,transcriber's ,note3 ,bold text is     
surrounded by equal signs and  italic   
text is surrounded by underscores4      
,,the ,,chautauquan4          ,a        
,,monthly ,,magazine ,,devoted ,,to     
,,the ,,promotion ,,of ,,true ,,culture4
        ,,organ ,,of ,,the ,,chautauqua 
,,literary ,,and ,,scientific ,,circle4 
,,vol4 ,,iii4       ,,january1 #ahhc4   
,no4 #d4          ,chautauqua ,literary 
and ,scientific ,circle4                
,president1 ,lewis ,miller1 ,akron1     
,ohio4    ,superintendent of            
,instruction1 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4 ,d41
 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4    ,general       
,secretary1 ,albert ,m4 ,martin1        
,pittsburgh1 ,pa4    ,office ,secretary1
 ,miss ,kate ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 
,n4 ,j4    ,counselors1 ,lyman ,abbott1 
,d4 ,d42 ,j4 ,m4 ,gibson1 ,d4 ,d42      
,bishop ,h4 ,w4  ,warren1 ,d4 ,d42 ,w4  
,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4 ,d4                 
,transcriber's ,note3 ,this table of    
contents of this      periodical was    
created for the ,,html version to aid   

the      reader4          ,contents     
,,required ,,reading    ,history of     
,russia      ,chapter ,v4--,the ,grand  
,principality--,vladimir ,monomakh      
#agi      ,chapter ,,vi4--,iuri         
,dolgoruki1 and ,andrei ,bogoliubski1   
,founders            of ,suzdal         
#ahj    ,a ,glance at the ,history and  
,literature of ,scandinavia             
,,iii4--,the ,eastern ,vikings--the     
,beginnings of ,literature          #ahb
    ,pictures from ,english ,history    
,,iv4--,the ,meadow-,parliament         
#ahd                                    
,,sunday ,,readings4    ,january #g4    
,history of ,god's ,book                
#ahd    ,january #ad4      ,from the    
,beginning to ,abraham                  
#ahh    ,january #ba4      ,from        
,abraham to the ,occupation of ,canaan  
#aij    ,january #bh4      ,the         
,israelites ,after ,reaching the ,land  
of ,promise              #aia      ,the 
,three ,ages                            
#aic    ,stages                         

#aic    ,driving                        
#aic    ,education ,for and ,against    
,caste                                  
#aid    ,content                        
#aif    ,roumanian ,peasants and ,their 
,songs                                  
#aig    ,home ,life in ,germany         
#aii    ,the ,value of ,good ,food      
#bjb    ,a ,petition to ,time           
#bjg    ,a ,dream1 and ,practical ,life 
#bjg    ,tales from ,shakspere      ,a  
,midsummer ,night's ,dream              
#baj      ,the ,winter's ,tale          
#bac    ,a ,tour ,round the ,world      
#baf    ,thrift                         
#bah    ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,work           
#bbb    ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,testimony      
#bbc    ,local ,circles                 
#bbe    ,questions and ,answers         
#bbh    ,questions ,for ,further ,study 
#bbi    ,answers to ,questions ,for     
,further ,study in the ,november ,number
    #bbi    ,outline of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 
,studies ,for ,january                  
#bcj    ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4                 

,round-,table--,colonel ,daniels        
#bca    ,editor's ,outlook              
#bcd    ,editor's ,note-,book           
#bcf    ,editor's ,table                
#bch    ,the ,transit of ,venus         
#bci    ,table ,talk                    
#bci    ,new ,books ,for ,holiday ,times
                                        
#bdj          ,,required ,,reading      
,,for ,,the    ,chautauqua ,literary and
 ,scientific ,circle for #ahhb-hc4      
,,january4          ,,history ,,of      
,,russia4    ,by ,,mrs4 ,,mary ,s4      
,,robinson4      ,,chapter ,v4    ,,the 
,,grand ,,principality--,,vladimir      
,,monomakh4    ,one of the illustrious  
successors of ,iaroslaf the ,great upon 
the throne  of ,kief1 was his grandson  
,vladimir1 grandson also of the ,greek  
emperor  ,constantine ,monomachus1 whose
 surname he bore2,a a man of wisdom1 of 
valor1 and of integrity--a singular     
instance of elevation of character  in  
an age and among a people but partly    
emerged from barbarism4 ,he  waited long

 for his right to rule1 having respect  
to the national law  that gave          
precedence to the oldest member of the  
deceased sovereign's  family4 8,his     
father was older than mine1 and reigned 
first in ,kief10  he said1 deferring to 
his cousin ,sviatopolk ,isiaslavitch4,b 
,certain  of ,monomakh's kinsmen had    
been wrongfully deprived of their lands 
by  ,vsevolod and ,isiaslaf1            
respectively father and uncle of        
,monomakh4 ,the  latter accepted        
,tchernigof as his share of the spoil2  
for beyond the  right of the strongest1 
no right was seriously considered in the
 ,russia  of that age4 ,oleg1 one of the
 injured princes1 called the ,polovtsui 
barbarians to his aid1 and harried the  
lands of those who had robbed  him4     
,monomakh1 moved by the distress of the 
people1 offered to restore  the wrested 
lands that had fallen to his share4 ,to 
his efforts was due  the assembling of  
the more powerful princes in ,congress  
at ,lbetch  7#ajij71 on the ,dnieper1 to

 effect means for the suppression of the
  civil wars that afflicted the realm4  
,seated on a carpet1 the princes  drew  
up a treaty1 each prince taking oath and
 kissing the cross1 as  he declared that
 thereafter 8the ,russian land shall be 
held sacred  and dear1 as the country of
 us all4 ,whoso shall dare to arm       
himself  against his brother1 becomes   
our common enemy40 ,as nearly as is     
known1  this treaty is the first written
 assertion of the unity that was        
incipient in the administration of      
,ruric1 that took form and strength     
from the administrations of ,vladimir   
and ,iaroslaf1 and that has been        
steadily developing through a thousand  
years of national existence3 a  unity   
that holds in an apparently inviolable  
bond a hundred tribes and               
nationalities4    ,the good faith of the
 members of the congress was soon put to
 the test  by ,david1 ,prince of        
,volhynia1 who made war upon his        
nephews1 ,vasilko  and ,volodar1 to whom

 the assembled princes had apportioned  
certain  lands1 coveted by their uncle4 
,the latter went to ,sviatapolk1 ,grand 
,prince of ,kief--for ,vladimir         
,monomakh had not yet come to his       
throne--and  represented that ,vasilko  
had designs upon ,sviatapolk's lands and
 life4  ,the latter lent an ear to      
,david's calumnies1 and joined with him 
in a  plot to seize the person of       
,vasilko4 ,the youth in fetters was     
brought  before an assembly of ,kievan  
boyars 7nobles7 and citizens1 to be     
sentenced as the enemy of their prince4 
,to this arrangement the boyars  replied
 with embarrassment3 8,prince1 thy      
tranquillity is ours1 and  it is dear to
 us4 ,if ,vasilko is thine enemy1 he    
merits death2 but if  ,david has        
calumniated him1 ,god will avenge upon  
,david the blood of the  innocent40     
,sviatapolk hesitating to do violence to
 the youth1 delivered  him to his uncle1
 who wickedly burned out his eyes4 ,the 
crime aroused  the wrath of ,monomakh1  

and of the other kinsmen of the victim4 
,these  formed an alliance1 in which    
,sviatapolk was compelled to join1 for  
the  punishment of ,david1 who fled     
first to the ,poles1 and later to the   
,hungarians1 but was ultimately deprived
 of his principality4    ,monomakh      
conducted successful wars against the   
,polovtsui1 the  ,petchenegs1 the       
,torki1 the ,tcherkessi1 and other pagan
 nomads4 ,in one  engagement with the   
,polovtsui1 seventeen of their chiefs   
were among  the captured or the slain4  
,one of the khans offered enormous      
ransom1  but the prince refused the     
gold1 and cut the khan in pieces4 ,these
  khans were brigands1 who subsisted on 
the booty obtained from the  ,russian   
merchants and travelers4 ,monomakh      
deeply felt these injuries  to his      
,christian subjects1 nor would he treat 
with princes who kindled  civil wars4   
,to the end of his days he remained 8the
 guardian of the  ,russian lands40 ,in  
his reign1 the ,slavs were established  

in ,suzdal1 and  founded there a city   
called in his honor1 ,vladimir2 a city  
of renown in  the subsequent history of 
the empire4 ,the magnanimity of this    
prince  was shown in his giving refuge  
to the remnant of the ,kazarui4,c ,in   
the construction of fortifications and  
other buildings1 and in other           
industrial arts1 these people were more 
skilled than their conquerors4  ,they   
had also numbers of flourishing schools4
 ,in the seventh century  their empire  
included the regions of the lower       
,dnieper1 the ,don1 the  lower ,volga1  
the shores of the ,caspian and ,azof    
seas2 an area of  #gfe1jjj square miles4
    ,the commercial importance of this  
empire gave it high rank in  ,byzantium1
 ,arabia1 and other ,mohammedan         
countries1 these being the only         
civilized states of the world in that   
era4    ,the paper of instructions left 
by ,monomakh1 for his sons1 indicates   
the  moral superiority of this          
half-barbaric prince4 ,as early as his  

day1  monasticism had become a          
recognized element of the national life4
 ,but  he wrote3 8,neither solitude nor 
fasting1 nor the monastic vocation will 
procure for you the life eternal4 ,well 
doing alone will help you in  this      
world1 and be put to your credit for the
 next4 ,do not bury your  riches in the 
earth0--a custom still practiced in     
,russia--8for that is  contrary to the  
precepts of ,christianity4 ,judge       
yourselves the cause of  widows1 and    
extend a fatherly protection to orphans4
 ,put to death no  one1 not even the    
guilty2 for the most sacred thing our   
,god has made  is a ,christian soul4444 
,strive continually to get knowledge2   
and when  you have learned aught that is
 useful1 put it away carefully in your  
memory4 ,without ever leaving his       
palace1 my father ,vsevolod spoke five  
languages4 ,this ability to learn       
foreign tongues1 foreigners admire in   
us4444 ,i have made altogether          
twenty-three campaigns1 without counting

  some lesser ones4 ,with the ,polovtsui
 ,i have concluded nineteen treaties  of
 peace1 have taken at least a hundred of
 their princes prisoners1  and have     
restored them their liberty2 besides    
more than two hundred  whom ,i threw    
into the rivers4 ,no one has traveled   
more rapidly than ,i4  ,if ,i left      
,tchernigof early in the morning1 ,i    
arrived at ,kief before  vespers40 ,the 
distance between the two cities is      
eighty miles4 ,the  ,russians are rapid 
travelers to this day4 8,sometimes      
amidst sombre  forests ,i caught wild   
horses1 tied them together1 and subdued 
them4  ,how often have ,i been thrown   
from the saddle by buffalos1 thrust at  
by deer1 trampled upon by elands6 ,a    
furious boar once tore my sword  from   
its belt4 ,a bear threw my horse1 and   
rent my saddle4 ,in my  youth how often 
did ,i narrowly escape death1 when1     
thrown from my  horse1 ,i received many 
wounds6 ,but the ,lord watched over me40
 ,such  was the ,russian hero-prince of 

the eleventh century1--valiant1 hardy1  
magnanimous1 pious2 a sovereign whose   
duty did not permit him to repose  on   
rose leaves4    ,the regalia that1      
according to a tradition circulated by  
the tsars  of ,moscow1 belonged to their
 illustrious ,kievan ancestor1 is still 
preserved in the museum of the former   
city4 ,it consists of a 8bonnet0  or    
crown1 and collar of ,byzantine         
elegance2 with them is a throne and  a  
cornelian cup1 the latter said to have  
belonged to the ,roman emperor          
,augustus4 ,according to the tradition1 
the whole were gifts from the  ,greek   
emperor to his ,russian kinsman1 sent by
 the ,bishop of ,ephesus1  who1 in      
solemn state1 crowned ,monomakh         
sovereign of all ,russia4 ,the  legend  
is an invention for the interest of the 
,muscovite tsars1 but  the crown and    
collar are still used at the ceremony of
 coronation3  the collar representing   
the burden imposed upon him whose       
8shoulders0  receive the weight of      

government4 ,the first manifesto of the 
present  tsar alludes to this painful   
8perilous burden40      ,,chapter ,,vi4 
,,iuri ,,dolgoruki1 ,,and ,,andrei      
,,bogoliubski1 ,,founders ,,of ,,suzdal4
    ,chief among the sons of ,monomakh  
were ,iuri ,dolgoruki1 father of the    
princes of ,suzdal and of ,moscow1 and  
,mtsislaf1 father of the princes  of    
,galitsch and ,kief4 ,the dissensions   
between kinsmen1 that had been  allayed 
by the firmness of ,monomakh1 and by the
 congress of ,lbetch1  broke forth anew 
upon the death of this guardian of      
,russian unity4  ,uncles1 nephews1      
brothers1 after the fashion of royal    
families in  past times1 fell upon one  
another with tooth and talon4 ,iuri1    
bent  on obtaining ,kief1 disturbed the 
repose of the hoary ,viatcheslaf1  his  
elder brother1 the grand prince4 8,i had
 a beard when thou was  brought forth10 
remonstrated the old man1 citing the    
national law4 ,the  intractable ,iuri   
obtained an ally in ,vladimirko1 prince 

of ,galitsch1 a  renegade member of the 
congress of ,lbetch4 ,when reproached   
for his  perfidy1 this ,vladimirko      
attested the light faith of his race1 by
 his  retort3 8,it was such a little    
cross--the one we kissed when we took   
oath40 ,after many years of contention1 
,iuri made his entrance into the        
capital1 and had the short-lived honor  
of being grand prince1 but died  while a
 league was forming for his expulsion   
from the principality4  7#aaeg47 ,upon  
hearing of his death1 one of the        
conspirators exclaimed1  8,great ,god1  
we thank thee for having spared us the  
obligation of  shedding the blood of an 
enemy1 a kinsman60 ,the lineage and name
 of  ,iuri have been preserved through  
eight centuries4 ,the paramour of the   
late ,alexander ,,ii1 and an official   
attached to the ,russian embassy  in    
,england are ,dolgorukis1 of the blood  
of ,rurik4 ,but the character  of their 
ancestor ,iuri1 is not one to be adduced
 with pride by his  descendants4 ,in it 

lay the germs of that tenacious         
baseness1 that  persistent1 unscrupulous
 rapacity1 that are still further       
developed in  the succeeding princes of 
his line4    ,the rivalry of the        
princes1 together with the increasing   
power of  ,suzdal1 the remote           
northeastern division of ,russia1 were  
destined to  bring ruin to the ancient1 
magnificent capital of the realm4       
,andrei  ,bogoliubski1 son of ,iuri     
,dolgoruki1 and prince of ,suzdal1      
assembled  an army composed of the men  
of his three cities1 ,rostof1 ,vladimir1
  ,suzdal1 and descended upon ,kief4    
,the ,russia of the ,forests1 remote    
from  ,byzantine and from western       
civilization1 had been silently         
developing  resources of strength and of
 wealth from within2 and was ready1 at  
this time1 to measure lances with the   
,russia of the ,steppes1 a region  ever 
exposed to the invasions of barbarians1 
and of rival princes who  were willing  
to take the barbarians into military    

service against  ,russian kinsmen4 ,in  
this state of affairs1 the peaceful     
advance of  industrial civilization1 or 
a firm system of government could no    
longer  be hoped for upon its soil4 ,the
 northern ,russians took the city by    
assault4 8,many times had she been      
besieged and brought to extremity10     
writes ,karamsin4 8,she had opened her  
,golden ,gate to her foes2 but  till    
that day1 none had ever forced it4 ,to  
their shame1 the victors  forgot that   
they1 too1 were ,russians4 ,for three   
days the grandson of  ,vladimir         
,monomakh pillaged the mother of his own
 cities4 ,the houses1  monasteries1     
churches1 the ,temple of the ,tithe1 the
 sacred ,saint ,sophia  were demolished4
 ,the precious images1 the priestly     
vestments1 the books  and the           
bells0--the latter especially dear to   
the ,russian heart--8all  were despoiled
 or borne away by the ruthless soldiery 
of ,suzdal40    ,thus dishonored 7#aafi7
 fell the capital of ,oleg1 ,iaroslaf1  

and ,vladimir  the ,baptist2 and with   
her was obscured the prestige1 the power
 and  glory of ,southern ,russia4 ,the  
metropolis of the realm1 in the course  
of subsequent events1 was transferred   
from the ,dnieper to the ,moskova4  ,the
 ,russia of the ,steppes1 gorgeous with 
,byzantine art1 illustrious  with the   
learning1 the wisdom of the ,orient1 the
 fertile1 beautiful  realm whose fame   
had reached the ends of the earth1 was  
left a prey to  the hordes that swarmed 
along its river banks1 and to the       
,olgovitchi  of ,tchernigof1 unrelenting
 foemen1 though kinsmen of her princes4 
,her  ancient glory was departed4       
,nothing was left save the 8warm soil10 
the  genial airs and golden sun that in 
the former days had allured the  mighty 
,variags from the borean forests of the 
north4    ,russia ,slavonia was without 
a center4 ,the old ,slavic love of      
liberty  predominated again over the    
,variag compactness1 the cohesion       
necessary  for the organization of a    

state1 ,tchernigof1 ,galitsch1 ,suzdal  
on  the frontier1 and other             
principalities1 maintained an           
independent  existence1 and their civil 
contentions waiting apparently for the  
coming of another ,rurik1 another       
,iaroslaf1 another ,monomakh who should 
bind together the divided sections of   
the country1 and restablish its  unity4 
,restablished it was in time1 but with  
marked modifications2 nor  were those   
who restored it the simple1             
strong-hearted men1 the fathers  and    
heroes of the opening era of the        
national history4    ,in far off ,suzdal
 appears a new type of prince4 ,unlike  
his gallant1  light-hearted ancestor of 
the happy south1 swayed by conflicting  
passions1 frank1 impulsive--the men of  
the new dynasty were ambitious1  subtle1
 intriguing4 ,mephistophelian in the    
power of their intellect1  the coldness 
of their affections1 the inhuman absence
 of moral  qualities4 ,pitiless1        
unscrupulous1 cruel1 they attained their

 ends at  whatever frightful cost1 at   
whatever sacrifice of justice4 ,the same
  type in ,spain became its grand       
inquisitors4 8,gloomy and terrible of   
mien1 they bore on their brows the stamp
 of destiny40 ,patient under            
ill-fortune1 alert to profit by good1   
they could wait many years for  their   
opportunity1 but they never abandoned a 
purpose once formed4 ,such  were the    
princes of ,suzdal1 founders of the     
dynasty of the ,tzars of  ,moscow4      
,iuri ,dolgoruki gave form and name to  
this dominion of the frontier  forests1 
but he spent most of his time and energy
 upon the conquest of  ,kief4 ,to his   
son1 ,andrei ,bogoliubski1 was left the 
care of developing  the incipient state1
 and of indicating in his own character 
and temper  the type of the future      
rulers of the ,russias4 ,andrei1 ill at 
ease in  the cities of the ,dnieper1    
where the freedom of the citizens       
sometimes  conflicted with the will of  
the princes1 withdrew from his palace at

  ,virishegorod and established himself 
upon the ,kliasma1 at ,vladimir1  which 
he enlarged by a suburb1 named from its 
princely builder1  ,bogoliuboro4 ,a     
successful campaign against the ,russian
 ,bulgarians1  a compulsory alliance of 
several of the minor princes under his  
standards1 and his destruction of ,kief1
 caused him rightfully to be  regarded  
as the strongest1 the foremost of all   
the princes4 ,after the  violation of   
the mother of ,russian cities1 he turned
 his arms against  ,novgorod the ,great1
 capital of the glorious principality of
 that name1  the state that had chosen  
and called ,rurik1 the mighty republic  
of the  north4 ,but the subjugation of  
this powerful city was another affair   
from that of ,kief4 8,the ,kievans1     
accustomed to a change of masters1      
fought only for the honor of their      
princes10 writes ,karamsin1 8while  the 
,novgorodians were to shed their blood  
in defense of the laws1 the             
institutions1 the liberties founded for 

them by their ancestors40 ,when         
,mstislaf ,andreivitch1 captain of the  
army that had pillaged 8the holy  city0 
of ,kief1 appeared at the gates of the  
free city of ,novgorod1 the  inhabitants
 took oath to die for ,saint ,sophia1   
the citadel of their  faith and their   
freedom4 ,their ,archbishop1 ,ivan1     
bearing aloft an  image of the ,mother  
of ,god1 moved at the head of a solemn  
procession  around the ramparts4        
,tradition tells us that the beloved    
,ikon1 struck  by a ,suzdalian arrow1   
turned her face toward her city1 and    
moistened  the episcopal vestments with 
her tears4 ,an ecstasy of rage seized   
the  freemen4 ,a panic smote the        
besiegers4 8,novgorod6 ,saint ,sophia60 
a sharp  cry rushed as in a whirlwind   
around the ramparts4 ,the ,suzdalians   
fell  as falls the flock of small birds 
beneath the swoop of the eagle4 ,after  
the victory1 the markets of ,novgorod   
were so crowded with ,suzdalian  slaves 
that any number could be bought for a   

marten's skin4    ,yet in time1 even the
 ,novgorodians made terms with their    
powerful  subtle neighbor4 ,suzdal      
controlled the ,volga1 by whose waters  
came the  corn supplies for the great1  
free city4 ,its citizens1 8of their own 
free will10 according to the invariable 
phrasing of their documents1  agreed to 
accept for their prince one of ,andrei's
 choosing4    ,the princes of ,smolensk 
had been forced into an alliance with   
the  autocratic ,andrei1 but chafed     
under his despotic rigors4 ,the brother 
princes1 ,rurik1 ,david1 and ,mstislaf1 
disregarding his menaces1  possessed    
themselves of ,kief1 whither soon came a
 herald of ,andrei1  with the message3  
8,you are rebels4 ,the principality of  
,kief is mine4 ,i  order ,rurik to      
return to his patrimony3 ,david shall go
 to ,berlad2 and  as for ,mstislaf1 the 
guiltiest of you all1 ,i will no longer 
endure his  presence in ,russia40 ,now  
the chronicles aver that ,mstislaf the  
,brave  8had fear of no mortal being3 he

 feared none but ,god40 ,he cropped the 
hair and beard of the herald--a mark of 
ignominy--and bade him take to  ,andrei 
this response3 8,up to this time we have
 respected you as a  father2 but since  
you do not blush to treat us shamefully1
 since you  forget that you have to deal
 with princes1 we will pay no heed to   
your  menaces4 ,execute them if you can4
 ,we appeal to the judgment of ,god40   
,twenty vassals of ,andrei were sent 8to
 demonstrate the judgment of ,god0      
under the walls of ,virishegorod4       
,mstislaf ingeniously succeeded in      
dividing the assailants1 and by a sudden
 sortie put them to flight4    ,andrei  
so far cast off the ,slavic customs of  
his ancestors as to  decline sharing his
 domains with any of the members of his 
family1  although the testamentary      
provisions of his father1 ,iuri1 had    
included  these4 ,iuri's widow1 a ,greek
 princess1 with her three remaining     
sons1 was compelled to leave ,russia1   
and take refuge at the court  of her    

kinsmen1 the ,emperor ,manuel4 ,nor did 
this first of ,russian  autocrats adhere
 to the ,variag custom of fellowship    
with his drujna4  ,properly speaking1 he
 had none4 ,his boyars were his         
subjects1 bound  to accomplish his will1
 but never consulted4 ,if they chafed   
under  their servitude1 they were       
banished from the country4 ,nor did he  
regard with greater favor the ancient   
municipal liberties of the  great       
cities2 liberties time-honored1 and     
dating back to the original  occupancy  
of the ,slav race4 ,the ,vetch1 or      
assembly of citizens1 he  would in no   
way recognize4 ,his violation of ,kief1 
and his attack upon  ,novgorod the      
,great1 sufficiently indicated his      
hostility to their  liberal             
institutions4 ,in like manner ,rostof   
and ,suzdal1 the two chief  cities of   
his ,state1 were obnoxious to him on    
account of their ,vetch4  ,at the risk  
of alienating the more powerful of his  
boyars1 he held  his residence in the   

suburb or town of his own founding1     
alleging a  divinely inspired dream and 
a miraculous interposition as directing 
him to this spot4 ,he essayed to develop
 a new ,kief out of his city1  ,vladimir
 on the ,kliasma1 by crowding it with   
monasteries1 erecting a  golden gate1   
and a ,church of the ,tithe1 decorated  
by ,byzantine and  western artists4     
,recognizing the priesthood as a strong 
force in the  civilization of a nation1 
he conferred wealth and honors upon it1 
and  propitiated its favor4 ,he made    
assumptions of unusual piety2 practiced 
ostentatious vigils1 and gave large alms
 in public4 ,commemorative  feasts were 
established on the days of his more     
signal victories2  and strenuous efforts
 were made to procure the religious     
supremacy  of ,suzdal1 by instituting a 
,metropolitan at ,vladimir4 ,the        
,patriarch  of ,constantinople would not
 consent to this act1 but later the     
,metropolitan for the ,russia of the    
,forests was secured4 ,the designs  of  

,andrei were vast and premature4 ,ten   
generations of princes1 ruling  through 
four successive centuries1 were required
 for their ultimate  accomplishment4 ,he
 outlined in the twelfth century what   
was executed  in the sixteenth by ,ivan 
the ,fourth1 the ,terrible4 ,like the   
despots  who were to spring from his    
loins1 he had implacable enemies2 and he
  was overtaken by the fate ever        
impending over the autocrats of the     
,orient and of ,russia4 ,his boyars1    
exasperated beyond measure by his  iron 
tyranny1 assassinated him in his        
favorite residence of ,bogoliuboro      
7#aagd74        ,to be continued4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,when a thought presents itself to our  
minds as a profound discovery1  and when
 we take the trouble to examine it1 we  
often find it to be a  truth that all   
the world knows4--,vauvenargues4        
,a ,,glance ,,at ,,the ,,history ,,and  
,,literature ,,of ,,scandinavia4    ,by 
,l4 ,a4 ,,sherman1 ,ph4 ,d4             

,,iii4--,,the ,,eastern ,,vikings--,,the
 ,,beginnings ,,of ,,literature4        
,we have watched1 in the dim twilight   
preceding the dawn of history1  the     
coming of the first ,norsemen to the    
sea4 ,they are a spirited and  fearless 
people1 and they have chanced1 if chance
 it is1 to come to  that sea on which   
navigation is most hazardous and        
difficult4 ,we  marvel they so quickly  
learn the arts of seamanship1 and make  
the  fierce new element their dwelling  
place4 ,they seem now to have reached   
the country of their choice3 its natural
 beauties kindle in their  breasts an   
immediate and romantic response of      
affection4 ,they are  enamored of its   
wild haunts1 its fjords and mountains1  
and they are  inspired by the surging   
fury of the storm4 ,but we witness1     
after a  few centuries of comparative   
inaction1 a strange transformation4 ,the
  whole ,norse people1 without concert1 
without occasion1 becomes a nation  of  
wandering pirates4 ,they urge forth     

their dragon ships1 no matter  whither1 
if only they shall find new foemen or   
new coasts4 ,with the  outbreak of this 
passion for booty and adventure we mark 
the beginning  of the viking-age4 ,we   
then count two weary centuries of       
violence and  bloodshed1 of plunder and 
conquest4 ,a new continent is discovered
 and  colonized1 a ,danish dynasty is   
set up in ,england1 a ,norwegian duchy  
is endowed in ,france4 ,thus we witness 
the decline--not in defeat1 but  in     
triumph1 not by overthrow from without1 
but by suppression from  within--of     
viking-supremacy in the ,west4 ,it      
remains to speak of another  chapter of 
viking-history1 enacted during this same
 period in the ,east1  and by vikings of
 the land4    ,in the ancient sagas     
frequent mention is made of ,ostrogardia
 or  ,garderike4 ,this was the modern   
,russia1 then a barbarous wilderness1   
and  inhabited by shifting tribes of    
,finns4 ,just at the beginning of the   
historical era a new people appears--the

 ,slavs4 ,it is another member of  the  
,aryan family of nations1 which has sent
 out already into ,europe  the ,celtic1 
the ,greek1 the ,roman1 the ,gothic1 and
 the ,scandinavian2  and it is probably 
the last remnant of the race4 ,these    
,slavs1 already  divided into various   
tribes1 move westward1 take possession  
of the  country1 and lay the foundation 
of the two cities of ,novgorod and      
,kiev1  destined later to become the    
capitals of two ,slavonic empires4      
,three  centuries pass4 ,the ,slavs have
 become attached to the home of their   
choice1 and are beginning to develop a  
civilization4 ,but it is the day  of    
viking restlessness in the ,north1 and  
,scandinavian rovers are moving         
eastward as well as south and west4 ,in 
the early ,russian chronicles  we are   
told that in #hei ,a4 ,d4 a band of     
,varangians or ,northmen1 under  the    
leadership of ,rurik1 invaded the       
country and began to spoil the  native  
tribes4 ,in due time they attack and    

capture ,novgorod itself2  but after a  
brief triumph the invaders1 who were but
 a handful1 were  expelled by an        
uprising of the ,slavs4 ,rurik and his  
followers made  haste1 not to return to 
,sweden1 but to push their way southward
  through the wilderness1 as many       
,northmen had done before4 ,they reach  
,constantinople1 and are welcomed as    
recruits for the imperial army4 ,the    
vikings who had come before them had    
already won the praise and esteem  of   
the imperial court2 and so much do the  
,northmen grow in favor1 that  we soon  
find the emperor will entrust himself to
 no other guard of  honor than a        
regiment of ,varangian foot4    ,the    
,slavs and ,finns in ,novgorod meanwhile
 find the blessings of freedom  harder  
to bear than the authority of their late
 conquerors4 ,after  two years of       
anarchy and internal dissension they    
send messengers  to ,constantinople1    
inviting the ,norsemen1 whom they had   
thrust out1  to return and resume the   

government4 8,we have a goodly country10
 say  they1 8and large4 ,all we need is 
the strong arm to keep it orderly4      
,come1 then1 be our princes1 and rule   
our state40 ,in response to this        
petition ,rurik and his two brothers1   
,sindf and ,truvor1 with a large        
following of ,varangian families1       
returned to ,novgorod4 ,here ,rurik     
established himself as supreme ruler2   
and to prevent the success of a  fresh  
uprising of the ,slavs1 invited into the
 country a large accession  of          
,varangian population4 ,to his brothers 
he gave the principalities  of          
,bielozero and ,izborsk2 but they soon  
dying1 ,rurik assumed again  authority4 
,so strong did this new ,scandinavian   
kingdom become that we  find ere long an
 army raised for the storming of        
,constantinople4 ,the  project was1     
however1 abandoned1 and the vikings who 
had planned it  contented themselves    
with seizing the little province of     
,kiev4 ,this  also in a few years was   

brought under the dominion of ,novgorod4
 ,thus  was laid the foundation of the  
great 8,empire of ,all the ,russias40   
,the  bulk of the population was        
composed of ,slavs and ,finns3 the      
nobles were  ,varangians1 and ,rurik was
 the first ,czar4    ,it was but just   
that the superior race thus installed in
 the government  of this vast region    
should give its name to the new nation4 
,the  first ,varangians or ,swedes who  
traversed ,russia on their way to       
,constantinople had been called by the  
,finnish natives 8,ruotsalaiset10  or   
,russians1 from the name of the district
 7,roden or ,rosen7 whence  they had    
come4,d ,this name adhered to ,rurik and
 his followers1 and so  the whole empire
 came finally to be called ,russia4 ,the
 line of ,rurik  continued to furnish   
,czars to the ,russian throne until the 
death of  ,feodor1 in #aeih4    ,the    
work of the vikings is now finished3    
what is its sum8 ,three-fourths  of the 
,european continent has become          

,scandinavian1 or has submitted to      
,scandinavian rule3 thousands of lives  
have been sacrificed1 and perhaps  half 
the wealth of ,europe has been plundered
 or destroyed4 ,what is the             
compensation8 ,we can only look to      
history for the answer4 ,here has  been 
a great revolution2 but revolutions are 
steps in human progress4  ,progress     
always demands as its price the best the
 age or generation has  to give4 ,the   
installation of the ,goths and ,teutons 
in ,europe cost five  centuries of woe  
and strife1--we can now see why2 for it 
was destined to  give the world a better
 civilization and a better leadership4  
,but this  leadership could not come    
from the ,teuton alone3 he is never     
prompted  to enterprise in the world at 
large2 he is never aggressive1 he is    
strong only at home4 ,why then those six
 generations of viking conquest  and    
mingling with the conquered1 if not to  
supply this lack through the  evolution 
of the ,british nation8    ,that        

,england is the leader of this ,teutonic
 age1 that she alone has  extended and  
is extending the borders of ,teutonic   
influence1 that it  was she who enabled 
,protestantism to triumph and freedom to
 prevail1  that it was she only who     
could lay the phantom of medival        
despotism  which ,napoleon raised--all  
this is undoubted4 ,but is her          
leadership  after all due to admixture  
of viking blood8 ,has she not become    
mistress  of the seas simply because she
 is encompassed by them8    ,but island 
states do not grow strong by privileges 
of the sea2 else  would ,ireland and    
,scotland have rivalled the power of    
,england4 ,then  there is a much larger 
,scandinavian element in the ,english   
people than  is commonly supposed4 ,we  
forget that ,sweyn and ,canute won      
,england  more through the ,danes who   
were living there already than by the   
aid  of new invaders from ,scandinavia4 
,we can also trace clearly in later     
,england the ,norse disposition and     

character4 ,we can find it depicted in  
,chaucer's ,shipman 7prologue to the    
,canterbury ,tales1 #chh-daj71 who1     
after the lapse of four centuries1 is   
still a viking of the old sort4    ,we  
find also the old quality of defiance   
well perpetuated4 ,in his work  on      
monarchy 7written about the middle of   
the fifteenth century71 ,sir  ,john     
,fortescue thus compares the ,frenchman 
and the ,englishman3 8,it is  cowardice 
and lack of heart and courage that      
keepeth the ,frenchman  from rising1 and
 not poverty2 which courage no          
,frenchman hath like to  the            
,englishman4 ,it hath been often seen in
 ,england that three or four  thieves1  
for poverty1 have set upon seven or     
eight true men1 and robbed  them all4   
,but it hath not been seen in ,france   
that seven or eight  thieves have been  
hardy to rob three or four true men4    
,wherefore it is  right said that no    
,frenchman be hanged for robbery1 for   
that they have  no hearts to do so      

terrible an act4 ,there be therefore    
more men hanged  in ,england1 in a year1
 for robbery and manslaughter1 than     
there be  hanged in ,france for such    
cause of crime in seven years40    ,we  
pass now to inquire what literary       
monuments or record the ,northmen  of   
the viking era have left behind them4   
,they wrote1 as is well known1 by means 
of an alphabet of runes4 ,these  were   
sixteen in number1 corresponding in     
value to our ,f1 ,u1 ,th1 ,o1 ,r1  ,k1  
,h1 ,n1 ,i1 ,a1 ,s1 ,t1 ,b1 ,l1 ,m1 and 
,y4 ,their origin is unknown4 ,from the 
,scandinavians they were borrowed by the
 ,germans and ,anglo-,saxons1 and       
though never a common means of          
communication1 were nevertheless at one 
time written and understood from        
,constantinople to ,iceland4 ,they are  
found preserved especially in monumental
 inscriptions1 of which we take  the    
following specimens from ,stephens's    
,runic ,monuments1 and ,wimmer's        
,runeskriftens ,oprindelse3             

#a4--;,,inscription ,,on ,,stone ,,at   
,,sylling1 ,,draunnen1 ,,norway4        
,illustration    ,roman equivalents4    
s a i l g  r 7th7 r-h u i l i r-h e r-k 
u 7th7 g a t i e 7th7 i n a      a s l a
 k r-m a r k a 7th7 i m i k             
,translation4        ,salgarth rests    
here4 ,god keep thee6                   
,aslak marked me4                       
#b4--;,,inscription ,,on ,,the          
,,so-,,called ,,snoldelev ,,stone1      
,,found #agfh1 ,,not ,,far  ,,from      
,,roskilde1 ,,denmark4    ,illustration 
,roman equivalents4                     
kun-ualtstain-sunar-ruhalts-7th7ular-osa
lhaukum    ,translation4                
,gunvald's stone1 son of hoald1 speaks  
7or speaker--priest7 at ,salhowe4    ,of
 the literature proper of the early     
,northmen1 we will consider first  the  
,sagas4 ,these record the exploits of   
great chieftains1 and are  sometimes of 
historical value4 ,they were never      
written out in runes1  but owe their    
preservation to the ,norwegian colonists

 who settled in  ,iceland4 ,some of them
 were composed there1 but the greater   
part seem to  have been brought over    
from the continent2 and all were kept   
alive by  tradition1 like the ,odyssey  
and the ,iliad1 until the age of        
writing4    ,in our last chapter we     
alluded to the attempts made by the     
vikings who  discovered ,vinland1 to    
establish a colony there4 ,for our first
 specimen  we will translate from the   
,saga of ,thorfin ,karlsefne that part  
which  describes the voyage of a band of
 these colonists1 and their landing1  as
 some believe1 on the shores of ,cape   
,cod4    8,now is to be told of         
,karlsefne1 that he1 together with      
,snorre and  ,bjarne1 with their men1   
sailed southward along the coast4 ,they 
sailed  for a long time1 until they came
 to a river which flowed down from  the 
land above and into a bay and so into   
the sea2 there was a broad  beach and   
shoals there1 so that it was            
impracticable to go up the  stream      

except at high water4 ,karlsefne with   
his people sailed into the  mouth of the
 stream1 and called the place #8,hp'    
7haven74 ,they found  there self-sown   
wheat-fields where there were lowlands1 
and grapevines  wherever hills showed   
themselves4 ,every brook was full of    
fish4 ,they  dug ditches where land met 
water when the tide was highest1 and    
when  the tide went out there were      
halibut 7holy fishes7 in the ditches4   
,there was a great plenty of game of all
 kinds in the woods4 ,they stayed  there
 half a month1 for pleasure1 and noticed
 nothing of importance2  they had their 
cattle with them4 ,but early one        
morning1 as they were  looking around1  
they saw a great number of skin boats2  
and poles were  swinging in the air on  
board the boats4 ,it seemed as though   
they were  swinging a wisp of straw1 and
 they swung them with the sun4 ,then    
said  ,karlsefne3 #8,what does this     
mean8' ,snorre ,thorbrandson answered   
him3  #8,it may be that this is a token 

of peace2 let us take a white shield    
and carry toward them2' and so they did4
 ,then the men in the boats  rowed      
toward them1 and looked with wonder at  
those that were there1 and  went ashore4
 ,they were dark men and ill-favored1   
and had ill-looking  hair4 ,they were   
large-eyed1 and with high 7broad7       
cheeks4 ,they tarried  awhile1 and      
wondered at those they met there1 and   
afterward rowed away  southward past the
 cape40    ,we will add also something  
from the celebrated ,saga of ,njl4 ,this
 is  the story3 ,gunnar1 a friend and   
neighbor of ,njl1 had been sentenced to 
exile for murder4 ,njl had prophesied1  
in case ,gunnar should not keep  his    
word and leave the country1 that it     
would lead to his death4 ,gunnar  did   
not go1 and becoming thus an outlaw1 was
 not long after attacked  by his        
enemies1 and after a fierce resistance1 
killed4 ,the prophecy of  ,njl was in   
this way fulfilled4    8,when all of    
,gunnar's goods were put on board1 and  

the ship about ready  for sea1 then     
,gunnar rode to ,bergthorshvl1 and to   
other neighboring  farms to speak to the
 men1 and thanked them for standing by  
him--all  those who had given him       
succor4 ,the second day after1 he got   
ready  early to go to the ship1 and told
 all his retinue that he was about to   
ride away never to return4 ,it seemed   
heavy tidings to the men--though  they  
looked for his coming back some day4    
,gunnar bids farewell to all  his       
friends1 when he is ready to go1 and the
 men all went out with him4  ,he thrust 
his halberd down against the ground and 
swung himself into  the saddle1 and     
,kolskeg and he rode away4 ,they rode   
forward as far  as the ,markarfljot4    
,there his horse stumbled1 and ,gunnar  
was thrown  from the saddle4 ,he chanced
 to glance up at the slope1 and the farm
 at  ,hlidarenda4 ,then he said3 #8,fair
 is the sloping homestead1 so that it   
has never seemed so fair to me1--the    
whitening acres and the smooth-mown     

lawn1--and ,i shall ride back home and  
not go at all4' #8,do no such favor  to 
your enemies1' said ,kolskeg1 #8as to   
break your agreement2 for no man  would 
look for that from you4 ,and you may    
believe that so will it all  come to    
pass as ,njl has said4' #8,i will not go
 at all1' said ,gunnar1  #8and ,i would 
that you did likewise4' #8,that shall   
not happen1' said  ,kolskeg2 #8,i shall 
not play the dastard in this1 nor in    
anything else in  which my word is      
honored2 and there is but this          
alternative left3 that  we part here4   
,and tell my mother and my kinsmen that 
,i do not expect to  see ,iceland again2
 for ,i shall hear tidings of your      
death1 my brother1  and then ,i shall   
have no desire to sail out hither       
again4' ,therewith  they part4 ,gunnar  
rides home to ,hlidarenda1 and ,kolskeg 
rides to the  ship and sails            
away40--,njla3 ,chapter lxxv1 line #bj4 
,to be continued4    ,,footnotes3    ,a 
,monamakh signifies he who fights in    

single combat4    ,b ,the termination   
vitch added to the father's name1       
indicates the  son and heir presumptive4
 ,the termination vna added to the      
father's  name1 indicates his daughter4 
,usually the eldest son and daughter1   
respectively1 receive these names4    ,c
 ,vid4 ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,october1
 #ahhb1 p4 #ac1 chap4 ii4    ,d ,ott3   
,scandinavian ,history4                 
,,pictures ,,from ,,english ,,history4  
,by ,c4 ,e4 ,,bishop4    ,,iv4--,,the   
,,meadow-,,parliament4      ,old        
historians generally gave kings bad     
characters1 but in the reaction  from   
this indiscriminate censure we get a    
school of writers who praise  too much4 
,treacle has taken the place of vinegar 
in writing history4  ,thus1 ,green makes
 heroes of the coarse ,saxon savages and
 heathen2  ,froude has painted the      
picture of ,henry ,,viii so his own     
mother--much  more his multitudinous    
wives--would not recognize it2 even     
,benedict  ,arnold and ,judas ,iscariot 

have their eulogists4 ,nevertheless1 no 
one1  so far as ,i have read1 has had a 
good word to say of ,king ,john4 ,green 
vouchsafes 8the sober judgment of       
history0 in ratification of the         
,billingsgatish opinion3 8,foul as it   
is1 hell itself is defiled by the       
fouler presence of ,john40 ,i have no   
kalsomine to mix for him who seems  by  
all accounts to have been worse than his
 ,satanic ,majesty1 in that  ,john is   
8as black as he is painted40 ,yet it is 
to this royal monster  that ,england    
owes her ,great ,charter of ,rights and 
,freedom1 and one of  her red letter    
days4    ,the boy whose impudence and   
mean spirit made everybody detest him2  
the  youth who so embittered the last   
hours of his fond father1 ,henry ,,ii1  
that he died cursing him2 the prince who
 plotted the dethronement and  death of 
his brother1 ,king ,richard1 absent on a
 crusade1 and murdered  the rightful    
heir1 the boy ,arthur2 the husband who  
deserted his own  wife and abducted the 

wife of his friend2 the soldier who was 
always  provoking quarrels and always   
running away from fighting1 and         
abandoned  all his continental          
possessions to his enemy without        
striking a blow2  the churchman so      
abjectly superstitious that he dared not
 go hunting  without a string of relics 
around his neck1 yet quarrelled with the
  ,pope about the right to rob the      
,church revenues1 and ended by basely   
resigning his crown into the ,pope's    
hands and kissing the toe of his        
legate2 the lawgiver of his realm who   
reduced bribery to a department  of the 
royal exchequer1 and opened book        
accounts with the subjects  whose       
hush-money and blood-money bought       
justice and the perversion of  justice1 
wherein it was recorded that one man    
paid to have the king's  anger appeased1
 another 8that the king should hold his 
tongue about  ,henry ,pinel's wife10 and
 that a poor woman paid two hundred     
livres for  the privilege of visiting   

her husband in prison2 the father of his
  people who hired foreign plunderers to
 rob and murder his children1  who      
starved women and children to death in  
dungeons1 crushed old men  under loads  
of lead1 extorted rich men's money by   
pulling their teeth1  one each day2 who 
was so licentious that noble ladies had 
to flee the  realm to be safe from his  
approach or his violence--this 8awful   
example0  of the race of kings was the  
chosen instrument for inciting ,england 
to  demand a charter as complete in its 
guarantees as his encroachments1 as     
beneficent as he was pestilent1 as      
monumental grandly as he was meanly4    
,and so at last it came about that ,king
 ,john had not a friend left at  home or
 abroad4    ,he had one opponent whom   
both interest and principle moved to    
lead the  national demand for justice1  
which now took shape4 ,that was ,stephen
  ,langton1 the ,archbishop of          
,canterbury1 whose appointment by the   
,pope  had been resisted by ,john4 ,this

 worthy ,saxon successor of ,anselm and 
,becket had hunted out in the garret of 
a monastery a copy of the  charter which
 ,henry ,i1 in the days of his honeymoon
 with his ,saxon  wife1 had granted to  
his people2 he had called together the  
barons and  bishops1 and proposed that  
,john be made to renew that bill of     
rights1  and they had all laid their    
hands on the high altar of ,st4         
,edmondsbury  and sworn to make him do  
so1 by arms if need be4 ,christmas ,day1
 #abad1  was grandly celebrated1 for    
then the burly knights in armor came to 
,john in ,london ,temple and made their 
demand4 ,the crafty king asked time  to 
consider of it1 and to study the        
document4 8,how long80 demanded         
,langton4 8,by ,easter you shall have my
 answer10 promised the king4    ,he     
employed the interval in begging the    
,pope to order ,langton to cease  his   
opposition1 which the ,pope did1 and the
 archbishop did not4 ,on  the contrary1 
,langton gave to the barons' movement   

religious sanction  and the title 8,the 
,army of ,god and ,holy ,church10 thus  
neutralizing  the moral and spiritual   
influence of ,john's only supporter1    
,rome4  ,john tried to buy off the      
opposition with promises1 but no one    
would  trust the champion prevaricator  
of the age4 ,he sent out proclamations  
to all bailiffs to put down his enemies1
 but everybody took pride in  being his 
enemy1 so there was no one to execute   
the writs4 ,he made  a great pretense of
 going on a crusade and took the cross1 
but even  that all-compelling appeal was
 laughed at4 ,john a crusader6 ,see how 
necessary it was that this king should  
have been so bad that no one  would     
trust or believe him1 even with the     
,pope at his back and the  cross in his 
hands4    ,we of this country and       
time--all mankind1 in fact1 have to     
thank ,john  for all this resistance1   
for the more he struggled and plotted   
and  lied1 the more they advanced their 
demands1 so that by ,easter 8the ,army  

of ,god and ,holy ,church0 had a far    
different charter to offer from that    
they had sworn to before the last       
,christmas2 like all nature at that     
spring-dawn1 the charter had put out new
 shoots4 ,freedom1 too1 had come  forth 
from the tomb4    ,on ,easter day1      
#abae1 the barons were assembled in     
large force at  ,stamford2 a committee  
headed by ,langton went to the king with
 the  articles drawn up on parchment2   
the document made a big bundle2 you  can
 see it yet in the ,british ,museum4 ,if
 the king was astonished at  the growth 
the document had made1 he was more so at
 the growth of the  demands put forth in
 it1 and he swore up and down he never  
would sign  it and grant liberties to   
his subjects which would make him a     
slave4  ,the barons seemed to think he  
would sign1 nevertheless4 ,may was      
nearly  gone before they brought the    
king to book4 ,he tried to raise an army
 at  home1 but no one came to his       
banner4 ,he sent abroad to hire         

soldiers1  but they did not come4 ,may  
#bb1 #abae1 8the ,army of ,god0 marched 
triumphant into ,london1 and the kingdom
 was in its hands4 ,scotland and  ,wales
 offered aid1 and the northern barons   
came marching with their  retainers to  
the common cause4 ,for two weeks ,john  
skulked about ,london  with seven       
horsemen only1 and all ,england in arms 
against him4 ,thanks  to ,john again for
 this resistance6 ,the barons improved  
the time adding  new and stricter       
conditions4 ,but there was an end to it 
at last1 and  the king sent to know when
 and where the papers should be         
executed4    8,let it be at ,runnymede1 
and on the fifteenth day of ,june10 was 
the  answer4 ,all circumstances conspire
 to make this appointment ideally1  even
 romantically1 appropriate4 ,rune-mede  
was the ,meadow of ,council1  a grassy  
strip between the ,thames and the       
foot-hills of ,surrey1 where  since old 
times earls and kings and the wise men  
had used to deliberate  and treat1 in   

the open air as they lived4 ,it spoke of
 a time when men  dared not trust each  
other in enclosures2 of a people in     
thought and  temper as free and large as
 8all out-doors40 ,on that historical   
spot  the powers of ,england who could  
not trust her king met the king who     
would trust no one4    ,it is the middle
 day of 8the leafy month of ,june10     
#abae4 ,how green and  beautiful        
,england is in ,june6 8,the ,army of    
,god and ,holy ,church0 has  marched out
 from ,london with a great crowd of     
citizens1 and sat down  along the       
,council ,meadow4 ,a rude table is set1 
and on it are spread  out the           
fairly-engrossed parchment and writing  
implements4 ,the king  rides thither    
from ,windsor ,castle4 ,only three or   
four are with him1 and  they belong to  
the barons' party4 ,john stands         
absolutely deserted1 a  picture of regal
 isolation such as has been never seen  
before or since4  ,distinguished        
monarch6 ,he is smiling1 courtly and    

complaisant1 as he  well knows how to   
be4 ,yes1 it affords him great pleasure 
to do this for  his beloved subjects4   
8,hold10 says ,langton1 as the too-eager
 king grasps the pen1 8there is  more to
 be considered4 ,your signature is to be
 affixed only of your  free will and    
desire1 and you are to here swear not to
 renounce this  instrument on account of
 anything that has taken place up to    
this  moment1 and to keep this covenant 
faithfully inviolate forever40    ,yes1 
the smiling ,john would so swear4       
8,then for the better fulfillment of all
 these conditions1 you will  consent to 
the appointment of five-and-twenty      
knights1 who shall have  power to       
enforce this contract2 you hereby give  
them power1 in case any  article is     
infringed by you or your officers1 to   
punish the offender  by fine1 or1 if    
necessary1 to destrain your goods1 and1 
in case of  resistance1 to levy war     
against you and your castles1 saving    
only the  safety of your person and your

 family2 and all your subjects shall be 
like yourself sworn to obedience to the 
twenty-five barons1 executors  of this  
contract4 ,in further security of all   
which1 the ,tower and city  of ,london  
are to remain in possession of the      
,archbishop until this act  shall be    
duly and faithfully so put in execution 
by you40    ,ah1 the smile has faded    
from the king's face1 and pale and      
trembling  he abruptly leaves the       
council and returns to the castle4 ,once
 there  he raves and stamps like a caged
 madman4 ,he froths at the mouth1 rolls 
on the floor and bites at every object  
near him4 8,they have given me          
five-and-twenty over-lords10 roars the  
king repeatedly4    ,a week passed      
before all the formalities were complied
 with1 the barons  remaining obstinately
 in camp1 yielding not one jot of their 
demands1  and at last tiring out the    
king and securing his assent to         
everything4    ,what is ,magna ,charta8 
,what are its provisions1 what reforms  

did it  work1 what good has it done8    
,everybody has heard of it1 not one in  
a thousand probably can answer these    
questions4 ,it undertook two            
things--reform of existing abuses and   
provisions for further justice2  remedy 
for the past1 security for the future4  
,its great mission in  the cause of     
civilization has been as a              
rallying-point for popular  rights      
against royal encroachments4 ,kings and 
ministers in succeeding  centuries were 
again and again patiently brought back  
to that ground  and made to swear       
obedience to the principle of limitation
 of  authority4 ,on this one point      
,british obstinacy stuck and never      
budged1  and it is due to that          
resistance and persistance for ,magna   
,charta that  limited monarchy1 and     
constitutional1 representative          
government stand  where they do on the  
earth to-day4    ,a remarkable thing    
about the instrument itself is the      
lawyer-like  accuracy of its language   

and the minuteness and fullness of its  
provisions1 showing care in its         
preparation and affording evidence of   
the state of the jurisprudence and      
scholarship of the time1 and of the     
extent of the ramifications of the      
executive wrongs it sought to remedy4   
,but this is not a constitution1 not a  
statement of rights2 it is a            
statute-law of the sort then possible1  
viz3 in the form of a royal  edict4 ,in 
each section the king ordains so and so4
 ,nor is it a charter  in the interest  
of the rights of man4 ,the bondsmen1 who
 made the bulk  of the population of    
,england at that time1 are not included 
in its  benefits1 and not mentioned save
 once1 and that exception was doubtless 
inserted for the benefit of the masters1
 for it exempts from execution  the     
tools of the slave1 which of course     
belonged to his owner4 ,so much  for    
what the charter is not and does not4   
,a large share of its articles are      
devoted to defining and regulating  the 

feudal tenure1 duties and rights of the 
barons1 and were quite  selfish in their
 scope1 although they mark progress as  
reducing  ill-understood relations of   
king and feudatories for the first time 
to  a written form4 ,but they went      
further1 and stipulated that all these  
privileges and immunities should apply  
to all classes of freemen--an  important
 point1 as it made ,normans and         
,englishmen equal before the  law4 ,much
 space is devoted to regulating business
 and commercial  matters2 as leasehold  
rights1 treatment of the estates of     
wards and  widows1 fixing the widow's   
right of dower1 freeing of trade1 home  
and foreign1 from restrictions and      
imposts1 regulating fisheries1          
bridge-building1 highways1 weights and  
measures4    ,advancing into the domain 
of property and personal rights1 it     
fixed  the terms and places of courts   
and opened them freely to all2 no man   
could be tried without witnesses1 or    
detained in prison without trial2       

borough franchises were declared        
inviolable4 ,then came three sections   
which struck at the heart of the        
tyrannical practices of ,john's reign3  
,foreign officers1 temporal or          
spiritual1 were to be removed and their 
holdings filled by ,englishmen2 and     
mercenary troops were to be removed     
from the realm4    8,justice or right   
shall not be sold1 delayed or denied to 
any man40    ,and then came the         
declaration of civil rights1 which has  
never ceased  to echo wherever free     
institutions aspired to live3    8,no   
freeman shall be taken1 or imprisoned1  
or disseized of rights and  property1 or
 be outlawed or exiled1 or otherwise    
destroyed but by  lawful judgment of his
 peers or the law of the land40    ,this
 grand declaration was five hundred     
years ahead of the times1  and was not  
made a fact sooner than that2 but all   
the same1 it made  the condition of     
8freeman0 in ,england a great prize for 
the slave to  struggle for1 and under   

all the stormy vicissitudes of royal1   
baronial  and clerical oppression of    
succeeding ages2 made the condition of  
men  in ,england infinitely superior to 
that of subjects of other realms--in    
fact1 and in the end1 made ,england what
 she is1 ,america what she is  as to    
free institutions4    ,so1 on the whole1
 those iron-fisted old barons did their 
work well1  according to their light and
 the condition of their times2 and      
,runnymede has become1 by their great   
act1 a shrine of freedom4    ,but here  
our thanks to ,john must cease4 ,his    
phenomenal wickedness had  done the     
world all the good it could4 ,he did not
 mean it1 of course4  ,when he had      
signed the charter1 and as soon as the  
,army of ,god had  dispersed1 he sent to
 the ,pope for absolution from his oath1
 and to  the continent for an army of   
murderers and marauders4 ,he hurled upon
  his realm the excommunications of the 
,church and the torch and sword  of his 
mercenaries4 ,he went through ,england  

from end to end1 as if  determined to   
annihilate all life and property in his 
wild1 insatiable  revenge4 ,his career  
of ruin was short4 ,we regret that it   
could not have  been terminated by the  
sword of justice1 instead of by nature1 
and so  have rounded up the measure of  
retribution4 ,but every writer and every
  reader of ,english history1 from that 
day to this1 has in thought and  wish   
constituted himself ,john's executioner1
 and1 setting off against  the glory of 
,runnymede his detestable career1 has   
learned to loathe  injustice1 treachery1
 cowardice1 and sin in high places4     
,to be continued4           99       99 
99       99       99    ,we can not be  
just if we are not kind4--,vauvenargues4
            ,,sunday ,,readings4        
,,selected ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4    
,,vincent1 ,d4 ,d4      ,january #g4    
,,history ,,of ,,god',s ,,book4    ,by  
,,rev4 ,,frank ,,russell1 ,a4 ,m4       
,the word of ,god began to be spoken to 
the first of the race in ,eden1  and    

such is the beginning of the ,bible4 ,it
 was only a spoken word1  doubtless1 for
 nearly twenty-five hundred years4 ,from
 generation to  generation through all  
the patriarchal ages it was preserved by
 fathers  carefully teaching it to their
 children4 ,many fragments may have been
  lost1 but it is no taxation of our    
belief that for many centuries  much of 
the early ,word may have been carefully 
treasured through the  exercise of      
memory4 ,we know of marvelous instances 
of the power of  memory4 ,it is supposed
 that the works of ,homer1 an elaborate 
poem with  careful divisions1 were      
preserved for centuries in critical     
form1 by  one generation repeating it to
 the next while it was unwritten4 ,it   
does  not bear the marks of change      
during these generations of its history1
  but is unique1 precise1 and giving    
every evidence of being the original    
work of one author1 ,homer4 ,sir ,robert
 ,peel is stated to have been able  to  
listen to a speech in ,parliament one   

and a half or two hours long1  and then 
repeat it all verbatim1 and it is also  
said at the present  time that          
,gladstone has learned ,homer so        
thoroughly that on hearing  any line of 
it repeated he is able at once to repeat
 the following and  the preceding line4 
,now ,shem lived upon the earth after he
 came out  of the ark five hundred      
years1 and could have thoroughly taught 
the  new race in ,asia the story4       
,snatches of song and old tales which he
  related might have been verbally      
composed in the antediluvian period1    
and many think that specimens of the    
same still hold their place1  set like  
pearls in the earliest ,scripture       
writings4 ,there is little  doubt that  
,job is the first writer whose          
productions are preserved4  ,that he    
wrote before ,moses seems quite evident 
from statements easily  understood2     
viz41 his descriptions are only of the  
manners and customs  of the ancient     
patriarchs1 his religion is purely      

patriarchal1 the only  idolatry he      
mentions is the worship of the sun and  
moon1 thus seeming  to antedate the time
 of their idol worship1 and lastly1 he  
makes no  mention of ,sodom1 ,gomorrah1 
or ,abraham1 which would scarcely have  
been  the case had he written after     
,moses4 ,moses may likely have read ,job
 and  have received added inspiration   
from it1 if1 indeed1 he should need     
more than to have received the tables   
writ with ,god's own finger4 ,there     
are1 thus far1 six pamphlets bound with 
sixty of later date that make  up our   
book4 ,look at the antiquity of these   
six venerable fragments1  written one   
thousand years before ,homer sang1 one  
thousand years before  either ,herodotus
 or ,confucius was born4    ,following  
these earlier ,scripture writings there 
came to be mentioned  the rolls of the  
prophets1 songs and sketches of         
genealogies and  history1 so that       
gradually fragments1 here and there1    
came forth by  divine direction1 which1 

preserved by divine care1 were to enter 
the  canon which we have of sixty-six   
pamphlets1 by about forty writers1  the 
entire authorship spanning a period of  
about sixteen centuries1  geographically
 ranging over the cities of ,chaldea1   
the plains of  ,arabia1 and the         
mountains of ,palestine4 ,the range of  
mind is equally  varied2 written by men 
who sat on thrones1 by some who lived as
 hermits  in the mountains1 and by some 
who were shepherds and fishermen4       
,about #fjj ,b4 ,c41 it is recorded in  
,jeremiah xxxvi that ,jehoiachim1  while
 listening to the reading of the roll1  
became so enraged at its  contents that 
he took his penknife and defaced it1 and
 then cast it  into the fire-place and  
saw it consumed4 ,he has had many       
descendants  of the same temper1 and his
 race is not yet extinguished4    ,in   
about #dej ,b4 ,c4--,i am careful to    
give approximate dates in round         
numbers--the sacred rolls were so       
mutilated that when ,ezra and ,nehemiah 

returned from the eastern captivity and 
reorganized the old worship  in the city
 of ,jerusalem1 they added to their     
other improvements the  establishment of
 a district library1 ,ezra collected and
 translated all  the copies of the      
,bible1 writing in a kind of ,chaldaic  
,hebrew1 the  old language modified by  
the eastern dialect1 with which the     
,hebrews  in their captivity had grown  
familiar1 so that now there were two    
languages of ,scripture1 the ,samaritans
 clinging tenaciously to the old        
,hebrew of ,job1 and ,moses1 and the    
prophets after them4    ,about #bhj ,b4 
,c41 marks another epoch in the         
development of the book4  ,ptolemy      
,philadelphus1 the ruler of ,egypt1     
desired to enrich the great  imperial   
library of ,alexandria with a complete  
and careful translation  of the sacred  
writings into ,greek1 which was the     
popular language of  his time4 ,he      
organized a college of seventy or       
seventy-two eminent  scholars1 and      

classified the work among them2 and the 
result was the  ,septuagint translation1
 the foundation of all our translations 
of the  ,old ,testament since4 ,it is   
said that the last transcript of this   
work  was made by the hand of a woman   
named ,techla4 ,this was the edition    
which the ,savior and the apostles used1
 the very language which  they quoted   
and mostly spake4 ,between #acj and #adj
 ,b4 ,c41 ,antiochus  distinguished     
himself by attempting to burn all the   
,bibles in the  world1 thus acting the  
part of ,jehoiachim ,no4 #b4    ,in #abh
 ,a4 ,d41 ,aquila made another          
translation1 it is thought in favor  of 
the more zealous ,jews and to the       
prejudice of ,christians1 and not  as   
fair a work as the ,septuagint1 and in  
#cjj ,a4 ,d41 ,diocletian added  to the 
infamies of the tenth great persecution 
an attempt to destroy  the ,bible by    
seizing and burning all copies that     
could be found4 ,he is  ,jehoiachim ,no4
 #c4 ,such attempts in fulfillment of   

the declarations of  the text are like  
the effort to exterminate a ripened head
 of wheat by  stamping it beneath your  
feet2 the next year many thrifty growths
 will  laugh at the result4    ,in the  
early part of the fifth century good    
,saint ,jerome1 one of the  most        
distinguished of the ,latin fathers1    
profound in learning and  devout of     
heart1 collected all the important      
translations that preceded  him1 took up
 his residence in ,palestine and made a 
very thorough  version1 called the      
,latin ,vulgate1 and used by our        
,catholic friends  ever since1 an       
important aid in all subsequent ,bible  
work4    ,in #ejj the ,emperor          
,justinian decreed1 to quell some       
discussion about  the preferences of    
versions1 that either might be used with
 entire  liberty in any part of the     
realm4 ,it is supposed that the ,jewish 
sentiment1 vacillating for some time    
between liberal views and their         
characteristic conservatism1 rebounded  

at this decree and led to a  tenacity   
for their own ancient language1 to which
 they have since  scrupulously adhered1 
reading mostly throughout their wide    
dispersion  the ancient characters of   
,job and ,moses1 but some1 as at        
,frankfort in  ,germany1 using the      
,chaldaic shading of ,ezra's version4   
,from a little  before #fjj we are able 
very definitely to trace the way of the 
book in  ,england4 ,there was dense     
ignorance among the masses of common    
people  throughout the middle ages1 but 
the convents and the great monasteries  
were some of them nevertheless centers  
of great learning4 ,the ,jews of        
,england from the first kept a clear    
knowledge of their old writings1  and   
furnished men in every century eminent  
in scholarship4 ,monks1  so inclined1   
had little else to do but to eat and    
study1 and ,god  perpetuated through    
their work the knowledge of his word4 ,i
 was shown  in the ,british ,museum a   
copy of the ,gospels in ,latin1 of      

exquisite  beauty1 done by ,eadfrid in  
the seventh century4 ,it is on excellent
  paper1 in red and black characters1   
executed almost with the precision  of  
type4 ,near the close of that century   
,cdmon1 the father of ,english  poetry1 
translated portions of the ,scripture   
into the ,saxon or early  ,english4     
,a fragment of manuscript written by    
,aldhelm1 a bishop1 in #gjf1  praises   
the nuns for their fidelity in the daily
 reading of the holy  ,scriptures1 a    
circumstance that indicates both that   
there was something  of education among 
the convents1 and also that they        
doubtless had many  copies of ,scripture
 manuscripts4 ,aldhelm himself is known 
to have  translated fifty of the ,psalms
 into the early ,english4    ,a bright  
picture comes to us by the pen of ,saint
 ,cuthbert in #gce4  ,on the #bfth of   
,may--,ascension ,day--cloudless and    
beautiful toward its  closing1 there    
were silent tread and hushed voices     
among the monks of  a great monastery in

 the county of ,durham1 in ,england4    
,all attention  along the cloisters was 
directed toward the passageway of one   
cell1  and eager inquiries of all who   
came thence if the dying one were still 
alive4    ,within the cell1 on a low    
white bed1 was the feeble form of an old
 man1  bolstered up that his eye might  
rest upon either of the manuscripts     
supported in position on and about his  
bed4 ,at a table near him was  seated a 
scribe writing every word which the pale
 lips spake4 ,one  listening heard the  
scribe say1 8,there is only one chapter 
left1  master1 but you are too weary    
now1 and you must sleep40 8,no1 go on1  
it is very easy1 write rapidly10 was the
 reply2 and so the writing  proceeded   
according to the faint dictation of the 
exhausted old man1  until he seemed to  
fall asleep4 ,the scribe awoke him      
again1 and the  glassy eyes brightened  
as the old man heard1 8,master1 there is
 but  one verse now10 and with an effort
 to fix the drooping eyes upon the      

adjusted scrolls1 there came slowly     
forth1 one by one1 the words of  the    
last verse of ,john's gospel1 and when  
the 8,amen0 was pronounced1  the        
whitened head sank among the pillows    
lightened with the last rays  of the    
setting sun1 as it streamed through the 
grated window1 and the  bloodless lips  
murmured forth1 8,glory be to the       
,father1 and to the ,son1  and to the   
,holy ,ghost10 when the form of the     
,venerable ,bede was still1  and the    
awful silence of death followed         
immediately the ending of his           
translation4    ,portions of the ,word  
were also translated in the ninth       
century1  and were authorized by ,king  
,alfred4 ,he himself did something at   
translating1 and was careful to have    
nicely executed1 as a preface  to every 
published code1 the manuscript of the   
,decalogue4 ,it might  exercise a       
salutary effect if our statesmen1 every 
law they read1  might also have the ten 
commandments before them4 ,king ,alfred 

made the  declaration more than once    
that he desired to see the day when all 
men  in his kingdom would be able to    
read ,god's word4    ,elfrac also1 after
 ,alfred1 from #ajjd to #ajcj1          
translated portions of  the ,scriptures 
into ,english4    ,but the last         
manuscript translation of the ,english  
,scriptures is  greater than any which  
preceeded it1 and the only one which can
 be  called a popular edition4 ,the     
quaint old stone church of ,saint ,mary 
is  still standing in ,leicestershire1  
where ,john ,wycliffe preached when in  
#ahcj he completed his translation4 ,he 
had long been the fiery lecturer  at    
,oxford1 and had come into sore conflict
 with ignorant priests of  the papacy   
for his enunciations of religious       
liberty and his schemes  for the better 
education of the masses of the people4  
,so that when his  translation was      
finished a strong hatred sought his     
life4 ,he was cited  to ,rome1 but being
 too feeble to go1 he was buried in his 

own parish4  ,forty years afterward1    
however1 the same council which burned  
,john ,huss  exhumed the bones of       
,wycliffe1 and having burned them1 they 
gathered  the ashes and scattered them  
into the river which had the significant
  name of 8,swift10 down which they     
found their way through other rivers    
into the ocean1 and were washed1 it     
would seem1 with the strength of        
,wycliffe's spirit1 upon every shore of 
the world4 ,there were as many as  one  
hundred and seventy copies of the       
,wycliffe version made with busy  pens1 
and circulated secretly1 but widely     
read1 thus preparing the way  for       
greater works thereafter1 and confirming
 the propriety of calling  their author 
8,the ,morning ,star of the             
,reformation40    ,a few years since ,i 
stood long before the great bronze      
statue of  ,gutenberg in ,mayence on the
 ,rhine1 a place now of over fifty      
thousand  population4 ,all citizens are 
eager to show any ,american that can    

make out to ask it1 the site of the     
building where the invention of         
printing with movable type was made     
about #adej4 ,the house still stands    
where ,gutenberg lived1 and another in  
which he did his first work with  his   
press4 ,twenty-five years later printing
 began in ,england1 and in  another     
twenty-five years there were in the     
world over two hundred and  twenty      
places where printing was done4 ,i took 
a walk on the heights  back of ,bristol1
 in ,england1 and was asked if ,i was   
seeking ,sudbury1  the old manor1 which 
,i was not1 but accidentally had it     
pointed out to  me where ,sir ,john     
,walsh lived1 when he employed for the  
instruction of  his children a young    
priest1 a fine scholar and a great      
reader4 ,the  fact that he devoted so   
much of his time and thought to the     
,scriptures1  and even taught children  
to read it1 produced some sensation in  
the  community4 ,in ,june1 #aebc1 at a  
dining1 the young priest suffered some  

rebuke for his liberal handling of the  
,scriptures by the pompous parish       
priest1 who was present1 and who1 among 
other things1 declared that it  was     
better even to disobey a law of ,god    
than a law of the ,pope4 ,at this  the  
opposition in the heart of the young    
priest became very decided1  and his    
reply was almost in these words3 8,i    
hope to live to see even  the ploughboys
 of ,england knowing more of the ,word  
of ,god than either  yourself or the    
,pope40 ,that young priest's name was   
,william ,tyndale4  ,when it was noised 
about that his pen was busy preparing a 
translation  of the ,bible for print1 he
 was obliged to fly abroad on the       
continent1  where at ,cologne on the    
,rhine he printed a few sheets1 then    
fled  again to ,worms1 where he printed 
all of his translation1 and was soon    
thereafter imprisoned in ,antwerp for   
six months1 during which time he        
converted the jailor and his family4 ,he
 was then strangled and burned  at the  

stake1 his last words being1 8,may the  
,lord open the ,king of  ,england's     
eyes40    ,it was ,henry the ,,viii who 
was then ,king of ,england1 and who     
assisted  the bishops to buy up         
,tyndale's edition and burn the books in
 a heap  before ,st4 ,paul's in ,london4
    ,i saw a fragment of one of the     
books1 mostly burned1 rescued from the  
flames1 and now in the ,british ,museum4
 ,this is ,jehoiachim ,no4 #d4    ,it is
 said that a young man named ,coverdale 
had been greatly interested  in         
,tyndale's edition2 that he was a fine  
scholar1 and that he1 with  several     
others1 finding that the edition would  
be destroyed1 succeeded  in selling many
 copies for the flames1 thus erecting a 
fund with which  they proposed another  
edition4 ,the prayer of ,tyndale in less
 than two  years was answered4 ,henry   
the ,,viii1 with increasing disgust at  
the  ignorance and corruption of the    
religious teachers in every community1  
determined that1 after all1 the ,bible  

should be printed and extensively       
circulated4 ,so ,coverdale1 with strong 
patronage1 was employed to issue  it1   
which he did1 under the care of         
,archbishop ,cramer1 in #aebg1 in       
,zurich4 ,two thousand five hundred     
copies of ,coverdale's edition were     
seized and burned by the ,inquisition in
 ,france4 ,this is ,jehoiachim ,no4  #e4
    ,following ,henry ,,viii1 ,edward   
,,vi ordered that every parish priest   
should  own a copy and read therefrom a 
chapter at each service4    ,in #aeeh   
,john ,calvin1 with able associates1    
published an edition called  the        
,genevan edition4    ,in #afad ,king    
,james commissioned forty-seven scholars
 to make a careful  and complete        
edition1 which was authorized as        
standard4 ,this is our  own edition or  
translation in common use since4 ,as    
,tyndale commenced  his work in #aeaa1  
you will see that it took just a century
 and more  than fifty years after the   
time of printing to produce a complete  

and  authorized version of ,god's word4 
,the race of ,jehoiachims in many parts 
have attempted to destroy it1 especially
 in ,spain1 for the last few  years4    
,during the time of the preparation of  
,king ,james's version1 our  ,catholic  
friends completed an edition more to    
their liking1 which was  published in   
#afji in ,douay1 ,france1 and which they
 have in whatever  common use it is     
proper to say1 called the ,douay        
version4    ,in #afjd1 the same year    
that ,king ,james moved for his version1
 ,john  ,eliot was born4 ,in #afca he   
joined the church in ,boston1 and became
  a learned and pious missionary among  
our ,american ,indians4 ,in #affa  he   
published his translation1 and lived to 
see over twenty ,indians  educated and  
using his edition in their own tongue1  
in the pulpit4  ,eliot died when he was 
eighty-six years old4 ,there are now    
about thirty  copies of his translation 
remaining1 about equally divided between
  ,england and ,america4 ,there is a    

copy in the ,astor ,library in ,new     
,york1  and one in ,yale ,college       
library4 ,a copy was sold at auction in 
,new ,york  a few years since for       
#a1acj1 the highest known price ever    
paid for one  book4 ,there is no man now
 living who can read ,eliot's ,bible4   
,in #ahgj a movement was started1       
appropriately by the ,church of         
,england1  for a thorough revision of   
our ,scriptures4 ,the ,new ,testament   
has been  in our hands for some time1   
and we now eagerly look forward to the  
appearance of the ,old ,testament in the
 new version4        8,within this      
simple volume lies       ,the mystery of
 mysteries2       ,happiest story of    
human race1       ,to whom that ,god has
 given grace       ,to read1 to fear1 to
 hope1 to pray1       ,to lift the      
latch1 to force the way2       ,and     
better had they ne'er been born         
,than read to doubt or read to scorn40  
--,sir ,walter ,scott4      ,january    
#ad4    ,,from ,,the ,,beginning ,,to   

,,abraham4    ,by ,w4 ,f4 ,,collier1    
,,ll4 ,d4    ,the ,creation of ,man     
involved the necessity of preparing a   
dwelling-place for him4 ,the ,bible     
informs us that the world passed        
through successive changes1 which       
transformed an unshapely mass to  its   
present condition of beauty and fitness4
 ,god said1 8,let there be  light10 and 
the rays of the sun burst upon the      
surface of the earth4  ,then the land   
appeared from under the waters1 and was 
clothed with  vegetation4 ,the fishes1  
reptiles1 and birds were called into    
existence4  ,next1 quadrupeds appeared4 
,finally1 as a crowning act1 man was    
created  in the image of ,god1 his      
,maker4 8,then the woman was formed from
 the rib  of the man1 in token of the   
closeness of their relation1 and the    
duty  of man to love his wife as his own
 flesh40    ,man having been created1   
means were employed for his occupation4 
,in  order to develop his mind and body 
activity was necessary4 ,he was to      

dress and keep the garden1 to subdue the
 lower animals1 study them1 and  subject
 them to his control and use4           
,distinguished from all other created   
beings around him by the gift of        
speech1 he was enabled to classify and  
name the animals1 hold converse  with   
his wife1 and engage in oral acts of    
praise and worship of his  ,heavenly    
,father4    ,the locality of the ,garden
 of ,eden is believed to be in the      
highlands  of ,asia ,minor1 near the    
sources of the rivers ,euphrates and    
,tigris4  ,the whole district drained by
 these rivers is represented by         
travelers  as one of surpassing beauty4 
,mountains rise1 by easy slopes1 to the 
height of five thousand feet2 their     
sides are clothed with gigantic  forest 
trees1 underneath which the box1 bay1   
and rhododendron flourish4  ,the valleys
 and lowlands are studded with villages1
 and checkered by  orchards1 vineyards1 
and gardens1 yielding both the cereals  
of the  temperate zones and the fruit of

 the tropics4 ,somewhere in the eastern 
part of this charming district the      
garden was located1 on the shore of     
,lake ,van4 ,this lake is described by  
travelers as follows3    8,the shores of
 ,lake ,van 7a noble sheet of water1 two
 hundred and  forty miles round71 are   
singularly fine4 ,they are bright with  
poplar1  tamarisk1 myrtles1 and         
oleanders1 whilst numerous verdant      
islands1  scattered over its placid     
bosom1 lend to it the enchantment of    
fairy  land4 ,in one direction the      
gardens cover a space of seven or eight 
miles long1 and four miles broad4 ,the  
climate is temperate1 and sky  almost   
always bright and clear4 ,to the        
southeast of the lake extends  the plain
 of ,solduz1 presenting in one part an  
unbroken surface  of groves1 orchards1  
vineyards1 gardens1 and villages4 ,the  
same  description is applicable to the  
tract extending along the ,araxes1      
which1 for striking mountain scenery1   
interspersed with rich valleys1  can    

scarcely be equalled4 ,this district    
accords1 in every respect1 with  the    
best notions we can form of the cradle  
of the human race40    ,here1 say the   
,armenians1 was the ,vale of ,eden4 ,on 
the summit of ,mount  ,ararat1 at no    
great distance from this1 the ark       
rested2 and here1 also1  the vine was   
first cultivated by ,noah4 ,it is       
impossible to say whether  further      
investigation in this comparatively     
unknown district will ever  guide us    
nearer to the spot where the ,lord      
planted the garden2 but  there can be no
 doubt that these plains1 lakes1 and    
islands must have  given birth to the   
images of ,elysian fields and ,fortunate
 islands that  continued1 age after age1
 to gild the traditions of the world4,e 
,the ,fall of ,man4--,this expression   
signifies the loss of the innocence  and
 perfection with which he was endowed at
 his creation4 ,the ,fall was  the      
consequence of disobedience4    ,milton 
thus describes the momentous event3     

8,of man's disobedience1 and the fruit  
,of that forbidden tree1 whose mortal   
taste       ,brought death into the     
world1 and all our woe40    ,eve's act--
        8444 her rash hand1 in evil     
hour1       ,forth reaching to the      
fruit4 ,she plucked1 she eat4           
,earth felt the wound1 and ,nature1 from
 her seat1       ,sighing through all   
her works1 gave signs of woe1           
,that all was lost40    ,adam's act--   
8,earth trembled from her entrails1 as  
again       ,in pangs1 and ,nature gave 
a second groan2       ,sky lowered1 and 
muttering thunder1 some sad drops       
,wept at completing of the mortal sin   
,original44440    ,at what period of the
 existence of our first parents their   
fall  occurred the inspired writer does 
not inform us4 ,the fact is only        
stated4 ,there is reason to infer that  
it occurred soon after their  creation4 
,before the fall they lived in the      
garden1 whose enchanting beauty has     
already been described4 ,their          

employment was to dress1 admire1 and    
enjoy the lovely spot1 and to praise and
 glorify their ,maker4    ,having       
disobeyed1 they were driven forth from  
the garden1 and the  ground1 which      
before brought forth1 spontaneously1 an 
abundant supply  of fruits to satisfy   
all their desires1 became changed1 and  
needed  cultivation to produce the food 
their desecrated bodies needed4         
8,adam and ,eve went forth into the wide
 world1 carrying with them the  fallen  
nature and corrupt tendencies which were
 the present fruit of  their sin1 but   
with faith in the promise of            
redemption40    ,the chief object of    
their life was yet to be accomplished1  
the earth  was to be peopled and        
subdued4 ,the curse was accompanied by a
 promise4  ,the toils of the man were to
 be rewarded by the fruits the earth    
would  yield to cultivation2 and the    
woman1 in her suffering1 was consoled by
  the hope of a ,redeemer4,f    ,the    
,flood4--,sin and wickedness had become 

so wonderful that ,god  determined to   
destroy the whole race1 except ,noah and
 his family4    ,noah was directed to   
construct a vessel sufficiently large to
  accommodate his family and such       
animals as he should need4 ,in this     
vessel1 called in the ,bible the ,ark1  
he embarked with his wife1 three  sons1 
and their wives1 making in all eight    
souls4 ,he took1 according  to ,divine  
direction1 clean beasts and birds by    
sevens1 and of such as  were not to used
 for food or for sacrifice by pairs1    
with a supply of  food for all4 ,the age
 of ,noah at the time he entered the ark
 was six  hundred years4 ,when all had  
embarked1 the ark was shut by the hand  
of  ,god1 and immediately the fountains 
of the great deep were broken up1  and  
the clouds sent forth torrents of water1
 which increased and bore  up the ark4  
,the ,bible does not describe the       
terrific character of the  consequences 
of such a storm4 ,we are left to imagine
 the scenes that  followed4 ,the        

mountain streams must have swollen so   
suddenly as to  forsake their channels  
and find new outlets1 sweeping away1 in 
their  angry force1 hamlets1 villages1  
and even cities1 washing down hills1    
and undermining mountains4 ,but1 most   
prominent1 there rises before  the fancy
 a scene of terrible conflict--brawny   
men fighting with the  tempest1 carrying
 their families from height to height1  
but still  pursued by the remorseless1  
unwearying foe4    ,the next scene is   
one of defeat and death4    ,bleached   
and bloodless corpses float everywhere1 
like pieces of a  wreck over the        
shoreless sea2 the poor babe1 locked in 
the arms of the  mother1 having found   
even nature's refuge fail4    ,last of  
all1 there is a scene of awful stillness
 and desolation1 not  one object being  
seen but the dull expanse of the ocean1 
nor one sound  of life heard but the low
 moan of its surging waters4    ,on the 
seventh month the ark rested on the     
mountains of ,ararat4 ,but  nearly a    

year elapsed1 after the mighty vessel   
grounded1 before ,noah  emerged from    
this temporary prison4 ,immediately upon
 landing he erected  an altar1 and      
offered sacrifice to ,god for preserving
 him from the  watery grave which had   
engulfed all mankind except his family1 
with  which act1 ,god being well        
pleased1 he made a covenant with him    
never  again to destroy the world by    
flood1 and to seal the promise1 he set  
his bow in the cloud4    ,noah1 as has  
been stated1 on going out of the ark1   
celebrated his  deliverance by a burnt  
offering of all the kinds of clean      
beasts which  he had preserved in the   
ark with him4,g    ,babel4--,the next   
great event in man's history was the    
confusion of  tongues1 and the          
consequent dispersion of mankind into   
three great  lingual families4    ,on   
leaving the ark new privileges were     
granted1 new laws imposed1 and a  new   
covenant made4 ,in addition to the      
plants1 all animals were allowed  for   

food4 ,they were forbidden to eat blood1
 and murder was made a  capital offence4
 8,whoso sheddeth man's blood1 by man   
shall his blood  be shed40 ,we may infer
 that the sons of ,noah1 and their      
descendants1  moved naturally toward the
 south1 until1 after many years1 they   
reached  and settled the plains south of
 ,ararat2 until ,assyria1 the plains of 
,mesopotamia1 and ,chalda swarmed with  
busy multitudes1 pursuing the  various  
avocations of life4    ,it was on the   
plains of ,chalda1 south of             
,mesopotamia1 that the mighty  city of  
,babylon arose on the banks of the river
 ,euphrates1 where the  inhabitants1 in 
their pride1 attempted to erect a tower 
that should  reach to the heavens4 ,this
 tower was1 no doubt1 intended to serve 
as a  place from which to expose signals
 to call the people together1 hence  it 
was to be high enough to be seen from   
all parts of the plain4    ,to humble   
their pride1 and to people other        
sections by distribution1  ,god arrested

 the work by confounding of tongues1 so 
that when the  workmen asked for brick  
the laborers brought mortar4 ,it is not 
certain  to how great an extent the     
confusion of tongues was brought2 but it
  is not believed that each person spoke
 a different dialect from every  other4 
,but1 on the other hand1 there is reason
 to believe that the  whole was divided 
into three great lingual divisions or   
families4    ,men now grouped together1 
from necessity1 into tribes or families1
  composed of those who understood each 
other1 sought new regions and           
neighborhoods where they might settle1  
and engage in the various  departments  
of human industry then practiced4    ,in
 that mild climate and generous soil men
 were greatly tempted  to become        
shepherds and herdsmen1 a mode of life  
at once simple  and healthful1 and one  
highly calculated to extend the borders 
of  occupation1 and increase the        
population4    ,the government was      
patriarchal--a mode of government which 

seemed to  have been especially         
acceptable to ,god1 and well calculated 
to prevent  centralization4    ,social  
,life of the ,ancients--,job4--,it would
 be utterly impossible1 in  any single  
picture1 to present a view of the state 
of society during a  period of so great 
extent1 and embracing such a variety of 
nations and  countries4 ,we can but     
follow the example of the ,bible itself1
 and make  choice of a single spot1 and 
a single family1 to convey some idea of 
the life and manners of the age4 ,it is 
probable that it was during this  period
 that the patriarch ,job lived1         
suffered1 and triumphed4 ,job was       
probably a descendant of ,shem2 his     
residence is said to have been 8in  the 
east0 7,job i4 #c7--the term usually    
applied to the district where the  first
 settlement of men took place4 7,gen4   
ii4 #h2 iii4 #bd2 xi4 #b74 ,the         
,sabeans and ,chaldans were his         
neighbors2 and at the time when he lived
  the knowledge of the ,true ,god seems 

to have been preserved1 without         
material corruption4 ,the adoration of  
the heavenly bodies had begun to  be    
practiced 7,job xxxi4 #bf1 #bg71 but    
there seems still to have been a        
general belief in one ,almighty ,god4   
,the picture of social life in the book 
of ,job is in many respects  extremely  
beautiful4 ,we dare not regard it as a  
sample of what was  usual over the      
world1 but rather as exhibiting the     
highest condition  of social life that  
had been attained4 ,there were even then
 cases  of oppression1 robbery1 and     
murder2 but1 for the most part1 a fine  
patriarchal purity and simplicity       
prevailed4 ,the rich and the poor met   
together1 and to the distressed and     
helpless the rich man's heart and  hand 
were ever open3 8,when ,i went out to   
the gate through the city1  when ,i     
prepared my seat in the street1 the     
young men saw me1 and hid  themselves3  
and the aged arose and stood up4444     
,when the ear heard  me1 then it blessed

 me2 and when the eye saw me1 it gave   
witness to  me2 because ,i delivered the
 poor that cried1 and the fatherless1   
and  him that had none to help him4 ,the
 blessing of him that was ready to      
perish came upon me1 and ,i caused the  
widow's heart to sing for joy40  ,the   
sweet bonds of family affection retained
 all their power in the  household of   
,job2 his children feasted by turns in  
each other's houses2  while the         
affectionate and pious father rose early
 in the morning to  offer sacrifices for
 them all1 lest any of them should have 
sinned4 ,the  simple burnt-offering     
retained its place as the appointed     
ordinance  of heaven1 and was the       
sacrifice that ,job1 as the high-priest 
of his  house1 presented on behalf of   
his children4    ,in the book of ,job   
mention is made of kings1 princes1      
nobles1 judges1  merchants1 warriors1   
travelers1 and slaves4 ,the pen of iron 
had  begun to engrave inscriptions upon 
rocks2 the mining shaft was sunk  for   

gold and silver2 and palaces that had   
been built for kings and  nobles had    
fallen into ruin4 ,astronomy had begun  
to acquaint men with  the heavenly      
bodies1 and many of the stars and       
constellations had  received well-known 
names4 ,altogether1 the state of        
civilization was  highly advanced4 ,the 
more closely we study those early times1
 the more  erroneous appears the opinion
 that man began his career as a savage1 
and gradually worked his way up to      
refinement and civilization4 ,the       
reverse of this is nearer the truth4    
8,god made man upright0--civilized  and 
refined1 as well as intelligent and     
holy2 but as man departed from  ,god1 he
 lost these early blessings4 ,sometimes 
a considerable degree of  refinement has
 been reached by other paths2 but by far
 the richest and  best civilization is  
that which has come with true           
religion--with the  pure knowledge and  
simple worship of the one ,true ,god4   
,january #ba4    ,,from ,,abraham ,,to  

,,the ,,occupation ,,of ,,canaan4    ,by
 ,w4 ,f4 ,,collier1 ,,ll4 ,d4    ,call  
of ,abraham4--,the next important step  
chronicled in the ,mosaic  history of   
man is the call of ,abraham1 ten        
generations after ,noah4  ,abram was    
born #aiif ,b4 ,c4 ,ur1 a ,chaldan city1
 was his birthplace4  ,terah1 ,abram's  
father1 removed from ,ur to ,haran1 in  
,mesopotamia4    ,the ,lord spake to    
,abram while residing in ,haran1 when he
 was  seventy-five years old1 and       
commanded him to leave his father's     
house1  to separate himself from his    
kindred1 to depart from his country1 and
  to go to a land that should be shown  
him4    ,the ,lord said to him1 8,i will
 make thee a great nation1 and will     
bless  thee1 and make thy name great1   
and thou shalt be a blessing4 ,and ,i   
will bless them that bless thee1 and    
curse him that curseth thee4 ,and  in   
thee shall all the families of the earth
 be blessed40 ,abram1 in  obedience to  
this command1 set out with his wife     

,sarai1 and his nephew  ,lot1 taking    
with him his flocks and herds1 and      
journeyed into the  land of ,canaan4    
,having arrived1 his first act was to   
erect an altar1  and sacrifice to the   
,lord4 ,from this place he moved to the 
east of  ,bethel1 and again built an    
altar and worshipped4 ,a famine drove   
him  from his new home into ,egypt1     
where was an abundance of food4 ,having 
spent some time in the land of the      
,pharaohs1 he returned to ,canaan1      
greatly enriched by his sojourn in      
,egypt4 ,soon after the return from     
,egypt ,lot separated himself from      
,abram1 and settled in the valley of    
the ,jordan1 while ,abram sought the    
hill country1 and finally sat down  in  
the neighborhood of the ancient city of 
,hebron4 ,the king of ,chalda  made a   
raid on the cities of ,canaan1 and      
carried off ,lot1 with other  prisoners4
 ,this fact coming to the knowledge of  
,abram1 he immediately  set out to      
rescue his relation4 ,having over three 

hundred servants1 he  attacked the camp 
of the invaders at night1 set them to   
flight1 and  rescued his nephew4        
,this is the first battle recorded in   
history4    ,when ,abram was one hundred
 years old the ,lord's promise was      
renewed to  him4 ,his name was changed  
to ,abraham1 the name of his wife to    
,sarah2  and ,isaac1 through whom the   
promise of a great progeny was to be    
fulfilled1 was born4 ,when ,isaac was   
forty years old1 ,abraham sent his      
servant to ,mesopotamia to obtain a wife
 for him4 ,his second cousin1  the      
grand-daughter of his father's brother1 
was selected1 and she  consented to go  
back with the servant and marry her     
kinsman4 ,from this  marriage two sons  
were born1 ,esau and ,jacob4 ,by the    
right of birth ,esau  possessed certain 
advantages1 which ,jacob purchased of   
him by dressing  him some food when     
returning faint and hungry from the     
chase1 thereby  supplanting him4 ,he    
afterwards1 by deceiving his father1 who

 was nearly  blind1 obtained from him   
the parental blessing conferred only    
upon the  first born4 ,this so enraged  
his brother1 that ,jacob sought safety  
in  flight1 and went to his mother's    
brother in ,mesopotamia4 ,there he was  
kindly received1 and after a short time 
had elapsed he entered into the  service
 of his uncle1 and agreed to labor for  
him seven years for his  youngest       
daughter4 ,having fulfilled his part of 
the contract1 ,laban1  his uncle1 gave  
him his eldest daughter4 ,when ,jacob   
discovered the  deception his           
father-in-law had practiced upon him1 he
 demanded ,rachel4  ,laban1 however1    
required him to serve another seven     
years1 which he  did4 ,after the second 
marriage he continued still to live with
 ,laban1  and received as pay a share of
 his flocks4 ,in securing this share1 he
  was thought by his brothers-in-law to 
have practiced unfair means1  hence they
 became hostile to him4 ,his            
father-in-law also having become        

unfriendly1 he fled1 and returned to his
 native land with his family  and his   
flocks4 ,laban pursued and overtook him1
 and though their  meeting was far from 
being friendly1 they entered into an    
agreement1  and gave pledges that they  
would not annoy each other in future4   
,jacob  then pursued his journey4 ,as he
 approached his native country he sent  
presents to his brother ,esau1 who came 
out to meet him1 and they became        
reconciled4    ,jacob journeyed on to   
,canaan1 and sat down in the city       
,shalim4 ,soon  after he removed to     
,hebron1 the home of his childhood4 ,he 
was rich  in flocks and herds1 and his  
neighbors respected and feared him4 ,in 
accordance with the patriarchal mode of 
life1 his twelve sons and  one daughter 
remained with him1 who1 with their      
wives1 children1 and  servants1 made a  
large family or tribe4                  
,joseph4--,jacob treated the children of
 ,rachel1 his beloved wife1  with       
greater tenderness than he did those of 

,leah1 his first wife1  and ,joseph was 
his favorite4 ,the partiality shown to  
this son so  enraged his brothers that  
they determined to get rid of him4 ,they
  found an opportunity to carry out     
their design under the following        
circumstances4 ,the older brothers      
having been absent with their flocks  so
 long that their father became anxious  
about their safety1 and sent  ,joseph to
 search for them4 ,as they beheld him   
afar off they plotted  to murder him2   
but1 taking the advice of ,reuben1 they 
imprisoned him  in a pit in the         
wilderness4 ,soon after his confinement 
a caravan of  traveling merchants       
passed1 and to these they sold ,joseph  
into slavery1  telling their father that
 he had been destroyed by wild beasts4  
,the  merchants carried him into ,egypt1
 and disposed of him to ,potiphar1  the 
commander of the king's guards4 ,in     
,potiphar's house he rose to  great     
eminence as a servant2 but falling into 
disgrace through a false  accusation1 he

 was thrown into prison4 ,while in      
prison his conduct was  so exemplary and
 submissive1 that he gained the favor of
 the jailor1  and was allowed the       
freedom of the prison4 ,later on he was 
summoned  to appear before the king to  
explain certain dreams which troubled   
,pharaoh4 ,appearing before the great   
monarch1 ,joseph disclaimed all  power  
in himself to explain the meaning of    
what had appeared to the  mind of the   
king1 but modestly and reverently said  
the ,lord of his  fathers would show the
 signification4 ,the king having told   
his dreams1  ,joseph predicted seven    
years of great plenty1 to be succeeded  
by seven  years of dearth1 and advised  
,pharaoh to build vast granaries and    
fill  them1 during the years of         
abundance4 ,the advice was immediately  
acted  upon1 and ,joseph was elevated to
 the rank of governor of all ,egypt1    
and the erection of storehouses1 and the
 filling of them with grain1  was       
entrusted to him4 ,the years of plenty  

came and passed away1 and  were         
succeeded by tedious years of sore      
famine4 ,while the ,egyptians had       
stores of food laid up by the providence
 and foresight of ,joseph1 the          
neighboring nations1 having exhausted   
their stock of provisions1 were  obliged
 to go to ,egypt to buy4 ,the dearth    
oppressing the inhabitants of  ,canaan1 
,joseph's brothers came down to purchase
 also4 ,while on a second  visit to buy 
food1 they were made aware that their   
despised and hated  brother1 whom they  
had sold into slavery1 was the governor 
of ,egypt4    ,having made himself known
 to them1 they were overwhelmed with    
surprise  and fear2 but he most         
magnanimously pardoned and comforted    
them by  saying1 8,be not grieved or    
angry with yourselves that ye sold me   
hither1 for ,god did send me before you 
to preserve life40 7,genesis  xlv3 #e1  
#g47 8,god sent me before you to        
preserve you a posterity in the  earth1 
and to save yourselves for a great      

deliverance40    ,joseph's father and   
all his family were at once brought into
 ,egypt1  and established with their    
flocks and herds on the eastern bank of 
the  lower ,nile1 where ,joseph         
nourished them1 and where they prospered
 for  many generations1 until a new king
 arose1 who knew not ,joseph4    ,the   
,exodus4--,the part of ,egypt in which  
,joseph had settled his family  was one 
of the most fertile parts of the valley 
of the ,nile4 ,skirted  on the south by 
hills1 it sloped off to the northwest   
toward the  ,mediterranean ,sea1 thus   
affording the most favorable exposure   
for the  purpose of the pastoral life   
which the ,israelites led4 ,for more    
than a  century they pursued their quiet
 employment1 and were treated by the    
,egyptians with respect and             
consideration1 in memory of ,prince     
,joseph4  ,the prosperity and increase  
of the ,israelites1 with their          
distinctness  as a people1 alarmed the  
,egyptian powers1 who turned their      

attention to  some means to cripple them
 and arrest their increase4 ,oppression 
was  resorted to4 ,privileges were      
withheld1 and severer tasks imposed1    
until  one tremendous groan went up from
 the land of ,goshen to the ,god of     
their fathers4 ,in spite of all the     
oppression and injustice practiced  upon
 this people1 they throve and increased 
in numbers4    ,the ,lord heard the cry 
of the outraged ,hebrew slave1 and      
permitted his  enemies to afflict him1  
that he might find the country hateful1 
and  feel that he was only a sojourner1 
who was to seek a promised land1 the    
land promised to his father1 ,abraham4  
,their burdens became intolerable4      
,moses1 their leader1 applied to        
,pharaoh to allow them to depart from   
the country2 but the king refused1 and  
,god afflicted the ,egyptians with      
dreadful plagues1 until they prayed the 
,israelites to depart4 ,they set  out   
with all their effects1 moving toward   
,arabia1 and on reaching the  shores of 

the ,red ,sea they became aware of the  
fact that ,pharaoh1 with  his army1 was 
pursuing4    ,hemmed in on either side  
by hills1 the sea before them1 and their
  enemies behind1 they were overwhelmed 
with despair4 ,but now the ,god of      
,abraham1 of ,isaac1 and of ,jacob1     
their fathers1 delivered them with  a   
great deliverance1 for1 at his command1 
the sea opened and allowed  them to pass
 over in safety4 ,pharaoh1 pursuing1 led
 his chariots and  horsemen into the bed
 of the sea1 and the returning waters   
engulfed  them4 ,all were destroyed1 not
 one escaped2 a terrific exhibition of  
the wrath of the ,almighty4 ,the        
,israelites journeyed on toward ,canaan1
  the land of promise1 spending forty   
years in the desert of ,arabia1  living 
in tents1 subsisting on manna1 which    
they found on the ground  in the        
morning1 and on the flesh of birds1     
which came to them every  evening1      
making their whole journey a series of  
miracles and special  providences4 ,they

 finally reached the ,jordan1 which1    
like the ,red  ,sea1 opened for them1   
and allowed them to pass over dry-shod4 
,the  inhabitants of the land were      
driven out1 and the weary wanderers1 who
  had crossed and recrossed their path  
in the rocky wilds and desert  sands of 
,arabia1 sat down in the land of their  
fathers1 and became  dwellers in        
permanent habitations4      ,january    
#bh4    ,,the ,,israelites ,,after      
,,reaching ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,promise4 
,by ,w4 ,f4 ,,collier1 ,,ll4 ,d4        
,between the time of the entry of the   
,israelites into ,canaan and the  birth 
of our ,savior1 a period of #a1dea years
 elapsed4 ,it is not our  object to     
follow out the history of this wonderful
 nation1 yet it would  seem necessary to
 state briefly their progress4    ,for  
several centuries they remained much in 
the same state as ,joshua1  their great 
captain1 left them2 contending with the 
surrounding tribes  whenever their      
encroachments were disputed1 at other   

times living  friendly with them2 not   
only intermarrying1 but allowing        
themselves  to be seduced into idolatry2
 for which sin the ,lord permitted the  
neighboring nations1 in more than one   
instance1 to conquer them1  to break up 
their government1 and carry the         
principal inhabitants  into captivity4  
,in each case1 however1 after long and  
weary years  of captivity1 their country
 was restored to them1 and the spoilers 
themselves were made instruments in the 
hands of ,god to reconstruct the        
nation4    ,social and ,religious       
,condition4--,during the forty years of 
wandering  in the wilderness1 very      
little opportunity was afforded for the 
exercise of the arts of life4 ,it is    
difficult to conjecture the  employment 
of that vast multitude during all those 
years4    ,the construction of the      
tabernacle and its furniture called into
 use  the skill and workmanship of the  
best artisans2 but1 aside from that1    
there was nothing to tax their talent4  

,during the forty years they lost  the  
arts they had learned in ,egypt4    ,for
 many years after they entered the ,holy
 ,land their mode of living  was rude   
and simple1 depending mainly upon the   
produce of their flocks  and herds for  
sustenance4 ,we have reason to infer    
that they also drew  upon the same      
source for many articles of clothing4   
,the forty years of pilgrimage in the   
wilderness swept into the grave  nearly 
all the vast multitude that left ,egypt 
with ,moses4 ,those  who entered the    
,holy ,land had not witnessed the       
idolatry of ,egypt4  ,moreover1 their   
very existence had depended upon the    
fall of the manna4  ,witnessing this    
daily miracle1 a spirit of dependence   
and submission  must have engrafted     
itself upon this new generation4    ,the
 dreary chastisement of the forty years1
 the plagues that once  and again made  
such havoc1 the sad fact that the bones 
of their  fathers were left to whiten in
 the wilderness1 must have produced a   

terrible impression4 ,the people who    
came out from ,egypt were haughty1      
unbelieving1 rebellious4 ,their         
descendants1 humbled by chastisement1   
made dependent by their helplessness1   
became gentle1 submissive1 and          
obedient4 ,we must hence infer that they
 remained for many years simple  in     
habit and devotional in spirit4    ,for 
three hundred and thirty-two years after
 the death of ,joshua1 the  successor of
 ,moses1 the ,israelites were governed  
by judges4 ,during  this period the     
,jews were a nation of farmers1 and each
 farmer was  the proprietor of his own  
farm4 ,the size of the farm allotted to 
each  family may at first have averaged 
from twenty to fifty acres2 and as      
there were very few servants or         
laborers1 except such hewers of wood    
and drawers of water as the ,gibeonites1
 each family had to cultivate  its own  
estate4 ,the houses were seldom built   
apart from each other1  like the farm   
houses of our own country--that would   

have been too  insecure2 they were      
placed together in villages1 towns1 and 
cities2 and  when the place was very    
much exposed1 and of great importance1  
it was  surrounded by a wall4    ,the   
lands were adapted chiefly for three    
kinds of produce--grain1 fruit1  and    
pasture4 ,wheat1 millet1 barley1 and    
beans were the principal kinds  of      
grain2 flax and cotton were also        
cultivated1 and small garden herbs1     
such as anise1 cummin1 mint1 and rue4   
7,mat4 xxiii3 #bc47    ,the orchards    
were exceedingly productive4 ,the olive1
 fig1 pomegranate1  vine1 almond1 and   
apple were all common2 and a great part 
of the time  of the ,hebrews1 in days of
 peace1 must have been spent in         
cultivating  these fruit trees4    ,as  
beasts of burden they had the ox1 the   
camel1 and the ass2 while  sheep and    
goats constituted the staple of their   
flocks4    ,their grain harvest began   
about the beginning of our ,april1 and  
lasted  for about two months4 ,summer   

followed1 in ,june and ,july1 and was   
the  season for gathering the garden    
fruits4 ,the next two months were still 
warmer1 so that the sheep shearing would
 have to be overtaken before  they set  
in4 ,during all this time little or no  
rain falls in ,palestine4  ,the country 
becomes excessively parched1 the brooks 
and springs dry up1  and almost the only
 supply of water is from the pools and  
reservoirs  that have been filled during
 the winter4    ,october and ,november  
are the seed time4 8,the former rain0   
falls now4 ,it  often falls with        
violence1 fills the dry torrent-beds1   
and illustrates  our ,savior's figure of
 the rains descending1 and the floods   
coming and  beating upon the houses4    
7,matt4 vii3 #be1 #bg47 ,december and   
,january are  the winter months1 when   
frost and snow are not uncommon2        
,february and  ,march are also cold4    
8,the latter rains0 fall at this season4
 ,about the  end of it1 8the winter is  
past1 the rain is over and gone2 the    

flowers  appear on the earth2 the time  
of the singing of birds is come1 and    
the voice of the turtle is heard in the 
land2 the fig tree putteth  forth her   
green figs1 and the vines with the      
tender grapes have a good  smell40      
7,song of ,sol41 ii3 #aa1 #ac47         
,among the wild trees and vegetable     
products of the country were the  cedar1
 stable and lofty1 an emblem of         
usefulness and beauty 7,ps4 xcii3  #ab72
 the oak1 both the smooth and the       
prickly sort1 which grow in great       
luxuriance in ,bashan2 the terebinth1 or
 turpentine tree 7translated  oak in our
 ,bibles71 a large evergreen1 with      
spreading branches1  often growing      
singly1 and so striking as to mark a    
district--like the  terebinth of        
,shechem1 of ,mamre 7or ,hebron71 and of
 ,ophrah2 the fir1  the cypress1 the    
pine1 the myrtle1 and the mulberry4 ,the
 oleander and  the prickly pear         
flourished in most situations4 ,the rose
 and the lily  were the common flowers4 

,altogether1 the number of vegetable    
products  was large and varied2 and1 in 
such a country1 ,solomon's memory and   
acquirements could not have been        
contemptible1 when 8he spake of trees1  
from the cedar that is in ,lebanon unto 
the hyssop that springeth out of  the   
wall40    ,the ordinary employments of  
the ,hebrew farmer were thus ample and  
varied1 but not very toilsome2 and often
 they were pleasantly  interrupted4     
,thrice a year the males went up to     
,shiloh1 to the three  great            
festivals--,passover1 ,pentecost1 and   
,tabernacles4 ,each seventh  day was a  
holy ,sabbath to the ,lord1 devoted to  
rest and worship4 ,at  each new moon    
there was also a holy day4 ,each seventh
 year was a year  of rest1 at least from
 the ordinary occupations of the field  
and the  garden3 it was probably turned 
to account in repairing houses1 clothes1
  and implements1 and particularly in   
the religious instruction of the        
people4 ,the education of the children  

was chiefly in the hands of  their      
parents1 assisted by the ,levites1 who  
were scattered over the  country1 and   
paid from the tithes of the whole       
produce4 ,on the whole1  the ,hebrews1  
in times of peace1 led1 during this     
period1 a quiet1  unambitious1 country  
life4    ,occasionally1 as in the song  
of ,deborah1 we meet with proofs that   
music1 and song1 and literary culture   
were not neglected2 and the  8divers    
colors of needlework on both sides10 for
 which the mother of  ,sisera waited so 
anxiously at her window1 showed that the
 ,hebrew ladies  had acquired no mean   
skill in the use of their needles4 ,but1
 on the  whole1 neither learning1 nor   
the mechanical arts1 nor manufactures1  
nor  commerce1 nor the fine arts1 were  
very vigorously cultivated1 or made     
much progress during this period4 ,each 
man was content to sit under his  vine  
and under his fig tree2 and the children
 of a family were usually  quite pleased
 to divide the possessions1 and follow  

the occupations of  their fathers4      
,the government of the country was      
carried on chiefly by local  officers4  
,it is not easy to ascertain the precise
 number and nature  of the departments  
of the government1 or of the officers by
 whom they  were carried on4 ,but each  
of the twelve tribes seems to have had a
  government of its own4 ,each city had 
its elders1 and each tribe its  rulers  
and princes4 ,in ordinary cases1 justice
 seems to have been  administered1 and  
local disputes settled by the tribal    
authorities4  ,there seem also to have  
been certain central tribunals4 ,in     
particular1  there was 8the whole       
congregation of ,israel0--a sort of     
house of  commons1 or states-general1   
composed of delegates from the whole    
nation1 by whom matters of vital        
importance to the whole country were    
considered4    ,in ordinary times1 the  
high priest seems to have exercised     
considerable  political influence over  
the nation2 and in pressing dangers1 the

  judges were invested with             
extraordinary powers4 ,the whole of the 
twelve  tribes were welded together1 and
 had great unity of feeling and action  
imparted to them1 through the yearly    
gatherings at the great religious       
festivals4 ,when idolatry prevailed in  
any district of the country1  these     
gatherings would be neglected1 and the  
unity of the nation  consequently       
impaired4    ,no important addition was 
made during this period to the religious
  knowledge of the people4 ,there was no
 new revelation of the ,messiah1  except
 in so far as the several deliverers who
 were raised up  foreshadowed the ,great
 ,deliverer4 ,the ceremonial law of     
,moses  was probably in full operation  
during the periods of religious         
faithfulness4 ,the great lesson         
regarding sin--its hatefulness in ,god's
  eyes1 and the certainty of its        
punishment--was continually renewed by  
the events of providence4    ,those who 
really felt the evil of sin would see in

 the sacrifices that  were constantly   
offered up a proof that ,god can not    
accept the sinner  unless his sin be    
atoned for through the shedding of      
blood4 ,but even  pious men had not very
 clear ideas of the way of acceptance   
with ,god4  ,a humble sense of their own
 unworthiness1 the spirit of trust in   
,god's  undeserved mercy for pardon1 and
 a steady1 prayerful endeavor to do all 
that was right in ,god's sight1 were the
 great elements of true piety in  those 
days4 ,there was great occasion for the 
exercise of high trust in  ,god1 both in
 believing that prosperity would always 
follow the doing  of his will1 and in   
daring great achievements1 like those of
 ,barak and  ,gideon1 under the firm    
conviction that he would crown them with
 success4    ,but in a religious point  
of view this period was a very checkered
 one2  sometimes one state of things    
prevailed1 sometimes another4 ,the      
people  showed a constant inclination to
 forsake the pure worship of the true   

,god1 and fall into the idolatry of     
their neighbors4 ,the oppressions  which
 those very neighbors inflicted on them1
 and the wars which  ensued1 generally  
produced an antipathy to their religious
 and other  customs1 which lasted for   
some years2 but the old fondness for    
idolatry  returned again and again4     
,it clearly appears that a pure1        
spiritual worship is distasteful to the 
natural heart4 ,men unconverted do not  
relish coming into heart-to-heart       
contact with the unseen ,god2 they are  
much more partial to a worship          
conducted through images and symbols3   
for this reason the ,israelites  were   
always falling into idolatry2 idolatry  
led to immorality2 and both  drew down  
on them the judgments of their offended 
,god4        ,end of ,required ,reading 
for ,january4    ,,footnotes3    ,e ,for
 an account of ,creation1 see first and 
second chapters of  ,genesis4    ,f ,for
 an account of the ,fall1 see third     
chapter of ,genesis4    ,g ,for an      

account of the ,flood1 see the sixth1   
seventh1 and eighth  chapters of        
,genesis4          ,,three ,,ages4      
,by ,,john ,,albee4          ',twas     
morn1 and o'er my little window ledge   
,flew many a wild bird of plumage       
bright2      ,they sang sweet songs1 and
 left the truest pledge        ,of love1
 of love and truth1 by day and night4   
',twas afternoon1 and through my stately
 door1        ,in soberer dress1 stepped
 the too tame birds1      ,calling our  
former themes so vain and poor1         
,twittering now in philosophic words4   
,it is night now2 life1 love1 and       
thought are done2        ,what is it    
comes and sets my heart aglow8      ,of 
all the wise and learned tongues not    
one--        ,only the foolish songs of 
long ago4                --,the ,journal
 of ,speculative ,philosophy4           
,,stages4    ,by ,,benjamin ,r4         
,,bulkeley4      ,i4        ,once life  
was joy1 not joyous service done--      
,quick days of selfish rapture1 broad1  

not deep2      ,the world was like a    
picture1 and the sun        ,rose for   
the gilding of a dreamy sleep4          
,,ii4        ,we woke2 and life was     
labor2 naught of glee        ,was left1 
for deepest-rooted toil remained2       
,and as we delved no end was there to   
see1        ,and suns but glimmered on  
the dross we gained4      ,,iii4        
,but now1 or in the perfect time1 we    
know        ,the joy returns while labor
 yet abides2      ,life's round and     
fair1 and1 delving deep below1          
,we find the joy that early pleasure    
hides4                --,the ,journal of
 ,speculative ,philosophy4              
,,driving4      ,there is now no branch 
of outdoor education of greater         
importance than  that of an ability to  
8handle the ribbons40 ,not a man or     
woman but  would be ashamed to say that 
they were incompetent1 if in fair health
  and strength1 to pilot their own      
carriage4 ,and yet1 though so large a   
proportion of society can boast a       

smattering of the science1 there is  no 
pursuit in which perfection is          
proportionately so rarely attained4     
,the first requisite for a tyro is to   
learn to sit well1 and so to  acquire   
the proper scope for his own power over 
his horse4    ,the seat should be above1
 or at least on a level1 with the       
horses'  heads1 not below them2 and it  
should1 moreover1 be so placed that the 
driver can use his legs and feet to     
restrain the pull of the horses if      
necessary1 and that can not be done if  
the reins pull down over the            
splash-board into the driver's lap4     
,though most tyros begin their essay    
with a horse in a single harness1  yet  
in a general way it is easier and safer 
to drive a pair than one4  ,if the      
single horse is perfect in manners1 all 
that has to be learned  is to keep him  
straight1 and to direct him without     
collision4 ,but if a  horse has faults  
he is safer with a companion2 though if 
the two have  coincident faults1 or     

could confabulate mischief together1    
they would  be more dangerous than a    
single animal1 yet it is in practice    
long  chances against the two both doing
 wrong simultaneously4 ,each is a  check
 on his fellow3 the one may not want to 
bolt when the other does1  or if one    
falls the other will probably keep his  
legs4    ,the tyro should take his seat 
uprightly and squarely1 plant his feet  
well in front of him1 grasp his reins   
firmly1 and let his left arm  play      
lightly from the shoulder 7not the      
elbow71 his elbows both well  squared4  
,nothing looks so slovenly1 or entails  
such waste of necessary  power1 as a    
slouching back1 and hands sunk in the   
lap4    ,the whip should not always be  
used because it is handy2 it is wanted  
to make a horse take hold of his collar 
if he shirks1 and to feel his  bit if he
 hangs back when there is difficulty in 
navigation4 ,unless he  runs up to his  
bit there is little or no communication 
between him and  his driver4 ,the whip  

should be used from the wrist1 not from 
the arm2  a lash delivered from the     
shoulder is far less effective and much 
more  ugly than a stroke from the wrist4
 ,a good fly-fisher never makes a bad   
whip in this respect4    ,let the       
beginner commence by casting an eye over
 his harness2 at first1  rather that he 
may learn by inspection the place for   
everything and  that everything is in   
its place2 but later1 when he has passed
 his  apprenticeship1 he should still do
 the same1 and this time with a         
master's eye1 to see that nothing is    
wanting before he mounts to his  seat4  
,let him note that the breeching1 if in 
single harness1 is neither  so loose as 
to be useless1 nor so tight as to hamper
 the action of the  horse and to rub the
 hair off4 ,let him see that the rein is
 on the  proper bar of the bit2 else1 if
 the horse has been accustomed to be    
driven from one bar1 and his bitting is 
suddenly altered1 his manners  will     
probably change at the same time4 ,if he

 is driving double harness1  let him    
note the length of his traces1 and see  
that his horses are  properly 8poled    
up10 else the carriage will overrun them
 down hill4    ,having cast a careful   
glance round his harness1 the driver    
will then  proceed to mount4    ,let him
 take the reins in his hand before he   
mounts the box1 then1 when  seated1 let 
the 8near0 or left hand rein pass       
between the forefinger  and thumb1 the  
8off0 or right-hand rein between the    
fore and middle  fingers--palm of the   
hand uppermost4 ,then let the grasp of  
all the  fingers close tightly on the   
loop of the rein1 which should pass out 
under the remaining fingers4 ,though the
 grasp should be tight the  touch should
 be light2 let not the exercise of the  
muscles of grip  confuse the driver into
 adding to this a tug from his shoulder 
upon  his horse's mouth4 ,however light 
a horse's mouth is1 or supposing he  is 
a slug1 that does not take his collar   
and run up to his bit1 still  the driver

 should always feel the mouth1 else he  
has no control  over him in sudden      
emergency if the reins are hanging      
loosely4 ,there  is more danger in      
driving a sluggish or dead-mouthed horse
 in a crowd  than a free goer4 ,the     
latter runs up to his bit at once1 and  
so feels  your orders2 the slug does not
 feel1 and may interpret a touch of the 
reins to direct him into an order to    
stop in the teeth of a ,pickford's  van1
 or on a level railway crossing in sight
 of an express4 ,whipcord  must keep a  
slug to his collar1 and so to his bit1  
or the absence of  constant             
communication between his mouth and his 
driver's hand may lead  to collisions4  
,and now in the seat1 and the grasp of  
the reins first secured1 let  the tyro  
make a start2 not in a hurry1 not with  
an instant dose of  whipcord--a word of 
encouragement to his horse should       
suffice at first4  ,let him learn to    
allow free room for his own wheels in   
turning corners  or passing obstacles3  

he has got two things to provide for1   
his vehicle  as well as the horse4      
,better give a wide margin at first than
 collide2  though before long his eye   
will guide him1 and he need not then    
make  himself conspicuous as a greenhorn
 by giving too wide berths at corners   
and rencontres4 ,go steadily round a    
corner2 remember there is such a  thing 
as centrifugal force2 and a two-wheel   
vehicle1 high hung1 may  easily be upset
 to the outside by a hasty whisk round a
 sharp corner1  even without the help of
 a bank to lift the inner wheel4        
,then1 as to the rule of the road4 ,if  
he meets anything coming the  opposite  
way1 he must take it on his right hand2 
if he overtakes it1 on  his left2 if he 
is overtaken he must keep to the left1  
and be passed on  the right4            
8,the role of the road is a paradox     
quite1      ,for if you go right you go 
wrong1 and if you go left you go right40
    ,down hill he should progress       
carefully1 especially when on two       

wheels1  for then the extra weight of   
the cart hangs on the pad or saddle on  
the horse's back4 ,a stumble and fall   
will probably break the shafts1         
certainly cut the horse's knees1 and may
 pitch the occupant over  the           
splash-board4 ,let him hold well in1 sit
 well back1 play firmly  and lightly    
with his hand1 ready to hold up sharply 
in event of a  stumble4 ,even a         
sure-footed horse may make a false step 
from the pain  of a loose1 sharp-pointed
 bit of stone cutting his frog4 ,a      
judicious  and timely support from the  
rein may save the horse and preserve his
  balance1 by thus suddenly shifting    
part of the weight of his head and  neck
 on to the carriage itself4    ,next to 
a powerful seat1 the mouth of the horse 
and the lightness of  the hand upon it  
are the requisites4 8,half the value of 
a horse is in  his mouth0 is an old     
maxim4 ,few owners are aware how much   
8manners0  depend upon the bitting and  
handling of a horse4 ,shifting the rein 

from  one bar to another makes all the  
difference in the going of the horse4   
,the mouth is the link of communication 
between him and his driver2 the  bit    
must control him without fretting him1  
and the touch of the hand1  unless      
light1 deadens its own injunctions4     
,as the whip progresses in his craft1 he
 will note many other minor  details1   
apart from mere safety1 which conduce to
 the welfare of  his horse and carriage 
also4 ,though he is bound by rules of   
road at  rencontre1 he may choose his   
own path when all is clear2 he need not 
take his share of rolling into shape    
newly-laid stones1 if a smoother        
passage presents itself4 ,even if he can
 not altogether avoid stones1  he may   
yet ease the draught if he can manuvre  
only one wheel on to a  smooth          
surface4--,cassell's ,sports and        
,pastimes4          ,,education ,,for   
,,and ,,against ,,caste4    ,by ,w4 ,t4 
,,harris4      ,we often hear in our    
time the fear expressed that there is a 

danger in  too much education1 and      
especially in a too great extension of  
free  education at the expense of       
tax-payers4 8,where shall society obtain
 its  hewers of wood and its drawers of 
water80 is asked in an anxious tone4    
8,education renders people unwilling to 
earn their living by hand labor  alone1 
and they resort to crime rather than    
work at an honest trade40               
,investigation1 however1 does not       
confirm these fears4 ,we find1 upon     
studying social science1 that those     
states of the world that enforce        
universal education are by far the      
greatest wealth producers and           
accumulators of wealth4    ,the         
statistics of the seventeen states in   
our nation 7the seventeen  that kept    
statistics of illiteracy in jails and   
prisons in #ahgj71  show that out of a  
total of #aaj1ech prisoners1 #bg1eha1 or
 #be per  cent4 could not write1 while  
only #c per cent4 of the adults of those
  seventeen states were illiterate--that

 #c per cent4 of the population1  if    
illiterate1 furnish as many criminals as
 #cb per cent4 of the people1  if able  
to read and write--or that the one who  
can not read and write  is nine times as
 liable to get to prison as the one who 
can read and  write4 ,of course we must 
remember that the education of the      
school is  powerfully reinforced by the 
education of the family1 the community1 
the ,state1 and the ,church1 and that   
the school is not the only  educational 
influence1 nor the most potent one4 ,we 
must not place a too  high estimate on  
the phase of civilization that merely   
keeps men out  of prison4 ,chinese      
education does that1 although it does   
not produce  scientific thinkers1 a     
literature of freedom1 or a people that 
worship  the true ,god1 or any god that 
allows man to participate in his being4 
,we shall learn this lesson again in    
studying the caste education of  ,india4
 ,the duties of each person to members  
of his own caste and then  to the       

members of the other castes form the    
chief staple of ,hindoo  education4     
,there the hewers of wood and the       
drawers of water are  effectually       
provided for1 first by birth and then by
 education4    ,if we desire to behold  
the effects of caste-education made     
supreme  over all others1 we must look  
carefully into ,east ,indian life1 and  
interpret it by its laws1 religion1 and 
philosophy4 ,the division of  labor is  
necessary in order that men may gain the
 requisite skill to  conquer nature4    
,food1 clothing1 and shelter are        
rendered necessary  by nature--that is  
to say1 by our bodies--and can be       
supplied only  by nature--the mineral1  
vegetable1 and animal realms4 ,besides  
food1  clothing1 and shelter1 there is  
the fourth want1 that of culture or     
spiritual direction1 and the fifth want1
 or that of protection1--the  realm of  
religious and scientific education1 and 
the realm of the  political government4 
,in ,india one caste is devoted to      

spiritual direction--the ,brahmin1      
which reads and interprets the ,vedas   
and gives counsel to the rulers  of the 
state4 ,next is the ,kshatrya1 or       
warrior caste1 that manage the  secular 
or political government1 with the       
counsel and advice of the  ,brahmins4   
,then the food1 clothing1 and shelter   
providers1 who devote  themselves to    
agriculture and the arts and trades of  
commerce1 form a  third caste1 the      
,vaisyas2 and lastly is the ,sudra      
caste1 which consists  of day-laborers1 
or servants4 ,the caste is determined by
 birth1 not by  the free choice of the  
individual1 but by an accident of       
nature4 ,for  the ,east ,indian the     
division of labor is the great divine   
fact of life4  ,brahma1 the highest god1
 created the caste of ,brahmins from his
 head1  the warriors from his arms1 the 
trades peoples from his loins1 and the  
servants from his feet4 ,manu says that 
the first part of the name of a         
,brahmin ought to express sanctity2 of a

 warrior power2 of a merchant  wealth2  
of a laborer contempt4 ,the second part 
of the ,brahmin's name  should express  
blessing2 of a warrior protection2 of a 
merchant means  of subsistence2 of a    
,sudra menial servitude4    ,caste being
 of divine origin and imposed upon man1 
how shall it be  preserved and          
transmitted8 ,the answer is a perpetual 
education in the  duties of one's caste 
and in the abnegation of all that looks 
toward  the recognition of identity of  
human nature and the equality of all in 
the substance of manhood4 ,the greatest 
possible care is taken not to  educate  
children beyond the position into which 
they are born and which  has been       
occupied by their ancestors 7if they    
belong to one of the  regular castes74  
,by marriage other castes are produced4 
,the ,hindoo must  have for his first   
wife one of his own caste1 and then he  
may take one  more from each caste below
 him4 ,thus the ,brahmin may have four  
wives1  three being from the lower      

castes2 the warrior may have three wives
 and  the merchant two1 while the ,sudra
 can have only one4 ,the children of    
the wives from the lower castes are     
classified according to a scheme        
invented by one of the kings1 and there 
are more than thirty castes in  all4    
,the chandalas have for their vocation  
the removal of corpses1 the  execution  
of criminals1 and such impure offices4  
,general duties1 common  to all castes1 
are very few4    ,what is a virtue in   
one caste may be a sin in another4 ,the 
duties are  prescribed with such        
minuteness that a very complex system   
arises  for each person1 which must be  
obeyed in its smallest particular1      
under penalty of excommunication from   
one's caste4 ,the observances  and      
formalities are more numerous with the  
higher castes4 ,hence even  for the     
,brahmin1 who is as a god to the other  
castes there is such a  weight of       
formalities and observances that life is
 not worth living for  him4 ,he must    

perform tedious ceremonies of           
purification to remove the  effect of   
the most casual accidents4 ,should he   
walk abroad and meet one  of a lower    
caste1 he must turn back and purify     
himself4 ,if he should  step over a rope
 to which a calf is tied1 he must purify
 himself4 ,if  he should happen to look 
up and see the sun when setting1 or at  
any  time see it reflected in the water1
 he must purify himself4 ,if he  should 
chance to go out and get caught in a    
shower1 he must purify  himself2 and so1
 too1 if he happens to step on the wrong
 foot when  he rises from bed4 ,he must 
not look at his wife when she sneezes or
  gapes or eats4 ,he must not step on a 
cotton seed1 on a piece of broken       
crockery1 or on ashes4 ,when out in the 
sun he must look northward2 when  under 
the stars1 southward2 only when under a 
tree or a roof he may  look in any      
direction4 ,if he should fail to purify 
himself he will be  excommunicated from 
his caste1 and can be restored only by a

 painful  ceremony4    ,the first1      
second1 and third castes are of the     
twice-born1 and they  may hear the      
,vedas1 but the ,sudras must not read1  
nor hear read1 those  holy books4       
,burning hot oil poured into his ears   
was the penalty for  breaking this law4 
,if the ,sudra were to speak evil of a  
,brahmin or  warrior or merchant1 the   
code of ,manu decrees that a red-hot    
iron bar  shall be thrust into his      
mouth4    ,there is more respect shown  
toward cows than toward the lowest caste
  of human beings4 ,in fact1 the ,hindoo
 will not tread upon ants nor kill      
brute animals1 but founds hospitals for 
sick or aged cows and monkeys1  while he
 is entirely indifferent to the         
sufferings of a man from a  lower caste4
    ,the women1 even of the highest     
caste1 are treated like lower castes in 
spiritual things1--no woman is allowed  
to read the ,vedas or to become         
learned4 ,the children of whatever      
caste1 too1 may be sacrificed to the    

deities by their parents4 ,a mother may 
throw her child1 especially if  it be a 
girl1 into the ,ganges1 or any sacred   
river4 ,the women are  excluded from    
education1 and are given in marriage in 
their seventh  or eighth year4 ,a woman 
who is discovered to possess a knowledge
  of reading and writing draws down upon
 her head the most severe  condemnation4
 ,there is one exception to this in the 
dancing girls1 and  the bayaderes1 who  
are purchased from poor parents for     
service at the  temples4 ,these are     
taught by the priests reading and       
writing1 music1  dancing1 and singing1  
as well as the female arts of coquetry4 
,they are  dedicated to the gods1 and do
 not learn housework4    ,although the  
warrior caste and merchant caste may    
read the ,vedas1 they  must do it under 
the supervision of the ,brahmins4       
,elementary instruction to the          
regenerated1 or twice born1 includes    
reading1 writing1 and arithmetic4 ,the  
children learn to form letters  on the  

sand first1 and afterward on palm leaves
 with an iron pencil2  at last with ink 
on plantain leaves4 ,the monitorial     
system is  practiced--one child hearing 
the other recite his lesson and         
assisting  him to learn it4 ,the        
,brahmin's children are in all cases    
treated with  partiality4    ,the chief 
branch of study in school is1 of course1
 the ,vedas1 or holy  books4 ,this      
exercise must be approached with due    
ceremony--of girding  with bands1       
purification1 consecrated fires1 and    
solemn ceremonies  performed morning1   
noon1 and night4 ,the pupil must seize  
his teacher's  feet before he begins1   
and then read with clasped hands1 and at
 the  close of his reading again seize  
his master's feet4 ,this ceremony of    
greeting his teacher he performs by     
crossing his hands and taking his       
master's right foot in his right hand   
and the left foot in his left  hand4    
,pupils generally reside with their     
teachers--in a sort of                  

boarding-school--each teacher having the
 care of ten or twelve pupils4 ,a  very 
strict surveillance is kept up4         
8,without his teacher the pupil must not
 enter a house nor look to the  right or
 left1 but bend his look to the ground  
as he follows behind  his teacher40     
8,when reading the holy scriptures one  
must not cough  nor take any food or    
drink4 ,in blowing the nose one must not
 make too  much noise--nor spit in a    
clean place--nor offer tea with his     
hand--he  must hold his arm-sleeve      
before his mouth when he gapes--he must 
not  smack his lips when he eats nor    
scratch his head40 ,such directions  are
 found in the educational code4 ,we     
often find sublime moral duties         
intermingled with trivial details of    
ceremonial4 ,if the pupil does  not say 
8,om0 on beginning and ending his       
reading of the ,vedas1 the  exercise    
will do him no good4    ,the moral      
maxims are taught in the form of fables4
 ,the book used  is what we know as the 

,fables of ,bidpai 78,friend of         
,science07 from  an ,indian work1 which 
was rewritten as the ,hitopadesa        
78,friendly  ,advice07 some centuries   
ago4 ,it contains profound ethical      
wisdom1 mixed  with some things         
whimsical and absurd4 ,proverbs are     
quoted at every  turn1 being strung on  
the thread of the fable1 like glittering
 stones  on a necklace4    ,the         
instruction of the ,brahmin's son       
extended to the philosophic  doctrines  
of ,hindoo pantheism4 ,to understand the
 nature of this  pantheism is most      
important4 ,there is ,brahm--above all  
the individual  gods4 ,brahm expresses  
pure abstraction from all               
distinctions--merely  to think it is to 
become unconscious of all things4       
,brahma is the  personification of that 
substance 7,brahm7 as the creator1      
,vishnu as  the preserver1 and ,siva as 
the destroyer4 ,below these high gods   
there  are terrestrial ones presided    
over by ,indra1 the ,hindoo ,jupiter1   

ruler  of the sky4 ,creation is not an  
act of the will of deity1 but a sort of 
emanation 8like the growth of plants    
from seed or the hair from the  head40  
,the world proceeds from nothingness1   
growing out of ,brahma1 and  returns    
into nothingness--it is all an illusion1
 a sort of dream1 which  the ,hindoo    
calls 8,maya40 ,brahm is the substance  
of all the gods1 and  of the beings of  
the world1 and hence all their          
differences vanish to  the ,brahmin1 who
 meditates long enough to reach the idea
 of ,brahm4  ,hence the highest aim of  
education is to reach this annihilation 
of all  distinction--passing beyond all 
the gods1 even to ,brahm4    ,the       
,sankhya philosophy expresses this      
doctrine of annihilation of all         
particular things and beings through    
reflection3 8,so through the study  of  
principles the conclusive1              
incontrovertible1 one only knowledge1 is
  attained1 that neither ,i am nor is   
aught mine1 nor do ,i exist40    ,one   

must not suppose that the ,hindoo       
education is so complete that the  lower
 castes remain without aspiration4 ,they
 learn by degrees in what  rests the    
power of the ,brahmin to ascend above   
the gods by the exercise  of meditation 
and abstraction4 ,this is taught in the 
,bhagavad ,gita--even  a ,sudra can by  
meditation come to ,brahm4,h ,the lower 
castes may become  partakers of the     
divine life through                     
regeneration--8immense self-denial1     
torture and penance0 are requisite4     
,they become 8yogis10 and undertake     
some painful exercise1 such as standing 
for twelve years without once  lying    
down1 then clasping the hands over the  
head for another twelve  years2 then a  
third grade by standing between four    
fires and the  tropical sun1 afterward  
swinging backward and forward over a    
fire for  nearly four hours2 lastly1 if 
life is not extinct1 being buried alive 
for the same length of time4 ,if he     
lives still1 the devotee has now  become

 a ,brahmin4    ,from the bondage of    
caste there is therefore one possible   
escape--through self-torture and        
penance1--but the remedy is as bad as   
the disease4 ,it was ,buddha who taught 
a doctrine that furnished a  real relief
 from all this in the utter abolition of
 the caste system4  ,driven out of      
,india1 this doctrine spread throughout 
,ceylon1 ,farther  ,india1 ,china1      
,thibet1 and among the ,tartars of      
,siberia1 and to this day  numbers more 
human beings in its faith than any other
 form of religion4  ,it gives all       
families a chance to ascend to the      
highest state of  religious culture4    
,buddhistic emancipation is from the    
rigid bonds of family as well as  from  
caste4 ,any family having four sons must
 devote one to a monastic  life4 ,this  
demands the renunciation of all personal
 wishes and  longings--all desires1 all 
pride1 and anger1 and stubbornness2 then
 the  devotee reaches ,nirvana and all  
will and consciousness have sunk into   

the rest and quiet of non-existence1 and
 are purified of all finitude  and      
special existence4 ,in ,nirvana ceases  
all change--no more beginning  and      
ending--no more birth and death--perfect
 rest4    ,in the catechism of ,chinese 
,buddhism there are ten duties          
prescribed3  7#a7 ,slay no living being2
 7#b7 steal not2 7#c7 be chaste2 7#d7   
speak  nothing wrong2 7#e7 drink nothing
 intoxicating--these are also found in  
primitive ,buddhism--another five duties
 are added relating to external  rules  
of the order3 7#f7 ,do not perfume the  
hair on the top of the  head1 nor paint 
the body2 7#g7 do not listen to songs   
nor attend the  theater2 7#h7 do not sit
 or lie on a large cushion or pillow2   
7#i7 do not  eat except at meal-time2   
7#aj7 do not own gold or silver1 or     
anything  of value as private property4 
,the ideal is that of mendicancy--pious 
beggary4    ,its ideal of the divine is 
no higher than that of ,india4 ,god is  
conceived1 not as a personal being      

having consciousness and will  and love 
7our ,christian conception71 but rather 
as a being above  personality and       
consciousness 7the ,hindoo conception74 
,hence the  ,buddhist still strives for 
the annihilation or extinction of his   
conscious individuality1 just as the    
,indian devotee1 but without those      
frightful penances1 and without cruel   
laws of caste4    ,we can not commend   
the views of those who find in          
,buddhism1 as  portrayed in the 8,light 
of ,asia10 a doctrine almost or quite   
equal  to ,christianity4 ,to us it seems
 to be infinitely below ,christianity4  
,its conception of ,god and of ,god's   
creation is just the opposite of  the   
,christian conception1 for in           
,christianity we believe ,god to be a   
personal being1 who reveals himself in  
nature and man1 and even becomes  human 
in his ,son1 and dies on a cross out of 
love for the human race4  ,man can grow 
forever into the image of ,god1         
realizing that image in  his will1 his  

love1 his intellect1 because ,god is all
 there in an  infinite degree1 while to 
the ,buddhist ,god is none of these but 
a being  who is the negative of nature  
and of man too4 ,hence the education of 
,brahminism and ,buddhism is based on an
 idea radically opposed to our  own4    
,,footnote3    ,h 8,that man who1       
casting off all desires acts without    
interest1  free from egotism and        
selfishness1 attains to                 
tranquility--this is  the condition of  
the supreme being4 ,having obtained     
this1 one is not  troubled1 and         
remaining in it during the rest of his  
life passes on  to extinction in the    
supreme spirit40--,from the 8,bhagavad  
,gita40          ,,content4    ,by ,a4  
,e4 ,a4      ,before the ,wedding4      
,we stood upon the mountain top at eve--
        ,only we two2 no other soul was 
nigh1      ,and watched the purple hills
 afar receive        ,their last soft   
tinting from the evening sky4           
,the fading splendor shed a parting glow

        ,on the faint mountains         
vanishing from sight1      ,and lit with
 one last gleam the lake below1         
,ere it was shrouded in the gloom of    
night4        ,through the hushed woods 
the silent darkness stole1        ,no   
living thing the sleeping echoes woke1  
,save one late bird1 unseen1 whose      
wakeful soul        ,with ringing song  
the silence sweetly broke4        ,in   
that still hour so close our spirits    
drew2        ,we seemed alone in all the
 wide1 dim earth2      ,i felt your     
strong arm clasp me1 and ,i knew        
,the tender thought wherein the act had 
birth4        ',twas then ,i felt there 
was in that wide scene        ,nothing  
so beautiful or so divine1      ,nothing
 so sweet1 the earth and heaven between1
        ,as was the love that stirred my
 heart and thine4           99       99 
99       99       99    ,the ancients   
were acquainted with the loadstone1 but 
they only knew  that it possessed the   
power of attracting iron1 whether it was

 that  they attached little value to a  
mere object of curiosity which led to   
nothing1 or whether they had never      
examined this stone with sufficient     
care4 ,a single experiment more would   
have taught them that it turns of       
itself toward the poles of the earth1   
and would have put into their  hands the
 invaluable treasure of the mariner's   
compass4 ,they were  on the very verge  
of this important discovery1 but it     
escaped their  notice2 and if they had  
given a little more time to what        
appeared  a useless curiosity1 its      
hidden application would have been found
  out4--,fontenelle4                    
,,roumanian ,,peasants ,,and ,,their    
,,songs4    ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,,keary4      ,a
 special interest1 as it seems to me1   
belongs to every attempt to  restore to 
a place in literature the genuine       
peasant speech of the  ,roumanians1 with
 all its ,slavisms undiluted1 and       
showing by those  ,slavisms that it is  
not a sham peasant literature with the  

thoughts  of educated men put into the  
language of a lower class4 ,the task of 
contributing to this restoration has    
been undertaken by ,m4 ,ricard          
,torceanu4 ,he has spent much time and  
labor in going from village to  village 
to collect the songs1 the customs1 and  
lore of the peasants4  ,everything which
 he amassed was orally communicated to  
him4 ,what he  gained was often         
fragmentary and uncouth1 but it had the 
advantage of  being a genuine product4  
,it would almost seem as if the         
villagers were  beginning to forget     
their village songs4 ,in a few years'   
time1 perhaps1  these songs will be no  
longer to be heard1 having been driven  
away  by the new education code and by  
the new language which has been to  a   
great extent substituted for the old    
tongue4 ,then these poems will  remain  
like the last echoes of bygone days4    
,m4 ,torceanu has invented nothing1 he  
has extenuated nothing4 ,he has  set    
down what he heard1 and no more2 he     

needs1 therefore1 to make no  apology1  
although the poetry is often meagre and 
is always absolutely  simple4 ,in actual
 form these songs have some points of   
likeness to  ,mr4 ,barnes's ,dorset     
lays4 ,in both the beat of four is much 
the most  usual measure of the line2    
only that1 owing to the difference in   
the  accent1 while in ,english the      
four-beat is often reached in only seven
  syllables1 in the ,roumanian eight are
 nearly always employed4 ,a great       
variety of accentuation prevents the    
monotony which would naturally  arise   
from the frequency of this form4 ,and as
 this variety of accent  can not be     
rendered in the ,english translation1   
more freedom has been  used in the      
number of syllables contained in a line 
than is used in the  original4 ,at the  
same time the four-beat1 when found in  
the original1  has been generally       
preserved4    ,alternate rhyme is the   
exception1 the most usual thing being   
the  couplet4 ,very frequently1 however1

 four of five lines rhyme or sound      
together4 ,these poets are not very     
particular about accurate rhyme4        
,untrained ears are never very exacting 
on this head4 ,our ballad  literature   
could show countless instances of such  
assonance as wind1  begin1 him1 them1   
am1 man1 etc4 ,the ,roumanians are much 
more  liberal still--at least as appears
 to our ears4 ,some of their rhymes     
recall the loose assonance of old       
,french poetry1 such as the ,chansons   
de ,geste4 ,little distinction seems to 
be made between the liquids l  and r1 so
 that are and ale would pass for a      
proper rhyme4 ,in  singing each line is 
repeated twice1 with a variety of       
accent4    ,the songs have one          
peculiarity3 almost all begin with the  
words frunz  verde1 that is1 green leaf4
 ,to this follows sometimes 8of the so  
and  so40 ,this reminds us of the       
beginnings of the snatches of rhyme in  
,mr4  ,browning's 8,fra ,lippo ,lippi03 
,flower o' the clove1      ,all the     

,latin ,i construe is amo1 ,i love4     
,occasionally the frunz verde is        
followed on by the name of a flower     
unconnected with it by any conjunction4 
,thus the following song begins  with a 
line which1 literally translated1 is    
simply 8green leaf1 three  violets20 but
 to make it intelligible we will borrow 
the form from ,mr4  ,browning's songs4  
,the same phrase frunz verde is         
frequently introduced into the middle   
of the poem4 ,one might be tempted to   
suppose that when it is found  there1 it
 has been the result of the welding     
together of two different  songs4 ,but  
there are some instances where this     
certainly has not been  the case4       
,now take for a specimen the following  
song1 characteristic enough of  the     
greater number of these village lays3   
,green leaf1 green leaf of the violet1  
,as of old1 across the wold      ,and   
round my house the wind sobs yet1       
,whispering longing and regret1         
,for the loved ones who have fled4      

,breathes the wind among the grasses3   
,i faint with wishing as it passes4     
,storm-gusts rise and fall again1       
,and passion wrings my heart with pain4 
,breathes the wind1 and small leaves    
move1      ,i die with longing for my   
love4      ,over the mountain the       
mountain wind blows1      ,my longing   
for my kindred grows4      ,blows the   
breeze the trees among1      ,my        
brothers' names shall fill my song4     
,when it creeps the flowers through1    
,my sisters sweet ,i think of you4      
,leaf o' the maple branching fair1      
,what cloud comes here1 the wanderer--  
,hast thou told to her forsaken         
,how her love's for a conscript taken8  
,oh1 little cloud1 thou dost not carry  
,rain or snow1 but the tears of ,marie4 
,curious little conceits such as these1 
drawn from the common imagery  of       
nature1 are very characteristic of the  
poems4 ,in that respect some  of the    
songs resemble not a little some of the 
popular songs which one  may hear in    

,italy1 and resemble much less the      
popular songs of northern  lands1       
wherein these conceits are more rare4   
,here is a still more  simple fragment3 
,green leaf of holly1 all are gone1     
,the girls of the village1 and ,i am    
alone4--      ,not all2 for one remains 
for me2      ,only one my hope to be4   
,my hope but she2--      ,frail as ice  
my trust will find her1      ,to the    
trysting who can bind her8    ,and here 
one which is far from ungraceful3       
8,undo1 my dear1 the charm which you    
have made1        ,and let me now go    
free40      8,to make you go my charm   
was never laid1        ,but to make you 
marry me40    ,the following might seem 
like an imitation of ,shakspere2 but it 
is a  quite true rendering from the     
mouth of peasants to whom ,shakspere was
  not even a name3        ,green leaf of
 the poplar grove1      ,tell me1       
prythee1 whence comes love8      ,from  
the eyes or from the brows1      ,or    
from the crimson lips8      ,can a      

peasant taste thereof      ,as one honey
 sips8    ,this is the lament put into  
the mouth of a girl who has disgraced   
herself so far as to marry a tzigan     
7gipsy74        ,swallows1 swallows1    
little sisters--      ,sisters1 seek my 
mother dear2      ,tell her from her    
daughter here1      ,that she send her  
kirtle red1      ,for a raven she has   
wed1      ,and a large thick veil for   
shroud      ,when the watch-dogs bark   
aloud4      ,her brave dresses1 that she
 take them1      ,into one rude bundle  
make them1      ,throw them in the      
street and burn them1      ,utterly to  
ashes turn them4    ,or here again a    
woman's complaint3--        ,when the   
world despises me1      ,only ,god has  
any pity4      ,thou too1 doubting1     
comest not near me1      ,willst not    
know and willst not hear me4      ,only 
one1 my little dove1      ,knew my      
sorrow1 brought me love3      ,my sweet 
turtle dove1 ,i know1      ,if her other
 half should go1      ,would not mate   

with any other1      ,or fly from one   
tree to another4    ,this is a more     
passionate vein1 with some adumbrations 
of a story in  it3--        8,hide1 ,o  
,god1 the moon in a mist1       ,let me 
revel as ,i list2       ,wrap like a    
shroud his face in a cloud1       ,till 
my lover has kissed and kissed40--      
8,green leaf of the vine's long train1  
,i go1 but in autumn shall come         
again40--      8,if you go for a month  
away1       ,mad you'll find me on your 
home-coming day2       ,if you go away  
for a year1       ,not mad you'll find  
me but laid on my bier4       ,then to  
my grave ,i bid you come1       ,scatter
 dust upon my tomb1       ,take a look  
within       ,at the death of sin2      
,as ,i lie at your feet       ,and at   
,death's deceit40    ,most of the poems 
collected are short ones1 of a kind not 
dissimilar  from the specimens given    
above4 ,there are1 however1 some pieces 
which  approach more nearly to the      
ballad form1 which are considerably     

longer1 and contain some sort of story4 
,our specimens would not be             
representative unless we included one   
poem of this kind4 ,let this  ballad    
stand upon its own merits1 merely as a  
representative one1  without attempting 
to explain or apologize for its         
obscurities and want  of harmony4 ,the  
inequality of the metre here will       
represent the1 to our  ears1            
irregularity of the original3--         
,over the mountain1 bathed in the dew1  
,is standing a little cottage new1      
,with windows that face the rising sun1 
,and door that leads toward the valley  
down4            ,in it was held a      
meeting gay          ,of all the girls  
of the village one day4          ,and   
they sang and they spun1          ,and  
they laughed--all but one1          ,the
 hostess' young daughter3          ,from
 her came no laughter          ,as from 
every other4            ,then thus spake
 her mother3          8,little daughter1
 what fails thee8          ,what is it  

that ails thee8          ,art thou sick1
 little daughter1          ,or is it    
heart-pain80            ,said her       
daughter1 8,refrain1          ,little   
mother1 seek not to know why          ,i
 am sad2 lest ,i curse in reply4        
,for love's pain ,i have proved2        
,i had once one beloved4          ,he   
was tall1 little mother1                
,fairer than any other4          ,his   
eyebrows black as a raven's wing1       
,in an arch long drawn as is a ring1    
,skin soft as silk1 white as the froth  
of milk1          ,his eyes were like   
the dark wild-plum1          ,his hair  
was like ripe corn in the sun4          
,securely my beloved slept1             
,safe was my beloved kept          ,from
 the sun's strong rays1          ,from  
the wind of wintry days4            ,and
 ,i sent my love          ,to the fair  
of ,brachov          ,to buy for me     
linen1          ,fine thread for my     
spinning1          ,and rich clothes to 
wear1          ,gold beads for my       

hair4--            ,thence he sent with 
a message1 my mother1          ,with a  
message the moon in the night1          
,that ,i was to be his stepmother3      
,then ,i sent to him in reply           
,the sun1 for ,i said that he should    
,go wed whomsoever he would4            
,with the leaf of the hazel-nut tree    
,he sent his answer to me1              
,that ,i should his stepmother be2      
,little mother1 but dear little mother1 
,can ,i marry him to another1      ,or  
shall ,i curse him1 shall ,i curse him1 
my mother88           8,be not mad1     
little daughter1 go be          ,his    
stepmother1 as he tells thee3           
,and you1 ,gypsy1 ,gypsy1               
,bring my carriage to me1          ,for 
,i am the grand stepmother40            
8,but mother1 oh mother1 say how        
,shall ,i speak1 and what name call him 
now80         8,my beloved1 my stepson1 
,my heart's love1 my cherished one40    
8,and her1 ,o my mother1 what word      
,shall ,i give her1 what name80         

8,my stepdaughter1 abhorred1            
,the whole world's shame40              
8,then1 my mother1 what shall ,i take   
him8          ,what gift shall ,i make  
him80         8,a handkerchief fine1    
little daughter1          ,bread of     
white wheat1 for thy loved one to eat1  
,and a glass of wine1 my daughter40     
8,and what take her1 little mother1     
,what gift shall ,i make her80          
8,a kerchief of thorns1 little daughter2
          ,a loaf of black bread for her
 whom he wed1          ,and a cup of    
poison1 my daughter60            99     
99       99       99      99       99   
,whether this is anything more than a   
fragment one may reasonably doubt1  but 
no more than this was known to the      
reciter4 ,this is of course the         
disadvantage of orally imparted poems1  
that a great portion is very  often left
 out of the beginning1 the end1 or the  
middle4 ,sometimes1  again1 two         
different songs are combined into one4  
,we can understand  without much        

difficulty what was meant by sending the
 moon with a  letter or message1 and    
sending back the sun2 it is not so      
obvious what  the letter written upon   
the hazel-nut leaf implies4 ,the        
explanation  which seems the most       
probable is3 ,this ,roumanian peasant   
lover could  not write4 ,he had no means
 of sending a message unless the sun    
would  be the messenger1 nor of         
receiving a reply unless the moon would 
bring  it4 ,the peasants sometimes make 
calls by whistling against a leaf1 as   
our peasant boys do with a piece of     
grass4 ,this apparently is what is      
meant by the answer sent by a hazel-nut 
leaf4 ,possibly the rest of the  poem1  
if there had been a remaining part1     
would have made the difficult  points of
 this ballad more clear4 ,we might have 
had a tragedy of the  ,ugo and ,parisina
 sort4 ,but all that is now covered up  
in night4    ,with one poem of a simple 
kind we will end this short selection3  
,list ye who love3      ,three evils ye 

will prove4      ,the first is that you 
love1      ,the next because he seldom  
comes      ,your love to prove4         
,this bitterness your heart will know4  
,the third when altogether he shall go1 
,and say adieu4      ,he will not come  
back again2      ,but your heart will   
scorch with pain4      ,leaf of the     
barley1 he will say1      ,i know not   
what has found me1      ,nor what       
sorcery around me      ,takes me from   
you away--      ,but adieu forever and a
 day4               --,the ,nineteenth  
,century4          ,,home ,,life ,,in   
,,germany4      ,housekeeping in        
,germany is reduced to a science2 an    
accurate knowledge  of principles1      
gained by experiment1 experience and    
reflection4  ,personal and domestic     
expenditures are regulated in strict    
accordance  with the best theories in   
consumption of capital and consumption  
of  labor4 ,this is especially true in  
the large cities where the houses  are  
built to accommodate eight or ten       

families in addition1 various  people   
below in the basements1 such as         
shoemakers1 seamstresses1 and           
washerwomen1 who are ready to give      
service to the herrschaften above4      
,these houses are generally built of    
brick1 stuccoed1 and oftentimes  in the 
early years of their existence present a
 very handsome front1  deceiving a      
stranger's eye with the impression that 
they are stone4  ,the massive front door
 opening to the corridor which leads to 
the  porte-cochre1 is in modern houses1 
most ornamental4 ,wrought iron1 in      
arabesque patterns1 with the monogram of
 the owner1 serves to protect  the      
plate-glass behind4 ,the panels of wood 
below are elaborately  carved4 ,this    
door opens to the touch of a bell       
attached to a rubber  tube and bell     
which remains in the basement where the 
portier lives4  ,invariably on the      
inside of the door one sees in large    
,german letters1  8,bitte die ,thr leise
 zu zumachen40 ,every person entering or

 going  out reads this request1 and1    
while occupied with reading1 naturally  
lets the door slam the louder4 ,only sly
 young men returning from the  kneipe in
 the darkness feel obliged to bear it in
 mind4 ,the slamming  of the great      
corridor door1 however1 makes no        
impression upon the  numerous families  
above1 and if it chanced to be a friend 
of ,frau  ,schltze who just entered the 
house1 there is yet time for the        
gracious  lady 7gndige frau71 who       
probably lives up the second flight of  
stairs1 to take off her morning cap     
7which a ,german woman is apt to  wear  
until she hears some one coming7 before 
her friend has time to  ring the bell to
 her own apartment4    ,on each floor in
 the largest houses are two apartments1 
usually of  seven or eight rooms--large 
enough1 the ,germans think1 to          
accommodate a  family of eight or nine4 
,and if you are a foreigner1 examining  
these  houses with a view to renting1   
the portier frau will accompany you     

around1 exclaiming how comfortable it   
all is6 ,there is a salon in  the front1
 a large1 finely-proportioned           
drawing-room1 with bay-window  and      
frescoed ceiling1 and inlaid floor4     
,then the smaller room to the  right1 or
 left1 as it may chance to be1 looking  
also on the street  with two windows1   
and generally a balcony1 is intended for
 the library  or sitting-room4 ,then    
throwing the folding-doors wide open1   
between  the salon and dining-room1 she 
explains how handsome the two rooms     
look during a dinner party4 ,the        
dining-room has an alcove with a  large 
window looking down into the court4     
,then you follow her through  a narrow  
hall1 passing perhaps the bath-room1    
with the servants'  room above--only    
five feet high--coming next to the      
kitchen4 8,but the  bed-rooms1 where are
 they80 you ask1 not being able longer  
to suppress  your anxiety on this point4
 8,ach1 hier sind die60 exclaims the    
astonished frau1 and opens the door to  

two small rooms1 about #ajx#ab4  ,you   
look at your companion1 the significant 
glance is returned and you  start for   
the next house1 or up a second flight of
 the same1 to see  if the division of   
rooms be there as ridiculous4 ,after    
visiting about  twenty-five houses1     
however1 and finding them all alike1 you
 conclude a  bed-room with a ,german is 
a secondary consideration1 and as to    
8guest  chambers10 they have never      
dreamed of them6 ,goethe was a true     
,german  in this respect1 and no wiser  
than the rest of his countrymen4 ,lewis1
  in his biography of ,goethe1 never    
fails to express astonishment at  the   
small1 dark room1 in which the great man
 slept and finally died4  ,in the       
handsome old house at ,weimar the       
spacious reception rooms and  commodious
 dining-room contrast strangely with the
 dark little closet  which is called the
 bed-room4 ,i heard a ,german gentleman1
 who came to  ,america at the time ,mr4 
,schurz did1 but who was not so         

successful1  and who returned to        
,germany1 and was consequently          
embittered with  everything1 say1 8,the 
,berlin houses remind me1 with their    
swell fronts  and elegant drawing-rooms1
 of the fashion of wearing embroidered  
chemisettes when the rest of the toilet 
is mean and contemptible40 8,the        
,germans10 said he1 8put all the        
elegance on the front of their houses1  
while the sleeping-rooms are miserably  
ventilated little holes40 ,this  does   
not apply to the houses built recently4 
,there is no longer such  discrepancy   
between bed-room and salon--economy1    
convenience and  rich designing         
characterize many ,german houses now1   
which would have  astonished the ,german
 mind a half-century ago4    ,the system
 by which these houses are rented or    
occupied is worth our  attention1 since 
it has come to be a matter of great     
expense for one  family to rent or own a
 single house in our large cities4 ,let 
us  suppose the man who owns an         

apartment house in a large ,german city 
to  have a capital of #fj1jjj invested4 
,he lives himself with his family  in   
the parterre wohnung1 or what we would  
call the first floor4 ,the  bel tage1 or
 second floor1 is the choice apartment1 
and rents1  if the house be in a        
desirable part of the city1 for #c1jjj  
marks 7a  mark equals #be or #bd cents74
 ,if the house be a double one1 and this
  is generally the case1 the first tage 
would bring #f1jjj marks1 the  second   
tage #d1hjj marks1 and the third tage   
#c1fjj4 ,he has also  his own apartment1
 and below1 the shoemaker1 furnishes    
shoes for the  family2 the seamstress   
does the sewing and the washerwoman is  
the  family laundress4 ,from his capital
 he realizes a large percentage4 ,the   
taxes are heavy1 but the outlays are not
 great1 being in most cases  incidental1
 for the water1 gas1 and garbage1 etc41 
are met by the  different tenants4      
,as to the housekeeping in one of these 
apartments or wohnungs--the  windows are

 casement style1 with double glass1 easy
 for washing but  difficult for drapery4
 ,the floors are inlaid with different  
colored  woods1 and waxed4 ,the walls   
are papered with rich and dark colors1  
and the ceilings finished in stucco4 ,a 
characteristic ,german house  will be   
furnished about as follows3 ,grand piano
 in the drawing-room  or upright if     
preferred2 in front of the sofa1 a good 
imitation of  ,smyrna rug1 7made in     
,silesia generally74 ,a table stands on 
the rug  removed from the sofa only far 
enough to allow a stout matron to       
squeeze in for a seat in one corner1    
which is her prerogative4 ,around  the  
sofa are arranged a half dozen chairs1  
all belonging in color and  form to the 
sofa4 ,it would be unjust here not to   
say that the modern  craze for          
bric-a-brac1 for elegant hangings and   
unique furniture has  penetrated the    
,german mind as it has the ,english and 
,american1 and the  revival of house    
decoration is appreciated in ,germany by

 those who  have the means to           
investigate the subject1 but the house  
we describe  is 8pre-sthetical0 and     
stands for characteristic ,german taste1
 and it  will be found compares most    
favorably with an ,american house before
  the 8highly sthetical0 fever          
developed4 ,the dress circle of ,smyrna 
rug1 sofa1 table and chairs1 is the     
center of attraction1 but the  opposite 
walls and the corners of the room are   
not neglected4 ,the piano  occupies a   
conspicuous position1 and one or two    
pedestals1 with choice  copies from the 
antique1 are hid in the corners4 ,a     
lady's writing desk1  with delicate note
 paper ready for her use1 a beautiful   
chair for  her service1 and a rich robe 
for her feet1 completes a ,german lady's
  drawing room4 ,if she can not afford  
good pictures1 she will have none4      
,steel engravings from the old masters  
are frequently found1 but seldom  oil   
paintings unless the parties be very    
wealthy or where artistic  home talent  

prevails4 ,how shocking many houses in  
,america are made1 by  horrid crude     
pictures--in color1 houses which        
maintain some beauty in  wood work1     
carpets1 walls1 and furniture4 ,the     
portfolio of etchings  which are now    
sent to the farthest west and all over  
the ,united ,states  for inspection1 are
 creating a higher taste1 and it is a   
laudable  scheme1 although accompanied  
with exorbitant prices4    ,the         
arrangement of our ,teutonic lady's     
drawing-room is so national that  the   
palace and the poor man's house has the 
same link of resemblance2  for if a man 
owns but one table and one sofa1 the    
table will stand  in front of the sofa1 
and the chairs around it4 ,this         
impresses a  foreigner as being stupid  
and dull1 and the ,american or ,french  
or  ,english woman living in ,germany   
conscientiously avoids all proximity of 
sofas and tables4 ,there is some excuse 
for this stupid regularity in  the      
circles which still have the kaffee     

klatsch2 an old and artless             
entertainment which traveled women      
eschew1 and women of high rank  long ago
 ignored1 but which remains a blessing  
to women of moderate  means and         
unpretentious life4 ,the hour for the   
kaffee klatsch is  always #d o'clock1   
and each guest is requested to bring her
 knitting  or fancy work1 to take her   
seat at a table spread with a white     
cloth1  upon which the kaffee stands1   
covered up with a quilted hood to keep  
it warm1 and flanked on either side by  
large baskets of cakes4 ,here  these    
innocent women sit for hours sipping    
coffee and knitting and  gossiping to   
their hearts' content4 ,it is the hour  
sans-souci for the  genuine 8hausfrau40 
,in such society one can recognize the  
simplicity  and ingenuousness of the    
,german woman1 and contrast the         
startling  differences of education and 
habit with her ,american sisters4       
,returning to the furniture of the      
house1 we find the library1 or          

sitting-room 7wohnstube71 for private   
libraries are rare1 and only  found in  
the house of the gelehrte4 ,it is true  
that every house has  ,goethe1          
,schiller1 ,wyland1 ,heine1 ,schlegel's 
translation of ,shakspere1  ,humbolt's  
travels1 and1 it may chance to be1      
,kant1 ,hegel1 and ,strauss1  if the    
paternal mind cares no longer for       
,martin ,luther4 ,in the  neighborhood  
of the old wartburg the memory of       
,luther is too sacred  to allow ,david  
,strauss to lie on the same shelf with  
the ,reformer4 ,if  the family taste    
runs to sthetics more than ethics1 a    
cabinet of rare  porcelain will take the
 place of a book-case in the            
sitting-room4 ,but  in either case the  
inevitable sewing table stands by the   
window with  an easy chair by its side4 
,if the gentleman of the house has      
writing  at home1 or any business       
engagements1 then the sewing table finds
 its  way to the big window in the      
alcove of the dining-room4 ,this room is

  more comfortable than an ,american    
dining-room1 inasmuch as it has1 in     
addition to the set of dining-room      
chairs1 a sofa and some easy seats1  two
 closed cabinets for the damask1 on     
either side of the buffet1  which       
glistens with glass and china4 ,sofa    
pillows and footstools are  abundant1   
which one can not say are easily        
discovered in the ,american  home4 ,but 
first of all a ,german house is         
comfortable1 then ornamental4  8,wine1  
wife and song10 is the motto1 as it was 
in the days of ,martin  ,luther1 and    
gemthlich1 which may mean friendly1     
well-disposed1  good-natured1           
kind-hearted2 snug1 comfortable1        
lack-a-daisical1 is  the word which     
expresses the tone of home life4 ,the   
bed-rooms are  unattractive1 as we have 
said4 ,two mahogany bedsteads1 side by  
side1  8too short than that a man can   
stretch himself on them1 and the        
covering narrower than that he can wrap 
himself in it40 ,these ,german  beds are

 fearfully and wonderfully made1        
feathers below and above1  pillows hid  
during the day under the covers1 and    
finally1 a white  spread thrown over the
 entire mountain1 in such a manner that 
it is  impossible to distinguish head   
from foot4    ,of late the sense of the 
beautiful has brought to light in the   
shop  windows blue silk quilted spreads 
and lace coverings for these            
monstrosities1 and corresponding        
materials for the toilet table4 ,but    
the genuine hausfrau considers them a   
8snare and delusion40 ,a ,german  lady  
who had just returned from a visit to   
,america1 said to me1 8,how  do the     
,american women make up their beds8 ,i  
must come and learn4 ,but10  added she1 
in the same breath1 8,i should think you
 would die under  such thin covers60    
,the floors of the bed rooms are painted
 with yellow  ochre and varnished4      
,small rugs lie in front of each bed1   
and before  each piece of furniture4 ,a 
candle1 matches1 and water carafe stand 

on the table by the bed4 ,during the    
,philadelphia ,exposition1 a ,german1   
writing from an ,american hotel1        
observed3 8,how exasperating it is to go
  to bed in a room with no candle1 only 
gas in the centre of the room1  and     
innumerable chairs between one and the  
gas at midnight2 and how  dreadful to   
awaken and find white walls staring at  
one and reflecting  the morning sun into
 one's eyes40 ,just criticism6 ,the     
,germans are too  highly cultivated in  
art to tolerate white walls1 and the    
,americans are  rapidly becoming so4    
,the kitchen is the ,german woman's     
pride1 and no wonder1 with its  shining 
rows of brass and copper kettles and    
cooking utensils1 hanging  so orderly   
against the gray wall1 and the white    
porcelain oven1  brass-doored and       
brass-knobbed4 ,does it surprise you    
that she likes  to take a seat there    
every morning and talk over the menu for
 the  day with ,frederika1 then unlock  
the pantry door and survey the clean    

shelves1 all dressed up in perforated   
paper1 or red leather and brass  tacks1 
and loaded with groceries and           
confectioneries4 ,what woman's  heart   
would not swell at the sight of such a  
pantry and kitchen1 and  such a capable1
 white-capped1 white-aproned girl as    
,frederika8 ,it is an  ideal picture1   
but one often and often seen in         
,germany4    ,we shall make the         
acquaintance of ,german servants        
presently1 but first  some reference to 
the ,german ovens will be necessary1 for
 it is with  these that the servant's   
time is first engaged in the morning and
 last  at night4 ,next to the ,dutch    
stove1 the ,german oven is probably the 
most economical1 and as far as mere     
temperature is concerned1 the most      
effective of all warming arrangements4  
,they are built of brick covered  with  
porcelain and are part of the house1    
being built in with the  walls4 ,the    
cost is about seventy-five dollars for  
those finished with  plain white tiles2 

but frequently the tiles are colored    
like majolica1  and are highly          
decorated4 ,in the ,gewerbe ,museum1 of 
,berlin1 there is  a collection of tiles
 used in ,nrnberg on the old ovens--some
 are most  curious and beautiful4 ,since
 the spirit of decorative art is        
reviving  in ,germany1 as elsewhere1 the
 artists of highest rank do not consider
  it beneath their dignity to paint     
tiles or panels1 or anything that  can  
ornament the 8house beautiful40 ,these  
ovens are generally built  in the corner
 of a room1 and are oftentimes eleven   
feet high4 ,the  fire is burned in a    
furnace near the bottom1 and the heated 
smoke is  made repeatedly to traverse   
the structure from side to side along   
the  winding passage before it reaches  
the top1 where a pipe conveys it1  when 
comparatively cold1 into a flue in the  
wall4 ,the heated mass of  brick        
continues to warm the room long after   
the fuel is burned4 ,the  same quantity 
of fuel which heats a ,german oven for a

 day is consumed  in an open grate in   
three hours4 ,in ,northern ,germany the 
poorer classes  burn turf and charcoal1 
the better classes use the turf to mix  
with  the stone-coal4 ,wagons of turf   
are brought to the front of the house   
early in the morning1 the horses        
unhitched and taken away4 ,the fuel is  
then carried basket by basket full1 on  
the backs of old women1 to the  attic or
 fifth story of the house1 which is     
divided into store rooms  for the       
different herrschaften4 ,on this floor  
is stored the wood1 the  coal1 the turf4
 ,early in the morning the back stairs  
are crowded with  the various servants1 
from the different apartments1 going up 
and down  with their baskets of fuel4   
,the fire must be lighted one hour      
before  the rooms become comfortable4   
,while the fires are beginning to burn  
the waxed floors are being polished1    
which is the time in our ,american  or  
,english economy for cooking the        
breakfast4 ,if our ,german friends      

however prefer polished floors to       
gladden their sight on rising1  to heavy
 beefsteaks to warm their stomachs1 what
 reason have we to  criticise8          
,frederika is lighting not the kitchen  
fire1 but a little  spirit lamp         
underneath the 8coffee machine10 or     
boiler1 and carrying  in the fresh 7but 
cold7 rolls which she has just received 
from the  baker's wife at the back door1
 and in ten minutes she will formally   
announce to the gndigen herrn and the   
gndiger frau 7gracious  lord and        
gracious lady7 that 8frhstck ist fertig0
 7breakfast is  ready74 ,the gndiger    
herr will appear wrapped up in a heavy  
morning  wrapper 7made of gray cloth1   
trimmed in mazarine blue7 with newspaper
  in hand1 and the gndige frau will take
 her seat at the table where  the coffee
 is sending up its smoke4 ,she looks1 in
 her morning cap and  white apron1      
surely as healthy as her ,english       
sisters1 and much more  so than the     
beautiful but frail ,american woman1 who

 sits eating her  mutton chops and warm 
muffins4 ,who shall settle the question 
if doctors  disagree8 ,continental      
,europe has existed on coffee and cold  
bread and  eggs and never had dyspepsia1
 while ,england and ,america have grown 
fat  or nervous on the beefsteak and    
muffins4    ,the ,german washing is so  
well-known1 and has afforded so much    
amusement1 that ,i would not overthrow  
the traditions2 yet after a long        
residence in ,germany1 and an experience
 of years in keeping house in  a ,german
 apartment1 ,i learned to regard the    
8grosse wsche0 as a  necessary          
development of the apartment system of  
keeping house4 ,for  instance1 there is 
one common wash-room1 and one           
drying-room2 the  family in the parterre
 wohnung engage it the first two days in
 the  week1 then it belongs to the      
family on the opposite side of the      
house1  and successively to the other   
inmates of the house1 so that weekly    
occupancy is out of the question4 ,but a

 foreigner can escape this  egregious   
imposition by sending the washing out of
 the house every week  and waiting      
patiently for it to return in ten days4 
,i was asked repeatedly by my ,german   
lady friends1 8,where is your  wedding  
chest of linen80 meaning a carved cedar 
chest containing a  wedding dowry of    
linen1 enough to last through four      
generations1 which  is quite the thing  
to be inspected by one's intimate       
friends1 more than  the trousseau4 ,how 
should an ,american woman answer such a 
question1  or place herself in the      
favorable estimation of her good ,german
 friends  again after shocking their    
education and hereditary taste by       
confessing  that her house linen was    
only sufficient for present use4 ,there 
is a  sense of pride in the monthly     
washing in ,germany little dreamed of by
  the general observer4    ,a cook1 a   
house-girl1 or kindermdchen1 and a      
man-servant 7diener7  are the usual     
number of domestics employed by a       

well-to-do ,german  family where there  
are children4 ,if there are no children1
 a cook and  diener are sufficient help1
 even in a large city4 ,in the country  
one  girl is enough4 ,she is            
8,jack-of-all-trades10 and gets poor pay
 and less  praise for her proficiency4  
,her brawny arms and rosy cheeks are    
only  found admirable by some wandering 
artist1 who makes a hasty sketch of  her
 carrying water from the village        
fountain4 ,among people who keep up  any
 social style a diener in livery is     
indispensable4 ,he opens the  door1     
serves at table1 sets the table1        
polishes the floors1 does the  errands1 
carries the invitation1 walks behind the
 ladies when they go  out1 or sits on   
the box with the coachman when they are 
driving4 ,above  all1 he keeps          
,frederika in a good humor by polishing 
the doors of her  oven1 and sipping     
coffee with her while the herrschaften  
are sipping  theirs4 ,she learns to call
 him her 8lieber ,schatz10 and by and   

by1  ,frederika's head becomes turned1  
and the cooking is not so perfect4  ,the
 wages of this diener are not large     
according to ,american ideas2  he       
receives1 according to his ability1 per 
month1 twenty thalers1 ten  thalers1    
five1 or even two and a half1 if he is  
young1 and has never  served outside a  
restaurant4 ,in addition to his wages1  
he gets good  food1 or the equivalent in
 money1 which he generally prefers1 for 
he  can then go to the bier garten and  
get his meals1 or eat with the  family  
of the porter below4 ,a servant must    
understand his or her work  distinctly  
before entering into an engagement4     
,each must have a book  in which the    
employer can read the date of birth1    
place of birth1 the  occupation of      
parents1 the character of the employe1  
the recommendation  or condemnation of  
the last employer4 ,this book is kept by
 the lady  of the house as long as the  
servant remains in her service1 and when
  leaving1 if the person has been       

faithful1 she is expected to write a    
good recommendation in the book4 ,there 
are two classes of cooks in             
,germany--the finished cook 7die fertige
 kchin71 and the cook who is  willing to
 do any kind of work4 ,die fertige kchin
 is an educated  queen in her           
department1 and like every autocrat1 her
 power renders  her unaccountable for   
her actions4 ,she prefers to do the     
marketing1  and is in league with all   
the grocers and butchers4 ,this         
coalition  of butchers1 bakers1 grocers1
 and cooks in ,germany is a confederacy 
which threatens the hausfrau1 the       
baroness and royal household  alike4    
,socialism is a ubiquitous monster1 and 
who feels it more than  the helpless    
woman with her account books before her1
 knowing there is  no remedy if the cook
 says 8,meat has risen1 and the butcher 
would not  take less40 ,an unending task
 in a ,european kitchen is dish washing1
  for six dozen plates in serving the   
dinner there go no farther than  one    

dozen in the ordinary ,american way4    
,the diener is expected to  help the    
cook in this work1 and once a week a    
schauer frau 7scouring  woman1 or woman 
inspector71 comes to help4 ,it is a     
distracting day in  the wirthschaft1 and
 serves as a weekly reminder of what is 
to come  before ,christmas and ,easter4 
,this schauer frau comes early in the   
morning1 tears down all the kitchen     
utensils1 takes off the brass oven      
doors1 sets all the copper kettles and  
tin ware in a row1 and goes to  work    
scouring them as bright as we would     
think necessary for a spring  cleaning4 
,then she washes the windows1 scrubs the
 floors1 and returns  with her fifteen  
silver groschen in the evening as       
contented as a  woman in ,america would 
be with a dollar4 ,christmas and ,easter
 are the  seasons above all other times 
of the year for thorough cleaning4 ,then
  the floors are so highly polished1 and
 the brass knobs and doors of  the      
porcelain ovens made so brilliant that  

the servants go around in  felt slippers
 and old gloves1 for fear of dimming the
 luster before  the dawn of the sacred  
days4 ,christmas is an expensive season 
for the  herrschaften--so many presents 
expected3 the cook1 the diener1  the    
porter and the portier frau1 the lamp   
lighter1 the gas man1  the butcher1 the 
baker1 and candlestick-maker1 and above 
all1 the  letter carrier4 ,eight and    
five dollars are small amounts for the  
cook  and diener4 ,but we must remember 
the cook's small wages during the  year 
7from five to twelve dollars is the     
usual monthly wages71 before            
pronouncing the ,christmas gift too     
much4    ,feiertage1 or holidays for    
servants in ,germany1 are a great       
annoyance  to the order of domestic     
life4 ,they are so importunant in their 
demands1 and so obstinately disagreeable
 if not gratified1 that it  is better   
for the family to go to the restaurant  
for dinner and 8eat  bitter herbs where 
there is peace10 than to remain at home 

for 8a  stalled ox10 with angry servants
 to serve it4 ,while they demand so much
  for themselves1 they are equally      
disappointed if the herrschaften  do not
 celebrate every birthday of their own4 
,the extra work is no  consideration1   
and by touching little ways they show   
their pleasure  when extra company is   
expected4 ,bouquets are placed on the   
coffee  table by the plate of the member
 of the family whose birthday has       
arrived2 a cake1 with the number of     
candles to indicate the age of the      
person is found burning1 and ,frederika 
and ,august have broad smiles on  their 
faces as they come in and rattle off    
some poetry which they have  committed  
to memory for the occasion1 wishing the 
person whose birthday  they are         
celebrating glck and heil4    ,dinner   
parties are the most frequent and most  
formal entertainments in  ,germany4     
,they are stereotyped1 but the type     
belongs purely to ,germany4  ,when the  
ladies enter the room1 after the        

introductions they are  invited to be   
seated on the sofa and chairs of the    
8dress-circle0 which  we have described4
 ,the gentlemen stand around the fair   
ones1 bending  or breaking their backs  
in the effort to talk1 or the more      
unconcerned  stand off in groups1       
learning from the hostess at the        
earliest moment  which ladies they are  
to escort to the table4 ,the seat on the
 sofa is  the seat of honor1 and if a   
lady of inferior rank has arrived first 
and  occupied that place1 she rises     
immediately and resigns it on seeing    
her superior enter the room2 so that a  
captain's wife will offer the  seat to a
 major's wife1 and a major's wife to a  
general's wife1 and so  on4 ,the        
white-gloved diener throws open the     
doors of the dining-room  ten minutes   
after the arrival of the guests1 and the
 guests have the  privilege of speaking 
to each other at the table if an        
introduction has  failed in any case in 
the salon4 ,the dinner is served        

entirely from  the buffet2 the snowy    
damask1 flowers and glass are only      
presented upon  the table for the guests
 to feast their eyes upon4 ,the meats   
are all  carved in the kitchen1 and     
handed around by the servants4 ,a good  
menu  resembles the ,french taste and   
order somewhat1 although a discerning   
eye will detect the ,german element in  
the following3        ,bouillon         
7consomm74      ,caviar 7caviare74      
,lobster4      ,salmon du ,rhin4        
,turbot d',ostende4      ,poulets ,sants
 aux ,truffes4      ,pt de ,foie ,gras4 
,filet de ,buf ,garni1 ,remouladen      
,sauce4      ,rehbraten1    ,salad      
,compotes4      ,petit ,pois1           
,butter und ,kse und ,radieschen1 mit   
,pumpernickel4      ,pudding d',orange4 
,dessert4      ,caf et ,liqueurs4       
,there is much leisure1 much            
conversation1 and much 8toasting10 at a 
,german dinner4 ,instead of the ladies  
retiring when the cigars and  coffee are
 served1 as they do in ,england1 the    

gentlemen and ladies  leave the table at
 the same time1 and upon entering the   
salon each  guest goes to the host and  
hostess and offers his or her hand1     
saying  in the most gracious manner1    
8gesegnete malzeit40 ,the guests all    
shake hands with each other and repeat  
the same1 and then the gentlemen  go    
into the library to smoke1 and coffee is
 taken to them1 as it is  also brought  
to the ladies in the salon4 ,the ,german
 hostess does  not dress for her dinner 
parties as much as the ,english women4  
,she is  never dcollet--generally       
appears in light or black silk1 square  
neck and half sleeves1 with long white  
gloves4 ,when the hour for  departure   
comes1 the diener goes down to the      
street corner1 orders  a droschke 7cab7 
for those who have not private          
carriages1 for one  mark 7twenty-five   
cents71 the old kutcher will drive away 
the happy  or weary guest1 and the      
diener returns with a bright countenance
 and  full pocket1 having received from 

each guest in the corridor below  enough
 8five silver groschens0 to take        
,frederika to twenty concerts1  and buy 
as many glasses of beer as they want4   
,and so goes life in the  8,vaterland60 
,,the ,,value ,,of ,,good ,,food4       
,the food which you give to your body   
keeps it for long years unwasted  and   
unworn1 besides giving it the power by  
which it works and moves4  ,the food1 to
 you1 is maintenance as well as         
strength4 ,you do not  destroy yourself 
by the labor you get through4    ,the   
bread and meat which you eat1 first get 
changed into the substance  of your     
body2 actually become flesh and blood2  
then as flesh and blood  they perform a 
certain amount of useful labor4 ,like   
the iron of the  steam engine1 they are 
worn away by the work2 but that is not  
of any  real consequence1 because fresh 
food will make fresh flesh and blood1   
capable of doing fresh work4 ,you       
therefore are fed1 not only that you    
may be able to work1 but also that you  

may be kept in repair while you  are    
working1 at least during some           
three-score years and ten4    ,the food 
first renews the worn body1 and then it 
is the renewed body  which is worn again
 by work1 yet again to be renewed4      
,here1 indeed1 is  a wonderful          
difference between the divinely-planned 
mechanism and the  mechanism made by    
human hands4    ,coal does something for
 the steam engine besides setting it to 
work--it  makes it warm4 ,soon after the
 fire has been lit in the furnace1 the  
iron gets furiously hot1 and the water  
in the boiler turns into  scalding      
steam2 all this heat really comes out of
 the coal4 ,it was  hidden away in the  
black mass1 and only required that to be
 placed in  the furnace1 to be set light
 to1 and to be blown upon by a draught  
of  air1 in order that it might be      
brought out and made serviceable4 ,one  
pound of coal has heat enough hidden    
away in it to boil sixty pints of       
water4    ,but your body is too warm4   

,and where do you think it gets its heat
  from8 ,starve yourself for a day or   
two1 and you will find this out4  ,you  
will1 under such circumstances1 feel    
colder and colder1 as well as  getting  
weaker and weaker4 ,a good nourishing   
meal on the other hand1  will directly  
make you glow with warmth4 ,food warms  
the body1 as it  furnishes it with      
strength4 ,there is as much heat        
produced in your  body in a single year1
 as would be sufficient to turn eleven  
tons of  ice into steam2 as much in a   
single day1 as would boil eighty pints  
of  water4    ,food1 then1 does three   
distinct things for the living body1 and
 the  living body must be duly fed at   
proper intervals1 in order that three   
distinct ends may be gained4 ,it keeps  
the body warm4 ,it maintains it  in a   
state of repair1 notwithstanding the    
wear and tear to which it is  exposed   
while laboring4 ,and it gives it        
strength and power4 ,weigh out  two     
pounds of bread and meat1 and look at   

them4 ,the two pounds make  no very     
great show4 ,but eat them1 and in the   
wonderful contrivances  of your body1   
those two pounds of bread and meat will 
sustain its  machinery unwasted during  
the exertion of a fair day's work1 and  
in  addition to this will supply heat   
enough to make eighty pints of water    
boil1 and strength enough to lift a ton 
weight one mile6    ,in order that food 
may render these important services1 it 
is necessary  that it shall be wisely   
chosen1 and no less wisely used4 ,many  
men get  wasting disease and death out  
of food1 in the place of nourishment1   
warmth1 and vigor4 ,if we were to heap  
up wet sand in the furnace of  the steam
 engine1 instead of coal1 fire would be 
smothered1 and the  movement of the     
machinery stopped4 ,if we were to heap  
up gunpowder  there1 the whole would be 
blown into fragments in a moment4 ,or so
  again1 the fire of the furnace might  
be extinguished by smothering it  with  
too great an abundance of coal2 or it   

might be allowed to smoulder  and die   
out for want4 ,exactly in the same way  
the fire and strength  of the living    
body may be smothered by a too heavy    
load1 or by a bad  kind of food4 ,or it 
may be fanned into the explosion of     
destructive  inflammation and fever4 ,it
 is important1 therefore1 that everyone 
should know what right food is1 and how 
good food requires to be  managed4 ,when
 ,i go down to see my friend's          
yarn-spinning steam engine1  ,i find    
that a very great amount of care is     
bestowed upon its feeding4  ,only the   
most suitable coal is supplied for its  
consumption1 and the  stoker who feeds  
it is chosen from among his companion   
workmen for his  judgment1 and he is    
trained to be exceedingly careful1      
watching its  wants1 and studying its   
appetite1 so as to give exactly what it 
can  manage1 a little and often1 never  
allowing the furnace to be either too   
hungry or too much gorged4    ,my friend
 is ten times more particular about the 

feeding of his steam  engine1 than he is
 about the feeding of himself1 and in   
this respect  he is pretty much like the
 rest of mankind4 ,men select and       
regulate1  with the most careful        
thought1 what they put into the furnaces
 of  their machinery2 but into those    
delicate and sensible living furnaces   
which they carry about in their own     
bodies1 they toss with reckless         
indifference1 now1 as it were1 lumps of 
lead1 and now explosive  gunpowder4     
,there is1 indeed1 sad need that men    
should be made more  thoughtful than    
they are about feeding their bodies4 ,as
 a guardian and  supporter of the       
health1 good food stands close by the   
side of fresh  air and pure water4 ,bad 
feeding1 on the other hand1 is the ally 
of  foul air and deficiency of water1 in
 bringing about disorder4 ,improper     
management in feeding1 then1 is another 
way in which men lay up for  themselves 
disease and suffering1 and cause        
sickness to take the place  of health4  

,man's food consists of an almost       
endless variety of substances4 ,the     
surface of the earth is covered with    
things which man can eat1 and get       
strength out of4 ,this is a very        
bountiful arrangement1 made by ,divine  
,providence1 in order that the rapidly  
increasing multitudes of the  human race
 may be supported4 ,into whatever       
diversity of climate or  country man can
 go1 there he finds a rich abundance of 
the nourishment  which the continued    
well-being of his body requires4 ,in the
 hot tropics  he gathers bread-fruit    
from the trees1 and plucks rice from the
  ground4 ,in temperate lands he covers 
the soil with corn1 and pastures        
beef-yielding oxen and mutton-affording 
sheep upon the grass4 ,in the  frozen   
wastes that lie near the poles1 he gets 
whale-blubber and  seal-oil from the    
inhabitants of the ocean4 ,the water    
teems every where  with fish1 the air   
with fowl1 and the solid ground is      
literally painted  green with fattening 

grass4 ,nearly all food substances are1 
however1  more or less solid bodies1 in 
order that they may be kept conveniently
  in store until they are immediately   
needed1 and it is1 therefore1 a  natural
 result of this arrangement that they   
have to undergo a sort of  preparation  
before they can be put to use4 ,the     
several parts of the  body which have to
 be nourished are far more delicate than
 the finest  hairs4 ,now suppose that   
you were set to get beef and bread into 
hairs1  ,i fancy you would find yourself
 rather puzzled by the task4 ,god       
however  is not so puzzled4 ,he pours   
beef and bread into fibres that are as  
much  smaller than hairs1 as hairs      
themselves are smaller than men six feet
  high and three feet round4 ,you will1 
no doubt1 like to learn how this  is    
done4    ,the ,all-wise and ,almighty   
,designer of life has seen fit to employ
 in  the work an agent that is already  
familiar to us4 ,this agent is pure     
water4 ,god washes food into the body1  

exactly as he washes worn-up  material  
out of it4 ,the very water1 indeed1     
which carries away the  waste1 has in   
the first instance carried in the food4 
,god has laid  down pipes of supply     
which run every where through the       
structures of  the body1 exactly as he  
has laid down the drain-pipes4 ,these   
pipes  branch out to the hair1 the eyes1
 the head1 the feet1 the flesh1 the     
bones1 and the skin4 ,at the beginning  
of the supply pipes there is a  great   
pump always at work1 pumping on the     
supply4 ,this pump is called  the heart4
 ,place your hand on the left side of   
your chest1 and you  will feel how this 
heart is springing at its pumping work4 
,you will be  sensible that it is       
raising itself up at its labor1 at every
 stroke1 so  determined is the exertion 
of its strength4 ,the supply-pipes are  
termed  arteries4 ,one large arterial   
pipe comes out from the heart1 and then 
sends out branches in all directions1   
very much like the water-pipes  sent out

 from the great reservoir into all the  
houses of a town4 ,the  branch-pipes get
 smaller and smaller as they go from the
 main1 until  at last they are many     
times smaller than the smallest hair4   
,the food  that is washed through the   
branching supply-pipes1 by the strokes  
of  the heart1 is called blood4 ,there  
are about twenty pounds of blood in  the
 body of a full grown1 active man2 of   
these twenty pounds nearly  sixteen are 
nothing else than pure water1 the other 
four pounds are the  finely divided food
 which is being hurried along by the    
water4 ,this  then is what ,i mean when 
,i say that the food is washed into the 
body1  by the agency of water4 ,take the
 finest needle you can find1 and stick  
its point any where into your body1 and 
you will find that blood will  rush out 
of the hole4 ,this will show you what   
great care has been taken  to send      
supply-pipes everywhere4 ,there is no   
spot1 however small1 into  which a      
needle point can be thrust without      

wounding a supply-pipe4  ,when the heart
 pumps1 red blood thus flushes through  
every portion  of the living frame1     
repairing and warming it1 and supporting
 it in  its offices4 ,but you will say  
,i have not yet proved my case4 ,food is
  washed out of the heart to all parts  
of the body4 ,this heart1 however1  is  
already in the body4 ,there is therefore
 no washing of the food into  the body  
here4 ,it is already in1 when it is     
pumped from the heart2  but where does  
the heart get the blood from1 which it  
pumps onwards8  ,how can it be shown    
that the blood comes from the food8     
,this is to be  my next step4 ,i am     
going on to explain to you that the     
heart gets its  blood from the food     
which is eaten2 that the blood indeed is
 finely  divided food given up to the   
carrying power of water2 food finely    
prepared for its task of nourishing the 
living frame4 ,how then is the  food    
thus prepared8 how is solid food turned 
into liquid and easily  flowing blood8  

,food is turned into blood by being     
digested4 ,men have digesting bags1     
more commonly known under the name of   
stomachs1 inside of them1 into  which   
portions of digestible substances are   
placed from time to time4  ,these inside
 digesting bags are particularly        
convenient1 because when  a fair        
quantity of food is once packed away    
there1 men may move about  in pursuit of
 their business without having to give  
any further heed to  the digesting work 
that is going on in their behoof4       
,before1 however1  food is passed down  
into the digesting bag1 it is first     
ground in a  powerful mill1 and mixed up
 with liquid into a sort of paste4 ,the 
mill has many pairs of very hard stones 
set in rows over against each  other4   
,it is called the mouth1 and the stones 
are termed teeth4  ,the liquid1 which   
makes the ground food into paste1 is    
poured out from  little taps laid on in 
the mill or mouth1 and is called the    
saliva4    ,when the ground and         

moistened food has been deposited in the
 stomach1  more liquid is poured out    
upon it there4 ,this liquid is termed   
the  8gastric0 or stomach juice4 ,next  
it is shaken1 and churned up1 and       
turned over by the movements of the     
stomach-bag4 ,after a few hours'        
churning1 it has become so soft and     
pulpy from the soaking1 that it  is     
ready to advance another stage4 ,then a 
sort of sluice-gate at the  end of the  
stomach is opened1 and down the pulp    
goes into the bowel1  there to be mixed 
with another liquid called bile1 or     
liver juice1  and the soaking or        
digestion is completed4 ,the pulp then  
consists of  two things--a white        
milk-like liquid2 that is the rich and  
nourishing  part of the food1 ground and
 soaked down to the utmost fineness1 and
  mingled with some of the water which  
has been drunk4 ,and a coarse solid     
substance1 still undigested2 that is the
 waste part of the food which  has      
resisted the dissolving power of the    

stomach1 and is on its way to  be       
rejected as good for nothing4 ,the white
 milk-like essence of the  food gets    
sucked up1 by a quantity of little holes
 or mouths that lie  all over the lining
 of the bowel1 as the pulp moves down   
this canal4  ,then it is carried by     
tubes provided for the purpose into one 
main  channel4 ,this channel runs       
upwards until it ends in the great      
forcing  pump4 ,poured into the heart1  
it reinforces the blood which it finds  
there1 and is sent onwards with it      
through the supply-pipes4 ,this is  how 
food becomes blood4    ,but there are   
certain distinct and different          
principles which the body  requires     
should be furnished to it1 out of food4 
,you stand there very  firmly on the    
ground1 and you look jolly and          
substantial enough4 ,i  should think    
from your appearance you have been in no
 way stinted in  the matter of supplies4
 ,i estimate1 at a guess1 that your     
substantial  body would weigh1 some one 

hundred and fifty pounds1 if placed in  
the  scales4 ,now what do you think the 
greater part of those one hundred and   
fifty pounds is composed of4 ,bones8    
,not exactly1 you are too soft for      
that4 ,flesh8 ,there seems plenty of    
flesh1 but the flesh is not the most    
abundant element4 ,brains8 ,i am afraid 
they are less than the flesh4 ,no4  ,you
 will wonder indeed when ,i tell you    
that three-quarters of that firm  and   
well-knit frame are nothing else but    
water4 ,if ,i were to take your  body   
and dry it until all its water was gone1
 there would remain behind  nothing but 
thirty-seven pounds of dry              
mummy-substance1 in the place  of the   
original one hundred and fifty pounds2  
one hundred and thirteen  pounds of     
water would have steamed away4 ,you will
 see then that water  must be furnished 
in fair quantity1 with or in the food4  
,you have  heard1 ,i do not doubt1 many 
horrible and sad things which have      
happened  when people have been kept a  

long time without water4 ,thanks to the 
bounty of ,providence1 this privation   
is1 however1 one that very rarely       
occurs4    ,but now1 supposing that we  
have steamed away the one hundred and   
thirteen pounds of water1 and that there
 are left behind thirty-seven  pounds of
 dry substance1 what does that substance
 consist of8 ,it still  contains several
 distinct things1 which have had        
entirely distinct  offices to perform in
 the living frame4    ,first1 you know1 
there is that flesh1 which makes so     
comely a show4  ,now1 we shall be able  
to find out how much there really is of 
flesh4  ,of dry flesh-substance1        
including a little skin and jelly1 there
  are seventeen pounds1 and that is the 
working part of the frame4  ,it is by   
its means the ton-weight can be lifted  
one mile high in a  single day1 and that
 all the moving and acting1 of whatever 
kind1 are  effected4 ,remember1 then1   
that the acting part of the living body 
is  flesh-substance1 and that of that   

flesh-substance there are not more  than
 seventeen pounds in a full-grown man4  
,while your body is alive1 there is a   
hard frame-work inside of it1  upon     
which the soft flesh is fixed1 in order 
that it may be kept in  a convenient and
 durable form1 and around which the     
water is packed  in a countless myriad  
of chambers1 and vessels1 and porous    
fibres4  ,the hard internal frame-work  
is composed of what are called bones4   
,in  the dried mummy1 left when the     
moisture is all gone from the body1     
there are rather more than nine pounds  
of this mineral bone-substance4  ,but   
there are also nearly three-quarters of 
a pound of other mineral  substances1   
which were scattered about in various   
situations1 and which  were employed for
 various purposes4 ,there is salt which 
was in the  saliva1 in the gristle1 and 
in the blood4 ,there is flint which was 
in  the hair4 ,there is iron which was  
in the blood4 ,there is potash which    
was mixed with the flesh-substance4     

,there are lime and phosphorus in  the  
hard millstones--the teeth2 and there is
 phosphorus1 which was in  the nerves   
and the brain4 ,these mineral substances
 with the bone-earth1  which is         
principally a kind of lime1 form        
together the ash or dust  which is      
returned to the ground after the body   
has decayed4 ,it is the  flesh-substance
 which flies away to become poison-vapor
 in the air4    ,but besides water to do
 transporting work1 flesh substance to  
do  active mechanical or moving work1   
and mineral substance to do passive     
mechanical or supporting work1 there is 
yet another kind of material  within the
 body4 ,you have as much as six pounds  
of fat1 scattered about  or packed away 
amid the seventeen pounds of dry flesh4 
,what can that be  for8 ,what use do you
 think you make of your fat8 ,you have1 
,i dare say1  a sort of comfortable     
sense that it keeps you warm4 ,you know 
that some  of your lean neighbors cast  
envious eyes towards you in severe      

winter  weather1 and have chattering    
teeth and goose's skins1 when you are   
quite free from such tokens of          
chilliness4 ,but you will nevertheless  
be  surprised when ,i tell you what a   
really fiery piece of business this     
warming by fat is4 ,your fat is a store 
of fuel1 which you are going to  burn to
 heat your body1 exactly as you burn    
coal in the grate to heat  your room in 
the winter4 ,it is oil laid by1 to be   
consumed gradually1  as a sort of liquid
 coal1 in the furnace of the living     
machine4 ,of  this1 we shall1 however1  
have to say more1 by itself1 by and by4 
,for  the present merely bear in mind   
that fat is the fuel substance which    
furnishes warmth to the body4 ,it also  
combines with the phosphorus and  with  
water to make up the nerve-substance and
 the brain-substance1  which do the     
feeling and thinking work4 ,these too1  
however1 will have  to be spoken of     
hereafter by themselves4    ,let us now 
then take stock of the stores we have on

 hand1 within the  skin of a living body
 of #aej pounds weight4 ,we have        
,water for transport and moistening     
#aac pounds      ,flesh-substance for   
movement             #ag pounds         
,mineral-substance for support          
#aj pounds      ,fuel-substance for     
warming                #f pounds        
----      ,if we add these together1 our
 sum is    #adf pounds    ,we still want
 four pounds more to make up our #aej4  
,where are we to  get these8 ,why we    
have got them already4 ,have we not     
already learned  that there are four    
pounds of freshly-digested food being   
washed along  through the supply-pipes  
of the body8        ,we have only to add
 to the previous      #adf pounds       
,dry substance of the blood             
#d pounds                               
----      and our tally is completed to 
#aej pounds    ,as the blood is the     
direct source of supply to all the      
structures  of the body1 the material   
which is being poured out through the   

supply-pipes1--it follows that those    
four pounds must contain within         
themselves flesh-substance1 mineral ash1
 and fuel4 ,there are in twenty  pounds 
of blood1 sixteen pounds of water to    
wash along the more  substantial part   
through the supply-pipes1 three pounds  
ten ounces of  flesh-substance1 four    
ounces of fuel1 and about two ounces of 
mineral  matter2 salt1 phosphorus1 lime1
 and the rest4    ,the blood is speedily
 exhausted of its richness1 because it  
gives up  its several ingredients to the
 different parts of the living frame to 
confer warmth1 repair1 and active       
strength upon them4 ,the warmth is      
procured by burning the fat2 you will   
easily understand that2 you know  that  
an oil lamp gets very hot whilst its    
flame is kept up4 ,the repair  is       
effected by the plastering of new matter
 out of the blood1 upon all  the        
different structures as they wear away4 
,each structure chooses  for itself out 
of the blood what it wants1 and arranges

 what it takes  in due order4 ,but you  
would now like to know how active       
strength is  supplied by the blood4 ,it 
will not be possible just now to tell   
you  concerning this1 all which might   
be1 and indeed ought to be told1        
because we have other and more practical
 things to bend our attention  to4 ,but 
this much you will easily comprehend4   
,the power comes out  of that very      
change of substance1 which we call wear4
 ,the 8wear0 is  actually the turning of
 the substance into power4 ,upon another
 occasion  this may be made more plain4 
,the blood supplies what every part of  
the living body requires1 and of  course
 itself loses what it gives out4 ,but   
the exhausted blood is in  its turn     
renewed and refreshed by occasional     
supplies of food4 ,here  then we at last
 arrive at the pith of the subject we   
are speaking of4  ,the food supplies the
 blood1 and the blood supplies the body4
 ,therefore  efficient and good food    
must have in it all the several         

principles  required by the body--flesh1
 fuel1 and mineral4 ,no kind of food is 
sufficient to maintain vigorous life and
 health1 which does not contain  a due  
amount of every one of these4    ,when  
the young animal comes first into the   
world1 its powers of  digestion are     
weak1 and it is fed for some time       
entirely upon a food  already digested  
for it by the parent4 ,this             
parent-prepared food of the  young      
animal1 which is called milk1 of course 
contains within itself  all the several 
matters which have been spoken of above1
 as necessary  for the supply of the    
body4 ,thus when the dairy-maid curdles 
milk with  rennet1 and draws off the    
whey1 afterwards pressing and drying the
  curdled part1 the curd at length comes
 out of the press as cheese4  ,that is  
the flesh-substance which was contained 
in the milk4 ,when the  dairy-maid turns
 and twists cream about in the churn1   
until butter  collects in the midst of  
it--that butter is the fuel-substance1  

or fat1  which was contained in the     
milk4 ,the whey which is taken off from 
the  cheese1 or butter1 is principally  
water2 but if this water were steamed   
away by heat1 there would remain behind 
a small quantity of fixed ash1  which   
could not escape4 ,this is the          
mineral-substance4 ,here then we  have  
what we may term a specimen of ,nature's
 pattern-food4 ,the relative  proportion
 in which the several food-principles   
are contained in milk1  becomes most    
excellent guide to the way in which they
 should be used in  the more artificial 
feeding of later life4 ,take then as    
,a ,,receipt ,,for ,,pattern-,,food1    
the following1 which expresses the      
relative quantities of cheese1  butter1 
and ash1 in milk3        ,one ounce of  
,flesh-substance1      ,two ounces of   
,fuel-substance1 and      ,ninety grains
 of ,mineral-substance1      ,to        
twenty-two ounces of ,water4    ,the    
most extensively and generally used of  
all the articles of human  diet is      

bread4 ,it has been fittingly called    
8the staff of life40 ,now  it is a      
curious and remarkable fact that bread  
contains in itself  just the same       
principles as milk2 but it is of course 
drier1 and has  proportionally more fuel
 and less flesh-making substance4 ,the  
flour1  from which it is made1 is       
composed of a stiff1 sticky paste1 and a
 fine  white powder1 well mixed up      
together4 ,the paste is flesh-substance2
  it is nearly the same thing1 indeed1  
as the flesh of the body1 in all        
excepting arrangement4 ,the powder is   
starch3 just such as is used in  the    
work of the laundry4 ,now starch is     
merely fat in its first stage of        
preparation4    ,when bread is well     
made1 the rising of the dough marks the 
change  of the store-starch into sugar  
and gum through fermentation4 ,this  is 
really a beginning of the work of       
digestion1 and1 in so far1 a  lightening
 of the task the stomach will have to   
perform4 ,it is very  important1        

however1 that this change shall be      
carried to a proper  point1 and then    
stopped4 ,bread should be neither too   
heavy nor too  light4 ,if the former1 it
 will not be easy enough of digestion2  
if  the latter1 some portion of the     
virtue will have been unnecessarily     
wasted4 ,bread contains a great deal of 
water1 and so to a certain  extent is   
both food and drink4    ,brown bread is 
more rich in flesh-making substance1    
bulk for bulk1  than fine wheaten bread1
 because the outer husk of the grain1   
which  constitutes the bran1 itself     
contains a large quantity of that       
material4 ,when the dough is formed from
 whole meal1 instead of fine  flour1 the
 cost of the bread is considerably      
diminished1 at the same  time that its  
bulk and weight are1 even in a greater  
degree1 increased4    ,rye bread is not 
so pleasant in flavor as wheaten bread1 
but it  is about equal to it in         
nourishment1 and can be kept for months 
without being spoiled1 which wheaten    

bread can not4 ,oatmeal can not  be     
fermented like wheaten meal1 but it is  
nearly as rich again in  flesh-making   
substance4 ,it is its very richness in  
this gluey material1  which renders it  
incapable of being made into bread4     
,scotch men and  women consume a great  
quantity of oatmeal as porridge and     
unfermented  cake1 and get both very fat
 and strong upon their food4 ,this      
article  of diet has1 indeed1 the       
recommendation of being very appropriate
 for  young people1 who are growing     
rapidly1 and is fortunately1 at the same
  time1 comparatively cheap4    ,milk1  
the pattern food1 contains1 it will be  
remembered1 twice as much  fuel as      
flesh-substance in it4 ,but the bread   
contains eight times as  much fuel as   
flesh-making substance4 ,consequently a 
great deal more  bread has to be        
consumed to get the same amount of      
nourishment out of  it1 and then very   
much more fuel has been taken into the  
frame than  is required1 which has to be

 got rid of as waste4 ,hence it is both 
economical and wise to add to a bread   
diet1 whenever this can be done1  some  
other kind of food1 which consists      
principally of flesh-substance4  ,butter
 and fat are also advantageously taken  
with it1 because the fuel  contained    
within bread is a great deal of it still
 only store-fuel1 and  unfit to undergo 
immediate burning4    ,the best addition
 that can be made to bread-diet is      
obviously  that flesh substance which is
 already in a very perfect and          
condensed state--namely1 ,meat4 ,lean   
beef contains four times as much        
flesh-substance1 weight for weight1 as  
the most nutritious bread1 and  it is   
entirely destitute of the store-fuel1   
starch1 of which bread has  such a      
superabundance4 ,meat therefore is      
manifestly the natural ally  of bread in
 the formation of a very nutritious     
diet4 ,all wild animals  have very      
little fat mixed with their flesh4 ,it  
is1 however1 the great  object of the   

grazing farmer to make his mutton and   
beef as fat as  he can4 ,meat1 as it is 
sent to market1 commonly has one-third  
of its  substance fat alone4 ,such meat 
approaches more nearly to the nature  of
 bread1 and indeed may almost be used   
instead of it1 so far as its  influence 
on the support and warming of the frame 
is concerned4    ,it is even more       
important how meat is cooked1 than it is
 how bread is  made4    ,a pound of meat
 loses an ounce more in baking1 and an  
ounce and half  more in roasting1 than  
in boiling4 ,boiling is therefore the   
most  economical method of the three4   
,meat should always be put first into   
boiling-hot water1 because by this means
 the pores of the surface are  at once  
closed fast1 and the juices shut in4    
,when meat is placed in  cold water1 and
 kept gently simmering1 the juices all  
ooze out into the  water4 ,the latter   
plan is the best mode of proceeding1    
when the object  is to make nutritious  
soup or broth4 ,but when it is desired  

to keep the  meat itself nutritious1 the
 employment of the greater heat first is
  the more judicious course4 ,so        
likewise in roasting1 the meat should be
  placed at once close before a clear   
fierce fire1 in order that by the       
curdling power of the heat a great coat 
may be formed upon it1 through  which   
the juice cannot flow2 then it should be
 removed further away1  in order that   
the inside may go on cooking more       
gradually by the heat  of the imprisoned
 juices4 ,when meat is placed before a  
dull1 slow fire  at the first1 the      
principal part of the gravy runs out1   
before the  surface is hardened and     
closed4    ,the great object of cooking 
is the reduction of the several         
principles  of the food into such a     
soluble state as will prepare them to be
  easily acted upon by the digestive    
powers of the stomach1 at the same  time
 that none of their virtue is allowed to
 be lost4 ,cooking is1  indeed1 properly
 the first stage of digestion2 it is an 

art which the  intelligence of man has  
taught him1 in order that food may be   
made to  go as far as possible in       
furnishing nourishment to living frames4
 ,by  good cooking1 hosts of things are 
converted into excellent nourishment1   
which would be entirely unmanageable by 
the stomach without such  assistance4   
,the art of cookery ought1 however1     
never to be carried  further than this4 
,it should not strive to make men eat   
more than  their bodies want1 by        
furnishing the temptation of delicious  
flavors4  ,every meal should have       
brought together into it a due admixture
 of  the several distinct principles1   
which have been named as the great      
requirements of the body2 but there     
should be no greater degree of  mixture 
than is just sufficient to ensure this4 
,there should be  flesh-substance in a  
half-dissolving1 or tender stage4 ,there
 should be  a still larger amount of    
fuel-substance1 partly fat1 and partly  
such as  is in a condition capable of   

being converted into fat in the stomach 
and blood4 ,mineral substance enough is 
sure to be present in every kind  of    
food2 and water1 of course1 can be added
 in any amount1 as drink4    ,the potato
 contains twelve times as much starch as
 flesh-making  substance2 it is thus    
one-half less nutritious than bread4 ,on
 this  account it is very generally made
 the companion of meat4    ,it is of the
 very highest importance that any one   
who is likely to  ever have the care of 
a household1 whether large or small1    
should so  far understand the objects of
 cooking and the principles upon which  
the process requires to be performed1 as
 to be able to see that  food is        
properly and economically prepared4 ,if 
your means be small1  remember that such
 knowledge can make that portion of your
 money which  is devoted to the purchase
 of food1 go as far again1 and yield    
twice  as much harmless gratification as
 it would otherwise do2 if you have  an 
abundance of means1 then the knowledge  

may be made serviceable in  providing   
only such food as is suitable to the    
maintenance of health  and strength1 and
 the avoidance of disease4 ,if you have 
a family of  children to bring up1 and  
have plenty of money to do it with1 you 
are  perfectly right to furnish them    
with every accomplishment1 and every    
advantage learning confers2 but never   
forget that no woman is ever  less      
accomplished because she knows something
 about homely household                 
concerns1--cooking among them1--as well 
as a great deal concerning other        
things4    ,fish very nearly resembles  
lean meat in its character2 it is hence 
a  very good companion to potatoes and  
bread4 ,in a general way it requires  to
 be eaten with butter or oil on account 
of its deficiency in this  ingredient4  
,fresh vegetables contain a very large  
proportion of water1 but there  is in   
their structure also a considerable     
amount of flesh-making  substance1      
besides starch and sugar4    ,fresh     

vegetables require1 in most instances1  
to be boiled before they  are eaten1    
because their juices contain            
disagreeable flavors1 and in  some      
instances unwholesome ingredients1 which
 are1 however1 entirely  removed by the 
influence of boiling water4 ,ripe       
fruits1 on the other  hand1 are         
vegetable substances1 which have been   
thoroughly cooked by  the maturing      
powers of the sun1 and which have also  
been endowed1 by  the hand of ,nature1  
with the most delicious flavors1 in     
order to tempt  man to feed on them in  
due season2 they are1 so to speak1      
bouquets  provided for the palate4      
,we have now to suppose that a wholesome
 but plain meal of good bread1  and     
well-cooked meat and vegetables1        
selected and prepared according to  the 
principles which have been explained1 is
 set before you1 and that  you are about
 to apply these to their proper office  
of nourishing your  body2 how will you  
proceed8 ,you will introduce the food1  

morsel after  morsel1 into your         
digesting bag4 ,now while you are doing 
this1 take  care to bear in mind what   
you are about4 ,you are swallowing      
substances  that will need to be brought
 most thoroughly within the power of the
  saliva and stomach-juices1 in order   
that these may perform their  wondrous  
dissolving work4 ,do not1 then1 forget  
the mill4 ,those ivory  teeth have not  
been planted so firmly in your jaws for 
no purpose4 ,they  are meant for work1  
and for hard work too4 ,food is not     
intended to be  bolted1 but to be       
ground4 ,do not furnish one single      
morsel with its  pass until it has been 
reduced to the finest pulp2 then the    
saliva will  get to every grain of the  
store-starch1 and change it into        
serviceable  sugar and gum1 and the     
stomach-juice and liver-juice will get  
to every  fibre of the flesh-substance1 
and reduce it to milk-white liquid1     
capable of entering the channels of the 
supply-pipes4 ,if you bolt1  instead of 

thoroughly grinding your food in the    
mill1 be assured that  the heavy lumps  
will prove too much for your digesting  
bag1 however  strong that may be4 ,the  
greater portion1 after having oppressed 
the  offended stomach with their        
unmanageable load1 will cause griping   
and all sorts of annoyance1 and will at 
last be dismissed from it1  undissolved 
and without having furnished any        
nourishment4    ,another important thing
 is to get enough food if you can2 the  
body  requires to be sufficiently       
nourished4 ,on the other hand1 however1 
be  very careful that you do not attempt
 to get more than enough4 ,if you do    
try to accomplish this you will fail in 
the attempt1 and have to pay  a heavy   
penalty for your failure4 ,thousands    
upon thousands of people  do try1 and do
 fail1 and then pay such penalties4 ,you
 have heard it  said that enough is as  
good as a feast4 ,this is only a        
half-truth1  it does not go sufficiently
 far4 ,enough is far better than a      

feast1  if 8a feast10 means more than   
enough4 ,there is more danger really  in
 over-feeding1 than under-feeding4      
,countless numbers of underfed          
countrymen work through a long life in  
the fields1 in happiness and            
contentment1 and arrive at old age1     
almost without an hour of illness4  ,but
 every overfed man sooner or later has  
to go to bed1 and send for  the doctor  
to help him to get rid either of        
rheumatism1 or fever1  or gout1 or      
inflammation1 which are forms of        
disorder into which  superfluous food   
often changes itself4 ,the life of labor
 and short  commons1 has upon the whole 
a much larger share of happiness1 than  
the  life of laziness and luxury4       
,but what is enough8 ,that in regard to 
the feeding is a very serious  question4
 ,at the first glance1 too1 it seems to 
be one which is not  altogether easy to 
answer1 because some men require more   
food than  others1 just as some steam   
engines consume more coal than others1  

to  keep themselves moving2 and just as 
some lamps take more oil than  others1  
to keep up their flames4 ,it is1        
nevertheless1 a question which  may be  
very easily answered4 ,every man who    
eats his meal slowly and                
deliberately1--not forgetting the       
mill1--has had enough when his appetite 
is satisfied4 ,appetite really is       
,nature's own guard4 ,it is ruled1 not  
by the state of the stomach1 but by the 
condition of the blood4 ,when so  much  
blood has been taken from the           
supply-pipes of your body1 by the       
working parts1 that those pipes begin to
 be comparatively empty1 their          
emptiness makes itself felt in your     
frame as hunger4 ,obedient to the  hint1
 you find up food and eat4 ,but while   
you are eating what happens8  ,first you
 seize the food with all the keen relish
 of a hungry man4 ,then  as you eat on1 
the relish becomes less and less1 and if
 your meal be  a simple one1 when you   
have had enough1 all relish has         

disappeared1  and the very things that  
tasted so deliciously at first1 are     
insipid1  so that you find no farther   
enjoyment in the act of grinding and    
swallowing them4 ,go on eating after    
this1 and the insipidity will  be       
transformed into disgust2 and if        
notwithstanding this you still          
persevere in forcing food into your     
stomach1 that sensible organ will  at   
last rebel against the tyranny1 and     
return the whole which it has  received 
upon your hands4 ,then it will be some  
little time before the  stomach gets    
over the insult4 ,consequently the blood
 remains all this  while in the         
impoverished state1 and the result of   
the over-gorge is  that the body itself 
is actually starved1 instead of being   
feasted4 ,if  when your natural appetite
 for food is satisfied1 and your        
enjoyment  and relish of it have ceased1
 you have rich and high flavored dishes 
set before you1 the high-flavors will   
then still prove agreeable to  the      

palate1 and act upon it as a sort of    
excitement1 and the natural  appetite   
will have its work superseded by a false
 and artificial one1  and you will go on
 eating under this temptation1 until    
your stomach is  over-crammed4 ,all the 
so-called luxuries of cooking are merely
 devices  to make men eat more1 who have
 already eaten enough4    ,but when men 
who have already eaten enough1 eat more1
 what must happen8  one of two          
things--either the stomach1 being       
particularly vigorous1 will  get through
 an extra amount of work2 then there    
will be more blood  sent into the supply
 pipes than the body requires1 and the  
frame will  be everywhere stuffed and   
oppressed with the load1 to the danger  
of  inflammations1 rheumatism1 and other
 like disorders being set up3 or  the   
stomach will be unequal to the task of  
doing extra work2 then the  food which  
can not be digested will decay and      
putrify in the stomach  and bowels1     
producing there all sorts of poison     

vapors and disagreeable  products1 which
 will lead to stomach and bowel         
disorders1 until nature1  or the doctor1
 finds some way for their removal1 or   
until something  worse takes place4     
,thrice favored is he who is not daily  
exposed to the dangers of a  luxurious  
table4 ,money1 after all1 is not in     
itself a blessing4 ,it is  only a       
blessing when it is possessed by those  
who know how to employ it  for good     
purposes4 ,in the hands of men who do   
not know how to employ it  so1 it often 
proves to be a curse4    ,food which is 
already in a state of commencing        
putrefaction or  decay1 is always       
dangerous for this reason3 it forms     
poison vapors  and injurious products in
 the stomach1 before its digestion can  
be  completed in the natural way4 ,if1  
however1 meat about to be used is at    
any time found to be tainted1 it will be
 at once rendered wholesome1  if the    
most tainted part be cut away1 the cut  
part being rubbed with a  piece of      

charcoal1 and the joint be then well    
boiled in water1 in which  a piece of   
charcoal has been placed4    ,here1     
then1 in conclusion1 are two or three   
golden rules for the  management of your
 feeding3    ,never have any but the    
plainest and simplest food placed before
 you  when you are hungry1 whether you  
be rich or whether you be poor4    ,eat 
of it until you find the relish for it  
disappearing4    ,there stop1 and on no 
consideration swallow another mouthful1 
until the  sense of appetite and relish 
comes back to you4           99       99
       99       99       99             
,discourtesy does not spring merely from
 one bad quality of the mind1  but from 
several1 from foolish vanity1 from      
ignorance of what is due to  others1    
from indolence1 from stupidity1 from    
distraction of thought1  from contempt  
of others1 from jealousy2 not to dwell  
on anything but  what is seen outwardly1
 it is only the more hateful from being 
a defect  of mind always visible1 and   

palpable2 it is true1 however1 that it  
is  more or less offensive according to 
the quality that produces it4--,la      
,bruyre4            ,a ,,petition ,,to  
,,time4    ,by ,b4 ,w4 ,,proctor4       
,touch us gently1 ,time6        ,let us 
glide adown thy stream      ,gently1--as
 we sometimes glide        ,through a   
quiet dream6      ,humble voyagers are  
we1      ,husband1 wife1 and children   
three--      7,one is lost1--an angel1  
fled      ,to the azure overhead67      
,touch us gently1 ,time6        ,we've  
not proud nor soaring wings3      ,our  
ambition1 our content        ,lies in   
simple things4      ,humble voyagers are
 we1      ,o'er ,life's dim unsounded   
sea1      ,seeking only some calm       
clime3--      ,touch us gently1 gentle  
,time6          ,a ,,dream1 ,,and       
,,practical ,,life4    ,by ,,goethe and 
,,eckermann4      ,march #ab1           
#ahbh4--;,after ,i had quitted ,goethe  
yesterday evening1 the  important       
conversation ,i had carried on with him 

remained constantly  in my mind4 ,the   
discourse had also been upon the sea and
 sea air2 and  ,goethe had expressed the
 opinion that he considered all         
islanders and  inhabitants of the       
sea-shore in temperate climates far more
 productive1  and possessed of more     
active force1 than the people in the    
interior of  large continents4          
,whether or not it was that ,i had      
fallen asleep with these thoughts1 and  
with a certain longing for the inspiring
 powers of the sea2 suffice  it to say1 
,i had in the night the following       
pleasant1 and to me very  remarkable    
dream3    ,i saw myself in an unknown   
region1 amongst strange men1 thoroughly 
cheerful and happy4 ,the most beautiful 
summer day surrounded me in a  charming 
scene1 such as might be witnessed       
somewhere on the shores  of the         
,mediterranean1 in the south of ,spain  
or ,france1 or in the  neighborhood of  
,genoa4 ,we had been drinking at noon   
round a merry  table1 and ,i went with  

some others1 rather young people1 to    
make  another party for the afternoon4  
,we had loitered along through bushy and
 pleasant low lands1 when we  suddenly  
found ourselves in the sea1 upon the    
smallest of islands1 on  a jutting rock1
 where there was scarcely room for five 
or six men1  and where one could not    
stir for fear of slipping into the      
water4  ,behind us1 whence we had come1 
there was nothing to be seen but sea2   
but before us lay the shore at about a  
quarter of an hour's distance1  spread  
out most invitingly4 ,the shore was in  
some places flat1 in  others rocky and  
somewhat elevated2 and one might observe
 between  green leaves and white tents1 
a crowd of joyous men1 in light-colored 
clothes1 recreating themselves with     
music1 which sounded from the  tents4   
8,there is nothing else to be done10    
said one of us to the other1  8we must  
undress and swim over40 8,it is all very
 well to say so10  said ,i1 8you are    
young1 handsome fellows1 and good       

swimmers2 but ,i  swim badly1 and ,i do 
not possess a shape fine enough to      
appear1 with  pleasure and comfort1     
before the strange people on shore40    
8,you are  a fool10 said one of the     
handsomest1 8undress yourself1 give me  
your  form1 and you shall have mine40   
,at these words ,i undressed myself     
quickly1 and was soon in the water1 and 
immediately found myself in  the body of
 the other as a powerful swimmer4 ,i    
soon reached the  shore1 and1 naked1 and
 dripping1 stepped with the most easy   
confidence  amongst the men4 ,i was     
happy in the sensation of these fine    
limbs2 my  deportment was unconstrained1
 and ,i at once became intimate with the
  strangers1 at a table before an arbor1
 where there was a great deal of  mirth4
 ,my comrades had now reached land one  
by one1 and had joined us1  and the only
 one missing was the youth with my form1
 in whose limbs ,i  found myself so     
comfortable4 ,at last he also approached
 the shore1 and  ,i was asked if ,i was 

not glad to see my former self8 ,at     
these words ,i  experienced a certain   
discomfort1 partly because ,i did not   
expect any  great joy from myself1 and  
partly because ,i feared my young friend
  would ask for his own body back again4
 ,however1 ,i turned to the water1  and 
saw my second self swimming close up to 
me1 and laughing at me with  his head   
turned a little on one side4 8,there is 
no swimming with those  limbs of yours10
 exclaimed he1 8,i have had a fine      
struggle against  waves and breakers1   
and it is not to be wondered at that ,i 
have come  so late1 and am last of all40
 ,i at once recognized the countenance2 
it  was my own1 but grown young1 and    
rather fuller and broader1 with the     
freshest complexion4 ,he now came to    
land1 and whilst he raised himself  and 
first stepped along the sand1 ,i had a  
view of his back and legs1  and was     
delighted with the perfection of the    
form4 ,he came up the rocky  shore to   
us1 and as he came up to me he had      

completely my new stature4  8,how is    
it10 thought ,i to myself1 8that your   
little body has grown so  handsome4     
,have the primeval powers of the sea    
operated so wonderfully  upon it1 or is 
it because the youthful spirit of my    
friend has  penetrated the limbs80      
,whilst we enjoyed ourselves together   
for some  time1 ,i silently wondered    
that my friend did not show any         
inclination  to resume his own body4    
8,truly10 thought ,i1 8he looks bravely1
 and it  may be a matter of indifference
 to him in which body he is placed1  but
 it is not the same thing to me2 for ,i 
am not sure whether in that  body ,i may
 not shrink and become as diminutive as 
before40 ,in order to  satisfy myself on
 this point1 ,i took my friend aside1   
and asked him  how he felt in my limbs8 
8,perfectly well10 said he2 8,i have the
 same  sensation of my own natural power
 as before2 ,i do not know what you     
have to complain of in your limbs4 ,they
 are quite right with me2 and  you see  

one only has to make the best of        
oneself4 ,remain in my body as  long as 
you please2 for ,i am perfectly         
contented to remain in yours  through   
all futurity40 ,i was much pleased by   
this explanation1 and as  in all my     
sensations1 thoughts1 and recollections1
 ,i felt quite as  usual1 my dream gave 
me the impression of a perfect          
independence of the  soul1 and the      
possibility of a future existence in    
another body4    8,that is a very pretty
 dream10 said ,goethe1 when1 after      
dinner to-day1  ,i imparted to him the  
principal features4 8,we see10 continued
 he1 8that  the muses visit you even in 
sleep1 and1 indeed1 with particular     
favor2  for you must confess that it    
would be difficult for you to invent    
anything so peculiar and pretty in your 
waking moments40    8,i can scarcely    
conceive how it happened to me10        
returned ,i2 8for ,i had  felt so       
dejected all day1 that the contemplation
 of so fresh a life was  far from my    

mind40    8,human nature possesses      
wonderful powers10 returned ,goethe1    
8and has  something good in readiness   
for us when we least hope for it4 ,there
  have been times in my life when ,i    
have fallen asleep in tears2 but in  my 
dreams the most charming forms have come
 to console and to cheer me1  and ,i    
have risen the next morning fresh and   
joyful4    8,there is something more or 
less wrong among us old ,europeans2 our 
relations are far too artificial and    
complicated1 our nutriment  and mode of 
life are without their proper nature1   
and our social  intercourse is without  
proper love and good will4 ,every one is
 polished  and courteous2 but no one has
 the courage to be hearty and true1 so  
that an honest man1 with natural views  
and feelings1 stands in a very  bad     
position4 ,often one can not help       
wishing that one had been born  upon one
 of the ,south ,sea ,islands1 a         
so-called savage1 so as to have         
thoroughly enjoyed human existence in   

all its purity1 without any             
adulteration4    8,if in a depressed    
mood one reflects deeply upon the       
wretchedness of  our age1 it often      
occurs to one that the world is         
gradually approaching  the last day4    
,and the evil accumulates from          
generation to generation6  ,for it is   
not enough that we have to suffer for   
the sins of our  fathers1 but we hand   
down to posterity these inherited vices 
increased  by our own40    8,similar    
thoughts often occur to me10 answered   
,i2 8but if1 at such  a time1 ,i see a  
regiment of ,german dragoons ride by me1
 and observe  the beauty and power of   
these young people1 ,i again derive some
  consolation1 and say to myself1 that  
the durability of mankind is after  all 
not in such a desperate plight40        
8,our country people10 returned ,goethe1
 8have certainly kept up their          
strength1 and will1 ,i hope1 long be    
able not only to furnish us with  good  
horsemen1 but also to secure us from    

total decay and destruction4  ,the rural
 population may be regarded as a        
magazine1 from which the  forces of     
declining mankind are always recruited  
and refreshed4 ,but  just go into our   
great towns1 and you will feel quite    
differently4 ,just  take a turn by the  
side of a second diable boiteux1 or a   
physician  with a large practice1 and he
 will whisper to you tales which will   
horrify you at the misery1 and astonish 
you at the vice with which  human nature
 is visited1 and from which society     
suffers4    8,but let us banish these   
hypochondriacal thoughts4 ,how are you  
going  on8 ,what are you doing8 ,what   
else have you seen to-day8 ,tell me1 and
  inspire me with good thoughts40    8,i
 have been reading ,sterne10 returned   
,i1 8where ,yorick is sauntering  about 
the streets of ,paris1 and makes the    
remark that every tenth man  is a dwarf4
 ,i thought of that when you mentioned  
the vices of great  towns4 ,i also      
remember to have seen1 in ,napoleon's   

time1 among the  ,french infantry1 one  
battalion which consisted entirely of   
,parisians1  who were all such puny1    
diminutive people1 that one could not   
comprehend what could be done with them 
in battle40    8,the ,scotch            
,highlanders1 under the ,duke of        
,wellington10 rejoined  ,goethe1 8were  
doubtless heroes of another             
description40    8,i saw them in        
,brussels a year before the battle of   
,waterloo10 returned  ,i4 8,they were1  
indeed1 fine men2 all strong1 fresh1 and
 active1 as if  just from the hand of   
their ,maker4 ,they all carried their   
heads so  freely and gallantly1 and     
stepped so lightly along with their     
strong1  bare legs1 that it seemed as if
 there were no original sin1 and no     
ancestral failing1 as far as they were  
concerned40    8,there is something     
peculiar in this10 said ,goethe4        
8,whether it lies in  the race1 in the  
soil1 in the free political             
constitution1 or in the  healthy tone of

 education1--certainly1 the ,english in 
general appear  to have certain         
advantages over many others4 ,here in   
,weimar1 we see  only a few of them1    
and1 probably1 by no means the best2 but
 what  fine1 handsome people they are4  
,and however young they come here1 they 
feel themselves by no means strange or  
embarrassed in this foreign  atmosphere2
 on the contrary1 their deportment in   
society is as full  of confidence1 and  
as easy as if they were lords           
everywhere1 and the  whole world        
belonged to them4 ,this it is which     
pleases our women1 and  by which they   
make such havoc in the hearts of our    
young ladies4 ,as  a ,german father of a
 family1 who is concerned for the       
tranquility of  his household1 ,i often 
feel a slight shudder1 when my          
daughter-in-law  announces to me the    
expected arrival of some fresh1 young   
islander4  ,i already see in my mind's  
eye the tears which will one day flow   
when  he takes his departure4 ,they are 

dangerous young people2 but this very   
quality of being dangerous is their     
virtue40    8,still1 ,i would not       
assert10 answered ,i1 8that the young   
,englishmen  in ,weimar are more clever1
 more intelligent1 better informed1 or  
more  excellent at heart than other     
people40    8,the secret does not lie in
 these things1 my good friend10 returned
  ,goethe4 8,neither does it lie in     
birth and riches2 it lies in the        
courage which they have to be that for  
which nature has made them4  ,there is  
nothing vitiated or spoilt about them1  
there is nothing  half-way or crooked2  
but such as they are1 they are          
thoroughly complete  men4 ,that they are
 also sometimes complete fools1 ,i allow
 with all my  heart2 but that is still  
something1 and has still always some    
weight in  the scale of nature4    8,the
 happiness of personal freedom1 the     
consciousness of an ,english  name1 and 
of the importance attached to it by     
other nations1 is an  advantage even to 

the children2 for in their own family1  
as well as in  scholastic               
establishments1 they are treated with   
far more respect1 and  enjoy a far freer
 development1 than is the case with us  
,germans4    8,in our own dear ,weimar1 
,i need only to look out of the window  
to  discover how matters stand with us4 
,lately1 when the snow was lying  upon  
the ground1 and my neighbor's children  
were trying their little  sledges in the
 street1 the police was immediately at  
hand1 and ,i saw  the poor little things
 fly as quickly as they could4 ,now1    
when the  spring sun tempts them from   
the houses1 and they would like to play 
with their companions before the door1  
,i see them always constrained1  as if  
they were not safe1 and feared the      
approach of some despot of the  police4 
,not a boy may crack a whip1 or sing or 
shout2 the police is  immediately at    
hand to forbid it4 ,this has the effect 
with us all of  taming youth            
prematurely1 and of driving out all     

originality and all  wildness1 so that  
in the end nothing remains but the      
,philistine4    8,you know that scarcely
 a day passes in which ,i am not visited
 by some  traveling foreigner4 ,but if  
,i were to say that ,i took great       
pleasure in  the personal appearance1   
especially of young1 learned ,germans   
from a  certain northeastern quarter1 ,i
 should tell a falsehood4               
8,short-sighted1 pale1 narrow-chested1  
young without youth2 that is a  picture 
of most of them as they appear to me4   
,and if ,i enter into a  conversation   
with any of them1 ,i immediately observe
 that the things  in which one of us    
takes pleasure seem to them vain and    
trivial1 that  they are entirely        
absorbed in the ,idea1 and that only the
 highest  problems of speculation are   
fitted to interest them4 ,of sound      
senses or  delight in the sensual1 there
 is no trace2 all youthful feeling and  
all  youthful pleasure are driven out of
 them1 and that irrecoverably2 for  if a

 man is not young in his twentieth year1
 how can he be so in his  fortieth80    
,goethe sighed and was silent4    ,i    
thought of the happy time in the last   
century1 in which ,goethe's  youth fell2
 the summer air of ,sesenheim passed    
before my soul1 and ,i  reminded him of 
the verses--        ,in the afternoon we
 sat1      ,young people1 in the cool4  
8,ah10 sighed ,goethe1 8those were1     
indeed1 happy times4 ,but we will  drive
 them from our minds1 that the dark     
foggy days of the present may  not      
become quite insupportable40    8,a     
second ,redeemer10 said ,i1 8would be   
required to remove from us the          
seriousness1 the discomfort1 and the    
monstrous oppressiveness of the  present
 state of things40    8,if he came10    
answered ,goethe1 8he would be crucified
 a second time4  ,still1 we by no means 
need anything so great4 ,if we could    
only alter  the ,germans after the model
 of the ,english1 if we could only have 
less  philosophy and more power of      

action1 less theory and more practice1  
we might obtain a good share of         
redemption1 without waiting for the     
personal majesty of a second ,christ4   
,much may be done from below by the     
people by means of schools and domestic 
education2 much from above by  the      
rulers and those in immediate connection
 with them4    8,thus1 for instance1 ,i 
can not approve the requisition1 in the 
studies  of future statesmen1 of so much
 theoretically-learned knowledge1 by    
which young people are ruined before    
their time1 both in mind and  body4     
,when they enter into practical service1
 they possess1 indeed1 an  immense stock
 of philosophical and learned matters2  
but in the narrow  circle of their      
calling1 this can not be practically    
applied1 and must  therefore be         
forgotten as useless4 ,on the other     
hand1 what they most  needed they have  
lost2 they are deficient in the         
necessary mental  and bodily energy1    
which is quite indispensable when one   

would enter  properly into practical    
life4    8,and then1 are not love and   
benevolence also needed in the life of  
a statesman--in the management of men8  
,and how can any one feel and  exercise 
benevolence toward another1 when he is  
ill at ease with  himself8    8,but all 
these people are in a dreadfully bad    
case4 ,the third part of  the learned   
men and statesmen1 shackled to the desk1
 are ruined in  body1 and consigned to  
the demon of hypochondria4 ,here there  
should be  action from above that future
 generations may at least be preserved  
from a like destruction4    8,in the    
meantime10 continued ,goethe1 smiling1  
8let us remain in a state  of hopeful   
expectation as to the condition of us   
,germans a century  hence1 and whether  
we shall then have advanced so far as to
 be no  longer savants and philosophers1
 but men40           99       99        
99       99       99    ,now1 it has    
occurred to me1 when ,i recollect1 that 
we love our  children1 and call them our

 second selves1 merely because we have  
begotten them1 that there is another    
kind of progeny springing from us1  not 
less worthy of our esteem2 for what we  
engender by the mind1 the  offspring of 
our understanding1 diligence1 and       
genius1 emanates from  nobler parts of  
us than what springs from the body1 and 
is much more  our own4 ,we are both     
father and mother in this act of        
generation4 ,they  cost us more and     
bring us more honor if they have any    
good in them4 ,for  the value of our    
other children depends much more on     
themselves than  on us2 the share we    
have in them is very little1 but of     
these all the  beauty1 grace1 and       
excellence is ours4 ,for in this way    
they are a more  complete representation
 and copy of ourselves than the others4 
,plato  adds that these are immortal    
children which truly immortalize and    
deify  their fathers1 as ,lycurgus1     
,solon1 and ,mino4--,montaigne4    ,so  
,spencer1 8,f4 ,q410 v4 #a3        8,the

 noble heart that harbors virtuous      
thought1        ,and is with child of   
glorious1 great intent1      ,can never 
rest until it forth have brought        
,th' eternal brood of glory excellent40 
99       99       99       99       99  
,in my opinion the want of occupation is
 no less the plague of society  than of 
solitude4 ,nothing is so apt to narrow  
the mind2 nothing  produces more        
trifling1 silly stories1                
mischief-making1 lies1 than  being      
eternally shut up in a room with one    
another1 reduced as the only            
alternative to be constantly twaddling4 
,when everybody is occupied1  we only   
speak when we have something to say2 but
 when we are doing  nothing1 we are     
compelled to be always talking1 and of  
all torments1  that is the most annoying
 and the most dangerous4--,rousseau4    
,,tales ,,from ,,shakspere4    ,by      
,,charles ,,lamb4      ,a ,,midsummer   
,,night',s ,,dream4    ,there was a law 
in the city of ,athens1 which gave to   

its citizens the  power of compelling   
their daughters to marry whomsoever they
 pleased2  for upon a daughter's        
refusing to marry the man her father had
 chosen  to be her husband1 the father  
was empowered by this law to cause her  
to  be put to death2 but as fathers do  
not often desire the death of their  own
 daughters1 even though they do happen  
to prove a little refractory1  this law 
was seldom or never put into execution1 
though perhaps the  young ladies of that
 city were not unfrequently threatened  
by their  parents with the terrors of   
it4    ,there was one instance1 however1
 of an old man1 whose name was ,egeus1  
who actually did come before ,theseus   
7at that time the reigning duke of      
,athens71 to complain that his daughter 
,hermia1 whom he had commanded  to marry
 ,demetrius1 a young man of a noble     
,athenian family1 refused to  obey him1 
because she loved another young         
,athenian1 named ,lysander4  ,egeus     
demanded justice of ,theseus1 and       

desired that this cruel law  might be   
put in force against his daughter4      
,hermia pleaded in excuse for her       
disobedience1 that ,demetrius had       
formerly professed love for her dear    
friend ,helena1 and that ,helena  loved 
,demetrius to distraction2 but this     
honorable reason1 which ,hermia  gave   
for not obeying her father's command1   
moved not the stern ,egeus4    ,theseus1
 though a great and merciful prince1 had
 no power to alter the  laws of his     
country2 therefore he could only give   
,hermia four days to  consider of it1   
and at the end of that time1 if she     
still refused to  marry ,demetrius1 she 
was to be put to death4    ,when ,hermia
 was dismissed from the presence of the 
duke1 she went to  her lover ,lysander1 
and told him the peril she was in1 and  
that she  must either give up him and   
marry ,demetrius1 or lose her life in   
four  days4    ,lysander was in great   
affliction at hearing these evil        
tidings1 but  recollecting that he had  

an aunt who lived at some distance from 
,athens1 and that at the place where she
 lived the cruel law could not  be put  
in force against ,hermia 7this law not  
extending beyond the  boundaries of the 
city71 he proposed to ,hermia that she  
should steal  out of her father's house 
that night1 and go with him to his      
aunt's  house1 where he would marry her4
 8,i will meet you10 said ,lysander1 8in
  the wood a few miles without the city2
 in that delightful wood1 where  we have
 so often walked with ,helena in the    
pleasant month of ,may40    ,to this    
proposal ,hermia joyfully agreed1 and   
she told no one of her  intended flight 
but her friend ,helena4 ,helena 7as     
maidens will do  foolish things for     
love7 very ungenerously resolved to go  
and tell  this to ,demetrius1 though she
 could hope no benefit from betraying   
her friend's secret1 but the poor       
pleasure of following her faithless     
lover to the wood2 for she well knew    
that ,demetrius would go thither in     

pursuit of ,hermia4    ,the wood in     
which ,lysander and ,hermia proposed to 
meet1 was the  favorite haunt of those  
little beings known by the name of      
fairies4  ,oberon1 the king1 and        
,titania1 the queen of the fairies1 with
 all their  tiny train of followers1 in 
this wood held their midnight revels4   
,between this little king and queen of  
sprites there happened at this  time a  
sad disagreement1 they never met by     
moonlight in the shady  walks of this   
pleasant wood1 but they were quarreling1
 till all their  fairy elves would creep
 into acorn-cups and hide themselves for
 fear4  ,the cause of this unhappy      
disagreement was ,titania's refusing to 
give  ,oberon a little changeling boy1  
whose mother had been ,titania's friend2
  and upon her death the fairy queen    
stole the child from its nurse1 and     
brought him up in the woods4    ,the    
night on which the lovers were to meet  
in this wood1 as ,titania was  walking  
with some of her maids of honor1 she met

 ,oberon attended by  his train of fairy
 courtiers4 8,ill met by moonlight1     
proud ,titania10  said the fairy king4  
,the queen replied1 8,what1 jealous     
,oberon1 is it  you80 8,fairies1 skip   
hence2 ,i have forsworn his company40   
8,tarry1 rash  fairy10 said ,oberon2 8am
 not ,i thy lord8 ,why does ,titania    
cross her  ,oberon8 ,give me your little
 changeling boy to be my page40    8,set
 your heart at rest10 answered the      
queen2 8your whole fairy kingdom  buys  
not the boy of me40 ,she then left her  
lord in great anger4    8,well1 go your 
way10 said ,oberon2 8before the morning3
 dawns ,i will  torment you for this    
injury40 ,oberon then sent for ,puck1   
his chief  favorite and privy counselor4
    ,puck 7or1 as he was sometimes      
called1 ,robin ,goodfellow7 was a shrewd
  and knavish sprite1 that used to play 
comical pranks in the neighboring       
villages2 sometimes getting into the    
dairies and skimming the milk1          
sometimes plunging his light and airy   

form into the butter-churn1 and  while  
he was dancing his fantastic shape in   
the vessel1 in vain the  dairy-maid     
would labor to change her cream into    
butter3 nor had the  village swains any 
better success2 whenever ,puck chose to 
play his  freaks in the brewing-copper1 
the ale was sure to be spoiled4 ,when a 
few good neighbors were met to drink    
some comfortable ale together1  ,puck   
would jump into the bowl of ale in the  
likeness of a roasted  crab1 and when   
some old goody was going to drink1 he   
would bob against  her lips1 and spill  
the ale over her withered chin2 and     
presently  after1 when the same old dame
 was gravely seating herself to tell her
  neighbors a sad and melancholy story1 
,puck would slip her three-legged  stool
 from under her1 and down toppled the   
poor old woman1 and then the  gossips   
would hold their sides and laugh at her1
 and swear they never  wasted a merrier 
hour4    8,come hither1 ,puck10 said    
,oberon to this little merry wanderer of

 the  night2 8fetch me the flower which 
maids call ,love in ,idleness2 the      
juice of that little purple flower1 laid
 on the eye-lids of those who  sleep1   
will make them1 when they awake1 doat on
 the first thing they  see4 ,some of the
 juice of that flower ,i will drop on   
the eyelids of my  ,titania1 when she is
 asleep2 and the first thing she looks  
upon when  she opens her eyes1 she will 
fall in love with1 even though it be a  
lion1 or a bear1 a meddling monkey1 or a
 busy ape3 and before ,i will  take this
 charm from off her sight1 which ,i can 
do with another charm ,i  know of1 ,i   
will make her give me that boy to be my 
page40    ,puck1 who loved mischief to  
his heart1 was highly diverted with this
  intended frolic of his master1 and ran
 to seek the flower2 and while  ,oberon 
was waiting the return of ,puck1 he     
observed ,demetrius and  ,helena enter  
the woods2 he overheard ,demetrius      
reproaching ,helena for  following him1 
and after many unkind words on his part1

 and gentle  expostulations from        
,helena1 reminding him of his former    
love1 and  professions of true faith to 
her1 he left her 7as he said7 to the    
mercy  of the wild beasts1 and she ran  
after him as swiftly as she could4      
,the fairy king1 who was always friendly
 to true lovers1 felt great  compassion 
for ,helena2 and perhaps1 as ,lysander  
said they used to walk  by moonlight in 
this pleasant wood1 ,oberon might have  
seen ,helena in  those happy times when 
she was beloved by ,demetrius4 ,however 
that might  be1 when ,puck returned with
 the little purple flower1 ,oberon said 
to his favorite1 8,take a part of the   
flower3 there has been a sweet          
,athenian lady here1 who is in love with
 a disdainful youth2 if you find  him   
sleeping1 drop some of the love-juice in
 his eyes1 but contrive to  do it when  
she is near him1 that the first thing he
 sees when he awakes  may be this       
despised lady4 ,you will know the man by
 the ,athenian  garments which he       

wears40 ,puck promised to manage this   
matter very  dexterously2 and then      
,oberon went1 unperceived by ,titania1  
to her bower  where she was preparing to
 go to rest4 ,her fairy bower was a     
bank1  where grew wild thyme1 cowslips1 
and sweet violets1 under a canopy of    
woodbine1 musk-roses and eglantine4     
,there ,titania always slept some  part 
of the night2 her coverlet the enamelled
 skin of a snake1 which1  though a small
 mantle1 was wide enough to wrap a fairy
 in4    ,he found ,titania giving orders
 to her fairies1 how they were to employ
  themselves while she slept4 8,some of 
you10 said her majesty1 8must kill      
cankers in the musk-rose buds1 and some 
wage war with the bats for  their       
leathern wings1 to make my small elves  
coats2 and some of you  keep watch that 
the clamorous owl1 that nightly hoots1  
come not near  me3 but first sing me to 
sleep40 ,then they began to sing this   
song3--        ,you spotted snakes with 
double tongue1      ,thorny hedgehogs1  

be not seen2      ,newts and blind-worms
 do no wrong1      ,come not near our   
,fairy ,queen4      ,philomel1 with     
melody1      ,sing in our sweet lullaby1
      ,lulla1 lulla1 lullaby2 lulla1    
lulla1 lullaby3      ,never harm1 nor   
spell1 nor charm1      ,come our lovely 
lady nigh2      ,so good night with     
lullaby4    ,when the fairies had sung  
their queen asleep with this pretty     
lullaby1  they left her1 to perform the 
important services she had enjoined     
them4 ,oberon then softly drew near his 
,titania1 and dropt some of the         
love-juice on her eye-lids1 saying--    
,what thou seest when thou dost wake1   
,do it for thy true-love take4    ,but  
to return to ,hermia1 who made her      
escape out of her father's house  that  
night1 to avoid the death she was doomed
 to for refusing to marry  ,demetrius4  
,when she entered the wood1 she found   
her dear ,lysander1  waiting for her1 to
 conduct her to his aunt's house2 but   
before they  had passed half through the

 wood1 ,hermia was so much fatigued1    
that  ,lysander1 who was very careful of
 this dear lady1 that had proved her    
affection for him even by hazarding her 
life for his sake1 persuaded  her to    
rest till morning on a bank of soft     
moss2 and1 lying down  himself on the   
ground at some little distance1 they    
soon fell fast  asleep4 ,here they were 
found by ,puck1 who1 seeing a handsome  
young  man asleep1 and perceiving that  
his clothes were made in the ,athenian  
fashion1 and that a pretty lady was     
sleeping near him1 concluded that  this 
must be the ,athenian maid and her      
disdainful lover1 whom ,oberon  had sent
 him to seek2 and he naturally enough   
conjectured that1 as they  were alone   
together1 she must be the first thing he
 would see when he  awoke2 so without   
more ado1 he proceeded to pour some of  
the juice of  the little purple flower  
into his eyes4 ,but it so fell out that 
,helena  came that way1 and1 instead of 
,hermia1 was the first object ,lysander 

beheld when he opened his eyes2 and1    
strange to relate1 so powerful was  the 
love-charm1 all his love for ,hermia    
vanished away1 and ,lysander  fell in   
love with ,helena4    ,had he first seen
 ,hermia when he awoke1 the blunder     
,puck committed  would have been of no  
consequence1 for he could not love that 
faithful  lady too well2 but for poor   
,lysander to be forced by a fairy       
love-charm  to forget his own true      
,hermia1 and to run after another lady1 
and leave  ,hermia asleep quite alone in
 a wood at midnight1 was a sad chance   
indeed4    ,thus this misfortune        
happened4 ,helena1 as has been before   
related1  endeavored to keep pace with  
,demetrius when he ran away so rudely   
from her2 but she could not continue    
this unequal race long1 men  being      
always better runners in a long race    
than ladies4 ,helena soon  lost sight of
 ,demetrius2 and as she was wandering   
about1 dejected  and forlorn1 she       
arrived at the place where ,lysander was

 sleeping4  8,ah60 said she1 8this is   
,lysander lying on the ground2 is he    
dead or  asleep80 ,then gently touching 
him1 she said1 8,good sir1 if you are   
alive1 awake40 ,upon this ,lysander     
opened his eyes1 and 7the love-charm    
beginning to work7 immediately addressed
 her in terms of extravagant  love and  
admiration2 telling her1 she as much    
excelled ,hermia in  beauty as a dove   
does a raven1 and that he would run     
through fire  for her sweet sake2 and   
many more such lover-like speeches4     
,helena1  knowing ,lysander was her     
friend ,hermia's lover1 and that he was 
solemnly engaged to marry her1 was in   
the utmost rage when she heard  herself 
addressed in this manner2 for she       
thought 7as well she might7  that       
,lysander was making a jest of her4     
8,oh60 said she1 8why was ,i  born to be
 mocked and scorned by every one8 ,is it
 not enough1 is it  not enough1 young   
man1 that ,i can never get a sweet look 
or a kind  word from ,demetrius2 but    

you1 sir1 must pretend1 in this         
disdainful  manner1 to court me8 ,i     
thought1 ,lysander1 you were a lord of  
more true  gentleness40 ,saying these   
words in great anger1 she ran away2 and 
,lysander followed her1 quite forgetful 
of his own ,hermia1 who was still       
asleep4    ,when ,hermia awoke1 she was 
in a sad fright at finding herself      
alone4  ,she wandered about the wood1   
not knowing what was become of          
,lysander1  or which way to go to seek  
for him4 ,in the meantime ,demetrius1   
not  being able to find ,hermia and his 
rival ,lysander1 and fatigued with  his 
fruitless search1 was observed by       
,oberon fast asleep4 ,oberon had        
learnt1 by some questions he had asked  
of ,puck1 that he had applied  the      
love-charm to the wrong person's eyes2  
and now1 having found the  person first 
intended1 he touched the eyelids of the 
sleeping ,demetrius  with the           
love-juice1 and he instantly awoke2 and 
the first thing he saw  being ,helena1  

he1 as ,lysander had done before1 began 
to address love  speeches to her2 and   
just at that moment ,lysander1 followed 
by ,hermia  7for1 through ,puck's       
unlucky mistake1 it was now become      
,hermia's turn  to run after her lover71
 made his appearance2 and then ,lysander
 and  ,demetrius1 both speaking         
together1 made love to ,helena1 they    
being each  one under the influence of  
the same potent charm4    ,the          
astonished ,helena thought that         
,demetrius1 ,lysander1 and her once     
dear friend ,hermia1 were all in a plot 
together to make a jest of her4         
,hermia was as much surprised as        
,helena2 she knew not why ,lysander and 
,demetrius1 who both before loved her1  
were now become the lovers of  ,helena2 
and to ,hermia the matter seemed to be  
no jest4    ,the ladies1 who before had 
always been the dearest of friends1 now 
fell  to high words together4           
8,unkind ,hermia10 said ,helena1 8it is 
you have set ,lysander on1 to vex  with 

mock praises2 and your other lover1     
,demetrius1 who used almost  to spurn me
 with his foot1 have you not bid him    
call me goddess1  nymph1 rare1 precious1
 and celestial8 ,he would not speak thus
 to me  whom he hates1 if you did not   
set him on to make a jest of me4 ,unkind
  ,hermia1 to join with men in scorning 
your poor friend4 ,have you forgot  our 
school-day friendship8 ,how often1      
,hermia1 have we two1 sitting  on one   
cushion1 both singing one song1 with our
 needles working the  same flower1 both 
on the same sampler wrought2 growing up 
together in  fashion of a double cherry1
 scarcely seeming parted8 ,hermia1 it is
 not  friendly in you1 it is not        
maidenly1 to join with men in scorning  
your  poor friend40    8,i am amazed at 
your passionate words10 said ,hermia4   
8,i scorn you not2  it seems you scorn  
me40    8,ay1 do10 returned ,helena1    
8persevere2 counterfeit serious looks1  
and  make mouths at me when ,i turn my  
back2 then wink at each other1 and  hold

 the sweet jest up4 ,if you had any     
pity1 grace1 or manners1 you  would not 
use me thus40    ,while ,helena and     
,hermia were speaking these angry words 
to each other1  ,demetrius and ,lysander
 left them1 to fight together in the    
wood for  the love of ,helena4 ,when    
they found the gentlemen had left them1 
they  departed1 and once more wandered  
weary in the wood in search of their    
lovers4    ,as soon as they were gone1  
the king fairy1 who with little ,puck   
had been listening to their quarrels1   
said to him1 8,this is your  negligence1
 ,puck2 or did you do this wilfully80   
8,believe me1 king of  shadows10        
answered ,puck1 8it was a mistake2 did  
not you tell me ,i  should know the man 
by his ,athenian garments8 ,however1 ,i 
am not sorry  this has happened1 for ,i 
think their jangling makes excellent    
sport40  8,you heard10 said ,oberon1    
8that ,demetrius and ,lysander are gone 
to seek  a convenient place to fight in4
 ,i command you to overhang the night   

with a thick fog1 and lead these        
quarrelsome lovers so astray in the     
dark1 that they shall not be able to    
find each other4 ,counterfeit each  of  
their voices to the other1 and with     
bitter taunts provoke them to  follow   
you1 while they think it is their       
rival's tongue they hear4 ,see  you do  
this1 till they are so weary they can go
 no farther2 and when  you find they are
 asleep1 drop the juice of this other   
flower into  ,lysander's eyes1 and when 
he awakes he will forget his new love   
for  ,helena1 and return to his old     
passion for ,hermia2 and then the two   
fair  ladies may each one be happy with 
the man she loves1 and they will  think 
all that has passed a vexatious dream4  
,about this quickly1 ,puck2  and ,i will
 go and see what sweet love my ,titania 
has found40    ,titania was still       
sleeping1 and ,oberon1 seeing a clown   
near her1 who  had lost his way in the  
wood1 and was likewise asleep--8,this   
fellow10  said he1 8shall be my         

,titania's true-love20 and clapping an  
ass's head  over the clown's1 it seemed 
to fit him as well as if it had grown   
upon  his own shoulders4 ,though ,oberon
 fixed the ass's head on very gently1   
it awakened him1 and rising up1         
unconscious of what ,oberon had done to 
him1 he went toward the bower where the 
fairy queen slept4    8,ah6 what angel  
is that ,i see60 said ,titania1 opening 
her eyes1 and the  juice of the little  
purple flower beginning to take effect3 
8are you as  wise as you are beautiful80
 8,why1 mistress10 said the clown1 8if  
,i have  wit enough to find the way out 
of this wood1 ,i have enough to serve my
  turn40    8,out of the wood do not    
desire to go10 said the enamored queen4 
8,i am a  spirit of no common rate4 ,i  
love you4 ,go with me1 and ,i will give 
you  fairies to attend upon you40 ,she  
then called four of her fairies3 their  
names were ,pease-blossom1 ,cobweb1     
,moth1 and ,mustard-seed4 8,attend10    
said the queen1 8upon this sweet        

gentleman2 hop in his walks1 and  gambol
 in his sight2 feed him with grapes and 
apricots1 and steal for  him the        
honey-bags from the bees4 ,come sit with
 me10 she said to the  clown1 8and let  
me play with your amiable hairy cheeks1 
my beautiful  ass2 and kiss your fair   
large ears1 my gentle joy60    8,where  
is ,pease-blossom80 said the ass-headed 
clown1 not much regarding  the fairy    
queen's courtship1 but very proud of his
 new attendants4  8,here1 sir10 said    
little ,pease-blossom4    8,scratch my  
head10 said the clown4 8,where is       
,cobweb80 8,here1 sir10 said  ,cobweb4  
8,good ,mr4 ,cobweb10 said the foolish  
clown1 8kill me the red  humble-bee on  
the top of that thistle yonder2 and1    
good ,mr4 ,cobweb1  bring me the        
honey-bag4 ,do not fret yourself too    
much in the action1  ,mr4 ,cobweb1 and  
take care the honey-bags break not2 ,i  
should be sorry  to have you overflown  
with a honey-bag4 ,where is             
,mustard-seed80    8,here1 sir10 said   

,mustard-seed2 8what is your will80     
8,nothing10 said the clown1 8but to help
 ,mr4 ,pease-blossom to scratch2  ,i    
must go to a barber's1 ,mr4             
,mustard-seed1 for methinks ,i am       
marvelous  hairy about the face40       
8,my sweet love10 said the queen2 8what 
will you have to eat8 ,i have a         
venturous fairy shall seek the          
squirrel's hoard1 and fetch you some new
  nuts40 8,i had rather have a handful  
of dried peas10 said the clown1 who     
with his ass's head had got an ass's    
appetite4 8,but1 ,i pray1 let none  of  
your people disturb me1 for ,i have a   
mind to sleep40    8,sleep1 then10 said 
the queen1 8and ,i will wind you in my  
arms4 ,o how ,i  love you6 how ,i dote  
upon you60    ,when the fairy king saw  
the clown sleeping in the arms of his   
queen1  he advanced within her sight1   
and reproached her with having lavished 
her favors upon an ass4 ,this she could 
not deny1 as the clown was then         
sleeping within her arms1 with his ass's

 head crowned by her with  flowers4     
,when ,oberon had teased her for some   
time1 he again demanded  the changeling 
boy2 which she1 ashamed of being        
discovered by her lord  with her new    
favorite1 did not dare to refuse him4   
,oberon1 having thus obtained the little
 boy he had so long wished for  to be   
his page1 took pity on the disgraceful  
situation into which1  by his merry     
contrivance1 he had brought his         
,titania1 and threw some  of the juice  
of the other flower into her eyes2 and  
the fairy queen  immediately recovered  
her senses1 and wondered at her late    
dotage1  saying how she now loathed the 
sight of the strange monster4 ,oberon   
likewise took the ass's head from off   
the clown1 and left him to finish  his  
nap with his own fool's head upon his   
shoulders4 ,oberon and his  ,titania    
being now perfectly reconciled1 he      
related to her the history  of the      
lovers1 and their midnight quarrels2 and
 she agreed to go with  him1 and see the

 end of their adventures4    ,the fairy 
king and queen found the lovers and     
their fair ladies at no  great distance 
from each other1 sleeping on a grass    
plot2 for ,puck1 to  make amends for his
 former mistake1 had contrived to bring 
them all to  the same spot1 unknown to  
each other2 and he had removed the charm
 from  off the eyes of ,lysander with   
the antidote the fairy king gave to him4
    ,hermia first awoke1 and finding her
 lost ,lysander asleep so near her1  was
 looking at him1 and wondering at his   
strange inconstancy4 ,lysander          
presently opening his eyes1 and seeing  
his dear ,hermia1 recovered his  reason1
 which the fairy-charm had before       
clouded1 and with his reason1  his love 
for ,hermia2 and they began to talk over
 the adventures of the  night1 doubting 
if these things had really happened1 or 
if they had  both been dreaming the same
 bewildering dream4    ,helena and      
,demetrius were by this time awake2 and 
a sweet sleep having  quieted ,helena's 

disturbed and angry spirits1 she        
listened with delight  to the           
professions of love which ,demetrius    
still made to her1 and  which1 to her   
surprise as well as pleasure1 she began 
to perceive were  sincere4    ,these    
fair night-wandering ladies1 now no     
longer rivals1 became  once more true   
friends2 all the unkind words which had 
passed were  forgiven1 and they calmly  
consulted together what was best to be  
done  in their present situation4 ,it   
was soon agreed that1 as ,demetrius had 
given up his pretensions to ,hermia1 she
 should endeavor to prevail  upon her   
father to revoke the cruel sentence of  
death which had been  passed against    
her4 ,demetrius was preparing to return 
to ,athens for  this friendly purpose1  
when they were surprised with the sight 
of  ,egeus1 ,hermia's father1 who came  
to the wood in pursuit of his runaway   
daughter4    ,when ,egeus understood    
that ,demetrius would not now marry his 
daughter1  he no longer opposed her     

marriage with ,lysander1 but gave his   
consent  that they should be wedded on  
the fourth day from that time1 being    
the same day on which ,hermia had been  
condemned to lose her life2 and  on that
 same day ,helena joyfully agreed to    
marry her beloved and now  faithful     
,demetrius4    ,the fairy king and      
queen1 who were invisible spectators of 
this  reconciliation1 and now saw the   
happy ending of the lovers' history     
brought about through the good offices  
of ,oberon1 received so much  pleasure1 
that these kind spirits resolved to     
celebrate the approaching  nuptials with
 sports and revels throughout their     
fairy kingdom4    ,and now1 if any are  
offended with this story of fairies and 
their  pranks1 as judging it incredible 
and strange1 they have only to think    
that they have been asleep and dreaming1
 and that all these adventures  were    
visions which they saw in their sleep3  
and ,i hope none of my  readers will be 
so unreasonable as to be offended with a

 pretty  harmless ,midsummer ,night's   
,dream4      ,,the ,,winter',s ,,tale4  
,leontes1 king of ,sicily1 and his      
queen1 the beautiful and virtuous       
,hermione1 once lived in the greatest   
harmony together4 ,so happy was         
,leontes in the love of this excellent  
lady1 that he had no wish  ungratified1 
except that he sometimes desired to see 
again1 and present  to his queen1 his   
old companion and school-fellow1        
,polixenes1 king of  ,bohemia4 ,leontes 
and ,polixenes were brought up together 
from their  infancy2 but being1 by the  
death of their fathers1 called to reign 
over  their respective kingdoms1 they   
had not met for many years1 though they 
frequently interchanged gifts1 letters1 
and loving embassies4    ,at length1    
after repeated invitations1 ,polixenes  
came from ,bohemia to  the ,sicilian    
court1 to make his friend ,leontes a    
visit4    ,at first this visit gave     
nothing but pleasure to ,leontes4 ,he   
recommended the friend of his youth to  

the queen's particular  attention1 and  
seemed in the presence of his dear      
friend and old  companion to have his   
felicity quite completed4 ,they talked  
over old  times2 their school-days and  
their youthful pranks were remembered   
and recounted to ,hermione1 who always  
took a cheerful part in these           
conversations4    ,when1 after a long   
stay1 ,polixenes was preparing to       
depart1 ,hermione1  at the desire of her
 husband1 joined her entreaties to his  
that  ,polixenes would prolong his      
visit4    ,and now began this good      
queen's sorrow2 for ,polixenes refusing 
to  stay at the request of ,leontes1 was
 won over by ,hermione's gentle  and    
persuasive words to put off his         
departure for some weeks longer4  ,upon 
this1 although ,leontes had so long     
known the integrity and  honorable      
principles of his friend ,polixenes1 as 
well as the excellent  disposition of   
his virtuous queen1 he was seized with  
an ungovernable  jealousy4 ,every       

attention ,hermione showed to           
,polixenes1 though by her  husband's    
particular desire1 and merely to please 
him1 increased the  unfortunate king's  
malady2 and from being a loving and a   
true friend1  and the best and fondest  
of husbands1 ,leontes became suddenly a 
savage  and inhuman monster4 ,sending   
for ,camillo1 one of the lords of his   
court1 and telling him of the suspicion 
he entertained1 he commanded  him to    
poison ,polixenes4    ,camillo was a    
good man2 and he1 well knowing that the 
jealousy of  ,leontes had not the       
slightest foundation in truth1 instead  
of poisoning  ,polixenes1 acquainted him
 with the king his master's orders1 and 
agreed  to escape with him out of the   
,sicilian dominions2 and ,polixenes1    
with  the assistance of ,camillo1       
arrived safe in his own kingdom of      
,bohemia1  where ,camillo lived from    
that time in the king's court1 and      
became the  chief friend and favorite of
 ,polixenes4    ,the flight of          

,polixenes enraged the jealous ,leontes 
still more2 he went  to the queen's     
apartment1 where the good lady was      
sitting with her  little son ,mamillus1 
who was just beginning to tell one of   
his best  stories to amuse his mother1  
when the king entered1 and taking the   
child away1 sent ,hermione to prison4   
,mamillus1 though but a very young      
child1 loved his mother tenderly2 and   
when he saw her so dishonored1 and found
 she was taken from him to be  put into 
a prison1 he took it deeply to heart1   
and drooped and pined  away by slow     
degrees1 losing his appetite and his    
sleep1 till it was  thought his grief   
would kill him4    ,the king1 when he   
had sent his queen to prison1 commanded 
,cleomenes and  ,dion1 two ,sicilian    
lords1 to go to ,delphos1 there to      
inquire of the  oracle at the temple of 
,apollo if his queen still really loved 
him4    ,when ,hermione had been a short
 time in prison1 she gave birth to a    
daughter2 and the poor lady received    

much comfort from the sight of  her     
pretty baby1 and she said to it1 8,my   
poor little prisoner1 ,i am as  innocent
 as you are40 ,hermione had a kind      
friend in the noble-spirited  ,paulina1 
who was the wife of ,antigonus1 a       
,sicilian lord2 and when the  lady      
,paulina heard her royal mistress had   
got a daughter1 she went to  the prison 
where ,hermione was confined1 and she   
said to ,emilia1 a lady  who attended   
upon ,hermione1 8,i pray you1 ,emilia1  
tell the good queen1  if her majesty    
dare trust me with her little babe1 ,i  
will carry it to  the king1 its father2 
we do not know how he may soften at the 
sight  of his innocent child40 8,most   
worthy madam10 replied ,emilia1 8,i will
  acquaint the queen with your noble    
offer2 she was wishing to-day that  she 
had any friend who would venture to     
present the child to the king40  8,and  
tell her10 said ,paulina1 8that ,i will 
speak boldly to ,leontes in  her        
defence40 8,may you be forever blessed60

 said ,emilia1 8for your  kindness to   
our gracious queen60 ,emilia then went  
to ,hermione1 who  joyfully gave up her 
baby to the care of ,paulina1 for she   
had feared  that no one would dare      
venture to present the child to its     
father4    ,paulina took the new-born   
infant1 and forcing herself into the    
king's  presence1 notwithstanding her   
husband1 fearing the king's anger1      
endeavored to prevent her1 she laid the 
babe at its father's feet1  and ,paulina
 made a noble speech to the king in     
defence of ,hermione1  and she          
reproached him severely for his         
inhumanity1 and implored him  to have   
mercy on his innocent wife and child4   
,but ,paulina's spirited  remonstrances 
only aggravated ,leontes's displeasure1 
and he ordered her  husband ,antigonus  
to take her from his presence4    ,when 
,paulina went away1 she left the little 
baby at its father's feet1  thinking1   
when he was alone with it1 he would look
 upon it1 and have  pity on its helpless

 innocence4    ,the good ,paulina was   
mistaken2 for no sooner was she gone    
than the  merciless father ordered      
,antigonus1 ,paulina's husband1 to take 
the  child1 and carry it out to sea1 and
 leave it upon some desert shore to     
perish4    ,antigonus1 unlike the good  
,camillo1 too well obeyed the orders of 
,leontes2 for he immediately carried the
 child on shipboard1 and put out  to    
sea1 intending to leave it on the first 
desert coast he could find4    ,so      
strongly was the king prejudiced against
 ,hermione1 that he would not  wait for 
the return of ,cleomenes and ,dion1 whom
 he had sent to consult  the oracle of  
,apollo at ,delphos2 but before the     
queen was recovered1  and while she     
still grieved for the loss of her       
precious baby1 he had  her brought to a 
public trial before all the lords and   
nobles of his  court4 ,and when all the 
great lords1 the judges1 and all the    
nobility  of the land were assembled    
together to try ,hermione1 and that     

unhappy  queen was standing as a        
prisoner before her subjects to receive 
their  judgment1 ,cleomenes and ,dion   
entered the assembly1 and presented to  
the  king the answer of the oracle      
sealed up2 and ,leontes commanded the   
seal  to be broken1 and the words of the
 oracle to be read aloud1 and these     
were the words3 8,hermione is innocent1 
,polixenes blameless1 ,camillo  a true  
subject1 ,leontes a jealous tyrant1 and 
the king shall live  without an heir if 
that which is lost be not found40 ,the  
king would  give no credit to the words 
of the oracle2 he said it was a         
falsehood  invented by the queen's      
friends1 and he desired the judge to    
proceed in  the trial of the queen4 ,but
 while ,leontes was speaking1 a man     
entered  and told him that the prince   
,mamillus1 hearing that his mother was  
to  be tried for her life1 struck with  
grief and shame1 had suddenly died4     
,hermione1 upon hearing of the death of 
this dear affectionate child1  who had  

lost his life in sorrowing for her      
misfortune1 fainted2 and  ,leontes1     
pierced to the heart by the news1 began 
to feel pity for his  unhappy queen1 and
 he ordered ,paulina1 and the ladies who
 were her  attendants1 to take her away1
 and use means for her recovery4        
,paulina  soon returned1 and told the   
king that ,hermione was dead4    ,when  
,leontes heard that the queen was dead1 
he repented of his cruelty  to her2 and 
now that he thought his ill usage had   
broken ,hermione's  heart he believed   
her innocent2 and he now thought the    
words of the  oracle were true1 as he   
knew 8if that which was lost was not    
found0  which he concluded was his young
 daughter1 he should be without an      
heir1 the young prince ,mamillus being  
dead1 and he would give his  kingdom now
 to recover his lost daughter2 and      
,leontes gave himself up  to remorse1   
and passed many years in mournful       
thoughts and repentant  grief4    ,the  
ship in which ,antigonus carried the    

infant princess out to sea was  driven  
by a storm upon the coast of ,bohemia1  
the very kingdom of the  good king      
,polixenes4 ,here ,antigonus landed1 and
 here he left the little  baby4         
,antigonus never returned to ,sicily to 
tell ,leontes where he had left  his    
daughter1 for1 as he was going back to  
the ship1 a bear came out of  the woods 
and tore him to pieces2 a just          
punishment on him for obeying  the      
wicked order of ,leontes4    ,the child 
was dressed in rich clothes and jewels2 
for ,hermione had made  it very fine    
when she sent it to ,leontes1 and       
,antigonus had pinned a  paper to its   
mantle1 with the name ,perdita written  
thereon1 and words  obscurely intimating
 its high birth and untoward fate4      
,this poor deserted baby was found by a 
shepherd4 ,he was a humane man1  and so 
he carried the little ,perdita home to  
his wife1 who nursed it  tenderly2 but  
poverty tempted the shepherd to conceal 
the rich prize  he had found3 therefore 

he left that part of the country1 that  
no one  might know where he got his     
riches1 and with part of ,perdita's     
jewels  he bought herds of sheep1 and   
became a wealthy shepherd4 ,he brought  
up  ,perdita as his own child1 and she  
knew not she was any other than a       
shepherd's daughter4    ,the little     
,perdita grew up a lovely maiden2 and   
though she had no  better education than
 that of a shepherd's daughter1 yet so  
did the  natural graces she inherited   
from her royal mother shine forth in her
  untutored mind1 that no one from her  
behavior would have known she had  not  
been brought up in her father's court4  
,polixenes1 the king of ,bohemia1 had an
 only son1 whose name was  ,florizel4   
,as this young prince was hunting near  
the shepherd's  dwelling1 he saw the old
 man's supposed daughter1 and the       
beauty1  modesty1 and queen-like        
deportment of ,perdita caused him       
instantly to  fall in love with her4 ,he
 soon1 under the name of ,doricles1 and 

in the  disguise of a private gentleman1
 become a constant visitor at the old   
shepherd's house4    ,florizel's        
frequent absence from court alarmed     
,polixenes2 and setting  people to watch
 his son1 he discovered his love for the
 shepherd's  daughter4    ,polixenes    
then called for ,camillo1 the faithful  
,camillo1 who had  preserved his life   
from the fury of ,leontes1 and desired  
that he would  accompany him to the     
house of the shepherd1 the supposed     
father of  ,perdita4    ,polixenes and  
,camillo1 both in disguise1 arrived at  
the old shepherd's  dwelling1 while they
 were celebrating the feast of          
sheep-shearing2 and  though they were   
strangers1 yet at the sheep-shearing    
every guest being  made welcome1 they   
were invited to walk in1 and join in the
 general  festivity4    ,nothing but    
mirth and jollity was going forward4    
,tables were spread1  and great         
preparations were making for the rustic 
feast4 ,some lads and  lasses were      

dancing on the green before the house1  
while others of the  young men were     
buying ribands1 gloves1 and such toys1  
of a peddler at  the door4    ,while    
this busy scene was going forward1      
,florizel and ,perdita  sat quietly in a
 retired corner1 seemingly more pleased 
with the  conversation of each other1   
than desirous of engaging in the sports 
and  silly amusements of those around   
them4    ,the king was so disguised that
 it was impossible his son could know   
him2 he therefore advanced near enough  
to hear the conversation4 ,the  simple  
yet elegant manner in which ,perdita    
conversed with his son did  not a little
 surprise ,polixenes4 ,he said to       
,camillo1 8,this is the  prettiest      
low-born lass ,i ever saw2 nothing she  
does or says but looks  like something  
greater than herself1 too noble for this
 place40    ,camillo replied1 8,indeed  
she is the very queen of curds and      
cream40    8,pray1 my good friend10 said
 the king to the old shepherd1 8what    

fair  swain is that talking with your   
daughter80 8,they call him ,doricles10  
replied the shepherd4 8,he says he loves
 my daughter2 and to speak truth  there 
is not a kiss to choose which loves the 
other best4 ,if young  ,doricles can get
 her1 she will bring him that he little 
dreams of10  meaning the remainder of   
,perdita's jewels2 which1 after he had  
bought  herds of sheep with part of     
them1 he had carefully hoarded up for   
her  marriage portion4    ,polixenes    
then addressed his son4 8,how now1 young
 man60 said he2 8your  heart seems full 
of something that takes off your mind   
from feasting4  ,when ,i was young1 ,i  
used to load my love with presents2 but 
you have  let the peddler go1 and have  
bought your lass no toy40    ,the young 
prince1 who little thought he was       
talking to the king his  father1        
replied1 8,old sir1 she prizes not such 
trifles2 the gifts  which ,perdita      
expects from me are locked up in my     
heart40 ,then turning  to ,perdita1 he  

said to her1 8,o hear me1 ,perdita1     
before this ancient  gentleman1 who it  
seems was once himself a lover2 he shall
 hear what ,i  profess40 ,florizel then 
called upon the old stranger to be a    
witness  to a solemn promise of marriage
 which he made to ,perdita1 saying to   
,polixenes1 8,i pray you1 mark our      
contract40    8,mark your divorce1 young
 sir10 said the king1 discovering       
himself4  ,polixenes then reproached his
 son for daring to contract himself to  
this low-born maiden1 calling ,perdita  
8shepherd's-brat1 sheep-hook10  and     
other disrespectful names2 and          
threatening1 if ever she suffered  his  
son to see her again1 he would put her1 
and the old shepherd her  father1 to a  
cruel death4    ,the king then left them
 in great wrath1 and ordered ,camillo to
 follow  him with ,prince ,florizel4    
,when the king had departed1 ,perdita1  
whose royal nature was roused by        
,polixenes's reproaches1 said1 8,though 
we are all undone1 ,i was not much      

afraid2 and once or twice ,i was about  
to speak1 and tell him plainly  that the
 self-same sun that shines upon his     
palace1 hides not his face  from our    
cottage1 but looks on both alike40 ,then
 sorrowfully she said1  8,but now ,i am 
awakened from this dream4 ,i will queen 
it no farther4  ,leave me1 sir2 ,i will 
go milk my ewes and weep40    ,the      
kind-hearted ,camillo was charmed with  
the spirit and propriety of  ,perdita's 
behavior2 and perceiving that the young 
prince was too deeply  in love to give  
up his mistress at the command of his   
royal father1  he thought of a way to   
befriend the lovers1 and at the same    
time to  execute a favorite scheme he   
had in his mind4    ,camillo had long   
known that ,leontes1 the king of        
,sicily1 was become a  true penitent2   
and though ,camillo was now the favored 
friend of ,king  ,polixenes1 he could   
not help wishing once more to see his   
late royal  master and his native home4 
,he therefore proposed to ,florizel and 

,perdita that they should accompany him 
to the ,sicilian court1 where he  would 
engage ,leontes should protect them1    
till through his mediation  they could  
obtain pardon from ,polixenes and his   
consent to their  marriage4    ,to this 
proposal they joyfully agreed2 and      
,camillo1 who conducted  everything     
relative to their flight1 allowed the   
old shepherd to go  along with them4    
,the shepherd took with him the         
remainder of ,perdita's jewels1 her baby
  clothes1 and the paper which he had   
found pinned to her mantle4    ,after a 
prosperous voyage1 ,florizel and        
,perdita1 ,camillo and the  old         
shepherd1 arrived in safety at the court
 of ,leontes1 who still  mourned his    
dead ,hermione and his lost child1      
received ,camillo with  great kindness1 
and gave a cordial welcome to ,prince   
,florizel4 ,but  ,perdita1 whom         
,florizel introduced as his princess1   
seemed to engross  all ,leontes'        
attention4 ,perceiving a resemblance    

between her and his  dead queen         
,hermione1 his grief broke out afresh1  
and he said1 such a  lovely creature    
might his own daughter have been1 if he 
had not so  cruelly destroyed her4 8,and
 then1 too10 said he to ,florizel1 8,i  
lost  the society and friendship of your
 brave father1 whom ,i now desire more  
than my life once again to look upon40  
,when the old shepherd heard how much   
notice the king had taken of  ,perdita1 
and that he had lost a daughter1 who was
 exposed in infancy1  he fell to        
comparing the time when he found the    
little ,perdita with the  manner of its 
exposure1 the jewels and other high     
tokens of its high  birth2 from all     
which it was impossible for him not to  
conclude that  ,perdita and the king's  
lost daughter were the same4            
,florizel and ,perdita1 ,camillo and the
 faithful ,paulina1 were present  when  
the old shepherd related to the king the
 manner in which he had  found the      
child1 and also the circumstances of    

,antigonus's death1 he  having seen the 
bear seize upon him4 ,he showed the rich
 mantle in which  ,paulina remembered   
,hermione had wrapped the child2 and he 
produced a  jewel which she remembered  
,hermione had tied about ,perdita's     
neck1  and he gave up the paper1 which  
,paulina knew to be the writing of  her 
husband2 it could not be doubted that   
,perdita was ,leontes' own  daughter4   
,but oh6 the noble struggles of         
,paulina1 between sorrow for  her       
husband's death1 and joy that the oracle
 was fulfilled1 in the  king's heir1 his
 long-lost daughter1 being found4 ,when 
,leontes heard  that ,perdita was his   
daughter1 the great sorrow that he felt 
that  ,hermione was not living to behold
 her child1 made him that he could say  
nothing for a long time1 but1 8,o1 thy  
mother1 thy mother60    ,paulina        
interrupted this joyful yet distressful 
scene1 with saying to  ,leontes1 that   
she had a statue1 newly finished by that
 rare ,italian  master1 ,julio ,romano1 

which was such a perfect resemblance of 
the  queen1 that would his majesty be   
pleased to go to her house and look     
upon it1 he would almost be ready to    
think that it was ,hermione  herself4   
,thither then they all went2 the king   
anxious to see the  semblance of his    
,hermione1 and ,perdita longing to      
behold what the  mother she never saw   
did look like4    ,when ,paulina drew   
back the curtain which concealed this   
famous statue1  so perfectly did it     
resemble ,hermione1 that all the king's 
sorrow was  renewed at the sight2 for a 
long time he had no power to speak or   
move4    8,i like your silence1 my      
liege10 said ,paulina1 8it the more     
shows your  wonder4 ,is not this statue 
very like your queen80    ,at length the
 king said1 8,o1 thus she stood1 even   
with such majesty1  when ,i first wooed 
her4 ,but yet1 ,paulina1 ,hermione was  
not so aged as  this statue looks40     
,paulina replied1 8,so much the more the
 carver's  excellence1 who has made the 

statue as ,hermione would have looked   
had she been living now4 ,but let me    
draw the curtain1 sire1 lest1           
presently1 you think it moves40    ,the 
king then said1 8,do not draw the       
curtain6 ,would ,i were dead6 ,see1     
,camillo1 would you not think it        
breathed8 ,her eye seems to have motion 
in it40 8,i must draw the curtain1 my   
liege10 said ,paulina4 8,you are so     
transported1 you will persuade yourself 
the statue lives40 8,o1 sweet           
,paulina10 said ,leontes1 8make me think
 so twenty years together6 ,still       
methinks there is an air comes from her4
 ,what fine chisel could ever  yet cut  
breath8 ,let no man mock me1 for ,i will
 kiss her40 8,good my  lord1 forbear60  
said ,paulina4 8,the ruddiness upon her 
lip is wet2 you  will stain your own    
with oily painting4 ,shall ,i draw the  
curtain80 8,no1  not these twenty       
years10 said ,leontes4    ,perdita1 who 
all this time had been kneeling1 and    
beholding in silent  admiration the     

statue of her matchless mother1 said    
now1 8,and so long  could ,i stay here1 
looking upon my dear mother40           
8,either forbear this transport10 said  
,paulina to ,leontes1 8and let me  draw 
the curtain1 or prepare yourself for    
more amazement4 ,i can make  the statue 
move indeed2 ay1 and descend from off   
the pedestal1 and take  you by the hand4
 ,but then you will think1 which ,i     
protest that ,i am  not1 that ,i am     
assisted by some wicked powers40 8,what 
you can make her  do10 said the         
astonished king1 8,i am content to look 
upon4 ,what you can  make her speak1 ,i 
am content to hear2 for it is as easy to
 make her  speak as move40    ,paulina  
then ordered some slow and solemn music1
 which she had prepared  for the        
purpose1 to strike up2 and to the       
amazement of all the  beholders1 the    
statue came down from off the pedestal1 
and threw its  arms around ,leontes's   
neck4 ,the statue then began to speak1  
praying for  blessings on her husband1  

and on her child1 the newly found       
,perdita4    ,no wonder that the statue 
hung upon ,leontes's neck1 and blessed  
her  husband and her child4 ,no wonder1 
for the statue was ,hermione herself1   
the real1 the living queen4    ,paulina 
had falsely reported to the king the    
death of ,hermione1  thinking that the  
only means to preserve her royal        
mistress's life2 and  with the good     
,paulina ,hermione had lived ever since1
 never choosing  ,leontes should know   
she was living1 till she heard ,perdita 
was found2  for though she had long     
forgiven the injuries which ,leontes had
 done to  herself1 she could not pardon 
his cruelty to his infant daughter4     
,his dead queen thus restored to life1  
his lost daughter found1 the            
long-sorrowing ,leontes could scarcely  
support the excess of his own           
happiness4 ,and as if nothing should be 
wanting to complete this strange  and   
unlooked-for joy1 king ,polixenes       
himself now entered the palace4    ,when

 ,polixenes first missed his son and    
,camillo1 knowing that ,camillo  had    
long wished to return to ,sicily1 he    
conjectured he should find the          
fugitives there2 and following them with
 all speed1 he happened to  arrive just 
at this1 the happiest moment of         
,leontes's life4    ,polixenes took a   
part in the general joy2 he forgave his 
friend ,leontes  the unjust jealousy he 
had conceived against him1 and they once
 more  loved each other with all the    
warmth of their first boyish friendship4
  ,there was no fear that ,polixenes    
would now oppose his son's marriage     
with ,perdita4 ,she was no sheep-hook   
now1 but the heiress of the crown  of   
,sicily4    ,thus have we seen the      
patient virtues of the long-suffering   
,hermione  rewarded4 ,that excellent    
lady lived many years with her ,leontes 
and her  ,perdita1 the happiest of      
mothers and queens4          ,a ,,tour  
,,round ,,the ,,world4    ,by ,,mrs4    
,,mary ,,low ,,dickinson4    ,continued4

      8,if you are going to keep a      
journal at all1 begin the minute you    
take  off your waterproof40 ,this bit of
 wisdom descended upon the quartette    
from the lips of the special            
correspondent of the ,perkinsville      
,gazette1 one dripping morning when we  
found her taking notes in  the ,british 
,museum4 ,and surely she never said a   
wiser thing4 ,first  impressions may not
 be profound or correct1 or reach in any
 way the  heart and meaning of what     
passes under the eye1 but they are the  
freshest and often the only impressions 
worth recording4 ,one sees more  in a   
first day in a new city than in many    
subsequent days4 ,the eyes are  open    
then1 if ever1 to all little            
peculiarities and characteristics2  the 
ears catch every unfamiliar tone2 the   
perceptions are quickened  into a new   
and vivid interest1 dissipated1 alas1   
too soon6 ,we ,americans  quickly make  
ourselves at home4 ,the novelty of      
to-day is commonplace  to-morrow1 and   

the third day's description of an event 
takes only a  word1 where the first     
day's would have received a page4 ,and  
there is  no haunting demon of travel   
quite so fiendish as the journal that   
must  be written1 and that has 8got     
behind40 ,one never can quite subdue its
  clamor1 nor does any effort at writing
 up the half-forgotten record  satisfy  
its insatiate demand4 ,all the pith and 
the life are gone out of  the neglected 
recollections1 and we must accept the   
conclusion that it  is ,,not safe to    
wait after the 8water-proof0 is laid    
aside4    ,that some members of our     
quartette did wait was1 perhaps1 a mercy
  to their friends1 for it would have   
taken a volume to describe what  they   
saw and did in ,london4 ,that they      
studied their guide-books1 and  maps and
 histories1 as true ,chautauquans       
should1 goes without saying4  ,they     
tramped a great many miles and jostled  
in cabs and omnibuses a  great many     
more1 and tried the tramways and the    

underground road1 and  the penny boats  
upon the noiseless highway of the       
,thames4 ,somewhere  they had read that 
the united streets of ,london made a    
stretch of over  three thousand miles1  
and they sometimes felt as if they had  
traversed  them all4 ,they must visit   
every portion of the city1 for each had 
its  peculiar interest or charm4 ,how   
could they fail1 for example1 to drive  
through the aristocratic ,belgravia1 the
 district that1 within the last  quarter
 of a century1 has become a region of   
fine streets and spacious  squares and  
palatial residences1 transforming as    
well as surpassing the  old ,west ,end4 
,it seemed worth while to gaze1 if only 
from the windows  of a cab1 at the      
residences of the real aristocracy of   
,britain1 and  better worth while to    
drive on1 through the once beautiful and
 rural  ,chelsea1 now swarming with the 
multitudes of ,london's poor4 ,the old  
city of ,westminster1 now swallowed up  
in ,london1 whose inhabitants  average a

 dozen inmates to every wretched home1  
touches ,belgravia  on the southeast1   
lying1 as one writer says1 8,like a     
filthy beggar  at the rich man's gate40 
,not all the efforts of public and      
private  philanthropy1 the theories of  
men like ,ruskin1 or the practice of    
women  like ,octavia ,hill1 have been   
able to stay its ever-swelling tide of  
misery and sin4 ,strange contrast all   
this to the monotonous regularity  of   
,tyburnia1 whose rows on rows of        
handsome dwellings constitute the  homes
 of professional men and wealthy        
merchants4 ,so-called middle-class      
,london finds its home in the ,regent's 
,square district4 ,thence1 eastward     
still1 and we find ourselves in the     
,bloomsbury and ,bedford ,square        
region1 whose old houses1 once occupied 
by rank and fashion1 are mostly  given  
over to lodgers like ourselves1 while   
resident middle-class  foreigners make  
their homes largely in the region around
 ,leicester  ,square4 ,it takes no end  

of wandering to familiarize the stranger
 with  the characteristics of each      
district1 and if one can stay in ,london
  months1 it is a better way to begin   
than to select the special points  of   
interest4    ,london is large enough for
 a world1 and has human interests       
enough1  if there were no other place on
 the planet1 to occupy the time and     
wisdom of angels and all good men4      
,somebody calls it a 8province  covered 
with houses20 ,carlyle spoke of it as   
8the tuberosity of  modern              
civilization40 ,the metropolis includes 
more than the city of  ,london1 more    
than old ,westminster4 ,its arms have   
stretched out until  it embraces nearly 
forty adjacent townships and districts4 
,some  busy-brained statistician has    
amused himself by treating the place  as
 if it were a great living monster1     
whose gigantic throat swallows  yearly  
over nine millions of once living       
creatures1 either fish1 flesh  or fowl1 
washed down by fifty millions of gallons

 of ale and wine4  ,no wonder that there
 follows close upon this statement1 the 
grave  announcement that nearly three   
thousand physicians are constantly      
hastening to and fro1 and that five     
hundred undertakers do not suffice  to  
meet the city's demands4 ,the wine and  
liquor merchants number nearly  ten     
thousand1 and we do not wonder1 this    
being so1 that the paupers  number      
nearly one hundred and fifty thousand   
souls4    ,and of this great living mass
 of humanity1 vital in every part1 the  
8city0 proper is the pulsing heart4 ,by 
it we mean the space that  anciently lay
 within the walls1 keeping still with   
few exceptions its  narrow streets and  
shadowy lanes2 the former being the     
avenues of  retail trade1 while in the  
latter the wholesale trade is carried   
on4 ,as  space could not be commanded on
 the ground1 the magnificent buildings  
required for business that manipulates  
the wealth of the world have had  to    
occupy the air4 ,business houses stand  

side by side with the dark low          
buildings of the seventeenth century2   
and he who has time to penetrate  some  
of the picturesque old mansions now used
 as counting-rooms1 will  be repaid by a
 sight of much that is architecturally  
quaint and fine4  ,no part of ,london is
 better worth exploring than this4 ,our 
wanderers  never tired of strolling from
 ,st4 ,paul's1 after every brief rest   
under  the stillness of its mighty dome1
 into ,paternoster-row1 and lingering   
in the world of books displayed on every
 hand2 and the weaker half of  the party
 did not care how long they were left in
 the book stores1  while the more active
 wandered off into ,lombard street1     
among the  bankers1 into the exchanges1 
or the less imposing though no less     
interesting ,houndsditch1 the haunt of  
the modern ,jew4 ,all day long1  from   
morn to night1 a mighty human tide      
swells and surges with almost  turbulent
 haste all through these narrow streets4
 ,one lingers and  watches daily as the 

never-ceasing throng pours on1          
fascinated as by  the                   
constantly-recurring beat of the        
breakers upon the sea4 ,but come  down  
here and stand under the shadow of ,st4 
,paul's some night1 or on  some calm    
,sunday afternoon4 ,the very air that   
hangs1 heavy and still  with the        
fog-damps1 above the great cross there  
on the old clock tower1  is not stiller 
than the ground beneath one's feet4 ,the
 hundreds of  thousands of people that  
composed the human throng are gone1 as  
if the  earth had opened and swallowed  
them4 ,the merchants are in their homes 
at the ,west ,end1 the clerks in their  
humble homes in the suburbs4 ,over      
twenty thousand buildings are left alone
 in the care of the police1  most of    
them houses once occupied as dwellings1 
and now used for  purposes of trade4    
,there are nearly sixty churches in the 
district1 but  the ,sabbath stillness of
 the streets is not due to the throngs  
gathered  within the house of ,god4     

,they1 indeed1 are almost as empty as   
the  streets1 for the residents who once
 rendered each parish populous are  no  
longer here4 ,st4 ,paul's1 the cathedral
 church of the ,see of ,london1  is the 
present center of religious attraction1 
and here our travelers  passed many a   
quiet hour1 to say nothing of the more  
active seasons  when they walked from   
tomb to tomb through all its length and 
breadth2  paid their shilling and       
descended into the crypt and stood by   
the tomb  of ,wellington2 paid another  
and climbed to the whispering gallery2  
and  another and another1 and went to   
the tower of the clock2 and an extra    
sixpence and touched the great bell that
 strikes the hour4 ,the only  other     
service required of the bell is to toll 
at the deaths of members  of the royal  
family1 the bishop of ,london1 the dean 
of ,st4 ,paul's1 and  the mayors of     
,london who may die in office4 ,one and 
sixpence once more1  and the more       
adventurous of the quartette climbed up 

and squeezed into  the ball beneath the 
cross1 while the others lingered at the 
golden  gallery near the apex of the    
dome1 and gazed down upon the fog1      
through  which the roofs and towers and 
spires seemed like a strange shadowy    
spectre of a city1 struggling for a     
tangible form4 ,seen from the river1  or
 from ,blackfriars ,bridge1 the         
wonderful dome stands out in all its    
beauty of outline2 and early one morning
 they saw from the latter point  the    
great cross glittering far above the    
city in the sunlight1 which  had not yet
 scattered the fog on which it seemed to
 float4    ,not much time had our       
tourists1 however1 for puzzling their   
brains or  harrowing their souls over   
the questions of human destiny1 for     
their  heads were filled with all sorts 
of associations with men and books1  and
 they sometimes went wandering to and   
fro1 to find the very houses  where     
their favorite authors lived1 the spots 
where events of interest  had           

transpired1 the places made immortal by 
their poets' pens4 ,they  must have     
their visit to the ,tower1 long days in 
the ,museum and the  art galleries1 for 
had they not1 each and all1 in one form 
or another1  the genuine ,kensington    
craze8 ,they could not leave out any of 
the  more common things1 like a drive to
 ,richmond ,hill or an afternoon at  the
 8,zoo40 ,they must go to ,stoke ,pogis 
and recite the elegy in the  churchyard 
where ,gray wrote it4 ,they must have   
their day at ,windsor1  with its chance 
of seeing the queen driving in the park1
 and the visit  to ,sydenham's ,crystal 
,palace1 and the afternoon at ,hampton  
,court4  ,they must stroll down by ,hyde
 ,park corner and see fashionable       
,london  dragging monotonously around   
the drive1 or prancing on horseback     
through ,rotten ,row4 ,they must visit  
the ,parliament houses1 and find  many a
 still hour to linger and dream within  
the walls of the wonderful  old         
,westminster ,abbey1 that is of itself  

worth crossing an ocean to  see4 ,it is 
not for ,wesley's grave alone that we go
 to the ,city-road  ,chapel1 or for the 
grave of ,watts that we enter the       
,bunhill ,fields4 ,it  is not the tombs 
of the poets1 statesmen and martyrs that
 hold our  attention long1 but we seek  
in the living of to-day for the spirit  
that  animated the great1 now dead2 and 
eyes and ears alike are open to see  and
 hear the indications of growth in the  
noblest things4 ,it matters  little that
 we see only the outside of ,buckingham 
and ,st4 ,james4 ,there  are fairer     
palaces in ,london than those of her    
princes1 and to these1  her edifices    
devoted to the alleviation of human     
suffering and the  advancement of human 
progress1 we turn with never-tiring     
interest and  zeal4 ,in this class stand
 her colleges and hospitals and asylums1
 her  charitable organizations of every 
sort4 ,london gives yearly in food  and 
clothing1 and in the relief of disease1 
over thirteen millions  of dollars1 to  

say nothing of a million more given     
privately by  individuals4 ,for         
educational and religious purposes she  
spends seven  millions more1 and yet the
 city is filled in certain localities   
with  the most wretched of all citizens1
 the poor who are too far down to  care 
to be lifted up4    ,we passed          
delightful days in visiting some of the 
oldest as well as  some of the newest of
 the institutions of learning or        
charity4 ,among  the former the famous  
old ,st4 ,peter's ,college1 founded as  
8a publique  schoole for grammar1       
rethoricke and poetrie10 and the        
,charter ,house  ,school1 of which      
,wesley says1 8,i owed my health and    
long life to the  faithfulness with     
which ,i obeyed my father's injunction  
to run around  the ,charter ,house      
playing-green three times every         
morning10 and the  blue-coat school1    
where the boys dressed in blue coat1    
yellow petticoat  and stockings1 and red
 leather girdle around the waist1 seemed

 to have  stepped down from the         
sixteenth century4 ,blue was originally 
a color  only worn by dependents1 and   
never by gentlemen1 until after its use 
in the uniform of the ,british navy4 ,in
 striking contrast to these we  found   
,girton and the ,wesleyan ,normal       
,college1 for the training of  teachers 
and the teaching of children4 ,in       
another line of instruction  the        
,government ,school of ,design1 at      
,south ,kensington1 is doing a most     
interesting work4 ,one feature of its   
service to the people is well  worthy of
 imitation4 ,its library is rich in     
illustrated works1 and  these are open  
for the use1 not only of artists1 but of
 every poor  working man or woman1 at   
the price of one penny a volume4 ,from  
this  school large additions have been  
made to house decorators1 designers  and
 draughtsmen for the various            
manufactures and trades4 ,all the       
collections of the wonderful museums of 
,kensington are intended to  subserve   

the purpose of the school1 of which     
branches have been formed  in various   
manufacturing districts throughout      
,england4    ,no philanthropic work in  
,london will be more likely to attract  
the attention of ,americans1 than that  
done by the ,peabody fund in  the       
construction of the model lodging       
houses1 where three rooms1  comfortable 
and clean1 can be hired for five        
shillings a week4 ,the  buildings in the
 various districts where they have      
already been  erected are five stories  
in height1 well lighted1 well           
ventilated1 and  calculated in every way
 to make desirable homes for the very   
poor4  ,since the gift of ,mr4 ,peabody1
 the corporation of ,london has given   
land  and six hundred thousand dollars  
for the erection of model dwellings  for
 the working people4 ,before them in    
this benevolent work has been  the      
,baroness ,burdett-,couts1 whose heart  
has seemed to be as large as  her purse4
 ,a morning spent in exploring the      

vicinity of ,columbia ,square  ,market  
showed us her four large blocks of neat 
houses surrounding  a court all occupied
 now by a clean1 orderly class of       
people4 ,the  adjoining market1 built to
 accommodate the neighborhood on the    
site of  the old 8dust heap0 was also   
her work4 ,the place was one of the most
  filthy and pestilential haunts of vice
 and degradation in the city  of        
,london4 ,its refuse heaps were almost  
as high as its hovels1 and  foulness1   
moral and physical1 made the spot a     
breeding place of disease  to body and  
soul4 ,these are only instances of what 
may be done1 of what  must be done1     
indeed1 if cities like those of ,england
 and ,america are  ever to be lifted    
from the pauperism that destroys soul   
and body alike4  ,and the traveler1 who 
makes his journey without securing a    
knowledge  of what is stirring in other 
countries to solve the problem of       
helping  people to help themselves1     
misses both the truth as to the         

realities of  human conditions and the  
inspiration that comes from seeing what 
has  been already done4 ,the great      
consideration is time1 which is always  
and  everywhere too short4 ,our         
quartette labored faithfully and well1  
but1  like other travelers1 saw once    
what they wanted to see a dozen times1  
heard their favorite music in snatches  
and their favorite preachers  sometimes 
once and sometimes not at all4 ,they    
crowded ten objects of  interest into   
the time fairly due to one1 and left    
,london with the  feeling of a hungry   
man at a railway station whose bell     
rings just as  he has taken the first   
bite of his dinner4    8,who was it1 in 
,mother ,goose1 that #8whipped his      
children and made  them dance out of    
,ireland into ,france8'0 asks the scribe
 of the  quartette1 lifting her pen with
 a characteristic motion that betrays an
  inclination to put it behind her ear4 
8',twasn't anybody10 answers the        
scholar1 gruffly1 who feels a coming    

talk in the air and does not like  to be
 disturbed at his book4 8,yes1 it was60 
persists the scribe1 8and  whoever he   
was1 the chief is just like him4 ,here  
he is fairly lashing  us about          
,londontown to drive us over to         
,france40 ,behind his newspaper  the    
chief smiles4 8,you will be glad ,i     
hastened you1 when once you are  there  
out of this wretched fog40    8,but ,i  
haven't had half enough of ,london40    
8,true1 and you never would have enough4
 ,it's a place to live in1 not  to      
visit60    8,then ,i'd like to live on1 
straight along40    8,very good6 ,the   
rest of us must go around the world40   
8,but we have made a mistake6 no one    
could do it in the time we have  set40  
8,a common experience1 again1 sister10  
said the chief1 who1 having the  times  
and seasons in his hands1 and having    
been indulgent enough to  stay on from  
day to day1 was at last in a somewhat   
inexorable mood4    ,and though there   
was still some coaxing to stay1 one     

bright morning  found us fairly started 
on our dance 8out of ,england into      
,france40    ,the morning of our        
departure is fine2 the air delicious1 a 
fresh breeze  blowing from the west4 ,a 
good course of packing lasting well into
 the  night added physical weariness to 
the rather thin layer of mental  fatigue
 consequent on keeping a journal1 and   
therefore ,london seems  less attractive
 than it did4 ,if it were not for a     
faint foreboding  sense that the        
,channel lies just before1 we could even
 begin to be  glad that the metropolis  
is left behind4 ,the chief does not say1
 8,i  told you so0 as he sees our       
spirits rise1 but then the chief is--not
 a  woman4 ,it is soon over1--the three 
hours of grace that it takes us to      
whirl down to ,folkestone1 and it's     
three hours of pleasure1 except the     
last few minutes when we catch the      
mocking toss of the saucy white-caps  on
 the waves4 ,we rejoiced this morning in
 the wind that scattered the  ,london   

fog1 but now we know how felt ,lot's    
wife in that dire day of  ,sodom4       
,bravely as possible we march to our    
fate4 ,the wicked scribe  can not       
forbear asking the chief whose white    
cheeks contradict his  defiant          
expression1 if he is glad he 8made her  
dance40 ,we hear people  in various     
stages of resistance saying 8this is not
 bad2 that the  channel is often worse40
 8,no doubt6 no doubt60 but we do not   
care to  discuss it1 and the photographs
 of the quartette would show them seated
  lugubriously1 with their backs to the 
smoke-stack1 not coldly unsocial1  but  
each meditating profoundly on topics    
that are not to the others of  the      
slightest concern4 ,they are meditating 
only1 and1 meantime that  smoke-stack   
rides up into the air1 and they with it1
 and it fairly  seems to be intoxicated 
at its upper end1 yet they hold fast to 
it and  to each other down below2 and   
then it changes its mind and seems to go
  down and down1 until they feel as if  

they were in the fast diminishing       
turret of a monitor1 and that the bottom
 is dropping out of the depth  of the   
sea4    ,and yet they live1 and revive1 
and when the boat touches               
,boulogne-sur-,mer1 are ready for the   
,french-,english table d'hte served  at 
the railway restaurant1 and the scribe  
at least is ready for a walk  to the    
heights above the town1 8just to look   
back to old ,england1 you  know10 and   
see what ,napoleon saw when he gathered 
his army of nearly  two hundred thousand
 men along this coast1 and filled the   
harbor with  his ships1 and watched and 
waited his chance to go over and take   
the  ,british bull by the horns4        
8,think1 sister1 how the fate of the    
nations might have been changed1 if     
only ,napoleon had gone0--says the chief
 thoughtfully4    8,now1 brother1 if you
 are going to meditate1 or moralize1 we 
shall miss  the train10 answers the     
scribe4    ,he looks at her gravely4 8,i
 am afraid10 he says under his breath1  

8that  my next duty will be to train    
that miss40        7,to be continued47  
,,thrift4    ,by ,,charles ,,kingsley4  
,a ,lecture for ,women4      ,consider  
that word thrift4 ,if you will look at  
,dr4 ,johnson's  ,dictionary1 or if you 
know your ,shakspere1 you will see that 
thrift  signified originally profits1   
gain1 riches gotten--in a word1 the     
marks  of a man's thriving4    ,how1    
then1 did the word thrift get to mean   
parsimony1 frugality1 the  opposite of  
waste8 ,just in the same way as         
economy--which1 first1 of  course1 meant
 the management of a household--got to  
mean also the  opposite of waste4    ,it
 was found that in commerce1 in         
husbandry1 in any process1 in fact1  men
 throve in proportion as they saved     
their capital1 their material1  their   
force4    ,now this is a great law which
 runs through life2 one of those laws   
of nature--call them1 rather1 laws of   
,god--which apply not merely to         
political economy1 to commerce1 and to  

mechanics2 but to physiology1 to        
society2 to the intellect1 to the heart1
 of every person in this room4    ,the  
secret of thriving is thrift2 saving of 
force2 to get as much work  as possible 
done with the least expenditure of      
power1 the least jar and  obstruction1  
the least wear and tear4    ,and the    
secret of thrift is knowledge4 ,in      
proportion as you know the  laws and    
nature of a subject1 you will be able to
 work at it easily1  surely1 rapidly1   
successfully2 instead of wasting your   
money or  your energies in mistaken     
schemes1 irregular efforts1 which end in
  disappointment and exhaustion4    ,the
 secret of thrift1 ,i say1 is knowledge4
 ,the more you know1 the more  you can  
save yourself and that which belongs to 
you2 and can do more  work with less    
effort4    ,a knowledge of the laws of  
commercial credit1 we all know1 saves   
capital1 enabling a less capital to do  
the work of a greater4 ,knowledge  of   
the electric telegraph saves time2      

knowledge of writing saves human  speech
 and locomotion2 knowledge of domestic  
economy saves income2  knowledge of     
sanitary laws saves health and life2    
knowledge of the laws  of the intellect 
saves wear and tear of brain2 and       
knowledge of the  laws of the           
spirit--what does it not save8    ,a    
well-educated moral sense1 a            
well-regulated character1 saves from    
idleness and ennui1 alternating with    
sentimentality and excitement1  those   
tender emotions1 those deeper passions1 
those nobler aspirations  of humanity1  
which are the heritage of the woman far 
more than of the  man2 and which are    
potent in her1 for evil or for good1 in 
proportion  as they are left to run wild
 and undisciplined1 or are trained and  
developed into graceful1 harmonious1    
self-restraining strength1  beautiful in
 themselves1 and a blessing to all who  
come under their  influence4    ,what1  
therefore1 ,i recommend to ladies in    
this lecture is thrift2  thrift of      

themselves and of their own powers3 and 
knowledge as the  parent of thrift4     
8,to fit women for the more enlightened 
performance of their special  duties20  
to help them towards learning how to do 
better what we doubt  not they are      
already doing well2 is1 ,i honestly     
believe1 the only  object of the        
promoters of this scheme4    ,let us see
 now how some of these special duties   
can be better performed  by help of a   
little enlightenment as to the laws     
which regulate them4    ,now1 no man    
will deny--certainly no man who is past 
forty-five1 and  whose digestion is     
beginning to quail before the lumps of  
beef and  mutton which are the boast of 
a well-regulated kitchen1 and to prefer1
  with ,justice ,shallow1 and1 ,i       
presume1 ,sir ,john ,falstaff also1 8any
  pretty little tiny kickshaws0--no man1
 ,i say1 who has reached that age1  but 
will feel it a practical comfort to him 
to know that the young  ladies of his   
family are at all events good cooks2 and

 understand1 as  the ,french do1 thrift 
in the matter of food4    ,neither will 
any parent who wishes1 naturally enough1
 that his  daughters should cost him as 
little as possible2 and wishes1         
naturally  enough also1 that they should
 be as well dressed as possible1 deny   
that it would be a good thing for them  
to be practical milliners and           
mantua-makers2 and1 by making their own 
clothes gracefully and well1  exercise  
thrift in clothing4    ,but1 beside this
 thrift in clothing1 ,i am not alone1 ,i
 believe1  in wishing for some thrift in
 the energy which produces it4 ,labor   
misapplied1 you will agree1 is labor    
wasted2 and as dress1 ,i presume1  is   
intended to adorn the person of the     
wearer1 the making a dress which  only  
disfigures her may be considered as a   
plain case of waste4 ,it  would be      
impertinent in me to go into any        
details3 but it is impossible  to walk  
about the streets now without passing   
young people who must be  under a deep  

delusion as to the success of their own 
toilette4 ,instead  of graceful and     
noble simplicity of form1 instead of    
combinations  of color at once rich and 
delicate1 because in accordance with the
  chromatic laws of nature1 one meets   
with phenomena more and more  painful to
 the eye1 and startling to common sense1
 till one would be  hardly more         
astonished1 and certainly hardly more   
shocked1 if in a  year or two one should
 pass some one going about like a       
,chinese lady1  with pinched feet1 or   
like a savage of the ,amazons1 with a   
wooden bung  through her lower lip4 ,it 
is easy to complain of these            
monstrosities3  but impossible to cure  
them1 it seems to me1 without an        
education of  the taste1 an education in
 those laws of nature which produce     
beauty in  form and beauty in color4    
,for that cause of these failures lies  
in want  of education is patent4 ,they  
are most common in--,i had almost said  
they  are confined to--those classes of 

well-to-do persons who are the least    
educated2 who have no standard of taste 
of their own2 and who do not  acquire   
any from cultivated friends and         
relations3 who1 in consequence1  dress  
themselves blindly according to what    
they conceive to be ,paris  fashions1   
conveyed at third-hand through an       
equally uneducated  dressmaker2 in      
innocent ignorance of the fact--for fact
 ,i believe it to  be--that ,paris      
fashions are invented now not in the    
least for the sake  of beauty1 but for  
the sake of producing1 through variety1 
increased  expenditure1 and thereby     
increased employment2 according to the  
strange  system which now prevails in   
,france of compelling1 if not           
prosperity1  at least the signs of it2  
and like schoolboys before a holiday1   
nailing  up the head of the weather     
glass to insure fine weather4    ,let   
the ladies educate themselves in those  
laws of beauty which are as  eternal as 
any other of nature's laws2 which may be

 seen fulfilled1  as ,mr4 ,ruskin tells 
us1 so eloquently in every flower and   
every leaf1  in sweeping down and       
rippling wave3 and they will be able to 
invent  graceful and economical dresses 
for themselves1 without importing       
tawdry and expensive ugliness from      
,france4    ,let me now go a step       
further1 and ask you to consider        
this4--,there are  now a vast number1   
and an increasing number1 of young women
 who1 from  various circumstances which 
we all know1 must in after life be      
either  the mistresses of their own     
fortunes1 or the earners of their own   
bread4 ,and to do that wisely and well1 
they must be more or less women  of     
business2 and to be women of business1  
they must know something of  the meaning
 of the words capital1 profit1 price1   
value1 labor1 wages1  and of the        
relations between those two last4 ,in a 
word1 they must know  a little political
 economy4 ,nay1 ,i sometimes think that 
the mistress  of every household might  

find1 not only thrift of money1 but     
thrift of  brain2 freedom from mistakes1
 anxieties1 worries of many kinds1 all  
of which eat out the health as well as  
the heart1 by a little sound  knowledge 
of the principles of political economy4 
,when we consider that every mistress of
 a household is continually  buying1 if 
not selling2 that she is continually    
hiring and employing  labor in the form 
of servants2 and very often1 into the   
bargain1  keeping her husband's         
accounts3 ,i cannot but think that her  
hard-worked  brain might be clearer1 and
 her hard-tried desire to do her duty by
  every subject in her little kingdom1  
might be more easily satisfied1  had she
 read something of what ,mr4 ,john      
,stuart ,mill has written1  especially  
on the duties of employer and employed4 
,a capitalist1 a  commercialist1 an     
employer of labor1 and an               
accountant--every mistress  of a        
household is all these1 whether she     
likes it or not2 and it would  be surely

 well for her1 in so very complicated a 
state of society as  this1 not to trust 
merely to that mother-wit1 that         
intuitive sagacity  and innate power of 
ruling her fellow-creatures1 which      
carries women so  nobly through their   
work in simpler and less civilized      
societies4    ,and here ,i stop to      
answer those who may say--as ,i have    
heard it  said--that a woman's intellect
 is not fit for business2 that when a   
woman takes to business1 she is apt to  
do it ill1 and unpleasantly  likewise3  
to be more suspicious1 more irritable1  
more grasping1 more  unreasonable1 than 
regular men of business would be3       
that--as ,i have  heard it put--8a woman
 does not fight fair40 ,the answer is   
simple4 ,that  a woman's intellect is   
eminently fitted for business is proved 
by  the enormous amount of business she 
gets through without any special        
training for it3 but those faults in a  
woman of which some men complain  are   
simply the results of her not having had

 a special training4 ,she  does not know
 the laws of business4 ,she does not    
know the rules of  the game she is      
playing2 and therefore she is playing it
 in the dark1  in fear and suspicion1   
apt to judge of questions on personal   
grounds1  often offending those with    
whom she has to do1 and oftener still   
making  herself miserable over matters  
of law or of business1 on which a little
  sound knowledge would set her head and
 her heart at rest4    ,when ,i have    
seen widows1 having the care of         
children1 of a great  household1 of     
great estate1 of a great business1      
struggling heroically1  and yet often   
mistakenly2 blamed severely for         
selfishness and ambition1  while they   
were really sacrificing themselves with 
the divine instinct  of a mother for    
their children's interest3 ,i have stood
 by with mingled  admiration and pity1  
and said to myself--8,how nobly she is  
doing the  work without teaching6 ,how  
much more nobly would she have done it  

had  she been taught6 ,she is now doing 
the work at the most enormous waste  of 
energy and of virtue3 had she had       
knowledge1 thrift would have  followed  
it2 she would have done more work with  
far less trouble4 ,she  will probably   
kill herself if she goes on3 sound      
knowledge would have  saved her health1 
saved her heart1 saved her friends1 and 
helped the  very loved ones for whom she
 labors1 not always with success40    ,a
 little political economy1 therefore1   
will at least do no harm to a  woman2   
especially if she have to take care of  
herself in after life2  neither1 ,i     
think1 will she be much harmed by some  
sound knowledge of  another             
subject1--8,natural philosophy1 in its  
various branches1 such as  the chemistry
 of common life1 light1 heat1           
electricity1 etc41 etc40    ,a little   
knowledge of the laws of light1 for     
instance1 would teach many  women that  
by shutting themselves up day after day1
 week after week1  in darkened rooms1   

they are as certainly committing a waste
 of health1  destroying their vital     
energy1 and diseasing their brains1 as  
if they  were taking so much poison the 
whole time4    ,for let me ask you1     
ladies1 with all courtesy1 but with all 
earnestness--,are you aware of certain  
facts1 of which every excellent  medical
 man is too well aware8 ,are you aware  
that more human beings are  killed every
 year by unnecessary and preventable    
diseases than were  killed at ,waterloo 
or at ,sadowa8 ,are you aware that the  
great majority  of those victims are    
children8 ,are you aware that the       
diseases which  carry them off are for  
the most part such as ought to be       
specially  under the control of the     
women who love them1 pet them1 educate  
them1 and would in many cases1 if need  
be1 lay down their lives for  them8 ,are
 you aware1 again1 of the vast amount of
 disease which1 so  both wise mothers   
and wise doctors assure me1 is          
engendered in the  sleeping-room from   

simple ignorance of the laws of         
ventilation1 and  in the school-room    
likewise1 from simple ignorance of the  
laws of  physiology8 from an ignorance  
of which ,i shall mention no other case 
here save one--that too often from      
ignorance of signs of approaching       
disease1 a child is punished for what is
 called idleness1 listlessness1         
wilfulness1 sulkiness2 and punished1    
too1 in the unwisest way--by an         
increase of tasks and confinement to the
 house1 thus overtasking still  more a  
brain already overtasked1 and depressing
 still more1 by robbing  it of oxygen   
and of exercise1 a system already       
depressed8 ,are you  aware1 ,i ask      
again1 of all this8 ,i speak earnestly  
upon this point1  because ,i speak with 
experience4 ,as a single instance3 a    
medical man1  a friend of mine1 passing 
by his own school-room1 heard one of his
  own little girls screaming and crying1
 and went in4 ,the governess1  an       
excellent woman1 but wholly ignorant of 

the laws of physiology1  complained that
 the child of late had become obstinate 
and would not  learn2 and that therefore
 she must punish her by keeping her     
indoors  over the unlearned lessons4    
,the father1 who knew that the child was
  usually very good1 looked at her      
carefully for a little while2 sent her  
out of the schoolroom2 and then said1   
8,that child must not open a book  for a
 month40 8,if ,i had not acted so10 he  
said to me1 8,i should have  had that   
child dead of brain disease within a    
year40    ,now1 in the face of such     
facts as these1 is it too much to ask of
  mothers1 sisters1 aunts1 nurses1      
governesses--all who may be occupied  in
 the care of children1 especially of    
girls--that they should study  thrift of
 human health and human life1 by        
studying somewhat the laws  of life and 
health8 ,there are books--,i may say a  
whole literature  of books--written by  
scientific doctors on these matters1    
which  are in my mind far more important

 to the schoolroom than half the  trashy
 accomplishments1 so-called1 which are  
expected to be known by  governesses4   
,but are they bought8 ,are they even to 
be bought1 from  most country           
booksellers8 ,ah1 for a little knowledge
 of the laws to  the neglect of which is
 owing so much fearful disease1 which if
 it  does not produce immediate death1  
too often leaves the constitution       
impaired for years to come4 ,ah the     
waste of health and strength in the     
young2 the waste1 too1 of anxiety and   
misery in those who love and tend  them4
 ,how much of it might be saved by a    
little rational education in  those laws
 of nature which are the will of ,god   
about the welfare of our  bodies1 and   
which1 therefore1 we are as much bound  
to know and to obey  as we are bound to 
know and obey the spiritual laws whereon
 depends the  welfare of our souls4     
,pardon me1 ladies1 if ,i have given a  
moment's pain to any one here3 but  ,i  
appeal to every medical man in the room 

whether ,i have not spoken  the truth2  
and having such an opportunity as this1 
,i felt that ,i must  speak for the sake
 of children1 and of women likewise1 or 
else for ever  hereafter hold my peace4 
,let me pass on from this painful       
subject--for painful it has been to me  
for many years--to a question of        
intellectual thrift--by which ,i mean   
just now thrift of words2 thrift of     
truth2 restraint of the tongue2         
accuracy and modesty in statement4      
,mothers complain to me that girls are  
apt to be--not intentionally            
untruthful--but exaggerative1           
prejudiced1 incorrect1 in repeating a   
conversation or describing an event2 and
 that from this fault arise1  as is to  
be expected1 misunderstandings1         
quarrels1 rumors1 slanders1  scandals1  
and what not4    ,now1 for this waste of
 words there is but one cure2 and if ,i 
be told  that it is a natural fault of  
women2 that they cannot take the calm   
judicial view of matters which men      

boast1 and often boast most wrongly1    
that they can take2 that under the      
influence of hope1 fear1 delicate       
antipathy1 honest moral indignation1    
they will let their eyes and ears  be   
governed by their feelings2 and see and 
hear only what they wish to  see and    
hear3 ,i answer1 that it is not for me  
as a man to start such a  theory2 but   
that if it be true1 it is an additional 
argument for some  education which will 
correct this supposed natural defect4   
,and ,i say  deliberately that there is 
but one sort of education which will    
correct  it1 one which will teach young 
women to observe facts accurately1 judge
  them calmly and describe them         
carefully1 without adding or distorting3
  and that is1 some training in natural 
science4    ,i beg you not to be        
startled3 but if you are1 then test the 
truth of  my theory by playing to-night 
at the game called 8,russian ,scandal20 
in  which a story1 repeated in secret by
 one player to the other1 comes  out at 

the end of the game1 owing to the       
inaccurate and--forgive me if  ,i say   
it--uneducated brains through which it  
has passed1 utterly unlike  its         
original2 not only ludicrously maimed   
and distorted1 but often  with the most 
fantastic addition of events1 details1  
names1 dates1  places1 which each player
 will aver he received from the player  
before  him4 ,i am afraid that too much 
of the average gossip of every city1    
town and village is little more than a  
game of 8,russian ,scandal20 with  this 
difference1 that while one is but a     
game1 the other is but too  mischievous 
earnest4    ,but now1 if among your     
party there shall be an average lawyer1 
medical  man1 or man of science1 you    
will find that he1 and perhaps he alone1
  will be able to retail accurately the 
story which has been told him4  ,and    
why8 ,simply because his mind has been  
trained to deal with facts2  to         
ascertain exactly what he does see or   
hear1 and to imprint its  leading       

features strongly and clearly on his    
memory4    ,i could say much on this    
point3 allow me at least to say this3 ,i
 verily  believe that any young lady who
 would employ some of her leisure time  
in collecting wild flowers1 carefully   
examining them1 verifying them1  and    
arranging them2 or who would in her     
summer trip to the sea-coast  do the    
same by the common objects of the shore1
 instead of wasting  her holiday1 as one
 sees hundreds doing1 in lounging on    
benches on  the esplanade1 reading      
worthless novels1 and criticising       
dresses--that  such a young lady1 ,i    
say1 would not only open her own mind to
 a world  of wonder1 beauty1 and wisdom1
 which1 if it did not make her a more   
reverent and pious soul1 she can not be 
the woman which ,i take her for  granted
 she is2 but would save herself from the
 habit--,i had almost said  the         
necessity--of gossip2 because she would 
have things to think of and  not merely 
persons2 facts instead of fancies2 while

 she would acquire  something of        
accuracy1 of patience1 of methodical    
observation and  judgment1 which would  
stand her in good stead in the events of
 daily  life and increase her power of  
bridling her tongue and her imagination4
  8,god is in heaven1 and thou upon     
earth2 therefore let thy words be  few20
 is the lesson which those are learning 
all day long who study the  works of    
,god with reverent accuracy1 lest by    
misrepresenting them they  should be    
tempted to say that ,god has done that  
which ,he has not2 and  in that         
wholesome discipline ,i long that women 
as well as men should  share4    ,and   
now ,i come to a thrift of the highest  
kind1 as contrasted with a  waste the   
most deplorable and ruinous of all2     
thrift of those faculties  which connect
 us with the unseen and spiritual world2
 with humanity1  with ,christ1 with     
,god2 thrift of the immortal spirit4 ,i 
am not going  now to give you a sermon  
on duty4 ,you hear such1 ,i doubt not1  

in church  every ,sunday1 far better    
than ,i can preach to you4 ,i am going  
to speak  rather of thrift of the heart1
 thrift of the emotions4 ,how they are  
wasted in these days in reading what are
 called sensation novels1 all  know but 
too well2 how good literature--all that 
the best hearts and  intellects among   
our forefathers have bequeathed to      
us--is neglected for  light fiction1 the
 reading of which is1 as a lady well    
said1 8the worst  form of               
intemperance--dram-drinking and         
opium-eating1 intellectual and  moral40 
,i know that the young will             
delight--they have delighted in all     
ages1  and will to the end of time--in  
fictions which deal with that 8oldest   
tale which is forever new40 ,novels will
 be read3 but that is all the  more     
reason why women should be trained1 by  
the perusal of a higher1  broader1      
deeper literature1 to distinguish the   
good novel from the bad1  the moral from
 the immoral1 the noble from the base1  

the true work of  art from the sham     
which hides its shallowness and         
vulgarity under a  tangled plot and     
melodramatic situations4 ,she should    
learn--and that she  can only learn by  
cultivation--to discern with joy1 and   
drink in with  reverence1 the good1 the 
beautiful1 and the true2 and to turn    
with the  fine scorn of a pure and      
strong womanhood from the bad1 the ugly1
 and  the false4    ,and if any parent  
should be inclined to reply--8,why lay  
so much stress  upon educating a girl in
 good literature8 ,is it not far more   
important  to make our daughters read   
religious books80 ,i answer--of course  
it is4  ,i take for granted that that is
 done in a ,christian land4 ,but ,i beg 
you  to recollect that there are books  
and books2 and that in these days  of a 
free press it is impossible1 in the long
 run1 to prevent girls  reading books of
 very different shades of opinion1 and  
very different  religious worth4 ,it may
 be1 therefore1 of the very highest     

importance  to a girl to have her       
intellect1 her taste1 her emotions1 her 
moral  sense1 in a word1 her whole      
womanhood1 so cultivated and regulated  
that she shall herself be able to       
discern the true from the false1  the   
orthodox from the unorthodox1 the truly 
devout from the merely  sentimental1 the
 gospel from its counterfeits4    ,i    
should have thought that there never had
 been since the ,reformation1  a crisis 
at which young women required more      
careful cultivation on  these matters2  
if at least they are to be saved from   
making themselves  and their families   
miserable2 and from ending--as ,i have  
known too many  end--with broken hearts1
 broken brains1 broken health1 and an   
early  grave4    ,take warning by what  
you see abroad4 ,in every country where 
the  women are uneducated1 unoccupied2  
where their only literature is  ,french 
novels or translations of them--in every
 one of those countries  the women1 even
 to the highest1 are the slaves of      

superstition1  and the puppets of       
priests4 ,in proportion as1 in certain  
other  countries--notably1 ,i will say1 
in ,scotland--the women are highly      
educated1 family life and family secrets
 are sacred1 and the woman owns         
allegiance and devotion to no confessor 
or director1 but to her own  husband or 
to her own family4    ,i say plainly1   
that if any parents wish their daughters
 to succumb  at last to some quackery or
 superstition1 whether calling itself   
scientific1 or calling itself           
religious--and there are too many of    
both  just now--they can not more       
certainly effect their purpose than by  
allowing her to grow up ignorant1       
frivolous1 luxurious1 vain2 with her    
emotions excited1 but not satisfied1 by 
the reading of foolish and even  immoral
 novels4    ,in such a case the more    
delicate and graceful the organization1 
the  more noble and earnest the nature1 
which has been neglected1 the more      
certain it is--,i know too well what ,i 

am saying--to go astray4    ,the time of
 depression1 disappointment1 vacuity1   
all but despair1 must  come4 ,the       
immortal spirit1 finding no healthy     
satisfaction for its  highest           
aspirations1 is but too likely to betake
 itself to an unhealthy  and exciting   
superstition4 ,ashamed of its own long  
self-indulgence1 it  is but too likely  
to flee from itself into a morbid       
asceticism4 ,not  having been taught its
 ,god-given and natural duties in the   
world1 it  is but too likely to betake  
itself1 from the mere craving for       
action1  to self-invented and unnatural 
duties out of the world4 ,ignorant of   
true science1 yet craving to understand 
the wonders of nature and of  spirit1 it
 is but too likely to betake itself to  
non-science--nonsense  as it is usually 
called--whether of spirit-rapping and   
mesmerism1 or  miraculous relics and    
winking pictures4 ,longing for guidance 
and  teaching1 and never having been    
taught to guide and teach itself1 it  is

 but too likely to deliver itself up in 
self-despair to the guidance  and       
teaching of those who1 whether they be  
quacks or fanatics1 look on  uneducated 
women as their natural prey4    ,one    
word more1 and ,i have done4 ,let me ask
 women to educate themselves1  not for  
their own sakes merely1 but for the sake
 of others4 ,for whether  they will or  
not1 they must educate others4 ,i do not
 speak merely of  those who may be      
engaged in the work of direct teaching2 
that they  ought to be well taught      
themselves1 who can doubt8 ,i speak of  
those--and  in so doing ,i speak of     
every woman1 young and old--who         
exercises as  wife1 as mother1 as aunt1 
as sister1 or as friend1 an influence1  
indirect it may be1 and unconscious1 but
 still potent and practical1 on  the    
minds and characters of those about     
them1 especially of men4 ,how  potent   
and practical that influence is1 those  
know best who know most  of the world   
and most of human nature4 ,there are    

those who consider--and  ,i agree with  
them--that the education of boys under  
twelve years ought  to be entrusted as  
much as possible to women4 ,let me      
ask--of what period  of youth and       
manhood does not the same hold true8 ,i 
pity the ignorance  and conceit of the  
man who fancies that he has nothing left
 to learn  from cultivated women4       
,surely that is woman's calling--to     
teach man3 and to teach him what8 ,to   
teach him1 after all1 that his calling  
is the same as hers1 if he will  but see
 the things which belong to his peace4  
,to temper his fiercer1  coarser1 more  
self-assertive nature1 by the contact of
 her gentleness1  purity1               
self-sacrifice4 ,to make him see that   
not by blare of trumpets1  not by noise1
 wrath1 greed1 ambition1 intrigue1      
puffery1 is good and  lasting work to be
 done on earth3 but by wise             
self-distrust1 by silent  labor1 by     
lofty self-control1 by that charity     
which hopeth all things1  believeth all 

things1 endureth all things2 by such an 
example1 in  short1 as women now in tens
 of thousands set to those around them2 
such as they will show more and more1   
the more their whole womanhood  is      
educated to employ its powers without   
waste and without haste in  harmonious  
unity4 ,let the woman begin in girlhood1
 if such be her happy  lot--to quote the
 words of a great poet1 a great         
philosopher1 and a  great ,churchman1   
,william ,wordsworth--let her begin1 ,i 
say--        8,with all things round    
about her drawn       ,from ,may-time   
and the cheerful dawn2       ,a dancing 
shape1 an image gay1       ,to haunt1 to
 startle1 and waylay40    ,let her      
develop onwards--        8,a spirit1 yet
 a woman too1       ,with household     
motions light and free1       ,and steps
 of virgin liberty4       ,a countenance
 in which shall meet       ,sweet       
records1 promises as sweet2       ,a    
creature not too bright and good        
,for human nature's daily food2         

,for transient sorrows1 simple wiles1   
,praise1 blame1 love1 kisses1 tears1 and
 smiles40    ,but let her highest and   
her final development be that which not 
nature1  but self-education alone can   
bring--that which makes her once and    
forever--        8,a being breathing    
thoughtful breath2       ,a traveler    
betwixt life and death4       ,with     
reason firm with temperate will1        
,endurance1 foresight1 strength and     
skill4       ,a perfect woman1 nobly    
planned1       ,to warn1 to comfort and 
command4       ,and yet a spirit still  
and bright       ,with something of an  
angel light40          ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4  
,,work4    ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4   
,d41 ,,superintendent ,,of              
,,instruction1 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4      ,the
 ,sunday ,readings of the ,january and  
,february numbers constitute the        
8required0 reading on 8,bible and       
,religious ,history and ,literature40   
,if  now and then you consider the      
selections 8a little too long10 read    

them  carefully for your profit4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,on the ,sabbaths of ,january and       
,february we read outlines of ,bible    
,history principally from the           
abridgement by ,dr4 ,collier4 ,it will  
be  well 7although it is not required7  
also to read and study the outline      
lessons in the ,history of the ,bible   
and in ,bible ,history1 as given in     
,chautauqua ,text-,book ,no4 #cf1       
8,assembly ,bible ,outlines10 pages     
#g-cg4  ,price of ,chautauqua           
,text-,book ,no4 #cf1 only ten cents4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,the people who most need the ministry  
of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 are not  likely  
to take it up at first1 and therefore   
those who appreciate its  advantages    
should seek out persons likely to be    
profited by it4 ,think  over your list  
of acquaintances1 rich and poor1 people 
of wealth and  people engrossed with    
business or domestic care4 ,go with     
personal  explanations and appeals and  

induce them to join the ,circle1 or to  
take  up some part of its work1 the     
reading of one book1 or the reading of a
  special course1 like the ,bryant or   
the ,shakspere course4           99     
99       99       99       99    ,i want
 to call your attention to a valuable   
book for every student's                
table--8,roget's ,thesaurus40 ,it       
enables one to find a whole family of   
words by knowing one of them4 ,the      
classification is well nigh perfect4    
,phrases1 as well as words1 are included
 in the list4 ,for example1 look  into  
the index for the word 8circle40 ,your  
attention is called at once  to         
paragraph #aha1 which gives synonymous  
words of circle1 as defining  a         
8region30 sphere1 ground1 soil1 area1   
realm1 hemisphere1 quarter1  district1  
beat1 orb1 circuit1 circle2 pale2       
compartment1 department2  domain1 tract1
 territory1 country1 canton1 county1    
shire1 province1  arrondissement1       
parish1 township1 commune1 ward1        

wapentake1  hundred1 riding2            
principality1 duchy1 kingdom1 etc4 ,or  
we turn to  the word circle1 as 8form10 
in paragraph #bdg1 where we have3       
circle1  circlet1 ring1 areola1 hoop1   
roundlet1 annulus1 annulet1 bracelet1   
armlet2 ringlet2 eye1 loop1 wheel2      
cycle1 orb1 orbit1 rundle1 zone1  belt1 
cordon1 band2 sash1 girdle1 cestus1     
cincture1 baldric1 fillet1  fascia1     
wreath1 garland2 crown1 corona1 coronet1
 chaplet1 snood1  necklace1 collar2     
noose1 lasso4 ,or take the word circle  
as a 8party10  paragraph #gab1 where we 
find3 party1 side1 faction1             
denomination1  communion1 set1 crew1    
band1 horde1 posse1 phalanx2 family1    
clan1 etc41  etc42 community1 body1     
fellowship1 sodality1 solidarity2       
confraternity2  brotherhood1 sisterhood1
 etc41 etc41 and so on through one      
thousand  paragraphs1 filling #dbi      
pages1 and then followed by a           
four-columned  index on each page for   
#bga more pages4 ,the book is indeed a  

treasury of  the ,english language4     
,price1 sent to members of the ,c4 ,l4  
,s4 ,c41 #a4fj4           99       99   
99       99       99    ,the ,cincinnati
 local circle has great enterprise4 ,it 
announces a  third annual course of free
 lectures for the coming winter4 ,our   
correspondent1 ,miss ,eleanor ,c4       
,o',connell1 writes3 8,we are now       
planning  for the organization of a     
branch #8,society of the ,hall in the   
,grove1'  for1 besides having an alumnal
 meeting1 it is our desire that next    
year1 and each succeeding one1 the older
 graduates shall give in  ,october a    
reception to the last graduating class1 
and thus1 by  welcoming them into this  
fraternity1 help keep up their interest 
in the  ,circle4 ,i hope that when you  
come we will have a good report to make 
concerning '#hb welcoming those of this 
year40           99       99       99   
99       99    ,have you put our        
8university property0 in order8 ,have   
you a cozy corner  in your house        

belonging to the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c48 ,is   
the 8dormitory0 well  ventilated8 ,is   
the food in the 8refectory0 healthful8  
,are the 8hours of  reading0 regularly  
observed8           99       99       99
       99       99    ,such words as    
these are refreshing3 8,though only a   
two-year-old  ,chautauquan1 ,i feel that
 these two years have been richer and   
more  valuable to me than twice their   
number before4 ,they have indeed changed
  the whole tenor of my life4 ,next year
 ,i expect to attend ,michigan          
,university as a result of the work of  
the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,i feel that        
whatever may be the degree of usefulness
 which ,i hope to reach1 it will  be    
owing to the inspiration received from  
my present course of reading40          
99       99       99       99       99  
,while members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4   
should read the whole series of books   
prescribed1 each member should select   
one book to which he is to give         
especial attention4 ,the others are     

books for outlook2 this is a book  for  
mental discipline4 ,he must master it1  
drill himself on it1 study it           
critically1 doing with it what1 if he   
had the time1 he would do with  every   
book of the course4           99        
99       99       99       99    ,as far
 as practicable1 follow the prescribed  
order of the reading1  taking up each   
month the work prescribed for that      
month4 ,there is no  law of the ,medes  
and ,persians about it1 but the work    
will be very much  more satisfactorily  
done where this rule is observed4 ,it is
 always  easier to make reports1 and    
fill out the memoranda1 etc41 when the  
work  is performed in the prescribed    
order4           99       99       99   
99       99    ,i suggest to all        
students the value of much conversation 
and council in  the departments of      
study4 ,is there not some teacher or    
other specialist  in your community who 
would be glad occasionally to give you  
helpful  hints in history1 or other     

branch of study8 ,is there not1 for     
example1  some one who takes a special  
interest in geology1 and who1 during the
  months devoted to this study1 would be
 glad to guide you to a more  practical 
knowledge than you can get from mere    
books8 ,learn to utilize  the talent of 
your community4 ,ask questions4 ,do not 
be ashamed to  betray ignorance4 ,state 
your opinions4 ,what if you make a      
mistake8 ,you  will not be likely to    
make it a second time4 ,the introduction
 into your  life of casual conversations
 on useful subjects will give both      
strength  and dignity to your life4     
,watch therefore the people of your     
community2  pick out those who know and 
can help4 ,get help out of them4 ,they  
will  delight to serve you1 and the     
service will do both them and you great 
good4           99       99       99    
99       99    ,it matters little       
whether a man be mathematically1 or     
philologically1  or artistically        
cultivated1 so that he be               

cultivated4--,goethe4           99      
99       99       99       99           
,members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 in     
addressing the ,plainfield office1  are 
requested to give complete addresses1   
town1 county1 state1 and  also the class
 to which they belong4 ,this will       
prevent the necessity  of referring to  
the records before the letters can be   
answered4  ,secretaries of local circles
 in cities1 in sending to the office1   
should always give the street address of
 each member to whom a fee is  to be    
credited4           99       99       99
       99       99    ,the filling up of
 the blank pages in ,dr4 ,wilkinson's   
,preparatory ,greek  ,course in         
,english1 while earnestly recommended1  
is not required4           99       99  
99       99       99    ,by a mistake1  
the ,little ,classical ,dictionary1     
published by ,j4 ,b4  ,putnam's ,sons1  
,new ,york ,city1 was announced at      
thirty cents1 by mail4  ,the price is   
forty cents4 ,let all students take note

 of this4           99       99       99
       99       99    ,our friend1 ,miss
 ,myrtie ,c4 ,hudson1 from ,california1 
a graduate of the  ,class of #ahhb1 has 
entered ,michigan ,university1 at ,ann  
,arbor4 ,she  reports meetings of the   
students' association4 ,she says3 8,on  
,sunday  morning the hall was filled for
 the opening prayer-meeting1 and there  
was manifested a working ,christian     
spirit which surprised and delighted    
me4 ,i believe one can grow in grace in 
such a school4 ,the crucial test  of    
character will there be developed4 ,the 
five o'clock quiet hour on  ,sabbath    
afternoon is growing very dear to me4   
,that beautiful suggestion  is one of   
the many things for which ,i can never  
thank you enough4 ,if  the hours help   
all the members as they do me1 they are 
no doubt a power  in the ,circle4 ,i am 
already looking forward to that time as 
the best in  all the week4 ,a portion of
 the time ,i spend in preparing ,bible  
readings  on themes suggested at        

,chautauqua1 beginning with #8,god in   
,nature1' with  ,romans i3 #ai1 #bj for 
the key4 ,i shall always look lovingly  
back to the  weeks ,i spent at          
,chautauqua4 ,they were wonderful weeks1
 and ,i lived  more in them than in as  
many years before40           99        
99       99       99       99    ,there 
is strong temptation to take substitutes
 for the regular  books4 ,you have a    
great cyclopdia1 and prefer to read     
articles on  the appointed subject      
rather than to take up the book         
required4 ,or1  you have some other     
history1 or other scientific treatise4  
,in order  to economize1 ,i have allowed
 substitutes4 ,comparatively few of our 
students have used them4 ,it is much    
more pleasant for all members of  the   
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 to travel one way4 ,the 
sympathy of the members is  increased by
 such unity4 ,the reading of ,green's   
8,short ,history of the  ,english       
,people10 and ,merrivale's 8,rome10     
bound together by very strong  cords the

 members of the ,circle4 ,while there   
may be other valuable  books1 we think  
that the 8required0 books are the best1 
and we desire  our members as far as    
practicable to use them4           99   
99       99       99       99    ,edward
 ,a4 ,spring1 sculptor1 who has charge  
of the clay-modeling  department1 at    
,chautauqua1 lingered for several weeks 
after the close  of the ,assembly the   
past season4 ,he studied the old trees  
in ,st4 ,paul's  ,grove1 measuring them 
carefully1 and also numbered them4 ,he  
finds  twelve maples1 five beeches1 one 
butternut1 and one hemlock4 8,the       
largest maple1 ,no4 #f10 he says1 8is   
nearly eight feet in circumference4  ,it
 stands in front of the ,hall4 ,a       
butternut1 ,no4 #h1 is a grand old      
tree1 and full of nuts this year2 but it
 leans very much toward the  hemlock1   
and can hardly last long without some   
skillful forestry work4  ,all the trees1
 except ,nos4 #b and #i1 are too large  
to reach around with  my arms4 ,no4 #ac 

is one of the finest trees on the whole 
grounds--a very  symmetrical tulip on   
the west side of ,cookman ,avenue40 ,he 
adds1 8,i had  been all about the ,grove
 many times1 but now that ,i have held  
each one  of these giants of the old    
forest clasped in my arms1 ,i feel      
toward  each as if ,i had said farewell 
to a dear friend4 ,for five ,sundays    
the setting sun has lighted a little    
band of friends in the ,hall of         
,philosophy--five little gatherings1    
where a lovely spirit prevailed1  and ,i
 think all there present will long      
remember it4 ,dr4 ,eaton and  ,mr4      
,martin have led the service1 which took
 the form of devotional  expression1    
#8,a song of service1 of faith1 of      
praise2'    with frequent allusions to  
our book-mates of the great ,circle at  
whose  center we were met4 ,several     
times each one in turn repeated a verse 
of  ,scripture2 and1 day before         
yesterday1 upon closing1 we joined hands
 and  closed the circle1 repeating in   

concert the three mottoes of the ,c4 ,l4
  ,s4 ,c4 ,now1 ,i started out to tell  
you of these meetings with an express   
purpose1 namely1 to urge the            
desirableness of securing a sunset belt 
from the ,hall of ,philosophy1 so that  
no intervening structures shall  cut off
 this glorifying of the maples at the   
hour of the ,round-,table1  and other   
favored and favorite gatherings4        
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,testimony4      ,it is
 impossible for those who have low1     
mean1 and groveling ideas1  and who have
 spent their lives in mercenary         
employments1 to produce  anything worthy
 of admiration1 or to be a possession   
for all times4  ,grand and dignified    
expressions must be looked for from     
those whose  thoughts are ever employed 
on glorious and noble                   
objects4--,longinus4           99       
99       99       99       99    ,new   
,england4--,i am astonished at the      
wonderful system and workings of  the   
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,it seems to me that    

this must be one of the most active     
agents for good extant1 and its         
origination ought surely to be counted  
among the most progressive educational  
forces of the day4 ,it was with  some   
doubts and considerable apathy that ,i  
sent my name for enrollment  among the  
students of the ,circle1 but ,i am now  
an enthusiast4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,massachusetts  
7,williamstown74--,one year ago ,i began
 the ,chautauqua  course in connection  
with my regular college duties4 ,while  
for me1 a  great part of the work was a 
review1 ,i found that it served to      
clinch  and make fast my previous       
knowledge of the subjects taken up1 and 
also  gave me much information that was 
new and not to be obtained in my        
college course4 ,i have just entered on 
my senior year1 and although ,i  am very
 busy1 ,i shall keep up my ,c4 ,l4 ,s4  
,c4 work1 believing that any  time ,i   
can take to devote to that1 will be     
spent to the best possible  advantage4  

,to one who has the advantages of a     
college education the  ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4  
course furnishes a valuable auxiliary   
and material aid1  while to those denied
 this advantage1 it furnishes a means of
 education  surely second to none1 save 
perhaps the few best colleges4 ,my      
purpose  is to graduate and then to     
pursue some of the extra courses as ,i  
have  time4 ,with best wishes for the   
success of the 8,people's ,college10 and
  of every true ,chautauquan1 ,i am     
yours1 respectfully1 etc4           99  
99       99       99       99           
,massachusetts4--,i have nearly all of  
last year's books to read up1 but  ,i am
 not one bit discouraged4 ,i am behind  
from various causes2 with a  large      
family and many cares1 and a great deal 
of church and temperance  work1 and     
foreign mission work to do1 and a house 
full of company  all last year1 it kept 
me behind4 ,but this year ,i shall make 
up and  graduate in '#hd1 all in good   
time4           99       99       99    

99       99    ,maine4--,i am a poor    
farmer's daughter1 and motherless4 ,i   
have wished  very much to go to some    
good school and graduate1 but ,i am an  
only  daughter and therefore must be my 
father's housekeeper1 and you cannot    
tell how glad ,i was to learn of the ,c4
 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,i shall try to complete   
the reading and study for this year if  
possible4           99       99       99
       99       99    ,vermont4--,we are
 two years behind the class of '#hc1 but
 hope to be  able to catch up and finish
 with that class4 ,we are not           
discouraged1  though laboring under     
difficulties4 ,i shall never cease to be
 grateful  for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41     
which is giving pleasure and profit to  
so many  thousands4           99        
99       99       99       99    ,new   
,york4--,i have been for years a        
confirmed invalid1 never leaving  my    
room unless carried out1 and unable to  
sit even in a reclining  chair1 but a   
short time4 ,during these long1 weary   

years1 reading1 and  listening to       
reading1 has been the one great pleasure
 left me4 ,having  my attention         
directed1 a few months since1 to the    
list of required  readings for the ,c4  
,l4 ,s4 ,c41 the thought presented      
itself to me that1  in place of         
desultory reading1 ,i might substitute a
 regular course1 as  ,i think there are 
but few days pass when ,i do not read at
 least forty  minutes1 still ,i dare not
 pledge myself to even that length of   
time  regularly1 and can only promise to
 do the best ,i can4           99       
99       99       99       99           
,illinois4--,for six weeks ,i have been 
very sick4 ,through it all ,i have      
continued my reading4 ,of how much value
 the past year's reading has  been to me
 it would be impossible to tell4 ,but   
there are books in the  library that    
have never been opened by me before1    
thinking they were  too deep or dry     
until the beautiful 8,mosaics10 printed 
in that valuable  paper1 8,,the         

,,chautauquan10 touched the spring of   
curiosity and sent me  searching through
 them from lid to lid4           99     
99       99       99       99    ,a     
member writes3 ,five years ago ,i walked
 into an unguarded opening  in the      
sidewalk and fell ten or twelve feet1   
causing spinal trouble1  since which    
time ,i have not been able to ride or   
walk1 until within the  past year4 ,i   
walk around my room some1 and hope to   
entirely recover4 ,i  suppose ,i simply 
should have said1 8,i am an invalid10   
but ,i don't like  the word1 for ,i do  
try to make myself useful4 ,i have a    
little private  ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 school  
in my room mornings1 and find plenty to 
occupy my  time4           99       99  
99       99       99    ,new ,york4--,a 
mother1 whose daughter 7also a member of
 the class of  '#hb7 died last year1    
writes3 8,the diploma is a gem1 weighted
 with  meaning in the illustrations2 and
 now ,i only regret that ,i was not more
  interested in the diploma1 and had it 

on regular parchment4 ,my husband  was  
pleased with it1 and wished me to have  
it framed and hung beside  my son's and 
daughter's--the one from ,harvard1 the  
other from ,fort  ,edward ,institute4   
,my son1 who is an enthusiastic         
educator1 sent his  congratulations1    
saying3 #8,not many have received a     
diploma after being  fifty-five years of
 age4' ,but what afforded us all        
increased pleasure  was the mistake of  
one of the initials1 my own name being  
,c4 ,w4 ,c41  and my daughter's being   
,c4 ,m4 ,c4 ,the name in the diploma is 
,mrs4 ,c4 ,m4  ,c41 so like the blending
 of our tastes and life pursuits4 ,my   
son says3  #8,the error of initials has 
increased the value of the diploma2' and
 all  of us so consider it4 ,well1 she  
had commenced on the fourth year1 and   
with quivering lip expressed a hope that
 she should live to finish the  course4 
,to her belongs the merit of inspiring  
her mother and others in  this place1   
and her influence will continue4 ,how   

appropriate that she  shares in the     
diploma that ,i doubly value for her    
sake60           99       99       99   
99       99    ,miss ,norton1 secretary 
of the ,pacific ,coast ,branch of the   
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41  writes3 8,the outlook 
for the coming year seems very hopeful  
thus far1  in our office work1          
especially in the letters from the      
outlying ,states  and ,territories4 ,the
 seed sown last year seems to be bearing
 good  fruit40           99       99    
99       99       99    ,new            
,mexico4--,from ,las ,vegas1 ,new       
,mexico1 there comes this message3 ,i   
am a member of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c42     
marched with the circle at ,rome ,city  
last summer2 was at the banquet and     
camp-fire1 and heard ,dr4 ,vincent      
lecture before the circle4 ,i would like
 to organize a circle in ,new  ,mexico2 
send me papers and all the help you can 
for the work4           99       99     
99       99       99    ,indian         
,territory4--,from the ,wa-la-ka ,creek 

nation1 ,indian ,territory1 a  writer   
says3 8,we have a family of one hundred 
and twenty ,indian youth  and teachers4 
,can we become members of the ,c4 ,l4   
,s4 ,c480 ,the answer is1  ,yes4 ,thus  
the work is spreading into every ,state 
and ,territory1 and  into many foreign  
nations4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,california4--,with my   
three little children and quite an      
extensive  poultry business to look     
after1 ,i have very few idle moments4   
,hence  my failure to keep up with my   
class was unavoidable4 ,i have enjoyed  
the course of reading more than ,i can  
express1 though ,i am not at all        
satisfied with my year's work4 ,it      
troubles me sometimes to remember  what 
,i have read4 ,i am very anxious to take
 up the ,greek course4 ,i have  been    
trying to get some of my neighbors      
interested in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41  but 
do not succeed1 so ,i am plodding on    
alone4 ,i think you are doing  a noble  
work1 and the end is not yet4 ,i will   

close in the language of  ,tiny ,tim1   
8,god bless us every one40           99 
99       99       99       99    ,west  
,virginia4--,how much we have enjoyed   
the course of reading6 ,we  really did  
not study3 had time only to go over     
once4 ,one would read  aloud1 while the 
other sewed2 and we would not take      
anything for what  we learned4 ,mother  
would often ask1 8,well1 how much do you
 remember  of all you read80 ,i often   
thought it was like the ,centennial--we 
were  there a week4 ,of course we can't 
remember half we saw1 and yet we have  a
 pretty good idea of what was there1 and
 what we saw2 enough to make  it a      
pleasure and a profit to think of4 ,and 
so about the books we  read4 ,perhaps we
 couldn't answer one question in ten    
you'd ask us in  ,roman history1 and yet
 we have a distinct idea of the way the 
people  lived1 of the characters of     
,julius ,csar1 ,sulla1 ,nero1 etc4 ,we  
have a  beautiful cat named ,pericles1  
who was a kitten when we were reading   

history of ,greece2 and we had one named
 ,antonius when reading ,roman  history1
 but he wasn't nice1 and we gave him    
away4           99       99       99    
99       99    ,illinois4--,an ,illinois
 miss writes3 ,i am running all to      
music1 and  found some time ago that my 
thoughts were altogether too narrow for 
the music1 and if ,i can branch out     
more1 get new thoughts1 and strange     
ones1 ,i can stand up straighter in     
other ways4 ,this is a great1 strong1   
rough world1 and it takes a strong heart
 and lots of courage4 ,i am only  a     
girl4           99       99       99    
99       99    ,maryland4--,one of the  
most charming domestic scenes is        
reported to us  from the 8,bird's       
,nest10 in ,maryland1 where there are   
several members  of the ,circle4 ,a good
 woman1 who is the light of the house1  
writes3  ,there have been days when ,i  
could not study at all1 but the shells  
that ,i was able to gather as ,i stood  
on the shore1 helped me to listen  to   

the waves as they came in from the other
 side of the great sea of  knowledge1   
from away back before the coming of     
,christ4 ,and ,i have  learned that     
there is no god like our ,god1 for he   
knoweth that we  have need of this      
mind-furnishing4 ,i feel sure that the  
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4  has come to be one of  
the corner-stones in our home4 ,jesus   
,christ1 ,i  hope1 is the chief         
corner-stone4 ,does not our ,bible tell 
us that 8every  wise woman buildeth her 
house80 ,does she wish to know how8     
8,through  wisdom is a house builded1   
and by understanding is it established1 
and by knowledge shall the chambers be  
filled with all precious and  pleasant  
riches40 ,i pray ,god that every mother 
may belong to the ,c4 ,l4  ,s4 ,c4 ,when
 ,i began my studies in ,october last1  
,i soon felt ,i wanted  my husband to   
study with me4 ,thus far in our married 
life we had  always gone hand in hand   
together4 ,i felt almost as if we were  
being  separated4 ,i did not urge the   

matter1 because ,i saw that he felt that
  for me it would be impracticable4 ,the
 more ,i studied1 the more ,i felt  it  
was right for me to keep on2 that ,i    
could help them all in the home  better 
by so doing4 ,last evening1 after       
reading the ,,chautauqua ,,herald  7we  
have taken it all through the course    
this summer71 my husband laid  down the 
paper and said3 8,my dear1 ,i am going  
to join this ,circle2  and ,nellie      
7turning to our daughter71 you must join
 it1 too1 and we  will all help each    
other in the home40 ,all my heart went  
out to ,god in  thankfulness4 99 99 99  
,last ,sabbath was my birthday1 and my  
two nieces  and daughter told me on     
,saturday evening that ,i must not go   
into  the dining-room ,sabbath morning  
until the bell rang for breakfast4      
,accordingly1 when the bell sounded1 my 
husband escorted me to the  dining-room4
 ,the table was beautiful with its      
linen1 its basket of  pears1 peaches1   
and grapes in the center1 and the lovely

 saucer bouquet  at my plate4 ,just     
beside my chair was a flower stand that 
father had  made for me1 and each shelf 
was laden with presents for me from the 
dear ones1 not excepting my honored1    
faithful1 colored servant4 ,in the      
bay-window were the words1 8,happy      
,birthday10 in phantom letters4 ,when   
we were seated at the table1 my husband 
asked a blessing4 ,each of us  then     
recited a verse of ,scripture1 as is our
 usual custom4 ,just then my  father    
handed my husband a paper1 which he     
opened and read4 ,it was a  sweet little
 poem which he had written1 closing with
 the words3        8,in sooth no works  
of sophistry         ,their homage will 
dispute2       ,we greet her now most   
cordially1         ,with the ,g4 ,l4 ,s4
 ,c4 salute40    ,i think ,i never had  
anything move me so4 ,i just bowed any  
head and  thanked my ,heavenly ,father4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,ohio4--,since ,i began to study in the 
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 ,i have spent  a summer

 in ,england and ,scotland4 ,thanks to  
you and ,green1 ,i was  thoroughly      
steeped in ,english history and         
literature1 which made every  place     
alive with interest4 ,at ,oxford did we 
not wander along the lovely  ,isis where
 ,addison loved to walk1 to ponder1 and 
study8 and did we not  revel in a mild  
way under the solemn shade of the       
venerable trees1  and gaze with intense 
interest at the manuscripts and books of
 the  ,bodleian ,library8 and did we not
 hear ,gray's ,elegy in that very       
country  churchyard8 ,then1 too1 we made
 a pilgrimage to ,canterbury1           
8,the holy blisful martir for to seeke40
    ,there were six of us1 and we were  
all of one mind4 ,we crossed the  border
 and made a short tour through          
,scotland1 which included a visit  to   
unfrequented ,ayr1        8,auld ,ayr1  
whom ne'er a town surpasses       ,for  
honest men and bonnie lasses20    and to
 ,kirk ,alloway1 where poor ,tam saw    
such a bewitching sight4 ,the  last     

weeks of the summer were spent in the   
,english lake district1 and  long shall 
,i remember the wonderful pictures seen 
from our windows  at ,keswick3 mountains
 blue and hazy1 and again with wreaths  
of vapor  creeping up the sides and     
capping the summits1 or perhaps clouds  
hanging in pillowy masses over them2 and
 there in the sunlight was  the ,greta1 
rippling waves and leaping just as it   
enchanted ,southey1  and if ,i had not  
known about him1 it would have been     
nothing to me4  ,if there is a paradise 
upon earth1 it must be at ,grasmere and 
,rydyl1  sacred with the memory of      
,wordsworth4 ,there is nothing to       
disturb the  serene1 charming place4 ,we
 sat by the clear1 noisy ,rothay1 and   
wandered  through ,grasmere churchyard1 
where ,wordsworth is buried4 ,dorothy   
lies  beside him4 ,the clergyman intoned
 the evening service in the church as   
if it were a tedious affair1 and we were
 glad to be through with it4  ,maybe he 
did not think it worth while to be slow 

and solemn1 as there  were only five    
worshippers4 ,may it be your good       
fortune some day to  see the old        
creature known as guide to the principal
 fall of ,rydyl4  ,as she painfully     
hobbled along on her cane1 she grew     
quite garrulous  over her recollections 
of the past4 ,h4 asked her whether she  
ever  read his poems4 8,seeing him and  
knowing him10 said she1 8is a better    
memory than reading his poetry40 ,to the
 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 is due much of the     
pleasure of the summer4 ,through the ,c4
 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,i received the first      
impulse to study systematically at home2
 and it is my desire to have  my        
gratitude take a substantial form4 ,i   
remember the scholarships you  referred 
to that ,commencement ,day4 ,inclosed   
you will find ten dollars1  which is my 
contribution for such a scholarship4 ,it
 is my way to make  acknowledgment of   
what the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c has done for me4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,ohio4--,the ,madison      

,chautauqua ,circle lost a valued       
member1 by the  death of ,mary ,e4      
,galpin1 on ,october #h1 #ahhb4 ,in the 
summer of #ahgh she  visited ,lake      
,chautauqua4 ,having intellectual       
tastes1 she soon became  interested in  
the founding of the 8,people's          
,college40 ,on her return  home1 in her 
quiet and unobtrusive way1 she          
endeavored to enlarge the  ,chautauqua  
,circle by awakening an interest among  
her young friends4 ,in  the summer of   
#ahhj she visited ,chautauqua1 and      
enjoyed the ,round-,table  talks within 
the shade of the 8,hall in the ,grove10 
and while watching  the first ,c4 ,l4   
,s4 ,c4 camp-fire1 ,mary's zeal and     
enthusiasm seemed  to kindle anew4      
,those who have been closely associated 
with her know  of her unabated interest1
 and somewhat of the disappointment she 
experienced in not being able to realize
 her long-cherished hope  of being at   
,chautauqua on that memorable           
,commencement ,day4 ,in the  providence 

of ,god she was prevented from passing  
under the triumphal  arches at          
,chautauqua1 but she was greatly        
gratified when she received  her        
diploma1 and expressed her determination
 to secure the white seal4  8,but it is 
not for man to direct his steps40 ,a few
 weeks after1 wearing  the white rose of
 a pure life unfolded by all-sufficient 
grace1 and  upheld by filial devotion1  
without a murmur1 with a smile on her   
face1  she passed through the golden    
gate into the heavenly city4            
,,local ,,circles4    ,we request the   
president or secretary of every local   
circle to send  us reports of their     
work1 of lectures1 concerts1            
entertainments1 etc4  ,editor of ,,the  
,,chautauquan1 ,meadville1 ,pa4         
,there are a thousand nameless ties1    
,which only such as feel them know2     
,of kindred thoughts1 deep sympathies1  
,and untold fancy spells1 which throw   
,o'er ardent minds and faithful hearts  
,a chain whose charmed links so blend1  

,that the light circlet but imparts     
,its force in these fond words1 ,my     
friend4                                 
--,mrs4 ,dinnies4    ,the friendships   
formed through the agency of the ,c4 ,l4
 ,s4 ,c4 ripen with  age1 and in ten    
thousand instances the work creates     
strong bonds of  union between          
fellow-students4 ,the local circle is a 
favorite place for  members of the ,c4  
,l4 ,s4 ,c4 who are searching for       
knowledge and truth4  ,love for the     
pursuit of knowledge will inspire its   
possessor to seek  out kindred spirits1 
to band themselves together1 and        
organize for  work4 ,we furnish our     
readers1 in the following reports1 with 
a glimpse  into a number of local       
circles4 ,here we find variety in the   
methods for  conducting the work1 and   
unity in the aim of all ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 
students4  ,a carefully prepared paper  
from the secretary of every local circle
  concerning your work1 and the method  
of doing it1 is solicited by us  for the

 help it may be to other circles4 ,use  
this department of ,,the  ,,chautauquan 
7it is your magazine7 for an interchange
 of plans and  opinions concerning your 
work in your local organizations4       
,,editor ,,the  ,,chautauquan4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,berlin1 ,pennsylvania1 is located in a 
beautiful valley1 twenty-five  miles    
north of ,cumberland1 and only a few    
miles from the top of the  ,alleghenies4
 ,the town is old1 not very             
enterprising1 but favored with a  moral 
and intelligent population4 ,we         
organized our circle in the latter  part
 of ,october and commenced our reading  
,november #ast4 ,our membership  numbers
 twenty-two4 ,we have elected a         
librarian1 hoping soon to need  one4 ,we
 do not appoint a leader for the circle1
 but a conductor for  each department of
 work--one for geology1 another for     
,greek history1  etc4 ,having a number  
of professional men in our circle1 such 
as  doctors1 ministers and teachers1 we 

propose a division of labor1 and  thus  
we shall do more thorough work4 ,we will
 have one regular meeting  each month1  
and as many special meetings as we shall
 find profitable4  ,memorial days will  
come under the head of special meetings4
 ,the ,c4 ,l4  ,s4 ,c4 idea is almost a 
stranger to the people of this town1 but
 we hope  soon to make for it many      
acquaintances and friends4           99 
99       99       99       99    ,new   
,albany1 ,indiana4--,our meetings are   
very informal4 ,while assembling  a     
running conversation is kept up on the  
work done1 and to be done4 ,we  have no 
special formality about opening or      
closing1 but pass easily  from the      
general conversation to the special work
 of the evening4 ,so  far this has      
consisted chiefly of a discussion of    
geology1 aided by  the diagrams4        
,considerable interest has been awakened
 on this subject4  ,usually we have had 
one or more essays at each meeting1 but 
have had  none yet this year4 ,the      

questions for further study will        
hereafter  form a part of the evening's 
work4 ,we meet every two weeks on       
,monday  night1 from house to house4    
,there are two circles here1 one of     
ladies1  who meet on ,friday afternoon1 
and ours1 of both sexes4 ,we have also a
  general organization4 ,a number of the
 other circle always meet with  us4 ,the
 ,pioneer ,circle is composed almost    
entirely of teachers in the  public     
schools1 and they must catch time when  
they can1 but they are  enthusiastic    
workers4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,johnstown1 ,n4 ,y4--,our
 method of conducting ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4   
work is this3  ,at each meeting1 after  
the program of the previous meeting has 
been  carried out1 the leader requests  
one or two members to prepare essays  on
 a certain part of the work1 one or two 
members to bring a stated  number of    
questions on a certain subject1 another 
member to read a  short article from    
,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,very often the    

leader asks for the  opinion of various 
members of a character or an article met
 with in  the reading4 ,at our last     
meeting the circle authorized the       
secretary  to appoint at each           
meeting--which occurs each alternate    
week--a critic1  also what might be     
called an orthopist4 ,we cannot inform  
you as to the  benefit to be derived    
from this feature of our circle1 as it  
is new to  us4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,quincy1        
,michigan4--,were mine a thousand       
voices2 yea1 the voice of  every        
,chautauquan who regards system and     
order1 who enjoys the pleasure  and     
strength there is in feeling they are   
each day and week going on  with a large
 band of faithful ,chautauquans1 ,i     
would say please go on  in the good old 
way of dividing the lessons of the month
 into weekly  installments4 ,it is a    
real help to have the week's work laid  
out for us  in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,it 
greatly facilitates the labor of the    

leader of  the local circle4 ,our local 
circle1 which numbered about ten members
  last year1 has started out 8boomingly0
 this year with about twenty1  and the  
prospect is good for still widening the 
circle4 ,we have weekly  meetings4 ,one1
 a most enthusiastic member1 comes five 
and a-half miles  to attend the         
meetings4 ,our president is a minister4 
,he and his worthy  wife take an active 
part in the work4 ,we also have the     
principal and  preceptress of our public
 schools among our active members4      
,after a  general history and geology   
lesson we have essays on the subject of 
the  evening from the older members1    
that are inspiring to the younger ones4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,northfield1 ,connecticut1 local   
circle is situate in the old  8,mountain
 ,county10 ,litchfield1 where rocks are 
convenient for  geological study1 and   
the pure atmosphere favors astronomical 
observations4 ,it numbers nine members1 
six of whom are regular members  of the 

,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,all are young people1  
and six are1 or have been1  school      
teachers4 ,inasmuch as it is a new      
organization1 with its method  of work  
tentative and liable to change1 or      
displacement1 on further  trial1 its    
plan is only given because it may have a
 suggestion for  those who would not    
adopt it exactly4 ,the circle meets     
fortnightly1  and on ,friday evenings1  
so all the teachers can be present4     
,topics1  from the required reading1 are
 assigned in advance1 and by lot4 ,then 
each member is responsible for his or   
her topic1 but he is allowed to  present
 it at the next meeting in the form of  
an essay1 lecture1 or  recitation1 or he
 may come prepared to be questioned upon
 it by the  committee of instruction and
 the class generally4 ,thus far the plan
  works well1 stimulating thorough      
preparation on the part of all1 and     
furnishing all the work the circle can  
well do in an evening4 ,any             
considerable increase of members would  

of course make some modification  of our
 method necessary1 and the reports of   
other circles in ,,the  ,,chautauquan   
may reveal something so much better that
 we may abandon our  experimental ways  
entirely4 ,we send greeting to the whole
 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4           99       99  
99       99       99    ,gilroy1        
,california4--,we organized in #ahgi and
 '#hj a local circle with  about        
twenty-five members4 ,in the study of   
history1 besides the regular  lesson1   
some of the members were appointed to   
read selections1 and  others to write   
short sketches of principal characters  
whose names are  found in our lessons4  
,the selections were mostly poems from  
,macaulay's  ,lays of ,ancient ,rome and
 ,tennyson's ,king ,arthur4 ,in the     
study of  biology1 geology1 etc41       
questions were distributed to the class 
on  slips of paper by a committee       
appointed by the chair at the previous  
meeting4 ,the questions and answers were
 read at the next meeting4  ,sometimes  

topics or subjects were given2 the      
general divisions of the  vegetable     
kingdom1 glacial formation1 the orders  
of ,greek and ,roman  architecture1 etc4
 ,last year we were favored by having   
,prof4 ,norton1  of the ,state ,normal  
,school1 for one of our leaders4 ,in the
 study of  art we had the benefit of    
stereoscopic views exhibited by the aid 
of a  magic lantern1 of the ancient     
ruins and public buildings1 and scenes  
of interest in ,egypt1 ,greece1 and     
,italy4 ,in the study of geology  and   
chemistry1 the ,professor gave us       
illustrative diagrams on the            
blackboard1 and chemical experiments    
illustrating volcanic action1 and       
various other phenomena resulting from  
scientific investigation4 ,this  year we
 have taken 8a new departure40 ,we do   
not have a regular leader1  as          
heretofore1 but the person occupying the
 chair appoints a successor  for the    
next meeting1 who conducts the          
recitation1 makes up the order  of work1

 and then appoints a successor for the  
next meeting4 ,our plan  of work is     
still the same as in former years4      
,prof4 ,norton is still  with us        
occasionally2 also ,miss ,s4 ,m4        
,severance1 who has been a great  help  
to the circle since its organization1   
not only as an efficient  teacher at the
 regular meetings1 but one to whom we   
could refer  questions of importance1   
her extensive and varied information    
enabling  her to be1 as it were1 a      
living encyclopedia for our benefit4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,reading1 ,pennsylvania4--,to our own   
pleasant city has swept the 8happy      
circle0 and like its many members1 we   
too1 feel blessed that                  
----8our ,heavenly ,father granted      
,us the boon of being numbered          
,with the army of ,chautauqua40    ,two 
weeks ago a dozen of us ladies and      
gentlemen organized ourselves  into--   
----8a band that owe allegiance to a    
monarch called the ,mind1      ,who     

believe to-day is better than the       
yesterday behind2      ,we laugh at     
party limits1 breathe no single word of 
barter1      ,but our all absorbing     
passion is to grow a trifle smarter40   
,through the kindness of ,mr4 ,wm4      
,price1 a spacious room in his residence
  has been put at our disposal1 and     
herein we hold our meetings every       
,monday evening1 and examine one another
 on the matters we have read  during    
each preceding week1 and the answers    
form vital topics for  discussion of    
surpassing interest4 ,but we are by no  
means selfish with  our highly prized   
acquirements1 and our circle is greatly 
honored by  the leading ,lyceum of this 
city1 the management of which has       
graciously  requested us to take charge 
of the first half of their program4 ,in 
response we send some one of our circle 
in a representative capacity1  to each  
meeting to deliver a lecture upon one of
 the subjects of the  course1 and we    
expect to take up all in due season4    

,already much  interest is awakened1 and
 our circle promises to become famous   
for its  capable and willing workers for
 ,christianity and culture4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,holliston1 ,maine4--,our local circle  
numbers forty members4 ,our  meetings   
are held monthly1 and the program is    
arranged by a committee  of two1 and    
announced a month in advance4 ,synopses 
of readings are  given1 and essays on   
leading characters and topics4 ,we have 
talks on  subjects of general interest  
and ,round-,table conversations4 ,on    
memorial  days we have readings from the
 authors whose day we celebrate4 ,we    
allow considerable time for music1 for  
the singing of class songs1 and  we     
expect all qualified to furnish music1  
to do so by making their  own           
selections4 ,once a year we give an     
entertainment of a musical and  literary
 character1 inviting friends who are not
 members4 ,from time  to time we have   
public lectures1 arranged on subjects of

 interest and  connected with ,c4 ,l4   
,s4 ,c4 work4           99       99     
99       99       99    ,the ,rev4 ,r4  
,h4 ,howard writes from ,saxonville1    
,massachusetts3 ,under  what was at     
first deemed extremely unpropitious     
circumstances we have  now what appears 
to be a flourishing circle in this      
place4 ,at the  outset all signs seemed 
discouraging2 but the energy and pluck  
of a few  young ladies were honored by  
the awakening of marked and very hopeful
  interest in the enterprise1 and our   
meetings thus far have been fully       
attended and enthusiastic4 ,even the    
perplexing1 though unavoidable1  delay  
in obtaining the text-books has not     
perceptibly dampened or  diminished the 
ardor excited4 ,meanwhile1 not feeling  
able to purchase  large and expensive   
maps and charts1 one of our members1 who
 wields  a facile pencil1 sketches1 on a
 large scale1 such maps and charts as   
we require as we proceed4 ,a large map1 
in connection with a history  exercise  

in a circle meeting1 would seem to be   
indispensable4 ,certain  charts1 also1  
however simple or crude1 illustrative of
 geological  formations1 and race and   
language relations1 cannot but serve a  
very  important purpose4 ,let me observe
 just here1 that ,i learn that the  same
 enthusiasm in ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 work that
 has been developed in this  place is   
obtaining in adjoining communities4     
,teachers in public  schools1 ,i am     
told1 gather1 after the labors of the   
day1 in one of  the school-rooms1 and1  
for an hour or so1 daily1 read together4
 ,how  interesting a spectacle6 ,yea1 in
 view of this interest in these higher  
intellectual pursuits1 thus awakened    
among these young people under my  own  
eye1 ,i have been impressed1 as never   
before1 as ,i have thought of  the vast 
popular intellectual ferment produced   
throughout the country1  not to say     
throughout the world1 by this wonderful 
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 of ,dr4  ,vincent's4    
,arising from this very wide-spread1 and

 ever-extending and  deepening interest 
in1 and devotion to intellectual and    
moral pursuits1  crowned through his    
timely instrumentality1 what could well 
have been  more timely1 aye1            
providential1 in the best sense of the  
term1 than  this movement8 ,who can     
begin to estimate its results in the    
years and  ages to come8 ,already the   
important fact is developed that the    
life1  and doubtless the continued      
existence1 of ,chautauqua1 ,framingham  
,assembly1 and other similar            
enterprises1 are bound up in1 and are   
destined to depend upon the support     
derived from the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,the   
mother thus already leans hard upon the 
young and vigorous daughter4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,at ,elkham1 ,wisconsin1 local circle1  
the president appoints two or more      
members at each meeting to prepare      
questions on the lesson for the next    
week4 ,these members teach that part of 
the lesson on which they have  prepared 

questions4 ,some recite with open books1
 while others are  prepared to answer   
the questions with closed books4 ,the   
questions and  answers published in     
,,the ,,chautauquan are always used as a
 review4 ,of  course there is a free    
interchange of opinion and frequent     
discussions  on points of the lesson1   
which are of peculiar interest4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,meriden1 ,connecticut4--,the officers  
of our local circle constitute  the     
,instruction ,committee4 ,the president 
appoints a committee of five1  whose    
duty it is to assist the ,instruction   
,committee4 ,said committee  appoint    
leaders of reviews1 and1 in fact1 they  
have charge of all  work of the circle1 
memorial exercises1 lectures1           
entertainments1  etc4 ,we have another  
committee of four1 whose work it is to  
see all  strangers at meetings of the   
circle1 and invite them to join2 also to
  welcome new members1 and see that they
 are introduced to other members1       

especially to the officers and          
,instruction ,committee4 ,we number     
seventy  members1 thirty-four regular   
and thirty-six local members4 ,we regret
  to say that we lost one member by     
death1 last summer2 quite a young  man1 
and1 so far as we know1 the only one who
 has taken the ,white  ,seal course4 ,we
 regret his death1 as he promised to    
become a valuable  member to our circle4
 ,a few have left the circle this year1 
but new  members are continually being  
added1 eight names being proposed at    
our last meeting4 ,we meet the first and
 third ,monday evenings of each  month4 
,some of our members walk from a mile to
 a mile and a half to  attend the       
meetings4 ,our method of work is as     
follows3 ,we open the  meeting with     
singing and prayer2 all business is then
 transacted4 ,we  have about five       
reviews in an evening4 ,at present the  
reviews are in  ,wilkinson's            
,preparatory ,greek ,course1 ,history of
 ,russia1 and ,english  and             

,scandinavian ,history and ,literature4 
,these are prepared in the  following   
manner3 ,one member prepares from three 
to twelve questions  on a subject1 gives
 them to other members to answer at next
 meeting1  and at that time calls for   
answers1 and gives other members        
opportunity  to ask any questions on the
 subject4 ,five-minute essays are       
sometimes  read on other important      
subjects4 ,we take up geology soon1 on  
which  subject ,prof4 ,chapin1 ,ph4 ,d41
 president of ,meriden ,scientific      
,circle1  will give a few talks4 ,the   
circle has just decided to purchase the 
set  of geological diagrams4 ,the       
committee intend all memorial days shall
  be celebrated this year4 ,last ,june  
we had a circle picnic1 spending  the   
day at a very pleasant place about      
twelve miles from here4 ,it  was a great
 success4 ,monday evening1 ,september   
#ah1 we had memorial  exercises for     
,garfield ,day4 ,on ,monday evening1    
,october #b1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4  ,hurlbut1 of

 ,plainfield1 delivered a public lecture
 under the auspices  of the circle1 his 
subject being1 8,how to ,spend our      
,leisure40 ,both  the lecturer and      
lecture have been very highly spoken of 
by all who  attended1 and we consider it
 the greatest success of all lectures as
  yet given4 ,our circle is growing1 and
 we believe a great amount of good  has 
been and is being done by it4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,the local circles of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4   
,c4 of ,cincinnati1 ,o41 have this      
winter adopted the plan of visiting each
 other4 ,this new arrangement  was      
commenced on ,tuesday evening1 ,oct4    
#ca1--the ,wesley1 ,york street and     
,grace ,church circles visiting the one 
at ,christie ,chapel4 ,the lesson  for  
the evening was a review of ,grecian    
,history1 and was ably conducted  by    
,mr4 ,john ,a4 ,johnson1 ,president of  
the ,christie ,circle4 ,at the close  of
 the lesson some minutes were passed in 
social intercourse1 and then  followed a

 comparison of the methods pursued in   
conducting the various  circles present4
 ,all expressed themselves highly       
pleased with the  meeting and it is the 
purpose to continue them throughout the 
year1 as  this system of visitation     
serves to make the members better       
acquainted  with each other1 which is   
desirable in a large city like          
,cincinnati4 ,it  also serves to        
strengthen the bond of fellowship       
existing among those  engaged in the    
common cause4           99       99     
99       99       99    ,the first of   
the #crd series of free lectures1 under 
the auspices  of the ,chautauqua        
,circles of ,cincinnati and vicinity1   
was given at  ,christie ,chapel ,m4 ,e4 
,church1 corner of ,court and ,wesley   
avenue1 in  ,october4 ,the church was   
filled with a highly intelligent and    
attentive  audience4 ,rev4 ,dr4         
,blackburn1 of ,central ,presbyterian   
,church1 delivered  a very instructive  
and eloquent lecture of an hour's length

 on the  subject1 8,the ,origin and     
,spirit of the ,greeks40 ,the lecturer  
traced  the march of the ,greeks from   
their ,aryan fatherland1 ranged them in 
the two main divisions of the ,ionians  
and the ,dorians2 traced the  rise of   
,doric ,sparta and ,ionic ,athens2      
sketched their periods of  successive   
overlordship2 showed the want of        
political unity in all  the ,greek      
,states1 and emphasized the fact of a   
social unity in the  ,pan-,hellenic     
sentiment1 the ,greek language1         
religion1 ,amphictyonic  council1       
festivals1 literature1 philosophy and   
art4 ,the ,greeks could  appreciate a   
good thing wherever it originated4 ,they
 caused art to  stand out in its own    
beauty and on its own merits4 ,the      
lecture closed  with these words3       
8,greece had a mission to the human     
race1 a noble work  for the world4 ,it  
was not in the domain of political      
government1 nor  of conscience1 but in  
that of intellect4 ,the lasting outcome 

of her  work was culture4 ,she fulfilled
 her mission4 ,she ran her race among   
the  nations and won the laurel4 ,she   
fell1 and thorns now bind her delicate  
hands1 but the old olive wreath has not 
faded4 ,the heritage of her  culture has
 passed to the westward ,aryans4 ,we    
read our ,new ,testament  and remember  
her marvelous gift of speech4 ,we run   
our ,christian course  and think of the 
,olympian races4 ,plato is studied where
 ,paul is  believed4 ,the classics are  
recited where the ,gospel is read for   
its  wonderful words of life40          
99       99       99       99       99  
,flushing1 ,michigan4--,our local circle
 meets every ,friday evening4  ,we have 
roll-call1 and each member responds1    
either with a verse of  ,scripture or a 
gem from one of the poets1 as decided on
 at our last  meeting4 ,then singing and
 prayer4 ,we next take the questions    
given in  ,,the ,,chautauquan1 with     
additional questions on some of the     
required  reading4 ,we also have select 

reading or an essay each week4 ,we had  
ten members last year2 we now have      
eighteen4 ,our first meeting for  this  
year was on the evening of ,september   
#bi4 ,the exercises were as  follows3   
,reading of ,psalms i3#h-bc2            
,president's greeting2 essay on 8,the   
,excellencies of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c420  
recitation1 8,hope ,song of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 
,c420 ,bryant's letter on the ,c4 ,l4   
,s4 ,c42 paper on the 8,design and      
,method in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c40 ,then   
followed the enrollment of members by   
the secretary1 and the appointment of   
committees by the president4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,nebraska ,city1 ,nebraska4--,two years 
ago our ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 sprang into     
existence in the form of a triangle1    
widened into a circle in #ahha1  and    
now1 in #ahhb1 we have a membership of  
thirty4 ,monthly meetings  have been    
held1 at which we have had short oral   
accounts of subjects  discussed in      
,geology1 and questions and answers on  

,greek history4  ,a noticeable feature  
of our last meeting was a 8match0 on the
  pronunciation of words selected from  
our reading4 ,were ,herodotus or        
,thucydides present at our meetings1 we 
think he would take pity upon  us1 and  
give to his places and men names less   
jaw-breaking to learn4  ,the correct    
pronunciation of them seems to us like a
 8piling of ,pelion  upon ,ossa40       
,though our officers are ladies1 we have
 able gentlemen  in our circle4 ,some of
 the reading is a little 8deep0 for us1 
but1  by perseverance1 we hope to come  
up to it1 8since the mountain can  not  
come to ,mahomet40 ,we all now see its  
beneficence insomuch that  we present a 
unanimous vote of thanks to the         
projector of this grand  scheme--the    
,people's ,college4          ,not       
,required4    ,,questions ,,and         
,,answers4        ,,fifty ,,questions   
,,and ,,answers ,,on 8,,preparatory     
,,greek ,,course ,,in                   
,,english10 ,,comprising ,,the ,,latter 

,,half ,,of ,,the ,,volume1 ,,or        
8,,homer40    ,by ,,albert ,m4 ,,martin1
 ,,general ,,secretary ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4  
#a4 ,q4 ,after ,xenophon's ,anabasis    
what is it usual for the preparatory    
student to take up next in order8 ,a4   
,the ,iliad of ,homer4    #b4 ,q4 ,what 
is sometimes taken instead of the       
,iliad8 ,a4 ,the ,odyssey4    #c4 ,q4   
,what is the position of the ,iliad of  
,homer in literature8 ,a4 ,it  is the   
leading poem of the world4    #d4 ,q4   
,from what is the ,iliad entitled8 ,a4  
,from the word ,ilium1 which is  the    
alternative name of ,troy4    #e4 ,q4   
,what episode in the siege of ,troy is  
the real subject of the  ,iliad8 ,a4    
,the wrath of ,achilles4    #f4 ,q4     
,what occasioned the siege of ,troy8 ,a4
 ,the carrying off of ,helen1  wife of  
,menelaus1 a ,grecian king1 by ,paris1  
son of ,priam1 king of ,troy4    #g4 ,q4
 ,who engaged in the siege against      
,troy8 ,a4 ,the confederate kings  of   
all ,greece1 with ,agamemnon as         

commander-in-chief4    #h4 ,q4 ,what was
 the occasion of the wrath of ,achilles8
 ,a4 ,the arbitrary  interference of    
,agamemnon to deprive ,achilles of a    
female captive1  ,brises1 and usurp her 
to himself4    #i4 ,q4 ,what at length  
incites ,achilles to again return to the
 field8 ,a4  ,the death of ,patroclus1  
his close friend1 slain by the ,trojans4
    #aj4 ,q4 ,what is the result as to  
,achilles8 ,a4 ,he slays ,hector1 the   
,trojan champion1 and is himself killed 
by ,paris4    #aa4 ,q4 ,what forms the  
subject of the ,odyssey8 ,a4 ,the       
adventures of one  of the ,greek        
chieftains1 ,ulysses1 or ,odysseus4     
#ab4 ,q4 ,when and how does the ,iliad  
itself close8 ,a4 ,before the fall of   
,troy1 and with the death and funeral   
rites of ,hector4    #ac4 ,q4 ,what are 
some of the best known translations of  
the ,iliad8 ,a4  ,chapman's1 ,pope's1   
,cowper's1 ,derby's and ,bryant's4      
#ad4 ,q4 ,of what are some of the most  
noted passages in the first book of  the

 ,iliad descriptive8 ,a4 ,the descent of
 ,apollo1 the wrangle between  ,achilles
 and ,agamemnon1 the promise of ,jupiter
 to ,thetis1 and the feast  of the gods4
    #ae4 ,q4 ,what does the second book 
of the ,iliad recount8 ,a4 ,how ,jupiter
  sends a deceiving dream to ,agamemnon 
to induce that chieftain to make a  vain
 assault on the ,trojans4    #af4 ,q4   
,with what does the book close8 ,a4     
,with a catalogue of the ,greek  forces 
assembled4    #ag4 ,q4 ,to us who read  
in the light of present views what is a 
feature  of the ,iliad fatal to any     
genuine interest in the story8 ,a4 ,the 
introduction of supernatural agencies   
into the action of the poem4    #ah4 ,q4
 ,what is one of the prominent scenes   
introduced in the third book  of the    
,iliad8 ,a4 ,a duel between ,paris1 the 
thief1 and ,menelaus1 the  husband of   
,helen4    #ai4 ,q4 ,what takes place at
 the crisis of the duel8 ,a4 ,venus     
steps in  and carries ,paris off to his 
bed-chamber in the palace of ,priam4    

#bj4 ,q4 ,in the fourth book what is    
described by a simile1 one of the  most 
nobly conceived and nobly expressed of  
all that occur in the  ,iliad8 ,a4 ,the 
advance of the ,achaians to battle4     
#ba4 ,q4 ,what noted hero is introduced 
in the fifth book of the ,iliad8  ,a4   
neas1 the ,trojan hero of ,virgil's     
poem1 the neid4    #bb4 ,q4 ,of what is 
one of the most famous passages in the  
sixth book of  the ,iliad descriptive8  
,a4 ,the parting of ,hector and         
,andromache1 his  wife1 bringing with   
her their little child4    #bc4 ,q4 ,who
 among the ,greeks takes the honors of  
the seventh book of the  ,iliad8 ,a4    
,ajax4    #bd4 ,q4 ,what constitutes a  
prominent feature in the eighth book of 
the  ,iliad8 ,a4 ,another account of the
 ,olympian gods in council4    #be4 ,q4 
,technically described what is ,homer's 
verse8 ,a4 ,dactylic  hexameter4    #bf4
 ,q4 ,what is a dactyl8 ,a4 ,a foot of  
three syllables1 of which the  first is 
long and the other two short4    #bg4   

,q4 ,in dactylic hexameter how many of  
these feet are there in a  line8 ,a4    
,six4    #bh4 ,q4 ,name a classic       
,english poem written in dactylic       
hexameter4 ,a4  ,longfellow's           
8,evangeline40    #bi4 ,q4 ,in what     
celebrated descriptive passage does     
,homer exhaust all  his art8 ,a4 ,in his
 description of the shield of ,achilles4
    #cj4 ,q4 ,what does the ,odyssey    
mean8 ,a4 ,the poem of ,odysseus1 or    
,ulysses1  king of the island of        
,ithaca4    #ca4 ,q4 ,when ,troy was    
taken1 for what place did ,odysseus and 
his  followers sail8 ,a4 ,ithaca4       
#cb4 ,q4 ,on their way1 to what land    
were they driven8 ,a4 ,that of the      
,cyclops1 a savage race of one-eyed     
giants4    #cc4 ,q4 ,here what did      
,odysseus do to the ,cyclop ,polyphemus8
 ,a4 ,he  put out the eye of the monster
 after he had eaten six of the hero's   
comrades4    #cd4 ,q4 ,what did         
,poseidon1 the god of the sea and father
 of ,polyphemus1  do in revenge8 ,a4 ,he

 doomed ,odysseus to wander far and wide
 over the  sea to strange lands4    #ce4
 ,q4 ,when the ,odyssey begins1 ten     
years after the fall of ,troy1 where  is
 ,odysseus8 ,a4 ,in the island of       
,ogygia1 at the center of the sea1      
where for seven years the nymph ,calypso
 has detained him against his  will4    
#cf4 ,q4 ,meanwhile what has befallen   
,penelope1 the wife of ,odysseus1  in   
,ithaca8 ,a4 ,she has been courted by   
more than a hundred suitors1  lawless1  
violent men1 who feast riotously in the 
house of ,odysseus as  if it were their 
own4    #cg4 ,q4 ,when ,odysseus at     
length gets permission to sail from     
,ogygia1 and  starts on a raft1 what    
occurs to him8 ,a4 ,poseidon wrecks his 
raft1 and  he is thrown upon the island 
of the ,phacians1 a rich and happy      
people  near to the gods4    #ch4 ,q4   
,upon being entertained by the king of  
the ,phacians1 what are  the subjects of
 some of the adventures he relates8 ,a4 
,the ,enchantress  ,circe1 the          

sweet-singing sirens1 and the passage   
between ,scylla and  ,charybdis4    #ci4
 ,q4 ,after ,odysseus is taken back to  
,ithaca by a ,phacian crew1  what is the
 fate of the suitors of ,penelope8 ,a4  
,they are all slain in  the palace by   
,odysseus1 assisted by his son          
,telemachus and two trusty  servants4   
#dj4 ,q4 ,what are some of the most     
noted translations of the ,odyssey8 ,a4 
,chapman's1 ,pope's1 ,cowper's1         
,worsley's1 and ,bryant's4    #da4 ,q4  
,in what form is ,worsley's translation 
written8 ,a4 ,the ,spenserian  ,stanza1 
that adopted by ,edmund ,spenser for his
 great poem of the 8,fairy  ,queen40    
#db4 ,q4 ,name some other well-known    
poems written in the ,spenserian        
,stanza4 ,a4 ,thompson's 8,castle of    
,indolence10 ,beattie's 8,minstrel10 and
  ,byron's 8,childe ,harold40    #dc4   
,q4 ,what part of the adventures of     
,odysseus does our author first  give in
 an extended quotation from ,worsley's  
translation of the  ,odyssey8 ,a4 ,his  

stay in the country of the ,phacians4   
#dd4 ,q4 ,what was the name of the king 
of the ,phacians1 frequently  referred  
to in poetry containing classical       
allusions8 ,a4 ,alcinous4    #de4 ,q4   
,what ,american author has written a    
version of the legend of  ,circe8 ,a4   
,hawthorne in his 8,tanglewood ,tales40 
#df4 ,q4 ,of what is the next extended  
quotation descriptive that is  given by 
our author from ,worsley's translation  
of the ,odyssey8 ,a4 ,the  slaughter of 
the suitors of ,penelope by ,odysseus   
and his son4    #dg4 ,q4 ,of what are   
the remaining quotations given          
descriptive8 ,a4  ,odysseus making      
himself known to ,penelope1 his wife1   
and to ,laertes1  his father4    #dh4   
,q4 ,who now intervenes to avert further
 bloodshed8 ,a4 ,athene4    #di4 ,q4 ,in
 what manner is this accomplished8 ,a4  
,she stays the hand of  ,ulysses raised 
in fell self-defense against the        
avenging kindred of the  suitors1 and   
enjoins a solid peace between the two   

parties at feud4    #ej4 ,q4 ,in this   
appearance what familiar form does the  
goddess ,athene  assume8 ,a4 ,that of   
,mentor1 ancient friend of ,ulysses4    
,not ,required4    ,,questions ,,for    
,,further ,,study4    ,by ,,albert ,m4  
,,martin1 ,,general ,,secretary ,c4 ,l4 
,s4 ,c4      #a4 ,what is the origin of 
the expression1 8,possession is nine    
points in  the law80 ,page #abd1        
,wilkinson's ,preparatory ,greek ,course
 in ,english4    #b4 ,what was the      
preying sadness that ,cowper sought to  
escape from by  the work of translating 
,homer8 ,page #acj4    #c4 ,where is the
 original to be found of the quotation1 
8,from the center  to the utmost pole80 
,page #ace4    #d4 ,who was             
8,macedonia's ,madman10 and why so      
called8    #e4 ,give some of the        
features of the ,cathedral of ,cologne  
that render it  famous8 ,page #aei4     
#f4 ,with whom did the expression       
originate1 8,perish the thought80 ,page 
#afc4    #g4 ,in what particulars are   

the lines of ,pope1 8false and          
contradictory10 in his paraphrase of the
 moonlight scene1 given in the  closing 
part of the eighth book of the ,iliad8  
,page #ahe4    #h4 ,when and on what    
occasion was ,webster's famous seventh  
of ,march  speech delivered8 ,page #aic4
    #i4 ,why is ,athene called the      
8stern-eyed80 ,page #bjh4      ,,answers
 ,,to ,,questions ,,for ,,further       
,,study ,,in ,,the ,,november ,,number  
,,of ,,the  ,,chautauquan4              
,geology4    #a4 ,the glacial streams   
from ice-caves that are the sources of  
the  ,arveiron and the ,rhone rivers are
 milk-white from the presence of        
innumerable molecules of triturated rock
 which they bear suspended4  ,this      
powdered rock is in the form of a very  
fine1 impalpable mud4 ,it  is an        
unctious1 sticky deposit1 and only      
requires pressure to knead it  into a   
tenacious clay4 ,this mud owes its      
origin to the grinding power  of the    
glacier1 the stones and sand being      

crushed and pulverized upon  the rock   
below4    #b4 ,the ,grinnell glacier1   
discovered by ,captain ,hall1 is just   
north  of and adjacent to ,hudson's     
,strait1 on the extreme southern point  
of  ,baffin's ,land1 called ,meta       
,incognita4    #c4 ,the ,loffoden       
,islands are famous for the great       
maelstrom1 which is  a narrow passage   
between two of them4 ,they are also     
noted for their  fisheries4 ,the        
evidences of the powerful wearing action
 of tidal  currents is seen in their    
extremely rugged and precipitous coasts1
 and  deep channels4 ,sharp pointed     
peaks three to four thousand feet above 
the sea1 rise nearly perpendicularly out
 of the water4    #d4 ,the volcano of   
,jorullo is situated one hundred and    
sixty miles  southeast of the ,city of  
,mexico4 ,it is famous for its recent   
and sudden  upheaval during a single    
night1 in the midst of a fertile and    
highly  cultivated plain4    #e4        
,earthquakes are spoken of as           

8convulsive movements of ,old ,vulcan0  
for the reason that the ancients        
ascribed the cause of them to that      
,god4 ,vulcan was the god of fire1 and  
his workshop was generally  supposed to 
be in some volcanic island4    #f4 ,the 
connection of the former island of ,tyre
 with the continent is  not wholly due  
to the rising of the land from beneath4 
,in the siege of  ,tyre by ,alexander1  
#ccb ,b4 ,c41 he united the island to   
the main land  by an enormous artificial
 mole4 ,this has been increased by ruins
 and  alluvial deposits4      ,history  
of ,greece4    #a4 ,earth and water     
given to the ,persian heralds were      
regarded as  symbols of submission1     
because the earth represented the land1 
and the  water the sea1 and the meaning 
was that they were willing to yield     
dominion of both to the ,persians4      
#b4 ,the festival of the ,karneian      
,apollo was a festival observed in  many
 of the ,grecian cities1 especially in  
,sparta1 where it was first  instituted1

 in honor of ,apollo ,carneius4 ,the    
celebration lasted nine  days1 and      
during the time nine tents were pitched 
near the city1 and  nine men lived in   
them after the manner of a military     
camp1 obeying in  everything the order  
of a herald4    #c4 ,the pan1 or war    
song of the ,greeks1 was a song         
originally sung in  honor of ,apollo1   
and was always of a joyous nature4 ,it  
was also sung as  a battle song1 both   
before an attack on an enemy1 and after 
the battle  was finished4 ,in later     
times it was sometimes sung in honor of 
mortals4    #d4 ,the tomb of ,mausolus  
is one of the seven wonders of the      
world1  associated with the name of     
,artemisia1 queen of ,halicarnassus1    
inasmuch as the ,mausoleum was built by 
another queen of the same name1         
distinguished as ,artemicia1 queen of   
,caria4    #e4 ,according to ,thucydides
 the sacrifice made by ,pausanias during
 the  battle of ,plata was made to      
,jupiter in the market-place of ,plata4 

,it  was a bloody sacrifice1 probably of
 some domestic animal1 and from the     
entrails or the manner of the death the 
soothsayers sought to interpret  the    
will of the gods4    #f4 ,the ,island of
 ,delos was called sacred because it was
 said to have  been the birth-place of  
,apollo and ,diana4 ,in #dbf ,b4 ,c4 it 
was purified  by the ,athenians by      
having all tombs removed from it4       
,geology4    #a4 ,the ,fille-,fond1 or  
,fille-,field1 is a mountain plateau of 
,norway1  connected with the            
,songe-,fjeld on the north and the      
,hardanger-,fjeld on  the south4 ,the   
summits vary in height from #d1ijj feet 
to #f1cjj feet4    #b4 ,the common name 
of the ,chimra is the ,sea-cat4 ,it is  
so called on  account of its eyes4 ,they
 have a greenish pupil surrounded by a  
white  iris1 and they shine1 especially 
at night1 like cats' eyes4 ,it is also  
called 8,king of the ,herring40    #c4  
,by the 8,old ,red ,sandstone0 of       
,europe is meant the ,devonian ,rocks4  

,these rocks are called 8red0 on account
 of their color1 and 8old0 to           
distinguish them from the ,new ,red     
,sandstone1 which appears in the        
triassic period4    #d4 ,some of the    
eccentric features which probably caused
 the  astonishment of ,cuvier on        
examining the ,plesiosauri for the first
  time are the following3 to a lizard's 
head it united the teeth of  a          
crocodile1 a neck like a serpent's body1
 the trunk and tail of a  quadruped1 the
 vertebr of a fish1 the ribs of a       
chameleon1 and the  fins of a whale4    
#e4 ,some of the fossil footprints in   
the ,connecticut ,valley1 made by       
colossal reptiles1 are called 8bird     
tracks0 because they were at first      
supposed to be the tracks of birds1 a   
large part of them resembling the       
impressions of birds' feet more than    
those of any known animal4    #f4 ,the  
,loup ,fork ,beds are beds of ,pliocene 
deposit which occur on the  ,loup ,fork 
of the ,platte ,river in the ,upper     

,missouri region4      ,history of      
,greece4    #a4 ,the ,helots were       
,spartan slaves4 ,they were said to have
 been the  native population of a       
portion of the ,peloponnesus1 and to    
have been  subjected to slavery by the  
invading ,dorians4    #b4 ,the 8sacred  
wars0 were wars relative to the         
possession of the ,temple  at ,delphi   
and its treasures4    #c4 ,the ,alkmonid
 were a noble and wealthy family of     
,athens1 descended  from ,alkmon1 who   
was a descendant of ,king ,codrus4 ,they
 were considered  sacrilegious on       
account of the way in which ,megacles1  
one of the  family1 treated the         
insurgents under ,cylon4 ,having taken  
refuge at the  altar of ,minerva1 on the
 ,acropolis1 ,megacles induced them to  
withdraw  on the promise that their     
lives should be spared1 but their       
enemies put  them to death as soon as   
they had them in their power4    #d4    
,the ,untori1 in the plague of ,milan1  
in #afcj1 were persons suspected  of    

anointing doors with pestilential       
ointment1 and thus spreading the        
disease4 ,many persons were arrested and
 put to death on this suspicion4    #e4 
,hermes was the ,greek name for         
,mercury1 the messenger of the gods4    
#f4 ,the class ,mothakes were           
emancipated ,helots1 who had been       
domestic  slaves4           99       99 
99       99       99    ,correct answers
 to all the questions for further study 
in the ,november  number of ,,the       
,,chautauquan have been received from   
,rev4 ,r4 ,h4 and ,mrs4  ,mary ,a4      
,howard1 ,saxonville1 ,mass42 ,miss     
,maggie ,v4 ,wilcox1 #fje ,north        
,thirty-fifth street1 ,west             
,philadelphia1 ,pa42 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,a4      
,chubbuck1 ,new  ,bedford1 ,mass41 and  
,miss ,mary ,p4 ,whitney1 ,wagon ,works1
 ,ohio4 ,a large  number of other       
members have sent replies1 and some of  
the papers show  much diligent research1
 but as one or more of the answers in   
each paper  are incorrect we have not   

given the names4 ,a comparison of the   
answers  as printed with those sent will
 show wherein the failures have been4   
,members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 are not 
required to answer questions for        
further study4 ,those who are able to   
procure correct answers to all  the     
questions for further study in this     
number of ,,the ,,chautauquan will      
receive an acknowledgment if the replies
 are forwarded to ,albert ,m4  ,martin1 
,general ,secretary ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41    
,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 so as to reach  him  
not later than the #cast of ,january4   
,answers will be published in  the      
,march number of ,,the ,,chautauquan4   
,no answers need be sent unless  they   
are to all the questions4               
,,outline ,,of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,studies
 ,,for ,,january4      ,for the month of
 ,january the required ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4  
,reading comprises  ,prof4 ,wilkinson's 
,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english1
 the last half of  the book1 and        
readings in ,english1 ,russian1         

,scandinavian1 and ,religious  ,history 
and ,literature1 and also readings in   
,bible ,history and  ,literature4 ,the  
reading in ,prof4 ,wilkinson's          
,preparatory ,greek course  in ,english 
is from page #abd to the end of the     
book4 ,the remainder of  the reading for
 the month is printed in ,,the          
,,chautauquan4 ,the following  is the   
division according to weeks3    ,,first 
,,week--#a4 ,wilkinson's ,preparatory   
,greek ,course in ,english1 from  page  
#abd to page #aeh4    #b4 ,reading in   
,bible ,history and ,literature1 in     
,,the ,,chautauquan4    #c4 ,sunday     
,readings1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan1      
selection for ,january #g4    ,,second  
,,week--#a4 ,wilkinson's ,preparatory   
,greek ,course in ,english1 from  last  
paragraph on page #aeh to last paragraph
 on page #aih4    #b4 ,history of       
,russia1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4    #c4 
,sunday ,readings1 in ,,the             
,,chautauquan1 selected for ,january    
#ad4    ,,third ,,week--#a4 ,wilkinson's

 ,preparatory ,greek ,course in         
,english1 from  last paragraph on page  
#aih to last paragraph on #bbi4    #b4  
,pictures from ,english ,history1 in    
,,the ,,chautauquan4    #c4 ,sunday     
,readings1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan1      
selection for ,january #ba4    ,,fourth 
,,week--#a4 ,wilkinson's ,preparatory   
,greek ,course ,in ,english1 from  last 
paragraph on page #bbi to end of book4  
#b4 ,readings in ,scandinavian ,history 
and ,literature1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4
    #c4 ,sunday ,readings1 in ,,the     
,,chautauquan1 selection for ,january   
#bh4          ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4           
,,round-,,table4,i      ,the lecturer of
 the afternoon1 ,colonel ,daniels1 of   
,virginia1 was  introduced4    ,,colonel
 ,,daniels3 ,your commander-in-chief and
 shepherd of this flock  asked me to    
talk about 8,how to ,teach ,geology40 ,i
 did not come down here  for any such   
purpose4 ,i came to have a little rest  
and have a good  time1 and get          
acquainted with ,chautauqua4 ,but as ,i 

am here1 ,i am glad  to be set at work  
in any way to keep me out of mischief4  
,he said on a subsequent occasion that  
he did not want me to give a  written   
lecture4 ,that reminds me of a story    
that ,i heard ,senator ,nye  tell years 
ago in a speech4 ,he told of one of     
those excellent boys that  die young1   
standing by the roadside1 and a man was 
on a prancing steed4  ,the man said1    
8,boy1 when ,i get up to you1 don't you 
take off your  hat and make a bow and   
scare this colt2 he will throw me off40 
,said  the boy1 with rustic simplicity1 
8,i was not going to40 ,applause and    
laughter4    ,i suppose that my         
excellent friend has to keep on guard4  
,there are  prowling around through     
these trees people with their pockets   
stuffed  full of old sermons and        
lectures1 and he is always on guard to  
keep  them from firing them off to scare
 his pet ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,so ,i was not 
mad  a bit4 ,laughter4    ,well1 now1 to
 plunge in medias res1 it is a beautiful

 thing to study  geology4 ,this planet  
was our birth place4 ,it is the way of  
,god4 ,and  here in its strata is       
written by the finger of ,god himself   
the history  of all that mighty series  
of events through which it passed from  
the time it emerged from primary chaos  
until to-day4 ,it is scarcely  possible 
that any person should believe in       
studying the works of ,god1  and fail to
 see that this portion of his work1     
which lies in immediate  contact with   
us1 from which in so many ways we draw  
sustenance1 in  connection with which we
 have our being1 and from out of which  
flows  the stream of that abundant      
supply which ,god has provided for his  
children1 and which for all our time is 
to be the theater of action of  our     
race1 should be studied4    ,but how1   
how taught8 ,don't give any written     
lectures now4 ,i will tell  you how not 
to do it4 ,if you are going to teach    
geology1 don't deliver  written         
lectures4 ,write all you can about it1  

but don't deliver it4  ,i delivered a   
written lecture once1 and that is the   
reason ,i never  delivered any more4    
,i began studying geology when a boy1   
when ,i was put to studying a           
hoe-handle and ten acres of corn for    
about three weeks4 ,there were  lots of 
these pieces of stone1 and my uncle1 a  
good old ,methodist  class-leader1 told 
me that ,god put those stones there at  
the time of  the deluge4 ,that satisfied
 me4 ,but when ,i was on a government   
survey  away in the ,west1 ,i saw       
hundreds and thousands of feet of those 
rocks1  such as ,i saw this morning when
 ,i picked up these stones4 ,here you   
see a complete mass of shells4 ,such    
rocks make up the bluffs of the         
,mississippi ,river4 ,we have twenty    
thousand feet of these in ,colorado4    
,major ,buell told me that he got in one
 place twenty-seven thousand  feet4     
,then ,i was not satisfied4 ,i began to 
look a little further4  ,by-and-by1 in  
the district school library1 ,i got hold

 of ,randall's  ,geology1 that blessed  
old book1 and it began to open my mind a
 little4  ,i was on these surveys1 and  
,i began to have more and more practical
  lessons4 ,among the lead mines of     
,wisconsin ,i found the miners wanted   
practical knowledge1 and ,i undertook to
 teach them a little4 ,i remember  my   
first attempt on a slate2 then ,i took  
my bristol-board and made some          
diagrams4 ,and then in a store1 and then
 in a church2 in the basement  first1   
and then ,i got up into the church4 ,so 
,i taught the rudest kind  of people1   
and from one lecture1 ,i gave two1      
three1 four1 five1 and  on up to        
fifteen4 ,i gained a local reputation1  
and got to be ,state  ,geologist of     
,wisconsin1 and was tolerably well known
 in that country as  a practical        
geologist4 ,but ,i had no scientific    
knowledge of geology4    ,a good friend 
of mine wanted to see me advanced in    
life1 and so sent  word to me if ,i     
would come and deliver a lecture on     

geology before  the board of their      
college1 he thought ,i would get a      
professorship4  ,it was an ,old ,school 
,presbyterian college4 ,i prepared      
myself without  regard to expense4 ,i   
went down to ,boston1 and saw ,prof4    
,hitchcock and  ,prof4 ,agassiz1 and ,i 
hunted through the books1 and ,i made a 
lecture4  ,you ought to have heard it4  
,laughter4 ,you would not be here now4  
,laughter4 ,it treated of all the       
cosmogonies2 it went through primal     
chaos1 through the azoic1 the silurian1 
the devonian1 and the various  strata1  
until it introduced man on the scene4   
,it took me two hours4 ,it  was a cold  
night1 and they all shivered1 and looked
 as if they wished  ,i was in some      
warmer place4 ,i did not get the        
professorship1 and the  college died the
 next year4 ,laughter4    ,write all you
 can1 it tends to make you accurate and 
fixes your  knowledge1 and then do with 
it as a good old ,methodist presiding   
elder  told me once on a time4 ,we had  

planted some melons and cucumbers1 but  
he did not seem to be pleased with them4
 ,he told the folks that we had         
splendid cucumbers1 and he knew how to  
fix them3 slice them up thin1  put them 
in water1 turn off the water1 and put on
 pepper and salt1  and throw them out of
 the window4 ,that is what you are to do
 with the  written lectures1 read1      
write1 and1 as ,emerson says1 get drunk 
with  your subject4 ,you will not hear  
anything more of the dryness of your    
subject4 ,it makes a subject dry because
 a man has not got enough of  it in him 
to see the great connecting principles  
in him1 so that he  is aroused and sees 
the ultimate of it as well as the       
details1 and  the ultimate of it is man4
 ,it is for man and made for man4 ,this 
being  created here and being put in the
 midst of all of these things1 is to    
make him greater1 grander1 and bring him
 into relation with the truth1  and then
 by symmetrizing his being and aligning 
him with ,god in the  great work of     

,god1 that is to make of this globe a   
heaven4    ,geology will help you to do 
that1 as the ,bishop said yesterday1 it 
will  give you visions of the infinite  
possibilities of yourselves when you    
once align yourselves with ,god and live
 up to the truth4 ,god has put  into    
your hands the power to subordinate this
 globe1 its storms1 its  climates1 and  
their condition2 you want geology for   
that4 ,you want to  begin to know these 
rocks at ,chautauqua4 ,i would like to  
put in your  collection first1 all the  
stones in the vicinity of ,chautauqua4  
,go  out into the quarry1 with its      
masonry that ,god has built4 ,here you  
find the stones all covered over with   
,god's hieroglyphics1 here they  are1   
corals1 shells1 and things that were    
alive4 ,if you knew a way  of petrifying
 these trees and plants1 would you not  
think it was a  pleasing way and do it8 
,here it is done4 ,here you have a      
study1 a whole  natural history1 a whole
 natural creation that ,god made in     

order to  make man possible1 and capable
 of producing grain and grass and flower
  to make man live1 all depending upon  
the fact that these rocks were  built up
 as you find them to-day4    ,you find  
the old rocks arranged in strata1       
layers4 ,you have them there  by the    
depot4 ,how was that8 ,go by the        
hillside4 ,let a portion of the  drops  
of rain get together and make a stream1 
and they will form a  gulley4 ,what do  
you see8 ,the soil has been washed out1 
and the material  of the soil has been  
spread out4 ,a pond1 perhaps1 will be   
there1 such  as you and ,i used to      
navigate1 and then it dries up on the   
surface1  and cracks at right angles4   
,here it is4 ,there was a little mud    
puddle1  and it cracked when it dried   
up4 ,if you will take up a piece of it1 
you will find that it is arranged in    
layers4 ,here1 see that4 ,through  all  
that summer1 and the previous summer1   
there was a succession of  storms1 and  
each one brought its contribution to the

 whole4 ,if it was a  big storm1 it was 
thick1 if a little storm1 it was thin4  
,just like the  exogenous trees4 ,you   
count the lines of growth1 and know the 
age of the  tree4 ,we have one layer    
spread over the other1 all little       
volumes1 but  when it has quit growing1 
as in libraries1 you will have a thick  
book4  ,so1 ,i say the layers write the 
storms of the past4    ,what else would 
we find there8 ,if there were snails1   
leaves and  sticks1 they would be       
carried down and buried in the mud4 ,if 
we take  a section1 and take out all    
that loose stuff1 we have a section     
which  gives a history of the different 
seasons1 and the animals and plants     
that washed in there during the time    
that little mud puddle had been  in     
existence4 ,that is the beginning1 the  
starting point of all the  knowledge of 
the rocks2 to begin right by us and see 
what is done now1  and observe that     
wearing action4 ,if you will go from    
that little gulley  on the hillside to a

 larger valley1 and still larger1 to the
 great  valley of the ,mississippi1 you 
will find the same thing repeated4      
,here is a specimen that ,i got right   
here where they are ballasting  the     
road4 ,here you could see a mass of sand
 and gravel4 ,it goes on  wherever there
 is sand and gravel and there is lime   
and water2 it is  compounded together4  
,we have there fossils4 ,here1 for      
instance1 you  have various forms of    
plants and corals1 and so on1 and you   
have here  in the rocks right about you 
shells1 coral1 seaweed1 preserved in the
  same way4 ,thus you get your          
petrefactions4 ,thus you get the layers 
that  you call strata4 ,all these layers
 of rock are simply sediment that was   
once carried down and spread out in a   
body of water4 ,is not that simple      
enough8    ,here is that slab1 all      
covered over with seaweed and shells1   
that was  one time a bottom of the      
ocean2 there was a volume of clay1 and  
you  see resting in there rolls of      

seaweed4 ,trailing over this all along  
these shores on the spot where we now   
stand1 there were seaweed1 and  coral1  
and all the animal life4 ,here is a head
 of a large animal1 a  cephalopod1 and  
here is a tail1 and the rest of the body
 is probably  under the railroad track4 
,here is a curved shell4 ,this rock     
abounds in  the ocean4 ,they were the   
pirates of the ocean4 ,they were the    
ancient  devilfish4 ,they had enormous  
arms4 ,they were very fine in their     
time1  but1 as some one says about the  
,pilgrim ,fathers1 we should be thankful
  that they did not come down to us4    
,we have another class of rocks in our  
boulders and hard heads4 ,here are  some
 without any section4 ,here is a mass of
 modern lava4 ,here you see  this huge  
mass4 ,all these landscapes show the    
different kinds of rocks  in their      
relations4 ,this irregular mass is the  
unstratified rocks4  ,they have been    
melted and cooled from a state of       
melting4 ,we know them  to be crystals4 

,they consist of quartz1 feldspar1 and  
mica1 which are  the alphabet of        
mineralogy4 ,we have the crystals1 which
 we know only  exist when there has been
 a state of melting4 ,these unstratified
 rocks  are the material of all our     
quarries and great rocks4    ,there are 
two great classes3 the stratified1 in   
layers1 which came from  sediment       
deposited in the ancient seas1 and the  
unstratified1 which  were once melted   
masses thrown out of the interior of the
 earth4 ,the  granite1 the unstratified 
rocks1 form the backbone of the         
continent2  they are the underlying     
rocks4 ,they occur as veins1 coming up  
through  the stratified rocks1 and      
overflowing the surface4    ,now1 in    
this section of the rocks which we have 
as they are stratified1  formed in      
layers one above the other1 we come to  
the idea of time4 ,i  was going along   
this morning1 with a basket and one of  
these stones  in my hand1 and a man's   
attention was attracted1 and he asked   

how  long since those animals were      
alive4 ,i said a million of years4 ,he  
looked rather astonished1 and expressed 
himself that ,i could not know4  ,the   
idea of such great amounts of time      
strikes any one like the vast  areas of 
space4 ,at the first step in geology we 
have got to expand our  notions of time4
 ,the six thousand years will not do4   
,some people think  there is something  
in the ,bible about six thousand years4 
,there is no  such thing4 ,it is a      
chronology that has grown up like       
,milton's ,paradise  ,lost4 ,many people
 think that ,milton's ,paradise ,lost is
 a part of the  ,bible4 ,in ,genesis we 
are told of days1 which everybody       
understands to  mean periods of time1   
and of time since the beginning1 when   
the earth  was without form and void4   
,we have nothing definite said in the   
,bible1  or any other book1 except the  
approximate indications which are found 
in the great stone book of ,nature4     
,let us look at the idea of time1 and   

see how we get at it4 ,if we should     
come again to the mud puddle dried up1  
we should get an approximate  idea of   
how long it took to form the deposit4   
,suppose we do not know  the history1 we
 know about the number of storms that   
are usual1 and the  amount of rainfall1 
and we have some guide in that          
succession of layers  that are there4   
,in the ancient rocks we have exactly   
the same guide4  ,somebody says in      
answer to all this1 that in some places 
deposits take  place very rapidly1 and  
we can not judge4 ,for instance1 a flood
 in the  ,mississippi bears down a vast 
amount of matter4 ,there is a delta of  
the  ,mississippi that has been built   
out during the memory of man4 ,whenever 
we find coarse material in a delta we   
say it was rapidly formed2 if it  is    
fine material1 we say it was formed     
slowly4 ,to-day the ,mississippi  is    
bearing down a vast mass of material1   
and the coarser materials drop  by the  
mouth1 but the finer are carried out    

over the sea1 perhaps along  the shore4 
,this fine silt settles down amid the   
corals1 the sea-weed  and the ships4 ,if
 the ocean could be drained1 we would   
find on the  decks of the ships that    
have been sunk a hundred years1 as the  
divers  tell us1 this deposition on the 
bottom of the sea4 ,no one can doubt    
about these deposits which have so many 
shells1 that the deposit was  made very 
slowly1 because it would have been      
impossible for the shells  to have lived
 if the material had been thrown down   
rapidly4    ,therefore1 when we come to 
take the rate of deposit1 and the vast  
thickness of these rocks into account1  
we have a basis for determining         
approximately the periods of the time   
during which these rocks have  formed4  
,of course1 it is only to those who     
become minutely intelligent  in regard  
to the details that this thought will   
have weight4 ,if1  for instance1 ,i     
should go along where a man was cutting 
a tree1 and  count the annular rings1   

and ,i had never seen a tree cut down2  
if he  should say an hundred years ago  
that tree was an acorn1 ,i should be    
astonished1 and it would have no weight 
with me1 for ,i would not have  the     
knowledge necessary4 ,it is necessary to
 become familiar with this  class of    
phenomena4 ,therefore in the beginning  
we want to study the  phenomena that are
 taking place on the seashore1 at the   
mouth of the  rivers1 and compare these 
with the phenomena that we find in the  
rock4    ,i recall a notable instance of
 this3 ,that grand man1 ,president      
,hitchcock1 long since gone to rest1 one
 of the greatest and most  eminent      
scientists of his ,state1 discovered    
tracks in the valley of  the            
,connecticut ,river4 ,he had to classify
 some sixty different classes  of       
tracks1 which are found in the valley of
 the ,connecticut sandstone  ledges1    
which1 when it was soft1 was admirably  
calculated to receive  impressions4 ,his
 attention was called to them1 and he   

made them out to  be bird tracks4 ,the  
,european naturalists were very         
reluctant to believe  it4 ,they did not 
believe that any such discovery could be
 made by any  ,american4 ,they sent over
 a man to see the alleged bird tracks1  
and he  went all over the museum1 and he
 went down to the quarry and saw all    
the specimens1 and went away and came   
back again4 ,president ,hitchcock  asked
 him about it1 and he said that he did  
not think there were any  bird tracks   
there4 ,after dinner he took him out to 
the porch4 ,a few  days before he had   
found a flat stone1 on which mud had    
been deposited1  and a snipe had walked 
over it2 the mud dried1 and he thought  
it was  an exact parallel with his bird 
tracks4 ,so he put it on his porch4 ,the
  gentleman said1 8,what have you got   
here80 ,there they were1 the tracks  of 
a bird1 and a wader4 ,he said nothing4  
,he went away1 and said they  were bird 
tracks4 ,he wrote afterward that he had 
for the first time to  study how a      

wading bird walked on both sides of a   
median line4 ,and so  when he studied   
the habits of a bird1 he saw that these 
fossils were  bird tracks4 ,i speak of  
this because it is a key4    ,i allude  
again to that sermon of ,bishop         
,simpson's1 where ,job asks these       
questions1 and the ,lord tells him to   
find out that right next to him4  ,why  
don't you study that1 and interpret it  
in that manner so sensible8  ,you find  
everywhere we are doing that4 ,on that  
account people can not  get a knowledge 
of geology1 because geology asks you to 
commence right  at the door4 ,stoop and 
pick up the pebble there2 learn the     
soil1 and  teach yourselves and your    
children what it was4 ,this is a        
progressive  world where we have all got
 to begin4 ,it seems wonderful that we  
have  not done that before4 ,if you will
 try it1 if you will get the first  weed
 by your door1 and teach your children  
about it1 and go out further  and study 
geology and all the other ologies in    

that way1 life will be  lifted on the   
highest plane for all4 ,applause4       
,everybody that has  tried that has     
found an exceeding great reward4    ,i  
remember years ago a poem by ,james     
,russell ,lowell1 in which he  describes
 the prophet going up to the hoary      
mountain to go and learn  from ,god4    
8,worn and footsore was the prophet1    
,when he gained the holy hill2          
#8,god has left the earth1' he murmured1
        #8,here his presence lingers    
still4'        #8,god of all the olden  
prophets1         ,wilt thou speak with 
men no more8       ,have ,i not as truly
 served thee         ,as thy chosen ones
 of yore8         ,hear me1 ,guider of  
my fathers1         ,lo6 a humble heart 
is mine2       ,by thy mercy ,i beseech 
thee1         ,grant thy servant but a  
sign6'         ,bowing then his head1 he
 listened         ,for an answer to his 
prayer2       ,no loud burst of thunder 
followed1         ,not a murmur stirred 
the air3         ,but the tuft of moss  

before him         ,opened while he     
waited yet1       ,and1 from out the    
rock's hard bosom1         ,sprang a    
tender violet4        #8,god1 ,i thank  
thee1' said the prophet1        #8,hard 
of heart and blind was ,i1              
,looking to the holy mountain           
,for the gift of prophecy4              
,still thou speakest with thy children  
,freely as in eld sublime2              
,humbleness1 and love1 and patience1    
,still give empire over time4           
,had ,i trusted in thy nature1          
,and had faith in lowly things1         
,thou thyself wouldst then have sought  
me1         ,and set free my spirit's   
wings4         ,but ,i looked for signs 
and wonders1         ,that o'er men     
should give me sway2       ,thirsting to
 be more than mortal1         ,i was    
even less than clay4         ,ere ,i    
entered on my journey1         ,as ,i   
girt my loins to start1       ,ran to me
 my little daughter1         ,the       
beloved of my heart2         ,in her    

hand she held a flower1         ,like to
 this as like may be1       ,which      
beside my very threshold1         ,she  
had plucked and brought to me4'8        
,applause4    ,now1 ,i simply say1 if   
there are those who wish to pursue the  
study of  geology1 ,i will be very glad 
while ,i stay here to be of any         
assistance  ,i can to you4 ,i know the  
difficulty of starting without some     
help4  ,the geology published here by   
,prof4 ,packard is an admirable little  
treatise1 but with the reading of that  
you need observation and the  knowledge 
to be gained by handling the specimens4 
,if there are those  who would like to  
learn1 ,i am at liberty after #e o'clock
 in the morning  for a few days4 ,i get 
up at #e and keep very still4 ,if you   
could keep  those bells still that keep 
me awake until about #aa3cj3 ,i like    
babies1  but if you could put the babies
 in some babies' retreat for a little   
while----4    ,the geological charts are
 excellent for teaching in a circle or a

  school4 ,these are the charts that are
 published with ,prof4 ,packard's       
,geology4 ,with the book they will      
enable one to get a very good idea  of  
geology4 ,if you will take up geology   
now1 and start here1 we will  start from
 the quarry4 ,these specimens will      
decay2 one-half of them  will go down   
into the lake very soon4 ,i went out    
here and saw these  splendid books being
 wasted1 so ,i made use of a few of     
them4 ,these will  be a starting point  
in your museum1 and then every ,c4 ,l4  
,s4 ,c4 on this  continent will send    
from his locality a box of specimens1   
two or three  of them1 express paid1 to 
your museum1 and ,i will send my quota  
from  ,west ,virginia4 ,and ,i will come
 over here some time and help label     
them4  ,applause4    ,pointing to the   
charts behind him4 ,here is a section of
 rocks from  below1 and here are the    
different phenomena of volcanic action4 
,here  is a picture of the ancient seas4
 ,there is one of these valleys4 ,there 

are vast species of chambered shells4   
,we have now only one species  living1  
the chambered nautilus4 ,the animal had 
the power of increasing  or diminishing 
his density by absorbing or casting out 
water4 ,here is  another representative 
of the animals that have been restored  
by the  laws of comparative anatomy4    
,cuvier1 or ,agassiz1 by a bone1 or     
scale1  even1 could restore an animal4  
,here are some of your ancestors4 ,here 
is a specimen of the plesiosaurus and   
the iguanodon4 ,these are marine        
animals4 ,these are more modern4 ,this  
is the period of bone caves4 ,this  was 
a great clawed animal1 that was for a   
long time supposed to be a  lion4 ,here 
is a representation of the ice period1  
of which you hear so  much1 the period  
when the huge boulders were brought     
down4 ,the entire  collection will be   
one of value4    ,i thank you for your  
attention4 ,applause4    ,after some    
conversation on preparation for         
,commencement day1 the  ,round-,table   

adjourned4    ,,footnote3    ,i ,held at
 the ,hall of ,philosophy1 ,august #g1  
#ahhb1 at #e p4 m4          ,,editor',s 
,,outlook4      ,our ,national          
,education4    ,from the time that      
,washington boasted of a system that    
proposes to  furnish the means of       
education to 8every child of the        
republic10 the  educational spirit has  
been a prominent characteristic of our  
people4  ,amid all our national         
vicissitudes and struggles1 defending   
the  flag from foes without and within1 
cutting down the forests to make  farms 
for cultivation1 and clearing up the    
waste places to make them  habitable1 we
 have never lost our educational        
enterprise4 ,in the far  ,west1 as well 
as in ,maine and ,massachusetts1 you    
meet it4 ,not to be  wondered at1       
either1 is this in a people who had the 
courage and faith  to launch such a     
governmental scheme as is ours4 ,indeed1
 it required  little discernment to see 
that popular institutions could be      

served by  no other handmaid than       
popular education4    ,it is gratifying 
to note that our zeal for education did 
not prove  a transient impulse1 but that
 of an abiding conviction4 ,never have  
the reports from all parts of the       
,union1 taken as a whole1 been so       
encouraging as now4 ,stupidity and      
demagogism are still to be found  in    
many places1 and1 of course1 as ever1   
doing their best to hinder  progress4   
,but in spite of all such influences1   
educators throughout the  nation feel   
that the cause1 with the modifications  
of better methods1  is understood and   
appreciated by the better and larger    
part of the  public4 ,an examination of 
reports and statistics of all the       
,states  and ,territories for ten years 
past1 shows advancement in almost every 
instance4 ,financial depression or      
shifting population will explain  the   
exceptions4 ,in the ,state of ,ohio in  
the single year of #ahgi-hj1            
three-fourths of a million dollars was  

expended in new school-houses4  ,the    
young ,state of ,west ,virginia reports 
seventeen hundred more  teachers        
employed at the close of the decade than
 at the beginning4 ,the  ,state of      
,missouri reports a like number1 and an 
increased enrollment  of nearly sixty   
thousand1 exclusive of those who had    
come of school  age1 thus showing a deep
 inroad into the ranks of illiteracy4   
,these  citations illustrate the advance
 movement all along the line4 ,and      
while our common schools are thus moving
 onward1 it is no less a sign  of       
national devotion to education that     
schools of higher grades are  springing 
up everywhere4 ,special and charitable  
schools for the deaf  and dumb1 for the 
weak-minded1 industrial training        
schools1 etc41 all  of them upheld by   
the same national spirit4 ,nor to be    
forgotten are the  schools for all      
classes at home1 where by correspondence
 and concert of  work1 results which    
none can measure are attained4 ,let us  

rejoice and  give thanks6    ,but the   
most hopeful thought that comes to us in
 connection with  our national          
education1 is of the fact that in nearly
 all parts of  the country it is        
required that moral instruction be given
 in the  schools4 8,instruction in      
morals and good manners10 is the        
language  of requirement in the school  
laws of many ,states4 ,others charge    
8all  instructors to impress on the     
youth committed to them the principles  
of morality1 justice1 a sacred regard of
 truth1 love of country1  chastity1     
temperance1 etc40 ,the school code of   
,new ,hampshire demands  that 8religion1
 piety1 and morality be encouraged40 ,in
 several ,states  the ,bible is to be   
brought before the pupils by the        
prescribed daily  reading of it1 as in  
,massachusetts and the ,district of     
,columbia2 and  in many others the      
reading of it has express legalization4 
,herein is  the sheet anchor of all our 
hopes4 ,cultured mind and heart alone   

give  assurance of a successful national
 voyage4      ,professor ,henry ,draper4
    ,the scientific world has suffered a
 heavy loss in the death of  ,professor 
,henry ,draper1 of ,new ,york4 ,he was  
the son of ,dr4 ,john ,w4  ,draper1 one 
of the most eminent scientific men this 
country has  produced4 ,professor       
,draper inherited the tastes and talents
 of his  illustrious father1 and1 while 
yet a youth1 began his scientific  and  
physiological investigations4 ,he       
received his early educational  training
 in the public schools of ,new ,york1   
after which he spent two  years in the  
,academic ,department of the ,university
 of the ,city of  ,new ,york4 ,during   
all this time his studies were under the
 careful  supervision of his father1 who
 was a professor in the ,university4    
,after  completing his sophomore year he
 entered upon the study of medicine1    
and received his degree in #aheh4 ,after
 his graduation he spent a year  in     
,europe in study and travel1 and on his 

return to this country he  received an  
appointment on the medical staff of     
,bellevue ,hospital4 ,he  continued in  
this position for two years1 when he was
 elected to the  chair of physiology in 
the ,city ,university4 ,when he entered 
upon his  duties as professor he        
discontinued the practice of medicine1  
which he  never afterward resumed1 and  
gave himself wholly to teaching and to  
original investigation in natural       
science1 but was especially devoted  to 
the study of chemistry and astronomy4   
,he was not1 however1 dependent  upon   
the facilities afforded by the          
,university to enable him to pursue  his
 investigations in his favorite         
sciences1 but1 being possessed of  ample
 means1 he had a finely equipped        
laboratory fitted up in his own         
apartments1 and also erected an         
observatory for his own use4    ,in     
order to facilitate his astronomical    
observations1 ,professor ,draper        
constructed an equatorial telescope1    

with an aperture of twenty-eight        
inches1 for his private observatory at  
,hastings1 on the ,hudson4 ,this        
telescope was the work of his own hands1
 and when completed was  the largest one
 of the kind in the ,united ,states4    
,his astronomical  investigations were  
principally of a photographical         
character4 ,he  was peculiarly adapted  
to this kind of work1 since he had      
studied  photography with his father1   
who was a pioneer in the photographic   
art1  having taken the first            
photographic likeness of the human face 
ever  obtained4 ,by means of his large  
telescope1 ,professor ,draper was able  
to take the largest and finest          
photographs of the heavenly bodies ever 
obtained1 and by this means greatly     
advanced the interests of science4  ,to 
him was due also the discovery of the   
gelatino-bromide dry process  of        
photography1 which has proven so useful 
to the art of photography1  especially  
in its application to astronomy4 ,in    

#ahgd1 after much labor  and many costly
 experiments1 he succeeded in obtaining 
photographs  of the fixed lines of      
stellar spectra1 which no one before had
 ever  been able to accomplish4 ,by     
obtaining photographs of the spectrum of
  the sun he was able to demonstrate the
 existence of oxygen in that  luminary1 
a fact never before known to            
astronomers4 ,his numerous and          
successful efforts in this line of work 
rendered him so conspicuous  that he was
 conceded to be without a peer in the   
department of sidereal  photography4 ,as
 a result of his grand achievements the 
commissioners  appointed by ,congress to
 make arrangements for the observation  
of the  transit of ,venus1 in #ahgd1    
selected him as the superintendent of   
the  photographic department4 ,he       
performed his duties with such          
efficiency  that ,congress ordered a    
gold medal to be presented to him1      
bearing the  inscription3 8,he adds     
lustre to ancestral glory40    ,in      

addition to being an expert in          
astronomical photography ,professor     
,draper was a fine analytical chemist1  
and in addition to his work  as         
professor of physiology1 for several    
years he taught analytical  chemistry in
 the ,university4 ,during the last few  
years of his life  he was very much     
interested in the subject of            
electricity1 and gave  much time and    
study to the problem of overcoming the  
difficulties of  adapting the electric  
light to practical use1 and contributed 
much  valuable information on this      
point4    ,although so enthusiastically 
devoted to the interests of science1    
,professor ,draper was not a recluse1   
but was of a fine social turn4 ,he  was 
a fluent talker1 an entertaining        
companion and a genial host4 ,when  the 
first symptoms of his fatal illness came
 upon him he was engaged  in            
entertaining at dinner1 in his          
hospitable home on ,madison avenue1     
,new ,york1 the members of the ,national

 ,academy of ,science4 ,he died in  the 
prime of his years and in the fulness of
 his mental strength4  ,the country can 
ill-afford to lose men of such mental   
ability and so  enthusiastically devoted
 to scientific research4                
,co-,education4    ,rising in interest  
and importance above every other phase  
of the 8woman  question10 is that of her
 education1 her higher education1 and   
from  this the question of co-education4
 ,the first cause which has associated  
the idea of co-education with the higher
 education of women1 has  been the fact 
that higher educational facilities are1 
with very few  exceptions1 limited to   
the colleges and universities           
established for  the education of men4  
,if woman is to receive higher education
 it is  apparent at the start that the  
institutions called woman's colleges    
and seminaries are inadequate to the    
work4 ,hence1 whatever other            
considerations may enter into the       
co-education problem1 this much is      

clear3 if women now1 or at any time in  
the near future1 are to have  these     
facilities they must come by some system
 of co-education1 as only  institutions 
now existing for men can furnish them4  
,this suggests the  economic and time   
element of the question4 ,colleges and  
universities  of ability to do the work 
of higher education are not born in a   
day4  ,the best representatives of such 
institutions in this country and in     
,england are the growth of centuries1   
and their cabinets1 laboratories1       
museums1 libraries1 and endowments the  
results of weary1 slow  accumulations4  
,not to speak now of the other and more 
positive reasons in its favor1  reasons 
growing out of the association of the   
sexes in recitation and  lecture-room1  
and the wholesome influences on each    
thus secured1 let us  see what are the  
objections urged by its opponents4 ,we  
hear a good deal  about the tendency to 
make coarse the naturally fine fibre of 
woman1  about constitutional differences

 of intellect1 and difference of sphere 
and pursuits in life4 ,now1 in all      
soberness1 if there is anything in  this
 idea that association of the sexes     
tends to rob woman of the  charms of    
fineness and gentleness peculiar to her1
 how is it that she  has managed to keep
 them from the days of ,adam and ,eve   
until now8 ,and  as to differences of   
intellect1 they are neither so          
constitutional  nor 8unconstitutional0  
as to disqualify her for an even race   
with her  brother4 ,if the testimony of 
professors and college authorities1     
where  the opportunity has been given   
her1 can be relied upon1 whenever the   
race is uneven it has been in her favor4
 ,the objection about sphere and        
pursuits in life misconceives the true  
purpose of education4 ,the true         
conception is not addressed to pursuits1
 but is of a solid foundation  on which 
the special education of pursuit or     
profession is erected4    ,recognizing  
the force and truth of these and other  

considerations1 and  acting up to their 
convictions1 the great and time-honored 
universities  of the ,english speaking  
world1 ,oxford and ,cambridge1 have led 
the  way1 and thrown wide open their    
doors to young women seeking their      
privileges4 ,at these honored           
institutions young women live in their  
own 8halls10 as at some of our ,american
 colleges1 under care of women  of      
highest social standing1 enter the same 
lecture-room and listen  to the same    
lecture with the young men4 ,the        
following from a leading  educational   
journal1 reveals the growing favor of   
co-education at  ,cambridge3 8,since the
 modest beginning thirteen years ago of 
,girton  ,college1--the woman's college 
at ,cambridge1--it has twice been found 
necessary to make considerable          
extensions4 ,the students have proved   
themselves eager to profit by the       
advantages afforded to them1 as was     
shown by their distinctions obtained at 
,cambridge this year4 ,it is  now once  

more intended to develop the work of the
 college by making  further and more    
elaborate extensions4 ,for some time    
past a number of  applicants have been  
refused admission owing to the want of  
space1 and  plans have at last been     
adopted which will make room for more   
students40    ,it is not a little       
strange the illiberal spirit manifested 
by some  of the leading institutions of 
this country1 instance the narrow and   
partial conditions of the 8,harvard     
,annex0 and the opposition by the       
trustees and part of the faculty of     
,columbia ,college4 ,in the latter  case
 there is just now a tidal wave of      
public sentiment in ,new ,york  ,city   
sweeping against the opposition1 which1 
it is to be hoped1 will  overcome all   
resistance4 ,the leaven is working4 ,it 
is a reform1 and  reforms go forward in 
this nineteenth century4 ,geologists    
tell us that  six thousand years ago the
 age of man was ushered in4 ,let the    
future  geologists record this as the   

age of man and woman1 too4      ,thurlow
 ,weed4    ,among noteworthy recent     
events is the death of ,thurlow ,weed1  
the  veteran journalist and politician4 
,mr4 ,weed had nearly reached his       
eighty-fifth birthday with faculties    
well preserved1 and for more than  half 
a century he was a very prominent figure
 in our national political  life4 ,the  
son of a poor cartman who never         
prospered1 he had his own  way to make  
in the world1 and from a striker in a   
blacksmith shop1 a  cabin-boy upon river
 boats1 and a chore-boy of a printing   
office1 he  worked his way up to be the 
trusted adviser of senators and         
presidents1  and the man by whom        
officials1 high and low1 were made and  
unmade4  ,he was twice a member of the  
,state ,assembly of ,new ,york1--in     
#ahbd and  #ahbi1--;but never held any  
other office4 ,he refused official      
position  for himself1 but no man has   
been more influential in securing it for
  others4 ,mr4 ,weed's work as a        

journalist was for the most part in     
connection with the ,albany ,evening    
,journal1 though before assuming        
control of this paper he had edited a   
number of others1 by one of  which1 the 
,anti-,masonic ,enquirer1 he had gained 
wide celebrity4  ,during the thirty-two 
years of his management of the ,journal 
he made  it with his trenchant pen one  
of the mightiest of the auxiliaries of  
the ,whig and ,republican parties1 and  
he was himself a political leader       
second in influence to none4 ,retiring  
from this paper in #ahfb1 he  afterward 
edited for a time the ,new ,york        
,commercial ,advertiser1 but  failing   
health soon obliged him to drop finally 
the editorial pen4 ,he  continued1      
however1 to write for the press until a 
short time before  his death1 and the   
occasional articles he sent to different
 journals  always commanded an eager    
reading4 ,in #ahff letters which he     
wrote to  the ,albany ,evening ,journal 
from ,europe and the ,west ,indies1 when

  different visits were made to these   
countries1 were collected and  published
 in a handsome volume1 without his      
consent4    ,there is much in the       
life-work of ,mr4 ,weed for which he    
should be  gratefully remembered4       
,though he was a strong and earnest     
partisan1 he  was a true patriot4 ,he   
was a consistent friend of human liberty
 and  human equality4 ,in the early part
 of our civil war1 in company with      
,bishop ,mc,ilvaine and ,archbishop     
,hughes1 he went to ,europe charged with
  the important mission of promoting    
friendliness to the ,union cause  on the
 other side of the water1 and the       
mission was discharged with  great skill
 and faithfulness4 ,perhaps to ,mr4     
,weed for his work in  connection with  
this embassy the nation owes a greater  
debt than we  know4 ,to the close of his
 life he was the earnest advocate of    
what we  believe to be a vicious        
principle in politics4 ,he was not of   
those who  demand reform in the civil   

service4 ,a change in the mode by which 
the  offices are filled in our land     
found no favor in his eyes4 ,the old way
  was good enough for him4 ,he believed 
with ,andrew ,jackson1 that 8to  the    
victors belong the spoils40 ,we can not 
greatly admire that role  of party      
manager which he played with such       
consummate ability4 ,there  are higher  
ends certainly to which a man may give  
his powers than the  success of party   
and the elevation of men to political   
stations4 ,but  this is to be said of   
,mr4 ,weed1 he was an upright and       
honorable man1  and in playing the game 
of politics he was actuated by better   
aims  than those of many4 ,he left for  
his family quite a large estate1 but  it
 was acquired through legitimate        
transactions of business4 ,he had a     
circle of friends of whom any one might 
be proud1 and they were by no  means    
confined to the members of his own      
political party4 ,probably by  far the  
most valuable collection of autograph   

letters in the land was  in his         
possession4 ,his home-life was          
admirable4 ,he had a benevolent  spirit1
 and his charitable gifts were many4    
,and it is pleasant to have  it to      
record of him that he lived and died a  
believer in evangelical  religion4 ,his 
interest in the ,moody and ,sankey      
meetings in ,new ,york  ,city a few     
years ago is well remembered4 ,we sum up
 his character3 a man  of strong will1  
of indomitable perseverance and energy1 
of remarkable  power to control men and 
attach men to himself1 and pure and good
 in  private life4          ,,editor',s 
,,note-,,book4      ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4
 class of #ahhf1 which has been enrolled
 since the  ,assembly last ,august1     
numbers more than #h1jjj members4 ,the  
books are  still kept open to record the
 names of all others that will unite    
with  this particular class4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,trustees of the ,chautauqua       
,assembly hold their annual meeting at  

the ,gibson ,house1 in ,cincinnati1     
,ohio1 the present month4           99  
99       99       99       99    ,the   
,rev4 ,victor ,connell1 a graduate of   
the ,ohio ,wesleyan ,university1 is     
pastor at ,chautauqua4 ,the ,trustees of
 ,chautauqua have just erected an       
elegant parsonage1 with many modern     
conveniences1 for the pastor and  his   
family4           99       99       99  
99       99    ,the ,rev4 ,a4 ,h4       
,gillet1 ,messenger of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4  
,c41 has been appointed  ,assistant     
,secretary of the ,sunday-school ,union 
of the ,m4 ,e4 ,church4 ,he  is a       
thorough ,sunday-school man1 a fine     
speaker1 and a good presiding  officer  
at a ,sunday-school assembly4 ,mr4      
,gillet will make his home in           
,cincinnati4           99       99      
99       99       99    ,the ,chinese   
,minister's wife does not like to be    
thought a person of  tender years1 and  
claims to be twenty-five4 ,she is       
petite1 weighing  ninety-four pounds1   

and her feet are not unduly small4 ,she 
dresses  on the street as ,american     
ladies do1 having lately been seen in a 
wine-colored brocaded velvet polonaise  
over plain velvet1 with a hat  whose    
brim droops over the brow1 and on whose 
sides hang long drooping  plumes4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,census ,office has issued a       
special bulletin recently containing the
  statistics of illiteracy in the       
,united ,states as returned at the tenth
  census4 ,the number of persons ten    
years old and upward in the several     
,states and ,territories is #cf1gfa1fjg4
 ,of this number #d1ibc1dea1 or #ac4d   
per cent41 are returned as unable to    
read1 and #f1bci1ieh1 or #ag per  cent41
 as unable to write4 ,white persons in  
the ,united ,states ten years  old and  
upward1 #cb1afj1djj2 unable to write1   
#c1jai1jhj1 or #i4d per  cent4 ,colored 
persons of ten years old and upward1    
#d1fja1bjg2 unable to  write1           
#c1bbj1hgh4           99       99       

99       99       99    ,melville paid  
the following tribute to ,capt4 ,de     
,long in ,november1  during the         
investigation of the ,jeannette         
expedition1 at ,washington1 ,d4  ,c43   
8,q4--,did you believe1 when you went   
for the log books and records  left by  
,de ,long1 that the people of the first 
cutter were dead or  alive8 ,a4--,i was 
morally certain that at that time they  
were all dead4  ,common sense and my own
 judgment taught me that4 ,before ,i    
started1 both  ,ninderman and ,noros    
told me it would be useless to look for 
the first  cutter's party before spring1
 as beyond a possibility of doubt they  
were long since all dead4 ,at one of the
 reported difficulties between  ,mr4    
,collins and ,capt4 ,de ,long ,i believe
 ,mr4 ,danenhower was present4  ,mr4    
,collins was treated just as any other  
officer1 and with the same  cordiality4 
,at one time ,mr4 ,collins took a notion
 not to respond to  the usual good      
morning salutations of the ,captain4    

,when the ,captain  entered the wash    
room mornings it was his custom to say1 
#8,good morning1  gentlemen1' and we all
 responded with #8,good morning1        
,captain4' ,mr4  ,collins1 however1 used
 to turn his back when he saw the       
,captain coming  in1 and look away or   
walk away without responding4 ,mr4      
,newcomb and ,mr4  ,collins used to talk
 and walk together more than they did   
with any of  the other officers1 and    
were on more intimate terms with each   
other  than with the others4 ,no        
distinction whatever was made in the    
mess on  account of their being civilian
 officers1 but all were treated the     
same and upon an equal footing4 ,i did  
not know that it would be deemed  proper
 for me to pass judgment upon my        
commanding officer1 but1 to my  mind1 he
 was as good a man as could be assigned 
to any duty at any time  or in any      
place4 ,he always seemed equal to any   
emergency1 and all that  he did was done
 with his whole soul4 ,had ,i supposed  

that ,i would be  permitted to speak of 
my commanding officer or his conduct1 ,i
 should  not have allowed five minutes  
to pass without bearing my testimony to 
his worth and unfaltering devotion to   
duty4 ,but words of mine are of  little 
value beside the monument which his     
record has erected to his  heroism and  
unwavering fidelity to the service and  
to the well-being of  those intrusted to
 his charge40           99       99     
99       99       99    ,in compliance  
with numerous requests there will be a  
series of articles  on civil law in the 
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 course of study for     
#ahhc-ahhd4           99       99       
99       99       99    8,heaven knows  
what would become of our sociality if we
 never visited  people we speak ill of2 
we should live1 like ,egyptian hermits1 
in  crowded solitude40--,george ,eliot3 
,janet's ,repentance4           99      
99       99       99       99    ,an    
illustrated daily paper for children1 to
 be printed on the grounds  at          

,chautauqua1 will be one of the features
 of the ,assembly in #ahhc4  ,this will 
be an improvement on that excellent     
little daily printed on  the papyrograph
 in former years4 ,the new paper will   
contain personals  of little people and 
news from the ,chautauqua world in which
 they live4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,a statue of    
,john ,brown is to be erected by the    
,state of ,kansas in  ,washington4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,joseph ,cook has returned to ,boston1  
,mass41 from his trip round  the world4 
8,he refused to hold a public debate    
with a noted  free-thinker in ,australia
 for the following tersely expressed    
reasons3  #8,first4--,freethought1      
spiritualism and infidelity in general  
in  ,america1 ,england and ,india1 and1 
as far as ,i know1 in ,australia1 are   
notoriously connected with schemes for  
the propagation of immorality4  ,several
 of the prominent agitators in support  
of infidelity and  free-thought have    

been sent to jail for distributing      
infamous  publications through the      
mails4 ,no decent man can consent to    
appear  on the same platform with the   
representatives of enterprises that     
have a debasing effect on the public    
mind4 ,secondly4--,i am not open  to    
challenges of which the evident object  
is to advertise infidelity4             
,thirdly4--,not an unoccupied nor an    
unengaged hour is left open to me  in   
,australia4 ,fourthly4--,when infidels  
of any kind issue a book that  goes     
through ten editions in ten years1 at a 
dollar a copy1 ,i will  reply to it4 ,i 
have a right to offer this challenge1   
for several of the  volumes of the      
#8,boston ,monday ,lectures' have gone  
through ten editions  in five years4    
,fifthly4--,infidels can put their      
written inquiries1 if  they choose1 into
 the box at my free question-box        
lectures4'0           99       99       
99       99       99    ,it will be     
welcome news to the ,american people    

that the revenues of  the postal        
department are estimated to exceed the  
expenditures for the  coming year by    
over four million dollars4 ,this is a   
new and forcible  argument for cheaper  
postage4 ,the ,president in his message 
recommends  two cents for letter        
postage1 and since it would be unwise in
 the  government to make money out of   
the people through the postal service1  
let us all favor a reduction in rates of
 postage1 and then thank  ,president    
,garfield's administration for making it
 possible by beginning  in earnest the  
good work of overthrowing the ,star     
,route conspirators4           99       
99       99       99       99    ,we    
regret that ,governor ,st4 ,john1 of    
,kansas1 was not re-elected at  the     
recent election4 ,he could1 however1    
better afford to be defeated  with his  
record on the temperance question1 for  
that was the cause of  it1 than to be   
,governor with a doubtful record on this
 reform4 ,the  temperance people of     

these ,united ,states who are in        
sympathy with  ,governor ,st4 ,john1 are
 more in number than the whole          
population of  ,kansas1 and the         
approbation of the temperance army is a 
rich reward in  the face of a defeat at 
the hands of the rum-power4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,vincent preached two   
sermons on the first ,sabbath in        
,december before the faculty and        
students of ,cornell ,university1 at    
,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the city press1 in    
speaking of the sermons1 ranks the      
,doctor among the first preachers of the
 country4           99       99       99
       99       99    8,the ,golden     
,floral0 is a collection of beautiful   
poems1 8,rock of  ,ages10 8,why should  
the ,spirit of ,mortal be ,proud10 8,he 
giveth his  ,beloved ,sleep10 and       
several others1 each in a separate      
volume elegantly  illustrated4 ,these   
poems are dear to thousands of          
worshippers1 and  they are made doubly  

attractive in their new binding4 ,each  
book has a  different cover1 with       
appropriate flowers1 on a gold ground   
and is put  up in a neat box or handsome
 envelope1 price #a4ge each4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,somebody sent ,mrs4 ,general ,james ,a4
 ,beaver of ,pennsylvania1 a copy of    
,,the ,,chautauquan for ,november with  
the lecture by ,bishop ,simpson on      
8,god's ,hand in ,history0 marked1 and  
wrote a note requesting her to read  it1
 after her husband was defeated for     
,governor of ,pennsylvania4 ,she  read  
it and was benefited4 ,we are inclined  
to believe that the doctrine  of that   
lecture would be helpful to the class of
 men who were elected  governors at the 
late elections1 providing they could be 
persuaded to  adopt the ,bishop's       
theory4 ,success in political life is   
more dangerous  to the individual than  
defeat4 ,more of ,god's hand1 and less  
of man's1  in shaping the events of the 
history we are making1 would be better  

for  the ,state and nation4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,the ,new ,york ,tribune says3 8,thurlow
 ,weed's life almost spans the  history 
of this country under its present       
,constitution4 ,he was born  before     
,washington died1 and when ,webster1    
,clay1 and ,calhoun were making  their  
reputations he had edited several       
country newspapers and fought  in the   
battles of his country4 ,he was older   
than ,seward1 or ,lincoln1  or ,greeley1
 and when ,clay1 ,webster1 and ,calhoun 
were dead he had not  entered upon the  
most important part of his career4 ,he  
was alive when  ,napoleon's star        
appeared in the darkness of the ,french 
,revolution1  and was already a young   
man when the battle of ,waterloo was    
fought4  ,he lived and worked with three
 generations of public men4 ,most of the
  men who are now beginning to attract  
attention might have been his           
grandsons4 ,benjamin ,franklin died     
seven years before ,mr4 ,weed was born4 

,the lives of these two journalists take
 the world back into the reign  of      
,louis ,,xiv1 and beyond the birth of   
,frederick the ,great4 ,another such    
would very nearly reach the time of     
,shakspere40           99       99      
99       99       99    ,longfellow's   
study remains just as he left it4 ,not a
 book nor a piece  of furniture has been
 moved4 ,the gates to the grounds of his
 old home  are always open to the       
visitor1 but within the house the       
bereaved  family are secure from        
intrusion1 and their life goes on as it 
did  before his death1 save for the     
great void that never can be filled4    
,the  poet's grave at ,mount ,auburn is 
only marked by the flower-wreaths daily 
placed upon it by loving hands4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,it is estimated that eleven hundred    
people lost their lives when the  shower
 of ashes fell on the city of ,pompeii4 
,two-fifths of the area  covered by the 
ancient city have been explored1 and the

 bones of four  hundred and fifty       
victims have been exhumed4 ,the         
skeletons of only  three dogs have been 
found1 and all the cats seem to have    
escaped4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,president ,arthur1 it   
seems1 by his last message to ,congress1
 has been  giving special attention to  
the revenues of the government4 ,he says
  there is a surplus accumulating by    
every tax1 and gives his opinion  that  
this is neither wise nor economical4    
,the surplus in the treasury  for the   
year ending ,june1 #ahhb1 was           
#ade1jjj1jjj4 ,this is a good point  at 
which ,congress may begin to reduce the 
taxes on some commodities4           99 
99       99       99       99    ,the   
,society of 8,american ,artists0 7it is 
a big name7 has adopted a  resolution   
urging ,congress to remove all the      
duties on foreign works  of art and     
admit them all1 superior and inferior1  
free4 ,this is not  only unwise1 but it 
is un-,american4 ,suppose such wild and 

inconsiderate  action should be taken by
 ,congress1 it would bring pictures and 
statues1 made by cheap labor1 from      
,europe by the ship load1 and work      
injustice to ,american sculptors and    
painters4 ,we need home protection  for 
the artists quite as much as for any    
class of people among us4           99  
99       99       99       99    ,the   
,rev4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent writes as   
follows of 8,webster--an ,ode30 ,dr4    
,william ,cleaver ,wilkinson has long   
been an enthusiastic admirer of  the    
,sage of ,marshfield4 ,he has written   
two or three elaborate essays  upon     
,webster's character1 genius and work4  
,this ode is a bold and  brilliant      
attempt to celebrate the praise of the  
,massachusetts giant4  ,taking several  
salient incidents from ,webster's life1 
he follows a  8challenge0 and           
8counter-challenge10 with several short 
poems on the  youth1 education and legal
 ability of the great lawyer4 ,the ninth
  poem is a charming pastoral1 setting  

forth ,webster as a farmer2 the  tenth  
celebrates the orations on ,plymouth    
,rock and ,bunker ,hill4 ,in the        
remaining poems the author exalts the   
statesman and the defender of  the      
constitution2 closing with a tribute to 
his stability1 a plea to  his state for 
a favorable verdict upon the fame of her
 faithful son1  closing the fifteenth   
passage1 which is a simple couplet1     
delicately  attributing to this song a  
serviceable ministration in behalf of   
the  fame of its subject4 ,forty quarto 
pages of the poem are followed by       
eighty-two pages of elaborate1          
instructive1 and exceedingly valuable   
notes on the private morals1 public     
virtue1 genius1 statesmanship1  oratory1
 personal traits1 and religious faith   
and character of ,mr4  ,webster4 ,there 
are passages of remarkable power in this
 noble poem4 ,all  admirers of its hero 
7and where are they not to be found71   
will delight  in the reading4           
,,editor',s ,,table4        ,we solicit 

questions of interest to the readers of 
,,the      ,,chautauquan to be answered 
in this department4 ,our space      does
 not always allow us to answer as       
rapidly as questions      reach us4 ,any
 relevant question will receive an      
answer in      its turn4      ,q4 ,why  
do fogs often rise1 if1 as ,professor   
,reynolds positively and  repeatedly    
asserts1 cloud particles are all        
descending8 ,is not a  fog composed of  
cloud particles1 and if so1 how can it  
rise if 8cloud  particles do not float  
but are all descending through the air80
    ,a4 ,it is a mistake to say that    
fogs rise4 ,a fog is a body of aqueous  
vapor in the atmosphere and is formed in
 several ways4 ,when the air is  cooler 
than the earth the moisture in it is    
partially condensed and  thus rendered  
visible4 ,in this way is formed a large 
class of fogs and  also of clouds1 the  
only difference between the two being in
 their  height4 ,when the condensation  
takes place near the surface of the     

earth  fog is the result4 ,another class
 of fogs is formed by the moist air     
radiating its heat downward to a        
comparatively cold body of water1  earth
 or air4 ,the moist air coming into     
contact with the cold body  becomes     
greatly reduced in temperature and after
 depositing a heavy  dew1 lies still in 
the valleys over the whole surface of   
the ground4  ,to this body of cold air  
the atmosphere above radiates heat and  
when  the temperature is reduced to the 
dew-point the aqueous vapor begins to   
condense as fog4    ,q4 ,will you be    
kind enough to tell me in the ,editor's 
,table1 whether  the second volume of   
,timayenis' 8,history of ,greece0 is    
included in any  part of the course8    
,a4 ,the list of books required for the 
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 course will be found  on
 page #agb of ,,the ,,chautauquan for   
,dec4    ,q4 ,in the ,november magazine 
you recommend ,tony's ,classical ,atlas4
 ,will  you please tell us where to     
procure it8    ,a4 ,a misprint in the   

,november number made the word ,long's  
read ,tony's4  ,it should have been     
,long's ,classical ,atlas4 ,it is       
published by ,sheldon   ,co41 ,new      
,york4 ,this answers at least twenty    
similar inquiries4 ,we are  sorry that  
the misprint occurred4    ,q4 ,what is  
the meaning of the terms 8,platonic     
love10 and 8,platonic  friendship08     
,a4 ,spiritual love between persons of  
opposite sexes4 ,the friendship  of man 
and woman without mixture of what is    
usually called love4 ,this  affection   
was strongly advocated by ,plato1 and   
hence its distinctive  name4    ,q4     
,what is the proper pronunciation of the
 name of the author of the  8,history of
 ,greece10 ,timayenis8    ,a4           
,tim-a-en-is4    ,q4 ,will ,,the        
,,chautauquan please tell me how to     
pronounce ,chautauqua8    ,a4           
,shaw-taw-quaw4    ,q4 ,which is the    
correct title to use in addressing a    
business letter to  a young unmarried   
lady1 ,dear ,miss1 or ,dear ,madam8     

,a4 ,madam is a title used in reference 
to an elderly or married woman2  ,miss  
is applied to an unmarried lady4        
,therefore we would say ,dear ,miss  in 
preference to ,dear ,madam1 or we would 
simply address the lady by  name1 as    
,miss ,a4 ,c4 ,smith1 without further   
preliminaries4    ,q4 ,of what          
nationality is ,prof4 ,timayenis8    ,a4
 ,he is a ,greek4    ,q4 ,what is the   
pronunciation of the words ,byzantium1  
geyser8    ,a4 ,b-zansh-um4 ,g-ser4     
,q4 ,is there a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 circle  
in ,brooklyn8    ,a4 ,there are several 
local circles in ,brooklyn4 ,f4 ,e4     
,hurst1 #ff ,st4  ,john's ,place1 is    
secretary of one2 ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes1 #dee 
,macon ,street1 is  president of        
another4    ,q4 ,will you please give a 
list of the ,memorial ,days for this    
year8    ,a4 ,a list of the ,memorial   
,days will be found on page #age of     
,,the  ,,chautauquan for ,december4     
,q4 ,what is the nature of ,madame      
,tussaud's famous gallery in ,london1 of

  which we see mention in writings of   
travelers8    ,a4 ,this exhibition      
consists of a very interesting          
collection of wax  figures1 representing
 ancient and modern famous characters4  
,it also  includes a number of memorials
 of ,napoleon ,i1 his traveling         
carriage1  captured by the ,prussians at
 ,zenappe1 and bought by ,madame        
,tussaud for  #bejjl1 and many other    
interesting relics4 ,another feature of 
the  exhibition is the ,chamber of      
,horrors1 containing casts and portraits
  of executed criminals1 the guillotine 
which decapitated ,louis ,,xvi and      
,marie ,antoinette1 and other articles  
of the same ghastly nature4    ,q4 ,when
 did the national observance of         
,thanksgiving ,day begin in this        
country8    ,a4 ,the occasional         
observance of a day of thanksgiving     
commenced in  ,new ,england in #afba1   
and the official appointment of such a  
day was  confined mainly to the ,new    
,england ,states until it became a      

national  institution during the        
,revolution4 ,after the general         
thanksgiving for  peace1 in #aghd1 there
 was no national appointment until      
#aghi1 when  ,president ,washington1 by 
request of ,congress1 recommended a day 
of  thanksgiving for the adoption of the
 ,constitution4 ,during the civil  war  
,president ,lincoln issued proclamations
 for thanksgiving in #ahfb1  #ahfc and  
#ahfd1 and since that time such a       
proclamation has been issued  annually  
by the president as well as by the      
governors of the states4    ,q4 ,does   
the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 contemplate helping 
persons who do not attend  the          
,chautauqua ,assembly8 ,if so1 what are 
the terms and conditions of  membership8
    ,a4 ,yes4 ,for information in regard
 to membership consult ,,chautauquan for
  ,december1 page #agb1 or address ,miss
 ,k4 ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 
,q4 ,who is the most reliable ,french   
author of the 8,life of ,napoleon       
,bonaparte08    ,a4 ,there are a great  

many ,histories of ,napoleon and many   
that are  reliable4 ,we would recommend 
8,histoire ,napolon0 by ,elias          
,regnault1  in four volumes1 also       
8,histoire du ,consulat et de           
l',empire10 by ,louis  ,adolphe ,thiers1
 in twenty volumes4    ,q4 ,what is the 
correct pronunciation of ,dana1         
,teutonic8    ,a4 ,d-n4 ,too-ton-ic4    
,q4 ,what ,dictionary of the ,bible     
would you recommend at a cost between   
#b4ej to #f4jj and by whom published8   
,what do you think of ,dr4 ,schaff's8   
,a4 ,we would recommend any work by ,dr4
 ,schaff1 who is among the first in     
,biblical scholarship4 ,we would also   
recommend ,smith's ,bible ,dictionary   
costing about #c4ej1 to be had of any   
book dealer4    ,q4 ,where can the      
,chautauqua songs be obtained8    ,a4   
,write ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4 ,d4  
,q4 ,at what time and by whom was the   
,apostles' ,creed composed1 and when    
was it introduced into public worship8  
,a4 ,it is said by many writers of the  

,roman ,catholic ,church that this      
creed was composed by the ,apostles     
themselves1 who agreed upon it as a     
rule of faith1 and as a mark of         
distinction by which they would know    
friends from foes4 ,according to an     
ancient tradition each ,apostle         
contributed one sentence1 and a writer  
by the name of ,augustine  pretends to  
tell us which article was contributed by
 each ,apostle4 ,it  is now generally   
admitted that the creed in its present  
form is not  of later date than the     
fourth century1 but it is almost        
impossible to  ascertain its authorship4
 ,it was first introduced into public   
worship  in the ,greek ,church at       
,antioch1 and afterward into the ,roman 
,church  in the eleventh century1 and   
passed into the service of the ,church  
of  ,england at the ,reformation4 ,it is
 used in the baptismal confession in    
the ,greek1 ,roman1 ,english1 ,reformed1
 ,lutheran1 ,methodist ,episcopal1 and  
,protestant ,episcopal ,churches1 and no

 other than ,apostles' ,creed is  used  
in baptism by any church4          ,,the
 ,,transit ,,of ,,venus4      ,a friend 
in ,pennsylvania writes3 8,please give  
us a description of the  transit of     
,venus1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan for      
,january40    ,we answer with the       
following3    ,at a meeting of the ,new 
,york ,academy of ,sciences1 at ,no4 #ab
 ,west  ,thirty-first street1 on the    
evening of ,december #ac1 ,professor ,j4
 ,k4  ,rees1 of ,columbia ,college1 gave
 the result of his observations of the  
transit of ,venus1 made at the college  
observatory4 ,a large audience  was     
present and listened attentively to the 
lecturer's presentation of  facts4      
8,i will only detain the ,academy a few 
moments10 said the ,professor1 8in      
presenting the main points in the       
observations made at ,columbia ,college 
on ,december #f4 ,most of the figures ,i
 will leave out4 ,the station  occupied 
was the roof of the unfinished          
observatory of the college4 ,the        

telescope was placed in the southwest   
corner of the roof4 ,this roof  is      
extraordinarily strong and solid1 the   
beams being of iron1 twelve  inches in  
depth4 ,solid brick arches spring from  
beam to beam4 ,the  height of the roof  
from the street is about one hundred and
 ten feet4  ,the walls supporting the   
roof are four feet thick4 ,an           
unobstructed view  was had of the whole 
transit4 ,the position of the instrument
 was only  a few feet from the old      
observatory1 so that we may take the    
longitude  and latitude of our          
instrument from the ,american           
ephemeris--    ,latitude1 #dj #de #bc4a4
    ,longitude3--,from ,washington1     
-#j;h4 #abm4 #ah4djs4                   
,longitude3--,from ,greenwich1 #d;h4    
#eem4 #ec4fis4    8,the timepieces used 
were a mean time chronometer1 ,no4      
#a1hec1 made by  ,parkinson  ,frodsham1 
of ,london1 ,england1 and a sidereal    
chronometer1  ,no4 #a1efd1 made by      
,negus  ,co41 of ,new ,york ,city4 ,the 

instrument used  in the observations was
 an equatorially mounted refractor by   
,alvan  ,clark  ,sons4 ,aperture #e4ji  
inches2 focal length of object glass1   
#gd4c inches4 ,the magnifying powers    
used were #dh on the first contact1     
#afe on the second and third contacts1  
and #ie on the fourth contact4  ,the    
telescope was moved by clockwork1       
supplied with a ,bond spring  governor4 
,in making chronometer comparisons the  
sidereal chronometer  was left at the   
college and the mean time chronometer   
was carried to  the instruments on which
 signals were to be received4 ,the      
sidereal  chronometer has the hours     
graduated to ,,xii40    ,professor ,rees
 had prepared1 but omitted to give1 an  
elaborate system  of chronometer        
comparisons with the ,western ,union    
time signals and  the ,washington time  
signals4 ,the object of the comparisons 
was to  obtain the exact error of the   
chronometers used at the time of the    
observations4 ,the ,western ,union time 

signals sound the local mean time  at   
the ,city ,hall of ,new ,york city4 ,the
 longitude of the ,city ,hall  from     
,washington is #abm4 #aj4dgs4 ,mr4      
,hamblet1 in charge of the ,western     
,union time system1 gives the errors of 
the ,western ,union time signals  as    
#a4aas4 fast on ,december #e1 noon2     
#a4ces4 fast ,december #f1 noon4 ,the   
professor also omitted a table of       
observations and the times taken down   
at the instant by each of four          
recorders4    8,correcting the observed 
contact times10 he continued1 8the      
following  table was obtained3          
,,adopted ,,contact ,,times4            
,mean time of ,columbia ,college4       
,mean time in ,washington4              
,h4  ,m4  ,s4                      ,h4  
,m4   ,s4         ,i ,j#i   #h  #ej4j   
#h   #ef  #ca4f        ,,ii    #i  #bh  
#de4i                     #i   #af      
#bg4e       ,,iii    #b  #eb  #ac4e     
#b   #ci  #ee4a        ,,iv ,k#c  #aa   
#eb4a                     #b   #ei      

#cc4g    ,,footnotes3    ,j ,notch      
plainly on4 ,estimated a minute late4   
,k ,poor contact4 ,cloudy4    8,the     
observation of the first contact was    
interfered with by the  clouds4 ,between
 the first contact and the second       
contact the light  shining through      
,venus's atmosphere was a fine sight4 ,i
 should say that  it first appeared to  
my eye when the planet was a little more
 than  half way on the sun1 and         
disappeared about a minute before the   
planet  reached second contact4    8,i  
might1 perhaps1 introduce here10 said   
the professor1 drawing a  circle upon   
the blackboard1 8the meaning of the     
terms first contact1  second contact1   
and so on4 ,taking this circle to       
represent the sun1  ,venus is a disc    
which is about one-twenty-first part the
 diameter of  the sun1 and by first     
contact we simply mean the instant when 
the  disc ,venus1 approaching the disc  
of the sun1 touches it at one point     
externally4 ,the second contact occurs  

at the time when the disc of  ,venus    
just touches the sun internally4 ,the   
third contact ,is the instant  when the 
disc of ,venus just touches the disc of 
the sun internally on  one side1 and the
 fourth contact is the instant when it  
touches on the  other side4    8,the    
line of light10 the ,professor went on1 
after his explanation1  8marking out the
 portion of ,venus' disk not on the sun1
 changed its  appearance considerably   
while my attention was fixed upon it4 ,i
 first  saw a faint curved line of light
 off of the sun1 and apparently  marking
 out the part of ,venus' disk not on the
 sun1 this curved line  being entirely  
disconnected from the sun4 ,a little    
later this arc of  light was lengthened 
to a semicircular thread and touched the
 edge of  the sun1 marking out the      
complete outline of the part of ,venus' 
disk  not on the sun4 ,the semicircular 
gold thread seemed to be an exact       
continuation of the dark rim of the     
planet4 ,finally this line broadened  at

 the point where it touched the sun's   
rim1 or edge1 and the summit  of the arc
 disappeared4 ,the wings of light thus  
formed were1 at their  base1 not in the 
exact continuation of the dark outline  
of the planet4  ,i watched for the      
repetition of these appearances between 
third and  fourth contacts1 but failed  
to see anything4 ,the sky between the   
first  and second contacts was much     
clearer of haze than between the third  
and  fourth4    8,at second contact ,i  
saw no indication of the black drop4    
,the tangency  of ,venus' and the sun's 
discs was well seen4 ,during the passage
 of  ,venus over the sun's face ,i      
observed her disc with magnifying powers
 of  #dh1 #ie1 #afe and #cde1 but saw no
 indications of an atmosphere4 ,the disc
  of ,venus did not appear to be uniform
 in blackness1 but to be spotted  with  
grayish or whitish matter1 reminding one
 of patches of snow4 ,this  was seen    
under the different magnifying powers   
used4    8,when ,venus neared the third 

contact a very peculiar phenomenon was  
noticed4 ,the preceding edge of ,venus  
was seen to be darker than the  central 
portion4 ,later the edge of the planet  
became of a bluish black  color1 and    
this extended around to the following   
edge4 ,the phenomena  connected with    
this were very distinct4 ,when the      
planet was near  third contact these    
appearances were not seen longer4 ,just 
before  third contact a faint black drop
 was observed for a short time4 ,it     
disappeared very quickly1 and third     
contact was finely seen4    8,the fourth
 contact was interfered with by the haze
 and clouds1 and was  probably called   
too early40    ,the ,professor added    
that he desired to express his          
acknowledgments  for aid in the matter  
of timing and in keeping the clockwork  
of the  telescope in order to the fourth
 year civil engineers of the ,school  of
 ,mines4 ,without their assistance it   
would have been impossible to  collect  
the time data which rendered the        

observations of value4 ,at the          
conclusion of his address he was warmly 
applauded4          ,,table-,,talk4     
,every lady who presides at a table is  
interested to know how she can  depend  
upon having things come upon the table  
as she would like them4  ,how often are 
remarks like this made3 8,this is just  
my fate2 when ,i  really want a nice    
thing1 somehow or other it turns out    
poor60    ,a lady expects company for   
tea4 ,she orders1 for instance1         
biscuits1  and they are brought to the  
table heavy and indigestible4 ,how many 
housekeepers can testify to             
mortification1 as well as               
disappointment1  under such             
circumstances6 ,it may not1 however1    
have occurred to them  that it is not   
always the 8cook's fault40 ,your        
biscuits1 cakes1  pot-pies1 puddings1   
etc41 etc41 can not be raised with earth
 or any  worthless substances1 and it   
becomes your own fault when you permit  
any  baking powder to come into your    

kitchen about which you know absolutely 
nothing as to its purity or             
healthfulness4    ,the market is flooded
 with 8low-priced0 baking powders1      
gotten up to  make an unjust profit by  
unscrupulous manufacturers and dealers1 
and  it is worthy the attention of all  
housekeepers to note there is at  least 
one brand of baking powder distinctly   
sold upon its merits1 and  which can be 
relied upon for its strength and purity4
 ,the ,royal ,baking  ,powder1 now known
 almost the world over as a standard    
article1 has  stood the test of nearly a
 quarter of a century1 and its friends  
among  the ladies are legion4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,a ,,favorite ,,paper4--,for judicious  
editing1 select and popular             
contributors1 and sprightly and         
entertaining reading1 the ,youth's      
,companion1 of ,boston1 has no superior 
among the family papers4 ,it has  nearly
 three hundred thousand subscribers1 and
 unquestionably merits  its great       

success4          ,,the ,,chautauquan4  
,,the ,,third ,,volume ,,begins ,,with  
,,october1 #ahhb4      ,it is a monthly 
magazine1 #gb pages in each number1 ten 
numbers in the  volume1 beginning with  
,october and closing with ,july of each 
year4    ,,the ,,chautauquan    is the  
official organ of the ,chautauqua       
,literary and ,scientific ,circle1      
adopted by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1  
,d4 ,d41 ,lewis ,miller1 ,esq41 and     
,lyman  ,abbott1 ,d4 ,d41 ,bishop ,h4   
,w4 ,warren1 ,d4 ,d41 ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4    
,wilkinson1 ,d4  ,d41 and ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 
,gibson1 ,d4 ,d41 ,counselors of the ,c4
 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4        ,,the ,,current     
,,volume ,,will ,,contain      ,,more   
,,than ,,half ,,the ,,required          
,,readings ,,for      ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 
,c4    ,that brilliant writer1 ,mrs4    
,may ,lowe ,dickinson1 will take the ,c4
 ,l4 ,s4  ,c4 on a 8,,tour ,,round ,,the
 ,,world10 in nine articles1 which will 
begin in  the ,november number4    ,rev4
 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent will prepare     

,sunday ,readings for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4   
,c4  and one article for each number on 
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 work4    ,popular       
articles on ,russia1 ,scandinavian      
,history and ,literature1  ,english     
,history1 ,music and ,literature1       
,geology1 ,hygiene1 etc41 etc41  will be
 published for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in   
,,the ,,chautauquan only4    ,prof4 ,w4 
,t4 ,harris will write regularly for us 
on the ,history and  ,philosophy of     
,education4    ,eminent authors1 whose  
names and work we withhold for the      
present1 have  been engaged to write    
valuable papers1 to be in the ,required 
,reading  for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4       
8,tales from ,shakspere10 by ,charles   
,lamb1 will appear in every number of   
the present volume1 giving the reader in
 a racy readable form all the  salient  
features of ,shakspere's works4    ,the 
following writers will contribute       
articles for the present volume3    ,the
 ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4 ,d41 ,mrs4 
,mary ,s4 ,robinson1 ,edward ,everett   

,hale1 ,prof4 ,l4 ,a4 ,sherman1 ,prof4  
,w4 ,t4 ,harris1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,g4         
,williams1 ,a4  ,m41 ,a4 ,m4 ,martin1   
,esq41 ,mrs4 ,ella ,farnham ,pratt1 ,c4 
,e4 ,bishop1 ,esq41  ,rev4 ,e4 ,d4      
,mc,creary1 ,a4 ,m41 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,h4      
,bugbee1 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren1  ,rev4
 ,h4 ,h4 ,moore1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4         
,wilkinson1 ,d4 ,d41 and others4    ,we 
shall continue the following            
departments3        ,local ,circles1    
,questions and ,answers1        on every
 book in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 course not 
published in ,,the ,,chautauquan4       
,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,notes and ,letters1    
,editor's ,outlook1            ,editor's
 ,note-,book1                 and       
,editor's ,table4          ,,the        
,,chautauquan1 one year1 #a4ej          
,,club ,,rates ,,for ,,the              
,,chautauquan4        ,five             
subscriptions at one time1 each  #a4ce  
,or1                                    
#f4ge      ,send postoffice money order 
on ,meadville1 ,pa41 but not on any     

other  postoffice4 ,remittances by draft
 should be on ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1
  or ,pittsburgh1 to avoid loss4        
,address1        ,,theodore ,l4 ,,flood1
      ,,editor ,,and ,,proprietor1      
,,meadville1 ,,penn',a4                 
,correspondence for the ,editorial      
,department      should be marked       
8,personal40          ,,charles         
,,scribner',s ,,sons'    ,,new ,,books  
,,for ,,holiday ,,times4      ,,the     
,,beginnings ,,of ,,history1            
,according to the ,bible and the        
,traditions of ,oriental                
,peoples4 ,from the ,creation of ,man to
 the ,deluge4 ,by          ,,francois   
,,lenormant1 ,professor of ,archology at
 the          ,national ,library of     
,france1 etc41 etc4 7,translated        
from the ,second ,french ,edition74     
,with an introduction          by       
,,francis ,,brown1 ,associate ,professor
 in ,biblical          ,philology1      
,union ,theological ,seminary4 #a vol4  
#abmo1 #fdj          pp41 #b #ej4       

8,the work is one which deserves to be  
studied by all students of  ancient     
history1 and in particular by ministers 
of the ,gospel1 whose  office requires  
them to interpret the ,scriptures1 and  
who ought not to  be ignorant of the    
latest and most interesting             
contributions of science  to the        
elucidation of the sacred volume40--,the
 ,tribune4      ,,corea1 ,,the ,,hermit 
,,nation4        ,by ,,william ,,elliot 
,,griffis1 author of 8,the ,mikado's    
,empire10          and late of the      
,imperial ,university of ,tokio1 ,japan4
 #a          vol41 #hvo1 with numerous  
maps and illustrations1 #c #ej4    8,the
 work bears witness to a vast amount of 
well-directed labor1 and1  while it is  
clothed with a rare charm for the       
general reader1 whose  curiosity        
regarding a long isolated nation will   
for the first time be  satisfied1 it is 
also sure of a respectful and grateful  
reception from  the student of history1 
ethnology and philology40--,new ,york   

,sun4      ,,the ,,house ,,beautiful4   
,essays on ,beds and ,tables1 ,stools   
and ,candlesticks4 ,by                  
,,clarence ,,cook4 ,with over #ajj      
illustrations from original             
drawings4 #a vol41 small #dto1 cloth1   
extra4 ,price reduced          to #d    
#jj4    8,mr4 ,cook writes with an easy 
finish1 and much daintiness of touch1   
and  his pages have a very fresh and    
pleasant flavor4 ,the publishers have   
so manufactured the work that it might  
be called #8,the ,book ,beautiful4'     
,but the charm in it lies deeper than in
 paper surface and letter-press  and    
graver's lines2 and wherever it goes it 
will educate1 inspire and               
refine40--,the ,literary ,world4        
,woman's ,handiwork in ,modern ,homes4  
,by ,,constance ,,cary ,,harrison4 ,one 
vol41 #hvo1 richly bound in             
illuminated cloth1 with numerous        
illustrations and five          colored 
plates from designs by ,samuel ,colman1 
,rosina          ,emmet1 ,george        

,gibson1 and others4 ,price1 #b #jj4    
,mrs4 ,harrison's book combines with a  
discussion of the principles of  design 
and decoration1 practical chapters on   
embroidery1 painting on  silk and china1
 etc41 most helpful hints as to the     
domestic manufacture  of many objects of
 use and beauty in house-furnishing1 and
 also  suggestions for the arrangement  
and decoration of rooms in the details  
of screens1 portieres1 the mantelpiece1 
etc4      ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,the       
,,arabian ,,nights4        ,being       
,travels through ,egypt1 ,arabia1 and   
,persia1 to ,bagdad4          ,by       
,,william ,,perry ,,fogg4 ,with an      
introduction by ,,bayard                
,,taylor4 ,a new edition1 with nearly   
#ajj illustrations4 #a          vol41   
#hvo1 #b #jj4    8,there are no long1   
dry discussions of scientific or        
antiquarian  problems1 but a lively and 
engaging picture of lands and people1   
which we in this country know little of1
 is presented by a man of  quick1       

intelligent observation1 with a genial  
but not obtrusive  fund of humor1 who   
evidently thoroughly enjoyed every hour 
of his  journeyings40--,chicago ,times4 
,,swinton',s ,,army ,,of ,,the          
,,potomac4        ,a ,critical ,history 
of ,operations in ,virginia1 ,maryland  
and          ,pennsylvania1 from the    
,commencement to the ,close of the      
,war1 #ahfa-fe1 by ,,william ,,swinton4 
,a new and revised          edition1    
with additions4 ,with steel plate       
portraits and          maps4 #a vol41   
#hvo1 #c #jj4    8,the reputation of    
,mr4 ,swinton's #8,army of the ,potomac'
 is so well  established1 that we need  
do no more than to say here1 once for   
all1  that it is a work well-nigh       
indispensable to the student of the war4
 99  99 ,for all that large class who   
have grown up since the war was over1   
this new edition will be invaluable4    
,the book is1 and always will be1 a     
standard work40--,the ,nation4          
,,poems ,,of ,,american ,,patriotism4   

,chosen by ,j4 ,,brander ,,matthews4 #a 
vol41 #abmo1 #a #ej4    8,an every way  
beautiful book1 containing fifty-six of 
our best national  poems4 99 99 ,taken  
as a whole1 we doubt whether the poetic 
literature of  ,england would yield a   
richer collection of purely patriotic   
poetry than  this40--,the ,mail and     
,express4      ,,east ,,of ,,the        
,,jordan4        ,a ,record of ,travel  
and ,observation in the ,countries of   
,moab1 ,gilead1 and ,bashan1 during the 
years #ahge-gg4 ,by          ,,selah    
,,merrill1 ,archologist of the ,american
 ,palestine          ,exploration       
,society4 ,with illustrations and a map4
 #a          vol41 #hvo1 #d #jj4        
8,dr4 ,merrill stands in the front rank 
of ,american archologists4  ,there is in
 ,america no better authority than he on
 all questions  connected with the      
ancient life of the ,east1 and his      
contribution to  our knowledge of the   
,holy ,land will take its place in the  
professional  library alongside of      

#8,robinson's ,researches4'0--,the      
,christian ,union4      ,,books ,,and   
,,reading4        ,by ,,noah ,,porter1  
,,ll4 ,d41 ,president of ,yale ,college4
 ,with          an appendix giving      
valuable directions for courses of      
reading1 prepared by ,,james ,m4        
,,hubbard1 late of the          ,boston 
,public ,library4 #a vol41 crown #hvo1  
#b4    8,president ,noah ,porter's      
#8,books and ,reading' is by far the    
most  practical and satisfactory        
treatise on the subject that has been   
published4 ,it not only answers the     
questions #8,what books shall ,i read8' 
and #8,how shall ,i read them8' but it  
supplies a large and well-arranged      
catalogue under appropriate heads1      
sufficient for a large family or a      
small public library40--,boston ,zion's 
,herald4      ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,forty 
,,puddings4        ,by ,,susan ,,anna   
,,brown4 #a vol1 with attractive and    
appropriate          binding1 #ej cents4
    8#8,the ,book of ,forty ,puddings'  

tells of puddings1 nothing more or less1
  but they are the best of puddings for 
epicures4 ,very cunningly the  appetite 
is whetted before reading the papers1 by
 covers tinted and  designed in perfect 
taste40--,boston ,globe4      ,,new     
,,juvenile ,,books4      ,,the          
,,american ,,boy',s ,,handy ,,book1 or1 
,what to ,do and ,how to ,do ,it4       
,by ,,daniel ,c4 ,,beard4 ,with more    
than #cjj illustrations by the          
author4 #a vol41 #hvo41 #c4    ,,summary
 ,,of ,,contents4    ,kite ,time--,war  
,kites--,novel ,modes of                
,fishing--,home-,made ,fishing          
,tackle--,how  to ,make1 ,stock1 and    
,keep a ,fresh-,water ,aquarium--,how to
 ,collect for a  ,marine                
,aquarium--,knots1 ,bends1 and          
,hitches--,dredge1 ,tangle1 and ,trawl  
,fishing--,home-,made ,boats--,how to   
,rig and ,sail ,small ,boats--,how to   
,camp ,out  without a ,tent--,how to    
,rear ,wild ,birds--,home-,made ,hunting
 ,apparatus--,traps  and                

,trapping--,dogs--,practical ,taxidermy 
for ,boys--,snow ,houses and            
,statuary--,winged ,skaters--,winter    
,fishing--,in-,door ,amusements--,how to
 ,make  a ,magic ,lantern1 etc4--,puppet
 ,shows--,home-,made ,masquerade and    
,theatrical  ,costumes4      ,,the      
,,story ,,of ,,siegfried4        ,by    
,,james ,,baldwin4 ,with a series of    
superb illustrations by          ,howard
 ,pyle4 #a vol41 square #abmo1 #b #jj4  
8,to wise parents who strive1 as all    
parents should do1 to regulate  and     
supervise their children's reading1 this
 book is most earnestly  commended4     
,would that there were more of its type 
and excellence4 ,it  has our most hearty
 approval and recommendation in every   
way40--,the  ,churchman4      ,,the     
,,great ,,english ,,ballads4      ,,the 
,,boy',s ,,percy4        ,edited with an
 introduction by ,,sidney ,,lanier4     
,with #ej text          and full-page   
illustrations by ,e4 ,b4 ,bensell4 #a   
vol41          #hvo1 #b #ej4    ,mr4    

,lanier's books1 which made him the     
companion and friend of half the  boys  
of the country1 and showed his          
remarkable talent for guiding them  into
 the best parts of this ideal world1    
fitly close by giving the best  of the  
ballads in their purest and strongest   
form1 from ,bishop ,percy's  famous     
collection4 ,with the 8,boy's           
,froissart10 the 8,boy's ,king ,arthur10
  the 8,mabinogion10 and the 8,boy's    
,percy10 ,mr4 ,lanier's readers have the
  full circle of heroes4        999999  
,for sale by all booksellers1 or sent   
upon receipt of price1 by               
,,charles ,,scribner',s ,,sons1         
,publishers1 #gdc and #gde ,broadway1   
,new ,york4             99       99     
99       99       99    ,transcriber's  
,notes3    ,obvious punctuation errors  
repaired4    ,page #agi1 8,lubetech0    
changed to 8,lubetch0 to match rest of  
text's usage  7,congress at ,lbetch     
7#ajij77    ,page #aii1 8porte-cochre0  
changed to 8porte-cochre0 7leads to the 

porte-cochre7    ,page #aii1 8thr0      
changed to 8,thr0 7,bitte die ,thr      
leise7    ,page #bjj1 8gemuthlich0      
changed to 8gemthlich0 7,luther1 and    
gemthlich7    ,page #bjb1 8,pte0 changed
 to 8,pt0 7,pt de ,foie ,gras7    ,page 
#bjb1 8corrider0 changed to 8corridor0  
7corridor below7    ,page #bje1         
8everyone0 changed to 8every one0       
7amount of every one7    ,page #bac1    
8,antigonis0 changed to 8,antigonus0    
7who was the wife of  ,antigonus7       
,page #bah1 8,folkstone0 changed to     
8,folkestone0 7whirl down to            
,folkestone7    ,page #bah1 8d'hote0    
changed to 8d'hte0 7d'hte served at the7
    ,page #bbe1 word 8my0 added to text 
7my husband a paper7    ,page #bbi1     
8,worseley's0 changed to 8,worsley's0   
7what form is ,worsley's7    ,page #bbi1
 8,worseley's0 changed to 8,worsley's0  
7author from ,worsley's  translation7   
,page #bcc1 8,here0 changed to 8,hear0  
7,hear me1 ,guide of7    ,page #bci1    
8arch0 changed to 8arc0 7summit of the  

arc7    ,page #bdj1 8satified0 changed  
to 8satisfied0 7first time to be        
satisfied7    ,page #bdj1 word 8a0 added
 to text 7a ,marine ,aquarium7