,,illum9ation ,,& ,,its ,,developm5t ,,9 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day ,illu/ration3 ,!re are "s :o foll[ ! arts f pov]ty & necessity1 also = ga91 & = love ( ! art2 b ^? :o pursue !m f love ( ! art & true nobl5ess ( m9d are to be comm5d$ above all o!rs4--,c5n9o ,c5n9i4 ,sidney ,f>nswor? #aibj ,,illum9ation ,,& ,,its ,,developm5t ,,9 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day ,,by ,,sidney ,,f>nswor? ,illu/rat$ ) ,draw+s & ,diagrams by ! ,au?or ,,new ,,york ,illu/ration ,,george ,h4 ,,doran ,,company ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 ,,preface ,?is book is ! outcome ( a s]ies ( articles :i* appe>$ 9 ,draw+ & ,design4 ,at ! sugge/ion ( ! ,editor ( ?is p]iodical1 ! :ole ( ! *apt]s orig9ally publi%$ h be5 entirely rewritt5 & consid]ably enl>g$2 at ! same "t a l>ge am\nt ( q new matt] has be5 add$4 ,! additions t h be5 made include a *apt] on ! developm5t ( writ+ 9 ! pa/1 toge!r ) a numb] ( alphabets bas$ on hi/orical examples4 ,i h also add$ a brief sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ,illum9ation1 z ,i felt t ! book w\ld n be complete )\t "s ref]5ce to ?is side ( ! subject4 ,"s att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! col\rs & gild+ me?ods ( ! m$ival arti/s1 & x is hop$ t ! notes giv5 may be ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t4 ,ext5sions h also be5 made 9 connection ) ! use ( col\rs & mat]ials by ! /ud5t to-day4 ,*apt]s on ! fur!r developm5t ( illum9ation1 ! illum9ation ( ! pr9t$ book1 & pr9t$ book decoration1 are also among/ ! additions4 ,! *apt]s on ! application ( lett]+ & decoration f ! comm]cial /&po9t h also be5 develop$ consid]ably1 & at ! end ( ! book "s notes h be5 add$ on books = fur!r /udy4 ,i h tri$ to write 9 z simple a mann] z possible1 s t ! y\nge/ /ud5t %\ld h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! in/ructions t are giv54 ,s _m books h be5 writt5 on ! subject ( ,illum9ation t x may seem q sup]flu\s to add yet ano!r to ! long li/4 ,/ill1 ,i ?9k t a "w treat+ ! matt] f ! pres5t-day /&po9t ought to be ( "s s]vice to ! /ud5t :o is desir\s ( practis+ ?is art to-day4 ,i h felt = "s "t pa/ t !re 0 a ne$ = a "w t w\ld deal ) ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ?is art c\ld be appli$ 9 a "t l ! pres5t4 ,i h f\nd t mo/ ( ! books t h be5 writt5 on ,illum9ation treat ! subject ei!r f ! /&po9t ( ! ar*ologi/ or m]ely f t ( ! amateur4 ,x is simply ! result ( a s9c]e desire to supply :at ,i feel to be a real ne$ t ?is book has be5 writt51 & 9 ! hope t x may s]ve z a h&book & guide = ! s]i\s work]4 ,x has n be5 writt5 ) ! idea ( introduc+ a quick & easy me?od ( becom+ exp]t 9 ! art ( illum9ation4 ,success1 9 ?is1 z 9 any?+ else ( importance1 c come only ?r\gh h>d "w4 ,i h endeav\r$ to fo/] int]e/ & en?usiasm1 s t ! /ud5t may n look ^u ! h>d "w entail$ ) ?is subject m]ely z a c]ta9 am\nt ( drudg]y to be got ?r\gh4 ,to "o :o is ke5ly int]e/$ 9 any p>ticul> /udy h>d "w (t5 becomes a pleasure1 & x is only :5 su* is ! case t ! full b5efit is d]iv$ f su* /udy4 ,illum9ation has a value 9 ! pres5t day z well z x _h 9 ! pa/4 ,! developm5ts ( ?is art are se5 9 _m ( ! common-place ?+s ( to-day4 ,9 "s cases ! developm5t has be5 c>ri$ s f> z to lose almo/ its id5tity ) ! orig9al craft f :i* x has sprung1 b ! connection is !re all ! same4 ,! art ( ! book began ) ! illum9at$ manuscript1 ! e>ly pr9t$ books be+ bas$ entirely on ! manuscripts t prec$$ !m2 & ! same ?+ may be said ) reg>d to ! application ( decoration to pr9t$ lett]+ g5]ally4 ,! practice ( illum9ation 9 ! pres5t day %\ld result 9 some?+ m ?an weak imitations ( illum9at$ bord]s :i* 7 produc$ 9 ! m$ival p]iod4 ,illum9ation ought to be a real liv+ art to-day4 ,!re are num]\s ways 9 :i* x c\ld be us$ z a craft at ! pres5t "t1 q ap>t f ! _m ways 9 :i* x c\ld be appli$ comm]cially4 ,) reg>d to ! /udy ( lett]+1 !re is a great ne$ = m s]i\s att5tion to be giv5 to x4 ,we are s surr\nd$ by bad lett]+ t x is well t an ef=t %\ld be made to get bett] results1 &1 z a means to ?is1 "s /udy ( ! beautiful =ms ( lett]+ us$ 9 ! pa/ %\ld be ( ! greate/ s]vice4 ,= ?is reason ,i h tri$1 by giv+ "s examples1 to direct ! /ud5t's att5tion to at lea/ "s ( ! f9e /yles ( lett]+ t 7 employ$ 9 c5turies gone by4 ,x is a great pity t ! spl5did book-h&s ( ! pa/ %\ld h fall5 into disuse1 to say no?+ ( ! beautiful decoration t accompani$ ! writ+4 ,x w\ld1 und\bt$ly1 be a good ?+ if "s fur!r enc\ragem5t 7 giv5 to s]i\s /udy ( ! well-=m$ lett]+ t 0 produc$ dur+ ! m$ival p]iod4 ,i tru/ t ?is small "w may1 9 "s slight measure1 be ! means ( fo/]+ increas$ int]e/ 9 lett]+ & illum9ation4 ,i am deeply consci\s ( its _m imp]fections1 & ,i only hope t1 9 spite ( its _m faults1 x may be ( "s use to ! read] :o is int]e/$ 9 ?is art4 ,if ! /udy ( x is ! means ( creat+ great] zeal & en]gy 9 ! production ( good "w 9 ?is direction1 ,i %all feel t my ef=ts h n altoge!r be5 9 va94 ,,sidney ,,f>nswor?4 ,,! ,,isl&1 ,,little ,,wal?am1 ,,ne> ,,*elms=d4 ,,introduction 8,9 all great arts1 z 9 trees1 x is ! height t *>ms u2 we c>e no?+ = ! roots or trunks2 yet !y c\ld n exi/ )\t ! aid ( ^!40 ,?is quotation f ,cic]o may z well be appli$ to ! art ( illum9ation z to any?+ else4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t ! tree _c exi/ )\t ! aid ( ! trunk & roots1 %[s h[ important ^! are2 & no "o :o int5ds giv+ s]i\s att5tion to ! tree 9 its entirety c af=d to neglect ^!4 ,x is only ?r\gh c>eful /udy ( ! art ( illum9ation t x is possible to und]/& fully ! con/ruction t ent]s into ! gr[? ( ?is art4 ,:5 "s k has be5 ga9$ ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is "w has be5 done 9 ! pa/1 ?r\gh practical exp]i5ce1 x is !n t a real appreciation is felt = ! *oice "w ( ! m$ival p]iod4 8,p]fect illum9ation10 says ,rusk91 9 "o ( 8 ,lectures on ,art1 8is only writ+ made lovely2444 ,b to make writ+ itself beautiful--to make ! sweep ( ! p5 lovely--is ! true art ( illum9ation40 ,c]ta9ly x is only :5 ! /ud5t is able to produce writ+ t is attractive 9 itself1 t x is p]missible to add decoration to x4 ,! decoration %\ld be ! natural outgr[? f ! writ+4 ,a page ( well-=m$ lett]+ makes good patt]n1 & is n m]ely patt]n1 z x s]ves also ! purpose = :i* x 0 int5d$1 viz41 to be read4 ,x is :5 he has ga9$ ! ma/]y ( ! p51 9 mak+ well-=m$ lett]s ) good arrangem5t on ! page1 t ! /ud5t may consid] t he has well />t$ on ! road to ! production ( good illum9ation4 ,= ! con/ruction ( well-f9i%$ lett]+ x is ess5tial t a ma/]y ( ! tool & mat]ials employ$ %\ld be acquir$4 ,x is :5 ! p5 becomes almo/ a "p ( ! writ]1 s t he is able to conc5trate all 8 en]gy on ! writ+1 giv+ sc>cely any att5tion to ! p5 itself1 t he may claim to be pr(ici5t 9 ! use ( ! p54 ,if !re is "o ?+ m ?an ano!r t "o feels :5 exam9+ "s ( ! be/ illum9at$ "w ( ! pa/1 x is t ! writ] 0 a ma/] ( ! p5 z a lett]-mak+ tool4 ,he did 8 "w well2 8 books 7 transcrib$ 9 a workmanlike mann]1 & ! decoration :i* foll[$ seems to come q naturally f ! writ+ itself4 ,x is = ?is reason t s mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! use ( ! quill & re$ p5 9 ! =mation ( good writ+4 ,/ud5ts are frequ5tly at a disadvantage f inability to h&le ! p5 prop]ly4 ,to help1 9 "s measure1 to rem$y ?is1 ! /ud5t is %[n h[ to make %>ply-def9$ /rokes be=e attempt+ to =m lett]s4 ,at ! same "t no p>ticul> mann] ( hold+ ! p5 has be5 insi/$ ^u4 ,9 ! ,introduction to 8 8,essay on ! ,sublime & ,beautiful10 ,burke says3 8,i am conv9c$ t ! me?od ( tea*+ :i* approa*es mo/ ne>ly to ! me?od ( inve/igation is incomp>ably ! be/2 s9ce1 n cont5t ) s]v+ up a few b>r5 & lifeless tru?s1 x leads to ! /ock on :i* !y grew2 x t5ds to set ! read] himself 9 ! track ( inv5tion1 & to direct him into ^? pa?s 9 :i* ! au?or has made 8 own discov]ies1 if he %\ld be s happy z to h made any t are valuable40 ,?is has be5 ! ideal t ! pres5t writ] has tri$ to keep ev] be=e him 9 writ+ ! in/ructions t are giv5 9 ! succe$+ pages4 ,8 aim has be5 to direct ! /ud5t 9 ! "r way1 & !n to enc\rage him to /udy ! subject = himself4 ,:e!r he has be5 successful 9 ?is endeav\r mu/ be left = ! read] to judge4 ,! /udy ( calligraphy1 9 connection ) illum9ation1 ought to be helpful 9 mak+ ! ord9>y h&writ+ m legible4 ,be=e ! age ( pr9t+1 ! book-h& develop$ alongside ( ! ord9>y cursive h&writ+1 & possibly ! fact t ! book-h& has be5 lo/ may be advanc$ z a reason :y mo/ ( ! h&writ+ to-day is s deg5]ate4 ,a c>eful /udy ( "s ( ! f9e models ( book-h&s ( ! pa/ _c b be b5eficial4 ,x w c]ta9ly enable ! /ud5t to appreciate beautiful =ms ( lett]+1 & its influ5ce %\ld soon be app>5t 9 ! lett]+ 9 g5]al use4 ,?is %\ld result 9 bett] sign-writ+1 bett] lett]+ 9 our magaz9es & pap]s1 9 %ort1 bett] lett]+ all r\nd4 ,und\bt$ly x w\ld be a good ?+ if ! *ildr5 9 our s*ools c\ld be taught to =m "s ( ! f9e book-h&s ( ! pa/ ) ! quill p54 ,x is c]ta9ly1 to a great ext5t1 due to ! lack ( a practical k ( "s ( ! spl5did =ms ( lett]+ us$ 9 ! pa/1 t ! g5]al lett]+ 9 use at ! pres5t "t is s bad4 ,x ought n to be at all impracticable = ?is sugge/ion to be c>ri$ out4 ,aft] ! /ud5t is able to make well-=m$ lett]s ) ! quill & re$ p51 & arrange !m well1 ! use ( decoration & ! fur!r developm5t ( illum9ation %\ld foll[ naturally4 ,!re is und\bt$ly a place = illum9ation to-day1 & ev5 9 connection ) ! illum9at$ manuscript book1 :i* %\ld c]ta9ly possess ! fir/ place among/ ! "w ( ! mod]n illum9ator4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ sugge/ion !re t ! illum9at$ manuscript %\ld usurp ! place ( ! pr9t$ book1 b !re is no reason :y x %\ld n be 9 use at ! same "t4 ,"o ( ! great *>ms t a f9e manuscript possesses is its uniqu5ess1 n be+ "o ( _m1 z 9 ! case ( ! pr9t$ book4 ,!n aga91 "s ?+s1 z1 = example1 ,poetry & ,romance1 are r5d]$ 9 a mu* m sympa!tic fa%ion 9 ! illum9at$ manuscript ?an 9 ! pr9t$ book4 ,!re are _m ways 9 :i* ! art ( illum9ation might be appli$ to-day1 z well z 9 ! usual illum9at$ te/imonial4 ,sev]al sugge/ions are giv5 9 ! foll[+ pages = diff]5t ways 9 :i* x may be employ$4 ,9 ! decoration ( ! pr9t$ book ! s]vices ( ! arti/ :o is well-tra9$ 9 ! use ( good lett]+ & book-decoration %\ld be ( value to ! pr9t]4 ,al?\gh !re is no ne$ = ! pr9t] to endeav\r to imitate ! "w ( ! illum9ator1 !re ought1 c]ta9ly1 to be room = a well-develop$ /yle ( decoration t c\ld be us$ ) a good =m ( type4 ,a few c5turies ago1 be=e pr9t+ 0 us$ = ! production ( books1 illum9ation z a "p ( calligraphy 0 an important craft4 ,books 7 n only beautifully writt5 b !y 7 also ri*ly decorat$ ) gold & col\rs4 ,! writ+ ( long manuscripts 0 v sl[ "w1 comp>$ ) ! increas$ spe$ ( production af=d$ by ! pr9t+ press2 b1 not)/&+ ?is1 x appe>s to h be5 important t ! writ+ %\ld be r5d]$ m beautiful by ! enri*m5t ( decoration4 ,un=tunately1 al?\gh me?ods ( book-production are n[ s spe$y1 mo/ ( ! lett]+ is ( ! b>e/ & crude/ k9d4 ,book-decoration seems to be1 9 mo/ cases1 conf9$ to illu/ration1 & ev5 ?is does n (t5 =m an altoge!r insep>able "p ( ! book4 ,) reg>d to ! v>i\s developm5ts on ! purely comm]cial side1 ! /udy ( p5- & bru%-=m$ lett]+ _c b be ( ! greate/ s]vice to ! comm]cial arti/ :o requires lett]+ = po/]s1 labels1 book-cov]s1 & ! _m ?+s t require lett]+4 ,9 fact1 lett]+ ent]s s l>gely into decorative design t ! /udy ( "s ( ! f9e =ms ( lett]+ is ( p>am\nt importance to any arti/ :o desires t ! lett]+ t he uses %\ld be ( good con/ruction4 ,s _m draw+s h be5 spoil$ ?r\gh ! introduction ( weak & badly =m$ lett]+ t ! ne$ = tra9+ ! /ud5t to produce lett]+ t is well-f9i%$ & ( good =m %\ld be obvi\s to ev]yone4 ,)\t d\bt "o ( ! great ?+s 9 lett]+ is to all[ ! tool to h its way4 ,p5-=m$ lett]+ %\ld be ( a =m easily con/ruct$ ) ! p51 & %\ld n pret5d to be a bru%-=m$ lett]+1 & vice v]s4 ,x is = ?is reason t 9 ! fir/ *apt] s mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 9 not+ ! influ5ce t ! tools & mat]ials employ$ h _h on ! %ap+ ( ! lett]s4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface #a ,,introduction #e ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,tool ,writ+ ! ,f\ndation ( ,illum9ation--,e>ly ,influ5ces--,babylonian ,*>act]s--,egyptian ,hi]oglyphics--,! re$ & quill ,p5--,! use ( ,vellum #bc ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,writ+ ,,9 ,,! ,,pa/ ,majuscule ,writ+--,squ>e ,capitals--,ru/ic ,capitals--,uncials--,mix$ ,uncial & ,m9uscule ,writ+--,half-,uncials--,iri% ,half-,uncials-- ,engli% ,half-,uncials--,m9uscule ,writ+-- ,lomb>dic ,writ+--,visigo?ic ,writ+-- ,m]ov+ian ,writ+--,c>lov+ian ,writ+--,lat] ,/yles #cb ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,p5 ,cutt+ ! ,p5--,simple ,ex]cises #db ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,lett]s ,lett]s =m$ ) simple ,p5-/rokes--,me?od 9 work+--,h[ ! v>i\s ,lett]s are =m$ #dh ,,*apt] ,v ,,=m+ ,,words ,,& ,,s5t5ces ,writ+ a %ort ,quotation--,spac+ ,lett]s-- ,italics--,p5-=m$ ,figures #ed ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,alphabets ,,= ,,/udy1 ,,bas$ ,,on ,,hi/orical ,,examples ,uncial ,lett]s--,half-,uncials--,writ+1 f ! ,t5? to ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury #fj ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,roman ,,lett]+ ,build+ up ,lett]s ) ,p5-/rokes--,roman ,lett]s made ) simple direct ,p5-/rokes--,! ,con/ruction ( ,roman ,capitals #gj ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,"s ,,hi/orical ,,examples ,,( ,,roman ,,lett]+ ,! ,alphabet ( ! ,trajan ,column--,v>i\s ,alphabets f ! ,?irte5? to ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury #gf ,,*apt] ,,ix ,a ,,brief ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,illum9ation #a4 ,f ! ,f\r? to ! ,elev5? ,c5tury ,classical & ,byzant9e ,illum9ation--,celtic & ,anglo-,celtic--,c>lov+ian--,! ,w9*e/] ,s*ool #hd ,,*apt] ,x ,a ,,brief ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,illum9ation #b4 ,f ! ,twelf? ,c5tury to ! ,decl9e ,illum9ation 9 ! ,twelf? ,c5tury--,?irte5? ,c5tury--,f\rte5? ,c5tury--,fifte5? ,c5tury & lat] #ic ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,initial ,,lett] ,h[ ! ,decoration spr+s f ! ,initial lett]-- ,examples f ! ,sev5? to ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury #aja ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,simple ,,illum9ation ,,9 ,,black ,,& ,,r$ ,me?od ( sett+ out a ,page--,arrang+ ! ,lett]+--,initial lett]s1 & h[ to con/ruct !m--,v>i\s arrangem5ts ( ,lett]+ #ajg ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,col\rs ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,m$i,,val ,,illum9ator ,e>ly treatises--,!ophilus--,! ,book ( ! ,art ( ,c5n9o ,c5n9i #aae ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,col\rs3 ,,_! ,,composition ,,& ,,p]man5ce ,! importance ( a k ( ! diff]5t ,col\rs employ$--,yell[ ,pigm5ts--,r$ ,pigm5ts--,blue ,pigm5ts--,gre5 ,pigm5ts--,br[n ,pigm5ts--,black ,pigm5ts--,:ite ,pigm5ts #abc ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,col\rs3 ,,_! ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,use ,v>i\s =ms 9 :i* ,col\rs are prep>$--,mix+ ,col\rs--,a me?od ( keep+ body col\rs 9 a conv5i5t =m--,prep>+ a set ( ,col\rs = ,illum9at+ #aca ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,gild+ ,,me?ods ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,e>ly gild+ me?ods--,p[d] gold--,! e>ly use ( gold-leaf--,rais$ gild+ #ach ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,gold ,%ell-gold--,! use ( gold-leaf--,h[ to h&le gold-leaf #adf ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,illum9ation ,,) ,,gold ,,& ,,col\rs ,vellum = ,illum9at+--,h&-made pap]-- ,bru%es--,col\r-"w #aeb ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,fur!r ,,developm5t ,,( ,,illum9ation ,! developm5t ( decoration--,pres5t-day uses ( ,illum9ation--,possible developm5ts #afa ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,illum9at$ ,,address ,! ,fram$ ,address--,! ,vellum ,scroll--,! ,book-=m #aga ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,me?ods ,,( ,,reproduction ,l9e ,blocks--,half-tones--,! ,?ree-col\r ,process--,li?ography #agh ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,*ri/mas ,,c>ds ,bronze gild+--,sett+ out to design-- ,sugge/ions--,h&-writt5 ,c>ds--,invitation ,c>ds #ahe ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,lett]+ ,,= ,,comm]cial ,,purposes ,v>i\s ?+s requir+ ,lett]+--,lett]+ = ,maps1 ,plans1 etc4--,lett]+ = ,po/]-"w-- ,arrangem5t ( lett]s--,design+ a ,magaz9e ,cov] #aib ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,h&-,,writt5 ,,po/]s1 ,,etc4 ,a quick me?od ( writ+ a ,po/]--,! re$ p5 & ! bru%--,w9d[ ,tickets--,%[c>ds #bjc ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,! ,,illum9at$ ,,ms4 ,,book ,! ,arrangem5t ( ,pages--,plann+ out--,! ,colophon--,! ,prim>y ,object ( ! ,book--,! ,decoration #baf ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,a ,,simple ,,me?od ,,( ,,b9d+ ,,mss4 ,b9d+ 9 limp ,vellum--,sew+ ! sections--,! ,decoration ( ! ,cov] #bbe ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,! ,,illum9ation ,,( ,,! ,,pr9t$ ,,book ,! ,comb9ation ( ,pr9t+ & ,illum9ation-- ,books suitable = ,illum9ation--,! ,/yle ( ,decoration suit$ to ?is #bcb ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,pr9t$ ,,book ,,decoration ,! ,title-page--,! ,initial ,lett]--,types to avoid--,tail-pieces1 etc4 #bch ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks #bdh ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,notes ,,on ,,books #bef ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,illum9at$ ,page ,frontispiece ,babylonian ,*>act]s 7,fig4 #a7 #be ,egyptian ,hi]oglyphics 7,fig4 #b7 #bg ,egyptian ,hi]atic ,writ+ #bh ,/ylus & ,e>ly ,p5s #bi ,cadmus gives ! ,greeks an ,alphabet #cb ,! ,developm5t ( ,writ+ 7,fig4 #c7 #cd ,! ,developm5t ( ,writ+ 7,fig4 #d7 #ch ,! ,p5 7,fig4 #e7 #dc ,simple ,p5-,/rokes 7,fig4 #f7 #de ,p5-=m$ ,lett]s 7,fig4 #g7 #di ,! ,con/ruction ( ,lett]s 7,fig4 #h7 #ea ,=m+ ,words & ,s5t5ces 7,fig4 #i7 #ee ,^w-spac+1 etc4 7,fig4 #aj7 #eg ,alphabets = ,/udy 7,fig4 #aa7 #fa ,alphabets = ,/udy 7,fig4 #ab7 #fc ,alphabets = ,/udy 7,fig4 #ac7 #fd ,alphabets = ,/udy 7,fig4 #ad7 #ff ,roman ,lett]+ 7,fig4 #ae7 #ga ,p5-=m$ ,roman ,lett]+ 7,fig4 #af7 #gd ,! ,trajan ,column #gf ,! ,trajan ,alphabet 7,fig4 #ag7 #gg ,! ,trajan ,alphabet 7,fig4 #ah7 #gh ,! ,trajan ,alphabet 7,fig4 #ai7 #gi ,roman ,alphabets 7,fig4 #bj7 #hj ,roman ,alphabet1 p5-=m$ 7,fig4 #ba7 #ha ,roman ,alphabets 7,fig4 #bb7 #hb ,! ,l9disf>ne ,gospels #hd ,flemi% ,initials #aja ,initial ,lett]s 7,fig4 #bc7 #ajb ,initial ,lett]s 7,fig4 #bd7 #aje ,a ,simple ,page 9 ,black & ,r$ #ajg ,me?od ( ,sett+ out ,page 7,fig4 #be7 #ajh ,m$ival ,alphabets 7,fig4 #bf7 #aaj ,! ,con/ruction ( ,initials 7,fig4 #bg7 #aaa ,illum9ation 9 ,black & ,r$ 7,fig4 #bh7 #aac ,! ,prep>ation ( ,col\rs 7,fig4 #bi7 #acc ,gild+ ,mat]ials 7,fig4 #cj7 #adh ,illum9ation ) ,gold & ,col\rs 7,fig4 #ca7 #aeg ,illum9at$ ,alt> ,tablet #afa ,! ,developm5t ( ,illum9ation 7,fig4 #cb7 #afb ,r\gh ,sket*es ( ,illum9at$ ,pages 7,fig4 #cc7 #aff ,a ,roll ( ,hon\r #afg ,illum9at$ ,alt> ,tablet #afi ,a ,*ur* ,por* ,text #agj ,an ,illum9at$ ,address #aga ,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,illum9at$ ,addresses 7,fig4 #cd7 #agb ,designs = ,*ri/mas ,c>ds #ahe ,a ,*ri/mas ,c>d #ahg ,/yles ( ,c>ds 7,fig4 #ce7 #ahh ,/yles ( ,c>ds 7,fig4 #cf7 #ahi ,designs = ,programme & ,progressive ,:i/ ,c>d #aij ,booklet ,cov] #aib ,an ,attractive ,adv]tisem5t #aib ,a ,h&book ,cov] #aid ,lett]+ = ,maps1 etc4 7,fig4 #cg7 #aie ,a ,design = a ,c]tificate #aif ,an ,alphabet = ,po/] ,"w 7,fig4 #ch7 #aig ,two ,designs = ,labels #aih ,a ,design = a ,lett] ,head+ #aii ,a ,design = a ,music ,cov] #bjj ,a ,design = a ,bookplate #bja ,an ,attractive ,piece ( ,lett]+ #bjd ,guide = ,h&-writt5 ,po/]s 7,fig4 #ci7 #bje ,specim5 ,po/] writt5 ) ,p5 7,fig4 #dj7 #bjg ,specim5 ,po/] writt5 ) ,bru% 7,fig4 #da7 #bji ,design = a ,m5u #baj ,w9d[ ,tickets 7,fig4 #db7 #bac ,a ,%[c>d 7,fig4 #dc7 #bad ,frontispiece ( ,blake's 8,songs ( ,innoc5ce0 #baf ,arrangem5t = ,,ms4 ,book 7,fig4 #dd7 #bah ,title-page ( ,blake's 8,songs ( ,innoc5ce0 #bai ,examples ( ,colophons 7,fig4 #de7 #bba ,two pages f 8,songs ( ,innoc5ce0 #bbc ,me?od ( ,/it*+ ,,ms4 ,book 7,fig4 #df7 #bbf ,vellum ,cov] 7,fig4 #dg7 #bbh ,cov] ready = ,b9d+ 7,fig4 #dh7 #bbi ,complet+ ! ,cov] 7,fig4 #di7 #bcj ,! ,illum9ation ( ! ,pr9t$ ,book 7,fig4 #ej7 #bcc ,/yles ( ,title ,pages 7,fig4 #ea7 #bci ,types ( ,initials to ,avoid 7,fig4 #eb7 #bdb ,decorative ,initials 7,fig4 #ec7 #bdc ,tail-pieces 7,fig4 #ed7 #bde ,,illum9ation ,,& ,,its ,,developm5t ,,9 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,tool ,calligraphy & ,illum9ation are insep>ably b\nd up ) ea* o!r4 ,! art ( ,illum9ation _c be sev]$ f t ( ,writ+4 ,"o _c imag9e ! decoration ap>t f ! writ+4 ,und\bt$ly ?is sprang f a desire to beautify ! writ+4 ,man s\ght to make 8 manuscripts beautiful1 & ! result 0 a =m ( illum9ation1 at fir/ v primitive1 b gradually develop+ into ! beautiful art t we are s famili> ) 9 ! *oice manuscripts ( ! middle ages4 ,:5 comm5c+ ! /udy ( ! art ( illum9ation x is extremely important t x %\ld be approa*$ f ! prop] /&po9t4 ,x is to be fe>$ t ?is has n always be5 ! case4 ,! lure ( ! bright gold & col\rs has (t5 l$ bo? tea*] & taught a/ray1 & ! prop] use ( ! p5 9 writ+ has be5 almo/ entirely neglect$4 ,in/ead ( all[+ ! tool to h its own way1 x has be5 =c$ to =m labori\s %apes t are n suit$ to its con/ruction at all4 ,! decoration1 x is to be fe>$1 has be5 look$ ^u z a sort ( spice to be add$ z a f9i%+ t\*1 in/ead ( be+ a vital gr[? spr++ naturally f ! writ+4 ,until x be view$ f ?is /&po9t1 no real progress c be made4 ,if a build+ is to be s\ndly con/ruct$1 ! fir/ ?+ to see to is t ! f\ndations are well laid4 ,! same pr9ciple applies 9 ?is case4 ,! decoration1 if x is to be liv+ & real1 mu/ h a />t+-po9t = gr[?4 ,! /ud5t %\ld see t ?is is a sure f\ndation & n a tott]+1 %aky /ructure4 ,well-=m$ writ+ %\ld be ! fir/ consid]ation4 ,ord9>y h&-writ+ is a developm5t ( ! k9d ( writ+ us$ by ! old calligraph]s4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! connection betwe5 ! two is n recognis$4 ,probably if ?is 7 s calligraphy ( ! pres5t day w\ld be mu* bett] ?an x g5]ally is4 ,! fact t x is g5]ally ref]r$ to z 8pr9t+0 %[s h[ ! connection has be5 lo/4 ,draw+ is ?\ght to be m ak9 to x ?an h&-writ+4 ,x is no uncommon sight to see a /ud5t c>efully draw+ ! %apes ( ! lett]s & !n fill+ !m 9 ) a f9e mapp+ p54 ,if ! individuality ( ! p5 z a lett]-mak+ tool 7 recognis$ ?is k9d ( ?+ w\ld n occur4 ,x may be int]e/+ to consid] briefly "s ( ! e>ly influ5ces at "w 9 ! production ( writ+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,babylonian ,,*>act]s4 ,%[+ ! influ5ce ( ! tool on ! %apes ( ! ,*>act]s4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,9 ,fig4 #a "s examples ( e>ly ,babylonian *>act]s are %[n4 ,9 ^! e>ly days ! common writ+ mat]ial 0 clay4 ,! *>act]s us$ 9 writ+ 7 r\gh pictures ( diff]5t objects :i* 7 drawn 9 outl9e4 ,?us ! sign = 8k+0 0 a rude draw+ ( a man cr[n$2 ?is 0 scrat*$ on ! surface ( ! s(t clay ) a po9t$ tool4 ,"o c q und]/& h[ ^! *>act]s c\ld be con/ruct$ ) a s]ies ( impressions 9 mu* less "t ?an x w\ld take to draw !m 9 outl9e4 ,!n aga9 x mu/ h be5 mu* easi] to draw on ! s(t clay 9 ?is way4 ,a squ>e-po9t$ /ylus 0 us$ = ?is purpose1 &1 ) ! w$ge-%ap$ impressions ?us produc$1 ! *>act]s c\ld be =m$ q easily4 ,n only 0 ! scribe able to write ) great] spe$1 b ! way 9 :i* ! *>act]s 7 produc$ 0 m me?odical4 ,! "* = 8k+10 :5 made ) ! w$ge-%ap$ impressions1 0 con/ruct$ z %[n 9 7b74 ,"o c easily recognise ! same =m plac$ horizontally1 in/ead ( v]tically1 z 0 orig9ally ! case4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! *>act]s became some:at simplifi$4 ,! next /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ! "* is %[n 9 7c74 ,! f9al =m is %[n 9 7d71 ?is be+ v mu* simplifi$4 ,9 l mann] ! signs repres5t$ 9 7e7 & 7h7 7 us$ to d5ote 8/>0 & 8sun0 respectively4 ,! developm5t ( ^! is se5 9 7f7 & 7g71 also 9 7i7 & 7j74 ,! reason = call+ att5tion to ^! *>act]s is to %[ h[ ! %apes are influ5c$ by ! tool & ! mat]ial employ$4 ,?is is a mo/ important factor 9 ! =mation ( lett]s4 ,:]e s(t clay 0 us$ z a mat]ial1 & ! *>act]s 7 =m$ by mak+ impressions ) a /ylus1 "o w\ld naturally expect t ^! signs w\ld take ! =m ( a s]ies ( ind5tations r ?an fl[+ l9es z f a bru% or p54 ,9 ! case ( ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphics1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 a diff]5ce is at once notic$4 ,^! *>act]s 7 at fir/ small pictures c>v$ on /one4 ,! hi]atic *>act]s 7 simple int]pretations ( ^! =m$ ) a re$ p54 ,x is q obvi\s1 to all :o c>e to obs]ve1 h[ easily ^! *>act]s c\ld be =m$1 especially :5 !y are comp>$ ) ! e>li] signs4 ,9 ?is case ! influ5ce is q diff]5t f t ( ! ,babylonian *>act]s4 ,in/ead ( a s]ies ( impressions1 "o notices long fl[+ /rokes *>act]i/ic ( ! p54 ,x is int]e/+ to note h[ ! ess5tial quality ( ! m elaborate "* is obta9$ ) simple p5-/rokes4 ,al?\gh ! hi]oglyphic is (t5 q complex !re is /ill a lik5ess reta9$ 9 ! hi]atic =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,egyptian ,,hi]oglyphics4 ,%[+ ! developm5t into ! ,hi]atic or p5-=m$ ,*>act]s4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! re$ p5 us$ by ! ,egyptian scribes 0 ! =]unn] ( ! mod]n p54 ,x 0 =m$ f ! holl[ /alk ( grasses t grew 9 m>%y di/ricts4 ,sometimes p5s 7 made f holl[ canes & bamboos4 ,?is k9d ( p5 is /ill us$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! mat]ial us$ = writ+ ^u 0 kn[n z papyrus4 ,?is 0 made f ! pi? ( a species ( re$1 ! ,cyp]us ,papyrus ( ,l9nu4 ,?is 01 9 e>ly days1 cultivat$ 9 ! ,delta ( ,egypt4 ,x 0 us$ = sev]al diff]5t purposes1 "o ( ! mo/ important be+ = writ+-mat]ial4 ,?is 0 prep>$ by cutt+ x into /rips & plac+ ^! side by side1 ) ano!r set plac$ across !m at "r angles4 ,! two lay]s 7 /uck toge!r & ! :ole press$ & dri$1 & ! surface smoo!d to make a %eet ( writ+-mat]ial4 ,x is a mo/ difficult matt] to /ate :5 ! quill p5 0 fir/ us$4 ,probably ! e>lie/ allusion to x occurs 9 ! writ+s ( ,/ ,isidore1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,seville1 :o liv$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,! foll[+ is ! quotation 9 "q3 8,in/rum5ta scrib calamus et p5na2 ex 8 enim v]ba pag9is infiguntur2 s$ calamus arboris e/1 p5na avis1 cujus acum5 dividitur 9 duo40 78,! tools ( ! writ] are a re$ & a quill2 = by ^! words on pages are impress$2 ! re$ is ( wood1 ! quill f a bird1 & its po9t is divid$ into two407 ,b ( c\rse x is extremely probable t quill p5s 7 9 use at a mu* e>li] p]iod ?an ?is4 ,x is well kn[n t metal p5s 7 us$ by ! ,romans1 z a numb] ( ^!1 made ( bronze1 are 9 exi/5ce at ! pres5t "t4 ,= g5]al writ+ purposes tablets coat$ ) wax 7 us$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,a /ylus ) "o end po9t$ & ! o!r flatt5$ 0 us$ to write )1 ! writ+ be+ done ) ! %>p po9t & erasures made ) ! flatt5$ end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,egyptian ,,hi]atic ,,writ+4 ,illu/ration3 ,ivory ,/ilus4 ,silv] ,/ilus1 b\nd ) gold wire4 ,anci5t ,roman ,bronze ,p54 ,anci5t ,re$ ,p54 ,! sk9s ( animals h be5 us$ z a writ+ mat]ial s9ce q an e>ly p]iod1 & ! use ( vellum 0 probably an improvem5t ^u ?is4 ,pl9y1 9 8 8,natural ,hi/ory10 tells ! /ory1 on ! au?ority ( ,v>ro1 ( h[ ,eum5es ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,p]gamus f #aig to #aei ,b4,c41 0 desir\s ( ext5d+ ! libr>y 9 8 capital1 b ! ,ptolemies1 be+ jeal\s1 /opp$ ! export ( papyrus1 ?9k+ by ?is means to prev5t ! royal libr>y f gr[+4 ,ow+ to ! lack ( papyrus1 sk9s 7 employ$ &1 necessity be+ ! "m ( inv5tion1 ! manufacture ( vellum came ab\t4 ,:e!r any real importance c be atta*$ to ?is /ory or n1 x is c]ta9 t ,p]gamus 0 a great c5tre = ! manufacture ( vellum4 ,9 fact1 ! ^w 8p>*m5t0 is d]iv$ f *>ta ,p]gam5a1 i4e41 8pap] f ,p]gamum40 ,x is easy to see h[ ?is ideal writ+-mat]ial1 ) ! quill p51 mu/ h _h a great influ5ce ^u ! =mation ( lett]s4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! writ+ on p>*m5t or vellum is crisp] & m %>ply def9$ ?an t on ! papyrus4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ d\bt t ! influ5ce ( ! tool & ! writ+-mat]ial _h a great deal to d ) =m+ ! %apes ( ! lett]s4 ,good lett]+ 0 seldom or nev] consci\sly design$1 b 0 ! result ( c]ta9 influ5ces at "w4 ,9 ! developm5t ( lett]+ 9 ! pa/1 ! p51 z a lett]-mak+ tool1 has play$ a mo/ prom95t "p4 ,a re$ or quill p5 cut ) a broad nib1 s z to give crisp ?ick & ?9 /rokes1 is an ideal tool = ! =mation ( lett]s1 b "o ?+ is necess>y3 ! p5 mu/ be all[$ to h its own way4 ,! lett]s %\ld n be design$ fir/ & copi$ ) ! p5 aft]w>ds4 ,if ! lett]+ is to be p5-=m$1 let x be =m$ ) ! p52 x %\ld come /raight f ! p54 ,! capabilities ( ! p5 z a lett]-mak+ tool %\ld be c>efully /udi$4 ,! re$ or quill p5 %\ld be us$1 & "o ( ! be/ ways to become intimate ) ! p5 is to cut x to %ape = oneself4 ,"o is ?us able to und]/& ! possibilities ( ?is tool z a means = ! =mation ( lett]s1 9 a mu* m intimate mann] ?an if a ready-made tool is plac$ 9 ! h&4 ,! fir/ ?+ to endeav\r to grasp is h[ to cut & use ! p54 ,aft] ?is has be5 ma/]$1 ! next /ep %\ld be ! =mation ( lett]s4 ,?is is foll[$ by =m+ lett]s into words4 ,!n comes writ+ & design+ ) masses ( writ+4 ,n until ! /ud5t is ?or\ghly famili> ) ! use ( lett]+ %\ld he attempt to add any decoration to x4 ,a f9e piece ( writ+ 9 black1 or black & r$1 on vellum or f9e h&-made pap] is a piece ( decoration by itself1 b a bad piece ( lett]+ _c be made beautiful1 h[ev] mu* ornam5t be add$ aft]w>ds4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! /udy ( illum9ation prop] comes !n1 & att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! place ( ! initial lett] & ! "p x has play$ 9 ! pa/ z a />t+-po9t = ! decoration 9 ! ,,mss4 ( ! m$ival p]iod4 ,at fir/ a good deal c be done ) ! use ( black & r$ only1 or black1 r$1 & blue4 ,!n come simple decoration ) gold & col\rs2 ! use ( rais$ burni%$ gold2 ! application ( illum9ation = comm]cial purposes2 & ! illum9at$ ,,ms4 book4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,writ+ ,,9 ,,! ,,pa/ ,be=e describ+ ! me?od ( cutt+ & us+ ! p51 x may possibly be in/ructive to survey briefly ! developm5t ( writ+ ?r\gh ! c5turies4 ,! alphabet1 z we "k x1 has be5 trac$ "r back to t us$ by ! ,phnicians4 ,9 fact1 until a comp>atively %ort "t ago1 x 0 ?\ght by "s t x c\ld be trac$ back to ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphics1 b 9 ! light ( rec5t discov]ies ?is !ory is no long] t5able4 ,! orig9 ( our alphabet is !re=e /ill a matt] = rese>*1 al?\gh !re seems to be no d\bt conc]n+ its desc5t f ! ,phnician alphabet4 ,! ,roman alphabet seems to be a direct desc5dant f ?is1 & x is f ! ,roman alphabet t ! lett]+ t is 9 use to-day has be5 d]iv$4 ,roman writ+ 0 divid$ into two di/9ct classes3 ! =mal book-h&1 & ! cursive h& :i* 0 ! common h&-writ+ ( ! p4 ,,majuscule ,,writ+ ,! book-h& fir/ took ! =m ( majuscules1 :i* 9 turn 7 divid$ into ,squ>e ,capitals1 ,ru/ic ,capitals1 & ,uncials4 ,aft] ?is came ! modifi$ =ms ( ,uncials caus$ by ! admixture ( m9uscules4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cadmus ,,gives ,,! ,,greeks ,,an ,,alphabet4 7,tradition relates t lett]s 7 fir/ introduc$ into ,greece by a ,phnician nam$ ,cadmus47 ,by way ( explanation x may be "h m5tion$ t1 9 bo? ,greek & ,lat9 palography1 capital lett]s are t]m$ 8majuscules10 :ile small lett]s are kn[n z 8m9uscules40 ,,squ>e ,,capitals ,probably ! e>lie/ ,lat9 majuscule writ+ is t kn[n z squ>e capitals4 ,^! seem to be modell$ on ! same type ( lett] t 0 us$ = ! f9e inscriptions4 ,al?\gh ! g5]al op9ion is t ^! are ! e>lie/ =m1 !re is v little squ>e capital writ+ 9 exi/5ce4 ,! e>lie/ specim5 kn[n has be5 attribut$ to ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 al?\gh x is ?\ght t ?is =m ( writ+ _h be5 9 use "s c5turies be=e ?is4 ,x 0 9 use until ! f\r? or fif? c5tury4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ d\bt t writ+1 :5 ^! lett]s 7 us$1 mu/ h be5 comp>atively sl[ "w4 ,,ru/ic ,,capitals ,ru/ic capitals seem to be an attempt to write ! lett]s by means ( simple p5-/rokes4 ,writ+ ) ?is type ( lett] mu/ h be5 mu* quick] ?an :5 ! squ>e capitals 7 us$4 ,?is /yle ( writ+ has be5 us$ 9 ! e>lie/ ,lat9 ,,mss4 n[ 9 exi/5ce1 b1 al?\gh ?is is ! case1 ! g5]al op9ion seems to be t ! squ>e capitals 7 us$ fir/4 ,! title 8,ru/ic0 is some:at mislead+1 z x might lead "o to suppose t ^! lett]s are r\gh 9 "*1 :5 !y are g5]ally writt5 q z c>efully z ! squ>e capitals4 ,,uncials ,illu/ration3 ,roman ,squ>e ,capitals4 ,ru/ic ,capitals4 ,uncials4 ,half-,uncials4 ,iri% ,half-,uncials4 ,engli% ,half-,uncials4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,! next /age is ! use ( ! majuscules kn[n z 8,uncials40 ,^! are true p5-=m$ lett]s4 ,!y seem to be bas$ on ! squ>e capitals1 b1 9 place ( s _m angles1 curves are employ$1 ^! be+ mu* m adapt$ to ! use ( ! p54 ,x is a r\nd h&1 & a v beautiful =m ( writ+4 ,! simplicity ( ! *>act]s ) _! fl[+ curves is su* t !y may be easily =m$ ) a %>ply-cut re$ or quill4 ,! lett]s1 ,a1 ,d1 ,e1 ,h1 ,m1 & ,u1 are ! pr9cipal lett]s t %[ ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is =m ( writ+4 ,x seems to h be5 9 common use z a book-h& 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ?\ght by "s t x is q possible t x may h be5 9 use z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury1 z 9 ! olde/ specim5s t are kn[n ! lett]+ appe>s to be fully develop$4 ,"o ( ! special di/9ctions ( ?is k9d ( writ+ is ! way "s ( ! v]tical /rokes rise above1 or fall bel[1 ! l9e ( writ+4 ,f ! fif? to ! eigh? c5turies x 0 giv5 ! premi] place z a lit]>y h&4 ,! e>ly uncials1 z also 7 ! squ>e capitals & ru/ic capitals1 7 writt5 ) a p5 cut ) a slant$ po9t4 ,,mix$ ,,uncial ,,& ,,m9uscule ,,writ+ ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t all ! "t ^! majuscules1 bo? capitals & uncials1 repres5t only "o side ( ! h&writ+ employ$1 viz41 t us$ = ! production ( books4 ,! ord9>y h&writ+ ( ! p1 kn[n z 8cursive0 writ+1 0 9 ext5sive use at ! same "t4 ,v (t5 ?is =m ( writ+ got mix$ up ) ! o!r1 & ! result 0 a mix$ /yle4 ,= example1 9 "s ( ! e>ly majuscule ,,mss41 notes h be5 f\nd writt5 9 ?is /yle4 ,?is gradually came to be us$ z a book-h&1 until soon v few ( ! e>ly uncial =ms 7 left4 ,,half-,,uncials ,to ?is =m ( writ+ 9 its full developm5t ! title ( 8,half-,uncial0 has be5 giv54 ,x 0 employ$ z f> back z ! fif? c5tury = writ+ ,,mss4 ,x may h be5 us$ because x c\ld be writt5 m quickly ?an ! ord9>y uncial2 anyway1 x seems to h be5 v ext5sively us$ z a lit]>y h&4 ,?is /yle is v important1 z x m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! *ange f majuscule to m9uscule writ+4 ,^! *>act]s 7 g5]ally =m$ ) a /raight-cut p54 ,,iri% ,,half-,,uncials ,writ+ 9 ! ,briti% ,isles 0 greatly diff]5t f t us$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,on ! ,cont95t ! h& 0 develop$ f ! ,roman cursive writ+1 :ile 9 ,engl& & ,irel& ! ,roman ,half-,uncial 0 ! />t+-po9t ( developm5t4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ d\bt b t ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,briti% ,isles _h a great deal to d ) ! developm5t ( ! book-h&4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies f ,rome br\ght ) !m a numb] ( ,,mss4 :i* may h s]v$ z models = ! native scribes4 ,^! 7 probably writt5 9 ,roman half-uncials1 :i* w\ld acc\nt = ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,iri% h&writ+ develop$4 ,evid5tly no ,,mss4 writt5 9 pure uncials came to ,irel&2 anyway1 !re seems to be no reason to suppose t su* 0 ! case1 z no ,,ms4 ( ?is type has be5 f\nd t may be claim$ to be purely ,iri% )\t any %ad[ ( d\bt4 ,e>ly ,iri% writ+ is 9 two =ms1 r\nd & po9t$4 ,! r\nd h& is di/9ctly half-uncial4 ,al?\gh x is mo/ difficult to /ate ! e>lie/ date ( ! ,iri% ,,mss41 ! g5]al op9ion is t !y date back at lea/ z f> z ! sev5? c5tury4 ,! fam\s ,book ( ,kells is a well-kn[n example ( ,iri% half-uncials4 ,! po9t$ writ+ 0 develop$ 9 ! eigh? & n9? c5turies4 ,?is is probably a developm5t ( ! r\nd h&1 & 9 c\rse ( "t became ! ,iri% national h&4 ,,engli% ,,half-,,uncials ,9 ,engl& !re 7 two di/9ct s*ools ( writ+1 "o ( :i* came f ,irel& & ! o!r br\ght ov] by ! ,roman mission>ies4 ,v little is kn[n ( ! writ+ br\ght ov] by ! =eign mission>ies1 z only a small am\nt is kn[n to be 9 exi/5ce4 ,!re is evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t "s ( ! ,roman ru/ic capitals 7 made use (4 ,! ,engli% half-uncials 7 modell$ on ! ,iri% half-uncials4 ,! writ+ 9 ! ,durham ,book1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 af=ds a good example ( ?is k9d ( writ+4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ?is writ+ ) t ( ! ,book ( ,kells2 !re is a great simil>ity4 ,bo? are c>efully writt5 ) ! /raight-cut p54 ,! ,engli% half-uncials also develop$ 9 ! eigh? & n9? c5turies into a po9t$ h&4 ,capitals :i* 7 us$ = initials1 etc41 are simply v>iations ( ! majuscules4 ,,m9uscule ,,writ+ ,z m5tion$ be=e1 ! ,roman cursive 0 ! basis ( ! writ+ on ! ,cont95t4 ,?ree great national h&s 7 =m$1 viz41 ,lomb>dic1 ,visigo?ic1 & ,m]ov+ian4 ,,lomb>dic ,,writ+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,?is 0 ! national h&writ+ ( ,italy2 x 0 us$ f ! eigh? to ! elev5? c5turies4 ,! t]m 8,lomb>dic0 is giv5 z a g5]al t]m to ! writ+ ( ,italy 9 ! e>ly middle ages4 ,9 ,fig4 #d "s free r5d]+s are giv5 ( ?is h&4 ,! fir/ 7a7 is an example 9 "o ( its e>lie/ /ages1 writt5 cursively 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,! next1 %[n 9 7b7 is ! book-h& a little lat]4 ,! ?ird example 7c7 is a lat] developm5t ( ! elev5? c5tury1 kn[n z 8brok5 ,lomb>dic40 ,x may be not$ t 9 all ^! ! slant$-cut p5 has be5 us$4 ,,visigo?ic ,,writ+ ,! title 8,visigo?ic0 has be5 giv5 to ! national h&writ+ ( ,spa94 ,d]iv$ also f ! ,roman cursive1 x develop$ into a book-h& t 0 us$ 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,x 0 9 use until ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! fir/ example 7d7 is a half-cursive book-h& ( ! sev5? or eigh? c5tury4 ,! next 7e7 a book-h& ( ! e>ly t5? c5tury4 ,! la/ example 7f7 is ! la/ /age1 be+ ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,all ^! are writt5 ) ! slant$-cut p54 ,,m]ov+ian ,,writ+ ,?is is ! "n giv5 to ! writ+ practis$ 9 ! ,franki% empire4 ,?is =m ( writ+ leads on to ! great re=m 9 ! "t ( ,*>lemagne4 ,/>t+1 z 0 ! case 9 ! o!r two s*ools1 f ! ,roman cursive1 x develop$ into a set book-h& :i* is noticeable 9 sev]al ,,mss4 ( ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies4 ,an e>ly specim5 is %[n 9 7g74 ,sev]al diff]5t types ( writ+ 7 us$ )9 ! limits ( ! ,franki% empire1 "s ( :i* be> a /rong resemblance to ! ,lomb>dic /yle4 ,9 fact1 s simil> are !y t x is r difficult to di/+ui% "o f ! o!r4 ,! example 7h7 is "o ( ?is type1 be+ ( ! late sev5? c5tury4 ,z uncial & half-uncial *>act]s 7 /ill us$ = a good numb] ( ,,mss4 x is b natural t ^! %\ld influ5ce ! /yle ( writ+4 ,! specim5 giv5 9 7i7 is an example %[+ ! influ5ce ( ! half-uncial1 & is a /ep t[>ds ! full developm5t ( ! ,c>ol9e m9uscule4 ,,c>lov+ian ,,writ+ ,! great revival ( le>n+ dur+ ! reign ( ,*>lemagne result$ 9 ! developm5t ( a new s*ool ( writ+ kn[n z ,c>ol9e1 or ,c>lov+ian4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury ! decree call+ = ! revision ( ! ,*ur* books naturally became ! cause ( fre% activity 9 ! writ+ s*ools connect$ ) ! mona/]ies4 ,at ,t\rs ! book-h& 0 develop$ :i* is kn[n z ! ,c>ol9e ,m9uscule4 ,an example is giv5 ( ?is h&4 ,?is =m ( writ+ spread rapidly all ov] ! ,franki% empire & gradually influ5c$ ! book-h&s employ$ 9 ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,! use ( ! slant$-cut p5 is an important ?+ 9 connection ) ! =mation ( ^! m9uscules4 ,,lat] ,,/yles ,! t5? c5tury example giv5 is f ! ,b5$ictional ( !lwold1 ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/] f ,a4,d4 #ifc-ihd4 ,?is lett]+ is ( ! =eign type1 b x has a /rongly def9$ native "* all its own1 "s ( ! lett]s be+ di/9ctly ,saxon 9 type4 ,f ! twelf? c5tury onw>ds a great numb] ( ,,mss4 7 produc$1 ea* c\ntry hav+ its own p>ticul> /yle & develop+ on c]ta9 def9ite l9es4 ,x is impossible to give specim5s ( all ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,calligraphy4 ,! examples %[n mu/ be tak5 z r\ghly indicat+ ! g5]al /yle ( ! writ+4 ,! use ( ! slant$-cut p5 t5d$ t[>ds ! compression ( ! lett]s1 ?us =m+ a /rong contra/ to ! lett]s produc$ 9 ! e>li] p]iods ) ! /raight-cut p54 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury writ+ became consid]ably small]4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ?is c5tury a v l>ge numb] ( ,bibles appe> to h be5 writt51 & volumes 7 small]1 /&+ out 9 /rong contra/ to ! pond]\s tomes ( ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! writ+ became consid]ably /iff] & m angul>4 ,?is t5d5cy %[$ itself /ill m /rongly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,italy ?is t5d5cy did n make itself felt q z e>ly z 9 ! writ+s ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,al?\gh lat] on !y became m or less affect$ 9 ?is way1 !re is a decid$ diff]5ce betwe5 ,italian writ+ & ! /yles employ$ by ! o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! ,italian scribes appe> to h gone back to _! e>ly p]iods = models = book-h&s1 & x is ?is t influ5c$ ! e>ly pr9t]s ( ,italy to use type ( ?is "*1 :i* has its mod]n repres5tative 9 ! ,roman type ( to-day4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,p5 ,to obta9 a practical k ( ! use ( ! p5 z a lett]-mak+ tool is1 z /at$ be=e1 ! fir/ important ?+ = ! /ud5t to acquire4 ,all ! practice he c get 9 cutt+ x to %ape1 & us+ x 9 ! mann] describ$ "h1 w be f\nd to be ( ! greate/ s]vice 9 help+ him to produce good lett]+ ) x lat] on4 ,= l>ge writ+1 ! be/ tool is und\bt$ly ! re$ p54 ,9 fact1 ?is is probably ! be/ p5 = ! beg9n] to exp]im5t ) fir/4 ,x is some:at difficult to obta9 a good re$ p54 ,! ord9>y k9d t is sold by ! arti/s' col\rm5 is r too s(t & soon becomes sodd5 ) ! ink4 ,crisp writ+ is !n impossible4 ,a p5 made f a piece ( holl[ cane or bamboo seems to answ] be/ ( all4 ,a %>p knife is requir$ = cutt+1 & a ?9 piece ( metal to =m a spr+ to hold ! ink is a great advantage4 ,x %\ld be q easy to see f ,fig4 #e h[ ! p5 %\ld be cut4 ,! great ?+ to rememb] is to see t ! p5 is cut ) a nice *isel po9t1 z ?is ensures crisp & %>p writ+4 ,ano!r important detail is ! slit 9 ! nib4 ,?is %\ld be j ! "r l5g? = easy writ+4 ,if x is too long x makes ! p5 too s(t1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 if too %ort x is difficult to write ) x4 ,! /ud5t w f9d t exp]im5t alone w tea* him :at is "r 9 ?is matt]4 ,an h\r or two sp5t exp]im5t+ = himself ) a re$ or quill w tea* him f> m ?an pages ( in/ruction4 ,beyond j giv+ a few h9ts1 !re is no ne$ to devote mu* space to directions z to h[ to cut ! p54 ,! few details giv5 are j to act z a guide to ! /ud5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,p5 ,,fig4 #e4 ,9 cutt+ ! nib1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! slit is a clean cut1 also t ! po9ts are equally proportion$ on ea* side4 ,! spr+ is be/ made f a piece ( ?9 brass1 copp]1 or pure t94 ,if1 ord9>y t9n$ iron is us$ x is liable to get ru/y besides be+ g5]ally too ?ick4 ,x w be f\nd t a great deal dep5ds on ! position 9 :i* ?is is plac$1 ) reg>d to ! fl[ ( ink f ! p54 ,:5 us+ ! re$ p5 = l>ge writ+ x w be f\nd necess>y to p>e ! curv$ inside ( ! p5 q flat at ! po9t1 to ensure a firm /roke1 z o!rwise a holl[ /roke w be ! result4 ,= small] writ+ ! be/ p5 is ! turkey quill4 ,! goose quill is n q firm en\gh1 b a good turkey quill c be cut ei!r = q t9y writ+ or l>ge bold writ+4 ,x is be/ to /rip ! fea!r "p "r away1 z !re is no advantage 9 hav+ x on ! p54 ,?is c easily be torn (f by pull+ ! end ( ! fea!r d[nw>ds4 ,= practice any good smoo?-surfac$ pap] may be us$4 ,sev]al ( ! well-kn[n mak]s ( high-class h&-made draw+ pap]s make a special pap] = writ+ & illum9ation4 ,a good fluid wat]pro( draw+ ink %\ld be us$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to procure "o t w n ?ick5 ei!r 9 ! bottle or 9 ! p54 ,x is a great fault ) "s inks t1 al?\gh !y d n seem to ?ick5 v mu* 9 ! bottle1 !y d s 9 ! p54 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 good writ+ is almo/ impossible4 ,"o _c produce good writ+ if "o has to /op e little :ile to wa% out "o's p54 ,besides1 :5 ! ink is beg9n+ to ?ick51 cle>1 %>p writ+ becomes impossible4 ,fig4 #f gives "s simple ex]cises ) ! p54 ,x %\ld be q easy to und]/& ! =mation ( ! p5-/rokes f ?is diagram4 ,!y %\ld be practis$ ov] & ov] aga9 until ! /rokes c be made v easily4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! p5 is kept practically at ! same angle all ! "t4 ,x mu/ be held z easily z possible4 ,!re is no ne$ to acquire any special mann] ( hold+ x4 ,diff]5t p hold ! p5 9 diff]5t ways & x is be/ = ! /ud5t to f9d out :i* way is easie/ = him to hold x to produce good writ+4 ,if ! p5 is held 9 a mann] :i* may be correct accord+ to a copy-book b :i* feels awkw>d & cramp$ = ! writ]1 ! writ+ produc$ 9 ?is way is b\nd to %[ evid5ces ( ?is4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! p5 is held freely1 & easily1 x becomes almo/ a "p ( ! writ] himself1 & !re is a feel+ ( fre$om ab\t ! writ+ t is entirely abs5t f t produc$ by ! o!r me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,! /rokes 9 ! diagram 7 made ) a turkey quill p5 9 exactly ! same mann] z describ$ "h4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ?+s is to endeav\r to keep ! p5 practically at ! same angle all ! "t4 ,if ! p5 is all[$ to twi/ ab\t 9 ! h&1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ?ick & ?9 /rokes w n be suffici5tly m>k$4 ,x %\ld be q easy = ! /ud5t to acquire ?is ma/]y ( ! p5 )\t hold+ x 9 a vice-l grip4 ,= cle>1 %>p writ+ x is practically ess5tial t !re %\ld be no ink on ! back ( ! nib4 ,a small piece ( l951 free f fluff1 %\ld be kept = a p5-wip]1 & ! back ( ! p5 %\ld be wip$ be=e comm5c+ to write4 ,! ink %\ld be kept free f pieces ( fluff or small hairs1 z if ^! get into ! p5 x is impossible to produce good writ+4 ,! ex]cise %\ld be practis$ fir/ ) two rul$ l9es1 !n ) "o only4 ,x is good tra9+ if1 aft] ?is1 ! /ud5t w try 8 skill 9 writ+ )\t any l9es at all4 ,he %\ld n sket* x 9 lightly fir/ 9 p5cil1 b %\ld />t /raight away ) ! p54 ,! wid? ( ! nib %\ld be approximately ! same z ! ?ickness ( ! ?ick /rokes ( ! writ+4 ,:5 ! nib becomes blunt or unev5 x %\ld be c>efully re-cut4 ,:5 re-cutt+ ! p5 x is advisable n to cut x 9 too dra/ic a fa%ion4 ,cut x gradually1 tak+ v little (f at fir/ & us+ only a v %>p knife4 ,"o ( ! be/ knives = ?is purpose is a surgeon's scalpel1 z1 be+ made ( h>d surgical /eel1 x does n get blunt s quickly z ! ord9>y p5-knife4 ,9 ! next *apt] x is int5d$ to beg9 to practise ! =mation ( lett]s4 ,be=e /udy+ x ! /ud5t %\ld practise cutt+ ! p5 & =m+ ! /rokes 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,he %\ld endeav\r to make a %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! ?ick & ?9 /rokes1 & also /rive aft] p]fect regul>ity4 ,! m he practises ?is ex]cise ! bett] w he be able to =m ! lett]s 9 ! succe$+ ones4 ,! /ud5t is advis$ ?or\ghly to ma/] "o /age be=e proce$+ ) ! next4 ,"o t has be5 ma/]$ is ( m value ?an sev]al hurri$ ov] 9 a c>eless fa%ion4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,lett]s ,hav+ become some:at acqua9t$ ) ! use ( ! p51 ! next /ep to be tak5 is ! =mation ( lett]s1 on ! same pr9ciple z ! /rokes 7 made 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,fig4 #g %[s an alphabet ( capital lett]s & also "o ( small lett]s4 ,ea* lett] is =m$ ) simple p5-/rokes1 & ! /ud5t %\ld exp]i5ce no difficulty 9 =m+ ^! aft] practis+ ! previ\s ex]cise4 ,p]haps x w\ld n be amiss to give a few sugge/ions z to work+4 ,9 ! fir/ place he %\ld set ab\t 8 task 9 a workmanlike mann]4 ,x is practically useless practis+ on a few odd scraps ( pap]1 9 a slip%od way1 )\t mak+ any special prep>ations4 ,?is me?od ( work+ is responsible = a good deal ( slov5ly "w & _c be too sev]ely c5sur$4 ,! old prov]b1 8,if a ?+ is wor? do+ x is wor? do+ well10 is p]fectly true 9 ?is case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p5-,,=m$ ,,lett]s4 ,,fig4 #g4 ,! /ud5t %\ld obta9 a draw+-bo>d & fa/5 8 pap] d[n c>efully be=e comm5c+ to "w4 ,x w be f\nd t a pad made ( sev]al %eets ( blott+-pap] plac$ "u ! writ+-pap] w make ! writ+ easi]4 ,?is makes a mu* m sympa!tic surface to write ^u ?an ! h>d draw+-bo>d4 ,!n ! slope %\ld be consid]$4 ,x is n advisable to "w ) ! bo>d flat on ! table4 ,x %\ld be rais$ to =m a conv5i5t slope4 ,9 ! old illu/rations t we h repres5t+ ! m$ival illum9ator at "w1 he is always depict$ z writ+ at a slop+ desk4 ,by f> ! mo/ suitable = writ+ is a firm wat]-col\r easel :i* c be incl9$ to any angle4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is is n to h&1 a draw+ c be rais$ on a table to ! requir$ angle by re/+ "o end ( ! bo>d on a small box4 ,ano!r po9t is ! light+4 ,x is be/ to arrange ?is s t ! light comes ov] ! left %\ld]1 o!rwise ! %ad[ ( ! h& falls on ! "w4 ,rule lightly1 ) a black-lead p5cil1 "s l9es to "w ^u4 ,fir/ rule two l9es = ea* r[ ( lett]s4 ,= ! capitals ^! %\ld be ab\t 94 ap>t1 & = ! l[]-case lett]s #c_/h 94 %\ld be suffici5t4 ,! p5 %\ld be cut s z to give a fairly bold /roke1 to prev5t =m+ a ?91 weak-look+ lett]4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to ensure t ! writ+ be crisp & %>p4 ,see t ! back ( ! nib is free f ink1 & be c>eful to keep ! p5 at practically ! same angle4 ,! habit ( turn+ ! p5 ab\t 9 ! h& :ile writ+ is responsible = a lot ( clumsy "w4 ,! beg9n] g5]ally fails to turn ! ends ( 8 /rokes sm>tly1 ?us fail+ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ?ick & ?9 /rokes4 ,?is is caus$ by n keep+ ! p5 at ! same angle4 ,! lea/ possible pressure %\ld be put on ! nib4 ,let ! p5 h its own way2 d n =ce x at all4 ,"s pref] to dip ! p5 into ! ink1 wip+ ! back ( ! nib on a small l95 p5-wip]4 ,o!rs use a small bru% or quill = dropp+ ! ink into ! p54 ,"s deal]s put _! ink into bottles provid$ ) quill /opp]s = ?is purpose4 ,:i*ev] way be us$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to fill ! p5 too full1 z if ?is is done !re is e probability t a blot may be caus$ by ink dropp+ f x4 ,fig4 #h %[s exactly h[ ! v>i\s /rokes are =m$4 ,! diff]5t /rokes t g to make up ! capital ,a are c>efully %[n 9 ! prop] ord] & exactly h[ !y c be made4 ,mo/ ( ! lett]s 9 ! alphabet are also %[n ) ! p5-/rokes necess>y = _! production4 ,!y are numb]$ s t ! /ud5t %\ld h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ exactly h[ to =m !m1 ! fir/ /roke be+ numb]$ #a1 ! second #b1 & s on4 ,x w be f\nd t ! lett]s t are n %[n 9 ?is mann] are made up ( /rokes t are %[n pla9ly 9 "s o!r lett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,aft] practis+ ! =mation ( ^! lett]s betwe5 two l9es1 ! /ud5t %\ld use "o l9e only4 ,9 fact1 aft] he beg9s to get famili> ) ?is me?od ( =m+ lett]s he %\ld disc>d altoge!r ! use ( ! second l9e1 z he %\ld be able to write j z easily on "o l9e only4 ,"s /ud5ts seem to be afraid t !y w n be able to keep ! writ+ ! same size unless !y use two l9es4 ,x is /range t 9 ord9>y h&-writ+ !y w\ld nev] ?9k x necess>y to rule two l9es to keep _! writ+ ! same size4 ,! use ( two l9es is necess>y to ! beg9n] until he has become famili> ) ! p51 b !re is no necessity to keep us+ ^!1 = !y only hamp] him & give him less fre$om 9 work+4 ,"o ( ! difficulties t beg9n]s g5]ally exp]i5ce1 9 attempt+ to =m lett]s ) ! p5 9 ?is way1 is t !y are unable to get good firm curves & /rong upright /rokes4 ,! cause ( ?is is no?+ m or less ?an simply lack ( practice4 ,if ! /ud5t has any tr\ble 9 ?is way he %\ld practise ! e>li] ex]cise aga9 & aga94 ,weak-look+ curves & tott]+ /rokes w soon become few & f> betwe5 z he ga9s confid5ce 9 himself4 ,if he gives 8 :ole att5tion to =m+ ! /rokes1 ! facility to produce well-=m$ lett]s w soon be acquir$4 ,ano!r cause ( bad writ+ is (t5 due to ! p54 ,if ?is is n cut s t x w give crisp /rokes good lett]+ is impossible4 ,! /ud5t %\ld n wa/e "t try+ to write ) a badly-cut p52 x is mu* bett] to re-cut x /raight away4 ,aft] practis+ =m+ ! lett]s ?is size1 he %\ld r$uce !m4 ,! p5 %\ld be cut ) a small] po9t to suit ! size ( ! lett]s1 & l9es %\ld be rul$ clos] toge!r4 ,he %\ld endeav\r to get ! same crispness & %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! ?ick & ?9 /rokes z 9 ! l>g] writ+4 ,he %\ld n re/ satisfi$ until he is able to produce cle> %>p writ+ on s+le l9es4 ,he %\ld /rive to keep ! /rokes ( ! lett]s q upright1 n lean+ to ! "r or to ! left4 ,if he has practis$ ! e>li] ex]cise ?or\ghly he %\ld exp]i5ce no difficulty 9 ?is matt]4 ,! next *apt] w deal ) mass+ lett]s toge!r to =m words & s5t5ces4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 z well to emphasise ! fact t ! =mation ( ! individual lett]s %\ld be ma/]$ ?or\ghly fir/4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,=m+ ,,words ,,& ,,s5t5ces ,"o ( ! be/ ways to get famili> ) spac+ & =m+ lett]s into words is to write out a %ort quotation4 ,9 ,fig4 #i "o is giv5 = ! /ud5t to transcribe4 ,a %eet ( smoo?-surfac$ pap] %\ld be fa/5$ to a bo>d ) draw+-p9s1 plac+ ! pad ( blott+-pap] und]nea?4 ,! page %\ld !n be rul$ out ) ! l9es #c_/af in* ap>t1 ) ! exception ( ! fir/ l9es1 :i* are #c_/h in* ap>t4 ,rule ! l9es z lightly z possible1 ) an ,,hb4 p5cil1 s t !y are j visible1 & c be remov$ by ! g5tle/ possible t\* ( ! rubb]4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! wid? ( ! p>agraph is det]m9$ by ! fir/ ^w1 8,imag9ation40 ,! way t ! individual lett]s are c>efully pack$ toge!r1 side by side1 is an important factor4 ,x is h>dly wor? :ile cutt+ a special wide p5 = writ+ ! initial ,i4 ,?is c be easily =m$ by mak+ two /rokes closely toge!r4 ,?is practice %\ld n be adh]$ to z a g5]al rule = ?is type ( lett]1 z "s lett]s pres5t a pat*$ appe>ance :5 con/ruct$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,lett]s %\ld be compos$ ei!r ( simple p5-/rokes or else built up4 ,nev] attempt to worry a lett] into exi/5ce4 ,lat] on a me?od ( build+ up lett]s w be %[n4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 a diff]5t type f ^? %[n "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,?is ex]cise %\ld fir/ be writt5 betwe5 two rul$ l9es to ea* r[ ( lett]+4 ,!n write x out us+ "o l9e only4 ,!n r$uce ! size1 cutt+ a p5 ) a small] po9t1 b keep+ to ! same proportion 9 spac+4 ,9 copy+ ?is d n draw ! lett]+ fir/ 9 p5cil1 b g /raight ahead ) ! p54 ,also d n attempt to copy x 9 a rigid mann]1 endeav\r+ to get exactly ! same numb] ( words on ea* l9e z 9 ! copy4 ,pack ea* lett] closely to its fell[1 & d n attempt to spread out any ^w to make x fit bett]4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ea* ^w %\ld be ab\t ! wid? ( a small lett]4 ,d n try to squeeze a ^w or syllable 9 at ! end ( a l9e4 ,x is bett] to let x project slightly ov] ! l9e2 see 7a7 ,fig4 #i4 ,if1 :5 ! end ( ! l9e is rea*$1 !re is a space left n q l>ge en\gh = ! next ^w1 d n attempt to spread out ! la/ ^w1 b ei!r add a simple p5 ornam5t z 9 7b7 or ! l9e may be emphasis$ by p5-/rokes or dots1 z 9 ! copy4 ,/ill ano!r me?od is %[n 9 7c71 :]e fl\ri%es f ! f9al lett] fill ! space4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 %\ld be us$ sp>+ly1 z !y t5d to make ! matt] less readable4 ,aft] ! /ud5t has _h a good am\nt ( practice 9 writ+ 9 ?is mann] he w beg9 to feel 8 way & be able to mass & arrange ! lett]s & words prop]ly4 ,x is only :5 he becomes ma/] ov] ! p51 s t he c write quickly & easily1 t he is able to mass ! lett]s into words ) facility4 ,aft] hav+ writt5 ?is quotation1 a fre% "o may be select$ & writt5 out 9 a simil> mann]4 ,if ?is practice is p]si/$ 91 ! /ud5t w ga9 valuable exp]i5ce 9 ! spac+ & arrangem5t ( words4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,9 ,fig4 #aj sev]al int]e/+ po9ts are notic$4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! necessity = pack+ ! lett]s %\ld be not$ 9 7a74 ,if ! two r5d]+s ( ! same ^w be c>efully exam9$1 x w be se5 t ! fir/ "o has a some:at brok5 appe>ance4 ,?is is not)/&+ ! fact t ea* lett] is exactly ! same di/ance f ! next to x4 ,9 ! second example !re is mu* m unity1 yet ! lett]s are n really s equally spac$4 ,! way to get ov] ?is difficulty is to place ea* lett] z closely z possible to its fell[4 ,! fir/ example looks l ,l ,,ett] ,,+ because due consid]ation has n be5 giv5 to ! fact t h[ev] closely ,l & ,e1 & ,r & ,i1 are plac$ toge!r1 !re w always be a fair am\nt ( space1 s t ^! %\ld be pack$1 if possible1 clos] toge!r ?an ! re/4 ,z ! ,e is a curv$ lett]1 ! ,l c easily be =m$ s t ! l[] "p comes und]nea?4 ,also ! tail ( ! ,r c project "u ! ,i4 ,?is device %\ld n be c>ri$ to excess z %[n 9 7b74 ,"o (t5 sees ar*itectural draw+s disfigur$ by a lot ( ?is k9d ( ?+4 ,! /ud5t is advis$ c>efully to gu>d aga9/ ?is1 or 8 writ+ w become freaki%4 ,9 7c7 two examples are giv5 :i* %[ ! advantage ( mass$ writ+4 ,9 ! fir/ example ! lett]s are plac$ toge!r 9 a loose mann]1 & ! two l9es are too f> ap>t4 ,! second is mu* easi] to read because ! lett]s are pack$ clos] toge!r1 & also ! l9es ( lett]+ are ne>]4 ,= g5]al purposes mass$ writ+ is und\bt$ly be/1 b = "s ?+s1 z1 = example1 9 writ+ poetry1 ! l9es may be wid] ap>t4 ,! lett]s1 h[ev]1 %\ld be pack$ toge!r1 & x is n a bad plan to make ! /ems & tails ( ! lett]s j a trifle long] ?an usual4 ,a curi\s optical illusion is %[n 9 7d71 9 connection ) ! lett] ,s4 ,! fir/ "o is con/ruct$ s t ea* half is approximately ! same size1 b x appe>s to be l>g] 9 ! top half4 ,x pres5ts ! same illusion if ! page is held upside d[n4 ,! second "o1 :i* is drawn ) ! top half slightly small]1 appe>s "r4 ,?is applies to sev]al o!r lett]s 9 ! alphabet1 b 9 ! lett] ,s x is mo/ noticeable4 ,! lett] ,p is a lett] t requires "s att5tion4 ,if a ^w beg9s ) ?is lett]1 ! =m ) ! /em project+ bel[ ! l9e may be us$2 b :5 ?is occurs 9 ! middle ( a ^w1 x t5ds to make x less readable4 ,! example giv51 at fir/ glance1 looks l ,,heads4 ,a mod]n fad ( us+ ,v in/ead ( ,u1 & ,i 9 place ( ,j1 %\ld be disc\rag$4 ,9 ,lat91 possibly1 !re is some?+ to be said = x1 b 9 mod]n ,engli% x looks fooli% & affect$1 besides be+ almo/ unreadable at times4 ,! /ud5t w f9d ! alphabet ( italics useful = rapid lett]+ ( plans1 maps1 etc4 ,he %\ld endeav\r to pres]ve ! same slope1 n gett+ "s lett]s fall+ ov] & o!rs ne>ly upright4 ,!re is no ne$ to give detail$ in/ructions z to h[ to =m ! individual lett]s1 z1 aft] hav+ practis$ ! =mation ( lett]s 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 he %\ld exp]i5ce no difficulty 9 feel+ 8 way ) reg>d to ! =m+ ( ! individual /rokes t g to make up ea* lett]4 ,! same ?+ applies to ! p5-=m$ figures t are giv5 "h4 ,^! are all compos$ ( simple p5-/rokes1 & ! /ud5t %\ld be able to =m ^! q easily & quickly4 ,con/ant practice ) ! re$ or quill p5 w d m ?an any?+ to make him an effici5t writ]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,alphabets ,,= ,,/udy1 ,,bas$ ,,on ,,hi/orical ,,examples ,aft] ! /ud5t has1 to "s ext5t1 ma/]$ ! p51 & is able to write fairly easily1 x w\ld be a good plan = him to /udy "s ( ! be/ hi/orical examples1 =m+ ! lett]s 9 ! same simple mann]4 ,! examples giv5 "h are free r5d]+s ( ! v>i\s alphabets us$ 9 ! diff]5t p]iods4 ,9 ! case ( any ( ! lett]s be+ miss+ to =m ! complete alphabet1 ^! h be5 con/ruct$ 9 a simil> /yle4 ,! reason = do+ ?is is s t ! /ud5t %\ld exp]i5ce no difficulty 9 writ+ :5 us+ any "o ( ^! alphabets1 z w\ld possibly be ! case if an incomplete alphabet 7 giv54 ,^! alphabets are m]ely giv5 = conv5i5ce1 ! object n be+ 9 any way to keep ! /ud5t f /udy+ ! orig9al manuscripts = himself4 ,x 0 ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t x might possibly be helpful if ! v>i\s lett]s 7 giv5 9 ! =m ( complete alphabets1 z1 aft] /udy+ ! v>i\s =ms ( lett]+ 9 ?is mann]1 ! /ud5t w\ld be enc\rag$ to /udy ! actual ,,mss4 = himself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful =ms ( simple p5-=m$ lett]+ is giv5 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! uncial *>act]s %[n "h 7a7 af=d "o ( ! be/ examples = practice 9 writ+ ) ! re$ or quill4 ,^! lett]s are all =m$ ) simple /rokes made ) ! slant$-cut p54 ,= ! purpose ( g5]al writ+ x may be z well to *ange ! =m ( "o or two ( ! lett]s1 su* z ! ,a1 = example1 & possibly ! ,d4 ,=m+ ^! *>act]s ) a well-cut p5 is spl5did practice = ! /ud5t4 ,he %\ld endeav\r to =m ! lett]s ) simple direct /rokes1 ) no t\*+ up aft]w>ds4 ,aft] hav+ practis$ ! previ\s ex]cises well1 he %\ld be able to =m ^! lett]s q easily4 ,he %\ld1 z opportunity occurs1 exam9e c>efully "s ( ! f9e uncial manuscripts1 or at any rate "s good reproductions ( !m4 ,! alphabet %[n next 7b7 is f\nd$ on ! ,iri% half-uncials4 ,! "o /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! previ\s alphabet is t ?is is writt5 ) a /raight-cut p5 in/ead ( a slant$-cut p54 ,?is is pla9ly noticeable 9 ! r\nd lett]s su* z a1 c1 e1 o1 etc41 ! ?ickness com+ 9 q a diff]5t place4 ,x w be f\nd t writ+ 9 ?is mann] ) ! /raight-cut p5 is mu* sl[] "w ?an writ+ 9 ! o!r way4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v good practice = ! /ud5t4 ,! same rem>ks t 7 made ab\t ! uncial lett]s apply also "h2 x w\ld be z well to mod]nise "s ( ! lett]s1 su* z ! 8g0 & ! 8n10 :5 writ+ ) ?is alphabet4 ,9 ,fig4 #ab "s v beautiful alphabets are %[n :i* are excell5t 9 e way z examples = /udy4 ,^! are all =m$ ) q simple /rokes made ) ! slant$-cut p54 ,! "o %[n 9 7c7 is a free r5d]+ ( ! lett]s us$ 9 ! fam\s 8,b5$ictional ( !lwold40 ,z ! 8s0 & ! 8t0 giv5 "h are liable to be some:at unreadable1 additional =ms ( ^! lett]s are sugge/$4 ,! example giv5 9 7d7 is tak5 f a t5?-c5tury ,psalt]1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is ,,ms4 is a v beautiful example ( ! ,engli% writ+ ( ?is p]iod4 ,! writ+ ( ?is c5tury %\ld be v c>efully /udi$4 ,! /ud5t %\ld n be cont5t ) m]ely work+ f ! lett]s giv5 "h1 b %\ld /udy "s ( ! ,,mss4 ( ?is p]iod = himself1 not+ c>efully ! spac+ & ! arrangem5t ( ! lett]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,! next alphabet 7e7 is tak5 f an ,italian twelf?-c5tury ,,ms4 ,?is is slightly /iff] 9 "* ?an ! prec$+ "o1 & ! writ+ t5ds to become m compress$4 ,h[ev]1 ! lett]+ /ill reta9s its r\nd "*4 ,x is easy to mass ! lett]s toge!r :5 us+ ?is alphabet4 ,! lett]s 9 ,fig4 #ac are /ill m compress$ 9 "*4 ,! alphabet %[n 9 7f7 is tak5 f a late twelf?-c5tury ,,ms4 ( ! ,fr5* ,s*ool4 ,x is a v good =m ( lett]+ & w well repay c>eful /udy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,! next "o 7g7 is a typical example ( ! /yle ( lett]+ l>gely employ$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,al?\gh ! lett]s are %[n "h z l>ge z 9 ! prec$+ example1 ! lett]+ g5]ally 0 mu* small]4 ,if ! /ud5t exam9es c>efully any ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ,,mss4 he w notice ?is to be ! case4 ,he %\ld practise us+ ?is alphabet 9 ! same way1 cutt+ 8 p5 s t he is able to =m ! small lett]s q easily4 ,he w probably exp]i5ce difficulty 9 produc+ writ+ z small z ! m$ival scribe 0 able to d1 z ?is comes only f a great am\nt ( practice1 b he %\ld be able to write q easily ) ! l9es ( lett]+ n m ?an #c_/af 94 ap>t4 ,! alphabet t foll[s ?is 7h7 is f a f\rte5? c5tury ,,ms4 ,x w be notic$ t ! lett]s "h are mu* m angul>1 & !y con=m m to :at is popul>ly kn[n z 8,old ,engli%40 ,?is =m ( writ+ c be q easily =m$ ) ! slant$-cut p54 ,!re is no ne$ to employ a f9e p5 = putt+ 9 ! ?9 /rokes1 z is s (t5 ! case1 z ! complete lett] may be =m$ ) ! same p5 if x is cut ) a nice *isel po9t4 ,x is mo/ important t ! /ud5t %\ld =m ! :ole ( ! lett] ) ! same p51 )\t any t\*+ up aft]w>ds4 ,! practice ( =m+ lett]s r\ghly & %ap+ !m up aft]w>ds ) a f9e p5 t5ds to cultivate mo/ unworkmanlike habits & _c be too sev]ely c5sor$4 ,also lett]s =m$ 9 ?is mann] are always lack+ 9 "* & vitality4 ,if ! /ud5t has become famili> ) cutt+ & h&l+ ! p5 he ought to be able to =m any ( ! lett]s giv5 "h )\t ! slighte/ difficulty4 ,! alphabets ( capital lett]s giv5 9 ,fig4 #ad w be useful z initials1 etc41 9 connection ) ! small lett]s4 ,x is q obvi\s t ^! lett]s are n =m$ ) simple p5-/rokes 9 ! same mann] z ! small lett]s are4 ,^! are built up ) a s]ies ( /rokes1 ! body ( ! lett] be+ !n fill$ 9 ) ei!r p5 or bru%4 ,?is me?od ( build+ ! lett]s up ) p5-/rokes w be describ$ 9 detail 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,! fir/ alphabet giv5 "h 7i71 is bas$ on ! capital lett]s us$ 9 ! fam\s ,book ( ,kells4 ,^! w s]ve well z initials :5 us+ ! ,iri% half-uncial *>act]s = writ+ )4 ,a good _m ( ! lett]s are giv5 9 a v>iety ( =ms4 ,"s ( ^! are %[n "h & are liable to be some:at unreadable if us$ 9 ! pres5t day4 ,= example1 ! ,iri% ,o is %ap$ m l ,d1 & may z well be us$ in/ead ( ?is lett]1 :i* is n v di/9ct 9 "*4 ,! lett] ,g w\ld be h>dly recognisable if us$ 9 ! ,iri% =m1 s a simplifi$ lett] has be5 sugge/$4 ,"s slight modifications h also be5 sugge/$ 9 ! lett]s ,n & ,p4 ,by rais+ ! cross-b> 9 ,n x con=ms m to ! mod]n %ape ( ?is lett]4 ,x is necess>y to simplify ! ,iri% ,p1 z ?is lett] resembles ! lett] ,r m ?an any?+ else4 ,! next alphabet1 %[n 9 7j71 is bas$ on capitals us$ 9 ! t5? c5tury1 a some:at /iff & sev]e type ( lett]4 ,! la/ "o 7k7 %[s ! type ( capital us$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,"s fur!r alphabets w be giv5 lat] on1 :5 deal+ ) illum9ation4 ,! /ud5t %\ld n cont5t himself m]ely ) =m+ ! lett]s giv5 "h1 b %\ld /udy ! subject = himself4 ,he %\ld1 if possible1 exam9e "s ( ! illum9at$ ,,mss4 exhibit$ 9 ! v>i\s museums 9 ,london & else:]e4 ,he is specially recomm5d$ to /udy ! ,,mss4 produc$ betwe5 ! t5? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,if he _c possibly /udy ! actual ,,mss4 he %\ld exp]i5ce no difficulty 9 obta9+ reproductions ( !m4 ,! ,briti% ,museum publi%es an excell5t s]ies ( collotype plates ( a good numb] ( _! *oice/ illum9at$ ,,mss41 z well z "s spl5didly reproduc$ 9 gold & col\rs4 ,x w be f\nd t a fair am\nt ( "t giv5 to ! /udy ( ^! old ,,mss4 w well repay 9 ! end4 ,! way ! lett]s are mass$ toge!r %\ld be c>efully not$1 z well z ! =mation ( ! individual lett]s4 ,he %\ld note also ! fre$om display$1 ! lett]s n be+ cramp$ 9 any way4 ,:5 /udy+ lett]+ f photographs1 or photographic reproductions1 ! proportional compass is extremely useful = measur+ ! exact size ( ! lett]s4 ,! exact size ( ! page is ne>ly always giv51 & x is q a simple matt] to adju/ ! compass s t1 :5 ! measurem5t is tak5 ) ! small] end1 ! exact size ( ! lett]+ c be m>k$ (f ) ! opposite end4 ,?is in/rum5t is mo/ useful :5 us$ 9 ?is mann]1 z x is difficult to gauge ! exact size ( ! lett]+ f ! measurem5ts ( ! page4 ,x is also always advisable to "k1 if at all possible1 ! exact size ( ! lett]+ 9 ! orig9al :5 /udy+ a reproduction ( a ,,ms4 ,:5 exam9+ ,,mss4 9 glass cases1 :5 x is n conv5i5t to h !m tak5 out1 a magnify+ l5s ( ab\t five or six in*es focus is v useful = analys+ ! con/ruction ( f9e lett]+4 ,?is dep? ( focus enables ! l5s to be us$ ?r\gh ! glass )\t ! necessity ( hav+ ! case op5$4 ,! /ud5t %\ld seize e opportunity t may arise to exam9e "s ( ! be/ "w ( ! m$ival p]iod4 ,= ! pres5t he %\ld conf9e 8 att5tion to ! lett]+4 ,! decoration w be consid]$ lat] on1 b1 z ?is spr+s f ! lett]+1 x is ess5tial t suffici5t att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! f\ndation be=e attempt+ to build ^u x4 ,he %\ld also1 :5 opportunity arise1 exam9e "s ( ! be/ mod]n "w 9 ?is direction4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,roman ,,lett]+ ,! ,roman alphabet is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( all ! alphabets t we possess4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 /rictly speak+1 n a p5-=m$ alphabet4 ,! f9e =ms ( ! ,roman capitals1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! well-kn[n inscription on ! ,trajan ,column1 7 mo/ c]ta9ly ! result ( ! evolution ( *isel =ms4 ,! p5-=m$ lett]s t came aft] 7 evolv$ f ^! ,roman capitals4 ,at fir/ ! type ( lett] us$ 0 practically ! same z ! *isel =m4 ,writ+ ) ?is type ( lett] mu/ h be5 extremely sl[ "w1 comp>$ ) ! simpl] p5-=ms t came into use lat]4 ,x is impossible to write1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 :5 us+ ,roman lett]s4 ,al?\gh 9 ! case ( ! e>ly squ>e-capital writ+ ^! lett]s 7 con/ruct$ 9 a fairly simple fa%ion ) a slant$-cut p51 x is v difficult to write ) any spe$ 9 ?is mann] & at ! same "t produce a well-f9i%$ lett]4 ,= g5]al purposes x is bett] to =m ! lett]s z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,^! are con/ruct$ 9 q a diff]5t way f ! types already %[n1 ! diff]5ce be+ t :ile !y 7 =m$ ) simple p5-/rokes z 9 ord9>y h&writ+1 ^! are built up4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,= ! purpose ( illum9ation1 ,roman lett]+ is n by any means ideal4 ,x is mu* bett] to select a true p5-=m$ alphabet2 b = mod]n usage1 su* z ! v>i\s bran*es ( comm]cial "w1 ,roman lett]+ is us$ a great deal4 ,x possesses "o v great advantage1 t is1 its legibility4 ,z ! man 9 ! /reet has 8 daily newspap] pr9t$ 9 a =m ( ,roman lett]+1 he is !re=e m famili> ) ?is type ?an any o!r4 ,! great] bulk ( ! comm]cial art ( ! pres5t day aims to attract ! att5tion ( ?is individual1 s t x is necess>y t x %\ld be j :at he c und]/&4 ,to lett] a popul> adv]tisem5t 9 a late ,go?ic lett]+ w\ld be fooli% 9 ! extreme1 z he w\ld1 9 all probability1 exp]i5ce difficulty 9 deciph]+ x4 ,! ?+ to aim at1 9 ?is case1 is to d x s t he _c help see+ x4 ,! mo/ important ?+1 9 ! eyes ( ! adv]tis]1 is n s mu* ! design ( ! po/] z ! goods adv]tis$1 & ! lett]+ call+ att5tion to ^! mu/ be cle>1 di/9ct1 & prom95t4 ,lett]+1 !re=e1 t is bas$ on ! ,roman type is be/ = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,illum9ation1 9 g5]al1 appeals to a diff]5t type ( individual4 ,some?+ is requir$ t is away f ! ord9>y4 ,also z illum9ation is s insep>ably b\nd up ) writ+1 x is almo/ ess5tial t a true p5-=m$ lett]+ %\ld be us$4 ,! ,roman capitals1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae1 are bas$1 to a great ext5t1 on ^? us$ 9 ! ,trajan ,column inscription4 ,x w be f\nd t ! m practice t "o has 9 =m+ lett]s ) simple p5-/rokes1 z already %[n1 ! easi] x w be to =m ! lett]s by build+ !m up1 z 9 ?is case4 ,= g5]al purposes ! easie/ way to =m ,roman lett]s is ) a p5 cut ) a m$ium po9t & a fairly long slit4 ,! outw>d /rokes %\ld be made fir/1 !n ! ones t come inside ! lett]4 ,! s]ifs are !n add$1 ! outl9e fill$ 91 & ! lett] is complete4 ,! l[]-case lett]s giv5 are a type t may be us$ 9 conjunction ) ! capitals4 ,ap>t f ! utility ( ?is alphabet1 ! /ud5t w f9d t =m+ ^! lett]s 9 ?is way w be extremely good practice4 ,he %\ld also practise =m+ !m ) a bru%4 ,= ?is purpose he %\ld use a small1 b firm1 sable wat]-col\r bru%4 ,con/ruct ! lett]s 9 exactly ! same mann] z :5 us+ ! p54 ,aft] a good am\nt ( practice 9 ?is way he w be surpris$ at ! dext]ity he is acquir+ ) ! use ( ! bru%4 ,!n1 us+ a l>g] bru%1 he %\ld endeav\r to =m l>ge lett]s 9 ?is way4 ,?is w be extremely useful = writ+ l>ge notices & ann\ncem5ts4 ,= "w :]e v accurate lett]+ is requir$1 su* z high-class comm]cial art1 title-pages1 etc41 ! outl9es ( ! lett]s %\ld be produc$ by means ( tee-squ>e1 set-squ>e1 & compasses4 ,! s]ifs also %\ld be c>efully drawn4 ,9 ?is case x is n wise to g /raight ahead ) ! p51 )\t draw+ fir/ c>efully 9 p5cil4 ,! lett]s giv5 9 ,fig4 #af are a type ( ,roman lett]+ made ) simple direct /rokes ( ! p54 ,^! w no d\bt be useful1 z !y may be v easily & quickly writt54 ,!y %\ld be v helpful = writ+ quickly ann\ncem5ts1 notices1 etc4 ,a few notes may be useful to ! /ud5t ) reg>d to ! *>act]i/ics ( ! v>i\s ,roman capitals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,! lett] ,a is sometimes po9t$ at ! top1 be+ g5]ally =m$ 9 ?is mann] 9 inscriptions1 b = p5- & bru%-=m$ lett]+ x is pref]able to f9i% x 9 ! way %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t 9 ! lett] ,b ! top "p =ms an angle ) ! upright1 :ile ! bottom "p curves into ! /em4 ,! same ?+ applies to ,d1 ,e1 & ,l4 ,! s]ifs on ! l[] limbs ( ,e & ,l %\ld po9t outw>ds1 :ile ! s]ifs on ! o!r limbs ( ,e are q /raight4 ,?is also applies to ,f4 ,x is be/ to make ! cross-b> 9 ,h =m angles ) ! uprights r ?an curv+ into !m4 ,! =m ( ! lett] ,j may be v>i$1 ! tail may be curv$ r\nd1 b x is z well to avoid ! ugly %ape t is 9 g5]al use4 ,! tail may project bel[ ! l9e consid]ably1 if x is felt to be necess>y1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 n to exagg]ate ?is too mu*4 ,! same ?+ applies to ! tail ( ! next lett]1 ,k4 ,9 ! lett] ,m ! two outside /rokes occasionally spread outw>ds1 & 9 ! =m us$ 9 inscriptions ! top s]ifs are miss+4 ,^!1 h[ev] are g5]ally add$ to ! p5- or bru%-=m$ lett]4 ,! same ?+ applies to ! lett] ,n4 ,! lett] ,o is n q a circle2 x is sometimes made 9 ! tilt$ =m1 i4e41 z =m$ ) ! slant$-cut p52 :5 ?is is ! case all ! correspond+ curv$ lett]s %\ld be treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,! curve ( ,p does n always t\* ! upright /em bel[4 ,! tail ( ! ,q may be l5g!n$ occasionally1 z also is ! case 9 ! lett] ,r4 ,! lett] ,s (t5 leans slightly =w>d1 b ?is t5d5cy %\ld n be acc5tuat$ too mu*4 ,! top "p ( ?is lett] %\ld be made slightly small] ?an ! l[] "p2 ?is applies also to all lett]s simil>ly divid$ 9 ! middle4 ,9 ! lett] ,t ! top g5]ally =ms angles ) ! c5tre /em in/ead ( curv+ into x4 ,= g5]al writ+ ! curv$ type ( ,u %\ld be us$ 9 pref]5ce to ! ,v :i* is us$ 9 ,lat9 inscriptions4 ,w is =m$ by cross+ two ,v's4 ,! /ud5t is /rongly advis$ to /udy "s ( ! be/ hi/orical examples ( ,roman lett]+4 ,"s ( ^! are detail$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,"s ,,hi/orical ,,examples ,,( ,,roman ,,lett]+ ,! examples giv5 9 ?is *apt] d n pret5d to be1 9 any way1 a complete s]ies ( alphabets ( ,roman lett]+4 ,to g into ?is matt] prop]ly w\ld require f> m space ?an is available "h4 ,if1 h[ev]1 suffici5t int]e/ is ar\s$ to enc\rage ! /ud5t to /udy ! subject = himself1 x w be wor? :ile deal+ briefly ) ! subject "h4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important alphabets is t us$ 9 ! inscription on ! base ( ! ,trajan ,column 7circa #aad ,a4,d474 ,to help ! /ud5t to =m ^! lett]s 9 _! prop] proportions1 ea* lett] has be5 enclos$ 9 a squ>e 7,see ,figs4 #ag-bb74 ,?is %\ld be a great help 9 det]m9+ ! correct =m ( ! diff]5t lett]s4 ,= example1 take ! lett] ,o2 ?is is n q a circle1 z is %[n pla9ly by plac+ ! lett] 9 a squ>e4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,w1 z ?is is l>g] ?an ! o!r lett]s1 ?is has be5 plac$ 9 two squ>es4 ,z ! alphabet f ?is inscription is incomplete1 suitable =ms h be5 sugge/$ = ,h1 ,k1 ,y1 & ,z4 ,also additional lett]s h be5 giv5 = ,j1 ,u1 & ,w1 :i* are necess>y 9 mod]n usage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,trajan ,,column4 ,?is alphabet is extremely beautiful1 & = important inscriptions x is h>dly possible to f9d a bett] model4 ,! /ud5t is advis$ to make a c>eful /udy ( ?is alphabet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,:5 us+ ?is alphabet = writ+ an inscription x is n a bad plan to make a small c>dbo>d gauge giv+ ! wid? ( ! diff]5t lett]s 9 proportion to ! height decid$ ^u4 ,a small gauge l ?is is v easily con/ruct$ & %\ld be a great help 9 quickly spac+ ! lett]s4 ,= example1 x may be not$ t ! lett]s ,c1 ,d1 ,g1 ,h1 ,k1 ,m1 ,n1 ,o1 ,q1 ,u & ,z ne>ly fill ! squ>e1 :ile ,a1 ,r1 ,t1 ,v come next 9 size4 ,b1 ,x1 & ,y are slightly n>r[]1 :ile ! lett] ,p is a %ade less ?an ^!4 ,l & ,s are /ill slightly less 9 wid?1 & ,e & ,f are ! mo/ n>r[ ( all ! lett]s1 except+1 ( c\rse1 ,i & ,j4 ,if ^! v>i\s wid?s are m>k$ on ! edge ( a small /rip ( c>d x ought to be q an easy matt] to space ^! lett]s quickly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,! fir/ alphabet %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj 7a7 is a free r5d]+ f a ?irte5?-c5tury inscription 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,ursula1 ,cologne4 ,z ! alphabet 0 incomplete x has be5 complet$1 s t x may be us$ )\t any difficulty aris+ ?r\gh any ( ! lett]s be+ miss+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,! next "o is f an inscription ( ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7b74 ,a late fifte5?-c5tury alphabet is giv5 9 7c71 :i* is tak5 f an inscription 9 niello on a silv] plaque fitt$ to a reliqu>y4 ,?is is ,italian & is dat$ #adif4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,! alphabets ( capitals & m9uscules %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba are ( special int]e/ to ! illum9ator4 ,^! are bas$ on ! writ+ us$ 9 a late fifte5?-c5tury illum9at$ ,,ms4 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,/4 ,augu/9e's 8,city ( ,god0 7,add4 ,,ms4 #aebdf74 ,^! lett]s are =m$ ) q simple /rokes ( ! p54 ,9 ?is ,,ms4 ! f-%ap$ m9uscule s is us$4 ,9 ! alphabet giv5 "h ?is has be5 sub/itut$ by "o m 9 keep+ ) ! mod]n type ( lett]1 & sev]al lett]s h be5 add$ to make ! alphabet complete4 ,! /ud5t is /rongly advis$ to /udy ! lett]+ 9 ?is ,,ms4 = himself4 ,x makes a v effective script if writt5 fairly small ) a crisply-cut p54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,"s fur!r alphabets are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,! lett]+ f :i* ! alphabet is tak5 t is %[n 9 7a7 is f a title-page f 8,utopia et ,mori et ,erasmi ,epigrammata10 dat$ #aeah4 ,x has woodcut bord]s & title-pages by ,holbe94 ,?is /yle ( lett] is us$ ?r\gh\t ! book = head+s1 etc4 ,x is und\bt$ly a v f9e type ( lett] & is wor?y ( c>eful /udy4 ,z has be5 ! case 9 ! o!r alphabets1 ?is alphabet has be5 complet$ by add+ lett]s ( approximate =m to supply ! miss+ ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,! next alphabet1 giv5 9 7b71 is tak5 f an inscription 9 m>ble on ! monum5t ( ! ,m>*ese ,sp9etta ,malasp9a 7d4 #aceb71 relat+ to its re-erection 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,giovanni 9 ,sacco at ,v]ona 9 #aecf4 ,! la/ "o %[n "h1 9 7c71 is f an inscription on ! m>ble monum5t ( ,filippo ,decio 7d4 #aece71 9 ! ,campo ,santo1 ,pisa1 by ,/agio ,/agi 7d4 #aefc74 ,( c\rse1 num]\s o!r examples might be giv51 b suffici5t h be5 %[n to enable ! /ud5t to /udy ! subject fur!r if he s desires4 ,!re are numb]s ( reproductions f old inscriptions & ,,mss4 easily obta9able4 ,9 /udy+ ^! alphabets ! /ud5t w f9d t x is n a bad plan1 aft] =m+ ! lett]s ) a p5 z describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 to use a bru% z also sugge/$ !re4 ,he %\ld !n endeav\r to =m !m fairly l>ge1 work+ /raight away ) ! bru%4 ,a good bru% = ?is purpose is a sable 8writ]10 su* z is commonly us$ by sign-writ]s4 ,dext]ity ) ?is type ( bru% is to a great ext5t m]ely a matt] ( practice4 ,9 fact1 z has be5 insi/$ on repeat$ly ?r\gh\t ?is book1 practice1 & pl5ty ( x1 w d m ?an any?+ else t[>ds mak+ ! /ud5t effici5t4 ,:5 /udy+ ?is subject fur!r ! /ud5t %\ld note especially ! mann] 9 :i* ! lett]s are arrang$ 9 ! v>i\s inscriptions1 z a great deal dep5ds ^u ! arrangem5t ( ! lett]s & words4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,a ,,brief ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,illum9ation 7#a7 ,f ! ,f\r? to ! ,elev5? ,c5tury ,p]haps x w\ld be z well1 be=e deal+ ) ! practical side ( illum9ation1 to give a brief sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ?is art 9 ,europe4 ,x w n be possible to d m ?an give j a v %ort outl9e ( ! hi/ory "h4 ,! mod]n illum9ator %\ld1 h[ev]1 "k some?+ ( ! hi/ory ( illum9ation4 ,x is n int5d$ to deal ) any b vellum ,,mss4 ,possibly x may be claim$ t "s ( ! ,egyptian ,papyrii are illum9at$ ,,mss41 b ^! h little 9 common ) ! illum9at$ "w ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & x is ) ?is t ?is %ort review is *iefly conc]n$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,l9disf>ne ,,gospels4 ,by k9d p]mission ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,,classical ,,& ,,byzant9e ,,illum9ation ,x is kn[n f ! ,epigrams ( ,m>tial1 :o himself liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 t vellum ,,mss4 7 illum9at$ z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 und\bt$ly ! case1 v few ,,mss4 h surviv$4 ,x is v difficult to /ate exactly ! date ( ! e>lie/ ( ^!1 b mo/ au?orities are ( ! op9ion t ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury is ! e>lie/ date t any ( !m c be assign$ to4 ,"s ?9k t ! ,,ms4 ( ,virgil 9 ! ,vatican 7,no4 #cbbe7 is ! olde/ illum9at$ ,,ms4 ,?is ,,ms4 is writt5 on sev5ty-six leaves ( vellum4 ,x has fifty m9iatures1 b ( ?is numb] five are sc>cely visible at ! pres5t "t4 ,^! m9iatures are fram$ ) gilt or col\r$ b&s1 b ! ,,ms4 displays no?+ 9 ! way ( ornam5t :i* is g5]ally associat$ ) illum9at$ "w4 ,ano!r e>ly ,,ms4 is ! ,ambrosian ,iliad1 at ,milan1 :i* "s ?9k to be ( ! ?ird c5tury & o!rs ( ! f\r? or fif?4 ,?is is not$ = its f9e h&writ+ & also its illu/rations4 ,^! e>ly ,,mss4 are really illu/rat$ r ?an illum9at$1 z ! t]m is g5]ally und]/ood4 ,foll[+ on aft] ?is comes ! ,byzant9e ,s*ool ( illum9ation4 ,! mo/ important ( ! e>ly ,,mss4 are ! ,dioscorides & ! ,g5esis ( ! ,vi5na ,libr>y4 ,^! two ,,mss4 are bo? ?\ght to be ( ! six? c5tury4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 call$ aft] its pr9cipal au?or ! 8,dioscorides10 is a collection ( treatises on botany1 hunt+1 etc41 by sev]al ,greek physicians4 ,?is 0 writt5 = ! ,pr9cess ,juliana ,anicia1 daught] ( ,flavius ,anicius ,olybrius1 :o 0 ,emp]or ( ! ,we/ 9 #dgb4 ,x is writt5 9 uncial *>act]s & conta9s1 among/ o!r ?+s1 a portrait ( ,juliana4 ,x conta9s also a numb] ( col\r$ draw+s ( plants1 birds1 insects1 etc41 illu/rat+ ! text4 ,9 ! ,vi5na ,g5esis ! text is writt5 9 gold & silv] on purple vellum4 ,x has =ty-eight m9iatures :i* are plac$ 9 squ>e frames1 & !re is no m>g9al decoration4 ,gold is occasionally us$1 b x is n burni%$4 ,!re is also a fragm5t ( a ,g5esis ,codex 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,cott4 ,o?o4 ,b4 ,,vi471 :i* is suppos$ to be ( ! same p]iod4 ,! ,jo%ua ,rotulus 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y 7,codex ,vat4 ,palat4 ,gr4 #dca7 is a v important ,,ms4 ,x is ?\ght by "s to be a copy ( an orig9al ,,ms4 possibly z old z ! fif? c5tury4 ,op9ions1 h[ev]1 diff]1 o!r au?orities ascrib+ x to ! fif? or six? c5tury4 ,ano!r well-kn[n ,,ms4 is ! fam\s ,gospel ,book 9 ! ,laur5tian ,libr>y ( ,flor5ce1 kn[n z ! ,rabula ,,ms4 ,?is ,,ms4 is dat$ #ehf4 ,! fir/ phase ( ! ,byzant9e ,s*ool is ,hell5esque1 &1 no d\bt1 x 0 "p ( ! ,alex&rian ,s*ool1 :i* 0 at its height 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,! lat] /yle1 :i* rea*$ its maturity ab\t ! end ( ! n9? c5tury & began to decl9e aft] ! twelf? c5tury1 repres5ts :at is g5]ally und]/ood z ,byzant9e4 ,a ,simeon ,metaphra/es ( ! elev5?-twelf? c5tury 7,add4 ,,ms4 #aahj7 & a twelf?-c5tury ,gospels 7,h>ley ,,ms4 #ahaj71 bo? 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 repres5t ! peculi>ly dignifi$ ecclesia/ical /yle ( ?is s*ool4 ,! ,byzant9e ,s*ool influ5c$ ! developm5t ( illum9ation v /rongly4 ,especially is ?is noticeable 9 ,italy4 ,,celtic ,,& ,,anglo-,,celtic ,,illum9ation ,9 ! developm5t ( illum9ation ! ,celtic ,s*ool play$ a mo/ important "p4 ,!re is a v /rong contra/ betwe5 ?is & ! ,byzant9e ,s*ool4 ,! ,byzant9e ,,mss4 7 illu/rat$ by m or less naturali/ic repres5tations1 :ile 9 ! ,celtic ,,mss4 ev]y?+ seems to be treat$ z pure ornam5t4 ,ev5 :5 ! human figure is introduc$ x seems to be treat$ 9 ?is way4 ,gold is also abs5t 9 purely ,iri% ,,mss4 ,! arti/s d n appe> to repres5t ! figure ) any degree ( realism4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ,celtic "w are intricate spirals & int]lac$ patt]n1 also patt]ns compos$ ( dots1 & curi\s elongat$ creatures entw9$ toge!r 9 a mo/ complicat$ fa%ion4 ,possibly ! e>lie/ date m5tion$ 9 connection ) ,celtic illum9ation is t giv5 by ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 :o w5t to ,irel& at ! "t ( ! ,anglo-,norman invasion4 ,he 0 *apla9 to ,john1 ! son ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,he wrote conc]n+ a fam\s ,,ms4 call$ ! ,book ( ,kild>e1 a book :i* at pres5t is n kn[n to be extant4 ,he describes x z hav+ be5 writt5 at ! 8dictation ( an angel 9 ,/4 ,bridget's own "t40 ,/4 ,bridget1 ( ,kild>e1 liv$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! fif? & ! e>ly six? c5turies1 s t1 if ?is acc\nt may be reli$ ^u1 x mu/ h be5 writt5 at lea/ a c5tury be=e ! celebrat$ ,book ( ,kells4 ,f ! details t ,giraldus ,cambr5sis gives ( ! ,book ( ,kild>e1 he might easily be describ+ ! ,book ( ,kells4 ,x 0 evid5tly v simil>4 ,! ,book ( ,kells is n[ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 ,"s au?orities ?9k ?is to be z old z ! sev5? c5tury1 :ile o!rs assign x to ! eigh? or n9? c5tury4 ,?is is an extremely beautiful ,,ms42 x has be5 describ$ s _m times t !re is no ne$ to give a detail$ description "h4 ,ano!r well-kn[n ,,ms4 is ! ,book ( ,durr[1 also 9 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 ,"s h ?\ght t ?is 0 writt5 by ! fam\s ,columba ( ,iona1 z ! "n 8,columba0 is m5tion$ 9 ! colophon at ! end ( ! ,,ms41 b :e!r ?is ,columba 0 ,/4 ,columba ( ,iona is1 ( c\rse1 debatable4 ,c]ta9ly a numb] ( au?orities are agre$ t its claims to be an actual relic ( ,/4 ,columba are by no means to be altoge!r reject$4 ,! ,book ( ,durr[1 al?\gh v f9e1 is n su* a good example z ! ,book ( ,kells4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k if ,/4 ,columba _h mu* to d ) ! cultivation ( ?is art4 ,! e>ly biographies c]ta9ly speak ( him z an en?usia/ic calligraph]1 & 9 an anci5t 8,life ( ,/4 ,columba0 he is spok5 ( z hav+ writt5 8?ree hundr$ spl5did1 la/+ books40 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! ,scoto-,iri% mission>ies f ,iona t ! art ( illum9at+ 0 introduc$ into ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,!y f\nd$ a mona/]y at ,l9disf>ne e>ly 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,! fam\s ,durham ,book1 or ,l9disf>ne ,gospels1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 0 writt5 "h ab\t ! ye> #gjj 7,n]o ,d4 ,,iv474 ,! decoration & writ+ 9 ?is spl5did ,,ms4 are ess5tially ,celtic4 ,x1 h[ev]1 diff]s f ! ,book ( ,kells by ! slight use ( gold 9 ! decoration1 also 9 ! f\r full-page portraits ( ! ,evangeli/s1 :i* %[ a /rong ,italo-,byzant9e influ5ce4 ,?is ,,ms4 is und\bt$ly "o ( ! *oice/ treasures among/ ! illum9at$ ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,,c>lov+ian ,,illum9ation ,at ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury ! great revival ( ! arts :i* foll[$ ! accession ( ,*>lemagne act$ z a great impetus to ! art ( illum9ation4 ,?is art 0 develop$ f ! crude ,m]ov+ian /yle1 & _m elaborate volumes 7 produc$4 ,"s ( ! mo/ sumptu\s are ! ,alcu9 ,bibles1 & ! ,gospel ,books1 :i* 7 writt5 9 gold4 ,"o ( ^! ,alcu9 ,bibles is exhibit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,add4 ,,mss4 #ajedf71 also "o ( ! ,gospel ,books 7,h>ley ,,ms4 #bghh74 ,! m9iatures & decoration 9 ^! ,,mss4 seem to %[ ! influ5ce ( ! ,roman1 ,byzant9e1 & ,celtic ,s*ools4 ,! be/ p]iod ( ,c>lov+ian illum9ation seems to be ! eigh? c5tury4 ,,! ,,w9*e/] ,,s*ool ,"o _c write ev5 ! briefe/ ( sket*es conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( illum9ation )\t ref]r+ to ! "w produc$ by ! two ,w9*e/] ,scriptoria1 g5]ally ref]r$ to "u ! appellation ( 8,opus ,anglicum40 ,! ,anglo-,celtic tradition seems to h be5 completely lo/1 probably due to ! ,dani% raids 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,x is said t 9 ! "t ( ,alfr$ ! ,great1 !re 0 a scriptorium already 9 exi/5ce at ,w9*e/]1 f\nd$ by ,/4 ,s)91 :o 0 made ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/] 9 #heb4 ,alfr$1 :5 a boy ( five1 w5t ) 8 fa!r to ,rome1 & !re is1 at ! v lea/1 presumptive evid5ce t1 :5 return+1 he saw ! libr>y ( ,*>lemagne at ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,:5 he came to ! ?rone 9 #hga he f\nd$ ano!r mona/]y ne> ! old "o1 atta*+ a scriptorium4 ,^! two scriptoria 71 at a lat] date1 to become ! nurs]y ( ,engli% illum9ation4 ,al?\gh ,alfr$ seems to h done s mu* to fo/] ?is art1 !re are1 un=tunately1 no specim5s :i* h surviv$ t c be assign$ to any e>li] date ?an t ( 8 gr&son ,a!l/an 7#ibe-dj74 ,a small ,,ms4 kn[n z ,a!l/an's ,psalt] 0 pr9cipally writt5 on ! ,cont95t 9 ! n9? c5tury1 b _m additions 7 made to x 9 ,engl& t[>ds ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,?is ,,ms4 %[s t "s ef=ts _h be5 made to replace ! lo/ art ( ! ,anglo-,celtic ,s*ool1 :i* _h fl\ri%$ m ?an #bjj ye>s be=e by a new /yle bas$ on ,cont95tal models2 &1 al?\gh ^! m9iatures may appe> some:at crude1 !y probably repres5t ! be/ "w ( ! ,engli% arti/s at ?is e>ly p]iod4 ,! fir/ kn[n example ( actual ,w9*e/] "w is ! 8,gold5 ,*>t]0 ( ,k+ ,edg>1 9 #iff1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,cott4 ,,ms4 ,vesp4 ,a4 ,,viii474 ,?is repres5ts an enorm\s advance on ! crude pa9t+s 9 ,a!l/an's ,psalt]2 a m9iature on a purple gr\nd %[s ,k+ ,edg>1 /&+ betwe5 ! ,virg9 & ,/4 ,pet]1 (f]+ ! ,*>t] to ! ,savi\r4 ,?is page is well design$ & a f9e decorative bord] surr\nds ! m9iature4 ,! mo/ fam\s example1 h[ev]1 is ! well-kn[n ,b5$ictional ( !lwold1 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,duke ( ,devon%ire4 ,if ! /ud5t wi%es = a full & illu/rat$ description ( ?is f9e ,,ms4 he is ref]r$ to ! tw5ty-f\r? volume ( ! ,ar*ologia4 ,?is ,,ms4 0 writt5 by ,godeman1 a monk ( ! old ,m9/]1 at ,w9*e/]2 x conta9s tw5ty l>ge m9iatures1 ea* fac+ a b5$iction = ! mo/ important days1 ) sev5 o!rs ( gr\ps ( ,confessors1 ,virg9s1 & ,apo/les at ! beg9n+1 & at ! end ! bi%op is repres5t$ giv+ a b5$iction 9 8 ca!dral4 ,all ^! m9iatures1 except+ ! la/1 are surr\nd$ ) ar*es or frames ( gold & col\rs1 & a simil> bord] surr\nds ! op5+ words ( ! b5$iction4 ,! ,h>leian ,psalt] 7,h>l4 ,,ms4 #bijd71 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is ano!r ,,ms4 ( ?is s*ool4 ,x w\ld take f> too mu* space to g into details conc]n+ ?is1 b special m5tion %\ld be made ( ! draw+ ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,?is is 9 outl9e & is slightly t9t$ & %ad$4 ,x is v int]e/+ z %[+ ! /age t figure-draw+ _h rea*$ at ?is e>ly p]iod4 ,"o v *>act]i/ic feature ( ,w9*e/] "w is ! curi\s 8flutt]+0 drap]y :i* is noticeable 9 practically all ! "w ( ?is s*ool4 ,,*apt] ,x ,a ,,brief ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,illum9ation 7cont9u$7 7#b7 ,f ! ,twelf? ,c5tury to its ,decl9e ,,illum9ation ,,9 ,,! ,,twelf? ,,c5tury ,a great *ange is noticeable 9 ! illum9at$ "w ( ! twelf? c5tury1 "o ( ! mo/ important be+ ! developm5t ( initial decoration & ! use ( rais$ & burni%$ gold1 & especially ! m9iatures1 :i* 7 (t5 introduc$ )9 ! initial lett]s4 ,! art ( illum9ation ga9$ consid]ably dur+ ?is c5tury1 ( :i* ! second half is notable = ! numb] ( ri*ly-illum9at$ ,bibles ( l>ge size t 7 produc$4 ,9 ,engl& dur+ ?is c5tury !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! "w produc$ & t ( ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,probably a numb] ( ?+s may be in/anc$ z hav+ caus$ ?is4 ,!re is h>dly a d\bt b t ! ,norman ,conque/ may h _h a great deal to d ) ! introduction ( ,cont95tal ideas4 ,x is also possible t ! ,crusades may h be5 responsible = a bett] k conc]n+ ! ,byzant9e & ,ea/]n ,s*ools4 ,! fram+ bord]s to ! m9iatures1 etc41 are some:at diff]5t to ! loose entw9$ bord]s ( ! ,w9*e/] ,s*ool1 be+ g5]ally simple rectangul> b&s1 ei!r display+ a simple patt]n or else practically pla9 & sev]e4 ,x is 9 initial-ornam5t t ! greate/ developm5t is noticeable4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury "s v beautiful initials fill$ ) conv5tional foliage ) human1 animal1 & grotesque =ms entw9$ 7 produc$4 ,bo? 9 m9iature pa9t+ & also 9 outl9e draw+ a v def9ite /yle 0 =m$4 ,! ,psalt] ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey 7,royal ,,ms4 #b ,a4 ,,xxii47 is a good example ( ! m9iature pa9t+ ( ?is p]iod1 :ile ! fam\s ,gu?lac ,roll 7,h>ley ,roll ,y4 #f7 af=ds a good example ( ! outl9e draw+ ( ?is p]iod4 ,,?irte5?-,,c5tury ,,illum9ation ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! /yle ( decoration 0 m ref9$4 ,"s ( ! mo/ beautiful "w 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( illum9ation 0 produc$ 9 ?is c5tury4 ,num]\s examples ab\nd1 & ^! des]ve v c>eful /udy4 ,! ornam5tal bord]1 :i* _h practically disappe>$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 gradually re-develop$ dur+ ?is c5tury2 fir/ 9 ! =m ( a gr[? f ! initial lett]1 x develop$ into a foliat$ bord] ^u :i* small animals1 birds1 & qua9t little figures 7 plac$4 ,"s ( ! ,fr5* ,,mss4 ( ?is p]iod are p>ticul>ly beautiful4 ,bibles are num]\s1 be+ (t5 q small 9 size4 ,"s ( ^! ,,mss4 appe> to be z p]fect z if !y _h j be5 complet$1 ! gold be+ /ill brilliant & ! col\rs /ill reta9+ _! fre%ness4 ,all ! ,,mss4 ( ?is p]iod seem to foll[ a g5]al s*eme ( decoration4 ,= example1 ! op5+ page ( ,g5esis is "o ( ! mo/ elaborate1 be+ tak5 up ) a s]ies ( m9iatures repres5t+ ! days ( ,creation2 ! ,jesse tree 0 also repres5t$ at ! op5+ ( ! ,gospels4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ?is c5tury diap] backgr\nds 7 us$ a great deal 9 ! m9iatures1 & 9 "s cases burni%$ gold 0 us$ ) patt]ns ind5t$ ^u x4 ,a typical example ( a ?irte5?-c5tury ,bible is %[n 9 ! ,bible ( ,rob]t de ,bello1 :o 0 ,abbot ( ,/4 ,augu/9e's1 ,cant]bury1 #abbd-abec4 ,?is ,,ms4 is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,burney ,,ms4 #c74 ,x is writt5 9 a m9ute h& & illum9at$ ) figure initials & p>tial bord]s4 ,! initial ,i ( ,g5esis is q *>act]i/ic ( ?irte5?-c5tury "w4 ,ano!r ,,ms4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 a ,bible ,hi/ory1 moraliz$1 9 ,lat9 7,add4 ,,ms4 #ahgai71 is a good example ( ! outl9e draw+ at ! end ( ?is c5tury4 ,?is is a ,,ms4 ( ! ,fr5* ,s*ool4 ,ano!r f9e ,fr5* ,,ms41 ( ab\t #acjj1 also 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is t ( ! ,somme le ,roi 7,add4 ,,ms4 #bhafb71 :i*1 ) its bright col\rs & burni%$ gold1 is a good example ( ! be/ ,fr5* "w ( ?is p]iod4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m o!r ,,mss4 t might be detail$1 ^! in/anc$ "h be+ m]ely typical ( ! g5]al /yle ( "w produc$ 9 ?is c5tury4 ,,illum9ation ,,9 ,,! ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury ,! illum9ation ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 0 a developm5t ( ! "w ( ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,nature 0 copi$ m1 & natural foliage treat$ 9 a conv5tional mann] 0 l>gely us$4 ,! oak1 ! haw?orn1 ! ivy1 & v>i\s o!r natural gr[?s 7 frequ5tly employ$4 ,especially 0 ?is ! case ) ! ivy1 :i* 9 ! ,fr5* ,,mss4 0 us$ a great deal4 ,! use ( v l>ge initials 0 n s usual1 b :ile ! initials decreas$ 9 size ! te*nique improv$4 ,?is t5d5cy t[>ds naturalism develop$ m & m z ! c5tury advanc$4 ,^! natural =ms1 h[ev]1 7 /ill consid]$ z decoration & 7 n m]e naturali/ic r5d]+s4 ,m9iature pa9t+ 0 also develop$ 9 ?is c5tury2 inde$1 ! art ( illum9ation is g5]ally consid]$ to h rea*$ its highe/ po9t ( developm5t 9 ?is c5tury4 ,c]ta9ly "s ( ! mo/ beautiful & ri*ly-decorat$ ,,mss4 are ( ?is p]iod4 ,!re is a f9e example ( ,engli% "w ( ! e>ly f\rte5? c5tury 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 9 ! ,,ms4 kn[n z ,que5 ,m>y's ,psalt] 7,royal ,,ms4 #b ,b4 ,,vii474 ,?is ,,ms4 is v int]e/+1 z x n only has ! usual ri*ly-illum9at$ pages1 b also a l>ge numb] ( lightly t9t$ outl9e draw+s4 ,a beautiful example ( ,fr5* m9iature "w ( ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury is %[n 9 an ,apocalypse1 also 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,royal ,,ms4 #ai ,b4 ,,xv474 ,! m9iatures 9 ?is ,,ms4 are drawn 9 outl9e & slightly t9t$1 on gr\nds ( d>k blue & r$4 ,ano!r f9e ,fr5* ,,ms4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is an ,epi/le 9 ,fr5* by ,philippe de ,maizires1 ,cele/9 ( ,p>is1 to ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ( ,engl&1 advocat+ peace & fri5d%ip betwe5 him & ,*>les ,,vi4 ( ,france1 #acie-acif4 ,?is af=ds a good example bo? ( m9iature "w & ivy-leaf decoration4 ,"s initials t h be5 cut f a l>ge ,missal 7,add4 ,,mss4 #bigjd1 #bigje7 %[ ! developm5t ( ri* decoration 9 ,engl& t[>ds ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,,illum9ation ,,9 ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,,& ,,lat] ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! "w ( ! ,fr5* ,s*ool 0 und\bt$ly sup]ior to t ( ! ,engli%4 ,! ivy-leaf decoration ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 0 develop$ into an elaborate decorative s*eme4 ,! gold & diap] backgr\nds began to be disp5s$ ) & natural sc5]y 0 sub/itut$4 ,9 fact m9iature pa9t+ became m & m naturali/ic 9 treatm5t1 & ! same t5d5cy is noticeable 9 ! decoration1 :i*1 al?\gh (t5 mo/ elaborate & highly f9i%$1 is n to be comp>$ ) ! e>li] "w4 ,9 ?is c5tury1 ,flemi% illum9ation1 :i* dur+ ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies 0 v simil> 9 /yle to ! ,fr5* & ,engli% ,,mss41 develop$ into a mo/ di/9ctive /yle specially notable = its f9e1 delicate draw+4 ,an illum9at$ ,,ms4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 8,m&eville's ,travels0 7,add4 ,,ms4 #bdahi71 is an example ( ?is /yle4 ,x conta9s tw5ty-sev5 m9iatures1 )\t text1 illu/rat+ ,sir ,john ,m&eville's travels4 ,^! are drawn ) a p5 on vellum t has be5 t9t$ a s(t pale gre54 ,!y h be5 %ad$ 9 black & :ite ) a bru%1 & col\r is us$ = fle% t9ts1 foliage1 etc41 & gold is also us$ = cr[ns1 nimbi1 etc4 ,9 ,flemi% illum9ation ( ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury m9iature pa9t+ became highly develop$1 becom+ m reali/ic4 ,! decoration became debas$1 becom+ ev5tually m]ely a frame ( gold or col\r ^u :i* 7 pa9t$ reali/ic repres5tations ( fl[]s1 fruit1 insects1 etc4 ,^! 7 (t5 beautifully pa9t$1 & ! m9iatures also %[ great skill f a te*nical /&po9t1 b lack+ g5]ally ! f9e feel+ t *>act]ises ! "w ( ! e>li] p]iods4 ,?is lat] /yle is repres5t$ by a numb] ( ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,"o only is m5tion$ "h1 al?\gh ?is is b "o ( _m4 ,! 8,h\rs ( ! ,virg90 7,eg]ton ,,ms4 #aadg74 ,! ,brevi>y ( ,john1 ,duke ( ,burgundy 7,h>ley ,,ms4 #bhig71 & ! 8,book ( ,h\rs0 ( ,john1 ,duke ( ,b$=d 7,add4 ,,ms4 #ahhej71 are two fam\s ,,mss4 ( ! ,fr5* ,s*ool at ?is p]iod1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 8,! ,missal ( ,william ,melri?1 ,ald]man ( ,london0 7,arundel ,,ms4 #aji71 is an example ( ,engli% illum9ation ( ! fir/ half ( ?is c5tury4 ,9 ,italy1 z 0 ! case 9 reg>d to writ+1 ! illum9ators 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury seem to h gone back to ! p]iod ( ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies = models4 ,a famili> type ( decoration is =m$ ( tw9+ v9e-t5drils1 g5]ally 9 :ite on col\r$ gr\nds4 ,ano!r type t 0 9 use a great deal 0 a delicate /yle ( decoration compos$ ( a conv5tional treatm5t ( fl[]s1 foliage1 etc41 /udd$ ) a l>ge numb] ( rais$ gold spots brilliantly burni%$1 outl9$ & ray$4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ^! /yles became mu* m elaborat$ ) m$allions1 vases1 c&elabra1 portrait bu/s1 reali/ic r5d]+s ( gems1 & ,r5aissance figures4 ,"s examples ( late ,italian "w 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are z foll[s3--,/4 ,augu/9e's 8,comm5t>y on ! ,psalms0 7,add4 ,,ms4 #adgii72 8,luiz1 de ,bello ,mac$onico10 etc4 7,h>ley ,,ms4 #cfid72 8,book ( ,h\rs10 ( ,bona ,s=za1 ,du*ess ( ,milan 7,add4 ,,ms4 #cdbid74 ,:5 ! art ( pr9t+ f type 0 fir/ practis$1 ?is did n at once /op ! production ( illum9at$ ,,mss4 ,! l>ge numb] ( ,,mss4 t 7 produc$ aft] ?is date %[s q pla9ly t1 except 9 ! common] class ( books1 ! ,,ms4 book /ill occupi$ ! mo/ prom95t place4 ,pr(essional illum9ators 7 /ill employ$ by p 9 high positions1 & "s v co/ly & elaborate volumes 7 produc$4 ,_m ( ! e>ly pr9t$ volumes 7 pr9t$ ) spaces left = initials1 m9iatures1 etc41 to be fill$ 9 by ! illum9ator4 ,h[ev]1 9 c\rse ( "t ?is art gradually fell into disuse4 ,?is brief summ>y ( ! hi/ory ( ?is art is necess>ily incomplete2 x has n be5 possible to deal ?or\ghly ) ?is subject "h4 ,x is hop$1 h[ev]1 t ! /ud5t w cont9ue ! /udy ( ! hi/orical side ( illum9ation1 & t ?is little sket* w s]ve z an introduction to fur!r /udy4 ,illu/ration3 ,e>ly #ad? ,c5tury4 ,,flemi% ,,initials4 ,illu/ration3 ,late #ac? ,c5tury4 ,,flemi% ,,initials4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,initial ,,lett] ,if ! illum9at$ ,,mss4 ( ! ,middle ,ages are c>efully /udi$1 ! importance ( ! initial lett] z a />t+-po9t = ! gr[? ( ! decoration _c possibly escape "o's notice4 ,! r\gh sket*es %[n 9 ,figs4 #bc & #bd trace ! developm5t 9 ?is direction ?r\gh ! v>i\s c5turies4 ,^! are giv5 simply to indicate ! way 9 :i* ! initial lett] 0 us$ 9 ! diff]5t p]iods4 ,! /ud5t is /rongly advis$ to /udy ! subject = himself4 ,if he _c exam9e ! details f ! actual ,,mss41 !re are pl5ty ( excell5t reproductions publi%$ :i* w enable him to /udy !m at 8 leisure4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 practically ess5tial t1 ev5 if he _c sp5d mu* "t ov] !m1 he %\ld make a po9t ( at lea/ see+ "s ( ! actual "w ( ! m$ival arti/s4 ,9 ! fam\s ,book ( ,kells ! initial lett] is us$ to great advantage4 ,x w well repay ! /ud5t to /udy c>efully "s good reproductions ( ! pages ( ?is wond]ful ,,ms4 ,x %[s :at c be done ) f9e decoration bas$ on lett]+4 ,q a numb] ( pages are tak5 up ) ! words ,lib] g5]ationis ,*ri/i1 :ile "o page is entirely devot$ to ! sacr$ monogram ,x ,p ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,9 ,fig4 #bc an example is %[n 9 7a7 f ! fam\s ,l9disf>ne ,gospels1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,cotton ,,ms41 ,n]o ,d4 ,,iv474 ,?is beautiful ,,ms4 is writt5 9 f9e1 half-uncial *>act]s1 ! decoration be+ ( ! k9d kn[n z ,hib]no-,saxon1 or ,anglo-,celtic4 ,a note at ! end ( ?is ,,ms4 /ates t x 0 writt5 by ,eadfri?1 ,bi%op ( ! ,*ur* ( ,l9disf>ne4 ,x 0 f9i%$ ab\t ! ye> #gjj4 ,x has a mo/ int]e/+ hi/ory1 :i* is mu* too detail$ to describe "h4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be c>efully /udi$ f ! /&po9t n[ be+ consid]$1 viz41 ! initial lett]4 ,! page repres5t$ by ?is r\gh sket* is ! op5+ page ( ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,( c\rse ?is v r\gh sugge/ion c convey no idea ( ! beauty ( ! orig9al1 b x gives "o "s notion ( ! way 9 :i* ! monogram ,x ,p ,i has be5 us$ z a basis = ! decoration4 ,p]haps x w\ld be z well = ! /ud5t to /udy1 = ! pres5t1 "s ( ! ,,mss4 ( ! be/ p]iods f ?is /&po9t alone4 ,he %\ld note exactly h[ ! lett]s are plac$ & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are us$4 ,= ! "t be+ he %\ld n conc]n himself s mu* ) ! details ( ! decoration4 ,?is may foll[ lat]1 aft] he has become m famili> ) ! subject4 ,! page %[n 9 7b7 is f a ,psalt] probably writt5 at ,w9*e/] 9 ! latt] "p ( ! t5? c5tury 7,h>ley ,,ms4 #bijd74 ,x is ! comm5cem5t ( ,psalm ci4 ,?is is also 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 z also are all ! examples illu/rat$ "h4 ,x is q diff]5t to t ( ! ,l9disf>ne ,gospels1 al?\gh possibly "s ,celtic influ5ce may be not$4 ,! next "o 7c7 is also f a ,psalt] 7,arundel ,,ms4 #fj74 ,?is is a fur!r developm5t ( ! same s*ool z ! la/1 & 0 probably writt5 at ,new ,m9/]1 ,w9*e/]1 ab\t #ajfj4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ ! ,d is l9k$ up ) ! bord]4 ,! initial ,b1 illu/rat$ by 7d71 is f a twelf?-c5tury ,psalt] ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey 7,royal ,,ms4 #b ,a4 ,,xxii474 ,v l>ge initials 7 v common dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,?is lett] is fill$ ) foliage1 animals1 etc41 & also %[s sc5es f ! life ( ,david4 ,! initial ,b at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,psalms 0 a fav\rite subject ) ! illum9ator at ?is "t4 ,he g5]ally introduc$ ! subject ( ,david slay+ ,golia? also4 ,a common feature ( ! ?irte5?-c5tury illum9ation 0 ! use ( l>ge decorat$ examples ( ! initial ,i1 ( :i* an in/ance is giv5 9 7e74 ,^! 7 fill$ ) m9iatures & foliage & 7 extremely decorative 9 "*4 ,?is "o is f a ,fr5* ,gospel ,lection>y 7,add4 ,,ms4 #agcda71 & is fill$ ) sc5es f ! ,life ( ,*ri/4 ,a *>m+ example is %[n 9 7f71 :i* is f a ,book ( ,h\rs 7,/[e ,,ms4 #ag74 ,! initial ,d conta9s a m9iature1 z also does ! ,a4 ,?is is probably ei!r late ?irte5? or e>ly f\rte5? c5tury4 ,david & ,golia? are also repres5t$4 ,! :ole ,,ms4 is delightful 9 /yle4 ,fig4 #bd %[s "s m examples4 ,ano!r page f a ,book ( ,h\rs is giv5 9 7g7 7,eg]ton ,,ms4 #bgha74 ,?is is a f\rte5?-c5tury ,,ms4 ,! initials & bord]s are r r\gh 9 te*nique1 b !y are v int]e/+ f ! po9t ( view ( design4 ,! l>ge initial ,d has a m9iature repres5t+ a leg5d>y /ory ( ! *ildhood ( ,*ri/4 ,! initial ,a %[n 9 7h7 is f a f\rte5? c5tury ,missal 7,h>ley ,,ms4 #bhia74 ,! lett] is fill$ ) a mo/ delightful m9iature4 ,! next example 7i7 is a v beautiful initial tak5 f a ,bible execut$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7,royal ,,ms4 #a ,e4 ,,ix474 ,a numb] ( ! initials are fill$ ) foliage1 z 9 ?is case1 & o!rs conta9 m9iatures4 ,! backgr\nds ( ^! lett]s are usually ( burni%$ gold ) patt]ns ind5t$ ^u !m4 ,a simple1 b v beautiful1 type is giv5 9 7j74 ,?is is tak5 f an extremely f9e ,,ms4 writt51 also1 at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7,royal ,,ms4 #bj ,b4 ,,vi474 ,x is a v int]e/+ ,,ms41 be+ an ,epi/le by ,philippe de ,maizires to ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ( ,engl&1 advocat+ peace & fri5d%ip betwe5 him & ,*>les ,,vi4 ( ,france4 ,?is type ( initial 0 fairly common at ?is p]iod4 ,x is a type ( lett] t %\ld be v useful = ! beg9n]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! initial lett] lo/ a good deal ( its importance4 ,! result ( ?is 0 t ! decoration became debas$ 9 "*1 until x f9ally became no?+ m or less ?an a numb] ( naturali/ic r5d]+s ( fl[]s & insects1 pa9t$ on a gold bord] & repres5t$ z ?r[+ %ad[s ^u x4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( sweetness ab\t "s ( ?is "w1 especially :5 x is comp>$ ) "s ( ! "w ( ! pres5t day4 ,h[ev]1 "s ( ! ,,mss4 t 7 produc$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is c5tury are v f9e pieces ( "w4 ,! example illu/rat$ by 7k7 is f a ,psalt] ( ,h5ry ,,vi41 ab\t #adbe-adcj 7,cotton ,,ms4 ,domitian ,a4 ,,xvii474 ,! l>ge initial ,d is jo9$ to a m9iature4 ,sev]al initials are giv5 9 7l74 ,^! are all ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! ,e is ( rais$ & burni%$ gold on a blue block1 ! c5tre be+ r$ & ! :ole f9i%$ ) :ite l9+4 ,! ,n1 ,p1 & ,u are ( a type l>gely us$1 be+ g5]ally r$ ) blue p5-"w1 or vice v]s4 ,! o!rs are simil> to ! ,e1 b are %[n z an example ( h[ !y 7 jo9$ :5 com+ close toge!r4 ,excell5t reproductions ( ^! examples h be5 publi%$ by ! ,briti% ,museum au?orities 9 a s]ies ( collotype plates1 ! only exception be+ 7e7 9 ,fig4 #bc1 ( :i* an illu/ration is publi%$ 9 ! ,guide to ! ,,mss41 ,"p ,,iii4 ,! ma9 object ( ?is *apt] is to direct ! /ud5t to ! /udy ( ! ,,mss4 = himself & especially to %[ :at an important place ! initial lett] _h 9 ! ,,mss4 ( ! m$ival p]iod4 ,he is /rongly advis$ to make a po9t ( /udy+ "s ( ! actual ,,mss4 = himself4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,simple ,page 9 ,black ,r$4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,simple ,,illum9ation ,,9 ,,black ,,& ,,r$ ,a good deal ( v effective "w c be done by us+ black & r$ only4 ,! /ud5t %\ld be able to d good "w 9 ?is way be=e attempt+ to use gold & col\rs4 ,a me?od = sett+ out ! page1 be=e comm5c+ to write1 is %[n pla9ly 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,= ?is purpose a tee-squ>e & set-squ>e are requir$1 toge!r ) a pair ( spr+ divid]s & a %>ply-po9t$ ,,hb4 p5cil4 ,! approximate size ( ! page & ! di/ance betwe5 ! l9es ( lett]+ mu/ be decid$4 ,!n ! m>g9s at ! top & ! two sides mu/ be m>k$ out1 & ! upright l9es drawn 9 by means ( ! set-squ>e4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! l9es ( lett]+ is !n prick$ (f d[n "o side ) ! spr+ divid]s4 ,! l9es c !n be rul$ across aga9/ ! tee-squ>e4 ,a ^w ( caution is p]haps ne$$ "h3 ! p5cil %\ld be held z %[n 9 ! diagram1 & kept at ! same angle dur+ ! rul+ ( ! l9e4 ,if ?is rule is n c>efully obs]v$1 x is possible to />t ) ! po9t ( ! p5cil close up aga9/ ! edge ( ! tee-squ>e1 or set-squ>e1 & f9i% ! l9e ) x ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* away f x4 ,if ?is habit is develop$1 ! l9es ( lett]+ w h>dly ev] be q /raight & ev54 ,ano!r important detail is to see t ! tee-squ>e re/s tightly aga9/ ! edge ( ! bo>d1 & ! set-squ>e aga9/ ! tee-squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,x w be f\nd t an ,,hb4 p5cil is ! mo/ satisfactory grade = rul+ ! l9es )1 z if us$ lightly ! l9es c be clean$ (f q easily aft]w>ds ) a piece ( s(t rubb]4 ,"s illum9ators recomm5d an ,h4 or ,,hh4 p5cil = ?is1 b1 al?\gh ^! keep a %>p po9t long]1 ! l9es produc$ are n s easily eras$4 ,aft] rul+ ! page ! next ?+ to be settl$ is ! size ( ! initial lett]4 ,x %\ld be lightly sket*$ 9 ) ! p5cil4 ,x is be/ to use ! writ+ l9es to gov]n ! size ( ?is4 ,= example1 ! size ( ?is lett] might be f\r or five l9es d[n4 ,x is v effective to h ! fir/ few words 9 capitals4 ,sev]al diff]5t arrangem5ts are %[n 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,! position ( ^! may be r\ghly plann$ out 9 p5cil4 ,!y may !n be writt5 9 r$ /raight away1 or may be left until aft] ! black lett]+ is done4 ,x is be/ n to f9i% ! initial until aft] ! lett]+ is done4 ,:5 ! position ( ! initial & ! op5+ words is det]m9$1 ! black lett]+ %\ld be proce$$ )4 ,! /ud5t %\ld endeav\r to ensure p]fect fre$om 9 work+1 also to aim at prev5t+ ! writ+ f look+ z if a great deal ( tr\ble _h be5 tak5 to make x fit & space well4 ,= anyone to d]ive any joy out ( x1 !re mu/ be a feel+ ( spontaneity & fre$om ab\t x4 ,he %\ld all[ 8 imag9ation to "w :5 writ+4 ,if he /udies ! words t he is writ+ he is b\nd to h sugge/ions come to 8 m9d4 ,= example1 p]haps "o v]se seems to /& out v prom95tly1 & x is felt t x w\ld be bett] if writt5 entirely 9 r$4 ,or1 aga91 ano!r v]se seems to />t a new l9e ( ?\ght1 & a fre% initial is sugge/$4 ,aft] ! writ+ is complet$1 att5tion %\ld be paid to ! initial & ! decoration4 ,a good me?od = ! beg9n] is to fix a %eet ( trac+-pap] ov] ! page2 z ! lett]+ %[s pla9ly ?r\gh1 !re is pl5ty ( opportunity = exp]im5t+ ) decoration4 ,"s good types ( lett]s suitable = initials are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,! fir/ alphabet is bas$ l>gely on a type ( lett] us$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 :ile ! second "o is a free r5d]+ ( ?irte5?-c5tury lett]s4 ,^! lett]s are all built up4 ,!y may be made ) ei!r p5 or bru%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,build+ up ^! lett]s ) /rokes made ) ! p5 or bru% is excell5t practice = ! /ud5t4 ,= con/ruct+ ! lett]s 9 ! fir/ alphabet ! p5 w probably be f\nd to be ! be/ tool4 ,^! lett]s are con/ruct$ 9 a simil> mann] to t describ$ 9 an e>li] *apt] on =m+ ,roman capitals4 ,"s sugge/ive details are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! lett]s 9 ! second alphabet may be =m$ mu* m easily ) a bru% ?an ) a p54 ,x w be se5 9 ,fig4 #bg h[ naturally ! lett] is fill$ 9 ) ! bru%1 ! end ( ! /roke t]m9at+ 9 a small knob4 ,= fill+ 9 ! lett]s 9 ?is way a bru% %\ld be us$ q full ( col\r1 & x %\ld also h2 a good po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,aft] hav+ a fair am\nt ( practice 9 =m+ lett]s 9 ?is way ! /ud5t w soon be able to produce !m quickly & easily4 ,! t]m9als ( ^! lett]s may be drawn out if necess>y1 or !y may be jo9$ up ) ! bord]4 ,! /ud5t %\ld take note1 f ! examples giv5 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! initial 0 us$ 9 ! pa/ z a />t+-po9t = ! decoration4 ,v]milion is a good r$ = ?is purpose4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties sold1 kn[n by v>i\s names1 su* z sc>let v]milion1 orange v]milion1 v]milion1 & ,*9ese v]milion4 ,! k9d kn[n simply z v]milion seems to answ] be/ ( all4 ,sc>let & orange v]milion are liable to look some:at weak4 ,?is also applies to ! ,*9ese v]milion we are able to get 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,"s illum9ators pref] to add a little crimson to ! v]milion4 ,x is important t ! r$ %\ld be pa9t$ 9 solid1 & n be ?9 & wa%y 9 "*4 ,?is also applies to ! black1 :i* %\ld be a decid$ black1 n incl9+ to br[n or grey4 ,! r$ %\ld be kept q bright & clean1 c>e be+ tak5 n to get x mix$ up ) dirty col\r 9 any way4 ,a great deal ( ! effect dep5ds on ! /rong black & brilliant r$4 ,9 ,fig4 #bh an initial ) a simple bord] is %[n 9 7a74 ,! initial lett] & ! decoration may be done 9 r$1 & also ! op5+ words4 ,v decorative arrangem5ts are possible ) simple lett]+ & a f9e initial1 z 9 7b74 ,:5 an initial lett] is us$ 9 ?is way1 )\t any bord]1 x is be/ to fit x 9 ) ! lett]+ s t ! l9e ( ! lett] does n project beyond ! l9e ( ! black lett]+4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a simple bord] is add$ d[n ! side1 x may project1 z %[n 9 7c74 ,an int]e/+ arrangem5t is %[n 9 7d71 :]e two columns are us$4 ,by ! judici\s use ( r$1 a f9e decorat$ page is possible if c>ri$ out 9 ?is /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,! initial ,o %[n "h is an example ( :at c be done ) simple patt]n "w 9 ! way ( diap]s4 ,9 ! illum9at$ manuscripts f ! twelf? to ! f\rte5? c5turies a great numb] ( ^! 7 us$4 ,?is simple patt]n "w is v pleasant1 & ! /ud5t is recomm5d$ to /udy ^! = himself4 ,he %\ld also /udy ! f9e initials ) p5-"w 9 r$ & blue4 ,he c !n v>y 8 "w by add+ blue 9 addition to r$1 us+ a r$ initial ) blue decoration1 or vice v]s4 ,! v>i\s =ms ( simple patt]n "w1 made ) simple p5-/rokes1 & %[n "h1 %\ld also claim 8 att5tion4 ,he %\ld endeav\r to make bord]s = himself 9 ?is simple way4 ,!y may s]ve z tail-pieces & l9e f9i%+s1 & ! con/ruction ( ^! is all good practice 9 design4 ,x is excell5t practice = ! /ud5t to write out a numb] ( quotations 9 ?is way1 9 black & r$1 ) nicely-drawn initials & bord]s ( simple patt]n "w4 ,he %\ld endeav\r to gu>d aga9/ mak+ !m too florid 9 treatm5t1 &1 above all1 %\ld be c>eful n to employ a lot ( mean+less fl\ri%es4 ,! "w ( ! m$ival p]iod af=ds ! be/ examples = /udy t he c\ld possibly h4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,col\rs ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,m$i,,val ,,illum9ator ,"o c h>dly /udy ! illum9at$ "w ( ! ,middle ,ages )\t be+ int]e/$ 9 ! me?ods employ$ by ! arti/s ( ?is p]iod4 ,! ,,mss4 /ill 9 exi/5ce1 ) col\rs /ill fre% & bright1 make "o curi\s to "k :at col\rs 7 us$ to produce ?is result4 ,our k ( ! col\rs us$ 9 classical times is d]iv$ *iefly f ,pl9y's 8,natural ,hi/ory0 & ! writ+s ( ,vitruvius4 ,!ophra/us1 9 8 "w on /ones1 also adds "s description ( pigm5ts4 ,x appe>s f ^! writ]s t ! e>? col\rs1 su* z ! o*res & si5nas1 7 well kn[n1 z also 0 ! gre5 e>? t]ra v]te4 ,blues & gre5s 7 obta9$ f ! ores ( copp]1 "o ( ! mo/ notable be+ azurite1 a blue c>bonate ( copp]4 ,v]digris 0 prep>$ by ! action ( v9eg> on copp]4 ,c9nab>1 a native v>iety ( r$ sulphide ( m]cury simil> to our v]milion1 :i* is ! same ?+ artificially prep>$1 & orpim5t1 ! native sulphide ( ars5ic1 7 also col\rs us$ at ?is p]iod4 ,a numb] ( :ite e>?s 7 also employ$1 *alk be+ ! mo/ important4 ,:ite lead 0 us$1 be+ prep>$ 9 practically ! same way z ! be/ is to-day4 ,lakes 7 made by dye+ *alk or gypsum4 ,sev]al vegetal dyes 7 us$ = ?is purpose1 su* z madd]1 weld1 & woad4 ,9 addition to ^! dyes1 lakes 7 prep>$ f k]mes & ! celebrat$ murex4 ,k]mes is a r$ dye caus$ by a small insect simil> to t ( ! co*9eal insect2 x 0 us$ = dye+ & = mak+ pigm5ts1 bo? 9 classical & m$ival times4 ,! murex 0 a species ( %ellfi% f :i* 0 extract$ ! fam\s purple dye4 ,?is 0 ! dye us$ = ! purple vellum t 0 us$ s mu* 9 ! e>ly p]iod4 ,! blacks us$ 7 c>bon-blacks1 su* z lamp-black1 bone-black1 or ! black prep>$ f grape husks & v9e leaves4 ,indigo 0 und\bt$ly 9 use1 & x is highly probable t ! r$ res9 kn[n z dragon's blood 0 also 9 use4 ,pl9y1 9 8 8,natural ,hi/ory10 describes ! fight+ betwe5 ! elephant & ! dragon1 & he /ates t ! "n c9nab> %\ld be giv5 to ! ?ick matt] :i* issues f ! dragon :5 cru%$ b5ea? ! weight ( ! dy+ elephant1 mix$ ) _! blood4 ,x is ?\ght t he may be ref]r+ to ?is pigm5t1 =1 9 ano!r *apt]1 he ref]s to ,india s5d+ ! corrupt blood ( h] dragons & elephants4 ,!re is "o col\r1 :i* 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal pigm5ts ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ( :i* no m5tion is made 9 ! classical p]iod1 & t is ultram>9e4 ,x is difficult to be c]ta9 z to h[ ! diff]5t col\rs 7 mix$1 b ! ink us$ 0 prep>$ f lamp-black mix$ ) gum & wat]1 & x is probable t ! col\rs 7 mix$ ) ei!r gum1 glue1 or egg4 ,! ,lucca ,,ms4 ( ! eigh? c5tury1 9 ! ca!dral libr>y at ,lucca1 conta9s1 among/ o!r ?+s1 a %ort li/ ( pigm5ts4 ,!re is v little diff]5ce betwe5 ! in=mation giv5 "h & t giv5 by ,pl9y4 ,?is ,,ms41 h[ev]1 gives ! fir/ di/9ct directions = mak+ artificial v]milion4 ,x is also int]e/+ z giv+ def9ite in=mation z to h[ col\rs 7 mix$ = work+ on p>*m5t or vellum1 z ! foll[+ quotation pla9ly %[s3 8,on wood ! col\rs be+ mix$ ) wax1 on sk9s fi%-glue be+ mix$40 ,9 ! twelf?-c5tury ,,ms41 ! ,mapp ,clavicula1 ! great] "p ( ! ,lucca ,,ms4 is repeat$4 ,! ,s*$ula ,div]s>um ,artium ( ,!ophilus is also ( ab\t ! same date1 & is a v important ,,ms4 ,x is divid$ into ?ree books1 ! fir/ deal+ ) pa9t+1 ! second ) ! manufacture ( glass1 & ! ?ird ) metal-"w4 ,x is evid5t t ,!ophilus1 :o 0 a monk 9 "s ,g]man mona/]y1 0 a work] 9 metal4 ,h[ev]1 he collect$ q a lot ( in=mation on v>i\s =ms ( art "w4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 9 ! book on pa9t+ t ! in=mation ) reg>d to col\rs is f\nd4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xxvii4 he gives in/ructions = prep>+ ! gum = mix+ ) col\rs4 ,?is is describ$ z foll[s3 8,take gum :i* exudes f ! *]ry or plum tree1 &1 cutt+ x up v small1 place x 9 an e>!nw>e pot1 & p\r wat] ^u x abundantly & place x 9 ! sun1 or 9 w9t] ^u ! coals1 until ! gum has liquefi$2 & mix x toge!r ) a smoo? piece ( wood4 ,!n /ra9 x ?r\gh a clo?1 & gr9d ! col\rs ) x & lay !m on40 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xxxiv41 :i* is entitl$ 8,h[ ,col\rs are ,temp]$ = ,books10 he says3 8,make a mixture ( ! cle>e/ gum & wat] z above1 & temp] all col\rs except gre5 & c]use & m9ium & c>m9e4 ,salt gre5 is wor? no?+ = books4 ,y w temp] ,spani% gre5 ) pure w9e1 & if y wi% to make %ad[s1 add a little sap ( iris or cabbage or leek4 ,y w temp] m9ium & c]use & c>m9e ) cle> ( egg4 ,compose all prep>ations ( col\rs = a book z above1 if y want !m = pa9t+ figures4 ,all col\rs are laid on twice 9 books1 at fir/ v ?9ly1 !n m ?ickly2 b once = lett]s40 ,salt gre51 t is m5tion$ "h1 0 a mixture ( v]digris & sub*loride ( copp]4 ,spani% gre5 0 v]digris1 & m9ium 0 r$ lead1 :ile c]use 0 :ite lead4 ,v]digris is1 ( c\rse1 a notori\sly fugitive col\r1 b :ile 9 ord9>y wat]-col\r pa9t+ x w\ld probably n be safe to use1 x w\ld la/ fairly well 9 books4 ,c]ta9ly x seems to h done s 9 ! pa/1 if "o may judge f ! gre5s 9 _m ( ! old ,,mss41 :i* are /ill brilliant4 ,o!r col\rs describ$ are ^? kn[n z 8folium0 col\rs4 ,^! seem to h be5 diff]5t vegetal dyes4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xl4 he gives a description ( h[ to prep>e ink4 ,?is is q diff]5t f ! ink ( ! classical p]iod1 :i*1 z m5tion$ be=e1 0 made f lampblack & gum-wat]4 ,! ink describ$ by ,!ophilus is m ( ! nature ( our mod]n writ+-ink1 be+ prep>$ f ! b>k ( ?orn-trees1 am\nt+ really to an infusion ( tann91 ) ! addition ( iron sulphate1 popul>ly kn[n z gre5 vitriol4 ,!re is no m5tion 9 ?is ,,ms4 ( ! prep>ation ( ultram>9e4 ,foll[+ ?is !re are ! ,,mss4 t h be5 translat$ by ,mrs4 ,m]rifield1 viz41 ,eraclius1 ,al*]ius1 ! book ( ,pet] ,/4 ,&em>1 all includ$ 9 ! ,,mss4 ( ,la ,bgue1 ! ,sloane ,,ms41 & ! ,/rassburg ,,ms4 ,! ,,ms4 ( ,eraclius is reg>d$ z n be+ lat] ?an ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! fir/ two books be+ v e>ly & quot$ by ,!ophilus4 ,9 ^! ,,mss4 x is pla9ly /at$ t ! col\rs 7 g5]ally mix$ ) ei!r gum-wat] or egg4 ,:ite ( egg 0 (t5 us$1 b occasionally ! yolk4 ,= example1 x seems to h be5 us$ z a m$ium = v]milion & orpim5t4 ,^! ,,mss4 conta9 a lot ( in=mation v simil> to t 9 ! ,,ms4 ( ,!ophilus4 ,lakes 71 9 ! e>lie/ ,,mss41 prep>$ 9 a simil> way to t us$ 9 ! classical p]iod1 & are describ$ 9 ?is mann] 9 ! ,,ms4 ( ,eraclius4 ,9 ! ,,ms4 ( ,jehan le ,bgue1 h[ev]1 !re are sev]al recipes t h be5 compil$ by him f ! ,,mss4 ( ,al*]ius1 ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :i* are practically ! same z ! mod]n me?od4 ,! ,,ms4 ( ,le ,bgue is also ( int]e/1 z x conta9s a recipe = ! prep>ation ( real ultram>9e4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ,,ms4 ( all is t kn[n z ! ,book ( ! ,art ( ,c5n9o ,c5n9i4 ,?is is a mo/ delightful treatise on ! me?ods !n 9 use4 ,c5n9o ,c5n9i 0 an ,italian pa9t] & 0 liv+ 9 ,padua 9 #acih4 ,! ,,ms4 9 ! ,vatican is dat$ #adcg1 b ?is is 9 all probability m]ely ! date atta*$ by ! copyi/4 ,x is evid5t t ! col\rs & me?ods t he m5tions 7 9 use dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,z ?is 0 a p]iod :5 "s ( ! f9e/ examples ( illum9ation 7 produc$1 x is int]e/+ to note ! v>i\s col\rs us$1 s !y are giv5 9 detail4 ,! r$s m5tion$ by him are s9opia1 c9abrese1 c9nab>1 m9ium1 amati/o1 dragon's blood1 & lake4 ,s9opia is a simil> col\r to light r$1 ei!r native or prep>$ by roa/+ yell[ o*re4 ,c9abrese is a mixture ( s9opia ) *alk4 ,c9nab>1 z m5tion$ be=e1 is m]curic sulphide1 :i*1 :5 artificially prep>$1 is t]m$ v]milion4 ,!re is h>dly any d\bt t ! v>iety ,c5n9o 0 famili> ) 0 ! artificial k9d1 = he rem>ks t x 8is produc$ by al*emy1 p]=m$ 9 an alembic40 ,m9ium is r$ lead1 :ile amati/o is probably hmatite4 ,dragon's blood1 z already ref]r$ to1 is a res9\s col\r1 & lakes 7 prep>$ f v>i\s dyes4 ,! yell[ pigm5ts 7 o*re1 giallor9o1 orpim5t1 risalgallo1 zaff]ano1 & arzica4 ,giallor9o is suppos$ to h be5 a native m9]al yell[ pigm5t4 ,x is describ$ by ,c5n9o z a volcanic product4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 ?9k ?is to be simil> to ! pigm5t t us$ to be kn[n z ,naples yell[1 :i* 0 a comp\nd ( ! oxides ( lead & antimony4 ,risalgallo realg>1 or r$ orpim5t1 0 prep>$ by g5tly heat+ orpim5t4 ,zaff]ano 0 saffron1 :ile arzica 0 a lake prep>$ f weld1 :i* is wild mignonette4 ,! gre5s t he ref]s to are v]de t]ra1 v]de azzurro1 & v]d]ame4 ,v]de t]ra is ! natural e>? kn[n also z t]ra v]te4 ,9 all probability v]de azzurro 0 a native copp] c>bonate1 simil> to gre5 bice4 ,v]d]ame 0 v]digris4 ,! blues us$ 7 azzurro della magna1 azzurro oltre m>9o1 & indaco baccadeo4 ,azzurro della magna 0 a copp]-blue simil> to ! azurite ( ! classical p]iod4 ,azzurro oltre m>9o 0 ! g5u9e ultram>9e4 ,c5n9o's description ( ! prep>ation ( ?is pigm5t f ! lapis lazuli is v simil> to ! recipes t are giv5 9 o!r ,,mss4 ,indaco baccadeo 0 indigo f ,bagdad4 ,! :ite pigm5ts 7 bianco sangiovanni & biacca4 ,bianco sangiovanni 0 :it+ or *alk1 :ile biacca 0 :ite lead4 ,! blacks 7 8a s(t black /one10 black 8made ( ! "y %oots ( ! v9e1 :i* are to be burnt1 & :5 burnt1 ?r[n into wat]1 & qu5*$1 & !n gr\nd l o!r black pigm5ts40 ,ano!r black pigm5t 8is made ( ! %ells ( almonds1 or ( pea*-/ones40 ,lampblack 0 also us$4 ,! col\rs 7 mix$ ) gum arabic or egg4 ,c5n9o also makes m5tion ( ! use ( ! pezzuole col\rs1 or clo?let t9ts1 :i* 7 us$ a great deal 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,^! 7 pieces ( l95 /a9$ ) transp>5t pigm5ts4 ,:5 requir$ = use1 a small piece 0 cut (f & soak$ 9 wat] to make a t9t ( ! col\r1 a little gum be+ add$4 ,c5n9o also treats ( t9t+ p>*m5t ) v>i\s col\rs4 ,?is 0 n done1 z 0 ! cu/om 9 ! e>li] p]iod1 by /a9+ ! vellum ) a dye1 b by wa%+ a col\r ov] x ) a l>ge bru%4 ,x may be not$ t practically all ! p]man5t col\rs m5tion$ 9 ^! ,,mss4 are 9 use to-day4 ,"s ( ! col\rs us$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages c h>dly be recomm5d$ to-day4 ,! copp] blues1 = in/ance1 are n reliable1 z impure air is v liable to *ange !m into copp] sulphide4 ,orpim5t is an unsafe col\r to use1 :ile k]mes w fade 9 a /rong light1 besides be+ no long] an article ( comm]ce4 ,bo? dragon's blood & saffron are notori\sly fugitive col\rs4 ,x is hop$ t ^! few brief notes ) reg>d to ! col\rs us$ by ! m$ival arti/ may be ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t4 ,if he wi%es to /udy ?is subject fur!r he is ref]r$ to ! v>i\s works m5tion$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,col\rs3 ,,_! ,,composition ,,& ,,p]man5ce ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! m$ival arti/ 0 t he _h a good k ( ! diff]5t mat]ials t he employ$ 9 8 "w4 ,"o _c help be+ /ruck by ?is fact :5 read+ "s ( _! writ+s t h come d[n to u4 ,!y seem to h kn[n all ! v>i\s prop]ties ( ! diff]5t col\rs & mat]ials t !y us$4 ,x is probable t ! *ief reason = ?is 0 t x 0 absolutely necess>y = !m to be able to prep>e ! mat]ials = use1 z x 0 practically impossible to buy !m ready prep>$4 ,! arti/ ( to-day c buy s _m ?+s ready prep>$ = him by ! arti/s' col\rman t he is v liable to give little or no att5tion to _! composition & quality4 ,x is z well1 h[ev]1 t ! arti/ %\ld h "s k ( ! mat]ials t he uses1 s t he may be able to select ! be/ = 8 purpose4 ,x is important t he %\ld und]/& some?+1 at any rate1 ab\t ! composition ( ! v>i\s col\rs t he uses1 & t he %\ld be able to di/+ui% p]man5t col\rs f ^? notori\sly fugitive4 ,( c\rse1 x mu/ n be und]/ood by ?is t x is necess>y = ! arti/ to subject all 8 col\rs to *emical analysis2 if he buys 8 col\rs f any reliable arti/s' col\rman he c rely on ! col\rs be+ true to _! "n4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s /ud5ts :o h n ! slighte/ idea ( ! "* ( ! diff]5t col\rs t !y are 9 ! habit ( us+4 ,x is a great pity :5 good "w is completely spoil$ by be+ execut$ ) fugitive col\rs ?r\gh ! ignorance ( ! arti/4 ,good "w %\ld be z la/+ z x is possible to h x1 & ?is is n practicable if "o is n c]ta9 :e!r ! col\rs are likely to fade or *ange 9 any way4 ,! foll[+ notes z to ! composition & p]man5ce ( ! diff]5t col\rs may be ( s]vice to ! /ud5t4 ,,yell[ ,,pigm5ts ,aureol91 ,cadmium ,yell[s1 ,*rome ,yell[s1 ,gamboge1 ,raw ,si5na1 ,yell[ ,o*re1 ,naples ,yell[4 ,( ^! col\rs1 ,aureol9 is ! mo/ exp5sive1 b x is a v beautiful col\r1 & has ! advantage ( be+ p]man5t4 ,x is sometimes call$ ,cobalt ,yell[2 x is prep>$ f cobalt & potassium nitrites4 ,! ,cadmium ,yell[s are sulphides ( cadmium1 & are 9 v>i\s %ades f pale yell[ to orange2 !y are also p]man5t4 ,*rome ,yell[s are all *romates ( lead1 & !y d>k5 v quickly 9 an impure atmosph]e1 especially :5 us$ 9 wat]-col\r pa9t+4 ,^! col\rs are v *eap1 &1 at ! same "t1 v brilliant1 b !y %\ld be avoid$ 9 all cases :]e p]man5ce is desirable4 ,!y also produce s]i\s *anges :5 mix$ ) o!r col\rs2 = example1 a gre5 made by mix+ *rome yell[ ) prussian or antw]p blue is notori\sly fugitive 9 "*4 ,gamboge is a gum-res9 f ! ,ea/ ,indian tree ,g>cimia ,cambogia4 ,x =ms a bright opaque yell[ solution ) wat]1 requir+ no gr9d+ or mix+ 9 any way1 ow+ to its natural gum4 ,x is fairly p]man5t & works well 9 wat]-col\r1 b is n q s satisfactory 9 body-col\r pa9t+4 ,raw ,si5na & ,yell[ ,o*re are bo? natural e>?s conta9+ iron oxide4 ,!y are q p]man5t4 ,naples ,yell[ is g5]ally prep>$ by mix+ ,cadmium ,yell[ ) ,z9c ,:ite4 ,,r$ ,,pigm5ts ,v]milion1 ,rose ,madd]1 ,sc>let ,madd]1 ,aliz>9 ,crimson1 ,crimson ,lake1 ,c>m9e1 ,indian ,r$1 ,light ,r$1 ,burnt ,si5na4 ,v]milion is "o ( ! mo/ important col\rs = ! illum9ator4 ,x is prep>$ f sulphide ( m]cury4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds1 :i* are t]m$ ,orange ,v]milion1 ,sc>let ,v]milion1 ,v]milion ,extract1 ,v]milion1 etc4 ,probably t kn[n simply z ,v]milion is mo/ useful to ! illum9ator4 ,mo/ v]milions are manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b t kn[n z ,*9ese ,v]milion is import$ f ,*9a4 ,al?\gh v]milion is indisp5sable to ! illum9ator1 x _c be gu>ante$ z be+ absolutely p]man5t4 ,c5n9o ,c5n9i1 writ+ ab\t ?is pigm5t1 says3 8,b rememb] t v]milion is n durable :5 expos$ to ! air2 x is m la/+ on pictures ?an on walls1 because1 by long exposure to ! air1 x becomes black :5 appli$ to walls40 ,x is a fact t v]milion does *ange 9 ?is way1 b x is debatable :e!r x is affect$ by ! air4 ,x is ?\ght by "s t ! action ( ! sun's rays is a m likely cause ( *ange4 ,!re are two v>ieties ( m]curic sulphide1 ! r$ & ! black2 un=tunately ! r$ is liable to *ange into ! black4 ,no *emical *ange is necess>y = ?is1 z !y are bo? id5tical f a *emical /&po9t4 ,9 ! diffus$ light ( a room ?is col\r seems to be q p]man5t1 b x is liable to turn black sudd5ly :5 expos$ to direct sunlight4 ,!re is conclusive pro( t v]milion1 :5 n plac$ s t ! rays ( ! sun come into direct contact1 is q p]man5t by ! fact t 9 ! illum9at$ ,,mss4 produc$ c5turies ago ! v]milion is /ill bright4 ,mo/ au?orities are ( ! op9ion t g5u9e ,*9ese v]milion is m p]man5t ?an ! ,engli% v>iety4 ,!re are two me?ods employ$ at ! pres5t day 9 ! manufacture ( ?is col\r--! wet & ! dry process4 ,! dry me?od is us$ 9 ,*9a & ! o!r 9 ,europe4 ,! wet me?od is m economical1 b x is g5]ally admitt$ t v]milion produc$ by ! dry process is m p]man5t ?an ! o!r k9d4 ,un=tunately ! ,*9ese v]milion t is obta9able 9 ?is c\ntry is (t5 r poor 9 quality4 ,rose ,madd] & ,sc>let ,madd] are lakes prep>$ f ! madd] root4 ,^! are v beautiful col\rs & are p]man5t "u ord9>y conditions4 ,!y %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be expos$ to direct sunlight4 ,aliz>9 ,crimson is a p]man5t crimson ) a coal-t> orig94 ,crimson ,lake & ,c>m9e are lakes prep>$ f co*9eal2 !y are q fugitive & %\ld n be employ$ = s]i\s "w4 ,indian ,r$ is a v>iety ( iron oxide & is p]man5t4 ,light ,r$ & ,burnt ,si5na are prep>$ by burn+ ,yell[ ,o*re & ,raw ,si5na2 !y are bo? q p]man5t4 ,,blue ,,pigm5ts ,cobalt ,blue1 ,c]ulean ,blue1 ,ultram>9e1 ,ultram>9e ,a%1 ,fr5* ,ultram>9e1 ,new ,blue1 ,prussian ,blue1 ,antw]p ,blue1 ,cobalt ,violet1 ,purple ,madd]4 ,cobalt ,blue is a f9e col\r prep>$ f cobalt oxide & alum9a4 ,?is is q p]man5t "u ord9>y conditions4 ,c]ulean ,blue1 made f cobalt & t9 oxides1 is also a p]man5t col\r4 ,g5u9e ,ultram>9e is a beautiful p]man5t col\r obta9$ by gr9d+ ! lapis lazuli4 ,c5n9o ,c5n9i1 9 8 treatise1 gives int]e/+ p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! me?od !n us$ to prep>e ?is col\r4 ,ultram>9e ,a% is a second quality ( ?is same blue4 ,un=tunately ! great co/ ( g5u9e ultram>9e deb>s ! majority ( arti/s f us+ ?is col\r4 ,happily1 "u ! "n ( ,fr5* ,ultram>9e1 x is n[ made syn!tically4 ,by ?is means a good p]man5t col\r is produc$ at a *eap rate4 ,new ,blue is a pale v>iety ( ,fr5* ,ultram>9e4 ,prussian ,blue is f]rocyanide ( iron4 ,antw]p ,blue is a weak] v>iety ( ! same col\r conta9+ alum9a4 ,^! col\rs are n altoge!r reliable1 z !y are subject to *ange4 ,cobalt ,violet is a purple col\r made f cobalt1 & is q p]man5t4 ,purple ,madd] is usually prep>$ f ! madd] root1 & is p]man5t "u ord9>y conditions4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x is prep>$ f ,crimson ,lake1 9 :i* case x is fugitive4 ,,gre5 ,,pigm5ts ,*romium ,oxide1 ,viridian1 ,em]ald ,gre54 ,*romium ,oxide is1 z its "n implies1 an oxide ( *romium2 ?is is an opaque v>iety4 ,viridian is also an oxide ( *romium1 b is transp>5t4 ,bo? ^! are q p]man5t4 ,em]ald ,gre5 is aceto-ars5ite ( copp]1 & a some:at dang]\s col\r to use2 x is d>k5$ by impure air1 b ?is is n s s]i\s z are its effects ^u o!r col\rs :5 mix$ ) !m4 ,if us$ at all1 x %\ld be us$ q by itself1 z if x is mix$ ) o!r col\rs x is sure to h a bad effect on !m4 ,x turns "s col\rs black v quickly4 ,,br[n ,,pigm5ts ,raw ,umb]1 ,burnt ,umb]1 ,sepia1 ,v&yke ,br[n4 ,raw ,umb] is a natural e>?1 conta9+ oxide ( manganese2 x is q p]man5t4 ,burnt ,umb] is ! same col\r burnt1 by :i* x becomes d>k] & ri*] 9 col\r4 ,sepia is g5]ally prep>$ f ! ink ( ! cuttle-fi%1 al?\gh occasionally a natural e>? is sub/itut$4 ,v&yke ,br[n is also a natural e>?2 bo? ^! col\rs are p]man5t4 ,,black ,,pigm5ts ,ivory ,black1 ,lamp ,black1 ,indian ,ink4 ,ivory ,black is made f ivory & bone *>r$ to blackness4 ,lamp ,black is a smoke-black1 be+ a f9ely divid$ soot =m$ by ! incomplete combu/ion ( hydroc>bons4 ,g5u9e ,indian ,ink does n come f ,india1 z might be suppos$1 b f ,*9a4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al o!r v>ieties 9 liquid =m4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t c>bon-black =ms ! bulk ( all ^!4 ,all ^! black pigm5ts are q p]man5t4 ,,:ite ,,pigm5ts ,z9c ,:ite1 ,flake ,:ite4 ,z9c1 or ,*9ese1 ,:ite is an oxide ( z9c4 ,?is pigm5t is q p]man5t & %\ld be us$ always :5 a la/+ :ite is ne$$4 ,un=tunately ?is :ite does n photograph its true value1 s = process "w x is be/ n to use ?is4 ,flake ,:ite is prep>$ f lead c>bonate & hydrate1 & may be us$ = process "w 9 place ( z9c :ite4 ,x1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be us$ = "w t is requir$ to be la/+1 z :5 us$ z a wat]-col\r x soon turns black4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x has m body ?an z9c :ite1 x photographs bett]4 ,a :ite is sometimes prep>$ = process "w f b>ium sulphate4 ,?is is p]man5t1 b does n "w q s well f ! bru%4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,col\rs3 ,,_! ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,use ,x is practically ne$less to say t ! col\rs us$ = illum9at+ are wat]-col\rs4 ,^! are sold by ! arti/s' col\rm51 ready prep>$1 9 ?ree diff]5t =ms1 viz41 9 cakes1 pans1 & tubes4 ,^! consi/ ( p[d] col\r gr\nd ) gum arabic1 or s5egal 7a br[n v>iety ( ! same gum71 to :i* a portion ( honey & glyc]9e is add$4 ,! be/ prep>$ col\rs are und\bt$ly ^? sold 9 ! =m ( cakes1 z !y are ! pure/4 ,! o!r =ms conta9 a consid]able am\nt ( glyc]9e1 :i* does n improve ! col\r1 b enables !m to be kept moi/ = q a long "t--a great] advantage to ! arti/s' col\rman ?an to ! arti/4 ,tube col\rs conta9 m glyc]9e ?an ^? sold 9 pans4 ,! great advantage1 h[ev]1 t tube col\rs possess is _! conv5i5ce4 ,a small quantity ( clean col\r c be squeez$ out & ! cap replac$ on ! tube1 ?us keep+ ! re/ ( ! col\r free f du/4 ,! admixture ( s mu* glyc]9e ) ! col\r1 h[ev]1 (t5 prev5ts x f dry+ q flat :5 us$ z body col\r4 ,"o ^w ( w>n+ may be useful "h3 gum %\ld n be mix$ ) wat]-col\rs4 ,?is is (t5 recomm5d$ 9 books on illum9ation1 b x is n only unnecess>y b x entirety spoils ! appe>ance ( ! col\r4 ,!re is always q suffici5t gum mix$ ) ! col\r1 & !re is no?+ specially beautiful ab\t ! %9y appe>ance caus$ by an excess ( gum 9 ! col\r4 ,)\t a d\bt ! be/ col\rs = ! illum9ator to use are p[d] col\rs4 ,!y are mix$ ) gum arabic & wat]4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to get ! "r quantity ( gum mix$ ) ! col\r4 ,if !re is n suffici5t to b9d ! col\r x w rub (f :5 dry1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 if !re is too mu*1 x w dry pat*y1 & if v mu* 9 excess x w pres5t a %9y appe>ance4 ,exp]i5ce w soon %[ ! exact am\nt necess>y4 ,"o v great objection t is (t5 urg$ aga9/ ! use ( p[d] col\rs is _! inconv5i5ce1 b if ^! are prep>$ 9 ! mann] describ$ bel[ !y %\ld n be m inconv5i5t to use ?an ! ord9>y ready-prep>$ wat]-col\rs4 ,= illum9at+1 :]e ! "w is requir$ to be la/+1 none b p]man5t col\rs %\ld be us$2 b :5 mak+ designs :i* are = tempor>y use only x is fooli% to use exp5sive col\rs l aureol9 & cadmium yell[ :5 ! same effect c be obta9$ ) ! v>i\s %ades ( *rome yell[1 :i* is mu* *eap]1 al?\gh notori\sly fugitive4 ,x is be/ to buy ! col\rs ready gr\nd4 ,a *9a slab or a piece ( plate glass may be us$ to mix ! col\rs on1 or ! back ( a l>ge :ite plate might s]ve 9 lieu ( ^!4 ,:5 x is necess>y to gr9d ! col\r a mull] is us$ = ?is purpose4 7,see ,fig4 #bi47 ,illu/ration3 ,slab ,mull]4 ,palette ,knife4 ,scrap]4 ,sauc]1 ) ,cov]4 ,me?od ( tak+ ,gum f ,j>4 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,gum arabic is prep>$ 9 a v simple mann] = mix+ ) col\rs4 ,"s pieces ( ?is gum are plac$ 9 a wide-m\!d j> & cov]$ ) cold wat]4 ,x %\ld be giv5 a /ir occasionally1 & ! foll[+ day x w probably be dissolv$4 ,x may be /ra9$ ?r\gh musl9 if necess>y4 ,a few drops ( c>bolic acid add$ to x w prev5t ?is solution f becom+ s\r4 ,x is z well also to provide a loose-fitt+ cov] = ! j> to keep du/ f ! gum4 ,= mix+ ! col\r a palette-knife is requir$4 ,a little ( ! p[d] col\r is plac$ on ! slab & mix$ ) ! palette-knife to a /iff pa/e ) wat] & a little gum4 ,a glass tube may be us$ to take ! gum f ! j>4 ,if ?is tube is plac$ 9 ! j> ( gum1 & ! f+] plac$ ov] ! top ( x1 a small quantity ( gum c be easily remov$ & may be dropp$ on to ! slab by remov+ ! f+]4 7,see ,fig4 #bi47 ,?is is a mu* bett] me?od ?an dipp+ ! palette-knife into ! gum1 z ?is is v likely to get contam9at$ ) ! col\r if ?is is done4 ,x is n advisable to mix ! col\r too ?9ly ) wat] be=e add+ ! gum1 z "o ( ! effects ( ! gum is to make ! col\r fl[ mu* easi]1 & if !re is a fair quantity ( col\r on ! slab x is liable to fl[ ov] ! edges4 ,aft] x has be5 well mix$ up ) ! palette-knife x %\ld be te/$ to see if x has suffici5t gum 9 x4 ,! /ud5t %\ld take a clean bru% & pa9t a small squ>e ) ! col\r on a piece ( pap]4 ,:5 ?is is q dry x is v easy to tell if x has ! prop] quantity ( gum 9 x4 ,z m5tion$ be=e1 if x has too mu* ! col\r w look pat*y or %9y4 ,to f9d out if !re is en\gh gum 9 x1 take a small piece ( r\gh pap] & rub ! pat* ( col\r vigor\sly ) x2 if !re is insuffici5t gum to b9d ! col\r x w rub (f on to ! pap]2 if !re is too mu* gum1 m col\r %\ld be add$2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 if !re is n en\gh a little m %\ld be mix$ ) x4 ,:5 pa9t+ a fre% squ>e ( col\r = te/+ purposes x is ess5tial t ! bru% %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ be=e pa9t+ ! new pat*4 ,if ?is is n done ! result w be t ! col\r w be mix$ ) t already 9 ! bru%1 & ! te/ w n be a true "o4 ,ano!r important ?+ is to see t ! col\r is well mix$ ) ! gum1 o!rwise "o is v liable to get "o bru% full ( col\r t is ne>ly all gum & ano!r ) insuffici5t gum 9 x4 ,:5 ! col\r is well mix$ up ) ! "r quantity ( gum x %\ld be ?9n$ out ) wat] & is !n ready = use4 ,x %\ld be plac$ 9 little sauc]s1 :i* may be obta9$ f any arti/s' col\rman4 ,a small squ>e ( glass may be plac$ ov] ! sauc] to prev5t ! evaporation ( ! wat] f ! col\r1 z1 if left expos$ to ! air1 ?is w soon dry q h>d4 ,if x is desir$ to keep ! col\r moi/ = any consid]able "t1 a small quantity ( glyc]9e & honey %\ld be add$ to x4 ,! col\r1 h[ev]1 does n "w s well :5 us$ z body-col\r if ?is is done4 ,! foll[+ is a good me?od ( keep+ body-col\r 9 a conv5i5t =m4 ,! col\r %\ld be pa9t$ on l>ge pieces ( glass or slabs ( porcela9 & all[$ to get p]fectly dry4 ,x c !n be scrap$ up 9 ! =m ( a f9e p[d]4 ,an old *isel-knife1 or a brok5 palette-knife1 makes a good scrap]4 ,?is p[d] requires only a little wat] to be add$ to x & ! col\r is ready = use4 ,x dissolves v quickly 9 wat] to =m an easy-fl[+ col\r1 mu* sup]ior to col\r t has glyc]9e & honey add$ to x to keep x moi/4 ,especially is ?is ! case :5 work+ on vellum4 ,x dries ) a dull1 velvet-l surface :i* %[s 9 /rong contra/ to brightly burni%$ gold4 ,if ! col\r1 :5 scrap$ up1 is n v f9ely divid$ x %\ld be rubb$ up1 9 its dry /ate1 on ! slab1 ) ! palette-knife or mull]1 until x is q f9e1 z ! f9] ! p[d] ! m quickly w x dissolve4 ,a complete set ( col\rs = illum9at+ may be prep>$ 9 ?is way & put into small bottles until requir$4 ,no gum %\ld be add$ :5 us+ !m1 z ea* small gra9 ( col\r has its own portion ( gum :i* b9ds x to ! surface on :i* x is pa9t$4 ,:5 x is requir$ to use any ( ! col\rs prep>$ 9 ?is way1 a small quantity ( ! p[d] %\ld be plac$ 9 a small sauc] & a little wat] add$4 ,x %\ld !n be work$ up ) ! f+]-tip until x is fluid en\gh to "w well ) ! bru%4 ,col\rs prep>$ 9 ?is way "w v well also 9 ! p51 v]milion especially work+ v well inde$4 ,x is n advisable to use a bru% to mix ! col\r up )1 z ?is me?od n only quickly spoils a bru%1 b also x does n mix ! col\r up ne>ly s well z ! f+]-tip4 ,if a little col\r is left 9 ! sauc] aft] us+ x1 x c easily be moi/5$ up aga9 ) a little wat]4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 advisable to mix up mu* m ?an is requir$1 z x dries r h>d & requires soak+ "s little "t if a consid]able quantity is left to dry4 ,:5 mix+ col\rs 9 ?is way x is z well to label c>efully ! bottles 9 :i* ! col\r is /or$4 ,if ?is is n done1 "o is v liable to mi/ake a fugitive col\r = a p]man5t "o1 & vice v]s4 ,cadmium yell[ may easily be mi/ak5 = *rome yell[1 & crimson ,lake = p]man5t crimson4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,gild+ ,,me?ods ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,! mo/ casual obs]v] _c fail to notice ! gild+ t is su* a prom95t feature ( ! ,,mss4 ( ! m$ival p]iod4 ,brightly burni%$ gold1 :i* appe>s z if x _h be5 laid & burni%$ q rec5tly1 al?\gh c5turies h pass$ s9ce ! "w 0 complet$1 _c fail to impress & ar\se "o's curiosity z to ! gild+ me?ods employ$ :5 ?is "w 0 produc$4 ,"s ( ! old ,,mss4 t treat ( pa9t+ & ! prep>ation ( col\rs give also "s in=mation conc]n+ ! v>i\s me?ods ( gild+1 & our k ( ^! me?ods is *iefly d]iv$ f ^! ,,mss4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,laurie has made c>eful exam9ation ( ! diff]5t =ms ( gild+ employ$ 9 illum9at$ ,,mss41 & 9 8 book1 8,pigm5ts & ,m$iums ( ! ,old ,ma/]s0 says t gold 0 us$ 9 ?ree di/9ct =ms3 z gold-leaf laid on ! surface1 & 9 ! =m ( gold pa9t1 prep>$ by gr9d+ leaf-gold to p[d]2 ! o!r me?od seems to h be5 a pa9t made ( r\nd$ granules ( gold4 ,he sugge/s t ?is gold 0 probably obta9$ f riv] wa%+s1 & t ! only prep>ation has be5 to sift out ! f9] gra9s4 ,he says1 fur!r1 t :5 x is exam9$ "u ! microscope ?is =m ( gold pa9t is easily di/+ui%$ f t prep>$ f leaf-gold1 :i* pres5ts ! appe>ance ( little p>ticles ( gold ) %>p corn]s & edges1 :ile ?is %[s r\nd$ granules4 ,! art ( gold-beat+ is ( v great antiquity4 ,pl9y1 9 8 8,natural ,hi/ory10 /ates t "o ounce ( gold 0 made into #gej leaves1 ea* leaf be+ f\r f+]s squ>e4 ,?is is ab\t ?ree times z ?ick z ! ord9>y gold-leaf ( ! pres5t day4 ,x is v difficult to =m any idea z to :5 & :]e x orig9at$4 ,"s ?9k t x arose among/ ,ori5tal peoples4 ,x c]ta9ly has be5 practis$ among/ ^! s9ce q remote p]iods4 ,"s ( ! c(f9s ( ! ,egyptian mummies h gild+ on !m evid5tly done ) gold-leaf 9 a simil> way to mod]n me?ods4 ,"s ( ! books ( gold-leaf us$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians are 9 exi/5ce to-day1 !re be+ "o at ! ,l\vre 9 ,p>is4 ,pl9y says1 8,gold-leaf is laid ov] m>ble1 etc41 ) :ite ( egg1 on wood ) glue prop]ly compos$2 !y call x leucophoron40 ,9 ano!r place he /ates t leucophoron is compos$ ( s9opia 7a r$ e>? col\r71 light sil 7yell[ o*re71 & mel9um 7a :ite e>?74 ,evid5tly ?is 0 mix$ ) size to =m a gr\nd ^u :i* to lay ! leaf4 ,! ,lucca ,,ms41 ( ! eigh? c5tury1 gives in/ructions h[ to prep>e gold = writ+ by r$uc+ ! metal to a f9e p[d] to =m a gold pa9t4 ,! foll[+ recipe is f ! 8,mapp ,clavicula10 a ,,ms4 ( ! twelf? c5tury3 8,if y wi% to write 9 gold1 take p[d] ( gold & moi/5 x ) size1 made f ! v same p>*m5t on :i* y h to write2 & ) ! gold & size ne> to ! fire2 &1 :5 ! writ+ %all be dry1 burni% ) a v smoo? /one1 or ) ! too? ( a wild bo>4 ,item1 if !n y wi% to make a robe or a picture1 y may apply gold to ! p>*m5t1 z ,i h above direct$1 & %ade ) ink or ) indigo1 & height5 ) orpim5t40 ,p>*m5t size is prep>$ by boil+ p>*m5t or vellum cutt+s ) j en\gh wat] to cov] !m = ab\t two h\rs4 ,! size is !n p\r$ (f & sets 9 a firm jelly :5 q cold4 ,:5 requir$ = use a small portion is plac$ 9 a j>1 :i* is put into a bas9 ( hot wat]1 ! size !n quickly becom+ liquid4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ,!ophilus1 ( ab\t ! same p]iod1 he gives a good deal ( in=mation conc]n+ ! m$ival me?ods ( gild+4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 he gives directions = hamm]+ out gold-leaf4 ,! next *apt]1 :i* is quot$1 expla9s h[ ! leaf is laid on4 8,9 lay+ on gold1 take ! cle> "p ( ! :ite ( egg1 :i* is beat up )\t wat]1 & !n ) a p5cil pa9t lightly ov] ! place 9 :i* ! gold is to be plac$1 &1 ! h&le ( ! same p5cil be+ wett$ 9 y\r m\?1 t\* "o corn] ( ! cut leaf1 & s elevat+ x1 lay x on ) ! greate/ quickness1 & spread x ev5 ) a bru%4 ,& at t mom5t y mu/ bew>e ( a curr5t ( air & refra9 f brea?+1 because if y bl[ y lose ! leaf & ) difficulty recov] x4 ,:5 ?is is laid on & dri$1 sup]pose ano!r ^u x1 if y wi%1 9 ! same mann]1 & a ?ird likewise1 if x is necess>y1 t y may be able to poli% x m brightly ) a too? or a /one40 ,evid5tly ?is 0 ! g5]al me?od ( gild+1 = he /ates t ! leaf c be laid 9 ! same mann] on a wall or ceil+4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xxx4 he describes ! me?od ( gr9d+ gold = books4 ,?is is done by fir/ fil+ ! gold v f9ely & !n gradually gr9d+ x until x is an extremely f9e p[d]4 ,9 ! next *apt]1 :i* is entitl$1 8,h[ ,gold & ,silv] are ,laid 9 ,books10 ! me?od ( apply+ ! gold is giv54 ,?is is z foll[s3 8,aft]w>ds take pure m9ium & add to x a ?ird "p ( c9nab>1 gr9d+ x ^u a /one ) wat]4 ,:i* be+ c>efully gr\nd1 beat up ! cle> ( ! :ite ( an egg1 9 summ] ) wat]1 9 w9t] )\t wat]1 & :5 x is cle>1 put ! m9ium into a horn & p\r ! cle> ^u x1 & /ir x a little ) a piece ( wood put into x1 & ) a p5cil fill up all places ) x ^u :i* y wi% to lay gold4 ,!n place a little pot ) glue ov] ! fire1 & :5 x is liquefi$1 p\r x into ! %ell ( gold & wa% x ) x4 ,:5 y h p\r$ :i* into ano!r %ell1 9 :i* ! purify+ is kept1 aga9 p\r 9 w>m glue1 &1 hold+ x 9 ! palm ( ! left h&1 /ir x c>efully ) ! p5cil1 & lay x on :]e y wi% ?ick or ?91 s1 h[ev]1 t !re be little glue1 because1 %\ld x exce$1 x black5s ! gold & does n receive a poli%4 ,b aft] x has dri$1 poli% x ) a too? or blood/one c>efully fil$ & poli%$1 ^u a smoo? & %9+ horn tablet4 ,b %\ld x happ51 ?r\gh neglig5ce ( ! glue n be+ well cook$1 t ! gold pulv]ises 9 rubb+1 or rises on acc\nt ( too great ?ickness1 h ne> "s old cle> ( egg beat up )\t wat]1 & directly ) a p5cil pa9t slightly & quickly ) x ov] ! gold2 :5 x is dry1 aga9 rub x ) ! too? or /one4 ,lay 9 ?is mann] silv]1 brass1 & copp] 9 _! place1 & poli% !m40 ,9 ?is e>ly p]iod ?is =m ( gild+ 0 c]ta9ly us$ a good deal1 b soon aft] ?is ! rais$ gild+1 :i* 0 produc$ by lay+ ! leaf on a rais+ made ( gesso1 0 9 g5]al use4 ,a numb] ( diff]5t recipes h be5 f\nd4 ,probably ! mo/ important1 h[ev]1 are ^? giv5 by ,c5n9o ,c5n9i 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,*apt] ,,clvii4 is entitl$1 8,h[ ,y ,mu/ d ,m9iature-,pa9t+ & ,put ,gold on ,p>*m5t40 ,x is quot$ 9 full4 8,fir/1 if y w\ld pa9t m9iatures y mu/ draw ) a lead5 /yle figures1 foliage1 lett]s1 or :atev] y please1 on p>*m5t1 t is to say 9 books2 !n ) a p5 y mu/ make ! delicate p]man5t outl9e ( :at y h design$4 ,!n y mu/ h a pa9t t is a sort ( gesso1 call$ asiso1 & x is made 9 ?is mann]2 namely1 a little gesso sottile & a little biacca1 nev] m ( ?is ?an equals a ?ird "p ( ! gesso2 !n take a little c&y1 less ?an ! biacca2 gr9d ^! +r$i5ts v f9ely ) cle> wat]1 collect !m toge!r1 & let !m dry )\t sun4 ,:5 y wi% to use "s to put on gold1 cut (f a piece z l>ge z y h ne$ (1 & temp] x ) ! :ite ( an egg1 well beat51 z ,i h taught y4 ,temp] ?is mixture ) x2 let x dry2 !n take y\r gold1 & ei!r brea?+ on x or n1 z y please1 y c put x on2 & ! gold be+ laid on1 take ! too? or burni%+-/one & burni% x1 b hold "u ! p>*m5t a firm tablet ( good wood1 v smoo?4 ,& y mu/ "k t y may write lett]s ) a p5 & ?is asiso1 or lay a gr\nd ( x1 or :atev] y please--x is mo/ excell5t4 ,b be=e y lay ! gold on x1 see :e!r x is ne$ful to scrape or level x ) ! po9t ( a knife1 or clean x 9 any way1 = y\r bru% sometimes puts m on 9 "o place ?an 9 ano!r4 ,always bew>e ( ?is40 ,! next *apt] is also quot$1 z x gives ano!r me?od ( lay+ gold on p>*m5t4 8,if y w\ld l ano!r k9d ( asiso--b ?is is n s good1 b may be us$ = putt+ on gold gr\nds1 ?\gh n to write )--take gesso sottile1 & a ?ird "p biacca1 a f\r? "p ,arm5ian bole1 ) a little sug>2 gr9d all ^! v f9ely ) ! :ite ( an egg2 lay on ! gr\nd 9 ! usual mann]1 & let x dry2 !n ) ! po9t ( a knife scrape & clean ! gesso4 ,put ! previ\sly m5tion$ tablet "u ! p>*m5t1 or a v flat /one1 & burni% x2 & %\ld x by *ance n burni% well :5 y put on ! gold1 wet ! gesso ) clean wat] ) a small m9ev] bru%1 & :5 x is dry burni% x40 ,gesso sottile 0 pla/] ( ,p>is t _h be5 ?or\ghly slak$ by long soak+ 9 wat] s t x _h lo/ all its sett+ prop]ties4 ,z m5tion$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 biacca 0 :ite lead4 ,! :ite ( egg is prep>$ by beat+ x ?or\ghly to a ?ick fro? & lett+ x /& "o night to cle> itself4 ,arm5ian bole is a r$ e>? col\r :i* seems to h be5 us$ a great deal to give col\r to ! gr\nd = gild+4 ,9 "s ( ! ,,mss4 :]e ! gold has be5 slightly rubb$ (f1 ! r$ col\r ( ! rais+ prep>ation pla9ly indicates t is "o ( ! +r$i5ts us$4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,clx4 in/ructions are giv5 on 8,h[ to ,gr9d ,gold & ,silv]1 & ,h[ to ,temp] ,!m to ,make ,foliage & ,embelli%m5ts40 ,evid5tly 9 ?is case ! gold 0 prep>$ by gr9d+ ! leaf-gold--n1 z 0 ! case 9 ! e>li] descriptions1 by fir/ fil+ ! metal & gradually r$uc+ x to a f9e p[d]4 ,! p[d] gold 01 h[ev]1 g5]ally us$ only = pa9t+ 9 f9e gold l9es & height5+ m9iatures1 al?\gh 9 ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury matt gold gr\nds 7 (t5 us$ z bord]s r\nd m9iatures1 etc4 ,! rais$ gild+ 01 h[ev]1 us$ m (t51 & ! v>i\s recipes giv5 9 ! diff]5t ,,mss4 are g5]ally v simil> to ^? giv5 by ,c5n9o4 ,sometimes *alk or pipe-clay is us$ in/ead ( gesso1 & occasionally p>*m5t size or fi%-glue is recomm5d$ z a m$ium = mix+ x )4 ,endeav\r+ to "w f ^! recipes is no easy matt]1 & ! /ud5t is n advis$ to wa/e too mu* "t 9 exp]im5t+ 9 ?is direction4 ,al?\gh !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( fasc9ation 9 try+ ! v>i\s prep>ations & me?ods1 !re is s mu* t is important t %\ld claim ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t t x is h>dly pr(itable = him to sp5d a lot ( "t try+ to "w f ^! old =mulas :5 x might be bett] employ$4 ,"o _c help be+ int]e/$1 h[ev]1 9 ^! old recipes & directions = apply+ gold to vellum4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,gold ,gild+1 9 illum9at$ "w1 is done ) ei!r gold-leaf or %ell gold4 ,gold-leaf is ! metal t has be5 beat5 out into ?9 %eets1 & %ell gold ! same gr\nd up & mix$ ) gum & honey4 ,%ell gold is s call$ on acc\nt ( ! fact t x is sold 9 small %ells ready = use4 ,! /ud5t is especially w>n$ aga9/ us+ any ( ! v>ieties ( gold pa9t = "w t is desir$ to be p]man5t4 ,^! are mix$ up ) p[d]$ bronze1 &1 9 c\rse ( "t1 w turn black4 ,%ell gold is pa9t$ on 9 ! same way t o!r col\rs are4 ,a small bru% %\ld be us$1 s z n to wa/e any m ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,x is also ess5tial t q clean wat] %\ld be us$1 to ensure ! gold be+ z bright z possible1 z if ! wat] is contam9at$ ) col\r x w dull ! gold :5 mix$ ) x4 ,! great disadvantages ( %ell gold are lack ( brilliance & also ! exp5se4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v useful = putt+ 9 v f9e l9es1 :i* are difficult :5 us+ gold-leaf4 ,! use ( gold-leaf = gild+ purposes has be5 kn[n s9ce q an e>ly p]iod4 ,"s ( ! e>ly manuscripts 7 writt5 ) gold & silv] lett]s on purple vellum4 ,silv]-leaf is prep>$ 9 a simil> mann] to gold-leaf2 un=tunately1 h[ev]1 x quickly turns black :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,! be/ sub/itute = silv]-leaf is und\bt$ly plat9um1 al?\gh x is v exp5sive4 ,alum9ium leaf is sometimes us$1 b x is r too ?ick = f9e "w4 ,sometimes alum9ium pa9t is us$ :]e silv] "w is requir$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has ! same objection z %ell gold 9 lack+ brilliance4 ,)\t a d\bt ! use ( leaf1 rais$ & burni%$1 is ! ideal me?od ( gild+4 ,if ! /ud5t exam9es any ( ! old ,,mss4 ( ! be/ p]iods he is b\nd to be /ruck ) ! brilliance ( ! rais$ gold1 & he w notice h[ sup]ior are ! results to any produc$ by means ( gold pa9t4 ,gold-leaf gild+1 ev5 if x is unburni%$1 is inf9itely m brilliant ?an ei!r gold pa9t or %ell gold4 ,"s difficulty may at fir/ be exp]i5c$ 9 h&l+ ! leaf1 z1 be+ s ?91 x has an unpleasant habit ( bl[+ ab\t4 ,x is sold 9 books conta9+ tw5ty-five leaves4 ,x is be/ to get t kn[n z 8d\ble f9e gold10 specially prep>$ = illum9at+4 ,= l>ge masses ( gold1 a ?ick] leaf may be us$1 kn[n z 8quadruple40 ,! /ud5t %\ld be c>eful to use only ! be/ gold-leaf4 ,"s ( ! *eap =eign leaf is v poor 9 quality4 ,he %\ld be c>eful also to avoid ! leaf kn[n z 8,dut* metal10 :i* is n gold at all4 ,a gild]'s cu%ion %\ld be obta9$ ) a knife & tip4 7,see ,fig4 #cj47 ,! cu%ion is g5]ally ab\t n9e in*es by six 9 size1 & is made by /ret*+ a piece ( s(t lea!r ov] a piece ( bo>d slightly padd$4 ,a piece ( p>*m5t is fa/5$ on "o end1 :i* acts z a %ield to prev5t curr5ts ( air f bl[+ ! leaf ab\t4 ,! /ud5t %\ld be extremely c>eful to prev5t t\*+ ! surface ( ! cu%ion ) 8 f+]s1 z1 if x becomes greasy 9 ! slighte/ degree1 he w exp]i5ce tr\ble ?r\gh ! leaf /ick+ to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,guild]'s ,cu%ion ,guild]'s ,tiip ,agate ,burni%] ,guild]'s ,knife ,camel ,hair ,mop ,,fig4 #cj4 ,! be/ way = ! beg9n] to le>n h[ to h&le ! gold-leaf is to get an exp]i5c$ gild] to %[ him h[ to use ! cu%ion4 ,if ?is is n possible he ought1 by c>efully foll[+ ! directions giv5 "h1 to be able to manage ! leaf aft] a little practice4 ,! be/ way is to take ! book ( gold-leaf & op5 x v c>efully4 ,x is !n turn$ ov] s t ! leaf re/s on ! cu%ion4 ,! back ( ! book is !n g5tly tapp$ ) ! f+]-tips2 if x is !n c>efully lift$ up ! leaf w be f\nd ly+ ^u ! surface ( ! cu%ion4 ,if x is n ly+ q flat & ev51 x may easily be smoo!d by bl[+ g5tly on ! c5tre ( x4 ,x is z well1 h[ev]1 n to be too vigor\s1 or ! result may be to crumple ! leaf up worse ?an be=e4 ,! /ud5t %\ld be c>eful n to t\* ! leaf ) 8 f+]s1 o!rwise x w /ick to !m & ! :ole leaf w probably be spoil$4 ,he %\ld also avoid brea?+ ^u ! surface ( ! leaf1 or x w probably roll up 9 a hopeless tangle1 or else g float+ (f into ! air1 z ! slighte/ puff ( w9d t5ds to d ?is4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out t x is n wise to attempt h&l+ gold-leaf = ! fir/ "t ) ! doors & w9d[s op51 z ! slighte/ draught w c>ry ! leaf ) x4 ,! gild]'s knife mu/ n be %>p5$1 z1 if ?is is done1 ! result w be t in/ead ( cutt+ ! leaf x w probably te> x & cut ! cu%ion4 ,"o important ?+ to rememb] is t ! f+]s %\ld be kept f t\*+ ! blade1 o!rwise ! leaf w /ick to x ow+ to ! slight am\nt ( grease left on x4 ,also if ! blade is all[$ to get ru/y x is liable to te> ! leaf in/ead ( cutt+ x prop]ly4 ,! knife %\ld be kept clean1 & ! edge %\ld occasionally be burni%$ ) ! back ( a p5-knife1 or some?+ simil>1 to remove any r\ghness t may prev5t x f giv+ a clean cut4 ,if x is f\nd t ! leaf /icks to ! blade ( ! knife1 x is because !re is a slight am\nt ( grease on x2 ?is may be remov$ by rubb+ ! knife on a bo>d ) a little p[d]$ ba? brick4 ,! leaf is cut by plac+ ! knife c>efully d[n on to ! surface ( ! leaf1 & mov+ x backw>ds & =w>ds ) a saw+ movem5t4 ,! knife %\ld be press$ d[n firmly on ! cu%ion :5 cutt+1 & great c>e %\ld be tak5 n to rumple ! leaf 9 s do+4 ,x is z well n to endeav\r to be too economical :5 cutt+ ! leaf up4 ,a piece ( leaf %\ld be cut l>ge en\gh to cov] ! "p t x is requir$ to gild4 ,if ! /ud5t tries to be too exact 9 cutt+1 he is v liable to cut ! piece too small1 & !n o!r pieces h to be cut to pat* ! p>ts n cov]$ ) ! leaf4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 ap>t f ! extra "t tak5 up1 x is false economy1 z m leaf is requir$ ?an if a slightly l>g] piece 0 cut at fir/4 ,aft] ! leaf is cut1 x is convey$ f ! cu%ion to ! "w by means ( ! gild]'s tip4 7,see ,fig4 #cj47 ,?is is a k9d ( bru% made by fix+ a ?9 lay] ( hair betwe5 two pieces ( c>d1 :i* are pa/$ or glu$ toge!r4 ,?is tip is us$ by fir/ rubb+ x on ! sk9 or hair1 & !n plac+ x on ! piece ( leaf1 :i* w !n adh]e to x4 ,x c !n be c>ri$ & plac$ 9 position :]e x is ne$$4 ,! reason t ! gold adh]es to ! tip is because by rubb+ x on ! sk9 or hair ! tip becomes slightly greasy & attracts ! leaf4 ,if any leaf is left on ! cu%ion aft] f9i%+ ! gild+1 x %\ld be c>efully replac$ 9 ! book4 ,?is may be done by putt+ ! top ( ! blade ( ! knife d[n flat on ! cu%ion & pu%+ x "u ! c5tre ( ! leaf4 ,by ?is means ! leaf may be lift$ & c>ri$ to ! book4 ,! tip %\ld n be us$ = ?is purpose1 or "s difficulty may be exp]i5c$ 9 induc+ ! leaf to leave ?is = ! book4 ,:5 pu%+ ! knife "u ! leaf1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be press$ firmly on ! cu%ion1 o!rwise ! result w be to crumple ! leaf & spoil x4 ,= du/+ ! loose leaf away aft] gild+1 a l>ge camel-hair mop simil> to t %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj is useful4 ,= burni%+ ! gold1 an agate burni%] is requir$4 ,! be/ %ape is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,= comm]cial "w x is h>dly wor? :ile us+ gold-leaf1 & bronze p[d] is recomm5d$ in/ead4 ,a me?od ( us+ ?is w be expla9$ lat] :5 deal+ ) comm]cial "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,illum9ation ,,) ,,gold ,,& ,,col\rs ,! be/ mat]ial = ! illum9ator to "w ^u is und\bt$ly vellum4 ,no pap] has ev] be5 made t is equal to x4 ,! *ief drawback t ?is mat]ial has is1 ( c\rse1 ! exp5se4 ,p>*m5t is *eap]1 b n ne>ly s nice4 ,9 select+ vellum = illum9at+1 ! ord9>y ?ick k9d1 g5]ally kn[n z illum9ators' vellum1 is to be avoid$4 ,?is pres5ts too mu* ! appe>ance ( %9y c>dbo>d1 ! surface be+ mu* too h>d & horny4 ,?is k9d is prep>$ calf-sk91 & x is mo/ objectionable to "w ^u4 ,a v f9e vellum1 kn[n z 8,roman ,vellum0--probably prep>$ lamb-sk9--has an ideal writ+ surface4 ,x is p]haps be/ to get a slightly heavi] vellum if x is int5d$ to cov] x ) a lot ( heavy "w4 ,a v curi\s /atem5t has f\nd its way into a numb] ( books on illum9ation to ! effect t x is impossible to remove p5cil-m>ks f ! surface ( vellum4 ,x has be5 /at$ t all attempts to remove a p5cil-m>k ) rubb] or bread result only 9 produc+ a greasy smudge4 ,! pres5t writ] has work$ on a consid]able quantity ( vellum1 b he has nev] come across any f :i* he has exp]i5c$ any difficulty 9 remov+ p5cil-m>ks4 ,( c\rse x is n advisable to use a v s(t p5cil1 su* z a #d or #f;,b1 v freely on a piece ( vellum1 especially if x is at all incl9$ to be greasy4 ,! use ( c>bon-pap] is (t5 recomm5d$ = transf]r+ a design to vellum1 b1 g5]ally speak+1 ! use ( ?is mat]ial is n desirable4 ,x is g5]ally some:at greasy1 & x c]ta9ly is difficult to remove ^! m>ks f ! surface ( ! vellum4 ,! be/ way is to cultivate ! habit ( work+ /raight away on to ! vellum4 ,"w t is c>ri$ out 9 ?is mann] is g5]ally *>act]is$ z hav+ m vitality & display+ m fre$om ?an :5 x is trac$ (f f ano!r draw+4 ,"s ( ! f9e h&-made pap]s1 specially prep>$ = writ+ & illum9at+1 make excell5t sub/itutes = vellum1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 pap] is nev] z durable z vellum4 ,cold tea makes a v good & q h>mless /a9 ) :i* ! pap] c be t9t$ a simil> %ade to vellum4 ,:5 t9t+ ! pap] ) tea1 x is be/ n to use too /rong tea = ?is purpose1 o!rwise ! result may n be altoge!r satisfactory4 ,! pap] %\ld be c>efully fa/5$ to a bo>d ) draw+-p9s4 ,a broad1 flat camel-hair bru% is useful = wa%+ ! t9t on1 c>e be+ tak5 to get ?is q ev54 ,if ! pap] is ne$$ to be us$ = a ,,ms4 book1 bo? sides %\ld be t9t$1 b ?is is h>dly necess>y if "o side only ( ! pap] is to be work$ ^u4 ,:5 us+ pap] = l>ge1 important "w x is be/ to /ret* x be=e comm5c+ to "w ^u x4 ,?is is done by damp+ x freely until x becomes q limp4 ,! m>g9 is !n coat$ ) pa/e = ab\t half an in* all r\nd4 ,x is !n /uck on to ! draw+-bo>d by means ( ?is pa/$ m>g9 :ile ! pap] is /ill wet4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! pa/$ m>g9 dries h>d be=e ! re/ ( ! pap] beg9s to dry1 o!rwise1 :5 ! pap] />ts to contract1 x w come away f ! bo>d4 ,?is is obviat$ by re-damp+ ! c5tre ( ! pap]1 s t ! m>g9 has a *ance ( becom+ firmly atta*$ to ! bo>d be=e ! pap] beg9s to pull4 ,! beg9n] is n advis$ to attempt to /ret* vellum 9 ?is mann]4 ,x requires consid]able exp]i5ce to /ret* vellum satisfactorily1 & x is q easy to spoil a l>ge %eet 9 an unsuccessful attempt at /ret*+ x4 ,! be/ way is to fa/5 x to ! draw+-bo>d ) pl5ty ( draw+-p9s4 ,if ! %eet ( vellum is plac$ 9 a damp place = "s little "t be=e p9n+ x on to ! draw+-bo>d1 or plac$ = a %ort "t betwe5 damp blott+-pap]1 x w1 if /ret*$ tightly on ! bo>d ) ! draw+-p9s :ile x is slightly damp1 be f\nd to be /ret*$ q well en\gh = all practical purposes :5 dry4 ,p]haps x w\ld be z well "h to h a ^w to say ab\t bru%es4 ,! be/ k9d = ! illum9ator are r$ sables4 ,^! are made bo? 9 quills & ) metal f]rules4 ,"s pref] "o k9d & "s ! o!r4 ,two or ?ree ( ! small] sizes %\ld be select$1 ) a l>g] "o = bold] "w4 ,! /ud5t w soon f9d out :i* size is mo/ conv5i5t = him to use4 ,! pres5t writ] uses a ,no4 #a1 metal f]rule1 = mo/ ( 8 "w1 us+ a l>g] bru% = fill+ 9 broad masses ( col\r & l>g] "w4 ,to ensure gett+ ! be/ s]vice out ( bru%es !y %\ld be tak5 c>e (4 ,aft] us+1 !y %\ld be c>efully wa%$ by %ak+ vigor\sly 9 a j> ( clean wat]4 ,bru%es soon spoil if !y are put away dirty4 ,! col\r gets betwe5 ! hairs & prev5ts ! bru% f com+ to a po9t4 ,if ! col\r dries 9 ! bru% x is v difficult to get x q clean aft]w>ds4 ,"o w\ld ?9k x 0 h>dly necess>y to /ate t bru%es %\ld n be plac$ s t !y are re/+ on _! po9ts1 b !y are (t5 left 9 ?is way by c>eless p4 ,:5 a bru% has be5 us$ = ,indian ink x w be f\nd t wa%+ 9 ord9>y wat] w be insuffici5t to clean x4 ,9 ?is case soap & wat] may be us$1 c>efully wa%+ ! soap out aft]w>ds ) clean wat]4 ,vellum is g5]ally p\nc$ be=e work+ ^u x4 ,a v good p\nce may be prep>$ by mix+ equal p>ts1 by measure1 ( pumice p[d] & fr5* *alk4 ,:5 p\nc+ vellum x %\ld be spread out flat on a bo>d cov]$ ) a %eet ( clean pap]4 ,! p\nce is spr9kl$ ov] x & rubb$ 9 ) ! palm ( ! h&4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to p\nce too long1 or ! vellum w be r\gh5$ & spoil$4 ,aft] ! vellum has be5 well p\nc$1 ! p\nce is %ak5 (f & ! vellum c>efully du/$ ) a s(t h&k]*ief4 ,if ! surface ( vellum is exam9$ v c>efully x w be notic$ t "o side is diff]5t f ! o!r4 ,! side :i* 0 orig9ally ! hair side ( ! sk9 is r\gh] ?an ! fle% side4 ,! smoo!r side is nic] = writ+ ^u1 al?\gh1 :5 us+ "o side ( ! vellum only1 x is n advisable = ! beg9n] to use ! fle% side1 z x is s difficult to make an erasure on ?is side1 )\t spoil+ ! sk94 ,( c\rse1 x is mu* bett] to endeav\r to avoid mak+ mi/akes1 b /ill x is almo/ impossible to prev5t !m occasionally4 ,:5 x is necess>y to make an erasure a v %>p knife %\ld be employ$ ) ! lea/ possible pressure4 ,= erasures on ! fle% side ( ! vellum ! k9d ( rubb] kn[n z knead$ rubb] is v useful4 ,?is erases v sl[ly1 b at ! same "t v effici5tly4 ,:5 us+ a knife = erasures on vellum x is ess5tial t x %\ld be extremely %>p & t sc>cely any pressure be put on x4 ,x is be/1 h[ev]1 to avoid ! use ( ! knife on ! fle% side ( vellum4 ,a simple b effective /yle ( illum9ation is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,?is is bas$1 to a l>ge ext5t1 on p5-"w4 ,! block ( ! initial ,p may be blue1 ) ! c5tre r$4 ,! initial itself is ( rais$ gold1 z also are ! buds & c5tres ( ! small fl[]s 9 ! surr\nd+ decoration4 ,! f9e scroll-"w may be 9 black or br[n1 ! decoration on ! initial be+ :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,aft] ! lett]+ is complet$1 ! decoration %\ld be drawn 9 c>efully ) p5cil4 ,! scroll-"w may !n be drawn 9 ) ! p54 ,! page %\ld !n be c>efully clean$ ) a piece ( s(t rubb]1 remov+ all p5cil-m>ks t w n be cov]$ ) col\r4 ,! next /ep is ! gild+4 ,v>i\s prep>ations are sold by diff]5t arti/s' col\rm5 = ?is purpose4 ,:5 buy+ gold-size1 h[ev]1 ! /ud5t %\ld see t he gets ! k9d specially prep>$ = illum9at+4 ,!re are _m v>ieties on ! m>ket1 "s ( :i* are useless on vellum4 ,= example1 x w\ld be fooli% to try & gild on vellum ) oil gold-size or japann]s' gold-size4 ,also ! diff]5t k9ds ( wat] gold-size1 us$ by decorators & picture-frame gild]s1 are difficult to use on vellum1 z ! gold is laid by flood+ ! surface ( ! size ) wat] & !n apply+ ! leaf4 ,! result ( ?is is to cockle ! vellum 9 a mo/ unpleasant fa%ion4 ,mo/ deal]s sell rais+ prep>ation & wat] gold-size4 ,! rais+ prep>ation is g5]ally sold 9 two di/9ct =ms by diff]5t mak]s1 "o 9 ! =m ( a ?ick pa9t & ! o!r a ?ick jelly1 :i* requires heat+ to liquefy ready = use4 ,! =m] k9d w be f\nd ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,a small i*neumon bru% may be us$ = apply+ ! rais+ prep>ation4 ,be=e fill+ 9 ! p>ts t x is desir$ to raise x is n a bad plan to r\gh5 ! surface ( ! vellum slightly 9 ^! p>ts4 ,?is w help to prev5t ! rais+ f scal+ (f :5 x dries4 ,difficulty is (t5 exp]i5c$ ?r\gh air-bubbles 9 ! rais+ prep>ation4 ,9 dry+1 ( c\rse1 ^! %[ z t9y holes4 ,9 ?is case prev5tion is bett] ?an cure4 ,^! bubbles are g5]ally introduc$ into ! prep>ation by means ( ! bru%4 ,! bru% be+ full ( air is us$ to /ir ! prep>ation1 & ! air leaves ! bru% 9 ! =m ( bubbles1 :i* mix ) ! rais+ prep>ation4 ,! be/ way to use ! rais+ prep>ation is to take a small quantity out ( ! bottle & place x 9 a small sauc]4 ,x %\ld !n be c>efully work$ up ) ! f+]-tip ) a little wat] until x is ab\t ! consi/5cy ( cream4 ,x is mu* bett] to use ! f+]-tip to mix x up ) r ?an a bru%4 ,us+ a bru% = ?is purpose is a fruitful s\rce ( air-bubbles1 besides spoil+ ! bru%4 ,be=e us+ ! bru% to lay on ! prep>ation ) x %\ld be %ak5 vigor\sly 9 wat] & squeez$ out1 ?us displac+ ! air & prev5t+ ! =mation ( bubbles4 ,all ! p>ts t x is desir$ to gild %\ld be giv5 a fairly sub/antial coat+4 ,x %\ld be almo/ dropp$ f ! bru%4 ,x is n desirable to raise x too high1 or ! effect w be some:at tawdry4 ,! /ud5t %\ld use ! "w ( ! m$ival arti/ z 8 guide 9 ?is direction4 ,:5 ?is is all fill$ 91 ! "w is plac$ 9 a room free f du/ = ! rais+ to dry firm & h>d4 ,! surface is !n scrap$ c>efully ) a knife until x is q smoo?1 all little irregul>ities be+ remov$4 ,x is !n giv5 a coat ( wat] gold-size1 & :5 ?is appe>s dry on ! surface x is brea!d ^u until x becomes tacky4 ,! leaf is !n cut to size & laid on at once1 press$ d[n ) cotton-wool & left to dry4 ,! sup]flu\s gold is !n bru%$ away ) a camel-hair mop4 ,on ! foll[+ day x may be burni%$4 ,if ! burni%] does n "w freely on ! surface1 its action may be facilitat$ by rubb+ ! surface ( ! gold ) a s(t clo? t has be5 slightly sme>$ ) beeswax4 ,:5 us+ ! wat] gold-size x is mo/ important t ?is %\ld be kept free f du/1 & especially small hairs & pieces ( fluff t (t5 float ab\t 9 ! air4 ,x is impossible to gild successfully if ! size is full ( ^!4 ,aft] pa9t+ on ! size x %\ld n be all[$ to get ?or\ghly dry be=e lay+ ! leaf--x %\ld only appe> dry on ! surface4 ,if x is all[$ to get prop]ly dry x w be next to impossible to make x tacky by brea?+ ^u x4 ,x is j possible t aft] ! gild+ has be5 done x w be notic$ t ! gold-leaf has adh]$ to ! surface ( ! vellum 9 p>ts :]e x 0 n int5d$4 ,bru%+ ! surface ) ! camel-hair mop is n suffici5t to remove ?is4 ,x1 h[ev]1 c g5]ally be clean$ by means ( knead$ rubb]4 ,!re is no ne$ to use any friction2 if x is press$ on ! p>ts & lift$ aga9 x w pick up ! leaf f ! vellum4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 h[ev]1 to avoid t\*+ ! surface ( ! rais$ gold1 z x is v liable to spoil ! appe>ance ( x4 ,aft] ! gild+ is complet$1 ! col\r+ %\ld be proce$$ )4 ,! l>ge masses ( col\r are laid 9 fir/1 !n ! :ite l9+ on ! col\r1 & f9ally ! outl9e4 ,if ! surface ( ! vellum is at all incl9$ to be greasy x may be advisable to use a little oxgall ) ! col\r4 ,! v>i\s o!r sugge/ions %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca practically expla9 !mselves2 7b7 & 7c7 are diff]5t me?ods ( spac+ ! decoration4 ,two m initials are %[n1 also ! con/ruction ( ! decoration & o!r sugge/ive details4 ,illu/ration3 ,,illum9at$ ,,alt> ,,tablet4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,fur!r ,,developm5t ,,( ,,illum9ation ,! /yle ( decoration sugge/$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] 0 bas$1 to a l>ge ext5t1 on p5-"w4 ,! examples indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #cb %[ a fur!r developm5t1 9 :i* bru%-"w plays a m prom95t "p4 ,a sugge/ion = an illum9at$ v]sion ( ! ,tw5ty-?ird ,psalm is %[n 9 7d74 ,! decoration "h may appe> some:at /iff1 b x is difficult to %[ 9 black & :ite ! effect t col\r gives4 ,?is simple & some:at sev]e type ( decoration is1 h[ev]1 mu* easi] = ! beg9n] ?an ! fre] k9d ( ornam5t4 ,x is r difficult to sugge/ 9 writ+ ! exact col\r+1 z s mu* dep5ds on ! v>i\s %ades us$ to =m ! g5]al col\r s*eme4 ,possibly ! foll[+ notes may be useful to ! /ud5t z indicat+ r\ghly ! col\rs t may be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,! writ+ is 9 black ) ! capital lett]s 9 r$4 ,! backgr\nd ( ! initial & bord]1 viz41 ! p>ts indicat$ by horizontal %ad+1 %\ld be blue4 ,?is col\r %\ld be nei!r too d>k nor too light1 also x %\ld n t5d t[>ds ei!r purple or gre54 ,! /ud5t %\ld take special note ( ! blues us$ by ! m$ival arti/s4 ,! l>ge initial ,t %\ld be pa9t$ 9 a w>m %ade ( r$1 n q s vivid z v]milion1 nor yet a cool crimson4 ,! c5tre ( ?is initial & also ! c5tres ( ! blossoms1 ) ! backgr\nd ( ! small circles =m$ by ! /ems1 are ( rais$ burni%$ gold1 z also are ! small buds 9 ! l9e "w4 ,! /ems %\ld be pa9t$ 9 a neutral t9t & may be height5$ up 9 places ) t\*es ( clean bright col\r4 ,! leaves may be gre5 %ad$ ) a light] t9t ( ! same col\r4 ,! fl[]s might be a pale creamy t9t ) ! c5tres %ad$ ) orange4 ,! scroll-"w on ! col\r may be pa9t$ ei!r 9 :ite or 9 a light] t9t ( ! backgr\nd col\r ^u :i* x is pa9t$4 ,! initial ,t may be treat$ 9 ?is way1 & also %ad$ ) a d>k] r$4 ,9 7e7 an arrangem5t is %[n = a page ) ! bord] completely surr\nd+ x4 ,"s endeav\r %\ld be made to get good patt]n ) ! masses ( gold & col\r4 ,9 ! page sugge/$ 9 7f7 ! decoration is =m$ d[n "o side1 spr++ f ! initial ,p4 ,! initial ,b t is %[n "h is 9 rais$ gold1 ! fl[]s 9 ! c5tre also be+ 9 gold1 z well z ! b]ries 9 ! p5-"w spr++ f ! lett]4 ,! backgr\nd ( ! lett] is blue & r$--blue :]e ! %ad+ is indicat$ by horizontal /rokes & r$ :]e v]tical /rokes are us$4 ,a /udy ( plant =m is v useful to ! illum9ator4 ,! decoration us$ by ! m$ival arti/ 0 practically all bas$ on natural =ms1 & "s ( ! be/ advice t c be giv5 to ! mod]n illum9ator is t he %\ld /udy nature4 ,9 do+ ?is ! /ud5t %\ld rememb] t ! object is prim>ily decoration & n repres5tation4 ,he %\ld n degrade ?is art into a m]e reali/ic r5d]+ ( sprays ( fl[]s1 insects1 etc41 b r aim at produc+ decoration z ! direct result ( 8 /udy ( nature4 ,z an example1 "s ( ! ivy-leaf decoration t 0 s mu* us$ dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury is %[n "h4 ,! importance ( /udy f nature _c be emphasiz$ too /rongly4 ,draw+ f plant-=m is "o ( ! be/ ex]cises ! illum9ator c h4 ,possibly a few h9ts on ?is important /udy w be ( s]vice to ! /ud5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :5 draw+ a plant1 or inde$ any natural object1 "o %\ld be c>eful to avoid draw+ x l draw+ a map1 i4e41 )\t realis+ t x is =m4 ,if ?is is p]si/$ 91 ! result w be t ! draw+ w be lack+ 9 vitality1 besides be+ n ne>ly s intelligible4 ,if ! endeav\r be made to keep con/antly be=e ! m9d ! fact t x is =m t "o is draw+1 & ev]y?+ is c>efully reason$ out be=e attempt+ to draw x1 ! f9i%$ draw+ w n only h f> m life 9 x1 b x w also be mu* easi] to und]/&4 ,"o %\ld also /rive to draw ) feel+2 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 a liv+ plant & an artificial reproduction ( x4 ,! draw+s ( plants & fl[]s made by "s /ud5ts rem9d "o ( pap] fl[]s & foliage1 z !y are drawn 9 su* a h>d & sev]e mann]4 ,a natural leaf is a ?+ ( beauty1 !re is no?+ rigid or /iff ab\t x1 b "o t is cut out ( pap] is dead & unyield+ 9 e respect & is absolutely devoid ( all feel+4 ,"o %\ld get all ! life & feel+ possible into "o's draw+1 & ?is comes f pl5ty ( practice 9 c>eful & ?\ghtful draw+ f nature4 ,:5 mak+ plant /udies = "o's own use 9 design !re is no ne$ to limit oneself by mak+ outl9e draw+s 9 p5 & ink1 z :5 !y are int5d$ to be reproduc$ by means ( l9e-blocks4 ,! aim ( ! arti/ %\ld be to make ! draw+ z mu* z possible l ! orig9al4 ,x is n advisable to g 9 = sket*y effects2 ev]y?+ %\ld be made p]fectly intelligible s t x is possible to und]/& e detail ( ! draw+4 ,( c\rse1 "s p>ts ( ! plant %\ld be pa9t$ 9 col\rs1 s z to =m a record ( ! actual col\rs1 b = g5]al draw+ a s(t black-lead p5cil1 su* z a #c or #d;,b1 is v useful4 ,"o %\ld be c>eful to obs]ve all ! details1 su* z ! way ! bran*es atta* !mselves to ! ma9 /em1 also ! mann] 9 :i* ! leaves & fl[]s arrange !mselves4 ,! feel+ ( unity :i* runs ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! plant %\ld be c>efully not$1 h[ !re is a di/9ct relation%ip betwe5 e leaf & bud ) ! ma9 /em4 ,!re is no ne$ to conf9e "o's nature /udy to actual plant-draw+4 ,if "o's p[]s ( p]ception are tra9$ to obs]ve1 !re is a great deal to be le>n$ f a walk 9 ! c\ntry4 ,att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! patt]n t ab\nds ev]y:]e 9 nature2 fl[]y banks & h$g][s are ri* 9 sugge/ion4 ,! mead[ spangl$ ) butt]cups & daisies is a delightful example4 ,a field ( b>ley :5 x is j beg9n+ to *ange col\r (f]s a weal? ( possibilities bo? 9 patt]n & col\r4 ,!n take trees1 _! diff]5t /ructure & foliage4 ,no two species ( trees are exactly alike 9 ! arrangem5t ( foliage1 etc4 ,"o %\ld n1 h[ev]1 give too mu* att5tion to detail to ! neglect ( consid]+ ?+s z a :ole4 ,= example1 a tree z a :ole %\ld be not$1 att5tion be+ giv5 to ! way 9 :i* ! trunk spr+s f ! gr\nd & ! g5]al mass+ ( ! bran*es & foliage4 ,! use ( a sket*-book = not+ ?+s d[n is v useful1 b too mu* reliance %\ld n be plac$ on ?is4 ,if "o's p[]s ( p]ception are tra9$ to obs]ve1 ! memory w be /or$ ) an abundance ( sugge/ions & ideas f ! /udy ( nature t has be5 go+ on almo/ unconsci\sly day by day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,z well z nature /udy1 ! /ud5t %\ld also make c>eful /udy ( "s ( ! be/ illum9at$ "w ( ! m$ival p]iod1 especially on ! l9es indicat$ 9 ! *apt] on ! ,initial ,lett]4 ,! use ( a note-book w prove to be v s]viceable = ?is purpose4 ,quick sket*es ( ! arrangem5t ( ! pages1 z sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #cc1 %\ld help ! /ud5t v mu* 9 arrang+ ! decoration ( ! page4 ,( c\rse1 ! draw+ ( details is also useful1 z by c>efully copy+ "s ( ! initials & decoration he is able to ga9 "s exp]i5ce ( ! m$ival arti/s' me?ods ( work+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,roll ,,( ,,hon\r4 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,miss ,h>rison1 ( ,little ,wal?am ,hall4 ,possibly x may be z well to say a few words ab\t m9iature pa9t+ 9 connection ) illum9ation4 ,z has (t5 be5 expla9$1 ! t]m 8m9iature0 :5 us$ ) ref]5ce to illum9at$ ,,mss4 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! mod]n idea ( m9iature pa9t+1 i4e41 pa9t+ on a small scale 9 a m9ute fa%ion1 z ! ^w 8m9iature0 is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w m9ium1 ! r$ pigm5t us$ 9 ! decoration ( ,,mss41 !re=e ! orig9al mean+ is writ+ or pa9t+ ) m9ium4 ,!re is also no reason at all :y m9iatures1 :5 pa9t$ on vellum & us$ 9 conjunction ) illum9ation1 %\ld be /ippl$ & work$ up 9 ! m9ute fa%ion t is usual ) ! ord9>y m9iatures on ivory4 ,x is n advisable to pa9t ^! 9 a simil> way to ! ord9>y wat]-col\r pa9t+4 ,x is v difficult to pa9t on vellum 9 ?is way4 ,und\bt$ly ! be/ way is to pa9t fairly direct1 us+ body col\r4 ,! m9iatures %\ld be nicely f9i%$ )\t any excessive lab\r$ f9i% produc$ by /ippl+ or o!r simil> me?ods4 ,a m9iature %\ld always be treat$ z "p ( ! decoration1 & n z a picture add$ to x4 ,if ! /ud5t exam9es c>efully ! be/ "w ( ! m$ival p]iod he w notice t x is practically impossible to sep>ate ! m9iature f ! re/ ( ! decoration4 ,a /rong feel+ ( unity runs ?r\gh\t ! :ole4 ,! great] "p ( mod]n "w1 h[ev]1 diff]s 9 ?is respect4 ,! m9iature is (t5 q good1 s also is ! decoration1 b !y are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,x w\ld be q possible to replace ! m9iature by ano!r totally diff]5t4 ,! ideal t he %\ld endeav\r to atta9 to is to make ! m9iature ) ! re/ ( ! decoration =m "o h>moni\s :ole4 ,al?\gh ! m9iature %\ld be ess5tially decorative1 !re is no ne$ to make x too rigid & conv5tional4 ,a fair am\nt ( sket*+ f nature w g a good way t[>ds prev5t+ ?is4 ,x is n a bad plan = ! /ud5t to practise mak+ small quick sket*es 9 oils f nature1 treat+ ! subject broadly & go+ = col\r4 ,?is w help him v mu* 9 pa9t+ 8 m9iatures 9 a direct fa%ion1 &1 if ?is is comb9$ ) pl5ty ( c>eful draw+1 x %\ld enable him to develop 8 /yle ( decoration consid]ably4 ,) reg>d to ! decoration z a :ole1 x has (t5 be5 said t x is impossible to tea* "o h[ to design1 b t x is possible to direct "o 9 ! "r way2 & !re is no bett] me?od ?an t sugge/$ above1 viz41 a /udy ( nature comb9$ ) good examples ( "w t has be5 done 9 ! pa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,illum9at$ ,,alt> ,,tablet4 ,:5 design+1 x is a great mi/ake to /rive aft] orig9ality4 ,! way to be orig9al is to be natural & d ! "w 9 ! be/ way t "o is able4 ,if ! arti/ does ?is he is c]ta9 to be orig9al1 z he _c help himself4 ,if he /rives aft] orig9ality ! "w produc$ w be ( an unheal?y type1 & w %[ signs ( affectation :i* w be any?+ b pleasant4 ,imitat+ someone else is equally fooli%1 z an imitation c nev] be equal to ! real ?+4 ,art is wor? no?+ unless x spr+s spontane\sly f ! joy ( work+1 )\t any conc5tration on its /hetic aspects4 ,!re=e ! ?+ = ! mod]n illum9ator to d is n to imitate ei!r anci5t or mod]n arti/s1 b simply seek to d 8 be/1 giv+ ! be/ workman%ip t he is capable (4 ,!re are untold possibilities 9 ! future = ! developm5t ( s*ools ( illum9ation z great z any ( ^? t h exi/$ 9 ! pa/4 ,!re are q a numb] ( diff]5t ways 9 :i* illum9ation might be us$ 9 ! pres5t day4 ,p]haps x might be useful to sugge/ a few ( ^!4 ,! ,illum9at$ ,address & ! ,illum9at$ ,,ms4 ,book are s important t sep>ate *apt]s h be5 devot$ to ^!4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ?+s t illum9ation c be us$ = is = ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*4 ,alt> tablets (f] pl5ty ( scope = ! mod]n illum9ator4 ,!y %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be on vellum & be fram$ q simply4 ,s]vice ,books1 su* z ! ,communion ,s]vice1 also provide ano!r application = illum9ation4 ,books %\ld be writt5 9 sections4 7,see ,*apt] #be on ! ,illum9at$ ,,ms4 ,book47 ,a ,s]vice ,book may ei!r be fairly elaborate or may be writt5 simply 9 black & r$4 ,x is z well to use r$ = ! ,rubrics1 s z to make a di/9ction betwe5 ^! & ! re/ ( ! text4 ,! ,m>riage ,s]vice is ano!r ?+ t may well be writt5 out 9 good script & illum9at$4 ,?is %\ld h ! size ( ! pages on ! small side1 z 9 ?is case x w\ld be = ! use ( a private p]son & n = ! cl]gy4 ,texts = *ur*es1 ! ,cre$1 ,comm&m5ts1 etc41 are also subjects suitable = illum9ation4 ,^! %\ld be bold & di/9ct4 ,p]man5t ,notices 9 *ur*es & o!r build+s w\ld be mu* m attractive if1 in/ead ( ! usual pr9t$ =m be+ us$1 !y 7 execut$ ) beautiful lett]+1 pref]ably ) a re$ p51 & possibly illum9at$4 ,^! %\ld1 h[ev]1 n be ov]burd5$ ) decoration1 z x is necess>y t !y %\ld be z di/9ct z possible4 ,black & burni%$ gold makes a v effective comb9ation4 ,ano!r use to :i* illum9ation might be utilis$ is ,family ,trees & ,p$igrees4 ,^! are likely to give pl5ty ( opportunities = ! illum9ator1 z good decoration may easily be =m$ ) coats ( arms & o!r symbols4 ,_m o!r ?+s w probably sugge/ !mselves to ! arti/ z subjects suitable = illum9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,*ur* ,,por* ,,text4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,illum9at$ ,,address ,! illum9at$ address is ! =m :i* mo/ mod]n illum9ation takes4 ,! great] numb] ( ^! _c1 ev5 by ! wide/ /ret* ( imag9ation1 be call$ works ( art4 ,n only are !y g5]ally execut$ ) vivid & crude col\r s*emes1 b also ! /yle ( decoration is usually extremely bad4 ,"s ( ! lett]s are pa9fully contort$4 ,o!rs are repres5t$ z if !y 7 solid blocks ?r[+ %ad[s1 & are drawn 9 false p]spective4 ,mean+less fl\ri%es ab\nd4 ,occasionally a little bit ( decoration1 t has be5 copi$ f "s m$ival "w1 is introduc$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is mix$ up ) a lot ( /raggl+ ornam5t :i* x is impossible to conceive z hav+ be5 produc$ by any arti/ ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,"o c q und]/& h[ ?is is s :5 "o consid]s h[ s mu* ( ! "w is done4 ,illum9at$ addresses are (t5 execut$ by p :o h _h practically no tra9+ at all4 ,"o c sc>cely compla9 if !y are 9 bad ta/e :5 su* is ! case4 ,if "o has _h a good gr\nd+ by /udy+ ! "w ( ! anci5t illum9ators x is practically impossible to produce ?is type ( "w4 ,!re=e1 be=e attempt+ to "w 9 a mod]n /yle1 ! /ud5t %\ld make a c>eful /udy ( ! "w ( ! m$ival p]iod4 ,:5 "o receives an enquiry reg>d+ an illum9at$ address1 a def9ite und]/&+ is necess>y z to ! =m :i* ! address is to take4 ,^? g5]ally employ$ are ! ,fram$ ,address1 ! ,book =m1 & ! ,vellum ,scroll4 7,see ,fig4 #cd1 a1 b1 c47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,"o %\ld be able & will+ to give advice & help 9 ! matt] ( word+4 ,x is advisable to gu>d aga9/ ! usual fooli% & some:at bomba/ic mann] ( word+ te/imonials4 ,! fir/ or ?ird p]son is g5]ally employ$1 b x w\ld be mu* bett] if x took ! =m ( an ord9>y lett] express+ appreciation & good wi%es4 ,:i*ev] =m is employ$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ^! are n confus$ 9 any way4 ,x is a good plan to make1 fir/ ( all1 a c>eful copy ( ! word+1 & get x *eck$ ) ! orig9al be=e comm5c+ to "w4 ,?is w prev5t mi/akes be+ made4 ,!n ! arti/ %\ld f9d out if any coats ( arms1 etc41 are ne$$ to be introduc$ into ! decoration4 ,! approximate size is !n decid$1 & ! :ole is r\gh$ out 9 p5cil on detail pap] to f9d ! exact spac+ ( ! lett]+ & decoration4 ,! =m t ! address %\ld take dep5ds on ! matt] to be introduc$4 ,if1 = example1 #ejj names are requir$ to be app5d$1 a fram$ te/imonial is cle>ly out ( ! "q4 ,= ! same reason "o 9 ! =m ( a scroll is useless4 ,! only practical me?od is to d x 9 book =m4 ,:5 execut+ an address 9 ?is mann]1 ! be/ way is to write x 9 sections compos$ ( two fold$ %eets4 ,aft] ! "w is complet$1 ! :ole is c>efully b\nd by an exp]i5c$ b9d]4 ,ano!r me?od is to write x 9 a blank album1 b1 if ?is is done1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! pap] is ( good quality & suitable = writ+ & illum9at+4 ,! pap] ( :i* ^! albums are g5]ally made is un=tunately r poor 9 quality4 ,if ! scroll =m is employ$1 x is be/ t l>ge masses ( rais$ gold %\ld n be us$ 9 ! decoration1 ow+ to ! likelihood ( ?is crack+ :5 ! vellum is roll$4 ,:5 complet$1 ! scroll is g5]ally enclos$ 9 a cyl9drical case or a metal casket4 ,( c\rse1 ! latt]1 if made by a good craftsman1 is mu* to be pref]r$4 ,= a fram$ te/imonial ! be/ k9d ( frame is und\bt$ly a black "o1 z ?is s]ves well to %[ up ! brilliance ( ! gold & col\rs4 ,x is also a good plan to frame x ) a cut m\nt1 s t ! vellum does n t\* ! glass4 ,a ^w ( w>n+ is possibly ne$$ "h4 ,:5 hav+ illum9at$ "w on vellum fram$1 x is mo/ important t ! frame-mak] %\ld n be all[$ to m\nt x4 ,if he does ?is he is almo/ c]ta9 to spoil ! "w1 z1 :5 ! back ( ! vellum is damp$1 ! moi/ure soaks ?r\gh & s(t5s ! rais+ prep>ation1 ?us spoil+ ! rais$ gold "w2 also ! *ances are t ! vellum w be spoil$ at ! same "t4 ,x is v annoy+1 aft] sp5d+ a consid]able "t on ! "w1 to f9d x completely ru9$ by an unsuccessful attempt to m\nt x4 ,if a li/ ( names is want$ at ! end ( an address x %\ld be asc]ta9$ if signatures are ne$$ or a c>efully-writt5 li/ ( names4 ,if signatures are requir$1 x is be/ to get ^! be=e complet+ ! decoration4 ,l9es %\ld be rul$ fa9tly ) a %>ply-po9t$ ,h4,b4 p5cil to act z a guide = ! v>i\s writ]s4 ,! signatures %\ld all be writt5 "u ! arti/'s p]sonal sup]vision4 ,x is a great mi/ake to all[ ! "w to leave "o's h&s be=e x is prop]ly f9i%$4 ,if x is c>ri$ "h & !re by v>i\s p x is v liable to become soil$1 to say no?+ ( mi/akes made & signatures writt5 9 ink ( v>i\s %ades4 ,a good fluid ,indian ink1 ! same z t :i* ! lett]+ is writt5 )1 %\ld be provid$4 ,a numb] ( p5s ( diff]5t /yles %\ld be to h&1 ) pap] = ! subscrib]s to try ! p5s on be=e sign+ ! actual address4 ,signatures c]ta9ly h a m s5tim5tal value ?an a m]e li/ ( names4 ,a neatly-writt5 li/ ( names1 h[ev]1 looks mu* bett] & is m 9 keep+ ) ! decoration4 ,x is be/ to place ! names 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,if ! names are to be put 9 by ! arti/1 he %\ld fir/ ( all1 z m5tion$ be=e 9 ! case ( ! word+1 make a copy ( ^! & get x c>efully *eck$ be=e writ+ !m 94 ,x is v usual to include coats-(-arms 9 ! decoration4 ,:5 ?is is done1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 t ^! are blazon$ 9 ! correct col\rs1 & also t !y are prop]ly drawn4 ,a good h&book on ,h]aldry %\ld be consult$4 ,! illum9ator %\ld h1 at any rate1 an elem5t>y k ( ?is subject1 z he is s (t5 call$ ^u to make use ( x4 ,aft] he has c>efully asc]ta9$ by means ( ! r\gh draw+ ! measurem5ts & spac+1 he %\ld />t "w /raight away on ! vellum4 ,x is n necess>y to g into details z to h[ to set ab\t ?is4 ,explanations h already be5 giv51 9 a previ\s *apt]1 conc]n+ h[ to set out an illum9at$ page4 ,9 ! case ( a beg9n] :o has n suffici5t confid5ce 9 himself to "w direct on ! vellum1 ! fir/ draw+ may be made on a %eet ( trac+ pap]4 ,if ?is is p9n$ ov] a piece ( :ite pap] x is q easy to "w ^u4 ,:5 ! draw+ is complet$1 ! trac+ pap] %\ld be rev]s$1 & ! :ole ( ! decoration %\ld be trac$ on ! back ( x ) a f9ely-po9t$ ,h4,b4 p5cil4 ,?is is ref]r+ to ! decoration only4 ,! lett]+ %\ld 9 any case be writt5 /raightway on to ! vellum1 aft] ! necess>y measurem5ts & calculations h be5 made4 ,aft] ! :ole ( ! decoration has be5 trac$ ?r\gh ! trac+ pap] %\ld be c>efully plac$ 9 position on ! vellum4 ,x %\ld be fa/5$ ) draw+-p9s d[n "o side4 ,! trac$ decoration c !n be easily transf]r$ to ! vellum by rubb+ ! back ( ! trac+ pap] ) a burni%] or pap]-knife4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! pap] does n %ift ab\t dur+ ?is process4 ,x %\ld be held firmly1 lift+ x up occasionally to see if a cle> impression is be+ made4 ,x is j possible t ! illum9ator may be ask$ to submit a r\gh sket*4 ,he %\ld be> 9 m9d t ! object ( ?is is to give "s idea ( ! f9i%$ "w4 ,?is %\ld be execut$ 9 a bold fa%ion on c>tridge pap] ) a s(t p5cil4 ,a few words may be writt5 9 ! script t he int5ds to use1 & x is z well to f9i% a small portion ( ! decoration 9 col\rs4 ,?is %\ld enable 8 cli5t to und]/& some?+ ( :at ! f9i%$ "w w be4 ,a simple b v effective =m ( address is t hav+ a coat-(-arms at ! top1 ) ! matt] 9 pla9 lett]+ ) a f9e initial1 z indicat$ 9 7d74 ,a /ill simpl] =m might consi/ ( a nice piece ( lett]+ ) a pla9 initial ei!r 9 rais$ gold or v]milion1 omitt+ ! coat-(-arms at ! top4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,me?ods ,,( ,,reproduction ,x is ess5tial t ! arti/ :o does "w = reproduction %\ld h "s k ( ! diff]5t me?ods employ$4 ,a lack ( k 9 ?is respect is responsible = a l>ge numb] ( draw+s made :i* are q unsuitable = ! purpose4 ,x is n necess>y t ! /ud5t %\ld be able to reproduce 8 own "w by ! v>i\s me?ods us$1 b he %\ld be famili>1 9 a slight degree1 ) ! processes us$4 ,= black-&-:ite "w1 ! two processes l>gely us$ by publi%]s 9 magaz9es1 etc41 are kn[n z ,l9e ,process & ,half-,tone4 ,! =m] is us$ = ! reproduction ( p5-draw+s1 & ! latt] = tone draw+s4 ,! l9e process is ! mo/ useful = ! class ( "w t ! illum9ator is likely to d4 ,9 ?is case ! me?od ( proc$ure is briefly z foll[s3 ,! draw+ is made ) good black ink on :ite pap]4 ,x is !n photograph$4 ,a piece ( poli%$ z9c is giv5 a ?9 film ( fi%-glue 9 :i* "s bi*romate ( pota% has be5 dissolv$4 ,! effect ( ! bi*romate is to make ! fi%-glue insoluble :5 x has be5 expos$ to ! light4 ,! z9c plate is dri$ rapidly 9 a subdu$ light1 & is !n expos$ beh9d ! negative4 ,! light1 p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! cle> p>ts ( ! negative1 r5d]s ^! insoluble4 ,! z9c is !n giv5 a ?9 coat+ ( s(t1 greasy ink ) a roll]4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 a di% ( wat] to develop4 ,! effect ( ! wat] is to dissolve ! fi%-glue t has be5 protect$1 & is !re=e /ill soluble4 ,?is leaves ! design on ! surface ( ! z9c 9 ink4 ,:ile ! ink is /ill tacky1 x is du/$ ov] ) res94 ,?is is fus$ ov] a /ove1 & ! backgr\nd ( ! z9c is et*$ away 9 an acid ba?1 leav+ ! design /&+ 9 relief4 ,?is is1 briefly1 an outl9e ( ! process ( mak+ a l9e block4 ,( c\rse1 x mu/ be und]/ood t _m details are omitt$ 9 ?is description4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 al?\gh mo/ important to ! block-mak]1 are n necess>ily ess5tial to ! arti/4 ,! *ief ?+ t he %\ld be c>eful to ensure is t 8 draw+s %\ld be execut$ ) an absolutely black l9e on :ite pap]4 ,by ?is means he w h done 8 "p to help ! block-mak] to obta9 a cle> negative1 :i* is unque/ionably vital to ! production ( a successful process block4 ,draw+s execut$ ) a weak1 wa%y k9d ( ink on yell[-ton$ pap] d n give ! block-mak] a *ance4 ,! ?+1 !n1 = ! arti/ to rememb] is to see t 8 draw+ consi/s ( firm black l9es on a :ite surface1 ) no half-tones1 unless ^! are produc$ by means ( l9es4 ,= draw+s execut$ 9 tone1 ! o!r me?od1 kn[n z ! half-tone process1 is us$4 ,9 ?is case ! draw+ is photograph$ ) a glass scre5 9 front ( ! negative4 ,?is scre5 is rul$ ) f9e l9es 9 su* a mann] t ! t9ts ( ! orig9al are brok5 up into dots4 ,! pr9t is obta9$ on ! metal1 & ! block is made 9 a some:at simil> mann] to t ( a l9e block4 ,9 et*+1 ! metal is bitt5 away r\nd ! edges ( ! v>i\s dots m or less1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ^!4 ,?is gives a simil> effect ( light & %ade to ! orig9al4 ,an exam9ation1 ) a magnify+-glass1 ( any reproduction ( a photograph or tone-draw+ 9 any ( ! magaz9es ( ! pres5t day w %[ ?is q pla9ly4 ,:5 work+ = ?is process1 draw+s %\ld be r m vigor\s ?an are requir$ 9 ! f9i%$ production4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! photograph g5]ally s(t5s d[n ev]y?+1 s x is z well to =e/all ?is by mak+ ! orig9al /rong]4 ,x is also important t ! half-tones 9 ! draw+ %\ld n t5d t[>ds be+ a blui% grey1 z blue does n photograph well4 ,! result ( a reproduction f a draw+ ( ?is k9d w\ld be t ! half-tones w\ld be mu* weak] ?an 9 ! orig9al4 ,9 col\r reproduction1 a me?od l>gely us$ is t kn[n z ! ?ree-col\r process4 ,?is is a developm5t ( ! half-tone process4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! draw+ is photograph$ ?ree times 9 succession on diff]5t plates4 ,9 ea* case a col\r filt] is plac$ 9 front ( ! l5s1 :i* all[s only ! r$1 yell[1 or blue rays to pass ?r\gh4 ,by ?is means ! ?ree negatives obta9$ are records ( ! r$1 yell[1 & blue us$ 9 ! draw+4 ,?ree blocks are made1 & are pr9t$ 9 r$1 yell[1 & blue ink respectively1 sup]impos$ ov] ea* o!r4 ,?is1 if c>efully done1 gives a fairly fai?ful reproduction ( ! orig9al4 ,sometimes an extra block is us$1 & 9 ! case ( ! reproduction ( illum9at$ "w1 a special block is us$ to pr9t ! gold4 ,x c easily be und]/ood :y ?is is necess>y1 z1 :5 pr9t$ f ! ?ree blocks only1 ?is comes out z a col\r 9 ! pr9t+4 ,:5 work+ = ?is =m ( reproduction !re is no ne$ to limit oneself 9 ! numb] ( col\rs us$4 ,"w t has be5 execut$ ) ab\t tw5ty diff]5t col\rs c be reproduc$ z easily z t 9 :i* only f\r or five col\rs are us$4 ,z 9 half-tone1 ! "w %\ld be /rong] & m vigor\s ?an is ne$$ 9 ! f9i%$ reproduction4 ,! col\rs also %\ld be bright & cle>1 & ! modell+ %\ld be /rongly acc5tuat$1 z ?is process has a t5d5cy t[>ds flatt5+ ev]y?+4 ,if ! orig9al appe>s flat & wa%$-out 9 treatm5t1 x w c]ta9ly look mu* worse :5 reproduc$4 ,ano!r process1 l>gely us$ = comm]cial "w1 is li?ography4 ,?is is q diff]5t f any ( ! previ\sly m5tion$ processes4 ,9 all ^! ! blocks are 9 relief1 & are pr9t$ 9 a typographic press4 ,= ! g5]al =m ( li?ography1 a species ( lime/one is us$4 ,?is process dep5ds on ! absorption ( grease by ?is /one1 & on ! mutual antipa?y ( grease & wat]4 ,! design is drawn on ! surface ( ! /one ) a greasy ink4 ,! grease is absorb$ by ! /one4 ,! /one is !n damp$ all ov]2 ! greasy ink ( ! design repels ! wat]1 b :]e !re is no design ! surface ( ! /one becomes wet4 ,an ink-roll] is !n pass$ ov] ! /one :ile x is /ill damp4 ,z ?is pr9t+ ink is ( a greasy nature1 x w leave ! roll] only = ! l9es ( ! design1 :i* rema9 q dry4 ,! moi/ surface ( ! /one repels ! ink4 ,aft] ! /one has be5 ink$ up1 a pr9t is obta9$ 9 a li?ographic press4 ,= g5]al "w ! surface ( ! /one is highly poli%$1 b = ! reproduction ( *alk draw+s & = %ad+ purposes x is giv5 a gra94 ,z9c & alum9ium plates are (t5 us$ z sub/itutes = /one4 ,^!1 al?\gh n z good z /one1 h ! advantages ( be+ *eap] & m portable4 ,col\r pr9t+ by ?is process is kn[n z *romo-li?ography4 ,a sep>ate /one is us$ to pr9t ea* col\r4 ,a c>eful trac+ is fir/ made ( ! outl9e ( ! draw+1 & ?is is transf]r$ to ! surface ( ! /one4 ,?is =ms ! key-/one f :i* ! o!r col\r /ones are prep>$4 ,:5 x is desir$ to pr9t gold1 ! /one is roll$ up ) a v /icky k9d ( ink4 ,a pr9t is obta9$ 9 ?is m$ium1 & :ile ?is is /ill tacky x is du/$ ov] ) p[d]$ bronze1 :i* adh]es to ! pr9t & gives ! effect ( gild+ to "s ext5t4 ,= v special "w real gold is occasionally employ$ in/ead ( bronze p[d]4 ,x c easily be und]/ood t ! l>g] numb] ( col\rs us$1 ! m co/ly ?is process is4 ,/ud5ts (t5 wond] :y designs are sometimes n accept$ by firms :o use ?is process4 ,v (t5 "o ( ! mo/ important reasons is t too _m col\rs are employ$4 ,if a design is %[n t c be produc$ ) a /rik+ effect ) two or ?ree pr9t+s only1 x w c]ta9ly be consid]$ be=e "o requir+ t5 or twelve4 ,li?ography is us$ = ! great] bulk ( comm]cial "w1 su* z po/]s1 labels1 ,*ri/mas c>ds1 etc4 ,! great ?+ to rememb] :5 do+ "w = reproduction by *romo-li?ography is to get a good effect ) z few col\rs z possible4 ,!re is no ne$ 9 ?is case to make ! draw+ m vigor\s ?an is requir$1 z ! li?ograph] w endeav\r to get exactly ! same effect z 9 ! orig9al4 ,! /ud5t :o is ignorant z to ! diff]5t me?ods ( reproduction employ$ %\ld at any rate1 aft] pay+ a little att5tion to ! descriptions giv51 avoid mak+ designs t are almo/ impossible to reproduce satisfactorily4 ,! object ( ?is *apt] is n to tea* ! /ud5t h[ to reproduce 8 draw+s by means ( ! processes describ$4 ,! only reasons = deal+ ) ! subject are to enable him to produce workable designs1 & at ! same "t to give him an add$ int]e/ 9 8 "w by an elem5t>y k ( ! me?ods ( reproduction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,designs ,,= ,,*ri/mas ,,c>ds4 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,raphael ,tuck ,sons1 ,ltd4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,*ri/mas ,,c>ds ,9 ! application ( illum9ation = purposes ( reproduction1 design+ = ,*ri/mas c>ds occupies a prom95t place4 ,al?\gh ^! are n all necess>ily ( ! illum9at$ type1 a great numb] are ( ?is k9d4 ,all v>ieties h lett]+ z an important "p ( ! design4 ,!re is pl5ty ( scope = ! illum9ator 9 ?is direction4 ,if he c produce effective designs t c be easily pr9t$1 & are likely to be saleable :5 reproduc$1 publi%]s ( ,*ri/mas c>ds w always be pleas$ to see 8 "w4 ,:5 design+1 !re is no necessity = us+ p]man5t col\rs1 z ! orig9al is seldom kept aft] x has be5 pr9t$4 ,! same ?+ applies to ! use ( gold-leaf = gild+4 ,?is c be done ) bronze p[d]4 ,gold pa9t c be readily made by mix+ ! p[d]$ bronze to a /iff pa/e ) gum-wat]1 !n ?9n+ x out ) wat] s t x fl[s freely f ! bru%4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to get ! "r am\nt ( gum 9 x1 z if !re is too mu* x w pres5t a %9y appe>ance & w turn black quickly4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is n en\gh to b9d ! p>ticles ( bronze toge!r1 x w rub (f :5 t\*$4 ,! be/ way is to te/ be=e proce$+ ) ! "w1 by pa9t+ on a small piece ( pap] & not+ ! effect :5 dry4 ,:5 x is desir$ to produce rais$ gold1 ?is also c be done ) bronze p[d]4 ,= ?is purpose "s rais+ prep>ation1 ( ! k9d sold 9 ! =m ( a ?ick pa9t1 %\ld be us$4 ,a little %\ld be plac$ 9 a small sauc]1 & a drop ( honey add$ to x ) "s wat]4 ,x %\ld !n be c>efully rubb$ up ) ! f+] until x is ab\t ! same consi/5cy z cream4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to add too mu* honey1 o!rwise ! rais+ w n dry at all1 b w rema9 a /icky mass4 ,! p>ts t are int5d$ to be rais$ %\ld be fill$ 9 ) ?is1 9 ! same mann] z describ$ = leaf-gild+ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,aft] ?is has become dry on ! surface1 x %\ld be brea!d ^u until x becomes tacky4 ,! bronze p[d] is !n du/$ ov] x ) a small piece ( cotton-wool4 ,aft] leav+ = a little :ile1 ! sup]flu\s bronze is du/$ (f ) a clean piece ( cotton-wool4 ,any p>ts :]e ! bronze p[d] has n atta*$ itself c g5]ally be cov]$ by aga9 brea?+ ^u ! surface & apply+ ! bronze4 ,no attempt %\ld be made to burni% gild+ done 9 ?is way4 ,*ri/mas c>ds are ne>ly always produc$ by means ( *romo-li?ography1 z describ$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,occasionally !y are produc$ by means ( l9e & ?ree-col\r blocks1 b1 g5]ally speak+1 *romo-li?ography is ! process employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,cov]4 ,fir/ page4 ,a ,,*ri/mas ,,c>d4 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,raphael ,tuck ,sons1 ,ltd4 ,:5 ab\t to make a design1 ! /ud5t %\ld endeav\r to visualise ! complet$ design be=e comm5c+ "w4 ,if he cultivates ?is habit he w f9d x mu* bett] ?an worry+ a design into exi/5ce--a me?od v (t5 employ$4 ,x is a good plan1 :5 sett+ out to design1 to ask oneself a s]ies ( que/ions3 8,h[ is x to be reproduc$80 8,:at /yle ( design is ne$$80 8,:at is ! g5]al ta/e ( ! buy]s ( ?is k9d ( ?+80 etc4 ,if "o asks oneself a numb] ( simil> que/ions to ^!1 x %\ld1 at any rate1 be ! means ( ensur+ t ! design is suit$ to its purpose4 ,a v common fault 9 design+ ,*ri/mas c>ds is mak+ !m too heavy 9 treatm5t4 ,x is ess5tial t ! f9i% %\ld be light & da9ty4 ,designs may be ei!r = ! complete c>d or m]ely = ! outside cov]4 ,sev]al sugge/ions are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,( c\rse1 x w be und]/ood t ^! are only r\gh sket*es4 ,!y d n pret5d to be designs4 ,! "o repres5t$ by 7a7 is = ! g5]al type ( illum9at$ design4 ,?is is = ! outside cov] only3 a %ort greet+ ) an illum9at$ initial & decoration4 ,:5 select+ words = ?is purpose1 "o %\ld be c>eful to *oose some?+ n too trite4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is z well to avoid us+ "s copyright quotation4 ,! design] mu/ be up-to-date3 he mu/ n expect to sell 8 designs if he gets 8 ideas f ,*ri/mas c>ds t 7 publi%$ tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,!re are no special sizes to "w to1 z c>ds ( all %apes & sizes are produc$4 ,x is be/1 h[ev]1 n to get !m too l>ge4 ,! /yle ( c>d indicat$ 9 7b7 is a v usual k9d4 ,! c5tre is left blank = a small picture1 or a monogram1 to be ins]t$4 ,if ! arti/ is able to pa9t little l&scapes or girls' heads1 he c\ld ins]t !m himself z %[n 9 7c74 ,he %\ld1 h[ev]1 avoid gett+ ^! heavy or crude 9 col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,! design] w always f9d t he is mu* m likely to sell 8 designs if !y repres5t new ideas4 ,! publi%] is always on ! look-out = some?+ new4 ,= example1 ! idea might be a small booklet conta9+ a brief an?ology on 8,happ9ess10 or "s o!r l subject4 ,if a small booklet is design$1 x is z well to rememb] t all ! pages %\ld n be fully illum9at$4 ,! cov] & ! op5+ page might be illum9at$ 9 gold & col\rs1 :ile ! re/ might be 9 black & r$ only4 ,if ! booklet 0 execut$ ) all its pages fully illum9at$ x w\ld probably be reject$ on ! score ( exp5se ( reproduction4 ,x is little ?+s l ?is :i*1 if tak5 into consid]ation1 w\ld prev5t a good numb] ( ! disappo9t+ refusals t are s (t5 receiv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,a v attractive =m ( c>d is %[n 9 7d74 ,?is has a cov] design1 a greet+ ) a space = "n1 & a quotation4 ,:5 a c>d ( ?is type is design$ x %\ld be arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,by ?is means ! c>d1 :5 op5$ out1 has ! design all on ! same side ( ! pap]1 & is mu* m conv5i5t4 ,"s may be made upright & o!rs oblong 9 %ape1 z 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,! prices paid = ,*ri/mas c>d designs may be any?+ f #ajs4 #f;d4 to #c #cs4 ,( c\rse1 high] prices ?an ^! are (t5 paid = good "w1 :5 !re is a dem& = ! "w ( ! design]4 ,a good av]age price = a design1 h[ev]1 is #a #as4 ,x is a mi/ake to m>k designs at a l[ figure1 ) ! idea t ! publi%] w be m likely to take !m4 ,?is is q a wrong impression1 z1 if ! publi%] wants ! designs1 he w n be sl[ to make an (f] if ! price is too high2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 if !y are n suitable = 8 purpose1 he w\ld n take !m z a gift4 ,:5 s5d+ designs1 x is z well n to write long lett]s ( explanation4 ,lett]s %\ld be z brief & po9t$ z possible4 ,ap>t f design+ = publi%]s1 ! illum9ator ought to be able to produce a s]ies ( h&-writt5 ,*ri/mas c>ds4 ,!re ought to be a dem& = c>ds well writt5 9 f9e script on nice h&-made pap]4 ,a little simple decoration might be add$ 9 col\r1 & ! mod]n illum9ator ought to be able to produce ^! q quickly1 & !re=e *eaply4 ,illu/ration3 ,designs = ,programme & ,progressive ,:i/ ,c>d4 ,invitation c>ds = select p>ties are among/ num]\s o!r ?+s t sugge/ !mselves = production 9 ?is mann]4 ,( c\rse1 = l>ge ga!r+s1 :]e a good numb] ( invitations are s5t out1 writ+ !m by h& is out ( ! "q4 ,b :5 ?is is ! case1 "o copy c\ld be nicely writt5 9 black & a z9c l9e block made f ?is4 ,! edition c\ld !n be pr9t$ (f4 ,an invitation c>d writt5 9 well-=m$ lett]+ w\ld make a pleasant *ange f ! usual type ( c>d4 ,possibly a numb] ( o!r opportunities w sugge/ !mselves :]e f9e p5-=m$ lett]+ might be sub/itut$ 9 place ( ! ord9>y /yle ( ?+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,lett]+ ,,= ,,comm]cial ,,purposes ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,attractive ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,b5n ,bros1 ,ltd4 ,! ability to produce good lett]+ is ( ! utmo/ importance to ! arti/ employ$ 9 comm]cial "w4 ,! li/ ( ?+s t require lett]+ seems almo/ endless4 ,to m5tion j a few1 !re are po/]s1 catalogue cov]s1 %[c>ds1 labels1 boxes1 packages1 display$ adv]tisem5ts1 cal5d>s1 title-pages1 book cov]s1 magaz9e cov]s1 lett] head+s1 maps1 diagrams1 etc4 ,?is li/ might be ext5d$ consid]ably & yet n include all ! _m ?+s = :i* lett]+ is absolutely necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,design ,,= ,,booklet ,,cov]4 ,by k9d p]mission ( ! ,h\se ( ,vanheems & ,messrs4 ,cl>ke ,%]well1 ,ltd4 ,9 fact1 :5 "o beg9s to consid] ! numb] ( ?+s t require lett]+ ( "s description1 "o beg9s to realise h[ ess5tial x is t ! arti/ %\ld be able to produce good & well-spac$ lett]+4 ,z m5tion$ be=e 9 an e>li] *apt]1 !re is no?+ l hav+ pl5ty ( practice ) ! re$ & quill p5 to help ! /ud5t t[>ds ability to mass & arrange lett]+ 9 ! be/ possible way4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! lett]+ done by "o :o has _h pl5ty ( practice ) ! re$ or quill1 & "o :o has _h no exp]i5ce 9 ?is direction1 is mo/ noticeable4 ,! "o is able to design ) words1 :ile ! o!r is conc]n$ only ) ! %apes ( ! lett]s4 ,to be able to produce well-arrang$ lett]+ x is necess>y to be able to design ) words1 & famili>ity ) ! re$ or quill gives ?is facility bett] ?an any o!r tra9+4 ,no matt] h[ ! lett]s are =m$ aft]w>ds1 ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 mass+ lett]s toge!r 9 ?is way to =m words w be f\nd to be ( great s]vice4 ,! arrangem5t ( lett]s to =m words is ( ! utmo/ importance2 9 fact x might be said to be z ess5tial a factor z ! =mation ( ! individual lett]s4 ,a well-arrang$ inscription (t5 adds greatly to ! f9i% ( a draw+1 & ) ! latt] x (t5 happ5s t x is incomplete )\t a head+ or title ( "s description4 ,b ?is1 if badly done1 may completely spoil ! appe>ance ( ! draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,h&book ,,cov]4 ,maps & diagrams require a simple =m ( lett]+ t is di/9ct & at ! same "t c be writt5 9 a fairly quick mann]4 ,! /yle ( ,roman lett]+1 =m$ ) simple p5-/rokes1 %[n 9 a previ\s *apt]1 might be us$ = ?is purpose2 or ! simple p5-=m$ italics might be us$4 ,= writ+ ^! a %>ply-cut quill p5 is requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,9 ,fig4 #cg an alphabet is %[n :i* is =m$ ) all /rokes ( equal ?ickness4 ,?is is a v useful k9d ( lett]+ = illu/rations1 maps1 & diagrams4 ,x has "o di/9ct advantage3 t is1 x c be writt5 ) ! same p5 t ! draw+ is made )4 ,if ?is /yle ( lett]+ is us$1 h[ev]1 x is z well to make sure t all ! /rokes are ( equal ?ickness4 ,x %\ld n look l quill-p5 writ+ badly done4 ,?is type ( lett]+ may be upright or slant+4 ,until ! /ud5t is q famili> ) ?is lett]+ two l9es may be us$4 ,! writ+ %\ld be done v c>efully & ! words %\ld be well spac$4 ,?is k9d ( lett]+ %\ld be us$ only = names on maps1 notes on diagrams1 or ref]5ces "u illu/rations4 ,:5 a title is ne$$ = an illu/ration1 or a head+ is requir$1 c>efully-drawn ,roman lett]+ %\ld be us$4 ,ea* lett] %\ld be exact 9 f9i%1 & at ! same "t !re %\ld be good arrangem5t4 ,= po/] "w x is ess5tial t ! lett]+ %\ld be bold & decisive4 ,= h&-writt5 po/]s1 t ne$ to be produc$ quickly1 ! ,roman alphabet1 =m$ ) simple p5-/rokes1 giv5 9 a previ\s *apt]1 w be f\nd useful4 ,a l>ge re$ p5 %\ld be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,by us+ r$ & black inks v effective h&-writt5 notices may be produc$4 ,if ! po/] is to be display$ out-(-doors1 wat]pro( inks only %\ld be us$ = writ+ x )4 ,h[ev]1 ?is w be dealt ) 9 ! next *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,design ,,= ,a ,,c]tificate4 ,,by ,,sidney ,,f>nswor?4 ,by k9d p]mission ( ! ,national ,in/itute = ! ,bl9d1 & ! ,byron ,/udios4 ,= lett]+ on a po/] t is to be reproduc$1 a good /rong ,roman type ( lett]+ is ! be/4 ,! type %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch is a v suitable k9d4 ,x mu/ be /rong1 bold1 & well display$4 ,! pr9cipal words mu/ %[ up /rongly def9$4 ,= ?is1 &1 inde$1 all k9ds ( comm]cial design1 ! lett]+ mu/ be firm & exact to a nicety4 ,! loos5ess t is suit$ to illum9ation w n d = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,! little accid5tal turns & twi/s1 :i* are "o ( ! *>ms ( illum9at$ "w1 w\ld be entirely out ( place 9 comm]cial "w1 :i* mu/ be firm & /rong 9 e detail4 ,p5script is n us$ to any l>ge ext5t4 ,! great] "p ( ! lett]+ us$ 9 comm]cial design is c>efully drawn 9 an extremely accurate mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,:5 lett]+ a po/]1 "s endeav\r %\ld be made to get a c]ta9 am\nt ( display 9 ! lett]+4 ,= example1 if ! object is to adv]tise 8,br[n's ,tea10 or 8,smi?'s ,cocoa10 great prom95ce mu/ be giv5 to ^! words4 ,! lett]+ %\ld be s arrang$ t x is practically impossible to avoid see+ ! "n ( ! commodity t is be+ adv]tis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,two ,designs = ,labels4 ,ano!r important ?+ :5 lett]+ adv]tisem5ts is to see t ea* lett] is q di/9ct4 ,= example1 ,c mu/ n be mi/ak5 = a ,g1 & vice v]s4 ,= good arrangem5t 9 lett]+ ! mi/ake %\ld n be made ( tak+ type z a model1 z1 ow+ to ea* type lett] be+ 9 ! =m ( a block1 x is impossible to space x ) ! same facility t is possible ) writ+4 ,note ! examples giv5 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,design = a ,lett] ,head+4 ,"o or two fur!r h9ts may be useful4 ,x is nev] advisable to put two upright /rokes too closely toge!r4 ,also 9 ! case ( r\nd lett]s1 su* z ,o1 ,c1 ,g1 etc41 ^! %\ld project slightly ov] ! l9e1 o!rwise !y w appe> small] ?an ! o!r lett]s4 ,?is %\ld1 h[ev]1 be v slight1 z x is easy to ov]do ?is k9d ( ?+4 ,:5 lett]+ a diagram1 if possible keep all ! lett]+ ! same way1 s t !re is no ne$ to turn ! page r\nd to read x4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 n always possible1 b if x is at all practicable x is q ! be/ ?+ to d4 ,x is nev] wise to jumble a numb] ( diff]5t /yles ( lett]+ toge!r 9 "o inscription1 z is sometimes done4 ,! practice ( ?is k9d ( ?+ t5ds to make ! lett]+ less readable1 besides mak+ x look some:at freaki%4 ,sometimes ! use ( two /yles ( lett]+ toge!r1 su* z an upright =m ( ,roman lett]+ & an italic1 helps to emphasize c]ta9 words2 b :5 a v>iety ( diff]5t =ms is us$ ! only result is to make ! lett]+ look confus$4 ,= ! great] "p ( comm]cial "w a =m ( ,roman lett]+ is us$4 ,! /ud5t :o int5ds to practise ?is k9d ( "w %\ld /udy "s ( ! be/ mod]n "w4 ,he w h no difficulty 9 gett+ pl5ty ( examples4 ,:5 design+ a cov] = a magaz9e1 "o ( ! fir/ ?+s to be tak5 into consid]ation is h[ to make x /& out 9 a /rik+ mann] s t x w be notic$ on ! book/all4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,design = a ,music-cov]4 ,designs = magaz9e cov]s may be r\ghly divid$ into two classes1 viz41 ^? :i* occupy ! :ole ( ! cov]1 & ^? :]e ! design is 9 ! =m ( a head+4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 x is be/ t ! title %\ld be prom95tly arrang$ at ! top ( ! cov]1 s t x c readily be se5 :5 ! magaz9e is plac$ on ! book/all1 & is g5]ally 9 t position p>tly cov]$ ?r\gh o!r magaz9es & books ov]lapp+ x4 ,! great ?+ to rememb] is t ! object ( ea* design = a magaz9e cov] %\ld be to make x /& out di/9ct f all ! o!r magaz9es on ! /all1 s t x c be recognis$ 9 an in/ant4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,design = a ,bookplate4 ,"o important piece ( advice 9 ?is k9d ( "w is to avoid mak+ ! lett]+ look freaki% by =m+ "s ( ! lett]s q t9y & o!rs excessively l>ge 9 ! same ^w4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ prom95t signs ( ! amateur4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,h&-,,writt5 ,,po/]s1 ,,etc4 ,x is v useful at times to be able to produce quickly a h&-writt5 po/]4 ,x is n always desirable to h pr9t$ ones1 especially :5 "o or two copies are all t are requir$1 & a h&-writt5 po/] c be v effective ev5 if x is produc$ hurri$ly4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v ess5tial t ^! %\ld be writt5 z quickly z possible1 z ! price t ! writ] w\ld h to *>ge = a po/] t he _h sp5t a :ole day 9 writ+ w\ld make x q prohibitive4 ,!re=e spe$ ( production is an important factor t mu/ be consid]$ 9 connection ) ! h&-writt5 po/]4 ,x is well to rememb] t a po/] mu/ attract att5tion4 ,unless !re is some?+ arre/+ ab\t x1 comp>atively few p w /op & read x1 h[ev] well x may be writt54 ,( c\rse all po/]s d n dep5d ^u ! lett]+ alone to attract1 b 9 any case ! lett]+ %\ld be di/9ct & prom95t4 ,h[ev]1 ! type ( po/] describ$ "h is compos$ ( lett]+ alone1 & s dep5ds entirely on ! display ( ?is to cat* ! eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,attractive ,,piece ,,( ,,lett]+4 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,m>%all ,snelgrove1 ,ltd4 ,a po/] t is writt5 comp>atively badly may attract att5tion mu* m ?an "o t is writt5 well b )\t any display1 because ! badly-writt5 po/] may h some?+ /rik+ ab\t x t compels att5tion4 ,! ?+ to aim at is to make ! po/] prom95t )\t annoy+ p by (f5d+ _! arti/ic susceptibilities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,! foll[+ is a good me?od ( quickly writ+ a po/]4 ,a %eet ( pap] is rul$1 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci1 ) a s(t black-lead p5cil4 ,! l9es %\ld be rul$ lightly & fairly closely toge!r4 ,if ! po/] is to be writt5 on ?9 pap]1 x is n a bad plan to rule ^! l9es boldly 9 ink on ano!r %eet1 s t if ?is is plac$ "u ! pap] ^u :i* ! po/] is to be writt5 ^! l9es w %[ ?r\gh q pla9ly en\gh to act z a guide to ! writ]4 ,x is a good practice to h a numb] ( %eets ( v>i\s sizes rul$ out1 s t :5 a po/] is requir$ ( a giv5 size "o ( ^! c be utilis$ & ! po/] writt5 quickly4 ,! lett]+ may be r\ghly sket*$ 9 ei!r ) a s(t black-lead p5cil or a piece ( *>coal4 ,x may !n be writt5 /raight away ) ! p5 or bru%4 ,:5 ! lett]+ is q dry ! p5cil-m>ks may be clean$ (f ) bread or s(t rubb]1 or if *>coal has be5 us$ ?is may be du/$ (f q easily2 ! po/] is !n complete4 ,z is pla9ly obvi\s1 ! po/] %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj is produc$ by means ( ! p54 ,! be/ type ( p5 = po/]-writ+ is und\bt$ly ! re$ p51 especially if ! writ+ is ne$$ to be fairly l>ge4 ,:5 ?is =m ( p5 is us$ x is advisable to cut x ) a fairly long slit2 ?is w ensure ! p5 work+ mu* easi]4 ,:5 writ+ ) black & r$ inks1 "o p5 %\ld be kept = black & ! o!r = r$4 ,if ?is is n done1 ! p5 %\ld be c>efully wa%$ aft] x has be5 us$ = black ink be=e us+ r$ ink1 o!rwise ! black left 9 ! p5 w mix ) ! r$ & make ! col\r dirty4 ,und\bt$ly ! be/ way is1 z already m5tion$1 to use a sep>ate p5 = ea* col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,z mo/ po/]s h to be expos$ to ! wea!r x is well to use only fix$ inks4 ,fix$ inks are g5]ally prep>$ by be+ mix$ ) %ellac :i* is dissolv$ 9 a solution ( borax4 ,ord9>y wat]-col\rs may1 h[ev]1 be made wat]pro( q easily by ! foll[+ me?od4 ,a saturat$ solution is made ( "s bi*romate ( pota%1 & a few drops ( ?is solution are add$ to ! col\r j be=e us+ x4 ,z ?is *emical makes a bright orange solution x w alt] "s col\rs slightly1 b = blacks & r$s x w n be noticeable4 ,?is *emical has ! prop]ty ( mak+ glue1 size1 or gum insoluble :5 x is mix$ ) !m1 aft] exposure to ! light1 &1 z wat]-col\rs are mix$ ) gum1 x has ! same effect 9 ?is case4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! po/] be expos$ to ! light ( ! sun = a %ort p]iod aft] x has be5 writt51 ! col\r quickly becomes insoluble & !re=e wat]pro(4 ,! be/ way is to mix z mu* col\r z w be requir$ 9 a small sauc]1 add+ ! bi*romate solution4 ,x is q easy to und]/& t if any ( ?is col\r dries 9 ! sauc] x w h to be ?r[n away1 z ! light quickly affects x :5 dry & x w be q useless ow+ to its insolubility4 ,possibly x w be notic$ t a yell[ /a9 w %[ on ! back ( ! po/] :5 ! bi*romate has p5etrat$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 9 ?is case "o side only ( ! pap] is us$1 ?is w n matt] 9 ! lea/4 ,l>g] po/]s may be writt5 ) ! bru% 7see ,fig4 #da71 or p>tly ) ! p5 & p>tly ) ! bru%4 ,a bru% t is v suitable = quick writ+ is a ,japanese bru% l ! "o illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,?is c be us$ almo/ 9 ! same mann] z ! p51 & x is possible to write v quickly ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,illu/ration3 ,,design ,,= ,a ,,m5u4 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,m>%all ,snelgrove1 ,ltd4 ,= v c>eful writ+ ! be/ bru% is ! k9d kn[n z a sable writ]4 ,?is is a sable bru% ) r long hair4 ,practice is necess>y be=e ! /ud5t becomes exp]t 9 ! use ( x1 b x w be f\nd t ! long sweep+ curves ( ! r\nd lett]s1 z also ! /raight /rokes ( ! o!r lett]s1 may be =m$ mu* m easily ) ?is type ( bru% ?an ) ! ord9>y k9d us$ = pa9t+4 ,writ]s are g5]ally 9 quills1 s p]haps a ^w may be useful "h ) reg>d to ! me?od ( fix+ a quill bru% on a h&le4 ,x is n wise to take ! quill z x comes f ! %op & pu% x on to a /ick4 ,! quill is v liable to split if pu%$ on too tightly1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 if x is n fix$ securely x w drop (f1 probably :il/ do+ "s important "w1 & w almo/ c]ta9ly spoil x if x falls (f :5 well *>g$ ) col\r4 ,! prop] way to fix a quill bru% is1 fir/ ( all1 to soak ! bru% well until ! quill becomes q s(t4 ,! /ick is !n c>efully tap]$ ) a %>p knife until x exactly fits ! quill4 ,!n1 :ile ! quill is /ill s(t1 x is c>efully fitt$ on to ! /ick4 ,! result ( ?is me?od is t :5 ! quill gets dry & h>d x w be f\nd to be fitt$ q tightly on to ! /ick1 & w c]ta9ly n fall (f2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 !re is no dang] ( splitt+ ! quill4 ,:5 writ+ po/]s 9 black & r$1 ! r$ %\ld be us$ to give emphasis to words t are important4 ,= example1 9 ! specim5 %[n1 ! ^w 8,,conc]t0 may be 9 r$2 also ! place1 date1 & "t may well be writt5 9 ?is col\r to make !m m conspicu\s4 ,a simple bord] may be add$ compos$ ( "s slight decoration =m$ ) direct bru% /rokes if s desir$4 ,?is may be ei!r 9 "o or two col\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,l>ge notices t are requir$ to be la/+ may be writt5 on canvas1 us+ oil-col\rs4 ,"s examples ( w9d[-tickets are %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,^! may be writt5 ) ! quill p54 ,! use ( black & r$ is v effective = ^!1 b any col\rs may be us$4 ,x might be a good idea to write a quantity ( tickets accord+ to a special col\r s*eme = a p>ticul> w9d[ display4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c\ld be/ be done by work+ 9 conjunction ) ! "o :o is responsible = dress+ ! w9d[4 ,"s tickets might be writt5 9 :ite on a d>k backgr\nd4 ,x w be f\nd t1 = use 9 ! p51 col\rs t h be5 mix$ ) gum & wat] )\t any addition ( honey or glyc]9e w fl[ mu* bett] ?an ord9>y wat]-col\rs4 ,:5 ^! are us$ !y t5d to clog ! p54 ,!re is no necessity 9 ?is case to fix ! col\rs z !y w n be expos$ to ! wea!r1 s !re=e w n ne$ to be wat]pro(4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,if ! /ud5t has become famili> ) ! use ( ! quill p5 he %\ld be able to write ^! fairly quickly & !re=e *eaply4 ,! use ( simple decoration =m$ ) ! same p5 t ! lett]+ has be5 done ) may be employ$1 b ?is %\ld n be ov]done4 ,9 ,fig4 #dc an example is giv5 ( a %[-c>d t has be5 writt5 ) ! p5 9 a simple1 /raight=w>d fa%ion4 ,a simple bord] has be5 add$ :i* may be quickly & easily =m$ ) ! p5 or bru%4 ,= writ+ small %[-c>ds ! quill p5 may be us$1 b = l>g] ones ! re$ p5 w be m s]viceable4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,! ,,illum9at$ ,,ms4 ,,book ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! illum9at$ ,,ms4 book occupi$ a v prom95t position4 ,! pr9t+-press 0 n !n 9 exi/5ce1 s ! manuscript book 0 )\t a rival4 ,to-day ! pr9t+-press is to ! =efront & ! manuscript book is practically unhe>d (4 ,!re is1 nev]!less1 no reason :y ! art ( illum9ation %\ld n be practis$ 9 ! same mann] z 0 =m]ly ! case4 ,x is true t beautiful books are produc$ by ! pr9t]1 b !re ought also to be a dem& = books beautiful1 writt5 & illum9at$ by arti/s ( ! pres5t day4 ,an illum9at$ manuscript has _m advantages ov] ! pr9t$ book1 "o ( :i* is ! fact t x is unique in/ead ( be+ "o ( _m4 ,!re is no ne$ to enum]ate ! _m o!r advantages t ! manuscript book possesses4 ,! be/ mat]ial ^u :i* to write a manuscript book is und\bt$ly vellum1 al?\gh f9e h&-made pap] may be sub/itut$ if x is n desirable to g to ! exp5se ( procur+ vellum = ?is purpose4 ,a pap] t is s(t & flexible %\ld be select$ 9 pref]5ce to "o t is h>d & /iff4 ,any?+ approa*+ c>dbo>d %\ld be avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,frontispiece ,,( ,,illum9at$ ,,ms4 ,,( ,,blake',s 8,,songs ,,( ,,innoc5ce40 ,,by ,,sidney ,,f>nswor?4 ,! fir/ ?+ to decide 9 writ+ a manuscript book is ! size ( ! page4 ,aft] ?is is settl$1 ! size ( ! lett]+ %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,if ! manuscript is to be on vellum ?is %\ld be b\ght ready cut to ! size requir$4 ,x is mu* *eap] to buy vellum 9 ?is way ?an to buy ! sk9 & cut x = oneself4 ,! reason = ?is is because ! manufactur] c cut up a m or less imp]fect sk9 into small pieces1 b :5 a :ole sk9 is requir$ ?is mu/ be p]fect 9 e respect4 ,! be/ vellum = manuscript books is ! k9d kn[n z ,roman vellum1 a v s(t & flexible k9d ( vellum4 ,= title-pages1 & any o!r pages :i* are likely to be cov]$ ) elaborate "w1 a slightly heavi] vellum may be advisable4 ,= g5]al purposes a good size = ! page is #aj 94 by #g 941 i4e41 ! vellum %eets %\ld be cut #aj 94 by #ae 94 ,x is z well to leave a slight m>g9 = draw+-p9s 9 addition to ?is4 ,"o ( ^! %eets %\ld be rul$ out1 z %[n 9 7a71 ,fig4 #dd1 ) a %>ply-po9t$ ,h4,b4 p5cil4 ,! l9es %\ld be rul$ v lightly s t !y may be eras$ ) ! slighte/ possible t\* ( ! rubb]4 ,aft] "o %eet has be5 c>efully rul$ out 9 ?is mann]1 ! o!rs c be m>k$ out 9 a simil> fa%ion by prick+ ?r\gh4 ,manuscript books are g5]ally writt5 9 eight-page sections1 =m$ by fold+ "o %eet )9 ! o!r1 z 9 7b74 ,! proportion ( ! m>g9s may v>y accord+ to circum/ances1 b x is be/ to make !m fairly wide4 ,! inside m>g9 is made small] ?an ! outside "o1 because ! two inn] m>g9s come toge!r1 ?us =m+ a wide m>g9 betwe5 ! two pages ( lett]+4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be made wid] ?an half ! size ( ! outside m>g91 to all[ = ! fold+ ( ! leaves :5 ! book is b\nd4 ,a good arrangem5t = ! comm5cem5t ( a ,,ms4 book is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd 7b71 7c71 or 7d74 ,! title is writt5 on page #a4 ,pages #b & #c are blanks4 ,! frontispiece & title-page occupy pages #d & #e4 ,page #f is ano!r blank1 & ! manuscript />ts on page #g4 ,! title may be writt5 simply 9 r$1 or r$ & black4 ,?is %\ld n be writt5 q 9 ! c5tre ( ! page1 a l>g] space %\ld be left at ! bottom1 z if ?is is equal ) ! top x w look z if a l>g] space _h be5 left at ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,= ! frontispiece a m9iature may be us$1 illu/rat+ "s passage 9 ! book2 or a coat-(-arms or "s symbol may be work$ 9 surr\nd$ by decoration4 ,! title-page %\ld h ! title & ! au?or's "n1 b ! arti/ %\ld n put 8 "n "h4 ,:5 he has f9i%$ ! ,,ms4 he may write at ! end a colophon1 /at+ 8 "n1 & :5 & :]e ! book 0 writt54 ,x is be/ :5 writ+ out ! manuscript to leave ! title-page & frontispiece until ! re/ ( ! matt] has be5 writt54 ,illu/ration3 ,,title-,,page ,,( ,,illum9at$ ,,ms4 ,,( ,,blake',s 8,,songs ,,( ,,innoc5ce40 ,,by ,,sidney ,,f>nswor?4 ,no elaborate plann+ ( pages is necess>y4 ,a good numb] ( pages %\ld be rul$ out ) l9es ready = writ+1 & ! manuscript %\ld be writt5 /raight away ) ! quill p54 ,spaces are left = initial lett]s1 m9iatures1 etc41 z ! writ] feels !y are fitt+ & necess>y4 ,! /ud5t %\ld be v c>eful to write out ! pages 9 ! prop] ord]1 z x is v easy to make mi/akes by writ+ on ! wrong pages4 ,= example1 if he is n c>eful he is v liable1 aft] hav+ writt5 ! second page ( a section1 to g on writ+ on page #g1 in/ead ( page #c1 :i* is on ano!r %eet ( vellum fold$ inside ! fir/4 ,a good me?od = avoid+ ?is is to numb] ! pages lightly 9 p5cil ) l>ge figures at ! head ( ea* page4 ,:5 writ+ out ! words1 ! vellum %\ld be fa/5$ to ! draw+-bo>d ) draw+-p9s1 a pad =m$ ) sev]al %eets ( blott+-pap] be+ plac$ "u ! vellum to ensure easy writ+4 ,if possible1 place ! copy j above ! writ+ level1 :]e x c easily be se54 ,if x is necess>y to f9d out h[ _m pages ! manuscript is likely to run into1 a r\gh calculation c easily be made by rul+ out a %eet ( pap] & lightly p5cill+ 9 a page ( ! writ+4 ,x w !n be an easy matt] to c\nt up ! numb] ( words to =m an e/imate ( ! numb] ( pages requir$4 ,! /ud5t %\ld always1 be=e comm5c+ to write1 read ?r\gh ! matt] & decide :at initials he w h1 also :e!r he w h any m9iatures1 etc4 ,9 fact1 he ought to be able1 be=e he comm5ces "w1 to visualise ! :ole ( ! manuscript complet$4 ,if 8 m5tal image ( ! f9i%$ book is a gr& "o he w be inspir$ to d 8 utmo/ to make ! actual "o z mu* l ! "o 9 8 imag9ation z possible4 ,aft] ! writ+ has be5 done1 ! initial lett]s1 bord]s1 etc41 may be drawn lightly ) p5cil4 ,aft] ?is1 ! next /age is ! gild+4 ,be=e ?is is done1 h[ev]1 ! vellum %\ld be c>efully fa/5$ tightly to ! draw+-bo>d ) a l>ge numb] ( draw+-p9s to prev5t x f cockl+4 ,:5 ! gold has be5 laid & burni%$1 ! col\r+ is proce$$ )1 & ! page is f9i%$4 ,! colophon is writt5 at ! end1 a blank page be+ left betwe5 x & ! la/ page ( writ+4 ,?is %\ld be 9 q simple lett]+ )\t any o/5tati\s %[ ( decoration4 ,! word+ may be z foll[s3 8,?is book1 writt5 out by me ---- 9 ----1 = ----1 0 f9i%$ on ! ---- day ( ----1 ,anno ,dom9i1 #ai--40 ,( c\rse1 !re is no ne$ to ^w ! colophon always 9 ?is mann]4 ,?is is m]ely a =m sugge/$4 ,9 ! case ( a book :]e sev]al h tak5 "p 9 ! "w1 m5tion %\ld be made ( ?is4 ,x is n a bad plan also to include ! "n ( ! b9d]1 9 ! ev5t ( ! book be+ b\nd by a good craftsman4 ,"s examples ( colophons are %[n 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,x is a mi/ake to make all ! pages elaborate 9 /yle2 9 fact x is be/ to make ! majority ( !m q simple 9 treatm5t1 ) "h & !re "o t is m ornate 9 "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,! writ+ is ! pr9cipal ?+ 9 ! book1 !re=e no?+ mu/ be add$ t w 9 any way detract f ?is4 ,if ! addition ( decoration has ?is effect x w\ld be mu* bett] to leave ! writ+ q pla94 ,x is impossible to lay d[n any rules to gov]n ! use ( decoration 9 ! manuscript book4 ,x is l>gely a matt] ( feel+ "o's way4 ,if ! decoration is well-consid]$ & suit$ to ! words x w help1 r ?an detract f1 ! lett]+4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! prim>y object ( a book is to be read4 ,if ! book fails 9 ?is respect x w also mo/ c]ta9ly fail f ! /&po9t ( beauty4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ess5tials ( any?+ t lays claim to beauty is t x %all s]ve its purpose4 ,!re=e c>e %\ld be tak5 t no?+ be done t w1 9 any way1 t5d to make ! book less readable4 ,! decoration %\ld be /rongly influ5c$ by ! subject-matt] ( ! book4 ,"s illum9ators appe> to h "o idea only ) reg>d to illum9ation4 ,no matt] :at ! words are1 ! same k9d ( decoration is us$4 ,!y seem to make no di/9ction :e!r ! subject is a m$ival romance or some?+ q mod]n4 ,?is is a great mi/ake1 & %[s a lack ( ?\ght & imag9ation on ! "p ( ! arti/4 ,! ideas express$ 9 ! words %\ld also be felt 9 ! decoration2 9 fact1 ! book :5 complet$ %\ld =m "o h>moni\s :ole4 ,:5 m9iatures are introduc$ ^! also %\ld h>monise ) ! decoration4 ,x is n advisable to make ^! resemble small wat]-col\r pa9t+s t h no connection ) ! re/ ( ! ornam5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! %\ld n be drawn 9 too conv5tional a mann]4 ,!y %\ld be ess5tially decorative 9 treatm5t1 & c>eful /udy f nature %\ld prev5t ! /ud5t f mak+ ^! too h>d & rigid 9 "*4 ,complete unity %\ld run ?r\gh\t all ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,pages ,,f ,,! ,,illum9at$ ,,ms4 ,,( ,,blake',s 8,,songs ,,( ,,innoc5ce40 ,,by ,,sidney ,,f>nswor?4 ,ev5 9 ! writ+ itself x is possible to express some?+4 ,= example1 "s prose looks be/ if writt5 ) a fairly heavy mass$ writ+1 :il/ o!r ( a light] "* seems to be be/ if writt5 ) ! lett]+ less heavy & m loosely arrang$4 ,poetry g5]ally seems to require to be writt5 ) a light] type ( lett] & ) ! l9es ( lett]+ wid] ap>t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n wise to lay d[n h>d & fa/ rules ) reg>d to ?is3 "o %\ld be able to feel :at is ! be/ ?+ to d4 ,:5 writ+ ! ,,ms41 &1 inde$1 "r ?r\gh e /age1 absolute quiet is necess>y to conc5trate "o's m9d on ! "w4 ,"o %\ld endeav\r to give x "o's undivid$ att5tion4 ,a te/ z to :e!r an arti/ has succe$$ is to obs]ve1 :5 ! book is %[n to anyone1 :e!r ! words are notic$ at all1 or if ! decoration only is admir$ )\t any appreh5sion z to :at ! words are ab\t4 ,if ! latt] is ! case1 !n1 to "s ext5t1 ! arti/ has fail$4 ,a manuscript t has be5 illum9at$ 9 ! "r _s %\ld enable ! read] to und]/& & appreciate ! words bett]4 ,aft] ! ,,ms4 is complet$ x %\ld be c>efully b\nd by an exp]i5c$ b9d]4 ,x is z well to *oose a good craftsman = ?is purpose1 & "o :o has _h "s exp]i5ce 9 b9d+ manuscripts conta9+ rais$ gold1 z x is v easy = a b9d] to spoil ! manuscript if he is n accu/om$ to h&l+ "w ( ?is k9d4 ,to make ! :ole ?+ a success x is necess>y t ! b9d] %\ld be an arti/ z well z ! illum9ator4 ,a simple me?od ( b9d+ ,,mss4 9 limp vellum1 )\t special appliances1 is describ$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,a ,,simple ,,me?od ,,( ,,b9d+ ,,mss4 ,! me?od ( b9d+ describ$ 9 ?is *apt] is n int5d$ to take ! place ( prop] b9d+ 9 lea!r4 ,h[ev]1 x is sometimes useful to be able to put ! ,,ms4 9 a cov] :5 x is n desirable or conv5i5t to g to ! exp5se ( hav+ ! book b\nd 9 ! usual way4 ,b9d+ ) /iff bo>ds is an art t requires consid]able exp]i5ce z well z skill$ tra9+1 b !re is no reason :y ,,mss4 %\ld n be b\nd 9 limp vellum 9 ! mann] describ$ "h4 ,no special appliances are ne$$ = ?is me?od1 & ! writ] %\ld be able to complete 8 ,,mss4 by b9d+ !m )\t any difficulty if ! directions giv5 "h are c>efully foll[$4 ,two additional sections ( pla9 pap] or vellum %\ld be made1 to s]ve z end-pap]s1 "o at ea* end ( ! book4 ,if ! ,,ms4 is on vellum1 ! end-pap]s %\ld be ( ! same mat]ial1 b if on pap] ! end-pap]s %\ld be made ( pap] ( ! same k9d z t us$ = ! re/ ( ! book4 ,f\r /rips ( b9d]'s vellum %\ld !n be cut1 ^! be+ ab\t #c_/h 94 wide & f\r in*es long4 ,! sections %\ld be knock$ up q squ>ely1 & %\ld be m>k$ on ! back ) a s(t black-lead p5cil 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #df1 us+ a squ>e to get ! l9es accurate4 ,! sections %\ld all be m>k$ q di/9ctly s t ea* section %[s ! divisions q pla9ly4 ,?is gives ! position ( ! f\r /rips ( vellum & ! kettle-/it*es at ea* end4 ,! m>k = ! kettle-/it* %\ld be ab\t 94 f ea* end1 al?\gh sometimes at ! bottom a little m ?an ?is is all[$4 ,! position ( ! vellum /rips %\ld be 9 ! same proportion z giv5 9 ,fig4 #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,:5 ready to sew ! sections1 take ! f\r vellum /rips & fold ea* "o ab\t #a 94 or #a 94 at "r angles f ea* end1 accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! book4 ,!n take a draw+-bo>d & place on ! edge ( x ! fir/ section face d[nw>ds1 ) ! f\r /rips plac$ 9 position ) _! %ort] ends und]nea?4 ,get a ne$le1 ?read$ ) good silk or unblea*$ ?read1 & ins]t x at ! top kettle-/it* m>k f ! outside1 br++ x out aga9 at ! fir/ m>k = ! vellum /rip4 ,br+ ! ?read r\nd ! /rip & re-ins]t ! ne$le on ! o!r side1 br++ x out aga9 & r\nd ! next /rip1 & s on until x comes out at ! bottom kettle-/it*4 ,:5 ?is is done x %\ld h ! effect1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #df1 ( a cont9u\s ?read pass+ 9 & out & r\nd ! vellum /rips4 ,n[ take ! next section & place x 9 position & sew 9 ! same mann]1 cont9u+ ) ! same ?read b 9 ! rev]se mann]4 ,^u com+ to ! loose end1 :]e ! ne$le 0 fir/ ins]t$1 ?is %\ld be ti$ up ) x4 ,!n add ano!r section1 go+ backw>ds & =w>ds1 add+ section by section until ! :ole is complet$4 ,ea* kettle-/it* is l9k$ up z %[n 9 ,fig4 #df1 & x is a good plan also to l9k up ! ?reads t cross ov] ! vellum /rips 9 ! same mann]4 ,to keep ! sections 9 position :ile /it*+1 a small pap]-weight is useful4 ,! ?read %\ld be drawn fairly tightly1 a fre% ne$leful ( ?read be+ ti$ on to ! end ( ! o!r :5 x is exhau/$1 & :5 ! /it*+ is complet$ ! end %\ld be c>efully ti$ up ) ! la/ kettle-/it*4 ,! back may !n be cov]$ ) ?9 glue & l9$ ) a piece ( ?9 lea!r or t\gh pap]1 & ! ,,ms4 is !n ready = cov]+4 7,see ,fig4 #di47 ,a piece ( b9d+ vellum is cut = ! cov] & m>k$ ) a fold] on ! und]side1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,! two l9es m>k$ d[n ! c5tre repres5t ! ?ickness ( ! sections4 ,! two spaces on ei!r side1 exclusive ( m>g9s1 %\ld be slightly l>g] ?an ! size ( ! sides ( ! book4 ,! wide m>g9 t ext5ds all ! way r\nd may be approximately #a 941 :ile ! additional n>r[ m>g9 on two sides may be 94 9 wid?4 ,! corn]s %\ld be cut along ! dott$ l9es ) a %>p knife4 ,illu/ration3 ,vellum ,cov] ,,fig4 #dg4 ,! cov] is !n fold$ up 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh4 ,x is z well to /ick ! edges d[n ) a little /iff quick-dry+ pa/e4 ,! two n>r[ m>g9s %\ld be m>k$ ) ! fold] & fold$ ov] to =m two flaps on ! =e-edge ( ! book4 ,all ^! folds %\ld be made v c>efully s z to ensure !m be+ q ev54 ,"s p f9d x be/ to make a cov] ( /iff pap] fir/1 &1 :5 ?is fits correctly1 !y make ! vellum cov] exactly ! same size4 ,x is possible by ?is me?od to avoid spoil+ ! vellum ?r\gh cutt+ x s t x does n fit4 ,illu/ration3 ,cov] ready = b9d+ ! ,,ms4 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,! next ?+ to d is to m>k ! places on ! inside ( ! cov] = ! vellum /rips to be lac$ ?r\gh4 ,^! %\ld be made ab\t 94 f ! creases ( ! back4 ,ano!r m>k %\ld be made ab\t #c_/h 94 away f ! fir/ m>k4 ,if ! book is n[ plac$ 9 ! cov] x w be q an easy matt] to m>k exactly :]e ! vellum /rips int]sect ^! l9es1 & slits may be cut ) a %>p knife 9 ! cov] 9 ! places m>k$ ) dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! vellum /rips may n[ be lac$ ?r\gh ^! slits & ! ends /uck d[n ) /rong pa/e4 ,"s pieces ( good silk ribbon may be atta*$ to ! top & bottom /rips & lac$ ?r\gh ! cov]1 leav+ ! ends to tie1 or ! book may be left )\t ^!4 ,! two outside end-pap]s may !n be pa/$ d[n on to ! inside ( ! vellum cov]4 ,?is w cov] up ! ends ( ! vellum /rips4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ess5tial t = all ?is a quick-dry+ pa/e %\ld be us$ & n "o t is v liquid1 z ?is w\ld quickly /rike ?r\gh & cockle ! vellum4 ,! end-pap]s %\ld be pa/$ d[n v neatly & !n ! book %\ld be plac$ "u pressure until x is q dry4 ,"o or two heavy books make a v good press = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ms4 ready = ins]tion 9 ,cov]4 ,f9i%$ ,volume4 ,,fig4 #di4 ,:5 ! book is q dry ! decoration ( ! cov] may be proce$$ )4 ,! title may be writt5 on x ) q pla9 lett]+ or x may be decorat$ 9 a m elaborate fa%ion4 ,x is bett] n to use rais$ gold1 z x is v liable to get damag$ on ! cov] ( ! book4 ,h[ev]1 "s v good effects c be obta9$ ) flat gild+4 ,! vellum /rips t are lac$ ?r\gh ! cov] (f] scope = decoration4 ,if x is desirable to write ! title on ! back ( ! book x is bett] to d ?is be=e ! book is b\nd1 z x is r a difficult matt] to write "h :5 ! book has be5 b\nd4 ,if x is desir$ to d s1 ! cov] may be made ( ?9 c>d or /\t pap] 9 ?is way & !n h a cov] ( vellum fold$ ov] x4 ,if ?is is done1 ! vellum /rips w1 ( c\rse1 be cov]$ up on ! outside1 z well z ! inside1 ( ! cov]4 ,g5]ally ! books mo/ suitable = ?is /yle ( b9d+ are small ones1 al?\gh l>g] ,,mss4 are sometimes b\nd 9 ?is way4 ,! same rem>ks t 7 made ) reg>d to ! /yle ( decoration 9 ! ,,ms4 itself apply equally "h4 ,! subject ( ! book mu/ decide1 to a l>ge ext5t1 :at /yle ( ornam5t is to be us$4 ,= example1 a volume ( mod]n poetry w require q diff]5t treatm5t to t ( a m$ival romance4 ,x ought to be possible = ! illum9ator to make "s v *>m+ little volumes 9 ?is mann]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,! ,,illum9ation ,,( ,,! ,,pr9t$ ,,book ,z already m5tion$ 9 an e>li] *apt]1 "s ( ! e>ly pr9t$ books 7 enri*$ ) f9e illum9at$ initials1 bord]s1 etc4 ,^! books 7 pr9t$ ) spaces left = ! arti/ to ins]t ^!1 & ?is seems to h (t5 be5 ! cu/om dur+ ! e>ly days ( pr9t+4 ,!re ought to be a dem& = books produc$ 9 ?is mann] 9 ! pres5t day1 & ! mod]n illum9ator %\ld be able to d good "w 9 ?is way4 ,:5 x is int5d$ to apply illum9ation to ! pr9t$ book1 x is well t ! book select$ %\ld be wor?y ( be+ illum9at$1 bo? ) reg>d to subject-matt] & also ! way 9 :i* x is pr9t$4 ,x %\ld be beautifully pr9t$ on good pap]4 ,"s *oice editions h be5 pr9t$ on vellum1 b ^! are few & f> betwe54 ,h[ev]1 if possible1 ! book select$ %\ld be pr9t$ on good h&-made pap]4 ,! illum9ator %\ld c>efully avoid s-call$ 8art0 pap]s1 :i* h a clay surface & are by no means durable1 besides be+ f> f ideal = work+ ^u4 ,! book %\ld be pr9t$ f good type1 ) nice wide m>g9s s z to leave pl5ty ( scope = decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,illum9at+ a book aft] x has be5 b\nd is a r difficult matt]1 s x is bett] to procure ! %eets1 if possible1 be=e !y h be5 b\nd4 ,x is mu* m conv5i5t to "w ^u !m :5 !y are unb\nd1 z ea* page 9 turn c be fa/5$ to ! draw+-bo>d 9 ! usual way4 ,a good edition ( any book c g5]ally be obta9$ f ! publi%]s 9 %eets if application is made4 ,9 ! case :]e x is possible only to "w on ! book aft] x has be5 b\nd1 x is be/ to tie ! pages back ) a piece ( n>r[ tape 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,a piece ( /\t c>dbo>d is plac$ at ! back ( ! book1 & ! book is ti$ to ?is by means ( ! tapes4 ,?is n only prev5ts ! pages f turn+ ov]1 b also precludes ! possibility ( ! book accid5tally clos+4 ,"o ?+ is extremely important 9 connection ) ! illum9ation ( ! pr9t$ book1 & t is t ! decoration %\ld be 9 keep+ ) ! mod]n type us$ 9 pr9t+4 ,! book %\ld n look z if ! text ought to be writt5 9 ,go?ic script4 ,! illum9ator mu/ endeav\r to pres]ve a feel+ ( unity ab\t ! book4 ,if ! book is illum9at$ l a ?irte5?-c5tury missal1 ! ord9>y ,roman type w look out ( place4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add t ,go?ic initials %\ld n be us$1 z !y w\ld be entirely out ( keep+ ) ! type4 ,a good =m ( ,roman capital may be us$ in/ead4 ,if illu/rations 9 ! =m ( full-page plates =m "p ( ! book !y may be m\nt$ on good /\t h&-made pap] & h ! titles nicely writt5 und]nea?4 ,= writ+ ! titles "u illu/rations a simple =m ( ,roman script %\ld be us$1 s z to be z mu* 9 keep+ ) ! type z possible4 ,x is n advisable to add any decoration to ! page on :i* ! illu/ration is m\nt$4 ,! inscription alone is suffici5t & %\ld be nicely writt5 9 well-=m$ writ+4 ,= ! title-page ( ! book ?is may ei!r be sub/itut$ by "o entirely done by h&1 or ! pr9t$ "o may be slightly decorat$4 ,x is be/ n to make ?is too elaborate1 especially if ! pr9t$ "o is us$4 ,9 fact x may be be/ to leave x practically pla91 b ?is is a po9t t mu/ be decid$ by "o's own good ta/e4 ,! op5+ page may be made important by us+ a f9e initial lett]4 ,by ! use ( body col\rs x is possible to pa9t ?is 9 on top ( ! pr9t$ lett]4 ,! fir/ ^w1 :i* is g5]ally pr9t$ 9 capitals1 may also be pa9t$ 9 ! same way1 ei!r 9 gold or col\rs4 ,! decoration %\ld be suit$ to ! subject-matt] ( ! book & %\ld n be c>ri$ to excess4 ,x is mu* bett] = ! decoration to be some:at too simple 9 "* ?an = x to look too ornate & cr[d$4 ,! decoration %\ld be kept q free 9 "* & e endeav\r %\ld be made to prev5t x f gett+ h>d & sev]e4 ,all ! poetry & sweetness possible %\ld be put into x4 ,e page %\ld n be cov]$ ) decoration2 ?is %\ld n be attempt$4 ,all ! v>iety possible %\ld be got by mak+ "s pages q simple 9 treatm5t1 o!rs may be m elaborate1 :ile "s may be left q pla94 ,too _m heavy bord]s %\ld n be introduc$4 ,! use ( illum9at$ tail-pieces af=ds a good opportunity = ! illum9ator to add to ! int]e/ ( ! page1 & !re is g5]ally pl5ty ( scope = ^! at ! end ( *apt]s1 etc4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! pr9t$ book %\ld n be us$ = illum9at+ :5 x is possible to write out ! words1 z a manuscript book is c]ta9ly pref]able to a pr9t$ "o4 ,b 9 cases :]e a book is too long to be writt5 out1 ! application ( illum9ation to typography is c]ta9ly a great advantage if judici\sly us$4 ,at ! end ( ! book ! illum9ator may add 8 colophon1 /at+ t ! illum9ation 9 ! book 0 execut$ by himself1 & giv+ ! date ( its completion & o!r int]e/+ details4 ,a complete edition ( ! works ( a fav\rite poet is a good example = illum9ation 9 ?is mann]4 ,x w\ld take f> too mu* "t1 z well z be+ too co/ly1 = ! mod]n illum9ator to write out a l>ge volume ( poetry1 b x might be nicely pr9t$ & illum9at$ 9 ?is way4 ,by ^! means a beautiful book might be produc$ t ought to appeal to ! lov] ( *oice books4 ,d\btless !re w be _m books t w sugge/ !mselves = treatm5t 9 ?is mann]1 al?\gh x is to be fe>$ t a great _m ( ! books writt5 9 ! pres5t day are h>dly suitable = illum9ation4 ,no "o w\ld dream ( illum9at+ a treatise on surg]y to-day1 & yet ev5 ?is 0 done 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!re is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum an illum9at$ ,,ms4 ( a ,fr5* treatise on surg]y ( ! ?irte5? c5tury :i* is q *>m+ 9 /yle4 ,?is k9d ( ?+ is1 h[ev]1 q impossible to-day4 ,/ill1 !re is q a l>ge numb] ( books t are suitable 9 e way = illum9ation4 ,s]vice books = use 9 *ur*es may well be made subjects = decoration 9 ! =m sugge/$ "h4 ,^! alone ought to (f] pl5ty ( scope = ! mod]n illum9ator4 ,a s]vice book beautifully pr9t$ on f9e h&-made pap] & illum9at$ %\ld =m an ideal gift = a *ur*4 ,a well-pr9t$ edition ( a fav\rite au?or1 illum9at$ ) f9e initials & bord]s1 might occasionally be sub/itut$ = ! usual illum9at$ address4 ,?is w\ld probably be appreciat$ v mu* m ?an ! ord9>y type ( te/imonial :i* is g5]ally giv54 ,9 ?is case an inscription may be writt5 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! book giv+ p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! pres5tation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,pr9t$ ,,book ,,decoration ,!re ought to be pl5ty ( scope = ! mod]n illum9ator 9 pr9t$ book decoration4 ,8 tra9+ 9 writ+ & illum9ation ought to be ( ! greate/ s]vice to him :5 he is call$ ^u to produce decoration = ! purpose ( pr9t+ ) type4 ,)\t a d\bt1 ! ideal =m ( pr9t$ decoration is t produc$ by means ( wood-blocks t h be5 engrav$ by ! arti/4 ,if he is able to engrave blocks f 8 own designs x w be possible = him to get mu* m human int]e/ 9 8 "w4 ,z a direct me?od ( arti/ic expression wood-engrav+ has m]its f> above t ( ! me*anical me?ods ( reproduction4 ,wood-engrav+ is1 h[ev]1 s important z to require a sep>ate treatise1 x be+ q impossible to deal ) x "h4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( pr9t$ book decoration is produc$ f l9e process blocks1 & x is ) ?is =m ( reproduction t x is int5d$ to deal 9 ?is *apt]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! book1 f ! po9t ( view ( decoration1 is und\bt$ly ! title-page4 ,9 ,fig4 #ea "s ( ! =ms t ?is may take h be5 sugge/$4 ,9 mak+ a design = reproduction by ?is process x is n advisable to make ! draw+ mu* l>g] ?an x is requir$ to be :5 reproduc$4 ,! decoration loses mu* ( its individual *>m :5 x is r$uc$ too mu*4 ,a successful reproduction %\ld repres5t ! orig9al draw+ ( ! arti/ z ne>ly z possible1 & if x is r$uc$ a great deal !re w probably be a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 ! reproduction & ! orig9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,9 design+ a title-page a great deal dep5ds on ! /yle ( book x is int5d$ =4 ,a book on ar*itecture or eng9e]+ w\ld require q diff]5t treatm5t f a volume ( poetry4 ,a v simple =m ( title-page is sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #ea 7a74 ,?is consi/s ( nicely-arrang$ lett]+ ) a pr9t]'s device or "s symbolical ornam5t4 ,if desir$1 ! l>g] lett]+ may be drawn & ! re/ pr9t$ f good type well arrang$4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add t ! lett]+ %\ld be 9 keep+ ) t us$ 9 ! o!r "p ( ! book4 ,a title-page ) ! lett]+ pr9t$ f type & suitable decoration add$ is a v satisfactory =m4 ,! next "o1 %[n 9 7b71 is "o :]e ! lett]+ is enclos$ )9 a bord]4 ,?is may be ei!r q simple or elaborate1 z desir$4 ,! /yle indicat$ 9 7c7 is "o 9 :i* ! lett]+ is incorporat$ ) ! design4 ,?is is a =m (t5 employ$ = an elaborately decorat$ edition1 su* z a volume ( poems4 ,! next "o 7d7 is ! pictorial type3 nicely-arrang$ lett]+ ) a picture 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is may be ei!r 9 l9e or col\r1 b g5]ally x is 9 l9e1 treat$ r boldly4 ,a woodcut illu/ration ) r$ & black lett]+ makes a v effective title-page4 ,! la/ sugge/ion1 giv5 9 7e71 is = ! d\ble =m ( title-page4 ,a good numb] ( ri*ly decorat$ volumes are ( ?is =m4 ,ano!r type t is (t5 us$ is :]e ! lett]+ is plac$ on a tablet1 scroll1 c>t\*e1 or o!r ornam5tal device2 or ! page may be a comb9ation ( lett]+1 bord]1 & illu/ration4 ,in/ead ( a bord] t is rigidly def9$ x may h a bord] t is q loose 9 "*4 ,possibly sev]al o!r v>iations w sugge/ !mselves to ! arti/4 ,ano!r important "p ( book decoration is ! initial lett]4 ,z m5tion$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] on ! illum9ation ( ! pr9t$ book1 ^! %\ld be ( ! ,roman type4 ,go?ic initials %\ld nev] be employ$ ) mod]n type4 ,above all1 ! initial lett] %\ld always be di/9ct4 ,a puzzle is all "r 9 its place1 b ?is is n ! place = x4 ,9 ,fig4 #eb "s examples are giv5 ( bad =ms = ! /ud5t to avoid4 ,x w\ld h be5 easy to h fill$ q a l>ge numb] ( pages ) lett]s ( ?is "*4 ,! lett] ,a %[n "h is a type ( initial t 0 v famili> 9 books ab\t fifty ye>s ago4 ,occasionally "o sees x n[1 b n (t54 ,mo/ ( ^! bad =ms arise f a misconception z to ! nature ( ! lett]4 ,a lett] is simply a sign int5d$ to convey a mean+ to ! read]2 !re is no reason :y x %\ld pret5d to be some?+ else4 ,! sign may c]ta9ly be a ?+ ( beauty1 b surely mak+ x look z if x is =m$ ) bran*es l a ru/ic bridge is n mak+ x beautiful4 ,ano!r bad type ( lett] is %[n 9 ! initial ,b4 ,?is =m ( lett] is l>gely us$ by sign-writ]s ev5 9 ! pres5t day4 ,9 ?is case ! lett] is app>5tly conceiv$ z a solid block1 :i* is drawn 9 false p]spective s t x may ?r[ a mean+less %ad[4 ,illu/ration3 ,types ( ,initials to avoid4 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,sometimes ! surface ( ! lett] is brok5 up1 z 9 ! lett] ,c4 ,9 ! case ( a /5cill$ lett]1 break+ ! surface ( ! lett] is1 ( c\rse1 unavoidable 7al?\gh ev5 9 ?is case x w\ld n be brok5 up l ?is example71 b = a pr9t$ lett]1 :]e !re is no necessity1 x is extremely fooli%4 ,! o!r ,c is ano!r example sometimes se51 =m$ ) a coil ( rope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,! o!r %apes are all equally bad1 & no "o ) a tra9+ 9 really good =ms ( lett]+ c\ld possibly orig9ate !m4 ,!y all practically err 9 ! same direction1 i4e41 9 pret5d+ to be some?+ t !y are n4 ,x is curi\s t ?is t5d5cy %\ld s develop4 ,ano!r bad =m ( initial1 n illu/rat$ "h1 is t =m$ by contort+ figures into %apes to repres5t v>i\s lett]s4 ,all ?is sort ( ?+ _c be too sev]ely c5sur$4 ,x is f> bett] to h initials q simple 9 "* r ?an =ms l ^!1 :i* are absolutely debas$ 9 /yle4 ,a f9e =m ( ,roman capital ) little or no ornam5t add$ is mu* to be pref]r$4 ,9 ,fig4 #ec "s elaborate examples are giv5 %[+ h[ x is possible to produce /rik+ initials )\t resort+ to any ( ! devices illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,! ,a & ! ,t are examples ( initials fill$ ) decoration bas$ on plant-=m4 ,?is makes a v good /yle ( lett]4 ,"o ( ! ,o's has a decorative l&scape plac$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,( c\rse1 only ! r\nd lett]s c be treat$ 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,! o!r lett] ,o has a fanciful /yle ( decoration v suitable = ! comm5cem5t ( a fairy tale4 ,9 fact ?is initial 0 design$ = t purpose1 ! /ory comm5c+ 9 ! usual way1 8,once ^u a "t40 ,9 ,fig4 #ed "s sugge/ions are giv5 = tail-pieces :i* are us$ to fill up :5 a *apt] ends half-way d[n ! page4 ,^! may be ( v>i\s %apes1 su* z triangul>1 rectangul>1 loz5ge-%ap$1 or irregul>4 ,!y may consi/ m]ely ( decoration or !y may embody ! words1 8,! ,end10 8,f9is10 8,conclusion10 or 8,"h ends ! /ory (----40 ,a small decorative sc5e may be employ$ z sugge/$ "h4 ,ano!r way (t5 us$1 & also indicat$ "h1 is = ! lett]+ to be sep>ate1 ) a b& ( ornam5t b5ea? x4 ,bord]s = illu/rations %\ld be 9 keep+ ) ! /yle ( ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,*apt] head+s may be ei!r well-arrang$ lett]+ enclos$ )9 a bord]1 or ! lett]+ may be plac$ on a scroll1 c>t\*e1 etc4 ,ano!r =m may be t 9 :i* a picture is incorporat$ ) ! decoration4 ,g5]ally1 *apt]-head+s are us$ m 9 magaz9es ?an 9 books4 ,if "o is design$ = a special page 9 a magaz9e x %\ld be def9itely = t p>ticul> page4 ,:5 mak+ a design t is to be reproduc$ 9 two col\rs1 9 :i* bo? col\rs are di/9ct--i4e41 !y d n ov]lap--! draw+ %\ld be made all 9 black4 ,a %eet ( trac+-pap] is !n pa/$ on ! top edge at ! back & fold$ ov] on ! face ( ! draw+4 ,! p>ts t are int5d$ to be pr9t$ 9 ! second col\r %\ld !n be pa9t$ 9 ) v]milion on ! trac+-pap]4 ,?is indicates to ! block-mak] ! p>ts to cut out :5 mak+ ! blocks4 ,! reason = do+ ?is is because x is mu* easi] to make ! l9e-blocks f ! draw+ if x is all 9 black4 ,( c\rse1 ?is only applies :5 ! two col\rs are q di/9ct4 ,:5 !y ov]lap1 ! be/ way is to make two sep>ate draw+s 9 black4 ,?is c be done q well by mak+ a p5cil draw+ fir/1 !n pa9t+ 9 "o col\r 9 black on ?is draw+2 ! second col\r is !n pa9t$ on a piece ( trac+-pap] :i* is plac$ ov] ?is draw+ = ! "t be+4 ,a small cross %\ld be plac$ at ea* corn] ( ! draw+ & trac$ ?r\gh on to ! second "o to act z regi/] m>ks = ! block-mak]4 ,g5]ally speak+1 all designs = book-decoration %\ld be 9 l9e4 ,! great disadvantage ( ! half-tone process is t ! blocks _c be pr9t$ well on a pap] t has ! slighte/ t5d5cy t[>ds be+ r\gh on ! surface4 ,! be/ results are und\bt$ly produc$ :5 !y are pr9t$ on art pap]4 ,art pap] is1 h[ev]1 f> f durable1 & %\ld n be us$ = books t are requir$ to be la/+4 ,ap>t f ?is1 ! half-tone process is n ne>ly s satisfactory z ! l9e process4 ,a good l9e block w give a fairly fai?ful reproduction ( ! orig9al draw+ )\t los+ detail4 ,?is _c be altoge!r claim$ = ! half-tone process4 ,?ree-col\r process blocks1 be+ a developm5t ( ?is1 are op5 to ! same objections4 ,:5 ! /ud5t has se5 "s ( 8 "w reproduc$ by ^! processes he w be able to appreciate ! diff]5ce4 ,if col\r is requir$ 9 ! decoration1 a mu* m satisfactory =m ( col\r reproduction is t produc$ f sev]al l9e blocks1 b1 ( c\rse1 if ?is process is us$ !re mu/ be no attempt at wa% effects4 ,?is *apt] is int5d$ to be m]ely sugge/ive ( ! developm5ts 9 pr9t$ book-decoration t ought to be q possible = ! mod]n illum9ator4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks ,x may be z well aga9 to emphasise ! fact t x is imp]ative1 if "o desires to succe$ 9 ! art ( illum9ation1 t x %\ld be tak5 up 9 a s]i\s mann] & n m]ely z a pleasant pa/ime4 ,x is an art :i* is wor?y ( ! be/ t "t & c>eful /udy c give to x1 & x may s]ve z useful a purpose 9 ! pres5t day z x has done 9 ! pa/4 ,!re is no royal road to success3 ?is c only come ?r\gh /eadily plodd+ along ! l9es sugge/$4 ,! me?ods ( /udy t h be5 outl9$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]s are ! result ( :at ! writ] has le>n$ 9 ! h>d b excell5t s*ool ( exp]i5ce4 ,good1 well-=m$ writ+ comes fir/ & =emo/1 mak+ use ( ! re$ & quill p5 9 ! =mation ( lett]s4 ,! me?od ( practice1 comm5c+ ) simple p5-/rokes1 t is giv5 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is book1 ought to enable ! /ud5t to produce good lett]+ if he works ) ! ex]cises 9 ! mann] sugge/$4 ,aft] he has become famili> ) ! use ( ! p5 9 ?is way he w be able to /udy ! v>i\s =ms ( lett]+ t 7 us$ 9 ! pa/ 9 a mu* m intellig5t fa%ion ?an w\ld be ! case if he _h no k conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! lett]s 7 =m$4 ,he %\ld cont9ue ?is /udy on ! l9es sugge/$ 9 ,*apt] #f1 & %\ld n be cont5t ) ! examples giv5 "h b %\ld /udy ! orig9al manuscripts = himself4 ,c>eful att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! way 9 :i* ! lett]+ is arrang$ & ! mann] 9 :i* ! lett]s & words are mass$ toge!r4 ,! /ud5t _c h too mu* practice ) ! re$ & quill p54 ,! _m good hi/orical =ms ( ,roman lett]+ %\ld n be neglect$4 ,roman lett]+ is1 )\t d\bt1 ! mo/ useful =m ( lett]+ = g5]al inscriptions1 & x is necess>y t ! mod]n illum9ator %\ld be famili> ) ! beautiful =ms ( ?is /yle ( lett]+4 ,he %\ld note ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ^! lett]s :5 us$ 9 inscriptions1 etc4 ,he w exp]i5ce no difficulty 9 gett+ photographs ( "s ( ! important ,lat9 inscriptions t 7 execut$ ) lett]s ( ?is /yle4 ,he %\ld endeav\r to =m ^! lett]s 9 a direct mann] ) ! p5 & bru%1 &1 if he has work$ consi/5tly ) ! quill & re$ p5 9 ! mann] describ$1 he w f9d t he w soon acquire dext]ity 9 =m+ ^! lett]s4 ,! practice t he gets ?r\gh =m+ ^! lett]s ) ! bru% w be mo/ helpful to him :5 ! "t comes = him to make use ( ! bru% = pa9t+ 9 decoration4 ,x is hop$ t ! v brief sket* t is giv5 ( ! hi/ory ( illum9ation may ar\se "s int]e/1 s t ! /ud5t w /udy ?is subject = himself1 go+ into detail t is q impossible "h4 ,ev5 if ! :ole ( ?is volume _h be5 devot$ to ! hi/ory ( ?is art x w\ld h be5 impossible 9 ?is limit$ space to deal ) x 9 an effici5t mann]4 ,! object ( ?is %ort survey has be5 m]ely to act z an introduction to ! /udy ( ?is important subject4 ,mak+ use ( a simple col\r s*eme su* z r$ & black1 z is sugge/$ 9 ,*apt] #ab41 is likely to act z an excell5t tra9+ 9 ta/e4 ,if ! /ud5t />ts /raight away ) a full array ( col\rs1 ! *ances are t ! result may be any?+ b pleasant & agreeable4 ,if he is able to produce good patt]n ) black & r$1 he w probably be able to d good "w ) gold & col\rs4 ,h[ev]1 if he _c make good patt]n ) ^!1 he w f9d x difficult to d x m successfully ) less limit$ means4 ,! /ud5t w nev] regret ! "t sp5t 9 ! /udy ( ! be/ "w ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,by ?is means he is br\ght face to face ) examples ( ! "w ( arti/s :o 7 ma/]s 9 ?is p>ticul> craft4 ,! /udy ( ! be/ "w t ! m$ival arti/s h produc$1 comb9$ ) pl5ty ( /udy f nature1 is1 )\t d\bt1 ! f9e/ tra9+ t ! mod]n illum9ator c\ld possibly h4 ,"o w\ld hesitate to recomm5d ! "o )\t ! o!r1 z ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! illum9ator :o neglects nature /udy1 go+ to anci5t examples only1 is to produce weak imitations ( m$ival "w4 ,if ?is is ! case1 !re c be no opportunity = real liv+ art4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! /udy ( ! be/ "w ( ! m$ival p]iod is neglect$1 he loses ! b5efit t may be ga9$ by a close /udy ( ! me?ods ( work+ employ$ by ! arti/s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! same problems t confront him 7 be=e ! m$ival arti/1 &1 al?\gh !re is no necessity = him to produce imitation ?irte5?-& f\rte5?-c5tury illum9ation1 he is able to build on ! f\ndation t ^! arti/s h laid & help to c>ry =w>d ! traditions ( ! craft 9 ! be/ way t he is able4 ,t !re are abundant ways 9 ! pres5t day 9 :i* ! mod]n illum9ator may make use ( 8 craft has be5 amply exemplifi$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,! "w ( ! craftsman1 ( c\rse1 /&s fir/ & =emo/1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ma*9e has come to /ay1 & ! arti/ mu/ endeav\r to realise some?+ ( ! great possibilities t !re are 9 ?is direction4 ,al?\gh ! product ( ! ma*9e c nev] equal t ( h&craft1 !re is no reason :y1 if !re is intellig5t co-op]ation betwe5 ! arti/ & ! manufactur]1 ! great] "p ( ! "w produc$ %\ld n be inf9itely sup]ior 9 "* ?an is s (t5 ! case4 ,!re are num]\s ways 9 :i* ! ma*9e is employ$ 9 :i* x w\ld be q impossible adequately to deal ) ! matt] f a craftsman's /&po9t4 ,to m5tion j "o bran* alone3 ,*ri/mas c>ds & cal5d>s4 ,x w\ld be q impossible to d all ^! by h&1 & yet x is c]ta9ly desirable t !y %\ld be done 9 ! be/ possible ta/e & 9 z effici5t a mann] z possible4 ,x is "h t ! opportunity = ! prop]ly tra9$ arti/ arises1 &1 if he gives ( 8 be/ workman%ip1 ! f9i%$ production %\ld be all ! bett] ?r\gh 8 influ5ce4 ,?is is surely a suffici5t excuse = deal+ ) ! v>i\s developm5ts ( illum9ation comm]cially4 ,book decoration1 bo? 9 connection ) ,,ms4 book & ! pr9t$ book1 is1 h[ev]1 ! ?+ mo/ 9 keep+ ) ! true _s ( illum9ation4 ,illum9ation seems to be b\nd up ) book production1 &1 if ! mod]n collector c\ld only see t a f9e illum9at$ manuscript 0 a "w ( art z desirable z a picture = a p]man5t possession1 !re ought to be a fair dem& = ! "w ( ! mod]n illum9ator4 ,! illum9at$ ,,ms4 book is1 )\t d\bt1 ! ideal "w = ! illum9ator1 & x seems a pity t !re %\ld n be a great] dem& ?an !re is at ! pres5t "t4 ,c]ta9ly an illum9at$ manuscript book1 specially writt51 w\ld be mu* bett] = a pres5tation ?an ! av]age illum9at$ te/imonial1 & x w\ld probably meet ) f> m appreciation4 ,no "o w\ld be s fooli% z to wi% to d away ) ! pr9t$ book1 z ?is has n[ become a necessity1 b surely ! manuscript book %\ld n be altoge!r a ?+ ( ! pa/6 ,"s p are ( ! op9ion t x is a wa/e ( "t produc+ illum9at$ manuscripts 9 ! pres5t day4 ,/ill1 is "t ev] wa/$ 9 produc+ beautiful workman%ip8 ,surely n4 ,! "t sp5t 9 ! production ( any real "w ( art is nev] wa/$4 ,poetry1 :5 mix$ up ) comm]cial matt] & obvi\sly pr9t$ by comm]cial me?ods1 loses consid]ably because ! surr\nd+s are uncong5ial4 ,h[ev]1 ! illum9at$ manuscript enhances x by pres5t+ x 9 an arti/ic =m4 ,probably no?+ (f]s a bett] opportunity = ! illum9ator1 z a subject = an illum9at$ volume1 ?an poetry4 ,! illum9at$ r5d]+ seems to give x an extra quality4 ,! antiquity ( ! illum9at$ book1 & ! fact t x 0 a means ( pres5t+ ! romances ( ! ,middle ,ages1 makes x ! natural vehicle = ! poetic message4 ,its value = liturgical purposes is also ( importance1 & c]ta9ly x has be5 m g5]ally us$ = ?is purpose ?an any o!r 9 ! pa/4 ,probably ! reason :y x is s suit$ to ?is is ow+ to ! cons]vative nature ( liturgy dem&+ antique associations4 ,no d\bt1 l mo/ o!r h& me?ods ( production1 ! dem& = ?is mu/ necess>ily be limit$1 z ! mod]n craze = *eapness r5d]s ! price impossible to any l>ge ext5t4 ,!re=e x c nev] be expect$ to ent] into competition ) ! pr9t$ book4 ,also pr9t+ has n[ become a sep>ate art--at lea/1 ! /yle ( lett]+ & decoration owes little or no?+ to ! illum9at$ manuscript z 0 ! case ) ! e>lie/ ,european pr9t$ books4 ,! art ( pr9t+ has1 h[ev]1 develop$ consid]ably s9ce ^? times1 &1 ! "* n[ be+ totally diff]5t1 consequ5tly !re is no reason :y ! pr9t$ book %\ld be an imitation ( ! manuscript4 ,illum9ation & pr9t+ %\ld bo? develop along _! special l9es1 ! developm5ts ( bo? dep5d+ on ! exig5cies ( ! mat]ials employ$4 ,?us1 9 relation to ! pr9t$ book1 ! pr9t+ process %\ld be develop$ to get ! be/ results possible4 ,probably ! ideal pr9t$ book w\ld h ! decoration pr9t$ f wood-blocks engrav$ by ! arti/ himself4 ,if ! decoration & illu/rations take ! =m ( reproductions ( draw+s !re c nev] be ! same life & vitality z :5 ! :ole is ! direct creation ( ! arti/4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is m5tion$ m]ely z an ideal ( :at ! pr9t$ book %\ld be4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 "o is n always able to "w up to ?is /&>d4 ,reproduction by means ( l9e blocks is probably "o ( ! be/ =ms ( process "w t c be employ$ 9 book decoration4 ,any peculi> qualities t ! =m ( press or ma*9e us$ is able to give %\ld be us$ to advantage4 ,! pr9t] %\ld seize e opportunity :i* occurs t may help to r5d] 8 "w m effective4 ,al?\gh x is n desirable t ! pr9t] %\ld imitate ! "w ( ! illum9ator1 !re is c]ta9ly no reason :y !y %\ld n "w toge!r z sugge/$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxvii1 ! illum9ator add+ illum9at$ initials1 bord]s1 & o!r decoration s t ! complet$ volume repres5ts ! "w ( ! pr9t] & ! illum9ator4 ,?is 0 (t5 done 9 ! e>ly days ( pr9t+1 & !re is surely ! possibility ( good "w be+ done 9 ?is way at ! pres5t "t4 ,!re c]ta9ly ought to be pl5ty ( opportunities = ! illum9ator ev5 9 ! pres5t day4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( ! utmo/ importance t he %\ld be able to produce high-class workman%ip4 ,weak1 amateuri% ef=ts h no comm]cial value4 ,to atta9 p]fection pati5t & s9c]e ef=t is requir$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,notes ,,on ,,books ,9 ?is ! clos+ *apt] ( ?is book x may be z well to sugge/ a few books t might be useful = fur!r /udy4 ,x is n int5d$1 by any means1 to give any?+ l a complete bibliography on ?is subject1 b m]ely to ref] to a few ( ! books t ! writ] has f\nd to be ( s]vice to him4 ,"s ( ! books m5tion$ may possibly be out ( pr9t1 b copies may be se5 9 mo/ ( ! l>g] public libr>ies4 ,! foll[+ books treat ! subject ( illum9ation broadly f ! hi/orical /&po9t3 ,engli% ,illum9at$ ,,mss41 by ,sir ,e4 ,m4 ,?ompson1 ,illum9at$ ,,mss4 9 ,classical & ,m$ival ,times1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,middleton1 & ,illum9at$ ,manuscripts1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,h]b]t4 ,ano!r mo/ useful book = ! /ud5t is ! ,hi/orical ,introduction to ! ,collection ( ,illum9at$ ,lett]s & ,bord]s 9 ! ,national ,art ,libr>y1 by ,john ,w4 ,bradley4 ,reproductions ( "s ( ! illum9at$ ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum h be5 publi%$ by ! ,museum au?orities4 ,illum9at$ ,manuscripts 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 by ,g4 ,f4 ,w>n]1 conta9s a s]ies ( plates beautifully reproduc$ 9 gold & col\rs4 ,^! give z ne>ly z possible 9 a reproduction "s idea ( :at ! orig9als are l4 ,?ree sets ( fifty collotype plates1 ,reproductions ( ,illum9at$ ,manuscripts1 are also publi%$ ( ! illum9at$ ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,a ,guide to ! ,manuscripts 9 ! ,briti% ,museum also conta9s a numb] ( half-tone reproductions1 & ,! ,catalogue ( ,illum9at$ ,manuscripts1 ,"p #b1 ,m9iatures1 ,leaves1 & ,cutt+s1 publi%$ by ! au?orities ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 has a good numb] ( illu/rations4 ,! s]ies ( excell5t photographic facsimiles publi%$ by ! ,palographical ,society are also mo/ useful = ref]5ce4 ,= /ud5ts :o wi% to give special att5tion to ! "w ( any p>ticul> s*ools ( illum9ation1 su* z ! ,byzant9e1 ,celtic1 or ,w9*e/] ,s*ools1 ! foll[+ books are recomm5d$3 ,,byzant9e ,,s*ool4--,= a g5]al hi/ory ( ,byzant9e art1 ,byzant9e ,art1 by ,o4 ,m4 ,dalton1 & ,manuel d',art ,byzant9e1 by ,*4 ,diehl4 ,bo? ( ^! writ]s deal ) illum9at$ manuscripts z well z o!r bran*es ( ,byzant9e art4 ,= a "w deal+ exclusively ) ,byzant9e ,,mss4 ! ,hi/oire de l',art ,byzant9 consid]e 444 dans le ,m9iatures1 by ,m4 ,kondak(f1 may be recomm5d$4 ,,celtic ,,s*ool4--,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,art 9 ,irel&1 by ,m>g>et ,m4 ,/okes1 is a v useful book4 ,o!r helpful books are ,! ,f9e ,arts & ,civilization ( ,anci5t ,irel&1 by ,h5ry ,o',niell1 & ,celtic ,art 9 ,pagan & ,*ri/ian ,times1 by ,j4 ,romilly ,all54 ,an ,enquiry into ! ,art ( ! ,illum9at$ ,manuscripts ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,i4 ,celtic ,illum9at$ ,manuscripts1 by ,johann ,adolf ,bruun1 deals ) ! ,celtic ,,mss4 9 a fairly compreh5sive mann]4 ,?is book is illu/rat$ ) reproductions f "s ( ! manuscripts ref]r$ to4 ,facsimiles ( ! ,m9iatures & ,ornam5ts ( ,anglo-,saxon & ,iri% ,manuscripts1 by ,j4 ,o4 ,we/wood1 conta9s a numb] ( *romo-li?ographic reproductions ( ^! manuscripts4 ,! ,book ( ,kells1 rec5tly publi%$ by ! publi%]s ( ,! ,/udio1 conta9s a l>ge numb] ( ! pages & initials f ?is well-kn[n manuscript :i* h be5 reproduc$ by means ( ! ?ree-col\r process4 ,! ,introduction to ?is volume has be5 writt5 by ,sir ,edw>d ,sullivan4 ,,w9*e/] ,,s*ool4--,an acc\nt ( "o ( ! mo/ important manuscripts ( ?is s*ool1 viz41 ! fam\s ,b5$ictional ( !lwold1 is giv5 9 ,vol4 ,i4 ( ! ,bibliographical ,decam]on1 by ,dr4 ,dibd92 also ,dr4 ,waag5 gives a description ( x 9 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ( ,treasures ( ,art 9 ,great ,brita94 ,9 ,vol4 ,,xxiv4 ( ! ,ar*logia1 pages #a-aag1 !re is also ,a ,diss]tation on ,/4 !lwold's ,b5$ictional1 by ,john ,gage ,rokewood4 ,?is is illu/rat$ ) ?irty-two plates ( reproductions ( ! pages ( ?is manuscript4 ,! same writ] gives1 9 pages #aah-acf1 ,a ,description ( a ,b5$ictional or ,pontifical1 call$ ,b5$iction>ius ,rob]ti ,ar*iepiscopi4 ,?us two ( ! mo/ fam\s ( all ! ,w9*e/] ,,mss4 are "h describ$ 9 a mo/ c>eful & pa9/ak+ fa%ion4 ,lett]+1 especially 9 its application to illum9ation1 is dealt ) v ?or\ghly 9 ,writ+ & ,illum9at+ & ,lett]+1 by ,edw>d ,john/on4 ,?is book is well illu/rat$ ) diagrams1 & ! in/ructions giv5 on h[ to cut & use ! re$ & quill p5 are v cle>4 ,x is a v useful book = ! /ud5t4 ,o!r books on ! subject ( lett]+ t w be f\nd to be ( s]vice are ,lett]+ 9 ,ornam5t1 & ,alphabets1 ,old & ,new1 by ,lewis ,f4 ,day1 also ,alphabets1 by ,edw>d ,f4 ,/range4 ,= ^? :o wi% to /udy lett]+ f ! /&po9t ( palography1 ,greek & ,lat9 ,palography1 by ,sir ,edw>d ,maunde ,?ompson1 is a good introductory "w on ?is subject4 ,! foll[+ books may be ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t :o is desir\s ( fur!r in=mation conc]n+ ! col\rs & me?ods ( work+ employ$ by ! m$ival arti/3 ,mrs4 ,m]rifield's ,anci5t ,practice ( ,pa9t+1 ! ,s*$ula ,div]s>um ,artium ( ,!ophilus1 & ,! ,book ( ! ,art ( ,c5n9o ,c5n9i4 ,mrs4 ,m]rifield's book conta9s a numb] ( translations ( ! e>ly manuscripts t describe ! te*nical me?ods employ$ by ! m$ival arti/s4 ,! treatise ( ,!ophilus has be5 translat$ into ,engli% by ,r4 ,h5drie1 & ! be/ translation ( ,c5n9i's book is t by ,mrs4 ,h]r+ham4 ,mat]ials ( ! ,pa9t]'s ,craft1 & ,processes1 ,pigm5ts1 & ,vehicles1 by ,dr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,laurie1 are books t deal ) ?is subject 9 a v int]e/+ & helpful mann]4 ,z ! /udy ( ,h]aldry is v important to ! illum9ator1 ! foll[+ books are m5tion$3 ,complete ,guide to ,h]aldry1 by ,a4 ,c4 ,fox-,davies1 ,engli% ,h]aldry1 by ,*>les ,b\tell1 & ,h]aldry1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,/4 ,john ,hope4 ,! ,/all ,plates ( ! ,g>t]1 #acdh-adhe1 also by ,w4 ,h4 ,/4 ,john ,hope4 ,didron's ,iconography ( ,*ri/ian ,art1 & ,emblems ( ! ,sa9ts1 by ,f4 ,c4 ,hus5be?1 are books t are mo/ useful to ! illum9ator :5 do+ "w t is ecclesia/ical 9 "*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! li/ ( books t is detail$ "h is necess>ily incomplete1 b ! /ud5t w f9d t by /udy+ ^! he w be ref]r$ to o!rs1 & s w be able to cont9ue ! /udy4 ,illu/ration ,,index ,address1 illum9at$1 #aga-g ,adv]tisem5t1 design =1 #aib ,adv]tisem5ts1 lett]+ =1 #gb1 #aib1 #aif-i ,air bubbles 9 rais+ prep>ation1 #aeh ,alcu9 ,bibles1 #hi ,alfr$ ! ,great1 #ij ,aliz>9 crimson1 #abg ,alphabet1 its developm5t1 #cb ! ,roman1 #cb1 #gj-hc f ! ,book ( ,kells1 #ff ,alphabets = /udy1 #fj-i ,alt> tablets1 #afi ,alum9ium leaf1 #adg pa9t1 #adg ,ambrosian ,iliad1 #he ,anglo-,celtic illum9ation1 #hg1 #ajb ,arm5ian ,bole1 #adc-d ,ars5ic1 sulphide (1 #aae ,art pap]1 #bcb ,arzica1 #abj1 #aba ,a!l/an's ,psalt]1 #ij !lwold1 ,b5$ictional (1 #ia ,aureol91 #abd ,azurite1 #aae ,azzuro della magna1 #aba oltre m>9o1 #aba ,babylonian *>act]s1 #be ,backgr\nds1 diap]1 #ie ,b>ium sulphate1 #acj ,beauty1 #bbb ,b$=d ,book ( ,h\rs1 #ih ,b5$ictional ( !lwold1 #ia ,biacca1 #aba1 #adb ,bianco ,sangiovanni1 #aba ,bible ( ,rob]t de ,bello1 #ie ,bible ,hi/ory1 moralis$1 #ie ,bi*romate ( pota%1 #bjh ,b9d+ ,,mss41 a simple me?od (1 #bbe-bca ,black pigm5ts1 #abi ,blocks1 l9e1 #agh-i half-tone1 #ahj ?ree-col\r1 #ahj-a ,blood1 dragon's1 #aaf1 #abj ,blue pigm5ts1 #abg ,body-col\rs1 #ace ,bole1 ,arm5ian1 #adc1 #add ,book1 ! illum9at$ ,,ms41 #baf-bd pr9t$1 illum9ation (1 #bcb-cg pr9t$1 decoration (1 #bch-dg ,book-h&s1 ! /udy (1 #fj-i ,bookplate1 #bja ,bord]s1 #bde ,bridget1 ,/41 #hg ,briti% ,museum publications1 #ajf ,bronze gild+1 #ahe-f p[d]1 #adf ,br[n pigm5ts1 #abi ,bru%es1 #aed1 #aee ,bru%-=m$ lett]+1 #gc1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #bjh-ab ,bubbles 9 rais+ prep>ation1 #aeh ,build+ up lett]s1 #ga1 #aji-aa ,burni%]1 agate1 #adh1 #aea ,burnt si5na1 #abg ,burnt umb]1 #abi ,byzant9e illum9ation1 #he-f ,cadmium yell[s1 #abd ,calligraphy1 its developm5t1 #bc ,cambr5sis1 ,giraldus1 #hg ,camel-hair mop1 #adh1 #aea ,capitals1 squ>e1 #cc ru/ic1 #cc ,capital lett]s1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #aaj ,c>bolic acid1 #acc ,c>lov+ian illum9ation1 #hi writ+1 #dj ,c>m9e1 #abg ,celtic & ,anglo-,celtic illum9ation1 #hg1 #ajb ,c5n9o ,c5n9i1 #abj1 #adb ,c]ulean ,blue1 #abg ,c]use1 #aah ,*alk1 #aae1 #aba ,*apt] head+s1 #bde ,*>lemagne1 #ci1 #hi ,*>ta ,p]gam5a1 #cj ,*>t]1 ,gold51 #ia ,*9a slab1 #acb ,*9ese v]milion1 #abf ,*ri/mas c>ds1 #ahe-aia ,*rome yell[s1 #abd1 #abe ,*romium oxide1 #abh ,*romo-li?ography1 #ahb ,c9abrese1 #abj ,c9nab>1 #aaf1 #abj ,classical illum9ation1 #hd ,clay z writ+ mat]ial1 #bd ,clo?let t9ts1 #abb ,cobalt blue1 #abg ,cobalt violet1 #abh ,cobalt yell[1 #abd ,co*9eal1 #abg ,cold tea = t9t+ pap]1 #aec ,colophon1 !1 #bba ,col\rs us$ by ! m$ival illum9ator1 #aae-abb _! composition & p]man5ce1 #abc-cj cake1 #aca tube1 #aca p[d]1 #acb body1 #ace _! prep>ation & use1 #aca-g ,columba1 ,/41 #hh ,comm]cial design1 lett]+ =1 #aib-bjb ,compass1 proportional1 #fh ,conclud+ rem>ks1 #bdh-ee ,copp] blues & gre5s1 #aae1 #aah1 #aba1 #abb ,crimson1 aliz>91 #abg lake1 #abg ,cursive writ+1 #cb ,cutt+ ! p51 #db1 #dc ,cyp]us papyrus1 #bh ,decoration1 #aef1 #afa-f1 #bbb1 #bcd ( pr9t$ book1 #bch-dg ,designs 9 two col\rs1 #bdf ,design+1 #ahg ,design+ a magaz9e cov]1 #bjj-b ,diagrams1 lett]+ =1 #aie ,diap] backgr\nds1 #ie ,dioscorides1 ,!1 #he ,divid]s1 spr+1 #ajg ,dragon's blood1 #aaf1 #abj ,durham ,book1 #cg1 #hh1 #ajb ,durr[1 ,book (1 #hh ,dut* metal1 #adg ,e>? col\rs1 #aae ,edg>1 ,gold5 ,*>t] (1 #ia ,egg1 :ite (1 #aah-i us$ = gild+1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada1 #adc yolk1 #aai ,egyptian hi]oglyphics1 #bg writ+ mat]ials1 #bg1 #bh ,eigh?-c5tury writ+1 #ch1 #ci ,em]ald gre51 #abh ,eraclius1 #aai ,erasures1 #aeb-c ,eum5es ,,ii41 k+ ( ,p]gamus1 #cj ,ex]cises 9 ! use ( ! p51 #de ,family trees1 #agj ,fifte5?-c5tury illum9ation1 & lat]1 #ig-ajj writ+1 #da1 #gi1 #hj ,fif?-c5tury writ+1 #cc-e ,figures1 p5-=m$1 #eg ,fi%-glue = mix+ ) col\rs1 #aag ,fix$ inks1 #bjf1 #bjh ,flake :ite1 #acj ,=m+ words & s5t5ces1 #ed-i ,f\rte5?-c5tury illum9ation1 #if writ+1 #fe ,f\r?-c5tury writ+1 #cc ,fram+ illum9at$ "w1 #agd ,gamboge1 #abe ,g>c9ia ,cambogia1 #abe ,g5esis ( ,vi5na ,libr>y1 #he-f ,codex 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #hf ,gesso ,sottile1 #adb-d ,giallor9o1 #abj-a ,gild+ me?ods ( ! ,middle ,ages1 #ach-ade rais$1 #adb1 #adg1 #aeg-fj bronze1 #ahe-f ,gild]'s cu%ion1 #adg-h knife1 #adh-ej tip1 #adh1 #aej-a ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 #hg ,glyc]9e 9 col\rs1 #aca ,gold1 ! use (1 #acf-ea leaf1 #aci1 #adf-g h&l+ x1 #adh-i %ell1 #adf pa9t1 #adf1 #ahe gr9d+1 #ada1 #add ,gold size & rais+ prep>ation1 #aeh-i ,gold-beat+1 its antiquity1 #aci ,gold5 ,*>t] ( ,k+ ,edg>1 #ia ,gospels1 ,! ,l9disf>ne1 #cg1 #hh1 #ajb ,gre5 pigm5ts1 #abh ,gum1 = mix+ col\rs1 #acc ,half-tone blocks1 #ahj ,half-uncials1 #cf ,iri%1 #cf ,engli%1 #cg ,h&writ+1 ord9>y1 #bd ,h>leian ,psalt]1 #ia ,h]aldry1 #age ,hib]no-,saxon illum9ation1 #ajb ,hi]oglyphic & hi]atic *>act]s1 #bg ,hold+ ! p51 #dd-f ,honey1 mix$ ) col\rs1 #aca 9 rais+ prep>ation1 #ahf ,i1 ,,! ,,lett]1 #ei ,i*neumon bru%1 #aeh ,iliad1 ,ambrosian1 #he ,illum9ation1 ! /udy (1 #bc1 #aff1 #bdh-ea classical & ,byzant9e1 #hd-f ,celtic & ,anglo-,celtic1 #hg-i1 #ajb ,c>lov+ian1 #hi ,w9*e/]1 #hi-ib twelf?-c5tury1 #ic-d ?irte5?-c5tury1 #id-f f\rte5?-c5tury1 #if-g fifte5?-c5tury1 #ig-i ,italian1 #ii 9 black & r$1 #ajg-ad ) gold & col\rs1 #aeb-fj ! fur!r developm5t (1 #afa-gj ,illum9at$ ,,ms4 book1 #baf-bd ,illu/rations1 lett]+ "u1 #bcd ,indaco baccadeo1 #aba ,indian ink1 #abi ,indigo1 #aaf1 #aba ,influ5ce ( ! tool1 #bc-ca ,initial lett]1 #aja-f ,ink1 #dd classical1 #aag m$ival1 #aai ,invitation c>ds1 #aij ,isidore1 ,/41 #bh ,ivory black1 #abi ,j1 ,,! ,,lett]1 #ei ,japanese bru%1 #bjh-i ,jehan le ,bgue1 ,,ms4 (1 #aai ,jo%ua ,rotulus1 #hf ,kells1 ,book (1 #hh1 #aja ,k]mes1 #aaf ,kild>e1 ,book (1 #hg ,knead$ rubb]1 #afj ,knife = cutt+ ! p51 #df ,labels1 designs =1 #aih ,lakes1 #aaf1 #aai ,lampblack1 #abi ,lapis ,lazuli1 #abg ,laurie1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,p41 #ach ,lead1 :ite1 #aba1 #acj ,leaf1 gold1 #aci1 #adf-g ,l5s1 magnify+1 #fh ,lett]1 ! initial1 #aja-f ,lett]s1 p5-=m$1 #dh-ec bru%-=m$1 #gc1 #aaj-a1 #bjh-i build+ up1 #gc1 #aaj-a capital1 #fe-g1 #aaj ,lett]+1 ,roman1 #gj-hc = adv]tisem5ts1 #gb1 #aib1 #aif-i = comm]cial design1 #aib-bjb ,leucophoron1 #aci ,light+ ( "w1 #ej ,l9disf>ne ,gospels1 #cg1 #hh1 #ajb ,l9e blocks1 #agh-i ,li?ography1 #aha-b ,liturgical purposes1 ! value ( illum9ation =1 #afi-gj1 #bec ,lomb>dic writ+1 #ch-i ,lucca ,,ms41 #aag1 #aci ,ma*9e1 !1 #bea ,madd]1 purple1 #abh rose1 #abg sc>let1 #abg ,magaz9e cov]s1 design+1 #bjj-b ,magnify+ l5s1 #fh ,majuscule writ+1 #cb ,manuscript books1 illum9at$1 #baf-bd ,mapp ,clavicula1 #aag1 #adj ,maps & diagrams1 lett]+ =1 #aie ,m>riage ,s]vice1 #agj ,m>y's ,psalt]1 #if ,ma/]y ( ! tool1 #db ,m5u1 design =1 #baj-aa ,m]ov+ian writ+1 #ci-dj ,m]rifield1 ,mrs41 #aai ,metaphra/es1 ,simeon1 #hf ,me?od ( sett+ out page1 #ajg-h ,m9iature pa9t+1 #ia1 #ajj1 #afg-h1 #bbb ,m9ium1 #aah ,m9uscule writ+1 #ch ,mix$ uncials1 #ce ,mull] = gr9d+ col\rs1 #acc ,murex1 #aaf ,n9?-c5tury writ+1 #cg ,naples yell[1 #abe ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,pl9y's1 #aae-f ,nature /udy1 #afc-f ,new blue1 #abh ,note-head+1 #aii ,notices1 #agj ,o*re1 yell[1 #abe 8,old ,engli%10 #fe ,opus ,anglicum1 #ij ,orig9ality1 #afh-i ,orpim5t1 #aae1 #aai1 #abb ,oxgall1 #afj ,p1 ,,! ,,lett]1 #ec ,pad = writ+ ^u1 #dh ,page1 me?od ( sett+ out1 #ajg-h ,palography1 #cc ,palette knife1 #acc-d ,pap]1 #dd1 #aec art1 #bcb /ret*+1 #aed ,papyrus1 #bh ,p>*m5t1 d]ivation ( ! ^w1 #cj t9t+1 #abb size1 #adj ,patt]n1 simple1 #aac-d ,p$igrees1 #agj ,p51 hold+ !1 #dd-f cutt+ !1 #db-c ex]cises 9 ! use ( !1 #de ! re$1 #bg-h1 #db ! quill1 fir/ m5tion (1 #bh -/rokes1 #de -=m$ lett]s1 #dh-ec figures1 #eg -wip]1 #df ,p5cils1 #ajg1 #aeb-c ,pezzuole col\rs1 #abb ,philippo de ,maizires1 ,epi/le (1 #aje ,phnician alphabet1 #cb ,pigm5ts1 blue1 #abg br[n1 #abi black1 #abi gre51 #abh r$1 #abe :ite1 #abi yell[1 #abd ,plann+ out ,,ms4 book1 #bag-bj ,plant draw+1 #afc-e ,pla/] ( ,p>is1 #add ,plat9um leaf1 #adg ,pl9y1 #aae-f ,plum-tree gum1 #aag-h ,poetry1 illum9ation (1 #bbc1 #bec ,po/]s1 lett]+ =1 #aig h&-writt51 #bjc-ac ,pota%1 bi*romate (1 #bjh ,p\nce = vellum1 #aee ,p[d] col\rs1 #acb ,practise 9 writ+1 #eb ,prep>+ col\rs1 #aca-g ,pr9t$ book1 ! ideal1 #bed ! illum9ation (1 #bcb-g ! decoration (1 #bch-dg ,pr9t+ & illum9ation1 #bed ,process blocks1 #agh-ha "w1 :ite =1 #acj ,proportional compass1 #fh ,psalt]1 ,a!l/an's1 #ij ,que5 ,m>y's1 #if ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 #id ,h>leian1 #ia ,pumice p[d]1 #aee ,que5 ,m>y's ,psalt]1 #if ,quill p51 ! e>lie/ allusion to x1 #bh cutt+ x1 #db-c ,rabula ,,ms41 #hf ,rais$ gild+1 #adb1 #adg1 #aeg-fj ,rais+ prep>ation1 #aeh-i ,raw si5na1 #abe umb]1 #abi ,r$ & black1 ! use (1 #ajg-ad1 #bej ,r$ pigm5ts1 #abe ,re$ p5s1 #bg-h1 #db ,reproduction1 ! v>i\s me?ods (1 #agh-hd ,risalgallo ,realg>1 #aba ,roman bronze p5s1 #bh lett]+1 #gj-hc made ) simple p5-/rokes1 #gc-d ,rose madd]1 #abg ,rubb]1 knead$1 #afj ,ru/ic capitals1 #cc ,s1 ,,! ,,lett]1 #eg-h ,sable writ]1 #hc1 #bab ,saffron1 #aba-b ,/4 ,bridget1 #hg ,columba1 #hh ,isidore1 #bh ,s)91 #ij ,salt gre51 #aah ,sap ( ,iris1 #aah ,sauc]s = col\r1 #ace ,sc>let madd]1 #abg ,s*$ula ,div]s>um ,artium1 #aag ,scrap]1 #acc1 #ace ,scriptoria1 ! two ,w9*e/]1 #ij ,sections = ,,ms4 books1 #bag ,sepia1 #abi ,s]vice books1 #afi ,s]vice1 ,m>riage1 #agj ,set squ>e1 #ajg-h ,sett+ out page1 #ajg-h ,sev5?-c5tury writ+1 #cf ,sew+ sections1 #bbf-g ,%[-c>ds1 #bad-e ,si5na1 burnt1 #abg raw1 #abe ,silv] leaf1 #adg ,simeon ,metaphra/es1 #hf ,s9opia1 #abj ,sixte5?-c5tury writ+1 #hc ,size & rais+ prep>ation1 #aeh-i p>*m5t1 #adj ,sket* book1 ! use ( a1 #aff ,sk9s ( animals z writ+ mat]ial1 #bh ,slope = writ+1 #di ,somme le ,roi1 #ie ,spac+ words & lett]s1 #eg ,spani% gre51 #aah ,spr+ divid]s1 #ajg = p51 #dc ,squ>e capitals1 #cc ,/ret*+ pap]1 #aed vellum1 #aed ,/ylus1 ! use ( !1 #be-f ,success 9 illum9ation1 #bdh ,tablets1 writ+1 #bh ,tail-pieces1 illum9at$1 #bce pr9t$1 #bdd-e ,tea1 = t9t+ pap]1 #aec ,tee squ>e1 #ajg-h ,t5?-c5tury writ+1 #ch1 #fb ,texts = *ur*es1 #agj ,!ophilus1 #aag ,!ophra/us1 #aae ,?irte5?-c5tury illum9ation1 #id writ+1 #da1 #fd ,?ree-col\r blocks1 #ahj-a ,t9t+ p>*m5t1 #abb ,title-page1 #bcd1 #bch-dj ,tool1 ! influ5ce ( !1 #bc-ca ! ma/]y ( !1 #db ,trajan column1 #gf ,tube col\rs1 #aca ,turkey quill1 #dd ,twelf?-c5tury illum9ation1 #ic-d writ+1 #da1 #fc ,u1 ,,! ,,lett]1 #ei ,ultram>9e1 #aba1 #abg-h a%1 #abh ,fr5*1 #abh ,umb]1 burnt1 #abi raw1 #abi ,uncials1 #cd mix$1 #ce half-1 #cf ,iri%1 #cf ,engli%1 #cg ,v1 ,,! ,,lett]1 #ei ,v&yke br[n1 #abi ,vellum1 #aeb-f1 #baf-g limp1 b9d+ ,,mss4 )1 #bbe-ca reput$ orig9 (1 #bh ,v]de azzuro1 #aba ,v]de t]ra1 #aae ,v]d]ame1 #aba ,v]digris1 #aah1 #aba ,v]milion1 #aag1 #aai1 #abe-g ,vi5na ,g5esis1 #he-f ,violet1 cobalt1 #abh ,virgil ,,ms4 9 ! ,vatican1 #he ,viridian1 #abh ,visigo?ic writ+1 #ci ,vitruvius1 #aae ,w$ge-%ap$ ,*>act]s1 #be ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ,psalt] (1 #id ,:ite ( egg1 #aah-i us$ = gild+1 #aci-da1 #adc ,:ite lead1 #aba1 #acj ,:ite pigm5ts1 #abi-cj ,w9*e/] ,s*ool ( ,illum9ation1 #ij ,w9d[ tickets1 #bac ,wood-engrav+1 #bch ,words1 =m+1 #ed-i ,workman%ip1 good1 #bee ,writ]1 sable1 #hc1 #bab ,writ+1 beautiful1 ! f\ndation ( true illum9ation1 #bc-d1 #bdh expression 9 !1 #bbc majuscule1 #cb cursive1 #cb m9uscule1 #ch ,lomb>dic1 #ch-i ,visigo?ic1 #ci ,m]ov+ian1 #ci-dj ,c>lov+ian1 #dj f\r?-c5tury1 #cc fif?-c5tury1 #cc-e sev5?-c5tury1 #cf eigh? & n9?-c5tury1 #ch-i t5?-c5tury1 #ch1 #fb twelf?-c5tury1 #da1 #fc ?irte5?-c5tury1 #da1 #fd f\rte5?-c5tury1 #fe fifte5?-c5tury1 #da1 #gi-hj sixte5?-c5tury1 #hc ,yell[ pigm5ts1 #abd ,yolk ( egg1 #aai ,zaff]ano1 #aba ,z9c :ite1 #abi-cj ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,! ,,an*or ,,press1 ,,ltd41 ,,tiptree1 ,,essex1 ,,engl&4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,index n *eck$ = prop] alphabetization or correct page ref]5ces4 ,all 8fac+0 ref]5ces 9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations1 & all 8,fac+ page0 in=mation 9 ! captions ( illu/rations h be5 delet$4 ,! illu/rations 9 ?is e,book h be5 plac$ betwe5 p>agraphs ne> _! orig9al locations4 8,an ,illum9at$ ,address01 li/$ 9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations1 0 n f\nd 9 ?is book4