amo te1 ,sabidi1 nec possum dicere quare2 ,hoc tantum possum dicere1 non amo te2 has puzzled a great many people1 who can not conceive how it is possible to love any body1 and yet not know the reason why4 ,i think ,i conceive ,martial's meaning very clearly1 though the nature of the epigram1 which is to be short1 would not allow him to explain it more fully2 and ,i take it to be this3 ,o ,sabidis1 you are a very worthy1 deserving man2 you have a thousand good qualities1 you have a great deal of learning2 ,i esteem1 ,i respect1 but for the soul of me ,i can not love you1 though ,i can not particularly say why4 ,you are not amiable2 you have not those engaging manners1 those pleasing attentions1 those graces1 and that address1 which are absolutely necessary to please1 though impossible to define4 ,i can not say it is this or that particular thing that hinders me from loving you2 it is the whole together2 and upon the whole you are not agreeable4 ,how often have ,i1 in the course of my life1 found myself in this situation1 with regard to many of my acquaintance1 whom ,i have honored and respected1 without being able to love4 ,i did not know why1 because1 when one is young1 one does not take the trouble1 nor allow one's self the time1 to analyze one's sentiments1 and to trace them up to their source4 ,but subsequent observation and reflections have taught me why4 ,there is a man1 whose moral character1 deep learning1 and superior parts1 ,i acknowledge1 admire1 and respect2 but whom it is so impossible for me to love1 that ,i am almost in a fever whenever ,i am in his company4 ,his figure 7without being deformed7 seems made to disgrace or ridicule the common structure of the human body4 ,his legs and arms are never in the position which1 according to the situation of the body1 they ought to be in1 but constantly employed in committing acts of hostility upon the graces4 ,he throws any where1 but down his throat1 whatever he means to drink1 and only mangles what he means to carve4 ,inattentive to all the regards of social life1 he mistimes or misplaces everything4 ,he disputes with heat1 and indiscriminately1 mindless of the rank1 character1 and situation of those with whom he disputes2 absolutely ignorant of the several gradations of familiarity or respect1 he is exactly the same to his superiors1 his equals1 and his inferiors2 and therefore1 by a necessary consequence1 absurd to two of the three4 ,is it possible to love such a man8 ,no4 ,the utmost ,i can do for him is to consider him as a respectable ,hottentot4 ,,method4 ,despatch is the soul of business2 and nothing contributes more to despatch than method4 ,lay down a method for everything1 and stick to it inviolably1 as far as unexpected incidents may allow4 ,fix one certain hour and day in the week for your accounts1 and keep them together in their proper order2 by which means they will require little time1 and you can never be much cheated4 ,whatever letters and papers you keep1 docket and tie them up in their respective classes1 so that you may instantly have recourse to any one4 ,lay down a method also for your reading1 for which you allot a certain share of your mornings2 let it be in a consistent and consecutive course and not in that desultory and immethodical manner1 in which many people read scraps of different authors upon different subjects4 ,keep a useful and short common-place book of what you read1 to help your memory only1 and not for pedantic quotations4 ,one method more ,i recommend to you1 by which ,i have found great benefit1 even in the most dissipated part of my life2 that is1 to rise early1 and at the same hour every morning1 how late soever you may have sat up the night before4 ,this secures you an hour or two1 at least1 of reading or reflection1 before the common interruptions of the morning begin2 and it will save your constitution1 by forcing you to go to bed early1 at least one night in three4 ,you will say1 it may be1 as many young people would1 that all this order and method is very troublesome1 only fit for dull people1 and a disagreeable restraint upon the noble spirit and fire of youth4 ,i deny it2 and assert1 on the contrary1 that it will procure you both more time and more taste for your pleasures2 and so far from being troublesome to you1 that1 after you have pursued it a month1 it would be troublesome to you to lay it aside4 ,business whets the appetite1 and gives a taste to pleasures1 as exercise does to food2 and business can never be done without method2 it raises the spirits for pleasures2 and an assembly will much more sensibly affect a man who has employed1 than a man who has lost1 the preceding part of the day2 nay1 ,i will venture to say1 that a fine lady will seem to have more charms to a man of study or business1 than to a saunterer4 ,the same listlessness runs through his whole conduct1 and he is as insipid in his pleasures as inefficient in everything else4 ,,on ,,the ,,kneeling ,,figure ,,in ,,malvern ,,priory4 ,by ,,charles ,,grindrod4 ,the old ,renaissance figure 7of a lady7 is placed just outside the altar rail2 looking northward1 with one side of the face turned to the west1 the other to the altar4 ,although kneeling1 it has at a little distance the appearance of standing1 owing to its peculiar erectness from the knees upward4 ,the face is remarkable for the singular smile1 half cynical1 half spiritual 7especially in the tightly compressed lips71 which gives an expression of living interest4 ,tenant of stone6 here still thou worshippest1 ,smiling the prayer that on thy lips has hung ,while ages traveled4 ,still thou kneel'st among ,the quiet tombs4 ,impassioned joy or spleen ,moves not thy face--in part to heaven addressed1 ,in part to the green hills thy feet have clomb4 ,image of what is past1 and what shall come6 ,silent as death1 which thou embodiest ,far more than life4 ,mute sentry6 stood between ,the crumbled mortal and ascended sprite6 ,has thou no sense for what is1 or has been8 ,can nothing break thy sepulchre of rest8 ,once thy heart throbbed with human motion keen1 ,thy folded hands with others warmly pressed1 ,thy close-sealed lips have sweetly spoke or sung-- ,now an eternity is not more dumb6 ,the organ peels around thee its deep notes2 ,but thou art deaf to music's noblest strains4 ,a glory of rich hues about thee floats2 ,thou car'st not for the splendor of bright panes4 ,what fateful storms and changes hast thou seen6 ,how little dost thou heed the mad world's hum6 ,our childhood knew thee as doth now our age-- ,time stirs not thee4 ,where art thou all this space1 ,the part of thee which not in stone remains1 ,while wondering centuries roll past thy place8 ,they change and cease3 the whole world turns a page-- ,but thou still wear'st that smile upon thy face4 ,,comets4 ,by ,,richard ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,during the last two years several comets--some telescopic1 others visible to the naked eye1 and even conspicuous objects in the heavens--have been observed1 not only by the older methods1 but by some which have only been available within recent years4 ,it is naturally expected1 therefore1 by the general public that some new light should be thrown on these mysterious objects1 whose phenomena still remain among the unexplained1 seemingly the inexplicable problems of the celestial depths4 ,we propose to consider here what has thus been learned1 and what also 7unfortunately it is much more7 remains still to be learned1 respecting comets4 ,but first it will be well to show what are the special phenomena which present themselves for explanation4 ,a comet apparently comes out from the remote depths of space in a condition of comparative calm4 ,it appears as a small round nebulous object1 looking like a tiny cloud of extreme tenuity--the idea of tenuity being suggested by the exceeding faintness of the comet's light4 ,this cloud appears somewhat condensed toward the middle4 ,as the comet draws nearer to the sun1 it usually grows somewhat long in the direction of the sun2 and before long a portion within the part nearest the sun is seen to be brighter than the rest1 and to have a more or less defined outline4 ,this is the nucleus--sometimes seen as a dull disc of nearly uniform brightness1 at others as a mere bright point not unlike a star4 ,the fainter light around this is the coma1 or hair1 which resembles a luminous fog round the nucleus1 usually brighter on the side toward the sun1 and on the other side growing fainter and fainter till it can no longer be seen4 ,later this lengthening of the comet in directions toward and from the sun becomes more marked1 until at length the comet may fairly be said to have a head directed toward the sun and a tail directed from him4 ,nucleus1 coma1 and tail may be very different in appearance in different comets1 and in particular the tail may be more or less complicated in structure1 being sometimes a mere straight streak1 at others twofold1 multiple1 curved1 with thwart streaks1 and so forth--no two comets1 in fine1 having tails resembling each other except in general details4 ,dr4 ,huggins1 in a rather disappointing article on comets1 recently communicated to a contemporary1 remarks that the nucleus1 though an apparently insignificant speck1 8is truly the heart and kernel of the whole thing--potentially it is the comet40 ,this has scarcely yet been proved1 though it appears exceedingly probable4 ,it is true1 however1 as he adds1 that this part only of the comet conforms rigorously to the laws of gravitation1 and moves strictly in its orbit4 8,if we could see a great comet10 he proceeds1 8during its distant wandering1 when it has put off the gala trappings of perihelion excitement1 it would appear as a very sober object1 and consist of little more than nucleus alone40 ,this again seems probable1 though it has never yet been proved1 and the division of some comets into two or more parts1 each having coma1 nucleus1 and tail of its own1 shows that the nucleus cannot be1 in every case1 what ,dr4 ,huggins seems here to suggest4 ,dr4 ,huggins has done well in saying 7though scarcely with sufficient emphasis1 considering how often the mistake is repeated7 that 8though many telescopic comets are of extremely small mass1 nucleus included--so small1 indeed1 that they are unable to perturb such small bodies as ,jupiter's satellites--yet we should mistake greatly if we were to suppose that all comets are #8airy nothings4' ,in some large comets the nucleus may be a few hundred miles in diameter1 or even very much larger1 and may consist of solid matter4 ,it is not necessary to say that the collision of a cometary nucleus of this order with the earth would produce destruction on a wide scale40 ,it is even more necessary to correct the widely-spread misapprehension as to the relations between meteors and comets4 ,we hear it stated that the nucleus of a comet is made up of meteoric stones 7,professor ,p4 ,g4 ,tait says--for unknown reasons--that they resemble 8paving stones or even bricks07 as confidently as though the earth had at some time passed through the nucleus of a comet1 and some of our streets were now paved with stones which had fallen to earth on such an occasion4 ,as a matter of fact1 all that has yet been proved is that meteoric bodies follow in the track 7which is very different from the tail7 of some known comets1 and that probably all comets are followed by trains of meteors4 ,these may have come out of the head or nucleus in some way as yet unexplained2 but it is by no means certain that they have done so1 and it is by many astronomers regarded as more than doubtful4 ,the most important points to be noticed in the behavior of large comets1 as they approach the sun1 is that usually the side of the coma which lies toward the sun is the scene of intense disturbance4 ,streams of luminous matter seem to rise continually toward the sun1 attaining a certain distance from the head1 when1 assuming a cloud-like appearance1 they seem to form an envelope around the nucleus4 ,this envelope gradually increases its distance from the sun1 growing fainter and larger1 while within it the process is repeated1 and a new envelope is formed4 ,this in turn ascends from the nucleus1 expanding as it does so1 while within it a new envelope is formed4 ,meanwhile1 the one first formed has grown fainter1 perhaps has disappeared4 ,but sometimes the process goes on so rapidly 7a day or two sufficing for the formation of a complete new envelope7 that several envelopes will be seen at the same time1 the outermost faintest1 the innermost most irregular in shape and most varied in brightness1 while the envelope or envelopes between are the best developed and most regular4 ,the matter raised up in these envelopes seems to have undergone a certain change of character1 causing it no longer to obey the sun's attractive influence1 but to experience a strong repulsive action from him1 whereby it is apparently swept away with great rapidity to form the tail4 8,it flows past the nucleus10 says ,dr4 ,huggins1 8on all sides1 still ever expanding and shooting backward until a tail is formed in a direction opposite to the sun4 ,this tail is usually curved1 though sometimes rays or extra tails sensibly straight are also seen40 ,the description is1 however1 incomplete in one important respect4 ,the matter raised from the nucleus to form the envelopes may be1 and probably is1 carried past the nucleus on all sides2 but the appearance presented by the tail just behind the nucleus is not exactly in accordance with our ideas as to what should result from the flowing past 8on all sides40 ,there is a dark space immediately behind the nucleus1 that is1 where the nucleus1 if solid1 would throw its shadow1 if there were matter to receive the light all around so that the shadow could be seen4 ,now it may be thought at first that this corresponds exactly with what should be seen3 when we look just behind the nucleus there is no light1 or very little2 when we look on either side of that dark space there is the luminous matter which has been driven back from the envelopes in front of the nucleus4 ,but if the luminous matter flows past the nucleus on all sides1 it must flow past the nucleus on the side nearest to the observer1 and also on the side farthest away2 and it is just where the line of the sight passes through these two regions of brightness that a dark streak is seen just behind the nucleus4 ,let the reader draw two concentric circles--one an inch in diameter1 the other two inches--and let him then draw two parallel tangents to the inner circle on opposite sides of it4 ,supposing now the space between the two circles to represent in section the luminous matter which flows all round the nucleus1 while the surface of the inner circle represents the unilluminated part behind the nucleus1 the two tangent lines will represent the lines of sight on either side of the dark region1 where as we might expect1 we get plenty of light2 and we can also understand very well why outside of that the line of sight through the luminous matter 7or the chords to our outer circle71 getting shorter and shorter1 the light of the luminous streaks bounding this part of the tail gets fainter and fainter2 but if just inside either of the two tangents1 chords are drawn parallel to them1 crossing the inner circle1 the parts of these chords which lie between the two circles are very nearly equal in length to the tangent lines themselves2 and even a common diameter to both circles has1 lying between them1 two portions together equal to the radius of the outer4 ,hence1 since the line of sight even across the middle of the space behind the nucleus1 passes through a considerable range of luminous matter1 while a line within but near the outskirts of that space passes through nearly as great a range of luminous matter as one just outside that space1 there should be plenty of light where yet to the eye there seems to be something like absolute darkness4 ,either then the eye is greatly deceived1 or else we must find some explanation of darkness existing where considerable brightness might be expected4,d ,the matter which forms the tail1 seems1 as ,i have said1 to be swept off from the envelopes raised by the sun's action on the nucleus4 ,it seems as though the matter thus raised had undergone in some way a change of character1 which caused it no longer to obey the law of gravity as it had done when forming part of the nucleus1 but instead of yielding to the sun's attraction1 to submit rather to an intense repulsive action1 carrying it at a much greater rate from the sun than1 under the action of gravity--starting from rest and free from all perturbing influences--it could have been drawn toward him4 ,dr4 ,huggins thus words his account of what seems to happen3 8,now is seen to take place a change which is most puzzling--namely1 these envelopes of light appear to give up their substance under the influence of a strong repulsive force exerted from the sun1 and to be forced backwards40 ,sir ,john ,herschel1 after his long and careful study of the comet of #ahcj 7,halley's at its second return7 came to the conclusion that repulsive action exerted by the sun on the matter raised in these envelopes had been distinctly proved4 ,yet here1 where we seem to have our first firm ground for hypothesis respecting these mysterious objects--comets' tails--we meet with stupendous difficulties4 ,consider1 for instance1 the phenomena presented by ,newton's comet4 ,that comet had traversed the last ninety millions of miles of its approach toward the sun in four weeks4 ,at the end of that time it passed out of view for a few days1 having then a tail ninety millions of miles1 at least1 in length4 ,four days passed1 and it reappeared on the other side of the sun--having in the interval traversed nearly a semi-circle--in reality1 of course1 the perihelion end of its long oval path4 ,at its reappearance1 it had a tail still ninety millions of miles in length1 but the tail with which it reappeared had1 of course1 a direction entirely different from that of the tail which had been seen before--the two directions were inclined about one hundred and sixty degrees to each other4 ,now1 as ,sir ,john ,herschel remarks1 we can not look on the tail of a comet as something whirled round like a stick1 as the comet circles round its perihelion sweep4 ,the tail with which the comet reappeared must have been an entirely new formation4 ,nor can we doubt that if the comet had been watched as it swept around the sun1 the changes in the tail's position which had been observed to the time of disappearance1 would have been observed to progress continuously1 the tail passing by a uniform motion from the position it then had to that which it was observed to have at the time of reappearance4 ,so that we may fairly suppose the tail with which the comet reappeared to have been formed in much less than the time during which the comet had been out of sight4 ,probably its farthest part had been formed in much less than a day1 the part near the head being1 of course1 formed later4 ,but if the matter repelled from the head was thus driven over a distance of ninety million miles in twenty-four hours1 at the outside1 the average velocity of its motion was about a thousand miles per second1 or nearly three times as great as the greatest velocity which the sun can communicate by his attractive energy to matter approaching him from without1 even though such matter come to him from an almost infinite distance1 and in a perfectly straight line--the conditions most favorable for giving a high rate of final velocity4 ,such velocity as the sun can thus give by his attractive energy is only given to matter which has been exposed a long time to his influence2 but here1 in the tail of the great comet of #afhj1 matter seems to have acquired almost instantaneously a velocity sufficing to carry it over ninety million miles with an average speed three times as great as the sun can thus1 after long effort1 communicate by means of his attractive power6 ,the difficulty is so great that many efforts--some bold and daring1 others positively wild in the unscientific absurdity of their nature--have been made to overcome it4 ,among the most ingenious of these is 7or rather was1 for ,i think it is no longer maintained even by its eminent author71 ,prof4 ,tyndall's theory of a comet's tail as an actinic cloud1 generated by the passage of the solar rays through exceedingly tenuous matter after those rays had been in part deprived of their heating power1 during their passage through the comet's head4 ,according to this theory the actinic cloud can not be formed under the heating rays1 but so soon as the actinic rays fall on the tenuous matter alone1 the cloud is formed1--so that all round the region in which would be the comet's shadow1 there is no luminous cloud1 while along that region the cloud exists4 ,the rapidity with which light travels would of course make this explanation absolutely perfect in explaining cometic tails lying always exactly in a straight line directed from the sun1 or with their axis so situated4 ,but unfortunately this exceedingly rapid formation of the tail 7a tail of ninety million miles in length would be formed in about eight minutes7 is more than observation requires or can explain4 ,prof4 ,tyndall made a slight oversight in dealing with this part of his theory4 ,noticing that the actinic cloud1 as he called it1 is not formed instantly1 but after a delay of a few seconds1 in his experiments1 he reasoned as though it would follow from this that the formation of the actinic cloud behind a comet's head in space might be a process extending its action in distance from the head at a rate considerably less than that at which light travels1 yet still fast enough to account for the exceedingly rapid formation of the tail of ,newton's comet1 and of other similar tails4 ,but a little consideration will show that the few seconds following the fall of light on the vapors dealt with by ,tyndall1 before the luminous cloud appeared1 would produce no such effect as he imagined4 ,the rate of formation of the tail would still be that at which light travels4 ,imagine the head at ,a1 for the sake of argument1 and the sun's light after reaching ,a1 passing on to ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 etc41 to ,z1 a distance say of one hundred million miles1 in nine minutes3 ,a 444 ,b 444 ,c 444 ,d 444 ,e 444 444 ,z4 ,suppose that1 when the light has reached the vaporous matter lying at ,b1 an interval of one full minute 7much greater than any noticed in ,tyndall's experiments71 occurs before the actinic cloud comes into view1 a similar interval after the light has passed ,c before the cloud is seen there1 and so on1 up to the time of the arrival of the light at ,z4 ,professor ,tyndall's reasoning implied that all the time intervals thus occurring at ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 etc41 up to ,z1 had to be added together1 to give the total time of the formation of the tail from ,a to ,z1 and hence naturally a long time might elapse1 and the head having at the end of this time reached a different position from that which it had occupied at the beginning1 the divergence of the tail from the direction exactly opposite to the sun1 and the curvature of the tail1 would be alike readily accounted for4 ,but what are the actual facts of the case4 ,the part of the tail formed latest by the supposed solar actinic action1 namely1 the part at ,z1 would be formed just nine minutes after the light had left ,a1 and ten minutes after the part nearest to ,a had been formed 7by the same light waves71 for1 nine minutes after leaving ,a1 the light would be at ,z1 and a minute after each epoch 7according to our supposition7 the actinic cloud would be formed respectively at ,a and at ,z4 ,we get just the same interval--nine minutes--whether the actinic cloud appears immediately after light has traversed the vapour which is to form the cloud1 or a minute after1 or an hour after4 ,in every case the tail would be formed outwards from ,a1 at the rate at which light travels4 ,this does not accord with the phenomena--in fact1 the supposition that a tail could be formed at the rate at which light travels1 will be found1 on examination1 to lead to many most manifest absurdities1 which ,professor ,tyndall doubtless recognized when he sought escape from the supposition of such rapid tail formation1 through the effects he attributed to the delayed appearance of the actinic cloud4 ,another theory in explanation of the rapid formation of such a tail as that of ,newton's comet is worthy of far less notice4 ,professor ,tyndall's theory was based on an interesting physical fact1 which he had himself discovered1 and which was also manifestly akin in character to the formation of a comet's tail4 ,the one to be now noticed was suggested to a mathematician by a rather familiar phenomenon1 the effects of which on his imagination he seems to have been never able to entirely overcome--at any rate no amount of evidence against the theory seems to counterbalance in his mind the notion once conceived that the theory might be true4 7,it is a way some theorists have47 ,professor ,tait was once looking at a part of the sky which seemed clear4 ,as he looked1 a long streak rapidly formed1 which presently disappeared 7if ,i remember his original description aright7 almost as rapidly as it had formed4 ,at any rate1 the appearance of the streak was rapid enough to remind him of what astronomers said about the rapid 7apparent7 development of comets' tails4 ,the phenomenon itself was easily explained4 ,there had been a flight of seabirds1 traveling after their wont in a widely extended layer1 which when he began his observations had been looked at somewhat aslant1 so that--the distance being too great for the birds to be seen individually--nothing of the flight could be discerned at all4 ,but it is evident that in such a case a very slight movement on the part of each bird would suffice so to shift the position of the layer in which they were traveling1 that it would be seen edgewise1 and then the birds1 being so situated that the range of sight toward any part of the layer passed athwart a great number of them1 would of course be seen1 not individually but as a cloud1 or long straight streak1 a side view in fact of the layer in which they were traveling4 ,eureka6 shouted ,professor ,tait2 and presently announced to the world the marvelous theory that the rapid formation of comets' tails may be accounted for on the same general principle4 ,astronomers have found that along the tracks of some comets 7where the tails never lie1 by the way1 but that is a detail7 are countless millions of meteoric bodies separately undiscernable 7and never yet discerned as a cloud--another detail72 therefore it follows that the tails of all comets are formed by movements of 8brickbats and paving stones0 in them 7,professor ,tait's own description of meteors71 after the manner of the seabirds he saw from ,arthur's ,seat4 ,professor ,thomson at the ,edinburgh meeting of the ,british ,association endorsed this theory with special reference to the value of the 8seabird analogy0 in explaining the phenomena of ,newton's comet4 ,dr4 ,huggins1 who1 as he does not claim to be a mathematician 7or to speak more correctly1 as his labors in physical research have not given him time for profound mathematical research71 may be more readily excused1 also speaks of the seabird theory as if it had some legitimate standing4 8,the tail1 he conceives10 he says1 referring to ,dr4 ,tait1 8to be a portion of the less dense part of the train illuminated by sunlight1 and visible or invisible to us1 according1 not only to circumstances of density1 illumination1 and nearness1 but also of tactic arrangement1 as of a flock of birds under different conditions of perspective40 ,of course1 the theory is utterly untenable--by astronomers who know something of the actual facts1 and have enough mathematics to consider simple geometrical relations4 ,bodies moving in a plane surface like birds1 if they individually travel in the same plane1 keep its position unchanged4 ,but if they move individually at an angle to that plane 7as they occasionally do71 they change its position--the surface1 however1 in which they collectively are at any moment1 still remaining plane4 ,in such a case only could such a phenomenon as was observed by ,professor ,tait be seen4 ,but in such a case the visibility of the streak formed by the flight of birds would last but a few minutes1 for the same motion which had in a few minutes brought the streak into view would in the next few minutes take it out of view4 ,during the short time that a flight is visible in this way1 it has an unchanging position1 or a scarcely changing one4 ,if the tail of ,newton's comet had rapidly formed and as rapidly vanished1 remaining1 while visible1 in an almost unchanging position1 the 8seabird analogy0 might explain that particular phenomenon1 however inadequate to explain multitudes of others4 ,but the phenomena to be explained are entirely different4 ,leaving out of the question the varying position and length of the tail as it approached the sun1 and after it left the sun's neighborhood1 all of which were entirely inconsistent with the seabird analogy1 what we are called upon to explain is that a visible tail ninety millions of miles in length1 seen in position #a;,a on one day1 was seen three days later in position #c;,a 7having manifestly in the meanwhile passed through all the intermediate positions1 including #b;,a74 ,if ,professor ,tait1 profound mathematician though he be1 though he may 8differentiate and integrate like ,harlequin10 can show how any flight of bodies1 like or unlike seabirds1 can accomplish such a feat as the above1 appearing first to form a thin streak ,a#a1 and in less than four days a thin streak ,a#c1 each ninety millions of miles long1 without some of them having had to travel a distance nearly equal to the line #a to #c--or some one hundred and fifty millions of miles long1 instead of the trifling journeys he assigned them1 he should take a rank above ,newton and ,laplace as a mathematician4 ,but there is another feat1 apparently equally difficult to him1 which he might achieve very readily with great advantage to those non-mathematicians among astronomers whom his name--well deserved1 too--as a mathematician has hitherto misled1 and with not less advantage to his own reputation3 he might frankly admit that the idea which occurred to him while watching those unfortunate seabirds1 had not quite the value which at the moment he mistakenly attached to it1 and has since seemed to do4 ,illustration #a #b #c _/ _/ _/ _/ 4 ,a ,but apart from the consideration of theories such as those1 either demonstrably untenable1 though ingenious1 like ,professor ,tyndall's1 or altogether and obviously untenable like ,professor ,tait's1 there are certain phenomena of comets' tails which force upon us the belief that they are phenomena of repulsion1 though the repulsive action is of a kind not yet known to physicists4 #a4 ,the curvature of all the cometic tails when not seen from a point in or near the place of their motion4 #b4 ,the existence of more tails than one to the same comet1 the different tails being differently curved4 #c4 ,the phenomena of striations athwart the tail4 ,it is evident that all these phenomena are such as we might fairly expect if a comet's tail is caused by the sun's repulsive action on molecules1 raised by his heating action on the head4 ,the matter thus swept away would resemble smoke1 driven upwards from the funnel of a moving steamer1 and then swept in any given direction by a steady wind2 we should see a curved train of such matter just as we see a curved streak of smoke4 ,if the matter raised from the head is not all of one kind 7and it is antecedently unlikely that it should be71 there would be more than one trail of matter1 if the sun's repulsive action were different on these different kinds of matter4 ,lastly1 the striations seen athwart the tail1 as in the well known case of ,donati's great comet1 would be explained1 either as due to the observed pulsational manner in which the envelopes are raised 7if matter were raised uniformly from the head there could be no formation of successive envelopes71 or else as due to the carrying off into the main tail1 where alone such striations are seen1 of matter which1 had it freed itself at the beginning1 would have been swept off into the smaller tails1 but being as it were entangled in the great outflow of matter forming the large tail1 escapes later1 and when it does1 gets swept off at its own more rapid rate1 and there forms a streak lying at an angle with the direction of the principal tail4 ,bredichin has shown that where there are three tails to a comet1 their forms correspond with the theory that the envelopes raised from the head are principally formed of hydrogen1 carbon and iron1 but this1 which1 if established1 would be the most important physical discovery yet made respecting comets1 seems open at present to considerable doubt1 though confirmations seem to be given to it1 in some respects1 by the results of spectroscopic analysis4 ,to spectroscopic analysis we must in all probability look for such information respecting comets1 as may hereafter enable us to understand their nature4 ,on this point let us consider what is said by one who1 if not the greatest living astronomical spectroscopist1 is facile princeps in this country--,dr4 ,w4 ,huggins4 ,first1 however1 we must consider the past of this method of research as applied to comets4 ,the first successful application of the spectroscope to comets was made by ,donati in #ahfd--the light of the comet being then divided into three bright bands1 whose position1 however1 was not exactly determined4 ,in #ahff ,dr4 ,huggins obtained two kinds of light from a telescopic comet1 part of the comet's light giving a continuous spectrum1 probably reflected sunlight1 the other a spectrum of three bands4 ,in #ahfh a comet was observed 7,brorsen's7 with more success4 ,three bands were seen in the spectrum of the light from the comet's head1 and a comparison of these with measures of similar bright bands belonging to the spectra of various combinations of carbon1 showed1 or rather seemed to suggest1 that 8combinations of carbon might be present in the comet40 8,in conjunction with my friend1 the late ,dr4 ,w4 ,allen ,miller10 says ,dr4 ,huggins1 8,i confronted directly with the spectroscope attached to the telescope1 the comet's light with that from inductive sparks passing in olefiant gas4 ,the sensible identity of the two spectra left no doubt of the essential oneness of the cometary stuff with the gas composed of carbon and hydrogen that was employed for comparison40 8,since that time10 proceeds ,dr4 ,huggins1 8the light from some twenty comets has been examined by different observers4 ,the general close agreement in all cases1 notwithstanding some small divergences1 of the bright bands in the cometary light with those seen in the spectra of hydrocarbons1 justifies us fully in ascribing the original light of these comets to matter which contains carbon in combination with hydrogen40 ,last year photography was applied to this spectroscopic work4 ,the spectrum of the brightest comet of that year was partly continuous1 and on this continuous spectrum many of the well known ,fraunhofer lines could be traced4 ,this made it certain that part of the comet's light was reflected sunlight2 though ,dr4 ,huggins considers also that a part of the continuous spectrum of every comet is due to inherent light4 ,on this point some doubts may be permitted4 ,it is one thing for special bands to show themselves1 for some substances may become self-luminous under special conditions at very moderate temperatures2 it is quite another thing that the solid parts of a comet's substance should become incandescent4 ,i venture to express my own belief that this can scarcely happen except in the case of comets which approach very near to the sun4 ,besides the continuous spectrum with dark lines1 the photograph showed also a spectrum of bright lines4 8,these lines10 says ,dr4 ,huggins1 8possessed extreme interest1 for there was certainly contained within this hieroglyphic writing some new information4 ,a discussion of the position of these new lines showed them to be undoubtedly the same lines which appear in certain compounds of carbon4 ,not long before1 ,professors ,liveing and ,dewar had found from their laboratory experiments that these lines are only present when nitrogen is also present1 and that they indicate a nitrogen compound of carbon1 namely--cyanogen4 ,two other bright groups were also seen in the photograph1 confirming the presence of hydrogen1 carbon1 and nitrogen40 ,it is worthy of notice that1 only a few days later1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,draper succeeded in obtaining a photograph of the same comet's spectrum4 ,it appeared to him to confirm ,dr4 ,huggins' statements1 except only that the dark ,fraunhofer lines were not visible--the photograph having probably been taken under less favorable conditions4 ,so far1 then1 it seems clear that comets shine in part by reflecting sunlight1 partly with light of their own2 the part of the cometic substance which certainly shines with its own light is gaseous1 and this gas in most comets 8contains carbon1 hydrogen1 and nitrogen1 possibly also oxygen1 in the form of hydrocarbons1 cyanogen1 and possibly oxygen compounds of carbon40 ,but the latest comet has brought with it fresh news4 ,its spectrum is not like that given by the comets we have been considering4 ,the bright lines of sodium are seen in it1 and also other bright lines and groups of lines1 which have not yet been shown to be identical with any belonging to the hydrocarbon groups1 but probably are so4 ,dr4 ,huggins' photograph shows1 he considers1 8that the original light of the comet1 which gives a continuous spectrum 7he means that portion of the original light which does so71 was too strong to allow of the ,fraunhofer lines being recognized in the reflected solar light40 ,we demur to this as being shown1 it may fairly be said to be suggested4 ,the cyanogen groups are not seen4 ,such is ,dr4 ,huggins' account2 but it is manifest that this comet underwent important changes1 of which--we are surprised to note--,dr4 ,huggins has taken no account4 ,thus1 in ,april1 ,professors ,tacchini and ,vogel found simply a faint continuous spectrum4 ,in ,may1 ,vogel found that the three bands associated with carbon were present1 though faint1 while there was no trace of the sodium band4 ,on the contrary1 on the nights of ,june #d1 #e1 and #g1 ,dr4 ,b4 ,hasselberg1 of the ,observatory of ,pulkowa1 found that the nucleus of the comet gave a very strong and extended continuous spectrum1 with an 8excessively strong0 bright line in the orange yellow1 proved by micrometrical measurement to be identical with the ,d line--the well known double sodium line of the solar spectrum4 ,the observation was confirmed by ,dunr1 ,bredichin1 and ,vogel4 ,on this ,mr4 ,hind remarks1 8,it is necessary to conclude that1 during the last fortnight of ,may1 the spectrum of ,wells' comet had changed in a manner of which the history of science furnishes no precedent40 ,it must1 however1 be remembered that as yet no comets have been examined under sufficiently favorable conditions1 to enable us to say whether the change thus observed was really exceptional1 or only exceptional in being for the first time noted4 ,whenever such a comet as ,donati's comes favorably under spectroscopic scrutiny1 we shall probably learn something about these changes which will throw more light than anything yet discovered on the physical economy of these mysterious bodies4 ,what1 then1 do we know certainly respecting comets8 ,what may we surmise with more or less probability8 ,and in what direction may we look with most hope for future information8 ,we know certainly that1 in whatever way they are formed1 the sun excites intense disturbance in them as they approach him4 ,prof4 ,stokes remarks that these effects1 so much greater at a first view than we might fairly expect in the case of many of the comets observed1 which have approached the sun no nearer than our own earth does1 or not so near1 may be accounted for by the circumstance that comets travel in what may be regarded as1 to all intents and purposes1 a vacuum4 ,from ,dr4 ,crooke's experiments on very high vacua1 we may infer that there is very little loss of heat1 except by radiation4 ,thus the heat received by the meteoric components of a comet would be much greater than might otherwise be expected4 ,dr4 ,huggins mentions1 in the same connection1 the remarkable persistence of the bright trains of meteors in the rare upper air1 which sometimes remain visible for three-quarters of an hour before the light fades1 as the heat is gradually radiated away4 8,our reasoning on these points10 he remarks1 in his dry way1 8would undergo considerable modification if we accept the views as to the condition of interplanetary space and of the sun's action which have been recently suggested by ,dr4 ,siemens in his solar theory0--but of course we do not4 ,bredichin's researches1 showing that three distinct curvatures in comets' tails correspond to the winnowing out by solar repulsive action of 7#a7 hydrogen1 7#b7 carbon1 and 7#c7 iron1 seem worthy of careful study and investigation4 ,it accords well with spectroscopic evidence as to the condition of the matter raised in gaseous form from the nucleus2 and if as yet we have had no direct spectroscopic evidence of the existence of iron in comets1 we know that meteors are closely connected with comets1 and that many meteors contain iron4 ,moreover1 as unexpected spectroscopic evidence of the presence of the substance sodium1 common in so many meteors1 has been found in the case of one comet1 we may fairly hope that under yet more favorable conditions1 the presence of iron also may be recognized in the same way4 ,how far electricity may be looked to for an explanation of cometic phenomena1 is a doubtful point among astronomers and physicists4 ,for my own part1 ,i must confess ,i share the strong objections which many physicists have expressed against the mere vague suggestion that perhaps this is an electrical phenomenon1 perhaps that other feature is electrical too1 perhaps all or most of the phenomena of comets depend on electricity4 ,it is so easy to make such suggestions1 so difficult to obtain evidence in their favor having the slightest scientific value4 ,still1 ,i hold the electrical idea to be well worth careful study4 ,whatever credit may hereafter be given to any electrical theory of comets1 will be solely and entirely due to those who may help to establish it upon a basis of sound evidence--none whatever to the mere suggestion1 which has been made time and again since it was first advanced by ,fontenelle4 ,dr4 ,huggins says that he finds there is a rapidly growing feeling among physicists that both the inherent light 7which he prefers to call the self-light7 of comets and the phenomena of their tails belong to the order of electrical phenomena4 ,an ,american astronomer recently wrote to him1 as to ,american views of the self-light of comets1 8,i can not speak with authority for anyone but myself2 still ,i think the prevailing impression amongst us is that this light is due to an electric1 or1 if ,i may coin the word1 7far better not7 an electric-oid action of some kind40 ,on this ,dr4 ,huggins himself remarks3 8,the spectroscopic results fail to give conclusive evidence on this point2 still1 perhaps1 upon the whole1 especially if we consider the photographs of last year1 the teachings of the spectroscope are in favor of the view that the self-light of comets is due to electric discharges4 ,those who are disposed to believe that the truth lies in this direction1 differ from each other in the precise modes in which they would apply the known laws of electric action to the phenomena of comets4 ,broadly1 the different applications of principles of electricity which have been suggested1 group themselves about the common idea1 that great electrical disturbances are set up by the sun's action in connection with the vaporization of some of the matter of the nucleus1 and that the tail is probably matter carried away1 possibly in connection with electric discharges1 under an electrical influence of repulsion exerted by the sun4 ,this view necessitates the supposition that the sun is strongly electrified1 either negatively or positively1 and further1 that in the processes taking place in the comet1 either of vaporization or of some other kind1 the matter thrown out by the nucleus has become strongly electrified in the same way as the sun--that is1 negatively if the sun's electricity is negative1 or positively if the sun's is positive4 ,the enormous disturbances which the spectroscope shows to be always at work in the sun must be accompanied by electrical changes of equal magnitude1 but we know nothing as to how far these are all1 or the great majority of them1 in one direction1 so as to cause the sun to maintain permanently a high electrical state1 whether positive or negative40 ,unless some such state of things exist1 ,sir ,john ,herschel's statement1 8,that this force0 7the repulsive force forming the tail7 8can not be of the nature of electric or magnetic forces10 must be accepted1 for1 as he points out1 8the center of gravity of each particle would not be affected2 the attraction on one of its sides would precisely equal the repulsion on the other40 ,repulsion of the cometary matter would only take place if this matter1 after it has been driven off from the nucleus and the sun1 have both high electric potentials of the same kind4 ,further1 it is suggested that luminous jets1 streams1 halos1 and envelopes belong to the same order of phenomena as the aurora1 the electrical brush1 and the stratified discharges of exhausted tubes4 ,all this1 it will be noticed1 is at present merely hypothetical4 ,it is1 however1 worthy of notice that outside of electricity there is nothing known to physicists which seems to afford even a promise of explanation1 so far1 at least1 as the grander and more striking 7also the most mysterious7 of cometic phenomena are concerned4 ,it may well be that with our advancing knowledge of meteors and meteor systems1 the spectroscopic analysis of the next few comets of the larger and completer types--comets like ,donati's comet1 the great comet of #ahaa1 and the comet of #ahfa--may throw unexpected light on mysteries which still remain among the most profound and unpromising problems presented to modern science4--,the ,contemporary ,review4 ,a ,,tour ,,round ,,the ,,world4 ,by ,,mrs4 ,,mary ,,low ,,dickinson4 ,continued4 ,an early start from ,killarney1 and a seven-hour journey by rail1 ending in delightful quarters at the pleasant ,hotel ,shelburne1 in ,dublin1 gives a comfortable sense of having passed an agreeable day4 8,i would like to have run from ,limerick ,junction up to ,limerick10 says a feminine member of the quartette4 8,i don't think we missed anything in ,limerick2 ,i felt like stopping awhile at ,kilkenny10 answered her brother4 8,but ,kilkenny comes to ,america10 said the first speaker1 who had been reading about the enormous annual emigration from that town4 8,well1 ,i fancy one can have all one wants of ,limerick at home40 8,not all ,i want10 said the little woman1 perversely4 8,what can you want1 who have had your full share of domestic torments1 with numberless ,bridgets and ,norahs80 ,there was no answer1 but later1 in the privacy of her chamber1 she said1 8,i did so want to go to ,limerick1 to buy some ,irish lace4 ,you know they make it there1 and send it over to ,brussels1 and then it is bought back into ,ireland for quadruple its cost0--but the air of mild rebuke with which her companion looked up from the diary in which she was describing the beauties of ,killarney scenery1 seemed to act as a sudden check upon the purely feminine outburst4 8,of course ,i know we can't stop to buy things10 she added1 apologetically4 8,nor can we buy things when we do stop4 ,it's dreadful of you to begin to want things so early40 8,yes10 chimed in a masculine voice at the door1 8,it's unworthy the spirit of a true ,chautauquan4 ,get on your hats1 girls1 there's time enough for a drive1 to get what the books recommend--a general view of the town40 ,our hotel fronts ,stephen's ,green1 whose twenty acres of beautiful grounds form only one of six such ornamented breathing places for that portion of the city which lies on the right bank of the ,liffey1 beyond the confines of the ancient town4 ,our coachman knows his business1 and halts to point out the equestrian statue of ,george the ,second1 showing through the trees in the center of the square4 ,then we must look at the old ,mansion ,house1 and at the site of the great exposition building which stands in twelve acres of garden1 and was1 if successful1 to have been what the ,crystal ,palace of ,sydenham is to ,london4 ,financially1 it was not a success1 and the future use of the building is not yet decided4 ,we halt again to admire the architectural beauty of 8the finest building in ,dublin1 if not in ,ireland10 formerly the ,irish ,house of ,parliament and now used as the ,bank of ,ireland4 ,if it were not too late we could go in and see the whole process of printing the bank notes4 ,as it is1 we jog slowly on to the eastern end of ,college ,green1 which is entirely occupied by the imposing front of ,trinity ,college4 ,the huge ,corinthian pile covers an extent of thirty acres4 ,the income is derived largely from landed estates4 ,its library of one hundred and thirty thousand volumes grows rapidly1 for the ,university is one of the five that has the right to a copy of every volume published in the ,united ,kingdom4 ,the number of students1 usually about two thousand1 is diminished somewhat by the new ,queen's ,university1 founded by ,victoria in #ahej1 which grants degrees to the graduates from the ,queen's ,colleges at ,belfast1 ,galway1 and ,cork4 ,to a company of learners1 nothing could be more interesting than to visit the museums1 observatories1 botanic gardens1 and printing houses of this great institution1 which has had such an influence on education in ,ireland2 but1 if we could not see all1 we confess to a preference for a day at the ,royal ,dublin ,society1 whose professors lecture to the public gratuitously1 and whose schools in the fine arts instruct worthy pupils without charge4 ,we want also to see the male and female training schools1 under the charge of the ,board of ,education1 the ,deaf and ,dumb ,asylum1 and the ,drummond ,orphanage1 owned and supported by a merchant of that name4 ,other societies for the promotion of science and literature are too numerous to name4 ,no city is more generously provided with the means of education1 or produces more learned scholars1 yet nowhere is the ignorance of the lowest classes more marked4 ,no place more abounds in charitable institutions4 ,the charity schools number over two hundred1 yet the condition of the poor is wretched in the extreme4 ,the city is one of striking contrasts1 of grand architectural effects1 heightened by the meanness of the dwellings of the poor4 ,the nine bridges over the ,liffey add greatly to the picturesqueness of the place1 but the water of the stream is as notoriously filthy as ever4 ,within a few years some efforts have been made to improve the sanitation of the city and the hygienic condition of the poor4 ,dirty alleys have been widened1 model tenements built and drinking fountains supplied4 ,at enormous cost the neighboring streams were turned into a valley1 which made a natural reservoir seventeen miles from the city4 ,thence the water is brought through tunnels to filtering chambers1 eight miles from town1 from which it is distributed over the city4 ,from the ,university we went down ,dame ,street to the ,castle1 used since the time of ,elizabeth as the residence of the ,lord ,lieutenant4 ,here there are state apartments to be seen1 and music to be heard in the beautiful chapel1 but none of this to-day4 ,the sun is setting1 and as we whirl on past hospital1 postoffice1 ,custom ,house1 and convents1 over the bridge and by the magnificent structure called the ,four ,courts1 because there are held the courts of ,queen's ,bench1 ,common ,pleas1 ,chancery1 and ,exchequer1 there is not time to drive inside the gate of the beautiful ,phnix ,park and look at the obelisk that commemorates the victories of ,wellington4 ,that must be left for the morrow1 as must the old ,christ ,church and ,st4 ,patrick's ,cathedral1 whose ancient archepiscopal palace is now used as barracks for the police4 ,in this cathedral are the tombs of ,dean ,swift and the ,stella of his poetry4 ,the structure is the most remarkable instance of complete restoration of our day1 ,mr4 ,b4 ,l4 ,guinness1 ,m4 ,p41 having spent #aej1jjj in its restoration4 ,he was knighted for his generosity1 and it does not become us to suggest that the sum could have been better spent4 ,we shall have to divide into two parties to-morrow1 and while the artist and teacher go to examine the picture gallery and the schools1 the others will get a look at the docks and the harbor1 where1 by aid of dredging machines1 the sand is kept at bay1 so that ships can now come up to the quays4 ,commerce still continues to be important1 as ,dublin is the avenue of supply for imports for the midland district1 but manufacturers of woollen1 cotton1 silk1 etc41 are nearly extinct1 though the general financial and commercial condition of ,ireland is improved within the last twenty years4 ,while ,dublin has declined1 especially in manufactures of linen and flax1 ,belfast1 the metropolis of the north of ,ireland1 has steadily grown in both4 ,it lies on our route to the north1 five hours from ,london4 ,it offers nothing in the common lines of interest1 such as churches1 museums1 public buildings1 and parks that would induce a stay2 but its immense manufactories are well worth any loss of time a visit may involve4 ,we were shown all through the largest steam-mill1 which employs nearly three thousand men2 and through the immense establishment at ,ardoyne1 where the finest linen--that intended for the noblest houses1 whose coats of arms are woven in the web--is made by hand4 ,it was interesting indeed1 to see1 as in the former mill1 the process from the beginning with the raw flax to the beautiful completed fabric1 and more interesting to watch the workers1 many of them women1 young girls and little children1 who live their lives out day after day in the dust and din of machinery4 ,their pinched and haggard faces1 their dull1 spiritless eyes1 and the constant monotonous motion of their hands made them seem a part of the machines1 and brought to mind with great force ,mrs4 ,browning's 8,cry of the ,children40 ,belfast is a great1 comfortable1 well-to-do looking city1 with wide1 well-paved streets1 many attractive public buildings and substantial homes4 ,we stopped but a night1 taking train to ,portrush1 via the cozy little town of ,coleraine4 ,it is a journey of about seventy miles1 leaving daylight enough to direct to the picturesque castle of ,dunluce1 which stands on an isolated rock a hundred feet above the sea4 ,the bridge from the mainland is so narrow as to incline all four of us1 like children1 8to take hold of hands40 ,it is a wild spot1 with many romantic associations1 if the head did not swim1 gazing down into the boiling waves that have worn great caves under the walls1 so that we could not stay to hear4 ,we creep back1 cautiously as we came1 to our car1 a regular bouncing1 swaying1 ,irish jaunting car1 and are whirled on four or five miles further1 to see the one thing for which we are up here on this wild ,irish shore--the famous ,giant's ,causeway4 ,this great natural curiosity has been so often described1 that it is already familiar4 ,its prismatic columns of stone1 rising a thousand feet from the sea1 make a promontory of pillars1 each fitted so perfectly to its neighbor that we can not at first recognize the structure as a freak of nature4 ,as we look over the whole field1 it is strangely impressive1 and reminds one of the towers1 tombs1 spires1 and strange shapes taken at ,vesuvius by the fields of lava1 and the mind takes kindly to the wild legends1 and does not disturb itself with the various scientific theories concerning the formation4 ,the legends say that the giant was ,fin ,m',coul1 who built the causeway quite across the channel to ,scotland1 in order to meet in fair fight a boasting ,caledonian giant4 ,the giant well whipped1 and the causeway1 no longer needed1 ,fin allowed it to fall into the sea4 ,it is a pity to hasten here1 for the wild picturesqueness of the spot grows with every hour of wandering upon the rocks1 but we must back to ,coleraine1 and thence to ,londonderry1 where1 tired and sleepy1 we hide ourselves away in our cabins on the little steamer1 and are carried in our sleep over the channel to ,scotland1 breakfasting cozily in ,mc,lean's old-fashioned1 quiet hotel in ,glasgow4 ,and now we are in another world4 ,here is no lack of pure water1 for ,loch ,katrine1 thirty miles away1 pours into the city no less than twenty-four millions of gallons a day4 ,here is thrift1 for around us is a city whose trade so increased that its import duties multiplied a thousand times in sixty years4 ,here is the beautiful ,clyde1 literally lined with ships1 old and new1 ships going and coming1 ships in every stage from hulk and beams to paint4 ,here is a city alive with honest work1 with staunch and loyal principles1 with churches and schools of the best4 ,her cathedral ranks next in the kingdom to ,westminster ,abbey4 ,among her philanthropies1 one of the latest is specially worthy of mention4 ,it is an immense depot1 with many branches1 for furnishing food to the working classes4 ,they can have a good substantial breakfast for six cents2 a dinner of soup1 meat1 potatoes and pudding1 for about nine cents4 ,the originator of this work is ,mr4 ,thomas ,corbett1 who should find imitators in every city in the world4 ,is not this a better work than to scrape a cathedral inch by inch from base to tower8 ,with so much that is living and practical to interest1 strange that we hurry away to that which is a matter of poetic sentiment and association with the dead4 ,yet there are1 even in our quartette1 those who cheerfully turn from the living pictures of ,scotch prosperity1 to go and dream for a day on the bridges and in the shadow of the old ,wallace tower of ,ayr4 ,they want to stroll out to the cottage where ,robbie ,burns was born1 to visit the 8auld kirk-yard10 to grow sentimental1 perhaps1 over his snuff-box1 and to touch the ,bible he gave his ,highland ,mary4 ,well1 if they will go1 we might as well go along1 for1 leaving out the poetry and the poet1 what can be lovelier than to be out of doors in this early ,september weather in one of the most picturesque parts of ,scotland6 ,the excursion takes only one day from ,glasgow1 and when we are safely back1 we are only two hours by rail from ,edinburgh4 ,and here1 as we throw wide open the shutters of front rooms in the old ,hotel ,royal1 and look out upon the deep ravine that divides the city1 and across to the castle-crowned hills1 and down upon the monument of ,walter ,scott1 just over the way1 our cool and quiet ones become eagerly enthusiastic1 and the enthusiasts grow wild4 ,we are sure we want to stay here a month2 we want to fly out to the nearest circulating library and get all of ,scott's novels at once2 we want to hurry our dinner1 that we may go and explore this wonderful and picturesque old place4 ,the girl whose outcropping desire to buy things was unanimously nipped in the bud1 ventures to say she 8must have a plaid--a shawl1 a necktie1 something1 anything1 that is plaid10 and receives no unsympathetic reply4 ,for the moment1 struggling ,ireland's forgotten1 and all that is not purely ,american in us1 is altogether and unanimously ,scotch4 ,in this mood we are not slow in finding our way to the streets1 believing that acquaintance with details will enhance our first impression of the imposing picturesqueness of the place4 ,our starting point is the foot of ,sir ,walter's marble monument1 which rises slender and graceful two hundred feet in air4 ,the statues in the niches represent characters in his books1 the 8,lady of the ,lake10 the 8,last ,minstrel10 and 8,meg ,merrilies10 breaking the sapling over ,lucy ,bertram's head4 ,we had thought to pass by ,abbotsford1 having indulged ourselves with ,ayr1 but here we find the question recurring1 8,can not we take the time on the way to ,london to see the home1 especially the study1 of ,scott--to go to ,dryburgh ,abbey and stand beside his grave2 and on the same excursion see the ,abbey of ,melrose80 ,forced to leave the question unanswered1 but secretly resolving to do it1 we go as straight as we can1 asking many questions of the guide by the way1 to the ,castle of ,edinburgh1 which frowns down from the precipice on which it stands with a grim aspect ill-suited to the present time4 ,the esplanade or parade ground of the castle covers about six acres4 ,over the drawbridge1 between the low protecting batteries1 along the ramparts we pass to the strong gate that gives us admission to the inner fort1 which contains the older portions of the castle4 ,in this pile of buildings on the east side are1 what we more specially came to see1 the state apartments of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 and the wall down which her infant son was lowered in a basket4 ,here1 too1 we see the crown-room containing the regalia of ,scotland1 the crown1 scepter1 and sword of state1 and the lord-treasurer's rod of office4 ,from the ramparts we are shown northward the magnificent view of the new town1 while to the east lies the old town1 backed by ,arthur's ,seat4 ,the line of street eastward from the castle to ,holyrood ,house1 contains many of ,edinburgh's most prominent buildings1 both new and old4 ,near the foot of the hill is the new ,assembly ,hall1 the meeting place of the ,general ,assembly of the ,established ,church of ,scotland1 and near it the ,church ,normal ,schools and the extensive buildings of the ,free ,church ,college1 and the ,parliament ,house1 whose carved1 oaken-roofed hall--the ,westminster ,hall of ,edinburgh--was used by the ,parliament before the union with ,england4 ,near at hand is the old ,cathedral of ,st4 ,giles1 whose space after the ,reformation was divided into four churches1 in one of which ,john ,knox was wont to preach4 ,we pass near his house also1 and approach the memorial of ,scotland's ancient splendor1 the ancient palace and abbey of ,holyrood4 ,the ruins of the chapel where ,mary ,stuart was married to ,darnley1 and where ,king ,charles the ,first was crowned1 lie behind the present structure1 which was rebuilt after the destruction of the old palace by ,cromwell4 ,the spot abounds in historical associations4 ,it was a most powerful institution as an abbey1 the abbot holding regular court like other barons3 as a royal refuge it sheltered ,charles the ,tenth of ,france during the ,revolution1 and as a residence has received at times nearly all the crowned heads of ,england1 not excepting ,queen ,victoria1 who sometimes stops here en route to ,balmoral1 and who held a levee here in #ahdb4 ,yet of all its associations1 that with ,mary ,stuart is the one most familiar1 and perhaps most painfully interesting to the stranger4 ,here are the rooms she last occupied1 her bed-chamber remaining as she left it1 here the cabinet where ,rizzio was murdered4 ,these apartments are in the northwest corner1 and the oldest portion of the present quadrangular building4 ,but1 interesting as is all that is connected with a historic or tragic past1 we must not overlook the city of to-day4 ,records of what ,edinburgh has been1 as found in ruins1 in buildings1 in monuments1 in books1 would require a volume1 and records of her present condition1 another4 ,we can only glance at a few of the more marked evidences of her material advancement4 ,formerly she accommodated her growing population by building higher and higher in the air1 but more recently they have filled up the ravine and extended in every direction on the ground4 ,her population increases1 though not with the rapidity of ,glasgow1 for she has no great trade or manufacture to attract the rural districts4 ,the women exceed the men by some twenty thousand4 ,her moral condition has been of the best1 her sanitary condition unfortunately of the worst1 but great improvements have been made in drainage and in destruction of dilapidated dwellings1 ventilation of unhealthy courts1 and especially in cleansing of the streets4 ,in this latter particular ,edinburgh is better cared for then any other large town in the kingdom4 ,while the city has been1 like the rest of the world1 wofully behind in caring for the bodies of the healthful1 her numerous hospitals1 public and private1 testify her kindness to the ill4 ,nothing of prevention and everything in the way of cure seems to be the motto of modern philanthropy4 ,churches for souls1 university1 colleges1 every type of school1 free and charitable1 for the brain2 all stress laid upon what the people believe1 what they learn1 what they do1 and what they wear1 combined with utter disregard of what they breathe or what they eat4 ,there is no disregard of what they drink1 however1 even in this western ,athens1 for ,edinburgh can boast larger breweries than any other place in the world4 ,but then she boasts larger printing houses and more of them than almost any other4 ,printing is indeed her principal craft2 scholarship flourishes2 learning is reckoned at its true value2 philanthropy is active and earnest1 and the city abounds in monuments of all2 there is an air of vigorous heartiness in the people that is tonic in its effect1 like the feel of a country morning with the first crisp frost in the air4 ,from ,edinburgh to ,london we take the ,great ,western ,railway1 one of the best managed in the kingdom4 ,already we have learned that we have no more 8baggage10 and how to 8own our luggage20 that there are no cars in this country1 but carriages1 and 8luggage vans40 ,the man who locks us in our own compartment is not a conductor1 but a 8guard20 we hear nothing of railroads1 but a good deal of 8ways0 and trains4 ,after days of steady running hither and thither1 to see this1 to hear that1 to learn the other1 it is agreeable to lean back and doze and dream while the swift train bears us away from the highlands and the heather4 ,we sleep in ,england at the quaint old ,roman town of ,chester1 and take time enough in the morning to visit the cathedral1 walk through the queer streets where the covered sidewalk for foot passengers is on the roofs1 and the carriage-way is sunken several feet below the level of the road4 ,anxious as we were to reach ,london1 we could not resist stopping at ,warwick for a couple of days1 resting at the ,old ,warwick ,arms1 and crowding every hour with a living interest hardly to be aroused in any other part of ,england4 ,for from this point a drive of eight miles through a charming country takes us to ,stratford-on-,avon1 and to the oft-described home and tomb of ,shakspere4 ,this is almost always a white day in the tourist's memory1 for1 through all the delightful drive1 at the house of ,shakspere1 in the room where he was born1 by the desk at which he sat at school1 in the cottage of ,ann ,hathaway1 and by his tomb in the church1 one feels in a new world4 ,a crowd of visitors may throng the cottage and the house1 and one hears all sorts of chatter1 but they and we and all modern folk seem strange and out of place4 ,and ,i doubt not many minds have found it hard to associate the place with ,shakspere at all4 ,it doesn't suit our idea of the man or his work1 and it is hard to dispossess the mind of the idea that we are lending ourselves to a little farce4 ,we drive slowly back along the ,avon at sunset1 and give a second day to ,warwick ,castle and a drive to the ruins of ,kenilworth4 ,in the former we have the best representation of an old ,english castle that we shall see2 one all the more impressive because it is the first seen2 in the latter the grandest ruin that ,england can show4 ,both have many historical associations1 but we have not yet escaped from the dominion of ,scott1 and have just re-read his 8,kenilworth10 and naturally look for traces of ,queen ,bess1 and of ,robert ,dudley1 ,earl of ,leicester1 whose tomb is in the ,church of ,st4 ,mary in ,warwick4 ,so we sit down under the ivy-crowned battlements1 and listen while one reads aloud the account of the five days of entertainment that ,leicester gave the ,queen1 and imagination peoples the ruined banquet hall with the knights and ladies fair who made the place so gay4 ,yet1 strange to say1 such dreams fade as we drive home to dinner1 and find us quite ready1 after a refreshing sleep in the queerest and quaintest of all ,english inns1 to depart for classic ,oxford1 which lies direct upon our ,london route4 ,time was when no more venerable and imposing architectural effect could be found in all ,europe than that produced by the groups of buildings along the main street of ,oxford1 belonging to the twenty colleges that make the ,university4 ,but1 in these latter days1 so many of the colleges have been remodeled1 or restored1 that the air of venerable antiquity is entirely lost4 ,outside the college buildings1 new hotels1 a town hall1 savings banks1 a corn exchange1 and other mercantile structures materially alter the effect of the place1 which owed its character formerly to the ,university alone4 ,among the colleges themselves1 ,university and ,exeter have new chapels1 ,jesus ,college a new ,gothic front1 ,merton's ,library has been remodeled1 and the old gate-house of ,brasennose restored4 ,the new buildings1 given at a cost of thirty thousand pounds1 by ,miss ,brackenbury1 the daughter of an old scholar1 are very fine1 and the new ,gothic building1 called the ,union ,debating and ,reading ,room1 decorated in part by ,rossetti1 from the legends of ,king ,arthur1 is a great ornament to the group4 ,the new ,keble ,college1 in memory of the author of 8,the ,christian ,year10 is near the ,university ,museum1 which is the principal addition to the group of buildings1 which we can not mention in detail4 ,as the most important of all institutions of learning1 ,oxford ,university must have an interest for every lover of knowledge4 ,its origin is not certainly known4 ,its government is by statutes1 originating with the ,university authorities1 and confirmed by the kings of ,england4 ,its chancellor was formerly an ecclesiastic1 and chosen for three years2 now he is chosen for life1 and from among nobles of distinction who have been members of the ,university4 ,its professors are paid partly by the crown1 partly from the ,university chest1 and partly from estates left for this purpose4 ,both ,oxford and ,cambridge have the privilege of choosing two representatives in ,parliament4 ,there is no end to what may be seen and learned if the traveler can linger a few weeks just here4 ,in that event1 leave the hotel1 which is very luxurious1 but very dear1 and take lodgings in some one of the many comfortable houses1 kept for that purpose1 within easy walking distance of the libraries and museums4 ,there is only one danger1 and that is1 that the longer one stays the longer one wishes to stay1 and if we should linger to see one moiety of what we might enjoy1 our trip to ,london would be indefinitely deferred4 ,so we decide against the lodging1 and take instead--the train4 ,the one blessed thing about ,london1 especially to travelers who have rushed through miles of country and crowded the sight with constantly varying scenes1 is that it can not be seen in a day4 ,we might as well try to eat a life-time's ,thanksgiving banquet at once1 or to grow from youth to age in a night4 ,london is of all places in the world the one to stay in1 and we have come to stay4 ,not at any so-called ,american boarding-house1 not even at the great caravansary in ,portland ,place1 or down by the ,alexandra ,gate1 but in our own hired house4 ,a wee place1 not far from ,st4 ,james in ,piccadilly1 whose master was once upon a time head butler to lord somebody or other1 and whose mistress was the maid to my lady4 ,and butler and maid saved their wages and were wed1 and now there they are living in the basement of this their home1 he to wait at table1 with an air that makes our masculine friends feel1 as if he were saying1 8,yes1 my lord10 and 8,no1 my lord20 and she to keep all tidy and bright in our tiny parlor and dining room1 and the bedrooms above4 ,here we can rest until the home letters are written and the books read1 and we are ready to attack the great city with real zest1 happy in the thought of what it has in store4 ,our life will cost us half what it would at the great hotels1 where we should meet only the ,american life we know so well4 ,english life we can see only in the streets1 in church1 in making purchases1 in books1 and in its out of door public aspects1 unless we are indeed so fortunate as to have brought letters that shall open ,english homes4 ,then1 indeed1 we come to know ,england and the ,english in a way to appreciate its best1 and to estimate justly what seem to us some of its worst characteristics4 ,to its social life1 of any class whatever1 introductions are the only key4 ,to its political movements the ordinary tourist has little access beyond what the newspapers give1 and that he may have at home4 ,to be an eye-witness of momentous events or of the circumstances that shape a nation's destinies is hardly to be hoped4 ,her history lies all about in monuments1 and ruins1 and palaces1 and institutions1 volumes in changeless stone4 ,her general conditions of prosperity1 commercial and other1 may be guessed from what one sees1 and1 reading backward from effect to cause1 the thoughtful observer may determine something of individual and national character4 ,something comes to him by intuition1 something by observation1 and slowly1 by ways he knows and ways he knows not1 he feels that he is coming to a knowledge of ,england1 of ,english people1 and ,english life4 ,london of all places seems the spot to bide4 ,he haunts her galleries and walks her streets1 and dreams in her abbey1 and sits in her churches1 and finds he is claiming her history as his own4 ,if ,americans must live anywhere out of ,america1 ,london1 with its teeming varied interests1 its thousand worlds in one1 is the place for him to live4 ,what sights he will see there1 what things he will do there1 everybody knows4 ,let art1 or literature1 or commerce1 or religion1 or science be his hobby1 he will find companions enough and to spare4 ,there is room for everything in ,london1 notwithstanding it is the most crowded place under the sun2 room even for us who1 while jogging along together1 yet have each cast our nets in separate streams4 ,what we shall gather1 who can tell8 ,to be continued4 ,,footnote3 ,d ,if the careful examination of satisfactory photographs should seem to show that the darkness 7almost blackness7 behind the nucleus is an objective1 and not merely a subjective phenomenon1 the following explanation would seem forced upon us4 ,if the particles forming the envelopes are minute flat bodies1 and if anything in the circumstances under which these particles are driven off into the tail causes them to always so arrange themselves that the planes in which they severally lie pass through the axis of the tail 7which1 if the tail is an electrical phenomenon might very well happen7 then we should find the region behind the nucleus very dark1 or almost black1 for the particles in the direction of the line of sight then would be turned edgewise toward us1 whereas those on either side or in the prolongation of the envelopes would turn their faces toward the observer4 ,,our ,,children4 ,by ,,genevieve ,,irons4 ,a ,hymn for ,teachers4 ,o ,lord our ,god we thank thee ,for little children dear1 ,gleams of thy mercy's rainbow ,which thou dost send us here2 ,o6 teach us how to make them ,what thou wouldst have them be1 ,teach us to train our children ,for heaven and for thee4 ,the souls of little children ,are vessels for thy grace1 ,thy spirit makes their bodies ,his chosen dwelling-place4 ,the minds of little children ,yearn for immortal truth1 ,and thou hast deigned to make us ,the guardians of their youth4 ,oh1 fill our hearts with wisdom1 ,with love and tenderness1 ,and in all ,christ-like patience ,let us our souls possess2 ,so shall the overflowing ,of hearts that own thy grace1 ,reflect to little children ,their heavenly ,father's face4 ,and they shall learn the wisdom ,that cometh from above1 ,our tenderness shall make them ,obedient to thy love2 ,our patience shall encourage ,the hope that never faints1 ,and give them perseverance1 ,the triumph of the saints4 ,the simple love of goodness1 ,the fear to do a sin1 ,the life that through temptation ,keeps innocence within1 ,the strength to win the battle1 ,the knowledge that is might1 ,is all we need to teach them ,that they may learn aright4 ,their souls and minds and bodies ,thus trained and fit for thee1 ,shall rise to endless service1 ,throughout eternity2 ,for they will know the ,father ,through ,jesus ,christ his ,son1 ,by ,god the ,holy ,spirit1 ,eternal ,three in ,one6 ,,morals ,,and ,,sorrows ,,of ,,borrowing ,,and ,,lending4 ,by ,a4 ,,denbar4 ,not the borrowing and lending of money1 be it understood1 but only such trifling things as books1 umbrellas1 and little personal belongings essential to ease4 ,it is questionable whether the loan of these things does not involve more discomfort than the more costly loan of money4 ,if you lend money1 it is to be assumed that you can afford the loss of it1 or that you see a strong probability of receiving it again4 ,but your favorite umbrella6 ,what other can possibly accommodate itself so comfortably to your carrying8 ,is not its familiar hook exactly the shape you like8 ,or perchance you prefer a smoothly rounded knob1 and have made a careful choice1 so that any other handle feels strange and foreign4 ,to some persons these little matters make all the difference between ease and discomfort4 ,yet good-nature will not permit you to see a careless caller start out into the rain umbrellaless1 although the clouds have threatened all the morning1 and the least weather-wise might have foreseen the need of an umbrella4 ,so you say hospitably1 8,oh6 you must have one2 take mine60 and then1 with a prophetic failure of courage1 add entreatingly1 8,you will be sure to return it1 will you not80 ,you close the door1 after watching your umbrella down the street--yours no longer1 alas6 for it never returns4 ,and what about the borrower8 ,well1 firstly1 he carries off your loan in a fine glow of gratitude for your kindness1 and fully intending to send it back speedily4 ,he even goes so far as to hand it1 all dripping with rain1 into the servant's hand with an injunction1 8,take care of this umbrella1 for it is borrowed40 ,to-morrow he will call and leave it with graceful thanks4 ,but to-morrow is fine1 and an umbrella is a nuisance on a bright day2 it really shall be sent soon4 ,and how can he carry two umbrellas on a rainy day8 ,so the tiny germ of honest intention withers under delay1 till in the end the borrower almost forgets that he is not owner4 ,there is pointed satire to many jarred sensibilities in the hyphenless advertisement so frequently seen1 8,umbrellas ,recovered in ,twenty ,minutes60 ,vain are all inquiries4 ,you call at his house2 it has gone out on service or has got 8mislaid40 ,and1 finally1 you abandon the quest and purchase another4 ,one melancholy fact you realize3 any five-pound note is equal to any other five-pound note1 but no other umbrella suits you so well as the old favorite4 ,everybody knows the comfort of finding a pen that suits the busy writer4 ,even the elaborate gold nib may be a failure2 and as to quills1 every mending is one in ten on the chance of being too hard or too soft for a fastidious taste4 ,yet the virtue of generosity often requires self-abnegation to the extent of lending the treasure which lightens labor with ease of tool4 ,you know perfectly well that the pen will be ruined for your use by being lent to the friend who borrows it1 8only for a moment10 while he scribbles a hasty note1 or signs his name to the carrier4 ,but just that moment does the mischief1 and you1 patiently or impatiently1 as the case may be1 resign yourself to a damaged pen1 or waste time in seeking another4 ,and of books6 ,what about lending books8 ,only those who love books can understand the pang of losing them4 ,a man who handles his book with firm yet tender touch1 who delights to take down his pet volumes and smooth out the pages for sheer pleasure of the handling1 is the genuine book-lover1 and by force of his love he will surely be the man who will lend1 and as surely lose4 ,for it is the nature of this special attachment that the book-lover must share his enjoyment with others4 ,dearly as he loves the choice volumes ranged in neat order on his bookshelves1 they are but half-used while they are not shared4 ,the bookish man may be selfish1 but it is the exception only2 the rule is that the true lover of books is 8ready to lend40 ,and so it comes to pass that1 at the close of a long1 eager conversation on ,robert ,browning's poems1 or ,froude's 8,history10 or some quaint old treasure long 8out of print10 the generous impulse prompts an offer of the volume discussed4 ,it may be that the listener suggests that he would like to know more on the subject4 8,you ought to read such passages10 says the happy owner1 and the borrower carries the book home1 and forthwith it is mingled with his own and is merged and lost4 ,such a thing even as the loan of a borrowed book is not unusual1 though it ought to be regarded as a social crime4 ,who that prides himself on his books has not painful vacancies among them8 ,here it is the second volume of an otherwise complete edition of ,tennyson--missing6 ,and there a 8horrible blank0 tells of some unvirtuous borrower who has decapitated a valuable set by carrying off volume number one4 ,these gaps in the bookcase are a standing grievance1 and happy is he who can preserve his books intact4 ,of course a methodical person would keep a list of books lent1 with the borrower's name in line4 ,but1 alas6 what generous soul is methodical--the ready tendency to lend a book is proof that a man is ready for all risks4 ,nor will a well-kept list make our borrowers honest4 ,if a man steal your book1 you may recover it if you prove the theft2 but what is to be done with him who always--yes1 always--is intending to return your precious volume8 ,your inquiries are met with ready promises of restoration2 he will bring it back1 but his wife is reading it1 or he can not just lay his hand upon it1 or some one has borrowed it without leave1 and it will be sure to come back1 and then you shall have it all right4 ,all which things are tests of patience and good humor4 ,mrs4 ,stowe tells of an orderly ,christian man who1 recognizing the ,scriptural injunction to 8do good and lend10 was dismayed by the frequent application for loans of tools from his less thrifty neighbors4 ,gravely reflecting on the subject1 he finally reconciled order and liberality by buying a complete duplicate set of tools1 which he kept for the purpose of lending1 and when any of these were lent he quietly told the next applicant that the ax or hoe was already out4 ,this plan is not possible with books4 ,but1 logically considered1 is it not a singular fact that a man who will hasten to clear himself of monetary debt1 if it be but a shilling1 will deprive1 shall we not say practically rob1 his friend of an umbrella worth perhaps a guinea1 or a book1 which no money can replace1 if it happen to have associations for the owner or be out of print8 ,and this1 too1 in a fashion peculiarly treacherous1 since he knows the object of loan would never be lent except on tacit promise of return4 ,the old adage1 so familiar to our childhood1 8',tis a sin to steal a pin1 ,much more to take a greater thing10 notwithstanding its defective orthodoxy and rhyme1 still requires enforcement on our languid and ill-trained consciences4 ,possibly the causes of this lax morality in minor matters lie deeper than any merely playful suggestion can reach4 ,a wise man once stated plainly what we scarcely like to hint1 in these words3 8,the wicked borroweth and payeth not again40 ,and yet we fear things will go on much as before1 in spite of this paper1 and men and women will continue to miss their umbrellas at the very time they need them1 and sigh in vain over an unreturned book1 through a generous disposition 8to do good and lend40--,london ,sunday ,magazine4 ,,tales ,,from ,,shakspere4 ,by ,,charles ,,lamb4 ,,twelfth ,,night2 ,,or1 ,,what ,,you ,,will4 ,sebastian and his sister ,viola1 a young gentleman and lady of ,messaline1 were twins1 and 7which was accounted a great wonder7 from their birth they so much resembled each other1 that1 but for the difference in their dress1 they could not be known apart4 ,they were both born in one hour1 and in one hour they were both in danger of perishing1 for they were shipwrecked on the coast of ,illyria1 as they were making a sea voyage together4 ,the ship1 on board of which they were1 split on a rock in a violent storm1 and a very small number of the ship's company escaped with their lives4 ,the captain of the vessel1 with a few of the sailors that were saved1 got to land in a small boat1 and with them they brought ,viola safe on shore1 where she1 poor lady1 instead of rejoicing at her own deliverance1 began to lament her brother's loss2 but the captain comforted her with the assurance1 that he had seen her brother when the ship split1 fasten himself to a strong mast1 on which1 as long as he could see anything of him for the distance1 he perceived him borne up above the waves4 ,viola was much consoled by the hope this account gave her1 and now considered how she was to dispose of herself in a strange country1 so far from home2 and she asked the captain if he knew anything of ,illyria4 8,ay1 very well1 madam10 replied the captain1 8for ,i was born not three hours' travel from this place40 8,who governs here80 said ,viola4 ,the captain told her1 ,illyria was governed by ,orsino1 a duke noble in nature as well as dignity4 ,viola said1 she had heard her father speak of ,orsino1 and that he was unmarried then4 8,and he is so now10 said the captain2 8or was so very lately1 for but a month ago ,i went from here1 and then it was the general talk 7as you know what great ones do the people will prattle of7 that ,orsino sought the love of fair ,olivia1 a virtuous maid1 the daughter of a count who died twelve months ago1 leaving ,olivia to the protection of her brother1 who shortly after died also2 and for the love of this dear brother1 they say1 she has abjured the sight and company of men40 ,viola1 who was herself in such a sad affliction for her brother's loss1 wished she could live with this lady1 who so tenderly mourned a brother's death4 ,she asked the captain if he could introduce her to ,olivia1 saying she would willingly serve this lady4 ,but he replied1 this would be a hard thing to accomplish1 because the lady ,olivia would admit no person into her house since her brother's death1 not even the duke himself4 ,then ,viola formed another project in her mind1 which was1 in a man's habit to serve the ,duke ,orsino as a page4 ,it was a strange fancy in a young lady to put on male attire1 and pass for a boy2 but the forlorn and unprotected state of ,viola1 who was young and of uncommon beauty1 alone1 and in a foreign land1 must plead her excuse4 ,she having observed a fair behavior in the captain1 and that he showed a friendly concern for her welfare1 intrusted him with her design1 and he readily engaged to assist her4 ,viola gave him money1 and directed him to furnish her with suitable apparel1 ordering her clothes to be made of the same color and in the same fashion her brother ,sebastian used to wear1 and when she was dressed in her manly garb1 she looked so exactly like her brother1 that some strange errors happened by means of their being mistaken for each other2 for1 as will afterwards appear1 ,sebastian was also saved4 ,viola's good friend1 the captain1 when he had transformed this pretty lady into a gentleman1 having some interest at court1 got her presented to ,orsino1 under the feigned name of ,cesario4 ,the duke was wonderfully pleased with the address and graceful deportment of this handsome youth1 and made ,cesario one of his pages1 that being the office ,viola wished to obtain3 and she so well fulfilled the duties of her new station1 and showed such a ready observance and faithful attachment to her lord1 that she soon became his most favored attendant4 ,to ,cesario ,orsino confided the whole history of his love for the lady ,olivia4 ,to ,cesario he told the long and unsuccessful suit he had made to one1 who1 rejecting his long services1 and despising his person1 refused to admit him to her presence2 and for the love of this lady who had so unkindly treated him1 the noble ,orsino1 forsaking the sports of the field1 and all manly exercises in which he used to delight1 passed his hours in ignoble sloth1 listening to the effeminate sounds of soft music1 gentle airs1 and passionate love songs2 and neglecting the company of the wise and learned lords with whom he used to associate1 he was now all day long conversing with young ,cesario4 ,unmeet companion no doubt his grave courtiers thought ,cesario was1 for their once noble master1 the great ,duke ,orsino4 ,it is a dangerous matter for young maidens to be the confidants of handsome young dukes2 which ,viola too soon found to her sorrow1 for all that ,orsino told her he endured for ,olivia1 she presently perceived she suffered for the love of him3 and much it moved her wonder1 that ,olivia could be so regardless of this her peerless lord and master1 whom she thought no one should behold without the deepest admiration1 and she ventured gently to hint to ,orsino that it was pity he should affect a lady who was so blind to his worthy qualities2 and she said1 8,if a lady was to love you1 my lord1 as you love ,olivia 7and perhaps there may be one who does71 if you could not love her in return1 would you not tell her that you could not love1 and must not she be content with that answer80 ,but ,orsino would not admit of this reasoning1 for he denied that it was possible for any woman to love as he did4 ,he said that no woman's heart was big enough to hold so much love1 and therefore it was unfair to compare any lady's love for him to his love for ,olivia4 ,now1 though ,viola had the utmost deference for the duke's opinions1 she could not help thinking this was not quite true1 for she thought her heart had full as much love in it as ,orsino's had2 and she said1 8,ah1 but ,i know1 my lord10----8,what do you know1 ,cesario80 said ,orsino4 8,too well ,i know10 replied ,viola1 8what love women may owe to men4 ,they are as true of heart as we are4 ,my father had a daughter that loved a man1 as ,i perhaps1 were ,i a woman1 should love your lordship40 8,and what is her history80 said ,orsino4 8,a blank1 my lord10 replied ,viola2 8she never told her love1 but let concealment1 like a worm in the bud1 feed on her damask cheek4 ,she pined in thought1 and with a green and yellow melancholy1 she sat like patience on a monument1 smiling at grief40 ,the duke inquired if this lady died of her love1 but to this question ,viola returned an evasive answer2 as probably she had feigned the story1 to speak words expressive of the secret love and silent grief she suffered for ,orsino4 ,while they were talking1 a gentleman entered whom the duke had sent to ,olivia1 and he said1 8,so please you1 my lord1 ,i might not be admitted to the lady1 but by her handmaid she returned you this answer3 until seven years hence1 the element itself shall not behold her face2 but like a cloistress she will walk veiled1 watering her chamber with her tears for the sad remembrance of her dead brother40 ,on hearing this1 the duke exclaimed1 8,o she that has a heart of this fine frame1 to pay this debt of love to a dead brother1 how will she love1 when the rich golden shaft has touched her heart60 ,and then he said to ,viola1 8,you know1 ,cesario1 ,i have told you all the secrets of my heart2 therefore1 good youth1 go to ,olivia's house4 ,be not denied access2 stand at her doors1 and tell her1 there your fixed foot shall grow till you have audience40 8,and if ,i do speak to her1 my lord1 what then80 said ,viola4 8,o then10 replied ,orsino1 8unfold to her the passion of my love4 ,make a long discourse to her of my dear faith4 ,it may well become you to act my woes1 for she will attend more to you than one of graver aspect40 ,away then went ,viola2 but not willingly did she undertake this courtship1 for she was to woo a lady to become a wife to him she wished to marry2 but having undertaken the affair1 she performed it with fidelity2 and ,olivia soon heard that a youth was at her door who insisted upon being admitted to her presence4 8,i told him10 said the servant1 8that you were sick3 he said he knew you were1 and therefore he came to speak with you4 ,i told him that you were asleep3 he seemed to have a foreknowledge of that too1 and said1 that therefore he must speak with you4 ,what is to be said to him1 lady8 for he seems fortified against all denial1 and will speak with you1 whether you will or no40 ,olivia1 curious to see who this peremptory messenger might be1 desired he might be admitted2 and throwing her veil over her face1 she said she would once more hear ,orsino's embassy1 not doubting but that he came from the duke1 by his importunity4 ,viola entering1 put on the most manly air she could assume1 and affecting the fine courtier's language of great men's pages1 she said to the veiled lady1 8,most radiant1 exquisite and matchless beauty1 ,i pray you tell me if you are the lady of the house2 for ,i should be sorry to cast away my speech upon another1 for besides that it is excellently well penned1 ,i have taken great pains to learn it40 8,whence come you1 sir80 said ,olivia4 8,i can say little more than ,i have studied10 replied ,viola2 8and that question is out of my part40 8,are you a comedian80 said ,olivia4 8,no10 replied ,viola2 8and yet ,i am not that which ,i play20 meaning that she being a woman1 feigned herself to be a man4 ,and again she asked ,olivia if she were the lady of the house4 ,olivia said she was2 and then ,viola1 having more curiosity to see her rival's features than haste to deliver her master's message1 said1 8,good madam1 let me see your face40 ,with this bold request ,olivia was not averse to comply2 for this haughty beauty1 whom the ,duke ,orsino had loved so long in vain1 at first sight conceived a passion for the supposed page1 the humble ,cesario4 ,when ,viola asked to see her face1 ,olivia said1 8,have you any commission from your lord and master to negotiate with my face80 ,and then1 forgetting her determination to go veiled for seven long years1 she drew aside her veil1 saying1 8,but ,i will draw the curtain and show the picture4 ,is it not well done80 ,viola replied1 8,it is beauty truly mixed2 the red and white upon your cheeks are by ,nature's own cunning hand laid on4 ,you are the most cruel lady living1 if you will lead these graces to the grave1 and leave the world no copy40 8,o sir10 replied ,olivia1 8,i will not be so cruel4 ,the world may have an inventory of my beauty4 ,as1 item1 two lips1 indifferent red2 item1 two grey eyes1 with lids to them2 one neck2 one chin1 and so forth4 ,were you sent here to praise me80 ,viola replied1 8,i see you what you are3 you are too proud1 but you are fair4 ,my lord and master loves you4 ,o such a love could but be recompensed1 though you were crowned the queen of beauty3 for ,orsino loves you with adoration and with tears1 with groans that thunder love1 and sighs of fire40 8,your lord10 said ,olivia1 8knows well my mind4 ,i can not love him2 yet ,i doubt not he is virtuous2 ,i know him to be noble and of high estate1 of fresh and spotless youth4 ,all voices proclaim him learned1 courteous1 and valiant2 yet ,i can not love him1 he might have taken his answer long ago40 8,if ,i did love you as my master does10 said ,viola1 8,i would make me a willow cabin at your gates1 and call upon your name4 ,i would write complaining sonnets on ,olivia1 and sing them in the dead of the night2 your name should sound among the hills1 and ,i would make ,echo1 the babbling gossip of the air1 cry out ,olivia4 ,o you should not rest between the elements of earth and air1 but you should pity me40 8,you might do much10 said ,olivia2 8what is your parentage80 ,viola replied1 8,above my fortunes1 yet my state is well4 ,i am a gentleman40 ,olivia now reluctantly dismissed ,viola1 saying1 8,go to your master1 and tell him1 ,i can not love him4 ,let him send no more1 unless perchance you come again to tell me how he takes it40 ,and ,viola departed1 bidding the lady farewell by the name of ,fair ,cruelty4 ,when she was gone1 ,olivia repeated the words1 ,above my fortune1 yet my state is well1 ,i am a gentleman4 ,and she said aloud1 8,i will be sworn he is2 his tongue1 his face1 his limbs1 action1 and spirit1 plainly show he is a gentleman40 ,and then she wished ,cesario was the duke2 and perceiving the fast hold he had taken on her affections1 she blamed herself for her sudden love2 but the gentle blame which people lay upon their own faults has no deep root2 and presently the noble lady ,olivia so far forgot the inequality between her fortunes and those of this seeming page1 as well as the maidenly reserve which is the chief ornament of a lady's character1 that she resolved to court the love of young ,cesario1 and sent a servant after him with a diamond ring1 under the pretence that he had left it with her as a present from ,orsino4 ,she hoped by thus artfully making ,cesario a present of the ring1 she should give him some intimation of her design2 and truly it did make ,viola suspect2 for knowing that ,orsino had sent no ring by her1 she began to recollect that ,olivia's looks and manner were expressive of admiration1 and she presently guessed her master's mistress had fallen in love with her4 8,alas10 said she1 8the poor lady might as well love a dream4 ,disguise ,i see is wicked1 for it has caused ,olivia to breathe as fruitless sighs for me1 as ,i do for ,orsino40 ,viola returned to ,orsino's palace1 and related to her lord the ill success of her negotiation1 repeating the command of ,olivia1 that the duke should trouble her no more4 ,yet still the duke persisted in hoping that the gentle ,cesario would in time be able to persuade her to show some pity1 and therefore he bade him to go to her again the next day4 ,in the mean time1 to pass away the tedious interval1 he commanded a song which he loved to be sung2 and he said1 8,my good ,cesario1 when ,i heard that song last night1 methought it did relieve my passion much4 ,mark it1 ,cesario1 it is old and plain4 ,the spinsters and the knitters when they sit in the sun1 and the young maids that weave their thread with bone1 chant this song4 ,it is silly1 yet ,i love it1 for it tells of the innocence of love in the old times40 ,,song4 ,come away1 come away1 death1 ,and in sad cypress let me be laid2 ,fly away1 fly away breath1 ,i am slain by a fair cruel maid4 ,my shroud of white stuck all with yew1 ,o prepare it2 ,my part of death no one so true ,did share it4 ,not a flower1 not a flower sweet ,on my black coffin let there be strown2 ,not a friend1 not a friend greet ,my poor corpse1 where my bones shall be thrown3 ,a thousand thousand sighs to save1 ,lay me oh where ,sad true lover never find my grave ,to weep there4 ,viola did not fail to mark the words of the old song1 which in such true simplicity described the pangs of unrequited love1 and she bore testimony in her countenance of feeling what the song expressed4 ,her sad looks were observed by ,orsino1 who said to her1 8,my life upon it1 ,cesario1 though you are so young1 your eye has looked upon some face that it loves2 has it not1 boy80 8,a little1 with your leave10 replied ,viola4 8,and what kind of woman1 and of what age is she80 said ,orsino4 8,of your age1 and of your complexion1 my lord10 said ,viola3 which made the duke smile to hear this fair young boy loved a woman so much older than himself1 and of a man's dark complexion2 but ,viola secretly meant ,orsino1 and not a woman like him4 ,when ,viola made her second visit to ,olivia1 she found no difficulty in gaining access to her4 ,servants soon discover when their ladies delight to converse with handsome young messengers2 and the instant ,viola arrived1 the gates were thrown wide open1 and the duke's page was shown into ,olivia's apartment with great respect2 and when ,viola told ,olivia that she was come once more to plead in her lord's behalf1 this lady said1 8,i desired you never to speak of him again2 but if you would undertake another suit1 ,i had rather hear you solicit than music from the spheres40 ,this was pretty plain speaking1 but ,olivia soon explained herself still more plainly1 and openly confessed her love3 and when she saw displeasure with perplexity expressed in ,viola's face1 she said1 8,o what a deal of scorn looks beautiful in the contempt and anger of his lip6 ,cesario1 by the roses of the spring1 by maidhood1 honor1 and by truth1 ,i love you so1 that1 in spite of your pride1 ,i have neither wit nor reason to conceal my passion40 ,but in vain the lady wooed2 ,viola hastened from her presence1 threatening never more to come to plead ,orsino's love3 and all the reply she made to ,olivia's fond solicitations was a declaration of a resolution1 ,never to love any woman4 ,no sooner had ,viola left the lady than a claim was made upon her valor4 ,a gentleman1 a rejected suitor of ,olivia1 who had learned how that lady had favored the duke's messenger1 challenged him to fight a duel4 ,what should poor ,viola do1 who1 though she carried a man-like outside1 had a true woman's heart1 and feared to look on her own sword8 ,when she saw her formidable rival advancing toward her with his sword drawn1 she began to think of confessing that she was a woman2 but she was relieved at once from her terror1 and the shame of such a discovery1 by a stranger that was passing by1 who made up to them1 and as if he had been long known to her1 and were her dearest friend1 said to her opponent1 8,if this young gentleman has done offense1 ,i will take the fault on me1 and if you offend him1 ,i will for his sake defy you40 ,before ,viola had time to thank him for his protection1 or to inquire the reason of his kind interference1 her new friend met with an enemy where his bravery was of no use to him2 for the officers of justice coming up at that instant1 apprehended the stranger in the duke's name to answer for an offence he had committed some years before2 and he said to ,viola1 8,this comes with seeking you20 and then he asked her for a purse1 saying1 8,now my necessity makes me ask for my purse1 and it grieves me much more for what ,i can not do for you1 than for what befalls myself4 ,you stand amazed1 but be of comfort40 ,his words did indeed amaze ,viola1 and she protested she knew him not1 nor had ever received a purse from him2 but for the kindness he had just shown her1 she offered him a small sum of money1 being nearly all she possessed4 ,and now the stranger spoke severe things1 charging her with ingratitude and unkindness4 ,he said1 8,this youth1 whom you see here1 ,i snatched from the jaws of death1 and for his sake alone ,i came to ,illyria1 and have fallen into this danger40 ,but the officers cared little for hearkening to the complaints of their prisoner1 and they hurried him off1 saying1 8,what is that to us80 ,and as he was carried away1 he called ,viola by the name of ,sebastian1 reproaching the supposed ,sebastian for disowning his friend1 as long as he was within hearing4 ,when ,viola heard herself called ,sebastian1 though the stranger was taken away too hastily for her to ask an explanation1 she conjectured that this seeming mystery might arise from her being mistaken for her brother2 and she began to cherish hopes that it was her brother whose life this man said he had preserved4 ,and so indeed it was4 ,the stranger1 whose name was ,antonio1 was a sea-captain4 ,he had taken ,sebastian up into his ship1 when1 almost exhausted with fatigue1 he was floating on the mast to which he had fastened himself in the storm4 ,antonio conceived such a friendship for ,sebastian1 that he resolved to accompany him whithersoever he went2 and when the youth expressed a curiosity to visit ,orsino's court1 ,antonio1 rather than part from him1 came to ,illyria1 though he knew if his person should be known there1 his life would be in danger1 because in a sea-fight he had once dangerously wounded the ,duke ,orsino's nephew4 ,this was the offence for which he was now made a prisoner4 ,antonio and ,sebastian had landed together but a few hours before ,antonio met ,viola4 ,he had given his purse to ,sebastian1 desiring him to use it freely if he saw anything he wished to purchase1 telling him he would wait at the inn1 while ,sebastian went to view the town3 but ,sebastian not returning at the time appointed1 ,antonio had ventured out to look for him2 and ,viola being dressed the same1 and in face so exactly resembling her brother1 ,antonio drew his sword 7as he thought7 in defence of the youth he had saved2 and when ,sebastian 7as he supposed7 disowned him1 and denied him his own purse1 no wonder he accused him of ingratitude4 ,viola1 when ,antonio was gone1 fearing a second invitation to fight1 slunk home as fast as she could4 ,she had not been long gone when her adversary thought he saw her return2 but it was her brother ,sebastian who happened to arrive at this place1 and he said1 8,now1 sir1 ,i have met with you again8 ,there's for you20 and struck him a blow4 ,sebastian was no coward2 he returned the blow with interest1 and drew his sword4 ,a lady now put a stop to this duel1 for ,olivia came out of the house1 and she too mistaking ,sebastian for ,cesario1 invited him to come into her house1 expressing much sorrow at the rude attack he had met with4 ,though ,sebastian was as much surprised at the courtesy of this lady as at the rudeness of his unknown foe1 yet he went very willingly into the house1 and ,olivia was delighted to find ,cesario 7as she thought him7 become more sensible of her attentions2 for though their features were exactly the same1 there was none of the contempt and anger to be seen in his face1 which she had complained of when she told her love to ,cesario4 ,sebastian did not at all object to the fondness the lady lavished on him4 ,he seemed to take it in very good part1 yet he wondered how it had come to pass1 and he was rather inclined to think ,olivia was not in her right senses2 but perceiving she was mistress of a fine house1 and that she ordered her affairs and seemed to govern her family discreetly1 and that in all but her sudden love for him she appeared in the full possession of her reason1 he well approved of the courtship2 and ,olivia finding ,cesario in this good humor1 and fearing he might change his mind1 proposed that1 as she had a priest in the house1 they should be instantly married4 ,sebastian assented to this proposal2 and when the marriage ceremony was over1 he left his lady for a short time1 intending to go and tell his friend ,antonio the good fortune that he had met with4 ,in the meantime ,orsino came to visit ,olivia2 and at the moment he arrived before ,olivia's house1 the officers of justice brought their prisoner1 ,antonio1 before the duke4 ,viola was with ,orsino1 her master1 and when ,antonio saw ,viola1 whom he still imagined to be ,sebastian1 he told the duke in what manner he had rescued the youth from the perils of the sea2 and after fully relating all the kindness he had really shown to ,sebastian1 he ended his complaint with saying1 that for three months1 both day and night1 this ungrateful youth had been with him4 ,but now the lady ,olivia coming forth from her house1 the duke could no longer attend to ,antonio's story2 and he said1 8,here comes the countess3 now heaven walks on earth6 but for thee1 fellow1 thy words are madness4 ,three months has this youth attended on me20 and then he ordered ,antonio to be taken aside4 ,but ,orsino's heavenly countess soon gave the duke cause to accuse ,cesario as much of ingratitude as ,antonio had done1 for all the words he could hear ,olivia speak were words of kindness to ,cesario2 and when he found his page had obtained this high place in ,olivia's favor1 he threatened him with all the terrors of his just revenge3 and as he was going to depart1 he called ,viola to follow him1 saying1 8,come boy1 with me4 ,my thoughts are ripe for mischief40 ,though it seemed in his jealous rage he was going to doom ,viola to instant death1 yet her love made her no longer a coward1 and she said she would most joyfully suffer death to give her master ease4 ,but ,olivia would not so lose her husband1 and she cried1 8,where goes my ,cesario80 ,viola replied1 8,after him ,i love more than my life40 ,olivia1 however1 prevented their departure by loudly proclaiming that ,cesario was her husband1 and sent for the priest1 who declared that not two hours had passed since he had married the lady ,olivia to this young man4 ,in vain ,viola protested she was not married to ,olivia2 the evidence of that lady and the priest made ,orsino believe that his page had robbed him of the treasure he prized above his life4 ,but thinking that it was past recall1 he was bidding farewell to his faithless mistress1 and the young dissembler1 her husband1 as he called ,viola1 warning her never to come in his sight again1 when 7as it seemed to them7 a miracle appeared6 for another ,cesario entered1 and addressed ,olivia as his wife4 ,this new ,cesario was ,sebastian1 the real husband of ,olivia3 and when their wonder had a little ceased at seeing two persons with the same face1 the same voice1 and the same habit1 the brother and sister began to question each other1 for ,viola could scarce be persuaded that her brother was living1 and ,sebastian knew not how to account for the sister he supposed drowned1 being found in the habit of a young man4 ,but ,viola presently acknowledged that she was indeed ,viola1 and his sister under that disguise4 ,when all the errors were cleared up which the extreme likeness between this twin brother and sister had occasioned1 they laughed at the lady ,olivia for the pleasant mistake she had made in falling in love with a woman2 and ,olivia showed no dislike whatever to her exchange1 when she found she had wedded the brother instead of the sister4 ,the hopes of ,orsino were forever at an end by this marriage of ,olivia1 and with his hopes1 all his fruitless love seemed to vanish away1 and all his thoughts were fixed on the event of his favorite1 young ,cesario1 being changed into a fair lady4 ,he viewed ,viola with great attention1 and he remembered how very handsome he had always thought ,cesario was1 and he concluded she would look very beautiful in a woman's attire2 and then he remembered how often she had said she loved him1 which at the time seemed only the dutiful expressions of a faithful page1 but now he guessed that something more was meant1 for many of her pretty sayings which were like riddles to him1 came now into his mind1 and he no sooner remembered all these things than he resolved to make ,viola his wife2 and he said to her 7he still could not help calling her ,cesario and boy71 8,boy1 you have said to me a thousand times that you should never love a woman like to me1 and for the faithful service you have done for me so much beneath your soft and tender breeding1 and since you have called me master so long1 you shall now be your master's mistress1 and ,orsino's true duchess40 ,olivia1 perceiving ,orsino was making over that heart1 which she had so ungraciously rejected1 to ,viola1 invited them to enter her house1 and offered the assistance of the good priest1 who had married her to ,sebastian in the morning1 to perform the same ceremony in the remaining part of the day for ,orsino and ,viola4 ,thus the twin brother and sister were both wedded on the same day3 the storm and shipwreck1 which had separated them1 being the means of bringing to pass their high and mighty fortunes4 ,viola was the wife of ,orsino the ,duke of ,illyria1 and ,sebastian the husband of the rich and noble countess1 the ,lady ,olivia4 ,,quaint ,,old ,,garden ,,of ,,our ,,childhood4 ,,clara ,,thwaites4 ,quaint old garden of our childhood1 ,where we played from chime to chime1 ,haunted by the mournful music ,of the belfry's broken rhyme6 ,hither came the swell of anthems1 ,floating through our leafy glades1 ,here the 8,amen0 from the cloisters ,died among our mulberry shades4 ,hither came the joy of bridals1 ,clash and laughter of the bells2 ,hither came the muffled sorrow1 ,and the sob1 of last farewells4 ,sombre chestnuts held their torches ,white1 in deep funereal gloom1 ,o'er the sunken1 mould'ring headstones1 ,o'er the latest daisied tomb4 ,solemn curfew of our childhood1 ,closing each day with a sigh1 ,ringing through our peaceful slumbers ,like a tender lullaby6 ,daisied meadows of our childhood1 ,once a battle-field of pain6 ,ah1 we never dreamed of dolor ,as we weaved our daisy-chain6 ,shining river of our childhood1 ,as ,i watched thee ripple by1 ,still ,i deemed thy joy and glitter ,sweetest of life's prophecy4 ,see1 it widens to the ocean6 ,see1 the river overflows6 ,shining river of my childhood1 ,life is fullest at its close6 99 99 99 99 99 8,to find fault1 some one may say1 is easy1 and in every man's power2 but to point out the proper course to be pursued in the present circumstances1 that is the proof of a wise counselor40--,demosthenes4 ,,the ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 ,,born ,,at ,,chautauqua4 ,the origin of the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union was prepared1 and read by ,mrs4 ,w4 ,a4 ,ingham1 of ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 before the national convention of the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union1 held last month at ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,the handful of corn upon the tops of the mountains grew apace after its wonderful planting in ,ohio during the winter and spring of #ahgc-d4 ,the fruit thereof shook like ,lebanon throughout the ,middle and ,western ,states1 and in ,august of that year1 many of the seed-sowers had gathered upon the shore of ,lake ,chautauqua for a fortnight in the woods4 ,in the primitive fashion we dwelt in tents1 or sat in the open air about the watchfires kindled at the first ,national ,sunday ,school ,assembly4 ,women who had drawn near to ,god in saloon prayer meetings felt their hearts aflame again as they recounted the wonders of the great uprising4 ,it was at ,chautauqua1 the birth-place of grand ideas1 that our ,union originated4 ,it is time the story of its beginnings was written1 and there is no more fitting place for its rehearsal than in this goodly presence--the city of ,louisville1 where ,south and ,north meet beneath the palm to rejoice over its achievements and consecrate anew its altars4 ,one bright day a very few ladies were in conversation upon the subject that filled their hearts1 inspiring the thought that the temperance cause needed the united effort of all the women of the country4 ,the suggestion came from ,mrs4 ,mattie ,mc,clellan ,brown1 of ,alliance1 ,ohio4 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,w4 ,manly1 leader of the praying band of ,akron1 accepted the idea1 and it was said3 8,why not take steps here toward its formation80 ,upon further consultation it was decided to call a meeting1 notice of which was read from the platform of the ,auditorium by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,vincent4 ,mrs4 ,jennie ,f4 ,willing1 of ,illinois1 a guest of the ,assembly1 maintained that so important a movement should be controlled by women engaged in active ,christian work4 ,in order to arrange the preliminaries of the announced meeting1 ,mrs4 ,willing invited ,mrs4 ,brown1 ,mrs4 ,manly1 ,miss ,emma ,janes1 of ,oakland1 ,california1 and ,mrs4 ,ingham1 of ,cleveland1 to meet her in a new board shanty on ,asbury ,avenue4 ,the ,woman's ,national ,christian ,temperance ,union was born1 not in a manger1 but on a floor of straw in an apartment into which daylight shone through holes and crevices4 ,in a half hour's space every detail was prepared1 including a proposed formation of a ,committee of ,organization1 to take place that very afternoon succeeding the regular three o'clock session of the ,assembly4 ,at the temperance prayer-meeting at #d o'clock1 p4 m41 under the canvas ,tabernacle1 were1 perhaps1 fifty earnest ,christian women2 of them were several from ,ohio1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,h4 ,otis1 of ,buffalo1 ,mrs4 ,niles1 of ,hornellsville1 and ,mrs4 ,w4 ,e4 ,knox1 of ,elmira1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mrs4 ,willing was leader of the prayer service1 and acted as presiding officer of the business session1 convened afterward4 ,at this conference women were chosen to represent various ,states2 an adjournment being had to the following day4 ,at the hour appointed1 ,august #ae1 #ahgd1 a large audience had gathered1 ,mrs4 ,jennie ,f4 ,willing in the chair1 and ,mrs4 ,emily ,huntington ,miller secretary4 ,as results of the deliberation1 the committee of organization was formed1 and the chairman and secretary of the ,chautauqua meeting were authorized to issue a circular letter1 asking the woman's temperance leagues of the ,north to hold conventions for the purpose of electing one woman from each ,congressional district as delegate to an organizing convention1 to be held in ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 ,november #ah1 #ai and #bj1 #ahgd4 ,the call duly appeared1 to which the following names were appended1 preceded by those of the chairman and secretary3 ,mrs4 ,dr4 ,gause1 ,philadelphia2 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,j4 ,knowles1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j42 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,m4 ,brown1 ,alliance1 ,o42 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,d4 ,barnett1 ,hiawatha1 ,kas42 ,miss ,auretta ,hoyt1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind42 ,mrs4 ,ingham ,stanton1 ,le,roy1 ,n4 ,y42 ,mrs4 ,frances ,crook1 ,baltimore1 ,md42 ,miss ,emma ,janes1 ,oakland1 ,cal4 ,the writer of this paper was nominated from ,ohio1 but withdrew her own name1 substituting that of ,mrs4 ,brown1 who was known to have made the original suggestion4 ,the convention assembled ,november #ah4 ,mrs4 ,willing was chosen president4 ,sixteen ,states were represented by grand women4 ,lovely crusaders of the city secured entertainment for three hundred persons2 one of them1 ,sarah ,knowles ,bolton1 looked after the baggage of delegates and visitors4 ,the ,second ,presbyterian ,church1 ,superior street1 held the gathering4 ,an address of welcome was delivered by ,mrs4 ,l4 ,d4 ,mc,cabe1 of ,delaware1 ,o41 ,president of the ,ohio ,state ,union1 which had been organized at ,springfield1 ,september #bg1 #ahgd4 ,the daily press pronounced the executive ability of the women to be of high order1 all unused as we were to deliberative assemblies4 ,universal comment was excited by the remarkably thorough and able administration of the presiding officer through three difficult days4 ,the following ladies were chosen to serve during the year3 ,president--,mrs4 ,annie ,f4 ,wittenmeyer1 of ,pennsylvania4 ,vice-,presidents--,one from each ,state represented4 ,recording ,secretary--,mrs4 ,mary ,c4 ,johnson1 ,new ,york4 ,corresponding ,secretary--,frances ,e4 ,willard1 of ,illinois4 ,treasurer--,mrs4 ,w4 ,a4 ,ingham1 of ,ohio4 ,as a reward of merit our four faces appeared not long after1 engraved on wood1 in the ,morning1 an enterprising herald of reform4 ,vicissitudes have occurred during the eight years passed1 but all tend1 in our onward march to the fore-front of battle1 to bring nearer that which overcoming faith and labor are sure to win--victory6 ,an agency thereto which should here be recognized is the election1 in #ahgi1 at ,indianapolis1 of ,frances ,e4 ,willard as ,president of the ,woman's ,national ,christian ,temperance ,union4 ,she leads to glorious struggle the hosts of ,miriam and of ,deborah in a new crusade for ,god and home and native land4 ,our present officers are capable and faithful4 ,our borders are extended until now forty-four ,states and ,territories are each represented by a ,vice-,president4 ,we have within this area three thousand auxiliaries4 ,the work is divided into thirty-three departments superintended by practical women4 ,the novices in parliamentary usage of the ,cleveland ,convention are now experienced and intelligent leaders in the grand reform4 ,independent1 organizations1 with large membership1 have multiplied on both sides of the ocean until a score are in active operation as the outgrowth of the great awakening4 ,more than all1 better than all1 the 8,rock of ,ages0 women are proving themselves worthy of the title1 and are praying to-day even more earnestly than when with sublime faith they went out into the streets and saloons of ,ohio1 believing that ere long our ,lord will say to us1 8,o1 woman1 great is thy faith2 be it unto thee even as thou wilt40 ,,god',s ,,ideal ,,of ,a ,,man4,e ,by ,rev4 ,b4 ,m4 ,,adams4 ,before ,i announce the text ,i desire to clear the road for it a little4 ,we are never reasoned out of that we are never reasoned into4 ,a prejudice is an unreasoning thing1 and oftentimes even the ,scripture1 holy as it is and much as we reverence it1 excites prejudice4 ,we say1 8,well1 ,i don't know whether that can be or not40 ,the truth is1 we read our ,bibles small1 when we ought to read them large4 ,i ask you this morning to disabuse your minds of all prejudice against my subject1 and wait until ,i am through4 ,do not wait until ,i am through1 but if ,god sends a word to you1 be hospitable to it1 open to it your heart4 ,if it is true1 accept it2 if it is not true1 reject it4 ,the text that ,i shall read is in ,genesis1 seventeenth chapter and first verse3 8,and when ,abram was ninety years old and nine1 the ,lord appeared to ,abram1 and said unto him1 ,i am the ,almighty ,god1 walk before me1 and be thou perfect40 ,the word perfect is the one that excites prejudice4 ,now1 open the door1 and if there is anything in it that is good and for your peace1 take it4 ,i most devoutly pray that ,god will help me to present this passage so it will do you and me good4 8,and when ,abram was ninety years old and nine1 the ,lord appeared to ,abram1 and said unto him1 ,i am the ,almighty ,god1 walk before me1 and be thou perfect40 ,it is followed by several other passages1 referring to the covenant which ,god would make with him4 ,you know something of the history of ,abram1 how ,god spoke to him in ,ur of the ,chaldees and called him out to go into a land that he knew not of4 ,it appears that he listened to the call1 and started with his family for his destination1 8not knowing whither he went40 ,the ,lord directed him4 ,but he hesitated1 so ,stephen says1 on the borders of the ,land of ,canaan1 in which were located the ,canaanites1 the ,perizites1 the ,hivites1 and the ,jebusites1 who were hostile1 cruel1 rapacious tribes4 ,for some reason1 not unlikely ,abram's love for his father1 he tarried on the border of the land1 and did not go over into it immediately4 ,he hesitated1 as hundreds and thousands of ,god's people have hesitated on the brink of some great cross1 or some great necessity4 ,abram was my brother1 and yours4 ,he hesitated until his father ,terah died1 and then went over into the ,land of ,promise4 ,after going up and down the land for some time1 until two-thirds of his life was gone1 this appearance came to him4 ,i do not know how ,god appeared4 ,if that poor slave-woman says the ,lord spoke to her1 and her hoe-handle shone with his glory1 and she heard a voice1 8,thy sins are forgiven10 ,i can not dispute it4 ,god can speak to every heart1 and he has his way of doing it4 ,god appeared to ,abram1 ,god spoke to him4 ,this is the record1 8,god appeared to ,abram1 and said unto him1 ,i am the ,almighty ,god1 walk before me1 and be thou perfect40 ,this word 8perfect0 charmed ,abram4 ,he opened his heart unto it like a rose to the sun4 ,it is a singular thing that this word perfect excites prejudice in ,christian people concerning its attainment4 ,yet it is the word4 ,it has been impressed upon me for one reason1 perhaps1 because it is in the line of the ,chautauqua idea4 ,there are three thoughts at ,chautauqua1 aspiration1 inspiration1 attainment4 ,in other words1 seeking perfection1 looking after it1 striving for it4 ,the artist sets before his mind perfection1 the mechanic seeks perfection1 the statesman and the social economist seek perfection1 the housekeeper seeks perfection1 the farmer seeks perfection1 all classes and kinds of people are seeking this one thing4 ,why should it be ruled out in religion8 ,can you answer8 ,it is impossible that there should be such a thing as perfection of the artist or mechanic1 for ,god is the only perfect artist and mechanic1 but it is not impossible for men to please ,god2 it is not impossible for them to be so perfect as to please him4 ,look at the limitation of the text4 ,it does not say1 8walk before your fellow-men and be perfect40 ,i will defy you to do that4 ,the ,lord ,jesus ,christ could not walk perfect enough to please men1 and they hung him between two thieves4 ,you may not be able to please your husband1 or your wife1 or your employer1 in all things4 ,no one ,christian ever walked so straight as to give perfect satisfaction all around4 ,they that will walk and live godly in ,christ ,jesus shall suffer persecution4 ,our dear brother said this morning1 8,when you please everybody1 look out1 there is something wrong40 ,the man that is at the bottom does not please the man at the top4 ,he who is at the bottom of the ladder does not know how it looks at the top1 but the man at the top understands the bottom1 because he has been there4 ,you have seen the boys chase a wagon1 and one only is swift enough to get on1 and the others1 filled with envy1 cry1 8cut behind40 ,that is human nature4 ,the unsuccessful throw stones at the successful2 the people who are up are envied by those who are down4 ,mark the limitation of the text1 not walk before your fellow-men1 or even before yourselves to give satisfaction4 ,i thank ,god for this part of the passage1 8,walk before me and be thou perfect40 ,god is not hard to please4 ,god is not so hard to please as men2 it is easier to please ,god than to please men4 ,the most unselfish things you do sometimes are the things that are most misunderstood4 ,but when ,god sees you with a serious intent to please him1 he is pleased with it4 ,let me illustrate this3 ,god calls that perfection which is our best1 doing the best we know how1 and trusting simply in him1 is what ,god in this text calls perfection4 ,i will venture in the presence of a great deal of scholarship present here this morning1 to say that the word perfection means vital conviction4 ,the margin puts it 8sincere10 8sincerity40 ,the true thought is1 being true to your best thought1 and that pleases ,god4 ,there are a great many things1 of course1 that are impossible to us4 ,we can not have absolutely perfect actions1 because there is no such thing as a perfect judgment1 there is no such thing as a perfect intellect1 we do not see clearly4 ,god knows all about that2 he understands it4 ,see in the #ajc;d ,psalm the wonderfully comforting words he says3 8,like as a father pitieth his children1 so the ,lord pitieth them that fear him4 ,for he knoweth our frame1 he remembereth that we are dust40 ,take a teacher3 he has a boy that wants to learn to write4 ,he sets him a copy of straight marks1 and the little fellow is bound to do his best4 ,watch him as he goes through his contortions4 ,the teacher tells him how to hold his pen1 but he never holds it right2 it is covered with ink2 he sets his mouth and takes aim at his copy4 ,he works slowly down the page1 and there is a blot here and a blur there1 and a great many crooked marks upon it1 but the teacher knows he has done his best1 and he says 8well done40 ,the next time he does a little better4 ,finally1 after a week upon straight marks1 7there are none of them really straight or true7 he brings in the book1 and the teacher says it is perfect4 ,it is far from perfect1 but it is the best that little fellow can do4 ,i remember sitting in a house once when the mother said to the boys1 7three of them were there71 8,it is time to bring in the wood40 ,the oldest was about sixteen1 the next about twelve1 and the youngest boy was five4 ,they all went out4 ,the big boy1 perhaps to show off before the new minister1 came in with an enormous load1 piled it up1 and turned around to me with pride in his face4 ,the mother looked on with approval4 ,the second came in with only half as large an armful1 and the mother looked approvingly at him4 ,the last one came in with but two sticks1 and they were so crossed that he had great difficulty in holding them1 and finally they slipped through his arms1 and the little fellow fell down with them4 ,his mother ran to him and kissed him1 and said1 8,you have done better than they all40 ,i thought is not that about the way our ,heavenly ,father does1 when he sees us trying to be right and perfect1 trying to keep step with the picket line of our best right1 when he says1 8,walk before me80 ,faber says1 8,there is no place where earthly sorrows are so felt as up in heaven2 there is no place where earthly failings have such kindly judgment given1 for the love of ,god is broader than the measures of man's mind1 and the heart of the eternal is most wonderfully kind40 ,god is not severe1 he is an easy master1 a blessed keeper4 8,walk before me10 said he to ,abram1 8and be thou perfect2 be true to your best convictions40 ,may ,i ask you to follow me a moment or two1 to see how eminently common sensed these demands ,god makes upon us are1 and how widely they are endorsed by our own internal consciousness8 ,there are two relations that we hold3 one ,godward1 and the other manward4 ,in our relation to ,god what does he ask of us8 ,what does the sum total come to8 ,god asks1 first1 a perfect consecration2 second1 a perfect faith1 and third1 a perfect love4 ,this idea of perfect consecration is in the realm of human possibilities4 ,let me look at it4 ,does anybody doubt that a man may be perfectly consecrated to his business8 ,don't we know men that are lost1 that are really dying1 wrecking body1 soul1 and spirit1 all that they have1 in business2 business in the morning1 noon1 and night1 so driven with business that they are not acquainted with their own children8 ,when ,i was pastor in an inland city1 ,i knew a great big boy of eighteen1 who went to his mother one day1 and whined out1 8,i wish you would ask father to get me a new coat40 8,but why don't you ask him yourself80 said she4 8,i am not acquainted with him40 ,that father had been so driven with business that his son was not acquainted enough with him to ask him to get him a new coat4 ,is not that true8 ,don't we know men1 in merchandise1 in all the walks of life1 that are thoroughly consecrated to business8 ,don't you know some women that are so absolutely consecrated to the idea of keeping their house in order1 that they do not care for their souls8 ,in calling off their minds from this everlasting housekeeping1 this ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 is a blessing to some women4 ,don't you know women1 and some men1 who are entirely consecrated to fashion1 and run after it at the expense of body1 soul1 and spirit8 ,does anybody doubt the possibility of people being consecrated to an idea8 ,take the inventor1 ,goodyear4 ,he lived in the city of ,new ,haven1 where ,i am acquainted4 ,it is said that this idea of hard rubber took such possession of him that it took all he had4 ,one day1 when his money and credit were all gone1 he took his axe and split up the bedstead1 his bureau1 and the chairs for his fire1 and did not succeed after all1 until sometime after that4 ,if a man is capable of this kind of consecration in a merely worldly aspect1 ,i ask1 is it not possible for him to be entirely consecrated to ,god8 ,take the second thought1 a perfect faith4 ,there is not a woman1 if she is the woman she ought to be1 that is married1 who has not had a perfect faith in some man1 or she would not have been married4 ,that woman has had perfect faith in that man1 and that man has had perfect faith in that woman4 ,we show it in the use of money4 ,we do not discover any want of faith1 except now and then we find a counterfeit4 ,we pay a debt with our money with perfect faith4 ,we get on the railroad and check our baggage2 wise people do1 although once in a while people take all their luggage in the cars1 a bandbox1 bundles1 and satchels with them1 and it is a great deal of trouble to them4 ,so people try to get to heaven4 ,why not check the baggage8 ,we find it at ,chautauqua1 or ,lakewood1 or ,new ,york4 ,you say1 8,i don't know about faith40 ,but you have faith in some men1 and some men would trust you forever4 ,there are some men ,i would trust to the end of time4 ,so it is with friendship2 you have perfect faith in men4 ,children have perfect faith in their fathers until they are deceived4 ,when ,i used to look up to my father1 ,i believed that he could do anything4 ,when ,i went to him with my griefs1 ,i knew1 ,i trusted they would be right2 ,i believed in him with all my heart4 ,i say if men are capable of perfect faith in each other in the domestic and social relations1 they are capable of perfect faith in ,god4 ,i say these things are written down in common sense and in the constitution of humanity4 ,third1 perfect love4 ,suppose ,i go into yonder house1 and ,i see a lady with a sweet baby in her arms1 a year old it may be1 just coming to the cunning stage4 ,i see that woman kiss that child4 ,i say1 8,mother1 you think a good deal of that baby40 8,yes10 she says1 8,i love her with all my heart40 ,suppose ,i say1 8,i doubt it1 madam1 ,i don't believe you do40 ,she would turn to me with supreme contempt1 and say1 8,there is the orifice left by the carpenter in the side of the room for such as you40 ,i am dismissed4 ,it is a slander upon her4 ,i see her at night1 when that babe is sick4 ,i see her on her knees praying1 with tears running down her cheeks1 8,god1 spare my babe60 ,day after day1 night after night1 she does not sleep4 ,you say it is not a perfect love4 ,i say it is a perfect love1 as perfect a love as she can have for the child4 ,do you say men can not have a perfect love for a profession1 so that they can take all and risk all1 that they have so poor an ideal that they can not face the responsibility8 ,do you say there is no such a thing as perfect patriotism1 perfect love for one's country8 ,i believe there is no greater thing than this on earth1 that a man lay down his life for his friends4 ,a few years ago1 how many men laid down their lives for their country4 ,we know there is such a thing as a perfect love4 ,when that man to-day stands by the side of that woman and gives her himself1 and she gives him herself1 it is a slander to say that he and she do not love each other perfectly4 ,you may say it is imperfect1 to be sure2 it is limited by human weakness 7we are all earthly and of the earth71 but1 as far as human ability goes1 it is perfect4 ,can not we have a perfect love toward ,god8 ,we are capable of it on the human plane2 we are capable of it on the divine plane4 ,i think you have laid aside prejudice against my doctrine1 and ,i speak with frankness1 ,i think that ,god demands a perfect consecration1 a perfect faith1 and a perfect love1 and we are capable of each4 ,let us examine the manward relation4 ,it may be stated thus3 ,i think it embraces three things4 ,first1 perfect truth2 second1 perfect honesty2 third1 perfect consecration4 ,the thing we can not abide is a lie4 ,when a man tells a lie1 he is like a horse that slips his halter once1 you buckle it up two or three holes tighter next time1 so he shall not slip it again4 ,if he tells a barefaced lie once1 you fail to trust him again2 he loses your respect4 ,god desires truth in the inward parts1 ,god asks that we shall be true to him1 that when we know what is right1 we shall try to do according to our best ability4 ,the second thing we require is honesty in dealing and words4 ,let me tell you1 friends1 the thing the world does not forget1 is the sin of not paying your debts4 ,i do not care1 though your profession may be like a great four-story brownstone front house1 and you may have a cupola on the top1 if you do not pay one hundred cents on a dollar1 your profession is not worth the paper on which it is written4 ,you may be a fornicator1 or an adulterer1 if you pay one hundred cents on a dollar1 the world will give you a free pass4 ,one of the crying sins that the world does not forget1 is that some ,christians do not pay their debts4 ,a preacher may preach like an angel1 and if anybody says1 8,he owes me so and so1 and ,i can't get my money10 his sermons do not amount to a great deal4 ,perfect honesty1 this is one of the things that the ,christian ,church needs to look at4 ,i remember a farmer in ,dutchess ,county1 when ,i was pastor there1 who had a fashion of throwing an extra bag of oats on every load of oats sold1 especially when sinners came4 ,a wild young sinner said to him one day1 8,what do you do that for80 8,well10 said he1 8,i may have made a mistake in measuring up those oats1 and as ,i am going to a country that ,i shall never return from1 and ,i shall meet you at the ,judgment ,day1 where ,i am afraid you will be on the left side1 ,i want things to be perfectly square with you and your kind40 ,we demand this of our fellow-men1 and ,god demands it of us toward our fellow-men4 ,look at this man ,abram4 ,the ,lord had given him the land1 but he took pains particularly to buy a burying place1 and have the money carefully weighed4 ,when he had a battle with the confederated kings and brought ,lot and his family back again1 and the king of ,sodom wanted to give him all the spoil1 he stood up in all his manly integrity and refused to take it4 ,walking alone with ,god1 he could do without it4 ,i tell you the man who walks in this ideal1 walking before ,god in his perfect truth and honesty1 need not fear the forces of the world2 he need not fear to be burned at the stake2 he can afford to have his name pitched out of the world as an enthusiast2 he can afford to be despised4 ,the third thing is perfect magnanimity1 which is nothing more or less than true gentlemanliness4 ,i love to read the ,bible because it introduces me to so many gentlemen4 ,as a celebrated infidel writer says about ,christ1 8he was the first gentleman of the age40 ,what is it8 ,it is a gentlemanliness1 a true magnanimity to our fellow-men1 making arrangements for the good of other people rather than ourselves1 living not for ourselves but for those about us1 being polite and careful in all the arrangements of our lives1 loving our neighbors as ourselves4 ,see that man sitting in the cars1 who has paid for but one seat4 ,he occupies one seat with his feet and the other two with his baggage4 ,people come in and say1 8,is this seat taken80 ,he says1 8,yes40 ,i heard a man ask one of these fellows not a long time ago1 8,is this seat taken80 8,yes40 8,whom is it taken by80 8,a person40 8,who is the person8 ,have you paid for more than one seat80 ,i was glad to see the man have to take up his baggage4 ,did you ever see a man carve a beefsteak who cuts off the tough pieces for his wife and children and keeps the tenderloin for himself8 ,a gentleman will see that all the rest are taken care of1 and he generally comes out about as good as the rest2 he may lose sometimes1 but he wins in many things4 ,emerson says a man can not afford to lose his self-respect4 ,i often think what even some ,christian men must think when they look into the looking-glass and contemplate themselves2 if they would have any recollection of themselves and their meanness they would not consult the looking-glass4 ,with these two points--first of all1 godward1 a perfect consecration1 a perfect faith1 a perfect love1 which we must admit1 in our inner consciousness1 is possible to us2 in our manward relation1 perfect truth1 perfect honesty1 perfect magnanimity4 ,i believe this covers the ideal4 ,we can understand the meaning when ,god says to every man1 8,walk before me1 and be thou perfect40 ,but some one says3 8,mr4 ,adams1 you don't make any allowance for the weakness of human nature40 ,i do4 ,weak human nature6 ,it is ,god that recognizes it in us1 and it is ,god that requires these things as belonging to it1 belonging to weak human nature4 8,but you don't know about our surroundings10 you say4 ,i may not2 yet even in your surroundings you admit that this is an ideal that is in the reach of every one4 8,but you don't make any theological distinctions40 ,i often think of what ,dr4 ,hitchcock said before the ,union ,theological ,seminary3 8,young gentlemen1 study theology1 yes1 study theology1 but preach the ,gospel40 ,i study theology1 but ,i try to preach the ,gospel1 theology or no theology4 ,you say3 8,this will not stand the straight-edged1 extreme sanctification view40 ,i don't care about the extreme sanctification view4 ,there are two kinds of spurious sanctification1 one so high that no one can get to it1 and the other so low nobody wants it4 ,this kind of the text is in reach of every one and what every one ought to want4 ,i propose to show how you may all reach it4 7,may the ,lord help me67 ,i think ,i find it in one single expression in this text1 8,walk before me1 and be thou perfect4 ,i am the ,almighty ,god40 ,that is1 8,i am the ,almighty ,god1 to help you walk before me40 ,if you please ,god1 you can take the risk about the rest4 ,do you say1 8,i am weak40 ,god answers it with his omnipotence4 ,do you say1 8,i am poor40 ,god answers it with his riches4 ,do you say1 8,i am without any useful gift1 or ,i have peculiar surroundings40 ,god answers it with that one expression1 8,i am the ,almighty ,god1 walk before me1 and be thou perfect40 ,you remember that interview that ,god had with ,moses when he was about to send him into ,egypt4 ,how often ,god says1 8,i am the ,almighty ,god4 ,i am the ,god of ,abraham1 ,isaac1 and ,jacob40 ,what did he say that to him for8 ,that he might encourage him to believe in him2 trust him1 and encourage him to go out under his might4 ,i believe 8,i am the ,almighty ,god0 answered every excuse of ,moses4 ,if we put this matter in the hands of ,god1 with perfect consecration1 faith1 and love toward ,god1 and perfect truth1 honesty1 and magnanimity to our fellow-men1 it will become easy to us1 it will become the joy of our lives1 and ,god will put us down in his blessed book as among his perfect ones4 ,mark what ,god calls perfect is so different from what men require4 ,we hear some persons say1 8,well1 ,c4 is about perfect40 ,you go out and tell that thing to somebody that knows her1 and does not like her very much4 ,if ,i should believe the things ,i hear said about some men1 they should be put in jail4 ,but you can not find out that way3 look up to ,god6 ,knowing how imperfect we are1 and how poor we are1 in all these relations of our hearts and lives1 ,god has put it down1 8,i am the ,almighty ,god4 ,i am able to make you what you want to be40 ,that is what he said to ,abram4 ,look at him4 ,you recollect at one time in his life1 under great pressure1 he told a lie4 ,and yet ,abram filled the ideal1 but it was in spite of that4 ,noah was perfect1 but he got drunk4 ,job was perfect1 and upright1 and eschewed evil4 ,if anyone will read over carefully the ,book of ,job1 7and ,i recommend you to read it71 he will find a perfect answer for all the skepticism of this present age4 ,job went so far as to curse the day in which he was born1 and the day when it was said a man-child is born1 and yet he was a man that was perfect in his generation1 and that pleased ,god4 ,he came out of that immature condition of ignorance of ,god4 ,mark another thing4 ,you remember in this ,book of ,job1 with all the hard things that ,job said1 you can not find a place where ,god rebuked him4 ,all he said was1 8,stand up1 ,job1 and let me talk to you4 ,you can not understand my providence and government4 ,you must trust me1 ,job40 ,so he does with hundreds and thousands4 ,there was ,david who wrote the prayers and poetry of the ages4 ,what a man he was6 ,yet he succeeded in pleasing ,god1 not by his sins1 but he pleased ,god4 ,the truth is1 the ,bible is a record of bankrupt cases of men who were full of the wreck and ruin of sin1 and yet grew up into this perfect stature of men in ,christ ,jesus our ,lord4 ,what an encouragement it is for everybody to seek to be perfect before ,god4 ,let me hasten to the conclusion4 ,the first reason why we should be perfect before ,god is this1 that ,god has agreed to help us1 8,i am the ,almighty ,god40 ,he will stand by in every serious and sincere attempt to be his4 ,if you seek to keep step with your convictions1 if you seek to be true to your best light1 remember that ,god is with you to help you all he can4 ,i know about the weight of evil2 ,i know that when we strike out for the shore1 there is some dreadful undertow that seems to draw us back4 ,i know the earthly is weak and we seem to be drawn down4 ,but ,i answer the whole of it by this great truth in this text1 8,i am the ,almighty ,god40 ,god helps1 ,god will strengthen us4 ,there is a little thing that occurred in my boyhood1 that has been a great comfort to me many times in the hard work ,i have been called to do4 ,when ,i was about fourteen years old1 and my brother about twelve1 my father took us out fishing on ,long ,island ,sound4 ,we had a poor flat-boat called a scow4 ,we were ambitious1 like all little boys1 and when we turned in to go to the shore1 about four miles1 ,i was entrusted with a pair of long oars1 and my brother with a shorter pair4 ,we saw near us a boat with two boys in it about our own age1 with their father1 an admirably built boat1 clean in her lines as a yacht4 ,they were looking at our boat1 and the man said to my father1 in a sneering tone1 8,you have got a pretty strong crew in there1 but ,i guess we will beat you to town40 ,my father said nothing1 but he straightened up and looked at his boys4 ,how we pulled6 ,they beat us a good deal of the way2 it was their boat2 ,i knew the boys were not any better than we1 for ,i had thrashed the biggest one several times4 ,we pulled away1 and they were yet three or four rods ahead1 when my father reached out his great hands and put them on mine1 ,i seem to feel them to-day1 and as ,i pulled he pushed4 ,we beat4 ,many a time ,i have thought of it when ,i have been trying my best1 my father pushes while ,i pull4 8,i am the ,almighty ,god40 ,that is enough for me4 ,all it means is within my reach2 all the possibility it promises is within my grasp2 all hope1 all blessedness1 all might1 all victory through my ,father in ,heaven4 8,i am the ,almighty ,god4 ,walk before me1 and be thou perfect40 ,the second thought is1 the glorious independence of such a life as this4 ,the man who walks before ,god1 who is his with devout trust1 has this as the center and circumference of his idea3 8,i will1 ,i must1 ,i shall please ,god1 and he will help me to follow him40 ,he understands all4 ,a man walks through this world with his conversation in heaven4 ,no room for selfishness1 what shall become of me8 ,suppose that we could interview those five smooth stones that ,david took out of the scrip against ,goliath1 that we could endow them with intelligence2 every one was willing to be slung against ,goliath4 ,i don't suppose they would have whined and said1 8,i wonder why he picked out such a crooked stone as that4 ,there is something wrong about that40 ,but with this idea of walking before ,god those four stones that lay in the scrip were as happy as they lay there as the one that went whizzing against the giant4 ,whether we run1 or wait1 or stand1 or go into the fight it is all one4 ,milton says 8they also serve who only stand and wait40 ,the perfect independence of this life is worth all it costs4 ,suppose in order to do it we must have the selfish feeling in us1 like a cancer1 cut out4 ,as ,mrs4 ,browning says1 8,he who tears his heart in twain1 and casts away the baser part1 is richer for his loss40 ,painful as it may be1 before this wonderful and attractive idea1 it is cheap4 ,you remember that the ,river ,nile runs one thousand two hundred miles through a desert land without a single affluent4 ,how do you account for it8 ,how does that great river pour its flood through ,egypt1 and keep alive for one thousand two hundred miles without a single stream to feed it8 ,it is fed away back there in ,africa1 by those giant lakes1 and kept ever full and rich4 ,so it is with the soul that walks with ,god4 ,its sources are in ,god4 ,he draws his sustenance1 not from this poor world1 but far upon the hillside toward ,god4 ,as the rivers of ,europe1 that keep it alive1 are kept alive themselves by the tall mountain peaks in ,switzerland1 so a soul that walks with ,god1 that pleases ,god1 is made a wonderful and everlasting benediction to all around him1 while he lives independent of all4 ,i do not say that people who are seeking this sort of thing do not feel or have a need of human sympathy4 ,o1 no1 they have a great deal of it4 ,i do not say that this ideal is so often found1 but ,i believe it is possible4 ,i believe ,i have made a testimony for you this morning4 ,i want you to think and remember1 if you want to walk before ,god1 he will help you4 ,somebody says1 8,how about the profession of this thing80 ,the ,bible don't say anything about it4 ,that is a matter for your individual judgment4 ,your wife will find out about it if you find it4 ,when ,i hear a man say hallelujah very loud1 ,i want to know always how much he pays toward the ,gospel4 ,when ,i hear a man say he is very happy1 or holy1 ,i want to know how he lives at home1 how he carves the beefsteak4 ,abram did not hang out any sign1 but he became so powerful that the kings all around wanted to make an alliance with him4 ,if you are keeping step with the best ideal1 it will show in the carefulness and kindness of your replies1 in the grasp of your hand1 in the intelligence and sweetness of your face4 ,o1 my friends1 may ,i entreat you to set this before your eyes8 ,i believe it is the ideal of ,god for man4 8,walk before me1 and be thou perfect40 ,he will help you as my father helped me to pull the boat4 ,he will help you as every good1 kind and gentle mother helps her child4 ,he will help you every time4 ,it will not be a flash and then over4 ,he will make you happy1 joyful and independent by day and night4 ,never mind the circumstances1 you will be wrapped in arms so soft and hovered in a love so deep1 it will not leave a desire in your souls unsatisfied2 there will be such choral harmonies within1 that the babel tongues of this world will not overpower them4 ,some one may say1 8,but1 ,mr4 ,adams1 how80 ,i say in a word1 go to ,god and ask him1 get yourselves humble2 be truly penitent2 be honest and sincere4 ,lay your hand in the hand of the ,lord4 ,you need not hypothecate any experience4 ,you can not tell whether you are going to live long or not1 but you can live with your hand in his4 ,if a sinner has heard me this day1 he knows that this life is the life he wants4 ,i spoke to a sinner the other day1 8,john1 why don't you give your heart to ,god80 8,oh10 said he1 8,i am sick of you ,christians40 ,said ,i1 8,don't you think there are ,christians in the world80 8,well1 that is a hard question40 8,but1 don't you think there are ,christians80 8,well10 said he1 8,i am not going back on my old mother40 8,didn't you promise her to be a ,christian80 8,yes1 ,i believe ,i did40 8,why don't you do it80 8,why there are so and so that owe me4 ,i don't want any of their ,christianity1 but ,i believe your kind of ,christianity is true40 ,i believe ,john will give his heart to ,god4 ,that is the kind that everybody wants4 ,nobody wants these poor1 barren1 lean kind1 but we want this royal kind1 that which fits and satisfies the feeling of our hearts4 ,i must close with one remark4 ,it is a great and intense age2 it is such an age as has never come to the world before4 ,some of the preceding ages have surpassed this in some respects1 it is true1 but men have never achieved as they are doing to-day4 ,this great age demands a great piety2 it demands deep1 wide-spread spirituality4 ,let me tell you it again2 a great age demands great ,christians1 ,christians like ,abram1 ,christians like ,paul1 ,christians like ,john4 ,who will set themselves apart to do battle of the royal sort8 ,to keep step with the spirit of the age8 ,it is an age of culture4 ,education is the cry4 ,there is such a thing1 however1 as using up your heart by giving too much education to your head4 ,if you guard your heart with this ideal it will be all right4 ,oh friends1 have your hearts filled with ,god6 ,follow this great idea to be perfect before ,god1 that you may stand in the advance of the age1 and may even run ahead of it4 ,i say that an age like this1 an age of lightning1 steam1 force1 and advance in every department of human knowledge1 demands that the men and women of the ,christian ,church should rise to the loftiest ideal of the ,christian life4 ,all the sublime achievements of ,christian faith lie in the line of fidelity to your advanced convictions4 ,it is the inspiration of souls1 it makes the greatness of life4 ,it is that which has made all the grand ,christians in the world4 ,it is that which will make ,chautauqua grow from year to year in spiritual development1 and surround it with a great light1 as an aureola1 and place it at the head of this great age4 ,men and women of ,chautauqua1 let an unworthy servant of the ,master1 my ,master the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 whose ,i am and whom ,i serve1 get down at your feet and beseech you to meet the greatness of this ideal4 ,it is not enough to be a ship1 it must be launched4 ,it is not enough to have all these great qualities that ,god may give to you1 you need to be consecrated4 ,hear the word of ,god to ,abram amidst the din and clatter and roar of this age1 hear him say1 high out of the clear heavens1 8,i am the ,almighty ,god1 walk before me1 and be thou perfect40 ,and that this may be your and my happy lot1 is my earnest prayer4 ,,footnote3 ,e ,a sermon delivered in the ,amphitheater1 at ,chautauqua1 ,sunday1 ,august #bj1 #ahhb4 ,,my ,,own ,,girl4 ,by ,,frederick ,,langbridge4 ,fifteen shillings--no more1 sir-- ,the wages ,i weekly touch4 ,for labor steady and sore1 sir1 ,it isn't a deal too much2 ,your money has wings in the city1 ,and vanishes left and right1 ,but ,i hand a crown to ,kitty ,as sure as ,saturday night4 ,bless her1 my own1 my wee1 ,she's better than gold to me6 ,i must be honest and simple1 ,i must be manly and true1 ,or how could ,i pinch her dimple1 ,or gaze in her frank eyes' blue8 ,i feel1 not anger1 but pity1 ,when workmates go to the bad2 ,i say1 8,they've never a ,kitty-- ,they'd all keep square if they had40 ,bless her1 my own1 my wee1 ,she's better than gold to me6 ,one day she will stand at the altar1 ,modest1 and white1 and still1 ,and forth from her lips will falter ,the beautiful1 low1 8,i will40 ,our home shall be bright and pretty ,as ever a poor man's may1 ,and my soft little dove1 my ,kitty1 ,shall nest in my heart for aye4 ,bless her1 my own1 my wee1 ,she's better than gold to me6 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,work4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,superintendent ,,of ,,instruction1 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,read all of the required books for outlook and inspiration but study one of the books at least for discipline4 ,read it as you do the rest4 ,read it more carefully than you read the rest4 ,read it over and over4 ,read it to recall what you read4 ,read it with critical helps of every kind4 ,having read it think about it4 ,think and think4 ,think beyond it4 ,by some thought in it be led out to some other thought not in it1 but thought of because of the book4 ,such chosen book out of each year's list will become dearer to you than all the rest and will make the mere reading of all the rest more profitable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,which book shall ,i select out of the 8required0 list for #ahhb1 to read thus thoughtfully and critically8 ,all need not choose the same4 ,follow your 8bent40 ,take a part of one of the larger books4 ,begin with a limited amount4 ,try pages #abd-aii in ,prof4 ,wilkinson's preparatory 8,greek ,course in ,english10 or choose one chapter in ,bishop ,warren's 8,recreations in ,astronomy10 or one period in 8,geology10 or 8,evangeline40 ,try the plan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,have you seen ,prang's ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,mottoes8 ,three of them at one dollar each4 ,in exquisite taste4 ,he issues nothing finer4 ,friends of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 people could do no more graceful thing than to hang one or more of these mottoes1 in ,prang's best style1 on the ,christmas tree4 ,a good idea6 99 99 99 99 99 ,a busy housewife says3 8,i must write you one thing ,i have found out1 for perhaps you have never heard it1 certainly no one ever told it me3 ,if a woman wants to find time for almost everything1 she must keep house and do her own work40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the real object of education is to give children resources that will endure as long as life endures2 habits that will ameliorate in disaster2 occupation that will render sickness tolerable1 solitude pleasant1 age venerable1 life more dignified and more useful1 and death less terrible4--,sidney ,smith4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a little girl in ,silver ,creek1 ,n4 ,y41 has organized a 8,good ,grammar ,society40 ,she has excluded words used by her father 7who is a ,presbyterian minister71 #gdd2 her mother1 #ajg2 herself1 #ih2 a little friend1 #ei2 her brother ,edward in three days1 #ad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,remember the five o'clock ,sabbath ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,vespers4 ,a few members lingering at ,chautauqua through the winter will sing our 8,day is ,dying in the ,west10 and join in a prayer in the 8,hall in the ,grove0 at five o'clock every ,sabbath4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have decided to offer a white seal to those graduates of '#hb who are already striving for a white crystal seal4 ,this white seal will be given for the reading of the following books3 ,wilkinson's 8,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english40 ,packard's 8,first ,lessons in ,geology40 8,evangeline40 8,hampton ,tracts40 8,chautauqua ,text-,book ,no4 #cd40 8,how to ,make a ,living40 ,by ,g4 ,c4 ,eggleston4 ,price fifty cents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let every student of the ,circle work for the people who most need the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 to enlist them3 the idle rich1 the busy poor1 the college graduate1 the uneducated1 the old1 the young--all who would make head and heart and hands keep harmony in this world of sorrow and weariness and sin4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pardon a personal suggestion4 ,nothing gives to the ,superintendent of ,instruction greater pleasure than to greet members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,traveling widely as ,i do1 ,i often come in contact with members4 ,i receive letters occasionally saying3 8,we saw you on such a train1 or in such a place1 but did not like to speak to you40 ,i earnestly ask every member of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 to introduce himself or herself at once1 and by simply using the magic letters ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 you have a watchword by which acquaintance may at once be formed4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,testimony4 ,michigan4--,i have been teaching school in one of the burnt districts1 ,huron county1 ,michigan4 ,the school was very large1 and the school house very small1 and my school work1 with a three-mile walk morning and evening1 made me feel too tired to study much at night2 but1 ,i am very glad to say1 ,i have finished my second year at last1 and am ready to commence my third4 ,i commenced the course when ,i was sixteen1 and at almost the same time began teaching4 ,the course of study was just what ,i needed4 ,it has helped me very much1 and ,i do not intend to be discouraged1 even if one year does creep into the next4 ,i have read and studied alone4 ,the nearest local circle1 and1 ,i think1 the only one in ,huron county1 is at ,port ,hope1 several miles from my school4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,york4--,a lady writes3 ,as ,i am a printer1 and use my eyes all day and every day in the week1 setting type1 ,i am not sure ,i shall be able to stand examination1 but ,i am enjoying the ,chautauqua course very much4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illinois4--,the ,chautauqua readings are a great blessing to me1 as well as to the world at large4 ,i have a great many days of illness4 ,i can not walk or use my hands or arms much1 and am prevented from benefiting my kind1 except by trying to be patient under my sufferings1 and in learning to wait4 ,the ,woman's ,missionary ,society of our little church meets in my room1 and ,i preside over the few ladies as best ,i can1 endeavoring to imbue them with the spirit of missions1 and aiding them in studying the mission fields intelligently4 99 99 99 99 99 ,connecticut4--,i've had to do the most of the work during vacations1 which accounts for my being behind4 ,i thoroughly believe in the plan1 as much to quicken and keep alive college graduates as anything else1 just what they need4 ,i found that for me it bridged over many a break and filled up many an awkward opening left by a college course4 ,and ,i must further avail myself of odd minutes for systematic reading in the line of special courses4 ,an uneducated dry-goods clerk1 to whom ,i told the plan1 said he could not express his pleasure in knowing of the scheme1 and that it was an incentive1 such as he had never known before4 ,he joined this term4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ohio4--,i find on my floor beside me now 8,elizabeth's ,progress to ,london10 from ,abbott's book--in effigy--made from building blocks1 with octagon wheels and elegant chariot1 a gay dolly on a made-up chair1 with dainty parasol over her4 ,this his majesty1 ,master ,harry1 tells me is ,queen ,elizabeth1 and he tells everybody she had a thousand dresses and ought to have been very good4 ,at the right ,i see cavalry1 extractions from ,crandall's menagerie1 one steed mounted with an athlete in costume and the feet secured by small blocks4 ,this they proclaim for 8,william's horse stepping on embers40 ,they've been at ,abbott's book ,i see1 and so we may be called a family as well as local circle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,massachusetts4--,i like the course very much and have seen many things in the ,,chautauquan in praise of it by the students4 ,but one thing1 which ,i think will be a great help to me1 ,i have not seen mentioned1 that is the use of the books for reference4 ,if in our hurry we are not as thorough as we would like to be1 ,i think we can remember enough when we find things in our future reading we do not understand1 to know which book and where in it to find the information we need4 ,i feel very thankful for the privileges of membership in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tennessee4--,i must send you a few words of thanks for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,i have only been a member one year1 but ,i don't know how ,i could do without the reading now4 ,i think ,i am growing in knowledge--yes1 and in the love of our ,lord and ,savior ,jesus ,christ4 ,with the new year's reading ,i begin life with fresh hope to attain a greater height in the study of ,god and his works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,california4--,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 has been an unspeakable blessing and comfort to me4 ,it has been an eye-opener1 a mind-opener1 and a soul-opener in the deepest and broadest sense of the word4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,jersey4--,the diploma received2 it is a beautiful memorial of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 which ,i shall greatly prize1 and to whose value ,i shall seek to add1 year by year1 in the form of 8seals0 you are so good as to bestow4 99 99 99 99 99 ,minnesota4--,i found among my daughter's papers--,miss ,harriet ,a4 ,lathrop1 a member of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4--a blank for examination1 with an earnest request to hear from her as to her progress4 ,this is to inform you that she passed to her final examination and was promoted ,may #gth last4 ,she struggled with disease for three years1 and then1 having fought a good fight1 she received the crown of life4 ,i desire1 if you please1 that you record on your register1 not that she fell out by the way1 but that she pursued the course as long as she had strength1 and then entered into rest4 ,it was through no indifference that she did not respond regularly1 but from sheer physical inability4 ,she was patient1 faithful1 true1 tried1 and trusty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,massachusetts4--,my letter will inform you of the death of a member of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4--,miss ,mary ,thurber1 of this place ,attleboro4 ,she was about twenty-three years of age1 a young lady of rare value2 beautiful1 physically and intellectually1 and of fine spiritual attainments4 ,she was a helpful member of the ,m4 ,e4 ,church1 and a teacher in one of our public schools4 ,she had a large circle of friends1 but in her home1 among her brothers and sisters1 she was the fixed star whose brightness hallowed1 and the special joy of her parents4 ,she suffered intensely for a few days only1 and though shut out from her friends from the contagiousness of her disease 7diphtheria71 she was patient to the last1 and passed from this to her higher associations in peace1 last ,march4 ,she was very devotedly attached to the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 read with eager enthusiasm1 and worked for and expected great results from her connection with it4 ,how blessed that the hope of immortality opens up to those who are seeking broader fields of truth1 and assures fuller development to the hedged in of time6 ,the entire community sympathize with the sorrowing family4 ,,local ,,circles4 ,we request the president or secretary of every local circle to send us reports of their work1 of lectures1 concerts1 entertainments1 etc4 ,editor of ,,the ,,chautauquan1 ,meadville1 ,pa4 ,the growth of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 has been without restraint of any kind4 ,the organization is simple1 but few officers1 a brief constitution1 and indeed none of the paraphernalia is required which we usually find dictated from the center of a wide-spread organization4 ,no creed to sign1 no shibboleth to pronounce4 ,a person has simply to make out an application for membership1 send it to ,miss ,kimball at ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j41 and then read the books4 ,it was natural that kindred spirits1 doing the same work1 should invent local circles1 which1 while they are not required1 yet are helpful to the students4 ,mind coming in contact with mind will produce an intellectual quickening4 ,students will get more out of the books by a system of questioning4 ,bonds of union will be created by meeting together1 and the strong will have opportunity to help the weak1 and the weak will learn to appreciate the local organization because of the real helps it affords them in their studies4 ,we invite secretaries to send us carefully prepared reports of the work done in their local circles4 ,do this for the benefit of others4 ,the calls upon us are numerous for information about how to conduct local circles to make them interesting and profitable4 ,below we furnish our readers with some suggestive items sent us from flourishing circles4 ,they will bear studying and in most instances are worthy of imitation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this is the fifth year of the local circle in ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y41 and it numbers about twenty-five members of all denominations1 and meets every ,monday evening4 ,we bring nearly all our studies into the circle meetings in this way4 ,each ,monday evening a lesson is announced by the ,president to be studied the following week1 and a member appointed to act as teacher1 who conducts the lesson on the appointed evening1 using maps1 blackboard1 etc41 having a regular class drill4 ,a good deal of enthusiasm and interest is manifested4 ,a critic is appointed each month4 ,we have a literary committee1 which reports each week with selections from poetic or prose writers4 ,this committee is appointed each month4 ,we have adopted a new plan of arranging the lessons1 which distributes this part of the work among the members4 ,a member is assigned1 for instance1 the work on geology with instructions to divide it into lessons1 which is done and a report handed to the president1 with the name of member opposite each lesson to act as a teacher4 ,we occasionally have social gatherings at the homes of members1 one of the most enjoyable of which was the art social of last winter4 ,a resolution has been adopted naming our circle 8,markham ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 of ,oswego10 in honor of ,rev4 ,w4 ,f4 ,markham1 who organized our circle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in ,augusta1 ,me41 made no effort to form a local circle here till ,april1 #ahhb1 when the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent was present and gave us a talk on the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 work4 ,the outgrowth was a strong sentiment in favor of forming a circle here1 and after several preliminary meetings1 a local circle was organized ,september #be4 ,at the last meeting1 ,october #aj1 the membership was increased to twenty-seven4 ,on that evening we had essays1 questions and conversation upon the reading in the course4 ,the order of exercises is prepared by the committee of instruction1 and is varied in character1 only confining the topics to the subjects of the required reading4 ,we have decided to hold meetings once in four weeks4 ,the members anticipate a very interesting winter's work4 ,our circle in ,south ,marshfield1 ,mass41 was not organized till a year ago1 although we were then beginning the third year of our course4 ,our organization was a direct result of the ,round-,table held at ,framingham ,assembly4 ,we meet every week4 ,the required readings are divided into six parts2 each member takes one1 on which she prepares questions for the next meeting2 the questions in ,,the ,,chautauquan are read1 and parts of the little text-books4 ,the meetings are enlivened by the reading of two or three short essays1 and by relating interesting incidents suggested by the lesson4 ,we sometimes sing ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 songs1 and have readings from standard authors4 ,our meetings are usually closed by playing one of the ,chautauqua games1 which we consider not only pleasant1 but healthful1 as they give us a constant review of our work4 ,we organized our circle this year the first of ,september1 instead of the first of ,october1 in order that we might take up the whole of the first volume of ,grecian history1 and have found that our interest is continually increasing1 and our meetings this year are even superior to those of the previous year4 ,by circulating the 8,hall in the ,grove10 we have gained one new member1 who seems intensely interested4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in ,michigan ,city we have a membership in our local circle of twenty-eight1 twenty-three of whom intend to read the entire course1 and five will do as much of the work as they can4 ,the officers are president1 vice president1 and secretary4 ,our method of work is1 no doubt1 similar to other circles4 ,we meet twice a month to review the work4 ,members are given topics to study and to prepare to ask the circle such questions as they may formulate4 ,in this way the work is not left for a few to carry on1 but all become interested and active working members4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our local circle of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in ,bradford1 ,pa41 is one of several in this place1 and is designated the 8,longfellow ,class10 in distinction from the others4 ,we have limited our number to ten members1 thinking by that means to promote individual interest4 ,we have but two officers1 a president and secretary4 ,we meet weekly1 at the homes of the different members4 ,we have no leader appointed for the year1 but every four weeks one member of the class is elected conductor of exercises for the ensuing month4 ,the manner of reviewing the lessons varies4 ,the conductor sometimes asks questions1 when the topics are freely discussed by all2 sometimes the subjects are apportioned to individual members to be talked over1 or a synopsis of certain portions given by them4 ,at the close of the lesson1 fifteen minutes is devoted to discussing all rhetorical errors made during the evening4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in ,minneapolis1 ,minnesota1 8,centenary ,circle0 numbers about thirty members4 ,the officers are president1 vice president1 secretary and treasurer4 ,meetings are held at the house of the secretary on the first and third ,wednesday evenings of the month4 ,thus far this year the president has conducted the meetings1 asking each member of the class questions on the lesson1 from which discussions often arise4 ,last year members of the class were sometimes asked to conduct the meeting4 ,no essays were ever written1 but sometimes each member was asked to be prepared on given topics to be recited at the next meeting4 ,no concerts or public entertainments have been given1 nor did we observe any of the memorial days except ,longfellow's4 ,we were quite in the dark about the work when we commenced1 but very anxious to take up some systematic course of reading1 and would not give it up now for any consideration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,hockanum1 ,connecticut1 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 met informally last year1 and was organized ,september #be4 ,three years ago there was but one member of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in the place1 the year following three1 and last year six4 ,our membership is now eighteen1 and the interest both excellent and increasing4 ,the circle meets every ,monday evening at the house of the secretary4 ,at #g p4 m4 promptly a brief ,scripture reading and prayer opens the meeting4 ,after a few moments given to business1 the questions in the text-book and ,,the ,,chautauquan are asked1 and a record kept of those who have done the week's required reading and memorizing4 ,we are notified that many and varied are the household duties performed with the little text-book perched in divers nooks4 ,the president appoints four readers and a critic for each evening4 ,the reading is selected from some portion of the weekly required reading4 ,this is followed by questions1 remarks1 or general conversation relative to the subject1 etc4 ,the reading closes at nine o'clock1 after which we have music and a social chat4 ,the circle has arranged and entered upon a course of ten public lectures on ,geology1 given every ,wednesday evening by the president1 in the vestry of the ,congregational ,church4 ,the occasion is made interesting by the use of black-boards1 maps1 the ,packard plates1 neatly mounted on easels1 and a cabinet of rocks and shells illustrative of ,dana's 8,geologic ,story ,briefly ,told40 ,the room is also made cheery by a conspicuous grouping of the class mottoes framed in gilt1 and other ornamentation luminous with the monogram1 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,the attendance is good1 and the attention held closely by the youthful tyro who has won laurels by his clear and happy presentation of the subject4 ,it is always a most instructive and enjoyable evening to the circle and their friends4 ,our circle early voted to observe 8,memorial ,days10 the observance to fall on the regular evening nearest memorial date4 ,for ,bryant's ,day we have arranged for two essays by young ladies1 one on the life1 the other on the works of the poet4 ,the other members are each to give recitations of choice or favorite selections from ,bryant4 ,we are looking forward to a pleasant social time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,norwalk1 ,o41 ,october #cj1 #ahhb4 ,we have held two regular meetings of our circle since ,november #ast and we are now fairly at work4 ,the membership has more than doubled in the last two meetings and may double again before the books are closed4 ,there never was a time before when the circle was under half so good headway at this time of year4 ,members who are joining now are doing so more understandingly than it was possible to do in the experimental stage of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 and the results are proportionately more reliable4 ,we meet once in two weeks in a music store at #g3cj p4 m4 and close at #i p4 m4 ,our order of exercises is prayer1 roll1 minutes1 business1 program1 adjournment4 ,we have the geological charts and begin to realize the need of a suitable place of meeting where we can accumulate maps1 charts1 cabinet and museum2 we need just such a room in connection with and a part of our public library1 convenient of access and open to visitors on this and all other occasions4 ,there could scarcely be found a city whose people would more appreciate such a resort4 ,norwalk has a very fine public library1 and the librarian states that since the organization of the various reading circles there has been a revolution in the class of books in demand2 that while the lighter literature is seldom called for1 standard works1 shelf-worn for years1 are now in frequent use2 that she knows from the effect on the library that a change has come over the reading public4 ,so far as we are able to discover from reports elsewhere1 our circle rather excels in developing the individual talent of its members4 ,in our entire circle there will probably not be one who will not present one or more topics in papers or addresses during the year1 as time permits1 and equal opportunity is given to all4 ,our plan is to follow down the class roll1 beginning at the top1 and the leader is handed a list of ten or twelve names from which he selects six or eight persons to whom he assigns topics1 the roll itself being prepared for that purpose4 ,each member is expected to make a minute of all the topics assigned that he may prepare for the conversation1 or visiting and questioning which follows each topic4 ,from five to eight minutes is allowed for each paper1 address1 selection or conversation1 and the president1 who keeps an open watch1 is expected to give notice when the time is up to persons not otherwise aware4 ,the roll is prepared with a margin at the top for dates1 and the presence of each member is marked with a cross1 while those late are marked with a diagonal line2 each person who discharges program duty is marked with a dot supplementing the cross of that date4 ,the next list is made as the first1 passing over the dots1 always working the roll from the top and leaving it complete4 ,the minutes are kept on the body of each page1 leaving the margin on the left of the red line for anything intended for an annual report1 such as number in attendance1 number of visitors1 number of members and a list of those in program numbered1 opposite whose names1 in the regular minutes1 are their topics or themes4 ,in this way a complete record of each member is kept1 and by referring from each dot to the minutes of that date an individual or annual report can be readily made which otherwise would be tedious at least4 ,our officers and leaders are elected by ballot and we rely entirely on the leader to conduct the exercises as he thinks best4 ,last year1 from a list of forty-six names1 thirteen were reading for diplomas2 this year1 with a present membership of forty-one1 thirty-six are reading for seals or diplomas1 twelve having graduated in #ahhb4 ,not ,required4 ,,questions ,,and ,,answers4 ,,one ,,hundred ,,questions ,,and ,,answers ,,on 8,,preparatory ,,greek ,,course ,,in ,,english10 ,,including ,,the ,,topics3 ,,our ,,aim1 ,,the ,,land1 ,,the ,,people1 ,,their ,,writings1 ,,the ,,start1 ,,first ,,book ,,in ,,greek1 ,,the ,,greek ,,reader1 ,,and ,,xenophon',s ,,anabasis4 ,by ,,albert ,m4 ,,martin1 ,,general ,,secretary ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 #a4 ,q4 ,what is the primary design of the series of books of which the 8,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english0 is one8 ,a4 ,to enable persons prevented from accomplishing a course of school and college training in ,latin and ,greek1 to enjoy an advantage as nearly as possible equivalent1 through the medium of their native tongue4 #b4 ,q4 ,what is the specific object of the present particular volume8 ,a4 ,to put into the hands of readers the means of accomplishing1 so far as this can be done in ,english1 the same course of study in ,greek as that prescribed for those who are preparing to enter college4 #c4 ,q4 ,what signal example in the modern world1 and what still more signal example in the ancient1 of the fact that extent of territory is not chiefly what makes the greatness of a great people8 ,a4 ,england in the modern world1 and ,greece in the ancient4 #d4 ,q4 ,what was the extent of the utmost area of ,greece8 ,a4 ,two hundred and fifty miles by one hundred and eighty miles4 ,greece was less than one-half the size of the ,state of ,new ,york4 #e4 ,q4 ,in what latitude is ,greece8 ,a4 ,about the same as the ,state of ,virginia4 #f4 ,q4 ,of what three most famous peoples in the world are the ,greeks one8 ,a4 ,the ,jews1 the ,greeks1 and the ,romans4 #g4 ,q4 ,of the three for what were the ,greeks by far the most remarkable8 ,a4 ,for the variety and versatility of their genius4 #h4 ,q4 ,by what name did the ,greeks speak of themselves1 and what was their name for the land in which they lived8 ,a4 ,hellenes1 and ,hellas was their name for the land in which they lived4 #i4 ,q4 ,when trustworthy history begins1 what were the three chief divisions of the ,hellenic stock8 ,a4 ,the ,dorians1 the olians and the ,ionians4 #aj4 ,q4 ,give the names of four prominent cities of ,greece4 ,a4 ,athens1 ,sparta1 ,thebes1 and ,corinth4 #aa4 ,q4 ,of all that the ,greeks did in the world1 what remains to us recognizably in the form given it by their cunning brain and hand8 ,a4 ,a few coins1 architectural remains and sculpture1 and some masterpieces of literary composition4 #ab4 ,q4 ,for what two things is the literature of ,greece equally remarkable8 ,a4 ,for its matter and for its form4 #ac4 ,q4 ,what is said of the form of ,greek literature8 ,a4 ,there never has been elsewhere in the world so much written approaching so nearly to ideal perfection in form as among the ,greeks4 #ad4 ,q4 ,under what limitations did the ancient ,greeks do their work8 ,a4 ,they were pagans4 ,they groped for truth1 and they missed it oftener than they found it1 at least in the case of their philosophy4 #ae4 ,q4 ,in what departments of literature do we have1 without reserve1 to acknowledge the supremacy of the ,greeks8 ,a4 ,in eloquence1 and in the literature of rhetoric1 of taste1 and of criticism4 #af4 ,q4 ,what was the golden age of ,greek literature1 ,greek art and ,greek arms8 ,a4 ,the age of ,pericles4 #ag4 ,q4 ,what is said of the pronunciation of their language by the ancient ,greeks8 ,a4 ,nobody knows with certainty exactly how the ancient ,greeks pronounced their language4 #ah4 ,q4 ,what has been the general rule for scholars in the pronunciation of ,greek8 ,a4 ,to pronounce it somewhat according to the analogy of their own vernacular4 #ai4 ,q4 ,what attempt1 only partially successful1 has recently been made to introduce uniformity in the pronunciation of ,greek8 ,a4 ,to secure the common adoption of the pronunciation prevalent in ,greece at the present day4 #bj4 ,q4 ,what method1 devised at first for facilitating the study of modern languages1 has more lately been applied in various modifications to both ,latin and ,greek8 ,a4 ,what is called the ,ollendorff method4 #ba4 ,q4 ,what two things determine largely what ,greek text-books shall be used8 ,a4 ,the patronage of leading colleges1 and the books issued by leading publishing houses4 #bb4 ,q4 ,what four ,greek grammars are mentioned as perhaps the best8 ,a4 ,hadley's1 ,goodwin's1 ,crosby's1 and ,sophocles'4 #bc4 ,q4 ,to what sources of ,greek learning do all these manuals acknowledge their indebtedness8 ,a4 ,to ,german sources of ,greek learning4 #bd4 ,q4 ,who is the most recent of the great ,german authorities in ,greek grammar8 ,a4 ,curtius4 #be4 ,q4 ,what two other ,german authorities1 now a little antiquated1 were each a great name in his day8 ,a4 ,khner and ,buttman4 99 99 99 99 99 #bf4 ,q4 ,in what dialect are the books chiefly written from which the selections are taken in making up ,greek readers8 ,a4 ,the ,attic dialect2 that is the dialect spoken in ,attica1 of which ,athens was the capital4 #bg4 ,q4 ,by way of comparison what does our author say ,athens was to ,greece in literature8 ,a4 ,what ,paris is1 and always has been1 to ,france4 #bh4 ,q4 ,where is a singularly beautiful passage found descriptive of ,athens in her imperial supremacy of intellect8 ,a4 ,in ,milton's 8,paradise ,regained40 #bi4 ,q4 ,how many chief dialects were there of the ,greek language1 and how were they created8 ,a4 ,there were three1 created in part by differences of age1 and in part by differences of country4 #cj4 ,q4 ,in whose writings is the ,ionic dialect exemplified1 and how is it characterized8 ,a4 ,in the writings of ,homer and ,herodotus1 and is characterized by fluent sweetness to the ear4 #ca4 ,q4 ,in what dialect were the most of the greatest works in ,greek literature composed8 ,a4 ,the ,attic4 #cb4 ,q4 ,what is said of the ,attic dialect8 ,a4 ,it is the neatest1 most cultivated and most elegant of all the varieties of ,greek speech4 #cc4 ,q4 ,to whom are the fables commonly attributed that are generally found in ,greek readers8 ,a4 sop4 #cd4 ,q4 ,when was sop born8 ,a4 ,about #fbj ,b4 ,c4 #ce4 ,q4 ,what is said of the fables that go under his name8 ,a4 ,they are mainly the collection of a monk of the fourteenth century4 #cf4 ,q4 ,what is said of the sources of the anecdotes found in ,greek readers8 ,a4 ,they are culled from various sources1 ,plutarch1 the biographer1 furnishing his full share4 #cg4 ,q4 ,give the names of some of the eminent persons about whom anecdotes are usually related in these collections4 ,a4 ,diogenes1 ,plato1 ,zeno1 ,solon1 ,alexander1 and ,philip of ,macedon4 #ch4 ,q4 ,what ,greek writer of the second century after ,christ is more or less quoted from in the ordinary ,greek reader8 ,a4 ,lucian4 #ci4 ,q4 ,what famous dialogues did he write8 ,a4 ,dialogues of the ,dead4 #dj4 ,q4 ,of what have these dialogues been the original8 ,a4 ,of several justly admired imitations4 #da4 ,q4 ,in what direction did ,lucian exercise his wit8 ,a4 ,in ridiculing paganism4 #db4 ,q4 ,mention some of the kinds of other matter that goes to make up the ,greek reader4 ,a4 ,bits of natural history and fragments of mythology4 #dc4 ,q4 ,from what work of ,xenophon do ,greek readers often embrace extracts8 ,a4 ,his ,memorabilia of ,socrates4 #dd4 ,q4 ,what was the design of this work8 ,a4 ,to vindicate the memory of ,socrates from the charges of impiety and of corrupting influence exerted on the ,athenian youth1 under which he had suffered the penalty of death4 #de4 ,q4 ,what is the plan of the work8 ,a4 ,it is largely to relate what ,socrates did actually teach4 #df4 ,q4 ,what work by a ,christian writer does pagan ,socrates in large part anticipate8 ,a4 8,natural ,theology10 by ,paley4 #dg4 ,q4 ,who was the wife of ,socrates8 ,a4 ,xanthippe4 #dh4 ,q4 ,in what way has the fame of ,socrates associated the name of ,xanthippe with his own8 ,a4 ,as perhaps the most celebrated scold in the world4 #di4 ,q4 ,what was the chief characteristic trait of the method of ,socrates in teaching8 ,a4 ,his art in asking questions4 #ej4 ,q4 ,why is it that ,greek readers sometimes edit the text of their extracts from the authors who furnish the matter8 ,a4 ,because they sometimes contain expressions such as a strict ,christian1 moral or sthetic judgment would prefer to expunge4 99 99 99 99 99 #ea4 ,q4 ,what is the book usually adopted in sequel to the reader for giving students their ,greek preparation to enter college8 ,a4 ,xenophon's ,anabasis4 #eb4 ,q4 ,in what two respects is this work highly interesting8 ,a4 ,first1 as a specimen of literary art1 and second1 as strikingly illustrative of the ,greek spirit and character4 #ec4 ,q4 ,what is the meaning of the word 8,anabasis80 ,a4 8,a march upward10 that is1 from the sea4 #ed4 ,q4 ,of what is the book an account8 ,a4 ,of an expedition by ,cyrus the younger into central ,asia1 and the retreat of the ,greek part of his army4 #ee4 ,q4 ,who accompanied ,cyrus on this expedition8 ,a4 ,an oriental army of about #ajj1jjj1 and a body of ,greeks numbering about #ac1jjj4 #ef4 ,q4 ,what was the object of this invasion on the part of ,cyrus8 ,a4 ,to obtain possession of the ,persian throne1 occupied by his brother ,artaxerxes4 #eg4 ,q4 ,when the two ,persian brothers finally met in the collision of arms who was slain8 ,a4 ,cyrus4 #eh4 ,q4 ,what did the ,greeks now have for their sole business8 ,a4 ,to secure their own safety in withdrawing homeward from the enemy's country4 #ei4 ,q4 ,in what does the main interest of the ,anabasis as a narrative lie8 ,a4 ,rather in the retreat than in the advance4 #fj4 ,q4 ,from what does the whole matter of the famous advance and retreat of the ten thousand derive grave secondary importance8 ,a4 ,from the fact that it resulted in revealing to ,greece the essential weakness and vulnerableness of the imposing ,persian empire4 #fa4 ,q4 ,when was ,xenophon1 the author1 born and with whom was he not far from contemporary8 ,a4 ,he was born about #dca ,b4 ,c41 being thus not far from contemporary with the ,hebrew prophet ,malachi4 #fb4 ,q4 ,what did ,xenophon's presence of mind and practical wisdom give him in the retreat8 ,a4 ,a kind of leadership which he maintained until a prosperous issue was reached on the shores of ,greece4 #fc4 ,q4 ,among the other chief works of ,xenophon what one is prominent8 ,a4 ,the ,cyropdia4 #fd4 ,q4 ,what is the story of the ,anabasis in large a part8 ,a4 ,an itineracy1 that is a journal of halts and marches4 #fe4 ,q4 ,what was the starting point of the expedition8 ,a4 ,sardis4 #ff4 ,q4 ,at what time was the start made8 ,a4 ,in the spring of the year #dja ,b4 ,c4 #fg4 ,q4 ,in what supposition does ,xenophon say ,artaxerxes indulged which prevented him from suspecting ,cyrus of plotting against him8 ,a4 ,that ,cyrus was raising troops for war with ,tissaphernes1 a ,persian governor of certain parts near the satrapy of ,cyrus4 #fh4 ,q4 ,during the march the army plundered what city where four hundred years later the ,apostle ,paul was born8 ,a4 ,tarsus4 #fi4 ,q4 ,when they reached the river ,euphrates what did ,cyrus openly tell the ,greek captains as to the object of the expedition8 ,a4 ,that he was marching to ,babylon against the great king ,artaxerxes4 #gj4 ,q4 ,what was the result of this disclosure when made to the men8 ,a4 ,they felt1 or feigned1 much displeasure1 but by lavish promises the majority were prevailed upon to adhere to ,cyrus4 #ga4 ,q4 ,the remainder of the advance of ,cyrus lay along the left bank of what river8 ,a4 ,the ,euphrates4 #gb4 ,q4 ,what ,persian commander among the forces proved a traitor and met with a tragic death8 ,a4 ,orentes4 #gc4 ,q4 ,where did the armies of ,cyrus and of ,artaxerxes finally encounter each other8 ,a4 ,at ,cunaxa4 #gd4 ,q4 ,in what way did ,cyrus meet with his death8 ,a4 ,while engaged in a personal contest with ,artaxerxes ,cyrus was struck with a javelin under the eye and slain4 #ge4 ,q4 ,during the truce that followed what five generals among the ,greeks were enticed into the tent of ,tissaphernes1 made prisoners1 and afterwards put to death8 ,a4 ,clearchus1 ,proxenus1 ,menon1 ,agias and ,socrates4 99 99 99 99 99 #gf4 ,q4 ,what was one of the first steps now taken to secure the safety of the ,greeks8 ,a4 ,a general meeting was called of all the surviving officers and new commanders were chosen to take the places of those lost1 ,xenophon being put in the place of his friend ,proxenus4 #gg4 ,q4 ,after this had been done what action was taken as to the rank and file8 ,a4 ,the men were called together and stoutly harangued by three men in succession1 ,xenophon being the last4 #gh4 ,q4 ,what was one of ,xenophon's heroic propositions that was agreed to8 ,a4 ,to burn everything they could possibly spare on the homeward march4 #gi4 ,q4 ,what answer did they return to ,mithradates1 a neighboring ,persian satrap1 when asked to know what their present plan might be8 ,a4 ,if unmolested1 to go home1 doing as little injury as possible to the country through which they passed1 but to fight their best if opposition was offered4 #hj4 ,q4 ,being convinced that the mission of ,mithradates was a treacherous one1 what resolution did the ,grecian generals take8 ,a4 ,that there should be no communication with the enemy by heralds4 #ha4 ,q4 ,what was the general direction taken by the ,greeks in the first part of their retreat8 ,a4 ,a northerly direction toward the ,black ,sea4 #hb4 ,q4 ,by whom were they followed and almost daily attacked during the first portion of their retreat8 ,a4 ,tissaphernes and a ,persian army4 #hc4 ,q4 ,what hostile tribe of barbarians violently opposed their march through their territory near the headwaters of the ,euphrates8 ,a4 ,the ,carduchians4 #hd4 ,q4 ,what ,persian governor did they encounter in ,armenia8 ,a4 ,tiribazus4 #he4 ,q4 ,with what foes in the elements did they next meet8 ,a4 ,deep snow and a terrible north wind4 #hf4 ,q4 ,in one portion of ,armenia at what kind of a village did the ,greeks find rest and food after a prolonged march through the snow8 ,a4 ,at an underground village4 #hg4 ,q4 ,what do travelers tell us at the present time as to the manner in which the ,armenians of that region build their houses8 ,a4 ,that they still build them under ground4 #hh4 ,q4 ,into what country did the ,greeks next advance8 ,a4 ,the country of the ,taochians4 #hi4 ,q4 ,with what difficulty did they here meet8 ,a4 ,great difficulty in obtaining a supply of provisions4 #ij4 ,q4 ,at what mountain did the ,greeks get the first view of the ,black ,sea8 ,a4 ,mount ,theches4 #ia4 ,q4 ,at what place did they reach the sea two days afterwards8 ,a4 ,at ,trebizond4 #ib4 ,q4 ,what universal desire did the sight of the sea awaken in the army8 ,a4 ,to prosecute the remainder of their journey on that element4 #ic4 ,q4 ,on what mission did ,chirisophus go forward to ,byzantium8 ,a4 ,to endeavor to procure transports for the conveyance of the army4 #id4 ,q4 ,while awaiting the transports how were the ten thousand employed8 ,a4 ,in marauding expeditions1 and in collecting all the vessels possible4 #ie4 ,q4 ,chirisophus delaying to return1 how did they continue their journey8 ,a4 ,partly by land and partly by water4 #if4 ,q4 ,when they were finally joined by ,chirisophus1 what did he bring with him8 ,a4 ,only a single trireme4 #ig4 ,q4 ,at what place did the ,greeks pass into ,europe from ,asia8 ,a4 ,at ,byzantium4 #ih4 ,q4 ,afterwards whom did the army engage to serve in a war against ,tissaphernes and ,pharnabazus8 ,a4 ,the ,lacedmonians4 #ii4 ,q4 ,to what number was the army now reduced8 ,a4 ,to six thousand4 #ajj4 ,q4 ,after the incorporation of the remainder of the ten thousand with the ,lacedmonian army1 where did ,xenophon go8 ,a4 ,to ,athens4 ,,outline ,,of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,studies ,,for ,,december4 ,for the month of ,december the ,required ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,reading comprises the first part of ,prof4 ,wilkinson's ,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english1 and readings in ,english1 ,russian1 and ,religious ,history and ,literature1 studies in ,ancient ,greek ,life1 and readings from ,russian ,literature4 ,the reading in ,prof4 ,wilkinson's ,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english is from the commencement of the book to page #abd4 ,the remainder of the reading for the month is found in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,the following is the division according to weeks3 ,,first ,,week--#a4 ,wilkinson's ,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english1 from the commencement of the book to page #cc--,our ,aim1 the ,land1 the ,people1 their ,writings1 the ,start1 ,first ,books in ,greek4 #b4 ,studies in ,ancient ,greek ,life1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #c4 ,sunday ,readings1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 selection for ,december #c4 #d4 ,questions and ,answers on ,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english1 from ,no4 #a to ,no4 #be4 ,,second ,,week--#a4 ,wilkinson's ,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english1 from page #ce to page #eh--the ,greek ,reader4 #b4 ,sunday ,readings1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 selection for ,december #aj4 #c4 ,questions and ,answers on ,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english1 from ,no4 #bf to ,no4 #ej4 ,,third ,,week--#a4 ,wilkinson's ,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english1 from page #ei to page #if--,xenophon's ,anabasis--,introductory1 and first and second books4 #b4 ,history and ,literature of ,russia1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #c4 ,sunday ,readings1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 selection for ,december #ag4 #d4 ,questions and ,answers on ,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english1 from ,no4 #ea to ,no4 #ge4 ,,fourth ,,week--#a4 ,wilkinson's ,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english1 from page #if to page #abc--,xenophon's ,anabasis--third1 fourth1 fifth1 sixth1 and seventh books4 #b4 ,pictures from ,english ,history1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #c4 ,sunday ,readings1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 selections for ,december #bd and #ca4 #d4 ,questions and ,answers on ,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english1 from ,no4 #gf to ,no4 #ajj4 ,,questions ,,for ,,further ,,study4 ,by ,,albert ,m4 ,,martin1 ,,general ,,secretary ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 #a4 ,how large is the county of ,westchester1 in the ,state of ,new ,york1 which is about half the size of ,attica8 ,page #g4 #b4 ,why did the ,romans give the name 8,greeks0 to the ,hellenes8 ,page #ab4 #c4 ,give two examples of ,spartan laconisms of speech4 ,page #ac4 #d4 ,what are the literary tidings from modern ,greece that seem to foretoken close at hand a signal renascence of ,greek literature8 ,page #bj4 #e4 ,who was blind ,melesigenes8 ,page #cf4 #f4 ,who was pronounced the wisest of men by an oracle1 and by what oracle1 and in what words8 ,page #cg4 #g4 ,how is the monk ,planudes apparently relieved of the imputation concerning the authorship of the biography of sop ascribed to him8 ,page #ci4 #h4 ,what are some of the reasons for supposing this biography is a falsifying one8 ,page #ci4 #i4 ,what is meant by 8the ,sacred ,hetacomb80 ,page #de4 #aj4 ,describe the ceremony of taking a prisoner by the mantle in token that he is to suffer death4 ,page #ha4 #aa4 ,describe the scythed chariots of the ,persians4 ,page #hc4 #ab4 ,from what author is the quotation1 8,when ,greek joined ,greek1 then was the tug of war80 ,page #hh4 #ac4 ,describe the ,persian slingers4 #ad4 ,what is the origin of the familiar expression1 8,war even to the knife80 ,page #ii4 #ae4 ,what occasioned the singular effect upon the men of the eating of honeycombs as related by ,xenophon8 ,page #aai4 ,,note4--,answers are not required to questions for further study4 ,the questions here given relate to subjects alluded to in the required reading for the month4 ,after each question the page is given of ,wilkinson's ,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english1 on which a reference is made to the subject4 ,members who are able to procure answers to all the questions for further study in this number of ,,the ,,chautauquan will receive an acknowledgment if the replies are forwarded to ,albert ,m4 ,martin1 ,general ,secretary ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 ,pittsburg1 ,pa41 so as to reach him by the first of ,january4 ,answers will be published in the ,february number of ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,the answers should be brief1 and need not be sent unless to all the questions4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,round-,,table4,f ,dr4 ,wm4 ,m4 ,blackburn1 of ,cincinnati1 was at once introduced1 and delivered the following address3 8,,how ,,england ,,maintained ,,her ,,nationality ,,during ,,the ,,middle ,,ages40 ,several persons have asked me in regard to the method of studying history by maps1 that is1 by making your own maps as you go along4 ,if ,i had time ,i would like to talk about that1 and ,i will explain it to anybody who wishes to know more about it4 ,what ,i would do is this3 if ,i were studying1 for example1 the history of ,greece1 ,i would read over some period1 some particular part of it1 an epoch--no matter what you may call it4 ,i would get a good map of ,greece1 lay some thin paper over it1 and trace the map over it in colored inks4 ,upon that map you put the events of that period or era1 and then make another map of another period or era2 stitch them all together4 ,perhaps you will never look at them again1 but you have got them in your mind4 ,that is all you want4 ,now to the lecture4 ,we have seen in outline how ,britain became ,english1 and how ,england became ,christian2 how the ,church was unified2 and how the unification of the ,english people was fairly begun4 ,so we have an ,english ,church1 and an ,english ,nation1 with a capital 8,n40 ,now1 how were these to be carried through the ,middle ,ages8 ,let that be our main question to-day4 ,in general the means were these3 wiser kingship1 resistance to enemies1 incorporation of new national elements 7do not gnash on me if ,i do not always 8nash0 that way71 improvement of the constitution1 as seen in the ,magna ,charta and the ,house of ,commons1 and the reforms in the church4 ,these means ,i shall treat under seven points1 and if ,i do not get through the seven ,i will get through as many as ,i can4 #a4 ,wider1 broader and superior kingship4 ,this begins with ,alfred1 the first really great king1 and the only ,christian king that was ever styled the ,great4 ,all his life was one of illness1 yet he always maintained a cheerful1 a devout spirit1 and a busy hand4 ,he reminds us of ,king ,david in his various trials and activities4 ,now some of the things which ,alfred did were these3 in national affairs he tried to rescue1 defend1 unify1 and greaten ,england4 ,he was an organizer2 he created a navy4 ,he made good roads4 ,he repaired fortresses4 ,he brought ,london from the ashes2 he started it on its way to universal commerce4 ,his long-lost and curious jewel bears the words 8,alfred made me40 ,and this might almost be said of ,england4 ,her realms became one nation1 that is the southern realm4 ,the old ,britons were in the west4 ,thomas ,hughes has written a life of ,alfred the ,great2 this is the best one you will find concerning him4 ,i presume you have read it4 ,he worked his way out of ignorance2 he gave an impetus to popular education and literature2 ,i do not believe that he was unable to write4 ,why1 in those days it was not considered to be the manly and royal thing for a man to write his own name2 he had a servant to do that4 ,sometimes he simply put a sign there2 the sign of the cross1 a mark4 ,now that is what is meant by a man signing his name4 ,it does not mean that he could not write it1 but the man who can write subscribes his name4 ,his schemes of education were vast2 they were the last vigorous attempt at popular enlightenment in the ,middle ,ages4 ,i have not time to dwell on all these things1 but you will remember that ,alfred gave a great impetus to the study of the ,scriptures1 and that from him and his co-laborers came a version of the ,psalms and other portions of the ,scriptures4 ,then his education recognized the supremacy of the moral law4 ,he believed in the ten commandments and he worked them into the laws4 ,labor on ,sundays was forbidden4 ,women of every class were carefully protected from insult2 monks must not be idle and vicious2 they must go to work educating people in the villages4 ,he made out a rule for his aldermen to attend the schools or resign their offices2 and that was a good thing for the aldermen4 ,if they would not go to school1 they resigned2 and that was a good thing for the people4 ,the clergy must have wives2 bishops must visit among the dioceses1 visit and preach to some purpose4 ,in all respects his laws were designed for the greatest good of the greatest number4 ,judges must be hung if they caused the scales of justice to be swayed by bribes4 ,he probably did not introduce1 but probably modified1 trial by jury4 ,in those days the jury was formed in this way3 they took the men who knew the most about an act or a crime1 the men who had been eye-witnesses2 they called them together and got what they knew about it1 and made up the decision4 ,in our day they take the men who know the least about it1 and the biggest fools in all the land2 7,i hope one thing will come1 and that is this--,i do not suppose anybody here has been on a jury1 or ,i would not make this remark--,i hope the day will come when we will have such times as this1 that you can get a jury who will not let a scoundrel off and perjure themselves4 ,let us reform the jury laws4 ,the ,chautauqua ,circle might accomplish much in that way74 ,one account of his death is this3 ,when he was dying1 in #ija1 he called to his side ,edward1 and said3 ,now1 my dear son1 sit down beside me and ,i will deliver to you the true counsel4 ,i feel that my hour is near3 my face is pale2 my days are nearly run2 we soon must part2 ,i shall go to another world and thou shalt be left alone with all my wealth4 ,i pray thee1 for thy heart1 my dear child1 strive to be a father and a lord to thy people4 ,be the children's father1 the widow's friend1 comfort the poor1 shelter the weak1 and with all thy might do thou right whatever is wrong4 ,and1 my son1 govern thyself by law1 and then the ,lord shall love thee1 and ,god1 above all things1 shall be thy reward4 ,and so departed the peaceable1 the truth-teller1 ,england's darling4 ,his bones are dust1 his good sword rust1 his soul is with the saints we trust4 ,and ,edward followed him1 a truly great ruler4 ,he held all the realm south of the ,humber4 ,he claimed the lordship over ,northumbria1 ,wales and ,scotland4 ,that lordship came to be contested4 ,for the first time all the isle of ,britain came to be united under one monarch4 ,and he was a ,west ,saxon4 ,thus the unity of ,england was virtually established4 ,there were fierce struggles by the succeeding king1 but one final result was that the ,scots gained some ground1 some territory4 ,their southern line was brought down to about here pointing1 that is from the ,solway to ,berwick1 where it remains1 and where a new basis was laid for ,scottish civilization4 ,in that portion of the country is the border land so long renowned for many a story1 for many a fight1 for many a poem4 ,walter ,scott celebrates many of the marches in many of his stories and songs4 ,now a third thing3 ,the incorporation of the ,danes4 ,if ,england would retain her national character1 she must have power of absorption and a ,christian spirit4 ,what was to be done with the ,danes--with all the ,danish element here in the ,danelagh4 ,that same ,danish element was here when you have the map even in this form4 ,there were some other people mingled with them1 but the ,danes held the controlling power1 and those ,norse settlers1 in some parts of it1 may have been few1 but still they had the power4 ,now they gradually learned ,english1 ,english manners1 and acquired the ,english spirit4 ,they learned ,english ,christianity1 and gradually conformed in everything4 ,and here is one remarkable fact3 the ,scandinavian people1 the people of ,denmark1 ,norway and ,sweden1 have always been a people disposed to conform to the people with whom they lived4 ,in ,france they became ,frenchmen2 in ,russia they became ,russians2 in ,italy they became ,italians2 in ,ireland they became intensely ,irish1 and so now in this country1 they become ,americans more readily and more gracefully than the ,germans4 ,about #iaa a viking left ,norway1 left his two little isles1 and sailing about came down here pointing4 ,alfred warded him off4 ,he sailed about for some time and then he entered the ,seine 7#iaa71 got possession of this valley1 married a ,french princess1 put on white robes and for a few days acted as a ,christian gentleman4 ,he invited all sea-rovers into this valley1 and they made a splendid country of it4 ,still more and more of these settlers came1 and thus ,normandy rose among the nations4 ,it became a tremendous power4 ,not so much at first with her sword as with her civilization4 ,it may seem rather strange that this ,norse colony should take the lead in western ,europe1 should take the lead in civilization1 in culture1 learning1 architecture1 scholarship2 yet that is the fact4 ,norman will1 both of the noble and weak kind1 had its way in enlarging this realm during the sway of four successive dukes4 ,then we come to ,robert the ,magnificent1 who wedded the sister of ,canute4 ,he attempted to invade ,england and failed4 ,he was father of ,william4 ,he would not fail1 and the enterprise with which the father had been unsuccessful remained as an inheritance for the son4 ,his father died on a pilgrimage to ,jerusalem in #ajce4 ,he was left ruler over some of the most lawless and turbulent barons in ,europe4 ,he was scarcely eight years old1 and his record of thirty years while reorganizing ,normandy and in bringing the nobles to order is a proof of his real greatness4 ,he fought his way1 he gained his dukedom1 he broke up nests of treason1 he destroyed castles1 he upset conspiracies1 he showed what one young man could do1 when he had definite aims1 wise plans1 fixed principles1 and industry and resolution1 courage and firmness1 and the ability to keep what he had gained4 ,william was a hard man1 austere1 exacting1 persevering4 ,his heavy hand made the ,english themselves comprehend their own national unity through a unity of suffering4 ,if they had not perished for a moment1 they would not have survived for ages4 ,my time is spent or we would leap from the eleventh to the thirteenth century1 and emphasize our last points1 resistance to the ,pope1 and organization of the ,house of ,commons4 ,but these you can think of at your leisure4 ,,footnote3 ,f ,held in the ,amphitheater1 at ,chautauqua1 ,august #d1 #ahhb4 ,,reasons ,,for ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,greek4 ,by ,,prof4 ,h4 ,,lummis4 ,by those best qualified to judge1 the thorough study of ,greek is conceded to be the very highest kind of mental discipline and culture4 ,george ,p4 ,marsh1 in his lectures on the ,english language1 thus speaks3 8,let me repeat1 that so far from dissuading from the study of ,greek1 as a branch of general education1 ,i do but echo the universal opinion of all persons competent to pronounce on the subject1 in expressing my own conviction that the language and literature of ancient ,greece constitute the most efficient instrument of mental training ever enjoyed by man3 and that a familiarity with that wonderful speech1 its poetry1 its philosophy1 its eloquence1 and the history it embalms1 is incomparably the most valuable of intellectual possessions40 ,such testimony from so eminent a scholar1 and from so critical a mind is decisive in regard to the value of the study of ,greek as a discipline1 as well as in respect to the richness of the literature which it contains4 ,in the field of art we admit that he who would be great must study the great models1 and be directed by competent masters4 ,even a ,raphael owes something of his high renown to the patient diligence with which he studied the best pieces of his master ,pietro ,vanucci1 the most noted artist of his day4 ,so he who aspires to become a master in the expression of thought will wisely seek the masterpieces of those who have embalmed great thought in the most finished and excellent language4 ,that the writers of ,greece are preminently the writers who have done this as profound and widely read a linguist as ,max ,mller testifies4 ,he says3 8,what the inhabitants of the small city of ,athens achieved in philosophy1 in poetry1 in art1 in science1 in politics1 is known to all of us2 and our admiration for them increases tenfold if1 by a study of other literatures1 such as the literatures of ,india1 ,persia1 and ,china1 we are enabled to compare their achievements with those of other nations of antiquity4 ,the rudiments of almost everything1 with the exception of religion1 we1 the people of ,europe1 the heirs to a fortune accumulated during twenty or thirty centuries of intellectual toil1 owe to the ,greeks2 and strange as it may sound1 but few1 ,i think would gainsay it1 that to the present day the achievements of these1 our distant ancestors and earliest masters1 the songs of ,homer1 the dialogues of ,plato1 the speeches of ,demosthenes1 and the statues of ,phidias1 stand1 if not unrivalled1 at least unsurpassed by anything that has been achieved by their descendants and pupils4 ,like their own goddess1 ,athene1 the people of ,athens seem to spring full armed into the arena of history2 and we look in vain to ,egypt1 ,syria1 or ,india for more than a few of the seeds that burst into such marvellous growth on the soil of ,attica40 ,he belittles human nature who thinks the practical value of commercial arithmetic to be greater than such a mastery of language as shall enable one to express himself correctly in his own tongue4 ,to study an instrument for the expression of thought1 so wonderfully flexible1 so admirably exact1 so widely comprehensive1 so astonishingly strong1 is to the student of his native tongue what training in a great international exposition of machinery1 like that exhibited in ,philadelphia in our centennial year1 would be to a bright young mechanic1 a schooling of incalculable worth4 ,what an insight it gives into the subtle changes in the forms of words2 what a comprehension of the root meanings of words1 what an idea of the power of arrangement in words1 what a conception of the music and beauty in the sounds of words4 ,coleridge has admirably characterized the excellence of this queen of languages3 8,greek--the shrine of the genius of the old world1 as universal as our race2 as individual as ourselves2 of infinite flexibility2 of indefatigable strength2 with the complication and distinctness of ,nature herself2 with words like pictures2 with words like the gossamer film of summer1 at once the variety and picturesqueness of ,homer2 the gloom and intensity of schylus2 not compressed to the closest by ,thucydides1 nor fathomed to the bottom by ,plato2 not sounding with all its thunders nor lit up with all its ardors under the ,promethean touch of ,demosthenes40 ,the thorough drill of a competent teacher in introducing the student to the ,greek tongue1 is a most valuable discipline to the memory2 the acquisition of multitudes of roots and affixes is of high importance to a full comprehension of the meaning of words in our own language1 the exercise of the judgment in distinguishing words of like or of opposite meanings1 the fine force of the particles of the language1 and the delicate shades of thought given by variation in mode or tense1 has far higher value as a broad training of that faculty than the most thorough mathematical discipline4 ,the improved methods of instruction have removed the old objection that it takes a lifetime to acquire the language4 ,the objection applies as much to music1 or even to a single kind of music3 it takes a lifetime to become perfect master of the violin4 ,,the ,,ugly ,,man4 ,i was the youngest but one of a large family1 of whom the daughters were remarkable for their personal beauty1 while the sons1 of whom ,i was the last1 graduated in plainness that was all but repulsive4 ,this peculiarity1 by which the beauty was given to the girls and the plainness to the boys1 had been in the family for generations2 and1 both in uncles and aunts and cousins of either sex1 is still discernible at the time ,i write4 ,but that which1 in my own case1 made this personal deformity an additional misfortune1 was the fact1 that1 along with my ugliness1 ,i had inherited a most sensitive disposition4 ,and as there are never wanting persons to speak of a child's deficiencies even in its very presence1 ,i soon became aware of my defects4 ,not being precocious1 ,i was looked upon as more stupid than ,i was in fact2 while the real ability ,i possessed was altogether unsuspected4 ,often indeed the gibes and jeers of my beautiful sisters1 and the rough remarks of my less ugly brothers1 cut my childish soul to the quick4 ,my small1 flat1 squab nose was in everybody's mouth4 ,i was told of it twenty times a day4 ,whoever wanted something to do1 found instant employment in twitting me on the subject of this unlucky feature4 ,i was never allowed to forget it2 and often have ,i stood in the midst of a circle roaring with laughter at my expense4 ,the natural result followed3 from being naturally over-sensitive1 ,i became only too keenly alive to the supposed opinions of others4 ,in church ,i sat with my head rigidly fixed on my shoulders1 turning myself neither to the right hand nor to the left1 lest the persons behind me should catch a glimpse of my unlovely profile4 ,i looked straight before me like an arrow2 and on leaving my seat1 as ,i went down the aisle and had to face my enemies and critics1 ,i would hold my cap up to my eyes1 and endeavor to pass demurely by1 with nose unobserved4 ,nor was my poor little nose my only cause of annoyance1 for my face was large and splay1 my complexion was muddy and pale1 and the color of my eyes was a washed-out green4 ,the space too between my nose and upper lip was long and protuberant1 and my lips themselves were in full bloom like those of a negro4 ,indeed1 the only thing in my favor1 as regards personal appearance1 was my hair1 which was of a glossy auburn1 and curled naturally in profusion4 ,but this1 my only redeeming feature1 ,i was unacquainted with at the time4 ,in my ignorance 7for though often told of my faults1 ,i never1 as a child1 heard myself praised71 ,i even looked upon this propensity in my hair to curl as a positive misfortune1 inasmuch as my friends informed me that it always appeared unkempt and wild1 and therefore ,i naturally thought it an addition to my defects4 ,oh1 how ,i envied the oiled and trim locks of my companions1 which showed no such erratic tendency as mine2 and in the agony of my mind ,i often had recourse to the hairdresser1 who1 at my directions1 cut off close each offending curl1 and sent me home shorn4 ,but1 alas6 my triumph was but short4 ,sisters and brothers crowded round me soon1 and proclaimed that my large inanimate face only looked larger and more inanimate still2 while aunts and mother dismissed me from their presence with the observation that ,i was now a perfect fright4 ,such1 then1 was the one thought uppermost in my childish mind4 ,i had a strong faith in my own ugliness4 ,happy days and hours ,i had1 as all healthy children will have4 ,i frolicked and played2 and being naughty as well as ugly1 ,i was often whipped2 while my pretty little sister1 the youngest of us all1 being pretty as well as naughty1 was only scolded and warned4 ,however1 no punishment ,i ever received 7and ,i had many7 hurt me so much as the oft-recurring1 never-long-absent reflection1 that ,nature1 when she turned me out of her mint1 had impressed me with her strongest stamp of ugliness4 ,nay1 when at times a child's party was given at our house1 and little neighbors came to see us for a few hours1 ,i was quick at observing how that none of them took to me4 ,if a game were proposed1 ,i was always assigned the lowest place in it4 ,if others were kings and queens1 ,i was only a servant and a slave2 and when others were captains and admirals1 ,i was a common sailor2 and on one occasion1 which ,i well remember1 ,i was degraded to the position of powder-monkey4 ,it seemed indeed by universal1 tacit consent that ,i should be thus used2 and in my own secret little heart ,i attributed the cause to my ugliness4 ,often while ,i joined in the game and shouted my utmost1 ,i was in reality sad and disheartened2 and have more than once climbed a tree and hid myself in its topmost branches1 while the sport proceeded in the garden below1 and my absence was unnoticed4 ,thus it was that my childhood fled away1 till1 as time progressed1 the evil became more serious4 ,having been so often rebuffed and humiliated1 ,i lost all ambition to excel4 ,insensibly ,i acquiesced in the idea that ,i was in all points inferior to others1 and that no efforts of my own could ever raise me to their level4 ,my friends now not only called me ugly1 but stupid4 ,my plain elder brother was undeniably clever4 ,my plainer second brother was shrewd1 but ,i was both the ugliest and stupidest of all4 ,at first ,i wept at this double discovery4 ,i then grew content at being at the bottom of my class at school4 ,my master held me up to ridicule 7the rascal has since been made a bishop71 and that1 too1 not only because ,i was backward and idle1 for in these respects ,i richly deserved his blame2 but1 alas6 for poor human nature so apt to be biased by mere externals1 because ,i was ugly4 ,i felt at the time that1 had ,i not been so very plain1 my being a dunce would have been more overlooked4 ,i saw good-looking dunces in the class with me1 who were easily pardoned2 but ,i was an ugly dunce1 and therefore was ridiculed and punished4 ,this treatment made me sullen4 ,at last ,i never cared to work at all4 ,i copied my exercises and blundered over my translations so much1 that the master grew tired of hearing me1 and would often pass me over entirely--a course that pleased me exceedingly1 and only confirmed me in my idleness4 ,i was called stupid1 and ,i became stupid2 and ,i discovered1 till ,i half became a little misanthrope1 that the ugliness for which ,i was bantered at home1 caused me also to be treated with greater harshness for my faults at school4 ,nor was it my enforced stupidity alone that thus gave the sting to my plainness1 but my poverty4 ,my father was very badly off4 ,i wore my elder brothers' old clothes1 which were too large for me4 ,i assumed1 ,i recollect1 on one occasion one of their cast-off hats1 and it overshadowed me completely4 ,my well-dressed school-fellows christened me ,guy ,fawkes on account of my frumpish attire3 and one of them1 kinder than the rest1 came to me one day when ,i was all alone1 and told me he was sorry for me4 ,this last incident completed my humiliation4 ,i did not weep but ,i kept very silent for a day or two4 ,i entered into no sports4 ,i walked apart and thought of my ugliness1 my stupidity1 my poverty2 nor was it till a week or more had passed away that ,i regained my usual spirits4 ,shortly after the above-mentioned events1 when ,i was about fourteen years of age1 my poor father began to think seriously of the future career of his ugly bantling4 ,and now a fresh sorrow awaited me4 ,my acquirements were so small1 my manners and appearance so unprepossessing1 that there was great difficulty in deciding on my future course4 8,come here1 ,jack10 said my father one day to me4 8,can you read well80 8,no10 he answered for me4 8,can you write well80 8,no10 he said again4 8,can you cast accounts well80 8,no10 he replied once more4 8,you can do nothing well1 but take birds' nests4 ,i don't know at all what is to become of you40 ,on hearing these words1 poor ,jack left the room very much crestfallen2 and quite agreed with his father1 that he did not at all know what was to become of him1 being both the ugliest and stupidest of his family4 8,send him to college1 father1 and make a clergyman of him10 suggested an amiable and compassionate sister1 thinking more of her brother's feelings than the ,church's interests4 ,this last speech of hers ,i overheard1 as ,i was disappearing through the doorway1 with the additional words3 8,perhaps he may just pass through1 without being absolutely plucked40 99 99 99 99 99 ,since the above-mentioned scenes1 years have passed away and a great change has come over me4 ,i have already said more than once that ,i was a backward boy1 and very lazy over my books4 ,about the age of sixteen years1 however1 a visible alteration took place in this respect4 ,at the suggestion of a sister 7a suggestion indeed half made in fun71 ,i was induced to try my hand at writing verses4 ,at first ,i refused1 being quite aghast at such a daring proposal2 but on the request being repeated1 ,i complied4 ,then it was that ,i caught the first sound of praise my ugly ears had ever heard yet4 ,she and ,i were both alike surprised4 ,i could not believe that ,i had composed the poem out of my own stupid head4 ,i read it over and over again1 and each time with increasing wonder4 ,i was actually startled at myself1 while the pleasing idea stole into my mind that ,i was not so great a fool after all4 ,nor did the matter end there4 ,the verses were taken to another sister1 and were praised by her in turn4 ,my second brother also1 who saw them next1 declared boldly that they were not mine2 or if they were1 must have been made up of odds and ends by some unconscious trick of the memory4 ,the answer was easy3 ,i knew no poetry1 and therefore the idea of plagiarism had no grounds to rest upon4 ,and this last consideration made my triumph complete4 ,my intellectual being awoke from its long slumber1 and sprang at once into conscious life4 ,poetry became a passion4 ,i read all ,i could lay my hands upon4 ,i composed and filled volumes with my own lucubrations2 my spirit within me yearned under the burden of a thousand new and contending romantic emotions2 and while ,i continued busily my classical studies 7for about this time it was settled that ,i should go to college71 ,i read and wrote much in addition1 and was never idle for a single moment4 ,still1 though the first step had thus been taken in the right direction1 much remained to be done4 ,when alone with my books1 ,i felt and enjoyed the freedom ,i had acquired4 ,i no longer looked on myself as below my fellow-men1 but recognized my birthright of intellectual power1 and delighted in the exercise of it4 ,the case1 however1 was different when ,i was with strangers1 or even with members of my own family4 ,immediately the fancied giant slunk back again into the stunted dwarf4 ,the fault of my education came over me like a cloud4 ,the lesson that had been drilled into me so early was not to be easily eradicated2 and the consequence was1 that1 while my indignant spirit secretly rebelled at my own cowardice1 ,i was obliged to submit with a good grace1 and cut but a poor figure in the eyes of my companions and fellow-students4 ,nor did this proud diffidence lose in intensity when ,i was introduced into the little world of academical life4 ,the same fault haunted me still2 and keeping aloof from others1 ,i not only forfeited many advantages1 but likewise ran the risk1 incurred by all solitary men1 of increasing selfishness and egotism4 ,circumstances1 however1 in some degree broke down this barrier to freedom of intercourse with others1 which unwise friends had unconsciously helped to raise2 and though ,i had a small but select circle of acquaintances1 my evil genius was still with me2 and ,i finally left the university1 having missed much it was calculated to teach4 ,my next experience dates from the time when ,i found myself a curate in a large manufacturing town4 ,all my old troubles began over again4 ,when ,i stood up in public1 my sensitiveness came back to me with tenfold force4 ,the thought of my extreme ugliness1 the recollection of my ridiculously little and flat nose1 overwhelmed me with confusion4 ,i was keenly alive to the ludicrous3 and hence the picture ,i involuntarily drew of myself wounded my vanity in the extreme4 ,my first appearance in the desk was formidable4 ,i was miserable4 ,my poor little nose1 through intense self-consciousness1 actually ached on my face4 ,if ,i caught the full glance of an eye1 ,i suspected at once that it was fixed on that particular feature2 and ,i had by an express effort to call all my reasoning powers together to lay this ghost of my own morbid fancy4 ,this extreme sensitiveness1 however1 soon began to wear off4 ,i made up my mind to be ugly2 and the strong brotherhood ,i felt with many others in this respect came to the aid of my philosophy4 ,but there was a worse evil1 which was not so soon overcome4 ,having been for so many years of my life looked upon as stupid1 ,i was now seized again with that distrust of self which ,i had once so nearly shaken off4 ,it seriously crippled my usefulness2 and ,i had the mortification to see others1 with half my abilities and acquirements1 but more self-reliant1 occupy positions with applause where ,i was compelled to be silent4 ,the struggle in my heart was very bitter2 and if at last ,i did break through the trammels in some degree1 it was not till many a wasted year had flown1 and many a golden opportunity had gone by forever4 ,like all other young men too1 ,i fell in love1 and then the thought of my ugliness came down on me like a thunderbolt4 ,of course the young lady was perfection1 and her nose a thorough contrast to my own4 ,the fact that ugly men often obtained beautiful wives was very consoling1 ,i allow2 and ,i often ran over in my own mind a list of all the plain men ,i knew who were married to lovely women4 ,still my own ugliness distressed me1 and ,i began in consequence an awkward and unwieldy flirtation4 ,i tried to be agreeable1 but my shyness prevailed2 and ,i generally ended by making some blunder1 such as plunged me in disgrace4 ,then a period of silence and distance would ensue1 at which the fair object of my affections was visibly piqued and puzzled2 and1 as was but natural1 soon let me feel her anger and annoyance4 ,then immediately1 with the proverbial inconsistency of a lover1 ,i forgot my own conduct that had caused the alteration in her manner1 and attributed the change to a rooted dislike of my person4 ,and so at last we separated2 and a happier rival appeared1 who carried her off at once1 and wears the flower to this day4 ,after this event ,i began to look upon myself as a confirmed bachelor4 ,no woman1 ,i thought would ever take me1 who have no gold to gild my ugliness2 and ,i grew almost contented with my solitude4 ,but ,providence ordered it otherwise4 ,this is not a love story1 but a true tale2 and when ,i learnt from the lips of her ,i love best1 some months after marriage1 that the honesty and intelligence1 written on my face1 threw a veil over its ugliness and almost glorified my insignificant and troublesome nose1 ,i felt1 and ,i still feel1 that if all the world thinks me ugly1 ,i am perfectly content with the verdict2 and if most men have better noses than myself1 there are many without my share of intellect and sense2 or else with all their various defects1 they have no warm-hearted wife like mine1 to love and admire them for the few good qualities they possess4 ,but before ,i close1 ,i have one more confession to make after all4 ,i never see a very good nose to this day without thinking of my own bad one1 and envying for the moment the more fortunate possessor4 ,to this day also1 ,i am somewhat shy both in public and in private1 and can not wholly get over that nervous regard for the opinions of others1 which my unwise training has only served to increase4 ,this defect in my character has hindered my advancement in life4 ,my little nose has prevented me from being a big man4 ,god1 however1 has richly blessed me in many ways4 ,i have a nice parish1 a pleasant vicarage1 a good wife and a large family4 ,many kind friends1 too1 have gathered around me1 and assure me of increasing usefulness4 ,yet my one great fault of intense self-consciousness haunts me still1 mars my enjoyment1 unnerves me often in the very moment of action1 and makes me feel every day the evil brought upon a too sensitive disposition1 when defects1 whether physical or mental1 are made a theme for ridicule and banter1 without regard to the present pain and future loss such a course is only too sure to entail4--,temple ,bar4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a missionary steamer1 whose hull and machinery weigh only six tons1 is now moored in the ,thames1 in ,london4 ,the vessel is named 8,peace10 and has been built for the ,baptist ,missionary ,society1 who destine it for the service of the mission in the upper reaches of the ,congo ,river4 ,the boat can be taken to pieces readily for transport purposes1 and the total number of pieces1 none of which would be too heavy for a man to carry1 would be #hjj4 ,the greatest possible use has been made of all available space1 and the two cabins are admirably fitted4 ,a kitchen adapted for a stove and other cooking appliances forms part of the equipment4 ,a substantial awning covers the deck1 and between this and the sides of the vessel a wire awning is fitted to stop arrows and other missiles4 ,it is intended to take the steamer to pieces and pack the sections in boxes1 which will be sent to the mouth of the ,congo4 ,from thence they will be borne by #hjj men a distance of #cjj miles up to ,stanley ,pool1 where the steamer will be reconstructed by missionaries4 ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,president3 ,lewis ,miller4 ,superintendent of ,instruction3 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4 ,d4 ,counselors3 ,lyman ,abbott1 ,d4 ,d42 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren1 ,d4 ,d42 ,j4 ,m4 ,gibson1 ,d4 ,d42 ,w4 ,o4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4 ,d4 ,office ,secretary3 ,miss ,kate ,f4 ,kimball4 ,general ,secretary3 ,albert ,m4 ,martin4 #a4--;,,aim4 ,this new organization aims to promote habits of reading and study in nature1 art1 science and in secular and sacred literature1 in connection with the routine of daily life 7especially among those whose educational advantages have been limited71 so as to secure to them the college student's general outlook upon the world and life1 and to develop the habit of close1 connected1 persistent thinking4 #b4--,,methods4 ,it proposes to encourage individual study in lines and by text-books which shall be indicated2 by local circles for mutual help and encouragement in such studies2 by summer courses of lectures and 8students' sessions0 at ,chautauqua1 and by written reports and examinations4 #c4--;,,course ,,of ,,study4 ,the course of study prescribed by the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 shall cover a period of four years4 #d4--;,,arrangement ,,of ,,classes4 ,each year's course of study will be considered the 8first year0 for new pupils1 whether it be the first1 second1 third or fourth of the four years' course4 ,for example1 8the class of #ahhf10 instead of beginning ,october1 #ahhb1 with the same studies which were pursued in #ahha-'hb by 8the class of #ahhe10 will fall in with 8the class of '#he10 and take for their first year the second year's course of the '#he class4 ,the first year for 8the class of #ahhe0 will thus in due time become the fourth year for 8the class of #ahhf40 #e4--;,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,course ,,of ,,reading1 #ahhb-'hc4 ,i4 ,required4 #a4 ,readings in the ,history and ,literature of ,greece1 ,england1 ,russia1 ,scandinavia1 ,china1 ,japan and ,america4 #b4 ,readings in ,science2 ,geology1 ,astronomy1 ,physiology1 and ,hygiene4 #c4 ,readings in ,bible ,history1 and in ,biblical and ,general ,religious ,literature4 ,,ii4 ,white ,seal4 #a4 ,additional ,readings in ,greek1 ,english and ,biblical ,history4 #b4 ,additional ,readings in ,english and ,american ,literature4 ,,iii4 ,white 7,crystal7 ,seal for ,graduates4 ,readings in ,history1 ,literature and ,science1 in the line of the ,required ,course for the year4 ,this is a ,special ,course for ,graduates of the ,class of #ahhb who wish to continue their connection with the ,circle4 #f4--;,,books ,,for ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,course1 #ahhb-'hc4 ,i4 ,required4 ,history of ,greece1 by ,prof4 ,t4 ,t4 ,timayenis4 ,vol4 #a4 ,parts #c1 #d and #e4 ,price1 #a4ae4 ,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english1 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson4 ,price1 #a4 ,chautauqua ,text-,book1 ,no4 #e1 ,greek ,history1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent4 ,price1 #aj cents4 ,recreations in ,astronomy1 by ,bishop ,henry ,w4 ,warren1 ,d4 ,d4 ,price1 #a4aj4 ,chautauqua ,text-,book1 ,no4 #b1 ,studies of the ,stars1 by ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren1 ,d4 ,d4 ,price1 #aj cents4 ,first ,lessons in ,geology1 by ,prof4 ,a4 ,s4 ,packard1 ,jr4 ,price1 #ej cents4 ,chautauqua ,text-,book1 ,no4 #d1 ,english ,history1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent4 ,price1 #aj cents4 ,chautauqua ,text-,book1 ,no4 #cd1 ,china1 ,corea and ,japan1 by ,w4 ,elliot ,griffis4 ,price1 #aj cents4 ,evangeline1 by ,henry ,w4 ,longfellow4 ,price1 paper1 #bj cents2 cloth1 #ej cents4 ,hampton ,tracts3 ,a ,haunted ,house1 by ,mrs4 ,m4 ,f4 ,armstrong2 and ,cleanliness and ,disinfection1 by ,elisha ,harris1 ,m4 ,d4 ,price1 #ae cents4 ,,the ,,chautauquan4,g ,price1 #a4ej--;in which will be published1 7monthly73 ,pictures from ,english ,history1 by ,c4 ,e4 ,bishop1 ,esq42 ,chapters from ,early ,russian ,history1 by ,mrs4 ,m4 ,s4 ,robinson2 ,passages from ,scandinavian ,history and ,literature1 by ,prof4 ,l4 ,a4 ,sherman1 of ,new ,haven1 ,conn42 ,sabbath ,readings in ,classic ,religious ,literature1 selected by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent4 ,,the ,,chautauquan will also contain1 in the department of ,required ,readings1 brief papers as follows3 ,studies in ,ancient ,greek ,life2 ,selections from ,english ,literature2 ,readings from ,russian ,literature2 ,readings from the ,literature of ,china and ,japan2 ,readings in ,bible ,history2 ,readings in ,biblical ,literature2 ,readings in ,geology2 ,readings in ,astronomy2 ,readings in ,physiology and ,hygiene4 ,,additional ,,readings ,,for ,,students ,,of ,,the ,,class ,,of '#hc4 ,hints for ,home ,reading1 by ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott4 ,price1 cloth1 #a2 board1 #ge cts4 ,the ,hall in the ,grove1 by ,mrs4 ,alden4 7,a story of ,chautauqua and the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c47 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,outline ,study of ,man1 by ,dr4 ,mark ,hopkins4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,,ii4 ,for the ,white ,seal4 ,persons who pursue the 8,white ,seal ,course0 of each year1 in addition to the regular course1 will receive at the time of their graduation a white seal for each year1 to be attached to the regular diploma4 ,history of ,greece1 by ,prof4 ,t4 ,t4 ,timayenis4 ,vol4 #a2 completed4 ,price1 #a4ae4 ,william the ,conqueror1 and ,queen ,elizabeth1 ,abbott's series4 ,price1 #hj cents4 ,outlines of ,bible ,history1 by ,bishop ,j4 ,f4 ,hurst1 ,d4 ,d4 ,price1 #ej cents4 ,chautauqua ,library of ,english ,history and ,literature4 ,vol4 #a4 ,price1 paper1 #fj cents2 cloth1 #hj cents4 ,outre-,mer1 by ,henry ,w4 ,longfellow4 ,price1 paper1 #ae cents2 cloth1 #dj cents4 ,hamlet4 ,rolfe's edition4 ,price1 paper1 #ej cents2 cloth1 #gj cents4 ,julius ,csar4 ,rolfe's edition4 ,price1 paper1 #ej cents2 cloth1 #gj cents4 ,,iii4 ,required4--,for the ,white 7,crystal7 ,seal1 for ,graduates of #ahhb4 ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,required ,reading4 ,history of ,greece4 ,vol4 #a4 ,by ,t4 ,t4 ,timayenis4 ,william the ,conqueror and ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,abbott's ,series4 ,outre-,mer1 by ,henry ,w4 ,longfellow4 ,hamlet4 ,rolfe's edition4 ,julius ,csar4 ,rolfe's edition4 ,the following is the distribution of the ,,subjects ,,and ,,books ,,throughout ,,the ,,year3 ,ch4 stands for ,,chautauquan4 ,october4 ,history of ,greece4 ,vol4 #a4 7,timayenis47 7,parts #c1 #d1 and #e47 ,chautauqua ,text-,book1 ,greek ,history4 7,vincent47 ,geology4 7,packard47 ,readings in ,english1 ,russian1 ,scandinavian1 and ,religious ,history and ,literature4 7,ch47 ,readings in ,geology4 7,ch47 ,november4 ,history of ,greece4 ,vol4 #a4 7,timayenis47 7,parts #c1 #d1 and #e47 ,geology4 7,packard47 ,english1 ,russian1 ,scandinavian1 and ,religious ,history and ,literature4 7,ch47 ,readings in ,geology4 7,ch47 ,december4 ,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english4 7,wilkinson47 ,english1 ,russian1 ,scandinavian and ,religious ,history and ,literature4 7,ch47 ,studies in ,ancient ,greek ,life4 7,ch47 ,readings from ,russian ,literature4 7,ch47 ,january #ahhc4 ,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english4 7,wilkinson47 ,english1 ,russian1 ,scandinavian1 and ,religious ,history and ,literature4 7,ch47 ,readings in ,bible ,history and ,literature4 7,ch47 ,february4 ,recreations in ,astronomy4 7,warren47 ,chautauqua ,text-,book1 ,studies of the ,stars4 7,warren47 ,readings in ,astronomy4 7,ch47 ,english1 ,russian1 ,scandinavian1 and ,religious ,history and ,literature4 7,ch47 ,readings in ,bible ,history and ,literature4 7,ch47 ,march4 ,recreations in ,astronomy4 7,warren47 ,readings in ,astronomy4 7,ch47 ,chautauqua ,text-,book1 ,english ,history4 7,vincent47 ,english1 ,russian1 ,scandinavian1 and ,religious ,history and ,literature4 7,ch47 ,selections from ,english ,literature4 7,ch47 ,april4 ,physiology1 ,hygiene1 and ,home4 ,hampton ,tracts4 ,readings in ,physiology4 7,ch47 ,english1 ,russian1 ,scandinavian1 and ,religious ,history and ,literature4 7,ch47 ,selections from ,english ,literature4 7,ch47 ,may4 ,evangeline4 7,longfellow47 ,english1 ,russian1 ,scandinavian1 and ,religious ,history and ,literature4 7,ch47 ,readings in ,physiology4 7,ch47 ,june4 ,chautauqua ,text-,book1 ,china1 ,corea and ,japan4 7,griffis47 ,english1 ,russian1 ,scandinavian1 and ,religious ,history and ,literature4 7,ch47 ,readings from the ,literature of ,china and ,japan4 7,ch47 #g4--,,special ,,courses4 ,members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 may take1 in addition to the regular course above prescribed1 one or more special courses1 and pass an examination upon them4 ,pupils will receive credit and testimonial seals to be appended to their regular diploma1 according to the merit of examination on these supplemental courses4 #h4--,,the ,,preparatory ,,course4 ,persons who are too young1 or not sufficiently advanced in their studies1 to take the regular ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 course1 may adopt certain preparatory lessons for one or more years4 ,for circulars of the preparatory course1 address ,miss ,k4 ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 #i4--;,,initiation ,,fee4 ,to defray the expenses of correspondence1 memoranda1 etc41 an annual fee of fifty cents is required4 ,this amount should be forwarded to ,miss ,k4 ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 7by ,new ,york or ,philadelphia draft1 or post-office order on ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j47 ,do not send postage stamps if you can possibly avoid it4 ,n4 ,b4--,in sending your fee1 be sure to state to which class you belong1 whether #ahhc1 #ahhd1 #ahhe1 or #ahhf4 #aj4--;,,application ,,for ,,membership4 ,persons desiring to unite with the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 should forward answers to the following questions to ,miss ,k4 ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,the class graduating in #ahhf should begin the study of the lessons required ,october1 #ahhb4 ,they may begin as late as ,january #a1 #ahhc4 #a4 ,give your name in full4 #b4 ,your postoffice address1 with county and ,state4 #c4 ,are you married or single8 #d4 ,what is your age8 ,are you between twenty and thirty1 or thirty and forty1 or forty and fifty1 or fifty and sixty1 etc48 #e4 ,if married1 how many children living under the age of sixteen years8,h #f4 ,what is your occupation8 #g4 ,with what religious denomination are you connected8 #h4 ,do you1 after mature deliberation1 resolve1 if able1 to prosecute the four years' course of study presented by the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c48 #i4 ,do you promise to give an average of four hours a week to the reading and study required by this course8 #aj4 ,how much more than the time specified do you hope to give to this course of study8 #aa4--,,time ,,required4 ,an average of forty minutes reading each week day will enable the students in nine months to complete the books required for the year4 ,more time than this will probably be spent by many persons1 and for their accommodation a special course of reading on the same subject has been indicated4 ,the habit of thinking steadily upon worthy themes during one's secular toil will lighten labor1 brighten life1 and develop power4 #ab4--,,memoranda4 ,the annual examinations will be held at the homes of the members1 and in writing4 ,memoranda will be forwarded to them1 and by their written replies the committee can judge whether or not they have read the books required4 #ac4--;,,attendance ,,at ,,chautauqua4 ,persons should be present to enjoy the annual meetings at ,chautauqua1 but attendance there is not necessary to graduation in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,persons who have never visited ,chautauqua may enjoy the advantages1 diploma1 and honors of the ,circle4 ,the ,,assembly ,,daily ,,herald is published on the grounds during the ,chautauqua ,assembly4 ,send #a for the ,,daily ,,herald to ,t4 ,l4 ,flood1 ,meadville1 ,pa4 ,back numbers can be supplied4 #ad4--,,miscellaneous4 ,for the story of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 and explanation of the ,local ,circles1 the ,memorial ,days to be observed by all true ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 members1 ,st4 ,paul's ,grove at ,chautauqua1 etc41 etc41 address 7inclose three-cent stamp71 ,miss ,k4 ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j41 who will forward the ,chautauqua ,hand-,book1 ,no4 #b1 sixty-four pages4 ,blank forms1 containing the ten questions given in paragraph #aj1 will also be sent on application4 #ae4--,,our ,,class ,,mottoes4 ,we study the ,word and the ,works of ,god4 ,let us keep our ,heavenly ,father in the midst4 ,never be discouraged4 #af4--;,,books ,,of ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,address ,phillips ,hunt1 #hje ,broadway1 ,new ,york2 and ,walden ,stowe1 ,cincinnati and ,chicago4 ,,footnotes3 ,g ,,the ,,chautauquan is a monthly magazine containing more than one half the 8required0 reading4 ,ten numbers for the year4 #gb pages a month4 ,price1 #a4ej a year4 ,for all the books address ,phillips ,hunt1 ,new ,york1 or ,walden ,stowe1 ,cincinnati or ,chicago4 ,for ,,the ,,chautauquan address1 ,theodore ,l4 ,flood1 ,meadville1 ,pa4 ,h ,we ask this question to ascertain the possible future intellectual and moral influence of this 8,circle0 on your homes4 ,,editor',s ,,outlook4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,literature4 ,among the many notable features connected with ,chautauqua work1 not the least is the influence of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 on the educational literature of the times4 ,book making of a peculiar sort1 to meet a special demand1 has been one of its results4 ,it is a maxim of commerce that whenever there is a demand there will be a supply to meet it4 ,it is not strange that the supply did not exist at the beginning1 for the demand1 the want of a school of the people1 such as the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 aims to be1 is without precedent in our history4 ,books for the public schools and academies lacked adaptability as well as attractiveness in many instances4 ,the greater part of them were too elementary1 being prepared for younger minds and those more advanced and mature were generally too special in their character1 failing to give that 8outlook0 which figures so largely in the ,chautauqua ,idea4 ,it had to be recognized that the mind of one grown to adult years1 though perhaps no farther advanced in a particular branch of study than the boy at school1 yet because of other development1 experience and observation required that the subject be presented in a different manner4 ,college text books were not suited to the needs of the student of this ,people's ,college4 ,they were often too deep and not wide enough1 too much of the students' sanctum to be suited to the fireside of the home4 ,a glance at the list of the ,chautauqua text books1 as they are found in the advertising pages of ,,the ,,chautauquan1 will suggest somewhat the extent and character of this feature4 ,it will be seen that this literature is being published and sold by some of the best publishing houses in the country1 and that writers and authors of high reputation have given their talent to meet this want4 ,let even the disinterested reader examine this list4 ,they are sui generis4 ,wide in their range as the scope of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 course1 simple and attractive in the manner of treating the various subjects1 yet philosophical and thorough in the best sense4 ,they are the books that thousands1 scattered here and there1 thirsting for knowledge1 have felt the need of without knowing they were attainable1 and which were unattainable till this demand became focalized by the organization of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,this new literature is therefore filling a wider sphere than the organization which called it into existence4 ,upon the table of many a professional man1 and in many a home where there is not a desire to pursue a full course of study1 these books find their way1 by reason of the very peculiarities aimed at in their preparation4 ,we do not speak here of the effect that such books is destined to exercise upon the writers of text-books for the schools and academies and colleges1 nor of the quickening effect upon publishers to furnish a wide and varied range of books on all these and other subjects to meet the increased demand arising from mental appetites awakened by this course1 nor do we venture to prophesy the dimensions to which this literary influence will grow4 ,mr4 ,bayard ,taylor says that the literary bloom of the eighteenth century in ,germany was largely indebted to the popular guilds of the 8mastersingers0 of preceding centuries4 ,a great popular educational movement like the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 cannot fail to have a large influence on the popular literature of the future4 ,the ,prospect for a ,revival of ,spiritual ,religion4 ,there is evidently great need of a revival of spiritual religion in all the churches of the land4 ,the fact that most of the great ,christian bodies are increasing very slowly in membership1 and that some of them1 according to their own statistics for the past year1 have suffered an actual loss1 is evidence that the ,church at large is not blessed with the vitality and spiritual power she ought to have4 ,another significant fact is1 that the non-church-going element in both city and country is rapidly on the increase1 so that it is estimated that from one-fourth to one-half of the population of the country1 seldom1 if ever1 attend religious services4 ,indeed we are personally acquainted in communities1 and that outside of cities1 too1 in which the steady church-going element does not comprise more than one-eighth of the population4 ,in view of these things we are led to inquire what are the prospects for the much-needed revival of spiritual religion4 ,all revivals are necessarily of divine origin1 but are dependent on human agency to make them operative among men4 ,the ,church is the agency through which divine influences have always been manifested to the world4 ,a revival has never been known to begin outside the ,church4 ,the reformation began with ,luther1 a member of the ,romanish ,church4 ,the great modern revival movement called ,methodism began with ,wesley1 a member of the ,episcopal ,church4 ,concerning the ,holy ,spirit1 there can be no doubt but he is always ready to do his work4 ,the question then is this3 ,is the ,church in condition to secure the spirit in awakening and converting power4 ,this question must be answered in many instances in the negative and for the following reasons3 ,we must admit that a spirit of worldliness pervades the ,church to an alarming degree4 ,in the mad chase after material things that characterizes our age1 ,christians are seemingly as eager in pursuit of temporal things for temporal ends as are those who make no pretensions to a religious life4 ,the love of money1 which is the 8root of all evil10 is productive of covetousness1 which1 like a deadly dry-rot1 is destructive of spirituality1 eliminates spiritual longings from the soul1 and renders the man gross and groveling4 ,in part as a result of this world-spirit developed in the ,church1 there has been engendered a lamentable indifference to vital piety4 ,the religious forms remain1 but the warmth1 the glow1 the fervor and the power of religion are often sadly wanting4 ,in fact1 modern culture too often frowns on fervency either in the pew or pulpit2 and too often the sermon1 instead of being a powerful appeal to the hearts and consciences of men1 and awakening dead souls from the sleep of sin1 is only a moral or sthetic essay or oration1 of the conventional half-hour pattern1 and deals mainly in glittering generalities4 ,the discussion in the pulpit1 in the right spirit1 of the justice of ,god1 the exceeding sinfulness of sin1 eternal punishment1 human redemption by ,jesus ,christ1 and kindred themes1 will arouse men to duty1 but these themes are by some thought to be unpopular4 ,consequently the thunders of ,sinai are hushed and men are soothed by a sort of emasculated gospel into carnal security1 both concerning themselves and their fellow-men1 and make but little effort to raise themselves or others to a higher spiritual life4 ,the increasing secularization of the ,sabbath is another great hindrance to a revival of spiritual religion4 ,the sanctity of this day is essential to the spirituality of the ,church1 and whatever interferes with the proper religious observance of the day tends to destroy vital religion among the people4 ,in spite of these unfavorable symptoms which are manifest at present in the body of believers1 we do not despair of the ultimate success of the ,church in accomplishing her mission4 ,there are many sincere1 efficient and godly workers in the ranks of all denominations who are earnestly longing and laboring for the salvation of the world1 but we fear for the present1 at least1 that their efforts are being neutralized by the worldliness1 indifference1 lukewarmness and formalism which characterize a large portion of the ,church1 so that the near future will not witness a grand revival of spiritual religion4 ,we would be most heartily glad1 however1 if our forebodings should prove ill-founded1 and if there should come upon the ,universal ,church a divine baptism which would consume all the dross of sin and make her more successful in winning souls4 ,success of the ,natural ,method in ,language at ,chautauqua4 ,the natural method has been for several years past on trial1 and has achieved a marked success4 ,it has been practically demonstrated that in a very short time persons can be taught to speak ,french or ,german1 or indeed any language for which there is a competent living teacher4 ,the modern languages have been most successful because it is not easy to find those sufficiently familiar with the ancient ones to give to their pupils the necessary practice in them4 ,yet1 even ,greek and ,latin have been taught to be spoken in this way4 ,in the modern languages1 however1 but a few weeks have been needed to enable persons to speak them fluently and understand them well when spoken4 ,from the beginning the scholar is taught to speak in the simple way in which the mother-tongue is taught in childhood4 ,with the very first lesson single words at the beginning and then some simple phrases are mastered4 ,these are increased with each succeeding lesson1 and soon the pupil finds that he has quite a store of the words and phrases most commonly in use4 ,by frequent practice these are retained1 and others being daily added1 at the end of six weeks1 or thereabouts1 of constant study1 any ordinary conversation can be carried on with a facility which astonishes those accustomed only to the slow and tedious processes of the older methods4 ,it has been fortunate for the ,chautauqua ,assembly that teachers have taught here from the beginning who have been thoroughly devoted to this method of instruction4 ,hence the success of the schools1 which have already attained to very large numbers1 and have secured enthusiastic interest in all those who have attended them4 ,though the number of last year exceeded that of any that preceded it1 it was but an earnest of what is yet to come4 ,any prediction of the future outcome of these schools1 which would be recognized as at all moderate by others1 would fall far short of what is confidently expected of them by those familiar with this natural method of instruction1 and with the success with which it has met in the ,chautauqua schools4 ,william ,penn and ,his ,policy4 ,the recent celebration of the bi-centennial of the landing of ,william ,penn on this continent has once more attracted public attention to the founder of the great ,commonwealth of ,pennsylvania4 ,penn was a prominent personage during his lifetime and figured largely both in ,england and this country4 ,his character was an odd mixture of fanaticism and moderation1 and in his public career he managed to so blend ,quaker simplicity and worldly wisdom that he was a great light in his sect and at the same time was possessed of great influence in court circles1 especially during the reign of ,james ,,ii4 ,he received his patent for the territory now forming the ,state which bears his name from the crown1 in payment of a debt of #af1jjj due to his father1 who had been an admiral in the ,english navy during the reign of ,charles ,,ii4 ,when he came to this country in #afhb to take possession of his grant1 he did not endeavor to drive out by force the ,indian tribes which occupied it1 but formed a treaty of peace and friendship with them on such terms that the land made over to him by the crown was ceded to him and his colonies by the consent of the aboriginal inhabitants4 ,in all his relations with the ,indians he treated them with such justice and benevolence that his colonies were never molested by them1 but enjoyed uninterrupted peace and prosperity4 ,of this treaty made by ,penn with the ,indians ,voltaire said that it was 8the only treaty never sworn to and never broken40 ,penn's treatment of the ,indians was as anomalous as it was wise and statesmanlike4 ,had a similar policy characterized the leaders and members of other colonies this country would have been spared many scenes of horror and years of bloodshed1 and the story of the red men's wrongs would never have disgraced its records4 ,penn's course in this matter was all the more remarkable in that it was utterly foreign to the spirit of the age in which he lived4 ,war was the trade of kings and their representatives4 ,its rude alarms were preferred to the 8piping sounds of peace10 and the sword was deemed a more honorable emblem than the olive branch4 ,penn showed his greatness by rising completely above the spirit and temper of his times in the policy he pursued in relation to the ,indians4 ,the world has grown wiser with the flight of time1 and now1 after the lapse of two centuries1 the peace policy which ,penn adopted in his treatment of the ,indians is becoming more and more the policy of the nations toward one another4 ,war has been found to be the most costly and cruel method of settling national difficulties4 ,besides causing the slaughter of millions of men1 it has been the means of loading the states of ,europe1 as well as our own country1 with burdensome debts which the coming generations of peace-loving men must pay4 ,as the world becomes more thoroughly civilized and ,christianized war will be looked upon as a relic of barbarism1 and will be shunned as a horrid crime4 ,national differences will be settled by arbitration and mutual concessions instead of by an appeal to arms1 and the prophetic declaration that men 8shall beat their swords into plough-shares and their spears into pruning hooks0 will be fulfilled in spirit if not in letter4 ,,pericles4--,a sonnet by the ,rev4 ,theodore ,c4 ,pease3 ,his grave1 impassive face was stern and cold2 ,upon his brow majestic calmness sate2 ,the fine curve of his lips1 as firm as fate1 ,of deep resolve and fast persuasion told4 ,no features his of coarse or common mold1 ,but first of men in the world's foremost state1 ,even at her highest1--he among the great1 ,excelled by brow and breast the men of old1 ,and unto us who1 through the sight of years1 ,see men like shadows move along the dim ,horizon's verge1 high o'er them all appears1 ,clearer than all beside1 the shape of him ,who gave his name to ,athens' noblest age1 ,whose life gave history her brightest page4 ,,editor',s ,,note-,,book4 ,hail the night1 all hail the morn1 ,when the ,prince of ,peace was born2 ,when amid the wakeful fold1 ,tidings good the angel told4 ,now our solemn chant we raise ,duly to the ,savior's praise2 ,now with carol hymns we bless ,christ the ,lord1 our righteousness4 --,from the ,german4 ,general ,neal ,dow1 the famous ,prohibition leader1 is now about seventy-eight years old1 but he is so well preserved that he does not look to be more than sixty4 ,he is of medium height1 rather stout1 and wears heavy side whiskers1 which1 like his hair1 are silvered with age4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,london ,echo1 which has been a most active sympathizer with ,arabi ,pasha1 suggests the following lines as applicable to him3 ,rebel or ,patriot8 ,well1 heads or tails6 ,define the terms1 and this is how it reads3 ,a ,rebel is--a ,patriot who fails2 ,a ,patriot is--a ,rebel who succeeds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 students will find the following item of special interest in connection with this year's course of study3 ,of all ,scandinavian men of letters1 none1 perhaps1 commands a wider1 deeper influence than ,dr4 ,gorg ,brandes1 whose name has become familiar in many lands by his personal association with leading thinkers and writers in ,england1 ,france1 and ,germany1 his manful contests with ecclesiastical prejudices1 and his persistent efforts to introduce modern ideas into the hide-bound universities of the ,north4 ,ten years ago1 after a determined struggle1 he obtained the nomination to the chair of ,literature in the ,university of ,copenhagen1 but was rejected at last through the influence of the metropolitan bishop4 ,since then he has been living in ,berlin1 and the university chair has remained unoccupied4 ,at last1 however1 a committee of private citizens has been formed1 and has raised enough money to assure ,dr4 ,brandes a comfortable salary for ten years1 if he will return to ,copenhagen as resident lecturer on literature at the ,university4 ,although the salary thus offered him is not nearly as large as the one he now receives at ,berlin1 he has accepted the proposition1 and will begin his first course of lectures in ,copenhagen about ,christmas next4 ,there is room for hope that the influence of his thought and scholarship will so aid the progress of toleration and liberal ideas that when the ten years expire the ,church will offer no opposition to his occupying the chair that has so long been awaiting him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the necessary sum for the ,garfield monument 7#aj1jjj7 at ,cincinnati has been raised by dollar subscriptions4 ,the statue is to be of bronze1 full length1 of heroic size1 and mounted on a granite pedestal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the geological diagrams prepared for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 are in the form of landscapes4 ,they may be used to great advantage in local circles4 ,it is the object method of teaching applied to geology1 and it makes this seemingly dry study fascinating and profitable4 ,dr4 ,vincent becomes enthusiastic over teaching geology by this method4 ,ten diagrams cost a member of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 only #e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,zion's ,herald1 of ,boston1 ,mass41 puts individual responsibility in a nutshell in this item3 8,who can tell the importance of one vote8 ,it is said that when the war of #ahab was declared1 the measure was carried in the ,united ,states ,senate by one majority4 ,one of those senators was elected1 in the ,rhode ,island ,legislature1 by one majority1 and one member of that legislature was detained at home unexpectedly1 who1 if he had been present1 would have voted against that senator4 ,he was about getting on the stage to go to the legislature in the morning of the day of the vote1 when1 casually looking around1 he saw that his pigs had got out of the pen and were in mischief4 ,he stopped at home to take care of them and could not reach the legislature that day4 ,one vote changes many currents4 ,massachusetts once had a governor elected by one plurality4 ,every good man should be counted on the right side40 99 99 99 99 99 ,our ,english cousins have resolved to place a bust of ,longfellow in the poets' corner of ,westminster ,abbey4 #ejj have already been subscribed toward the erection of the memorial4 ,longfellow will be the first ,american thus honored at ,westminster4 99 99 99 99 99 ,london ,truth3 8,the aim of illustrated newspapers ought to be to give pictorial realization of passing events4 ,their merit is in proportion to their accuracy4 ,of late1 however1 they have taken to fancy sketches40 99 99 99 99 99 ,longfellow1 on being introduced to the late ,nicholas ,longworth1 of ,cincinnati1 a quick-witted old gentleman1 who dearly loved a joke1 reference was made to the similarity of the first syllables of their names4 8,worth makes the man and want of it the fellow10 replied ,mr4 ,longfellow1 quoting ,pope's famous line4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the recent elections vindicate the memory of the lamented ex-,president ,james ,a4 ,garfield4 ,they demonstrate that there is no dominating moral principle in the creed of any of the great political parties1 and that the voters who believe in principles rather than offices or men1 hold the balance of power in our civilization4 ,a little philosophy fully explains the present political condition of the ,american people4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,watchman says3 8,how to get people to church1 is a much discussed question in these days4 ,when ,mr4 ,spurgeon was asked how he succeeded so wonderfully in keeping his church full1 he replied1 #8,i fill the pulpit1 and let the people fill the pews4' ,dr4 ,chalmers told a part of the secret when he said1 #8,a house-going preacher makes a church-going people4'0 99 99 99 99 99 ,a deputation of astronomers from ,germany has come to this country to witness the transit of ,venus on ,december #f4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ladies are responsible for this3 ,in the last five or six years ,new ,york city's trade in ostrich feathers has increased from about half a million dollars a year to nearly five million dollars4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,bancroft1 the historian1 rises at #e o'clock in the morning4 ,his breakfast is a light one1 usually consisting of a cup of chocolate1 some fruit1 an egg and a roll4 ,he eats nothing more until dinner1 which is always a substantial meal4 ,few men1 he believes1 can perform good brain work with a full stomach4 ,he spends the morning dictating to his secretaries1 and revising the work of the preceding day4 ,from #a until #b3cj he receives visitors4 ,the latter part of the afternoon he spends in the saddle1 riding from twenty to thirty-five miles1 and managing his steed1 mounting and alighting with the agility of a young man1 although he completed his eighty-second year more than a month ago4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the season has come for members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 to use the local papers1 in towns and cities4 ,while you are at work over your books and in your local circles1 you are making items of news which1 if you will write up and hand to the editors they will thank you and publish them gladly4 ,you may thus extend a knowledge of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 among the people without4 ,you may induce many to take up the course of reading4 ,you may banish ignorance from a great many homes1 and you may awaken talents1 that now sleep1 in young men and women who are in ignorance and idleness because nobody cares for them4 ,write up the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 work for the local papers1 and tell who you are and what you are1 and why you are connected with this great ,circle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,chautauqua ,school of ,languages is growing into a school of correspondence4 ,prof4 ,lalande and ,dr4 ,worman invite their students in ,french and ,german to adopt this method in pursuing their studies4 ,they hold that the art of reading and writing can be as well taught by letter as in the school room4 ,in ,england and ,germany correspondence schools have long existed1 and been remarkably successful4 ,the ,chautauqua school is growing in numbers and interest1 and we look for a large increase through the new plan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in response to requests from a number of our readers we give below a list of ,memorial ,days3 #a4 ,opening ,day4 ,october #a4 ,read psalms i1 viii1 and xxiii1 and ,mr4 ,bryant's 8,letter on the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c410 page #dg4 ,at noon on ,october #a1 and on every other 8,memorial ,day0 during the year1 the ,chapel ,bell at ,chautauqua will ring4 ,every true ,chautauqua heart will hear and heed the call4 #b4 ,bryant's ,day4 ,november #c4 ,bryant born ,november #c1 #agid4 ,read 8,thanatopsis10 8,a ,forest ,hymn10 and 8,the ,planting of the ,apple-,tree40 #c4 ,special ,sunday4 ,november--,second ,sunday4 ,read ,job xxviii4 #d4 ,milton's ,day4 ,december #i4 ,milton born ,december #i1 #afjh4 ,read 8,hymn of the ,nativity10 and 8,satan40 #e4 ,college ,day4 ,january--last ,thursday4 ,this is the day of prayer for colleges usually observed in the churches4 #f4 ,special ,sunday4 ,february--,second ,sunday4 ,read ,psalm xix4 #g4 ,shakspere's ,day4 ,april #bc4 ,shakspere born ,april #bc1 #aefd4 ,read 8,fall of ,cardinal ,wolsey10 7,henry ,,viii1 act iii1 scene #b17 and 8,hamlet's ,soliloquy on ,death10 7,act iii1 scene #a47 #h4 ,addison's ,day4 ,may #a4 ,addison born ,may #a1 #afgb4 ,read the 8,vision of ,mirza10 and 8,omnipresence and ,omniscience of the ,deity40 #i4 ,special ,sunday4 ,may--,second ,sunday4 ,read ,matt4 xxv4 #aj4 ,special ,sunday4 ,july--,second ,sunday4 ,read #a ,cor4 xiii4 #aa4 ,inauguration ,day4 ,august--,first ,saturday after ,first ,tuesday4 ,anniversary of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 at ,chautauqua4 #ab4 ,st4 ,paul's ,day4 ,august--,second ,saturday after ,first ,tuesday4 ,anniversary of the ,dedication of ,st4 ,paul's ,grove at ,chautauqua4 ,read ,acts xvii1 #aj-cd4 ,,special ,,note4--,let each member of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 prepare a brief memorandum1 for his own use1 on the birth1 life1 times1 and influence of ,bryant1 ,milton1 ,shakspere1 and ,addison4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is a pleasant surprise to read the proceedings of the recent national convention of the ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u41 held in ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,this is certainly one of the most complete and efficient temperance organizations this nation ever produced4 ,the women have divided their work into several departments3 temperance literature1 the evangelistic work1 prison and police station work1 the ,southern work1 the ,german work1 work among colored people1 the young women's work1 hygiene1 legislative department1 etc41 etc4 ,the convention was entertained handsomely by the good people of ,louisville4 ,its session was harmonious1 and its proceedings will create a stronger temperance sentiment wherever they are read4 ,miss ,frances ,e4 ,willard was re-elected president1 receiving every vote of every delegate in the convention1 and there were more than thirty ,states represented4 ,elsewhere in this number of ,,the ,,chautauquan our readers will find an article that was read before the convention1 which traces the history of the ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 back to ,chautauqua as the place of its origin4 ,the ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u41 with its fifty thousand workers1 can say of ,chautauqua1 8,i was born there40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,advance puts our 8winter work0 in these words3 8,it presses now--what is it8 ,first and chiefly1 at least for ministers1 to edify believers in holy character2 for the perfecting of the saints1 the edifying of the body of ,christ4 ,for it is ,christian character which converts sinners to ,christ1 which burns with a holy evangelistic zeal1 and is likely to secure conversions even without directly aiming at them4 ,it is consecrated character which has power with ,god and with men40 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,bezkrovoff1 a ,russian engineer1 is in this country4 ,he said to a reporter recently3 8,our government ordered me to study your ways and means of transportation4 ,we have a costly system of canals uniting our seas1 the ,baltic1 the ,white1 the ,caspian1 and the ,black2 we have many great navigable rivers1 and1 besides1 we have built tens of thousands of versts of railroads1 and yet transportation in our country is in its infancy4 ,thousands of tons of grain rot annually at our railroad stations1 for there are no stores4 ,in the southern part of ,russia there is abundance of fish1 meat1 vegetables1 and other provisions1 and yet in the northern part of the country the people can not afford to buy those provisions1 for the cost of transportation puts it beyond their means4 ,we have plenty of coal and kerosene1 but at ,st4 ,petersburg1 and even at ,moscow1 the ,english coal and the ,american kerosene are cheaper than the ,russian4 ,our canals and railroads don't pay to the government the cost of keeping40 99 99 99 99 99 ,there are very few who have not been puzzled how to pronounce some out-of-the-way word which has suddenly sprung into common use4 ,a bewildered reader writes to a ,boston paper saying that the pronunciation of ,whittier's 8,maud ,muller0 has long been such a puzzle to him4 8,when ,i was a little fellow10 he says1 8,i pronounced it phonetically1 of course1 ,mul-ler4 ,well1 shortly after ,i heard a literary gentleman--a judge1 too--read the poem at an evening gathering1 and ,i noticed particularly he pronounced it ,m-ler4 ,i made a note of it and carried that pronunciation with confidence for a long time1 until one day in ,high ,school the teacher informed us that the proper pronunciation of that name was #8,mw-ler4' ,so ,i changed my colors again and sailed under ,mwler for quite a while1 until one day ,i got into conversation with a young physician1 a good ,german student4 #8,oh1 yes1' said he1 #8,i can tell you how to pronounce that name6 ,whenever you see a ,german word with two dots over the letter u1 it is always pronounced as if immediately followed by an r1 thus3 #8,murl-er1 ,maud ,murler4' ,by this time ,i had lost all confidence in everyone and decided to let the young lady severely alone1 but the other day ,i happened to run across a ,german fresh from the old country1 and ,i said3 #8,do you have any people over in your land called ,muller8 ,m-u-l-l-e-r6' #8,oh1 yes1 plenty4' #8,well1 what do you call them--how do you pronounce it8' #8,miller1' said he4 #8,it's a very common name--,miller4' ,i thanked him and left1 and now if there is another way in which that word can be pronounced ,i should like to hear it4 ,i am honestly seeking for information40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the first volume of ,,the ,,chautauquan is out of print1 but the second volume1 beginning with ,october1 #ahha1 and closing with ,july1 #ahhb1 may be obtained by sending the price1 #a4ej4 ,we can supply ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,assembly ,,daily ,,herald for #ahhb4 ,there are nineteen numbers in the volume1 which contain more than sixty lectures and addresses on live questions of the day--philosophy1 literature1 the sciences1 history1 practical life1 etc4 ,price1 #a4jj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a provoking error occurs in the first line on page #aef of this number4 ,it should read 8,the history of the origin of10 etc4 ,the words 8history of the0 were dropped out by mistake1 and the omission was not discovered until the form was entirely printed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at a recent meeting of the 8,parker0 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,dr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,dobson illustrated how ice will move downward by pressure of its own weight1 applicable to the glacial chapter of ,packard's ,geology4 ,in the top of a wooden bucket or tub1 drive two tacks or small nails on opposite sides1 and about two inches apart4 ,stretch across two fine iron wires--such as is used for wax flowers will do--winding the wires around the tacks so as to be kept in position4 ,upon the wires place a piece of clear ice1 about six inches long1 four inches wide and two inches thick1 placing the thin edge in contact with the wires4 ,almost instantly the wires will be imbedded in the ice1 and in the course of an evening the downward movement of the ice will be so great as to cause the wires to pass entirely through the block of ice1 which1 strange as it may seem1 unites again below the wires1 and though it is actually severed by the wires in three parts by its course downward1 it falls into the vessel a solid piece1 leaving no trace of the path the wires made4 ,an interesting question for ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 readers to solve1 after repeating the experiment1 is1 ,why does the ice re-unite8 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,hon4 ,hiram ,price1 of ,iowa1 one of the ,commissioners of ,indian ,affairs1 comments severely on the iniquity of the liquor traffic among the ,indians1 and quotes instances of trouble arising from it4 ,he reports the total number of ,indians in the ,united ,states1 exclusive of ,alaska1 as being #bfb1cff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the work of revising the ,old ,testament is going on under the direction of ,dr4 ,philip ,schaff as chairman of the ,american portion of the committee4 ,they are now engaged on the third and last revision1 which will be completed in about a year from this time4 ,the ,american committee meet on the last ,thursday1 ,friday1 and ,saturday of each month1 in ,dr4 ,schaff's study1 in the ,bible ,house1 ,new ,york4 ,the ,english committee meet in ,jerusalem ,chapel1 in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,the ,bishop of ,winchester is chairman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we shall furnish our readers with a complete list of the names of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 graduates for #ahhb in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,february4 99 99 99 99 99 ,messrs4 ,,cassell1 ,,petter1 ,,galpin ,,co41 #gci and #gda ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 have in press for immediate publication1 8,evangeline--,the ,place1 ,the ,story and the ,poem40 ,by ,prof4 ,noah ,porter1 ,president of ,yale ,college4 ,to be issued in an elegant large folio volume1 limited to #ejj copies1 numbered and signed by ,prof4 ,porter1 containing nineteen magnificent original illustrations by ,frank ,dicksee1 ,a4 ,r4 ,a41 fifteen of which are elegantly reproduced in photogravure by ,messrs4 ,goupil ,co41 of ,paris1 and four are proof impressions on ,india paper from the original blocks1 beautifully illustrating ,longfellow's poem of ,evangeline4 ,the publishers claim that this will prove the handsomest artistic gift book of the season4 ,,editor',s ,,table4 ,we solicit questions of interest to the readers of ,,the ,,chautauquan to be answered in this department4 ,our space does not always allow us to answer as rapidly as questions reach us4 ,any relevant question will receive an answer in its turn4 ,q4 ,where is the ,panthon located in which ,mirabeau's body was placed8 ,a4 ,the ,panthon is in ,paris4 ,the foundation stone of the present edifice was laid by ,louis ,,xv in #agfd1 and the church was dedicated to ,st4 ,genevieve1 the patron saint of ,paris4 ,in #agia the convention resolved to convert it into a kind of memorial temple1 which they named the ,panthon and inscribed on it the words1 8,aux grands hommes la patrie reconnaissante40 ,the old inscription still remains and the familiar name is still popularly applied to the church4 ,mirabeau was the first person whose remains were deposited in the vaults4 ,q4 ,which branch of mathematics should be taken up after arithmetic1 algebra1 or geometry8 ,a4 ,algebra1 which is the key to all the higher mathematics4 ,q4 ,what is the name of the ,river ,jordan now8 ,a4 ,arab geographers call the river either ,el-,urdon1 which is equivalent to the ,hebrew name1 or ,esh-sheriah1 which signifies 8the watering place40 ,the latter is the name generally used by the modern ,syrians4 ,q4 ,in the course of study for this year is it obligatory to buy ,rolfe's edition of ,hamlet and ,julius ,csar1 if one has some other edition8 ,a4 ,it is not obligatory4 ,any edition will be acceptable4 ,q4 ,what is the origin of the term ,huguenots8 ,a4 ,it is a name of uncertain origin1 first applied by the ,roman ,catholics of ,france to all partisans of the ,reformation1 but afterwards restricted to the ,calvinists4 ,some derive it from one of the gates of the city of ,tours1 called ,hugons1 at which these ,protestants held some of their assemblies2 others from the words ,huc nos1 with which their protest commenced2 others from aignos1 a confederate4 ,prof4 ,mahn1 in his ,etymologische ,untersuchungen1 quotes no fewer than fifteen different derivations4 ,q4 ,what is ,salmagundi1 and from what is the name derived8 ,a4 ,a mixture of minced veal1 chicken1 pickled herrings and onions all chopped together and served with lemon juice and oil3 so called1 it is said by some1 from ,salmagondi1 one of the ladies attached to the suite of ,mary de ,medicis1 wife of ,henry ,,iv of ,france1 who is reputed to have invented the dish4 ,the word is more probably a corruption of the ,latin salgamum 7meat and salad chopped together74 ,q4 ,which is the largest library in the world8 ,a4 ,the ,national ,library1 in ,paris1 containing #b1jjj1jjj volumes1 is the largest4 ,q4 ,i saw recently an allusion to the 8,vinegar ,bible10 but have no idea what was meant4 ,can ,,the ,,chautauquan tell me8 ,a4 ,a ,bible printed by the ,clarendon press in #agag1 by mistake gave the heading to ,luke xx as 8,the ,parable of the ,vinegar10 instead of ,vineyard4 ,q4 ,in what historic period was the ,persian ,avesta written8 ,a4 ,the ,avesta is one of the most ancient documents remaining to us for the early history and religion of the ,indo-,european family4 ,it is made up of several distinct parts1 and many circumstances favor the theory of its collection into its present form during the early part of the ,sassanian period1 about #bbf ,a4 ,d4 ,q4 ,i have access to 8,hudson's ,shakspere20 will it be accepted in place of ,rolfe's edition of 8,hamlet0 and 8,julius ,csar0 in the required reading for the ,white ,seal ,course for this year1 #ahhb-hc8 ,a4 ,yes1 any edition4 ,q4 ,what is the meaning of ,peter-pence8 ,a4 ,an annual tribute of one penny paid at the feast of ,saint ,peter to the see of ,rome4 ,it was collected in ,england from #gdj till it was abolished by ,henry ,,viii4 ,q4 ,please give a list of some of the best small works on ,geology1 ,mineralogy1 and ,paleontology4 ,a4 8,text-book of ,geology10 by ,dana2 8,geology for ,general ,readers10 by ,page2 8,elementary ,geology10 by ,gray2 8,paleontology10 by ,owen2 8,manual of ,mineralogy10 by ,dana2 8,rudiments of ,mineralogy10 by ,ramsay4 ,q4 ,what war is meant by the 8,seven ,years' ,war80 ,a4 ,that of ,frederick ,,ii of ,prussia1 against ,austria1 ,russia1 and ,france 7#agef-agfc74 ,q4 ,what is the origin of the word ,tory8 ,a4 ,the word is probably from the ,irish toruigh1 used in the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth to signify a band of ,irish robbers4 ,macaulay says1 8,the name was first given to those who refused to concur in excluding ,james from the throne40 ,he further says1 8,the bogs of ,ireland afforded a refuge to popish outlaws called tories40 ,q4 ,what is the origin of the phrase1 8to take a snack80 ,a4 ,it means to take a morsel1 from ,saxon snd1 a morsel1 a share or portion4 ,q4 ,who was the author of the ,dies ,ir8 ,a4 ,it is probably the composition of ,thomas a ,celano1 a native of ,abruzzi1 who died in #abee1 though its authorship is not certainly fixed4 ,q4 ,is it true that ,mr4 ,gladstone is a ,roman ,catholic8 ,i saw it so stated recently4 ,a4 ,no1 he is a ,high ,churchman4 ,q4 ,is the 8,life of ,napoleon10 by the late ,j4 ,s4 ,c4 ,abbot1 a reliable book8 ,a4 ,the author has been accused of partiality for his hero1 but it is up to the average of reliability of such books4 ,q4 ,how far back does the oldest record of the ,chinese extend8 ,a4 ,the history of ,china dates back nearly #ejjj years1 but up to the year #bbjg it is of a mythical character4 ,q4 ,will you please inform me to what zological class the starfish belongs1 and give some of its habits4 ,a4 ,the starfish belongs to the class of echinoderms1 and the order asterioids4 ,the zological name is asterias rubens4 ,a famous ,english anatomist says starfishes may be considered as mere walking stomachs1 their office in the economy of nature being to devour all kinds of garbage which would otherwise accumulate on the shores2 they eat also live crustaceans1 mollusks1 and even small fish1 and are believed to be very destructive to oysters4 ,q4 ,is it true that the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church forbids its ministers the use of tobacco8 ,a4 ,see discipline questions asked candidates for admission4 ,they are required to answer the question1 but the conference may admit them even though the question be answered negatively4 ,,books ,,received4 ,,cassell1 ,,petter1 ,,galpin ,,co43 8,wild ,animals and ,birds1 ,haunts and ,habits40 ,for children the following books contain wholesome reading4 ,they are elegantly bound and handsomely illustrated3 8,papa's ,little ,daughters20 8,boots at the ,holly ,tree ,inn20 8,two ,tea ,parties20 8,the ,mother ,goose ,goslings20 8,little ,folks20 8,fred ,bradford's ,debt20 8,bo ,peep20 8,living ,pages ,from ,many ,ages40 ,parents or friends desiring handsome books for holiday presents to children will be sure to get what they want in the above list4 ,,charles ,,scribner',s ,,sons1 ,new ,york1 publish 8,history of the ,christian ,church10 vol4 ,i1 by ,dr4 ,philip ,schaff2 8,the ,harmony of the ,bible with ,science20 8,the ,early ,days of ,christianity20 8,a ,popular ,commentary of the ,new ,testament20 8,the ,epistles of ,st4 ,paul20 8,webster10 an ode1 by ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4 ,d42 8,love for ,souls20 8,campaigns of the ,civil ,war20 8,the ,march to the ,sea1 ,franklin and ,nashville20 8,edward the ,third20 8,logic and ,life20 8,international ,revised ,commentary1 ,luke20 8,saltillo ,boys20 8,prayer and ,its ,answer20 8,swiss ,family ,robinson40 ,,report ,,of ,,chautauqua ,,normal ,,examination--#ahhb4 ,to the members of the ,chautauqua ,normal ,class3 ,we present to you the following list of names of those who passed the normal examination4 ,the highest honors are awarded to ,emma ,c4 ,brainard1 ,chili ,station1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mrs4 ,anna ,k4 ,knesal1 ,slippery ,rock1 ,pa4 ,henry ,s4 ,jacoby1 ,memphis1 ,tenn4 ,all of these presented papers without a single mistake1 and therefore marked with the maximum #ajj4 ,they will receive the first prize in equal honor1 each a copy of 8,the ,treasury of ,song10 published by ,c4 ,r4 ,blackall ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,thirteen other papers closely follow them in merit1 being marked #ii4 ,we have placed the names of these sixteen persons deserving an honorable mention at the head of the list1 but the names of the rest of the class are not printed in order of merit4 ,diplomas will be sent to all the class as soon as they can be prepared and signed4 ,john ,r4 ,pepper1 ,memphis1 ,tenn4 ,cornelia ,moore1 ,new ,richmond1 ,ohio4 ,sarah ,j4 ,hough1 ,antwerp1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mrs4 ,amelia ,currie1 ,east ,carlton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,d4 ,marsh1 ,union ,city1 ,pa4 ,c4 ,a4 ,knesal1 ,slippery ,rock1 ,pa4 ,kate ,ayres1 ,dover1 ,n4 ,j4 ,m4 ,m4 ,stovel1 ,avon1 ,n4 ,y4 ,nellie ,munson1 ,ravenna1 ,ohio4 ,eugene ,simpkins1 ,kendall1 ,n4 ,y4 ,julia ,m4 ,guest1 ,ogdensburg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,francis ,l4 ,proctor1 ,canton1 ,ill4 ,carrie ,a4 ,ingersoll1 ,canton1 ,ill4 ,we have marked opposite your name in the following list of graduates the number at which your examination paper was marked4 ,if you desire to have your papers returned1 please to send to ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,hurlbut1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j41 your post office address and six cents in postage stamps4 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,b4 ,powers1 ,richmond1 ,ind4 ,mary ,s4 ,young1 ,ripley1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,g4 ,wood1 ,beach ,pond1 ,pa4 ,millie ,t4 ,stone1 ,batavia1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mrs4 ,minerva ,perry1 ,brownhelm1 ,ohio4 ,mrs4 ,ruth ,p4 ,nixon1 ,brighton1 ,ill4 ,j4 ,m4 ,crouch1 ,jamestown1 ,pa4 ,mrs4 ,elvira ,a4 ,walsworth1 ,lake ,mahopac1 ,n4 ,y4 ,l4 ,d4 ,beck1 ,franklin1 ,tenn4 ,mrs4 ,mary ,lane1 ,batavia1 ,ohio4 ,ernest ,d4 ,sweezey1 ,corry1 ,pa4 ,mamie ,e4 ,utter1 ,birmingham1 ,mich4 ,a4 ,d4 ,wilder1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mary ,p4 ,whitney1 ,wagon ,works1 ,ohio4 ,maud ,f4 ,temple1 ,sugar ,grove1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,b4 ,webber1 ,springville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d4 ,j4 ,march1 ,corry1 ,pa4 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,g4 ,doran1 ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,bessie ,eddy1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,maggie ,a4 ,huston1 ,winchester1 ,ill4 ,cora ,howe1 ,centreville1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,e4 ,l41 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,g4 ,b4 ,marsh1 ,union ,city1 ,pa4 ,mary ,h4 ,lowe1 ,springville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mrs4 ,p4 ,a4 ,cross1 ,friendship1 ,n4 ,y4 ,emma ,j4 ,wood1 ,cheviot1 ,ohio4 ,m4 ,e4 ,truesdale1 ,summerfield1 ---- ,sara ,gouldy1 ,newburg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,p4 ,st4 ,john1 ,madison1 ,ohio4 ,j4 ,t4 ,leming1 ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,sarah ,m4 ,newton1 ,flint1 ,mich4 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,n4 ,bolard1 ,bradford1 ,pa4 ,minnie ,reeve1 ,farmington1 ,mo4 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,b4 ,webber1 ,springfield1 ,ill4 ,we congratulate you upon your success in your studies1 and upon your membership in the ,chautauqua ,normal ,association4 ,we hope that you will come next summer prepared to take the ,chautauqua ,alumni ,association1 and hope that you will next summer be prepared for the advanced normal examination1 and a seal upon your diplomas4 ,the list for required books for this course may be found in ,chautauqua ,hand ,book1 ,no4 #a 7revised edition71 which will be sent to you upon application1 enclosing a three cent stamp4 ,sincerely yours1 ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,superintendent of ,instruction4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,hurlbut1 ,superintendent ,normal ,department4 ,,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j41 ,oct4 #a1 #ahhb4 ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,,the ,,third ,,volume ,,begins ,,with ,,october1 #ahhb4 ,it is a monthly magazine1 #gb pages in each number1 ten numbers in the volume1 beginning with ,october and closing with ,july of each year4 ,,the ,,chautauquan is the official organ of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle1 adopted by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4 ,d41 ,lewis ,miller1 ,esq41 and ,lyman ,abbott1 ,d4 ,d41 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren1 ,d4 ,d41 ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4 ,d41 and ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,gibson1 ,d4 ,d41 ,counselors of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,the ,,current ,,volume ,,will ,,contain ,,more ,,than ,,half ,,the ,,required ,,readings ,,for ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,that brilliant writer1 ,mrs4 ,may ,lowe ,dickinson1 will take the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 on a 8,,tour ,,round ,,the ,,world10 in nine articles1 which will begin in the ,november number4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent will prepare ,sunday ,readings for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 and one article for each number on ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 work4 ,popular articles on ,russia1 ,scandinavian ,history and ,literature1 ,english ,history1 ,music and ,literature1 ,geology1 ,hygiene1 etc41 etc41 will be published for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in ,,the ,,chautauquan only4 ,prof4 ,w4 ,t4 ,harris will write regularly for us on the ,history and ,philosophy of ,education4 ,eminent authors1 whose names and work we withhold for the present1 have been engaged to write valuable papers1 to be in the ,required ,reading for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 8,tales from ,shakspere10 by ,charles ,lamb1 will appear in every number of the present volume1 giving the reader in a racy readable form all the salient features of ,shakspere's works4 ,the following writers will contribute articles for the present volume3 ,the ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4 ,d41 ,mrs4 ,mary ,s4 ,robinson1 ,edward ,everett ,hale1 ,prof4 ,l4 ,a4 ,sherman1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,t4 ,harris4 ,prof4 ,w4 ,g4 ,williams1 ,a4 ,m41 ,a4 ,m4 ,martin1 ,esq41 ,mrs4 ,ella ,farnham ,pratt1 ,c4 ,e4 ,bishop1 ,esq41 ,rev4 ,e4 ,d4 ,mc,creary1 ,a4 ,m41 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,h4 ,bugbee1 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren1 ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,moore1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4 ,d41 and others4 ,we shall continue the following departments3 ,local ,circles1 ,questions and ,answers1 on every book in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 course not published in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,notes and ,letters1 ,editor's ,outlook1 ,editor's ,note-,book1 and ,editor's ,table4 ,,the ,,chautauquan1 one year1 #a4ej ,,club ,,rates ,,for ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,five subscriptions at one time1 each #a4ce ,or1 #f4ge ,send postoffice money order on ,meadville1 ,pa41 but not on any other postoffice4 ,remittances by draft should be on ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 or ,pittsburgh1 to avoid loss4 ,address1 ,,theodore ,l4 ,,flood1 ,,editor ,,and ,,proprietor1 ,,meadville1 - - ,,penn',a4 ,correspondence for the ,editorial ,department should be marked 8,personal40 ,,charles ,,scribner',s ,,sons' ,,new ,,books ,,for ,,boys ,,and ,,girls4 999999 ,these books are for sale by all booksellers1 or will be sent1 prepaid1 upon receipt of price1 by the publishers4 ,the ,american ,boy's ,handy-,book2 or1 ,what to ,do and ,how to ,do ,it4 ,by ,,daniel ,c4 ,,beard4 ,with more than #cjj illustrations by the author4 #a vol41 #hvo1 #c4 8,this most splendid and complete book for boys is offered to meet a longing felt by many for a real1 practical ,american boy's book of out-door sports and amusements4 ,those contained within are intended for all ages past babyhood1 and will not be found too trivial to engage the attention of grown-up people who are fond of such sports4 ,the aim has been to give information about things that are practicable for those who have not a great deal of money at command4444 ,each particular department is minutely illustrated1 and the whole is a complete treasury1 invaluable not only to the boys themselves1 but to parents and guardians who have at heart their happiness1 and healthful development of mind and muscle40--,pittsburgh ,telegraph4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,great ,,english ,,ballads4 ,the ,boy's ,percy4 ,edited with an ,introduction by ,,sidney ,,lanier4 ,with #ej text and full-page illustrations by ,e4 ,b4 ,bensell4 #a vol41 #hvo1 #b4ej4 ,mr4 ,lanier's books1 which made him the companion and friend of half the boys of the country1 and showed his remarkable talent for guiding them into the best parts of this ideal world1 fitly close by giving the best of the ballads in their purest and strongest form1 from ,bishop ,percy's choicest collection4 ,with the ,boy's ,froissart1 the ,boy's ,king ,arthur1 the ,mabinogion1 and the ,boy's ,percy1 ,mr4 ,lanier's readers have the full circle of heroes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sidney ,,lanier',s ,,editions ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,legends4 ,,each ,,volume ,,beautifully ,,illustrated4 ,the ,boy's ,mabinogion4 ,being the ,earliest ,welsh ,tales of ,king ,arthur in the famous ,red ,book of ,hergest4 ,edited for boys1 with an ,introduction by ,,sidney ,,lanier4 ,with #ab full-page illustrations by ,alfred ,fredericks4 #a vol41 crown #hvo1 extra cloth1 #c4 ,the ,boy's ,king ,arthur4 ,being ,sir ,thomas ,mallory's ,history of ,king ,arthur and his ,knights of the ,round ,table4 ,edited for boys1 with an ,introduction by ,,sidney ,,lanier4 ,with #ab full-page illustrations by ,alfred ,kappes4 #a vol41 crown #hvo1 extra cloth1 #c4 ,the ,boy's ,froissart4 ,being ,sir ,john ,froissart's ,chronicles of ,adventure1 ,battle1 and ,custom in ,england1 ,france1 ,spain1 etc4 ,edited for ,boys1 with an ,introduction by ,,sidney ,,lanier4 ,with #ab full-page illustrations by ,alfred ,kappes4 #a vol41 crown #hvo1 extra cloth1 #c4 ,,wm4 ,o4 ,,stoddard',s ,,capital ,,stories ,,for ,,boys4 ,saltillo ,boys4 #a vol41 #abmo1 #a4 ,dab ,kinzer4 ,a ,story of a ,growing ,boy4 #a vol41 #abmo1 #a4 ,the ,quartet4 ,a ,sequel to 8,dab ,kinzer40 #a vol41 #abmo1 #a4 ,the ,story of ,siegfried4 ,by ,,james ,,baldwin4 ,with a series of superb illustrations by ,howard ,pyle4 #a vol41 square #abmo1 #b4 8,to wise parents1 who strive1 as all parents should do1 to regulate and supervise their children's reading1 this book is most earnestly commended4 ,would there were more of its type and excellence4 ,it has our most hearty approval and recommendation in every way1 not only for beauty of illustration1 which is of the highest order1 but for the fascinating manner in which the old ,norse legend is told40--,the ,churchman4 8,it gives in a popular form1 in a charmingly simple and picturesque style1 the fascinating romances of the old ,german epics4 ,no more delightful reading for the young can be imagined than that provided in this interesting book1 and the manner of recital is so graceful that older readers will derive from it scarcely less pleasure40--,boston ,saturday ,evening ,gazette4 ,the ,ting-a-,ling ,tales4 ,by ,,frank ,r4 ,,stockton4 ,illustrated by ,e4 ,b4 ,bensell4 #a vol41 #abmo1 #a4 ,they are tales of1 literally1 enchanting sorcery and fairy-prank1 fantastic1 grim1 preposterous1 fanciful1 astonishing1 quaint1 by turns1 and always brimful of humor1--a peculiarly sly and irresistible humor of which ,mr4 ,stockton alone has the secret4 ,all ,english-speaking children will thank ,mr4 ,stockton for the delightful entertainment he has provided for them4 ,there is certainly no other living writer who so deftly blends the purely imaginative and the subtly humorous4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,frank ,r4 ,,stockton',s ,,popular ,,stories4 ,a ,jolly ,fellowship4 ,illustrated4 #a vol41 #abmo1 #a4ej4 ,the ,floating ,prince1 and ,other ,fairy ,tales4 ,with illustrations by ,,bensell and others4 #a vol41 quarto1 extra cloth1 #b4ej4 ,tales ,out of ,school4 #a vol41 quarto1 boards1 with handsome lithographed cover1 #cej pages1 nearly #bjj illustrations4 ,a new edition4 ,price reduced from #c to #a4ej4 ,roundabout ,rambles in ,lands of ,fact and ,fiction4 #a vol41 quarto1 boards1 with very attractive lithographed cover1 #cgj pages1 #bjj illustrations4 ,a new edition4 ,price reduced from #c to #a4ej4 ,a ,,new ,,story ,,by ,,jules ,,verne4 ,the ,cryptogram4 ,being ,part ,second of 8,the ,giant ,raft40 ,with numerous illustrations by ,french artists4 #a vol41 #abmo1 #a4ej4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new and ,,cheaper ,,editions ,,of ,,jules ,,verne',s ,,popular ,,stories4 ,a ,floating ,city1 and the ,blockade ,runners4 ,with numerous illustrations4 #a vol41 extra cloth1 #b4 ,hector ,servadac2 or1 ,the ,career of a ,comet4 ,with over #ajj full-page illustrations4 #a vol41 #hvo1 elegantly bound1 #b4 ,,charles ,,scribner',s ,,sons1 #gdc #gde ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious punctuation errors repaired4 ,page #abc1 8,keif0 changed to 8,kief0 7grand duchy of ,kief remained7 ,page #ach1 repeated word 8more0 deleted from text4 ,original read 7more more than #i1ejj cubic7 ,page #ade1 8possiby0 changed to 8possibly0 7cyanogen1 and possibly oxygen7 ,page #adf1 8comatic0 changed to 8cometic0 7cometic phenomena are concerned7 ,page #adi1 8hear0 changed to 8hears0 7one hears all sorts7 ,page #aej1 8ustly0 changed to 8justly0 7justly what seem to7 ,page #aee1 8,daised0 changed to 8,daisied0 7,daisied meadows of our7 ,page #aeg1 8be0 changed to 8he0 7he does a little better7 ,page #afe1 8vincicate0 changed to 8vindicate0 7,a4 ,to vindicate7 ,page #aff1 8is0 changed to 8in0 7difficulty in obtaining a7 ,page #afi1 word 8who0 added to text 7that he who would be7 ,page #agb1 8,kinmball0 changed to 8,kimball0 7,miss ,k4 ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j47